GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 288 

THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC 

WATER SUPPLIES IN THE 

SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, 1952 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Douglas McKay, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 269 

THE. INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE 

SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, 1952 

By E. W. Lohr, F. H. Pauszek, J. G. Connor, W. L. Lamar, and E. F. McCarren 

Washington, D. C., 1953 

Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. 

CONTENTS 

Page 

Introduction . • . . • . • . . . . . • • . . • • • . • • 1 

Delaware •.•.••.•••••••••.....• 3-10 

Bellefont . • • . • • • . • . • • • • . . • . • . . • 3 

Dover o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 

Milford . • . . • . . . • . . . • . . . . • . • . . • 5 

Newark . • . • • . . . • • . • • . . • . . . • • . • 6 

New Castle • • • . . • . . . . . • . • • . . • . . 7 

Seaford • . • • • • • . • . • • • • . • . • . • • • . 8 

Wilmington • . • . • . • • • . . • • • . • . 9-10 

District of Columbia. . • • • • • • • • • 11-12 

Washington • . . . • • • • • . • • • • • • 11-12 

Florida· • • . • . . • • • . . • • • • • • • . • • . 13 -3 2 

Bradenton • • • • • •. • • • • • • . • • • • • . • 13 

Clearwater • • . . • • • . • . • • • • • • . • • 14 

Coral Gables • . • • • • • • • • . • • . • • • 14 

Daytona Beach • • • • • . • • . • . • . . • • 15 

Fort Lauderdale • . . . • • . . • • • • . . 16 

Gainesville • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • . • • 17 

Hialeah . . . . • • . • • • • . • • . • • • . . • • 18 

Hollywood • • • • . • . . • • • . . • • • • . . • 18 

Jacksonville . • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • 19 

Key West .•••... ~ . • • . • • . • • • . • • 20 

Lakeland . • • . . . • . • • . • • • • • • • • . • 21 

Miami • • • • • . . • . . • . • • • • . • • • 22-23 

Miami Beach • . • . • . • • • • . . • . • . • 23 

Orlando • • • • . • • • . • • • •. . . • • • • . . . 24 

Panama City. • . • . • . • • . • • . • • . . • 25 

Pensacola .•..•.••..•.•.• ·• • • . • 26 

St. Petersburg •.••.• ·• . • • . • . 27-28 

Sanford • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • 28 

Sarasota • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 29-30 

Tallahassee • • • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • . 30 

Tampa ••.•••••••.•••••••••••• 31 

West Palm Beach • . • • • • • • • • . • • 32 

Georgia • • • . • • • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • • 3·3 -57 

Albany • • • . . • • • . • . • • . • • . . • • • • • 33 

Americus • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • 34 

Athens .•.•••.••••••.• 0 • • • • • • • 3 5 

Atlanta. • • . • • • • . • • • • . • • • • • . • • • 36 

Augusta • • . . • • • . • • • • • • . . • • • • • • 3 7 

Brunswick •••••.••.•••••.• 0 • • • 38 

Cedartown • • • • • . • • . • • . • • • • • • . • 3 9 

College Park • • . . • • • • • • • . • • • • • 39 

Columbus •••••. o • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 

Cordele •••• o................. 41 

Dalton • • . . . • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • 42 

Decatur • • • . • • • . . • • • . • • • • • • • • • 43 

Dublin • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • . . • • 44 

East Point ••..••••••••••••.••• 45 

Gainesville • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • 46 

Page 

Georgia--Continued •••••..••.•• 47-57 

Griffin ..•.••.••..•.•.••.•••... 47 

Lagrange ••••• o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 48 

Macon • • . . • • . • • . . . • . . . . • . • . • . 49 

Marietta • • • . . • • • • . • . • • . . • . . . . 50 

Moultrie • • • • . • . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . 51 

Newnan • • . • • . • . • • . • . . • . • • • • . • 52 

Rome. • . • . . • • • • • . . . • . • . • • . . • . 53 

Savannah • . . . • • • . . . • • • . • • . • . • 54 

Thomasville. • • • • . . . . . • • • • . . • . 55 

Valdosta . • • • • • • . . • • . . . • . . • • • • 56 

Waycross • . . . • . • • . • • . . . • • . . . . 57 

Maryland .••••••••.•••.••..••. 58-66 

Annapolis . • . • • • • • . • • • • . • • . . • . 58 

Baltimore . • • • • . • • . • . • • • • . . • • • 59 

College Park • . . • • . • • • • . • • • • . . 60 

Cumberland • . • . • . • • • • • . • • . • • • 60 

Frederick. • • • . • • • • • . • • . • . . • . • 61 

Hagerstown ••.•••.••....••• 62-63 

Hyattsville .•••••••••••••••• 64-65 

Mount Rainier •••.••.•••• ~. . . • 65 

Salisbury • • • . • • . . • . • . • • • • . • • • 66 

North Carolina •••..••.•••.••.. 67-97 

Albemarle • • • . . . . • • • . • • • • • • • • 67 

Asheville • • . • • • • • • • • . . . . • • • . • 68 

Burlington • • • • . • . • • . • • . • • • . . • 69 

Charlotte • • • . • . • • • . . • . • • . • • • • 70 

Concord . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • . • . 71 

Durham. • • • • • . • • • . • . . • • . • • • . • 72 

Elizabeth City • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 73 

Fayetteville • . • • • . • • . • • . • • . • • . 74 

Gastonia • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 7 5 

Goldsboro • . • • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • . 76 

Greensboro •••••••••••.••••• ~ 77 

Greenville • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • 78 

Henderson •••••••••••••••••.• 79 

Hickory •••••••••.••••. o • • • • • • • 80 

High Point ••.•••••••••. o..... 81 

Kannapolis • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 82 

Kinston •.•••••••.• -... • • • • • • • • 83 

Lexington • . • • • . • • . • • . • • • • • • • • 84 

Monroe • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 85 

New Bern •••••••••••••••• o • • • 86 

Raleigh • . • • • • . . • . • • • . . • • • • • • • 87 

Reidsville • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 88 

Rocky Mount ••• ·• • • • • • • . • • • • • • 8 9 

Salisbury . • • • • • . . • • • . • • • • . • • • 90 

Sanford • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • 91 

Shelby • • . . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 92 

Statesville •••••••••.••••••• 0 • 93 

Ill 
IV 

CONTENTS 

Page 

North Carolina--Continued ••••• 94-97 

Thomasville. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 94 

Wilson •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 95 

Wilmington • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 96 

Winston-Salem .•••••••••••••••• 97 

South Carolina • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 98 -124 

Aik.en • . • . • • . • • • • . . • . • • . • • • • • • 98 

Anderson • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • 99 

Beaufort. • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • . • • • • 100 

Bennettsville • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . 10 1 

Camden •••••.•••••••••••• o • • 102 

Charleston. • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 103 

Chester. • . . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • 104 

Clinton ••••••••••••••••• ·• • • • • 105 

Columbia • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 106 

Conway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 

Darlington . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 108 

Easley • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 109 

Florence • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 110 

Gaffney. • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • 111 

Georgetown • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • 112 

Greenville • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • 113 

Greenwood. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 114 

Greer ....................... 115 

Hartsville •••••••••.••••••• ·• • 116 

Laurens ............ , . . . . . . . . 117 

Marion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 

Newberry ••••••••••••••••• o • • 119 

Orangeburg .••.••. : • • • • • • • • • • 120 

Rock Hill • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • 121 

Spartanburg •••••••••••••••••• 122 

Sumter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 

Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 

Virginia •.••••••••••• , •••••• 125-147 

Alexandria. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 125 

Arlington Caunty ••••••••••••• 126 

Bristol .••••••••••••••••• 126-127 

Charlottesville • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 128 

Page 

Virginia--Continued •••••••••• 129-147 

Danville • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 129 

Falls Church • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 130 

Fredricksburg • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • 130 

Harrisonburg •••••.••••.••.••• 131 

Hopewell ••••••••••••••••••••• 132 

Lynchburg . • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • . 133 

Martinsville •••••••••••••••••. 134 

Newport News ••.••••••••• 135-136 

Norfolk ••••••••••••••.••• 136-138 

Petersburg •••.•.••••••••• 138-139 

Portsmouth • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 140 

Pulaski • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 141 

Richmond ••.•••••••••• · ••.•••• 142 

Roanoke •••••••••.••••••• 143-144 

South Norfolk ••.••.••••••.••••• 145 

Staunton, ••••• o ••••••••••• 145-146 

Suffolk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 

Waynesboro •••••••••••••••••. 146 

Winchester • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14 7 

West Virginia •••••••.•• : •••• 148-162 

Beckley •••••••.•••••.••• o • • • • 148 

Bluefield • • • • • • • . • • • . . • • • . . • • • 149 

Charleston • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • 150 

Clarksburg .................... 151 

Elk~s ....................... 152 

Fairmont • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • 153 

Huntington • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • 154 

Martinsburg •••••••••••••••••• 155 

Morgantown • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 156 

Moundsville •••••••••••••••••• 157 

Nitro . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . 158 

Parkersburg ••••••••••••••••• 159 

St. Albans •••••••• o • • • • • • • • • • 160 

South Charleston • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 160 

Weirton ... o •••••••••••••••••• 161 

Wheeling . .............•..... ·. 162 

ILLUSTRATION 

Figure 1. Map of the United States showing sections covered by the nine circulars 

on the Industrial Utility of Public Water Supplies of the United States, 1952. 

The shaded portion represents the section of the country covered by this circulai" • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • . • • • • • • 2 
THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 

IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, 1952 

By E. W. Lohr, F. H. Pauszek, J. G. Connor, 

W. L. Lamar, and E. F. McCarren 

INTRODUCTION 

The location of industrial plants is dependent on an ample water supply of suit-. 

able quality. Information relating to the chemical characteristics of the water supplies is not only essential to the location of many plants but also is an aid in the 

manufacture and distribution of many commodities. 

Public water supplies are utilized extensively as a source of supply for many 

industrial plants, used either as delivered for domestic consumption or with further treatment if necessary to meet specific needs of the plant, such as water for 

processing, cooling, and steam generation. The industrial use of water in the 

United States in 1950 was estimated to be more than 75 billion gallons per day from 

private sources. · In addition, about 6 billion gallons per day was estimated to be 

taken· from public water supplies. 

U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 658, "The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States, 1932" contains information pertaining to 

the public water supplies of 670 of the larger cities throughout the United States. 

This report, which is still in print and being distributed, has filled an important 

need in the field of water-supply engineering. The demand for more up-to-date 

information and more extended coverage has led to studies by the Geological Survey for revision of the information contained in the 1932 report. The revised report, which will include data pertaining to public water supplies of more than 1, 200 

cities in the United States, will eventually be published as a Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper. However, in order t)lat the information might be available at 

the earliest possible time, nine preliminary reports are being issued which give 

data on the larger cities in each state. These nine reports are being released as 

Geological Survey Circulars, each covering a group of states as delineated by the 

Bureau of Census in taking the census of the population of the country. (See fig~ 

1). The reports give descriptive information and analytical data for approximately 

three-fourths of the cities that will be included in the final report for each of the 

·states. 

This circular is the seventh of the series and includes data for the States of 

Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, 

and West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. (See fig. 1). The report gives 

the population (1950) of the city, the population supplied, ownership,. SGurces and 

treatment of supplies, storage facilities for both raw and finished waters, and 

chemical analyses of the water for a total of162 of the larger cities in the states 

of the South Atlantic group. The data for each city are essentially the same as 

.will appear in the complete report for the whole country. 

Data for the supplies in Delaware were compiled by E. F. McCarren, chemist, 

Philadelphia, Pa.; in Florida by Eugene Brown, chemist, Ocala, Fla.; in Georgia, 

North Carolina, and South Carolina by F. H. Pauszek, district chemist, Raleigh, 

N. C.; in Maryland and the District of Columbia by E. W. Lohr; in Virginia by 

J. G. Connor, district chemist, Charlottesville, Vao ; and in West Virginia by 

P. N. Brown, chemist, under the supervision of W. L. Lamar, district chemist, 

Columbus, Ohio. Review and final assembly of the data were made by E. W. Lohr 

in the Washington office under the direction of S. K. Love; Chief, Quality of Water 

Brancho 

1 
N 

N Oak 

S Oak 

Nebr 

Colo 

N Kan 

N Mex Okla 

Tex 

WEST 

SOUTH 

---- Figure 1. -Map of the United States showing sections covered by the nine circulars on the Industrial Utility of Public Water Supplies of the 

United States, 1952. The shaded portion represents the section of the country covered by this circular. 
DELAWARE 

BELLE FONT 

(Population, 1, 472) 

3 

Ownership: Wilmington Suburban Water Co.; supplies also Bellevue, Claymont, 

Gwinhurst, Holly Oak, Silvers ide, and other communities in New Castle 

County. Total population supplied, about 18,000. 

Source: Bellevue Quarry (largely spring fed) about 75 percent of the supply. The 

remaining 25 percent of the supply is furnished by the Delaware Water Co. and 

Chester Municipal Authority. 

Treatment: Wilmington Suburban Water Co. supply: prechlorination, coagulation 

with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchloririation, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 440,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 100,000,000 gal. (Bellevue quarry). 

Finished-water storage: 600,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is at Bellevue. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per m!llion, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water a water water a (city tap) 

Silica (SiOJ •.•••••••• -- 9.9 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••.•••• -- • 24 Total ..•............. 22 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••• 9 

Calcium (Ca) .•••.•••. -- 22 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• -- 3.8 Color ................... 2') 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• -- 5.3 pH ..••..••.••••.......... 6.4 

Potassium (K) ••••••• -- 2.2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 16 55 25 c.) ............... 103 

Sulfate (SOJ •••• o •• o •• 20 24 'Pu.rbidity .............. -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••.•• 6.0 12 Temperature (F.) ••• 50 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• -- .2 Date of collection ••• ~ay 24, 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••• 1.4 1.4 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••• -- 122 

a Bellevue Quarry. 

Finished 

water 

(city taiD_ 

70 

25 

10 

8.0 

197 

--

54 

May 24, 

1951 

• 
4 DELAWARE 

DOVER 

(Population, 6, 223) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 6, 700. 

Source: 3 deep wells (1 to 3) 208, 231, and 222 ft deep; 1 ("A") op~n well. The 

deep wells are at the power plant, on Division Street, and on Dover Street, 

respectively, and are reported to yield 505, 650, and 657 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Tank, 100,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Weill, Well 2, Well 3, Well "A", City tap Power Division Dover St. Open sample Plant Street well 

Silica (SiO.) ••.••.•..••.•.•. -- -- -- -- 35 

Iron (Fe) ••••.....•..••...•. -- -- -- -- • 08 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••.•• -- -- -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) .•......•••••. -- -- -- -- 33 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••• -- -- -- -- 5.0 

Sodium (Na) ............... -- -- -- -- 14 

Potassium (K) •.•.•••.••.. -- -- -- -- 2.9 

Carbonate (C<la) •••••.••.• 0 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HC01) ••••.•• 157 153 153 153 153 

Sulfate (SO,.) ................ 6.6 8.9 7. 5 7.8 8.0 

Chloride (Cl) .•••.•..•...•. 3.4 3.4 2.8 3.4 3.0 

Fluoride (F) ••••..•.•..••.. -- -- -- -- • 1 

Nitrate (NOs) ..•••..•..••.. .4 0 5 .4 .5 .6 

Dissolved solids ......... -- -- -- -- 191 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total .•.•••••••••..•... ~ ••. 100 101 108 102 103 

Noncarbonate • · ·• • •· •• • • 0 0 0 0 0 

Color ..•..•..••..••..•..••... 5 5 ·a 5 7 

PH ...••.••..•••.••.•...•••.••. 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.0 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at .25 C .. ) 259 254 252 261 263 

Turbidity .••••••••.•••....•• -- -- -- -- -- Temperature (F.) •••••••• 60 58 61 68 64 

Date of co¥ection ••.•••.• Apr. 25, Apr. 25, Apr. 25, Apr. 25, Apr. 25, 

1951 1951 1951 1951 1951 - -- -

Depth (feet) ............... 208 231 222 -- -- Diameter (inches) ........ 12 12 16-10 -- -- Date drilled ....•........•. 1926 1938 1948 -- -- Percent of supply .••..•.. -- -- -- -- --
Ownership: Municipal. 

DELAWARE 

MILFORD 

(Population, 5, 179) 

Source: 3 deep wells (1 to 3) 150, 150, and 220 ft deep. Well 3 is reported to 

yield 346 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 250,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well1 Well3 Finished 

water a 

Silica (SiOJ ••..•••••••••••••••.•••••• -- 55 36 

Iron (Fe) .............................. -- .13 • 2'7 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- .01 -- Calcium (Ca) · ·· ·•···················· -- 48 46 

Magnesi11m. {Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- 6.9 6.6 

Sodium (Na) •••.••..••..••.•.••••.••.•• -- 6.4 5. 6 

Potassium (K) ••••••••.•••••••••••••• -- 2.5 2.9 

Carbonate (COs) ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••••••• 189 192 187 

Sulfate (SO~ ........................... 2.4 2.0 2.9 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.8 3.4 2.9 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- • 1 .o 

Nitrate (~OJ ••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 5 .0 .3 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• -- 217 216 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 140 148 142 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 0 0 0 

Color ................................... 2 2 4 

pH .....•.•••..••.•••••.•••.•••••.•.•••••• 7.9 7.9 8.1 

Specific conductancE; 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••• 298 296 301 

Turbidity ............•.•.•............ -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) •• .-•• •. • ••••••••••• 60 -- 57 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Apr. 20, 1951 Dec. 12, 1951 Apr.20, 195_1 

a Well 2 out of operation at time of sampling. 

5 
6 

Ownership: MunicipaL 

DELAWARE 

NEWARK 

(Population, 6, 731) 

Source: 4 wells (1, 4, 5, 7) 72, 62, 70, and 64ft deep; yield reported to be 146, 

160, 200, and 300 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 296,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 150,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 752,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Weill Well4 Well 5 Wel17 

Silica (SiO.) ••.•..••••.•••• o -- -- -- -- Iron (Fe) ••.• 0 •••••••••••••• 

-- -- -- -- Manganese (Mn) ••••••• 0 •• -- -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) .•••....••.••. -- -- -- -- Magnesium (.Mg) •••••••••• -- -- -- -- Sodium (Na) ............... -- -- -- -- Potassium (K) ••••.•..••.. -- -- -- -- Carbonate (COs) ........... 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HC08 ) •••••• 9 10 14 13 

Sulfate (SO,.) ...••.•••••••.. 5.8 5.9 7.8 10 

Chloride (Cl) .•.•••....•••. 12 12 12 16 

Fluoride (F) ••••..•.••.•••. -- -- -- -- Nitrate (NO,) •••.••.•..••.. 19 20 13 20 

Dissolved solids ......... -- -- -- -- Hardness as .CaCO,: 

To~ •. , •.•••••....••.....• 30 32 31 34 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••• 23 24 20 23 

Color •.•.•...•••..•.....••.•. 5 5 5 5 

pH •...•.•••.••...•..•.••••..•. 5. 9 5.8 6. 5 6.0 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at .25 C.. ) 114 113 111 144 

Turbidity ••••••••••.••...... -- -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) •• ·•··· • 56 58 58 56 

Date of collection ••.••.•• lA.pr. 26, Apr. 26, Apr. 26, ~pr. 26, 

1951 1951 1951 1951 

Depth (feet) ............... 72 62 70 64 

Diameter (inches) ........ 6 10 10 16 

Date drilled .. 0 ............ 1906 1920 1920 1931 

Percent of supply .....•.. -- i -- -- --

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

13 

• 61 

-- 6.8 

4.3 

7.6 

1.1 

0 

11 

8.2 

15 

.1 

16 

95 

35 

26 

3 

6.8 

136 

--

57 

Apr. 26, 

1951 
O'Wnership: Municipal. 

DELAWARE 

NEW CASTLE 

(Population, 5, 396) 

7 

Source: 3 interconnected wells (Cdl, Cd2, Cd3) each 24ft deep and 3 infiltration 

galleries which drain into the wells. Water from well Cdl flows by gravity 

through an infiltration gallery to well Cd2; water from well Cd2 flows by gravity to well Cd3, which also receives the combined flow of water from the other· 

two infiltration galleries. Wells Cd1 and Cd2 furnish 50 percent of the supply; 

well Cd3 with the combined flow of the 2 galleries furnish 50 percent of the 

supply. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid (pressure) 

filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 645,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

( Analyses, in parts per million, bus y . . Gel 0 OglC 'alSu rvey 

Well Cd1 Well Cd2 Infiltration 

galleries a 

Silica (SiOj •••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- tton (Fe) ........................... -- -- -- Manganese (Mn) .................. -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) .•.••.•.••••••••••••• -- -- -- Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Sodium (Na). -•••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- PotassiUm. (K) ••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Carbonate (COj ••••••.•••••••••• 0 0 0 

~icartM>nate (11<:0.) ••••••••••••• 13 12 43 

Sulfate (SOJ • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••• 23 16 100 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••• 12 9.8 240 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... -- -- -- Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••••••••••••••• 7.8 8.8 1.6 

Dissoived solids •••••••••.•••••• -- -- -- llardness as CaC01: 

Total ••••••••••••r ••••••••••••••• 38 29 161 

NoncartM>nate ••••••••. · •••••••• 27 19 126 

Color ................... ..•......... 5 5 10 

pH .•...••..•.••••••••.••.••••••••••.• 6.2 6.3 6. 5 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C..) •••••• 138 114 1,000 

Tu.rbidity •••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) •••••••••••••• 57 56 58 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• Apr. 26, Apr. 26, Apr. 26, 

1951 1951 1951 

Depth (feet) ...................... 24 24 

Diameter (feet) .............. 12 12 

Date drilled ..................... -- -- Percent of supply •••.••••••••.•• -- --

Finished 

water 

16 

.40 

-- 28 

18 

80 

3.9 

0 

52 

49 

162 

.0 

4.1 

445 

144 

101 

3 

7.7 

716 

--

56 

Apr. 26, 

1951 

a Sample from the combined flow from the two galleries flowing into well Cd3. 
8 

Ownership: Municipal. 

DELAWARE 

SEAFORD 

(Population, 3, 087) 

Source: 8. wells: 5 wells, each 80ft deep; 2 wells, each 40ft deep; 1 well, 73 

ft deep. The wells are pumped in groups of 5, 3, and 1 wells by 3 pumping 

· , units, Standby, Power Plant, and Spruce St., respectively. 

Treatment; Adjustment of pH with-lime. 

Rated; capacity of treatment plant: 2, 016,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 300,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by u. s. Geo 1 . Og!C al Su rvey 

1 well 5 wells 2 wells Spruce St. 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- lr'on (Fe)_ ••.. ~.~ •.••..••••.••.••••••.• -- -- -- Manganese (Mn) .................. -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) .•••••.•••••••••••••• -- -- -- Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Sodium (Na) .•.•••••••••••.••.••••• -- -- -- Potassiuin (K) ••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Carbonate (COs) •.••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) ••••••••••••• 7 20 5 

Sulfate. (S04) • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • .... ••• 7·. 8 8.7 5.1 

Chloride ( Cl) •••••••••.•••••••.••• 9.8 11 8.2 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... -- -- -- Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••••.•••••••••• 23 23 19 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Hardness as CaC01 : 

Total .................... : ....... 23 26 20 

Noncarbonate •• ; ••..•••••••••• 17 9.6 16 

Color ................... ............ 4 2 2 

pH .•......•..••..•••..•..•...••••••.• 5. 8 6.2 5.4 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C • .) •••••• 114 124 96.1 

Turbidity ........................•. -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) ••••.••••••••• 59 58 57 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• Apr. 20, Apr. 20, Apr. 20, 

1951 1951 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

1city tap) 

14 

.07 

-- 5.3 

3.0 

5.9 

2. 6 

0 

6 

7.7 

9.0 

• 1 

22 

89 

24 

21 

2 

5. 5 

109 

--

68 

Apr. 20, 

1951 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 6 7 5 5.7 -- -- 34 38 32 0 -- -- Finished water ..... -- -- -- 7.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
DELAWARE 

WILMINGTON 

(Population, 110, 356) 

9 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 13, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 123, 900. 

Source: Brandywine Creek. 

Treatment: Porter plant: sedimentation, slow sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Walnut St. plant: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Porter plant, 12,000,000 gpd; Walnut St. 

plant, 20, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Hoopes Reservoir, 2, 235,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Cool Spring Reservoir, 40, 000, 000 gal; Rodney St. 

Reservoir, 7, .OOC, 000 gal; clear well, 6, 000, 000 gal; Rockford Tower, 

500,000 gal; Monroe. Park tank and Faulk Road tank, each 100,000 gal. 

In normal operation, water from Brandywine Creek is pumped to Hoopes Reservoir, which serves as a reserve supply in the event of periods of low flow 

in the Creek. Water is also taken directly from the Creek to the rapid sand 

filter plant, from which point a portion of the raw water is lifted to the Porter 

sedimentation reservoir which serves the Porter slow sand filter plant. The 

finished water from the Porter treatment plant is used in the high service 

lines. The Walnut Street plant supplies the low service lines. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Brandywine Creek Finished 

water 

Raw water a Raw water (city tap) 

Silica (Si02) .. ~ ....................... 12 12 12 

Iron (Fe) •...•.•...•••••....•••••••..•. .08 • 08 . 10 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ·-···· .................... 14 11 12 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 5. 2 4.5 4.4 

Sodium (Na) •••..•.•••••.••.•••.•..••••• -- -- 5.4 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- 1.0 

Carbonate (COJ ..••.•••••...•••••.•• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ .•...•••••••.•••• 41 38 27 

Sulfate (SO~ ••..••.....••.•.•..••.•... 22 17 28 

Chloride (Cl) ....••••••••.•••.••••.••• 6.5 4.8 6.0 

Fluoride (F') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 1 . 1 .o 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••..•••••..••••.••.•.•• 5. 7 5. 7 3.9 

Dissolved solids •....•••.•..•••••••• 103 89 89 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 56 46 48 

Non car bonate ••••••.••..••••••••.•• 23 15 26 

Color ..•.•...••...•.....••..•..•.•.•..•• 20 5 3 

pH .....................•...••.........••. 6. 5 6.8 7. 1 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ..•••....•. 158 131 137 

Turbidity ..••..•••..••.•••..••.•.•...• -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) .•.•.•••.•.•••.•..• 36 64 60 

Date of collection •••••••.•••.••••.•• Oct~ 1948, May 31, Apr. 25, 

Apr. 1951 1950 1951 

aAverage of analyses of 80 monthly samples. 
10 DELAWARE 

WILMINGTON--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water •••..••.. 35 49 10 7.2 8. 4' 6.9 -- -- -- 40 800 8 

Finished water ••• 27 40 3 6. 5 6~9 5.3 52 62 40 0 0 0 
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

WASHINGTON 

(Population, 802, 178) 

11 

Ownership: Department of the Army and the District of Columbia; also supplies 

Arlington County, Virginia; part of Fairfax County, Virginia; the City of Falls 

Church, Virginia; and a small area in Montgomery County, Maryland. Total 

population supplied, about 1, 000, 000. 

Source: Potomac River. Emergency supply, connections to the extent of 9. 2 mgd 

to the treated supply of the Washington Suburban Sanitary District. (See 

Hyattsville, Maryland.) 

Treatment: Dalecarlia Plant: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination or dechlorination as may be necessary, chlorine dioxide when necessary for control of tastes and odors, and 

addition of lime for adjustment of pli. -McMillan Plant: Addition of chlorine 

and alum at the Dalecar lia Plant. The water then flows by gravity to the 

Georgetown Reservoir, 2 miles to the southeast, part of which is constructed 

to serve as a sedimentation basin. The water then flows by gravity through 

the Washington Tunnel to the McMillan Reservoir near the center of the District where further settling takes place; and slow sand filtration. The remainder of the treatment is the same as at the Dalecar lia Planto 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Dalecarlia Plant, 100,000,000 gpd; McMillan 

Plant, 125,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 560,000,000 gal (30 percent available). The three reservoirs, 

Dalecarlia, Georgetown, and McMillan serve as storage reservoirs for unfiltered water. 

Finished-water storage: Clear-water basins, 47,700,000 gal; ground-surfac.e 

reservoirs, 67.200,000 gal; elevated tanks, 2, 740,.000 gal. 

The water system of the District has two components, the supply division and the 

distribution system. The supply division comprised of the collection and purification systems is under the control of the Department of the Army and is 

operated by the Washington District Office of the Corps of Engineers. The distribution system is owned and operated by the District of Columbia. 

The diversion dam and the raw-water intake are located at Great Falls, 

Montgomery County, Maryland, about 10 miles from the District line. The 

raw water flows by gravity through two conduits into the forebay of the 

Dalecarlia Reservoir at the District line, from which it is lifted into Dalecarlia 

Reservoir. This reservoir serves not only as storage reservoir but also as a 

plain sedimentation basin, from which the water flows by gravity to the treatment plantso 

Arlington County, Falls Church, and areas in Fairfax County are served principally with water from the Dalecarlia Plant. 
12 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

WASHINGTON --Continued 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million,, by Dalecarlia Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) - Raw Finished water b Finished 

water a 

Dalecarlia McMillan waterc 

Plant Plant (city tap) 

Silica (SiOa) o ••• o. o o. o. o o o o o o. o o o o 5. 5 5.6 5o 5 6o6 

Iron (Fe) .....•...........•...••••.. .05 .05 o03 0 00 

Manganese (Mn) o o. o o o o •• o ....... -- -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) .•••••••••••••• ••oooo 25 30 28 31 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• .5.2 6.0 5.4 6. 1 

Sodium (Na) .•.•••••••••••.••.••••• } 6.1 4.0 3.5 8.0 PotassiUm (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ •••••••••••••••.• -- -- -- 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••.•••••••• 71 71 64 79 

Sulfate (804) • • • • • • ................. 32 38 38 39 

Chloride (Cl) •••••••••••••••.•••••• 3.8 5.1 5.1 7.0 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... -- -- -- dt.o 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••• 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.6 

Dissolved solids ••••••• u ••••••• 139 154 149 156 

Hardness as CaC01 : 

Total ............................ 84 99 93 102 

Noncaroonate ••••.•.••••• o. o •• o 26 41 40 38 

Color ................... ............ -- -- -- 3 

pH .•...•......••..••..••.•••.•••.••.• 7. 7 7.7 7. 5 7. 5 

Specific conductance 

(micrombos at 25 C..) •••• o. -- -- -- 236 

Turbidity .......•.................. -- -- -- -- Temperature ·(F. ) ••••••••• o •••• 55 57 57 -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••• 1950 1950 1950 June 30, 

1952 

Regular determinations at treatment plants, 19 50 

Alkalinity Hardness Turbidity 

as caco, pH as caco, July 1948 to 

(ppm) (ppm) July 1949 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ••.••• 59 82 41 7.7 7. 9 7.f 84 114 70 69 165 21 

Dalecarlia Plant 

Finished water • 58 79 40 7.7 7.8 7.e b9 127 79 .05 .30 • 00 

McMillan Plant 

Finished water •• 62 74 37 7. 5 7.8 7.3 93 120 77 0 0 0 

a Average of monthly analyses of composites of daily samples, Dalecarlia 

Reservoir outlet. 

b Average of monthly analyses of composites of daily samples. 

c Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 

d Fluoridation of supply was begun June 23, 1952. 
Ownership: Municipal. 

FLORIDA 

BRADENTON 

(Population, 13, 604) 

Source: Lake Ward (Braden River). 

13 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Ward. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.......... 

Finished 

water 

7.8 

0 03 

• 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...•...........•..•..•. 

Noncarbonate .••.•.••••.• 

Finished 

water 

113 

Manganese 79 (Mn) .•••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 29 ~------------------+-------------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •••••.•••••. 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride .(Cl) .............• 

Fluoride (F) ...•........... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

10 

61 

2.5 

0 

42 

48 

116 • 2 

4.0 

308 

Color •••o o •o••····· ••••• ••••o•• 

pH .••..•..•........••..•.....•.. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........••••..... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection •••..•... 

, Regular determinations at treatment ptant, 1951 ·- Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Raw water .•..•..•. 42 58 30 7.0 7. 2 6.8 67 91 43 

Finished water .•. 25 31 17 8.8 9.0 8.6 91 111 74 

0 

7.3 

555 

.4 

Jan. 19, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

-- -- -- -- -- --
14 

Ownership: Municipal. 

FLORIDA 

CLEARWATER 

(Population, 15, 581) 

Source: 11 wells (7, 8, 11 to 13, 16, 18, 19, and 21 to 23) ranging in depth from 

135 to 296ft (depth not reported for wells 7 and 8). 

Treatment: Partial aeration. 

Storage: --

Analyses of samples from all of the wells indicate that the chloride content of the 

water from the wells ranged from 16 to 153 ppm. 

ANALYSES 

Analyses in p~rts per million, by Black Laboratory, Inc., Gainesville, Fla. ' 

Well7 Well 11 Well16 

Silica (SiO.) ••.••.••.•...... 17 21 14 

Iron (Fe) ••••....••...•....• .01 • 14 • 03 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ..••....•••.•. 67 55 61 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••• 8. 1 6. 1 7.3 

Sodium (Na) ............... ~ 38 4.7 Potassium (K) •••••.•..•.. 7. 1 

C~rbonate (COs) •••••.•••. -- -- -- Bicarbonate {HC03 ) •••••• 189 183 194 

Sulfate (804) ••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 

Chloride (Cl) .•••.•.••..... 91 16 27 

Fluoride (F) ••••..••••••... • 2 .2 • 2 

Nitrate (NOs) ..•.••.•.•••.. -- -- -- Dissolved solids ......... 359 219 261 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...••••••••....•..•••• 200 163 182 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••• 46 13 23 

Color •.•...•.••..••..•.•••••• ·6 4 2 

pH •.....•••..•...•.•••.•••.••. 7.6 7. 5 7. 5 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at .25 C. ) -- -- -- Turbidity ••••••.•••.••....•. .6 .2 .4 

Temperature (F.) •••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection ••.•••.. Mar. 14, Mar. 14, Mar. 14, 

1950 1950 1950 

Depth (feet) ............... -- 206 135 

Diameter (inches) ........ -- -- -- Date drilled ....•.......... 1924 -- 1938 

Percent of supply ........ -- -- -- aAnalyzed by U. S. Geological Survey. 

