Docket No. 108253.

IN THE

SUPREME COURT

OF

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. JAMES

 T. JOHNSON, Appellee. 

Opinion filed October 21, 2010.

JUSTICE KILBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with

opinion.

Chief Justice Fitzgerald and Justices Thomas, Garman, and

Karmeier concurred in the judgment and opinion.

Justice Burke dissented, with opinion, joined by Justice Freeman.

OPINION

The issue in this appeal is whether defendant’s forfeiture of his

challenge to the trial court’s ex parte communication should be

excused under either prong of plain-error analysis. The appellate court

determined that defendant’s claim was reviewable under the second

prong of the plain-error doctrine because the error was sufficiently

serious to deny him a fair trial. 388 Ill. App. 3d 199, 203 (Johnson II).

For the reasons that follow, we reverse the appellate court’s

judgment. 
-2-

I. BACKGROUND

The State charged defendant, James T. Johnson, with one count

of criminal sexual abuse, a Class A misdemeanor (720 ILCS

5/12–15(c) (West 2004)), alleging that on May 23, 2005, defendant

knowingly had sexual intercourse with the victim, A.C., when she was

between 13 and 17 years old, and defendant was less than 5 years

older than A.C. Defendant’s first jury trial in the circuit court of Will

County resulted in a deadlocked jury, and the court declared a

mistrial. The State then retried defendant. 

At defendant’s second jury trial, A.C. testified that she was born

on November 12, 1990, and defendant was born on March 29, 1988.

On the date of the incident, May 23, 2005, A.C. was 14 years old and

had been dating defendant, who was 17 years old, for less than one

year. Although it was a regular school day, A.C. did not report for

school that morning. Instead, A.C. went to defendant’s house and

defendant called her school to report falsely she was sick. A.C. and

defendant watched television together until defendant’s mother left for

work. After defendant’s mother departed, A.C. and defendant had

sexual intercourse.

Later, A.C. heard her mother knocking on the front door of

defendant’s house. Rather than answering the door, A.C. and

defendant went to a second-story back room and waited for A.C.’s

mother to leave. Less than an hour later, A.C. heard her mother and

father return to defendant’s house. A.C. and defendant again did not

respond and waited for her parents to leave. A.C.’s father returned to

the house a second time, but left after receiving no response from

anyone inside. Thereafter, A.C. and defendant left and went to a

friend’s house, staying there for two or three hours before returning

to defendant’s house. 

Later that evening, at approximately 5:30 p.m., a police officer

arrived at defendant’s house looking for A.C. A.C. left with the

officer, who drove her to her parents’ home. A.C.’s mother then took

her to the police station, where A.C. told officers she had sexual

intercourse with defendant that morning. A.C. also went to a hospital

for an examination and later learned that she was pregnant.

On cross-examination, A.C. testified that she voluntarily had

intercourse with defendant and he never forced her to do anything.
-3-

A.C. reported she cared for defendant at the time and she continued

to care for him after the incident. A.C. also stated that her parents

were angry at her and defendant, and they refused to let A.C. see

defendant. 

The State next called Lockport police detective William Sheehan,

who interviewed defendant at the police department. During that

interview, defendant admitted having sexual intercourse with A.C. on

May 23, 2005. The State introduced defendant’s birth certificate and

then rested its case against defendant. The defense rested without

presenting any evidence. 

Following closing arguments, the jury found defendant guilty of

criminal sexual abuse. After dismissing the jurors, the trial judge

explained to the parties a note he received from the jury during its

deliberations, as follows:

“Approximately 30 minutes ago, 40 minutes ago, I

received a note, this note[,] from the jurors. ‘Our desicion

[sic] is 11 to 1, we need advise/help [sic].’ My response to

that was, ‘continue deliberating.’ This was not on the note

when I received it, this writing on the bottom here.”

The writing on the bottom of the note referenced by the judge

indicated, “We have one not guilty who will not change. 11 vote

guilty.” 

