Data from the

NATIONAL VITAL STATISTICS SYSTEM

Astudyof infant mortality

from linkedrecordx

Comparisonof NeonatalMortality

FromTwoCohortStudies

UnitedStates, January-March1950 and1960

Comparison of neonatal mortality in the United States based on

two cohort studies for infants born alive during January-March

1950 and 1960; includes consideration of color, sex, plurality,

weight at birth, gestation, age of mother, total-birth order, cause

of death, and age at death.

DI-IEW Publication No. (HSM) 72-1056

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

Public Health Service

Health Services and Mental Health Administration

National Center for Health Statistics

Series 20

Number 13

Rockville, Md. June 1972
VitaI and Health Statistics-Series 20-No. 13

Fur sdo by the SufMntmdmt of Documents, U.S. Government PrIntinE Office,Wnsbiruton, D.C. 2040?- Pricu $LWI
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

THEODORE D. WOOLSEY, Director

PHILIP S. LAWRENCE, SC.D., Associate Director

OSWALD K. SAGEN, Ph.D., Assistant Director for Health Statistics Development

WALT R. SIMMONS, FAA., Assistant Director for Research and Scientific Development

JAMES E. KELLY, D.D.S., Dental Advisor

EDWARD E. MINTY, Executive Officer

ALICE HAYWOOD, Information Officer

OFFICE OF HEALTH STATISTICS ANALYSIS

IWAO M. MORIYAMA, Ph.D., Director

DEAN E. KRUEGER, M.S. Deputy Director

DIVISION OF VITAL STATISTICS

ROBERT A. ISRAEL, M.S., Director

JOHN E. PA’ITERSO<N,Assistant Director for Demographic Affairs

ROBERT J. ARMSTRONG, M.S., Chief Mortality Statistics Branch

Vital and Health Statistics-Series 20-No. 13

DHEW Publication No. (HSM) 72-1056

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-190016
This is the third in a group of analytical studies appearing in Vital

and Health Statistics, Series 20, dealing with death in the first year of

life among infants born alive in the United States in 1960. The first

report (Series 20, No. 7) was concerned with methods of study and

registration aspects, and the second (Series 20, No. 12) dealt with

infant mortality by birth weight, period of gestation, and other

variables.

The mortality data are derived from infant death records linked to

live-birth records for the same infants, representing the mortality

experience among the 1960 cohort of Iiveborn infants. Because the

purpose of the present report is to compare the experience of the

1960 cohort with an earlier cohort which was limited to neonatal

mortality, it was necessary to limit the present report to the neonatal

period as well.

In the conduct of the study, use was made of procedures already

in existence for the regular production of national vital statistics. The

National Center for Health Statistics had microfilm copies of the

original records and computer tapes which contained selected data

taken from the records. The States and some cities had alphabetic

indexes of births and deaths and were in a position to complete the

linkage between the birth and death records. Although the study was

carried out by the National Center for Health Statistics, the

cooperative assistance of State and city offices of vital records

contributed substantially to the final outcome. This study of infant

mortality is but one example in a long history of cooperative

Federal-State relations in vital statistics.

...

Ill
CONTENTS

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highlights . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Descriptionof1950Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Descriptionof1960Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

RelevancetoPresentSituation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LimitationsofData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PresentationofData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ResultsoftheStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Color,Sex,andPlural.ity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WeightatBirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PeriodofGestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AgeofMother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total-BirthOrder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CauseofDeath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AgeatDeath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AreasforFurtherStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Weight Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Birth Weight, Race, and Socioeconomic Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

BirthWeightandGestation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LinkedRecordsStudies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SummaryandConclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ListofDetailedTables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix I. Standard Certificate ofLive Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix II. StandardCertificateofDeath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AppendixIII. Technical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...

111

1

2

3

3

3

4

5

7

7

8

14

20

26

27

29

32

39

39

40

40

41

42

43

45

94

95

96

v
SYMBOLS

Datanot available---------------------------------------- ---

Category not applicable ------------------------------- . . .

Qumtity zero---------------------------------------------- -

Quantity morethan Obutless than0.05----- 0,0

Figure does not meet standards of

reliability or precision ------------------------------ *
A STUDY OF INFANT MORTALITY

FROM LINKED RECORDS

COMPARISON OF NEONATAL MORTALITY

FROM TWO COHORT STUDIES

Helen C. Chase, Dr. P.H., National Academy of Sciencesa

INTRODUCTION

As routinely published in official vital statistics, infant mortality rates and their components

are derived from two independent sets of

records: the numerators are based on death

certificates, and the denominators are based on

live-birth certificates. Each set of records is

tabulated separately according to characteristics

contained therein, and the summary figures for

deaths are divided by those for births, and the

result is multiplied by a constant (usually 1,000)

to produce the desired results. For characteristics which appear on both records (e.g., color

and sex), infant mortality rates can be computed

in this manner. For other characteristics such as

age of mother, order of birth, or birth weight, it

is impossible to compute infant mortality rates

in this manner because these items of information are not repeated on the death records.

To study infant mortality in relation to the

latter items, the death record for each specific

individual must be linked to the birth record

aDr. Chase is Staff Associate (Biostatistics) at the Health

Services Research Study, Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Sciences. At the time this study was conducted, shewas

Statistician (Health), Office of Health Statistics Analysis, NationalCenterfor HealthStatistics.

for the same individual and the data for live

births and for the linked infant deaths must be

tabulated according to the desired basic factors.

For the United States, two nationwide studies of

linked records relating to infancy are available:

one study of neonatal death among infants born

alive in January-March 1950 and another study

of infant death among infants born alive in

1960. The purpose of the present report is to

compare the results of the two studies. Because

the earlier study was limited to deaths in the

first 4 weeks of life (neonatal period), the

present comparison is necessarily limited to that

period.

At the turn of the century, infant mortality in

the United States was probably in excess of 100

deaths per 1,000 live births. That is, about 1 of

every 10 liveborn infants died in the first year of

life. During the first half of the 20th century,

the rates fell rapidly until, in 1950, infant

mortality was 29.2 per 1,000 live births—a

relative decrease of about 70 percent (figure 1).

During the 1950’s the rapidity of the decline

decelerated, and between 1956 and 1958 there

were actually small increases in the infant

mortality rates. Thereafter, the rates began to

decline once more. Since 1965, there is again a

suggestion of a definite decline in infant mortality, but at a slower pace than before 1950. This

decline has been occurring for only a few years,

1
100 –

90 -

80 -

70 -

60 -

50 -

108

+

; 40 -

%’

i

0

z 30 -

--

ccUI R

w

~

E 20 -

,0 ~

U-I OUIOUJ,2 o~u)go

m S?S’z g ao% %mmcs &

.,-1 ..- . . ..- .,-l

Sam: National Cmtor for Health Statistics,

Vial SmMks of tha Unh7’ .W8mt, Isl?-s,vol. YEAR

N, Part A. Pub4k H“lth SWVke. Wahlcgt. an.

U.S. Gawnnnnt Prlnthq Office. In preparation.

Figure 1. Infant and neonatal mortality rates: United Stetes,

1915-68.

and it may still be too soon to identify it as the

precursor of a new long-term trend.

The first year is a hazardous period of life. In

1960, the riumber of deaths in the irifant period

exceeded the number in the remaining 29 years

of the first 30 years of Iife combined. The

mortality rate for the first year of life is not

exceeded until the age group 65-74 years of age.

The first 4 weeks of life the neonatal period)

have assumed increasing re\ative importance in

infant mortality. Since 1900, because of the

more rapid decline in mortality in the last 11

months of the infant period and the slower

decline in the neonatal period, the relative

importance of neonatal mortality has. increased. In 1915-19, 45 percent of infant deaths

were in the neonatal period. By 1968, this

proportion had risen to 74 percent.

Highlights

In this report, a comparison is made between

the neonatal mortality experience of two

cohorts of infants who were born aIive in the

United States during January-March 1950 and

during all of 1960. For white infants, the rates

were 18.9 per 1,000 live births for the earlier

cohort and 16.9 for the later cohort; the rates

for all other infants remained unchanged at

26.7. Lower rates were noted in the later cohort

for both males and females and for single but

not for plural births.

Survival of infants weighing more than 1,500

grams at birth was improved in the later cohort,

but the assessment of births below that weight

was inconclusive because of possible reporting

artifacts. While the difference in low birth

weight infants (2,500 grams or less) remained

relatively small between the two cohorts for

white infants (7.0 and 6.8 percent), for the

remaining infants the proportion increased from

9.7 to 12.9 percent.

Decreased rates in neonataI mortality are

evident in the 1960 cohort for each total-birth

order for white infants and for first births and

those of fifth order or higher for all other

infants. Increases in neonatal mortality were

noted among the latter infants for second

through fourth births, which included a total of

45 to 50 percent of all of these births.

Data by cause of death indicate an increased

concentration in the later cohort for causes such

as p,o.stnatalasphyxia and atelectasis (Seventh

Revmon ICD group 762) and ill-defined diseases

peculiar to early infancy (772,773).

Neonatal mortality was lower in the later

cohort for all age categories except 1-23 hours

of age. Increases were limited to groups of

infants who weighed 2,500 grams or less at

birth. For infants who weighed more than 2,500

grams, the usual pattern of decreases in neonatal

mortality was present between the two cohorts

for every age interval.

To develop more current information, similar

linked record studies should be conducted for

later cohorts. In addition, there should be

further epidemiologic and demographic studies

of weight gain; birth weight, race, and socioeconomic level; and birth weight and gestation

as they relate to neonatal and infant mortality.

2
Description of 1950 Study

The earlier nationwide study of neonatal

mortality in the United States was a byproduct

of a study of the completeness of live-birth

registration.1 ~z The study was conducted by the

National Office of Vital Statistics, which is now

a part of the National Center for Health Statistics, in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of the

Census and State vital statistics agencies. When a

census enumerator called at a household to

complete the census return on or shortly after

April 1, 1950, he was directed to complete an

Infant Card for any child in the household who

was born during January, February, or March of

that year. The Infant Card was to be completed

irrespective of whether the child was dead or

alive at the time of the census. These cards were

compared with live-birth certificates for the

same 3-month period; and, as a byproduct, the

neonatal deaths among this group of births were

identified by the State vital statistics agencies.

Since the neonatal death and live-birth records

for specific individuals were linked, the neonatal

mortality experience among this group of

infants was analyzed. The results of this study,

with particular emphasis on weight at birth, are

available in a number of publications.3’6 The

rates shown in these reports are cohort mortality

rates; that is, they represent the probabilityy or

risk of death among a given group of infants

who were born alive during the first 3 months of

1950.

Description of 1960 Study

The procedures for the 1960 study differed in

some respects from the 1950 study. One important difference is that the study was based

entirely on registered vital events, and it lacked

the benefits which could have been derived from

household visits like those made by census

enumerators 10 years earlier. As a result, the

1960 study cannot be used to evaluate the

completeness of live-birth registration. The only

aspect of registration which can be analyzed is

the registration of live births for those infants

who died under 1 year of age. These aspects of

the study have been reported in another publication in considerable detail.7

In 1959 the National Center for Health

Statistics (NCHS) invited the States to participate in a cohort study of infant mortality. The

study depended on identifying all deaths under

1 year of age among the cohort of infants born

alive in the United States in 1960. The States

were asked to supply copies of the linked infant

death and live-birth certificates from their official permanent files, and these were forwarded

to the National Center for Health Statistics.

These certificates are patterned after the Standard Certificates of Live Birth and Death (appendixes I and II). To complete the national file of

linked records, a number of other searches were

required in other States for infants who moved

across State boundaries between the time of

birth and death; and at the Center a search was

made of microfilm copies of certificates and

computer tapes of statistical records. As a result,

a nationwide file of linked infant death and

live-birth records was compiled, of which only

the neonatal records are of particular interest to

this comparison. In addition to the 78,330

linked neonatal death records, there were 1,190

neonatal death records for which no birth

records could be found and 92 linked neonatal

death records supplied by the States for which

no record could be found at the Center. While

the 1960 study included all deaths in the first

year of life, the present comparison covers only

the neonatal period, an age interval comparable

to that of the January-March 1950 study. The

study procedures and a consideration of the

efficacy of the record linkage procedures are

reported elsewhere.T

Relevance to Present Situation

Although the data which form the basis of the

present report refer to mortality among infants

born a number of years ago, there was relatively

little change in infant mortality as late as 1965.

The data are, therefore, important in considering

the changes between the two cohorts and for a

number of years thereafter. Although there are

no comparable cohort mortality rates after the

1960 cohort, there are data for live births which

can be compared with the 1960 data to gain a

better understanding of the relevance of the

.1960 study to present patterns and problems.

3
LIMITATIONS OF DATA

For this report, the basic data consist of

neonatal mortality rates for two cohorts of live

births–i.e., infants born alive during JanuaryMarch 1950 and those born in 1960. Certain

differences in the conduct of the two studies

have already been mentioned. The earlier study

had the advantage of including unregistered live

births, while the latter did not. However, the

high degree of completeness of birth registration

in January-March 1950 (98 percent) enhanced

the confidence in the live-birth statistics produced for the country as a whole. Although the

proportions varied according to State, the national data for live births were considered

acceptably complete for use in the later study.

For the 1960 study, the States were requested

to supply copies of linked records for all deaths

which met the study criteria. These records were

supplemented with neonatal deaths identified

through searches in other States and at NCHS.

The combined file was used to produce tabulations for the numerators of the mortality rates.

The live-birth data for the denominators were

taken from the publication Vital Statistics of the

United States, 1960 and from unpublished

tabulations for that year at the National Center

for Health Statistics.

In the earlier study for births in JanuaryMarch 1950, linked birth certificates could not

be found for 2.4 percent of the neonatal death

records, 2.0 percent for white, and 4.6 percent

for all other {nfants.1 As has been mentioned, in

the study for 1960, it was impossible to determine the incompleteness of birth registration. As

would be expected in a large-scale study, livebirth records could not be found for a number

of neonatal deaths, and the unlinked neonatal

deaths are omitted from the study. They represent 2.1 percent of the neonatal deaths, 1.7

percent for the white, and 3.2 percent for all

other neonatal deaths. The level of underregistration of live births for the neonatal deaths

in the 1960 study was less than in the earlier

study, and it is therefore assumed that live-birth

registration in 1960 was at least equal to and

probably more complete than that in 1950.

Another difference between the two studies is

the method in which the unregistered events

were handled statistically. In the January-March

1950 study, the live-birth data were adjusted to

include the unregistered events, while the data in

the 1960 study were not. Estimates of the effect

of this factor can be made, and on the national

level the bias is not serious. However, if the data

were to be examined more closely for individual

States, the effects would be serious for some of

the States. The discrepancies associated with

incomplete birth registration or linkage failures

were felt to be relatively minor and within

acceptable limits for the analysis of nationwide

data.

The preparation of a new set of punched

cards for the 1960 study introduced some

inconsistencies with published data even though

the same instruction manual was used for

punching. Many of these were resolved after

they were identified through geographic area

tabulations, but some could not be detected

through this means.

Another limitation of the data from the two

studies for comparative purposes rests in the fact

that the data for January-March 1950 reflect the

live births which occurred in the first quarter of

the year, while the data for 1960 reflect the live

births which occurred throughout the entire

year. Neonatal mortality in the first quarter of

the year is about 3 percent lower than the

annual rate, and therefore the rates for JanuaryMarch 1950 were probably underestimates of

the rate for the year 1950 by approximately

that degrees This differential should be kept in

mind when comparing the experience in the two

studies.

A further limitation of the data is the result

~f sampling the records for preparation of the

hve-birth data for 1960. For that year, every

second live-birth record for each State was

punched, yielding a 50-percent systematic

sample. Tabulated frequencies were doubled for

publication. However, for the present study, all

linked infant death and live-birth records were

included whether the corresponding birth record

fell into the sample or not. Estimates of the

;ampling errors for the 1960 cohort are included

in appendix III. The data for the earlier study of

events in 1950 were not based on a sample but

on complete counts of live births and neonatal

deaths and consequently are not subject to

sampling errors.

Not all of the 79,612 neonatal deaths which

4
were identified in the 1960 study could be

linked to the corresponding live-birth certificates. Of this number, 78,330 were linked,

leaving 1.6 percent unlinked. The proportions

which remained unlinked are shown by age at

death, color, and sex in table A. The sex of the

infant apparently bore little relationship to the

success in linkage for the neonatal period. Color,

on the other hand, was quite important. The

linkage failure for neonatal deaths among infants other than white (2.5 percent) was about

twice the rate for white infants (1.3 percent). By

age at death, the linkage failure rates were

highest for infants who died soon after birth

(first hour) and for those in the Iast hdf of the

neonatal period.