CORAL GABLES 

(Population, 19, 83 7) 

Well19 a Well 21 

24 18 

.05 • 13 

. 00 -- 61 53 

9.7 4.9 

{ 34 

.9 ) 13 

0 -- 182 170 

3.0 0 

80 29 

.3 .2 

.6 -- 336 232 

192 153 

43 13 

5 6 

7. 5 7. 6 

550 -- 8.2 1.0 

-- -- Nov. 22, Mar. 14, 

1951 1950 

215 296 

10 -- 1941 1943 

-- --

Ownership: Supplied by Miami. (See Miami.) Population supplied, outside the 

city limits, about 21,200. Total population supplied, about 41,000. 
FLORIDA 

DAYTONA BEACH 

(Population, 30, 18 7) 

15 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 6, 000 people outside the city limits, 

and a transient population of about 25,000. Total population supplied, about 

61,000. 

Source: 26 wells ranging in depth from 165 to 220 ft. 

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Two plants: one, 4,000,000 gpd; the other, 

1' 000' 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 850,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Black Laboratory, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.) 

Raw water Finished Finished 

(composite) water water a (composite) (composite) 

Silica {SiOa) •.•••.•••••••••••.•.•••••• 17 22 -- Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•• .10 .01 .05 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) • •••••••• •••••••••••••••• 105 11 -- Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 20 14 -- Sod.ium (Na) ••••••••••••.•.••••••••••.• 

~ 59 75 69 Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ••.•••••••••.•••••.•• -- 9 7 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ .•.•••••.•••••••• 338 46 57 

Sulfate (SOc). ........................... .o 13 15 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 139 140 112 

Fluoride (~ •.•••.•.••••••••••••.••••• • 1 • 1 • 2 

Nitrate (NOJ •.••.•••••••.••••••.••••• -- -- .4 

Dissolved solids •••..••••••.•••••••• 618 314 -- Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total .•••.••..••••.•••••••••••••.•••• 345 85 82 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 68 47 24 

Color •••••••.••.•••••••••••.•••.•.•••••• -- -- 15 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.6 8.9 8.7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) .•••••••••• -- -- 491 

Tu.r bidity •••••• ; • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••••• -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) .••.•••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Mar. 15, 19.50 Mar. 15, 1950 Jan. 1952 

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 
16 FLORIDA 

FORT LAUDERDALE 

(Population, 36, 328) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies about 4, 500 people outside the city limits, and 

also about 50, 000 seasonal visitors. Total maximum population supplied, about 91,000. 

Source: 18 wells ranging in depth from 130 to 185ft. 

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 14,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 750,000 gal. · 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Black Laboratory, Inc., Gainesville', Fla.) 

Raw water a Finished Finished 

water a waterb (composite) (composite) (composite) 

Silica (SiO:J •••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 22 9.1 -- Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.6 • 13 • 10 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• •••••••••• •••••• 92 23 -- Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 2.3 1. 6 -- Sodi'UIIl (Na) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ) 8.6 3.0 12 Potassium (K.) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Car 'bonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• -- 5 7 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••.•••••••• 287 39 36 . Sulfat~ (SO.). ••••••••••••••••••••••••.• . 1 .1 10 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 21 23 

Fluoride (" •.•••••••••••.•••••••••••• -- -- .2 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- .2 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 314 130 -- Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ••••.••..•••.••••••.••••••...••• 239 64 56 

Noncar'bonate ••••••••••••••••••• -•• 4 23 18 

Color ...•••.••••.••••••..•..•••••••••••• 59 22 29 

pH •• , ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.7 9.4 8.9 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) .•••••••••• -- -- 169 

Turbidity ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 1 -- Temperature {F. ) . • ••• • • • • •••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection •••••••••••.••••••• Feb. 8, 1950 Feb. 8, 1950 Nov. 23, 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

{ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•.••.•.. 250 -- -- 7.4 -- -- 260 -- -- 0 0 0 

Finished water •.. 40 -- -- 9o6 -- -- 53 -- -- -- -- -- awens 1 through 12. 

b 18 wells. Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 
FLORIDA 17 

GAINESVILLE 

(Population, 26, 861) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies the University of Florida. 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 365, 407, 421, and 464 ft deep. 

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, softening with 

lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, fluoridation, and rapid 

sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal. 

The fluoride content of the raw water is about 0. 3 ppm. The fluoride content of 

the treated water is maintained at about 0. 7 ppm from May 1 through October, 

and about 0. 9 ppm from November 1 to May. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Black Laboratory, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.} 

Welll Well4 Finished 

water 

(composite) 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 20 21 17 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 10 .03 .0 

Manganese (Mn.) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• •••••••••••••••• 51 55 17 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••• ~ ••••• 13 13 3.6 

Sod.i'Um (Na) •••• • •••••••••••••••••••••• 

~ 11 3.8 22 Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••••••• 200 210 58 

Sulfate (SO~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 30 13 43 , 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 9 9 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- .2 .3 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 246 248 140 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total •••.••...••••••.•••••••••••.•••• 181 191 57 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 17 19 10 

Color ••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 7 0 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7. 6 7.8 8.5 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ••••••••••• -- -- -- Tu.rbidity ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- .2 • 2 

Temperature (F. ) ••.•••• • ••••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• ~ar. 13, 1948 July 26, 1949 Jan. 19. 1948 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•....... 180 -- -- 7.8 -- -- 200 -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ... 55 -- -- 8o4 -- -- 65 -- -- -- -- --
18 FLORIDA 

HIALEAH 

(Population, 19, 676) 

Ownership: Supplied by Miami. (See Miami.) 

HOLLYWOOD 

(Population, 14, 351) 

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied, highly variable, in winter months, 

about 3 5, 000; in summer, about 21, 000. 

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5)o Wells 1, 2, and 4 are each 85ft deep. (Depths not 

reported for wells 3 and 5). 

Treatment: Zeolite softening, chlorination, stabilization, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 200,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 515,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water a water a water a water a 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••• -- -- Hardness as CaC08 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• • 08 • 06 Total ................ 273 86 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••. 22 0 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 102 30 

Magnesium (Mg) •.••• 4.4 2.7 Color ................... 25 19 

Sodium (Na) •.•.•••••• 

~ 31 116 pH ...•..••...•..•........ 6.8 6.7 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 306 300 25 C.) •.•..•••••••••. 632 620 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 28 35 Turbidity •.•••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••.•••• 42 40 Temperature (F. ) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) ••.•••••.. • 1 .o Date of collection .•• Mar. 29, Mar.29, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••. 0 7 0 3 1948 1948 

Dissolved solids ••••. 359 372 

Regular determiMtions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness Temperaas CaC08 pH as CaC03 ture 

(ppm) (ppm) {oF.) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 225 -- -- 7.2 -- -- 266 -- -- 56 -- -- Finished water ... -- 140 87 7.2 -- -- -- -- -- 60 -- -- a composite. 
FLORIDA 

JACKSONVILLE 

(Population, 204, 517) 

19 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 20, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 224,500. 

Source: 44 artesian wells most of which range in depth from about 1, 000 to about 

1, 300 ft. 

Treatment: Aeration at reservoirs, and chlorination. 

Storage: Ground reservoirs, 18,000,000 gal; elevated tanks, 3, 000,000 gal. 

All of the wells yield water of similar chemical composition. Hydrogen sulfide 

(liaS) in quantities of 1. 5 to 2. 5 ppm is present in all the well supplies. The 

fluoride content is reported to be 0. 6 to 0. 7 ppm. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Department of Chemistry, University of Fla.) 

Finished 

Well15a Well33 Well 38 Well49 waterb 

(city tap) 

Silica (SiC>,a} •••••.••••....•. 20 23 24 22 -- Iron (Fe} ••••.••..•..••..... . 08 -- .0 .0 .0 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••.•• -- -- -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) .••••...•••••. 67 70 76 75 67 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••• 27 24 29 28 26 

Sodium (Na) ............... ) 11 12 9.7 8.7 14 Potassium (K) •••.••..•••. 

C~bonate (COs) •••••.•.•. -- -- -- -- -- Bicarbonate (HC01) •••••• 150 179 166 173 163 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 155 135 175 161 137 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••.•••.••• 12 a 8 8 20 

Fluoride (F) •••••.••••••••. -- -- -- -- -- Nitrate (NOs) •••.••.•..••.. .3 -- -- -- -- Dissolved solids ......... 384 392 491 439 461 

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ...•••••••••..•.....•. 278 276 310 300 274 

Noncarbonate • · ••• • · • • •• 155 126 172 160 140 

Color •.•••.•.••...•..•..••.•• -- -- -- -- -- pH •...•..•...•.•••.....•.•..•. -- 7.6 7. 5 7. 6 7.4 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at .25 C .. ) -- -- -- -- -- Turbidity ••••.•••••.••.•..•• -- -- -- -- -- Temperature (F. } •••••••• -- -- -- -- -- Date of collection •..•.... Oct. 31, May 20, May 20, May 20, May 12, 

1941 1950 1950 1950 1949 

Depth (feet) ............... 1,034 1,064 1,283 1,365 

Diameter (inches) ......•. 12 10 10 12 

Date drilled ....•........•. -- -- -- -- Percent of supply ........ -- -- -- -- a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 

b Analysis by Fla. State Board of Health, Tallahassee, Fla. 
20 FLORIDA 

KEY WEST 

(Population, 26, 433) 

Ownership: U. S. Navy; also supplies about 5, 000 people outside the city limits, 

and other communities on the Florida Keys.. Total population supplied, about 

35,000. 

Source: 4 wells ( 1 to 4) 62, 62, 48, and 53 ft deep. The wells are located at 

Florida City and the water is piped to Key West, a distance of 127 miles. 

Treatment: Softening with lime, sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 300, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) •.•••..••••• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..•.. 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Wells, 

Finished 

, water .. \ ,composite, 

3.3 

.12 

• 00 

21 

1. 8 

6.3 

.5 

0 

61 

6.5 

10 

• 1 

• 2 

85 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate .••......... 

Color ..•.......••.......•...... 

pH •••..•.••...•........•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.} •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........•••...•.. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection .••..•.•. 

Regular determ'l..natwns at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Raw water .•.....•• 180 185 170 7.4 7.4 7.4 180 185 170 

Finished water .•. 86 116 65 8.4 8.4 8.4 76 100 54 

Wells, 

Finished 

, water .. \. t comriosite, 

60 

10 

2 

8.1 

150 

• 1 

Jan. 30, 19~2 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

0 0 0 

0 0 0 
FLORIDA 

LAKELAND 

(Population, 30, 851) 

21 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 5, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, ·about 35,900. 

Source: 7 deep wells (1 to 7). The depths of wells 1 to 5 are reported to be 741, 

846, 1, 201, 683, and 828 ft. The yield of well 5 is reported to be 4, 500 gpm. 

Wells 1 and 2 are used in emergencies. 

Treatment: Aeration and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: 800,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 750! 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well3a Well4b Well5 

Silica {SiOa) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 -- 19 

Iron (Fe) .............................. 0 16 .05 . 02 

Mangan.ese {Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ·-~· ··················-···· 91 54 54 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 21 18 16 

Sodium (Na} ........................... 

~ 7.4 8.8 { 6.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.0 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- 0 

Bicarbonate (llCOa) ••••••••••••••••• 250 266 242 

Sulfate (SO.). •••••••••.•••••••••••••••• 100 0 2.0 

Chloride (Cl) .......................... 15 7 10 

Fluoride (~ •••••••••••••••••.•••••••• -- -- .4 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- .2 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 425 245 236 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 314 209 201 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 109 0 2 

Color ................................... -- 12 10 

pH •.....•.......•••••.•••.••••••.•.....••. -- 7.2 7. 2. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••• -- -- 393 

Turbidity ............... .............. -- -- 7.0 

Temperature (F. ) ••••••••••••••••••• -- -- 80 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Feb. 18, 19_35 Mar. 18_! 1946 Nov. 24,_ 1951 

Depth (feet) ..... ~ ..................... 1,201 683 828 

Diameter (inches) ......•.••.......•. 18 -- 24 

Date drilled .......................... 1926 -- 1945 

Percent of supply .............•••... -- -- -- a Analysis by Southern Analytical Laboratory. 

b Analysis by Florida State Board of Health, Jacksonville, Fla. 
22 FLORIDA 

MIAMI 

(Population, 249, 276) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Coral Gables, El Portal, Hialeah, Miami 

Beach, Miami Shores, Miami Springs, Surfside, and other communities. 

Total population supplied, about 350,000. 

Source: 22 wells (1 to 8, 11 to 24) 62 to 110ft deep serving the Hialeah Plant, 

and 4 wells (1 to 4) 98 to 101ft deep serving the Southwest Plant. 

Treatment: Hialeah Plant: Softening with lime, sedimentation, recarbonation, 

rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and fluoridation. Southwest Plant:. Softening with lime, sedimentation, and chlorination • 

. RC}.ted capacity of treatment plants:· Hialeah Plant, 60,000,000 gpd; Southwest 

Plant, 40, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 24,000,000 gal. 

The Southwest supply system is under development. Ultimately it is to provide 

80,000,000 gpd from the new well field located about 1 mile west of the County 

Hospital at Kindall and 4 miles west of the Southwest treatment plant at Galloway Road and Seaboard Airline Railroad, which is 6i miles from the southwest 

section of Miami. The treatment for the water will be similar to that given at 

the Hialeah plant. 

The water from the wells of both fields is similar in .chemical composition. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts pe~ million, by City of Miami Water Department) 

Well 1, Well 24, Well 2, Raw Finished 

Hialeah Hialeah Southwest water water 

Plant Plant Field ~ompositd (compositel 

Silica (Si<la) ••••..•.•....... 6.8 10 4.8 9.0 9.0 

Iron (Fe) ••.•.....•...•....• 1. 7 1.2 • 62 .9 • 02 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••.•• -- -- -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) .••• · ..•.••.••. 93 89 95 98 25 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••• 4.9 4.4 2.9 7. 1 4.0 

Sodium (Na) ............... ) 13 8.3 3.2 17 27 Potassium (K) •••..•..•••. 

C~rbonate (CO.) .••••...•• 0 0 0 0 3 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••.•• 255 278 264 268 49 

Sulfate (804 ) ................ 39 7.4 18 37 40 

Chloride (Cl) .•.•..•.•...•• 22 16 15 35 35 

Fluoride (F) ••••...•••..•.. -- -- -- -- a.2 

Nitrate (NOs) •••.••.•..•••. -- -- -- 2.2 2.2 

Dissolved solids ......... 330 310 275 350 190 

Hardness as .CaC<>s: 

Total ...•••••••••......•... 252 240 '249 274 79 

Noncarbonate • • • • • • · · • • • 43 12 32 56 34 

Color ......................... -- -- -- 80 23 

pH ......••...••..•.•.•.•••..•. 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.3 8.7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.. ) -- -- -- -- -- Turbidity ••••.•.••...•....•. _ ... -- -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) •••••••. -- -- -- -- -- Date of analysis •••...•.. 1946 1951 1951 tNovember, November, 

1948 1948 

a From partial analysis, July\27, 1951. A fluoride content of about 0. 8 ppm 

in the finished wate.r is maintained throughout the year. 
FLORIDA 

MIAMI-:continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Raw water •••••••.• 

Finished water ••. 

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 pH 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min 

220 230 215 7.3 -- 7.2 

43 52 36 8.8 9.2 8.4 

MIAMI BEACH 

(Population, 46, 282) 

Ownership: Supplied by Miami. (See Miami.) 

Hardness 

as CaC03 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min 

260 265 250 

85. 100 80 

23 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

0.1 -- -- • 1 -- --
24 FLORIDA 

ORLANDO 

(Population, 52, 367) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 17,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 69,000. 

Source: ·Lake Underhill, Lake Ivanhoe, and 1 well 908ft deep. Well water is 

pumped into Lake Underhill to maintain the water level of the lake. Lake 

water is then pumped to the treatment plant. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and ac~ivated silica, lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 737,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(A na 1 yses, m pars t per m1 1on, b y Bl ac k[,ab I ora t or_y In G · es ille Fla ) c.' a1n v ' . Lake Lake Finished 

Well1 water 

Underhill Ivanhoe (composite) 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••••••••••.•••• 1.4 1.8 5.7 4.0 

Iron (Fe) ....••......•...•...•••.... • 05 .01 • 01 • 06 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) .•••••••••••••••••••• 27 13 30 39 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 3.2 .8 7.4 6.3 

Sodium (Na) .•.•.•..•....•.••..•••. 

~ 12 18 11 20 PotassiUm (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••• 102 44 132 93 

Sulfate (S04) •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • ••• •·· 6. 5 9.7 4.2 60 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••••••••• .-. •• 12 21 12 20 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... -- -- • 1 • 1 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••• 125 100 135 180 

Hardness as CaC01 : 

Total ............................ 81 36 105 123 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••• 0 0· 0 47 

Color ................... ............ -- -- 14 -- pH ......••••..••.••••.•••••••••••••.• 7.4 7.3 8.8 7.3 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C..) •••••• -- -- -- -- Tllrbidity ...............•.......... -- -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) ••••.••••••••• -- -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••• Dec. 15, Dec. 15, Apr. 21, Feb. 1, 

1947 1947 1948 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Ra'\V water .•..•••.• 95 99 'l4 8.4 8.8 7.6 98 105 86 2.0 2.7 1.4 

Finished water ... 80 87 57 8.4 8. 5 8. 1 105 115 95 • 5 5 5 
FLORIDA 

PANAm CITY 

(Population, 25, 814) 

25 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 26,-300. 

Source: 2 well fields: Millville, 4 wells (1 to 4) 80 to 130ft deep; St. Andrews, 

7 wells, each 600 ft deep. 

Treatment: Millville plant: Softening with lime, sedimentation, recarbonation, 

filtration, and chlorination. St. Andrews: Chlorination only. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: Millville plant, 1, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: St. Andrews water, 1, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Millville water: 3 elevated tanks, 100,000 gal each; 

clear wells, 400, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

{Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished Finished Finished Finished 

water a waterb water a waterb 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••. 8.5 17 Hardness as CaC08 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••.•••••••. • 03 • 12 Total ~··············-· 106 211 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 16 20 

Calcium (Ca) •.••••••. 39 45 

Magnesium (Mgj ••••• 2.1 24 Color .................... 2 1 

Sodium (Na) ........... 8.2 26 pH .......•...•........... 8.0 7.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1. 2 2.6 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ...•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 110 233 25 C.) •••..•••••••••• 249 505 

Sulfate (SOJ ...••.••.. 12 12 Turbidity ......•.•••••• • 5 .3 

Chloride (Cl) .••....•. 14 49 Temperature (F.) .... -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .0 • 3 Date of collection ..• Feb • 15, ~an. 31, 

Nitrate (NOs) .••..•••. .6 . 5 1952 1952 

Dissolved solids •..•. 147 287 

a composite, Millville well field. 

b Composite, St. Andrews well field. 
26 FLORIDA 

PENSACOLA 

(Population, 43, 479) 

Ownership: Municipal; total population supplied, about 48,000. 

Source: 6 wells: Main Plant wells (6 to 9) 245, 240, ·169, and 252ft deep; West 

Plant well, 226ft deep; East Plant well, 260ft deep. 

Treatment: Aeration, pH control, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of plants: 19,440,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 600, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 000,000 gal. ~ 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•.......... 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• 

Finished 

water a 

9.0 

. 0 

. 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate .•.......... 

Finished 

water a 

20 

11 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 5.0 l~-------------------4----------

Magnesium (Mg) •••.••••• 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •.•••.•••••. 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•..••.. 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•....•.. 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....... 

1.8 

7.2 

.6 

0 

11 

5.8 

9.8 

.o 

8.5 

56 

Color .••.....•.•........•.•.... 

pH .••..•.••..•••••••••.•..•..•.. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity .....•.•..••••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •••••.•.•• 

Date of collection ••••.•••. 

2 

7.1 

87.0 

3.0 

Jan. 5, 

1952 

Depth (feet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 24 5, 2 52 

Diameter (inches).................................................................. 30, 16 

Date drilled .....•....•....... ~......... .... ........ .... ................ ............. 1940, 1945 

Percent of supply ......•...........•..... ..........•..............•... .........•... --

acomposite, wells 6 and 9. 
FLORIDA 

ST o PETERSBURG 

(Population, 96, 738) 

27 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Gulport, Pinellas Park, Bay Pines Hospital, and other consumers. Total population regularly supplied, about 110,000. 

Population supplied during winter tourist season may reach a peak total of 

275,000. 

Source: 14 wells ranging in depth from 300 to 350ft located near Cosme in northwest part of Hillsborough County. Emergency supplies from Mirror Lake 

(Plant) and Crescent Lake (Plant). 

Treatment: Softening with lime·, coagulation with ferric sulfate, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 330,000 gal. 

Analyses of samples from all of the wells ind.icate that the wells yield water of 

about the same composition. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Black Laboratory, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.) 

Well1C Well5 Well7A Raw Finished 

water a water a 

Silica (Si<>,a) •••••...••..•.•. 14 16 16 14 11 

Iron (Fe) ••.•..•.••..••..... -- -- 0 10 .10 0 04 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• -- -- -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) .••..•...••.•. 68 76 80 68 38 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••• 2.9 4.1 4.9 2. 5 2. 5 

Sodium (Na) ................ } 4.0 4.5 3.6 5. 5 3.4 Potassium (K) •.•.•••..••. 

Carbonate (COs) •••••.••.. -- -- -- -- -- Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••.•• 216 244 256 221 109 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• -- 1.5 4.3 1 8.8 

Chloride (Cl) .•.•••..•..••. 9 10 9 7 10 

Fluoride (F) ••••..••••..••. 0 2 .2 0 2 0 0 

Nitrate (NOs) •.•.••.•...••. -- -- -- -- -- Dissolved solids ......... 218 245 264 221 149 

Hardness as .CaC<>s: 

Total ...••••••••....••••... 182 206 220 180 105 

Noncarbonate ••.•••••.•• 5 6 10 0 16 

Color •.•.....••..••..•..••.•• -- -- -- 10 4 

pH •.....••...•...•.•...•.•..•. 7.7 7.6 7. 5 7. 5 7.8 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. .. ) -- -- -- -- -- Turbidity .•••.•••••..•....•. -- -- -- 1 .8 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••. -- -- -- -- -- Date of collection .•...... !Aug. 24, Aug. 24, Aug. 24, May 21, May 21, 

1950 1950 1950 1949 1949 

Depth (feet) ............... 300 350 300 Diameter (inches) ........ -- -- -- Date drilled ....•.......... 1941 1930 1943 

Percent of supply .....••. -- -- -- a Composite. 
28 FLORIDA 

ST. PETERSBURG--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness TemperaRaw water .•..•.... 

Finished water .•. 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max 

186 196 

88 100 

Min Av Max Min Av 

191 7.3 7.4 7. 2 183 

186 7.8 8.0 7. 6 92 

-BANFORD 

(Population,. 11, 93 5) 

Max 

192 

99 

ture 

(oF.) 

Min Av Max Min 

180 76 76 76 

88 79 82 76 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 12,900. 

Source: 7 wells (1 to 7) 135, 80, 135, 135, 135, 135, and 180ft deep. 

Treatment: Aeration, and chlorination • 

. Raw-water storage: 1, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 200,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Louis C. Herring,& Co.) 

Weill Well3 Well6 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••••••••••••••• 7. 2 6.8 7.4 

Iron (Fe) ........................... 1.6 1.2 1. 8 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ••••••••.•••••••••••• 50 44 43 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••.•••.•••• 9.1 9.0 8.3 

Finished 

water a 

10 

• 24 

• 00 

46 

8.7 

Sodium (Na) .•••.•••••••.•••••••••• } { 29 

PotassiUm (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 37 36 29 1.6 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••• 180 168 161 162 

Sulfate (S04) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • .... • •• 7.3 6.3 6.3 7 

Chloride (Cl) •••••••••••••••••.••• 62 56 46 55 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... -- -- -- • 1 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••.•••••••••• 1.2 1.2 1.2 .6 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••• 275 245 238 246 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ............................ 162 147 141 151 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••• 15 9 10 18 

Color ................... ............ -- ...... -- 2 

pH .•......••..••.•••..•••••.••••.••.• 7. 6 7. 7 7.7 7.6 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C • .) •••••• -- -- -- 430 

Turbidity .......................... -- -- -- .3 

Temperature (F.) ••••.••••••••• -- -- -- -- Date of analysis. ~ •••••••••••••• Aug. 8, Aug. 8, Aug. 8, Feb. 7, 

1950 1950 1950 1952 

Depth (feet) ..................... ., 135 135 135 80 to 180 

Diameter (inches) ••.••...•....• 8 8 8 8 

Date drilled ..................... -- -- -- -- Percent of supply .•............. -- -- -- -- acomposite, wells 1 to 7. Analysis by U. S. GP.ological Survey. 
Ownership: Municipal. 

FLORIDA 

SARASOTA 

(Populatiob, 18, 896) 

29 

Source: 16 deep wells in 5 well fields: Plant well field, 5 wells (1 to 5) 640 to 

758ft deep; Northeast well field, 4 wells (1 to 4) each 600ft deep; Northwest 

well field, 3 wells (1 to 3) 350, 580, and 570ft deep; Payne Terminal wells 

(1 and 2) 529 and 475ft deep; St. Armands Key wells (1 and 2) 340 and 400ft 

deep. The Plant well field is pumped by means of gasoline power and can be 

used in case of electric power failure. 

Treatment: Softening with zeolite (both pressure and gravity type softeners, sea 

water regenerated). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 950, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 935,000 gal. 

Partial analyses of samples from all of the wells indicate that the water is of similar chemical composition. The St. Armands Key wells yield water that is 

lower in dissolved solids and hardness than that from the other wells. The 

Plant well field yields water with the highest dissolved solids. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Black Laboratory, Inc. ; Gainesville, Fla.) 

N9rthwest well field Welll a 

Finished . waterb Well1 Well3 

Silica (SiOa) .•.•••••••••••••••.•••• 23 24 30 24 

h-on (Fe) ........................... -- -- -- . 56 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- . 00 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••••••••••••••• 220 196 73 14 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 106 151 43 

{ 

.3 

Sod.ium (Na) ••••••••••••••••••••••• } 90 57 52 530 

PotassiUm (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 16 

Carbonate (COa) ••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) ••••••••••••• 146 149 193 161 

Sulfate (SO,.).········ •••••••••••••• 809 824 216 817 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••• .156 180 64 168 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... -- -- -- 1.5 

Nitrate (NOa) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- 0 5 

Dissolved solids · •••••••••••••••• c 1, 480 C1,500 c 573 c1,650 

Hardness as CaC01: 

Total •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 985 1,110 359 36 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••.••••• 866 988 201 0 

Color ................... ............ -- -- -- 2 

pH .................. ··•················ 7. 5 7.4 7.6 7.5 

Specific conductance ~ 

(micromhos at 25 C • .) •••••• -- -- -- 2.420 

Tu.rbidity ...............•..•...•••• -- -- -- .4 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Date of analysis ~·············· Dec. 11, Dec, 11, Dec. 11, Feb. 12, 

1950 1950 1950 1952 .. 

Depth (feet) ...................... 350 570 340 

Diameter (inches) .•..••....••.• -- -- -... Date drilled ..................... 1950 1950 1950 

Percent of supply .•............. -- -- -- a St. Armands Key well field. 

b Composite, wells f, 2, 3, and 4, Plant well field; wells 1 and 2 North well 

field; well 2, West well. Analysis by U. s. Geological Survey. · 

c Sum of ,_determined constituents. 
30 FLORIDA 

SARASOTA~ .~Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 . pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max 

Raw water .•..•••. ~ 140 145 

Finished water ... · 140 150 

Min Av Max Min 

136 7. 8 7.9 7.6 

136 8.0 8.2 7.9 

TALLAHASSEE 

(Population, 27, 237) 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min 

1060 1120 985 -- -- -- 45 55 3e -- -- --

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 7, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Source: 9 wells (1 to 9). Wells 1 and 2 are obsolete; 3 and 4, for emergency use 

only. The depths of wells 5 to 9 are reported to be 246, 414, 400, 427, and 

350ft, respectively. (Wells 10 and 11 were under construction at the time of 

obtaining well data). 

Treatment: Chlorination and fluoridation. a 

Storage: 1 ground reservoir, 400,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 400,000 and 500,000 

gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. s. Geological. Survey) 

Wellsb Wells 

8 and 9 Well 9c 8 and 9 b Well 9 c 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 14 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• • 00 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 41 

Magnesium {Mg) ••••• 12 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 3.0 

Potassium (K) ••••••• • 2 ) 

Carbonate (COJ ••••. 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 173 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 6.5 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••• 5.4 

Fluoride (F) ••••••••.• • 1 

Nitrate (NOJ .......... .9 

Dissolved solids ••••. 164 

8 

• 02 

• 00 

36 

8.3 

7.8 

-- 146 

5.4 

10 

-- 1.8 

173 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ..............•... 

Noncarbonate •••••.• 

Color .................... 

pH .•.••.••..••..••...•.•• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ..•......•.•..• 

Turbidity •••••••••••••• 

Temperature (F.) ••• 

Date of <:ollection ••• 

152 

10 

2 

7.8 

287 

2.4 

Jan. 4, 

1952 

Depth (feet) . . . . . . . . . . . • . •• . • • . . . • . • • • . . . . . • • • . . •• . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • • . . • . . . . . . . 427, 3 50 

Diameter (inches) .••..• ~.......... •. . • •. . .• . • . • . . . . . .... . .• . . .•• .. .. . . . • . . . --

Date drilled •.......•...•...•...•..••...••.............•........•.•....•.• •. 1946 

Percent of supply .....•..........•..••. ~.................................. --

a Fluo:ddation was begun about Mar. 1, 19 52 

b Composite. Collected from distribution system. Not fluoridated. 

c Analysis by Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

124 

4 

10 

7.8 

0 

350 

1946 
FLORIDA 

TAMPA 

(Population, 124, 681) 

31 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about ·50, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 175,000. 

Source.: Hillsborough River, 97 percent of supply; wells, 3 percent. 

Treatment: The treatment varies from mainly color removal with alum during 

wet seasons to lime softening during dry seasons when the use of well water 

increases and the hardness of the river water increases. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 30, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 200,000 gal. 

The composition of the river water varies considerably throughout the year. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished Finished Finished Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••.•••• 5.3 -- Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •..••..••••••. 0 02 • 15 Total .................. 91 72 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .0 -- Noncarbonate •••.•• 34 43 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 29 -- Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 4.5 -- Color .................... 2 30 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••. 

~ 4.9 7.7 pH ..••..•...••...•....... 7. 5 7. 5 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 69 35 .25C.) •••.••••••••••• 203 192 

Sulfate (S04) ..... · ••••• 21 37 Turbidity ..•••••..•.•.• -- -- Chloride (Cl) .•••..... 16 15 Temperature (F.) ••• .... - -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 • 2 Date of collection ..• Mar. 11, Nov. 9, 

Nitrate (NOs) ..•.••••. .4 .3 1949 1951 

Dissolved solids •.... 123 -- Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950-1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Color 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 89 130 46 7.3 8.3 6.8 111 144 60 96 190 30 

Finished water ... 59 96 34 8.3 8.7 7.8 115 160 58 16 25 8 
32 FLORIDA 

WEST PALM BEACH 

(Potmlation, 43, 162) 

Ownership: West Palm Beach Water Company; supplies also Palm Beach. Total 

population supplied, about 47,000. 

Source: Clear Lake and Lake Mangonea (Loxahatchee Marsh). 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 26,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 100,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 000,000 gal. 

At certain periods of the year, well water having an alkal¥tity of 120 ppm is added to the raw-water in amounts varying between 3 to 10 percent of the total to 

increase the alkalinity of the raw water. The wells are considered as an adjunct to the treatment plant rather than as an auxiliary supply. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million,1 by So. Analytical Laboratory, Jacksonville) 

Raw Finished Finished 

water water water a 

Silica (SiOa) .......................... 2. 2 1.6 -- li-on (Fe) .............................. • 56 • 10 • 05 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ·.·············•······•··· 27 35 -- Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 2.6 2. 2 -- SodiUDl (Na) ........................... 

~ 11 32 3.7 Potassium (K) ........................ 

Carbonate (CO.) •••••••••••••.••••.•• -- --' 0 

Bicarbonate (HCO.) ••••••••••••••••• 61 61 26 

Sulfate (SO..). •.••••.••.•.•••.••.••••••• 12 65 23 

Chloride (Cl) .••••••••••••••••.••••••• 28 34 16 

Fluoride (F') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 5 -- • 1 

Nitrate (NOs) .•••.••••••••••••.•..•••• -- -- .3 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 173 225 -- Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 80 96 60 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••••• -•• 30 46 39 

Coior ................................... 25 2 5 pH·~ ....................•..••........•... 7.7 7.9 8.1 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••• -- -- 155 

Turbidity ....... ~ ..................... 18 5 -- Temperature (F. ) ••••• • • • ••••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• June 21, 1949 June 21, 1949 Nov. 21, 1951 

Regular determi-nations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Color 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Malt Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 34 66 16 7.6 8.5 6.8 56 82 29 71 95 35 

Finished water .•. 22 40 14 8. 5 9.7 7.1 76 93 49 6 20 3 

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 
GEORGIA 

ALBANY 

(Population, 31, 155) 

33 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas and Turner Air Force Base. 

Total population supplied, about 37,000. 

Source: 7 deep wells (6 to 12). (Wells 7 and 8 under repair and not in use as of 

Feb. 2, 1952). The .depths of wells 6, 9, 10, 11, 12 are 955, 795, 868, 915, 

and 725ft, respectively; yields reported to be 1, 500, 1, 669, 1, 248, 1, 250 and 

1,175 gpmo 

Treatment: Chlorination at wells. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3 reservoirs, 310,000, 244,000, and 998,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 500, 000 gal each. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses,· in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well11 Finished Well9 

(raw water) water a (finished water) 

Silica (SiO.a) o•. o •.•••••••••••••••••••• 26 26 32 

Iron (Fe) .............................. .11 .10 .11 

Mangane~e (M:n.) ••••••••••••••••••••• .oo .00 .00 

Calcium. (Ca) •.• • ·• •• •• •••••••••••••••• 26 30 32 

M&.gllesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 7o7 6. 5 6.5 

Sodium {Na) ........................... 

~ 28 33 24 

Potassium. (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (CO.) •••••••••••••••••••••. 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCO.) ••••••••••••••••• 173 191 176 

Sulfate (SO.). ......................•... 11 10 8.6 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2'. 9 4.4 3.2 

Fluoride (11 •••••.•••••••••••.•••••••. .2 .3 o2 

Nitrate (NO.) •••• o •••••••••••••••••••• o3 .2 • 2 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 188 202 194 

Hardness as CaC01: 

Total ................................ 96 102 107 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 0 0 0 

Color ................................... 2 a 1 

pH············ ............................ 8o0 7oS 7.8 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••• 295 32f 297 

Tu.rbidity ............................. 0 c 1 

Temperature (F. ) • • •••• • • • •••••••••• 73 6~ 72 

Date of collection ••••••• u •••••••••• Dec. 1, ~951 Dec. 1, 1951 Dec. 1, 1951 

Depth (feet) ........................... 915 795 

Diameter (inches) ••••• o. o. o. o o o. o ••. 20 20 

Date drilled •••••••••••••••••••• it• •••• 1950 1947 

Percent of supply .••• o o. o o ~ .•• o •• o •. -- -- a Mixed water from wells 7, 8, and 10. 
34 GEORGIA 

AMERICUS 

(Population, 11, 389) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 11,400. 

