L =2 . 3 '

Trends in Manufacturing:

A Chartbook

U. S. Department of Labor 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

April 1985

Bulletin 2219

S.M .S.U. L IB R A R Y

U.S. D E P O S ITO R Y

MAY 2 41985
Trends in Manufacturing:

A Chartbook

U.S. Department of Labor 

Ford B. Ford, Under Secretary

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner 

April 1985

Bulletin 2219
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C 20402
Preface

Through charts, tables, and text, 

this chartbook portrays long-term 

trends in manufacturing output, 

em ploym ent, productivity, and 

related economic indicators and, 

wherever possible, comparable international data. It also devotes attention to developments in the last 

decade. Although movements of 

employment, production, and productivity are affected by the business 

cycle, the periods examined in this 

report were believed to be, for the 

most part, at comparable stages of 

the cycle. The chartbook also includes BLS projections of employment and occupations for 1995 in the 

manufacturing sector.

This chartbook was produced in 

the Office of Productivity and 

Technology in the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics by Rose N. Zeisel assisted 

by Charles Bell, under the direction of 

Jerome A. Mark, Associate Commissioner, in collaboration with the 

Manufacturing Studies Board of the 

National Academy of Sciences. 

Material in this publication is in the 

public domain and, with appropriate 

credit, may be reproduced without 

permission.
Contents

Page

Part I: Output, employment, and trade in manufacturing..................................................................................... 1

Chart

1. Output, 1950-83....................................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Employment, 1950-83.............................................................................................................................................. 5

3. Employment by industry sector, 1950 and 1983.................................................................................................. 7

4. Employment by occupation, 1983.......................................................................................................................... g

5. Employment by sex, 1960-83.................................................................................................................................. 11

6. Occupational distribution by sex, 1983................................................................................................................. 13

7. Educational attainment, 1973 and 1983.................................................................................................................. 15

8. Imports and exports, 1973 and 1981...................................................................................................................... 17

9. Export trade, selected countries, 1955 and 1980................................................................................................... 19

Part II: Productivity trends in manufacturing.......................................................................................................... 21

10. Output per hour of all persons, 1950-83................................................................................................................. 23

11. Output per employee hour, selected countries, 1950-83....................................................................................... 25

12. Output per hour, output, and hours, 1950-73 and 1973-83..................................................................................... 27

13. Output per hour, output, and hours, selected countries, 1950-73 and 1973-83.................................................... 29

14. Output per hour, output per unit of capital, and multifactor productivity, 1950-83............................................... 31

15. Output per hour, capital effects, and multifactor productivity, 1950-73 and 1973-83........................................... 33

16. Output per employee hour, selected industries, 1960-83...................................................................................... 35

17. Productivity rates before and after 1973, selected industries............................................................................... 37

Part III: Implications of productivity growth for employment, compensation, unit labor costs,

and prices in manufacturing....................................................................................................................................... 39

18. Output per employee hour and employment, selected industries, 1973-83......................................................... 41

19. Output and employment in selected industries with similar productivity growth, 1973-83................................. 43

20. Output per hour, unit labor costs, and compensation per hour, 1950-83.............................................................. 45

21. Composition of price changes, 1950-83................................................................................................................. 47

22. Output per employee hour and prices, selected industries, 1973-81.................................................................... 49

23. Output per employee hour and compensation per employee hour, selected industries, 1973-81 ...................... 51

24. Hourly compensation costs for production workers, selected countries, 1960-83.............................................. 53

25. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs, selected countries, 1960-73 and 1973-83............ 55

26. Unit labor costs, measured in U.S. dollars, selected countries, 1973-80 and 1980-83.......................................... 57
Contents— Continued

Page

Part IV: Factors affecting productivity change in manufacturing....................................................................... 59

Chart

27. Capital investment as percent of output, selected countries, 1965-73 and 1974-82............................................. gl

28. Research and development funds, current and constant dollars, selected years, 1967-82................................. 63

29. Research and development funds as percent of net sales in companies performing R&D,

by size of company, 1981.................................................................................................................................... gg

30. Research and development funds as percent of net sales in companies performing R&D,

selected industries, 1981.................................................................................................................................... 67

31. Research and development scientists and engineers per 1,000 employees, selected industries, 1982............. 69

Part V: Employment and occupational projections to 1995 in manufacturing.................................................. 71

32. Employment growth in high-technology industries and in total manufacturing, 1982-95................................... 73

33. Projected changes in occupational employment, 1982-95................................................................................... 75

34. Projected employment changes in fastest growing and most rapidly declining occupations, 1982-1995......... 77

Appendix: Supporting data for charts................................................................................................................................. 79-104
Part I.

Output, employment, and trade in manufacturing

This section presents information 

on long-term trends in output, 

employment, and trade in the 

m anufacturing sector of the

economy. In addition, it contains 

data on labor composition, sex, 

occupation, and educational attainment.
2

Output of manufactured goods nearly

tripled since 1950, but growth has

slowed sharply in the last decade

While the long-term growth of 

manufacturing output was moderately strong from 1950 to 1983, it slowed 

sharply in the last decade. Before 

1973, the output of manufactured 

goods rose an average of 4.0 percent 

annually; after 1973, the growth rate 

was down to 0.9 percent, reflecting 

largely the decline in the early 1980’s.

The slowdown was more pronounced 

in durable than in nondurable goods 

manufacturing.

Nevertheless, manufacturing output continued to account for almost 

one-quarter of total output of the 

economy through the postwar 

period.

Period

Manufacturing output1

(average annual percent change) Manufacturing output as a percent

of total output2

(average)

Total Durable

goods

Nondurable

goods

1950-83......................................... 3.1 3.0 3.1 24.4

1950-73..................................... 4.0 4.0 4.0 24.6

1973-83..................................... 0.9 0.7 1.1 24.1

Slowdown.................................... 3.1 3.3 2.9 0.5

1 Gross product originating in manufacturing in constant dollars.

2 Gross national product in constant dollars.
3

Chart 1

Output 1 in manufacturing, 1950-83

Index, 1950 = 100

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

1Gross product originating in manufacturing, constant dollars. 

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics.
There were 3 million more

manufacturing jobs in 1983 than in 1950,

but nearly 1.7 million fewer than in 1973

Over the last three decades, from 

1950 to 1983, manufacturing employment rose from about 15.2 million to 

18.5 million. While the growth rate 

was moderate from 1950 to 1973, 

employment declined in the following decade, reflecting the slowdown 

in output. In 1983, there were nearly 

1.7 million fewer employees in 

manufacturing than a decade earlier.

Two-thirds of the decline in

employment was in the durable 

goods sector, a reversal of the 

1950-73 experience when more than 

three-quarters of the employment 

gains in manufacturing occurred in 

that sector. In 1983, the durable 

goods industries still accounted fora 

larger share (58 percent) of all 

manufacturing jobs than in 1950 (53 

percent).
5

Chart 2

Employment in manufacturing, 1950-83

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
6

Manufacturing accounted for less than

one-fifth of all civilian jobs in 1983

While manufacturing employment 

increased by about a fifth (3 million 

jobs) since 1950, employment in 

service-producing industries more 

than doubled (40 million jobs). Consequently by 1983, manufacturing accounted for less than a fifth of 

civilian employment, down from

almost a third in 1950. In contrast, 

the share of employment in service 

industries rose to about threequarters of the total by 1983.

These changes in the industrial 

distribution of employment reflect 

different rates of growth in productivity and demand.
7

Chart 3

Employment by industry sector, 1950 and 1983

Percent 

100

80

60

40

20

Manufacturing

Services

i

I

1950 1983

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
8

Manufacturing jobs are heavily

concentrated in production operations

About 6 of every 10 employees in 

manufacturing in 1983 held operator, 

craft, laborer, or other production 

jobs. The other 4 held managerial, 

professional, technical, sales, or administrative support jobs. Comparable data are not available for 

earlier years, but statistics for a wide

range of industries suggest that the 

proportion of operators, fabricators, 

and laborers has declined substantially in the last several decades with 

the introduction and diffusion of advanced technology and materialshandling equipment.
9

Chart 4

Manufacturing employment by occupation, 1983

Farming,

forestry,

production, 

craft, and 

repair

Technical,

sales,

administrative

support

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
10

Women have filled an increasing share

of manufacturing jobs over the past

quarter century

Women employees in manufacturing increased by 37 percent from 

1960 to 1983, while the number of 

em ployed men was v irtu a lly 

unchanged.

Women’s share of total manufacturing employment rose almost 

steadily over the period; in the 1960’s

and 1970’s, there was a greater increase in women employees than 

men and in the 1980’s, the number of 

women workers declined less rapidly. By 1983, they accounted for onethird of the manufacturing work 

force.
11

Chart 5

Employment in manufacturing by sex 1960-83

1960 ‘ 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
12

Women hold almost 40 percent of

operator, fabricator, and laborer jobs

In the largest manufacturing occu p a tio n a l group, operators, 

fabricators, and laborers, men and 

women shared jobs in a ratio of 6 to 4 

in 1983. In the managerial and professional group, 8 out of every 10 jobs 

were held by men. The largest concentration of women was in the 

technical, sales, and administrative 

support group. They held more than 

half of the jobs in this occupational 

category.

Although comparable occupational data are not available for other 

years, an earlier series suggests 

significant changes in the jobs 

women hold. For example, from 1968 

to 1982, the proportion of women in 

professional and technical jobs rose 

from 10 to 20 percent, and in 

manager, official, and proprietor jobs 

from 7 to 15 percent.
13

Chart 6

O ccupational distribution in m anufacturing by sex, 1983

manufacturing professional sales,

administrative

support

production, fabricators, forestry, and 

craft, and and laborers fishing 

repair

Source: Bureau of Labor S tatistics
14

Workers in manufacturing are better

educated today than in the past

E ducation al a tta in m e n t of 

manufacturing employees is rising 

and is associated with patterns of industrial growth that require more 

education. Between 1973 and 1983, 

the proportion of employees with 4 

years of college or more almost 

doubled, while the proportion that

did not continue on to high school 

fell by almost half.

By far the largest proportion of the 

workforce, almost half, has completed 4 years of high school, and 

this group has increased only slightly 

in the last decade.
15

Chart 7

Educational attainment in manufacturing, 1973 and 1983

Percent of all manufacturing employees

Elementary school High school College

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Imports and exports account for an

increasing proportion of manufacturing

16 shipments

International trade is becoming increasingly important to manufacturing. Exports as a ' percent * of ' 

shipments (export proportion) rose 

by half between 1973 and 1981 (latest 

available data). At the same time, imports as a percent of supply (import 

penetration) increased by almost a 

third.

Import penetration and export proportion increased from 1973 to 1981 

in almost every major industry group.

Year

Import penetration1

Manufacturing

Export proportion2

Manufacturing

1973..................................................... 6.4 6.6

1974..................................................... 7.3 8 0

1975..................................................... 6.5 8.7

1976..................................................... 6.9 8.2

1977..................................................... 7.1 7.7

1978..................................................... 7.9 8.0

1979..................................................... 7.9 9.0

1980..................................................... 8.2 10 0

1981..................................................... 8.4 9.9

1 Imports as a percent of the sum of U.S. product shipments and imports.

2 Exports as a percent of U.S. product shipments.
17

Chart 8

Imports and exports by major manufacturing group, 1973 and 1981

Import penetration Export proportion

1973

1981

£

All manufacturing 

Food 

Tobacco 

Textiles 

Apparel 

Lumber 

Furniture 

Paper

Printing and publishing 

Chemicals 

Petroleum refining 

Rubber 

Leather

Stone, clay, and glass 

Primary metals

Fabricated metals

Machinery, 

except electrical

Electrical machinery 

Transportation equipment

Instruments

Miscellaneous

manufactures

25 20 15 10

Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
The U.S. share of export trade in

manufactured goods has declined

18 sharply in the postwar period

While international trade has 

become more important in the 

postwar period, the U.S. share of 

world export trade of all manufactured goods and of technologyintensive products declined sharply. 

By 1980 (latest available data), Germany had a larger share of trade in 

manufactured goods than the United 

States, and almost the same share of 

the technology-intensive product

market. At the same time, Japan was 

rapidly approaching the U.S. share of 

both of these export markets.

The loss of American market 

shares to other countries is 

associated with many changes here 

and abroad, including comparative 

productivity growth, relative compensation per hour, and the increasing 

value of the dollar abroad.
19

Chart 9

Share of export trade of all manufactured products and technologyintensive products, selected countries, 1955 and 1980

Percent

50

40

30

20

10

0

All manufactured products

1955

U.S. France Germany Japan

Note: For definitions, see footnote 2, table 9.

Technology-intensive products

U.S. France Germany Japan

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce

Part II.

Productivity trends in manufacturing 21

This part presents labor productivity measures for the manufacturing 

sector and for 75 manufacturing industries. It also contains multifactor 

productivity measures for manufacturing. C om parable data are 

presented for 5 foreign countries 

where available.