The linkage failures by cause of death and

color are shown in table B. The residual group of

causes which is listed last had the highest failure

rate and was associated at least in part with

unidentified foundlings whose records could not

be linked. Among the next highest rates are

those associated with infective diseases such as

pneumonia and diarrhea, which are more prominent toward the end of the neonatal period

when neonates have left the hospitals. With two

exceptions, the linkage failure rates were lower

among white infants than among all other

infants. The rates shown in tables A and B give

an estimate of the deficiencies in the rates for

the 1960 cohort which were associated with

failures in record linkage. These are presented

for reference in assessing differences between

the results of the two studies.

PRESENTATION OF DATA

A frequent concomitant of neonatal death is

the suboptimal development of the fetus at

birth, which may be characterized by low birth

weight or by curtailed gestation or both.

Detailed data showing live births, neonatal

deaths, and appropriate rates for the 1960

cohort are presented in tables 1-9. The JanuaryMarch 1950 study emphasized weight at birth

and its relationship to neonatal mortality, and

four reports containing detailed statistics are

currently available.s’6 Because of the volume of

the data, the detailed tables for January-March

1950 are not reproduced in the present report.

Summary tables comparing the experience of

the January-March 1950 cohort and 1960

cohort are included with the text.

The comparative tables for January-March

1950 and 1960 represent the events as they

occurred at two points in time. When differences

Table A, Percent unlinked neonatal death records by age at death, color, and sex: United States live-birth cohort,

1960

Age at death

Under 28days . . . . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2ciays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27 days, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total

w

1.6

3.3

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.6

1.7

2.4

2.7

1.6

3.4

1.2

1.3

1.1

1.5

1.7

2.3

2.7

White I

All other

Percent unlinked neonatal deaths

1.6

3.2

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.9

1.6

2.4

2.7

1.3

3.0

1.0

1.1

1.0

1.2

1.3

1.9

2.2

1.4

3.2

1.1

1.2

0.9

1.3

1.2

1.7

2.3

1.3

2.8

0.9

0.9

1.2

1.2

1.4

2.2

1.9

2.5

4.6

1.9

2.0

1.7

3.1

2.9

3.5

3.7

2.3 I

2.7

4.2 4.9

1.7 2.2

1.8 2.3

1.7 1.6

2.2 4.6

3.3 2.2

4.0 2.9

3.3 4.1

5
Table B. Percent unlinked neonatal death records by cause of death and color: United States live-birth cohort, 1960

Cause of death

(Seventh Revidon of the international Lists, 1955)

Allcauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...750-759

Certain diseasesofearly infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760-776

Birth injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .760, 761

Intracranial and spinal injury atbirth . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .760

Other birth injury . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...761

Postnatal asphyxia and atelectasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762

Pneumonia of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...763

Diarrhea of newborn......,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..764

Other infections of newborn . . . .@. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765-768

Neonatal disorders arising from maternal toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘.769

Hemolytic disease of newborn (erythroblastosis) . . . .. . . , . . . . . . . . . .770

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .771

I Ii-defined diseasespeculiar to early infancy, including

nutritional maladjustments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .772, 773

Immaturity with mention of any other subsidiary

condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..776

All other causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Residual

I

Total White All other

Percent unlinked

1.5 1.2

1.2

1.3

2.3

1.2

1.3

1.1

1.9

3.0

2.5

1.9

1.0

1.5

1.2

1.0

1.5

4.8

1.1

1.1

1.0

0.8

1.1

0.9

1.6

4.1

1.7

1.7

1.0

1.6

0.9

0.9

1.2

4.1

2.4

1.6

2.1

2.6

2,8

2.5

1.6

2.!5

2.0

4.1

2.7

1.4

1.1

2.0

1.1

2.3

6.2

Note: Percents shown in this table do not agree precisely with those shown in table A. Ninetv-two of the 79.612 neonatal death

records which were linked by the States but could not be found in NCHS tapes, were included in data used to prepare table A but

were excluded from this table.

are noted between the two sets of data, whether

positive or negative, they do not necessarily

denote a continuing pattern of increase or

decrease over the decade. Conclusions regarding

trends should not be made without additional

interdecade data. The present study is art

example in point. During the preliminary analysis of the data, certain rather impressive differences with regard to birth weight and color were

noted between the two cohorts. However, to

determine whether these findings were representative of a trend throughout this period, another

study of the patterns of birth weight distributions based on annual changes for the period

1950 through 1967 was undertaken.g

The cohort rates in both studies represent the

probability of death since they were based on

the population at risk. Consequently, they are

not expected to agree exactly with the rates

routinely published in Vital Statistics of the

United States which are based on neonatal

deaths and live births that occur in the same

calendar year. Also, in tables in which the data

are shown by age at death in this report, the

rates are based on survivors at the beginning of

each age interval, rather than all live births.

Two indicators of maturity, birth weight and

period of gestation, are available from live-birth

certificates. The recording of gestation has been

found to be very inaccurate in those areaswhere

6
the certificates require “weeks” or “months of

gestation.”g~10 In 1960, the certificates for a

few registration areas asked for the date at

which the last nornd menses began and used

tMs to cahxdate gestation age. As a result, the

periods of gestation had a more ratioxuddisMmtion. The certificates for only four areas (14.3

percent of the live-birth certificates for the

country) were based on this type of rnquiry;

therefore the reco~ded data for the country as a

whoIe are deemed to be deficient. As a result,

far greater emphasis iu this report was placed on

birth weight as the primary indicator of maturity. This was -not intended to indicate a preference for birth weight over gestation as an

indicator of maturity. The 1968 revision of the

Standard Certificate of Live Birth, which has

been recommended to the States by the Surgeon

General of the PubIic HeaIth Service, requires

the “date last nornd menses begam” This wiU

permit the calculation of the -weeksof gestation

in a uniform manner by computer. Future

studies may be expected to gain from this

improvement in the basic data.

RESULTS OF THE STUDY

Color, Sex, and Phmd-ky

The risk of neonatal death by color, sex, and

plurality for fhe january-March 1950 and the

1960 Ewe-birth cohorts are presented in table C.

The rates were 20.0 per 1,000 live births for the

eadier cohort and 18.4 for tie later cohortDecreases were noted between the two studies

among both male and femaIe rnfats. The overall

rates refiect the decrease m the large group of

white infants from 18.9 to 16.9, but the risk of

death for ZW other infants remained unchanged

at 26.7 per 1,000. The reIative positions of the

comparable rates amoEg singIe births are essentially the same as for aH births because 98

percent of rdI Jive births are single births. For

births in pIural sets, the risk of neonatzd death

was very high and there was apparently IittIe

change between the two cohorts. In view of the

comparatively small number of plural births, the

rates for ‘tis group tended to fluctuate more

Tfile C. Risk of neonatal dssth and parcarrtchangs in risk by SOIOrCsex, and @udlLy: United 8tates live-birth COhOrlS=&nUaIVCofor and sex

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . .

We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fernde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

white . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fwnele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Another . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wal e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fernde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

March 1950 and 1860

Ail bhdls I

6in@e birtbs Plud births

Jsnuary- Parcem January- .knlrJaryMarch 1960 March m60 Percent W* ~= U?rcent

18501 change 1950’ change 1950’ cha~

Rate per 1,(M)Olive births

20.0

227

17.1

18.8

21.6

16.0

26.7

28.4

239

18.4

20.8

15.8

169

19.2

14.4

26.7

28.8

23.5

-8.0

-8.4

-7.6

-106

-11.1

-10.!)

+1.7

–1.7

18.3

20.9

15.6

17.3

20.0

14.5

24.4

26.9

21s

16.7

-

19.0

143

15.3

17.5

13.0

242

27.3

21-1

-8.7

—

-8.1

-83

–11s

-125

-103

-0s

+15

-32

.—

86-6

—

1079

88.8

84.4

103.6

852

118.0

128.2

107.1

mL6

1109

80.1

86.0

107.0

&s

118.7

126.5

1109

+2.0

+2.8

+-1.3

*1.7

+33

-(L4

+0s

-13

-r-3.5

*Excludesdatafor Mtus&husem.

7
than for single births. The lower neonatal

mortality among females was marked and was

consistent regardless of plurality or color. Since

the primary focus of this report is on a

comparison between the two cohorts, the significant factors to be noted from table C are the

decrease between the cohorts for both sexes, the

decrease for single but not for plural births, and

the decrease for white infants but not for other

infants.

Between the two cohorts, there was a relative

decrease of 8.0 percent in the risk of neonatal

death for aU Iive births. If adjustment had been

made for the seasonal factor, the rate for the

year 1950 would have been about 3 percent

higher (20.6), and the estimated relative decrease

between the two groups would have been about

10.7 percent. The seasonal adjustment must be

kept in mind in gauging the small differences

shown in table C.

Decreases were noted between the two studies

among both male and female infants and were

substantial: 8.4 and 7.6 percent, respectively.

However, it is apparent that the major contributor to the decreases for the total group was the

experience of the single white births, which

constituted 82.9 percent of the total group.

While the risk of neonatal death dropped from

18.9 to 16.9 per 1,000 live births for white

infants, it remained unchanged at 26.7 for all

other infants. The decreases for white male and

white female infants were around 10 percent,

but the small changes for all other male and

female infants offset each other.

The lesser risk of neonatal death noted for

single white births was not apparent for plural

births, and if allowances for seasonal factors are

made, the small increases which were observed

for plural births may be illusory. However, the

lack of change in risk of neonatzd death for

plural births in contrast with the notable

decrease for single white births is significant for

obstetrical planning.

Weight at Birth

Weight at birth is an important correlate of

neonatal survival. For infants weighing 2,500

grams or less at birth (low birth weight infants),

7.8 percent of the total, the risk of neonatal

death was very high: 171.6 per 1,000 live births

in the 1960 birth cohort (table D). That is, of

every 1,000 low birth weight infants who were

born alive in 1960, on the average 171.6 died

during the first 4 weeks of life. For the

remaining 92.2 percent of infants, the rate was

much lower—5.5 per 1,000. The ratio between

the two rates (30: 1) represents the relative risk

of neonatal death to a newborn infant if that

infant weighs 2,500 grams or less at birth; such

infants have 30 times the risk of dying in the

first 4 weeks of life compared with infants

weighing more than 2,500 grams at birth.

For most of the birth weight range (4,000

grams or less), the risk of death was inversely

related to weight at birth. VirtualIy aU infants

weighing less than 1,000 grams at birth died

during the neonatal period (figure 2). The rates

dropped precipitously in succeeding weight

groups up to and including 3,000 grams. Maximum survival occurred at 3,501-4,000 grams,

and the risk of neonatal death was again higher

among heavier infants. The general contour of

the curves for the two cohorts is similar in

shape. There was relatively little difference in

the rates for low birth weight infants, but there

was considerable improvement for the remaining

birth weight categories.

Between the two cohorts, there was relatively

little change in the risk of death for low birth

weight infants (a relative decrease of 1.2 percent), whiIe for infants weighing more than

2,500 grams at birth there was a substantial

decrease: 29.5 percent (table D). For the latter

group, the decreases were of about the same

magnitude regardless of sex, color, or plurality.

In only one instance, that of white female

infants of plural sets, was the relative decrease

less than 20 percent. Thus, there was substantial

improvement in survival for the 92.2 percent of

infants who weighed over 2,500 grams at birth.

On the other hand, the risk of neonatal death

for the low birth weight groups taken as a whole

remained remarkably unchanged. The relatively

small changes which were observed—some positive, some negative—implied that relatively little

progres had been made between the two

cohorts in improving the survival of low birth

weight infants. For the lowest weight group

(1,000 grams or less), the data indicated increases in every comparison followed by decreases in higher weight groups in virtually every

8
Table D. Risk of neonatal daath by plurality, color, birth weight, and sex: United States live-birth cohorts, January-March 1950 and

1960

~Mrths and deaths for.which birth weight was not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated birth weights]

Plurelity, color, and

birth weight

ALL BIRTHS

Total

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams orless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams orless, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,001-l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001 -4,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whita

All birth waights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,OOOgrams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,501 -4,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,001-l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001 -4,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sae footnote at end of tabla.

Both sexes Male

I

Famale

JanuaryMarch

19501

1960

JanuaryMarch

19501

1960

JanuaryMarch

19501

1960

20.0

173.7

7.8

871.7

551.3

211.0

50.4

12.6

6.7

5.6

7,5

14.2

18.9

175.8

7.1

883.3

562.1

214.6

50.6

12.0

6.2

4.9

6.7

12.0

26.7

164.7

11.9

821.4

507.0

195.7

49.5

15.4

9.7

10.5

12.5

20.2

18.4

171.6

5.5

912.8

521.5

180.6

41.4

9.9

4.7

3.6

4.2

8.7

16.9

177.4

5.1

924.1

555.1

198.4

45.0

10.1

4.4

3.3

3.6

7.7

26.7

154.8

7.7

883.7

434.2

130.3

30.7

9.4

6.4

6.6

10.1

16.3

Rate per 1,000 live births

22.7

213.9

9.1

894.2

621.8

265.0

67.4

16.6

8.1

6.4

7.7

13.7

21.6

218.8

8.3

905.0

643.1

271.9

69.1

15.9

7.6

5.6

6.9

10.8

28.4

192.8

13.9

649.9

524.7

235.1

60.0

19.9

10.9

12.2

13.1

23.1

20.8

208.9

6.4

929.6

585.7

226.3

55.0

13.1

5.7

4.1

4.4

8.6

19.2

216.3

5.9

940.9

613.1

245.6

60.1

13.4

5.3

3.7

3.8

7.6

29.9

186.9

9.0

B99.5

508.2

168.7

39.3

12.1

7.6

7.3

10.8

16.4

17.1

138.9

6.4

848.0

478.2

160.5

36.6

9.5

5.3

4.6

7.2

15.1

16.0

138.4

5.8

861.0

474.5

160.4

35.5

9.1

4.9

4.1

6.4

14.7

23.9

141.3

9.7

789.0

491.6

161.1

41.2

11.8

8.4

8.4

11.4

16.0

15.8

138.5

4.5

894.6

451.3

136.7

30.2

7.5

3.7

3.0

3,9

9.0

14.4

142.3

4.2

905.5

488.5

151.9

32.4

7.5

3.5

2.7

3.3

7.8

23.5

127.8

6.3

867.5

363.0

96.3

23.9

7.2

5.2

5.7

9.1

16.2

9
Table D. Risk of neonatal death by plurality, color, birth waight, and sex: United States live-birth cohorts, January-March 195o and

1960-Con.

[Births and deaths for which birth weight was not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated birth weights]

Plurality, color, and

birth weight

SINGLE BIRTHS

Total

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams or less. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,501 -4,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001 -4,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams orless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,001-l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,501 -4,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001 -4,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams or less. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,501 -4,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001 -4,501 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Both sexes

JanuaryMarch 1960

19501

18.3

173.4

7.7

871.7

562.3

228.9

52.8

12.6

6.7

5.6

7.4

14.2

17.3

176.7

7.1

880.2

575.0

238.4

53.5

12.2

6.2

4.9

6.7

12.1

24.4

159.5

11.7

835.2

511.0

190.0

50.0

15.1

9.5

10.4

12.3

20.3

16.7

170.2

5.4

904.8

527.4

197.1

43.9

10.0

4.7

3.6

4.2

8.7

15.3

177.3

5.1

916.6

562.2

218.7

48.2

10.2

4.4

3.3

3.6

7.7

24.2

150.4

7.6

875.3

438.4

138.1

31.4

9.3

6.4

6.6

10.1

16.3

Male

I

Female

JanuaryMarch

19501

1960

JanuaryMarch

19501

1960

Rate par 1,000 live births

20.9

215.6

9.0

895.1

628.1

281.1

71.1

16.7

8.1

6.4

7.6

13.7

20.0

222.1

8.3

903.8

648.5

294.5

73.2

16.1

7.6

5.6

6.8

10.8

26.9

187.2

13.7

858.5

537.4

221.3

62.1

19.7

10.7

12.1

13.0

23.2

19.0

208.7

6.4

919.8

591.7

244.0

58.6

13.2

5.7

4.1

4.4

8.6

17.5

217.2

5.9

931.1

617.9

265.9

64.7

13.6

5.3

3.7

3.8

7.6

27.3

183.7

9.0

880.6

517.9

180.0

40.2

12.0

7.6

7.3

10.8

16.4

15.6

137.1

6.3

846.7

488.6

178.3

38.3

9.5

5.3

4.6

7.2

15.1

14.5

137.1

5.8

855,2

489.9

182.2

37.7

9.2

4.9

4.0

6.5

14.7

21.8

137.0

9.6

808.0

488.8

163.1

40.6

11.3

8.4

8.4

11.2

16.0

14.3

136.3

4.5

888.3

456.4

150.7

31.9

7.5

3.7

3.0

3.8

9.0

13.0

141.3

4.2

900.2

497.2

170.2

34.5

7.6

3.5

2.7

3.3

7.8

21.1

122.5

6.2

859.3

438.4

100.8

24.4

7.1

5.2

5.7

9.1

16.2

See footnote at end of table.