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5) 259, 168, 635, 635, and 450ft deep • 

. Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4 reservoirs, 422,000 gal; elevated tank, 350,009 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well4 

Well1 Well 2 (finished water) 

Silica (SiO:a) •••.•.•••••••••••.•••••••• 28 50 62 

Iron (Fe) .............. -................ .18 .36 .38 

Manganese (Mn.) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- • 03 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••••••••••••••• •••• 46 30 27 

Magnesi'um {Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 4.5 3.1 3o0 

Sodlum (Na) .........•................. 3.4 3.3 } 2.0 Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 3. 4. 3.0 

Carbonate (CO.) ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••••••• 152 96 85 

Sulfate (SO~ ........................... 16 14 9o2 

Chloride (Cl) 0 •• o•• •••••••••••••••• ••o 2.0 2.0 3.2 

Fluoride (" •.•••••••••••••••••••••••. .o .0 • 1 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 1 • 1 • 1 

Dissolved solids ••••.••••••••••••••• 177 155 154 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 133 88 80 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 9 9 10 

Color ................................... -- -- 1 

pH .....•.......•....•••••..••.•....•••... -- -- 7.7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. )o••········ -- -- 169 

Turbidity .............................. -- -- 0 

Temperature (F.) ••.•••• ·•••••• ••••• 67 -- 72 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Jan. 21, 1938 Jan. 21, 1938 Dec. 1, 1951 -

Depth (feet) ........................... 259 168 635 

Diameter (inches) o. o ••.••••••.•••••• 12 10 12 

Date drilled ........................... 1927 1914 1947 

Percent of supply ...•............... -- -- --
GEORGIA 

ATHENS 

(Population, 28, 180) 

35 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 3 2, 000. 

Source: Oconee River and/or Sandy Creek. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, ammoniation, coagulation with alum and lime, carbon for taste and odor control, sedimentation, fluoridation, rapid sand filtration, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 100,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 500,000 and 750,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 

7 50, 000 and 2 50, 000 gal. 

Th;a intake on the Oconee River is adjacent to the treatment plant in the north section of the city. Water is pumped from the river directly to the treatment 

plant. The intake on Sandy Creek is about i mile north of the city. Normally, 

creek water is pumped to a 100, 000, 000 gal raw-water reservoir, thence to 

the treatment plant. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by u. s. Geological Survey 

Oconee Sandy Finished Finished 

River 1 (raw water) 

Creek 

(raw water) water a waterb 

Silica (SiOJ •.••••••••.••••••..••• 15 14 12 14 

Iron (Fe) ........................... .05 .05 .10 .06 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••• ~ ••• -- .00 .00 • 03 

Calcium (Ca) .......•.•.•••••••••• 3.9 3.6 8.8 13 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 1.8 1.3 1.4 1. 6 

Sodium (Na) .•.•••.•••••.•.•••.•••• 3.8 

~ 4.2 3.9 4.4 PotassiUm. (K) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • - 1.2 

Carbonate (COs) ..••••.•••••.••.• 0 0 0 0 

. Bicarbonate (HCOs) .............. 25 21 22 30 

Sulfate (S04) • • • .................... 2.9 2.1 13 17 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••.•..•••••••.••• 2.1 2.4 3.0 3.2 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... • 1 • 1 .o .6 

Nitrate (NOs) .••.•.••••.•..••••••• .3 • 5 .4 .4 

Dissolved solids •••••.•••.•••••• 43 40 55 73 

Hardn!i!ss as CaC01: 

Total ............................ 17 14 28 39 

Noncarbonate •••••..•••••••••• 0 0 10 14 

Color ................... · ............ 6 3 ~ 3 

pH .•.......•..••..•...•..•....•••••.• -- 6.6 6.8 8.2 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C •. ) •••••. -- 42.6 79.4 107 

Turbidity ...............•.......... -- -- -- -- Temperature (F.) .•••.••••••••• -- -- -- -- Date of collection , •••••••••••••• Nov. 15, Mar .. 1, Mar. 1, July 31, 

1940 1951 1951 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 14 18 10 6.6 6.7 6. 5 -- -- -- 20 25 15 

Finished water ... 20 26 •15 8.3 8.3 8.2 -- -- -- 0 0 0 

a Sandy Creek. 

b Mixed sample, Sandy Creek and Oconee River. 
36 GEORGIA 

ATLANTA 

(Population, 331, 314) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas, the cities of Forest Park, 

Hapeville, Marietta, Smyrna, and communities in Cobb, DeKalb, and ruuon 

counties. Total population supplied, about 550, 000. 

Source: Chattahoochee River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and bleaching clay, chlorination,. ammoniation, 

activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and adjustment of pH 

with lime. Copper sulphate is used for the control of algae. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 70, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoirs, 500,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear water well, 10,000,000 g:il; standpipe, 500,000 

gal; elevated tank, 2, 000, 000 gal. 

The intake is about 7 miles northwest of the center of the city and about 4 miles 

from the treatment plant. The water is pumped from the river to the raw-water reservoirs from which it flows to the treatment plant. The finished water 

is pumped into the distribution system and to elevated storage. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Finished 

water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••.•••••••••••.•.•••••• 10 9.6 11 

Iron (Fe) ··~··························· .14 .05 .05 

Manganese (Mn) .~ ••••••••••••••••••• .00 .00 .oo 

Calcium (Ca) ·-···· •••••••••••••••••••• 2.8 5.8 6. 2 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 1.0 1.0 1.1 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••••.••••••••••••••• } 3.3 2.1 3.6 Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••.•••••••••••••• 16 17 15 

SuHate (SO,.). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.1 4.2 6.5 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••..•••••••..•••••• 1.9 3.0 5.4 

Fluoride (F') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• .o .o .0 

.a.iiti-ate (NOJ ••••.••••••.••••••••.•••• .3 .6 1.4 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 33 40 48 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total •••••••••••••••••••..••••••.•••• 11 19 20 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••••• -•• 0 5 8 

Color •.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 ~ 2 pH············ ............................ 6.9 7.3 6.9 

Specific conductance 

{micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••• 35.4 56.3 63.0 

Tu.rbidity ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) ..... ·• • • • • • ••••••••• -- -- 57 

Date of collection •••••••••••••• ~ •••• Mar. 3, 1~51 Mar. 5, 1951 Dec. 18, 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as caco, pH 

(ppm) 

as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 12 14 10 6.9 7.2 6. 5 10 11 8 26 150 7 

F inished'water ..... 16 17 14 8.7 8.9 8.5 19· 23 18 .10 .30 .10 
GEORGIA 

AUGUSTA 

(Population, 71, 508) 

37 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas. Total population supplied, 

about 110,000. 

Source: Savannah River. The intake is 3 miles north of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with limeo 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 21, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 60, 000, 000 gal each. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 3, 000,000 and 1, 000,000 gal; elevated 

tank, 500,000 gal; standpipe, 250,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica {SiO:a) •••••.•••• 12 12 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•••••••••• .10 • 03 Total ................ 13 20 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 5 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••. 3.0 5o8 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.3 1.3 Color .................... 8 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 3.6 4.0 pH •••••.••••••..••••••.•• 6.9 7.0 

Potassium {K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•.•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 17 18 25 c. ) ............... 44.2 62.7 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 2.8 8.8 Turbidity •.•.•••.•••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) .•••.•.•• 2.6 3.1 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) .•••..•... .o • 0 Date of collection ••• Apr. 7, Apr • 7, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••.••••• .3 .3 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 37 46 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Ma;x Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 16 17 15 7.2 7o3 7.0 -- -- -- 66 150 25 

Finished water ... 15 16 14 7. 5 7.2 7.2 -- -- -- 1 1 1 
38 GEORGIA 

BRUNSWICK 

(Population, 17, 9 54) 

Ownership: Peoples Water Service Company of Georgia; also supplies suburban 

areas. Total population supplied, about 22,000. 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 1, 027, 1, 000, 1, 000, and 7 50 ft deep. The wells flow, 

but wells 1, 3, and 4 are equipped with turbine pumps. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 3 reservoirs, 200,000, 100,000, and 100,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well3 Well4 Wells 1 and 2 

(raw water) (raw water) (finished water) 

Silica (SiO:a) •••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 36 37 41 

Iron (Fe) .............................. .18 • 10 .06 

Manganese (M:n) ••••••••••••••••••••• .00 .00 .oo 

Calcium (Ca) ··· ······ ................ 39 40 102 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 24 24 67 

Sodium (Na) •••••.••••••.•.•••••••••••• } 12 12 108 Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••••••• 143 143 142 

Sulfate (SO..}. ........................... 78 79 376 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••••••••••••••••••• 15 17 181 

Fluoride (~ •.•••••••••••••••.••••••.. .6 . 5 • 7 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••••••• .2 .0 .2 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 283 290 1,000 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 196 198 530 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 79 81 414 

Color ................................... 3 2 8 

pH .....•.......•.......•...••............ 7.3 7.4 7.3 

Specific c.onductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ....•.•.... 430 436 1,450 

Turbidity ............... .............. 0 1 0 

Temperature (F. ) ••••••••••••••••••• 75 76 80 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Dec. 4z 19_51 Dec. 4, 1951 Dec. 4, 1951 

Depth {feet) ........................... 1,000 750 

Diameter (inches) ......•.•.•......•. 18-12 8 

Date drilled .......................... 1944 1945 

Percent of supply ................... -- --
GEORGIA 

CEDARTOWN 

(Population, 9, 470) 

39 

Ownership: Municipal; also suppli.es suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 10, 250. · 

Source: Spring. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 2 standpipes, 185,000 and 1, 575,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.......... 

Finished 

water 

9.1 

• 02 

• 00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total •..•......•....•....... 

Noncarbonate .•....•...•. 

Finished 

water 

139 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• 8 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 31 l~------------------~---------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na} .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...•.. 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .....••.. 

Ownership: Municipal. 

} 

15 

• 7 

0 

160 

3.5 

2.8 

• 2 

1.7 

144 

Color ......................... . 

pH .••.....•...•.•...•..•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) •..••.•... 

Date of collection .••..•... 

COLLEGE PARK 

(:Population, 14, 53 5) 

Source: Supplied by East Point. (See East Point.) 

2 

7.3 

253 

0 

62 

Dec. 29, 

1951 
40 GEORGIA 

COLUMBUS 

(Population, 79, 611) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Bealwood, Bibb City, and suburban districts. 

Total population supplied, about 120,000. 

Source: Chattahoochee River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 30,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3 clear wells, 3, 000,000, 2, 500,009, and 250,000 gal; 

3 elevated tanks, 1, 000, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is about 4 miles north of the center of the city near the intake 

in the river. The water is pumped from the river into a raw-water reservoir 

from which it flows to the treatment plant. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (ijiO:a) •.•••.•••. 10 8.9 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••. .09 • 03 Total --··············· 12 25 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 8 

CalciUJll (Ca) ···~····· 3.0 7o8 

Magnesium (Mg} ••••• L1 1.3 Color .................... 7 3 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• } 4.7 6.2 pH ...•...........•...•... 6.6 7. 5 

Potassium (K) ••..••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) .•••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 16 21 25 c. ) ............... 45.6 88.2 

Sulfate (S04} •••••••••• 3.8 11 Turbidity ..•.•••.•••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl} .•••.•.•• 2.9 5. 8 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) ••.••.•••. • 1 .2 Date of collection ..• July 7, July 31, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••. 1.1 1.2 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids •..•. 40 55 

Regular determi'OOtions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 14 1€ 8 7.0 7. 5 6.8 15 22 8 35 185 5 

Finished water ... 14 22 12 8.2 8.8 7.9 18 21 14 0 0 0 
GEORGIA 

CORDELE 

(Population, 9, 462) 

41 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 9, 500. 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 396, 735, and 540ft deep. The yield of well 1 is reported to be 900 gpm; of well3, 1,000 gpm; of well 2, not reported. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 250,000 gal; standpipe, 250,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

Analyses, in parts per million, by u. s. Geologic al Survey 

Well1 Well1 Well3 wu~lS} 1,~3 

(raw water) fm1slie 

water) 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••••••••••••••• 13 13 32 31 

Iron (Fe) ........................... • 01 -- .06 .09 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• -- -- • 00 .00 

Calci'UDl (Ca) ..................... 44 -- 52 52 

Magnesi'UDl (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 1.5 -- 2.4 2.4 

Sodi'UDl (Na) .•.•••••••••••.•••••••• 3.4 --} 2. 5 PotassiUm (K) ••••••••••••••••••• -- 0 5 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••• -- 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••• 135 134 163 160 

Sulfate (S04) ••• ••••••• • • •••••••••• 1.4 -- 7. 5 7.0 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••• 4.8 -- 2o4 .9 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... .o -- • 1 .0 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••.•••••••• 3.2 -- .0 .0 

Dissolved solids •••••••••.•••••• 142 -- 184 180 

Hardness as CaC01: 

Total ............................ 116 117 140 140 

Noncarbonate •.••••••••••••••• 5 7 6 8 

Color ................... ............ -- -- 1 3 

pH .•..........•....•..•..••.•••••••.• -- 7.8 7. 5 7.3 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C •. ) •••••. -- 243 271 269 

Thrbidity ........................•. -- -- 0 1 

Temperature (F.) ••••.••••••••• -- 62 70 63 

Date of collection· ••••••••••••••• Jan. 21, Dec. 1, Dec. 1, Dec. 1, 

1938 1951 1951 1951 

Depth (feet) ...................... 396 396 540 

Diameter (inches) ....•......... 8 8 26-10 

Date drilled ..................... 1900 1900 1948 

Percent of supply ............... -- -- --
42 GEORGIA 

DALTON 

(Population, 15, 968) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas. Total population supplied, 

about 19,000. 

Source: Mill Creek. The intake is at the treatment plant about 1. 4 miles northwest of the center of the city. 

Treatment: Softening with lime, coagulation with ferric sulfate or alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 200,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 2,000,000, 

and 7 50, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:J •••••.•••. 9.2 8.5 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •...•.••.••••. . 03 .01 Total ................ 118 69 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 3 6 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••• 33 14 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••. 8.6 8o 2 Color ............... · ... 4 3 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 

~ 1. 6 1.7 pH ..•••..•..••....••.••.. 7.3 8.6 

Potassium {K) •..•••. Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ...•. 0 7 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 140 62 25 C.) •••..•••.•••.•• 225 145 

Sulfate (SOJ •.•••••••. 2.-5 7.9 Turbidity •.•••••••••••• 1 1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••....• 2.0 2.4 Temperature (F.) ••• 47 50 

Fluoride (F) ••••••••.• . 1 • 1 Date of collection •.. Nov. 29, Nov. 29, 

Nitrate (NOs) .••..•••. .9 .9 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids •..•. 130 80 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 100 125 10 7.1 7.3 6 • .S 100 140 12 50 5000 10 

Finished water ..... 50 65 20 8.6 9.1 8.2 50 65 2.0 -- -- --
GEORGIA 

DECATUR 

(Population, 21, 63 5) 

43 

.Ownership: DeKalb County Water System; supplies Decatur and suburban areas, 

Avondale, Chamblee, Doraville, and a large number of consumers in DeKalb 

County. Total population supplied, about 93, 000. 

Source: Chattahoochee River. The intake is at Holcombe Bridge about 22 miles 

north of Decatur. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, fluoridation, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 16,000,000 gpd. 

Raw -water storage: Reservoir, 7 5, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 1, 500,000 gal; 2 clear wells, 400,000 gal 

(owned by Decatur, leased by county); 3 elevated tanks, 1, 000, 000, 500, 000, 

and 8 5, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

·(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finis ned Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ ....•.•..• 12 12 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ........•••.•• • 06 .03 Total ................ 12 19 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 5 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 3.0 5.8 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• L1 1.2 Color ................... 9 2 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 

~ 4.1 3.4 pH ...•...•...•...•......• 6.8 6.9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•.•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 15 18 25 C.) •••..•.•.•••... 56.4 58.1 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 3.6 5.6 Turbidity ..•••.•.••••.• 16 1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••.•• 2.9 3.2 Temperature (F.} ••• 50 51 

Fluoride (F) •••••.•••. .2 • 6 Date of collection •.. Nov. 27, Nov. 27, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•...•••. .2 • 2 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•• 42 40 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm} 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ... 20 23 19 8.0 8.5 7.8 30 -- -- 38 -- --
44 GEORGIA 

DUBLIN 

(Population, 10, 232) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Veterans Hospital. Total population supplied, about 11,000. 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 290, 290, 490, and 650ft deep. The wells are all flowing 

wells. The yield of well 4 is reported to be 350 gpm. 

Treatment~ Aeration, ammoniation, softening with lime, chlorination, sedimentation, recarbonation, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 500,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 63,000, and 

2 50, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts ·per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •.••..•••. 21 21 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •..••.••..•••. .81 • 04 Total ................ 170 53 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate .••.•• 13 12 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••. 63 17 

Magnesium (Mg) •••.• 3.1 2.6 Color ................... 4 4 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••.•• } 2.9 4.1 pH ...............•.•..... 7.1 7. 5 

Potassium (K) •...••. Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 191 50 25 C.) •.•...•.••.••.. 333 130 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 15 15 Turbidity ...•..•..•••.• 0 1 

Chloride (Cl) •••.....• 2.4 3.5 Temperature (F.) ••. 67 64 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .2 • 1 Date of collection ..• Nov. 30, Nov. 30, 

Nitrate (NOs) .••.••.•. • 1 .4 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids •..•. 207 92 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 175 186 162 7.2 7.2 7.2 176 180 174 -- -- -- Finished water ..... 54 77 40 8.5 8.6 8.4 66 88 58 -- -- --
GEORGIA 

EAST POINT 

(Population, 21, 080) 

45 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies College Park and suburban areas. Total 

population supplied, about 38,000. 

Source: Sweetwater Creek. The intake is about 12 miles west of East Point. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, ammoniation, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, chlorine dioxide, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 10,000,000 gal.(An additional reservoir of 

4 7, 000, 000 gal capacity is being constructed). 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 750,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 500,000 gal 

each; 1 elevated tank (in College Park). 

ANALYSES 

{Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••...••.• 19 18 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••..••••••• • 03 • 03 Total ................ 19 35 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 7 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 4.9 11 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.7 1.9 Color .................... 12 3 

Sodium (Na) .•••••••••• ) 6.1 5. 7 pH .............. • ...... •. 7.3 8.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) ...•• 0 8 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 24 18 25 C.) •••..•••••••••• 79.1 96.6 

Sulfate (804) •••••••••• 6.3 11 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 8 1 

Chloride (Cl) •.••••..• 3.9 5.0 Temperature (F.) ••• 50 51 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 2 .3 Date of collection .•• . Nov. 28, Nov. 28, 

Nitrate (NO,) .•••••••. .3 .2 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 59 70 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

{ppm) {ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 17 28 13 6.9 7.3 6.7 16 20 14 60 320 10 

Finished water ... 24 30 20 8.7 9.2 8.4 29 30 26 .2 .5 0 
46 ·GEORGIA 

GAINESVILLE 

(Population, 11, 936) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 18,000. 

Source: Chattahoochee River (75 percent of supply); Crier Creek and Peeler 

Branch (25 percent of supply). The intake on Chattahoochee River is about 

3. 4 miles northeast of the center of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination when necessary. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir about 3,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 480,000 gal; 2 standpipes, 300,000 and 

210, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished· 

water a water a water a water a 

Silica (SiOa) •••.•.•••• 11 10 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• 0 04 • 03 Total ................ g 12 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 4 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 2.2 3.6 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• • 8 .8 Color .••••••••••••••••••• 15 5 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 

~ 3.4 3o0 pH .•••..•••••••.••....... 6.4 6.5 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 15 10 25 c. ) ............... 28o4 44.5 

Sulfate (SOJ •.•••••••• 1.3 5. 7 Turbidity •.•••••••••••• 2 3 

Chloride (Cl) ••.•••..• 1.5 3.1 Temperature (F.) ••• -- 53 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 .1 Date of ~ollection ••• Nov. 27, ~ov. 27, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••....•. .4 • 1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 28 31 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) . (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 10 12 8 6.9 7.2 6.8 20 25 16 120 500 30 

Finished water ..... 11 13 9 6.9 7. 1 6.8 25 28 18 1 1 1 

a Chattahoochee River 75 percent; Crier Creek and Peeler Branch 25 percent. 
GEORGIA 

GRIFFIN 

(Population, 13, 982) 

47 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 20,000. 

Source: Flint River. The intake is about 10 miles northwest of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination during fall and winter months, coagulation with alum, 

activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpdo 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear. wells, 1, 500,000 and 3,000,000 gal; 2 elevated 

tanks, 275,000 and 300,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••• 20 19 Hardness as CaC08 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••. .18 • 03 Total ................. 15 35 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 5 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 3.5 11 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.6 1.8 Color ................... 32 3 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• } 6.9 6.1 pH ..••. , .••.•••.•........ 6.9 8.0 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) 26 36 25 C.) ..........•.... 60.6 103 

Sulfate (so.) .......... 2. 5 9.8 'Purbidity •••••••••••••• 4 1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 3.6 5.4 Temperature (F.) ••• -- 55 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .4 .3 Date of c;ollection ••• Nov. 30, Nov. 30, 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••.•••. .4 .1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•• 53 75 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Malt Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 20 28 13 6.8 7.0 6. 5 18 21 1e 35 700 20 

Finished water ... 27 36 19 8.0 8.4 7.8 28 32 2e .15 • 20 .10 
48 GEORGIA 

LAGRANGE 

(Population, 25, 025) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies sub~rban districts. Total population supplied, about 25, 500. 

Source: . Chattahoochee River. The intake in the river is about 3. 5 miles west of 

the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gal. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 12,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 1,000,000 gal; elevated tank, 1,000,000 gal; 

standpipe, 300, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••.•..••• 14 13 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.••.••.•• • 03 • 02 Total ................ 16 28 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . oo .00 Noncarbonate •...•. 3 8 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••• 4.2 9.2 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.3 1.3 Color ................... 17 1 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• } 5.4 5.8 pH ..••..••..••........... 6.9 8.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) .•••. 0 5 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 16 15 25 c. ) ............... 60.0 88.8 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 4.6 10 Turbidity ..•.•••••••••• 10 1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 5. 6 6.0 Temperature (F.) ••• 52 53 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 3 .2 Date of collection •.• Nov. 29, Nov. 29, 

Nitrate (NOs) .••.••••• 1.1 1.1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 48 60 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 15 20 8 6.8 7.2 6.4 20 -- -- -- 300 10 

Finished water ..... 28 30 26 8.7 9.() 8.4 28 -- -- -- 5 • 5 
GEORGIA 

MACON 

(Population, 70, 2 52) 

49 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. T.otal population supplied, about 100,000. 

Source: Ocmulgee River. The intake in the river is about 3 miles north of the 

center of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, ammoniation, chlorination, activated carbon 

at times, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and final 

adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gal. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 275,000 gal; 2 reservoirs, 1, 500,000 and 

3, 000, 000 gal; 2 standpipes, 200, 000 and 1, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Raw Finished 

water a water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •••••.•••••••••••••.•••••• 12 9.6 12 

Iron (Fe) •.•••..••••••••••••••.•••••••• • 06 • 04 .03 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- .00 • 00 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• •••••••••••••••• 3.6 3.4 10 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••.•••••••• 1.6 1.5 1.6 

Sodium (Na) ........................... 4.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••.•••••••••••••••• 1.6 ~ 5. 6 4.9 

Car 'bonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• -- 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ .•••••••••••••••• 22 21 25 

Sulfate (SO~ ........................... 3.9 3.3 14 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.9 3.6 4.5 

Fluoride (F') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• .o • 2 • 1 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••.•••••••••••••••.•••• 1.0 .7 .7 

Dissolved solids •••.•••••••••••••••• 44 42 64 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total •••••••..••••••••••••••••••.•••• 16 15 32 

Noncar'bonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• -- 0 11 

Color ................................... 9 4 3 

·pH ••.•••••••.•.•••••••••••••••••••••.•••• -- 7.0 7.2 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) .•••••••••• -- 55.~ 98.2 

Turbidity ............... .............. -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) ••.•••• • ••••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• 1937_-38 Apr. 26, 1951 Apr. 26, 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH 

(ppm) 

as CaC03 

(ppm) 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 15 16 15 7.4 7. 2 7. 2 -- -- -- -- 35 18 

F inish~d water ... 25 26 24 8.5 8.6 7.4 -- -- -- 0 0 0 

a Aver-age of 36 analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples, May 1, 1937, 

to Apr. 30, 1938. (U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 889-E. 1944) 
50 GEORGIA 

MARIETTA 

(Population, 20, 687) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 20,700. 

Source: Finished water from City of Atlanta, 2/3 of supply; 21 wells, 1/3 of supply. The wells range in depth from 259 to 910ft and are reported to yield a 

total of 567 gpm: 

Treatment: Well water: none. 

Storage: 2 reservoirs, 243,000 and 1, 000,000 gal; 2 standpipes, 500,000 gal 

each. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well8a Well18 a Well 21 a 

Silica (SiO.) ••.••.•••....•.. 19 34 27 

Iron (Fe) ••.......•..••..•.. • 10 .09 • 50 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ...•.....•.••. 6.0 32 10 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••• 3.6 10 3.3 

Sodium (Na) .... ~ .......... 3.1 15 5.4 

Potassium (K) •.•••••.••.. 1. 5 3.1 2.2 C~rbonate (COs) .•••....•. -- -- -- Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••.•• 31 103 40 

Sulfate (SO,.) •..••••••••••.. 3.0 25 16 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.•..•..••. 4.0 16 1.8 

Fluoride (F) ••.•...••••.••. .o .o .o 

Nit-rate (NOs) ..•.•......•.. 2.5 28 .2 

Dissolved solids ......... 59 226 88 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...•.•••••••.......... 30 121 39 

Noncarbonate ··-········· 4 37 6 

Color •.•...•.••••••..•..••.•• -- -- -- PH ........•......•.....•....•. -- -- -- Specific conductance 

(micromhos at .25 C .. ) -- -- -- Turbidity ••••••••••.••....•. -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) •••••••. 63 62 62 

Date of collection •....... Apr. 22, Apr. 22, Apr. 22, 

1938 1938 1938 

Depth (feet) ............... 272 910 382 

Diameter (inches) ........ 10 10 10 

Date drilled .............•. -- 1927 1928 

Percent of supply .•...... -- -- -- aU. S. Geol. Water Supply Paper 912. 1942 

bcomposite sample of water from wells 1, 3, 5, and 8. 

Well 25a 

22 

.43 

-- 9.8 

3.9 

12 } 1. 8 

-- 33 

3.4 

15 

.o 

20 

119 

40 

13 

--

--

--

--

62 

Apr.·22, 

1938 

297 

10 

1937 

--

Wellsb 

33 

.06 

• 00 

16 

8.7 

4.5 

0 

73 

8.0 

7.4 

.o 

8.4 

123 

76 

16 

2 

6.9 

180 

1 

62 

Nov. 28, 

1951 
GEORGIA 

MOULTRIE 

(Population, 11, 63 9) 

51 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 17,600. 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 750, 825, and 752 ft deep. The yield of wells 2 and 3 is 

reported to be 1, 3 50 and 831 gpm respectively. 

Trsatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 250,000 gal each; 2 elevated tanks, 

150, 000 and 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well2 Well3 Well2 Well3 

(raw Jinished .(raw ·,finished 

water) water) water) water1 

Silica (SiOJ •••••.•••• 26 24 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•••••.•••• .05 • 07 Total .................. 113 391 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate ••••.. 4 283 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••• 24 86 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 13 43 Color ....... · ·· ..... · · · · 2 7 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• } 26 34 pH .......•.•••..••.•..... 7.7 7.2 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ...•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 134 132 25 c. ) ............... 333 859 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 48 329 Turbidity •.•.•••.••••.• 0 1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 6.6 8.6 Temperature (F.} ••• 74 70 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .6 • 9 Date of collection ••• Dec • 2, Dec. 2, 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••• 0 1 .4 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 210 635 

Depth (feet) .................................................................. 825 752 

Diameter (inches) ..................................•...................•.•. 12 16 Dat~ drilled ................................................................ 1943 1948-49 

Percent of supply ..................................•......•................ -- --
52 GEORGIA 

NEWNAN 

(Population, 8, 218) 

Ownership: Munici!'al; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 1C, 000. 

Source: 4 springs 80 percent of supply; 5 wells (1, 2, 4 to 6) 400, 806, 350, 350, 

and 3 50 ft deep, 20 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and aeration at times. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 130,000,000 galo 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 250,000 and 1, 250, QOO gal; elevated tank, 

500,000 gal; standpipe, 300,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Raw Finished 

water a waterb waterC 

Silica (SiOa) •••.•.•••••••••••••••••••• 11 25 12 

Iron (Fe) .............................. .45 • 03 • 03 

Manganese (Mn) ..................... • 00 • 00 • 00 

Calcium (Ca) · ···· ·· .................. 4.4 17 17 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 1.4 1.4 1.4 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••••.•.•••••.•••••• ) 4.3 9.0 5. 5 Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (CO,) ••••••••••.•••••••••• 0 0 15 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ••••••••••••••••• 21 43 12 

Sulfate (SO..). •••••••••••••••.••••••••.• 2.5 27 14 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3.5 2.4 6.8 

Fluoride (I?) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• .2 • 2 .4 

Nitrate (NO,) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• .9 .6 .2 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 41 105 82 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 17 48 48 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 13 13 

Color ................................... 5 1 3 pH·~, ...•.......••...••.••••••••....•..••. 6.6 7.0 9.4 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) .•••••.•••. 53.4 144 123 

Turbidity ............... .............. 1 1 1 

Temperature (F. ) • • ••• • • • • •••••••••• 54 -- 55 

Date of collection •••••••••••••••.••• Nov~ 1~51 Nov. 29, 1951 Nov. 29. 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH 

(ppm) 

as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ........ , 15 18 13 7.0 7.2 6.8 -- -- -- 40 60 20 

Finished water ... 22 28 16 8.4 8.8 8.0 36 46 26 .05 1 0 

a From 4 springs. 

bMixed sample from wells 4, 5, and 6. 

c From 4 springs (80 percent), and wells (20 percent).· 
GEORGIA 

ROME 

(Population, 29, 615) 

53 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 3 5, 000. 

Source: Oostanaula River. The intake is 2 miles north of the center of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, chlorination, ammoniation, carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 1, 000, 000 gal; reservoir, 3, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:J o ••••••••• 5.4 5.2 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••..•.••••••. .06 • 03 Total ................ 21 39 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••.•. 1 12 

Calcium (Ca) ..••••••. 6.3 13 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.4 1.7 Color ................... 7 4· 

Sodium (Na) •.• o •••••• } 2. 5 3.2 pH ......••..•....•.•.•.•• 6o3 6.9 

Potassium (K) ••• o ••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ooo•· 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 25 33 25 C.) ............... 52.0 99.2 

Sulfate (SO~) . o ... o •••• 3.0 14 Turbidity oo••••oo••••o• -- -- Chloride (Cl) •o•o••o•• 1.6 3.0 Temperature (F. ) •• 0 -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .2 • 1 Date of collection o o. Apr. 23, Apr. 23, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••• • 5 .3 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids. o ••• 37 59 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 39 48 32 7.1 7.3 6.9 42 52 18 153 297 36 

Finished. water ... 46 58 39 8.1 8o2 8o1 52 60 22 • 1 .1 .1 
54 GEORGIA 

SAVANNAH 

(Population, 119, 638) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 120,000. 

Source: 5 Artesian wells (5, 7 to 10) 60 percent of supply; Abercorn Creek 40 

percent of supply. The intake in the creek is about 15 miles north of the cityo 

The wells are 82, 56, 68, 59 and 62ft deep; the yield is reported to be 3, 470, 

2, 800, 3, 200, 3, 4 70, and 1, 400 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, lime, and clay, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 40,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 500,000 gal each; elevated tank, 

4, 000, OQO gal; reservoir, 2, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

' (Analyses, in parts per million by U . . S Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water a waterb water a waterb 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••• 13 12 Hardness as CaC08 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• • 10 .17 Total ................. 18 36 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 0 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 8 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 5.2 12 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• L3 1. 5 Color ................... 22 7 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• } 5.6 5.7 pH .. • •• ..•...•.. • •.•....• 6. 5 7.1 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) .•••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 26 34 25 c.) •.•.•....•..•.• 59.1 108 

Sulfate (SOJ •.•••••••• 3. 5 13 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 3.1 4.8 Temperature (F. ) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .2 • o Date of collection •.• June 4, June 4, 

Nitrate (NO.) ••••••••• .8 .4 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•.. 48 67 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as caco, pH a!? CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max M.in 

Raw water ......... 18 26 10 6. 6 7.2 6.0 19 26 12 70 125 15 

Finished water ..... 23 32 15 7.9 8.9 6.9 37 53 21 2.5 5 0 

a From Abercorn Creek. 

b From wells and Abercorn Creek. 
GEORGIA 

THOMASVILLE 

(Population, 14, 424) 

55 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 14,800. 

Source: 4 wells (2 to 5) 300, 550, 305, and 400 ft deep; yield reported to be 600, 

1, 200, 1, 000, and 1, 300 gpm respectively. 

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, bleaching clay, sedimentation, recarbonation, and rapid 

sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 500,000 gal; elevated tank, 300,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••..••. 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• 

Well5 

(raw 

water) 

Finished 

water a 

16 

• 02 

.00 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ............... . 

Noncarbonate ...... 

Well5 

(raw 

water) 

208 

79 

Finished 

water a 

94 

Manganese (Mn) .... . 49 

Calcium (Ca) ....... .. 

24 

.07 

• 00 

A7 23 ~--------------~------+-------

Magnesium (Mg) .... . 

Sodium (Na) ........... !\ 

Potassium (K) •••••• ·If 

Carbonate (COs)..... 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOs} 157 

22 

6.9 

Sulfate (SO~) . . .. • .. • • . 79 

Chloride ( Cl) . .. • .. • .. 7. 6 

Fluoride (F) .... ~..... • 4 

Nitrate (NOs} . .. • .. ... . 1 

Dissolved solids..... 271 

8.9 

20 

19 

16 

77 

8.8 

.4 

• 1 

182 

Color ... -............. ·· · 

pH .•••..••...... • ....... . 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.) .............. . 

