Please do not destroy or throw away this publication. If you have no further use 

for it write to the Geological Survey at Washington and ask for a frank to return it

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Harold L. Ickes, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. C. Mendenhall, Director

Water-Supply Paper 773 E

THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD 

OF JULY 1935

BY

HOLLISTER JOHNSON

Prepared in cooperation with the Water Power and Control Commission

of the Conservation Department and the Department of

Public Works, State of New York

Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1936 

(Pages 233-268)

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON : 1936

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. -------- Price 15 cents

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction......................................................... 233

Acknowledgments...................................................... 234

Rainfall,............................................................ 235

Causes.......................................................... 235

General features................................................ 236

Rainfall records................................................ 237

Flood discharges..................................................... 246

General features................................................ 246

Field work...................................................... 249

Office preparation of field data................................ 250

Assumptions and computations.................................... 251

Flood-discharge records......................................... 255

Storage reservoirs.............................................. 264

Damage............................................................... 264

Storms and floods in the Suaquehanna River Basin in the vicinity of

Binghamton, N. Y........................................... 265

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page 

Plate 22. Isohyetal map of New York State showing total rainfall

observed for July 7-8, 1935............................. 238

23. A, Salmon Creek at Myers, N. Y., showing force of the 

flood waters; B, Inundation from Chenango River, 

Binghamton, N. Y........................................ 246

24. Slope-area reach on Glen Creek near Townsend, N. Y........ 252

25. Slope-area reach on Glen Creek near Watkins Glen, N. Y.... 252

26. Map, profile, and sections of slope-area reach on Glen

Creek at Watkins Glen, N. Y............................. 252

27. A, B, Typical channels with "n" assumed for each.......... 252

28. A, B, Typical channels with "n" assumed for each.......... 252

29. Map of New York State showing location of flood

determinations.......................................... 254

30. A, Charles Beckwith farm south of Oxford, N. Y., showing

typical damage by stones and gravel transported by small

streams; B, Stone House farm, near Norwich, N. Y.,

showing typical debris carried by small streams......... 264

31. A, Washout of roadbed, Lehigh Valley Railroad; B, New York 

Central Railroad at Watkins Glen, N. Y., showing high 

bridge over Glen Creek destroyed during the flood....... 264

32. A, Erie Railroad at Hornell, N. Y., showing roundhouse and 

equipment buried under flood waters; B, Lackawanna Railroad near Bath, N. Y., showing typical flood conditions. 264

33. A, Taughannock Falls State Park, N. Y., showing destruction of road due to inadequacy of bridge to carry flood 

waters; B, Destruction wrought by flood along Taughannock Boulevard, Ithaca, N. Y............................ 264

34. A, Cars and trucks marooned and abandoned on flooded

highway, Kanona, N. Y.; B, Road destroyed by gullying, 

Norwich, N. Y........................................... 264

35. A, Chenango Forks, N. Y*, at junction of Tioughnioga River 

and Chenango River, showing inadequacy of bridge over 

Tioughnioga River to carry flood waters; B, Inadequacy 

of Seneca Street Bridge over Canacadea Creek, Hornell, 

N. Y., to carry flood debris............................ 264

ill
iv CONTENTS

Plate 36. A, O'Day bouse on Front Street, Binghamton, N. Y., 

toppling into the flood waters of Chenango River} 

B, Typical sight wherever the flood struck.............. 264

37. A, Inundation of homes and buildings, Hornell, N. Y.j

B, Telephone pole driven through side wall and ceiling

into the second floor of a home on River Street,

Hornell, N. Y........................................... 264

38. A, Inoculation of residents against typhoid fever, Hornell, 

N. Y.; B, Hazardous situation from which three people 

providentially escaped, Smithville Flats, N. Y.......... 264

Figure 20. Hydrographs of discharge at points in the Susquehanna

River and Chemung River Basins, N. Y.................... 247

21. Hydrographs of discharge at points in the take Ontario, 

Delaware River, Esopus Creek, and Schoharie Creek 

Basins, N. Y............................................ 248

22. Map, profile, and sections of slope-area reach on Glen

Creek near Townsend, N. Y............................... 252
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF JULY 1935

By Hollister Johnson

INTRODUCTION

A vivid impression of the tragic flood that swept over southern 

and central New York July 7 and 8, 1935, is furnished in the following 

quotation from the Albany Evening News for December 26, 1935, in which the 

outstanding news items of the year were summarized:

Floods leading Empire State news during 1935

As headlines that flashed across front pages in 1935 recede into 

memory with the passing year, one New York State news story stands out 

above all others the disastrous July flood in the Southern Tier. Greatest news event of the year, it also was one of the biggest stories in' 

Empire State historyOn Sunday, July 7, sullen clouds hovered motionless above a 

populace mindful only of vacation plans and escape from oppressive heat. 

Without warning came torrents of rain sheets of flowing water down 

grassy hillsides.

Governor Lehman began a tour of the flood zone the following 

Thursday. The water had receded and he found:

Dead, 43; homeless, hundreds; estimated damage, 

$25,000,000; devastated, a farm belt 200 miles 

long, from Hornell to the Gatskill Mountains, 

50 to 75 miles wide, from Pennsylvania border 

to the Mohawk Valley.

State and local health officials quickly controlled a mosquito 

plague in the wake of the flood; prevented a dreaded outbreak of disease. 

Trying to undo the damage presented a problem that still remains for 1936 

to solve rich farm lands in Southern Tier counties buried under rock and 

gravel, highways ruined, homes destroyed.

The Geological Survey has no means of checking the accuracy of 

the item of estimated damage, but it is evident that this and the other 

recorded results mark this flood as a major disaster. Such a disaster can 

probably never be completely prevented, but by appropriate control and 

protective measures the resulting losses can be greatly reduced. This report records information about the very unusual precipitation and the consequent flood discharges, which were the most Intense in the history of 

the State. The record of rates of flood discharge actually attained 

should furnish a basis for more intelligently determining the. magnitude 

of floods to be guarded against, both in the region in which these floods

233
234 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936

occurred and In other regions where the Information may be applicable, and 

thus tend to reduce flood losses.

A flood-control survey of the flood areas in southern and central New York has been made under the direction of the Corps of Engineers, 

IT. S. Army, and It Is expected that their findings and recommendations on 

the problem of flood control In these areas will be presented soon for the 

consideration of Congress.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This report was prepared as a part of the regular stream-gaging 

work In New York, which is conducted under the direction of Arthur W. 

Harrlngton, district engineer, Albany, N. Y., and In cooperation with the 

Water Power and Control Commission of the Conservation Department, LIthgow 

Osborne, chairman, and Friend P. Williams, secretary, and the Department 

of Public Works, Frederick Stuart Greene, superintendent.

The writer was In immediate charge of the collection of field 

data, office computations, and the preparation of this report and was 

assisted by the members of the district office of the United States 

Geological Survey at Albany. The final preparation of the data for the 

report was made with the advice and guidance of R. W. Davenport, chief of 

the division of water utilization.

Field assistants were furnished by the Flood Control Survey, 

Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Capt. Lester W. Rhodes, In charge, and 

the New York State Department of Public Works, Hornell division, W. 0. 

Dempster, division engineer.

The chapter on the causes of the storm was written by C. L. 

MItchell, principal meteorologist, United States Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C.

The discussion of the general features of the storm was written 

by John C. Fisher, meteorologist, United States Weather Bureau, Ithaca.

The section on storms and floods in the Susquehanna River Basin 

In the vicinity of Blnghamton was abstracted from an unpublished article 

by T. E. Reed, meteorologist In charge, and H. K. Gold, observer, United 

States Weather Bureau, Binghamton.

Wherever special data have been used, individual acknowledgments 

are given at appropriate places in the report.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF JOLY 1935 235

RAINFALL

Causes 

By C. L. Mitchell

The heavy rains were due, not to any single cause, but to a combination of causes. At 8 p.m. July 3 a well-defined disturbance was moving eastward over the Hudson Bay region, and an ill-defined, slow-moving 

disturbance over the Rocky Mountain region and the Plains States. At the 

same time a mass of polar air had begun to move southward over northern 

Canada. During the next 24 hours the northern disturbance had moved 

rapidly east-southeastward to the lower St. Lawrence Valley, the western 

disturbance had assumed more definite form and was central over South 

Dakota, and the polar continental air had overspread the Hudson Bay 

region. By the morning of July 5 the center of the northeastern disturbance was over the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Dakota disturbance was 

over Minnesota and extreme western Ontario, moving northeastward. However, its further advance in that direction was blocked by a wedge of the 

polar continental air that had by this time pushed southeastward over 

James Bay and northern Ontario. With the center of the northern highpressure area still west of Hudson Bay, the disturbance was not merely 

blocked in its northeastward movement but was carried along by the 

general drift of the upper air toward the east-southeast until the morning of July 7, when the center was near Buffalo, N. Y. Meanwhile the 

front of the polar continental air mass, which had reached northern New 

England and extreme northern New York by the evening of the 5th, pushed 

southward and southwestward, and at 8 p.m. of the 7th this cold front 

extended from a point a short distance south of New Haven, Conn., northwestward to Lake Ontario, through or very close to the area over which 

excessive rain was then falling and continued to fall through the night. 

For the second time the disturbance was blocked, and it made no further 

eastward progressj but its center drifted slowly southward during the 

next 24 hours and merged with another disturbance that moved northeastward from Georgia to the New Jersey coast, where it was centered the 

evening of July 8. Owing to this unusual meteorologlc situation a mass 

of warm and very moist tropical maritime air moved north-northwestward 

over eastern and central New York, while at the same time a mass of
236 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936

polar continental air was moving southeastward over the Lake region and 

its front had reached eastern Lake Erie by 8 p.m. of the 7th. The inevitable result was that for a period of many hours, by the physical processes of convergence and forced convection, the continuous stream of 

tropical maritime air was lifted rapidly} and heavy and prolonged rainfall 

occurred over a considerable area, of which Cortland appeared to be the 

center. Wherever the tropical maritime air mass was forced to rise over 

elevated areas the rainfall was naturally even heavier than over other 

sections where the wind was not up-slope.

General features 

By John C. Fisher

Past records show that the maximum 1-, 2-, and 3-day rainfalls 

for stations in south-central Hew York have been rather evenly divided 

between those caused by general fall storms and those caused by summer 

thunderstorms.

During the period July 6 to 9, 1935, heavy thunderstorms occurred over an area extending from northern Steuben County eastward to 

northern Delaware County, and previous records for 24-, 48-, and 72-hour 

precipitation were exceeded at all stations.

The records of the Weather Bureau station at Ithaca indicate 

that two thunderstorms were observed on the 6th, seven on the 7th, and two 

on the 8th. Commonly but one heavy thunderstorm passes over a given locality during a rain period; occasionally a second storm follows closely 

the course of the first, before run-off has taken place, and then local 

damage frequently occurs. But when a succession of storms continues for 

many hours, then great destruction is a foregone conclusion.

As indicated by the isohyetal map, the distribution of rainfall 

was unusually uniform for thunderstorm precipitation, but naturally there 

was considerable variation in amount. Observations throughout this area 

indicate that although a few sections escaped serious damage, in others 

the rainfall was undoubtedly much heavier than recorded by any of the 

standard gages.

The only tipping-bucket rain gage in the area of maximum rainfall is located at Ithaca. The record of this gage, which shows the time 

of fall of each 0.01 inch, is therefore of considerable interest.
THE HEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF JULY 1935 237

Previous records of severe thunderstorms show greater Intensities for all 

periods from 5 minutes to 2 hoursj If this record is Indicative of conditions throughout the area, the rainfalls were not of the type commonly 

characterized as "cloudbursts"; In other words, although the amount of 

precipitation falling in 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours exceeded all 

previous records, the rate of fall was at no time unprecedented.

Comparison of greatest recorded precipitation, In Inches, for 

24-, 48-, and 72-hour periods, at stations In south-central New York 

(Prepared by TJ. S. Weather Bureau, Ithaca, N. Y.)

Station

Ithaca

Cortland

Norwich

Delhi

Hasklnvllle

Oneonta

Burdett

Ovid

Hammondsport

Length 

of

record 

(years)

77

57

29

22

36

41

3

3

3

24-hour

1935

7.90

7.67

6.10

8.52

3.35

5.24

8.50

7.61

6.10

Previous

4.70

5.80

4.04

5.71

2.80

5.09

_

-

-

48-hour

1935

9.25

10.58

9.07

8.68

6.70

6.71

10.50

9.84

8.00

Previous

5.88

6.47

4.94

6.44

3.61

5.18

-

-

-

72-hour

1935

9.50

11.15

9.56

9.43

6.76

6.94

11.10

10.61

8.47

Previous

5.96

7.82

5.25

6.49

4.25

5.26

-

-

-

Rainfall records

The dally weather maps of the United States Weather Bureau are 

available for those who may wish to study carefully the development and 

progress of the July storm. In this report rainfall Is the only meteorologlc feature of the storm that will be presented. The Information contained herein has been compiled from sources that are believed to be 

reliable, and it Is assembled as a means of preserving a record of this 

outstanding storm.

No official records were made of the greatest and most intense 

rainfall that occurred. The heaviest rainfall was apparently centered 

along an approximately east-west line extending from a point near Hornell, 

in Steuben County, to a point near Delhi, in Delaware County. There were 

also heavy rains in other more or less isolated sections of the State, as 

In the Mohawk Valleyj near Chaumont, Jefferson County; near Glens Falls; 

and in certain portions of the Catsklll Mountains.
238 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936

Records of precipitation have been obtained from tlie United 

States Weather Bureau and other indicated sources and are shown in the 

table of "Daily and maximum 2-day rainfall, in inches." The figures are 

the amounts as reported by the observers and are not strictly comparable, 

as the times of the observations at the various stations were not simultaneous. The amount as recorded usually represents the rainfall for the 

24-hour period preceding the time of observation. Rainfall measured in 

the morning may be recorded under the date of measurement or under the 

date of the preceding day. Rainfall occurring during the daylight hours 

will probably be recorded under the date of occurrence at a station where 

observations are made in the late afternoon but may be recorded under the 

date of occurrence or under the date of the following day at a station 

where observations are made in the early morning.

The records at the stations having automatic rain gages indicate that most of the precipitation that caused the flood occurred during 

a 24-hour period commencing generally in the late afternoon of July 7. 

Because of variations in the methods of the observers in recording their 

measurements, and the fact that the period of the storm covered parts of 

two observation periods, it is believed that the recorded maximum 2-day 

rainfall represents very closely the rainfall which generally caused the 

flood and a large part of which probably occurred within a period of 

about 24 hours. The isohyetal map on plate 22, prepared by John 0. 

