[Cite as State v. Schwarm, 2017-Ohio-7626.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO 

HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO 

STATE OF OHIO, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 vs. 

RONALD SCHWARM, 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

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APPEAL NO. C-160677

TRIAL NO. B-1505471 

 

 O P I N I O N.

 

Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas 

 

Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in Part, Sentences Vacated in Part, and 

Cause Remanded 

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: September 15, 2017 

Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Scott M. Heenan, 

Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee, 

Candace Crouse, for Defendant-Appellant. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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MYERS, Judge. 

{¶1} Defendant-appellant Ronald Schwarm appeals his convictions for two 

counts of rape and one count of gross sexual imposition. Because the trial court 

erred by imposing more than the maximum sentence allowed by law for the rape 

offenses and failed to make the necessary findings on the record at the sentencing 

hearing to support the imposition of consecutive sentences, we vacate the sentences 

imposed for rape and the imposition of consecutive sentences and remand for 

resentencing. The judgment of the trial court is otherwise affirmed. 

Factual Background 

{¶2} On April 8, 2016, Schwarm pled guilty to two counts of rape and one 

count of gross sexual imposition. The rape offenses were both first-degree felonies. 

Schwarm’s indictment alleged that he had committed each rape offense “on an 

unspecified date from summer of 1996 through summer of 1998.” The offense of 

gross sexual imposition was a third-degree felony, alleged in the indictment to have 

been committed by Schwarm on July 9, 2015. 

{¶3} For each rape offense, the trial court sentenced Schwarm to 11 years’ 

imprisonment. For the offense of gross sexual imposition, the court sentenced him 

to two years’ imprisonment. The court ordered the rape sentences to be served 

concurrently to each other, but consecutively to the sentence imposed for gross 

sexual imposition, resulting in an aggregate sentence of 13 years’ imprisonment. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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Sentencing Issues 

{¶4} In his first assignment of error, Schwarm argues that the trial court 

erred in sentencing him to 11-year prison terms for the rape offenses because the 

sentences exceeded the maximum allowed by law at the time that the offenses were 

committed. 

{¶5} Under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), we may only vacate or modify a 

defendant’s sentence if we clearly and convincingly find that the record does not 

support any mandatory sentencing findings or that the sentences imposed are 

otherwise contrary to law. State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 

59 N.E.3d 1231, ¶ 1; State v. White, 2013-Ohio-4225, 997 N.E.2d 629, ¶ 11 (1st Dist.). 

{¶6} Schwarm’s indictment alleged that each rape offense was committed 

“on an unspecified date from summer of 1996 through summer of 1998.” Until June 

30, 1996, an offender convicted of a first-degree felony was subject to an 

indeterminate sentence, with the maximum sentence being 25 years’ imprisonment. 

See former R.C. 2929.11. 

{¶7} On July 1, 1996, Am.Sub.S.B. No. 2 (“S.B. 2”) went into effect. It 

eliminated indeterminate sentencing and provided that the available sentencing 

range for a first-degree felony was three to ten years’ imprisonment. State v. 

Thomas, 148 Ohio St.3d 248, 2016-Ohio-5567, 70 N.E.3d 496, ¶ 10. With respect to 

the case at bar, the provisions of S.B. 2 were effective from July 1, 1996, through the 

end of the date range specified in Schwarm’s indictment. 

{¶8} On September 30, 2011, Am.Sub.H.B. No. 86 (“H.B. 86”) took effect. 

H.B. 86 increased the maximum sentence available for first-degree-felony offenses to 

11 years’ imprisonment. Thomas at ¶ 13. H.B. 86 also contained uncodified law 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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addressing the effect of R.C. 1.58(B) on its new sentencing provisions. R.C. 1.58(B) 

provides that “[i]f the penalty, forfeiture, or punishment for any offense is reduced 

by a reenactment or amendment of a statute, the penalty, forfeiture, or punishment, 

if not already imposed, shall be imposed according to the statute as amended.” The 

uncodified law of H.B. 86 provided for the application of R.C. 1.58(B), specifying that 

if the potential sentence for an offense was reduced under H.B. 86, then R.C. 1.58(B) 

would apply to give the benefit of the reduced sentence to offenders who had not yet 

been sentenced. Thomas at ¶ 14. H.B. 86 was in effect at the time of Schwarm’s 

sentencing. 

{¶9} If Schwarm committed the rape offenses before July 1, 1996, the date 

that S.B. 2 went into effect, he would have been entitled to the reduced-sentence 

benefits of H.B. 86, and the maximum sentences that he could have received for each 

of the rape offenses would have been 11 years’ imprisonment, instead of the 

maximum sentence of 25 years’ imprisonment that was provided for at the time the 

offenses were committed. Id. at ¶ 17. But if Schwarm committed the offenses on 

July 1, 1996, or thereafter, he should have been sentenced under the provisions of 

S.B. 2, and could only have received a maximum sentence of ten years’ imprisonment 

for his offenses. See State v. Johnson, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26788, 2013-Ohio4680, ¶ 8 (holding that an offender who had committed a first-degree felony after 

the effective date of S.B. 2, but prior to the effective date of H.B. 86, and who was 

sentenced after the effective date of H.B. 86, faced a maximum penalty of ten years’ 

imprisonment). 