Turbidity ..•.•••.••••.• 

Temperature (F. ) ... 

Date of ~ollection •.• 

Depth (feet) ................................................................. . 

Diameter (inches) .....................•.......................••.......... 

Date drilled ....................•........................................... 

Percent of supply ....................•.................................... 

1 1 

7.9 9.2 

416 289 

0 0 

71 71 

Dec. 2, Dec. 2, 

1951 1951 

400 

16 

1949 

-- Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19_50 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 130 130 130 7.5 7. 5 7.5 200 200 200 0 0 0 

Finished water ... 32 47 27 8.9 9.6 8.4 85 110 75 0 0 0 

a From wells 3 and 4. 
56 GEORGIA 

VALDOSTA 

(Population, 20, 046) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. ·Total population supplied, about 23,000. . 

Source: 3 wells (3, 4, Pendleton Park). The depths of wells 3 and 4 (Plant well) 

are 409 ft and 380 ft, respectively. 

Treatment: Aeration, chlorination, Nalco, lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: None. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 250,000 and 1,000,000 gal; 3 elevated 

tanks, 100,000, 400,000. and 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

Analyses, in parts per million, b y u. s . Gel 0 OgJ.C . alSu rvey ) 

Well4 Finished {finished Well3 water) water a 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••••••••••••••• 15 23 16 28 

Iron (Fe) ........................... .01 -- .12 .13 

Manganese {Mn) ................. -- -- .00 • 00 

Calcium (Ca) .•.••.••••••••••••••• 32 -- 35 24 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 4.4 -- 5.0 8o4 

Sodium (Na) .•••••••••••••.••.••••• 2.3 -- PotassiUm (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 1.0 ) 1.6 .3 

Carbonate (COs) ••••••••••••••••• -- 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••.••.•••• _. 78 80 78 107 

Sulfate (S04) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• .. • • ... • •• 30 26 27 4.1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••• 3.8 -- 13 1.2 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... .2 -- .3 • 5 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••.••.••••••• .3 -- . 3 • 1 

Dissolved solids •••.•••••.•••••• 136 -- 143 128 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ............................ 98 101 108 94 

Noncarbonate •••••.••••••.•••• 34 -- 44 7 

Color ................... ............ -- -- 20 5 

pH . ·~ ...•..•..•...•...•.•.•....••.•.• -- 7.4 7.3 7.9 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••.••. -- 218 220 187 

Turbidity .......................... -- -- 1 1 

Temperature ~F. } .•••.••••••••• 72 68 68 68 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• Sept. 30, Dec. 2, Dec. 2, Dec. 2, 

1941 1951 1951 1951 

Depth (feet) ...................... 409 409 380 -- Diameter (inches) .............. 15 15 15 -- Date drilled ....................... 1923 1923 1946 1949 

Percent of supply ............... -- -- -- -- apendleton Park Well. 
GEORGIA 

WAYCROSS 

(Population, 18, 899) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. 

57 

Source: 2 wells ( 1 and 2) in Legion Park and at pumping plant· 700 and 703 ft deep. 

The yield of wells is reported to be 1, 700 and 2, 000 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 798,830 gal. 

Finished -water storage: Standpipe, 281, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well2 

Well1 ~finished 

water) 

Well1 

Silica (SiOa) ••••••.••• 46 43 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••.••.••••• • 21 .11 Total ................ 142 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• -- Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 34 41 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 14 17 Color ................... -- Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 16 } pH .......•..•••••..•••..• -- Potassium {K) ••••••• 2.4 16 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) .•••. -- 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs} 159 159 25 C.) ••••••••••••••• -- Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 29 48 Turbidity •••••••.•••••• -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 14 18 Temperature (F.) ••• 74 

Fluoride (F) •••••••..• .4 • 5 Date of c;ollection ••• May 28, 

Nitrate (NO,) .•••••••• . 2 • 1 1941 

Dis·solved solids ••••• 224 258 

Depth (feet) ................................................................... 658 

Diameter (inches) .•...................•.....•..........•.•...•••.......... 12 

Date drilled •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••••••• 1893 

Percent of supply ......•......................•..............•..•.•....... --

Well2 

(finished 

water) 

172 

42 

2 

7.6 

394 

0 

76 

Deco 3, 

1951 

703 

12-10 

1904 

--
58 MARYLAND 

ANNAPOLIS 

(Population, 10, 047) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies Dreams Landing, Eastport, Forest Hills, 

Germantown, Homewood, Wardour and West Annapolis. Total population 

supplied, about 28, 000. 

Source: Broad Creek and oth·er small streams (impounded), 74 percent of 

supply; 4 wells (1, 2, 5, and 6) 26 percent of supply. The wells are 270, 

250, 248, and 242 ft deep respectively. Well number 1 is used very little. 

The surface water is used regularly, and the wells are used only to supplement this supply when necessary. 

Treatment: Lime, aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, chlorination, and the addition of lime to adjust the pH to about 8. 6. 

Wilen the well water is used it is mixed with the surface water before treatment is begun. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 80, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Basin, 500, 000 gal; standpipe, 1, 750, 000 gal. 

The wells are used during the summer and during the peak demand furnish about 

one half of the supply. Most of this is furnished by wells 5 and 6. During 

the year 19 50 only well 5 was used. It is not possible at the present time to 

sample the individual well supplies. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw 

water a 

Silica (SiO:a) •.•••.•••• 10 

Iron (Fe) •.•••.•••.•••. . 01 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 2.4 

MagneSium (Mg) ••••. 1.0 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 1.4 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.5 

Carbonate (COs) ••••. 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 6 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 6.0 

Chloride (Cl) .••.•...• 3.5 

Fluoride (F) ••.••.•••• .0 

Nitrate (NOJ .••..•••. 1.1 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 35 

almpounding Reservoir 

bsurface supplies, only 

Finished 

waterb 

11 

.0 

. 00 

12 

1.5 

2.0 

1.6 

0 

20 

16 

6.6 

.0 

. 3 

63 

Raw 

water a 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................ 10 

Noncarbonate •••••• 5 

Color ............... ,. ... 5 

pH .................•..... 6.3 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.) •••..•••••••... 42.9 

Turbidity •.•.•.•.•••••• 1.0 

Temperature (F. ) ••. -- Date of collection ..• Mar.20, 

1951 

Finished 

waterb 

36 

20 

2 

7.6 

95.7 

. 9 

-- Mar. 20, 

1951 
MARYLAND 

BALTIMORE 

(Population, 949, 708) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies a large population in the Metropolitan District 

of Baltimore County. Total population supplied, about 1, 163, 000. 

59 

Source: Gunpowder River impounded in Lock Raven Reservoir. North Branch of 

Patapsco River, (to be tapped about the middle of 1951 adding about 40, 000, 000 

gpd to the present supply), auxiliary supply. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, prechlorination to 0. 5 ppm of free available 

chlorine through filters, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration,. and adjustment of pH to 7. 8 with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 240, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 43, 000, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Filtered water reservoirs, elevated tanks, standpipes. 

Total 773, 500, 000 gal. 

The Metropolitan District of Baltimore County borders Baltimore City on the west, 

north, and east and the water supply for the District is obtained from the city 

supply. After the distribution system is installed, it is turned over to the city 

for maintenance and operation and forms an integral part of the city system. 

It is proposed to construct eventually an impounding dam on the North Branch of 

Patapsco River and another treatment plant. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Monte Bello Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland) 

Raw Finished Raw !Finished 

watera waterb water a waterb 

Silica (SiO:a) ...••.•••. 12 6.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•.• •••••oo . 02 . 01 Total ................. 39 50 

Manganese (Mn) • o o o o . 00 . 0( Noncarbonateo o oo o o 6 10 

Calcium (Ca) •oo 000000 10 14 

Magnesium (Mg) o. o o o 3.5 4.0 Color ................... 6 -- Sodium (Na) o .•• •o •• o. 2.3 } 4.3 pH .......•..••..••....... 7.0 8.0 

Potassium (K) o o o •• o. 1.5 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••.•• 0 -- (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 41 49 25 c.) ...... 000000000 1031 -- Sulfate (S04) o. o. o •• o o. 7.0 11 Turbidity ··••oo••o••••• 1.2 .1 

Chloride (Cl) .•••.•••. 3.2 6.2 Temperature (F.) ••. -- -- Fluoride (F) •.•••.•••. .0 0 1 Date of collection •. o Apr. 18, 1950 

Nitrate (NOJ .••.. o o o o 3.8 . 3 1951 

Dissolved solids ••. o. 63 81 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 37 44 33 7.2 7.4 6.8 40 46 37 5 30 3 

Finished water ..... 40 52 35 8.0 8.4 7.3 52 63 45 .1 . 2 .1 

a Reservoir. Analysis by U 0 S. Geological Survey. 

b Averages of analyses of monthly composites of dally samples. 
60 MARYLAND 

COLLEGE PARK 

(Population, 11, 170) 

Ownership: Supplied by Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission. (See 

Hyattsville.) 

CUMBERLAND 

(Population, 37, 679) 

Ownership: Municipal; (Evitts Creek Water Company) supplies also Cresaptown 

and La Vale, Maryland; Ridgeley and Wiley Ford, West Virginia. Total 

populatio~ supplied, about 42,100. 

Source: Evitts Creek impounded in two lakes, Lake Gordon and Koon Lake. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid (anthrafilt) filtration, 

chlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Koon Lake, 2, 300, 000, 000 gal; Lake Gordon 1, 330, 000, 000 

gal. 

Finished-water storage: Fort Hill reservoir, 3, 750, 000 gal; Ridgedale reservoir, 

7, 500, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is located at Koon Lake about 8 miles northeast of the city. 

The finished water flows by gravity through two 36-in. reinforced concrete 

conduits from the treatment plant to the finished water reservoirs, thence to 

the distribution system. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •••....••• 3.9 4.2 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.••••.••••••• . 0 . 02 Total e••••··········· 20 36 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• Noncarbonate •••••• 0 0 -- -- Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 4.7 9.9 Magnesium 6 5 (Mg) ••••• 2.1 2.8 Color ................... 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• ) < 20 

pH ...•...............•... 7.6 7.2 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 17 1.4 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs} .•.•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 48 65 25 c. ) ............... 118 158 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••• •• • 12 20 Turbidity ••••.••.••••.• 9 4 

Chloride (Cl) .•••.•••. 1.9 3.0 Temperature (F.) ••• 38 -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••. .1 .1 Date of collection •.• Mar. 5, Mar. 5, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••. 2.1 2.2 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 69 93 
MARYLAND 

FREDERICK 

(Population, 18, 142) 

Ownership: ... Municipal; a small population is supplied outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 18, 200. 

61 

Source: Tuscarora and Fishing Creeks about 84 percent of supply; Linganore 

Creek, about 16 percent of supply. Fishing Creek (impounded) is the main 

source of supply. · Linganore Creek water is used to supplement the regular 

supply at times of peak load or when necessary. 

Treatment: Main supply: Chlorination and ammoniation. Linganore Creek water: 

coagulation with alum and lime, carbon, breakpoint chlorination, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Fishing creek reservoir, 77, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear wells and elevated tanks, _1, 000,000 gal. 

Fishing Creek reservoir is located about 10 miles northwest of the city, above the village of Mountain Dale. The water from Tuscarora Creek reservoir enters the conduitfrom Fishing Creek reservoir near Yellow Springs. Thus the watar .fr;Jm these 

two sources is mixed before entering the city. The treatment plant for the 

Linganore Creek supply is about 3. 5 miles east of the city. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Fishing Creek Finished water reservoir Fishing Creek ~inganore Cree (rawwaterl 

Silica (Si02) .......................... 3.0 0.6 5.7 

k 

Iron (Fe) .............................. .01 . 00 .01 

Mang8llese (Mn.) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ····· ···· ..............•. . 5 . 7 11 

Magn.esium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• .1 .2 3.4 

Sodium ( Na) ........................... 2.6 ) 2.1 6.8 Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••• , • .3 I 

Carbonate (COs} ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) ••••••••••••••••• 3.5 4 26 

Sulfate (SO.). •••••••••••••••••••• ··-••• 2.4 1.5 20 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.4 1.5 6.2 

Fluoride (1'1 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• .0 . 0 .1 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••.•••••••.•••••••••••• .1 .2 6.5 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 12 12 78 

Hardness as CaC08 : 

Total ................................ 2 3 41 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 0 0 20 .. Color ........................... -........ 3 8 3 

pH ......•...•...•...•••.•.•.•••••...•.•••. 6.1 5.7 7.0 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ••••••••••• 14.5 14.~ 131 

Turbidity ............... .............. 1 -- 2 

Temperature (F. ) • •••••••••••••••••• -- 6() -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Mar. 6, 1951 Oct. 16~ 1951 Mar. 6, 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950a 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 4{ 61 1~ 7.1 8.6 6.9 52 66 39 15 1000 5 

Finished water ... 3~ 45 23 6.6 7.0 6.2 53 68 44 5 5 5 

aL1nganore Creek. 
62 MARYLAND 

HAGERSTOWN 

(Population, 32, 260) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Williamsport, Funkstown, Smithburg, and 

a number of people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 

45,000. 

Source: Potomac River, 2/3 of supply; mountain Supply consisting of Raven Rock 

and Warner Hollow Creeks, impounded, 1/3 of supply. 

Treatment: Potomac River supply: Plain sedimentation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, occasionally activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, addition of lime for adjustment of pH. Mountain supply: Chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Potomac River supply: 2 settling basins, 5, 000,000 gal 

each. Mountain supply: reservoir, 120,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Equalizing reservoirs and elevated tanks, 11,500,000 

gal. 

The two sources of supply are interconnected so that the consumers may be furnished with river, mountain streams, or the mixed water. There is considerable variation in composition of the water from both supplies throughout the 

year, but the water of the mountain supply is low in mineral content and hardness at all times. 

Fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride was begun Nov. 20, 1951 of the Mountain 

supply and Dec. 4, 1951 of the Potomac River supply. An average content of 

about 1. 1 ppm of fluoride is maintained in the supplies. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Potomac River Potomac River Mountain Supply 

(raw water) (finished water) (city tap) 

Silica (SiOJ •...•.••••...••••.•.•••••• 4.8 5.4 10 

Iron (Fe) •..••....••.•••..•.••.••••.••• . 03 .01 .07 

Manganese (M:n) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) · ···· ···· ................ 11 17 3.8 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••.•••••• ~ .•••••••• 5. 0 3.8 1.9 

Sodium (Na) •••••.••••••••.••••.••••••• 13 15 4.8 Potassium (K) ••••••.•••••••••••••••• 1. 1 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••.•••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) ••.•••••••••••••• 42 45 13 

Sulfate (S04). ........................... . 35 44 9.2 

Chloride (Cl) .......................... 2.9 4.8 4.0 

Fluoride (F') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• .0 .o .2 

Nitrate (NOs) •..•.••••••••••••.•.••••• 1. 5 1. 6 1.6 

Dissolved solids •••..••••••••••••••• 97 116 45 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ••...••..•••.••••••••••••••..••• 48 58 17 

Non cat bonate .•••••.•••••••••••••.•• 14 21 7 

Color ••..•...••..•.•..•••••.••.••.•••.•• 6 3 4 

pH ......................•...•.•......•••. 7.3 7.8 7.0 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) .•••••••••• 161 193 59.5 

Turbidity ..•••••.•••••••••.••••••••••• 9 2 5 

Temperature (F. ) .•.•.• • · ••••••.•••• -- -- -- Date of collection •••••••••••••••.••• Mar. 6, 1951 Mar. 6, 1951 Mar. 6, 1951 
MARYLAND 63 

HAGERSTOWN --Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Potomac River 

Raw water ••••• 65 100 20 7.3 7.6 6.6 80 130 25 20 1600 6 

Potomac River 

Finished water • 65 100 10 7.7 8.2 7.2 85 140 30 5 10 • 2 

Mt. Supply 

Raw water ••••• 15 25 10 6.5 6.9 6.3 20 25 5 8 15 5 
64 MARYLANDHYATTSVILLE 

(Population, 12, 300) 

Ownership: Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission, a public body incorporated by the Maryland General Assembly, serving metropolitan areas of about 

200 square miles in Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties. Supplies 

Bethesda, Bladensburg, Brentwood, Capitol Heights, Chevy Chase, College 

Park, Colmar Manor, Fairmount Heights, Gaithersburg, Mount Rainier, 

Riverdale, Silver Spring, Takoma Park, Wheaton and other communities. 

Total population supplied, about 280,000. 

Source: Patuxent River and the Northwest Branch of the Anacostia River, both 

impounded. Water from the Patuxent River can be pumped into the Northwest 

Branch of the Anacostia River when needed. 

Treatment: (Both plants): Prechlorination, coagulation with alum (and lime or 

sodium aluminate at times), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination or dechlorination as may be necessary, and addition of lime for adjustment of pH. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Burnt Mills Plant (N. W. Branch of Anacostia 

River), 10,000,000 gpd; Willis School Plant (Patuxent River), 26,700,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Northwest Branch Anacostia River reservoir, 50,000,000 

gal; Patuxent River reservoir, 6, 118, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, standpipes and elevated tanks for both high 

and low service, 38, 175,000 gal. 

The Northwest Branch of Anacostia River is the main source of supply for the high 

service area chiefly in Montgomery County. The dam impounding the river 

and the Burnt Mills treatment plant ·are located on Colesville Road near Silver 

Spring, Montgomery County.. During dry seasons when the flow of the Northwest Branch is inadequate, water from the Patuxent River is pumped into the 

Northwest Branch from the Mink Hollow Pumping station near Ashton, about 

10 miles above the Burnt Mills treatment plant. High service connections to 

the supply of District of Columbia total 6,000,000 gpd in case of emergency. 

The source of supply for the low service is the Patuxent River, impounded by the 

Brighton Dam 14 miles north of the northernmost tip of Washington. The water 

is pumped from the river at the Rocky Gorge pumping station 13 miles below 

the dam to the Willis School treatment plant 2 miles west of Laurel, Prince 

Georges County. The finished water flows by gravity to the low service area. 

Connections in cases of emergency to the supply of the District of Columbia to 

this service area total 3 , 200, 000 gpd. 

The treated supplies of the 'two sources are further interconnected so that most of 

the capacity available for the high service in one zone is also available for the 

low service in the other zone. 
MARYLAND 65 

HYATTSVILLE--Continued 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Patuxent River Finished 

Raw water a ~inished water b waterc 

Silica {SiOz) •••••.•••••••••••.•.•••••• 9o7 8.9 14 

Iron (Fe) •••••.••••.••••••••••••••••••• • 02 • 09 .01 

Manga.Ilese (Mn.) ••••••••••••••••••••• .'00 .oo • 00 

Calcium (Ca) ••••• •••• •••••••••••••••• 4.0 8.8 10 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 1.1 1:.6 1.7 

Sodium (Na) •••••.••••••••••••••••••••• 2.6 2.9 4.6 

Potasslum (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.2 1.1 .9 

Carbonate (CO,) ··············•••o••· 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ••••••••••••••••• 15 18 26 

Sulfate (SO~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4.0 8. 5 10 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••.•••••••••••••••• 3.2 7. 2 7. 8 

Fluoride (Jr) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• .o .o .o 

Nitrate (NO,) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.9 2.4 1.2 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 37 56 68 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total •.••..•...••.•.••••.••••.•...••• 14 29 32 

Noncarbonate •••••.•••••••••••••.•• 2 . 14 11 

Color •..•....••......••.•••.••.••.•.•••• 2 4 2 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6.8 

Specific conductance 

7.4 7.4 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ••••• o. o ••• 54.6 84o9 102 

Turbidity .••••••••••••••••.••••••••••• .9 1.0 • 5 

Temperature (F. ) .•.•••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection •••••••••••••• 0 •••• Apr. 9, 1951 Apr. 9, 1951 Apr. 9, 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950d 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 14 22 8 7.0 7.4 6.0 18 25 15 60 uOOO 10 

Finished water ..... 19 25 12 8. 0 8. 7 7.0 33 50 28 • 20 1. 3( .10 

Raw water e ••••• 20 26 10 6.9 7.6 6.1 22 35 16 70 400( 10 

Finished water e 24 33 10 8.0 8.7 6.8 39 52 31 . 23 1. 6C .10 

a At WilliS School treatment >1 ant. 

b City tap, Hyattsville. 

p 

c N. W. Branch Anacostia River, at Burnt Mills treatment plant. 

d Willis School treatment plant. 

e Burnt Mills treatment plant. 

MOUNT RAINIER 

(Population, 10, 989) 

Ownership: Supplied by Washington Suburban Sanitary Commision. (See 

Hyattsville.) 
66 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MARYLAND 

SALISBURY 

(Population, 15, 141) 

Source: Ten wells (1 to 10) 58, 57, 43, 48, 61, 65, 62, 66, 60, and 60ft deep. 

Emergency supply, Schumacher Pond. All the wells are equipped with turbine 

pumps except wells 1 and 3 which are suction lift. Wells 1 to 5 are reported 

to yield a total of about 2, 000 gpm. Wells 2, 9, and 10 furnished the greater 

part of the supply during the winter of 1950-51. 

Treatment: Aeration (coke beds), addition of lime to raise pH, chlorination, and 

ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Underground reservoir at plant, 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 elevated tanks, 200,000 and 300,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 

85,000 gal. 

The wells are in the city park area and are operated by remote control (except 

wells 9 and 10 not equipped at present) and pump to the reservoir at the treatme·nt plant. All of the wells are not pumped at the same time, and none continuously. Enough wells are used to take care of daily requirements. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well2 Well 10 Wells 2, 4, 5, 

(raw water) (raw water) 7, 8 

(finished water) 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 18 19 

Iron (Fe) .............................. 1.0 • 0~ .35 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• • Of • 00 • 01 

Calcium. (Ca) · ···· ···· .•..........•.•. 4.6 2.9 7.0 

Magnesium (Mg) ...................... 1.4 • 5 .6 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••••••.•••••.•••••• 7.8 ) {).7 { 10 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.9 1.7 

Car 'bonate (CO,) ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ••••••••••••••••• 12 13 22 

Sulfate (SO.). .......................... 3.2 3. 5 2.0 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7. 5 6.8 9.0 

Fluoride (11 •.•••••••••••.•••.••..•••. • 1 .o .0 

Nitrate (NO,) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 8.0 12 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••.•••• 70 60 81 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 17 9 20 

Noncar'bonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 7 0 2 

Color ................................... 0 ~ 3 

pH .....•.•••...•.•.•...••••••••....•.•••. 5.~ 6.~ 7.1 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••.•••. 83.4 73.0 104 

Turbidity ............... .............. -- ~ 11 

Temperature (F. ) ••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Mar. 3, 1948 Mar. 19, 1951 Mar. 19, 1951 

Depth (feet) ••••••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••• 57 60 

Diameter (inches) ......•••.•...•.••. 24 H 

Date drilled .......................... 1925 194~ 

Percent of supply .•...••......••.... -- .... 
NORTH CAROLINA 

ALBEMARLE 

(Population, 11, 798) 

67 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 12, 300. 

Source: Yadkin River. The intake is about 7 miles northwest of Badin. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, soda ash, chlorination, Calgon, aeration, 

sedimentation, and rapid sand filtr.ation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1 reservoir, 30,000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 concrete reseryoirs, each 1, 000,000 gal; elevated 

tank, 100, 000 gal; standpipe, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 11 9.7 Hardness as CaC08 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• • 09 .05 Total .............•.. 18 19 

Manganese {Mn) ••••• ,oo • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 0 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 4.4 4.9 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.7 1. 7 Color ................... 3 4 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 5. 8 16 pH ...•...••..•.•••....... 7.0 .6. 9 

Potassium (K) •••• • •• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) .•••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 25 32 25 C.) ••••••••••••••• 63.8 118 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 4.4 20 Turbidity ..•••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) .•••••••• 3.2 4.8 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride {F) .••••••••. .2 • 1 Date of collection ••• May 6, May 6, 

Nitrate (NOs) •••..•••. • 7 .4 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids •..•. 46 78 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 20 22 18 7.0 7. 1 6. 9 20 22 18 20 400 5 

Finished water ... 22 24 20 6.8 6.9 6.8 20 22 18 0 0 0 
68 NORTH CAROLINA 

ASHEVILLE 

(Population, 53, 000) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a number of communities in the Buncombe 

County Water System. Total population supplied, about 73,000. 

Source: Beetree Creek (impounded) and Right and Left Forks of the North Fork 

of the Swannanoa River (impounded). The intakes are about 12 miles east of 

the city. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: Beetree Reservoir, 500,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Beaucatcher Reservoir, 5, 000, ooo· gal; White Fawn 

Reservoir, 11,300,000 gal; Standpipe, 300,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by u. s. Geological Survey) 

Silica {SiOa) •.•••••••••••••••••••• 

lr'on (Fe) ....••.•....•••..•..••••... 

Manganese (Mnl·············~··· Calcium (Ca) ••••••.•••••••••••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) .•••••••••••••••••••••• 

Potassium (K) .•••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••• 

Sulfate (S04) • • • • • • ................. 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••••.•••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ••••••••••••.••• 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ............................ 

Noncarbonate •.••••••.•••••••• 

Color ................... ............ 

pH .•...•......•...••..••••...••••••.• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) •••••. 

Tu.rbidity .......................... 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••••••••• 

Date of collection , •••••••••••••• 

aFinished water. 

bRaw water. · 

Beetree 

Reservoir a 

8.3 

. 02 

. 00 

1.8 

. 7 

~ 2.3 

0 

7 

2.9 

2.5 

. 0 

. 1 

22 

7 

2 

3 

5.8 

24.0 

--

-- Apr. 12, 

1950 

Bee tree 

Reservoirb 

7.4 

. 02 

. 00 

1.6 

. 8 

1.1 

0 

6 

2.6 

1.2 

.0 

.4 

20 

7 

2 

3 

6.2 

24.6 

--

-- Apr. 12, 

1950 

North. Fork North Fork 

Swannanoa Swannanoa 

Rivera Riverb 

5.6 6.2 

. 03 .04 . 00 . 00 

1.0 1.6 

.4 .3 

2.4 1.7 

0 0 

4 7 

2.8 1.5 

1.9 1.1 

. 0 .0 

. 6 . 2 

l'l 16 

4 5 

1 0 

3 4 

5.9 6.7 

15.2 14.0 

-- -- -- -- Mar. 28, Mar. 28, 

1950 1950 
NORTH CAROLINA 

BURLINGTON 

(Population, 24, 560) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 25, 000. 

69 

Source: Stony Creek impounded. The raw water intake is located 3 miles north 

of the treatment plant. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, break-point chlorination, and final adjustment of pH with 

lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 500, 000, 000 gal; reservoir at 

treatment plant, 1, 750,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 465, 000 gal; 3 elevated tanks, 1, 500, 000, 

100, 000, and 100, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is in the city. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw !Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 16 15 Hardness as CaC08 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• • 16 .04 Total ................ 34 59 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 12 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 7.8 18 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 3.6 3.5 Color ................... 8 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } pH •.••..••..••..••.•...•. 6.8 7.3 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 5. 1 4.9 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 45 58 25 C.) •••.••••••••••• 93.8 147 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 3.4 16 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 3. 1 3.8 Temperature (F. ) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 • 1 Date of collection ••• Sept. 23, Sept. 23, 

Nitrate (NOs) .•••.•••• .4 .2 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids ••••• 67 95 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 35 57 16 7.0 7.4 6.6 39 56 20 91 850 30 

Finished water ..... 40 55 13 8. 2. 8.8 6.8 58 78 38 0 0 0 
70 NORTH CAROLINA 

CHARLOTTE 

(Population, 134, 042) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 167, 000. 

Source: Catawba River. The intake is about 8 miles northwest of treatment 

plant. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, carbon, primary chlorination, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, final pH adjustment with hydrated lime, 

secondary chlorination, ammoniation, and fluoridation with sodium fluoride. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 24, 600, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2 reservoirs, estimated capacity 45, 000, 000 gal, each. 

Finished-water storage: 3 clear wells, 2, 875, 000, 2, 875,000, and 5, 750,000 gal; 

4 elevated tanks, 1, 000, 000, 1, 000, 000, 500, 000, and 500, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is about 2 miles northwest of center of city. The water is 

pumped from the Catawba River to raw-water storage; then flows by gravity 

through the treatm~nt plant to clear water wells; then is pumped to distribution 

system and elevated storage tanks. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by u. s. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •••••••••• 12 11 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• .03 . 02 Total ................ 14 22 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 2 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 3.6 6.9 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.2 1.2 Color ................... 13 2 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 

~ 3.6 4.9 pH ..•••..•••••••••••.•.•• 7. 2 8.5 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••. 0 3 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 19 18 25 c. ) ............... 40.5 75.4 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 2.7 5.1 'Pu.rbidity ....•........• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 2.2 3.2 Temperature (F. ) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 1 1.2 Date of collection ••• Mar . 2, Mar. 3, Nitrate (NO,) ••••••••• . 2 . 2 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids ••••• 35 45 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 15 17 13 7. 1 7.8 6.9 12 16 9 8.1 38 2 

Finished water .•. 19 23 16 8.6 8.8 8.2 20 24 17 .06 . 03 0 
NORTH CAROLINA 

CONCORD 

(Population, 16, 486) 

71 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 20, 000. 

Source: Cold Water Creek impounded in Lake Fisher. Lake Concord, fed by a 

number of springs, serves as auxiliary or emergency supply. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, ammoniation, chlorination, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, Calgon, lime, postchlorination, and 

final adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Fisher and Lake Concord 1, 100, 000, 000, and 

450, 000, 000 gal, respectively. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 2, 000, 000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 500, 000 and 

1, 000,000 gal; at old plant, 1, 500,000 gal. 

The raw water intake is about 5 miles north of the treatment plant which is north 

of the city in Wil-Mar Park section. 

ANALYSES 

{Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 6.6 4o7 Hardness a,g CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• • 03 • 05 Total ...............• 34 41 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••.•• 0 8 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 8.0 11 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 3.4 3.3 Color ................... 7 7 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 4.7 5. 6 pH ...•...••.••.•••.•••.•. 6.7 6.7 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 41 40 25 c. ) ............... 94.0 116 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 5.1 13 Turbidity .••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••.•• 3.1 4.5 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .2 • 1 Date of collection ••• Aug. 15, Aug.15, 

Nitrate (NOs) .•••••••• .4 .4 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids ••••. 56 69 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 32 36 18 7. 2 7.5 6.9 35 41 30 18 40 10 

Finished water •.. 26 35 21 7.0 7.6 6.8 43 47 38 -- -- --
72 NORTH CAROLINA 

DURHAM 

(Population 71, 311) 

Ownership: Municipal; total population supplied, about 73, 500. 

Source: Flat River impounded in Lake Michie, about 15 miles northwest of the 

city. 

Treatment: Slight aeration, breakpoint chlorination, coagulation with alum and 

lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and final adjustment of pH with 

lime .. Activated carbon used occasionally for taste and odor control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 15,560,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 4, 500,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5 clear wells, 4, 500, 000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1, 500, 000 

gal; 1 elevated reservoir, 3, 000, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is 3 miles northwest of the center of Durham. Treatment 

plant capacity can be increased satisfactorily to an additional 5, 530, 000 gpd. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •.••..•••. 13 14 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••. • 04 .05 Total ................. 20 41 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 2 18 

Calcium (Ca) ......... 4.8 13 

Magnesium (Mg) •.••• 2.0 2.0 Color ................... 13 4 

Sodium (Na) .......... } 5.3 5. 7 pH .......•............... 7.2 8.7 

Potassium (K) •...••. Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ..... 0 3 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 22 21 25 c. ) ............... 65.2 114 

Sulfate (804) .......... 5.7 20 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ......... 5. 1 7.0 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••. • 1 .0 Date of collection •.. Feb. 27, Feb. 27, 

Nitrate (NOJ ......... .3 • 2 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 50 77 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 16 20 13 6.9 7.1 6.7 17 20 14 19 45 7.0 

Finished water... •. 27 33 23 9.0 9.1 9.0 44 51 38 .30 .40 .18 
NORTH CAROLINA 

ELIZABETH CITY 

(Population, 12, 685) 

73 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban district. Total population 

supplied about 15,000. 

Source: Well fiela oi 200 wells, all 30 feet deep, 80 percent of supply; 3 wells, 

(1 to 3) each 80 ft deep, 20 percent of supply. The yield of the shallow wells 

is reported to be from 2 to 5 gpm, and of the deep wells, 200, 200~ and 90 

gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Lime (softening), coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1 reservoir, 3, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 1, 000,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water a water a water a water a 

Silica (SiOa) ••.••••••• 41 33 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• 8.1 • 77 Total _. ............. ·• 182 123 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 12 35 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 45 28 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 17 13 Color ............... · ·· · 23 8 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 63 69 pH ...•..••...•.........•. 6.7 8.3 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•.•. 0 7 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 208 93 25 c. ) ............... 638 564 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 29 48 Turbidity •••.•••••••••• 1.8 2.0 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••..• 83 95 Temperature (F.) ••. 68 71 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 2 .2 Date of collection •.• Aug. 31, Aug.31, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••• .6 .3 1951 1951 

')issolved solids ••.•. 405 352 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 115 180 98 7.0 7.2 7.0 140 186 110 -- -- -- Finished water ..... 65 98 58 9. 4 9.6 9.0 113 130 90 -- -- --

a Composite, mixed sample. 

• 
• 

74 NORTH CAROLINA 

FAYETTEVILLE 

(Population, 34, 715) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies other suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 50, 000. 

Source: Little Cross Creek impounded in Bonnie Doone, Kornbow, and 

Glenville Lakes. Intake on east bank of Glenville Lake about 200 ft west of 

treatment plant. 

Treatment: Aeration at times; primary lime, prechlorination, coagulation with 

alum, mechanical mixing, sedimentation, activated carbon at times, rapid 

sand filtration, postchlorination, Calgon, adjustment of pH with lime, 

ammoniation and final chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 3 impounding reservoirs: Bonnie Doone, 90, 000, 000; 

Kornbow, 125, 000, 000; Glenville, 100, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 1, 500, 000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, each 

1, 000, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is about 1 mile from center of city on Filter Plant Drive. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) ' 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •.•••.•••• 3.4 4.1 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) .••••..••••••• • 08 • 08 Total .............•.. 7 31 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 2 16 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••. 1.6 11 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• .8 • 9 Color ................... 8 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } pH ...•. · .••.......•....... 5. 6 6. 5 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2.3 2.2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) .•.•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 6 18 25 C.) •••..•••••••.•• -32.6 79.7 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 2.2 10 Turbidity •.•••••.••••.• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••.•••• 3.2 7. 5 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .0 .0 Date of <:ollection •.• June 20, ~une 20, 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• .7 • 1 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids ••••. 22 53 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 4 5 3 6.0 6.1 5.9 6 6 6 20 40 10 

Finished water ..... 12 15 8 7.1 7.2 7.0 30 32 28 0 0 0 
NORTH CAROLINA 

GASTONIA 

(Population, 23, 069) 

75 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Lowell, Dallas and other suburban districts. 