The BLS productivity data measure 

output per hour of all employed persons for the manufacturing sector, 

and output per employee hour for the 

industry groups. The BLS indexes of 

labor productivity relate output to the 

input of labor time, i.e., output per 

hour. Output is a measure of the 

amount of finished product provided 

by the manufacturing sector, while 

input is a measure of paid labor time.

Labor is not solely or primarily 

responsible for productivity growth

and the use of labor productivity indexes is not meant to imply this. In a 

technologically advanced society, 

labor effort is only one of many 

sources of productivity improvement. 

Trends in output per hour also reflect 

technological innovation, changes in 

capital stock and capacity utilization, 

scale of production, materials flow, 

management skills, and other 

factors.

The BLS multifactor productivity 

measure shows the changes in the 

amount of labor and capital used in 

production. As with the labor productivity index, this measure also reflects the joint effect of many influences, but does not reflect the effect of the substitution of capital for 

labor.
22

Manufacturing productivity has

continued to climb, but at a slower rate

Productivity in manufacturing was 

more than twice as great in 1983 as in 

1950. The average annual gain over 

the entire period was 2.5 percent as 

productivity grew more rapidly in the 

nondurable goods sector than in the 

durable goods sector.

The increase in manufacturing productivity began to slow in 1973. 

Earlier it had grown at an annual rate 

of 2.8 percent, but during the decade 

ending in 1983, its growth rate slowed to 1.8 percent. The slowdown was 

evident in both the durable and nondurable goods sectors.

No simple explanation exists for 

the decline in productivity growth 

since 1973, nor is there general

agreement on the quantitative impact of the factors which are thought 

to have contributed to the slowdown. 

Various explanations have been 

presented by researchers, but none, 

singly or in total, fully explains the 

falloff. Some of these explanations 

have been the effects of changes in 

the composition of the labor force, a 

leveling off in research and development expenditures in the late 1960’s, 

the maturation of some industries 

with little new technology, the diversion of investment funds to pollution 

abatement in some industries, 

energy price increases, and even 

changes in attitudes toward work.

Output per hour of all persons in manufacturing

^(average annual percent change)

Total

manufacturing

Durable

goods

Nondurable

goods

1950-83............................................... 2.5 2.2 2.9

1950-73........................................... 2.8 2.3 3.4

1973-83........................................... 1.8 1.9 1.7

Slowdown........................................... -1 .0 -0 .4 -1 .7
23

Chart 10

Output per hour of all persons in manufacturing, 1950-83

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
24

U.S. productivity growth has been

among the lowest of the industrial

countries before and after 1973

Productivity gains in manufacturing were lower in the United States 

over the period 1950-83 than in the 

other major industrial countries 

studied by BLS.

Before 1973, the U.S. productivity 

growth rate was the lowest of the 

countries shown; after 1973, the 

United States and Canada had the 

smallest gains. The slowdown in the 

last decade from the earlier postwar

advance was pervasive among the industrial countries, but affected them 

unevenly. Except for the United 

Kingdom, the U.S. slowdown was the 

least severe of the countries shown. 

Although Japan experienced the 

largest falloff in productivity growth 

after 1973, its growth rate continued 

to be substantially greater than the 

rates in the other countries.

Country

Output per employee hour in manufacturing

(average annual percent change)

Change,

1950-73 to

1950-83 1950-73 1973-83 1973-83

United States.................................... 2.5 2.8 1 8 - 1 0

Canada............................................... 3.5 4.3 1 8 - 2 5

France................................................ 5.4 5.8 4 6 - 1 2

Germany............................................ 5.6 6.5 3 7 - 2 8

Japan................................................. 9.0 10.0 6 8 - 3 2

United Kingdom............................... 3.0 3.3 2.4 -0 .9
25

Chart 11

O utput per employee hour in m anufacturing, selected countries, 1950-83

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
26

The productivity slowdown after 1973 is

associated with greatly reduced output

The productivity slowdown after 

1973 is associated with a steeper 

drop in output growth than in hours. 

Both the durable and nondurable 

goods sectors recorded slower productivity growth rates after 1973, and

reflected greatly reduced output 

growth. However, the slowdown was 

more severe in the nondurable goods 

sector, where output growth declined 

considerably more rapidly than 

hours.
27

Chart 12

Output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing, 1950-73 and 1973-83

Average annual percent change

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

471-442 0 - 85-2
In all major industrial countries, output

growth slowed down after 1973

As in the United States, the productivity slowdown after 1973 in the 

other major industrial countries 

shown reflected substantially lower 

rates of output growth than in earlier 

years. The U.S. output growth dropped to an average of less than 1 percent annually in the past decade, 

while Japan’s rate fell to about 6 percent annually. In the United 

Kingdom, output declined almost 2 

percent.
29

Chart 13

Output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing, selected

countries, 1950-73 and 1973-83

Average annual percent change

United States

Canada

France

Germany

Japan

United

Kingdom

0 5 10 -5 0 5 10 1 5 -5 0 5

—

Output per hour 

1950-73 

1973-83

Output

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
30

Multifactor productivity increased by

three-quarters over the last three

decades

M ultifactor productivity is a 

measure of output per unit of combined labor and capital input. This 

productivity series shows the 

changes in the amount of labor and 

capital used in production. It reflects 

the combined effects of many influences, including changes in 

technology, the level of output, 

utilization of capacity, the organization of production, managerial skills, 

as w ell as changes in the 

characteristics and efforts of the 

work force.

The tra d itio n a l p ro d u ctivity 

series—output per hour of all persons—reflects these influences and 

also the impact of changes in capital

per unit of labor. The new measure, 

therefore, supplements the existing 

measure by providing a basis for 

measuring that impact.

Over the 1950-83 period, when 

multifactor productivity increased 1.7 

percent per year, the traditional productivity measure of output per hour 

in manufacturing rose 2.5 percent per 

year. The difference between the 

growth in labor productivity and 

multifactor productivity, 0.8 percent 

per year, is the effect of the substitution of capital for labor. Output per 

unit of capital (capital productivity) 

fluctuated over this period but did 

not register a significant trend.

1950-83

Measure Average annual percent

change

Output per hour................................................................................................. 2.5

Multifactor productivity................................................................................... 1.7

Capital services contribution.......................................................................... 0.8
31

Chart 14

Output per hour, output per unit of capital, and multifactor

productivity in manufacturing, 1950-83

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
32

Multifactor productivity growth slowed

significantly after 1973

M u ltifa c to r p ro d u c tiv ity in 

manufacturing grew at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent from 1950 to 

1973, and 0.8 percent from 1973 to 

1983. This slowdown of 1.3 percentage points per year reflects a greater 

decline in the rate of output growth

than in the combined inputs of labor 

and capital services.

The capital-labor ratio did not contribute to the slowdown in output per 

hour, as it grew faster after 1973 than 

during the earlier period.

Contribution of capital services per hour to productivity in manufacturing, 1950-83

(Average annual percent change)

Measure 1950-73 1973-83

Change

1950-73 to 1973-83

Output per hour................................ 2.8 1.8 - 1.0

Minus: Capital effects1................... 0.7 1.0 0.3

Equals: Multifactor

productivity2................................. 2.1 0.8 -1 .3

1 Contribution of capital services per hour to output per hour.

2 Output per unit of combined labor and capital input.
Chart 15

Output per hour, capital effects, and multifactor productivity in

manufacturing, 1950-73 and 1973-83

1950-73 1973-83

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
34

Productivity has advanced in almost all

manufacturing industries since 1960

Almost all the manufacturing industries measured by BLS have 

shown productivity gains since 1960. 

The rates of growth for the individual 

industries were widely dispersed 

around the average rate for all 

manufacturing. Productivity changes 

differed among industries for a variety of reasons. Some industries, such 

as hosiery and synthetic fibers, 

which were among the leaders for 

the period, with an average annual increase of about 6.5 percent, installed 

highly advanced production machinery and enjoyed rapidly growing 

demand. In contrast, the decline in 

p ro d u c tiv ity in m etal-form ing 

machine tools and the low growth 

rate in steel were associated with 

wide swings in output, aging equipment, rising imports, and capacity 

utilization rates below efficient 

levels.
35

Chart 16

Output per employee hour, selected manufacturing industries, 1960-83

Average annual percent change

Synthetic fiber 

Hosiery

Aluminum rolling, drawing 

Corrugated, solid fiberboard boxes 

Paper, paperboard, and pulp mills 

Petroleum refining 

Motor vehicles and equipment 

Metal cans 

Soaps and detergents 

Nonwool yarn mills 

Bakery products 

Construction machinery and equipment 

Motors and generators 

Steel

Wood office furniture 

Fabricated structural metal 

Steel foundries 

Footwear

Metal-forming machine tools

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Many manufacturing industries

registered productivity declines after

36 1973

Although most industries showed 

gains over the last two decades, the 

growth was not steady. A slowdown 

in productivity growth after 1973 affected more than half of the industries measured by BLS; about 

one-fifth showed actual productivity 

declines. However, more than onefourth of the industries registered 

higher productivity gains after 1973. 

These included several food processing and furniture industries, ceramic 

tile, and metal cans. Their higher prod u c tiv ity rates are generally 

associated with the diffusion of new 

technology.
37

Chart 17

Productivity rates before and after 1973, selected manufacturing industries

Hosiery 

Synthetic fibers 

Pharmaceutical preparations 

Major household appliances 

Paper, paperboard, and pulp mills 

Wet corn milling 

Ceramic wall and floor tile 

Tires and inner tubes 

Motor vehicles and equipment 

Bakery products 

Wood household furniture 

Steel

Fabricated structural metal 

Steel foundries 

Metal-cutting machine tools 

Fabricated pipe and fittings

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

Average annual percent change

1960-73

1973-81

3

D

3

l I____ I____ L J____L

Part III.

Implications of productivity change for employment,

compensation, unit labor costs, and prices in

manufacturing

This section shows the implications of productivity change for variations in prices, hourly compensation, 

unit labor costs, and employment in 

manufacturing. It presents comparable data for the United States 

and other major industrial countries, 

where available, and explains the effects of changes in exchange rates 

on our competitive position.

Output per hour is a critical link 

between the cost of labor and the 

price of goods and services. Labor 

costs, which include rates of pay, 

overtime, and fringe benefits, represent the largest single cost element 

for most industries. Thus, the trend 

in labor costs per unit of output plays 

a major role in determining prices.
40

Employment increased in some

manufacturing industries with rising

productivity, but declined in others

As the chart illustrates, productivity gains may be accompanied by increases or decreases in employment; 

no relationship between the two has 

been established. Of the industries 

which have shown some productivity 

growth since 1973, 72 percent 

registered employment losses, 26 

percent had employment gains, and 2 

percent had no change. In contrast,

in 1960-73, fewer than one-third of the 

industries with productivity growth 

had registered declines in employment.

Reductions in employment are 

associated with productivity growth 

either because of strong technological progress or modest or declining output.
41

Chart 18

Output per employee hour and employment, selected manufacturing

industries, 1973-83

Average annual percent change

Employment 

8

® Instruments to measure electricity

• Miscellaneous plastics products

• Pumps and compressors

Fabricated structural metal \

Petroleum refining\

Ready-mixed concrete — - ^ # 4

• Valves and pipe fittings

Preserved fruits and vegetables

/ • Bottled and canned soft drinks

Sausages and other prepared meats

Paper, paperboard, and

Bakery products >

Wood household fu rn itu re^**

Construction machinery and equipment' •

luip mms'Pharmaceutical preparations

— — Corrugated and solid fiber board

w \ # Meat packing plants

• 0 ^ Upholstered household furniture

Concrete products

Footwear•

N>' Nonwool yarn mills

\ • Sawmills and planing mills, general

\ Motor vehicles and equipment

Farm and garden machinery

’ . Synthetic fibers

• Steel Fluid milk#

# Radio and television receiving sets

Tires and inner tubes#

I I _____________ I_____________ I_____________ I______________I_____________ I_____________

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

-6 -4 -2 2 4

Output per employee hour

10 12

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Similar productivity trends in different

industries may reflect differing trends in

42 output and hours

The relation between labor productivity growth and employment trends 

is associated with an industry’s 

change in output. This is illustrated 

by the three industries shown on the 

chart, all of which had approximately 

the same productivity growth rate in 

1973-83. Output rose considerably 

faster than productivity in the

household cooking equipment industry, and employee hours increased. Where output gains exceeded the 

productivity rise only slightly (e.g., 

hosiery), employee hours rose only 

very moderately. In contrast, output 

in the tire industry declined, and 

employee hours dropped sharply.
43

Chart 19

Output and employment in selected industries with similar productivity growth, 1973-83

Average annual percent change

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

Employee hours

Household cooking equipment Hosiery Tires

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Hourly compensation rose more after

1973 than before, and productivity

growth declined; hence, unit labor costs

rose much more rapidly after 1973

Unit labor cost is the ratio of hourly compensation to output per hour. 

Thus, productivity change is an important determ inant of cost 

movements. This is demonstrated by 

the two top panels of the chart, 

showing that changes in unit labor 

costs are inversely related to 

changes in productivity. Unit labor 

costs tend to rise when productivity 

growth slows or declines, and to 

slow or decline when productivity 

growth accelerates.