{¶10} Here, the state alleges that because Schwarm pled guilty to charges 

beginning with an unspecified date in the “summer of 1996,” this included a few days 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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prior to July 1, 1996, when the maximum sentence was 25 years. Therefore, the state 

argues, Schwarm could be sentenced to 11 years. Because Schwarm pled guilty to 

committing offenses that occurred within an indeterminate date range that arguably 

covered both of these time periods, we must determine what law applies. 

{¶11} The Fourth Appellate District was faced with a similar issue in State v. 

Mollohan, 4th Dist. Washington No. 98 CA 13, 1999 WL 671824 (Aug. 19, 1999). In 

Mollohan, the defendant was found guilty of gross sexual imposition, a third-degree 

felony. The indictment had alleged that Mollohan committed the offense “on or 

about summer through Autumn, 1996,” encompassing time periods that were both 

pre-S.B. 2 and post-S.B. 2. Id. at *4. Unlike the case at bar, Mollohan faced a lesser 

sentence under the pre-S.B. 2 law than under the law after S.B. 2 took effect. Id. at 

*3. Noting that both criminal statutes and indictments are to be strictly construed 

against the state and in favor of the accused, the Mollohan court held that the 

defendant was entitled to the “proverbial ‘benefit of the doubt’ ” that the offense 

occurred prior to the effective date of S.B. 2. Id. at *5. 

{¶12} We agree with this reasoning. Schwarm pled guilty to both rape 

offenses as alleged in the indictment, and the record contains no additional 

information as to a specific date on which the offenses occurred. Under the rule of 

lenity, criminal statutes are to be strictly construed against the state and liberally 

construed in favor of the accused. R.C. 2901.04(A). Consequently, we conclude that 

Schwarm is entitled to be sentenced under the law in effect post-S.B. 2, and that the 

maximum sentence that he could have received was ten years’ imprisonment for each 

rape offense. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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{¶13} Accordingly, the trial court erred in imposing an 11-year sentence for 

each offense of rape, as those sentences were contrary to law. The first assignment of 

error is sustained. 

{¶14} Schwarm argues in his second assignment of error that the trial court 

erred in imposing consecutive sentences without making the findings required by 

R.C. 2929.14(C). 

{¶15} R.C. 2929.14(C) requires a trial court to make various findings before 

imposing consecutive sentences. A trial court must make these mandated findings at 

the sentencing hearing and incorporate the findings into the sentencing entry. State 

v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, syllabus. The trial 

court need not recite the findings verbatim, but a reviewing court must be able to 

discern from the record that the court engaged in the requisite analysis and 

determine that the record contains evidence to support the findings. Id. at ¶ 29. 

{¶16} The trial court in this case incorporated findings under R.C. 

2929.14(C) into Schwarm’s sentencing entry. It specifically found that consecutive 

sentences were necessary to protect the public and to punish Schwarm and were not 

disproportionate to Schwarm’s conduct or the danger he posed to the public. The 

court additionally found that at least two of Schwarm’s offenses had been committed 

as a part of one or more courses of conduct, and that the harm caused by two or more 

of the offenses had been so great or unusual that a single prison term would not 

adequately reflect the seriousness of Schwarm’s conduct. See R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b). 

{¶17} While these findings were included in the sentencing entry, the trial 

court did not state them on the record at the sentencing hearing. The state contends 

that the findings can be discerned from the language used by the court when 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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sentencing Schwarm. The state specifically argues that the trial court detailed the 

harm suffered by the victims of Schwarm’s offenses, and that the court also stated, 

“Because of the relationship [Schwarm] had [with] these two women. Because of the 

protection, it is a consecutive sentence.” We are not persuaded. While the trial court 

need not engage in a word-for-word recitation of findings under the statute, we 

cannot discern that it engaged in the requisite analysis under R.C. 2929.14(C) from 

these comments or from our review of the record. 

{¶18} Therefore, we hold that the trial court erred in imposing consecutive 

sentences without making the requisite findings at the sentencing hearing. The 

second assignment of error is sustained. 

Competency 

{¶19} In his third assignment of error, Schwarm argues that the trial court 

erred by failing to sua sponte order that he undergo a competency evaluation prior to 

sentencing. He contends that an evaluation was warranted because he presented a 

confused demeanor and demonstrated irrational behavior, and because a psychiatric 

report had found him to be in the early stages of a neurocognitive disorder. 