Total population supplied, about 48, 200. 

Source: Long Creek impounded in Rankin Lake. The raw-water intakeis about 3 

miles north of city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon (Nuchar), 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, Calgon, and lime. 

Rated capacity of treat:r;nent plant: 4, 800, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, about 250,000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well 3, 200, 000 gal; 2 elevated tanks 1, 000, 000 

and 300, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is almost in the center of the city. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water. water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••. 17 15 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••.•• t 06 • 09 Total ................ 22 28 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••. 0 6 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 5. 4 7.4 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 2. 1 2.2 Color ................... 7 5 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 

~ 4.0 4.3 pH .......•..............• 7.0 7.0 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) .•••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 31 26 25 c.)··············· 66.2 81.6 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 1. 9 8.4 Turbidity •.•••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) •.••••••• 2.2 4.5 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 .2 Date of collection •.• July 4, July 4, 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••. 0 2 .0 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 50 59 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 26 28 24 7.2 7.4 7. 0 28 32 24 20 75 10 

Finished wate.r~·· 27 29 22 7.2 7. 5 6.9 28 32 24 • 5 1.5 0 
76 NORTH CAROLINA 

GOLDSBORO 

(Population, 21, 454) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 25,000. 

Source: Little River. The intake is about 300 yd northeast of the treatment plant. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and final adjustment of pH with lime 

Rated capacity of treatmem: plant: 2, 250, 000 gpd. 

Raw -water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 500,000 gal; elevated tahk, 1, 000,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is 2 miles northwest of Goldsboro on the south bank of Little 

River. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) .••.•.•••• 13 14 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •...•.•••••••• • 06 • 06 Total -·· .............. 12 40 

Manganese (Mn) ...... 0 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 20 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••• 2.8 14 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1. 2 1.3 Color ................... 17 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 

~ 5.1 5.8 pH ........•.•............ 6.6 6.9 

Potassium (K) ••.•••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 16 25 25 c.) •.•...•..•••..• 51.2 120 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 3.5 21 TUrbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••....• 4.2 7.2 Temperature (F.)' ••. -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . o .0 Date of collection ..• Aug. 12, Aug.12, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••. • 5 .4 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids ••••. 50 86 
NORTH CAROLINA 

GREENSBORO 

(Population, 74, 389) 

77 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 90, 000. 

Source: Reedy Fork Creek (50 percent of supply), Horsepen Creek (30 ·percent of 

supply), Brush Creek (20 percent of supply) impounded in Lake Brandt. The 

intake is 6~ miles from the treatment plant. 

Treatment: Prechlorination (at intermediate point on supply line to inhibit algae 

growth), coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, pH 

adjustment with lime, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity- of treatment plant: 12, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 20, 000, 000 gal, Lake Br~dt, 800, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 3, 000, 000 and 18, 000, 000 gal. 3 elevated 

tanks, 200, 000; 500, 000, and 1, 500, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is in the north central section of the city. 

ANALYSES 

{Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •••••.•••• 16 16 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ··········••o• .07 0 05 Total .............. ·· 25 40 

Manganese (Mn) ••• o. • 00 • 00 Noncarbonateo ••••• 0 8 

Calcium (Ca) •.• ···•oo 6. 1 12 

Magnesi:um (Mg) ••••• 2.4 3.5 Color ................... 6 2 

Sodium (Na) o ••••••• o. 

~ pH ...•...••..•.•...•..... 7.2 8.4 

Potassium (K) ••••• o. 5. 1 4.3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ..••. 0 2 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 34 35 25 c. ) ............... 70.4 104 

Sulfate (804) •••••••••• 3.5 9. 5 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••• 2o8 4o9 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 2 .2 Date of collection ••• Mar • 7, Mar. 7, 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••. o ••• • 2 o2 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids ...•. 54 70 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity I Hardness 

.as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 30 36 26 7.0 7. 5 6.7 24 46 17 62 160 30 

Finished water ... 36 43 30 8.6 9.2 7.3 33 64 23 0 0 ·0 
78 NORTH CAROLINA 

GREENVILLE 

(Population, 16, 724) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 17,000. 

Source: Tar River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, ammoniation, chlorination, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and final adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-waterstorage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 300,000 gal each; 3 elevated tanks, 

300,000 gal each. 

The treatment plant is in the city near Tar River. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 12 12 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• • 11 • 03 Total •............... - 23 41 

Manganese {Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 16 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 5. 9 13 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 2.0 2. 1 Color ................... 13 4 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 

~ 6. 5 7.0 pH ...•..•••.••.••..•.•... 6.7 7.3 

Potassium (K) ••.•••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) .•••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 28 31 25 C.) •••.•••••••••.• 80.7 124 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 5. 4 20 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 5.4 6.4 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 2 .2 Date of collection •.• Aug. 24, Aug. 24, 

Nitrate (NOs) .••.••••• .4 .6 1950 19i0 

Dissolved solids ••••• 58 79 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•....... 10 16 13 6.8 7.0 6.3 34 46 29 -- 460 16 

Finished water .•. 27 36 16 8.0 8.6 6.7 47 57 37 -- -- --
NORTH CAROLINA 

HENDERSON 

(Population, 10, 996) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total popl,llation 

supplied, about 14, 500. 

79 

Source: Fox Pond impounding reservoir for East Sandy Creek. Intake is about 

1 i miles south of the city. Rowland Lake, auxiliary or emergency supply. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, chlorination, Calgon, and adjustment of pH with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 40, 000, 000 gal (estimated). 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 750,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 172,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U . S . Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 'inished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:J •••••••••• 12 12 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• • 08 • 08 Total •............... 11 29 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 17 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••. 2.8 9.8 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• • 9 1.0 Color ................... 8 2 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 

~ 5.9 6.0 pH ...•..•...••.•••.•••... 6.4 7.2 

Potassium {K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs} ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 13 14 25 C.) •••.•••••••••.. 52.5 98.0 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 3.9 16 Turbidity •••••••.••••.• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 5.1 8.6 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 2 • 2 Date of collection •.• Jan. 18, ~an. 18, 

Nitrate (NOJ ..•••••••• 1.4 .9 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 43 66 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 12 14 8 6.7 7.0 6.3 10 13 6 15 100 10 

Finished wate.r ..... 27 30 2.5 7.5 7.8 7.0 13 14 12 0 1 0 
80 NORTH CAROLINA 

HICKORY 

(Population, 14, 755) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Longview, Brookford, Windy City area, and 

suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 20, 000. 

Source: Catawba River impounded in Lake Hickory. The intake is 1, 500ft west 

of the treatment plant. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and final adjustment of pH to about 8. 5 by addition of lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Hickory, 32,440,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 500,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1, 000,000 gal; 

2 standpipes, 2 50, 000 gal each. 

The treatment plant is 2 miles northwest of center of the city. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses: in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

I Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •••••.•••. 11 9.8 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.••....•••••. • 07 • 07 Total :$. ••••••••••••••• 14 26 

Manganese (Mn) ••••. • 12 • 08 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 3 

Calcium (Ca) ..••..••. 3.5 8.2 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.4 1.4 Color ............ · ........ 3 3 

Sodium (Na) ••..•••.•• } 3.6 3.3 pH .......•..••.......•..• 6.4 6.9 

Potassium (K) ••..••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) ...•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 20 28 25 c.) •.•. 0 •••••••••• 44.9 70.2 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 1. 9 5. 5 Turbidity ..•.•••.•••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ..••.•••• 2.2 3.0 Temperature (F.) ••. -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••.•••. 

• 1 I • 1 Date of collection •.. Aug. 15, Aug. 15, 

Nitrate (NO,) .••.••••. • 6 .3 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids •..•. 34 48 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH. as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Ma;x Min Av .Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 10 12 9 6.7 6.8 6.6 12 15 11 30 60 25 

Finished water ... 27 30 24 8.6 8.8 8.3 23 29 21 0 0 0 
NORTH CAROLINA 

IDGH POINT 

(Population, 39, 973) 

81 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 42, 500. 

Source: Deep River impounded. The intake on Deep River is 4! miles northeast 

of treatment plant, which is 1 mile east of the city. 

Treatment: Breakpoint chlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, ammaniation, and final adjustment of 

pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 1, 500,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 3, 000,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1, 000,000 

gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ , ......••• 19 18 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•.•••..••. • 13 • 04 Total ................ 27 42 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 10 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••• 6.1 12 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 2.8 3.0 Color ................... 5 4 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• } 7 .. 3 5. 6 pH ...•..••...•..••....... 7.1 7.3 

Potassium (K) •••.••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ...•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) 38 39 25 C.) •••.•••••••••.. 82.3 115 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 5. 6 15 Turbidity ..•••••..•••.• -- -- Chloride (Cl) .••••...• 3.6 4.8 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••.•...•. • 1 • 1 Date of collection •.• Mar.17, Mar. 17, 

Nitrate (NOs) .•••••••• o3 .o 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids •.••. 64 79 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 29 38 22 6.9 7.3 6.7 30 32 28 88 350 40 

Finished water ... 34 48 26 7. 5 8.8 6.8 48 52 42 -- -- --
82 NORTH CAROLINA 

KANNAPOLIS 

(Population, 28, 448) 

Ownership: Cannon Mills; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 33, 000. 

Source: Buffalo Creek impounded for the regular supply. Coddle Creek serves as 

an auxiliary supply. The intake at the dam is about 1 ~ miles west of 

Kannapolis. 

Treatment: Domestic: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, 

carbon, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, postchlorination, and soda ash. 

Industrial: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, carbon, 

rapid sand filtration, and soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 1, 250,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Drinking water system: 2 elevated tanks, 250, 000 gal 

each; 2 clear wells, 100,000 and 75,000 gal. Industrial and sprinkler 

system: 1 open reservoir, 9, 800, 000; 2 standpipes, 250,000 gal each; 

4 elevated tanks, 250, 000, 100, 000, 100, 000, and 75,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••. 12 12 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••.•••• .01 . 02 TotaJ ................. 19 18 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••. 0 0 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 4.8 4.8 

Magnesium (Mg) ••.•• 1.6 L5 Color ................... 3 2 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• } 7.2 18 pH .. • •......•......•..... 6.3 6.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 29 43 25 C.) •••.••••••••••• 63.1 121 

Sulfate (804) •••••••••• 4.9 11 Turbidity ..•••••••••••• 1.3 .o 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.•••• 3.1 6. 5 Temperature (li'. ) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 3 .3 Date of collection .•• Sept. 11, Sept.ll, 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••• .4 • 1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids •.••• 49 76 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......•.. 23 28 20 7.0 7.3 6.6 16 19 14 6. 7 26 2.0 

Finished water ••. 30 40 18 7.1 7. 9 6.3 21 60 14 .07 .30 .. 05 
NORTH CAROLINA 

KINSTON 

(Population, 18, 336) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, 22, OGO. 

83 

~ource: 4 wells (1 to 4) 361, 369, 365, and 552 ft deep; 3 artesian wells (Hillcrest 

group) 350 to 390ft deep. The yield of the four wells is reported to be 900, 

690, 460, 900 gpm. The flow of the artesian group is 150 gpm. 

Treatment: The water from wells 1 to 4 is chlorinated before entering the 

distribution system. Water from the Hillcrest wells flows into a reservoir 

and is then pumped into the distribution system. 

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 1, 000,000 and 250,000 gal; 1 elevated 

tank, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Hillcrest 

Weill Well2 Well3 Well4 Group 

3 Wells 

Silica (Si<la) ••.••..•.•...... 13 11 11 9.8 15 

Iron (Fe) ••.•.....•..••..... .05 .05 .07 .04 • 08 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• .00 .00 . 00 .00 .00 

Calcium (Ca) ..••....•••••. 7.6 5. 6 1.6 6.4 15 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••• 2.7 2.7 1. 6 2.9 7.2 

Sodium (Na) ............... ) 40 40 48 47 24 Potassium (K) •.•••••.••.. 

Carbonate (COs) .••••..••. 0 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) •••••• 127 123 120 145 136 

Sulfate (SO,.) ...••.•.••••••• 3.1 2.6 3.2 1.4 2.9 

Chloride (Cl) .••••...•.•.•. 6.0 5.8 8.0 6.0 3. 5 

Fluoride (F) ••.•..•.•..•.•. . 2 . 1 .3 .3 . 1 

Nitrate (NOs) ..••••.•...••. .3 • 1 .4 . 1 . 5 

Dissolved solids ••..••••• 138 132 136 151 139 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...•••••••••...•...... 30 25 11 28 67 

Noncarbonate . · • • • • · • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 

Color •.•.....••..•••••..••.•• 3 2 7 12 2 

pH •...•..••..•..••.....•.•..•. 7.7 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.5 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at .25 C. ) 227 220 225 252 236 

Turbidity .•.•.••••..••....•. , -- -- -- -- -- Temperature (F.) •••••••. -- -- -- -- -- Date of collection ••...•.. Feb. 19, Feb. 19, Feb. 19, Feb. 19, Feb. 19, 

1951 1951 1951 1951 1951 

Depth (feet) ............... 361 369 365 552 350-390 

Diameter (inches) ......•. 38-24-18 26-18-8 18-8 20-10 3 

Date drilled .............•. 1926 1937 1945 1949 -- Percent of supply .••...•. -- -- -- -- --
84 NORTH CAROLINA 

LEXINGTON 

(Population, 13, 571) 

OWnership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. , Total population 

supplied, about 16, 062. 

Source: The Abbotts Creek intake is about 4 miles northeast of the city. Leonard 

Creek impounded in Leonard Lake is used as an auxiliary or emergency 

supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, alum, air-mix, flocculation, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, postchlorination (if required), final adjust:ment of pH with 

lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Leonard Lake, 365, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: At plant, 1, 000, 000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1, 000, 000 gal; 

1 standpipe, 350, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is located 4. 1 miles northeast of Lexington on the Greensboro 

Road. 

ANALYSES 

(Anctlyses, in parts per million, oy U. S. Geological Survey) -- Raw Finished Raw lFinished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO,.) •••••••••• 24 23 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• • 34 .34 Total ................ 33 42 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 3 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••. 7.8 12 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 3.2 2.9 Color ................... 4 3 

Sodium (Na) .......... } 9.2 pH .•••..••.•••..••.•.•..• 6.8 6.9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 8. 2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) .•••. 0 0 (micromhos· at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 45 47 25 c.) ................ 102 131 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 3.3 11 Turbidity •.••.••.••••.• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 7.0 8.2 Temperature (F.) ••. -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 • 1 Date of collection ••• Nov. 22, Nov. 22, 

Nitrate (NOs) .•••••••• • 1 • 1 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 76 92 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 28 32 25 7.1 7. 5 6.8 28 30 25 50 3000 18 

Finished water ..... 36 42 24 8.4 8.6 8.4 36 40 32 -- -- --
NORTH CAROLINA 

MONROE 

(Population, 10, 140) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Wingate, Marshville and other suburban 

districts. Total population supplied, about 12,600. 

85 

Source: Richardson Creek impounded in Lake Lee. The ilitake at Lake is 2 miles 

east of treatment plant, which is in the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, lime, activated carbon 

(Nuchar), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 450, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 420, 000 and 540, 000 gal; 4 elevated tanks, 

165, 000, 500, 000, 135, 000 and 50, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••• o o o. 3.5 3.2 Hardness as CaC01 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••o•ooooooo • 06 • 06 Total "!'··············· 23 40 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 7 21 

Calcium (Ca) o o• oo•••o 5.4 12 

MagneSium (Mgj o o ••• 2.3 2.4 Color .................... 12 3 

Sodium (Na) •o o •• o •• •o } 5. 7 6.0 . pH .......•..••..•........ 6.8 7.4 

Potassium (K) • o o o •• o Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ o•o•• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 19 23 25 c.) ............... 80.3 122 

SuHate (SOJ • o •• o o o •• o 6o8 18 Turbidity ••• o •••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) o•••oo•o• 8.0 10 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •o••••o•·· • 1 .3 Date of collection ••• Jan. 8, Jan. 8, 

Nitrate (NOJ o ••• o o •• o 1.3 • 5 1951 1951' 

Dissolved solids •• o •• 50 70 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm} (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av M~. Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 24 32 20 6.7 7.0 6.3 28 31 25 150 961 34 

Finished water ... 30 38 24 7.1 ~.2 7.0 47 53 42 0 0 0 
86 NORTH CAROLINA 

NEWBERN 

(Population 15, 812) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 17,380. 

Source: 8 wells (1 to 8) 90 to 115ft deep. The total yield of the wells is reported 

to be 2, 100 gpm. 

Treatment: Zeolite softening, ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 reservoir, ·300, 000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 100,000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw !Finished Raw Finished 

wat~ra water a water a water a 

Silica, (SiO:J o o o o oo o o o o 16 17 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) 00000000000000 1o 5 0 18 Total "!'··············· 195 66 

Manganese (Mn) eoooo 0 00 0 O(J Noncarbonateo o o o. o 20 0 

Calcium (Ca) o•·~··••o 75 25 

MagneSium {Mg) o o o o o 1o8 .9 Color···················· 18 3 

Sodium (Na) oooooooo•o 

~ pH ..••..••• ~ ••..•••••...• 7o0 7o4 

Potassium (K) • oo o o o o 4.5 67 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ 00000 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 213 219 25 C.) ............... 418 411 

Sulfate (SOJ o o o•. o o •• o 19 15 Turbidity o o••· o•o••ooo• 1 0 

Chloride (Cl) oo••••ooo 7o0 12 Temperature (F .. ).oo 60 60 

Fluoride (F) 000 00000 oo oO oO Dafe of collection o o o Aug. 30, Aug. 30, 

Nitrate (NOJ o o o o• •••• 0 1 0 1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••• ~ o 233 244 

aMixed sample from 8 wells. 
NORTH CAROLINA 

RALEIGH 

(Population, 65, 679) 

87 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 70,000. 

Source: Walnut Creek impounded in Lakes Raleigh and Johnson. Swift Creek 

iJnpounded by mill· dam, auxiliary supply (used extensively during periods of 

drought). 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, ammoniation (ammonium sulfate), prechlorination, sedimentation, activated carbon, rapid sand filtration, adjustment of 

pH with lime, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Raleigh, 150, 000, 000 gal; Lake Johnson, 500, 000, 000 

gal; Swift Creek impoimded, 20,000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 2, 000, 000 and 2, 400,000 gal; 3 elevated 

tanks, 100, 000; 600, 000; 750,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is on the old Fayetteville Road 1 mile south of the city. 

ANALYSES 

' (Analyses, in parts per million by U . S . Geological Survey) 

Raw :finished Raw Finished 

water a water a water a water a 

Silica (SiO:a) •••••••••• 8.9 13 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• • 16 • 04 Total "'!' ••••••••••••••• 12 30 

Manganese (Mn) ••• :. • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 5 

Calcium (Ca) ......... 2.8 9.8 

Magnesium (kg) •.•.• 1.3 1. 4 Color···················· 7 5 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 5.0 5.1 pH ..••...•...•........... 7. 1 9. 1 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate ( CO.J ..••. 0 6 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 19 19 25 c. ) ............... 47.6 99.5 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 2~5 8.7 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 3.4 4.8 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 . o Date of collec.tion ••• Apr • 20, IApr. 20, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• • 1 .0 1950 195.0 

Dissolved solidS ••••• 35 61 

Regular determifU],tions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......•.. 14 34 8.8 7.0 8.3 6.3 -- -- -- 11 115 4.0 

Finished water ..... 27 39 0.9 9.2 9. 5 8.4 -- -- -- .18 • 75 .0 

a Walnut Creek. 
88 NORTH CAROLINA 

REIDSVILLE 

(Population, 11, 708) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies other suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 16, 000. 

Source: Troublesome Creek. The intake is about 3 miles southwest of treatment 

plant. 

Treatment: Aeration (air-mix), coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 1, 000,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 790, 000 gal; 

2 elevated tanks, 500,000 and 75,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is 3 miles west of the center of the city. The capacity of 

treatment plant is to be increased to 3, 000,000 gpd by 1953. Prechlorination 

and fluoridation will begin in 1953. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million , by U . . S Geological Survey} 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••.•.•••• 18 18 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• • 06 • 24 Total J.!'• •••••••••••••• 19 20 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 07 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 0 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 4.4 4.8 

Magnesium (kg) ..••• 1. 9 2.0 Color ..................... 2 4 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• } pH .......•............... 7.3 7.4 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2.8 11 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 23 32 25 c.) ............... 57.2 108 

Sulfate (SOJ •..••.•••. 1.8 12 Turbidity •.•.••••••••.• -- -- Chloride (Cl) .•••.•••• 2.5 3.5 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••.•••• • 2 .2 Date of collection •.. Nov. 30, Nov. 30, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••• • 1 • 1 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids ••••• 48 74 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm} 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 25 32 18 6.8 7.1 6. 5 18 19 17 33 400 5 

Finished water ..... 36 48 22 8.1 8.6 7.6 18 19 . 17 -< 1 <1 <1 
NORTH CAROLINA 

ROCKY MOUNT 

(Population, 27, 697) 

89 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied 

about 36,000. . 

Source: Tar River. The intake is about400 ft west of treatment plant, which is 

at the edge of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, chlorination,Calgon, ammoniation, and adjustment of pH with 

lime. 

Rated capacity .of treatment plant: 6, 750, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs 500, 000 and 1, 500, 000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 

1, 000' 000 gal. 

The river was at high stage and more turbid than usual at the time of the collectioD 

of the samples, and the samples are not typical of average conditions. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) ••••• o o ••• 11 16 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) o ••••••••••••• 0 06 0 04 Total ~··············· 18 46 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• 0 00 0 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 3 23 

Calcium (Ca) ••••o•••· 4.2 15 

_Magnesium (kgj ••• o o 1.8 2.0 Color .................... 33 3 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••• o ) 3o2 5. 4 pH .•••..••..•....•.•..... 6 •. 6 7.4 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 18 28 25 C.) •••..•••••••••• 57.3 129 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••ee•• 5. 1 26 Turbidity 00000000000000 -- -- Chloride (Cl) ooo••o•o• 3. 1 4.8 Temperature (F. ) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) ••••o••··· • 0 • 1 Date of collection •.• June 7, June 7, 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• . 5 • 5 1950 19.50 

Dissolved solids ••••• 51 86 
90 NORTH CAROLINA 

SALISBUa,Y 

(Population, 20, 102) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Spencer and East .Spencer anci other 

suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 26, 600. 

Source: Yadk.in River. Grant Creek is used in extreme emergency .. The intake is 

at the junction of Yadk.in and South Yadkin Rivers about 8 miles from the 

treatment plant which is on Kerr Street in the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination at raw water reservoir and at plant (breakpoi.itt), 

coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and. adjustment of 

pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000; 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir (near river), 8, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 cle·ar wells, 750,000 and 1, 000, 000 gal; 2 elevated 

tanks, 1, 000, 000 and 250, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

{Analyses, in parts per million, by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 12 12 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••••••••••• .05 • 03 Total ~················ 13 35 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 12 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 3.2 12 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.'3 1.3 Color .................... 4 6 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 3. 7 3.4 pH ..•....•..••.•••.•.... ~ 7. 1 8.4 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•••. 0 1 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 18 27 25 c. ) ............... 55.8 91.0 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 2. 7 12 Turbidity •••••••.•••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 2. 2 4.2 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••.•••. • 1 .1 Date of ~ollection •• ~ June 8, June 8, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• • 5 .4 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids ••••• 35 61 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .....•... 15 16 14 7.0 7. 2 6.9 16 -- -- 133 291' 36 

Finished water ... 23 26 19 8.·4 8.9 7. 7 30 -- -- 0 0 0 
NORTH CAROLINA 

SANFORD 

(Population, 10, 013) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 10,400. 

Source: Partridge Creek impounded in 2 lake reservoirs near treatment plant; 

Lick Creek impounded in Lake William. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, Calgon, and final a(Hustment of pH 

with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw -water storage: 3 lake reservoirs about 18, 000,000, 75, ilOO, 000 and 

35,000,000 gal. · 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well,. 350,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 250,000 gal; 

1 elevated tank, 75, 000 gal. 

91 

Lake William is about 8 miles southeast of the center of town. Water is pumped 

from Lake William into Partridge Creek, which is impounded in reservoirs 

at the treatment plant. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••• 13 13 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• .37 • 22 Total ~········· .. ··· .. 13 27 

Manganese (Mn) • • • • • . • 00 0 03 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 9 

Calcium (Ca) •••••.•••• 3.0 8.6 

Magnesium (kg) ••••• 1.3 1.3 Color .................... 5 4 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 4.4 4.9 pH ••••...••.••..••.•..... 6.7 7. 5 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs} ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs} 17 22 25 C.) ............... 44.9 85.2 

3ulfate (S04) •••••••••• 2.2 9.5 'Pu.rbidity-•.•••••••••••• -- -- Chloride .(Cl) ••••••••• 3.9 5.8 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) ••••••••.• ~ 1 .4 Date of collection ••• Jan. 11, ~an. 11, 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• • 5 .2 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids •• ~ •• 41 59 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 12 18 7 6.4 6.9 5. 9 11 14 8 30 ~500 8 

Finished water ..... 19 2e 9 7.7 9.0 6.4 34 52 24 0 0 0 
92 .NORTH CAROLINA 

SHELBY 

(Population, 15, 508) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 16, 000.· 

Source: First Broad River. The intake is on the River about 0. 2 mile northwest 

of treatment plant, which is about H- miles northwest of the center of the city. 

Treatment: Copper sulfate, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, 

ammoniation, carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, 

and final adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 8, 500,000 and 5, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 2, 000,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, each 

5 00, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES-

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U . S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •••••••••. 22 11 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••...•••••• . 04 • 04 Total 7J'• •••••••••••••• 15 25 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••. 0 0 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 3.8 8.1 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.3 1.1 Color·-• ..........•....... 4 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 7.4 8.5 pH .•••..••...... • ........ 7.4 8.5 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 3 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 28 24 25 C.) •• · •..•••••••.•• 63. 5 92.9 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••. 3.1 12 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) •••••.••• 3.0 4.0 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••.•••• • 1 • 1 Date of collection .•• Aug. 14, Aug.14, Nitra~e (NOs) .•••••••. .4 . 1 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids ••••. 60 61 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- 20 11 -- 7.4 6.9 -- -- -- -- 330 15 

Finished water .•. -- 25 16 8.8 9.1 8.8 -- -- -- 0 0 0 
NORTH CAROLINA 

S'l' ATESVILLE 

(Population, 16, 901) 

93 

Ownership: Municipal: also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 18, 600. 

So:urce: Fourth Creek. Morrison· Creek, emergency supply. The intake is about 

1, 600 ft north of the treatment plant, which is approximately 2 miles north of 

the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon . 

{if needed), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postch1orination {if needed), 

Calgon, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 elevated tank 1, 000, 000 gal; clear well, 1, 100,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

{Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO,.) •••••.•••• 20 18 Hardness as CaC01 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••••••••••• .07 • 0~ Total ~················ 23 36 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 • 0(] Noncarbonate •••••• 0 9 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 5. 2 10 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 2. 5 2. 6 Color ...........•....... 4 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 4.6 5. 0 pH ••••..••••••.•••••.•..• 7.1 7.2 

Potassium {K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (BCOs) 34 32 25 c. ) ............... 66.8 99.9 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 1. 9 14 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 2. 1 3.4 Temperature (F. ) ••• -- -- 'Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 1 .3 Date of c;ollection ••• Mar • 27, Mar. 27, 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••• . 2 .2 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 53 70 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 ·pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 28 29 27 7. 1 7. 2 6.9 -- -- -- 37 2000 20 

Finished water ..... 28 29 27 7. 1 7.2 6. 9 40 42 39 .1 2.0 0 
94 NORTH CAROLINA 

THOMASVILLE 

(Population, 11, 154) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 14, 500. 

Source: Abbotts Creek. The intake is 4-i miles northwest of the treatment plant, 

which is 1! miles west of the center of the city on U. S. Highway 70. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid 

. sand filtration, postchlorination at times, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 480, 000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 24 23 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• • 09 • 12 Total "'!··············· 33 54 

Manganese (MD) ••••• • 00 0 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 15 

Calcium (Ca) •• ~~····· 7. 6 17 

Magnesium (kg) ••••• 3. 5 2. 9 Color ..................... 4 4 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 

~ 8.6 8.0 pH ...•..•••.•••.•••.....• 6.8 7. 0 

Potassium (K.) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 45 48 25 C.) ............... 105 155 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 3.3 17 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••• 7. 8 1Q Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 2 .2 Date of collection ••• Nov . 22, INov. 22, 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• .2 • 1 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids ••••. 77 107 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 34 39 26 7.1 7.3 6.9 -- -- -- 210 1093 138 

Finished water •.. 38 45 28 8.1 8.9 7. 2 -- -- -- -- -- --
NORTH CAROLINA 

WILSON 

(Population, 23, 010) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 24,000. 

Source: Contentnea Creek, 75 percent of supply; Toisnot Swa~p (Creek), 25 

percent. The intake on Contentnea Creek is about 4 miles southwest of 

treatment plant and the intake on Toisnot Swamp is about 0. 5 mile .east. 

95 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, lime (if necessary), 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, Calgon, postchlorination, 

and adjustment of pH with lime. • 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 reservoir, 2, 000, 000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1, 000, 000 

gal. 

During dry periods, Toisnot Swamp (Creek) may furnish about 35 percent of the 

total raw-water supply. Plans are under way for increasing the treatment 

plant capacity to 6, 000,000 gpd. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Ra~ Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) ••••••••• o 7o6 8.3 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •o•••o•••••••o 0 21 • 06 Total '!'················ 10 41 

Manganese (Mn) •·••o oOO 0 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 13 

Calcium (Ca) ••• o••••• 2.3 14 

Magnesium (Mgj ••••• 1. 1 1. 4 Color···················· 28 4 

Sodium (Na) ........... } 5. 6 13 pH .•••••••••••.•••••••.•. 6.7 7.9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (BCOJ 15 34 25 c. ) ............... 48.1 155 

Sulfate (so.) •••••• .-••• 2. 9 30 'Pu.rbidity ..•.......•... -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 4.9 6. 5 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 0 • 1 Date of collection ••• June 14, June 14, 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••• .3 .8 I 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids ••••• 40 92 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH asCaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water •...•.... 16 24 12 6.8 7. 2 6.4 20 38 10 5 300 0 

Finished water ..... 26 30 16 8.2 9.2 7.2 36 54 20 0 0 0 
96 NORTH CAROLINA 

WILMINGTON 

(Population, 45, 043) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population 

supplied, about 48, 500. 

Source: Cape Fear River. Northeast Cape Fear River and Toomers Creek auxiliary 

or emergency supplies (neither used in last five years). The intake is 

approximately 30 miles north of wilmington at Kings Bluff. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammo~iation, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 4, 000,000 and 1, 000,000 gal; 2 elevated 

tanks, 500,000 and 146,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

{Analyses, in parts per million, by U. So Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) ••••• o •••• 7o4 6. 1 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •ooo•o•••o••• .. • 02 .05 Total "!'················ 17 34 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• 0 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 9 

Calciuin (Ca) o··~·-•••o 4.2 11 

Magnesium (kg) •••• o 1.5 1. 7 Color .................... 9 3 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••• o } 9.2 9. 1 pH ..••. • •••. • •.••..•.... • 7o 1 7. 8 

Potassium (K) ••• o •• o Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) o o• •• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 25 31 25 c. ) ............... 74.2 116 

Sulfate (SOJ • o ••••••• o 6.2 17 Turbidity • o ••••• o •••• o. -- -- Chloride (Cl) o•••····· 6.6 7o6 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 • 1 Date of collection • o o Mar.20, Mar. 20, 

Nitrate (NOs) . o ••••••• .3 .2 1950 1950 

Dissolved solids •• o •• 48 68 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......••. 19 28 10 6.9 7. 3 6.3 23 28 16 60 140 20 

Finished water ..... 28 34 21 8.0 8.9 6.9 42 50 30 0 0 0 
NORTH CAROLINA 

WINSTON -SALEM 

(Population, 87, 811) 

97 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 100,000. 

Source: Salem and Walker Creeks impounded in Salem Lake. The Yadkin River 

serves as an auxiliary or emergency supply, furnishing an additional 

2 5, 000, 000 gpd. The intake on Salem Lake is 2 miles east of the treatment 

plant which is about 2! miles northeast of the center of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, postchlorination~ fluoridation, Calgon for corrosion control, and 

adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Salem Lake, 1, 250,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3 clear wells, 2, 000,000 gal each; 3 elevated tanks, 

1, 000,000, 200,000, and 50,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey} 

Salem and Walker Creeks Yadkin River 

Raw water Finished water (raw water) 

Silica (SiO:J ..•••.•••••••••••.•••••••• 12 12 10 

II' on (Fe) .............................. • 02 • 03 • 06 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• • 00 • 00 • 00 

Calcium (Ca) ····•···················· 4.3 11 3.4 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••••••• , 1.6 1. 7 • 9 

Sodium (Na) ........................... } 3.9 3.3 3.3 Potassium (IQ ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 7 0 

Bicarbonate (HCO:J ••••••••••••••••• 21 16 15 

Sulfate (SO~ •••••••••••••••••.•••••••• 4. 1 9. 5 3.0 

Chloride ( Cl) .......................... 2.8 4 .. 6 2. 2 

Fluoride (~ •..••••••••••••••••••••••• • 1 a .0 • 2 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••• · •••••••••.•••• .3 • 7 .4 

Dissolved solids ••••.••••••••••••••• 39 58 32 

Hardness as CaC03: 

Total ................................ 17 34 12 

Non carbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 0 10 0 

Color ................................... 9 2 12 

pH •....•.•..........•......••....••.•..••• 7.5 9.0 6.4 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••• 54.2 87.2 40.1 

Tu.r bidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. -- -- -- Temperature (F. } • •.•. • • • • •••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Feb. 24, 19~0 Feb. 24.1.. 1950 Feb. 1, 1952 

Regular determi'n(J,tions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC.03 pH ascaco, Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max .Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ••.••.... 18 39 8 7. 5 9.0 6. 8 20 34 10 17 475 3 

Finished water ... 25 41 15 9. 2 9.9 6.9 42 68 23 • 09 1. 7 • 05 

a The supply was not being fluoridated at the time of the collection of the sample. 