Defense counsel responded “okay” to the information about the

jury note, but did not object to the trial court’s response. Nor did

defendant raise a claim based on the jury note in his posttrial motion

for a new trial.

On direct appeal, however, defendant challenged the trial court’s

answer to the jury note, arguing that the court’s response in

defendant’s absence denied his right to be present and his right to

counsel at a critical stage in the proceedings. The State countered that

defendant forfeited his claim by failing to preserve it with a timely

objection and posttrial motion. The State further argued defendant

could not demonstrate plain error to excuse his forfeiture. 

Rejecting the State’s plain-error argument, the appellate court

reversed defendant’s conviction, holding that the trial court’s ex parte

communication with the jury deprived defendant of his constitutional

rights to be present and to counsel and the State failed to show
-4-

defendant was not prejudiced by the court’s communication. People

v. Johnson, 383 Ill. App. 3d 281, 285 (2008) (Johnson I). Justice

Carter specially concurred, agreeing that defendant’s conviction

should be reversed but contending that the court should have

reviewed his claim for plain error, with the burden of persuasion on

defendant. Johnson I, 383 Ill. App. 3d at 285 (Carter, J., specially

concurring).

This court denied the State’s petition for leave to appeal. Instead,

we issued a supervisory order directing the appellate court to vacate

and “reconsider its judgment, in a published opinion, in light of the

rule that in a plain-error analysis, the burden of persuasion is on the

defendant.” People v. Johnson, 229 Ill. 2d 681 (2008) (supervisory

order). 

On remand, the appellate court again reversed defendant’s

conviction, concluding that the trial court’s ex parte response to the

jury note deprived defendant of his constitutional right to be present

during all critical proceedings. Johnson II, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 204.

Accordingly, the appellate court found that defendant satisfied his

burden under plain-error analysis to show the trial court’s ex parte

communication with the jury prejudiced him. Johnson II, 388 Ill. App.

3d at 203. This court allowed the State’s petition for leave to appeal.

210 Ill. 2d R. 315.

II. ANALYSIS

The primary issue in this case is whether the trial court’s improper

ex parte communication with the jury about the note is reviewable as

plain error. When, as here, a defendant fails to object to an error at

trial and include the error in a posttrial motion, he forfeits ordinary

appellate review of that error. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186

(1988). Consequently, as the parties agree, defendant forfeited, or

procedurally defaulted, his challenge to the trial court’s ex parte

communication with the jury about the note by failing to object and

raise his claim in a posttrial motion. 

Under Illinois’s plain-error doctrine, however, a reviewing court

may consider a forfeited claim when:

“(1) a clear or obvious error occurred and the evidence is

so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the
-5-

scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the

seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious error

occurred and that error is so serious that it affected the

fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of

the judicial process, regardless of the strength of the

evidence.” People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007),

citing People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 186-87 (2005). 

The doctrine is intended to ensure that a defendant receives a fair trial,

but it does not guarantee every defendant a perfect trial. Herron, 215

Ill. 2d at 177. Rather than operating as a general savings clause, it is

construed as a narrow and limited exception to the typical forfeiture

rule applicable to unpreserved claims. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 177. 

A defendant seeking plain-error review has the burden of

persuasion to show the underlying forfeiture should be excused.

Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 187. The ultimate question of whether a

forfeited claim is reviewable as plain error is a question of law that is

reviewed de novo. People v. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d 478, 485 (2009).

On appeal, the State acknowledges that the trial court erred when

it responded to the jury note without consulting the parties, citing

People v. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d 81 (1998), People v. McDonald, 168 Ill.

2d 420 (1995), and People v. Childs, 159 Ill. 2d 217 (1994).

Nonetheless, the State arguesthat defendant forfeited appellate review

of that error by failing to object at trial and raise the error in a posttrial

motion. The State further argues that the forfeited issue is not

reviewable as plain error because the evidence of defendant’s guilt

was not closely balanced and the error was not serious enough to deny

defendant a fair trial. The State contends that the substance of the trial

court’s response to “continue deliberating” was appropriate and did

not impact the fairness of defendant's trial.