10
Table D. Risk of neonatal death by plurality, color, birth weight, and sex: United States live-birth cohorts, January-March 1950 and

1960–CorI.

[Births and deaths for which birth weight was not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated birth weights]

Plurality, color, and

birth weight

PLURAL BIRTHS

Total

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,5009rams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,601-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001 -4,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams orless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,001-l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001 -4,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams orless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,001-l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,501 -4,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1Excludes data for Massachusetts.

Both sexes II Male i

Female

JanuaryMarch

1950’

1960

JanuaryMarch

19501

1960

JanuaryMarch

1950’

1960

98.6

175.6

11.8

871.5

503.7

145.4

32.9

11.3

10.4

*

*

94.4

171.0

9.0

898.0

507.1

128.5

30.2

8.5

●

●

●

118.0

196.9

25.3

754.0

488.0

218.4

45.6

25.8

*

*

*

100.6

179.7

8.1

950.3

493.3

113.0

23.0

8.7

7.0

●

*

*

96.0

177.9

7.2

958.7

522.0

118.8

22.5

7.4

6.5

●

●

*

118.7

186.1

12.6

926.9

412.8

94.6

25.0

14.5

*

*

*

Rate per 1,000 live births

107.9

204.4

13.2

890.2

585.8

200.4

43.1

13.7

*

*

*

103.6

199.9

10.5

910.8

615.6

179.3

42.7

11.8

*

*

*

128.2

224.5

26.6

808.8

472.5

287.7

●

●

*

*

*

110.9

210.4

8.7

977.2

556.4

147.6

29.5

9.3

7.8

*

*

107.0

210.9

7.8

987.5

589.6

157.6

29.0

7.9

7.3

●

*

126.5

208.5

13.5

947.0

459.3

115.8

31.6

15.3

*

●

88.9

149.7

10.0

853.4

434.1

100.8

23.3

8.6

*

●

*

85.2

145.3

7.2

886.2

418.8

90.6

18.4

*

*

●

107.1

170.5

23.8

689.7

505.5

152.5

46.2

●

*

*

●

90.1

152.2

7.4

923.0

427.6

83.7

17.3

8.0

5.9

*

*

84.9

148.2

6.5

928.7

450.1

85.9

16.8

6.9

5.4

●

*

110.9

166.1

11.6

907.7

367.2

76.3

19.2

13.6

*

11’
1,000

800

500

%

E 100

6 *O

w>

i

0 50

is-

.

c

w

0-

W

F& 10

c 8

5

0

— January-March 1950

m,ms, mati1960

50

45

40 [

+

z

u

c-l

~

n

BIRTH WEIGHT IN GRAMS

Figure 2. Risk of neonatal daath and percent of live births by

birth weight~ United States live-birth cohorts, JanuaryMarch 1950 and 1960.

instance. The atypical behavior of the lowest

weight group is believed to be associated with

more complete registration in 1960 of live births

and the neonatal deaths among them, and the

group is very small. For the remaining weight

12

groups comprising the low birth weight group,

there were decreases with very few exceptions.

These decreases became larger as the weight of

the infant increased. As a result of these

arithmetic relationships, it appeared’ that there

was no change for the low birth weight group

taken as a whole. On closer examination, it

became evident that this lack of change for low

birth weight infants was the net result of

increases for infants weighing 1,000 grams or

less at birth and decreases for the remaining

birth weight groups.

In addition to the level of the rates, another

factor affecting the overall mortality rates is the

distribution of live births by weight at birth. In

view of the marked differentials in the level of

mortality by weight at birth, any group which

has an inordinate concentration of low birth

weight infants would experience a higher overall

mortality rate due to that fact alone even if the

weight-specific rates’ were identical to another

group with fewer low birth weight infants. In

1960, there were higher proportions of live

births in each’ of the birth weight groups under

3,000 grams than in the earlier cohort (table E).

The proportion of low birth weight infants

increased from 7.4 to 7.8 percent of all live

births and was noted to have developed gradually over the decade.g

Color.–The risk of neonatal death for white

and for all other infants for the two cohorts are

shown in figure 3. For white neonates, the rates

were almost identical in the two studies for all

groups weighing 3,000, grams or less at birth.

Significant decreases were evident at all other

weight groups. For other than white infants, on

the other hand, decreases were noted throughout the entire birth weight span, except for the

very small group of infants weighing 1,000

grams or less at birth.

The distributions of live births by birth

weight and color showed minor increases and

decreases in random fashion for white infants,

but regular and sizable increases for all other

infants in all weight groups through 3,000

grams. When the data were combined for low

birth weight infants, the proportion for other

than white infants increased from 9.7 to 12.9

percent, a significant increase, a trend which was

progressive throughout the decade.g The shift of

the entire birth weight distribution for other

than white infants is summarized in figure 3.
Table E. Percentage distribution of live births by birth weight for color, plurality, and sex groups: United States live-birth cohorts, Januaw-March 1950 and 1960

[Live births for which birth weight was not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated birth weight]

>

Color Plurality Sex

Total

White All other Single Plural Male Female

Birth weight

January- January. January. January- January- JanuaW- JanuaryMarch 1960 March 1960 March 1960 March 1960 March 1960 March 1960 March

195J3’

1980

1950’ 1950’ 1950’ 19501 1950’ 1950’

All birth weights . . 1(XI.O

2,600 grams or lass . . 7.4

2,601 grama or mom . . 92.6

1,000 grama or less . . . . 0.5

1,001-1,600 grams . . . . 0.6

1,501-2,000 grams . . . . 1.4

2,001-2,600 grams , . . . 4.9

2,601-3,000 grams . , . . 1s.1

3,001.3,600 grams . . . . 37.7

3,6014,000 grams , , , . 27.1

4,001-4,600 grams , . . . 7.7

4,501 grams or more . , . 2.1

1Excludes data for Massachusetts.

-il- 100.0 100.0

7.8 7.0

92.2 93.0

1

0.6 0.4

0.7 0.6

1,5 1.3

5.1 4.7

1s.5 17.7

3s.0 3s.1

26.6 27.7

7.5 7.s

1.5 1.s

1OQ.o

6.8

93.2

0.5

0.6

1.3

4.6

17.2

38.1

26,2

S.o

1.6

100.0

—

9.7

90.3

0.6

0.s

1.8

6.4

20,6

35.1

23.5

7.3

3.8

Parcentaga distribution

100.0

_

12.9

87.1

1.0

1.2

2.5

6.3

25.3

37.1

18.9

4.6

1.2

100.0

6.4

93.6

0.4

0.5

1.1

4.4

17.9

38.2

27.6

7.8

2.1

100.0

.

6.8

93.2

0.5

0.6

1.2

4.6

18.3

3s.5

27.3

7.6

1.4

100.0

53.0

47.0

4.0

5.6

14.2

29.2

29.5

14.1

2.6

0.6

0.1

100.0

53.9

46.1

4.9

5.6

14.0

29.4

29.4

13.s

2.5

0.3

0.0 I

1CQ.o 100.0

6.7 7.1

93.3 92.9

0.5 0.6

0.6 0.7

1.3

4.3 E

15.4 15.8

36.1 36.3

29.8 29.5

9.5 9.2

2.6 2.1

100.0

_

8.1

91.9

0.5

0.6

1.4

5.6

21.0

39.4

24.2

5.8

1.5

100.0

.

8.5

91.5

0.6

0.6

1.5

5.7

21.3

39.7

23.9

5.6

1.0

The increase is not attributable to chanting shifts toward lower birth weight for both males

distributions of live births by age of mo&erj

plurality, or sex and is probably not due in its

entirety to higher proportions of other than

white infants who were delivered in hospitals

and the resulting improvement in accuracy of

reported birth weights.g The increase in the

proportion of low birth weight infants coupled

with very high mortality among infants weighing

2,500 grams or less at birth had a marked effect

on the color-specific rates for other than white

infants. Despite the sizable decreases in neonatal

mortality in each birth weight group, the shift in

the birth weight distribution was large enough to

make the risk of neonatal death of the 1960

cohort equal to the risk for the January-March

1950 cohort.

Sex.–The risk of neonatal death for male and

female newborn infants by weight at birth

followed the same pattern as for color: very high

rates among those of very low birth weight,

minimal rates at 3,501-4,000 grams, and increased mortality for heavier infants (figure 4

and table D). There was apparently little improvement between the two cohorts in survival

of infants weighing 3,000 grams or less at birth,

although it was greater for females. There was

considerable improvement in each of the weight

groups beginning with 3,001 grams.

The distributions of live births showed minor

and females. When these increases were accumulated for infants weighing 2,500 grams or less at

birth, the proportions of low birth weight

infants increased from 6.7 to 7.1 percent for

males and from 8.1 to 8.5 percent for females.

Plurality.–The risk of neonatal death among

single and plural births is shown in figure 5 and

table D. For single births, the rates decreased to

some degree for allbut the lowest weight group,

and the decreases were substantial beginning

with 1,501 grams. For plural births, the figure

shows a marked reduction in mortality particularly at the upper end of the birth weight range.

However, the decreases at the upper limit

applied to very small numbers of births.

Between the January-March 1950 and the

1960 cohorts, there were small increases in the

proportions of live births in the lower birth

weight groups for single births (figure 5 and

table E). Except for the weight group

1,001-1,500 grams where the proportions

remained unchanged, the proportion in each

weight group through 3,500 grams was higher

for the 1960 cohort than for the earlier cohort.

For plural births, there did not seem to be

any regular pattern of increases in low birth

weight. When the low birth weight infants were

summed, the effect of the changes was relatively

small: the increment for single births was from

13
WHlTE 

- 

i- 2 

0” 

% 

50 

45 

WHlTE 

40 

35 

3e 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

1,000 

800 

500 

100 

80 

50 

10 

8 

ALL OTHER 

- January-March 1950 

BBBBBBBB 1 gfio 

- 

50 

f 

ALL OTHER 

45 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

BIRTH WElG-HT IN GRAMS 

Figure 3, Risk of neortatai death and percent of live births b\f birth weight-and color: United States be-birth cohorts, JanuaryMarch 1950 and 3960. 

6.4 to 6.8 percent between the two cohorts, and Period of Gestation 

for plural births it Was from 53,O to 53.9 

percent. The differential in birth weight is more To a great extent, the birth weight of an 

pronounced between plraraiitv groups th&an / 

- 

infant is dependent on its gestation age: the 

between sex or color groups. longer the period of gestation, the heavier the 

14 
1,000 –

800–

500-

100-

80-

50-

10-

8 –

5 –

50

45

40

[

MALE

1,000

800

500

100

80

50

10

8

5

0

FEMALE

_ January-March 1950

,,,,,,, 1960

I i I I I I I I

I

0. .40:0 4=40404 0!40

0.00000000000000 z?

02 Oln k--o- am m-o- O-IQ u--o- o-m- loo

--:+-+--mm- CJmmmmme *W *- E

&

50

45

[

FEMALE

BIRTH WEIGHT IN GRAMS

Figure 4. Risk of neonatal death and percent of live births by birth weight and sex: United States live-birth cohorts,. JanuaryMarch 1950 and 1960.

infant. Infants born after only 5 months of there are a great many variations. Even for equal

gestation weigh less, on the average, than those periods of gestation, there are variations in mean

born after the full period of 10 lunar months of birth weight: male infants are heavier than

gestation and have a much greater risk of death. females, white infants are heavier than other

However, within this oversimplified concept, infants, infants of single deliveries are heavier

15
SINGLE

1,000-

PLURAL

800 –

500 –

_ January-March 1950

,,,,,,,, 1960

100 -

80 –

50 –

10 –

8 –

5

t

BIRTH WEIGHT IN GRAMS

FigUre 5. Risk of neonatal death and percent of live births by birth weight and plurali~: united states Iiva.birth cohorts,

January-March 1950 and 1960.

than infants born in plural sets. Because of the The recorded period of gestation has been a

complex nature of these interrelationships, it is source of concern to vital statisticians for many

important to consider gestation as well as weight years. Until 1968, almost all States required the

at birth when analyzing neonatal mortality. reporting of gestation in “completed weeks.”

16
Unusually high concentrations of births were

reported at 36 and 40 weeks. This is judged to

result from inaccurate calculation of the period

of gestation: months and half-months are multiplied by 4, rather than actually calculating the

gestation periods from the first day of the last

menstrual period to the date of birth.

. By 1960, only four of the registration areas

had changed the item on the certificate from

“completed weeks of gestation” to “first day of

last menstrual period” (LMP) or similar wording.

Personnel in vital statistics offices or computers,

where these were available, then proceeded to

calculate the period of gestation. The reporting

of LMP has resulted in much more credible

distributions of live births by weeks of gestation.

The redistribution of period of gestations associated with the use of the LMP date has caused a

marked decline in proportions of live births at

40 weeks and to a lesser degree at 36 weeks and

increases at other weeks. This particular statistical artifact has a bearing on the data presented

for the two cohorts presently under study. In

1950, none of the gestation data included in the

national tabulations were derived from LMP

dates. By 1960, four registration areas were

using the newer method of calculation. During

this same interval, there were sporadic attempts

to improve the recorded weeks of gestation in

other registration areas. As a result, the distributions of live births and neonatal deaths in the

two cohort studies are not directly comparable.

Some live births similar to those which were

reported as 36 weeks in the 1950 cohort, for

example, were distributed to other gestation

groups in the 1960 cohort, and apparently more

were shifted to 37-39 weeks than to 32-35

weeks.g The effect of this redistribution of

periods of gestation is shown in table F. The

gestation groups that are presented are those

which were available for the January-March

1950 cohort. For each population subgroup,

there were marked decreases in the proportion

of live births at 36 weeks and increases at 32-35

weeks and 37 weeks and over. As a consequence,

infants classified as 36 weeks in 1960 were, on

the average, of lower birth weight than those in

the January-March 1950 group:

Birth weight L=E!!C

I

January-March

1950 I

1960

I

Percentage distribution

Total . . . . . . . . .

I

100.0 I

100.0

1,000 grams or less . . . . . .

1,001-1,500 grams . . . . . .

1,501-2,000 grams . . . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . .

3,001-3,500 grams . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . .

4,501 grams or more . . . . .

0.0

0.3

2.3

9.7

18.7

33.0

25.2

8.0

2.8

0.1

0.8

5.8

23.3

27.0

24.3

13.6

4.0

1.2

1 I

The changes were probably associated to some

degree with the allocation of infants of heavier

weight to other gestation intervals and, perhaps,

to some degree to an increase in the proportion

of low birth weight infants. Such disruptions in

the basic distributions of live births by period of

gestation affected the mortality experience in

the individual cells and clouded any trends

which may have occurred. It is particularly

unfortunate that the change was so marked at

36 weeks, because the dichotomy for preterm

infants is usually between “less than 37 weeks”

and “37 weeks or more.” The drift from 36

weeks to higher gestations because of a statistical artifact could well appear in the data as a

decrease in the proportion of preterm infants.

Statistically, the gross inaccuracies in the reporting of completed weeks of gestation preclude

factual documentation of the increase or

decrease of preterm infants based on period of

gestation. By default, only inferential conclusions may be drawn.

For these reasons, table G is presented without analytical comment, merely to illustrate the

aberrations introduced by faulty data. For

example, at 37 weeks and over, neonatal mortality in 1960 was lower than in January-March

1950 in each age group. At 36 weeks there was

no consistent pattern. This was due, in part, to

17
Table F. Percentage distribution of live births by period of gestation for plurality, color, and sex groups: United

States live-birth cohorts, January-March 1950 and 1960

[Live birthsfor which period of gestation was not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated gestation]

Plurality, color,

sex, and year

ALL BIRTHS

Total

Both sexes:

January-March 19501 . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male:

January-March 19501 . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female:

January-March 19501 . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Both sexes:

January-March 19501 . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male:

January-March 19501 . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female:

January-March 19501 . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other

Both sexes:

January-March 19501 . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male:

January-March 19501 . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female:

January-March 19501 . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seefootnote at end of table.