Fisher, meteorologist, United States Weather Bureau, Ithaca, shows the 

total rainfall recorded under the dates of July 7 and 8 at stations reporting to the United States Weather Bureau at Ithaca. Supplemental 

measurements of the rainfall made after the storm indicate that a much 

heavier precipitation than that shown on the map probably occurred over 

a large area.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL ST7EVBT

60°

WATEB-StJPPLY PAPEB 773 PLATE 22

79 78° 77°

76

ISOHYETAL MAP OF NEW YORK STATE SHOWING TOTAL RAINFALL OBSERVED FOR JULY 7-8, 1935.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF JULY 1935 239

Daily and maximum 2-day rainfall, in inches

Station

Western Plateau

Alfred

Allegany State Park

And over

Angelica

Arnot (a)

Caneadea Dam

Elmira

Franklinville

Haskinville

Lost Nation Brook (b)

Olean

Scio

Woodhull

Great Lakes

Brockport

Buffalo

Fredonia

Herrings

Jamestown

Lewis ton

Linden ( c )

Lockport

Oswego

Rochester

South Wales

Stafford

Watertown

Central Lakes

Auburn

Avon

Baldwinsville (c)

Brewerton (c)

Bristol Springs (d)

Burdett (d)

Canastota (d)

C ayuga ( c )

Cleveland (c)

Clyde (c)

Dansville

Fulton (c)

Geneva

Hammond sport (d)

Hemlock

Ithaca

Letchworth Park

Locke ( d )

Macedon (c)

Mays Point (c)

Newark ( c )

New London (c)

Ovid (d)

Penn Yan

Shortsvllle

Skaneateles

Syracuse

Waterloo (c)

Williamstown (d)

County

Allegany

Cattaraugus

Allegany

Allegany

Schuyler

Allegany

Chemung

Cattaraugus

Steuben

Allegany

C attaraugus

Allegany

Steuben

Monroe

Erie

Chautauqua

Jefferson

Chautauqua

Niagara

Genesee

Niagara

Oswego

Monroe

Erie

Genesee

Jefferson

Cayuga

Livings ton

Onondaga

Onondaga

Ontario

Schuyler

Madison

Cayuga

Oswego

Wayne

Livings ton

Oswego

Ontario

Steuben

Livings ton

Tompkina

Wyoming

Cayuga

Wayne

Seneca

Wayne

Oneida

Seneca

Yates

Ontario

Onondaga

Onondaga

Seneca

Oswego

July

6

_

-

0.02

.26

-

-

.30

-

.06

-

-

-

-

_

T

_

.40

.

-

_

_

.31

.13

_

_

.47

.15

T

_

_

-

.60

.22

_

.06

_

1.11

-

.16

_

_

1.12

_

_

_

.

.02

_

_

_

_

.20

.19

_

-

7

0.16

.80

3.38

.72

.40

.24

.10

.97

*

1.19

-

.10

.42

.17

_

_

1.70

-

.20

1.25

.38

.55

2.13

.35

.73

.84

.44

.25

.12

.21

1.29

2.00

1.79

.08

2.30

.14

1.00

.09

.82

1.90

.75

3.62

.25

1.23

2.30

.16

.98

.60

2.23

1.25

2.00

.84

2.05

.25

.27

8

5.58

.11

2.69

3.39

1.98

.87

.56

.33

6.70

.08

1.93

3.85

1.55

.04

.28

.09

.12

.33

.02

1.08

.12

.63

.08

_

.91

.09

.90

.05

2.90

6.82

3.70

8.50

1.14

.98

.48

1.18

3.69

2.80

1.41

6.10

.38

4.60

.51

3.47

.70

.87

1.09

3.05

7.61

4.08

.64

.63

1.25

1.54

1.73

9

0.24

-

.28

1.69

1.14

.75

1.00

.10

_

.28

.09

.69

.38

_

_

.35

T

T

_

.01

.58

.08

.08

_

.15

.29

.15

.35

.46

1.20

.60

.42

1.23

.12

.74

.68

.15

.07

.47

.07

.26

1.30

.78

_

.70

.20

1.42

.77

_

2.18

1.36

.13

.85

.29

10

0.66

-

.51

_

.47

.07

.11

.28

.95

.02

.24

_

.11

_

_

.01

_

-

_

_

-

_

-

_

.24

.01

1.87

.07

.06

.04

-

.05

.22

_

.76

_

.12

.22

.28

.02

.04

.15

.60

.04

.26

.01

.20

.23

.10

.03

.01

T

.04

.09

Maximum 

2-day

5.82

.91

6.07

5.08

3.12

1.62

1.56

1.30

6.70

1.28

2.02

4.54

1.97

.21

.28

.09

2.10

.33

.22

2.33

.50

1.21

2.34

.35

1.64

1.51

1.34

2.02

3.25

7.28

4.99

10.50

2.93

2.21

2.78

1.92

4.69

2.95

2.23

8.00

1.13

8.22

1.81

4.70

3.00

1.57

2.07

4.47

9.84

5.33

2.82

1.99

3.30

2.39

2.02

a Record furnished by IT. S. Soil Conservation Service.

b Record furnished by TJ. S. Geological Survey.

c Record furnished by New York State Department of Public Works.

d Record furnished by Oswego River Watershed Co.
240 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936

Daily and maximum 2-day rainfall, in inches Continued

Station

Eastern Plateau

Balribridge

Binghamton

Cold Spring Brook (b)

Coopers town

Cortland

Delhi

DeRuyter ( o )

Franklin (e)

Honk Falls

Jeffersonville

Leonardsville (b)

Mat amor as, Pa.

Morrisville

Norwich

Oneonta

Port Jervis

Roxbury

Sage Brook (b)

Shackham Brook (b)

Sharon Springs (2)

Sherburne

Susquehanna, Fa.

Warwick

Mohawk Valley

C ana joharle ( c )

Delta

Dolgeville

Ephratah (f)

Frankfort ( c )

Gloversville

Hinckley (c)

Inghams Mills (f)

Jacks onburg (c)

Little Falls (l)

Little Falls (2)

Pecks Pond (f)

Salisbury

Schenectady (g)

Scotia (c)

Sharon Springs (1)

Sprite (f)

Stewart's Landing (f)

Taberg

Trenton Falls

Tribes Hill

Utica

Verf Klll((h)

Northern Plateau

Beaver Falls

Bennett's Bridge (i)

Big Moos*

Bonaparte

Boonville

Colton

Copenhagen

Eagle Falls

County

Chenango

Broome

Delaware

Otsego

Cortland

Delaware

Madison

Delaware

Ulster

Sullivan

Madison

Pike

Madison

Chenango

Otsego

Orange

Delaware

Chenango

Cortland

Schoharie

Chenango

Susquehanna

Orange

Montgomery

One Ida

Herkimer

Fulton

Herkimer

Fulton

One Ida

Herkimer

Herkimer

Herkimer

Herkimer

Fulton

Herkimer

Schenectady

Schenectady

Schoharie

Fulton

Fulton

One Ida

One Ida

Montgomery

One Ida

Schenectady

Lewis

Oswego

Herkimer

Lewis

On* Ida

St. Lawrence

Lewla

Lewis

July

6

..

0.27

.07

-

_

T

.

T

_

_

_

-

.02

.11

-

.25

.09

.31

1.39

.22

-

-

-

_

_

_

_

_

T

_

_

-

_

_

_

_

-

_

.12

_

.

.02

.46

_

_

.38

-

.41

_

_

.05

-

T

7

«

0.07

1.48

.84

1.70

_

.98

.69

5.10

.04

.69

-

3.04

2.97

1.47

.40

.87

2.12

2.25

2.50

.32

-

.11

.59

.25

.80

.37

.62

1.90

.74

.31

.21

.82

.21

-

2.05

.49

2.50

3.21

.53

.79

.01

1.85

.96

.06

1.80

1.25

1.40

.80

.64

.25

.01

4.02

2.13

8

4.10

1.02

1.70

4.49

7.67

8.52

2.25

6.50

1.00

.53

2.05

.08

2.50

6.10

5.24

2.29

1.85

4.55

2.10

1.65

3.56

.58

-

2.42

3.15

4.87

2.76

2.65

2.10

1.60

4.23

2.84

3.35

4.02

5.99

3.20

2.01

T

.96

4.10

5.96

2.50

1.45

3.63

3.28

.64

1.00

.61

.76

2.05

1.85

1.90

.17

1.19

9

1.25

.31

.57

.13

1.78

.16

.86

1.27

.31

.86

1.31

2.86

.17

.49

.23

.75

.34

.22

.46

.09

1.02

2.22

.19

.40

2.10

1.62

.11

.82

.16

.96

1.58

.90

.20

1.90

.18

.16

.56

.59

.07

1.37

3.03

.30

.22

.30

.15

.16

.16

.12

.36

.51

.55

.65

.07

.20

10

0.21

.22

.02

1.06

.39

.75

_

.37

.05

.42

.51

.28

.43

.11

.18

.06

.53

.09

.08

.74

.19

.40

.11

_

.21

-

.19

.29

.31

.59

.26

.29

.52

.33

.14

.34

.34

.36

.67

.13

.17

.18

.12

.20

.04

-

.03

1.61

-

-

.30

.37

.49

Maximum 

2-day

5.35

1.38

3.59

5.33

9.45

8.68

3.23

7.77

6.10

1.39

3.36

3.14

5.54

9.07

6.71

3.04

2.72

6.80

4.94

4.15

4.58

2.80

.30

3.01

5.25

6.49

3.13

3.47

4.00

2.56

5.81

3.74

4.17

5.92

6.17

5.25

2.57

2.50

4.29

5.47

8.99

2.80

3.30

4.59

3.43

2.44

2.25

2.01

1.56

2.69

2.40

2.55

4.19

3.32

b Record furnished by U. S. Geological Survey

c Record furnished by New York State Department of Public Works.

e Record furnished by Arthur Bennett

f Record furnished by New York Light and Power do.

g Record furnished by Sanitary Engineer, City of Schenectady, N. Y.

h Record furnished by Malcolm L. Fisher, Scotia, N. Y.

1 Record furnished by Niagara-Hudson Corporation.
THE MEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1935 241

Dally and maximum 2-day rainfall, in inches Continued

Station

Northern Plateau-Cont.

Gabriels

Hoffmeister

Hope

Indian Lake

Lake Placid Glut

Lowville

Lyons Pal la

MeKeever

North Lake

Raquette Lake

Sabattls

South Edwards

Sperryville

Stillwater Reservoir

Tupper Lake

Wanakena

Hudson Valley

Adams, Mass, (f)

Albany

Bedford Hills

Boyd 1 s Corners

Cairo

Carmel

Conklingville

Feeder Dam (f)

Glenham

Greenfleld Center

High Falls

Johns onville (f)

Mechanicville

Mohonk Lake

Mount McGregor

North Creek (f )

Oak Hill (h)

Poughkeepsie

Rifton

Schaghticoke (f)

Schuylerville (c)

Southeast Reservoir

Spier Falls

Voorheesville

Walden

Wapplngers Falls

Warrensburg (f)

West Point

Atlantic Coast

Bridgehampton

Cutchogue

Flushing

Hickaville

Mount Vernon

New York City

Scarsdale

Setauket

County

Franklin

Hamilton

Hamilton

Hamilton

Essex

Lewis

Lewis

Herkimer

Herkimer

Hamilton

Hamilton

St. Lawrence

Lewis

Herkimer

Franklin

St . Lawrence

Berkshire

Albany

Westchester

Putnam

Greene

Putnam

Saratoga

Saratoga

Put chess

Saratoga

Ulster

Rensselaer

Saratoga

Ulster

Saratoga

Warren

Greene

Dutches s

Ulster

Rennsselaer

Saratoga

Putnam

Saratoga

Albany

Orange

Dutches s

Warren

Orange

Suffolk

Suffolk

Queens

Nassau

Westchester

New York

Westchester

Suffolk

July

6

_

_

_

1.00

.10

.50

.

..

.10

.20

_

1.20

_

..

.61

.48

.01

T

_

.40

-

.28

_

1.61

_

_

_

_

_

_

.43

_

»

_.

_

.06

..

.36

-

1.45

T

-

.05

_

-

-

_

_

_

_

-

7

0.09

2.32

.58

.54

.52

1.82

1.19

.58

.96

.50

.36

2.Y9

.77

1.29

.80

1.21

1.03

2.08

_

.42

2.48

.18

4.73

1.37

_

2.80

1.95

1.37

.95

.30

4.YO

.98

2.35

.33

.40

1.50

4.53

.16

5.10

-

.06

.01

3.40

T

_

-

T

_

_

T

.

-

8

0.14

1.00

2.30

1.03

.70

.06

1,81

1.46

1.37

,70

.60

.01

1.82

.90

.13

.13

2.59

.59

.38

.17

3.52

.18

.70

5.00

.10

2.00

.20

1.74

1.89

.58

2.87

1.00

.35

.25

.34

1.67

.24

.35

2.95

2.39

.25

.09

3.53

.24

.01

.01

-

_

.12

.03

.05

.02

9

0.27

1.14

1.09

1.30

.11

.26

.28

.94

.13

.12

.33

.50

.10

.23

.33

.12

.05

.06

.32

.48

.28

.28

.15

1.57

.22

.05

.10

_

.27

.43

.85

1.33

.95

.23

.10

_

.08

.25

.24

.55

.21

.36

2.02

.30

.88

1.25

.36

.18

.48

.62

.26

.60

10

0.11

.24

.18

.14

_

.06

.45

.45

.33

.18

_

_

1.16

.21

.03

.05

.06

.46

.47

.06

.05

.01

_

.19

.30

.30

-

.06

.29

.01

.42

.17

.12

-

.07

.10

T

.04

.34

.32

<-

T

.15

.28

T

-

.12

.19

.43

.30

.37

-

Maximum 

2-day

0.41

3.32

3.39

2.33

1.22

2.32

3.00

2.40

2.33

1.20

.96

3.99

2.59

2.19

1.41

1.69

3.62

2.67

.79

.82

6.00

.46

5.43

6.67

.52

4.80

2.16

3.11

2.84

1.01

7.57

2.33

2.70

.68

.74

3.17

4.77

.60

8.05

2.94

1.51

.45

6.93

.58

.89

1.26

.48

.37

.91

.92

.63

.62

b Record furnished by U. S. Geological Surrey.

c Record furnished by New York State Department of Public Works.

f Record furnished by New York Light and Power Co.
242 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936

Daily and maximum 2-day rainfall, in inches Continued

Station

Champlain Valley

Ashley (f)

Chazy

Dannemora

Port Henry (f)

Smith's Basin (c)

Whitehall (c)

Willaboro

St. Lawrence Valley

Alexandria Bay

Canton

Chasm Palls

Lawrenceville

Ogdensburg

County

Washington

Clinton

Clinton

Essex

Washington

Washington

Essex

Jefferson

St . Lawrence

Franklin

St . Lawrence

St. Lawrence

July

6

0.40

-

_

_

1.11

.95

-

_

_

.04

_

-

7

0.68

-

-

.10

4.09

3.72

.13

1.08

1.32

.60

1.36

.64

8

3.42

.05

.35

.93

1.58

.23

1.07

.03

.41

.20

.08

.18

9

0.23

.34

.30

.68

.02

.05

.08

.26

.49

.02

.32

.23

10

0.12

T

.05

.64

-

-

.13

1.18

T

.35

.02

.18

Maximum 

2-day

4.10

.39

.65

1.61

5.67

4.67

1.20

1.44

1.73

.80

1.44

.82

c Record furnished by New York State Department of Public Works, 

f Record furnished by New York Light and Power Co.