Hourly compensation in manufacturing rose more sharply after 1973 

than before. At the same time, the 

rate of productivity growth slowed 

down. Consequently, unit labor costs 

rose much more rapidly after 1973 

than before.

Hourly compensation changes in 

durables and nondurables were 

about the same before and after 

1973; but because the slowdown in 

output per hour in nondurables was 

greater than in durables, unit labor 

costs accelerated more sharply in 

nondurables after 1973.

Period and

sector

Output per

hour

Hourly

compensation

Unit labor

costs

Average annual percent change

Total manufacturing:

1950-83........................................... 2.5 6.3 3.8

1950-73...................................... 2.8 5.2 2.4

1973-83...................................... 1.8 9.0 7.0

Durable goods:

1950-83........................................... 2.2 6.4 4.1

1950-73....................................... 2.3 5.3 2.9

1973-83 ...................................... 1.9 9.0 7.0

Nondurable goods:

1950-83........................................... 2.9 6.2 3.2

1950-73...................................... 3.4 5.0 1.5

1973-83...................................... 1.7 9.1 7.2
45

Chart 20

Output per hour, unit labor costs, and compensation per hour in

manufacturing, 1950-83

Unit

labor

costs

Compensation

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
46

Unit labor costs and prices in

manufacturing accelerated after 1973

Changes in unit labor costs are 

generally the most important component of price change, as the chart 

shows. Thus if productivity growth 

mitigates increases in unit labor 

costs, this can in turn, mitigate increases in prices.

However, unit labor costs can be a 

result as well as a cause of price

rises. Price increases that cause 

employee purchasing power to fall 

lead to pressure for higher wages.

As shown in the chart, prices and 

unit labor costs in manufacturing accelerated after 1973, as hourly compensation increased and productivity 

growth slowed down.
47

Chart 21

Composition of price changes in manufacturing, 1950-83

Percent change from previous year

Implicit

price

deflator

Unit

nonlabor

payments

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
48

In many manufacturing industries,

prices rose strongly while productivity

declined

The inverse relationship that 

generally prevails between price 

change and productivity change at 

the industry level is very evident for 

the 1973-81 period. Prices rose less 

than the average or declined in industries such as food processing, 

hosiery, synthetic fibers, and radio 

and television, where productivity

rose at above-average rates. In contrast, prices rose strongly where productivity declined over this period, or 

increased relatively slowly. Of the 

group where productivity declined, 

primary aluminum, steel foundries, 

and metal-cutting machine tools 

registered the largest price increases.
49

Chart 22

Output per employee hour and prices, selected manufacturing

industries, 1973-81

Average annual percent change 

Prices

• Petroleum refining

'

Construction machinery and equipnr

Farm and garden machine

ent • • steel Motor vehicles and equipment

y . / Tires and inner tubes

Motors and generators*

Footwear*

Bakery products

Sawmills and planing mi

Preserved fru

lnstrum<

0 9 Bottled and canned soft drinks

1 * • • Paper, paperboard, and pulp mills

/ / Miscellaneous plastics products

Is, general / ®i§ Corrugated and solid fiber board boxes

ts and vegetables • / . / / Meat packing plants

3nts to measure electricity /

Pharmaceutical preparations

Synthetic fibers

I ____________________ l____________________ 1____________________ 1____________________

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

Output per employee hour

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Hourly compensation rose about as

much in industries with declining

productivity as in industries with

productivity growth

In contrast to prices, the factors influencing changes in compensation 

in individual industries have been independent of the factors influencing 

changes in productivity. This is 

shown by the high degree of uniformity in changes in hourly compensation among the industries. Hourly 

compensation increased about as

much between 1973 and 1981 in industries with declining productivity, 

such as steel foundries, metalforming machine tools, and primary 

aluminum, as in industries with a 

high rate of productivity growth, 

such as hosiery and wood office 

furniture.
51

Chart 23

Output per employee hour and compensation per employee hour,

selected manufacturing industries, 1973-81

Wet corn milling 

Synthetic fibers 

Hosiery

Wood office furniture 

Metal cans

Primary copper, lead, zinc 

Tires

Pharmaceutical preparation 

Glass containers 

Paper, paperboard 

Nonwool yarn mills 

Motor vehicles 

Steel

Construction machinery 

Footwear 

Primary aluminum 

Motors and generators 

Fabricated structural metal 

Steel foundries 

Metal-forming machine tools

-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 -3 -2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213

Average annual percent change 

Output per employee hour

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
52

Hourly compensation costs in major

industrial countries have been declining

relative to the United States

In 1983, at current exchange rates, 

hourly compensation costs for 

manufacturing production workers 

are higher in the United States than 

in Canada, France, Germany, Japan, 

or the United Kingdom. Hourly compensation costs in these countries 

ranged from about 50 percent to over 

90 percent of U.S. costs.

Since about 1980, hourly compensation costs in major industrial countries have been declining relative to 

the United States, reversing the 

longer term trend. For the 4 years 

ending in 1980, Germany hourly compensation costs actually surpassed 

those in the United States; by 1983, 

they were 85 percent of U.S. costs.

The changes shown in relative 

compensation levels reflect changes 

in relative currency values as well as 

differential rates of gain in hourly 

compensation as measured in each 

country’s own currency. To a significant extent, the sharp increase in 

U.S. hourly compensation costs 

since 1980, compared with other 

countries, is the result of the strong 

appreciation of the dollar.
53

Chart 24

Hourly compensation costs for production workers in

manufacturing, selected countries, 1960-83

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Unit labor costs in manufacturing

accelerated after 1973 in almost all

industrial countries

In almost all industrial countries, 

slower productivity advances after 

1973, combined with increased gains 

in hourly compensation, resulted in 

higher rises in unit labor costs. From 

1973 to 1983, unit labor costs in the 

United States accelerated to an 

average of 7 percent annually, up 

from 1.5 percent per year in 1960-73. 

While productivity gains slowed

down to 1.8 percent after 1973, hourly 

compensation rose to 9 percent.

Every country shown except Japan 

experienced higher unit labor costs 

(in national currency) after 1973. 

While all countries had slower productivity growth after 1973, all countries except Japan and Germany had 

more rapid increases in hourly compensation.
55

Chart 25

Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in

manufacturing, selected countries, 1960-73 and 1973-83

(Average annual percent change)

Country

United

States

Canada

France

Germany

Japan

United

Kingdom

Output per hour

0 5 10 15

Unit labor costs

(nationa

1

currenc> basis)

■W

1 _

misiiii ■Hr .

h —

1

| HU

0 5 10 15

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Measured in U.S. dollars, unit labor

costs in most industrial countries

declined after 1980

Competitive relationships among 

countries are affected by relative 

changes in currency exchange rates 

as well as by relative changes in unit 

labor costs. Exchange rates have 

been especially volatile since the early 1970’s, in some cases accentuating and in other cases counterbalancing relative changes in unit 

labor costs measured in national currencies.

Since 1980, the value of the U.S. 

dollar has appreciated strongly, particularly against the currencies of 

the European countries. Consequently, unit labor costs measured in U.S. 

dollars declined by about 8 or 9 percent per year in the European countries shown, and by nearly 3 percent 

in Japan, compared with an increase 

of almost 4 percent in the United 

States.
57

Chart 26

Unit labor costs in manufacturing, measured in U.S. dollars, selected countries, 1973-80 and 1980-83

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

Part IV.

Factors affecting productivity change in

manufacturing

This section presents data on 

some of the forces underlying productivity changes in manufacturing. 

The charts show capital investment 

as a percent of output in the United 

States and in other industrial countries, and data on research and 

development in the United States.

Capital investment and research 

and development funds can have an

important role in productivity growth, 

but, for many reasons, cannot be 

directly tied to it. For example, expenditures for safety and health 

equipment may or may not relate to 

changes in output per hour. Also, the 

time lag between investment and its 

impact on productivity varies considerably.
The ratio of investment to output has

been lower in the United States than in

60 other industrial countries

Capital investment as a percent of 

output in manufacturing in the 

United States averaged 11.1 percent 

in 1974-82, slightly above the average 

for 1965-73.

Compared to the other industrial

countries shown here, however, the 

U.S. investment rate has been low 

since at least 1965. The differences 

narrowed in the more recent period, 

when the other countries reduced 

their investment rates.
61

Chart 27

Capital investment as percent of output in manufacturing, selected

countries, 1965-73 and 1974-82

Annual averages, percent

3 0---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

United States Japan France Germany United Kingdom

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Real outlays for research and

development in manufacturing have

risen by three-fifths over the last two

decades

Funds for research and development can generate increases in productivity through the subsequent application of more efficient equipment 

and processes.

R&D expenditures by manufacturing companies were more than four 

times larger in 1982 than in 1963. But 

in constant dollars, i.e., eliminating 

price changes, they increased only 

60 percent, with almost all of the increase coming after 1975.
63

Chart 28

Research and development funds, manufacturing companies, current

and constant dollars, selected years, 1967-82

Index, 1963 = 100

100 — ^ ^ — mu i-------— i—i—J------1—

1967 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982

Source: National Science Foundation
On average, large companies are more

R&D intensive

In general, large manufacturing 

companies are more R&D intensive 

than small companies. In 1981, companies which performed R&D and 

had 25,000 employees or more spent

an average of 4.6 percent of their net 

sales on R&D, while those with fewer 

than 25,000 employees averaged 

about 2 percent or less.
65

Chart 29

Research and development funds as a percent of net sales in

manufacturing companies performing R&D, by size of company, 1981

Number of employees

Percent of sales

Source: National Science Foundation
66

The rate of R&D spending as a percent

of net sales in manufacturing has

declined

Research and development funds 

have not increased as rapidly as 

sales for the manufacturing companies engaged in R&D. Consequently, R&D funds as a percent of net 

sales have declined from 4.5 percent 

in 1963 to a low of 2.6 percent in 

1979. By 1982, the rate had moved up 

to 3.7 percent, but it reflected reduced sales. At the same time, Federal 

funds as a percent of R&D outlays

dropped sharply over the 20-year 

period.

Of the major industries, aircraft 

and missiles registered the highest 

outlays for R&D as a percent of net 

sales in 1981, while textiles and apparel had the lowest ratio. About 

three-fourths of the aircraft outlays 

were federally funded compared to 

less than 1 percent for textiles and 

apparel.

Year

R&D funds as percent of | Federal funds as percent of

net sales1 (Manufacturing) R&D funds

1963................................................ 4.5 57.3

1967................................................ 4.2 50.4

1970................................................ 3.7 42.0

1971................................................ 3.5 41.0

1972................................................ 3.4 40.3

1973................................................ 3.3 37.6

1974................................................ 3.1 35.1

1975................................................ 3.1 35.4

1976................................................ 3.1 35.1

1977................................................ 2.9 34.9

1978................................................ 2.9 33.2

1979................................................ 2.6 32.3

1980................................................ 3.0 31.0

1981................................................ 3.1 31.1

1982................................................ 3.7 31.8

1 Only for those companies engaged in R&D activities.
67

Chart 30

Research and development funds as percent of net sales in

manufacturing companies performing R&D, selected industries,

1981

Aircraft and missiles

Communication equipment

Electrical equipment

Machinery

Motor vehicles and equipment

Chemicals and allied products

Total manufacturing

Primary metals

Textiles and apparel

0 4 8 12 16

R&D funds as a percent of net sales

Source: National Science Foundation
There is wide variation in use of R&D

scientists and engineers among

es industries

For all manufacturing companies 

engaged in R&D in 1982, the last year 

for which data are available, there 

were 35 R&D scientists and engineers 

per thousand employees, the highest 

rate in at least 20 years. Although the 

growth of R&D scientists and 

engineers, in general, was relatively 

steady over the two decades, 

employment of other occupations 

was more sensitive to the business 

cycle. The high rate in 1982, in part,

reflects the falloff of other manufacturing employment which was 

associated with the economic 

downturn in that year.

The proportion of R&D scientists 

to employment varies widely among 

the major industries in manufacturing companies engaged in R&D. In 

1982, aircraft and missiles had the 

highest proportion, 102 per thousand, while textiles and apparel had 

the lowest, 3 per thousand.
69

Chart 31

Research & development scientists and engineers per thousand

employees,! selected manufacturing industries, 1982

Aircraft and missiles 

Electrical equipment

Chemicals 

Machinery 

Manufacturing average 

Motor vehicles and equipment 

Petroleum refining 

Paper

Fabricated metal 

Stone, clay, and glass 

Primary metals 

Other transportation equipment

Food

Textiles and apparel 1

1 In companies engaged in R&D.

Proportion

Source: National Science Foundation

Part V.

Employment and occupational projections to 1995 in

manufacturing

This section presents projections 

of employment and occupations for 

1995, with special emphasis on hightechnology industries. BLS has 

developed three alternative employment projections to 1995, based on 

low, moderate, and high economic 

growth models for the overall 

economy. Data presented in this section are based on the moderate trend 

version.