Defendant concedes he forfeited his claim, but argues it is

reviewable under both prongs of plain-error analysis. Defendant

argues the evidence is closely balanced and the trial court’s error

involved his substantial constitutional right to be present with counsel

at all critical proceedings, implicating the fundamental fairness and

integrity of his trial. Defendant also argues the substance of the trial

court’s communication is irrelevant to a plain-error analysis.

Alternatively, defendant maintains a more lenient standard of

procedural default should apply when, as here, the basis for the
-6-

defendant’s claim is the trial judge’s erroneous conduct. 

Because the State concedes that the trial court’s ex parte

communication in this case was error, this appeal focuses on the twoprong test governing a plain-error analysis. See, e.g., Piatkowski, 225

Ill. 2d at 565 (ordinarily, the first step in a plain-error analysis is

determining whether a clear and obvious error occurred). Under the

first prong, the defendant must show that the evidence was “so closely

balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice

against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error.”

Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565. As this court has explained, “[w]hen

error occurs in a close case, we will opt to ‘err on the side of fairness,

so as not to convict an innocent person.’ ” Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at

566, quoting Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 193. The question of whether the

evidence is closely balanced is distinct from a challenge to the

sufficiency of the evidence. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 566. Defendant

was accused of committing criminal sexual abuse by knowingly having

sexual intercourse with A.C. when she was between 13 and 17 years

old and he was less than 5 years older than A.C. See 720 ILCS

5/12–15(c) (West 2004).

Here, it is undisputed that on May 23, 2005, the victim, A.C., was

14 years old, and defendant was 17 years old. A.C. also testified for

the State, explaining that she had consensual sexual intercourse with

defendant at his home that day. Detective Sheehan testified that

defendant admitted to having intercourse with A.C. that day.

Defendant did not present evidence or witnesses in his defense, nor

did he testify. 

We reject defendant’s characterization of the evidence as closely

balanced for the purpose of plain-error analysis. To the contrary, in

our view, the strength of the evidence is overwhelming. A.C. testified

that she and defendant had sexual intercourse and defendant admitted

the same to Detective Sheehan. Neither A.C.’s nor Detective

Sheehan’s testimony was substantively impeached or otherwise

contested on that issue. In addition, the ages of A.C. and defendant

were not disputed. Accordingly, defendant’s forfeiture may not be

excused under the first prong of the plain-error test. 

 We next consider the second prong of plain-error analysis,

requiring defendant to show that, despite forfeiture, the error was “so

serious that it affected the fairness of [his] trial and challenged the
-7-

integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the

evidence.”Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565. Under the second prong, the

strength of the State’s evidence is immaterial because prejudice to the

defendant is presumed based on the importance of the right involved.

Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 187.

This court recently considered a trial court’s ex parte

communication with a jury under a plain-error analysis. See

McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 496. The McLaurin defendant challenged the

trial court’s discussion of several jury notes with counsel in

defendant’s absence, and the court’s decision to instruct a bailiff to

enter the jury room and tell the jury to continue deliberating. The

defendant, however, did not object at trial and did not raise his claims

in a posttrial motion, thus forfeiting review on appeal. McLaurin, 235

Ill. 2d at 485.

Before rejecting the defendant’s argument that his forfeited claim

should be reviewed as plain error as a violation of his substantial right

to be present, this court observed that, “although criminal defendants

have a ‘general right to be present’ at every stage of the trial, ‘the

broad “right to be present at trial” is not itself a substantial right under

the Illinois Constitution.’ ” McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 490, quoting

People v. Bean, 137 Ill. 2d 65, 80-81 (1990). Instead, the right to be

present is a “lesser right” that is intended to secure the substantial

rights of a defendant, such as the right to confront witnesses, the right

to present a defense, or the right to an impartial jury. In McLaurin, the

defendant did not show that any of those underlying substantive rights

had been violated. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 491. Likewise, this court

observed that “the federal ‘right of presence’ is not itself an express

constitutional right” before similarly determining that the defendant’s

federal right was not violated. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 492, quoting

Bean, 137 Ill. 2d at 82-83. 

