21-2820-cr

United States v. Ahmed

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY 

FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN 

CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE 

EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION 

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON 

ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 17th day of January, two thousand twenty-three.

PRESENT: GUIDO CALABRESI,

DENNY CHIN,

JOSEPH F. BIANCO,

Circuit Judges.

___________________________________

United States of America,

Appellee,

v. 21-2820-cr

Munif Ahmed,

Defendant-Appellant.

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___________________________________

FOR APPELLEE: Robert B. Sobelman, Assistant United States 

Attorney (Mollie Bracewell, Danielle R. 

Sassoon, Assistant United States Attorneys, 

on the brief), for Damian Williams, United 

States Attorney for the Southern District of 

New York, New York, NY.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: Evans D. Prieston, Long Island City, NY.

*

 The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth above.
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Appeal from a judgment of conviction of the United States District Court for the Southern 

District of New York (Failla, J.). 

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

Defendant-appellant Munif Ahmed appeals from a judgment of conviction, entered on 

November 9, 2021, following a guilty plea, of conspiring to unlawfully distribute a controlled 

substance and a controlled substance analogue in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(C). 

Ahmed was the leader of a conspiracy that manufactured and sold smokeable synthetic 

cannabinoids (“SSC”). The district court principally sentenced Ahmed to 80 months’ 

imprisonment, which was substantially below the applicable 240-month sentence calculated under 

the United States Sentencing Guidelines (the “Guidelines”).

1

 On appeal, Ahmed contends that his 

sentence was procedurally and substantively unreasonable because it was disproportionately long 

as compared to his co-conspirator Redhwan Alzanam, who had received a term of imprisonment 

of one year and one day from a different sentencing judge. We assume the parties’ familiarity with 

the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal, to which we refer 

only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

This Court “review[s] the procedural and substantive reasonableness of a sentence under a 

deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” United States v. Yilmaz, 910 F.3d 686, 688 (2d Cir. 2018) 

(per curiam). “A sentence is procedurally unreasonable if the district court fails to calculate (or 

improperly calculates) the Sentencing Guidelines range, treats the Sentencing Guidelines as 

mandatory, fails to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selects a sentence based on clearly erroneous 

1

 Under the Guidelines, Ahmed had an offense level of 40 with a Criminal History Category I, which 

ordinarily would result in an advisory Guidelines range of 292 to 365 months’ imprisonment. However, 

because the statutory authorized maximum sentence for his one count of conviction was 20 years’ 

imprisonment, his applicable Guidelines sentence was 240 months’ imprisonment.
3

facts, or fails adequately to explain the chosen sentence.” United States v. Jesurum, 819 F.3d 667, 

670 (2d Cir. 2016) (emphasis omitted) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). This Court’s 

“review of a sentence for substantive reasonableness is particularly deferential, and we will set 

aside only those sentences that are so shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise unsupportable 

as a matter of law that allowing them to stand would damage the administration of justice.” United 

States v. Muzio, 966 F.3d 61, 64 (2d Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

Under this standard, we have emphasized that, because “[i]n the overwhelming majority of cases, 

a Guidelines sentence will fall comfortably within the broad range of sentences that would be 

reasonable in the particular circumstances,” it is “difficult to find that a below-Guidelines sentence 

is unreasonable.” United States v. Perez-Frias, 636 F.3d 39, 43 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal quotation 

marks and citation omitted).

I. Procedural Reasonableness

One of the sentencing factors that the district court must consider under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) 

is the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities among similarly situated defendants. See 

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6). Ahmed argues that the district court failed to consider this factor at his 

sentencing in relation to the substantially lower sentence his co-conspirator Alzanam received. We 

disagree.

As a threshold matter, this procedural “argument is a nonstarter” because “[w]e have 

repeatedly made clear that [S]ection 3553(a)(6) requires a district court to consider nationwide 

sentence disparities, but does not require a district court to consider disparities between codefendants.” United States v. Bryant, 976 F.3d 165, 180 (2d Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks 

and citation omitted). Thus, although a district court may consider the sentences of co-defendants 

or co-conspirators under Section 3553(a)(6), United States v. Frias, 521 F.3d 229, 236 n.8 (2d Cir. 
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2008), there is no procedural error in failing to do so or in not explaining any such disparity, United 

States v. Alcius, 952 F.3d 83, 89 (2d Cir. 2020) (“[T]here is no requirement that a district court 

consider or explain sentencing disparities among codefendants.”). In any event, at Ahmed’s 

sentencing, the district court did expressly consider and discuss the sentencing disparity factor, 

including Alzanam’s sentence. In particular, the district court engaged the parties in a substantial 

discussion about whether Alzanam was a fair comparator to Ahmed, noted the Section 3553(a)(6) 

factor, and referenced that “the defense has recommended a sentence of one year and one day or 

something somewhat more than that to distinguish Mr. Ahmed from Mr. Alzanam.” App. at 69. 

Moreover, in imposing the sentence, the district court specifically stated that it did not “fully accept 

certain of the statements today made by Mr. Ahmed about his equality with Mr. Alzanam or other 

members of the conspiracy,” and then explained why they were not similarly situated. Id. at 70.

Accordingly, the district court committed no procedural error in its consideration of the 

Section 3553(a)(6) sentencing factor.