The criteria used by BLS to

classify high-technology industries 

are explained in table 32. Briefly, they 

are based on the amount of research 

and development expenditures, the 

proportion of scientific and technical 

personnel relative to total employment, and the degree of product 

sophistication. Employing these 

criteria, the BLS developed three 

definitions of high technology to 

analyze employment trends in 

manufacturing industries.
Employment in high-technology

industries is expected to increase more

rapidly than manufacturing employment

as a whole

Employment in manufacturing is 

projected to grow by 1.6 percent annually between 1982 and 1995. This 

growth rate is well above the rate of 

the 1970’s and in part reflects 

recovery from the 1982 employment 

low. By 1995, there would be about 

4.3 million new manufacturing jobs.

Continuing the trend of the 1970’s, 

employment in high-technology industries is expected to increase 

more rapidly than total manufacturing employment. Employment in 

high-technology industries will increase by 2.1 to 2.3 percent annually 

between 1982 and 1995 under the 

three definitions of high-tech industries developed by BLS. This 

would mean an increase of 0.9 to 2.3 

million new high-tech industry jobs 

by 1995, or between one-fifth and 

one-half of all new jobs in manufacturing.

Employment group1

Projected change

in employment2 

1982-95

Millions of workers Percent of total

Total manufacturing.................................................. 4.3 -

High-tech Group I ................................................... 2.3 53

High-tech Group II.................................................. .9 20

High-tech Group III................................................. 1.6 38

1 Data do not add to total because some industries are included in more than one group. For definitions of high-technology employment groups, see table 32, footnote 1.

2 Projected changes in employment between 1982-95 are based on the moderate trend alternative of

economic growth for the overall economy developed by BLS.
73

Chart 32

Employment growth in high-technology industries and in total

manufacturing, 1982-95

Industry classification

All manufacturing

High-tech group I

High-tech group II

High-tech group III

0 2 3

Average annual percent change

Note: For definitions of high-tech groups l-lll, see table 32. 

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
The shift in occupational structure from

lower to higher skilled jobs is expected

to continue through 1995

Technological advance and changing patterns of industrial growth are 

expected to contribute to a continued shift in the occupational 

structure of the work force between 

1982 and 1995. In manufacturing, 

these factors will increase demand 

for highly educated and skilled

workers while reducing requirements 

for lower skilled workers. The fastest 

growing occupational groups will be 

professional and technical workers 

and managers, officials, and proprietors, while the slowest growth is 

expected for sales workers and 

laborers.

Occupational group

Percent

distribution

1982 1995

Total manufacturing employment....................................... 100.0 100.0

Professional and technical workers................................... 10.3 11.5

Managers, officials, and proprietors..................................... 6.7 7.4

Sales workers.......................................................................... 2.2 2.1

Clerical workers...................................................................... 11.7 11.7

Craft and related workers....................................................... 18.6 18.4

Operatives................................................................................ 40.2 38.7

Laborers.................................................................................... 8.5 8.1

Service workers....................................................................... 1.8 1.8
75

Chart 33

Projected changes in occupational employment in manufacturing,

1982-95

Occupational group

All

manufacturing

Professional

and technical workers

Managers, officials, 

and proprietors

Sales workers

Clerical workers

Craft and 

related workers

Operatives

Laborers

Service workers

Percent change in employment

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
High-technology occupations are

expected to account for 6 of the 10

most rapidly growing occupations

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that employment will rise in 

almost all manufacturing occupations between 1982 and 1995, a trend 

which partially reflects recovery from 

low 1982 recession levels. Sharp increases are projected for a number of 

occupations which are predominantly found in rapidly expanding industries. A few declines are projected for occupations which are 

either concentrated in contracting industries or in those which are being 

severely affected by technological 

change.

The expansion of high-technology 

in manufacturing is expected to fuel 

demand for workers in high-tech 

oriented occupations, all of which 

are classified as professional or 

technical. Based on the BLS 

moderate trend version of economic 

growth, these occupations are projected to account for 6 of the 10 

fastest growing manufacturing occupations with 1982 employment of 

25,000 or more.
77

Chart 34

Projected employment changes in fastest growing and most

rapidly declining occupations1 in manufacturing, 1982-95

Electrical engineers

Computer specialists

Electrical and electronic 

technicians

Mechanical engineers

Mechanical engineering 

technicians

Instrument makers/assemblers

Designers

Numerical control machine 

tool operators

Industrial engineers

Miscellaneous machine operators, 

rubber and miscellaneous plastic

Miscellaneous machine operators, 

meat and dairy products

Data entry operators 

Drafters

Typesetters and compositors

Aircraft structure assemblers

Shoemaking machine operators

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Percent change in employment

1 Includes all occupations with 1982 employment of 25,000 or more which are projected to increase by more than 

40 percent or decline by more than 5 percent in the moderate trend projection.

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

Appendix

Supporting Data for Charts

Table 1. Output1 in manufacturing, 1950-83

(Index, 1950 = 100)

Year Total

manufacturing

Durable

goods

Nondurable

goods

1950.................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0

1951.................................. 111.4 115.1 105.9

1952.................................. 115.0 120.7 106.7

1953.................................. 122.9 131.4 110.4

1954.................................. 114.1 117.4 109.3

1955.................................. 126.4 132.4 117.6

1956.................................. 127.3 131.3 121.5

1957.................................. 128.0 131.8 122.3

1958.................................. 117.0 113.8 121.7

1959.................................. 130.6 129.2 132.7

1960.................................. 131.1 129.3 133.7

1961.................................. 131.2 127.4 136.8

1962.................................. 142.5 140.9 144.8

1963.................................. 154.3 153.0 156.2

1964.................................. 165.3 166.3 164.0

1965.................................. 180.6 185.2 173.8

1966.................................. 194.5 201.4 184.2

1967.................................. 194.0 201.6 183.0

1968.................................. 204.6 211.9 193.9

1969.................................. 211.5 218.1 201.7

1970.................................. 199.3 198.7 200.1

1971.................................. 203.6 200.3 208.5

1972.................................. 223.2 221.8 225.2

1973.................................. 248.2 248.7 247.4

1974.................................. 237.8 238.6 236.6

1975.................................. 221.0 216.1 228.1

1976.................................. 242.2 239.8 245.7

1977.................................. 258.8 259.8 257.2

1978.................................. 272.6 278.4 264.0

1979.................................. 280.0 286.1 271.0

1980.................................. 267.8 269.2 265.8

1981.................................. 274.4 276.9 270.8

1982.................................. 256.8 252.2 263.7

1983.................................. 270.2 266.6 275.5

1 Gross product originating in manufacturing, in constant dollars.
Table 2. Employment in manufacturing, 1950-83

(in thousands)

Year Total

manufacturing

Durable

goods

Nondurable

goods

1950.................................. 15,241 8,094 7,147

1951.................................. 16,393 9,089 7,304

1952.................................. 16,632 9,349 7,284

1953.................................. 17,549 10,110 7,438

1954................................. 16,314 9,129 7,185

1955................................. 16,882 9,541 7,341

1956................................. 17,243 9,833 7,411

1957................................. 17,174 9,855 7 321

1958.................................. 15,945 8 829 7 116

1959.................................. 16/75 9/73 7 303

1960.................................. 16/96 9 459 7 337

1961.................................. 16/26 9,070 7 256

1962.................................. 16,853 9 480 7 373

1963.................................. 16/95 9/16 7/80

1964.................................. 17,274 9,816 7,458

1965.................................. 18,062 10 405 7 656

1966.................................. 19/14 11,282 7,930

1967.................................. 19,447 11,439 8,007

1968.................................. 19,781 11,626 8,155

1969.................................. 20,167 11,895 8,272

1970................................. 19,367 11,208 8,158

1971.................................. 18,623 10,636 7 987

1972.................................. 19/51 11 049 8 102

1973.................................. 20,154 11 891 8 262

1974.................................. 20/77 11,925 8,152

1975.................................. 18,323 10,688 7 635

1976.................................. 18,997 11/77 7 920

1977.................................. 19/82 11,597 8/86

1978.................................. 20,505 12,274 8,231

1979................................. 21,040 12,760 8,280

1980................................. 20,285 12,187 8,098 1981................................... 20,170 12,109 8,061

1982.................................. 18,781 11,039 7,741

1983.................................. 18,497 10,774 7,724

1Wage and salary workers

Table 3. Distribution of civilian employment by industry sector, selected years, 1950-83

(Percent)

Year Manufacturing Service-producing1

Other

goods-producing2

1950.................................. 31.1 58.9 10.0

1955.................................. 31.0 59.6 9.4

1960.................................. 28.8 62.3 8.9

1965.................................. 27.9 64.2 7.9

1970.................................. 26.1 66.9 7.0

1975.................................. 22.9 70.4 6.7

1980.................................. 21.8 71.4 6.9

1983.................................. 19.8 73.5 6.7

1 Transportation, communication, public utilities, trade, finance, insurance and real estate, services,

government, and miscellaneous.

? Farming, mining, and construction.
81

Table 4. Manufacturing employment by occupation, 19831

Occupational group Total

(in thousands)

Percent

distribution

Total manufacturing2....................... 19,947 100.0

Managerial and professional

specialty..................................... 3,530 17.7

Technical, sales, and

administrative support............. 3,812 19.1

Service........................................... 388 2.0

Precision production,

craft, and repair......................... 3,815 19.1

Operators, fabricators, and

laborers......................................... 8,297

105

41.6

Farming, forestry, fishing............ 0.5

1 Earlier data are not available due to changes in occupational classifications. As a result, data in this

table are not comparable to data in table 33.

2 Includes wage and salary workers, self-employed, and unpaid family workers.

Table 5. Employment in manufacturing by sex, 1960-83

(in thousands)

Year Women Men Women employees as

percent of total

1960.................................. 4,371 12,425 26.0

1961.................................. 4,292 12,034 26.3

1962.................................. 4,474 12,379 26.5

1963.................................. 4,482 12,513 26.4

1964.................................. 4,537 12,737 26.3

1965.................................. 4,768 13,294 26.4

1966.................................. 5,213 14,001 27.1

1967.................................. 5,353 14,094 27.5

1968.................................. 5,490 14,291 27.8

1969.................................. 5,667 14,500 28.1

1970.................................. 5,448 13,919 28.1

1971.................................. 5,229 13,394 28.1

1972.................................. 5,470 13,681 28.6

1973.................................. 5,865 14,289 29.1

1974.................................. 5,849 14,228 29.1

1975.................................. 5,257 13,066 28.7

1976.................................. 5,607 13,390 29.5

1977.................................. 5,880 13,802 29.9

1978.................................. 6,237 14,268 30.4

1979.................................. 6,466 14,574 30.7

1980.................................. 6,317 13,968 31.1

1981.................................. 6,341 13,829 31.4

1982.................................. 5,990 12,791 31.9

1983.................................. 5,981 12,516 32.3
Table 6. Occupational distribution in manufacturing by sex,1 1983

(in thousands)

Occupational group Total Men Women

Women as

percent

of total

Total manufacturing............. 19,947 13,455 6,492 32.5

Managerial and

professional specialty..... 3,530 2,852 678 19.2

Technical, sales, and

administrative support. 3,812 1,791 2,021 53.0

Service............................... 388 315 73 18.8

Precision production,

craft, and repair............ 3,815 3,252 563 14.8

Operators, fabricators,

and laborers.................. 8,297 5,141 3,156 38.0

Farming, forestry,

fishing............................ 105 104 1 1.0

1 Includes wage and salary workers, self-employed, and unpaid family workers.

Table 7. Educational attainment in manufacturing by sex, 1973 and 1983

(Percent)

All manufacturing

Level of education employees Men Women

1973 1983 1973 1983 1973 1983

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Elementary

................ 0-8 years 17.1 9.5 17.0 9.4 17.5 9.7

High school

................ 1-3 years 20.6 14.3 19.2 13.3 24.4 16.5

4 years 42.7 45.0 40.5 42.1 48.1 51.3

College

................ 1-3 years 11.1 15.9 12.6 16.6 7.3 14.3

4 years

or more

8.4 15.3 10.7 18.6 2.7 8.2
83

Table 8. Import penetration and export proportion by major manufacturing group, 1973

and 1981

(Percent)

Manufacturing group

Import penetration1 Export proportion^

1973 1981 1973 1981

All manufacturing.................. 6.4 .84 6.6 9.9

Food....................................... 4.1 4.2 3.6 5.2

Tobacco.................................. .5 2.0 6.2 12.7

Textiles................................... 5.3 5.9 3.9 5.9

Apparel.................................... 7.3 13.7 1.4 3.4

Lumber.................................... 9.8 5.7 6.3 7.3

Furniture................................. 2.8 4.8 .7 2.6

Paper....................................... 5.8 6.4 4.3 6.2

Printing and publishing........ .9 1.0 1.3 1.9

Chemicals.............................. 3.2 4.4 9.4 12.7

Petroleum refining................ 9.5 6.8 2.0 1.9

Rubber..................................... 5.1 7.7 3.6 6.3

Leather.................................... 17.2 24.7 2.4 5.4

Stone, clay, and glass........... 4.0 5.1 3.2 5.5

Primary metals....................... 8.7 14.5 3.6 6.7

Fabricated metals................. 2.6 3.9 4.1 6.9

Machinery, except electrical 5.6 8.0 16.3 24.0

Electrical machinery............. 8.5 12.4 7.8 13.5

Transportation equipment.... 10.0 14.8 10.1 16.8

Instruments............................ 7.4 11.3 13.5 19.0

Miscellaneous....................... 15.1 23.6 9.5 12.1

1 Imports as a percent of product shipments plus imports.

2 Exports as a percent of product shipments.

Table 9. Share of world export trade1 of all manufactured products and of technologyintensive products,2 selected countries, selected years, 1955-80

(Percent)

Country and product group 1955 1960 1970 1980

United States:

All manufactured products................................... 25.9 22.8 18.4 16.4

Technology-intensive products............................ 335.5 27.6 23.1 19.9

France:

All manufactured products................................... 8.8 9.1 8.3 10.2

Technology-intensive products............................ 36.4 7.7 7.6 9.0

Germany:

All manufactured products.................................. 14.6 18.2 19.8 19.8

Technology-intensive products............................ 317.6 21.2 20.4 19.3

Japan:

All manufactured products................................... 4.8 6.5 8.9 11.0

Technology-intensive products............................ 31.8 4.2 9.7 14.5

1 World export trade is defined as the sum of the exports of 14 or 15 of the most important industrial countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

2 As defined in this table, technology-intensive products are those produced by industries in which spending

on research and development is 5 percent or more of gross product, and “natural” scientists, engineers, and

technicians constitute 5 percent or more of total employment, or both.