,Period of gestation

Total Under

28

28-31 32-35 36 37 weeks

weeks weeks

weeks

weeks and over

Percentage distribution

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.’0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

0.6

0.7

0.6

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.8

1.2

0.8

1.3

0.8

1.2

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

1.3

1.6

1.3

1.6

1.3

1.6

2.0

2.3

2.1

2.4

2.0

2.2

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.0

2.0

2.1

3.6

1.9

3.6

2.2

3.6

8.5

3.3

8.4

3.3

8.5

3.3

7.8

3.0

7.8

3.0

7.8

2.9

12.5

5.2

12.5

5.1

12.5

5.3

88.0

92.8

87.9

92.6

88.1

93.1

88.8

93.6

88.7

93.3

88.9

93.9

83.3

88.4

83.5

88.4

83.2

88.3

18
Table F. Percentage distribution of live births by period of gastation for plurality, color, and sex groups: United

States live-birth cohorts, January-March 1950 and 1960

[Live birthsfor which period of gestation was not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated gestation]

Plurality, color,

sex, and year

SINGLE BIRTHS

Total

January-March 19501 . . . . . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

January-March 19501 . . . . . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other

January-March 19501 . . . . . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PLURAL BIRTHS

Total

January-March 19501 . . . . . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

January-March 19501 . . . . . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other

January-March 19501 . . . . . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1Excludesdeta for Massachusetts.

Total

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

?00.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

II Period of gestation

T

Under

28

28-31

weeks

weeks

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.7

1.1

4.0

4.5

3.9

4.2

4.6

5.7

Percentage

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

1.2

1.5

5.2

5.3

5.3

4.9

4.8

7.0

32-35

weeks

stribution

1.9

2.1

1.8

1.9

1.9

3.4

10.8

12.1

11.4

12.3

8.2

11.3

36

weeks

8.4

3.2

7.7

2.8

12.4

5.1

12.7

10.1

12.3

10.3

14.6

9.3

37 weeks

and over

88.4

93.3

89.2

94.1

83.7

89.0

67.3

68.0

67.2

68.3

67.9

66.8

i9
Table G. Risk of neonatal death by birth weight andperiod of gestation: United Stataslive-Mrth cohorM, January-March l95Oandl96O

[Btihs and deaths for which birth weight or gestation was not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated birth weight and gestation]

8irth weight

Total . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams or less . . . .

2,501 grams or more . . .

1,000 grams or less . . . . . .

1,001-1,500 grams . . . . . .

1,501-2,000 grams . . . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . .

2,501.3,000 grams . . . . . .

3,001-3,500 grams . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . .

4,001-4,500 grams . . . . . .

4,501 grams or more . . . . ,

Period of gestation

Total

Undar 26 weeks 26-31 waeke 32-35 weeks 36 weaka 37 weeks

and over

January- January- January- January- January- JanuaryMarch 1960 March 1960 March 1960 March 1960 March 1960 March 1960

19501 19501 19501 19501 1950’ 1950’

Rate per 1,000 live births

20.0

173.7

7.6

871.7

551.3

211.0

50.4

12.6

6.7

5.6

7.5

14.2

] Excludes data for Massachusetts.

18.4 788.4 798.1 379.4

171.6 629.2 634.6 420.2

5.5 99.6 35.0 66.3

912.8 908.2 930.1 822.7

521.5 758.7 699.0 541.6

160.6 566.9 417.7 332.9

41.4 * 171.5 188.3

9.9 ● ●

116.9

4.7 ● ● ●

3.8 ● ●

65.4

4.2 * d *

8.7 * ● *

the allocation of some of the heavier weight

infants into the next higher gestation interval in

1960. The period of gestation was therefore

deemed to be of limited use in this presentation.

Age of Mother

In addition to the factors previously mentioned, neonatal mortality is also related to the

age of mother at the time of the infant’s birth

(figure 6). The rates were somewhat elevated for

infants born to mothers under 20 years of age,

fell to a minimum in the age group 25-29, and

increased thereafter to their maximum in the

highest age group shown (45 years and over).

Mortality in the first 4 weeks of life was lower

for the 1960 cohort than for the earlier cohort

for each maternal- age group (table H). The

difference was greatest for ages 35-44. For a

number of cells in this table, the frequencies

were small and the data were so labeled.

For white infants, the risk of neonatal death

was lower in 1960 for each age group of mothers

396.3 I 121.3

L

436.8 169.2

41.3 40.2

894.2 762.6

536.9 411.1

291.7 197.2

154.4 91.7

57.2 50.5

27.4 24.2

● *

●

94.7

● ●

110.5

152.9

26.2

788.8

408.4

172.0

76.9

34.8

17.7

10.7

*

●

18.4 29.0

1

76.3 66.3

10.3 13.0

●

746.7

378.8 341.8

142.4 116.3

50.9 40.9

17.1 19.4

8.9 9.4

6.8 7.5

9.9 8.6

14.9 16.0

8.8 6,6

1

46.4 42.6

7.4 5.0

●

668.7

351.6 344.1

122.8 117.9

33.4 28.4

10.6 8.7

6.3 4.5

5.5 3.5

6.7 4.1

13.7 8.3

except the oldest group, where there was apparentl~ a small incre-me.“For all other infant;,-the

risk of neonatal death in 1960 was higher than

in January-March 1950 among infants born to

mothers under 25 years of age, and lower for

those born to mothers above that age. There was

much less variation in the rates by age of mother

among other infants than among white infants.

Within specified maternal age groups, the

risk of neonatal death varied by birth weight.

The rates were lower for the 1960 cohort than

for the January-March 1950 cohort for all but

the lowest birth weight group. The increase in

this group is believed to be associated with

improved birth registration of very small infants.

Few of these small infants survive, and the rates

for these small infants should probably be even

closer to, 1,000 per 1,000. As anticipated, the

pattern for white births determined the pattern

for allbirths.

For other than white infants, more of the

cells ~:e based on small numbers. Nevertheless,

the same patterns are suggested as were noted

for white births: increases in neonatal mortality

at less than 1,000 grams at birth and decreases at

20
50

40

30

20

10

0

50 r

TOTAL

d

I I I I I I I

WHITE

50

40

30

20

10

0

ALL OTHER

— January-March 1950

. . . . . ...1960

Under 20. 25- 30- 35- ,40. 45

20 24 29 34 39 44 and

over

AGE OF MOTHER (YEARS)

Figure 6. Risk of neonatal death by aga of mother and color:

Unitad States Iiva-birth cohorts, January-March 1950 and

1960.

all other levels. For mothers under 20 years and

for those 20-24 years of age, although the rates

by birth weight were higher for the 1960 birth

cohort than for the January-March 1950 cohort,

it was nevertheless true that there were decreases

between the two cohorts over time in the birth

weight groups containing the largest proportion

of live births.

Because the rates are elevated at certain

maternal age levels, the overall rates are also

affected by the distributions of live births by age

of mother. A population with higher proportions of very young mothers would be expected

to have higher neonatal mortality, other factors

being equal.

The proportion of low birth weight infants

was 7.4 percent in the January-March 1950

cohort and 7.8 percent in the 1960 cohort

(table J). Regardless of age of mother, the

proportion of low birth weight infants was

higher in the 1960 group. The largest increments

in low birth weight were at the two ends of the

mother’s age range. When the data for the total

group was subclassified by birth weight, there

were small increases in each birth weight group

through 3,500 grams with offsetting decrements

above that weight. Within specific maternal age

groups, the changes in proportions were generally small and would not be considered important except for the uniformity of their

occurrence.

The changes in proportions of low birth

weight infants were not uniform for either color

group. The proportion was a little 10wer in the

later cohort for white infants (7.0 versus 6.8

percent) and considerably higher in the later

cohort for all other infants (9.7 versus 12.9

percent). For white infants, there were either

small decreases or no decrease in the proportions

Qf infants in most of the groups under 3,000

grams, and there were increases in the proportions of iqfa@s in most of the groups between

3,5oo and 4,500 grams. For all other infants,

there were increases in the proportions of

infants in each maternal age group under 45

years cross-classified by each birth weight group

under 3,500 grams, except for one instance

when there was no change. Regardless of

mother’s age, there were decrements in the

proportions of infants in the weight groups

3,501 grams or more. For both white and all

other infants, there were decreases in the

heaviest weight group (4,501 grams or more),

irrespective of mother% age. In addition to

differences in the direction of the change, the

21
Table H. Risk of neonatal death by color, birth weight, and age of mother: United States live-birth cohorts, January-March 1950 and

1960

[Btis and deaths for. which birth weight or age of mother was not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated birth

weight and age of mother]

Age of mother

Total

Under 20 years I 20-24 years I 25-28 years Color and

birth weight

JanuaryMarch

1950’

JanuaryMarch

19501 J- JanuaryMarch 1960

19501

.LenuaryMarch

19501

1960 1960 1960

Total Rate per 1,000 live births

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 18.4 24.1 22.9 19.0 17.3 17.6 16.6

2,500 grams or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

173.7

7.8

871.7

551.3

211.0

50.4

12.6

6.7

5.6

7.5

14.2

18.9

171.6

5.5

912.8

521.5

180.6

41.4

9.9

4.7

3.6

4.2

8.7

16.9

183.4

8.2

848.0

585.8

228.6

59.1

12.9

6.9

5.7

8.5

●

22.4

179.2

5.4

886.6

556.4

186.4

37.7

8.9

4.3

4.0

4.5

8.4

20.4

172.7

7.0

879.6

562.1

220.6

46.3

11.5

5.7

5.3

6.8

10.6

18.0

171.3

4.8

908.0

537.2

191.9

40.5

8.8

4.2

3.1

3.7

7.3

15.9

164.8

7.1

664.8

565.4

199.5

42.3

11.9

6.4

2.5

6.0

12.6

16.7

168.3

5.1

933.3

512.3

176.1

40.8

9.7

4.5

3.2

3.6

7.7

15.3

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001-1,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . ...4

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

4,001 -4,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . ...4

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

White

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

175.8

7.1

883.3

562.1

214.6

50.6

12.0

6.2

4.9

6.7

12.0

26.7

177.4

5.1

924.1

555.1

198.4

45.0

10.1

4.4

3.3

3.6

7.7

26.7

196.2

7.3

876.3

623.0

236.6

62.3

12.1

6.4

4.8

7.1

*

28.6

158.5

10.8

777.8

474.6

213.0

53.2

14.7

8.4

9.0

●

●

193.1

4.7

904.0

606.9

218.7

43.6

8.8

3.8

3.4

3.5

7.8

31.4

154.4

7.7

858.7

467.2

125.6

27.2

9.1

6.3

7.7

12.7

●

173.1

6.6

868.5

570.7

228.2

45.4

11.4

5.3

4.9

6.6

10.0

24.8

176.3

4.6

913.1

569.6

208.2

44.1

9.1

3.9

2.9

3.4

6.3

25.3

166.0

6.4

888.0

574.6

206.7

42.7

11.1

6.1

4.1

5.4

8.3

24.6

173.3

4.8

946.4

549.0

191.9

43.4

9.9

4.2

3.0

3.1

6.9

24.2

l,OOOgrams or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . ...4

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . .

164.7

11.9

821.4

507.0

195.7

49.5

15.4

9.7

10.5

12.5

20.2

154.8

7.7

683.7

434.2

130.3

30.7

9.4

6.4

6.6

10.1

16.3

171.0

9.2

842.9

536.9

188.3

50.0

12.0

7.8

8.5

8.4

●

156.2

6.3

894.2

448.1

143.6

28.8

7.7

5.6

5.0

7.7

16.7

157.4

12.4

907.9

515.3

156.6

39.4

16.8

9.4

11.7

10.3

26.0

155,8

7.0

895.2

408,3

126.2

31.3

8.8

6.3

5.1

9.0

13.9

2,500 grams orlass . . . . . . . . . . . . .(

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnote at end of table.

22
Table H. Risk of naonatal death by color, birth weight, and age of mother: United States live-birth cohorts, January-March 1950 and

1960–Con.

[Births and deaths for which birth weight or age of mother was not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated birth

weight and age of mother]

Age of mother

I 1 1

30-34 years I

35-39 years I4044 years I

45 yaars

Color and and over

birth weight

JanuaryMarch

19501

JanuaryMarch

19501

JanuaryMarch

1950’

JanuaryMarch

19501

1960 1960 1960

Total Rate per 1,000 live births

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 18.3 23.6 19.7 27.2 23.1 32.4 31.3

2,500 grams or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,601 grams ormore . . . . . . ., . . . . .

174.8

8.1

885.6

510.0

195.5

50.7

13.4

6.8

5.7

8.5

15.4

18.9

169.9

6.0

914.5

499.8

166.7

42.3

11.5

5.2

4.0

4.2

9.6

17.0

182.5

10.3

836.4

489.6

202.6

66.9

15.9

9.5

7.6

10.1

15.9

22.6

166.1

7.0

926.1

459.5

162.6

47.5

12.7

6.2

4.8

5.7

10.6

18.4

185.1

14.1

●

562.6

231.8

80.3

20.2

14.6

11.5

*

●

26.1

168.5

9.9

932.3

462.0

183.9

58.0

17.2

9.5

6.8

7.5

12.2

22.0

172.3

9.2

939.2

458.9

196.3

58.4

16.9

9.0

6.3

6.7

10.4

28.4

●

24.8

*

●

*

*

●

●

●

*

*

30.2

194.4

13.7

*

●

*

100.3

30.5

11.7

*

*

●

31.8

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . .. m..... . . . . . .

4,001 -4,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,601 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

“White

All birth waights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams orlass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

183.5

9.6

859.4

485.1

194.9

68.7

15.2

9.1

6.9

9.0

13.4

28.9

175.6

7.2

896,3

517.7

196.2

50.0

12.2

6.0

5.2

7.2

13.6

28.7

174.2

5.6

924.7

534.0

181.9

44.7

11.6

4.9

3.5

3.5

8.8

26.4

171.3

6.4

935.8

478.0

173.1

50.5

12.3

5.9

4.1

4.7

8.9

27.3

189.9

12.9

●

●

225.0

83.9

21.4

12.9

9.1

●

●

35.0

*

22.1

*

*

●

+

●

*

●

*

●

225.2

13.0

*

+

*

114.4

●

*

*

●

28.9

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,501 -4,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams orlass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

170.2

15.2

821.8

460.9

190.7

55.1

22.6

13.1

10.4

18.3

*

155.5

8.8

984.4

398.7

119.0

33.8

11.6

6.8

8.1

10.3

15.4

176.4

15.4

●

*

244.0

50.6

20.7

12.3

13.0

*

●

147.5

11.0

892.1

397.0

126.2

36.5

14.4

8.4

9.9

13.5

20.5

157.9

22.9

●

*

●

*

●

●

●

●

●

153.2

13.8

905.3

422.4

134.9

56.1

18.8

12.4

10.4

*

●

*

●

●

☛

☛

●

●

●

●

☛

23

●

●

●

●

●

1,000 grams or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,001-l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams d o........ . . . . . .

2,00 f-2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,501 -4,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001 =l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

‘ Excludes data for Massachusetts.
Table J. Percentage distribution of live births by color, birth weight, and aga of mothar: United States live-birth cohorts, JanuaryMarch 1950 and 1960

[Births for which birth weight or age of mother was not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated birth weight and age

of mother]

Age of mother

Under 20 years 20-24 years 25-29 years

Total

Color and

birth weight

--LJanuaryMarch 1960

1950’

JanuaryMarch

1950’

JanuaryMarch

1950’

JanuaryMarch

1950’

1980 1960 1960

Total Percentage distribution

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2,500 grams or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams or more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.4

92.6

0.5

0.6

1.4

4.9

18.1

.37.7

27.1

7.7

2.1

100.0

7.0

93.0

0.4

0.6

1.3

4.7

17.7

38.1

27.7

7.8

1.8

100.0

7.8

92.2

0.6

0.7

1.5

5.1

18.5

38.0

26.8

7.5

1.5

100.0

9.1

90.9

0.5

0.8

1.7

6.0

20.8

39.2

24.0

5.7

1.3

100.0

8.1

91.9

0.5

0.7

1.6

5.3

19.5

40.1

25.4

5,9

1.0

100.0

10.1

89.9

0.8

0.9

2.0

6.4

21.4

39.4

23.2

5.3

0.7

100.0

8.3

91.7

0.6

0.8

1.7

5.3

19.0

40.1

25.9

5.8

0.8

100.0

16.2

83.8

1.3

1.5

3.1

10.3

29.8

37.0

14.0

2.4

0.7

7.3

92.7

0.5

0.6

1.3

4.9

s 19.2

38.1

26.2

6.7

1.5

100.0

7.5

92.5

0.5

0.6

1.4

4.9

19.1

39.5

26.3

6.6

1.1

100.0

6.7

93.3

0.4

0.5

1.2

4.5

17.6

38.0

28.0

7.8

2.0

100.0

7.0

93.0

0.5

0.6

1,3

4.7

17.8

38.0

27.7

7.9

1,6

100.0

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.8

93.2

0.5

0.6

1.3

4.5

17.2

38.1

28.2

8.0

1.6

100.0

6.9

93.1

0.4

0.6

1.2

4.7

18.7

38.6

26.7

6.7

1.3

100.0

6.6

93.4

0.5

0.5

1.2

4.4

17.9

39.7

27.7

7.1

1.1

100.0

6.5

93.5

0.4

0.5

1.2

4.4

17.4

38.3

28,3

7.8

1.7

100.0

6.2

93.8

0.4

0.5

1.1

4.2

16.9

38.1

28.9

8.3

1.7

100.0

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AH other

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.7

90.3

0.6

0.8

1.8

6.4

20.6

35.1

23.5

7.3

3.8

12.9

87.1

1.0

1.2

2.5

8.3

25.3

37.1

18.9

4.6

1.2

12.1

87.9

0.6

1.0

2.3

8.1

24.4

36.3

19.8

&2

2.2

9.6

90.4

0.7

0.8

1.7

6.4

22.0

36.2

22.9

6.4

3.0

12.7

87.3

1.0

1.1

2.4

8.2

26.6

38.5

17.8

3.7

0.8

8.4

91.6

0.6

0.7

1.5

5.6

19.1

35.3

25.3

7.8

4.2

11.6

88.4

1.0

1.1

2.2

7.4

23.7

37.7

20.7

5.1

1.2

1,000 grams or Fess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnote at end of table.