The table of "Hourly rainfall, in inches" shows the rainfall 

aa recorded by automatic rain gages at nine stations in or near the main 

storm area. Unfortunately, none of these gages were within the area of 

the most intense precipitation, and therefore they did not furnish information on what actually took place in that area. That at least 12 

to 14 inches of rain fell in 12 to 16 hours is indicated by the amounts 

of rainfall measured in open receptacles after the storm.
Hourly rainfall.in inches

Arnot, N. Y.

tion Service

U. S. Geol. Surrey

IT. S. Weather Bureau

IT. S. Geol. Surrey

Truxton, B. T. 

U. S. Seol. Surrey

U. S. Weather Bureau

Sebuyler 6

8 

9

8 

9

8 

9

8 

9

7

8

7 

8 

9

7 

8 

9

1

.10 

.01

.03

.17

1.20 

.01

.01

*.81

*.04 

.12 

.03

.10 

.02

2

0.21 

.01

.01

.01

1.12 

T

T

*.80

*.03 

.12 

.03

.07 

.03

3

0.03 

.03

T

.03

.45 

.01

T 

08

*.66

*.05 

.08 

.03

.06

4

0.03 

.06

.01

T

.39

.25 

I

.01

.24

*.03 

.08 

.02

.10

5

0.03

T 

T

.02

.32 

T

-

.26

*.03 

.12 

.02

.04

A

6

0.25

T 

.01

.03

.04 

.03

-

*.03 

.08 

.01

.04

H.

7

0.11 

.02

.06 

.01

.01 

.02

.01

-ft!

-

.04

*.03 

.03 

.02

.01

T

8

0.10

..04 

.02

.10 

.04

.m

-

.02

*.02 

.02 

.02

.02

T

9

-

0.18 

.04

.38 

.05

.-

-

.26

.03

.01 

.01

T

10

0.02

.02 

.03

.02 

.02

.15

-

.12

.03

T 

.03 

T

11

0.15 

.16

T

.06 

.01

.24

-

.05

.05 

.04

-

12

0.15

.14 

.02

.12 

.01

.14

.02

.05

.24 

.04

.02

1

0.01

T 

T

.10

.03

2.09

.07

.04

.03 

.10

T

2

-

T

.01

.17

T

*.24

.06

.64 

T 

T

3

0.02

.01

T

-

*.56

.04

.25 

.03

T

4

0.09

.01 

.02

T 

.02

.05

.16

-

-

.25 

.06 

.03

.97 

T

T

5

0.01

.01

T 

.07

.02

T

-

*.16 

.40 

.02

.07 

.03 

.01

P.

6

.47 

.01

T 

.02

.04

.12

-

*.12 

.20 

.03

.01 

.17 

.02

H.

7

0.11 

.01

.07 

.02

.04

.12

-

*.06 

.06 

.01

.18 

.01

8

.03 

.03

.13

T

DO

.01

«iz

.07

-

*.28 

.10 

.01

T 

.10 

.01

9

0.05

.09

38

-

.01 

 i'

-

* 83

-

*.28 

.06 

.01

T 

.08 

.01

10

.11

.04

T

-

.03

*.28 

.04 

.01

T 

.04 

.01

11

0.22

.12

.30

T

.16

*.28 

.06 

.01

T 

.02 

.01

12

0.06

.02

.05

.17

.01

.18

*.28 

.04 

.01

.07 

T 

I

* Estimated, gage sticking. Total oaten during estimated periods is correct.
244 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936

Field observations of results of erosion and washouts indicate 

that amounts of rainfall as great as those indicated in the following 

table, if not greater, may have occurred over a considerably larger area 

than is covered by these all too few but very significant measurements.

Rainfall measured in open receptacles after the storm 

(Furnished by U. S. Soil Conservation Service, Bath, N. Y.)

Location

Latitude

42°31'00"

42°18'30"

42018 '30"

42021' 30"

42°22»45n

42°21'45n

42033' 45"

42031' 30"

42019' 00"

42025«20n

42030 '15"

42038*00"

42036 '00n

42024' 45"

42030 «00n

42021 '30n

42°18'15n

42ol7i30n

42017 1 34"

Longitude

77028 '20"

77°30 '40"

77°25'18"

77°29 '20"

77017 «oo"

77°18'45"

77022 '30"

77021 '25"

77024 '45"

77034'00"

77029 '30"

77°33 '20"

77031 «30»

77°13»30"

77°31»45"

77023'45"

77°23'30"

77°24'00"

77022 '55"

Res ident ' s name

J. Schultz

Mrs. McKinley

Herbert Ford

Mr. Wagner

New York State

Fish Hatchery

H. W. Hobbs

J. F. Cleland

B. F. Edmonds

S. Dobbin

Haskinville Station,

W. G. Collins

Soil Conservation

Warehouse, Cohocton

Mr. Bailey

Mr. Gibson

Hammondsport

B. Van Vlake

Mr. Chamberlain

R. Dobbins

T. W. Miller

Ed Pent on

Rainfall, July 7-8, 1935

Inches

7

8.2

12±

8±

9.5

6,1±

8±

7.0

14±

6.Y

6.7

8

6.5

8.0

9

9.5

12 ±

11 ±

14±

Time (hours)

14

12

12

36

16

14*

16

16

12

16

16

24

24

16

12

16

16

16

16

The measurements in the above table were all made in the 

vicinity of Bath. The following few miscellaneous measurements of precipitation in open receptacles indicate that the storm was probably equally 

intense in other localities.

Hector, N. Y. - "The total fall observed from 5 p.m. Saturday, 

July 6, to 7 a.m. Monday, July 8, was 14.23 inches. Ten inches of this 

amount fell during the 12-hour period ending at 7 a.m. Monday, July 8. **# 

About a mile east of Hector and at an elevation of about 300 to 400 feet 

higher I found a reliable farmer who was astonished to find that more than 

10 inches of rain was contained in his chicken-feed pail, which he was 

accustomed to set out on the ground in an open spot between the barn and 

house after feeding in the evening Just before dark. This was on the 

morning of Monday, July 8." This quotation is from a letter by T. B. 

Reed, meteorologist. United States Weather Bureau, Binghamton, who was 

spending his vacation at Hector at the time of the storm.

Watkins Glen, N. Y. - About 6 miles northwest, near Hallos 

Corners, a farmer left a straight-sided cream pail in an open place in 

.his yard about noon on Sunday, .July 7, and on Monday morning he noted 

that it was filled with water up to the rivets fastening the handles on 

the pail. The writer measured this depth to be 7 inches, which the 

.farmer stated was caught between noon July 7 and 9 a.m. July 8.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF JULY 1935 245

Ithaca, N. Y. - "At one place about 6 miles west and 5 miles 

north from Ithaca a can with straight sides showed a rainfall of approximately 9 inches for the Sunday night rain previous to the peak of the 

flood. At a point about a mile west of the south end of Cayuta Lake a 

farmer told me that a IQ-quart pail which was empty the night before was 

full and overflowing the next morning. Near Odessa another man had a milk 

bottle out which was full of water." From letter of J. P. Wells, consulting engineer, Rochester, N. Y.

Freeville, N. Y. - Albert B. Genung states that a straight-sided 

5-gallon paint pail used to water his flowers was left empty In the garden 

on Sunday and found overflowing on Monday morning.

Rochester was the only automatic rain-gage station to have 

record-breaking Intensities for periods less than 2 hours. In the hour 

ending at 1 p.m. July 7 the gage recorded 0.91 Inch In 10 minutes, 1.25 

Inches in 15 minutes and 1.98 Inches in 30 minutes. The maximum amounts 

previously recorded were 0.78 Inch In 10 minutes, 0.99 Inch In 15 minutes, 

and 1.70 Inches In 30 minutes.

The following notes extracted from reports of cooperative observers of the United States Weather Bureau tell In the observers' own 

words the unusual Intensity of this storm;

Alfred, N. Y. - J. Nelson Norwood, president Alfred University: 

"The terrific rain (Indicated 5.58 Inches) came during the night of 

July 7 and the morning of July 8. *## The heaviest came between midnight 

and 7 o'clock in the morning, with Intervals of little or no rain. 

Between 8 o'clock on Sunday evening and 8 o'clock on Monday morning the 

rain had amounted to 5.2 Inches. The heaviest rains previously recorded 

here were In July 1920, when In the course of a regular tornado 3i inches 

of rain came In 4 hours, and the other was In 1890, when a 24-hour rain 

amounted to 4.34 Inches. The streams at this height in the foothills of 

the Allegheny Mountains are mere creeks and most of the time have little 

or no water in them. They simply overflowed their banks and did terrific 

damage In the lower levels."

Gortland, N. Y. - Fred H. Crook: "Heaviest single shower In 

Gortland Monday, July 8, at 4:30, brought 1^- inches In less than 30 

minutes."

Delhi, N. Y. - H. L. Smith: "6 p.m. Sunday, July 7, until 

4 a.m. Monday morning 8.1 Inches of rain fell. It came down In torrents. 

I never experienced such a downpour In my life."

Ovid, N. Y. - "For the week before July 6 there had been very 

little rainfall. Saturday night, July 6, about 8 p.m. a heavy rain began and lasted about 1 hour, during which time 2.23 Inches fell. Sunday, July 7, In the afternoon there were several thundershowers, the main 

parts of which went around us. Sunday night, July 7, there were thundershowers all night. The greatest amount of rain fell between 3:00 a.m. 

and 7:00 a.m. of Monday. During this time about 6 Inches fell. Between 

3:00 a.m. and 4:00 a.m. the rain fell In virtual sheets a cloudburst. 

I would estimate that during this hour about 5 inches fell."

Sharon Springs, N. Y. - W. M. Kllng: "Fury of storm so great 

Sunday that rain dashing horizontally makes It certain that rainfall 

much greater than measurement." 3.21 Inches of rainfall'was recorded 

between 6:30 and 7:20 p.m. on Sunday, July 7.
246 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936

FLOOD DISCHARGES 

General features

A series of extraordinarily severe thunderstorms during the night 

of July 7 and the morning of July 8, 1935, speedily brought many small 

streams to destructive heights before the inhabitants could realize the 

seriousness of the situation in which they were caught. Consequently, many 

people were drowned or narrowly escaped with their lives, and there was 

generally no time for the protection of property, where that would have 

been possible.

The most Intense run-off occurred along an east-west line extending from Hornell, on the Canisteo River, to Oxford, on the Chenango River, 

or generally along the boundary between the Susquehanna River Basin and the 

Finger Lakes or Oswego River Basin. There were notable floods of less intensity near Chaumont, Jefferson County; in certain portions of the Mohawk 

Valley; on upper Schoharie Creek; on the Saw Kill near Kingston; on upper 

Esopus Creek; on the West Branch of the Delaware River near Delhi and 

Walton; and on Ouleout Creek in Delaware County.

Fortunately, the storm was confined to a comparatively narrow 

strip, which cut generally across the upper sources of main streams instead of extending longitudinally along any of them, as seemingly might 

have been possible. Had the latter occurred it is a matter of conjecture 

as to what greater heights the main streams might have reached. The additional damage would undoubtedly have been enormous.

The precipitous hillsides characteristic of many drainage basins, 

the steep slopes of the small streams, the narrowness of the valleys, the 

inability of the soil to absorb and store the rainfall, and the severity 

of the thunderstorms all contributed to the very rapid concentration and 

intensity of the run-off and to the severity of the destruction wrought by 

the small streams. Evidence of the almost incredible force of the rushing 

waters of these smaller streams is shown in plate 23,A.

On the larger streams the flatter slopes and broader valleys 

caused the flood waters to assume less destructive velocities and to overflow the banks, thus causing less spectacular but very real loss by inundation as shown in plate 23,B.

Figures 20 and 21 show the flood hydrographs based upon records 

of stage at principal gaging stations in the flood area.
TJ. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPEE 773 PLATE 23

A. SALMON CREEK AT MYERS. N. Y., SHOWING FORCE OF THE FLOOD WATERS. 

Courtesy of "The News, New York's picture newspaper."

B. INUNDATION FROM C11ENANGO RIVER, RINGHAMTON, N. Y.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1935

160,000

140,000

July 8 July 9 July 10 July 11 July 12 July 13

Figure 20.-Hydrographs of discharge at points in the 

Susquehanna River and Chenung River Basins, N. Y.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936

25,000

20,000

§ 15,000

10,000

5,000

 g 15,000

10,000

ra 5,000

25,000

20,000

 a 15,000

10,000

5,000

Schoharie Creek 

at Prattaville, N.Y. 

236 sq. mi.

Schoharie Creek 

at Middleburg, H.Y 

532 sq. mi.

July 7 July 8 July 9 July 10 July 11 July 12 

figure SI.-Hydrographs of discharge at points in the Lake Ontario, 

Delaware River, Esopus Creek, and Schoharie Creek Basins, H. Y.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OF JULY 1935 249

Unfortunately, within the areas of extraordinarily intense flood 

run-off there were no regular gaging stations at which intense discharges 

were recorded. Consequently, it has been necessary to obtain information 

of these discharges largely from special field surveys. The results obtained are valuable, but, no matter how painstakingly obtained in the field 

and how carefully interpreted, they cannot approach in accuracy and completeness the data that might have been obtained at regularly established 

stream-gaging stations.

As the most intense discharges occurred largely on the smaller 

streams in a widespread area, it was desirable to make many determinations 

of the flood discharges by the best available methods in order to insure 

comprehensive information over the flood area.

Field work

Obstacles met in obtaining funds for the work delayed the start 

of the field activity until September 18. The writer, with an official 

car, was detailed from the district office of the United States Geological 

Survey at Albany, N. Y., to the field work, which was completed November 1. 

Field assistants were furnished by the Flood Control Survey, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, and by the New York State Department of Public Works.

A thorough reconnaissance of the flood area was first made by 

driving over the roads, walking up and down the streams where necessary, 

and selecting places on the streams at which it was believed satisfactory 

determinations of the flood discharge could be made from the evidence of 

the stages of the water surface, slopes, and other pertinent data. Sufficient data were obtained in the field to allow the computation of the 

flood discharge by one or more methods dependent upon established hydraulic formulas and experience in their application. From these data 

were made 55 determinations of flood discharge 26 by the slope-area 

method, 22 over dams, 3 over falls, 1 through drops, and 3 through culverts.

In selecting a reach of channel at which a slope-area determination of discharge was to be made, the following factors were considered 

and the best possible selection made:

Stralghtness of channel.

Length of reach.

Uniformity of cross section and slope.

Absence of trees, brush, and other obstructions.

Permanence of channel during flood.

Approach and get-away conditions.

Quality and quantity of high-water marks.

56635 O 36 2
250 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936

At each site of a slope-area measurement a stadia survey was made, 

locating high-water marks on each bank for a considerable distance above 

and below the reach. Cross sections were taken across the flood channel at 

each end of the reach} on certain streams an additional cross section was 

taken near the center of the reach. Great care was exercised in the selection of the high-water marks, to insure that they represented the water surface and not an energy grade line of the stream, as indicated by the height 

to which waves had washed or drift had been thrown. For this reason highwater marks on the ground, where wave action and run-up were believed to 

be a minimum, were generally selected in preference to high-water marks on 

trees and bushes as defined by debris, which may have been carried up by 

wave action or by the velocity of the current to a level above the prevailing water surface.