3 Data are for 1954.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table 10. Output per hour of all persons in manufacturing, 1950-83

(Index, 1950 = 100)

Year Total

manufacturing

Durable

goods

Nondurable

goods

1950..................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0

1951..................................................... 103.4 101.9 104.3

1952..................................................... 105.3 104.3 104.9

1953..................................................... 107.1 105.6 106.7

1954..................................................... 108.7 106.5 110.6

1955..................................................... 114.1 112.6 114.5

1956..................................................... 113.3 109.0 118.0

1957..................................................... 115.6 110.8 121.2

1958..................................................... 115.1 108.1 125.0

1959..................................................... 120.6 113.3 130.7

1960..................................................... 121.4 113.6 132.3

1961..................................................... 124.7 116.3 136.6

1962..................................................... 130.1 121.9 141.4

1963..................................................... 139.4 129.9 152.7

1964..................................................... 146.2 137.0 158.6

1965..................................................... 150.8 142.1 161.9

1966..................................................... 152.4 142.1 166.0

1967..................................................... 152.4 142.6 164.9

1968..................................................... 157.7 147.2 171.5

1969..................................................... 160.5 148.7 176.4

1970..................................................... 160.1 146.5 179.8

1971..................................................... 169.9 155.7 190.3

1972..................................................... 178.4 163.3 200.3

1973..................................................... 188.1 169.3 216.3

1974..................................................... 183.7 164.5 212.7

1975..................................................... 189.0 168.8 219.5

1976..................................................... 197.4 178.7 224.9

1977..................................................... 202.3 183.5 229.8

1978..................................................... 204.1 185.2 231.8

1979..................................................... 205.4 184.5 237.0

1980..................................................... 205.8 184.2 238.6

1981..................................................... 212.2 191.0 244.0

1982..................................................... 216.5 193.7 251.0

1983..................................................... 225.8 204.6 257.1
85

Table 11. Output per employee hour in manufacturing, selected countries, 1950-83

(Index, 1950 = 100)

Year

United

States Canada France Germany Japan

United

Kingdom

1950........................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1951........................... 103.4 104.1 105.2 106.5 125.0 100.2

1952........................... 105.3 106.9 108.8 116.6 131.2 96.2

1953........................... 107.1 110.6 114.0 125.4 149.1 100.9

1954........................... 108.7 115.4 117.6 131.5 160.0 104.3

1955........................... 114.1 122.8 124.5 142.6 168.1 107.8

1956........................... 113.3 128.0 133.7 148.9 178.7 107.8

1957........................... 115.6 128.9 135.9 162.9 195.6 110.4

1958........................... 115.1 133.3 140.7 172.9 182.7 112.7

1959........................... 120.6 140.5 150.5 193.0 212.9 117.1

1960........................... 121.4 145.5 161.6 204.7 245.0 122.5

1961........................... 124.7 153.3 170.9 215.9 277.6 122.8

1962........................... 130.1 161.3 181.3 229.5 289.5 125.6

1963........................... 139.4 167.5 190.1 239.9 312.8 132.2

1964........................... 146.2 174.9 204.3 259.8 354.6 141.0

1965........................... 150.8 181.5 218.3 277.4 369.6 145.4

1966........................... 152.4 187.7 235.4 288.7 406.9 150.3

1967........................... 152.4 193.7 249.8 305.6 466.9 157.4

1968........................... 157.7 206.9 275.9 327.7 525.6 168.8

1969-........................... 160.4 219.1 291.9 349.9 607.2 172.8

1970........................... 160.1 222.2 308.6 359.1 684.5 176.7

1971........................... 169.9 238.0 325.6 373.7 727.7 185.3

1972........................... 178.4 248.6 344.9 398.4 810.7 198.7

1973........................... 188.1 264.3 365.1 422.5 893.8 212.5

1974........................... 183.7 270.2 378.6 444.9 915.6 217.1

1975........................... 189.0 263.2 393.4 461.1 951.0 215.1

1976........................... 197.4 278.3 422.6 492.2 1040.4 226.1

1977........................... 202.3 289.3 445.2 512.1 1114.9 227.2

1978........................... 204.0 293.4 471.4 525.2 1202.5 230.1

1979........................... 205.4 301.6 492.6 549.8 1309.4 232.6

1980........................... 205.8 295.1 500.1 557.4 1434.0 230.1

1981........................... 212.2 302.7 513.3 570.3 1513.4 245.2

1982........................... 216.5 295.3 541.9 580.3 1636.6 252.6

1983........................... 225.8 315.3 574.7 606.9 1729.8 268.1

NOTE: Data relate to all employed persons in the United States and Canada; all employees in the other

countries.
Table 14. Output per hour, output per unit of capital, and multifactor productivity in

manufacturing, 1950-83

(Index, 1950 = 100)

Year Output

per hour

Output per

unit of

capital

Multifactor

productivity1

1950.................................................... 100.0 100.0 100 0

1951.................................................... 103.4 104.9 103.9

1952.................................................... 105.3 101 0 103 9

1953.................................................... 107.1 104.1 106 1

1954.................................................... 108.7 94.2 104 0

1955.................................................... 114.1 101.2 110 0

1956.................................................... 113.3 97.8 108.2

1957.................................................... 115.6 94.7 108.7

1958.................................................... 115.1 85.0 105.0

1959.................................................... 120.6 94.2 111.9

1960.................................................... 121.4 93.2 112.0

1961.................................................... 124.7 92.0 113.6

1962.................................................... 130.1 98.3 119.4

1963.................................................... 139.4 104.0 127.5

1964.................................................... 146.2 108.3 133.4

1965..................................................... 150.8 113.5 138.3

1966.................................................... 152.4 115.0 139.9

1967..................................................... 152.4 107.0 136.6

1968.................................................... 157.7 107.0 139.9

1969.................................................... 160.5 106.4 141.3

1970.................................................... 160.1 97.2 137.5

1971.................................................... 169.9 97.7 143.6

1972.................................................... 178.4 105.6 152.2

1973.................................................... 188.1 114.5 161.8

1974.................................................... 183.7 105.4 155.4

1975.................................................... 189.0 94.6 154.0

1976.................................................... 197.4 101.7 162.2

1977.................................................... 202.3 105.8 167.1

1978.................................................... 204.0 107.4 168.8

1979.................................................... 205.4 105.3 168.7

1980..................................................... 205.8 96.0 165.0

1981..................................................... 212.3 95.1 168.3

1982.................................................... 216.8 87.7 167.4

1983.................................................... 225.9 92.7 175.1

1 For a discussion of multifactor productivity see T r e n d s i n M u l t i f a c t o r P r o d u c t i v i t y , 1 9 4 8 - 8 1 , BLS

Bulletin 2178, Sept. 1983.
87

Table 12. Output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing, 1950-73 and 1973-83

(Average annual percent change)

Sector and measure 1950-83 1950-73 1973-83 Slowdown

1950-73 to 1973-83

Total manufacturing:

Output per hour................ 2.5 2.8 1.8 - 1.0

Output................................ 3.1 4.0 0.9 -3.1

Hours................................. 0.5 1.2 - 1.0 - 2.2

Durable goods:

Output per hour................ 2.2 2.3 1.9 -0 .4

Output................................ 3.0 4.0 0.7 -3 .3

Hours................................. 0.8 1.7 - 1.2 -2 .9

Nondurable goods:

Output per hour................ 2.9 3.4 1.7 -1 .7

Output................................ 3.1 4.0 1.1 -2 .9

Hours................................. 0.2 0.6 -0 .7 -1 .3

Table 13. Output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing, selected countries, 1950-73

and 1973-83

(Average annual percent change)

Country

Output per hour Output Hours

1950-73 1973-83 1950-73 1973-83 1950-73 1973-83

United States............ 2.8 1.8 4.0 0.9 1.2 - 1.0

Canada...................... 4.3 1.8 5.5 .8 1.2 - 1.0

France....................... 5.8 4.6 6.6 1.8 .8 -2.7

Germany.................... 6.5 3.7 7.7 .8 1.1 - 2.8

Japan......................... 10.0 6.8 14.8 6.2 4.4 -.6

United Kingdom....... 3.3 2.4 3.1 -1 .9 -.3 -4 .2

NOTE: Data relate to all employed persons in the United States and Canada; ail employees in the other

countries.
88

Table 15. Output per hour, capital effects, and multifactor productivity in manufacturing, 1950-73 and

1973-83

(Average annual percent change)

Period

Productivity

Output2

Inputs

Output per

hour of

all persons

Output per

unit of

capital

Multifactor

productivity1Hours of

all persons3

Capital

services4

Combined

units of

labor and

capital

inputs5

Capital

per hour

of all

persons

1950-83...................... 2.5 - 0.2 1.7 3.1 0.5 3.3 1.3 2.7

1950-73...................... 2.8 .6 2.1 4.0 1.2 3.4 1.9 2.2

1973-83....................... 1.8 - 2.1 0.8 0.9 - 1.0 3.0 .0 4.0

1 Output per unit of combined labor and capital inputs.

2 Gross domestic product originating in manufacturing, constant dollars.

3 Paid hours of all employees, plus the hours of proprietors and unpaid family workers engaged in manufacturing.

4 A measure of the flow of capital services used in manufacturing.

5 Hours of all persons combined with capital input, using labor and capital shares of output as weights.

Table 16. Output per employee hour in selected manufacturing industries, 1960-83

Industry

Average annual

percent change Industry

Average annual

percent change

Wet corn milling1....................................... 7.5 Transformers3............................................ 2.2

Malt beverages........................................... 6.6 Hydraulic cement...................................... 2.2

Synthetic fibers.......................................... 6.6 Switchgear and switchboard apparatus3 2.1

Hosiery........................................................ 6.4 Lighting fixtures4....................................... 2.1

Radio and television receiving sets2........ 5.0 Beet sugar................................................... 2.1

Fluid milk.................................................... 4.7 Copper rolling and drawing....................... 2.1

Household refrigerators and freezers...... 4.6 Wood household furniture3...................... 2.0

Aluminum rolling and drawing.................. 4.6 Upholstered household furniture2 ........... 2.0

Pharmaceutical preparations3.................. 4.1 Metal household furniture2....................... 2.0

Corrugated and solid fiberboard boxes.... 4.0 Nonwool yarn mills2.................................. 2.0

Household laundry equipment................. 4.0 Gray iron foundries.................................... 2.0

Ceramic wall and floor tile2....................... 4.0 Brick and structural clay tile..................... 2.0

Household cooking equipment................ 4.0 Sawmills and planing mills, general........ 1.9

Mattresses and bedsprings2..................... 3.9 Bakery products2....................................... 1.9

Veneer and plywood2................................. 3.5 Metal office furniture2 .............................. 1.8

Paper, paperboard and pulp mills............. 3.5 Pumps and compressors2......................... 1.8

Flour and other grain mill products.......... 3.2 Construction machinery and equipment2 1.8

Household appliances, n.e.c..................... 3.2 Cereal breakfast foods3............................. 1.8

Cosmetics and other toiletries2 ............... 3.1 Folding paperboard boxes5....................... 1.7

Bottled and canned soft drinks2............... 3.1 Motors and generators2............................ 1.7

Petroleum refining..................................... 3.0 Electric lamps............................................ 1.7

Prepared feeds for animals and fowls1.... 3.0 Steel............................................................ 1.6

Tires and inner tubes ............................. 3.0 Primary aluminum..................................... 1.6

Preserved fruits and vegetables2 ............. 2.8 Wood office furniture2.............................. 1.5

Motor vehicles and equipment................. 2.8 Ball and roller bearings............................. 1.4

Cigars.......................................................... 2.7 Ciqarettes, chewinq and smokinq tobacco 1.3

Metal cans.................................................. 2.7 Vales and pipe fittings ............................. 1.1

2.6 Hand and edge tools2................................ 1.0

Soaps and detergents2 ............................. 2.5 Blended and prepared flour1..................... 1.0

2.5 Ready-mixed concrete2 ............................ .9

2.5 Millwork2 .................................................... .9

Rice milling1............................................... 2.5 Fabricated structural metal2..................... .7

Paints and allied products......................... 2.5 Steel foundries2......................................... .7

Primary copper lead and zinc................... 2.5 Metal-cutting machine tools..................... .3

Concrete products2 ................................. 2.4 Footwear..................................................... .2

2.4 Fabricated pipe and fittings2 .................... .0

Paper and plastic bags2............................ 2.2 Metal-forming machine tools.................... - 1.0

1 1963-81.