Fluoridation was begun later. 
98 SOUTH t;AROLINA 

All( EN 

(Population, 7, 083) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8, 5QO. 

Source: Springs about 6. 5 miles north of the city. 

Treatment: Chlorination and lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Two standpipes, 200,000 and 600,000. gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiO,) •••••..••• 5.9 5.4 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• • 0~ • 03 Total ~··············· 4 

Manganese (~ ••••• .00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 1 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· . 8 4.0 

Magnesium (Mg) ...... • 4 .3 Color ............... _ ..... 7 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 

~ pH ..•...••..•.....••...•. 5. 2 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2.8 3.3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ..••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 3 13 25 C.) •••..•••••••••• 29.6 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••. • 7 1.6 Turbidity •.•••••.•••••• -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 2.6 2.6 Temperature (F.) ••• 66 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 0 .0 Date of collection ••• Mar. 5, 

Nitrate (NO,) ••••••••• 3.5 3.0 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•• 23 30 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

11 

1 

3 

6.0 

38.3 

--

64 

Mar • 5, 

1951 

as CaC03 pH. as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......•.. 0 -- -- 4.8 5.2 4.6 2.0 -- -- 0 -- -- Finished water ... 20 -- -- 7.0 -- -- 20 -- -- 0 -- --
SOUTH CAROLINA 99 

ANDERSON 

(Population, 19, 770) 

Ownership: Duke Power Company. Also supplies suburban districts. Total 

population supplied, about 25,000. 

Source: Rocky River, 75 percent of supply; Bailey Creek, 25 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

chlorination, and adjustment of pH with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 40,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 198,000 gal; 2 

elevated tanks, 500,000 gal each; 2 reservoirs, 1, 327 ~ 000 and 155,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Rocky River Bailey Creek Finished water 

Raw water Raw water (city tap) 

Silica (SiOa) .......................... 17 16 16 

Iron (Fe) .............................. .11 .06 .05 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• • 00 . oo· .06 

Calcium (Ca) ·-···•···················· 2.2 2.2 5.8 

Magn.esium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• .8 .8 1.5 

Sodium (Na) ........................... 

~ Potassium 8.0 8.5 (K) ••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••• 8.5 

Carbonate (COJ ...................... 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••••••• 22 21 27 

Sulfate (S_O~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3.0 . 5.0 12 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.8 2. 5 2.4 

Fluoride (" .......................... • 1 • 1 • 1 · Nitrate {NOs) ••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 1.0 1.4 1.0 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 48 46 62 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 9 9 21 

Noncar'bonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 0 0 0 

Color ................................... 27 6 7 

pH········· ............................... 7.0 6. 6 . 6.6 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ••••••••••• 53.6 52.8 84.2 

Tu.r bidity .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. -- -- -- Temperature (F • ) ••••••••••••••••••• 51 52 45 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Feb. 13' 1951 Feb. 13_,_ 1951 Feb. 13, 1951 

Regular determiMtions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 19 19 19 6.8 6.9 6.7 -- -- -- 77 1,500 25 

Finished water .•. 23 23 23 7.6 7.7 7. 5 22 22 2~ 0 0 0 
100 SOUTH CAROLINA 

BEAUFORT 

(Population, 5, 081) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 9, 350. 

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5) 120, 87, 65, 65, and 65ft deep; yield reported to be 350, 

350, 250, 250, and 400 gpm. 

Treatment: Zeolite softening, chlorination at times. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw~ water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1 elevated tank, 100,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 126,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•...........•... 

Manganese (Mn) ••••.••••. 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •.••••••••.• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ...........•.. 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•.•••..• 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

a From wells 2, 3, and 5. 

Finished a 

water 

9. 4 Hardness as CaCO,: 

Finished a 

water 

• 54 Total • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 107 

. 00 Noncarbonate . • • . . . . . . • • . 26 

40 l~-----------------+---------

1. 7 Color .•... ..... •. ... .... ...•... 4 

16 pH.............................. 7.0 

Specific conductance 

0 (micromhos at 

98 25 c.) •..................... 

31 Turbidity ...........•••...... 

20 Temperature (F. ) •..••.•.•• 

• 2 Date of collection .••...... 

• 3 

171 

294 

1 

64 

Dec. 12, 

1951 
SOUTH CAROLINA 

BENNETTSVILLE 

(Population, 5, 140) 

101 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 6, 000. 

Source: 2 deep wells 300 and 350ft deep; 1 well field of 8 wells each 60ft deep; 

and 1 well field of 5 ·wells each 60 ft deep. 

Treatment: Adjustment of pH with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 756,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-Water storage: 1 clear well, 300,000 gal; 1 elev~ed tank, 100,000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •.•••••••• 10 10 Hardness as CaC01 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•.•••••••• • 06 .06 Total "!' •••••••••••••• -• 9 9 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 .02 Noncarbonate •••••• 4 0 

Calcium (Ca) •••••.•••• 1.3 1.6 

Magnesium (Mgj •.••• 1.4 1.3 Color···················· 3 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 

~ 14 28 pH ..•••.•••••••.••••••.•• 5.3 6.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) .•••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOa} 6 46 25 c.)··············· 96.9 150 

Sulfate (SOJ •..••••.•• 2.8 1.8 Turbidity· ..•••.•.•••••• 1 1 

Chloride (Cl) •••••••.• 14 14 Temperature (F.) ••• 65 55 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .1 .o Date of collection ••• Dec. 17, Dec. 17, 

Nitrate (NO,) .•••••••• 15 14 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••• 64 93 
102 SOUTH CAROLINA 

CAMDEN 

(Population, 6, 986} 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8, 000. 

Source: Little Pine Tree Creek. The intake is about 3 miles east of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, postchlorination, addition of Calgon, and adjustmentof pH with 

soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: one clear well 65,000 gal; 1 reservoir, 450,000 gal; 1 

standpipe, 235,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 250,000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Fini~hed 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •••.•.•••• 5.3 4.8 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•.•••••••• • 06 .02 Total ~············· .. 3 4 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••. 0 0 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· . 6 1.0 

MagneSium (Mg) ••••• .3 • 3 Color···············~····· 45 7 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 

~ PH ....................... 5.4 6.2 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2.6 14 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 3 20 25 C.) ....••••••••..• 21.2 73.1 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 2.1 8.9 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••.•••.•• 2.2 5. 2 Temperature (F.) ••. -- -- Fluoride (F) •.•••••••. • 1 • 1 Date of collection ... Mar • 8, Mar. 8, 

Nitrate (NOJ ..•..•.•. .4 .3 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids •..•. 27 45 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 4 5 4 6.2 6 5. 5 4 4 ~ 65 70 

Finished water .... 19 22 16 7 7 •7 5 5 f 5 5 5 
SOUTH CAROLINA 

CHARLESTON 

(Population, 70, 174) 

103 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 120,000. 

Source: Edisto River 99 percent of supply; Goose Creek Impounded in Goose 

Creek Reservoir 1 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and sodium aluminate, addition of copper sulfate and activated carbon (Nuchar) occasionally, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of caustic soda. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 22,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Goose Creek storage reservoir, 2, 780, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 ground reservoirs, 2,000,000 and 350,000 gal; 4 elevated tanks, 2, 000,000, 250,000, 200,000, 75,000 gal. 

Water from the Edisto River flows by gravity through a tunnel aqueduct direct to 

pumping station or to Goose Creek as desired. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •.•••.•••• 5.1 3.3 Hardness as CaC01 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• • 2~ • 0~ Total ~··············· 20 21 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 0(] • 0(] Noncarbonate •••••• 1 2 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 6.8 6.8 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• .8 .9 Color···················· 54 2 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 

~· pH·.· ..................... 6.1 6.4 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 4.1 15 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 23 23 25 c.)·············-· 60.1 119 

Sulfate (SO.J .......... 1.8 21 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 5.6 8.0 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F).·········· . o .1 Date of collection ••• Apr. 26, Apr. 26, 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••• .6 .1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••• 46 68 

Regular determ.iMtions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as caco, pH 

(ppm) 

as CaC01 

(ppm) 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 10 17 5 6.6 7.1 6.0 -- -- -- 81 180 '50 

Finished water ••. 17 27 12 8.4 9.2 7.6 -- -- -- 6 30 2 
104 SOUTH CAROLINA 

CHESTER 

(Population, 6, 893) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8, 000. 

Source: Sandy River impounded. The intake is about 2. 5 miles west of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and adjustment of pH with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 534, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 500,000, 267,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 

250,000 ~d 150,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOj •••••••••• 20 18 Hardness as CaC08 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• .07 .05 Total '1' ••••••••••••••• 25 26 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 .00 Nancarbonate •••••• 0 0 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 5.4 5.8 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 2.7 2.9 Color ............... _ ..... 5 4 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } { 25 pH ..••..•••.••..••.•..... 6.4 6.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 7.6 2.1 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 35 65 25 c. ) ............... 91.3 176 

Sulfate (SOJ •.•••.•••• 3.4 20 Turb~dity •••.••••••••.• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 5.2 8.6 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 1 • 1 Date of collection •.• Mar. 9, Mar. 8, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••• 1.4 .0 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••• 65 112 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC08 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 24 32 17 6.8 7.4 6.0 -- -- -- 150 ~000 100 

Finished water .... 46 42 40 8.4 8.4 8.4 12 16 10 0 0 0 
SOUTH CAROLINA 

CLINTON 

(Population, 7, 168) 

105 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districtso Total population supplied, about 4, 580. Private systems supply the remaining population of the 

city. 

SOurce: Duncan Creek. The intake is about 5 miles northeast of the city. -

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and adjustment of pH with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 600,000 and 625,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 clear well, 250,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 250,000 and 

100,000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. So Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••• 23 23 Hardness as CaC01 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• .05 • 03 Total ~··············-· 16 21 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 0 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 4.1 5.6 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.5 1.6 Color···················· 9 4 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } pH .••••.•••.••••••••••••• 7.1 7. 4 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 6.0 14 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 25 37 25 c.) .••.. oooooooooo 61.2 114 

SuHate (SOJ •••••••••• 3.0 15 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 24 1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 3o4 3.9 Temperature (F. ).o. 43 43 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .2 • 1 Date of ~ollection ••• Dec. 20, Dec. 20, 

Nitrate (NOs) .• o •••• o. • 5 .3 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 57 84 
106 SOUTH CAROLINA 

COLUMBIA 

(Population, 86, 914) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 102,000. 

Source: Congaree River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, prechlorination (breakpoint), sedimentation, rapid·sandJiltration, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 40, 000, 000 gal. 

Finishe<:f...water storage: 2 clear water reservoirs, 2,800,000 and 3,000,000 gal; 

1 standpipe, 3 7 5, 000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 1, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •••••..••• 14 12 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• • 03 • 03 Total ~··············· 22 29 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 3 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 6.0 8.5 

Magnesium (Mg) •••• ~ 1. 6 1.9 Color ........•........... 2 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 

~ 7.7 pH .••••.•••.••..••.•••.•. 6.5 6.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 6.9 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 34 32 25 c. ) ............... 71.5 97.1 

SuHate (SOJ .......... 4.0 10 Turbidity ........ , •••.• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 4.0 4.9 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 • 1 Date of collection ••• Mar. 9, iMar. 9, 

Nitrate .(NOJ ••••••••• . 5 . 3 1951 1951 

Dissolved. solids ••••• 55 63 

Regu,lar determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity . (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Malt Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 23 28 16 7.0 7.3 6.8 -- -- -- 75 370 25 

Finished water .•. 24 29 18 8.4 8.9 7. '2 33 42 24 -- -- --

., 
SOUTH CAROLINA 

CONWAY 

(Population, 6, 073) 

107 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population sup-. 

plied, about 8, 000. 

Source: 10 wells: Park Well and Hill Well, 438 and 406 ft deep; 3 artesian wells 

at plant 400ft deep; 3 artesian wells in cemetery, 210ft deep; 2 artesian wells 

on 1st Avenue, 290 and 286ft deep. The wells are flowing except the first 

two named. 

Treatment: None. 

Rated capacity of plant: l, 000, 000 gpd. 

Storage: Reservoirs, 400,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 100,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Park Well Hill Well 3 wells 

at plant 

Silica (SiO:J ..•••.•.•••••••••••••••••• 15 12 15 

11-on (Fe) ....................•......... • 05 .16 .04 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• • 00 • 00 • 00 

Calcium (Ca) · ·· ······················ 2.6 2.8 2.3 

Magnesium (Mg) •.••••••••••••••••••• .8 1.3 1.1 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••••.••..••••••••••• 

~ 264 245 254 Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Car 'bonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• 22 14 24 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••••••• 540 568 542 

Sulfate (SO~ ••••••••••.••••.•••••••••• .9 1.2 1. 0 

Chloride (Cl) .•••.•••••••••••••••••••• 67 31 47 

Fluoride (F') •••••• ~ ••••••••••••••••••• 3.5 4.2 3.8 

Nitrate (NOs) .......................... .5 .4 .4 

Dissolved solids •••.•••••••••••••••• 647 601 620 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 10 12 10 

Noncar'bonate ••••••.••••••••••••.•• 0 0 0 

Color ................................... 13 12 14 

pH ......•.•.......•.....•...••••....•...•• 8.2 8.1 8.3 

Specific conductance 

{micromhos at 25 C. ) ••••••••••• 1,070 974 1,010 

Tu.rbidity ............................. 1 1 1 

Temperature (F. ) ••• • ••• • ••••••••••• 69 69 60 

Date . of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Dec; 19~ 1951 Dec. 19_,_ 1951 Dec. 19,_ 1951 

Depth (feet) ........................... 438 406 400 

Diameter (inches) ....•.•••••...•..•. 8 8 10 

Date drilled .......................... 1936 1946 1918 

Percent of supply .••...•.......••..• -- -- --
108 SOUTH CAROLINA 

DARLINGTON 

(Population, 6, 619) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 7, 600. 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 315, 317, 570, and 450ft deep; yield reported to be 300, 

· 400, 100, 530 gpm. Well4 is for emergency use. · 

Treatment: Adjustment" of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 800, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished -water storage: Reservoir, 3 00, 000 gal; 1 elevated tank; 90, 000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well1 Finished rrell1 Finis he~ (raw aw 

water) water a water) water a 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 11 11 Hardness as CaC01 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• 0 84 . 66 Total ~················ 5 37 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 3 7 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 1.0 12 

MagneSium (Mgj ••••• .7 1.7 Color···············-····· 1 4 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } pH ...••.••.•••..••••.•.•• 5.1 7.2 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 4.4 2.0 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 3 36 25 c. ) ............... 31.6 83.5 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 9.8 9.1 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 0 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 1.2 1.5 Temperature (F.) ••• 66 59 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 2 .1 Date of ~olleetion ••• Dec. 18, Dec. 18, 

Nitrate (NOJ •••.••••. .0 .1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••• 30 56 

awens 1 and 2. 
SOUTH CAROLINA 

EASLEY 

(Population, 6, 316) 

109 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8, 400. 

Source: Burdine Creek (70 percent of supply):Maddog Branch (30 percent of supply). The intake on Burdine Creek is 3 miles northeast of the :city; on Maddog 

Branch, about 1 mile northeast of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, adjustment of pH with soda ash, (sodium metaphosphate 

and ammonia occasionally). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 900,000 gal; 3 elevated tanks, 500,000, 

200, 000, and 60, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water. water water 

Silica (SiO) •••••••••• 11 10 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••••••.•••• .06 .04 Total •............... 10 14 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••. 2 0 

Calcium (Ca) ..••••••. 2.8 4.4 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• • 7 • 7 Color ................... 5 2 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 2.3 7.3 pH ......•...•...•....•... 6.8 7.2 

Potassium (K) ••.•••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs} ...•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 10 18 25 c. ) ............... 31.2 65.9 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 2.0 8.1 Turbidity ..•.•.•..•••.• 30 1 

Chloride (Cl) ..••.•••• 2.1 3.5 Temperature (F.) ••• 44 46 

Fluoride (F) .•.••.•.•. .2 . 2 Date of collection •.• Dec. 20, Dec. 20, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••.••.•. 1.5 1.3 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 28 45 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 . pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max M1n 

Raw water ......... 14 17 10 6.3 6.9 5.7 -- -- -- 30 1,000 25 

Finished waterA .. 22 27 -- 7.3 7.4 7 16 20 14 B 5 5 
110 SOUTH CAROLINA 

FLORENCE 

(Population, 22, 513) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas. Total population supplied, 

about 25,000. 

Source: 5 wells (6, 9 to 12) 735, 728, 768, 740, and 758ft deep; yield reported 

to be 860, 300, 740, 820, and 920 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, filtration (iron and C02 removal), pH adjustment, and 

chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 896,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 ground reservoirs, 1, 400,000 gal; 3 elevated tanks, 

100,000, 500,000, and 300,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts p-ar million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (SiO) •.•••••••••••.•••...•••••• 

Iron (Fe) ............................. . 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ••••• •• •••••• •••••••• •••• 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) •••••.••••••••.•••••••••••• ) 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COa} ••••••••••••.•••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HCO:J ••••.•••••••.•••• 

Sulfate (S04). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••.•••• 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total •••..•••.•••.••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••••• -•• 

Color ..... •· ........................... . 

pH ..............••...•....•••••.....•..••. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••.•••• 

Well6 

(raw water) 

31 

3.4 

• 00 

7.6 

2.6 

12 

0 

19 

9.8 

20 

• 3 

.0 

96 

30 

14 

3 

5. 8 

12~ 

Turbidity • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • 0 

Temperature (F. ) . •. •· • • • ••• •• •• • . • • 61 

Date of collection • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • Dec. 18 , 19 51 ------------------~----~-----

Depth {feet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 73 5 

Diameter (inches)................... 18 

Date drilled .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . • . . . .. Nov. , 19:~~ 

Percent of supply ................. · · ·1 

Well 12 

(raw water) 

Dec. 18 

July, 

18 

1.2 

• 00 

2.1 

1. .5 

17 

0 

27 

8.5 

12 

• 1 

.0 

71 

11 

0 

4 

6.2 

ioe 

c 

6~ 

195] 

78~ 

2( 

195( 

-· 

Wells 6, 9, 10, 11 

(finished water) 

Dec. 

21 

.14 

.00 

12 

2.7 

31 

0 

85 

10 

20 

• 2 

. 1 

140 

41 

0 

2 

7.2 

228 

0 

69 

18. 1951 
SOUTH CAROLINA 

GAFFNEY 

(Population, 8, 123) 

111 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 11, 000. 

Source: Cherokee Creek. 

Treatment: Coagulation wi~h alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, chlorination, Calgon, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 450,000 and 100,000 gal; 1 standpipe, 

500,000 gal; 1 elevated tank, 500,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is on the creek 3. 5 miles from the city. 

ANALYSES 

(_Analy __ ses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) ~ 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••. 11 10 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• • 07 .04 Total .............•.• 11 15 

Manganese (Mn) •••.• • 0 .07 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 4 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 2.4 4.0 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.2 1.2 Color ................... 7 6 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 

~ 4.1 3.4 pH ..••..••..•...••.•••..• 6.0 6.3 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 15 14 25 C.) •...•••••••••.. 41.7 52.4 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 2.4 5.8 Turbidity .•••••••••••.• -- -- Chloride (Cl) .••••.••• 3.0 3.1 Temperature (F.) ••• 54 46 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . o .0 Date of collection •.. Feb. 14, Feb.14, 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••. 1.0 . 7 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 33 37 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 9 10 7 6.7 7.1 6. 5 -- -- -- 75 375 30 

Finished water ... 12 14 10 7.3 7.5 7.1 21 2e 18 -- -- --
112 SOUTH CAROLINA 

GEORGETOWN 

(Population, 6, 004) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8, 500. 

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5) 650, 850, 850, 925, and 800 ft deep; yield reported to be 

190, 210, 150, 200, and 400 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: A reservoir, 230,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 standpipe, 146,000 gal. 

Water from well 1 and 2 is pumped into a reservoir and is chlorinated when pumped from this to the distribution system. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Wells 1 and 2 Well3 Well4 

(raw water) (raw water) (raw water) 

Silica {SiOJ ......•..•••..•.•....••••• 13 12 14 

Iron (Fe) •...•.••...••••••••••...••.••• .13 .17 .12 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• • 00 • 00 • 00 

Calcium (Ca) ·••·••••••••••••••••••••• 2.1 2. 0 2.4 

Magnesium (Mg) ..••..•.••••.••••.••• .6 .9 • 7 

Sodium (Na) ••..•..••••..•...•••••••••• ) 215 219 246 Potassium (K) ••••••.•••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ .•••••••••••.•••••••• 26 20 17 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••.•.•••••••••••• 467 463 528 

Sulfate (S04). •••••••••••••••••••••• - ••• 1.4 3.0 2. 1 

Chloride (Cl) .••.••••••••••••.•••••••. 32 46 54 

Fluoride (F') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• .9 1.1 1.1 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.••••.••.•••.••..•••• 1.1 .8 • 8 

Dissolved solids •.••.••.•••.•••••••• 522 536 599 

Ha.Fdness as CaC03 : 

Total •••.••...•••.•.••••.•••.•••.•••. 8 9 9 

Noncarbonate •••••.•••••••••••••.•• 0 0 0 

Color •..•••..•••..••••..•••.••.•..•.•••• 5 4 3 

pH ....••.•••...•.•..••.•..•••••.•..•.•••. 8.5 8.~ 8.4 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ..••••..••• 356 878 982 

Turbidity .... ; .....•••.•.•..••......•. 0 1 1 

Temperature (F. ) .....•....••••.•.•• -- 76 -- Date of collection •.•••••••.•.••••••• Dec. 19~ 1951 Dec. 19, 1951 Dec. 19. 1951 

Depth (feet) ........................... 650, 850 850 925 

Diameter (inches) ........•........•. 8, 8 8 8 

Date drilled .......................... 1899, 1932 1932 1947 

Percent of supply ......•..... : ..•... -- -- -- --
SOUTH CAROLINA 

GREENVILLE 

(Population, 58, 161) 

113 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 135,000. • 

Source: Mountain streams, impounded. 

Treatment: Chlorination, ammoniation, and soda-ash at Plant 1. Additional 

chlorination and ammoniation at Plants 2 and 3. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 40,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir about 9, 500,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1 reservoir, 22,000,000 gal; 2 standpipes, 1,220,000 

and 460, 000 gal. 

Table Rock Reservoir is about 22. 8 miles from the city limits. Plant 1 is about 

1,000 feet from the reservoir. Water from Table Rock reservoir is treated at 

Plant 1, flows to two equalizing reservoirs, No. 3, 19. 3 miles east of Table 

Rock Reservoir and No. 6, 16.7 miles southeast of Table Rock Reservoir. 

From these reservoirs, water flows through two separate lines to chemical 

plants 2 and 3 for additional treatment with ammonia and chlorine before entering the distribution system and standpipes. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw F~nished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••• 7.8 9.2 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• • 03 • 09 Total ................. 4 4 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 0 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• .9 1.1 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• .4 .3 Color ................... 6 9 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••. } 2.9 7.0 pH ...•..••..•••........•. 6.2 6.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••.•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 8 18 25 c. ) ............... 18.0 45.0 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 1.8 1.8 Turbidity ••••••••••••.• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 1.0 1.5 Temperature (F.) ••• 43 54 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 • 1 Date of collection •.• Feb. 16, Feb. 16, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••. • 2 .4 19.51 1951 

Dissolved solids .•.•. 17 30 

Regular determi1Ultions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 

(ppm) 

pH as CaC03 

(ppm) 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 5 6 4 6.9 7.2 6.6 1 1 1 0 0 0 

Finished water ... 15 17 13 8.4 8. 5 8.3 1 1 1 0 0 0 
114 SOUTH CAROLINA 

GREENWOOD 

(Population, 13, 806) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 18,000. 

Source: Coronoco Creek impounded in two lakes (1 percent of supply); Saluda 

River impounded in Lake Greenwood (99 percent of supply). The intake for 

Coronoco Creek water is 5 miles east of the city, and the intake in Lake 

Greenwood is about 10 miles east-northeast of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid. sand filtration, ·addition 

of lime, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500, 000 gpd. . 

Raw-water storage: Impounding lakes for Coronoco Creek 75,000,000 gal; reservoir 10,000,000. Lake Greenwood exceeds 1, 000,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear wells, 1, 125,000 gal; 1 elevated tank,. 300,000 

gal. (Additional facilities under construction). 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water a water water a water 

Silica (SiO:J .••••••••• 13 13 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• .12 .29 Total ~··············· 8 19 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 0 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 2.0 6.0 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• . 8 1.0 Color ................... L'.5 7 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• ) pH ..••...••..•..........• 6.8 6.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 9.1 7.9 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 22 27 25 c. ) ............... 72.1 76.4 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 3.4 7.3 'T'urbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••.••...• 3.9 4.2 Temperature (F.) ••• 46 66 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . l • 1 Date of collection ••• Feb. 16, Fd>.16, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••.••••• .8 . 5 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 47 53 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 20 24 18 7.2 7.3 6.9 17 -- -- 45 55 25 

Finished water ... 22 26 18 7.9 8.4 7.7 20 22 -- -- -- -- a Lake Greenwood. 
SOUTH CAROLINA 115 

GREER 

(Population, 5, 050) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 10, 100. 

Source: South Tyger River, 90 percent of supply; enclosed springs, 10 percent 

of supply. The intake on South Tyger River is about 2. 5 miles northeast of 

the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation,. rapid sand filtration, 

chlorination, Calgon and lime for adjustment of pH. Water from springs: 

chlorination only. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 2, 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 625,000 gal; elevated tank, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U . . S Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 11 12 Hardness as CaC08 : 

Iron (Fe) .•••••...••••. .06 • 04 Total "'!' ••••••••••••••• 9 22 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .OQ • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 8 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••. 2.3 7.5 

Magnesium (Mg) .•••• .9 .9 Color ................... 5 1 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 4.1 3.6 pH ...•..••......••.•..... 6.9 7.0 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••.•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) 14 17 25 c. ) ............... 35.0 70.3 

Sulfate (S04) ········'· 2.6 10 Turbidity ..••..•.•••••• 28 1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 2.5 3.0 Temperature (F.) ••• 43 43 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 .4 Date of collection •.• Dec. 20, Dec. 20, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••.••••• • 5 .8 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 32 51 
116 SOUTH CAROLINA 

HARTSVILLE 

(Population, 5, 658) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 11,000. 

_Source: 12 wells: 2 Layne wells (old well at plant, new well at center of town) 

240 and 375 ft deep; 2 wells at plant about 180 ft deep; 4 wells at plant, 160 to 

180ft deep; 4 wells drilled inside of the four last named wells to a depth of 

220 ft. The yield of the .Layne wells is reported to be 814 and 800 gpm. The .. 

Layne well at the plant is used all of the time. The other wells of low yield, 

pump into a reservoir and are used for an auxiliary or emergency supply. 

Treatment: Calgon, caustic soda for adjustment of pH. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storaget 2 elevated tanks, 300,000 and 75,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water a water a water a 

Silica (SiO } •••.•...•. 8.7 8.9 Hardness as CaC03 

Iron (Fe) •••.•......••. .14 .18 TotaJ ................. 3 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••. 1 

Calcitl.m (Ca) ..•.••••. • 7 .8 

Magnesium (Mg) •.•.. • 3 .3 Color ................... 1 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• ) pH ...•................... 5. 1 

Potassium (K) ••••••. 1.5 11 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..... 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 3 25 25C.) •••.••.•••• ~ .•• 16.8 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 1.6 1.9 Turbidity •••••.•..••••• 0 

Chloride (Cl) .••••.••. 1.6 2.0 Temperature (F.) ••• 65 

Fluoride (F) ...••...•. • 0 . 3 Date of collection ..•. Jan • 10, 

Nitrate (NO) ..••.•••. . 0 . 0 1952 

Dissolved solids •..•. 17 37 

Depth (feet) ................................................................. 240 

Diameter (inches) .......................................................... 20 

Date drilled ................................................................ 1941 

Percent of supply ............................. .. ~ .......................... --

a Layne well at plant. 

Finished 

wate:r a 

3 

0 

2 

6.7 

49.9 

0 

64 

Jan.10, 

1952 

240 

20 

1941 

--
SOUTH CAROLINA 

LAURENS 

(Population, 8, 658) 

117 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 11,000. 

Source: Little River 50 percent of supply; Rabon Creek 50 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum .and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2 impounding reservoirs, 5, 100,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 500,000 gal; 3 elevated tanks, 375,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Little River· Rabon Creek Little River 

(raw water) (raw water) (finished water) 

Silica (SiOJ •••.•.•••••••••••••.•••••• 19 18 19 

Iron (Fe) .............................. • 04 .08 • 03 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• .00 • 00 .00 

Calcium (Ca) ••• ·••••••••••••••••••••• 3.8 4.3 11 

Magnesium {Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 1.5 1.4 1.6 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• } 5.8 6.1 6.3 Potassium {K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ..................... 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (BCOJ ••••••••.•••••••• 25 27 30 

Sulfate (S04). ••••••••••••••••••• ···-. •• 2.7 2.3 15 

Chloride ( Cl) .......................... 3.0 3.1 4.9 

Fluoride (~ •..••.•••••••••••••••••••. .1 • 1 • 1 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••.•••••••••••••••••••• . 5 .8 • 6 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 52 52 74 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 16 16 34 

Noncaroonate •••••.•••••••••••••.•• 0 0 9 

Color ................................... € ~ 3 

pH .........•........••...•.•••....•...... 7. 1 7.~ 6. 8 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ..••••.•••• 62.7 60.4 104 

Turbidity ............... .............. -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) • • • •• • • • • • ••••••••• 60 61 62 

Date of collection •.•••••••••.••••••• Mar. 9, 1951 Mar. 9, 195~ Mar. 9_!_ 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 24 30 20 6.6 7.0 6.2 -- -- -- 38 159 14 

Finished water ... 24 32 22 7. 6 7. 8' 7. 2 -- -- -- <..3 -- --
118 

Ownership: Municipal. 

SOUTH CAROLINA 

MARION 

(Population, 6, 834) 

Source: 5 wells (1, 3 to 6) 200, 81, 150, 378, and 190 ft deep; yield reported to 

be 100, 80, 180, 300, and 200 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: Reservoir, 240,000 gal; elevated tank, 150,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geologicr-~ Survey) 

Wells 

(composite Well3 Well 5 

sample) 

Silica (SiOa) .......................... 36 40 38 

Iron (Fe) .............................. • 24 • 83 • 26 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• • 00 .00 .00 

Calcium (Ca) ····· ···· ................ 5.7 2.2 2.0 

Magnesium (Mg) •.•••••••••••••••.••• .7 .9 .9 

Sodium (Na) •••••.•••••.••••••••.•••••• ) 44 43 Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 43 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (BCOJ ••••••••••••••••• 115 115 109 

Sulfate (SO~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7. 5 1.3 3.3 

Chloride (Cl) .••.••••••••••••••••••••• 6.8 3.9 6.0 

Fluoride (F") •••••• o. o o. o oo. o oo •• o o o. o. 0 5 • 5 0 7 

Nitrate (NOJ o o. o. o ••••• o. o. o ••••• o •• o • 1 • 1 .0 

Dissolved solids ••• o ••••••• o •••••••• 162 149 147 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 17 9 9 

Noncarbonate •••••.••••••••••••• -•• 0 0 0 

Color ................................... 9 4 13 

pH ..................••.•...••......•.•.•. 7.4 7.2 7.2 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) .•••••••••• 217 19Ei 193 

Tu.rbidity ............................. 1 1 -- Temperature (F. ) • •••• •• • .•••••••••• 61 6~ 70 

Date of collection -•••••••••••••••••• Dec. 18, 1951 Dec. 18, 1951 Feb. 1, 1950 

Depth (feet) ........................... -- 81 378 

Diameter (inches) ......•.•.•......•. -- s 10 

Date drilled .......................... -- -- 1948 

Percent of supply ...............•... -- -- -- --
SOUTH CAROLINA 

NEWBERRY 

(Population, 7, 546) 

119 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 8, 500. 

Source: Bush River. The intake on Bush River is about 2. 8 miles southwest of 

the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, chlorination, ammoniation, rapid sand filtration, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3 clear wells, 1, 000,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 150,000 

gal each. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw ~inished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 26 25 Hardness as CaC08 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• .02 .03 Total ................... 32 54 

Manganese {Mn) ••••• .oo .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 7 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 7.5 16 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 3.3 3.4 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 43 7 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 8.9 9.2 pH ...•.•••..••..••.•••.•• 6.8 7. 7 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 47 57 25 C.) ............... 108 156 

Sulfate (SO~) ........... 3.8 16 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 6.0 6.9 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 • 1 Date of collection ••• Feb. 21, Feb. 21, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• • 5 . 6 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 80 109 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min AviMu Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•...••.. 45 5( 40 7-~r-4 7.0 80 100 60 20 200 10 

Finished water ... 45 5( 40 8.2 8.4 8.0 80 100 60 5 8 3 
120 SOUTH CAROLINA 

ORANGEBURG 

(Population, 15, 322) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 16, 000. 

Source: North Fork Edisto River. The intake on North Fork Edisto River is 

within the city limits. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 750,000 gal; 3 elevated tanks, 150,000, 

2 50, 000 , and 50, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •.•...•.•. 4.7 1.4 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•.....•••••. .12 . 03 Total ................ 9 27 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••.•• 1 13 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••• 2.4 10 

Magnesium (Mg) •.•.. . 7 . 6 Color ................... 22 2 

Sodium (Na) •.•..•.••• ) 3.3 3.1 pH ..............•..•..... 5.8 6.4 

Potassium (K) ••.•••. Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .••.. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 10 18 -25C.) ••....••.•••••• 30.2 77.8 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 2.1 8.7 Turbidity .••.•••.••••.. -- -- Chloride (Cl) .•••.•••• 3.6 7.2 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •..••.•... .1 .o Date of collection ..• Mar. 6, Mar. 6, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••.••••. .4 • 1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ...•. 27 50 

Regular determ~natwns at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness Temperaas CaC03 pH as CaC03 ture 

(ppm) (ppm) {oF.) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 5 -- -- 5.8 -- -- -- -- -- 48 59 35 

Finished water4 .. 13 -- -- 8.7 -- -- 40 55 .. 28 -- -- --
SOUTH CAROLINA 

ROCK.IULL 

(Population, 24, 502) 

121 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 27,000. 