This court was not persuaded by the defendant’s argument that he

was denied an opportunity to provide his own answers to the jury’s

note, finding the defendant’s failure to challenge the substance of the

trial judge’s responses significant. Noting that a trial court has broad

discretion to respond to a jury note indicating a deadlocked jury, we

concluded that the court’s responses to “keep on deliberating with an

open mind” and “keep on deliberating” were properly clear, simple,

and not coercive. Thus, after reviewing the record, this court found
-8-

that the defendant was not denied a fair trial by his absence from the

discussion of the jury notes. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 491-93.

This court also rejected the defendant’s argument, based on the

decisions in People v. McDonald, 168 Ill. 2d 420 (1995), and People

v. Childs, 159 Ill. 2d 217 (1994), that his mere absence from the

discussion of the jury notes required a new trial, regardless of the

substance of the ex parte communication. Recognizing a defendant’s

right to appear and participate in person and by counsel at all

proceedings involving his substantial rights, we nonetheless observed

that Childs and McDonald further held that a defendant was not

entitled to a new trial based on errors impacting that right unless he

suffered actual prejudice. This court also noted that both defendants

inChilds and McDonald properly preserved their claims of error, thus

requiring the State to show that the errors were nonprejudicial under

a harmless-error analysis. In contrast, the McLaurin defendant failed

to preserve his claim, and, thus, he had the burden of persuasion in a

plain-error analysis. Ultimately, this court concluded that defendant

did not satisfy his burden. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 494-96. 

In our view, McLaurin is dispositive on the issue of whether

defendant’s claim in this case is reviewable as plain error under the

second prong. Defendant argues that his forfeited claim qualifies for

review as second-prong plain error because the trial court’s ex parte

response to the jury’s note was an error serious enough to deny him

a fair trial, regardless of the substance of that communication. In

McLaurin, however, we considered an almost identical ex parte

response and concluded it did not deny the defendant a fair trial for

purposes of plain-error review. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 491-93. 

Furthermore, defendant is essentially arguing that his right to a fair

trial was per se impacted based solely on the trial court’s ex parte

communication with the jury. Defendant contends that the substance

of the communication is irrelevant to a plain-error analysis. Although

this court historically required a new trial whenever any ex parte

communication occurred between the trial judge and the jury,

regardless of its substance, we have expressly moved away from such

a rule. See Childs, 159 Ill. 2d at 227-28 (detailing “evolution” of this

court’s handling of ex parte communications between trial judge and

jury). In fact, as we explained in Childs, an ex parte communication

now serves as grounds for a new trial only if it results in injury or
-9-

prejudice to the defendant. Childs, 159 Ill. 2d at 227-28; see also

McDonald, 168 Ill. 2d at 460. Simply put, a nonprejudicial ex parte

communication is insufficient to impact the fairness of a defendant’s

trial. 

Thus, as the State argues, when a defendant forfeits his challenge

to a trial court’s ex parte communication with the jury, it is necessary

to consider the substance of that communication to determine whether

it constitutes plain error. Here, as in McLaurin, the trial judge simply

told the jurors to “continue deliberating,” a clear and noncoercive

response well within his discretion. See McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 491

(noting that “the trial court has broad discretion when responding to

a jury that claims to be deadlocked, although any response should be

clear, simple, and not coercive”). 

After carefully reviewing McLaurin, we find no reason to depart

from its reasoning and similarly conclude that the trial court’s ex

parte response to the jury to “continue deliberating” did not deny

defendant a fair trial. Because the error was not “so serious that it

affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the

integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the

evidence,” it is not reviewable as second-prong plain error.

Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565. Having determined that defendant’s

forfeited claim does not qualify for plain-error review under either

prong, we hold that there is no basis to excuse its forfeiture. 

Nor are we persuaded by defendant’s alternative argument that the

forfeiture rule should be relaxed because the procedural default

involves the trial judge’s conduct, citing People v. Sprinkle, 27 Ill. 2d

398, 400-01 (1963). We rejected this same argument in McLaurin,

concluding the defendant failed to present a sufficiently compelling

reason to justify relaxing the forfeiture rule. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at

489. More recently, in the context of discussing Sprinkle, this court

explained that excusing forfeiture based on the trial judge’s conduct

“is warranted when the trial court has overstepped its authority in the

presence of the jury or when counsel is effectively prevented from

objecting as any objection would have ‘fallen on deaf ears.’ ” People

v. Hanson, No. 106566, slip op. at 33 (June 24, 2010), quoting

McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 488. 

Here, as we have already determined, the trial court did not

overstep its authority by instructing the jury to “continue
 

1The record does not disclose what time the jury resumed deliberations.

The docket entry from September 30 states court was to resume at 9:30 a.m.

-10-

deliberating.” Although defendant may have been precluded from

objecting to the trial court’s initial ex parte communication when it

was issued because he was not present, he did have the opportunity to

object when the court later informed his counsel of that

communication. Nothing in the record indicates that an objection

would have been ignored by the trial court. Defendant, however,

failed to object at that time and later failed to raise the claim in a

posttrial motion. As McLaurin observed, “[f]ailure to raise claims of

error before the trial court denies the court the opportunity to correct

the error immediately and grant a new trial if one is warranted,

wasting time and judicial resources.” McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 488,

citing Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 185-87. We find no justification for

relaxing the forfeiture rule in this case. 

III. CONCLUSION

We conclude that defendant has failed to meet his burden to show

that his forfeited claim should be reviewed as plain error under either

prong of plain-error analysis. We find no basis to excuse its forfeiture

or to relax the forfeiture rule. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment

of the appellate court and affirm the circuit court’s judgment. 

Appellate court judgment reversed;

circuit court judgment affirmed.

JUSTICE BURKE, dissenting:

Defendant, a high school student, was charged with criminal

sexual abuse after he and his girlfriend, a fellow student and minor,

engaged in consensual sex. A trial commenced on September 29,

2005. The jury retired to deliberate at 1:30 p.m. on September 30. At

4:05 p.m., the jury advised the court it was unable to reach a verdict.

The trial court continued the case to October 3. On October 3, the

jury continued to deliberate.1 At 10:54 a.m., the jury advised the court
-11-

it was, in the words of the court, “hopelessly deadlocked.” The trial

court declared a mistrial.

A second trial commenced on April 19, 2006. The jury retired to

deliberate at 2:14 p.m. At 4:17 p.m., the jury returned a guilty verdict.

In the intervening time, the jury sent two notes to the trial judge.

Within 11⁄2 hours of retiring to deliberate, the jury sent a note stating:

“Our desicion [sic] is 11 to 1, we need advise/help [sic].” The trial

judge responded: “Continue deliberating.” At 4:17 p.m., 30 to 40

minutes later, according to the trial judge’s statement on the record,

the jury returned its verdict. Thereafter, the trial judge advised the

parties of the jury’s note. At this time, the court also advised the

parties there was additional writing at the bottom of the note which

had not been there when he first received the note. This writing stated:

“We have one not guilty who will not change. 11 vote guilty.”

There is a second note from the jury in the record. This note,

dated April 19, 2006, states, “What are the possible sentences for

crimial [sic] sexual abuse?” The trial judge responded to this note,

stating, “You should not be concerned with the possible punishment

or sentence for the offense charged during your deliberations.” The

trial judge never advised the parties of this note or his response.