In selecting dams, falls, drops, or culverts only those were considered whose crests, profiles, and cross sections were sufficiently regular to allow their characteristics of discharge to be satisfactorily defined by formulas and coefficients whose applicability to similar structures had been determined by previous investigations. At such sites sufficient high-water marks were taken nearby to define the head on the crests 

or openings. The structures were measured, and sufficient data were obtained for determining profiles and cross sections at the highest flood 

stage. The presence of possible backwater or submergence from below was 

investigated. Notes on conditions affecting the velocity of approach 

were made.

Photographs were generally taken at each point of measurement, 

and notes were made as to the character of the bed and banks of the channels and any other conditions that might be pertinent to a particular 

measurement.

Office preparation of field data

The data obtained in the field were plotted, and for most 

measurements the following sheets of data were made and checked!

1. A map or sketch to scale, showing layout of channels, 

structures, etc., with relative location of high-water marks.

2. A longitudinal profile showing the location of the highwater marks from which was determined the water-surface slope of the 

stream or the head on the structures.
THE HEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1935 251

3* Cross sections of the channels and of the structures through 

or over which the water flowed.

4. For the slope-area measurements, sheets with the computation 

of the area and hydraulic radius of each section.

Assumptions and computations

The application of formulas and coefficients used in the computation of the flood flows was made with a full appreciation of the limitations of scientific knowledge of the behavior of streams under unusually 

extreme conditions, such as those of the July flood, and is believed to be 

consistent with good engineering judgment. Many of the streams undoubtedly 

carried enormous quantities of debris. The effect of this debris upon the 

applicability of the laws and formulas generally accepted as governing the 

flow of water is problematic. The same statement applies to the effects 

of sediment, entrained air, turbulence, excessive slopes and velocities, 

and other factors, which occurred in a degree far outside the field of 

ordinary experiment and experience. In an unpublished manuscript Harold 

C. Troxell, associate engineer, United States Geological Survey, describes 

the enormous debris movement that occurred during the flood of January 1, 

'1934, in La Canada Valley, near Los Angeles, Calif. There the debris apparently moved downstream in a succession of waves, at velocities much 

slower than the water velocities, first filling up the stream channel and 

then being scoured out, creating unstable channel conditions that made it 

almost impossible to determine the discharge of water with any degree of 

accuracy. The field investigations in the New York flood area disclosed 

no evidence that the debris movements during the flood of July 1935 were 

generally similar to those described by Mr. Troxell. Consequently it is 

believed that, through the reaches selected for the determination of flood 

discharge, the debris moved downstream in such a manner as to cause very 

little if any reduction in apparent area or water capacity of the channels. 

For the purposes of this report it has been assumed that the water surface 

of the streams was represented by the high-water marks indicated on the 

banks, that the channels as surveyed had remained substantially unchanged 

throughout the flood, and that the flow conformed to the laws of the flow 

of water expressed by the formulas selected for the determination of the 

particular flood discharge. The results thus obtained are believed to be 

in the most useful form and of such value in the planning of flood-
252 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HXDROLOSY, 1936

101.5

98B '°

95,5 94.7 93.8 

Section B J -- 

98-r- - 

0 20 40 60 80 100 Feet

Elevation of high-water marks shown, in feet, 105.0

Sketch Hap

H O if»

H O P3

100 200 300 

Feet along center of channel

Profile of high-water marks

400

106

Section A

0^--^, 

94.7 T\

92.6 14~~~~- 

88.6 25 3( 

W^ 5§~

Water surf

3 36 T wm i

ace 94.7

42 5 

567E WT

792 J&

 «

3 56

JS S776

- ^^8^ 

3 93.6

.0

A= 387

WP= 76

R= 5.1

- -"^9° 

95.6

sq. ft. 

ft. 

.0 ft.

100

Section B

Figure 22.-Map, profile, and sections of slope-area reach 

on Glen Creek near Townsend, N. Y.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 24

SLOPE-AREA REACH ON GLEN CREEK NEAR TOWNSEND, N. Y.

Looking upstream. Section B was taken about 50 feet above the falls, and section A was 

taken upstream, above the highway bridge. The bed of the creek at section A was composed chiefly of coarse gravel with a short section of ledge rock. At section B the bed of 

the creek was flat, smooth shale. The right bank of the creek was shale of fairly regular section. 

The left bank was coarse stone and dirt and fairly uniform. Both banks contained brush 

and trees, which were generally above the high-water line. The falls shown in the picture 

were 8 to 10 feet high and were not submerged from below during the flood. The channel 

through the section has a slight curvature to the left.
IT. g. GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATK 25

SLOPE-AREA REACH ON GLEN CREEK NEAR WATKINS GLEN, N. Y.

Looking downstream. Section A was taken in the foreground of the picture. Section B was 

taken at the bend wr aere the man is standing. Section C was taken near the end of the bare 

rock showing on the right bank. The bed of the creek was smooth, flat shale covered in 

spots by medium-sized gravel. Both banks were rock, steep, and, although rough, relatively uniform. There were no trees below the high-water line. About 75 feet below section 

C there was a falls 10 to 12 feet high. There was no indication of submergence of the falls 

from below during the flood.
tT. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 778 PLATE 26

105.8

Section A - JS* 4

95.2

otion

102.9 96.0

100

200

98.5

104.5 

Elevation of high-water marks shown In feet, 104.5

300 |* "~~

""" ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ "" f~ 

105.3 105.2 (104.0

-f400

Glen Creek

500 600

__ . H - 1200 p 15001^ .140^

-4 " "-00 I *'-!{,, w°° _ - """" ,""""" ~"~ wi- ^-.

__ _ 91.2i

700 800

Section B -»| 

99.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 Feet

Sketch Map

80

105

Section A 900 1000 

Feet along center of channel 

Profile of High VZater Marks

1100

100

90

A= 1136 sq.ft 

WP= 95 ft. 

R= 12.0 ft 80

70

Water Surface 93.4 _ __ '1300

Section B

Section C

A= 1293 sq.ft. 

WP- 110 ft. 

R= 11.7 ft.

GLEH CREEK AT WATKINS GLElf, H, Y. 

Lat. 42°-22.0f Long. 76°-54.4'

MAP, PROFILE, AND SECTIONS OF SLOPE-AREA REACH ON GLEN CREEK AT WATKINS GLEN, N. Y.

104

100

88

__ 84 

1400
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPEE 773 PLATE 27

TYPICAL CHANNELS WITH ASSUMED FOR EACH.

In A "n" assumed 0.30; reach extended from large elm on left bank lo barn on right bank. 

In B "n" assumed 0.030 for main channel and overflow on right bank, 0.100 for wooded 

section on left bank.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 28

TYPICAL CHANNELS WITH "n" ASSUMED FOR EACH.

In A "n" assumed 0.035 for main channel, 0.100 for wooded flat shown at left of main channel.

"n" assumed 0.040 to 0.045.

In £!
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1935 253

protection measures as to warrant their publication as the most reliable 

data that can be supplied. However, any user of the data is cautioned to 

keep in mind the method of derivation and to make such allowance therefor 

aa may seem appropriate.

For the consideration of engineers who may wish to analyze critically the results showing outstandingly excessive rates of flow, there Is 

shown on figure 22 and plates 24, 25, and 26 the basic information for two 

determinations of the flood flow of Glen Creek near Townsend. and at Watkins 

Glen. Similar data for other determinations are on file and available to 

the public at the district office of the Geological Survey In Albany.

In computing the flood discharge by the slope-area method the 

average velocity was determined from the Manning equation

V = 1^86 r2/3 s l/2 

n

In which V = average velocity in the cross section

n = coefficient of roughness

r = hydraulic radius

s « surface slope

On plates 27 and 28 are shown pictures of typical channel sections with the assumed value of "n", the coefficient of roughness, for 

each. The values of "n" were selected and checked from the background of 

the Geological Survey's experience In such matters. Careful study was made 

of the pertinent data In a report by Ramser.* As the flow in most sections 

was not uniform, it was necessary to consider velocity head and to correct 

"s" to a value representing the energy grade line. Where there was a recovery of energy head, it was assumed that the actual recovery was 50 percent of the theoretical recovery. Where the flow was confined to one 

channel, the correction was easily made. Where a section was considered 

to be composed of two or more channels with different "n" and different 

"r", the weighted velocity head for the section was determined by an adaptation of the following equation given by O'Brien and Johnson**:

V3 A

* Ramser, C. E., Flow of water In drainage channels; the results of experiments to determine the roughness coefficient "n" In Kutter's formulas 

U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 129, November 1929.

** O'Brien, M. P., and Johnson, J. Wv, Velocity head corrections for hydraulic flow: Eng. News-Record, August 16, 1935.
254 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936

in which oc, = ratio of weighted velocity head to velocity liead 

determined from the average velocity in the 

entire section. 

V = average velocity in any channel into which the

entire section may be subdivided, 

da = area of any channel into which the entire section

may be subdivided. 

ZV^da = summation of the product of V3 and da for the

channels into which the entire section may be 

subdivided. 

Vm = average velocity in the entire section.

A = area of the entire section. 

The flow over dams was computed by the formula

Q = OLE3/2 (1 + 0.56 S£) 

d2

in which C = coefficient depending largely on the shape of the crest. 

Values of C were selected from data in Horton, R. E., 

Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas, 2d ed.: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 200, 1907. 

L = length, in feet, of the crest. 

H - head, in feet, on the crest of the dam. 

d = depth, in feet, of the approach channel. 

Where necessary, allowance was made for submergence of the 

crest by water below the dam.

The flow over highway embankments was considered analogous to 

that over dams, and values for the coefficient C were selected from experimental data by Yarnell and Nagler.*

The flow over falls was computed by the following .formula**:

Q = 5.67 LH 1 ' 5

The results from this method were not very satisfactory. The 

steep slopes of the water surface in the channels above the falls 

caused velocities greater than the critical velocity at the falls section 

and thus made the fall section ineffective as a control.

* Yarnell, D. L., and Nagler, P. A., Flow of flood water over railway 

and highway embankments: Public Roads, April 1930.

** King, H. W., Handbook of hydraulics, 2d ed., p. 333, 1929.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY WATEB.-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 29

MAP SHOWING POINTS WHERE 

FLOOD DISCHARGES WERE DETERMINED

SCAL.E.IN MILES

O SO 3O «

 /S NUMERALS INDICATE 

REFERENCE NUMBERS IN 

TABLE OF FLOOD DISCHARGE 

IN STREAMS IN NEW YORK 

STATE

MAP OF NEW YORK. STATE SHOWING LOCATION OF FLOOD DETERMINATIONS.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1935 255

The flow through drops was computed by the following formula*:

Q = 3.62 LH i- 47 (1 + 0.44 £ )

A^

in which a = cross-sectional area of the drop or notch.

A = cross-sectional area of the approach channel.

The flow through culverts was computed by assuming that the 

available head was used in overcoming frictional losses in the culvert 

and in creating velocity.

All notes, photographs, plans, profiles, cross sections, and 

computations have been bound and are being kept as a permanent record.

Flood-discharge records

The table "Flood discharges of the streams in New York State" 

shows the results of the determination of the flood flows at the gaging 

stations and other points on streams. Previous maximum recorded floods 

are included, for comparison. The locations of the points at which these 

flood determinations were made are shown on plate 29 and may be identified by the corresponding number in the table. Many determinations are 

shown for streams that did not reach their previously recorded flood 

flows In July, in order to compare the unprecedented flood flows occurring at that time with the flood flows previously recorded throughout 

the State.

The time of occurrence of the maximum discharges is not shown 

for many of the determinations. Most people were too busy seeking 

safety or trying to protect their property to record the time of the 

occurrence except roughly as the night of July 7 or the morning of July 8.

*King, H. W., Handbook of hydraulics, 1st ed., p. 143, 1918.
o *¥ *^

a N rt a

N N rH

I I I I- i i i 4 I i I I i i i ii

rH A,

tO rH I

8 2 S IS 8

S 3 a i g w fS ra to w

rH rH

S= 

rH

* 

 3 rH
Mohawk Elver

Mohawk Biver

Mohawk Elver

West Canada CreeK

West Canada CreeK

East Canada Creek

Sohoharle Creek

Schoharie Creek

Poesten Kill

Kinderhook Creek

Catskill Creek

Esopus Creek

Saw Kill

Saw Kill

Bondout Creek

Eondout Creek

wallkill River

Wallkill Eiver

Wappinger Creek

Croton Eiver

Croton Eiver

Bird Brook

Below Delta Dam, H.Y.

Hear little Falls, H.Y.

Cohoes, H.T.

Hinokley, H.T.

East Bridge, H.T.

Dolgeville, H.Y.

Prattsville, H.Y.

Middlelrarg, H.Y.

Hear troy, H.Y.

Bossman, H.Y.

Oakhill, H.T.

Coldbrook, H.T.

Hear Shady, H.T.

Hear Bearsville, H.Y.

Hear Lackawack, H.T.

Bosendale, H.Y.

Pellets Island Mountain, H.T.

Gardiner, H.Y.

Hear Wappinger Falls, H.T.

Cornell Dam near Croton, H.T.

Quaker Bridge, near Croton, H.T.

Quaker Bridge, near Croton, H.Y.

One Ida

Herkimer

Albany

One Ida

Herkimer

Herkimer

Greene

Sohoharie

Bensselaer

Columbia

Greene

Ulster

Ulster

Ulster

Ulster

Ulster

Orange

Ulster

Dutches s

Wes tones ter

Westohester

Westohester

W.919-1935

1937-1935

1917-1935

1919-1935

W.905-1910 

b!912-1913 

b!920-1935

b!898-1935

d!902-1935

b!906-1935

1923-1935

1906-1914 

1928-1935

61910-1935

d!913-1935

d!906-1935

1901-1903 

1906-1913 

1926-1935

1919-1935

1924-1935

1928-1935

1933-1935

1933-1935

1933-1935

Har.9,1921

Mar. 15, 1929

Mar. 16, 19 29

Apr. 12, 1922

Mar. 26. 1913

Mar. 26, 1913

Hov.16,1926

Feb.20,1909

Hor.4,1927

Jan. 22, 1910

Hov.9,1913

Aug. 24, 1933

Aug.26,1928

Aug. 27, 1928

Mar. 16, 1920

Sept. 2, 1927

Mar. 5, 1934

Mar. 5, 19 34

Mar. 5, 1934

May 3,1934

04,210

21,300

72,000

10,800

23,300

014,500

d42,300

031,600

7,030

11,000

d!2,300

d55,000

d26,715

27,300

8,350

12,900

5,950

4,010

3,940

14

151

1,348

3,456

375

556

261

236

532

89

329

98

192

d9.5

d!2.1

100

386

385

711

182

f378

g379

0.36

July 8-9

July 8,8pm

July 8,ll:30am

July 9,6pm

July 8, 4: 30pm

July 8,9pm

July 8,4am

July 10,4am

July 8,9am

July 8,l:30pm

July 10, 3: 30am

July 8,2am

July 9,2am

July 8,3:30am

July 13,10am

July ll,5:30am

July 9,5pm

July 10,3pm

July 10,3pm

Ho peak

a4,030

817,200

045,600

a5,380

aid, 300

5,870

d27,200

aS.OOO

519

2,030

1,220

d!7,100

09,180

d9,980

d2,120

12,600

1,030

1,130

75

al.9

as. 2

h

27

13

13

14

18

22

115

15

5.8

6.2

12

89

966

825

21

33

2.7

1.6

0.4

4.6

1.9

0.5

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Slope-area

Slope-area

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

Bating curve

a Materially affected by

b Combined record of New

and TJ. S. Geol. Survey

storage or diversion.