24
Table J. Parentage distribution of live births by color, birth waight, and age of mother: United States live-birth cohorts, JanuaryMarch 1950 and 1960-Con.

[Births for which birth weight or age of mother was not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated birth weight and age

of mother]

Age of mother

30-34 years 35-39 years 4044 years

45 years

Color and and over

birth weight

January- JanuaryMarch 1960 March

19501 19501

JanuaryMarch

1950’

JanuaryMarch

19501

1960 1960 1960

Total Percentage distribution

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,OOOgrams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams m........ . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4r501gramsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

All bkthweights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams orless . . . . . .’. . . . . . . .

2,501 gr{ms or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,OOOgrams or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001-1,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501-2,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . .. o.. . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams .. m....... . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,500 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001-1,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams, . . . . . . . . ..a . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams m........ . . . . . . .

4,001 -4,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

7.5

92.5

0.6

0.6

1.4

4.9

17.1

36.0

28.2

9.0

2.2

100.0

7.7

92.3

0.5

0.6

1.5

5.0

15.9

33.7

28.8

10.3

3.7

100.0

8.0

92.0

0.6

0.6

1.6

5.2

16.4

34.4

28.5

9.9

2.8

100.0

7.7

92.3

0.4

0.6

1.6

5.1

14.9

31.9

28.1

11.4

4.9

100.0

7.5

92.5

0.4

0.6

1.5

5.0

15.0

32.3

28.4

11.5

4.5

100.0

8.3

91.7

0.5

.0.7

1.6

5.5

16.2

32.9

28.2

10.9

3.4

100.0

6.1

93.9

0.2

0.5

1.1

4.3

14.3

32.3

27.4

12.5

7.5

100.0

5.7

94.3

0.2

0.4

1.1

4.0

15.2

32.5

26.6

12.5

7.5

100.0

9.7

90.3

0.6

0.9

1.9

6.3

15.2

33.1

27.6

10.9

3.4

100.0

8.9

91.1

0.6

0.8

1.9

5.6

14.3

33.6

28.6

11.3

3.3

100.0

7.2

92.8

0.5

0.6

1.3

4.7

16.6

36.1

28.4

9.1

2.7

100.0

7.0

93.0

0.5

0.6

1.3

4.6

16.6

36.4

28.7

9.0

2.3

100.0

6.8

93.2

0.5

0.5

1.2

4.5

16.3

36.1

29.2

9.4

2.2

100.0

7.5

92.5

0.5

0.6

1.5

4.9

15.8

34.1

28.2

10.2

3.2

100.0

9.0

91.0

0.7

0.7

1.9

5,7

16.1

30.8

26.5

10.7

7.0

7.3

92.7

0.5

0.6

1.4

4.8

15.7

34.5

29.4

10.4

2.8

100.0

7.9

92.1

0.5

0.6

1.5

5.2

15.5

33.0

28.9

11.3

3.3

100.0

8.8

91.2

0.6

0.7

1.6

5.8

17.2

33.4

25.7

9.4

5.6

12.0

88.0

1.0

1.1

2.3

7.6

21,8

35.7

22.1

6.4

2.0

11.9

88.1

0.9

1.0

2.4

7.6

20.9

34.0

23.1

7.4

2.8

8.9

91.1

0.3

0.9

2.1

5.7

14.7

29.6

27.7

11.4

7.7

11.1

88.9

0.7

0.9

2.2

7.4

20.4

32.1

24.1

8.6

3.7

7.4

92.6

0.8

0.8

5.8

10.7

31.4

30.6

12.4

7.4

13.5

86.5

0.6

1.2

2.1

9.6

19.1

30.6

23.3

9.3

4.2

25

1Excludes data for Massachusetts.
magnitude of the changes for other than white

infants exceeded those for white infants:

Age of mother

Allages . . . . . . . .

Under 20 years . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . .

45 years and over . . . . . .

Change in proportion of

live births at 2,500 grams

or less, January-March

1950 to 1960

White

-0.2

+0.2

-0.3

-0.3

-0.2

-0.2

+().4

+3.2

All other

+3.2

+4.1

+3.1

+3.2

+3.2

+2.9

+2,2

+6.1

In addition to changes in the risk of neonatal

death between the two cohorts and to changes

in the proportions of low birth weight infants by

mother’s age, there have also been changes in the

distributions of live births by age of mother

(table K). Between January-March 1950 and

1960, there were increases in the proportions of

infants with mothers under 25 years among

white infants and decreases in the proportions

among all other infants. The magnitude of the

differences in distributions of live births by age

of mother probably did not greatly affect the

proportions of low birth weight infants or the

risk of neonatal death. The relatively small

changes in the distributions are applicable to

mortality rates with relatively small variation.

The magnitude of the differences in distributions by birth weight have a much greater effect

on neonatal mortality because the increases were

larger and were present in each of the components of the low birth weight groups, and these

are the most vulnerable to death.

Total-Birth Order

Apart from age of mother at time of

birth, birth order is zdso associated with the risk

of neonatal death. Data shown in this report for

the two cohorts relate to the total-birt-h order

which is defined as the number of children ever

born to mothers, including fetal deaths.

The decrement in neonatal mortality between

January-March 1950 and 1960 is reflected in

each birth order for the total group and for the

white group (table L and figure 7). For other

than white infants, decreases were apparent only

for first births and births of fifth or higher

order. Increases in the risk of neonatal death

were observed for ~second through fourth births,

which included 45 to 50 percent of the total

Table K. Percentage distribution of live births by age of mother and color: United States live-birth cohorts, January-March 1950 and

1960

[Btis forwhich age of motherwasnot statedaredutriiuted in proportion to thosewith statedage of mother.]

Age of mother

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4044 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45 years And over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

12.3

31.8

28.6

16.7

8.3

2.2

0.1

100.0

13.9

33.5

25.7

16.2

8.5

2.2

0.1

Percentage distribution

100.0 I100.0

10.7 12.8

31.6 33.9

28.5 26.2

17.3 16.3

8.5 8.5

2.2 2.2

0.1 0.1

All other

100.0

21.9

32.5

22.9

13.1

7.4

1.9

0.2

100.0

20.3

31.5

22.9

15.1

8.0

2.1

0.1

1Excludes data for Massachusetts.

-.

26
Table L. Risk of neonatal death and percentage distribution of live births by total-birth order and color: United States live-birth

cohorts, January-March 1950 and 1960

[Births anddeathsforwhichbirthorderwas not statedaredistributedinproportionto thosewithstatedb@tlsorder]

Total-birth order]

All birth orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Third . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fourth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fifthandover, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allbirthordars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Third . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fourth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fifthandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total White All other

January- January- JanuaryMarch 1960 March 1960 March 1960

19502 19502 19502

Rateperl,OOOlive births

20.0 18.4 18.9 16.9 26.7 26.7

19.1 16.4 17.8 15.0 28.9 25.7

17.8 17.4 16,9 16.1 25.4 27.2

19.7 17.1 19.3 15.9 22.3 25.8

21.1 18.4 20.3 17.2 25.0 25.4

26.9 23.5 26.0 21.8 29.1 28.0

Percentage distribution

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

31.2 25.4 32.3 26,2 24.6 21.0

30.0 23.8 31.3 24.8 21.9 18.3

17.1 19.0 17.3 19.6 16.2 15.3

8.7 12.6 8.3 12.7 10.8 12.1

13.0 19.3 10.8 16.7 26.4 33.4

1Total-birth ordar refers to numbar of children ever born to this mother including fetal deaths.

2Excludes deta for Massachusetts.

bkthsofotherthan white infants. The netresult

of the increases and decreases for this group resultedin no change inthe overall rate.

Another significant change occurred between

the January-March 1950 and 1960 cohorts. In

the earlier cohort, neonatal mortality was higher

for first births than for second births, but in the

later cohort it was lower for first births than

second births among both color groups.

Simultaneously with the changes in neonatal

mortality by total-birth order which were just

described, there have also been changes in the

distributions of live births by birth order

(table L). The data indicate a decrease in the

proportions of first and second births and

increases in the remaining higher order

births–a pattern which applied to white births

as well. For other than white births, the decreases were apparent for first, second, and third

births.

Closely associated with total-birth order is

age of mother at time of birth. When the

risks of neonatal death were derived for crossclassifications of age of mother and total-birth

order, the increments in mortality between the

two cohorts were highlighted (table M). Decreases in mortality were apparent throughout

the distribution for white infants only. For all

other infants, there were increases in mortality

in a number of instances, chiefly in higher birth

orders. Further comparisons of the risk of death

between the two cohorts using total-birth order

and birth weight are precluded by the unavailability of live-birth data containing these variables.

Cause of Death

Changes in neonatal mortality which occurred

between the two study periods were also examined in relation to causes of death. Rates are

shown by cause, weight at birth, and color in

27
30 r

TOTAL

15

110

5

1

30

r

WHITE

25

?

I’&

~J

●**.+

E 20 ,$,.8+

Y &

I

,..muna.mt..,,,,***8n”s”s”

0

0

15 **,,,*,*,*

0-

.

20

15

10

1

- January-March !1950

5

,,,,,,, 1960

0, ~

Ist 2d 3d 4th 5th

and over

TOTAL-BIRTHOROER

Figure 7. Risk of neonatal death by total-birth order and colon

United States live-birth cohorts, January-March 1950 and

1960.

table N. For all infants, there were relatively

large increases in mortality for two categories:

postnatal asphyxia and atelectasis (ICD cause

number 762) and ill-defined diseases peculiar to

early infancy (772, 773). These increases were,

in part, due to a change in the coding of causes

of death between the Sixth and Seventh Revisions of the International Statistical Classijicai$on of Diseases, Injura”es, and Causes of Death.

Some of the deaths which were allocated to ICD

category 774, Immaturity with mention of any

other subsidiary condition, and to one of the

causes in the residual category in the JanuaryMarch 1950 cohort, were allocated to the two

cause groups mentioned above (762 and 772,

773) in the 1960 cohort. However, tlie combined increase in categories 762 and 772,773

(1.8 per 1,000) was more than double the

decrease in the other categories combined (0.7

per 1,000). This increase exceeds the amount

which would be expected from coding changes

alone. Not much significance can be attached to

minor changes in mortality between the two

periods because of more subtle changes in the

allocation to causes of death using the two

classifications.

When the data are separated for white and all

other infants, it appears that for white infants

there were decreases in mortality due to -congenial malformations (750-759), certain

diseases of early infancy (760-776), and causes

in the residual category. In the subclassifications, the only increases were in the two

groups most severely affected by the changes in

coding procedures.

Among other than, white infants, in addition

to the changes noted for white infants, there

were small increases between the two cohorts in

a number of categories whose combined effect

was equal to decreases in other categories, with

the result that there was no change in the overall

rate (26.7). The greatest increases were for

postnatal asphyxia and atelectasis and for illd~fined diseases peculiar to early infancy (3.2

per 1,000)–the same categories for which there

were large increases for white infants.

The risk of death by cause for the total group

is largely a reflection of the patterns for the 7.8

percent of the infants weighing 2,500 grams or

28
Table M. Risk of neonatal death by color, age of mother, and total-birth order: United States live-birth cohorts, January-March 1950

and 1960

[Births and deaths for wJdch age of mother and birth order were not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated age of

Total

T

JanuaryMarch 1980

1950s

mother and birth order]

Total-birth order2

First Second Third

January- January- JanuaryMarch 1960 March 1980 March 1960

1950’ 19503 19503

Fourth I Fifth andover

Color and

age of motherl

JanuaryMarch

1950’

JanuaryMatch

19503

1960 1960

Total Rate par 1,000 live births

All ages . . .

15-19 yaars . . . .

20-24 years . . . .

25-29 years . . . .

30-34 years . . . .

35-39 years . . . .

4044 years . . . .

White

All ages . . .

15-19 years . . . .

20-24 years . . . .

25-29 years . . . .

30-34 years . . . .

35-39 years . . . .

40-44 years . . . .

All other

All ages . . .

15-19 yaars . . . .

20-24 years . . . .

25-29 years . . . .

30-34 years . . . .

35-39 years . . . .

4044 yaars . . . .

20.0 18.4 19.1 16.4 17.8 17.4 19.7 17.1 21.1 18.4 26.9 23.5 —

23.8

19.0

17.6

20.0

23.6

27.2

18.9

22.7

17.3

16.6

18.3

19.7

23.1

16,9

21.2

16.6

17.3

24.1

28.7

30.9

17.8

18.9

13.6

14.5

20.9

24.5

28.0

15.0

28.1

18.2

14.3

16.1

20.3

25.3

16.9

28.7

15.8

13.8

16.0

19.3

25.0

16.1

35.3

22.0

17.7

16.9

19.8

26.4

19.3

34.4

18.7

14.4

14.4

17.0

21.7

15.9

45.2

24.9

19.6

18.8

21.5

23.6

20.3

*

25.9

18.8

18.5

20.1

22.1

25.0

39.9

23.2

16.6

15.9

17.1

18.9

17.2

36.1

22.1

15.7

15.1

16.3

18.4

25.4

*

35.8

25.5

25.5

26.1

28.0

26.0

●

37.5

25.9

24.4

24.9

26.5

29.1

65.4

32.7

23.2

22.1

21.1

23.9

21.8

71.5

31.0

22.0

20.6

19.6

22.5

28.0

22.3

18.0

16.7

18.9

22.6

26.1

26.7

28.3

24.8

24.6

28.7

29.9

35.0

20.4

15.9

15.3

17.0

18.4

22.0

26.7

19.8

15,5

16.4

22.3

28.1

29.8

28.9

26.6

27.7

31.8

49.2

*

●

17.3

12.8

13.5

19.4

22.7

27.8

25.7

27.2

17.5

14.0

15.2

20.2

26.3

25.4

26.3

15.0

13.1

15.2

18.4

24.8

27.2

35.8

22.7

22.4

25.3

30.1

*

41.4

22.5

17.1

16.8

19.9

25.5

22.3

31.7

17.7

13.6

13.7

16.2

20.9

25.8

25.8

22.0

24.7

35.8

41.7

*

28.9

23.5

20.3

32.6

*

*

28.6

20.5

23.9

18.7

●

*

38.0

24.0

22.3

23.3

28.0

33.5

43.2

22.9

23.6

21.7

38.3

*

43.7

26.1

22.2

24.1

25.7

26.3

●

34.3

24.9

28.7

30.3

34.5

60.4

35.1

26.0

26.8

26.6

29.4

30.9

25.3

24.2

26.4

27.3

29.4

i Data for mothers under 15 years and 45 years end over are not shown separately, but are included in the totals for the cohort

groups.