Relying on People v. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d 478 (2009), the

majority concludes there was no reversible error in this case even

though the trial judge responded to the jury’s notes without contacting

or consulting with either defendant or his attorney. I disagree with this

conclusion and the majority’s reliance on McLaurin and therefore

dissent.

In McLaurin, the jury sent five notes to the trial judge during

deliberations. The first note requested certain evidence. The jury sent

a second note, stating it was deadlocked 8-4. The trial court, after

consulting with both counsel, instructed the jury to continue

deliberating. The jury then sent a third note, stating it was deadlocked

7-5. Before the court answered the third note, the jury sent another

note again stating it was deadlocked 7-5. The jury, at this time, also

requested to review certain testimony. The trial court provided the

jury with the testimony and ordered the jury members to keep

deliberating. Shortly thereafter, the jury returned a guilty verdict.

Importantly, defense counsel was present and participated in the

discussing concerning each of these notes. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at
-12-

483.

On appeal, the defendant argued that his personal right to be

present, under both the Illinois and federal constitutions, had been

violated because he was absent from the conversations in which the

jury notes were discussed. Noting the defendant failed to object at trial

or raise the claim in his posttrial motion, we found the claim was

reviewable only under the plain-error doctrine. Relying on People v.

Bean, 137 Ill. 2d 65 (1990), we reasoned that the defendant’s absence

did not have an effect on any of his substantial rights and, therefore,

no plain error occurred.

Notably, the defendant in McLaurin relied upon People v. Childs,

159 Ill. 2d 217 (1994), and People v. McDonald, 168 Ill. 2d 420

(1995), to support his contention that he was entitled to a new trial.

However, we found both cases factually distinguishable. As we

explained, in McLaurin, “defendant’s counsel was present when the

court considered the jury’s notes,” while in Childs and McDonald,

“the person actually representing the defendant was absent.”

McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 494.

In McLaurin, the defendant’s attorney was present and

participated in the discussions concerning each of the jury’s notes and

the trial court’s responses. Here, in contrast, neither defendant nor his

attorney was present. Neither defendant nor his attorney was informed

of the jury’s note regarding its deadlock until after the jury had

reached its verdict and been discharged, and they were never informed

of the second note at all. Thus, unlike McLaurin, neither defendant

nor his attorney was afforded an opportunity to take action necessary

to secure defendant’s rights. Because McLaurin is distinguishable

from the present case, I do not find it helpful in addressing defendant’s

contentions.

The United State Supreme Court has held that it is error for a trial

judge to respond to jury communications without the presence of

either the defendant or his counsel. Rogers v. United States, 422 U.S.

35, 39, 45 L. Ed. 2d 1, 6, 95 S. Ct. 2091, 2095 (1975). Ordinarily, the

State bears the burden of establishing whether the error was harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt. See People v. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d 81, 162

(1998). However, in this case, defendant failed to preserve his claim

of error in his posttrial motion. Accordingly, in order to prevail,

defendant must satisfy the plain-error rule, which allows a reviewing
-13-

court “to consider unpreserved error when (1) a clear or obvious error

occurred and the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone

threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless

of the seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious error occurred

and that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the

defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process,

regardless of the closeness of the evidence.” People v. Piatkowski,

225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007). “Essentially, the fairness of the trial must

be undermined.” People v. Keene, 169 Ill. 2d 1, 17 (1995). The

defendant bears the burden of persuasion under each prong of the

doctrine. People v. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d 584, 593 (2008). If the

defendant is unable to establish plain error, the procedural default

must be honored. Keene, 169 Ill. 2d at 17.