II. Substantive Reasonableness

Ahmed also argues that, although he “might indeed be the ‘leader’ and ‘financier’ of the 

[drug] operation,” Appellant’s Br. at 15, his 80-month sentence was substantively unreasonable 

when compared to Alzanam’s sentence and that he should have received a sentence of no greater 

than 60 months’ imprisonment.2

 We find this argument similarly unpersuasive.

We have explained that “a disparity between non-similarly situated codefendants is not a 

valid basis for a claim of error under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6).” United States v. Fernandez, 443 

F.3d 19, 28 (2d Cir. 2006). Here, the district court acted well within its discretion in concluding 

2 Ahmed suggests that the government proposed a sentence of 60 months’ imprisonment. However, the 

government argued for a term of imprisonment of “at least 60 months.” App. at 148 (emphasis added); see 

also id. at 44 (the government explaining, at sentencing, that it viewed “60 months as a floor”). The U.S. 

Probation Department recommended a sentence of 180 months’ imprisonment.
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that Ahmed was not similarly situated to Alzanam. First, as the district court outlined and as 

supported by the uncontroverted facts in the Pre-Sentence Report, Ahmed played a leadership role 

in the conspiracy involving the distribution in the United States of at least 250 kilograms of SSC 

from China including by, among other things: (1) funding the SSC operation; (2) dealing with the 

suppliers of the synthetic cannabinoid chemicals in China; (3) obtaining the apartment where the 

SSC was manufactured and packaged, as well as the storage unit where the substantial SSC 

inventory was stored; and (4) directing the activities of the three co-conspirators, including 

Alzanam. Thus, Alzanam had a substantially lower applicable Guidelines range of 108 to 135 

months’ imprisonment when compared to Ahmed’s 240-month applicable sentence. Second, as 

the government advised the district court, Alzanam “tried to cooperate with the Government” and 

“was truthful and provided assistance,” even though he did not receive a letter under U.S.S.G. § 

5K1.1 because of an arrest while on bail. App. at 147; cf. Fernandez, 443 F.3d at 33 (holding that 

the sentencing judge may consider attempted cooperation under the Section 3553(a) factors). By 

contrast, as the district court discussed at sentencing, Ahmed pled guilty mid-trial. See App. at 70

(“[I]t is significant to me that Mr. Ahmed went to trial, although he pleaded guilty in the middle 

of it. And while I am giving him credit for acceptance, I am saying nonetheless that he is different 

from some of my other defendants who accepted very, very early on.”).3

 In sum, there is nothing 

about the district court’s comparison of the relevant circumstances between Alzanam and Ahmed 

that undermines the substantive reasonableness of its 80-month sentence in this case.

4

3

 At Ahmed’s sentencing, the government also noted that Alzanam was substantially younger than Ahmed. 

Alzanam was 22-years-old at the time of his own sentencing in November 2020, while Ahmed began his 

involvement in the instant offense at age 30. The judge at Alzanam’s sentencing emphasized that his young 

age was a principal reason for his relatively more lenient sentence.

4 Ahmed suggests that the district court incrementally increased his term of imprisonment from 60 months 

to 80 months because of Ahmed’s statements during the sentencing in which he asserted he was less 
6

Moreover, sentencing disparities under the Section 3553(a)(6) factor was only one of the 

Section 3553(a) factors that had to be weighed and balanced by the district court. See United 

States v. Florez, 447 F.3d 145, 157–58 (2d Cir. 2006) (“Precisely because § 3553(a)(6) is only one 

of several factors that must be weighted and balanced by the sentencing judge, a district court’s

identification of disparity does not necessarily require it to adjust a sentence downward from the 

advisory guidelines range in order for that sentence to be reasonable, much less compel any 

particular reduction.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). The district court 

explained that, in addition to “concern[] about prevention of unwarranted sentencing disparities,” 

it was concerned in this case about “deterrence, both specific and general,” as well as “promoting 

respect for the law and providing a just punishment for the offense.” App. at 71. The district court 

also noted that it was weighing Ahmed’s mitigating factors including: “[that] this is his first 

offense; that he has a family; that he has tremendous community support, as evidenced by the 

many folks in the courtroom today; [and] that he has a history of both legitimate employment and 

service to his family and community.” Id.

 In light of all of the Section 3553(a) factors, the 80-month sentence imposed by the district 

court, which was 160 months below the applicable Guidelines sentence, was not “shockingly 

high,” Muzio, 966 F.3d at 64, but rather was “within the range of permissible decisions” based on 

the facts presented at sentencing, United States v. Ingram, 721 F.3d 35, 37 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Florez, 447 F.3d at 158 (“[I]f sentencing disparities 

between co-defendants are properly considered, the weight to be given such disparities, like the 

weight to be given any § 3553(a) factor, is a matter firmly committed to the discretion of the 

culpable than Alzanam. However, Ahmed points to nothing in the record to support that suggestion and 

our independent review also found no support for that claim. Instead, it is clear from the record that the 

80-month sentence was based on the district court’s comprehensive balancing of the applicable Section 

3553(a) factors.
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sentencing judge and is beyond our [appellate] review, as long as the sentence ultimately imposed 

is reasonable in light of all the circumstances presented.” (alteration in the original) (internal 

quotation and citation marks omitted)). Therefore, we conclude that the sentence was 

substantively reasonable.

* * *

We have considered Ahmed’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOR THE COURT: 

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court