2Total-birth order refers to number of children ever born to this mother including fetal deaths.

a Excludes data for Massachusetts.

less at birth. Most of the deaths are among low

birth weight infants, and they have the greatest

Age at Death

effect on the rates for all infa-nts. The rates by All data representing the risk of death which

cause for infants weighing more than 2,500 have been presented to this point relate to the

grams are of less influence on the total group. neonatal period as a whole. The risk of death is

29
Table N. Risk of neonatal death by birth weight, cause of death, and color: United States live-birth cohorts, JanuaryMarch 1950 and 1960

[Births and deaths for which birth weight was not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated buth weight]

Birth weight and cause of death

(Seventh Revision of the International Lists, 1955)

All birth weights

All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . . . 750-759

Certain diseasesof early infancy . . . . . 760-776

Birth injuries , . . . . . . . . . , . .760,761

Intracranial and spinal injury . . . . 760

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxia and atelectasis . . . . . 762

Pneumonia of newborn . . , . . . . . . . 763

Diarrhea of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . 764

Other infections of newborn . . . . . 765-768

Neonatal disorders arising from maternal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 769

Hemolytic disease of newborn

(erythroblastosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn . . . . . 771

Illdefined diseasespeculiar to early infancy including nutritional maladjustment .772, 773

Immaturity with mention of any other

subsidiary condition . . . . . . . . . . 774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . 776

All other causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual

2,500 grams or less

All causes . . .’ . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . . 750-759

Certain diseasesof early infancy . . . . . 760-776

Birth injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . .760,761

Intracranial and spinal injury . . . . 760

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxia and atelectasis . . . . . 762

Pneumonia of newborn . . . . . . . . . . 763

Diarrhea of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . 764

Other infections of newborn . . . . . 765-768

Neonatal disorders arising from maternal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..769

Total

JanuaryMarch 1960

19501

20.0

2.5

15.9

3,2

1.4

1.8

3.6

0.8

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.6

0.2

0.8

0.2

5.7

1.6

173.7

“ 11.4

157.2

23.3

6.5

16.8

33.6

4.5

1.0

0.4

3.5

White

JanuaryMarch 1960

19501

Rate per 1,000 live births

18.4

2.3

15.2

2.4

0.7

1.6

4.5

0.8

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.5

0.1

1.7

0.2

4.5

0.9

171.6

11.0

156.7

21.4

5.0

16.4

46.6

4.3

0.4

1.0

2.0

18.9

2.7

15.0

3.2

1.4

1.9

3.5

0.7”

0.’1

0.1

0.3

0.7

0.2

0.7

0.2

5.3

1.1

175.8

12,9

159.2

25.9

6.6

19.2

34.9

4.1

0.8

*

3.7

16.9

2.4

13.7

2.3

0.7

1.6

4.1

0.6

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.5

0.1

1.5

0.2

3.9

0.7

177.4

12.8

161.3

24.1

5.2

18.9

48.4

3.7

0.2

0.9

2.1

All other

I

JanuaryMarch 1960

19501

26.7

1.6

20.9

3.2

1.8

1.4

4.0

1.7

0.3

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.4

1.7

0.2

8.6

4.1

164.7

5.1

148.6

12.3

6.0

6.3

28.0

6.3

1.8

*

2.4

26.7

~

1.8

22.9

2,7

1.1

1.6

6.!3

1.8

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.3

2.4

0.4

7.6

2.0

154.8

5.8

143.3

13.6

4.5

9.1

41.6

5.9

1.0

1.4

1.7

Seefootnote at end of table.

30
Table N. Risk of neonatal death by birth weight, cause of death, and color: United States live-birth cohorts, JanuaryMarch 1950 and 1960–Con.

[Birthsand deaths for which birth weight was not stated are distributed in proportion to those with stated birth weight]

Birth weight and cause of death

(Seventh Revision of the International Lists, 1955)

2,500 grams or less–Con.

Hemolytic disease of newborn

(erythroblastosis) . . . , . . . . . . . . 770

(Hemorrhagic disease of newborn . . . . . 771

111-defined diseasespeculiar to early infancy including nutritional maladjustment .772,773

Immaturity with mention of any other

subsidiary condition . . . . . . . . . . 774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . 776

All other causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual

2,501 grams or more

All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . . 750-759

Certain diseasesof early infancy . . . . . 760-776

Birth injuries . . . . . . . .. . . . .760,761

Intracranial and spinal injury . . . . 760

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxia and atelectasis . . . . . 762

Pneumonia of newborn . . . . . . . . . . 763

Diarrhea of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . 764

Other infections of newborn . . . . . 765-768

Neonatal disorders arising from maternal

toxemia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 769

Hemolytic disease of newborn

(erythroblastosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn . . . . . 771

ill-defined diseasespeculiar to early infancy including nutritional maladjustment .772,773

Immaturity with mention of any other

subsidiary condition . . . . . . . . . . 774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . 776

All other causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual

Total

JanuaryMarch

19501

1960

White

JanuaryMarch 1960

19501

All other

JanuaryMarch

19501

1960

3.1

1.5

8.3

2.9

75.1

5.1

7.8

1.8

4.7

1.7

1.0

0.7

1.2

0.6

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.5

0.2

0.2

0.0

0.2

1.2

Rate per 1,000 live births

2.4

0.9

18.2

3.0

56.5

3.9

5.5

1.6

3.2

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.9

0.5

0.8

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.1

0.3

0.0

0.1

0.7

3.6

1.4

7.8

3.1

73.7

3.7

7.1

1.9

4.3

1.6

1.0

0.6

1.1

0.5

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.5

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.2

0.9

3.0

0.9

18.9

3.0

56.2

3.2

5.1

1.6

2.9

0.7

0.3

0.3

0.9

0.4

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.4

0.1

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.6

*

2.0

10.8

2.1

81.0

10.9

11.9

1.3

7.3

2.3

1.4

0.9

1.5

1.2

0.2

*

*

0.2

0.3

0.7

*

0.5

3.2

0.7

0.9

16.2

3.0

57.4

5.7

7.7

1.2

5.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

1.3

1.2

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.4

*

0.2

1.5

I Excludes data for Massaclr Usett;

-31
not uniform throughout the first morlth of life,

and the changes between January-March 1950

and 1960 are, likewise, not uniform by age

(table O). In this table, the rates shown for each

age group are based on the number of survivors

at the beginning of each age interval. This was

done to make a direct comparison of the risks of

death in each age group between the two

cohorts.

For the total births, mortality was lower for

the 1960 cohort than for the earlier cohort in

each age interval except 1-23 hours; the same

pattern prevailed for white infants. For all other

infants, the decreases were limited to the age

groups from 2 days through the end of the

neonatal period. Furthermore, the increases

were limited to the low birth weight group. For

infants weighing mo,re than 2,500 grams, there

were decreases between the two cohorts in every

age interval.

In presenting these data, attention must be

drawn to the inappropriateness of comparing the

rates for time intervals of unequal length without adjusting for the differences in the periods

of exposure to death. For example, for the 1960

cohort the rate for the first hour of life is shown

as 1.8 per 1,000 live births for all races and

describes the risk of death for only 1 hour

(table O). At the other end of the age scale, the

risk of death at age 14 through 27 days is 1.0

per 1,000 infants alive at the beginning of that

age interval, and the period includes 672 hours

of exposure to possible death. If an adjustment

were made for the length of exposure, the

hourly risk in the first hour of life would be

much higher in relation to the hotirly risk in the

last 2 weeks of the neonatal period, somewhat

of the order of a ratio of 1,210 to 1. However,

since the purpose of the present report is to

compare experience of the January-March 1950

with the 1960 cohort, this adjustment was not

made in table O.

DISCUSSION

The results of the comparison of neonatal

mortality among the January-March 1950 and

the 1960 live-birth cohorts demonstrate important relationships between neonatal mortality

and factors apparent at birth. In table P, relative

ratios are presented to compare the levels of the

rates for a number of characteristics with a

common base for each cohort. The rate for each

birth cohort is set equal to 1.00, and the ratios

of the rates to the base rate are shown in the last

two columns. For example, in the JanuaryMarch 1950 live-birth cohort, white infants

experienced neonatal mortality which was 95

percent of the level of the total rate. In other

words, their mortality was 5 percent below the

overall rate. The 1960 cohort showed a greater

range between the rates for white and all other

infants (0.92 versus 1.45 ) compared with the

January-March 1950 cohort (0.95 versus 1.34).

Thus, in a relative sense, the two groups were

farther apart in 1960 than in January-March

1950.

Differentials by sex remained fairly stable.

For the January-March 1950 cohort, male

infants experienced mortality which was 14

percent above the overall rate. Neonatzd mortality for female infants was 14 percent below the

rate for the two sexes combined. For each of the

sexes, there was virtually no change between the

two cohorts in their relation to overall neonatal

mortality.

Infants born of plural deliveries are subject to

a much higher risk of death than are single

births. In the earlier cohort, the neonatal mortality of single born infants was 8 percent below

the overall experience. In sharp contrast, neonatal mortality among infants born of plural

deliveries was five times the overall rate. For

single births, the relative position remained

unchanged between the two cohorts, but for

plural births the ratio was higher in the later

cohort. This observation may be related to

improved prenatal survival, accompanied by

elevated postnatal mortality. Two explanations

have been offered to account for this phenomenon: one obstetrical, the other statistical. From

the obstetrical viewpoint, it is contended that

relatively more infants of this weight class who

formerly died in utero may now survive to be

delivered as live births; however, because of their

physiological immaturity, they succumb soon

after delivery. From the statistical viewpoint, it

is contended that registration of very small

infants has improved during the decade, and the

increase in the ratios in the later cohort maybe

due to improved registration of very small

32
Table O. Probability of neonatal death by birth weight, age at death, and color: United States live-birth cohorts,

January-March 1950 and 1960

[Births and deaths for which birth weight was not stated aredistributed in proportion to those with stated birth weight]

Total White All other

Birth weight and

age at death

JanuaryMarch

19501

JanuaryMarch

19501

JanuaryMarch

19501

1960 1960

I

All birth weiahts Rate per 1,000 survivors

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. I day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.0 18.4 18.9 16.9 26.7 26.7

20.0

7.7

3.0

2.0

2.6

1.4

1.5

173.7

1.8

8.4

2.7

1.8

1.9

1.0

1.0

171.6

2.0

7.3

2.9

2.0

2.4

1.2

1.3

175.8

1.7

7.7

2.5

1.7

1.7

0.8

0.8

177.4

2.4

9.6

3.6

2.3

4.0

2.4

2.7

164.7

15.0

73.9

24.2

13.6

23.0

13.3

13.1

11.9

2.4

12.0

3.8

2.1

2.8

1.7

2.2

154.8

14.2

80.1

23.9

13.0

15.8

8.7

8.3

7.7

2,500gramsorless

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 gramsor more

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under lhour .

l-23hours . .

lday . . . . .

2days . . . .

3-6days . . .

7-13days . . .

14-27 days . .

18.4

81.1

29.2

18.2

21.0

10.3

8.1

7.8

17.7

90.3

28.5

17.6

16.8

7.1

5.0

5.5

19.2

82.7

30.4

19.3

20.6

9.6

6.9

7.1

18.9

93.8

30.1

19.2

17.2

6.5

3.9

All ages 5.1

Under 1 hour .

1-23 hours . .

Iday . . . . .

2days . . . .

3-6 days . . .

7-13 days , , ,

14-27 days . .

0.7

1.9

1.1

0.9

1.4

0.8

1.0

0.5

1.6

0.8

0.6

0.8

0.5

0.7

0.7

1.8

1.0

0.8

1.2

0.7

0.9

0.5

1.5

0.7

0.6

0.7

0.5

0.6

1.0

2.8

1.6

1.2

2.2

1.4

1.7

0.6

2.0

1.0

0.7

1.1

0.8

1.4

1Excludes deta for Massachusetts.

~Survivors are ihose children in each specified group who-were alive at the beginning of each age interval.

33
Table P. Risk of neonatal death and ratio to base rate for selected characteristics: United States live-birth cohorts,

January-March 1950 and 1960

Characteristic

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Color

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

—Sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Plurality

Single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Birthweight

l,OOOgramsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001-l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501-3,000grams . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . .

3,001-3,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,501-4,000grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001-4,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 gramsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Period of gestation

Under 28weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28-31 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32-35 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37weeks And over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Risk of death

3z_k_

Rate per 1,000

live births

20.0

18.9

26.7

22.7

17.1

18.3

98.6

871.8

551.3

211.0

50.4

12.6

6.7

5.6

7.5

14.2

788.4

379.4

121.3

18.4

8.8

18.4

16.9

26.7

20.8

15.8

16.7

100.6

912.8

521.5

180.6

41.4

9.9

4.7

3.6

4.2

8.7

798.1

396.3

110.5

29.0

6.6

Ratio to total rate

F

Ratio to rate

for total

1.00

.95

1.34

1.14

.86

.92

4.93

43.59

27.57

10.55

2.52

.63

.34

.28

.38

.71

39.42

18.97

6.07

.92

.44

1.00

.92

1.45

1.13

.86

.91

5.47

49.61

28.34

9.82

2.25

.54

.26

.20

.23

.47

43.38

21.54

6.01

1.58

.36

See footnote at end of table.

34
Table P. Risk of neonatal death and ratio to base rate for selected characteristics: Unitad States liva-birth cohorts,

January-March 1950 and 1960–Con.

Characteristic

Age of mother

Under 20years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30.34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35m39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40.44years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total-birth order

First, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Third . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fourth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fifthandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*Excludes data for Massachusetts.

infants, many of whom die soon after birth.

Presently, these two possibilities cannot be

unraveled.

The ratios by birth weight achieved the

highest magnitude of any of theratios for other

characteristics. For each weight group up

through 2,500 grams, neonatal mortality was

higher than the rate for the overall group. For

infants above that weight, the risk of neonatal

death is roughly between 30 and 80 percent

below overall mortality.

One notable difference between the two

cohorts is the higher ratio for the 1960 cohort

than for the earlier cohort among infants who

weighed 1,500 grams or less at birth. This

observation reflects a greater concentration of

neonatal mortality in this weight range in the

later cohort and may be associated with the

obstetrical reason or statistical artifact which

was mentioned in the preceding paragraph.

Risk of death

*

Rate per 1,000

live births

24.1

19.0

17.6

20.0

23.6

27.2

32.4

19.1

17.8

19.7

21.1

26.9

22.9

17.3

16.6

18.3

19.7

23.1

31.3

16.4

17.4

17.1

18.4

23.5

Rat io to total rate

T

Ratio to rate

for total

1.21

.95

.88

1.00

1.18

1.36

1.62

.96

.89

.99

1.06

1.35

1.24

.94

.90

.99

1.07

1.26

1.70

.89

.95

.93

1.00

1.28

Com~arinrz the experience of the 1960 cohort

with’ that “of the J&-mary-March 1950 cohort, it

would seem that the relative survival of the

group weighing 1,500 grams or more at birth has

improved, while the situation for those weighing

less is inconclusive.

Relative ratios are presented in table Q for

white and all other infants separately for a

selected group of characteristics. The ratios are

presented first in relation to the rates for the

overall group, and then for each of the two color

groups in relation to the overall rates for that

particular group. This approach permits the

comparison of the rates for white infants and all

other infants with the total experience and of

the subgroups of each color group to its own

experience. As was anticipated, the ratios repeat

relationships which have already been noted;

i.e., there was comparatively little change in the

relative positions of the sexes in the two

35
Table Q. Risk of neonatal death and ratios to specified base rates for selected characteristics, by color: Unitad States live-birth cohorts,

[tern

WHITE

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

—Sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Plurality

Single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Birth weight

l,OOOgramsorlass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001-l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501-3,000grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001-3,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001-4,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501gramsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ageofmother

Under20years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4044years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total-birth order

First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Third . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fourth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fifthandovar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Jenuary-March 1950 and1960

Risk of death

.lanuaryMarch 1960

19501

Rate per 1,000

live births

18.9

21.6

16.0

17.3

94.4

883.3

562.1

214.6

50.6

12.0

6.2

4.9

6.7

12.0

22.4

18.0

16.7

18.9

22.6

26.1

30.2

17.8

16.9

19.3

20.3

26.0

16.9

19.2

14.4

15.3

96.0

924.1

555.1

198.4

45.0

10.1

4.4

3.3

3.6

7.7

20.4

15.9

15.3

17a

18.4

22.0

31.8

15.0

16.1

i 5.9

17.2

21.8

Ra~io to total group

JanqaryMarch

1950’

(Base

20.0=1.00)

.95

1.08

.80

.87

4.72

44.17

28.11

10.73

2.53

.60

.31

.25

.34

.60

1.12

.90

.84

,95

1.13

1.31

1.51

.89

.85

.97

1.02

1.30

1960

(Base

18.4=1.00)

.92

1.04

.78

$3

5.22

50,22

30.17

10.78

2.45

.55

.24

.18

.20

.42

1.11

.86

.83

.92

1.00

1.20

1.73

.82

.88

.86

.93

1.18

Ratio to color group

JanuaryMarch

19501

(Base

18.9 = 1.00)

1.00

1.14

.85

.92

4.99

46.74

28.74

11.35

2.68

.63

.33

.26

.35

.63

1.19

.95

.88

1.OQ

1.20

1.38

1.60

.94

.89

1.02

1.07

1.38

1960

(Base

16.9 = 1.00)

1.00

1.14

.85

.91

5.68

54.68

32.85

11.74

2.66

.60

.26

.20

.21

.46

1.21

.94

,91

1.01

1.09

1.30

1.88

.89

.95

.94

1.02

1.29

See footnote at end of table.

36
Table Q. Risk ofneonatal death andratios tospecifid base rates forseletied characteristic, by color: United Stataslive-birth cohorts,

January-March 1950 and 1960–Con.

