*Senior Circuit Judge of the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation. 

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 91–2568.

Gary M. BECKER, Plaintiff–Appellant,

v.

PAINEWEBBER, INC., Defendant–Appellee.

June 10, 1992.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

Before SNEED*, REAVLEY, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

SNEED, Circuit Judge:

Appellant Gary Becker appeals from the trial court's decision entering a directed verdict in

favor of the appellee, PaineWebber, on a claim of negligent misrepresentation. We affirm.

I.

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW

In 1987, Gary Becker, who formerly worked in the crude oil trading business at Mosley

Securities, began discussions with various securities firms about creating a crude oil trading unit. In

August of that year, he went to New York to meet with PaineWebber representatives. According

to the trial testimony of one of these representatives, Becker described the proposed oil trading

venture as being relatively low-risk and requiring little capital. After additional meetings,

PaineWebbertoldBeckerthat his proposalwould be submitted to its expensemanagement committee

(the "EMC") for approval in September and that no one else needed to approve the plan.

PaineWebber informed Becker in late September that the plan had been approved by the

EMC, which anticipated start-up costs of $500,000, including Becker's compensation, rent, and
 

1At PaineWebber, the board of directors must approve any major company decision; the EMC

makes decisions involving lesser risk or capital. 

communication expenses. In October, Becker accepted employment with PaineWebber, halted

negotiations with other firms, and moved to New York. According to an employment agreement

between the parties, Becker would receive an income for one year but none of the profits.

PaineWebber maintains that some months after the EMC approved the plan, it discovered

that, because ofthe large amounts whichwould be traded, a parent company guarantee and a separate

subsidiary would be needed for Becker's proposed oil trading business. This made board approval

a requirement.1 PaineWebber told Becker to compute the amount of the parent company guarantee

he believed he needed, and his prediction was $750 million. Becker claims that he was assured

repeatedly that board approval was a formality, "a rubber stamp," and that his proposed oil trading

unit was a "done deal." He maintains that he was told to advise his clients that the unit was delayed

temporarily.

After reviewing Becker's proposal, PaineWebber's Chairman of the Board returned it for

revisions. Becker's amended proposal called for a $100 million guarantee. Richard Falk, a

PaineWebber executive, testified that the drastic reduction from $750 million made him skeptical of

Becker's knowledge of the oil trading business. Becker claims that although PaineWebber's Chief

Financial Officer informed Falk in a memo that the proposal had been withdrawn, this news was not

relayed to him. Becker maintains he was assured that the project was on schedule and soon would

be ready for trading. He alleges that he did not learn of the proposal's defeat until September 1988.

One year after his starting date, Becker was terminated. He received a $120,000 salary and

an $173,000 bonus, whichwaslater raised to $230,000. Becker claims that PaineWebber caused him

to lose credibility in the oil trading business and that this loss of credibility prevents him from finding

employment in the industry. PaineWebber maintains that Becker was terminated because he
 

2Becker remained a Texas citizen while employed by PaineWebber. 

conducted an unauthorized oil trade.

Becker brought an action in a Texasstate district court for negligent misrepresentation under

the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 552, as adopted in Texas, alleging damages in excess of $11

million. PaineWebber removed the action to federal court on the basis of complete diversity of

citizenship.2 Thirteen months after removing the case, PaineWebber sought leave to file an amended

answer in the district court and provided two affirmative defenses: (1) New York law applied; (2)

the employment-at-will rule barred Becker's claim. The district court denied PaineWebber's motion

but granted leave to amend the Joint Pretrial Order. PaineWebber then added the above-mentioned

defenses as well as these two: (1) the statute of frauds barred Becker's claim; and (2) Becker was

not entitled to damages under the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 552.

A jury trial began on April 1, 1991. At the conclusion of the evidence, PaineWebber moved

for a directed verdict, which was granted by the district court on April 4th. The court entered its

Final Order on April 11, 1991. This appeal followed.

II.

JURISDICTION AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW

This court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (1988).