Tork State Engineer and Surveyor

Eecords of Hew Tork State Engineer and Surveyor, 

d Record furnished by Hew Tork City Board of Water Supply, 

e Combined record of Hew Tork City Board of Water Supply and IT. S.

f Effective drainage area 0.40 sq. mi. 

g Effective drainage area 1.74 s<j. mi. 

Geol. Surrey h 0.19 second-foot on July 10, 3 pm
Flood discharges of streams in New York State Continued

Ho.

map

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

SO

SI

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

51

62

Stream

Delaware River Basin

Delaware River (E. Br. )

Delaware River (E. Br. )

Delaware Hirer

Beaver Kill

Little Beaver Kill

Delaware River (¥ Br. )

Wright Brook

Steele Brook

East Creek

Cold Spring Brook

Hovers ink Biver

Snsquehanna River Basin

Susquenanna River

Susquehanna River

Susquehanna River

Susquehanna River

Snsquehanna River

Susquehanna River

Oaks Creek

Cherry Valley Creek

Ouleout Creek

Point of measurement

Harvard, N.T.

Fishs Eddy, N.T.

Port Jervis, N.T.

Cooks Falls, N.T.

Near Livings ton Manor, N.T.

Bale Eddy, N.T.

Bloomville, N.T.

Near Delhi, N.T.

Hear Walton, N.T.

China, N.T.

Oakland Valley, N.T.

Oolliersville, N.T.

Oneonta, N.T.

Bainbridge, N.T.

Conklin, H.T.

Bingnamton, N.T.

Towanda, Pa.

Index, N.r.

Hear Testville, N.T.

East Sidney, H.T.

County

Delaware

Delaware

Orange

Delaware

Sullivan

Delaware

Delaware

Delaware

Delaware

Delaware

Orange

Otsego

Otsego

Chenango

Broome

Broome

Bradford

Otsego

Otsego

Delaware

Period 

of 

record

1934-1935

1912-1935

1904-1935

1913-1935

1924-1935

1912-1935

1928-1935

1924-1935

1907-1935

1907-1935

1912-1935

1902-1935

1892-1935

1929-1932

1930-1931

Maximum discharge 

previously recorded

Date

Mar. 6, 1935

Aug.24,1933

Oct. 10, 1903

Aug.24,1933

Aug.25,1928

Oct. 10, 1903

Aug.24,1933

Mar. 16, 1929

Mar. 27, 1913

Mar. 29, 1914

Mar. 28, 1913

Mar. 2, 1902

Mar. 17, 1855

Apr. 12, 1932

Apr.11,1931

Secondfeet

11.100

53,300

155,000

17,800

3,420

46,000

20,000

5,190

J19.9

J21.1

52,000

Jkl9.74

188,000

1,060

1,780

Drainage 

area

(square 

miles )

443

783

3,076

241

19.8

593

11.2

5.4

23.5

1.65

222

351

2,240

7,797

103

81

101

Maximum discharge during flood of July 1935

Time

July 8,2pm

July 8,4pm

July 9,2pm

July 9,8am

July 8, M

July 8,11pm

July 9,2am

July 9,9am

July 9,2am

July 8,8am

July 8, 12: 45pm

July 9,9pm

July 9,3am

July 9,7pm

Second-feet

Total

3,080

3,360

30,000

640

44

17,000

2,370

2,850

12,790

26

1,830

a3,020

J15.7

J18.7

41,900

J17.7

150,000

458

655

116,700

Per 

sq. mi.

7.0

4.3

9.8

2.6

2.2

29

212

528

119

17

8.2

8.6

19

19

4.4

8.1

165

Method 

of 

determination

Rating curve

Rating curve

Rating curve

Rating curve

Rating curve

Rating curve

Dam

Dam

Dam

Rating curve

Rating curve

Rating curve

Rating curve

Bating ourve

Rating ourve

Rating curve

Dam
rH

Jl

o>sisH

CM

0> 

10

10

rHM

<A

C7» »

4*

c-s

rHo8

CM O 

CM O to rH

rH «* 1O N 

rH rH « M

n 

 d*

n

O> «O rH W 

rH_ O 0> 0

I-) S £*- » 

5 ftl CM

II 1 1

8 8 CM (8 S S

^ B S rH SS

i-l H rH rH r-t i-l

I s

(fi Sn

 rH

cn to

4 1

3 8

T -r

cn CM CM n

rH rHrH

<aAS4

o>

0>8

CO

i-l

S8

to

M tO 

O* rH

rt

fc 

-a

U)

rH08

^1

o>

!R1

£M

I-l s

 *g

o3»I

rH

 * 

rH

rH I

CO

P 

4*

-H 

® fe

o ft

P* ° M

 ?5

§ 

§3g

W Pi

jjj 

II

B'

O ij

PI PI o

3 13

 H 

s 

 H ffl 

I I

CS te « B

t. h h

« s s I I

b 8) 60 60 iS

I I

S 8

rS "S rt

3* P

 ° RT!

EJ & 5

O H M
Flood discharges of streams in New York State Continued

No. 

on 

map

87

88

39

90

91

92

93

94

Si

9S

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

Stream

Delaware River Basin-0 on t.

Chemung River

Oanisteo River

Canisteo River

Canisteo River

Carrington Creek

Big Creek

Canacadea Creek

Canaoadea Greek

Bennett Creek

Purdy Creak

Stephens Creek

Cohoctoc Elver

Cchocton River

Nell Creek

Tenralle Creek

Campbell Creek

Harrisburg Hollow

Harrisburg Hollow

Brook

Meads Creek

Fine Creek

Point of measurement

Chemung, N.T.

Arkport, N.T.

Canisteo, N.T.

West Camaron, N.T.

Eremont Center, N.T.

Near North Hornell, N.T.

Almond, N.T.

Horuell, H.T.

Near Canisteo, N.T.

Near Canisteo, N.T.

Near Carson, N.T.

Near Cohocton, N.T.

Near Campbell, N.T.

Bloomerville, N.T.

Above West Creek, N.T.

Near Kanona, N.T.

Near Hickory Hill, N.T.

Near Hickory Hill, N.T.

Bradford, N.T.

East Campbell, N.T.

Near Monterey, N.T.

County

Cheraung

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Steuben

Sohuyler

Period 

of 

record

1903-1935

1930-1931

1924-1929

1918-1935

Maximum discharge 

previously recorded

Date

Mar. 15, 1918

1902

Hay 24,1931

Nov.30,1927

Deo. 1,1927

Secondfeet

67 ,000

09,570

4,000

4,610

12,900

Drainage 

area

(square 

miles )

2,530

30.4

185

344

p!3.6

16.5

49.8

59.4

71.5

21.2

7.04

44.0

472

420.8

q5.96

0.35.8

2.08

2.49

1.68

46.1

5.00

Maximum discharge during flood of July 1935

Time

July 9,10am

July 8,1pm

Second-feet

Total

83,400

4,820

025,000

35,000

p3,750

11,900

22,000

26,600

012,400

08,990

6,700

891

45,400

45,040

<ll,510

<jl4,000

2,220

2,810

1,940

30,300

3,270

Per 

sq. mi.

33

159

135

102

276

721

442

448

173

424

952

20

96

242

253

391

1,100

1,130

1,150

657

654

Method 

Of 

determination

Rating curve

Slope-area

Slope-area

Slope-area

Dam

Slope-area

Slope-area

Slope-area

Slope-area

Slope-area

Dam

Dam

Rating ourve

Slope-area

Slope-area

Slope-area

Slope-area

Slope-area

Slope-area

Slope-area

Slope-area
Allegheny River Basin

106 Allegheny Hirer

Streams tributary to 

Lake Ontario

109 Little Tonawanda Creek

110 Oenesee Hirer

111 Oenesee Elver

112 Genesee Hirer

113 Genesee Hirer

114 Canaseraga Creels:

115 Stony Brook

116 Oswego Rirer

117 Softwater Greek

118 Glen Brook

119 Catlin Mill Creek

120 Glen Creek

121 Glen Creek

122 Creek

123 Fire Mile Creek

124 Six Mile Creek

125 Six Mile Creek

126 Casoadilla Creek

127 Ball Creek

Red Houae, N.Y.

Linden, N.T.

Scio, N.Y.

St. Helena, N.Y.

Jones Bridge neai Mount Morris, N.T.

Rochester, N.Y.

Near Dansrille, N.Y.

Stony Brook Glen, N.Y.

Oswego, N.Y.

Near Cold Springs, N.Y.

Hammondsport , N.Y.

Odessa, N.Y.

Hear lownsend, N.Y.

Watkins Glen, N.Y.

Burdett, N. Y.

Enfield, N. Y.

Potters Balls, near Ithaca, N' Y.

Tan Attas Dam, Ithaca, N. Y.

Bast Ithaca, N.Y.

Ithaca, N.T.

Cattaraugus

Oenesee

Aiiegany

Wyoming

Lirlngston

Monroe

Lirlngston

Steuben

Oswego

Steuben

Stenben

Schuyler

Schuyler

Schuyler

Sohuyler

Torapkins

Torapkins

Tompkins

Tompkins

Tompkins

1903-1935

1912-1935

1916-1935

1908-1935

1903-1906 

1908-1913

1915-1935

1904-1935

1910-1912 

1915-1917

1919-1935

1933-1935

1925-1935

liar. 2, 1910

Apr. 22, 1916

May 22,1919

May 17,1916

May 17,1916

liar. 30, 1916

Hor.30,1927

Apr. 15, 1934

June 81,1905

Hor.16,1926

41,000

2,400

10,600

44,400

55,100

48,300

6,900

16,400

r8,500

6,290

1,690

22

309

1,017

1,419

2,467

153

18.1

5,121

2.34

4.96

7.33

2.91

21.3

12.6

18.0

45.5

47.8

12.8

124

Ally 10,4pm

Ally 8,7am

July 8,1pm

July 9,3i30am

July 9,10am

July 9,7i45pm

July 8,10am

July Il,5il5pm

July 8,9am

3,710

261

8,560

17,400

14,500

18,200

9,920

5,800

15,400

4,750

4,990

3,600

7,330

27,900

4,600

8,380

4,330

4,920

1,400

15,500

2.2

12

28

17

10

7.4

66

320

3.0

2,030

1,010

491

2,520

1,310

365

466

95

103

109

125

Bating curve

Rating curve

Rating curve

Rating curve

Rating curve

Rating curve

Rating curve

Drop and over road

Rating curve

Slope-area

Slope-area

Cnlrert-dam

Slope-area

Slope-area

Cnlrert

Dam

Dam

Dam

Dam

Rating curve

o Record furnished by William S. Lozier, Inc., Consulting Engineers, Rochester, N.Y. q Record furnished by Soil Conservation Service, Bath, K. Y.

p Record furnished by Fretts, Tallamy & Senior, Consulting Engineers, Williamsvllle, N.Y. r U. S. Geol. Surrey Water-Supply Paper 162.
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264 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1956

The maximum intensity of discharge (presumably a momentary 

peak) as determined by measurements in the field, shown on figure 22 and 

plate 24, was 2,520 second-feet per square mile, from 2.91 square miles 

of the Glen Creek drainage basin near Townsend, N. Y., corresponding to 

a run-off rate of 3.90 inches per hour over the drainage basin. The runoff from 2.34 square miles of the Softwater Creek drainage basin near Cold 

Springs, N. Y., was 2,030 second-feet per square mile, or at the rate 

of 3.15 inches per hour over the drainage basin. Prom the indications 

of washout damage and other evidence it seems probable that there were 

numerous small streams whose intensities of discharge were equal to those 

thus determined, if not greater. Unfortunately, suitable locations for 

determinations of discharge were not found on theae small streams. Other 

determinations of noteworthy Intensities are given in the table.

Storage reservoirs

There are few storage reservoirs within the area of the most 

intense run-off. In general, at the beginning of the storm very little 

capacity was available for flood storage, with the result that most of the 

reservoirs quickly filled; but, though not exerting their maximum possible 

effect, they modified the flows considerably. On figure 21 it is shown 

that Gilboa Reservoir, on Schoharie Creek, absorbed practically all the 

flood flow and reduced the flow in the creek below the reservoir to a 

small portion of what it might have been. The dams at several small 

reservoirs and lakes in the central part of the State failed, and the 

value of these bodies of water as regulators of stream flow was destroyed 

or greatly diminished.

DAMAGE

No attempt has been made here to summarize the property losses 

and damages caused by the flood, as it is understood that such information is being obtained by the Flood Control Survey, Corps of Engineers, 

U. S. Army, and will be available in its report.

Farm lands suffered generally from gullying, from being buried 

under stones and gravel, and from inundation. On plate 30 is shown the 

character of the damage wrought by the small streams that washed tons of 

stones and gravel onto the farm lands.
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 30

A. CHARLES BECKWITH FARM, SOUTH OF OXFORD, N. Y., SHOWING TYPICAL DAMAGE HY STONES AND GRAVEL TRANSPORTED BY SMALL STREAMS.

It. STONE HOUSE FARM, NEAR NORWICH, N. Y., SHOWING TYPICAL DEBRIS CARRIED

BY SMALL STREAMS.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 31

A. WASHOUT OF ROADBED, LEHIGH VALLEY RAILROAD.

The wreck of a passenger train was narrowly averted at this point.

B. NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD AT WATKINS GLEN, N. Y., SHOWING HIGH 

BRIDGE OVER GLEN CREEK DESTROYED DURING THE FLOOD.

Courtesy of International News Photos, Inc.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 32

A. ERIE RAILROAD AT HORNEIX, N. Y., SHOWING ROUNDHOUSE AND EQUIPMENT 

BURIED UNDER FLOOD WATERS

Courtesy of the Gannett Newspapers.

B. LACKAWANNA RAILROAD NEAR BATH, IV Y., SHOWING TYPICAL FLOOD CONDITIONS
TJ. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 778 PLATE 33

A. TAUGHANNOCK FALLS STATE PARK, N. Y., SHOWING DESTRUCTION OF ROAD 

DUE TO INADEQUACY OF BRIDGE TO CARRY FLOOD WATERS.

B. DESTRUCTION WROUGHT BY FLOOD ALONG TAUGHANNOCK BOULEVARD,

ITHACA, N. Y.

This scene was typical of many others.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPEB 773 PLATE 34

A. CARS AND TRUCKS MAROONED AND ABANDONED ON FLOODED 

HIGHWAY, KANONA, N. Y.

B. ROAD DESTROYED BY GULLYING, NORWICH, N. Y.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 35

A. CHENANGO FORKS, N. Y., AT JUNCTION OF TIOUGHNIOGA AND CHENANGO 

RIVERS, SHOWING INADEQUACY OF BRIDGE OVER TIOUGHNIOGA RIVER TO 

CARRY FLOOD WATERS.