Source: Catawba River. The intake in the river is about 5 miles north of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 1, 000, 000 gal; elevated tank, 1, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •..••..•.• 12 9.6 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •...•.•.•.•••• • 0~ • 0~ Total ................ 14 13 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 . 0~ Noncarbonate •••••• 0 0 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••• 3.4 3.2 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••. 1.4 1.3 Color .................... 3 3 

Sodium (Na) •.•••.•••• ) ,pH ...•...•..••..••....... 6.7 6.7 

Potassium (K) ••.•••. 5. 9 12 Specific conductance 

Carborate (CO,) ..... 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ·20 28 25 C.) ••..•••.•.••... 58.2 83.8 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 4.9 9. 5 Turbidity ..••••..••••.. -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••.•••. 3.2 3.5 Temperature (F.) ••• 46 44 

Fluoride (F) ••.••.••.. • 1 . 1 Date of collection •.• Feb • 14, Feb. 14, 

Nitrate (NOs) .••..•••. . 9 • 5 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•• 42 54 

Regular determi'M,tions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as caco, pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 18 22 16 6.8 7.0 6. 5 14 16 12 25 500 20 

Finished water ... 28 32 26 8.3 8.5 8.1 14 16 12 1 1 1 
122 SOUTH CAROLINA 

SPARTANBURG 

(Population, 36, 795) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas. Total population supplied, 

about 60, 000. 

Source: South Pacolet River impounded. The intake is about 13 miles north of 

the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

chlorination, adjustment of pH with soda-ash, and addition of phosphate for 

corrosion control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 879,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 1, 000,000 gal; 2 reservoirs, 6, 000.000 gal; 

elevated tank, 1, 500,000 gal. Additional facilities: at Camp Croft 1 standpipe, 2,300,000 gal; at Camp Wadsworth 1 reservoir, 216,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

{Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ ••••...••• 12 11 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.••••.••• .04 :04 Total ................ 18 18 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 6 5. 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 5. 7 5. 6 

Magnesium (Mg) •.••• • 9 1.0 Color .................... 3 7 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• ) .6 pH .••••.••••••••••.•••.•• 6.5 6.3 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 4.9 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 15 16 25 C.) •••...••••••.•• 35.1 64.6 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 2.9 10 Turbidity •.••.••.•••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) •.••.•••• 2.2 3.1 Temperature (F.) ••• 41 43 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 .1 Date of collection ••• Feb. 16, Feb. 16, 

Nitrate {NOJ .••..•••. .7 .6 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 34· 46 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 10 14 8 6.6 7.0 6.1 0.8 -- -- 100 500 20 

Finished water ..... 16 14 18 7. 2 7.3 7.1 1.0 -- -- 2. 5 1.0 5.0 
Ownership: Municipal. 

SOUTH CAROLINA 

SUMTER 

(Population, 20, 185) 

123 

Source: 7 wells: 4 deep wells (1 to 4) 625, 625, 625, and 615ft deep; 1 battery 

of 3 shallow wells. The yield of the deep wells is reported to be 1, 400, 1, 580, 

1, 000 and 1, 650 gpm, and of the battery of 3 shallow wells, 550 gpm. 

Treatment: Water from wells 2 and 3 treated with calgon; water from shallow 

wells, not treated. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Standpipe, 33 5, 000 gal; elevated tank, 100, 000 gal; 

reservoir, 1, 000, 000 gal .. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water a water a water a water a 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••• 13 11 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• 2.1 . 62 Total ................ 5 7 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 2 2 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 1.0 1.4 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• . 5 .9 Color ................... 1 1 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• J 4.4 6.5 pH ..••..••..••.••..•....• 5.2 5.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 3 6 25 c.) •.•............ 33.1 47.5 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 7. 5 6.3 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 1 1 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••• 2.6 4.5 Temperatnre (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 • 1 Date of c;ollection ••• Dec. 19, Dec.19, 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••• .0 4.1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••• 30 37 

a Mixed water from wells 2, 3, and 3 shallow wells. 
124 SOUTH CAROLINA 

UNION 

(Population, 9, 730) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas. Total population supplied, 

about 11,000. 

Source: Broad River 50 perc.ent of supply; Big Browns Creek and Unnamed Creek 

50 percent of supply. The intake on Broad River is about 9 miles north of the 

city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, soda-ash, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoirs, 65,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2 clear wells, 500,000 and 275,000 gal; standpipe, 

250, 000; 1 elevated tank, 400,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by u. s. Geological Survey} 

Bie Browns Unnamed nroad River Broad River reek Creek finished) 

(raw water) (raw water) (raw water) water) 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••••••••••••••• 15 20 19 15 

Iron (Fe) ........................... .04 • 2~ . 08 .05 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• . 00 . 00 .00 .00 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••••••••••••••• 4.6 3.8 3.6 4.0 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••••••••••••••• } 5. 3 6.3 5. 6 16 PotassiUm (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COs} •.••••.•••••••••• 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ •••••••••• H. 25 27 24 39 

Sulfate (S04) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • ••• • •• 3.1 1.6 2.1 12 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••.•••••••••••••••• 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.9 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... • 1 . 2 .2 • 1 

Nitrate (NOs) •.••••••••.•••••••••• .9 .6 .4 .4 

Dissolved solids •••••.••••••.••• 46 51 47 72 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ............................ 18 16 15 16 

Noncarbonate ..•••.••.•••••••• 0 0 0 0 

Color ................... ............ 16 2~ 7 3 

pH ................................... 6.7 6.4 6.6 7.3 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ••.••• 60.8 58.€ 56.0 109 

Turbidity ...•••.••.•••.•••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Temperature (F.} ••••.••••••••• 59 6~ 70 58 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• Mar. 8, Mar. 8, Mar. 8, Mar. 8, 

1951 1951 1951 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm} (ppm} 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 22 20 22 7.2 7.4 6.8 -- -- -- 80 300 80 

Finished water ... 30 32 30 7 7.4 7.2 . 14 14 14 -- -- --
VffiGINIA 

ALEXANDRIA 

(Population, 61, 787) 

125 

Ownership: Alexandria Water Co. and Virginia Water Co., which distributes water in. Fairfax County (both controlled by the American Water Works Co. Inc. , 

Philadelphia, Pa.). Supplies also suburban districts and communities i~ 

Fairfax County. Total population supplied, ab<;>ut 76,000. 

Source: Occoquan Creek impounded. Auxiliary supply, 3 wells of. total capacity 

of 1, 000, 000 gpd. The well supply is used during summer months. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon as 

required, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination as required, 

and adjustment of pH. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 1300, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 750,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear wells, 400,000 gal; undergound reservoir, 700,000 

gal; open reservoir, 16,000,000 gal; other facilities, 3,300,000 gal. 

The intake dam on Occoquan Creek and the treatment plant are about 20 miles 

south of the city. This dam which is about 1, 800 ft upstream from tidewater 

impounds about 55,000,000 gal. Another impounding dam about 7 miles above 

tidewater impounds an estimated 1. 5 to 2. 0 billion gal. The raw water is 

pumped through a 30 in. main to the treatment plant about ! mile distant on a 

hill at an elevation of about 24 5 ft. Finished water is pumped through high 

service pumps to Alexandria, the inte·rvening area, distribution, and storage. 

The water of Occoquan Creek is subject to rather sudden changes in quality. At 

times of heavy rains, turbidity changes are rapid and large. Color removal 

is always a problem. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S~ Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.....••... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ............... . 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C~) •......... 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..••• 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•.••.•.. 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .••..•••. 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

9. 5 Hardness as CaC<>,: 

.Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

• 09 Total • . . • . . . . . . . . . • . ... • •.. . • . 43 

• 19 Nonc.arbonate .••...•.• .•• 17 

14 ~~------------------~---------

2. 4 Color ••...•. ...•••..... .••.•... 2 

4.0 pH............................... 7.9 

• 9 Specific conductance 

0 (micronihos at 

34 25 c.) •....••......•........ 

19 Turbidity .•...•.....••••..... 

4. 2 Temperature (F.) •.•••.•.•• 

• 0 Date of collection ••••••... 

.6 

74 

121 

• 6 

May 18, 

1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, Jan. ·1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as caco, pH as caco, Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 24 26 22 7.1 7.3 7.0 -- -- -- 29 50 16 

Finished water ..... 29 32 22 8.4 8.7 7.9 -- -- -- -- -- --
126 VffiGINIA 

ARLINGTON COUNTY 

(Population, 135, 449) 

Ownership: The distribution system is owned and operated by Arlington County. 

Finished water is purchased from Washington, D. C. Supplies also the city of 

Falls Church, and areas in Fairfax County through Falls Church. Total population supplied, about 158,000. 

Source: Potomac River. Finished water from the Dalecar lia treatment plant. 

(See Washington, D. C.) 

Finished-water storage: 3 ground reservoirs, 4 elevated tanks; total, 10,500,000 

gal. 

BRISTOL 

(Population, 15, 954) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban population of about 500. Total population supplied, about 16, 500. 

Source: Clear Creek (50 percent of supply); Preston Spring (35 percent of supply); 

and Mumpower Springs (15 percent of supply). 

Treatment: Partial softening with lime, coagulation with copperas (and alum at 

times of high turbidity), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Spring supplies: chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 5, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal. 

The city of Bristol is served by two supply systems. Clear Creek and Preston 

Spring supply one system (low service) and Mumpower Springs the other (high 

service). Preston Spring is about 6. 5 miles northwest of the city. Water from 

Preston Spring is diverted. to the treatment plant for the creek supply which is 

located near the spring. Chlorinated water from the spring and finished water 

from the treatment plant flow by gravity in a single pipe line to the city to low 

service lines. Mumpower Springs (several springs) are about 4 miles north of 

the city. Water from the ~prings is collected in an open reservoir about {mile 

below the springs, from which it flows by gravity to the city to high service 

lines. Chlorine is applied in the gravity line a short distance below the reservoir. 

There is an 8 in. pipe line connecting the water supply system of Bristol, Tennessee with the supply system of Bristol, Virginia which can be used in emergencies. 
VIRGINIA 127 

BRISTOL--Continued 

ANALYSES 

(~alyses, in parts per million, by u. s. Geological Survey) 

Clear Preston Finished Finished 

Creek Sprin~ water a waterb , (raw water) (raw wa er) 

Silica lSi OJ •••••••••••••••••••••• 3.6 1.8 4.0 2.0 

Iron (Fe) ........................... .06 -. 02 .02 .02 

Manganese (Mn) ................ ~ -- -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) •.••...•.•••••••••••• 50 57 33 40 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 21 22 21 19 

Sodium (Na) ........................ .7 .8 .7 .6 

Potassilim (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 1.2 1. 5 1.4 1.3 

Carbonate (COs) ................. 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) ••••••••••••• 233 245 166 208 

Sulfate (SO") •• • • • • • • •• •••••••••••• 21 30 26 6. 5 

Chloride ( Cl) •••••••••.•••••••.••• 1.0 1.4 2.4 2.8 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... .2 .2 .2 .2 

Nitrate (NOs) •••••• · ••••••••••••••• 2.9 6.6 4.5 .8 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••• 235 271 198 194 

Hardness as CaC01 : 

Total 169 ............................ 211 233 178 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••• 20 32 33 7 

Colo·r ...................•........... 0 0 0 0 

pH .••..•..••..•••••••.•...•.•.•••••.• 8.3 8.0 8.0 8.2 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C..) •••••• . 384 430 310 321 

Turbidity .......................... 10 0 •. 5 0 

Temperature (F. ) ••••.••••••••• 65 63 65 61 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• Sept. 12, Sept. 12, Sept. 12; Sept. 12, 

1951 1951 1951 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness Temperaas caco. pH as CaC03 ture 

(ppm) (ppm) (oF.) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 15( 196 44 8.2 

Finished water ..... 4] 58 15 9.2 

a Clear Creek and Preston Spring. 

b Mumpower Springs. 

8.-4 8.0 

9.6 8.9 

230 244 218 55 68 32 

120 170 82 -- -- --
12~ VmGINIA 

CHARLOTTESVILLE 

(Population, 2 5, 969) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2, 600 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 28,600. 

Source: Moormans River 90 percent of supply; Ragged Mt. reservoir 10 percent 

of supply. · 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, slow 

sand filtration, postchlorination, addition of sodium phosphate, and fluoridation with sodium !Silicofluoride. Copper sulphate for the control of algae. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 000,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal. 

The filter plant is located in Charlottesville, on Reservoir Mt., western edge of 

town. V!ater is piped from Moormans River Dam to ihe filter plant. The pipe 

line passes Ragged Mt. Reservoir and excess water from Moormans River is 

diverted, and stored in the Ragged Mt. Reservoir which also receives water 

from Ragged Mt. watershed. Water from Ragged Mt. Reservoir is used to 

balance the water needs. 

ANALYSES 

(~alyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geolo_g!cal Survey) 

Ragged Mt. Moormans Moormans Finished 

Reservoir River River water 

(raw water) (raw water) (raw water) 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••.•••••••••••.•••• 

Iron (Fe) .......................... . 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .......•.••.••..••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) .••.••. ~ .••••••. 

Sodium (Na) .........•.. ···········!\ Potassium (K) .•.•••••••••••••••• ij 

Carbonate (COJ •...••.•.•••.••.. 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) ••••..•.•.••• 

Sulfate (S04) ...................... . 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.•••••.•••••••••• 

Fluoride (F) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Nitrate (NOJ .................... . 

Dissolved solids ............... . 

Hardness as CaC01 : 

Total ........................... . 

Noncarbonate .•••.•••••••.•••• 

Color ................... ........... . 

pH ................•...•..•...••...••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ...... 

Turbidity .......•..••..••.••••.•••• 

Temperature· (F.) .•••.••••••••• 

Date of collection .............. . 

7.8 10 8.3 

.02 .05 .2S 

-- -- -- 3.4 3.5 2.1 

1.1 1. 5 1.0 

3.1 1. 8 2.9 

0 0 0 

18 19 12 

1.9 2.2 2o7 

1.8 • 5 1.9 

• 1 .1 .1 

• 1 • 1 .1 

29 34 24 

13 15 9 

0 0 0 

·5 5 1~ 

6.4 6.5 7.~ 

52.8 55.2 25. r 

-- -- -· -- -- -· 

Aug. 27, Aug. 27, Mar. 22, 

1948 1948 1951 

Regular determi1Ultions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

7.8 

.20 

2.6 

.9 

3.0 

0 

11 

3.0 

3o0 

al.o 

.1 

22 

10 

1 

4 

6.9 

27.3 

Mar. 22, 

1951 

as CaC01 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 10 18 4 6.3 6.3 6.2 8 10 6 18 20 10 

Finished water ... 14 16 12 6.6 7.0 6. 5 15 16 14 3 s 1 

a Average of several determinations, 1952. 
VIRGINIA 

DANVILLE 

(Population, 3 6, 066) 

129 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban population of about 800. Total 

population supplied, about 3 5, 900. 

Source: Dan River. . 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, aeration (spray), 

chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, ammoniation, and adjustment of pH with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 3, 000,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 9, 000,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is on the north edge of the city near the cotton mills. The intake is in the reservoir about 100 yards above the impounding dam of the Riverside and Dan River Cotton Mills. · 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Raw Finished 

water water water 

Silica {SiO:J •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 12 13 

Iron (Fe) .............................. .01 -- .02 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ···-·•···················· 4.0 -- 11 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 1.6 -- 2.0 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ) 4.5 { 2.7 4.2 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.3 1.4 

Carbonate (COa) ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) ••••••••••••••••• 23 31 37 

Sulfate (S04). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4.0 3 8.6 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••• 2.0 2.1 5. 2 

Fluoride (pt) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 1 • 1 • 1 

Nitrate (NOa) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• .4 . 6 • 2 

Dissolved solids .................... 47 -- 69 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 17 23 36 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 0 0 5 

Color ................................... 4 25 0 

pH .............••..•...•...•.•.........•. 7.0 7.3 7.7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••• -- 60.3 97.0 

Turbidity ............... .............. -- 4.0 • 5 

Temperature (F. ) .•••.••• · ••••••••••• -- 75 73 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• July 21z 1947 Sept. 11, 1951 Sept. 11, 1931 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity .Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water.~ ....... 22 30 12 7.0 7.3 6.6 -- -- -- 1.2 4.0 .2 

Finished water .... 30 40 21 8.7 9.4 8.3 -- -- -- .3 1.8 • 1 
130 vm.GINIA 

FALLS CHURCH 

(Population, 7, 535) 

Ownership: Distribution system, municipal. The city purchases its water from 

Arlington County. ·Supplies about 15,000 people in Fairfax County. Total 

population supplied, about 22,500. 

Source: Potomac River. Finished water from Dalecarlia treatment plant, Washington, D. C. through Arlington County. Emergency supply: 2 wells (4, 6) 

430 and 748 ft deep; yield reported to be 40 and 35 gpm respectively; two standby 

6 in. connections to Arlington County distribution system in case of interruption of service in main line. (See Washington, D. C.) 

Finished-water storage: 2 elevated tanks; 2 stand pipes. Total, 2,000,000 gal. 

FREDRICKSBURG 

(Population, 12, 158) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a suburban population of about 2, 000. Total 

population supplied, about 14_, 200. 

Source: Rappahannock River. 

Treatment: Primary sedimentation with alum, breakpoint chlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid (anthrafilt) filtration, and adjustment of 

pH with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 24, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 500 l 000 gal. 

Raw water is obtained from a canal that runs by the treatment plant. This canal, 

and the. dam that partially impounds the Rappahannock River, is owned by the 

Vao Electric & Power Co. Water from the canal is run into the storage basin 

and from there is pumped to the treatment planto 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U . S . Geological Survey) 

Raw ·Finished Ra.w Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •..••••••• 7.8 8o2 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• .12 .05 Total ~··············· 20 20 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••• 0 0 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 5.0 5.1 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.8 1.7 Color .................... 6 1 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••. 3.4 17 pH ..••..••..••.•...•..... 6.8 7.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.1 1.1 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ •.••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 27 53 25 c.) •••..•••••••••• 56.9 116 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 2.4 7.7 Turbidity-............... 25 1. 0 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 2. 5 4.9 Temperature (F.) ••• 76 75 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 .1 Date of collection ••• Be pt. 13, Sept.l3, 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• .3 . 1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••• 40 75 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as caco, 

(ppm) pH as CaCQ3 (ppm) Turbidity 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min. Av Max Min 

Raw water .•..•.•.. 25 28 12 7.0 7.3 6.4 -- -- --- 64 300 15 Finished water •.• 36 50 29 6. 7 8.9 6.4 -- -- ...... .7 1. 5 • 5 
VIRGINIA 

HARRISONBURG 

(Population, 10, 810) 

131 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 11,800. 

Source: Riven Rock Spting (natural flow of Dry River and underflow of Dry River). 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 21,000,000 gal. 

The basin of Dry River is in the George Washington National Forest. The intake 

works are about 13 miles west of the city. The underflow in the valley of the 

river is trapped in a gallery by extending the intake dam underground across 

the valley floor for a distance of 900 ft to a rock cliff on one side of the valley. 

The underground dam rests on bedrock. Water from the intake works is conducted through a 14 in. pipe line to the chlorinating plant about t mile below 

the intake dam,. The chlorinated water is piped to the distribution system and 

concrete storage reservoirs in the city through two interconnected parallel 

pipe lines. The supply is by gravity throughout. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U . S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:.} •.•....••. 5.3 6.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••••••••••• . 07 .05 Total ................... 7 8 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••. 1 2 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••• 1.4 1.4 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• • 9 1.0 Color ................... 10 5 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 1.0 1.0 pH .••••.•••.••...•.•.•.•. 6. 5 6.4 

Potassium (K) ••••••• .6 • 7 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ...•• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 8 7 25 C.) •••.••••••••••• 23 .. 6 25.0 

Sulfate (SOJ ........ ~. 3.6 3.7 Turbidity ..••..•.••••.• 0 0 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 1.0 1.8 Temperature (F.) ••• 61 61 

.Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .o .0 Date of collection •.• Sept.l2, SE4)t. 12, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• • 1 .1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 18 18 
132 VIRGINIA 

HOPEWELL 

(Population, 10, 219) 

Ownership: Old Dominion Water Corp; also supplies about 5, 000 people outside 

the city limits, and the population in Camp Lee, Prison Camp, and Bland sanitary Dist. Total kno\Vn population supplied, about 15,200. 

Source: Appomattox River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 30,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 3,000,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

'Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOa) o o o o ••••• o 5o 5 5. 7 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ··········••oo . -. 23 .05 Total ................. 56 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••. 17 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 16 20 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 4o0 3o7 Color ................... • 25 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 21 17 pH ..••...••.•..•......... 7.1 

Potassium (K) •••••• o 1.8 1.8 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ o•o•o 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 48 44 25 c. ) . 0 ••• 0 0 oo 00 •••• 213 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 47 52 Turbidity ··········••o• 25 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 8.6 9.4 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) • o •• o. o ••• • 1 • 1 Date of collection ••• Sept. 7' 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••.•• 1.5 1.1 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•• 138 140 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

65 

29 

3 

7.4 

217 

1.0 

-- Sept. 7, 

1951 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......•.. -- 35 18 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 350 30 

Finished water ..... -- 35 24 -- 7.4 7.0 -- 60 30 -- -- --
VIRGINIA 

LYNCHBURG 

(Population, 47, 727) 

133 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a population of about 7, 000 people outside the 

city limits, including Madison Heights Sanitary District in Amherst County. 

Total population supplied, about 55,000. 

Source: Pedlar River impounded in Pedlar Lake about 23 miles northwest of the 

city. Auxiliary or emergency supply, James River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, sand filtration, chlorination, 

and fluoridation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 600,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 9, 000,000 gal. 

Water from Pedlar Lake flows by gravity through a 36 in. cast iron pipe to the 

treatment plant in the southwest section of the city. Finished water is stored 

in College Hill reservoir, Clay Street reservoir, and Fort Hill standpipe. 

Distribution is by gravity flow. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) ....•..••. 13 13 Hardness as CaC03 :· 

Iron (Fe) ..•.•.....•••. • 04 .05 Total c• •••••••••••••• 14 15 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••.•• 0 2 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••. 3.1 2.9 

Magnesium (Mg) •.••. 1.5 1.9 Color··············· ..... 6 3 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••. 2.2 3.2 pH .••••.•••••••.•.••••.•• 7.0 7.4 

Potassium (K) •.•••.. .8 .8 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) •..•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs} 19 16 25 c. ) ............... 36.7 43.4 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••. 1.4 5. 2 Turbidity •••••••.••.•.• 7o0 0 

Chloride (Cl) •••••.... 1.2 1.8 Temperature (F.) ••• 66 66 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• 0 1 .6 Date of collection ..• ~ept. 11, Sept.ll, 

Nitrate (NOJ ......... • 6 .3 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 36 39 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) . (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 11 14 9 6. 5 6.9 6.2 -- -- -- 9 32 5 

Finished water ... 9 10 8 6.3 6.6 6.0 -- -- -- 0 0 0 
134 VIRGINIA 

MARTINSVILLE 

(Population, 17, 251) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 000 people in suburban areaso Total 

population supplied, about 18, 300. 

Source: Beaver Creek 60 percent of supply; Jones Creek 40 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with lime and alum, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH 

with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 500,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Beaver Jones Finished Creek Creek 

(raw water) (raw water) water 

Silica (SiO:J ••..•..•••••••••••••.•••••• 20 19 18 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••.••••••.•••.•••.••• • 8~ • 46 .13 

Manganese {Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• •••••••••••••••• 5. 5 6.0 12 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 2. 5 1. 7 2. 5 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3.5 3.2 3.5 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.3 1.0 1.1 

Car 'bonate (COs) ••••••••••••.•••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) ••••••••.•••••••• 34 28 42 

Sulfate (SO.). •••••••••.•••••.•••••••••. 1.4 3.5 9o7 

Chloride (Cl) ..••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.9 1.4 3.0 

Fluoride (F') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• . 2 • 1 • 1 

Nitrate (NOs) •.••.••.•••.•••••.••••.•• .3 .3 • 1 

Dissolved solids ..................... 66 55 76 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ••••••••.•••.•.•••••••••••..•••• 24 22 40 

Noncarl>o·nate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 0 0 6 

Color ..•..•..•••.••••••••••.•••••••••••• 35 30 0 

pH ••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6.9 7.3 8.2 

Specific conductance 

(micr01nhos at 25 C.) .•••••••••. 65.7 49.8 98.4 

Turbidity ..•••.•..••.•••••.•••.••.•.•• 5.0 15 • 5 

Temperature (F. ) .•.•.•••••••••••.•• 65 64 68 

Date of collection •.•••••••••.•••.••• Sept. 11, 1951 Sept. 11, 1951 Sept. 11l 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 21 29 11 6.9 7.1 6.6 -- -- -- 70 2000 20 

Finished water~ •. 19 27 11 6.7 6.9 6.0 -- -- -- 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 
VIRGINIA 

NEWPORT NEWS 

(Population, 42, 358) 

135 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Hampton, ·Hilton, Phoebus, and other communities in Elizabeth City, Warwick and York Counties. Total population supplied, about 150,000. 

Source: Chickahominy River 42 percent of supply; Lee Hall and Harwood Mill 

reservoirs 58 percent of supply. Skiffs Creek can be used in emergencies. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration, coagulation with alum, addition of carbon, 

chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: 2 Lee Hall Reservoir plants: 8, 000,000 gpd, 

and 6, 000, 000 mgd. Harwood Mill Reservoir plant: 6, 000, 000 mgd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 754,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Lee Hall underground reservoir, 3, 500,000 gal; concrete reservoir ·(in Newport News), 3,500,000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 1,000,000 

and 100, 000 gal. 

Lee Hall and Harwood Mill reservoirs store the headwaters of Warwick and 

Poquoson rivers, respectively. Water from the Chicahominy River is discharged from a 32 mile 18 in. pipeline into Harwood Mill reservoir. Combined waters frotn the Harwood Mill Reservoir are discharged into the Lee 

Hall Reservoir. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••••••••••.•••• 

Iron (Fe) ........................... 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••••••••••••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) • o o o o ••••••• o o •• 

Sodium (Na). o••··················· 

PotassiUm. (K) •••••••••• o ••••• o •• 

Carbonate (COs) •••.••. o••o•····· 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••• o••• 

Sulfate (S04) • o ••••••• o ............. 

Chloride (Cl). •••••o••o•o••••····· 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••••••.••• o •••• 

Dissolved solids •••••••••.••• o •• 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ............................ 

Noncarbonate ••••o············ 

Color •••••••.••.•••••••••••••••••••• 

pH .....•......•.......•........••.•.• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) •••••. 

Turbidity •.••••••••••••••••••••••••. 

Temperature (F. ) ••••.••••••••• 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• 

a Chickahominy River. 

b Harwood Mill Reservoir. 

c Supply System. 

Raw 

water a 

2.1 

--

--

--

-- 3.8 

1.1 

0 

21 

11 

4.6 

.2 

.8 

--

23 

6 

15 

6.9 

66.9 

3.0 

74 

Sept. 5, 

1951 

by u. s. Geological Survey) 

Raw Lee Hall 

waterb Reservoir 

(ra:w water) 

. 6.1 12 

-- • 04 

-- -- -- 33 

-- 1.3 

3.7 4.7 

1.1 .9 

0 0 

54 104 

6 2.1 

5. 4 8.0 

.2 • 1 

• 6 1.3 

-- 1.29 

53 88 

9 2 

10 10 

7.1 7.2 

173 191 

2.5 2.5 

77 78 

Sept. 5, Sept. 4, 

1951 1951 

Finished 

waterc 

4.7 

.02 

-- 25 

1.4 

4.3 

1.0 

0 

59 

15 

12 

0 1 

• 1 

110 

68 

20 

5 

7.5 

164 

• 5 

78 

Sept. 4, 

1951 
136 

Raw water ......... 

Finished water ... 

VIRGINIA 

NEWPORT NEWS--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

57 63 

53 59 

52 7.6 7.7 7. 5 -- 49 8.0 8.0 7.9 93 

NORFOLK 

(Population, 213, 513) 

-- -- 113 73 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

2.2 2.3 2.0 

0 5 0 5 0 5 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Portlock, South Norfolk, Virginia Beach, 

other communities, suburban areas, and an unknown number of Army and Navy 

personnel. Total population supplied, about 300,000. 

Source: Two systems of impounding reservoirs (lakes): Lake Smith system comprised of a chain of reservoirs known as Lake Wright, Lake Taylor, Little 

Creek, Lake Lawson, Lake Smith and North Landing Lake about 5 miles northeast of the city, and for the most part in Princess Anne County; and Lake 

Prince system comprised of Lake Prince on Exchange Creek and Lake Burnt 

Mills, a subsidiary reservoir, in Nansemond County about 18 miles from the 

city. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Nottoway and Blackwater Rivers. 

Treatment: (Both plants) prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, addition of activated carbon, bleaching clay when needed, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment ·plants: Moores Bridges plant, 24,000,000 gpd; 37th 

Street plant, 24,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 9, 700,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 20,000,000 gal. 

Water from the Lake Smith supply system is treated at the Moores Bridges treatment plant located at the southern end of Lake Wright. Water from Lake 

Prince and Lake Burnt Mills is conducted in two parallel mains, interconnected 

at intervals, to the 37th Street treatment plant in Norfolk, where it is treated. 

The two parallel mains are also connected by a 48 in. concrete main to the 

Moores Bridges treatment plant, so that with thi-s arrangement each of the 

three mains can deliver water to either plant. 
VIRGINIA 137 

NORFOLK--Continued 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Surv.ey) 

Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw 

water a waterb water c water d watere 

Silica (Si02) •••••••••••••••• 6.0 4.4 4.5 1.5 3.7 

Iron (Fe) ................... -- .02 -- -- . 04 

Manganese (Mn) •••..••.•• -- -- -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) .............. -- 13 -- -- 11 

Magnesium (Mg) ••.•.••... -- 5.3 -- -- 1.4 

S.odium (Na) ............... 10 18 3.9 3.2 4.1 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••. 1.8 2.6 1.3 1.2 1.3 

Carbonate (COs) ..•....... 0 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) •••••• 41 54 40 13 35 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 26 15 4.0 6.0 4.7 

Chloride (Cl) .•............ 13 25 6.5 6.9 6.4 

Fluoride (F) •••••.••••.•.•. • 1 .2 • 1 .o . 2 

Nitrate (NOs) .............. 3.2 2. 5 0 6 .4 . 8 

Dissolved solids ......... -- 129 -- -- 60 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....••...•............ 49 54 38 16 33 

Noncarbonate . · ·• · ·· · · ·· 15 10 5 5 4 

Color ......................... 40 7 10 8 8 

pH ......•••.••..••..•..••••••. 7.1 6.8 7.4 7.0 6.7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 143 208 96.0 52. 5 91.0 

Turbidity ................... -- 15 -- -- 5.0 

Temperature (F.) •••••••. -- -- -- -- -- Date of collection ........ Sept. 6, Sept. 5, Sept. 6, Sept. 6, Sept. 5, 

1951 

Finished Finished 

water f water g 

Silica (SiOJ . . • • . . . . . . 3. 7 

Iron (Fe) . . . . • . . . . . . . •. • O:l 

Manganese (Mn) •..•. --

Calcium (Ca) .....•••. 26 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 2. 6 

Sodium (Na) .. • . .. • . •. 7. 7 

Potassium (K) • • • • • • • 1. 7 

Carbonate (COJ ..... 0 

Bicarbonate. (HCOJ 49 

Sulfate (S04) • • • • • • • • • • 22 

Chloride (Cl) ..••..... 23 

Fluoride (F) . . . . • . . . . . . 1 

Nitrate (NO,) . . . .. . . • . . 1 

Dissolved solids;.... 134 

aN orth Lmding Lake. 

b Smith Lake System. 

c Lake Prince. 

d Lake Burnt Mills. 

3.9 

• 02 

26 

1.6 

4.1 

1.2 

0 

54 

19 

14 

. 1 

.2 

111 

1951 1951 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ............... . 

Noncarbonate .••... 

Color ............. ······· 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) .............. . 

Turbidity ............ . 

Temperature (F.) •.. 

Date ·of colle ::tion ... 

1951 1951 

Finished Finished 

water f water g 

76 

35 

71 

27 

5 3 

7.7 8.1 

205 169 

• 5 • 5 

72 70 

Sept. 5, Sept. 5, 

1951 1951 

e Lake Prince and Lake Burnt Mills. 

f From Moore:; Bridges treatment plant. 

g From 37th S reet treatment plant. 
138 VIRGINIA 

NORFOLK--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water a ...... 33 38 22 7.4 8.2 7.1 -- -- -- Finished water a 37 44 29 ·a. o 8.4 6.9 78 94 66 

Raw water b •••••• 27 39 18 6.8 7.2 6.6 33 46 20 

Finished water b 35 54 25 8.3 8.5 8.2 61 90 46 

a Moores Bridges Plant. 

b 37th Street Plant. 

PETERSBURG 

(Population, 35, 054) 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

15 30 11 

• 73 .98 .43 

6.2 7.9 4.-7 

• 5 1.0 .4 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies suburban areas, other communities, and 

Fort Lee part of the time. Total population supplied, about 70,000. 

Source: Appomattox River (through power canal owned by the Va. Electric & 

Power Co.). Emergency supply, Wilcox Lake (Lieutenant Run impounded). 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, 

sedimentation, addition of carbon, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and 

adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 5,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 240,000 gal. 

The intake on the power canal is about 3 miles from the treatment plant, located 

within the city limits. Under normal operation conditions the flow of the water 

from the canal to the treatment plant is by gravity, but when the consumption 

exceeds ~ specified volume pumping becomes necessary. The city has prior 

right to 10,000, 000 gpd. 
VIRGINIA 139 

PETERSBURG--Continued 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •.•••.••.. 19 15 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•.••••..•... . ·25 .05 Total ................ 22 46 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••... 0 17 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••. 4.9 14 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 2.4 2.6 Color ................... 6 5 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 3.7 3.2 pH .................•..... 7.0 8.0 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.7 1.6 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ...•. 0 .0 (mictomhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 27 35 25 C.) •....•••••••••• 62.7 115 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 4.2 HI Turbidity ..•••••.•••••• 5.0 1.0 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.••.• 3.1 5. 5 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 . 1 Date of collection •.• Sept • 7, Sept. 7, 

Nitrate (NO,) .•••.•••. .2 • 1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 66 85 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 26 33 23 7.1 7.3 7.1 -- -- -- 28 35 6 

Finished water ... 27 37 26 8.8 9.0 8.7 44 48 42 2 3 1 
140 Vffi.GINIA 

PORTSMOUTH 

(Population, 80, 039) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a population of about 50,000 in Norfolk Co., 

and 20, 000 in the city of Suffolk and Nansemond Co. Total population supplied, 

about 150, 000. 