A district court's award of a directed verdict isreviewed de novo. Lloyd v. John Deere Co.,

922 F.2d 1192, 1194 (5thCir.1991). In ruling on a motion for directed verdict, a court must examine

the entire record in the light most favorable to the nonmovant and draw all inferences in that party's

favor. Treadaway v. Societe Anonyme Louis–Dreyfus, 894 F.2d 161, 164 (5th Cir.1990). The

standard of review on appeal is the same standard used by the trial court. Springborn v. American

Commercial Barge Lines, Inc., 767 F.2d 89, 94 (5th Cir.1985). A directed verdict is appropriate
only when the facts and inferences point so strongly in the movant's favor that no reasonable jury

could reach a contrary conclusion. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 50(a); Brady v. Southern R.R., 320 U.S. 476,

479–80, 64 S.Ct. 232, 234–35, 88 L.Ed. 239 (1943).

III.

DISCUSSION

A. Choice of Law

We first must decide whether to apply the substantive law of Texas or New York. Although

both the Texas and New York law of negligent misrepresentation are based on the Restatement

(Second) of Torts § 552, PaineWebber maintains that Texas's version is more favorable to Becker's

case. PaineWebber argues that under Texas choice of law principles, New York substantive law

should apply to this dispute. While we perceive no material difference to warrant PaineWebber's

contention that Texas law is more favorable to Becker, we agree that an application of New York

substantive law is appropriate and apply it on that basis.

Under Erie, a federal court sitting in diversity must apply the choice-of-law rules of the

jurisdiction in which it sits. See Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., Inc., 313 U.S. 487, 496, 61

S.Ct. 1020, 1021, 85 L.Ed. 1477 (1941). Texas uses the "most significant relationship" test to

determine the applicable law in contract and tort cases. Duncan v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 665 S.W.2d

414, 421 (Tex.1984). Under that test, we have held that the law of the place of employment governs.

See Pruitt v. Levi Strauss &Co., 932 F.2d 458 (5th Cir.1991); Randall v. Arabian Am. Oil Co., 778

F.2d 1146 (5th Cir.1985).

Becker received his job offer in New York and moved there immediately. All discussions

regarding his proposed oil trading unit occurred in New York, with the exception ofsome telephone

conversations when Becker was still in Texas. During his one-year employment term, Becker

remained in New York and maintained an apartment. Therefore, under the "significant relationship"
 

3This section provides in pertinent part:

(1) One who, in the course of his business, profession or employment, or in any

other transaction in which he has a pecuniary interest, supplies false information

for the guidance of others in their business transactions, is subject to liability for

pecuniary loss caused to them by their justifiable reliance upon the information, if

he fails to exercise reasonable care or competence in obtaining or communicating

the information.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 552 (1977). 

test, we find that New York substantive law applies to this dispute.

B. Negligent Misrepresentation

New York recognizes a cause of action for negligent misrepresentation asset forth in section

552 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts.3 See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 81–82

(2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123, 101 S.Ct. 938, 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Ultramares

Corp. v. Touche, Nevin, & Co., 255 N.Y. 170, 174 N.E. 441 (1931); International Products Co. v.

Erie R.R., 244 N.Y. 331, 155 N.E. 662 (1927), cert. denied, 275 U.S. 527, 48 S.Ct. 20, 72 L.Ed.

408 (1927); Glanzer v. Shepard, 233 N.Y. 236, 135 N.E. 275 (1922). The elements of negligent

misrepresentation are: (1) a careless statement containing false information made by someone, such

as an employer, with a special relationship with the recipient; (2) the recipient's justifiable reliance

on the information; (3) injury proximately caused by the recipient's reliance on the information.

Mallis, 615 F.2d at 82.