Defendant argues that the trial judge’s actions undermined the

fairness of his trial under the second prong of the plain-error rule

because he did not have the opportunity to request an instruction

pursuant to People v. Prim, 53 Ill. 2d 62 (1972). A Prim instruction

“informs the jury of the requirement that the verdict be unanimous;

that the jury has a duty to deliberate; that jurors must impartially

consider the evidence; and that jurors should not hesitate to reexamine

their views and change their opinions if they believe them to be

erroneous, provided the change is not solely because of the opinion of

fellow jurors or for the mere purpose of returning a verdict.” People

v. Chapman, 194 Ill. 2d 186, 222 (2000). Defendant argues that the

trial judge’s direction to “keep deliberating” failed to properly convey

the notion that jurors should not change their opinions solely for the

purpose of returning a verdict.

Generally, trial judges are afforded discretion in matters

concerning jury management. People v. Roberts, 214 Ill. 2d 106, 121

(2005). Nevertheless, it goes without saying that the integrity of a jury

verdict “must be protected from coercion, duress or influence.”

People v. Patten, 105 Ill. App. 3d 892, 894 (1982). This court has

recognized that a “verdict should express the deliberate judgment of

the jury. The juror *** has an independent duty to perform, and he

ought to be left free to pronounce his own conviction. A verdict

hastened by the action of the judge, however worthy the motive,

cannot be the result of that deliberation which the law guarantees.

Remarks by a trial judge calculated to effect the rendition of a verdict
-14-

without affording the jury an opportunity for careful consideration are

unwarranted and often lead to great abuse. Whether the error is

harmless or prejudicial depends upon the facts of the case.” People v.

Golub, 333 Ill. 554, 561 (1929).

Defendant argues that counsel’s absence prevented the defense

from requesting a Prim instruction. According to defendant, the trial

judge’s direction to “keep deliberating” failed to convey to jurors the

unanimity and reexamination components that are also the duties of a

juror. More importantly, the trial judge’s direction failed to instruct

jurors that a change of opinion should not occur solely because of the

opinion of fellow jurors or for the mere purpose of returning a verdict.

Notably, this court’s decision in McLaurin did not address any

argument considering the absence of a Prim instruction–another

distinguishing factor in this case that the majority overlooks. See

McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at 491-92.

I find defendant’s contentions persuasive and agree with the

appellate court’s conclusion:

“We find that Johnson has sustained his burden and

established that the trial court’s ex parte communication with

the jury prejudiced him. Johnson’s absence at this critical stage

in the proceedings denied him direct knowledge of what was

said and done in response to the jury’s question and deprived

him of the opportunity to make objections and take any

actions necessary to secure his rights. The State speculates

that the trial court would have refused a request by Johnson

for a Prim instruction because of the short duration the jury

had deliberated before sending its note and because the trial

court failed to give the instruction at Johnson’s first trial. The

State also points out that Johnson never asked for a Prim

instruction at his first trial and, based on the similarities

between the first and second trials, no prejudice could be said

to have resulted from the ex parte communication. The State’s

speculation is unpersuasive. Johnson was deprived of his right

to be present when the jury note was presented and we cannot

guess what response he may have had to it. Because the trial

court’s ex parte communication deprived Johnson of his

constitutional right to be present at all critical stages of the

proceedings against him, we reverse his conviction and
-15-

remand.” Johnson II, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 203-04.

The jury in defendant’s first trial deadlocked, prompting a mistrial.

At defendant’s second trial, the jury sent two notes, one of which

stated that the members of the jury were deadlocked and one of which

asked what punishment would be imposed on defendant. These notes

clearly indicate that the jury had serious concerns about this case and

were troubled about the ramifications of its decision. In these

circumstances, the judge should have been particularly mindful of the

need to protect defendant’s right to be present.

In my view, the adversary process ceased to function in this case

when the trial court failed to inform defendant or his attorney of the

jury’s notes, an event that may have significantly affected the ability

of one member of the jury to act impartially and on his or her own

accord to reach a decision. Given the importance of the rights

involved and the facts presented in this case, I believe defendant has

met his burden of showing that he suffered prejudice. I therefore

dissent.

JUSTICE FREEMAN joins in this dissent.