B. INADEQUACY OF SENECA STREET BRIDGE OVER CANACADEA CREEK, 

HORNELL, N. Y., TO CARRY FLOOD DEBRIS.
TT. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE

A. O'DAY HOUSE ON FRONT STREET, BINGHAMTON, N. Y., TOPPLING INTO

THE FLOOD WATERS OF CHENANGO RIVER.

Courtesy of the Binghamton Press.

D. TYPICAL SIGHT WHEREVER THE FLOOD STRUCK.
TJ. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 37

A. INUNDATION OF HOMES AND BUILDINGS, HORNELL, N. Y. 

Courtesy of the Gannett Newspapers.

B. TELEPHONE POLE DRIVEN THROUGH SIDE WALL AND CEILING INTO THK SECOND 

FLOOR OF A HOMK ON RIVER STREET, HORNELL, N. Y.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATEK-SUPPLY PAPER 773 PLATE 38

A. INOCULATION OF RESIDENTS AGAINST TYPHOID FEVER, HORNELL, N. Y. 

Courtesy of the Gannett Newspapers.

B. HAZARDOUS SITUATION FROM WHICH THREE PEOPLE PROVIDENTIALLY 

ESCAPED, SMITHVILLE FLATS, N. Y.
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1956 265

Railroad operations were suspended by the destruction of roadbeds and bridges and inundation of property and equipment. Plates 31 and 

32 show the type of damage to the railroads.

Miles of highways were rendered impassable by the destruction 

of the pavements, bridges, and culverts and by the inadequacy of the 

structures to pass the flood waters. Plates 33 to 35 show some of the 

various types of damages to the highways.

Buildings, automobiles, and private property of many kinds were 

destroyed, wrecked, buried, and inundated to the great loss of the owners. 

Plates 36 and 37 show some of the damages to private property.

A menace to health and life was created by the flood. Water 

supplies were contaminated and destroyed. People were caught and swept 

away by the flood waters. Plate 38 shows one of the steps taken to safeguard health by inoculation against typhoid fever and a hazardous situation from which three people providentially escaped with their lives.

STORMS AND FLOODS IN THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN 

IN THE VICINITY OF BINGHAMTON, N. Y.

Considerable information regarding historic and recent floods 

in the vicinity of Binghamton, N. Y., has been collected in an unpublished article, "Floods in the Binghamton district of the Susquehanna 

River watershed", by Thomas E. Reed, meteorologist, and H. K. Gold, 

observer,. United States Weather Bureau, Binghamton. The following notes 

on the storms and floods in this vicinity have been taken from their 

article:

Prior to about 1901 no systematic records were kept of the 

flood heights along the rivers, and the information of storms and 

floods has necessarily been derived largely from newspaper accounts of 

the events. The following quotations are extracts from current newspaper accounts:

August, 1794. "Pumpkin freshet. So called because it swept 

through tne fields of ripening grain and over the farm lands, ruining 

crops and carrying down hundreds of pumpkins. A famine threatened."

May 1833. "The late flood. Uncommonly destructive throughout 

the State." In the Chenango Valley "the smaller bridges generally gone, 

the banks of the streams cut up and torn away to a surprising extent, 

and the roads otherwise much injured. We have heard of no further loss 

of life. *#* On the Chenango, several cattle were drowned. *#* On the 

Susquehanna the fields of grain on the flats were much injured." Much 

damage was also done in Tioga County and to the Chemung Canal.

56635 O 36 3
266 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936

May 23, 1840. "A most violent storm of rain" lasted but an 

hour and did considerable damage In Windsor. "Not a bridge is left 

between Wood's (5 miles from this place) and the Susquehanna at Windsor 

Village."

February 5, 1842. "The freshet. Immense quantities of rain 

fell, and both the Chenango and Susquenanna Rivers rose higher than 

ever known before. «** Prom every direction we receive accounts of the 

ravages of the freshet. Never, within memory of that distinguished 

personage, 'the oldest inhabitant', have the streams risen to such an 

appalling degree."

March 14 {?), 1846. "Extraordinary freshet. The water here 

has seldom if ever been higher. It never came upon us so suddenly." 

Several days of "mild and serene" weather followed by "a heavy rain" of 

"12 or 14 hours" on the snow "still very deep on our adjacent hills" 

caused this "extremely disastrous" flood. "A sudden and most providential change in the weather" checked the flood, and "had the weather 

continued mild the loss must have been incalculably great." The damages 

were heavy in both the Chenango River and Susquehanna River valleys.

February 9, 1857. "The February thaw - great freshet in the 

Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers." Three days of warm weather "carried 

off the snow with extraordinary rapidity, sending the ice out of the 

rivers In 2:40 time" and raising the rivers n as high as they have been 

in several years." Damage, as reported, was chiefly to bridges on both 

the Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers.

March 17, 1865. Deep anows on the headwaters, "rapidly meltIng away In the face of the sun and south wind" and a severe rain, 

caused this great flood, "estimated as being from 4 to 8 feet higher 

than it had ever been known to be by white men. The Chenango River was 

considerably the highest, and its current was by far the most strong and 

raging." Houses in Binghamton wer6 "in the water up to the first and 

second stories."

March 12, 1879. "The rivers are rising under the influence 

of melting snow, and the peaceful, slumbering ice i-s evidently preparing 

to gorge itself on bridges and mill property." Ice jams caused damage 

at Whitney Point, on the Tioughnioga River, and at Binghamton, on the 

Susquehanna River.

December 15, 1901. "Terrible rains caused flood. Binghamton 

was completely isolated from the outside world from Saturday night until 

early this morning (Monday) by the worst flood since 1865." The Chenango 

River at the Court Street Bridge reached a maximum observed stage of 20.4 

feet, and the Susquehanna River at Washington Street Bridge a maximum 

observed stage of 14.9 feet. Great damage was done by inundation and 

washouts on the railroads and roads.

March 2, 1902. There was undoubtedly a heavy cover of snow 

over the upper portions of the drainage basin, which rapidly melted during the 5 or 6 days of unusually warm weather and light rains that preceded the flood. The Chenango River at Court Street Bridge rose to an 

observed stage of 23.1 feet. The Suaquehanna River at Washington Street 

rose to an observed stage of 19.7 feet. Accounts of the flood state that 

the Susquehanna River reached a point 8 inches below the mark of the 

flood of 1865. "One of the most reliable marks of the flood of 1865 is 

afforded by two nails driven In the corner of the building at the corner 

of South and Carroll Streets, driven in the building in question at time 

of very highest, March 17, 1865." Much damage resulted from inundation 

and the destruction of highway and railroad structures.

1901-1935. At the Washington Street Bridge on the Susquehanna River at Binghamton, the United States Weather Bureau has daily 

observed the stage of the river since 1901. At the Court Street Bridge 

on the Chenango River the United States Geological Survey daily observed the stage of the river from 1901 to 1911, and after 1911 the 

United States Weather Bureau observed the stage occasionally at times 

of threatening floods and in 1933 resumed daily observations. The 

following table ahows the date of occurrence and the maximum observed 

stage each year on the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers:
THE NEW YORK STATE FLOOD OP JULY 1935 267

Maximum observed river stages, In feet, 

at Blnghamton, N. Y.

Year

1901*

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1935

Susquehanna River

Date

Dec. 15

Mar. 2

Oct. 11

Mar. 27

Mar. 26

Mar. 29

Dec. 11

Feb. 16

Feb. 21

Mar. 2

Mar. 28

Apr. 3

Mar. 28

Mar. 29

July 9

Apr. 2

Mar. 28

Mar. 1

May 11

Mar. 28

Nov. 29

Mar. 8

Mar. 24

Oct. 1

Feb. 12

Nov. 17

Oct. 19

Mar. 27

Mar. 16

Jan. 26

Mar. 27

Oct. 7

Aug. 25

Mar. 5

Jan. 10

July 8

Feet

14.9

19.7

17.6

17.8

14.9

9.9

12.8

14.0

12.4

17.7

14.3

14.5

18.6

18.5

15.2

16.5

13.9

12.0

7.7

14.6

14.3

12.8

13.5

17.2

17.2

14.4

16.6

11.5

17.7

9.5

11.4

12.2

10.8

17.7

16.8

17.7

Chenango River

Date

Dec. 15

Mar. 2

Oct. 11

Mar. 27

Mar. 26

Mar. 28

Jan. 5

Feb. 16

Feb. 21

Mar. 2

Mar. 28

Mar. 28

Mar. 29

Apr. 2

Oct. 1

Feb. 12

Mar. 5

Jan. 10

July 8

Feet

20.4

23.7

20.3

20.8

18.7

13.8

13.8

17.0

15.7

21.4

18.1

22.3

22.3

20.1

21.1

20.7

22.3

21.4

24.8

^Record starts In August 1901.

The flood of July 8, 1935, will long be remembered as the most 

sudden and most destructive flood that has ever occurred In the upper 

Susquehanna River Basin, particularly throughout the Chenango and Tloughnloga Valleys. Unprecedented rains that developed from severe and continuous tbundershowers, popularly called "cloudbursts", occurred, particularly during the night of July 7-8, throughout Cortland and Chenango 

Counties, comprising the drainage areas of the upper basins, and to a 

lesser degree In northern Broome, Otsego, and Delaware Counties. While 

Cortland recorded a fall of 6.12 Inches In 12 hours, from 5:00 p.m. 

July 7 to 5:00 a.m. July 8, there was but 0.10 Inch recorded at the 

Blnghamton station, only 40 miles distant. The greatest previous record
268 COOTRIBTTTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1936

for a 24-hour period at Cortland was 4.87 inches. The greatest record 

for a 24-hour period at Binghamton was 4.55 inches, on September 30, 1924.

The small streams and rivers were soon out of their banks, and 

a wall-like crest of water moved down the basins, converging at Binghamton, where the Susquehanna and Chenango Valleys meet. Prom a low stage 

of 1.3 feet at Binghamton the Chenango River rose above flood stage on 

the morning of July 8 within 4 hours and reached its crest of 24.80 feet 

6 hours later, at 3:00 p.m. of that day. A number of lives were lost in 

the upper basins during the early morning hours of July 8. Hundreds of 

families were driven from their homes, particularly in the first ward of 

the city of Binghamton, which was badly flooded when the rising waters 

overflowed the west bank, and in that portion of Eront Street north of 

the Perry Street Bridge, which adjoins the first ward. A house at 208 

Oak Street, in the first ward, bearing a crest mark of the great flood 

in that section of the city on March 17, 1865, shows that this height is 

9 inches lower than the high-water mark of July 8, 1935.

The Susquehanna River at Binghamton did not rise as high as on 

previous occasions, the crest of 17.72 feet being recorded about 3:00 

p.m. July 8. Both rivers continued in flood for about 50 hours.

Property damage of all kinds throughout the basins comprised 

in the district mounted upward to $8,000,000.

The record of former floods indicates the marked prevalence 

of winter and spring floods and the very rare occurrence of major summer 

floods in the. Susquehanna River Basin in the vicinity of Binghamton. 

It is interesting to note that prior to July 1935 the highest observed 

stage of the Susquehanna River at Binghamton for each calendar month 

since the beginning of the record in 1901 has been as follows?

Feet Feet

January 1935 16.8 July 1915 15.2

February 1925 17.2 August 1903 11.0

March 1902 19.7 September 1924 15.3

April 1916 16,5 October 1903 17.6

May 1927 12.0 November 1926 14.4

June 1922 10.3 December 1901 14.9
INDEX

A

Page 

Abstracts................... 1.

59-60, 115-116, 197, 233-234 

Acknowledgments for aid^.... 4,

61 117-118, 220, 234 

Alachua County, Fla., piezometric surface in.....149-150

pressure heads and water

levels in wells in.... 190

records of wells in......165, 175

Alachua formation, age,

thickness, and character of ................ 122

Alexander Spring, Fla.,

discharge of.......... 155

Allegheny River, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 261

Alum Bluff group, formations

of.................... 128

Anacacho limestone, age,

thickness, and waterbearing properties of. 67 

Anastasia formation, age,

thickness, character, 

and water-bearing properties of............. 122

Artesian flow, areas of, in

Florida.......132-133, pi. 10

increase of, with

increased depth.......134-135

Artesian head, decline of, 

in Kleberg County, 

Tex...................209-212

definition and measurement

of.................... 134

depression in, near

Kingsville, Tex....... 212

fluctuations or...........135-145

fluctuations of, due to

atmospheric pressure..159-140 

due to draft from wells. 142,

144 

due to ocean tides...... 141

due to rainfall........136-138,

142, 143 

due to river stages.....141-142

influence of drainage

wells on.............142, 143

increase of, with

increased depth.......134-135

permanent loss of......... 145

Artesian pressure, fluctuations in......02-100, 209-212

gradients of..............100-102

measurement of, in Kleberg

County, Tex........... 200

Artesian water, general conditions of, in 

Florida...............131-132

Artesian wells, concentration of, in Florida 

irrigation districts.. 158 

general features of.......157-160

specific capacity of...... 159

subsurface leakage of.....160-161

waste of water from, Texas

law concerning........ .218-219

See also Wells.

Page

Atmospheric pressure, flue-, 

tuations in artesian 

head due to...........139-140

Ausable River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 263

. East Branch of, flood

discharge of.......... 263

West Branch of, flood

discharge of.......... 263

Austin chalk, age of........ 67

thickness and water-bearing properties of...67, 69-70

B

Baker County, Fla., area of

artesian flow in...... 133

piezometric surface in....149-150

records of wells in......165, 175

subsurface leakage of

wells in.............. 160

Balcones escarpment,

features of........... 71

Bath, N. Y., typical flood 

conditions on Lackawanna Railroad near... pi. 32 

Battenkill, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 256

Beaumont clay, age of....... 200

character and water-bearing properties of....200, 201

wells obtaining water from. 220 

Beaver Kill, H. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 258

Beaver River, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 262

Bennett Creek, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 260

Beverly Lodges well, Tex., 

fluctuation of artesian pressure in.93-94, 95-98 

Bexar County, Tex., map of, 

showing geology and 

artesian conditions... pi. 5 

Big Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 260

Binghamton, N. Y., flood

conditions in......... 246,

268, pis. 23, 36

maximum river stages at.,267, 268 

storms and floods in 

Susquehanna River 

Basin near............265-268

Bird Brook, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 257

Black River, N. Y., flood

discharges of.......... 262

Blue Spring, Madison County,

Fla., discharge of.... 156

Volusia County, Fla., discharge and temperature 

of.................... 155

Blue Springs, Marion County,

Fla., discharge of.... 151,

155, 157

Marion County, Fla., temperature of........... 155

view of................. pi. 14

269
270 INDEX

Page

Bone Valley gravel, age, 

thickness, and 

character of,......... 122

Bouquet River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 263

Brackenridge Park, San

Antonio, Tex., contribution of well water 

from, to swimming pool 

and river supply...... 88, 90

pumping plant at, fluctuations in artesian 

pressure at.........93, 94-95

Bradford, N. Y., flood discharge of unnamed 

brook near............ 260

Bradford County, Fla., piezometric surface in..149, 150 

records of wells in......165, 175

Brevard County, Fla.,

pressure heads and 

water levels in wells 

in.................... 190

records of wells in..165, 175-176 

salt bed in well in....... 164

specific capacity of wells

in.................... 159

yield of artesian well in. 158

Bridges, T. W., Livingston, 

Perm, and, Groundwater resources of 

Kleberg County, Tex..197-232, 

pis. 17-21

Broward County, Fla.,

records of wells in..166, 176

Brown, R. W., quoted........ 18

Buda limestone, age, thickness, and water-bearing properties of..... 67

Burdett, N. Y., flood discharge of unnamed 

creek near............ 261

Byram marl, occurrence of... 126

Caloosahatch.ee marl, age,

thickness, character,

and water-bearing

properties of......... 122

Camden County, N. C., outline of geology of.... 13

physical properties of

material from......... 39

surface features of....... 10-11

Campbell Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 260

Canacadea Creek, N. Y.,

flood discharges of... 260 

Canada Creek, N. Y. See

East Canada Creek;

West Canada Creek. 