Becker provided evidence to present a jury question on the first element because he showed

that he had a special relationship with PaineWebber, his employer, and that PaineWebber constantly

reassured him that his oil trading proposal would be approved when, in fact, PaineWebber knew that

approval was becoming increasingly unlikely. These reassurances could have had their origin in

carelessness, a deliberate intent to mislead Becker, or in an effort to prevent discouragement on the

part of Becker. Whatever the true source, a reasonable jury could have found the presence of a

negligent misrepresentation. It would have been error to direct a verdict on the sole ground that no
 

4Restatement (Second) of Torts; section 552B. That section provides:

(1) The damages recoverable for a negligent misrepresentation are those necessary

to compensate the plaintiff for the pecuniary loss to him of which the

misrepresentation is a legal cause, including

(a) the difference between the value of what he has received in the

transaction and its purchase price or other value given for it; and

(b) pecuniary loss suffered otherwise as a consequence of the plaintiff's

reliance upon the misrepresentation.

(2) The damages recoverable for a negligent misrepresentation do not include the

benefit of the plaintiff's contract with the defendant.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 552B (1977). 

 

5He was paid a total of $350,000. 

negligent representation was made.

Before turning to the appropriate ground on which the directed verdict rested, it is proper to

point out that Becker never sought to establish that PaineWebber promised to create an oil trading

unit to be operated by him. Had he done so he would have sought a recovery measured by the benefit

of his bargain, i.e. the monetary equivalent to him of the promised trading unit. Instead he seeks only

such damages as would be necessary to compensate him "for the pecuniary loss to him of which the

misrepresentation is a legal cause."4

It is here that Becker failed to establish his case sufficiently to entitle him to get to the jury.

His failure was that he established neither his losses in reliance nor any link between the amounts he

sought to recover and the alleged negligent representation. We reach this conclusion for the

following reasons.

First, Becker's claims are in no way based upon any losses incurred in the year in which he

was associated with PaineWebber. He was compensated generously for that year.5
 

6

In his past three jobs he received annual salaries averaging about $70,000. Even according to

Becker's estimates, his income averaged almost $300,000 annually during the four years prior to

his employment at PaineWebber. 

 

7He lost $55,000 in April, $10,000 in June, and $451,000 in July. 

Second, Becker does claim to have lost $1.4 million annually by reason of not becoming an

oil trader. This figure suggests a contractual recovery more than losses in reliance recovery. To the

thousands of law students who were introduced to contract law by studying the case of Hawkins v.

McGee, 84 N.H. 114, 146 A. 641 (1929), Becker will appear to be using $1.4 million as the measure

of damages that will give him the "perfect hand" the doctor in that case promised to provide. That,

as the professor repeated over and over, was the contractual measure of damages.

Quite properly,subsection(2) ofsection552BoftheRestatement (Second) ofTorts expressly

prohibits a recovery of the "benefit of the plaintiff's contract with the defendant." That is, Becker's

reliance on "negligent misrepresentation" limits his recovery when expressed in terms of Hawkins v.

McGee, supra, to the difference between the hand before the doctor operated and the hand he was

left with after the doctor had bungled the operation. This distinction Becker does not seem to have

understood.

Third, even assuming that the above characterization falsely represents Becker's intent in

pleading $1.4 million and that it is a sum that Becker puts forward as true losses in reliance and not

the benefit of hissupposed bargain, the amount is not supported by his evidence. His annual earnings

during the four years preceding his employment was only $300,000.6 Moreover, during the three

months of trading for PaineWebber losses in t he amount of $526,000 were incurred.7 It is

unreasonable to believe that in the light of these figures Becker would have earned $1.4 million

annually even if PaineWebber had proceeded with its plans.

Fourth, Becker failed to show that he could have earned the $1.4 million or any lesser figure

by becoming an oil trader for another firm had not PaineWebber failed to carry out its original plans.
It is true that a "lost opportunity" can be a basisfor damagesin a negligent misrepresentation action.

See Nassau Trust Co. v. Montrose Concrete Prod. Corp., 56 N.Y.2d 175, 451 N.Y.S.2d 663, 436

N.E.2d 1265, 1269 (1982). Once more Becker only asserts that he could have earned $1.4 million;

he offers no substantial proof. The figure is no more persuasive in this setting than it was when

considered as proof of what Becker would have earned as an oil trader at PaineWebber.

These conclusions make it unnecessary to reach PaineWebber's employment at will argument

or the statute of frauds issue.

The district court did not err in directing a verdict against Becker.

AFFIRMED.