2 1960-82.

3 1963-82.

4 1961-82.
89

Table 17. Productivity rates before and after 1973, selected manufacturing industries

(Average annual percent change)

Industry 1960-73 1973-83

Change

1960-73 to 1973-83

Hosiery.......................................................................................... 7.1 3.4 -3 .7

Malt beverages.............................................. 6.6 5.0 - 1.6

Synthetic fibers............................................. 6.5 5.2 -1 .3

Household refrigerators and freezers......... 6.5 3.0 -3.4

Aluminum rolling and drawing..................... 5.8 1.7 -4.1

Pharmaceutical preparations1..................... 5.4 2.7 -2 .7

Petroleum refining......................................... 5.3 -0 .7 -5 .9

Major household appliances........................ 5.2 3.1 - 2.0

Household laundry equipment.................... 4.9 2.6 -2 .3

Radio and television receiving sets2........... 4.7 6.3 1.6

Veneer and plywood2 ................................... 4.5 2.2 -2 .3

Paper, paperboard and pulp mills........................ 4.4 2.4 - 2.0

Cosmetics and other toiletries2................... 4.4 - 1.6 - 6.0

Fluid milk.................................................................................... 4.3 5.0 0.8

Hydraulic cement............................................................... 4.2 0.7 -3 .5

Flourand other grain mill products.................... 4.0 2.7 - 1.3

Wet corn milling3.................................................................. 4.0 11.5 7.5

Concrete products2............................................................ 3.9 0.2 -3 .7

Corrugated and solid fiber board boxes........ 3.9 2.9 - 1.0

Ceramic wall and floor tile2.......................... 3.8 5.1 1.2

Prepared feeds for animals and fowls3....... 3.8 4.1 0.3

Transformers1............................................... 3.7 2.0 - 1.7

Mattresses and bedsprings2........................ 3.6 2.2 — 1.4

Household cooking equipment................... 3.6 3.8 0.1

Tires and inner tubes.................................... 3.6 4.4 0.8

Switchgear and switchboard apparatus1.... 3.5 0.6 -2 .9

Household appliances nec........................... 3.4 2.9 - 0.5

Cigars............................................................. 3.3 3.2 - 0.2

Motor vehicles and equipment..................... 3.2 2.2 - 1.1

Preserved fruits and vegetables2................. 3.2 1.4 - 1.8

Soaps and detergents2.................................. 3.2 0.4 - 2.8

Motors and generators2 ................................ 3.2 0 . 0 -3 .2

Beet sugar...................................................... 3.1 1.2 - 2.0

Bakery products2................................................................. 3.1 0.4 -2 .7

Ball and roller bearings.................................................. 3.1 -1 .7 -4 .7

Lighting fixtures4 ............................................................... 3.0 0 . 0 -3 .0

Raw and refined cane sugar...................................... 3.0 2.2 - 0.8

Sawmills and planing mills, general................. 3.0 1.6 -1 .3

Clay refractories.................................................................. 3.0 0.9 - 2.0

Wood household furniture2....................................... 3.0 -0 .4 -3 .3

Farm and garden machinery2................................... 3.0 0.2 -2 .7

Brick and structural clay tile.................................... 2.9 - 0.1 -2 .9

Paper and plastic bags2................................................ 2.9 -0 .5 -3 .4

Rice milling3............................................................................. 2.9 3.7 0.9

Metal household furniture2 ....................................... 2.8 1.0 -1 .9

Copper rolling and drawing....................................... 2.7 3.0 0.4

2.6 -1.1 -3.7

Blended and prepared flour3 .................................... 2.6 -1.1 -3 .6

Gray iron foundries....................................... 2.6 0.4 - 2.1

Glass containers........................................... 2.5 2.6 0.1

Construction machinery and equipment2 ... 2.5 - 0.2 -2 .7

Steel................................................................ 2.4 0.4 - 2.0

Primary aluminum......................................... 2.4 0.6 - 1.8
Table 17. Productivity rates before and after 1973, selected manufacturing industries—(continued)

(Average annual percent change)

Industry 1960-73 1973-83

Change

1960-73 to 1973-83

Pumps and compressors2 ............................. 2.4 0.7 - 1 7

Paints and allied products............................. 2.3 2.7 0.4

Fabricated structural metal2......................... 2.3 - 1.0 -3 .3

Ready-mixed concrete2................................. 2.1 - 1.0 -3.2

Cereal breakfast foods1................................ 2.1 2.3 0.2

Folding paperboard boxes5........................... 2.0 0.1 -1.9

Primary copper, lead, and zinc...................... 2.0 3.9 1.9

Valves and pipe fittings2............................... 2.0 0.8 - 1.2

Hand and edge tools2.................................... 2.0 - 0.1 - 2.1

Nonwool yarn mills2...................................... 1.9 2.7 0.8

Metal office furniture2.................................... 1.8 3.1 1.3

Metal cans...................................................... 1.8 4.2 2.5

Bottled and canned soft drinks2................... 1.8 4.8 3.0

Upholstered household furniture2................ 1.6 2.4 0.9

Electric lamps................................................ 1.5 2.7 1.2

Steel foundries2 ............................................. 1.4 - 1.8 -3.1

Wood office furniture2 .................................. 1.4 3.5 2.1

Cigarettes, chewing and smoking tobacco..

Metal-cutting machine tools.........................

1.3

1.3

1.0 

- 2.7

-0 .3

-4.0

Fabricated pipe and fittings2 ........................ 1.0 -2.4 -3.4

Footwear......................................................... 0.4 0.0 -0.4

Metal-forming machine tools........................ 0.3 -3 .8 -4.1

1 1963-73 and 1973-82. 2 1960-73 and 1973-82. 3 1963-73 and 1973-81.

4 1961-73 and 1973-82. 5 1963-73 and 1973-83.

NOTE: Average annual rates of change based on the linear least squares trend of the logarithms of the index

numbers.
91

Table 18. Output per employee hour and employment, selected manufacturing industries, 1973-83

(Average annual percent change)

Industry

Output per

employee hour Employment

Meat packing plants1.................................... 3.4 - 1.2

Sausages and other prepared meats1......... 3.5 .7

Fluid milk....................................................... 5.0 -4 .5

Preserved fruits and vegetables1................. 1.4 .0

Flour and other grain mill products............. 2.7 -1 .5

Cereal breakfast foods1................................ 2.3 2.0

Rice milling2.................................................. 3.7 3.9

Blended and prepared flour2 ........................ - 1.1 .1

Wet corn milling2.......................................... 11.5 - 1.0

Prepared feeds for animals and fowls2....... 4.1 - .3

Bakery products1.......................................... .4 - .8

Raw and ref i ned cane sugar......................... 2.2 -1 .7

Beet sugar...................................................... 1.2 - 2.2

Malt beverages.............................................. 5.0 -1 .5

Bottled and canned soft drinks1.................. 4.8 1.0

Cigarettes, chewing and smoking tobacco. 1.0 .2

Cigars............................................................. 3.2 -9 .5

Hosiery........................................................... 3.4 -.6

Nonwool yarn mills1..................................... 2.7 - 1.6

Sawmills and planing mills, general........... 1.6 -1 .7

Millwork1........................................................ - 1.1 -.5

Veneer and plywood1 ................................... 2.2 -1 .9

Wood household furniture1.......................... - .4 -.9

Upholstered household furniture1............... 2.4 - 1.0

1.0 - 2.0

Mattresses and bedsprings1........................ 2.2 - 1.0

Wood office furniture1.................................. 3.5 7.6

Metal office furniture1.................................. 3.1 9.7

Paper, paperboard and pulp mills................ 2.4 - 7

Paper and plastic bags1................................ -.5 .8

Folding paperboard boxes............................ .1 .5

Corrugated and solid fiber board................. 2.9 - .7

Synthetic fibers............................................. 5.2 -4 .3

Pharmaceutical preparations1..................... 2.7 .6

Soaps and detergents1................................. .4 1.5

Cosmetics and other toiletries1................... - 1.6 2.7

Paints and allied products............................ 2.7 - 1.6

Petroleum refining........................................ - .7 .4

Tires and inner tubes..................................... 4.4 - -5 .4

Miscellaneous plastics products1 .............. 2.0 3.4

Footwear........................................................ .0 -3 .2

Glass containers........................................... 2.6 -2 .4

Hydraulic cement......................................... .7 -1 .9

Brick and structural clay tile....................... -.1 -4 .7

Ceramic wall and floor tile1.......................... 5.1 -.5

Clay refractories........................................... .9 -4 .5

Concrete products1...................................... -.2 -1 .5

Ready-mixed concrete1................................ - 1.0 .3

471-442 O - 85 - 4
92

Table 18. Output per employee hour and employment, selected manufacturing industries, 1973-83—Continued

(Average annual percent change)

Industry Output per

employee hour Employment

Steel................................................................ 0.4 -4 .4

Gray iron foundries........................................ .4 -4 .0

Steel foundries1............................................. - 1.8 .5

Primary copper, lead, and zinc..................... 3.9 - 8.2

Primary aluminum......................................... .6 - 1.1

Copper rolling and drawing.......................... 3.0 -4 .5

Aluminum rolling and drawing..................... 1.7 - .9

Metal cans..................................................... 4.2 -4.1

Hand and edge tools1.................................... -.1 1.3

Fabricated structural metal1........................ - 1.0 1.0

Valves and pipe fittings1............................... .8 1.8

Fabricated pipe and fittings1 ....................... -2 .4 6.5

Farm and garden machinery1....................... .2 -1 .4

Construction machinery and equipment1... -.2 - 1.2

Metal-cutting machine tools........................ -2 .7 - .5

Metal-forming machine tools....................... -3 .8 -3 .6

Pumps and compressors1 ............................ .7 2.4

Ball and roller bearings................................. -1 .7 -1 .7

Transformers1............................................... 2.0 -1 .9

Switchgear and switchboard apparatus1 .... .6 - .2

Motors and generators1................................ .0 .3

Household cooking equipment................... 3.8 2.0

Household refrigerators and freezers......... 3.0 -4 .6

Household laundry equipment.................... 2.6 -2 .3

Household appliances nec........................... 2.9 - 1.1

Electric lamps............................................... 2.7 -3 .5

Lighting fixtures1........................................... .0 .4

Radio and television receiving sets1........... 6.3 -5 .2

Motor vehicles and equipment..................... 2.2 -2 .3

Instruments to measure electricity1........... 2.4 5.8

1 1973-82.

2 1973-81.

Table 19. Output and employment in selected manufacturing industries with similar

productivity growth, 1973-83.