{¶20} Due-process principles mandate that a criminal defendant who is 

legally incompetent shall not be subjected to a trial. State v. Berry, 72 Ohio St.3d 

354, 359, 650 N.E.2d 433 (1995). Pursuant to R.C. 2945.37(B), the issue of a 

defendant’s competence to stand trial may be raised by the court, the prosecution, or 

the defense. Where the record contains evidence to create a sufficient doubt of a 

defendant’s competence, further inquiry is necessary. Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 

162, 180, 95 S.Ct. 896, 43 L.Ed.2d 103 (1975). Whether to inquire further into a 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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defendant’s competence by ordering a competency evaluation or competency hearing 

is within the trial court’s discretion. Berry at 360. 

{¶21} The following factors should be considered by the trial court when 

determining whether to order a competency hearing: “(1) doubts expressed by 

counsel as to the defendant’s competence; (2) evidence of irrational behavior; (3) the 

defendant’s demeanor at trial; and (4) prior medical opinion relating to competence 

to stand trial.” State v. Rubenstein, 40 Ohio App.3d 57, 531 N.E.2d 732 (8th 

Dist.1987), paragraph two of the syllabus; see State v. Sewell, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. 

C-930016 and C-930026, 1993 WL 547183, *1 (Dec. 1, 1993). 

{¶22} Following our independent review of the record, we cannot find that 

the trial court abused its discretion in failing to order a competency evaluation. 

Defense counsel expressed no doubts as to Schwarm’s competence. During the plea 

hearing, defense counsel represented to the court that Schwarm was competent to 

enter a guilty plea. And at the sentencing hearing, defense counsel acknowledged 

that Schwarm had physically deteriorated with respect to his memory, but stated, 

“[H]e’s absolutely cognizant that he knows what is going on here. There is not an 

issue related to that.” The record does not demonstrate that Schwarm’s demeanor 

during these proceedings indicated any signs of incompetence. 

{¶23} On appeal, Schwarm points to his comments during the sentencing 

hearing to argue that he had exhibited irrational behavior. When given the 

opportunity to speak at sentencing, Schwarm stated, “Well, I am remorseful. I do 

have these dreams still today about being in the military and these young girls 

coming to me. And I send them back not having any intercourse with them. So the 

mama-san doesn’t get mad at them. And I pay the money. And so then tell them to 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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get out of the business.” These isolated comments do not demonstrate that Schwarm 

behaved irrationally, and they are put into context by a psychiatric report issued by 

the Court Clinic following a court-ordered examination of Schwarm. The psychiatric 

report explained that Schwarm had engaged the services of underage prostitutes 

provided to him by a “mama-san” when stationed in Korea with the United States 

Army, and that he felt lingering guilt over these encounters. Schwarm’s comments at 

sentencing could be described as an attempt to mitigate or explain his behavior with 

respect to the rape offenses. 

{¶24} The psychiatric report gives no indication that Schwarm was 

incompetent. The report indicates that Schwarm was experiencing mild memory 

problems and could be in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. But with respect to 

Schwarm’s cognitive abilities, the report indicates that he appeared to be of average 

intellectual ability, presented his thoughts in a well-organized fashion, and was fully 

oriented to time, place, and situation. 

{¶25} Because the record did not contain evidence to create a sufficient 

doubt of incompetence, we find that the trial court did not err in failing to sua sponte 

order that Schwarm undergo a competency evaluation. The third assignment of 

error is overruled. 

Ineffective Assistance 

{¶26} In his fourth assignment of error, Schwarm argues that his counsel 

was ineffective for failing to raise the issue of Schwarm’s competency at any point 

during the proceedings. 

{¶27} Counsel will not be considered ineffective unless her or his 

performance was deficient and caused actual prejudice to the defendant. Strickland 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. 

Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 141-142, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989). Counsel’s performance 

will only be deemed deficient if it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. 

Strickland at 688; Bradley at 142. A defendant is only prejudiced by counsel’s 

performance if there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceedings 

would have been different but for the deficient performance. Strickland at 694; 

Bradley at 142. A reviewing court must indulge a presumption that counsel’s 

behavior fell within the acceptable range of reasonable professional assistance. 

Strickland at 689; Bradley at 142. 

{¶28} Because the record did not contain evidence to create a sufficient 

doubt that Schwarm was incompetent, we cannot find that counsel was deficient for 

failing to raise the issue of Schwarm’s competency. The fourth assignment of error is 

overruled. 

Conclusion 

{¶29} Because the trial court erred in imposing 11-year-prison terms for the 

offenses of rape and in imposing consecutive sentences without the requisite 

findings, we vacate those portions of Schwarm’s sentence and remand for 

resentencing. The judgment of the trial court is otherwise affirmed. 

Judgment affirmed in part and sentences vacated in part, and cause remanded. 

CUNNINGHAM, P.J., and ZAYAS, J., concur. 

Please note: 

 The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.