Item

ALL OTHER

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Plurality

Single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Birth weight

l,OOOgramsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001-l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,501-2,000grams ..,... . . . . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,5C)l-3,000grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001-3,500grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,501-4,000grams .,..... . . . . . . . . .

4,0014,5009rams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501gramsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Age of mother

Under 20years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25.29 years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4044yaars, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45years And over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total-birth order

First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Third . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fourth, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fifthandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1Excludes data for Massachusetts.

Risk of death

I

JanuaryMarch 1960

19501

Rate per 1,000

live births

26.7

29.4

23.9

24.4

118.0

821.4

507.0

195.7

49.5

15.4

9.7

10.5

12.5

20.2

28.6

24.8

24.6

28.7

29.9

35.0

*

28.9

25.4

22.3

25.0

29.1

26.7

29.9

23.5

24.2

118.7

883.7

434.2

13Q.3

30.7

9.4

6.4

6.6

10.1

16.3

31.4

25.3

24.2

26.4

27.3

29.4

28.9

25.7

27.2

25.8

25.4

28,0

Ratio to total group

March

1950’

(Base

20.0 = 1.00)

1.34

1.47

1.20

1.22

5.90

41.07

25.35

9.79

2.48

.77

.49

.53

.63

1.01

1.43

1.24

1.23

1.44

1.50

1.75

. . .

1.45

1.27

1.12

1.25

1.46

1960

(8ase

18.4=1.00)

1.45

1.62

1.28

1.32

6.45

48.03

23.60

7.08

1.67

.51

.35

.36

.55

.89

1.71

1.37

1.32

1.43

1.48

1.60

1.57

1.40

1.48

1.40

1.38

1.52

Rat~ to color group

JanuaryMarch

1950’

26.7 = 1.00)

1.00

1.10

.90

.91

4.42

30.76

18.99

7.33

1.85

.58

.36

.39

.47

.76

1.07

.93

.92

1.07

1.12

1.31

. . .

1.08

.95

.84

.94

1.09

1960

(Base

26.7 = 1.00)

1.00

1.12

.88

.91

4.45

33.10

16.26

4.88

1.15

.35

.24

.25

.38

.61

1.18

.95

.91

.99

1.02

1.10

1.08

.96

1.02

.97

.95

1.05

37
cohorts, and there was a suggestion of less

favorable relative positions in the later cohort

for infants born in plural sets, infants of very

low birth weight (1,5 00 grams or less), and

infants born to mothers 45 years or older. Thus,

the same conclusions are reached whether the

base rate is that for total live births or for each

color group.

The report highlights some of the high risk

groups which remained resistant to sizable

decreases between the January-March 1950 and

the 1960 cohorts. For example, despite significant decreases in the risk of neonatal death in

almost all birth weight groups, the risk of

neonatal death for other than white infants asa

whole failed to show a change: It was 26.7 per

1,000 live births for both cohorts. This figure

was 34 percent higher than the overall rate in

the earlier cohort and 45 percent higher than

the overzdIrate for the later cohort.

Male infants experienced a higher risk of

neonatal death than their female counterparts

for infants of both color groups and in both

cohorts. Infants born of plural deliveries experienced very high neonatal mortality compared

with single infants in both cohorts as well.

The highest relative risk of neonatal death was

for infants of low birth weight. Because of the

extremely high magnitude of the relative risk,

the total rate was markedly affected even when

small changes occurred in the distributions of

live births by weight at birth. The data from the

present study can be used to consider which of

the two factors could have had a greater

statistical effect on the differences in the overall

rates between the two cohorts. For illustration,

adjusted rates are computed under two different

assumptions to gauge how the rates would have

varied in the two cohorts if (a) the weight

distributions had been identical, but the mortality rates varied, and (b) the rates had been

identical, but the weight distributions varied.

Which of these two alternatives could theoretically have caused the greatest variation in the

adjusted rates by color in the two cohorts?

The statistical effect on neonatal mortality of

changes in distributions by weight at birth can

be examined using the birth weight distributions

shown in table E in conjunction with the overall

neonatal mortality rates for the total 1960

cohort (table D). The hypothetical neonatal

mortality rates which were obtained were as

follows :

Color group

January-March

1950

~o

Total . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 19.0

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 16.9

All other . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 28.6

With only one set of neonatal mortality rates

(1960 cohort rates), but with the actual

observed distributions of live births by birth

weight for the two cohorts, the rates for the

four detailed cells varied from 16.1 to 28.6.

These rates reflect the potential influence of

birth weight distributions, since the mortality

rates were identical for all groups. This range

(16.1 to 28.6) demonstrates the marked statistical effect of actual distributions of infants by

weight at birth on neonatal mortality rates.

Similarly, one could simulate the alternative

situation by using a single distn”bution of live

births by weight at birth, but with the observed

risks of neonatal death for the four groups

shown in the previous paragraph. In this

instance, one obtains an understanding of the

statistical effect of the variations in mortality

rates on a constant distribution of birth weights

(1960 total live births):

Color group

January-March

1950

1960

Total . . . . . . . . . . 22.0 19.0

White, . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 19.5

Another. , . . . . . . . . . 24,5 18,8

Using the single base of live births and the

observed II(?OI_IZL~dl rates, the rates vaned from

18.8 to 24.5. This range is smaller than that

obtained when the rates were held constant and

the birth weight distributions varied. It would

seem, therefore, that the observed differences in

the distributions of births by weight group

exerted a greater influence on differential in the

risk of neonatal death than did observed variations in the weight-specific neonatal mortality

rates.

In considering the practical implications of

these findings with regard to birth weight, two

possibilities present themselves. On the one

38
hand, one could attempt (through prevention or

therapy) to reduce mortality among newborn

infants, particularly low birth weight infants.

However, since the great majority of neonatal

deaths are due to causes for which there are no

glowing solutions, this approach has not been

fruitful, until the present. Because there are no

simple mass preventive measures such as treatment of water supplies or mass inoculation

procedures which are effective, progress will

necessarily be slow.

As a second alternative, one might attempt to

alter the birth weight distributions of newborn

infants. This goal could theoretically be achieved

by preventing preterm delivery, but this has also

proven to be a difficult objective to achieve.

However, another alternative has recently been

recommended. In a recent report, the Committee on Maternal Nutrition of the National

Academy of Sciences took cognizance of varying

obstetric practices with regard to the restriction

of weight gain among pregnant women. 11 The

report stated:

Current obstetric practice in the United States tends to

restrict weight gain during pregnancy. In view of the

evidence available, one may raise the question of whether

the practice is in effect contributing to the large number

of low birth weight infants to the perinatal- and infantmortality rates.

Elsewhere in the same report, the Committee

concluded:

An average gain in weight during pregnancy of 24 pounds

(range of 20 to 25 pounds) is considered reasonable. . . .

Limiting the weight gain of normal women to 10 to 14

pounds is not justified; because of the possibility of

adverse effects on birth weight and neurological development, weight-reduction programs and severe caforic restriction should not be undertaken.

The interrelationship of maternal and infant

health implies that epidemiological studies

recognize the continuum of pregnancy.l 2 This

concept embraces all factors relating to the

mother, the fetus, and the newborn infant as a

continuous process of reproduction from the

time of conception until some specified time

following birth. It advocates that reproduction

should not be separated conceptually into two

periods which are separated by the birth of the

infant. The effect of such a unified philosophy is

to bring the specialties of obstetrics and pediatrics into closer cooperation. In practice, this

implies that obstetricians will make prenatal

information available to pediatricians. In

some hospitals, pediatri~ians are present in

delivery rooms before babies are delivered. Such

closer cooperation is advocated because of the

possible effect which prenatal or intranatal care

of the mother may have on the fetus and infant.

Elements of maternal care such as prenatal

weight gain, medications and drugs which are

taken during pregnancy, prenatal infective

diseases, or the use of anesthesia during the

intrapartum period must be considered from the

viewpoint of their effects on the fetus and infant

as well as on the mother.

Baird and his associates 3‘1 8 have extended

the concept of continuum of pregnancy to

include the developing years of the mother as

well. Studies which have included the height of

the mother, her husband’s and father’s social

class, and her nutrition have espoused the

philosophy that the best reproductive results are

among groups of women whose youthful development is most favorable to a healthful physicaI

and social state. This view includes the importance of the well being of the potential mother

from the time of her birth through the period of

her growth and development, with conception

occurring at those ages which portend the best

outcome for mother and infant, with adequate

prenatal care, and with delivery under auspicious

conditions. Birth weight is an important illustration of this point. On the one hand, it can be

viewed as an endpoint of the mother’s health

and physical development, while, on the other

hand, it can be viewed as a characteristic of the

beginning of an infant’s extrauterine life, and

can be closely associated with infant survival and

well-being.

AREAS FOR FURTHER STUDY

The present comparisons suggest a number of

areas which need further research and are

amenable to epidemiologic or demographic

studies.

Weight Gain

Among the areas requiring definitive evaluation is the effect of modification of the recommended weight gain of pregnant women on the

birth weight, neurological state, and mortality of

39
their infants. Such a study is a natural outgrowth of the recommendation of the National

Academy ofSciences.11

Birth Weight, Race, and Socioeconomic Level

Another hypothesis which is in need of

testing is the relationship of socioeconomic

factors and food and nutrient intakes to the

birth weight of infants in both color groups.

There is a significant difference between the

mean birth weight of these two groups of infants

in the United States. It is not clear whether the

difference is due entirely to either socioeconomic or biological factors, or to a combination of the two factors. While some investigators

may feel that the resolution of such questions

are relatively unimportant,l g an answer to this

question would greatly clarify the methods

needed to modify the birth weight differentials

between these groups of infants. In view of the

complexities of other sociological and human

physiological factors, it would indeed be surprising if the difference in mean birth weight

between white and all other infants could be

attributable in to to to either of these two

factors.

The evidence with regard to the interrelationships is not entirely conclusive. Data published

annually in this country have shown differentials

in infant and neonatal. mortality and in birth

weight between white and all other infants.z 0

Since “all other” infants are composed of about

90 percent Negroes, the contrast is therefore

broadly interpreted on a racial basis; i.e., Caucasian compared with Negro infants. However, the

classification by color (or race) is confounded

with socioeconomic differentials because of the

high correlation between race and socioeconomic level. Other studies have further documented the inverse relationship between infant

mortality and socioeconomic level (as determined from the father’s occupation group) even

when the data are limited only to white

infants.z I~22 Data from New York City have

demonstrated similar socioeconomic gradients

within both of these groups,z 3 and similar

results have been reported from North Carolina

when the mother’s education was used as the

indicator of socioeconomic level.z4 The evidence

which is presently available indicates that there

is an inverse association between mean birth

weight and socioeconomic level as well as

between infant mortality and socioeconomic

level, and these relationships are present for

both color groups.

As yet unanswered is the following question:

If the differences in birth weight which are

attributable to socioeconomic differences were

eliminated, would differences still exist in the

mean birth weight between racial groups?

Studies from the State of Hawaii25‘27 have

documented differences in mean birth weight

for several racial groups such as Caucasian,

Japanese, Hawaiian, and Filipino; and a study of

birth weight of infants born in Sweden and in

the United States have shown significant differences.z 8 However, the relationship of socioeconomic levels to these findings is unclear.

There is virtually no information available

concerning racial differences in birth weight of

equal socioeconomic levels for thk country. A

frequently expressed need for future research in

this area is the need for a simple standardized

indicator of socioeconomic level similar to the

five-class grouping of social classes used by

British vital statisticians. The introduction of

completed years of education on the 1968

Revisions of the Standard Certificates of Live

Birth and Fetal Death may provide this vehicle.

While the lack of such information should not

deter the deliberate solution of problems related

to socioeconomic differentials, increased information regarding racial differences between

similar socioeconomic levels would clarify the

goals which the Nation could expect to achieve.

Birth Weight and Gestation

At approximately 10-year intervals, the

Surgeon General of the U.S. Public Health

Service recommends to the States revised copies

of the Standard Certificates as suggested modek

after which the States can pattern their documents. The States have the option of adopting

the entire form, rejecting the entire form, or

modifying the form. Although there is never complete agreement on all items in all State certificate forms, the States generally pattern their

documents after the Standard Certificates. The

most recent revisions are the 1968 Revisions of

the Standard Certificates.

40
The 1968 Revisions of the Standard Certificates of Live Birth and Fetal Death reflect the

chronic dissatisfaction caused by the reporting

of gestation in weeks by hospital staffs and

physicians. The latest revisions recommend that

the certificate request the “date last normal

menses began” in contrast to the “weeks of

gestation.” From the new item and the date of

birth, the period of gestation can be computed,

and data by period of gestation can be made

available.

In 1967, only five registration areas (two

States and three cities) in the United States

requested the first day of the last menstrual

period on their live-birth certificates. In 1968, in

response to the introduction of the 1968 Revisions of the Standard Certificates of Live Birth

and Fetal Death, 36 States and the District of

Columbia were using the new item. The number

of live births which occurred in the five areas in

1967 accounted for only 17.1 percent of all live

births. In 1968 the proportion represented by

the 36 States and the District of Columbia was

69.3 percent.

The effect of the new item on the distribution

of live births by period of gestation is marked.

Its magnitude can perhaps be appreciated by

comparing the distribution of live births by

gestation for the areas following the two

methods of recording:

Period of

gestation

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20weeks . . . . . . . . . . .

20-27 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28-31 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32-35 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37-39 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41-42 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43weeksand over . . . , . . . . . .

Notstatad . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Live births by area:

United States, 1968 I

Areas

AH reporting

LMP

other areas

Percentage distribution

100.0

0.0

0.5

0.9

3.9

2.5

29.1

18.1

18.7

5.9

20.3

100.0

0.0

0.5

0.7

1.9

2.9

13.5

64.2

5.3

0.8

10.1

When the actual LMP and birth dates are used,

the proportion of certificates at 40 weeks is

roughly one-third the proportion classified at 40

weeks when the reported weeks are used. The

difference is redistributed to neighboring gestation classes. The percent of certificates with

gestation not stated is twice as high in areas

using the actual dates, and no State had a

percentage not stated which was smaller than

the average for all States in which weeks of

gestation was recorded. While thk is not surprising for the first year of the widespread use of

this newer method of recording, an examination

of the 1967 data for the five registration areas

indicated a proportion which was almost equally

high (16.3 percent). Greater effort will be

required to achieve higher rates of completeness

in the reporting of the date of the first day of

the last menstrual period. The importance of the

information implies that some concerted effort

should be made to demonstrate to the providers

of the information that it is useful and can be

obtained. This may require a detailed study of

the reasons for failing to obtain the information

on a sample of cases. For patients who are

receiving prenatal care, information on the

menstrual history is obtained to estimate the

date of delivery and to make arrangements with

the hospital in anticipation of delivery. For

these cases, at least, a study of the reasons for

the failure to secure the information on date of

the onset of the last menstrual period is possible.

Another area for epidemiologic study is the

relationship of gestation and birth weight to

infant health and survival. Studies of special

population or insurance groups have shown that

mortality vanes with birth weight as well as

gestation when the data are crossclassified.z1Y23 )29 As was mentioned earlier, the

recorded gestations for the Nation as a whole

have been too inaccurate to permit conclusions

when birth weight and gestation are considered

simultaneously. The availability of gestation

information based on the date of the onset of

the last menstrual period will open new

opportunities for study.

Linked Records Studies

This study also highlights the amount of

information which can be gleaned from studies

of linked records. While the present study deals

with information for 1960 at the latest, it

41
demonstrates the need to produce infant mortality data periodically from linked records.

Cohort studies of infant mortality are a

necessary adjunct to the production of routine

infant mortality rates produced from vital statistics. In a majority of States, infant or neonatal

death records are routinely linked to the corresponding birth records. Such data should be

made an integmd part of national vital statistics

for monitoring infant mortality. Without cohort

studies from linked records, populationwide

studies of infant or neonatal mortality based on

certain very important characteristics (e.g., age

of mother, age of father, birth weight, plurality)

are impossible. Populationwide studies are essential to avoid the unintended biases which maybe

introduced by the self-selection of groups

admitted to certain hospitals, or clustered in

certain cities. The experience for individual

hospitals, cities, or States often do not provide

sufficient numbers of cases for analysis because

of relatively small groups in some cells, and

nationwide studies are the only available means

of answering questions regarding the complete

range of some factors.