Source: Lake Kilby 66 percent of supply; Lake Cahoon 34 percent of supply. 

Emergency supply, Nottoway River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, 

activated carbon, rapid sand filtration, and addition of polyphosphate (Calgon) 

for corrosion control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water stor'age: 2, 450,000,000 gal. 

Fin~shed-water storage: 11,000,000 gal. 

Lake Kilby is located just west of the corporate limits of Suffolk; Lake Cahoon is 

about 2 miles north of Lake Kilby in Nansemond County. Water is piped from 

Lake Cahoon to the treatment plant at the eastern end of Lake Kilby where the 

water from both sources is treated. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Lake Kilby Lake Cahoon Finished 

(raw water) (raw water) water 

Silica {SiO:a) ••.••.•••••••.•••••.•••••• 4.0 3.7 3.4 

Iron (Fe) ..................... , ........ .14 .04 .03 

Manganese (Mn.) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ·-···•················ .... 5.9 5. 2 14 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 1.7 lo7 1.4 

Sodium (Na) •••••.•••••..•••••••••••••• 6.1 4.7 5.3 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.2 1.0 1.1 

Carbonate (COa) .•••••••••••.•••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) ••••••••••••••••• 17 18 22 

Sulfate (S04). •••••••••••••••••••••• • ••• 7.0 5. 2 15 

Chloride ( Cl) .•••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 ~. 5 14 

Fluoride (F") •••••••••••••••••••••••••• .3 .3 .0 

Nitrate (NOa) •.••.•••••••••••••••.•••• .7 .4 • 1 

Dissolved solids •••..••••••.•••••••• 60 49 80 

Hardriess as €aC03 : 

Total ................................ 22 20 41 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 8 5 23 

Color.: ................................. 33 15 3 

pH .................•.......••••....•.•.•. 6.3 6.7 7.1 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••.•••. 77.7 64.5 118 

Turbidity •.••••.•.••••••••••••••••.••• 10 15 1.0 

Temperature (F. ) .•.•. • • • • •••••••••• 69 71 71 

Date of collection ••••••••••• , ••••••• Sept. 6, ~951 Sept. 6, 1951 Sept. 6, 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1949 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Raw water .•...•••. 9 13 6 6.1 6.4 6.0 -- -- -· 9 29 3 

Finished water .•. 16 24 10 7.1 8.4 6. 5 28. 32 2E 0 0 0 
VIRGINIA 

PULASKI 

(Population, 9, 202) 

141 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 10,200. 

Source: Lake (impounded mountain stream) 97 percent of supply; Wardens Spring 

3 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Filtration and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 304,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal. 

The Lake is about 5 miles west of town; Wardens Spring is about 1i miles east of 

town. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Lake Finished (rake Finished 

(raw water raw water 

water} (city tap water} (city tap) 

Silica (SiO:a) ••.••..••• 4.8 5.8 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••..• .02 • 27 Total ................ 15 16 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••• 3 4 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 3.3 3.4 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.6 1.8 Color ................... 2 18 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••. 1.3 1.4 pH ....................... 6.9 6.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••• o9 .7 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ...•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 15 15 25 c.) ..•...•....•... 39.4 37.5 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 4.2 3.9 Turbidity •.•••.•.•••••• 10 1.0 

Chloride (Cl) •••..•.•. 1. 5 2.5 Temperature (F.) ••. 68 65 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 0 .0 Date· of collection ••• Sept. 12, Sept. 12, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••. 1.3 • 1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 30 30 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19 52 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 8 9 7 6.3 6.7 6.3 12 12 11 2 2 1 

F"inished water ..... 15 15 15 8.6 8.8 8.6 22 22 22 0 0 0 
142 VffiGINIA 

RICHMOND 

(Population, 230, 310) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a population of about 20,000 outside the city 

limits. Total population supplied, about 250,000. 

Source: James River. Gravity flow. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum (in summer) or ferrous sulfate (in winter), sedimentation, activated carbon, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, ammoniation, adjustment of pH with lime, and addition of copper 

sulfate. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 66, 000, 000 gpdo 

Raw-water storage: 170,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 58,000,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is on Douglasdale Road on the southwest edge of the city. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water a water water a water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••• 7. 5 8.5 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••..••••••. • 03 .02 Total ................ 73 76 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••• 26 47 

Calcium (Ca) ......... 21 23 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 5.1 4o6 Color .... ··. · ·· .... · · ·· · 20 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••. 12 9.9 pH ....................... 7.2 8.1 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.8 1.6 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•.•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 58 36 25 C.) •.•..••••••••.. 202 215 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 37 48 Turbidity ..••••••••••.• -- • 5 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 10 14 Temperature (F.) ••• -- 77 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 1 • 1 Date of collection •.• Sep:.l..a>, Sept. 3, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••.•. .6 • 1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 133 137 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 39 60 15 7. 5 8.2 6.7 -- -- -- 30 250 5 

Finished water ... 30 48 12 8.8 9.3 8.4 65 80 50 • 1 .2 • 1 

a Composite of daily samples from the James River for the period Sept. 1 to 

30, 1951. 
VffiGINIA 

ROANOKE 

(Population, 91, 921) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 300 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 92,200. 

143 

Source: Impounding reservoirs (Carvin's Cove 40 percent, Beaver Creek and 

Falling Creek 15 percent), 55 percent of supply; Crystal Springs, 45 percent 

of supply. 

Treatment: Carvin's Cove plant: Coagulation with ferric·suHate, aeration, lime, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation. Falling 

Creek plant: coagulation with alum, sedimentation, pressure filtration, addition of lime and polyphosphate (Calgon). Crystal Springs water: chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: Carvin's Cove plant, 6,000,000 gpd; Falling. 

Creek plant, 1, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Carvin's Cove reservoir, 6,470,000,000 gal; Beaver Creek 

and Falling Creek reservoirs, 550, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Carvin's Cove clear wells, 2, 000,000 gal; Mill Mt. reservoir, 2, 000, 000 gal; City Farm reservoir, 2, 000, 000 gal; Carroll Avenue· 

standpipe, 2, 000, 000 gal; smaller elevated tanks and reservoirs, 3, 000, 000 

gal. 

Crystal Springs is within the city limits on the western slope of Mill Mountain, 

about l~ miles from the center of the city. Carvin's Cove Reservoir is about 

8 miles north of the city; Beaver Creek and Falling Creek reservoirs are 

about 7 miles northeast of the city. 

Carvin's Cove treatment plant is about 3, 000 ft south of the impounding dam and 

the. water flows to the treatment plant by gravity. Falling Creek treatment 

plant which treats water from both Beaver Creek and Falling Creek reservoirs 

is a short distance below Falling Creek dam. 

The four principal finished-water storage reservoirs are strategically located in 

four sections of the city to aid in correcting unequal pressures due to over 200 

ft differences in elevations in different sections of the city. Finished water 

. from Carvin's Cove plant is conducted to both Mill Mt. reservoir which flQats 

on the system and to other storage reservoirs in the city. Finished water from 

Falling Creek plant is served principally in the southeastern part of the city. 
144 VffiGINIA 

ROANOKE--Continued 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Crystal Carvin's Cove 

Springs ,d Falling yr. (raw water) raw water 

Silica (SiO:J •.....•••.•••.•••.•.•.•••• 11 5.4 

Iron (Fe) •.•.•.•...•••..••..•••••••..•• .02 ;04 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- Calcium (Ca) ••··••••••••••••••••••••• 27 3.7 

Magnesium (Mg) ...•..••••••.•.•..••• 15 1.9 

Sodium (Na) •••.•....•...•.•••...•.••.• 1.2 1.0 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• • 5 • 5 

Carbonate (COJ ...•...•••.•.•••.•.•• 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ •...••••••.•.••.. 151 18 

Sulfate (S04). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2. 5 3.0 

Chloride (Cl) .•••.•••..•••..•.•••.•••• 1.0 1.5 

Fluoride (F') •••••.•••••••••••••••••••. .0 • 1 

Nitrate (NOs) ..••.••••....••••••....•• 1.3 .8 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 127 28 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total .........••..•.••••.•••••••.•••. 129 17 

Noncarbonate •••••.•••••••••••••.•• 5 2 

Color ................................... 1 3 

pH •........................••............ 7.7 6.9 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) •••.••.•.•• 228 39.4 

Turbidity •••••.•....••••••••••..•.•••• -- -- Temperature (F. ) .•.•. •• • .•••••••••• 62 57 

Date of collection •••••••••••.••••••• Sept. 13_,_ 1951 Se_Qt. 13_,_ 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm) 

Av 

Raw watera ...... 130 

Finished water a. 130 

Raw water b •••.•• 16 

Finished water b 12 

Raw water c •••••• 14 

Finished water c 14 

a Crystal Springs. 

b Carvin's Cove. 

c Falling Creek. 

Max Min 

133 125 

133 125 

18 10 

15 9 

16 13 

17 13 

Av 

7.5 

7.5 

6.3 

9.5 

7.2 

7.0 

Hardness 

pH as CaC03 ·(ppm) 

Max Min Av Max Min 

7.6 7.4 133 137 128 

7.6 7.4 133 137 128 

6.7 5. 9 15 20 13 

9.6 9.1 42 45 35 

7.3 7.1 17 18 16 

7.1 6.9 18 20 17 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

10 

.04 

-- 15 

7.6 

1.9 

.4 

0 

82 

3.0 

2.2 

. 1 

.6 

86 

69 

2 

2 

7.7 

139 

--

-- Sept. 13, 1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

.3 .4 • 2 

.3 .4 . 2 

2.2 6.0 1.0 

. 2 • 5 • 1 

2.2 6.0 1.0 

.7 1.2 .6 
VffiGINIA 

SOUTH NORFOLK 

(Population, 10, 434) 

Ownership: Supplied by Norfolk. (See Norfolk.) 

STAUNTON 

(Population, 19, 927) 

145 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 300 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 20,200. 

Source: North River impounded. Auxiliary or emergency supply, <;Iardner' s 

Spring about 3 miles west of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination and addition of lime at N. River intrute; coagulation 

with alum and silica (silicate + sulfuric acid), lime, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 125,000, 0('0 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 7, 000,000 gal. 

The North River is impounded near Stokes ville, about 3 5 miles northwest of 

staunton. The water from the reservoir flows through a cast-iron pipe to the 

treatment plant, on Two-mile Hill about 2 miles west of the city. Finished 

water flows into the distribution system and to storage in the city. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Gardner's North River Finished 

Spring (raw water) (raw water) water 

Silica (SiOJ •.•••••••••••••••.•.•••••• -- 4.1 5.4 

Iron (Fe) .............................. -- .04 .02 

Manganese (Mn.) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ········· ................ -- 1.6 10 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••.••••.••• -- .9 .9 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••••.•••••••••••.•• -- .8 1.7 

Potassium (K) ••••••.•••••••••••••••• -- • 6 . 7 

Carbonate (COs) ••••••••••••.•••.•••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••.•••••••••••••. 294 8.0 25 

Sulfate (SO..). ........................... 4 2.8 12 

Chloride ( Cl) .•••••••...•••••••••••••• -- .8 t.•2 

Fluoride (F') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- .0 .o 

Nitrate (NOs) ..••.••••••..•••••••.•.•• 2.8 .2 • 1 

Dissolved solids ••••.•••••.••••••.•. -- 20 52 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total .••••••..•••..•••••..••••••..••. 270 8 29 

Noncarbonate •••••••.•••••••••••.•• 29 1 8 

Color ................................... -- 7 3 

pH ................•.....•..•.......•..... 7.4 6.5 7.4 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) .••••...••• 428 21.1 71.3 

Turbidity ..••..•••.•.••••••.•••••••.•• -- 4 • 5 

Temperature (F. ) .•.•.•••••••••••.•• 65 72 69 

Date of collection .................... Sept. 11, 1951 Sept. 11, 1951 Sept. 11, 1951 
146 Vffi.GINIA 

STAUNTON--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, Feb. to July, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water.'" ...... 14 28 

Finished water~ •. 22 28 

0 7.8 8.2 7.4 16 

10 8.4 9.0 7.6 28 

SUFFOLK 

(Population, 12, 339) 

Ownership: Supplied by Portsmouth. (See Portsmouth.) 

WAYNESBORO 

(Population, 12,3 57) 

20 10 3.2 6.9 1.1 

32 22 .6 1.1 .2 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a small number of people outside the city 

limits. Total population supplied, about 12,400. 

Source: Coyners Spring about 3 miles west of the city. 

Treatment: Chlorination at the spring. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 600,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 000, 000 gal. 

The chlorinated water is pumped from the pump house adjacent to the spring basin 

to a 2, 000, 000 gal underground concrete reservoir, about 3/4 mile southwest 

of th~ city, from which distribution to the city mains is by gravity. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •.••..••.. 10 10 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) .......••..... • 04 • 04 Total •••••••••••••••• 86 86 

Manganese (Mn) •.••. -- -- Noncarbonate ••••.. 8 8 

Calcium (Ca) ..••.•••. 19 19 

Magnesium (Mg) ..••. 9. 5 9.5 Color .................... 5 2 

Sodium (Na) ..••..•.•. • 7 .7 pH ..••..••......••.•..... 7.6 7.6 

Potassium (K) ••...•. 1.2 1.2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..... 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 96 96 25 c.) ............... 170 170 

Sulfate (804) •••••••••• 9.5 9.4 Turbidity ..••.......... 0 0 

Chloride (Cl) ..••..... . 6 1.0 Temperature (F.) ••. 57 57 

Fluoride (F) .......... • 1 .1 Date of collection ... Sept.ll, Sept.n, 

Nitrate (NOJ ......••. .7 .9 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ...•. 96 96 
VffiGINIA 

WINCHESTER 

(Population, 13, 841) 

147 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 15,800. 

Source: Four limestone springs: Shawnee, Rouss, Fay's, and Old Town. Shawnee Spring is in the southeast part of the city; Rouss Spring, the main source 

of supply, about 1 mile southea'St of the center of the city; Fay's Spring, 3 

miles northeast of the city; and Old Town Spring, at the northwest side of the 

city. 

Treatment: Superchlorination and dechlorination. Shawnee Spring water: coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: (Shawnee Spring plant only) 1, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None" · 

Finished-water storage: 3, 200, 000 gal. 

Finished water from the spring basins is pumped into the distribution system and 

to storage. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Shawnee J Rouss Fay's Old Town Finished 

Spring Spring Spring Spring water ·~raw wate raw water' ~'raw water J.raw wab~~ (city hall tap) 

Silica (SiOa) ................ -- -- -- -- 11 

Iron (Fe) •........•...•..... -- -- -- -- .04 

Manganese (Mn) .......... -- -- -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) .............. -- -- -- -- 87 

Magnesium (Mg) ••.•.••... -- -- -- -- 19 

Sodium (Na) .... " .......... -- -- -- -- 3.4 

Potassium (K) ............ -- -- -- -- 1.9 

Carbonate (COs) .......... 0 0 0 0 6 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ...... 387 368 322 272 310 

Sulfate (S04 ) ............... 34 15 18 14 22 

Chloride (Cl) .............. -- -- -- -- 6.5 

Fluoride (F) ............... -- -- -- -- • 1 

Nitrate (NOs) .............. 8.8 8.6 8.6 6.3 9o8 

Dissolved solids ......... -- -- -- -- 358 

Hardness as cacq.: 

Total ...................... 424 332 328 316 295 

Noncarbonate . · · • ...... · 107 30 62 93 31 

Color ...................•.... -- -- -- -- 4 

pH ............................ 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.3 7.3 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 770 534 534 501 541 

Turbidity ............•...... -- -- -- -- 1.0 

Temperature (F. ) ........ 58 58 61 57 66 

Date of collection ........ Sept. 12, Sept. 12, Sept. 12, Sept. 12, Sept. 12, 

1951 1951 1951 1951 1951 
148 WEST VIRGINIA 

BECKLEY 

(Population, 19, 397) 

Ownership: M. Municipal; supplies also Mabscott, Sophia, and about 11, 800 people 

outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 34,300. Source: Glad~ Creek, impounded. 

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sediment;ttion, rapid sand filtration, postchlorinatiofl, ammoniation, addition of 

Calgon for corrosion control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 300, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 565, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 835, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•......•... 

Finished 

water 

3.3 

• 11 

• 00 

Hardness as CaCe>s: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate ........... . 

Finished 

water 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

30 

22 

8.6 l~---------------------r-----------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••• • • • • 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••• • • • • 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

2.1 

1.3 

1.6 

0 

10 

19 

5.2 

.4 

• 3 

52 

Color ..........•............... 

pH .••....••.....•............... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) ....•.•... 

Date of collection •........ 

Regular determinaticms at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 8 14 3 6.3 7.1 6.1 16 22 8 

Finished water ... 12 20 5 7.4 9.6 5. 9 34 48 14 

2· 

6.8 

83.5 

Nov. 28, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

-- 60 0.1 

-- 0 0 
WEST VIRGINIA 

BLUEFIELD 

(Population, 21, 506) 

149 

Ownership: West Virginia Water Service Company; supplies also about 2, 000 

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 23, 500. 

Source: 22 springs and surface run-off feeding 2 reservoirs impounded by Ada 

Dam and Horton Dam. Auxiliary supply from Beaver Pond and Bailey Springs. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and 

chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpck 

Raw-water storage: 200, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si<l.t) •.......•.••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•••••..••.. 

Finished 

water a 

6.6 

.42 

• 00 

Hardness as CaCOa: 

Total ••.••...•.....••.....•. 

Noncarbonate .••••.•.•••• 

Finished 

water a 

112 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 5 

Calcium (Ca) .....••...•••. 

Magnesium (Mg). . ••..••.. 

Sodium (Na) ••••........••. 

Potassium (K) •......••... 

Carbonate (COs) .•...•.••. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) •..•.••••••••• 

Fluoride (F) .••••..•.•••.•. 

Nit~ ate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•.•.•••. 

31 l~------------------~--------

Raw water ......... 

Finished water .... 

a All sources. 

8.2 

1.7 

.7 

0 

129 

7.2 

2. 5 

• 2 

L4 

124 

Color •••..••.•.•••.•.••.•••••.• 

pH •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •..................... 

Turbidity ••••...•••••••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •••••.•.•• 

Date of collection •••..•... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av 

105 114 14 7.4 7.5 7.2 102 130 80 <1 

95 110 76 7. 1 7.3 7.0 97 124 74 0 

2 

7.6 

217 

Nov. 30, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Max Min 

50 0 

0 0 
150 WEST Vm.GINIA 

CHARLESTON 

(Population, 73, 501) 

Ownership: West Virginia Water Service Company; supplies also South Charleston, 

and about 13, 900 people outside the city limits. The system is interconnected 

with Belle, Nitro, and St. Albans. Total population supplied, about 104, 000; 

Source: Elk River. 

Treatment: Anhydrous ammonia, carbon, coagulation with alum and at times lime, 

aeration at times by air diffusion, chlorination beyond break-point, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and final adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None •. 

Finished-water storage: 8, 850,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished 

water 

Finished 

water 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .................. . 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

Magnesium (Mg) .••.•••.. 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COs) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ............. .. 

Chloride (Cl) ...........•.• 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ....•.•.. 

4. 4 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

• 10 Total •..•... .. .•.. .. ..•..... 32 

• 00 Noncarbonate . . • . . . • . . • • • 17 

9.6 l~------------------~----------

2.0 Color.......................... 0 

2. 3 pH .••. .•. . • . . . • . .•. .•. . • . . .. . • .. 7. 4 

1. 7 Specific conductance 

0 (micromhos at 

19 25C.} ..................... . 

15 Turbidity ...........•.••.•... 

6. 2 Temperature (F.) ......... . 

• 0 Date of collection ........ . 

1.8 

52 

89.4 

Dec: 27, 

1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 14 25 8 6.5 6.9 6.1 23 42 14 56 1000 1 

Finished water~ •. 21 36 13 9.0 9.6 8.4 37 60 22 ::>0 0 >0 -
WEST VffiGINIA 

CLARKSBURG 

(Population, 32, 014) 

151 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also. Nutter Fort, Stonewood, Summit Park, and 

about 1, 490 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 

38,400. 

Source: West Fork River impounded by a series.oflow dams. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, adjustment of pH 

to about 8. 3 with lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination 

at times, softening by cation exchange at times. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 440,000, 000 gal 

Finished-water storage: 3, 064,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•.•..••.• 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ...•.......•... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (COs) .......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..•.. 

Fluoride (F) ······~········ Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

4.1 Hardness as CaCOs: 

Finished 

water 

• 20 Total •..•.•. ...... •. ......•. 140 

• 00 Noncarbonate .••.•.••.••. 116 

44 ~~------------------~----------

7. 5 Color ..•.....•.•.•... ...•.•.... 2 

4.0 pH······························ 7.6 

3. 0 Specific conductance 

0 (micromhos at 

30 25 c.) •....•................ 

119 TU,rbidity ...........•••...... 

3. 2 Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•... 

• 0 Date of collection ..•...... 

2.4 

210 

316 

Dec. 31, 

1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw·water ......... 21 41 5 6.7 7.2 6. 5 87 265 47 71 1900 5 

Finished water.._ •• 31 48 28 8.2 9.1 6.7 98 208 38 0 0 0 
152 WEST VIRGINIA 

ELKINS 

(Population, 9, 121) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 9, 600. 

Source: Tygart River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon at 

times, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and final adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 350, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.....••... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Finished 

water 

3.2 

.03 

. 00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate .••......... 

Finished 

water 

Calcium (Ca) .............. . 

45 

19 

14 l~-------------------r---------

Magnesium (Mg) .••...•.. 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ....•...•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) •••••••••••••• • 

Chloride (Cl) .......••...•. 

Fluoride (F) .......•..•.... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•. -. ..... 

2.2 

1.5 

1.2 

0 

30 

22 

2.8 

. 1 

.9 

64 

Color ..........•........•...... 

pH .••.••..•......•..•..•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•................ 

Turbidity ...........•........ 

Temper2 '·ure (F. ) •...•.•... 

Date of collection ..•...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as caco, pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 20 24 14 7.1 7.3 6.8 -- -- -- Finished water ... 29 30 26 8.2 8.3 8.2 -- -- --

1 

7. 1 

108 

Nov. 23, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

-- -- -- -- -- --
WEST VIRGINIA 153 

FAIRMONT 

'Population, 29, 346) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Barrackville, Rivesville, and about 2, 000 

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 33, 700. 

Source: Tygart River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and soda ash, prechlorination, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of Calgon for corrosion 

control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 17,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.....••... 

Finished 

water 

3.9 

.20 

. 14 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...•... ~ .............. . 

Noncarbonate •••.•..•..•. 

Finished 

water 

23 

Manganese {Mn) •••..••••• 12 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 7.2 ~------------------~------------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .........••.... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•...••.. 

1.2 

7.9 

2.0 

0 

13 

27 

1.5 

. 0 

1.9 

58 

Color ••.•......••.........••... 

pH .••..•.••...•••..•••••...•..•. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•.•.....•........ 

Turbidity .......•...•••..••.. 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••••..• 

Date of collection ••••••... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 1.7 3.0 ~18 6.0 6.6 4.9 30 80 18 

Finished water ... 9.9 24 6.0 7.1 8.5 6.9 30 78 18 

a Acidic. 

2 

7.3 

96.6 

Dec. 27, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

27 160 4 

0 0 0 
154 WEST VIRGINIA 

HUNTINGTON 

(Population, 86, 3 53) 

Ownership: Huntington Water Corporation; supplies also Barboursville, Chesapeake (Ohio), and about 30, 000 people outside the city limits. Total population 

supplied, about 120,000. 

Souree: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, adjustment of pH with lime, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 15,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 250,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished Finished Finished 

water a water water a 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 4.9 5.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• . 13 .12 Total L •••••••••••••••• 188 

Manganese {Mn) ••••• . 91 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 152 

Calcium (Ca) ......... 56 22 

MagneSium (Mg) ••••• 12 3.9 Color···················· 1 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 38 5.8 pH ......••............... 7.5 

Potassium {K) ••••••• 3.6 1.3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 5 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) 45 15 25 c.)····· .......... 558 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 160 53 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 52 10 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 4 . 1 Date of collection ••• Nov. 27, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• 3 .. 4 2.2 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••• 362 116 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

72 

50 

0 

9.2 

200 

--

-- Mar. 27, 

1952 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 25 53 13 7. 1 7.4. 6.5 -- -- -- -- 600 15 

Finished water .... 30 50 20 8.4 8.4 7.9 70 134 28 -- 0 0 

a River at low stage at time of collection of sample. 
WEST VmGINIA 

MARTINSBURG 

(Population, 15, f21) 

155 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 15, 700. 

Source: Limestone spring. Auxiliary supply from spring -fed limestone quarry. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 200, 000, 000 gal {auxiliary supply). 

Finished-water storage: 3, 750,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Finished 

water 

11 Hardness as CaCOs: 

Finished 

water 

Iron (Fe) ........•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......• : ..•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•.......••.. 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (COs) •......... 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..•.• 

Fluoride (F) ...•.•..•.•..... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•...••.. 

..19 Total ·...•.....•........•.... 264 

.oo ~ __ N_on_c_ar_ bo __ na_t_e __ .• _ •. _ •. _._··_··-·~ _______ 3_1_ 

80 

16 

1.6 

1.8 

0 

286 

18 

3.5 

• 1 

14 

279 

Color .••..••.•.•••••....•••••.. 

pH •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

{micromhos at 

25 c.) •...••................ 

Turbidity ••••...•...••••.•... 

TE!mperature (F. ) •••••••.•• 

Date of collection ••••••.•. 

0 

7. 5 

468 

Feb. 27, 

1952 
156 WEST VffiGINIA 

MORGANTOWN 

(Population, 25, 525) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Star City, Westover, and about 8, 000 people 

outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 39,000. 

Source: Monongahela Riv~r, 75 percent of supply; Tibbs Run, impounded, 25 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Monongahela River supply: coagulation with alum and lime, activated 

carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, zeolite softening, and chlorination. Tibbs Run supply: addition of lime, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 800,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 35,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 600,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished water Finished water Filter effluent 

(Monongahela (Tibbs Runt) (Monongahela 

River) impounded River) 

Silica (SiO:a) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3.7 4.1 3.7 

Iron (Fe) .............................. .12 ."13 .12 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• .00 .00 .04 

Calcium (Ca) · ···· ···················· 30 7.0 41 

Magnesium {Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 4.9 1. 2 7. 1 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 33 1. 2 10 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.0 1.7 2.2 

Carbonate (COs) ••••••••••••••••••••. 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••.•••••••••.•••• 19 13 17 

Sulfate (SO~ ........................... 140 13 135 

Chloride ( Cl) .•••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.5 2. 5 3.2 

Fluoride (F') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 1 .1 • 1 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.4 .4 2.4 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 237 39 222· 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 94 22 132 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 79 12 118 

Color ...................•............... 0 5 1 

pH .............•.••.•••••••••••.....•.••. 8.5 7.2 8.1 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••. 371 60.1 339 

Turbidity ............... .............. -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) •••.•••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Jan. 1, 1952 Jan. 1, 1952 Jan. 1, 1952 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ••••••••. -- 6 -13 -- -- -- 92 205 42 40 400 5 

Finished water.~. 12 16 10 9.0 9.4 8.8 64 166 42 0 5 0 

Finished water.~. 13 20 9 9.0 9.4 8.8 28 34 24 0 0 0 

:Monongahela River. 

Tibbs Run. · 
Ownership: Municipal. 

WEST VIRGINIA 

MOUNDSVILLE 

(Population, 14, 772) 

157 

Source: 3 wells (4 to 6), 69, 69, and 70ft deep, yield reported to be 400, 400, and 

725 gpm. Emergency supply from Well 3. · 

Treatment: Chlorination. Emergency supply treated with polyphosphate 

(Calgon) for manganese control. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finished 

water a 

11 . 12 

.02 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ..••.•..•.....•••••..•. 

Noncarbonate .••••.•••.•. 

Finished 

water a 

274 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 197 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•...•.•. 87 J~------------------~---------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

Potassium (K)· •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .•••••••••••••• 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

14 

23 

2.6 

0 

95 

213 

21 

. 1 

2.2 

445 

Color ...•.••...••••.....•...... 

pH •••..•.••...••••..•..•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....••............... 

Turbidity •.•........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection .••.•.... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max M.in Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water .•. 82 100 66 7.2 7.3 7.0 227 276 168 

a Composite, wells 5 and 6. 

0 

7.3 

611 

Dec. 11, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

-- -- -- -- -- --
158 WEST VIRGINIA 

NITRO 

(Population, 3, 314) 

Ownership: West Virginia Water Service Company; supplies also Dunbar, and 

about 11,500 people outside the city limits. The system is interconnected 

with Belle, Charleston, and St. Albans. Total population supplied, about 

22,800. 

Source: K:inawha Rive.i'. 

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, adjustment af pH with lime, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 36, 000, 000 gpd 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 800, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished 

water 

Finished 

water 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (COs) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .............. . 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

5. 6 Hardness as CaCO,: 

• 04 Total . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . ... .• . . . . 50 

. 00 Noncarbonate . • . . . . . . . . . . 31 

16 ~~---------------------------------------------+-----~~ 

2.7 

3.7 

1.7 

0 

24 

25 

9.0 

. o 

2.2 

80 

Color ..........•..........•.... 

pH •••..•..•.....••.............. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )o•••••• ••••••••••••••• 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •..••••..• 

Date of collection •••...... 

0 

7.3 

137 

Dec. 27, 

1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 34 66 15 7.2 7.6 6.3 55 112 24 27 180 5 

Finished water .... 30 55 14 9.0 9.2 8.5 68 128 36 70 70 70 
WEST VIRGINIA 

PARKERSBURG 

(Population, 40, 492) 

159 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 5, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 45, 500. 

Source: 3 wells (Ranney collectors 1 to 3}, 57, 56, and 54 ft deep, yield reported 

to be 2, 500, 2, 000, and 2, 500 gpm. Emergency supply from Ohio River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration, coagulation with lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, addition of polyphosphate (Calgon), and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 7, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis 1 in parts per million, by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finished 

water a 

13 

. 04 

. 12 

Hardness as CaC(\: 

Total ...................... . 

Nonc.a.rbollate ............ . 

' Finished 

water a 

216 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 142 

Calcium (Ca} ......•...•... 64 l~----------------~---------+-------------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ••••••.••••. 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•.•..•.• 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

14 

29 

1.3 

7 

78 

145 

39 

• 2 

2.4 

366 

Color ..........••.............. 

pH .••..•........•............... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •..................... 

Turbidity ...........•........ 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••..... 

Date of collection ..•...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 71 75 69 6.6 6.7 6.5 159 173 151 

Finished water .... 82 86 81 8.4 8.6 8.2 167 178 157 

a Composite, collectors 1 and 3. 

Av 

--

--

0 

8.1 

554 

Jan. 7, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Max Min 

-- -- -- --
160 WEST VIRGINIA 

ST. ALBANS 

(Population, 9, 870) 

Ownership: West Virginia Water Service Company; supplies also about 8, 500 

people outside St. Albans. The system is interconnected with Belle, Charleston, and Nitro. Total population supplied, about 18, 400. · Source: Coal River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, adjustment of pH with lime, postchlorination. Aeration 

and activated carbon at times. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 600,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 300,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Sil.ica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finis ked 

water 

6.6 

.05 

. 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ······~················ Noncarbonate .••......... 

Finished 

water 

51 

Manganese 37 (Mn) •••.•••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 14 l~------------------~----------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

Potassium (K) .....•..•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

3.9 

4.5 

-2. 6 

0 

17 

40 

4.8 

. o 

1.9 

86 

Color ..........•............... 

pH .••..•.••...••................ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ....•.•... 

Date of collection •........ 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) 

Av Max 

Raw :water ......... 20 58 

Finished water~ •. 25 62 

Min Av Max Min Av 

10 6.8 7.3 6.3 50 

15 9.0 9.4 8.2 62 

SOUTH CHARLESTON 

(Population, 16, 686) 

Ownership: West Virginia Water Service Company. 

Source: From Nitro and Charleston. 

Treatment: (See Nitro and Charleston.) 

(ppm) 

Max Min 

100 24 

110 32 

Av 

61 

0 

0 

7.4 

147 

Dec. 27, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Max Min 

1200 .8 

0 0 
Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Ohio River. 

WEST VIRGINIA 

WEffiTON 

(Population, 24, 005) 

161 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with lime and ferrous sulfate at times, superchlorination, activated carbon at times, fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorine dioxide. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 720; 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....••.....••.. 

Finished 

water· 

4.4 

. 21 

. 00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate .••...•...•. 

Finished 

water 

100 

Manganese 81 (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .........••... 33 l~-------------------r---------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ............•.. 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (COs) .......•.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ...•...•.....• 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

4.4 

14 

2.6 

0 

24 

77 

22 

1.6 

2.0 

180 

Color ..•..•..•.•.•......•...... 

pH .••..•..•..••..•.••..•..•..•.. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

.25 C.) •••••••.....••.•....•. 

Turbidity ...........••....... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•.•• 

Date of collection ........ . 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 1 8 22 0 6.7 7.2 5.3 112 205 60 

Finished water ..... j 26 32 12 9.5 9.6 9.2 125 188 68 

0 

8.6 

289 

Dec. 12, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

120 1100 30 

0 0 0 
162 WEST VffiGINIA 

WHEELING 

(Population, 58, 891) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Bethlehem, Triadelphia, and about 3, 600 

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 64,400. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Aeration, superchlorination, coagulation with alum and ferrous sulfate, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, chlorine dioxide, adjustment 

of pH with caustic soda, and flouridation with sodium silicofluoride. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 11, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finished 

water 

5. 2 Hardness as CaCOs: 

. 06 Total ...................... . 

Finished 

water 

128 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..••••• 105 

Calcium (Ca) ..... ,. ...•... 40 

00 Noncarbonate ..•......... . l~------------------------------+---------------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•.....• 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

7.0 

14 

2.4 

0 

29 

104 

22 

. 6 

1.9 

224 

Color ..•.......••.............. 

pH .••..•.••.........•..•.....•.. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ..•........•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) ....•.•..• 

Date of collection •••...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 10 24 4 6.6 7. 5 5. 5 111 192 52 

Finished water ... 22 43 14 9.0 9.8 8.1 141 228 84 

1 

7.8 

345 

Dec. 11; 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

80 800 20 

0 0 0 

GPO 83·51331