(Average annual percent change)

Industry

Output

per

employee

hour

Output Employee

hours

Household cooking equipment........ 3.8 5.9 2.0

Hosiery................................................ 3.4 3.7 .3

Tires..................................................... 4.4 -1 .4 -5 .6
93

Table 20. Output per hour, unit labor costs, and compensation per hour in manufacturing, 1950-83

(Percent change from previous year)

Year Output

per

hour

Unit

labor

costs

Compensation per

hour

1950.................................................... 5.4 -0 .3 5.1

1951.................................................... 3.4 6.4 10.1

1952.................................................... 1.8 4.6 6.5

1953.................................................... 1.7 3.7 5.4

1954.................................................... 1.6 2.9 4.5

1955.................................................... 5.0 - 1.1 3.9

1956.................................................... -.7 7.2 6.4

1957.................................................... 2.1 3.8 5.9

1958.................................................... -.4 4.9 4.5

1959.................................................... 4.8 - .9 3.8

1960.................................................... .7 3.5 4.1

1961.................................................... 2.7 .1 2.8

1962.................................................... 4.3 -.4 3.9

1963.................................................... 7.2 -3 .9 3.0

1964.................................................... 4.8 -.7 4.1

1965.................................................... 3.1 - 1.1 2.0

1966.................................................... 1.1 3.4 4.5

1967.................................................... .0 5.0 5.0

1968.................................................... 3.5 3.5 7.1

1969.................................................... 1.7 5.2 7.0

1970.................................................... -.2 7.0 6.8

1971.................................................... 6.1 .0 6.1

1972.................................................... 5.0 .3 5.4

1973.................................................... 5.4 1.7 7.2

1974.................................................... -2 .4 13.3 10.6

1975.................................................... 2.9 8.8 11.9

1976.................................................... 4.5 3.4 8.0

1977.................................................... 2.5 5.7 8.3

1978.................................................... .9 7.3 8.3

1979.................................................... .7 9.0 9.7

1980.................................................... .2 11.5 11.7

1981.................................................... 3.1 6.1 9.4

1982.................................................... 2.1 6.6 8.8

1983.................................................... 4.3 -.8 3.4
94

Table 21. Composition of price changes in manufacturing, 1950-83

(Percent change from previous year)

Year

Implicit

price

deflator

Point contribution to

percent change

Unit labor

costs

Unit

nonlabor

payments1

1950.................................................... 1.9 - 0 2 2 1

1951.................................................... 5.8 4.2 1 6

1952.................................................... 1.1 3.1 - 2 0

1953.................................................... 1.9 2 5 _ 7

1954.................................................... 2.2 2.0 1

1955.................................................... 2.6 -.7 3.3

1956.................................................... 4.2 4.9 - 7

1957.................................................... 3.1 2.7 .4

1958.................................................... 3.1 3.5 -.4

1959.................................................... 2.2 - .7 2.8

1960.................................................... 1.5 2.4 -.9

1961.................................................... .3 .1 .2

1962.................................................... .7 - .3 1.0

1963.................................................... - 2.1 -2 .7 .6

1964.................................................... .1 -.5 .5

1965.................................................... .9 -.7 1.6

1966.................................................... 1.8 2.3 - .5

1967.................................................... 2.8 3.4 - .6

1968.................................................... 3.6 2.4 1.1

1969.................................................... 2.3 3.6 -1 .3

1970.................................................... 4.3 5.0 -.7

1971.................................................... 3.1 .0 3.1

1972.................................................... .5 .2 .2

1973.................................................... .3 1.2 - 1.0

1974.................................................... 9.0 9.5 -.5

1975.................................................... 13.1 6.5 6.6

1976.................................................... 4.6 2.4 2.1

1977.................................................... 6.0 4.1 1.9

1978.................................................... 6.0 5.2 .8

1979.................................................... 5.7 6.5 -.8

1980.................................................... 7.9 8.5 -.5

1981.................................................... 8.0 4.7 3.3

1982.................................................... 4.7 4.9 -.2

1983.................................................... 3.3 -.6 3.9

1 Unit nonlabor payments include corporate profit and the profit component of proprietors’ income,

as well as capital consumption allowances (replacement basis), net interest, and rental income of

persons.

NOTE: Figures in the second and third columns may not add to figures in the first column due to

rounding.
95

Table 22. Output per employee hour and prices, selected manufacturing industries,

1973-81

(Average annual percent change)

Industry

Output per

employee hour Prices

Meat packing plants...................................... 4.0 5.6

Sausages and other prepared meats.......... 4.5 4.6

Fluid milk....................................................... 5.0 7.0

Preserved fruits and vegetables.................. 1.2 8.2

Flour and othergrain mill products............. 3.0 2.7

Cereal breakfast foods.................................. 2.1 10.6

Rice milling.................................................... 3.7 1.5

Blended and prepared flour.......................... - 1.1 8.1

Wet corn milling............................................ 11.5 4.8

Prepared feeds for animals and fowls......... 4.1 3.2

Bakery products............................................ .1 8.2

Raw and refined cane sugar......................... 2.7 5.2

Beet sugar...................................................... 2.0 5.3

Malt beverages.............................................. 5.7 6.1

Bottled and canned soft drinks.................... 5.0 10.0

Cigarettes, chewing and smoking tobacco. 1.7 10.9

Cigars............................................................. 2.5 5.2

Hosiery........................................................... 4.7 3.2

Nonwool yarn mills....................................... 2.2 6.7

Sawmills and planing mills, general........... .8 8.5

Millwork......................................................... -.8 10.3

Veneer and plywood..................................... 2.2 7.3

Wood household furniture............................ - .4 7.8

Upholstered household furniture................ 2.2 6.0

Metal household furniture............................ .3 7.8

Mattresses and bedsprings.......................... 2.8 6.6

Wood office furniture................................... 4.4 8.6

Metal office furniture................................... 3.3 7.9

Paper, paperboard and pulp mills................ 2.4 9.1

Paper and plastic bags.................................. - 5 11.0

Folding paperboard boxes............................ .4 7.9

Corrugated and solid fiber board boxes..... 3.0 7.3

Synthetic fibers............................................. 6.3 5.2

Pharmaceutical preparations....................... 2.9 7.2

Soaps and detergents.................................. .8 9.2

Cosmetics and other toiletries.................... -1 .5 7.9
Table 22. Output per employee hour and prices, selected manufacturing industries,

1973-81 —Continued

(Average annual percent change)

Industry

Output per

employee hour Prices

Paints and allied products............................ 2.6 8.3

Petroleum refining........................................ .1 20.8

Tires and inner tubes.................................... 3.1 9.9

Miscellaneous plastics products................ 1.4 8.3

Footwear........................................................ .0 8.7

Glass containers........................................... 2.6 11.1

Hydraulic cement......................................... -.3 11.2

Brick and structural clay tile........................ -1.1 11.3

Ceramic wall and floor tile............................ 5.0 5.3

Clay refractories........................................... 1.6 10.5

Concrete products........................................ .1 9.7

Ready-mixed concrete................................. - .8 10.5

Steel................................................................ .8 11.0

Gray iron foundries....................................... -.4 10.6

Steel foundries.............................................. - 1.8 11.9

Primary copper, lead, and zinc..................... 3.2 6.0

Primary aluminum......................................... -.1 14.0

Copper rolling and drawing.......................... 2.1 5.2

Aluminum rolling and drawing..................... 1.2 11.5

Metal cans..................................................... 3.6 10.0

Hand and edge tools..................................... .1 10.6

Fabricated structural metal.......................... - 1.0 9.5

Valves and pipe fittings................................ 1.0 10.1

Fabricated pipe and fittings......................... - 2.6 10.5

Farm and garden machinery......................... .3 9.7

Construction machinery and equipment.... .4 11.1

Metal-cutting machine tools........................ -.7 11.6

Metal-forming machine tools....................... -2 .9 13.3

Pumps and compressors.............................. 1.0 9.9

Ball and roller bearings................................ -.8 11.0

Transformers................................................. 2.5 8.5

Switchgear and switchboard apparatus..... .5 9.5

Motors and generators................................. -.3 9.6

Household cooking equipment................... 2.6 7.1

Household refrigerators and freezers......... 2.9 6.9

Household laundry equipment.................... 2.6 7.1

Household appliances nec........................... 3.0 6.5

Electric lamps............................................... 2.4 10.9

Lighting fixtures............................................ .2 8.6

Radio and television receiving sets............. 5.1 - .2

Motor vehicles and equipment..................... 1.8 8.7

Instruments to measure electricity............. 2.2 6.6
97

Table 23. Output per employee hour and compensation per employee hour, selected

manufacturing industries, 1973-81

(Average annual percent change)

Industry

Output per

employee hour

Compensation

per employee hour

Wet corn milling............................................ 11.5 10.2

Synthetic fibers............................................. 6.3 10.9

Malt beverages.............................................. 5.7 10.9

Radio and television receiving sets............. 5.1 10.1

Fluid milk....................................................... 5.0 4.7

Bottled and canned soft drinks.................... 5.0 9.4

Ceramic wall and floor tile............................ 5.0 8.2

Hosiery........................................................... 4.7 7.8

Sausages and other prepared meats........... 4.5 9.0

Wood office furniture................................... 4.4 9.4

Prepared feeds for animals and fowls......... 4.1 9.3

Meat packing plants...................................... 4.0 9.2

Rice milling.................................................... 3.7 6.9

Metal cans..................................................... 3.6 11.3

Metal office furniture.................................... 3.3 10.0

Primary copper, lead, and zinc..................... 3.2 12.3

Tires and inner tubes.................................... 3.1 10.2

Corrugated and solid fiber board boxes..... 3.0 9.4

Household appliances nec........................... 3.0 8.5

Flour and other grain mill products............. 3.0 9.6

Household refrigerators and freezers......... 2.9 9.8

Pharmaceutical preparations....................... 2.9 9.4

Mattresses and bedsprings.......................... 2.8 7.2

Raw and refined cane sugar......................... 2.7 9.9

Glass containers........................................... 2.6 10.9

Paints and allied products............................ 2.6 8.7

Household cooking equipment................... 2.6 7.3

Household laundry equipment.................... 2.6 9.7

Cigars............................................................. 2.5 9.4

2.5 9.1

Paper, paperboard and pulp mills................ 2.4 11.0

Electric lamps............................................... 2.4 9.0

Upholstered household furniture................ 2.2 7.2

Instruments to measure electricity............. 2.2 9.7

Nonwool yarn mills....................................... 2.2 9.0

Veneer and plywood..................................... 2.2 10.2

Copper rolling and drawing.......................... 2.1 8.9

Cereal breakfast foods.................................. 2.1 11.1

Beet sugar...................................................... 2.0 8.6

Motor vehicles and equipment..................... 1.8 9.7

Cigarettes, chewing and smoking tobacco. 1.7 13.1
Table 23. Output per employee hour and compensation per employee hour, selected

manufacturing industries, 1973-81— Continued

(Average annual percent change)

Industry

Output per

hour

Compensation

per hour

Clay refractories........................................... 1.6 12.5

Miscellaneous plastics products................ 1.4 9.4

Preserved fruits and vegetables.................. 1.2 9.0

Aluminum rolling and drawing..................... 1.2 11.1

Valves and pipe fittings................................ 1.0 9.6

Pumps and compressors............................. 1.0 9.9

Soaps and detergents.................................. .8 10.3

Sawmills and planing mills, general........... .8 9.1

Steel................................................................ .8 11.1

Switchgear and switchboard apparatus..... .5 8.9

Folding paperboard boxes............................ .4 8.1

Construction machinery and equipment.... .4 10.8

Farm and garden machinery......................... .3 10.1

Metal household furniture........................... .3 7.5

Lighting fixtures............................................ .2 7.8

Concrete products........................................ .1 7.9

Hand and edge tools..................................... .1 8.2

Bakery products............................................ .1 8.8

Petroleum refining........................................ .1 10.9

Footwear........................................................ .0 8.0

Primary aluminum......................................... -.1 12.2

Motors and generators................................. -.3 9.3

Hydraulic cement......................................... -.3 9.6

Gray iron foundries....................................... -.4 9.7

Wood household furniture........................... -.4 7.7

Paper and plastic bags.................................. -.5 9.2

Metal-cutting machine tools........................ -.7 8.7

Ready-mixed concrete................................. -.8 8.2

Ball and roller bearings................................ -.8 8.3

Millwork......................................................... -.8 9.3

Fabricated structural metal......................... - 1.0 8.0

Blended and prepared flour......................... - 1.1 7.8

Brick and structural clay tile....................... - 1.1 8.9

Cosmetics and other toiletries................... -1 .5 7.3

Steel foundries.............................................. - 1.8 9.4

Fabricated pipe and fittings........................ - 2.6 8.6

Metal-forming machine tools....................... -2 .9 9.0
99

Table 24. Hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, selected

countries, 1960-83

(Index, United States = 100)

Year

United

States

(in dollars)

United

States Canada France Germany Japan

United

Kingdom

1960........................ $ 2.66 100 80 31 32 10 32

1961........................ 2.74 100 76 32 36 11 32

1962........................ 2.85 100 71 34 38 12 32

1963........................ 2.93 100 71 37 40 13 33

1964........................ 3.03 100 72 38 43 14 34

1965........................ 3.14 100 73 39 45 15 37

1966........................ 3.29 100 75 40 46 16 37

1967........................ 3.43 100 77 41 46 17 37

1968........................ 3.68 100 77 42 45 19 33

1969........................ 3.93 100 79 41 48 22 32

1970........................ 4.18 100 83 41 56 24 36

1971........................ 4.49 100 87 43 61 26 39

1972........................ 4.84 100 89 48 69 33 42

1973........................ 5.26 100 89 59 87 42 43

1974........................ 5.75 100 95 59 92 46 45

1975........................ 6.35 100 96 72 97 48 51

1976........................ 6.93 100 104 69 95 48 45

1977........................ 7.59 100 99 70 103 53 44

1978........................ 8.30 100 93 79 116 67 52

1979........................ 9.07 100 90 87 124 61 61

1980........................ 9.89 100 90 92 125 57 74

1981........................ 10.95 100 89 75 96 56 65

19821 ...................... 11.68 100 91 67 89 49 58

19831 ...................... 12.26 100 93 62 85 51 53

1 Preliminary.

Table 25. Output per hour, compensation per hour, and unit labor costs in manufacturing,

selected countries, 1960-73 and 1973-83

(Average annual percent change)

Country Output per hour

Hourly compensation

(national currency)

Unit labor costs

(national currency)

1960-73 1973-83 1960-73 1973-83 1960-73 1973-83

United States............ 3.4 1.8 5.0 9.0 1.5 7.0

Canada...................... 4.7 1.8 6.2 11.9 1.4 9.9

France....................... 6.5 4.6 10.0 16.0 3.3 10.8

Germany.................... 5.7 3.7 10.2 8.2 4.2 4.4

Japan......................... 10.5 6.8 15.1 9.8 4.2 2.8

United Kingdom....... 4.3 2.4 8.9 17.2 4.4 14.5

NOTE: Data relate to all employed persons in the United States and Canada; ail employees in the other

countries.
Table 26. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, measured in national currencies and in U.S.

dollars, selected countries, 1973-83

(Average annual percent change)

Country National currency basis U.S. dollar basis

1973-83 1973-80 1980-83 1973-83 1973-80 1980-83

United States............ 7.0 8.4 3.9 7.0 8.4 3.9

Canada...................... 9.9 10.2 9.2 7.6 7.8 7.3

France....................... 10.8 11.0 10.5 5.0 11.8 -9 .3

Germany.................... 4.4 5.2 2.6 4.8 11.0 -8 .4

Japan......................... 2.8 4.5 - 1.1 4.1 7.2 - 2.8

United Kingdom....... 14.5 18.5 5.9 9.2 17.6 - 8.2

Table 27. Capital investment as percent of output1 in manufacturing, selected countries, 1965-82

(Annual averages)

Period United

States France Germany Japan

United

Kingdom

1965-82................................... 10.5 15.1 212.8 21.2 13.6

1965-73................................... 10.0 16.5 14.3 25.3 14.3

1974-82................................... 11.1 13.6 311.2 17.1 13.0

1 Fixed capital and output measured in constant dollars.

2 1965-81.