Canaseraga Creek, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 261 

Canlateo River, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 260

Carrington Creek, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 260 

Carrizo sand, permeability

of.................... 212

thickness of.............. 67

water-bearing properties

of.................... 67, 70

Cascadilla Creek, N. Y.,

flood discharges of... 261

Page 

Catskill Creek, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 257 

Cedar River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 256

Channel sections, typical... 253, 

pis. 27, 28 

Charlotte County, Fla.,

record of well in....166, 177 

Charlton formation, age,

thickness, and character of ................ 122

Chassahowitska Spring, Fla.,

discharge of.......... 156

Chateaugay River, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 263 

Chaumont River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 262

Chemung River, N. Y., flood

discharges of.........259-260

Chenango Forks. N. Y., flood

damage at............. pi. 35

Chenango River, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 259

at Binghamtqn, N. Y.,

maximum stages of..... 267 

Cherry Valley Creek, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 258 

Chipola formation. See Alum

Bluff group. 

Chloride, occurrence of, in

well waters in

Florida.......162-164, pi. 16

occurrence of, in well

waters in Kleberg

County, Tex...........215-216

Choctawhatchee formation,

age, thickness, and

character of.........122, 130

Citronelie formation, age,

thickness, character,

and water-bearing

properties of......... 122

Citrus County, Fla., area of

artesian flow in...... 133

piezometric surface in....152-153

pressure heads and water

levels in wells in.... 190

records of wells in......166, 176

Clay County, Fla., area of

artesian flow in...... 133

artesian pressure in...... 161

piezometric surface in....149-150

pressure heads and water

levels in wells in.... 190 

records of wells in..166, 176-177 

specific capacity of wells

in.................... 159

Clear Brook, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 259

Coastal Plain, features of.. 10-11,

66, 198 

Cohocton River, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 260

Cold Spring Brook, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 258 

Collier County, Fla.,

pressure heads and

water levels in wells

in.................... 190

records of wells in......166, 176

Columbia County, Fla.,

pressure heads and

water levels in wells

in.................... 190

records of wells in......166, 177
INDEX 271

Page

Comal County, Tex., map of 

part of, showing 

geology and artesian 

conditions............ pi. 5

Comanche Peak limestone, 

age, thickness, and 

water-bearing properties^of............. 67

Comanche series, occurrence, 

character- and waterbearing properties of 

rocks of.............. 67

Cooke, C. W., and Mossom,

Stuart, quoted........119-120

Crescent Beach, Fla., submarine spring near, 

temperature of........ 156

yield of artesian well at. 158

Cretaceous rocks, deeply 

buried, mineralized 

water in.............. 122

occurrence and

character of..........67, 122

Croton River, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 257

Crystal Springs, Fla., discharge of............. 156

Dade County, Fla., piezometric surface in..... 154 

records of wells in......166, 177

Damage,, amount of, caused by 

flood in New York, 

July 1935........ 233, 264-265

Dams, flow over, computation

of.................... 254

Deer River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......;.. 262

Delaware River Basin, flood 

discharges of streams 

in.................... 258

Delaware River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 258

East Branch of, flood

discharges of......... 258

West Branch of, flood

discharge of.......... 258

Del Rio clay, age, thickness, and water-bearing properties of..... 67

Depauville, N. Y., flood

discharge of unnamed

brook near............ 262

De Soto County, Fla..

records of wells in..167, 177

Diatoms, occurrence of, in 

Elizabeth City area, 

N. C.................. 14-15

Dismal Swamp, general features of.............. 11

water-bearing beds in,

thickness of.......... 36

Drops, flow through, computation of............. 255

Dudley Creek, N. Y., flooddischarge of.......... 259

Duval County, Fla., area of

artesian flow in...... 133

artesian pressure in Hawthorn formation in.... 160

piezometric surface in....150-151

pressure heads and water

levels in wells in....190-191

records of wells in..167, 177-178

Page

Eagle Ford clay, age, thickness, and water-bearing properties of..... 67

East Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 258

East Canada Creek, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 257

East Stony Creek, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 256

Edwards limestone, age of... 67 

discharge of ground water

from, by springs...... 79

by wells................ 86-89

ground-water reservoir in,

discharge from........ 79-92

fluctuation in artesian

pressure in........... 92

general features of..... 72-74

movement of water in...,100-101 

recharge to............. 75-79

safe yield of...........102-103

ground-water resources of,

investigation of...... 60-61

industrial water supplies

from.................. 88, 90

map of outcrops of........ pi. 5

public water supplies

from................87-88, 90

quality of water from..... 104

thickness and water-bearing properties of..... 67, 69

waste of water from wells

in.................... 91-92

Edwards Plateau, general

features of........... 65-66

regimen of streams of..... 77-78

Elizabeth City, N. C., deep

test well at, log of.. 14 

deep test well at, pumping test on........... 23-25

location and population of. 2 

public water supply of, 

adequacy of ground 

water for............. 50

present source of....... 4-10

problem of.............. 2-3

swamp near............;.11, pi. 2

Elizabeth City area, N. C.,

climate of............ 11-13

map of, showing groundwater conditions...... pi. 1

outline of water-bearing

beds in............... 22

purpose of ground-water

investigation in...... 2

shallow-well field in,

selection of site for. 49-50 

strata encountered in test

drilling in........... 13-21

streams in, analyses of

waters from........... 57

typical well sweep in...22, pi. 3 

water in storage in....... 47

Eocene rooks, deeply buried,

mineralized water in.. 122 

occurrence and character

of...............67, 122, 123

Erie Railroad, flood conditions on, at Hornell, 

N. Y.................. pi. 32

Esopus Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 257
272 INDEX 

Page

Pall Greek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 261

Palls, flow over, computation of ............... 254

Falmouth Spring, Fla.,

features of........... 153

Fannin Spring, Fla., discharge of............. 156

Farm lands, damage to, by

flood.............264, pi. 30

Field work................... 3-4,

61,117, 197-198, 234, 249-550 

Fish Greek, H. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 262

Fishel. V. G., laboratory

tests of material by.. 26, 

38, 39 

Five Mile Creek, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 261

Flagler County, Fla., piezometric surface in..... 151

well 3 In, flow of....158, pi. 13

wells in, records of.....167, 178

specific capacity of.... 159

Flint River formation,

occurrence of......... 126

Flood, damage by, in New

York State.......233, 264-265

general features of, in

Hew York State........233-234

Flood discharges, assumptions and computations 

regarding.............251-255

computation of, by slopearea method...........253-255

effect of debris on..... 251

general features of.......246-249

maximum intensity of,

measurements of....... 264

records of, for streams in

New York State........255-264

Florida Keys, piezometric

surface on............ 154

wells on, features of..... 154

Florida peninsula, areas of

artesian flow in.....132-133,

pi. 10 

artesian wells in,

general features of...157-160 

chloride content of ground

water in......162-164, pi. 16

geologic formations in, 

thickness, character, 

and water-bearing 

properties of......... 122

geology of, general

features of...........119-121

reports on..............116-117

ground-water supplies inr

investigation of......117-118

reports on..............116-117

piezometric surface in...146-147,

pl. 12 

springs in....155-157, pis. 13-15

structure of..........,121, pl. 6

topography of.............118-119

Port Thompson formation, 

age, thickness, 

character, and waterbearing properties of. 122 

Foster, M. D., analyses of

water by.............. 214

G

Page

Genesee River, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 261

Geology, relation of, to

occurrence of ground

water..............66-71, 200

Georgetown limestone, age of. 67 

thickness and water-bearing properties of..... 67, 69

Gilboa Reservoir, N. Y., 

absorption of flood 

flow by............... 264

Gilchrist County, Fla., 

pressure heads and 

water levels in....... 191

records of wells in......167, 178

Gilmore Brook, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 259

Glades County, Fla., records

of wells in..........167, 178

Glen Brook, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 261

Glen Creek, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 261

slope-area reaches on....252-253,

pis. 24-26

Glen Creek drainage basin, 

N. 'Y., maximum intensity of discharge from. 264 

Glendon limestone.

See Vioksburg group. 

Glen Rose limestone, age of. 67 

outcrops of, map showing., pl. 5 

thickness and water-bearing properties of...67, 68-69 

Goliad sand, age of......... 200

character and water-bearing properties of....200, 203

permeability of........... 212

quality of water in....... 215

wells obtaining water from. 220 

Grass River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 263

Great Chazy River, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 263

Green Cove Springs, Fla., 

fluctuation of water 

level in well in...... 161

Ground water, chemical

character of.......... 48-49,

56, 104, 162-164, 213-216 

hardness of............... 48-49,

56, 104, 215-216 

movement of, in Kleberg

County, Tex........... 212-213

relation of geology to

occurrence of......66-71, 200

replenishment of.......... 47-48,

161-162, 213 

waste of.................. 158,

218-219, pis. 13,20 

Guffins Bay, N. Y., flood 

discharge of unnamed 

brook near............ 262

Gulf series, occurrence,

character, and waterbearing properties of 

rocks of.............. 67

H

Hamilton County, Pla.,

pressure heads and

water levels in....... 191

records of wells in......167, 178
itfDEX 273

Page

Hawthorn formation, age, 

thickness, and 

character of.....122, 128-130

artesian pressure in...... 160

distribution of........... 129

section of................129-130

water-bearing properties

of........122, 130, 132, 148,

149,. 150, 151, 155, 158 

Hardee County, Fla., records

of wells in..........167, 179

Hardness, amount of, in well

waters................ 48-49,

56, 104, 215-216 

Harrisburg Hollow, N. Y.,

flood discharges of... 260 

Hendry Courfby, Fla., pressure heads and water 

levels in............. 191

records of wells in......167, 179

specific capacity of

well in............... 159

Hernando County, Pla., area

of artesian flow in... 133 

piezometric surface in...149, 152 

pressure heads and water

levels in............. 191

records of wells in..167-168, 179 

Highlands County, Fla.,

records of wells in..168, 179 

Hillsborough County, Fla., 

area of artesian flow 

in.................... 133

artesian conditions in.... 161

piezometric surface in.... 152

pressure heads and water

levels in............. 191

records of wells in..168, 179-180 

Homosassa Spring, Fla.,

discharge of.......... 155

Hoosic River, Kass.-N. Y.,

flood discharges of... 256 

Hornell, N. Y., flood conditions at..pis. 32, 35, 37, 38 

Horse Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 262

Hudson River, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 256

Hudson River Basin, flood

discharges in......... 256

Hunter Spring, Fla., discharge and temperature 

of.................... 156

Independence River, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 262 

Indian River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 256

Indian River County, Fla.,

records of wells in..168, 180 

Irrigation, history of, in

Kleberg County, Tex... 199 

use of artesian water for,

in San Antonio area,

Tex.................88-89, 90

Itchatucknee Springs, Fla.,

discharge of.......... 155

Ithaca, N. Y destruction

by flood in........... pi. 33

Jacksonville limestone, 

inclusion of, in 

Hawthorn formation.... 129

Page

Jacksonville, Fla., loss of 

artesian head in 

wells in.............. 145

Jetting outfit, operation

of..............15, 31, pi. 3

Johnson, B. L., and

Stephenson, L. W.,

quoted................ 22

Johnson, Hollister, The New 

York State flood of 

July 1935.233-268, pis. 22-38

Juniper Spring Creek, Fla., 

discharge and temperature of............... 155

Kanona, N. Y.., flood damage

at.................... pi.

Kayaderosseras Creek, N. Y.,

34

flood discharge of.... 256

Key Largo limestone, age,

thickness, character, 

and water-bearing properties of............. 122

Kinderhook Creek, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 257

Kingsville, Tex., logs of

wells near...........204, 208

annual precipitation at... 198 

Kissengen Spring, Fla.,

discharge of.......... 156

Kleberg County, Tex.,

analyses of water from. 214 

artesian area in..199-200, pi. 17 

ground-water development

in, history of........198-199

investigation of groundwater resources of, 

outline of............197-198

purpose of..............199-20C

occurrence of salt water 

in water-bearing 

formations of......... 201

surface features of....... 198

utilization of groundwater supplies in.....208-209

waste of water in......... 218,

pis. 19, 20 

water level measurements

in.................... 200

Knobbs Creek, N. C., analyses of water of....... 57

chloride content of water 

of, relation between 

rainfall deficiency 

and................... 5-8

salt water in, sources of. 10 

tide dam on, features of.5, pi. 2 

leakage of salt water

beneath............... 8-9

treatment of water of, to

remove color.......... 5

Koch, J., et al., log of

well of............... 204

La Canada Valley, Calif.,

flood in.............. 251

Lackawanns Railroad, flood 

conditions on, near 

Bath, N. Y............ pi. 32

Lagarto clay, age of........ 200

character and water-bearing properties of....200, 203
274 INDEX

Page 

Lake County, Fla.,

mineralized water in.. 162 

pressure heads and water

levels in............. 191

records of wells in......168, 180

Lake George, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 263

Lake Ontario, flood discharges of streams 

tributary to..........261-262

Laureles ranch, Tex., logs

of wells at........... 204-208

records of wells at..226, 231-232 

Lee County, Fla., records of

wells in.....168-169, 180-181

iehigh Valley Railroad,

washout of roadbed of. pi. 31 

Leona formation, age and

thickness of.......... 67

water-bearing properties

of.................... 67, 71

Levy County, Fla., piezometric surface in..... 152

pressure heads and water

levels in............. 191

records of wells in......169, 181

Lissie formation, age of.... 200

character and water-bearing properties of..... 200,

201, 203 

permeability of........... 212

wells obtaining water from. 220 

Little Beaver Kill, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 258

Little Tonawanda Creek,

N. Y., flood discharge 

of.................... 261

Livingston, Penn, and 

Bridges, T. W., 

Ground-water resources 

of Kleberg County, 

Tex.......197-232, pis. 17-21

Sayre, A. N., and White, 

W. N., Water resources 

of the Edwards limestone in the San 

Antonio area, Tex.....59-113,

pi. 5 

Lohman, K. W., quoted....... 15

Lohman, S. W., Geology and

ground-water resources

of the Elizabeth City

area, N. C.....1-57, pis. 1-4

Lohr, E. W., chemical

analyses of water by.. 25, 

51, 56, 57 

Luther, R. W., chemical

analyses of water by.. 51

M

Manatee County, Fla., area

of artesian flow in... 133 

artesian conditions in.... 160

loss of artesian head in

wells in.............. 145

mineralized water in...... 164

pressure heads and water

levels in.............191-192

records of wells in......169-170,

181-182

Manatee River marl, inclusion of, in Hawthorn 

formation............. 129

Manatee Spring, Fla., discharge of............. 155

Page

Marianna limestone,

occurrence of......... 126

Marion County, Fla., area of

artesian flow in...... 133

mineralized water in...... 162

piezometric surface in,... 151 

pressure heads and water

levels in............. 192-193

records of wells in..170, 132-183

Martin County, Fla., pressure heads and water 

levels in............. 193

records of wells in......170, 183

Meads Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 260

Medina County, Tex., map of 

part of, showing g%ology and artesian 

conditions............ pi. 5

Melbourne bone bed, age,

thickness and character of................ 122

Meredith, N. Y. flood discharge of unnamed 

brook near............ 259

Meridale, N. Y., flood discharge of unnamed 

brook near............ 259

Merrill Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 259

Miami oolite, age, thickness, character, and 

water-bearing properties of............. 122

Midway group, age and thickness of beds of....... 67

Miocene beds, occurrence,

character, and waterbearing properties of. 122, 

127-130

Miocene (?) beds,

occurrence of........200, 203

Mohawk River, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 257

Monroe County, Fla., piezometric surface in..... 154 

records of wells in......170, 183

Moose River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 262

Middle Branch of, flood

discharges of......... 262

Mossom, Stuart, Cooke, C.