3 1974-81.

Table 28. Research and development funds, manufacturing companies, current and

constant dollars, selected years, 1967-82

(Index, 1963 = 100)

Year Current

dollars

Constant

dollars

1967.................................................... 128.1 116.1

1970.................................................... 140.5 110.1

1971.................................................... 142.6 106.4

1972.................................................... 152.5 109.3

1973.................................................... 166.2 112.6

1974.................................................... 179.0 111.5

1975.................................................... 189.8 108 2

1976.................................................... 211.7 114.6

1977.................................................... 233.7 119.6

1978.................................................... 259.6 123.7

1979.................................................... 297.0 130.2

1980.................................................... 345.6 138.6

1981.................................................... 404.0 148.1

1982.................................................... 459.7 159.0

Source: National Science Foundation.
101

Table 29. R&D funds as a percent of net sales in manufacturing companies performing R&D, by size of company, 1971 and 1981

Size

(number of employees) 1971 1981

1.7 1.5

1 000 to 4,999.................................... 1.6 1.7

5000 to 9999 .................................. 2.2 2.1

10 000 to 24,999................................

25 000 or more.................................. }

1.9

4.6

Source: National Science Foundation.

Table 30. R&D funds as percent of net sales in manufacturing companies performing R&D,

and percent federally funded, by industry group, 1971 and 1981

Industry

R&D funds as percent

of net sales

Federal funds as

percent of total R&D funds

1971 1981 1971 1981

3.5 3.1 41.0 31.1

.5 .4 0.8 0.8

Textiles and apparel................................................... .5 .4 1.7 0.8

I timber wood products, and furniture.................... .7 .9 (1) 0.0

Papor and allied products.......................................... .9 d )

3.8

0 ) (1)

3.7 10.0 7.2

Industrial chemicals.............................................. 3.9 3.5 15.8 14.4

Drugs and medicines............................................. 6.2 (1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(D

.8

0 ) (1)

Other chemicals..................................................... 1.9 (1) 0 )

Petroleum refining and related industries.............. .9 3.4 (1)

Rubber products......................................................... 2.2 23.9 0 )

Stone clay and glass products............................... 1.8 6.1 (1)

Primary metals............................................................ .8 2.2 20.5

1.2 1.4 4.5 12.5

Machinery.................................................................... 4.0 5.2 16.9 10.9

7.2 6.8 51.4 37.9

Radio and TV receiving equipment....................... 2.4 (1)

9.6

0 )

54.2

(1)

8.2 37.8

Fleotronio components......................................... 7.4 22.7

6.4 0 )

4.5

(1)

15.3

(1)

17.5

(1)

Motor vehicles and motor vehicles equipment....... 3.1 12.9

(1)

16.2 79.2 72.6

5.7 8.2 22.0 17.3

Scientific and mechanical measuring

instruments......................................................... 3.7 (D

(1)

.4

10.5 (1)

Optical, surgical, photographic,

and other instruments....................................... 6.4 24.5 (1)

.8 (D 0.0

(1) Not separately available but included in total.

Source: National Science Foundation.
102

Table 31. R&D scientists and engineers per 1,000 employees in selected manufacturing

industries, 1982

Industry 1982

Total manufacturing.............................................. 35

Food and kindred products...................................... 6

Textiles and apparel.................................................. 3

Lumber, wood products, and furniture.................... (D

Paper and allied products......................................... 16

Chemicals and allied products................................. 50

Petroleum refining and related industries.............. 22

Rubber products........................................................ (D

Stone, clay, and glass products................................ 14

Primary metals........................................................... 9

Fabricated metal products....................................... 15

Machinery................................................................... 40

Electrical equipment................................................. 52

Motor vehicles and motor vehicles equipment...... 32

Other transportation equipment............................... 8

Aircraft and missiles................................................. 102

Professional and scientific instruments................. (D

Other manufacturing................................................. 8

1 Not separately available but included in total.

Source: National Science Foundation.

Table 32. Employment growth in high-technology industries and in total manufacturing, 1982-95

(Numbers in thousands)

Industry classification

Employment

Projected 1995 employment

alternatives1 2 Average annual percent change

1982 Low Moderate High

1982-95

Low Moderate High

Total manufacturing........................................................ 18,781 22,580 23,110 23,753 1.4 1.6 1.8

Durable goods.............................................................. 11,039 14,051 14,284 14,751 1.9 2.0 2.3

Nondurable goods....................................................... 7,741 8,259 8,827 9,003 0.7 1.0 1.2

High-technology manufacturing1..................................

Group I........................................................................... 7,515 9,744 9,796 10,057 2.0 2.1 2.3

Percent of total manufacturing............................... 40.0 43.2 42.4 42.3

Group II.......................................................................... 2,532 3,518 3,410 3,453 2.6 2.3 2.4

Percent of total manufacturing.............................. 13.5 15.6 14.8 14.5

Group III........................................................................ 5,143 6,789 6,757 6,920 2.2 2.1 2.3

Percent of total manufacturing............................... 27.4 30.1 29.2 29.1

1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics has developed three definitions of high-technology industries: Group I includes industries with a proportion of

technology-oriented workers (engineers, life and physical scientists, mathematical specialists, engineering and science technicians, and computer

specialists) at least 1.5 times the average for all industries. Group II includes industries with a ratio of R&D expenditures to net sales at least twice the

average for all industries. Group III includes industries with a proportion of technology-oriented workers equal to or greater than the average for all industries, and a ratio of R&D expenditures to sales close to or above the average for all industries. The definitions include manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries, but for this table, only manufacturing industries have been included. Industries may be classified in more than one group. Fora listing of

the manufacturing industries in each high technology group, see Richard W. Riche and others, “High Technology Today and Tomorrow: A Small Slice of the

Employment Pie,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1983, table 1, p. 52.

2 Projections for employment in 1995 are based on three alternative versions of economic growth for the overall economy developed by BLS. The alternative

assumptions are described in A.J. Andreassen and others, “Economic Outlook for the 1990’s: Three Scenarios for Growth,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ,

November 1983, pp. 11-23.
103

Table 33. Projected changes in occupational employment in manufacturing,1 1982-95

Percent distribution

Percent change in employment

1982-95

Occupational group

1982

1995 projections1 2

Low

trend

Moderate

trend

High

trend Low Moderate High

Total manufacturing employment.............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 19.8 22.6 26.0

Professional and technical workers............................... 10.3 11.7 11.5 11.4 36.3 37.0 40.3

Managers, officials, and proprietors............................. 6.7 7.4 7.4 7.4 32.8 36.0 40.0

Sales workers................................................................... 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.1 11.4 15.5 18.8

Clerical workers............................................................... 11.8 11.8 11.7 11.7 19.8 22.5 25.8

Craft and related workers............................................... 18.6 18.6 18.7 18.7 20.3 23.5 27.2

Operatives......................................................................... 40.2 38.6 38.7 38.7 15.1 18.1 21.3

Laborers............................................................................ 8.5 8.1 8.1 8.2 13.7 17.0 20.7

Service workers................................................................ 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 14.9 17.8 21.1

1 Data in this table are not comparable to those in table 4.

2 Occupational employment projections for 1995 are based on three alternative versions of economic growth for the overall economy developed by BLS. The

alternative assumptions are described in A. J. Andreassen and others, “Economic Outlook for the 1990’s: Three Scenarios for Growth,” M o n t h l y L a b o r

R e v i e w , November 1983, pp. 11-23.

NOTE: Data may not add to total because of rounding.
104

Table 34. Projected employment in the fastest growing and most rapidly declining occupations in manufacturing, 1982-95

Occupation1 1982 Projected2

1995

Percent

change,

1982-95

Total, all manufacturing................................. 18,848,278 23,110,229 22.6

Electrical engineers3 4.......................................... 162,705 263,889 62.2

Computer specialists34..................................... 124,110 198,928 60.3

Electrical and electronic technicians3.............. 137,737

118,759

219,591

176,632

59.4

Mechanical engineers3 ...................................... 48.7

Mechanical engineering technicians3 .............. 36,945 54,584 47.7

Instrument makers/assemblers......................... 28,788 42,127 46.3

Designers............................................................. 43,131 62,397 44.7

Machine tool operators, numerical control...... 66,090 95,496 44.5

Industrial engineers3..........................................

Miscellaneous machine operators, rubber

120,387 173,609 44.2

and miscellaneous plastic............................. 189,738 266,209 40.3

Aero-astronautic engineers3 .............................. 29,122 40,442 38.9

Chemical engineers3.......................................... 34,030 46,754 37.4

Managers, other than restaurant, cafe, bar....... 1,258,855 1,712,663 36.0

Electronic wirers................................................. 36,977

98,643

49,601

132,144

34.1

Electrical machinery equipment assemblers.... 34.0

Bindery operatives5 ............................................

Miscellaneous machine operators, food

73,611 73,007 - 0.8

products other than meat and dairy............... 51,750 50,365 -2 .7

Frame spinners....................................................

Miscellaneous machine operators, meat

25,725 24,784 -3 .7

and dairy products.......................................... 42,448 39,917 - 6.0

Data entry operators........................................... 51,327 46,786 - 8.8

Drafters................................................................. 112,171 101,425 -9 .6

Typesetters and compositors............................. 84,721 74,136 -12.5

Aircraft structure assemblers............................ 33,266 26,150 -21.4

Shoemaking machine operators........................ 51,517 35,976 -30.2

1 Includes the 15 occupations with 1982 employment of 25,000 or more which are projected to grow

most rapidly. Also includes all declining occupations with 1982 employment of 25,000 or more.

2 Occupational employment projections for 1995 are based on the moderate-trend scenario of

economic growth for the overall economy developed by BLS. For the three growth alternatives, see A.

J. Andreassen and others, “Economic Outlook for the 1990’s: Three Scenarios for Growth,” M o n t h l y

L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1983, pp. 11-23.

3 Technologically oriented occupations as defined by the BLS. These are occupations in which most

workers are involved in developing or applying new technologies. Their work involves in-depth

knowledge of theories and principles of science, engineering, and mathematics underlying

technology. For more information, see Richard W. Riche and others, “High Technology Today and

Tomorrow: A Small Slice of the Employment Pie,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1983, pp. 50-58.

4 Includes computer systems analysts and programmers.

5 Includes assembly and stitching bindery workers and all others.

U .S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1985 O - 471-442
Productivity: A Selected.

Annotated Bibliography

....... —

U.S. Department of Labor 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

1984

Bulletin 2212

Productivity plays an important role in most issues of economic 

policy. Thus, there is a continuous need for information about productivity to better understand the factors giving rise to variations 

in income, wealth, and employment, and in determining economic policy.

Covering the period 1979-82, the new edition of the Bureau’s 

annotated bibliography provides the source material for understanding productivity through a listing of 1,400 publications 

encompassing:

• Concepts

• Measures and analyses 

— Total economy and the

private sector 

— Industries

— Public sector

— International

-Technological change 

-Research and 

development 

• Management and other 

organizational factors 

-Energy, economies of 

scale, and other factors

Factors affecting productivity • Effects of productivity change 

change on:

— Work force characteristics 

and education

— Hours and schedules 

— Capital

-Prices and costs 

-Employment 

-Economic growth 

-Other economic variables

—

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