W., and, quoted.......119-120

Mount Selman formation, age

of.................... 67

occurrence of............. 71

Myers, N. Y., flood on

Salmon Creek at....... pi. 23

Nassau County, Fla., area of

artesian flow in...... 133

artesian pressure in

Hawthorn formation in. 160 

piezometric surface in....150-151

pressure heads and water

levels in............. 193

records of wells in......171, 183

Navarro group, age, thickness, and water-bearing properties of 

beds of............... 67

Neil Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 260
INDEX 275

Page

Neversink River, N. Y. f

flood discharge of;... 258

New York Central Railroad, 

destruction of high 

bridge of, at Watkins 

Glen, N. Y............ pi. 31

New York State, flood damage

in.................... 233,

264-265, pis. 23, 30-38 

flood-discharge determinations in, map showing 

location of............ pi. 29

isohyetal map of.......... pi. 22

Norfolk Southern Railroad

well, driller's log of. 29

North Carolina State Normal 

School wells, driller's log of........... 30

Norwich, N. Y., flood

damages near......pis. 30, 34

0

Oak Grove sand. See Alum

Bluff group. 

Oaks Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 258

Ocala limestone, age, thickness, and character of. 122, 

124-125 

artesian pressure in.....135, 160

artesian water in,

occurrence of......... 132

exposures of............pis. 7, 8

relation of, to piezometric surface........146-147

water-bearing properties

of.................... 122,

125-126, 148, 149, '150, 151, 

152, 153, 155, 158 

Ocala Oil Corporation,

cuttings from well of. 123 

Okeechobee County, Fla., 

pressure heads and 

water levels in....... 193

record of well in........171, 184

Oligocene limestone, possible occurrence of....122, 126

Oneida River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 262

Orange County, Fla., pressure heads and water 

levels in.............193-195

records of wells in......171-172,

184-185 

surface drainage into

wells in..............161-162

Osceola County, Fla., area

of artesian flow in... 133 

records of wells in......172, 185

Oswegatchie River, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 263

East Branch of, flood

discharges of......... 263

West Branch of, flood

discharge of.......... 263

Oswego River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 261

Otselic River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 259

Ouleout Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 258

Owasco Lake Outlet, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 262

Owego Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 259

Oxford, N. Y., flood 

damage near....

Page 

pi. 30

Palm Beach County, Fla.,

records of wells in..172, 185 

specific capacity of

wells in.............. 159

Pamlico formation, age of... 17 

Pamlico terrace, altitude of. 11 

Pasco County, Fla., area of

artesian flow in...... 133

piezometric surface in.... 149

pressure heads and water

levels in............. 195

records of wells in..172, 185-186 

Pasquotank County, N. C.,

geology of............ 13

location and population of. 2 

surface features of....... 10-11

Pasquotank River, N. C.,

analyses of water of.. 57 

mouth of.................. 4-5

Permeability, coefficient of. 212 

Piezometric surface, definition and general 

features of...........146-147

map of Florida peninsula,

showing............... pi. 12

relation of areas of 

highly mineralized 

water to.............. 163

Pine Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 260

Pinellas County, Fla.,

records of wells in..172, 186 

Pleistocene beds, occurrence, character, and 

water-bearing properties of.........67, 200-203

Pliocene beds, occurrence, 

character, and waterbearing properties of. 122, 

131, 200-203 

Pliocene (?) beds, age and

thickness of.......... 67

Poe Spring, Fla., discharge

of.................... 156

Poesten Kill, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 257

Polk County, Fla., area of

artesian flow in...... 133

piezometric surface in.... 148

pressure heads and water

levels in............. 195

records of wells in..172-173, 186 

specific capacity of wells

in.................... 159

Ponce de Leon Spring, Fla,, 

discharge and 

temperature of........ 156

Poultney River, Vt., flood

discharge of.......... 263

Princess Anne formation,

age of................ 17

Princess Anne terrace,

features of........... 11

Purdy Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 260

Putnam County, Fla.,

mineralized water in.162, 163 

piezometric surface in....149-150

pressure heads and water

levels in............. 195

records of wells in......173, 187
276 INDEX

Rainbow Spring, Pla., 

discharge and 

temperature of........ 155

Rainfall, fluctuations of 

artesian head caused 

by...................136-138,

142, 143 

In New York, causes of

unusual...............235-236

map showing............. pi. 22

miscellaneous measurements of..............244-245

records of, comparison

of....................236-237

records of................ 12,

63-65, 198, 237-245 

Raquette River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 263

Read, W. T., analyses of

water by.............. 214

Recent beds, occurrence,

character, and waterbearing properties of. 67, 

122, 131 

Reservoirs, absorption of

flood flow by......... 264

Reynosa formation. See

Goliad sand. 

Richelieu River, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 263

River stages, changes in, 

fluctuations in 

artesian head due to..141-142 

Riviera, Tex., chemical 

character of water 

from wells near....... 215-216

Rock Spring, Fla., discharge

and temperature of.... 156

outlet of................. 157

Rondout Creek, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 257

Sacandaga River, N. Y,,

flood discharges of... 256 

East Branch of, flood

discharge of.......... 256

Sage Brook, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 259

St. Augustine, Fla., pressure head in well at.. 135 

St. Johns County, Pla.,

mineralized water in.. 162 

pressure heads and water

levels in............. 195

records of wells In......173, 187

St Lawrence River, N. Y.,

flood discharges of

streams tributary to.. 263 

St. Lucie County, Pla.,

pressure heads and

water levels in....... 195

records of wells in......173, 188

St. Regis River, N. Y. f

flood discharge of.... 263 

Salado Creek, flowing wells

near, discharge of.89,90, 109 

Salado Creek Springs, discharge of............. 85-86

Salado Water Co.'s well,

discharge of..........89, 109

Salmon Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 262

view of flood on.......... pi. 23

Salmon River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 263

Salt Spring, Pla., discharge

of.................... 156

Salt springs, occurrence of,

in Florida............ 162

Salt water, contamination of

wells by, problem of.. 32-34 

leaks of, in wells, method

of locating..........216-218,

pis. 18, 21

occurrence of, In waterbearing formations of 

Coastal Plain....162-164, 201

San Antonio, Tex., average 

quantities of water 

used by............... 109

San Antonio area, Tex.,

climate of............ 63-65

farm and ranch water

supplies in........... 89, 90

fluctuations of artesian

pressure in.......98-100, 109

geology of..............67, 71-72

ground-water in, investigations of............ 60-62

outlook for future use

of....................104-107

utilization of, for

public supplies....... 62-63

springs and wells in,

total discharge from.. 89-91 

topography of............. 65-66

water levels in observation wells in.........110-113

San Antonio River, Tex.,

discharge of.......... 108

San Antonio Springs, Tex.,

discharge of, fluctuations in.............. 80-84

discharge of, in 1934..... 86, 90

Sand, recent, occurrence and . 

water-bearing properties of, in Kleberg 

County, Tex.....200, 201, 215

San Pedro Creek, Tex.,

ground-water discharge 

of.................... 108

San Pedro Springs, Tex.,

discharge of, fluctuations in.............. 84-85

discharge of, in 1934..... 86, 90

Santa Gertrudis ranch, Tex., 

artesian well at, flow 

of.................... 199

logs of wells at..........203-204

records of wells at..221, 226-227 

Saranac River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 263

Sarasota County, Pla., area

of artesian flow in... 133 

artesian conditions in.... 160

loss of artesian head in

wells in.............. 145

mineralized water in...... 163

records of wells In..173-174, 188 

Saw Kill, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 257

Sawyers Creek, N. C.,

analyses of water of.. 57 

Sayre, A. N. ( Livingaton,

Perm, and White, W. N., 

Water resources of the 

Edwards limestone in 

the San Antonio area, 

Tex.............59-113, pi. 5
INDEX 277

Page

Sohoharie Creek, N. Y.,

flood dischargea of... 257

Schroon River, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 256

Seminole County, Fla., loss 

of artesian head in 

wells in.............. 145

mineralized water in...... 162

pressure heads and water

levels in............. 195

records of wells in......174, 188

S eminole Sp ri ng, Pla.,

discharge of.......... 156

Shackham Brook, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 259

Shoal River formation. See 

Alum Bluff group.

Silver Glen Spring, Pla.,

discharge and temperature of............... 155

Silver Springs, Fla., discharge of.......151, 155, 157

temperature of............ 155

view of................... pi. 13

Six Mile Creek, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 261

Slope-area method, use of, 

for computing flood 

discharge.............253-255

Smithville Plats, N. Y.,

flood damage at....... pi. 38

Softwater Creek, N. Y., 

drainage basin of, 

maximum intensity of 

discharge from........ 264

flood discharge of........ 261

Sopchoppy limestone, inclusion of, in Hawthorn 

formation............. 129

Steele Brook, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 258

Stephens Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 260

Stephenson, L. W., and

Johnson, B. L., quoted. 22

Stone Mills, N. Y., flood

discharges of unnamed

brooks near........... 262

Stony Brook, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 261

Stony Creek, N. Y. See 

West Stony Creek; 

East Stony Creek.

Stringfield, V. T., Artesian 

water in the Florida 

peninsula..115-195, pis. 6-16

Strongs Brook, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 259

Structure, features of...... 66,

68, 121, 200, pis. 5, 6

Sulphur Spying, Pla.,

discharge and temperature of........... 156

Sumter County, Fla., pressure heads and water 

levels in............. 195

records of wells in......174, 189

Sun City, Pla., artesian

conditions near....... 161

Susquehanna River, N, Y.,-

Pa.. flood discharges 

of.................... 258

at Binghamton, N. Y.,

maximum stages of....267, 268

Page

Susquehanna River Basin, 

N. Y.-Pa., flood 

discharges of streams 

in.................... 258-260

storms and floods in......265-268

Suwannee County, Fla., pressure heads and water 

levels in............. 195

records of wells in......174, 189

Suwannee River area, Fla., 

piezometric surface 

in.................... 153

Swanacoochee Spring, Fla.,

discharge of.......... 156

T

Tampa limestone, age of..... 122

artesian water in......... 132

distribution of........... 127

exposures of.............. pi. 9

thickness and character of. 122.

127-128 

water-bearing properties

of........122, 128, 148, 149,

150, 152, 153, 155, 158 

Taughannock Creek, N. Y.,

flood discharges of... 262 

Taughannock Falls State

Park, N. Y., flood

damage in............. pi. 33

Taylor marl, age, thickness,

and water-bearing

properties of......... 67

Tenmile Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 260

Thompson, D. G., quoted..... 10

Tides, fluctuations of

artesian head due to.. 141 

Tioga River, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 259

Tioughnioga River, N. Y.,

flood discharges of... 259 

Titusville, Fla., salt bed

in well at............ 164

Townsend, N. Y., slope-area

reach on Glen Creek

near..........252-253, pi. 24

Travis Peak formation,

age of................ 67

thickness and water-bearing properties of..... 67, 68

U

Unadilla River, N. Y.,

flood discharges of... 259

Union County, Pla., pressure 

heads and water levels 

in.................... 195

records of wells in......174, 189

TJvalde gravel, age, thickness, and water-bearing properties of..... 67

Vicksburg group, formations 

of....................

Volusia County, Fla., loss 

of artesian head in

126

wells in.............. 145

mineralized water in......162-163

piezometric surface in....151-152
278 INDEX

Page 

Volusia County, Fla.,

pressure heads and

water levels in....... 195

records of wells in......175, 189

W

Walkill River, N. Y., flood

discharges of......... 257

Walloomsac River, Vt., flood

discharge of.......... 256

Walnut clay, age, thickness,

and water-bearing

properties of......... 67

Water-bearing beds in

Elizabeth City area,

N. C., at intermediate

depths, distribution

and thickness of...... 25-26

at intermediate depths,

physical properties of. 26-27 

shallow, distribution and

thickness of.......... 34-36

method of investigation

of.................... 30-31

physical properties of.. 36-39 

Water-level recorder, view

of.................... pi. 11

Water-pressure recorder,

view of............... pi. 11

Water table in Elizabeth

City area, N. C.,

altitude and shape of. 42-43 

fluctuations of......43-45, pi. 4

Watkins Glen, N. Y.,

destruction of New

York Central Railroad

bridge at............. pi. 31

slope-area reach on Glen

Creek near...253, pis. 25, 26 

Weekewachee Spring, Fla.,,

depth of.............. 157

discharge of.............. 155

view of................... pi. 14

Wekiva Spring, Levy County,

Pla., discharge of.... 156 

Orange County, Pla., discharge and temperature

of.................... 156

Wells in Elizabeth City

area, N. C., analyses

of water of........... 51, 56

Page 

Wells in Elizabeth City

area, N. C., depth to

water levels in....... 55

gravel-wall.............32, 40-42

head of wster in.......... 27

logs of..........14, 17-21, 29-30

quality of water of..28-29, 48-49 

records of................ 51-54

yield of.........24, 27-28, 45-47

Wells in Florida, pressure

heads and water; levels

in....................190-195

records of................165-189

use of, for surface

drainage..............161-162

Wells in Kleberg County, 

Tex., analyses of 

water from............ 214

location of salt-water

leaks in.200, 216-218, pi. 18 

logs of...................203-208

methods of drilling.......219-220

records of................220-232

water levels in observation. ................. 210-212

Wells. See also Artesian

wells. 

West Canada Creek, N. Y.,

flood discharges of... 257 

West Stony Creek, N. Y.,

flood discharge of.... 256

White, W. N., Livingston, 

Penn, Sayre, A. N., 

and, Water resources 

of the Edwards limestone in the San 

Antonio area, Tex.....59-113,

pi. 5

White Spring, Pla., discharge of............. 156

Wilcox group, age and thickness of............... 67

water-bearing properties

of beds of............ 67, 70

Willet Creek, N. Y., flood

discharge of.......... 259

Williams, K. T., chemical

analyses of water by.

Wright Brook, N. Y., flood 

discharge of.........

56,

51,

57

258