The studies of the January-March 1950 and

1960 cohorts were a decade apart, and another

decade has already passed. The Program Area

Committee on Child Health of the American

Public Health Association recommended in 1967

that such studies be undertaken at 5-year intervals.30 If these recommendations were followed,

the next cohort studies should be for the 1965

and 1970 cohorts. From available data, it is

apparent that since 1960 the proportion of low

birth weight infants continues to be large

enough to remain a matter of concern:

Year

1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1862 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1864 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1866 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1868 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

-

Perc(

WI

Total

7.5

7.7

7.8

8.0

8.2

8.2

8.3

8.3

8.2

8.2

t of low birth

Iht infants

White

7.1

6.8

6.9

7.0

7.1

7.1

7.2

7.2

7.1

7.0

All

)ther

10.2

12.8

13.0

13.1

13.6

13.9

13.8

13.9

13.6

13.0

Thus, the problems of the proportion of low

birth weight infants outlined in this report have

not diminished. What the risk of neonatal death

by weight at birth since 1960 may be is not

known, and will not be known until cohort data

for more recent periods become available.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The results of this study of neonatal mortality

from linked records have added much information regarding differences between infants born

in January-March 1950 and those born in 1960.

Among the outstanding differences are those

between white infants and all other infants. The

risk of neonatal death for white infants was 18.9

per 1,000 live births in the earlier cohort, and

16.9 in the later cohort. For all other infants the

rate remained unchanged at 26.7. Lower rates in

the later cohort were evident for males and for

females, and for single but not for plural births.

Although the risk of neonatal death by weight

at birth was lower in 1960 than in JanuaryMarch 1950 for other than white infants in each

of the weight groups except the small group of

infants weighing 1,000 grams or Iessat birth, the

rates for the total group of these infants in the

two cohorts remained unchanged: 26.7. This

observation resulted from the shifting of the

distribution of weight at birth toward lower

weights between the two periods in time. This

observed shift in weight distribution was not

accompanied by a comparable phenomenon for

white infants. The distribution of infants by

weight at birth is considered in greater depth in

another report.g It was concluded that the rate

increase among other than white infants was not

associated with changing distributions of age of

mother, plurality, or sex, nor was it entirely

attributable to increasing proportions of these

infants who are born in hospitals. The analysis

by period of gestation and birth weight was

precluded by the poor quality of the reported

periods of gestation for the Nation as a whole.

When, in the present report, the risk of

neonatal death was examined by age of mother,

it was apparent that, for white infants, there was

a small increase in mortality for infants born to

mothers 45 years of age and over in the later

cohort (table Q and figure 6). However, these

infants constitute only one-tenth of 1 percent of
live births. In all other age of mother groups, the

risks of neonatal death for the 1960 cohort were

lower than for the earlier cohort. For all other

infants, on the other hand, there were increased

risks for infants born to mothers under 25 years

of age, and these constituted over 50 percent of

the live births for this group.

By birth order, there was also a notable

difference (table Q and figure 7). For white

infants, the risk of neonatal death was lower in

the 1960 cohort than in the January-March

1950 cohort regardless of birth order. For all

other infants, the risk of neonatal death was

higher in 1960 for second, third, and fourth

births which together constituted 45.7 percent

of the live births in this color group.

By cause of death, higher risks of neonatal

death were noted in the 1960 cohort from

postnatal asphyxia and atelectasis (ICD 762) and

from ill-defined diseases peculiar to early

infancy (ICD 772,773) for both color groups.

These increases are larger than the decreases

attributable to the use of two revisions of the

International Statistical Classification for coding

causes of death. The changes in mortality were

limited to the group of infants weighing 2,500

grams or less at birth, and this small group of

infants (7.8 percent) contributes the largest

share to neonatal mortality (72.6 percent); In

addition to these two cause groups (ICD 762

and 772,7 73), there were relatively smaller

increases in a number of cause categories for

other than white infants which, when added to

those mentioned previously, were sufficient to

overcome the decreases in other cause groups

and kept the risk of neonatal death among these

infants unchanged at 26.7 for the two cohorts.

The risk of death was higher in the 1960

cohort than in the January-March 1950 cohort

for both white and all other infants at 1-23

hours of age. For the former group this age

interval was the only one for which there was an

increase, while for the latter group there was no

change in the first hour of life and an increase at

1 day of age.

Neonatal mortality continues to be the major

component of infant mortality: 73.2 percent of

the total. As the bulk of infant deaths becomes

more and more concentrated in the neonatal

period, the focus of medical interest is also

changing. Concentration on the early postnatal

period brings the concerns of obstetricians and

pediatricians closer together. Closer cooperation

between the two specialties should enhance the

outlook for both mothers and their infants.

There has been considerable discussion regarding what a realistic goal for infant or neonatal

mortality might be for the United States.19

Other nations have achieved rates which are

considerably below those for this country, so

that one can conclude that the irreducible

minimum has not been achieved.s 1 Among the

lowest rates which were found in the present

study is a neonatal mortality rate of 3.o per

1,000 live births for white infants, weighing

between 3,501 and 4,000 grams at birth, with

mothers 25-29 years of age. This rate is far

below the overall neonatal mortality rate of 18.4

for the 1960 live-birth cohort, and could

probably not be achieved by the totality of live

births in the near fiture. Nevertheless, it is

indicative of the fact that there is considerable

room for improvement.

This report has attempted to examine a

number of factors which are known to be

associated with neonatal mortality. Its purpose

is to establish the degree of their relationship to

neonatal mortality and to the changes which

occurred between the January-March 1950 and

1960 live-birth cohorts. The study method

which was selected was that of cohort rates

derived from linked infant-death and live-birth

records. Because the study was based on official

vital records, a number of other relevant factors

such as family income, housing, and so forth

were not available for study. Despite these

limitations, the study provides substantial guidance for the medical profession, program directors, and health planners.

REFERENCES

lNationsl Office of Vital Statistics: Birth registration com- 2 : Mrth registration completeness in the United

plcteness in the United States and geographic areas, 1950. Part I. States and geographic areas, 1950. Part II. Data for local areas,

Data for each State, by S. Shapiro and J. Schachter. Vital by S. Shapiro and J. Unger. Vital Statistics-Special Reports,

Statistics–Special Reports, Vol. 39, No. 2. Public Health Service. Vol. 39, No. 4. Public Health Service. Washington, D.C., Jan. 20,

Washington, D.C., Sept. 21, 1954. 1955.

43
3 _: Weight at birth and its effect on survival of the

newborn in the United States, early 1950, by S. Shapiro and J.

Unger. Vital Statistics–Specshl Reports, Vol. 39, No. 1. Public

He~th Service. Wash@ton, D.C., July 23,1954.

: Relation of weight at birth to cause of death sind

age at death in the neonatal period: United States, early 1950,

by S. Shapiro and J. Unger. Vital Statistics–Speciul Re~orts,

Vol. 39, No. 6. Public Health Service. Washington, D.C., Feb. 23,

195$

: Weight at birth and its effect on survival of the

newborn: United States by geographic divisions and by urban

and rural areas, early 1950, by J. Unger. Vital Statistics—S@echl

Reports, Voi. 45, No. 10. Public Health Service. Wasb@ton,

D.Cd Apr. 30, 1957.

_: Weight at birth and survival of newborn, by age of

mother and total-birth orde~ United States, early 1950, by J.

Loeb. Vital Statistics-Special Reports, Vol. 47, No. 2. Public

Health Service. Washington, D. C., Aug. 6, 1958.

7National Center for Health Statistics: A i.tudy of infant

mortality from linked records: method of study and registration

aspects: United States, 1960 live-birth cohort. Vital and Health

Statistics. PHS Pub. No. 1006-Senes 20-No. 7. Public Health

Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Feb.

1970.

‘Chase, H. C.: Infant mortality and weight at birth: 1960

United States birth cohort. Am.].Pub.Health 59(9):1618-1628,

Sept. 1969.

‘National Center for Herdth .Watisiics: Trends in “prematurity”: United States, 1950-1967. ,Vital and Health Statistics,

Series 3-No.15. DHEW Pub. No. (H~M)72-1 030. Wash@ton.

U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1972.

10Chase, H. C.: The current status of fetal death registmtion

in the United States, Am.J.Pub.Heatth 56(10) :1734-1 744, Oct.

1966.

1 lNatiorial Academy of Sciences: Maternal Nutrition and

the Course of Pregnuncy. A Report of the Committee on

Maternal Nutrition, National Research Council. Wash@ton,

D.C., 1970.

12Peller, S.: Mortality, past and future, Population Studies

1:405 -4!56, Mar. 1948.

13Baird, D., and Wyper, J. F. B.: High stillbirth and neonatal

rnortahties, Lancet 241(6170):657-659, Nov. 29, 1941.

14Baird, D.: The influence of social and economic factors on

stillbirths and neonatal deaths, J. Obst.& Gynaec.Bra”t.Emp.

52:’2;7-234,,June 1945 and 52:339-366, Aug. 1945.

_: Social class and foetal mortality, Lancet

253~~476):531-535, Oct. 11,1947.

—: Preventive medicine in obstetrics, New Engkmd

J.Med. 246:561-568, April 10,1952.

17Baird, D., and Illsley, R.: Environment and childbearing.

Proc.Roy.Soc.Med. 46:53-59, Feb. 1953.

18Baird, D.: The evolution of modern obstetrics, Lancet

2(7151):609-614, Sept. 17,1960.

1‘National Institute of Child Health and Human Development: Key Issues in Infant Mortality, report of a conference,

April 16-18, 1969. W&hington. U.S. Government Printing

Office.

‘“National Center for Health Statistics: Vital Statistics of

the United States, 1967, Vols. I and 11A. Public Health Service.

Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969.

21New York State Department of Health: The ReZatt”onship of Certain Biolo@”c and Socioeconomic Factors to ‘

Feta~ Infant, and Early Childhood Mortality, by H. C, Chase,

Albany, N.Y.

k-u-t I. Father’s occupation, parental age, and infant’s birth

rank (1961]

Part IL Father’s occupation, infant’s birthweight, and

mother’s age (1962)

Part III. Previous loss (1963)

22Cahfornia Department of Public HeaIth: PerinatalMortaL

ity and Suroiva~ California, 1949-1959, revised. Berkeley, C#lf.,

1963.

23Shapiro, S., Schlesinger, E. R., Nesbltt, R. E. L., Jr.:

Infant, Perinatal, Maternal, and Childhood Mortality in the

United States. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1968.

388&p”Nortli Carolina State Board of Health: Perinatal Mortality

Statistics, 1968. Raleigh, N.C. (no publication date).

25Taff, M. A., Jr., and Wdbar, C. L., Jr.: Immaturity of

single live births according to weight, with particular reference to

race. Am.J.lYis.Child. 85(3):279-284, Mar. 1953.

26Connor, A., Bennett, C. G., hd Louis, L, S. K.: Birth

weight patterns by race in Hawaii, Hawaii M.J. 16(6) :626-632,

July-Aug. 1957.

27 Bennett, C. G., and Louis, L. S. K.: Demographic factors

influencing bktb weight, Hawaii M.J. 18(3):239-244, Jan.-Feb.

i959.

28Geijerstam, G. *. Low btih weight and perirsatal mortality, pub. Health Rep. 84:939-94$, Nov. 1969.

29Yerushalmy, J., van den Berg, B. J., Erhardt, C. L., and

Jacobziner, H.: Birth weight smd gestation as indices of “immaturity’’-neonatal mortaM.y and congenital anomtiles of the

“immature,” Am.J.DkChild. 109(1]:43-57, jam 1965.

30American Public Health Association: Requirements for

data on infant and perinatsd mort~lty. Report of the Program

Area Committee on Child Health, APHA. Am.J.Pub.Health

57(10):1848-1861, Oct. 1967.

3 lNational Center for Health Statistics: Intematiostal comparison of perinatal and infant mortality: the United States and

six west European countries. Vital and Hedlth Statists”cs. PHS

Pub. No. 1000-Series 3-No. 6. Public Health Service. Washh@on.

U.S. Government Printing Office, Mar; 1967.

32National Office of Vital Statistics: Vital Statistics Instruction Manual. Part L Coding and punching geographic and

personal particular. Section B, Births, deaths, and fetal deaths

occurring in 1960. Public Health Service. Washington, D.C., Oct.

1960.

33U.S. Bureau of the Census: Studies in completeness of

birth registration, Part I. Completeness of bwth registration in

the United States, Dec. 1, 1939 to March .31, 1940, by R, D.

Grove. Vital Statistics-Special Reports, Vol. 17, No. 18.

Washington, D.C., April 1943.

34National Center for Health Statistics: Matched record

comparison of bkth certificate and census information, United

States, 1950. Vital Statistics–Special Reports, Vol. 47, No. 12.

Public Health Service. Washington, D.C., Mar. 1962.

44
LIST OF DETAILED TABLES

Table 1.

2.

3,

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Live births by plurality, birth weight, color, and sex, and percentage distribution by birth weight: United States

live-birth cohort, 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neonatal deaths and risk of naonatal death, by plurality, birth weight, color, and sex: United States live-birth

cohort, 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Live births by color, birth weight, and period of gestation, and percentage distribution by birth weight and period

of gestation: United States live-birth cohort, 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by birth might, color, andperiod of gestation: United States live-birth

cohort,1960 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Live births by plurality, color, age of mother, and birth weight, and percentage distribution by birth

weight: UnitedStateslive-birth cohort,1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by plurality, color, age of motherland birth weight: United States

live-birthcohort, 1960... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neonatal daaths and risk of neonatal daath, bycolor, sex, cause, and birth weight: United States live-birth cohort,

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neonatal deaths and probability of death within the neonatal period, by color, sex, age at death, and birth

weight: UnitedStateslive-birthcohort, 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neonatal deaths and probability of death within the neonatal period, by plurality, color, sex, ageatdeath, and

period of gestation: Unitad States live-birth cohort, 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

rage

46

48

50

53

55

61

67

76

80

45
Tablel. Mvetirthsby plurali~, tirthwaight, color, andsex, andpercenta& dstribution bytimhwight: United States live-birth cohort, 1960

Total II White IAll other

Plurality and

birth weight

All live births

All birth weighta . . . . . . .

1,000 gremaOrleas . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams . . . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . . . . .

3,001-3,500 grams . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . .

4,501-5,000 grams . . . . . . . . .

5,001 gramsor mora . . . . . . . .

single live births

All birth weights . . . . . . .

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . . . . .

3,001-3,500 grams . . , , . . , . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . .

4,001-4,500 grams . . . . , , . . .

4,501-5,000 grams , , . , . , , . ,

5,001 grams or more . . . . . . . .

Plural live births

All birth weights . . . . . . .

l,OOOgramsorless . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . , . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams . . . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . .. . . . . . .

3AO14,000grams . . . . . . . . .

4,001 +OOgrams . , . . . . . . .

4,501-5,000 grams . . . . . . . . .

5,001 grams or more . . . . . . . .

46

Both Male Female Both Male Famale Both

sexes

Male

sexes

Female

sexes

Number of live births

4,257~50 2,179,708 2,078,142 3,600,744 ,848,792 1,762,652 657,108 331$16 325,580

24323

27,756

61,905

217,436

787,037

1,616,543

1,139,043

317,813

58,522

7,472

4,171,166

20,054

22937

49,758

191,971

761,527

1,604,541

1,136,833

317,589

58,492

7,464

86,664

12,657

14,494

30S18

98,170

343,962

7903305

843,405

201,083

39,597

5,217

2,136,114

11,666

13,262

31,587

119,266

443,075

825,736

495,638

116,730

18)825

2,255

2,035,052

17,493

20,040

45,676

163,131

621,069

1,372,850

1,014,876

287,680

51,507

6,403

1,531,362

9.194

10,712

22,695

74,157

269,568

866,769

672,684

182,602

35,279

4,534

,813,202

8,288

9,328

22s81

88,874

351,503

706,081

442,211

105,076

16,228

1,869

1,716,160

6,82Q

7,716

16,2231

54,305

165,948

243,693

124,188

30,133

7,015

1,069

639,BU4

3,463

3,782

7,623

24,013

74276

124,036

70,741

16,481

4/318

663

322S12

3,367

3,834

8,606

30,292

91,572

119,657

53,427

11,662

2,697

386

316~92

10,505

12,037

24,734

86,282

330318

783,893

642,038

200919

39,575

5,213

43,594

9,549

10$300

25,024

105,689

430,608

14,345

16,488

36,426

142S56

600,065

1,362,723

1,012,995

287,488

51,481

6,395

69,382

7,569

8,882

16,449

64,740

258,888

860s12

571,491

182,460

35,261

4,530

34s0

6,756

7,606

17977

78,216

341,177

7ol~ll

441,504

105,028

16,220

1,665

34,392

5,708

6,449

13;332

49,0t 5

161,462

241,818

123,838

30,101

7,011

1,069

17,302

, 2916

3,155

6265

21,542

72,030

122/881

70,547

18j459

4314

683

2,793

3,284

7,047

27,473

88,432

118,837

53,291

11,642

2,697

366

8,698

820,848

484,795

116,670

18,917

2,251

43,080 8,604

4,269

4,819

12,147

25,465

25,510

12,002

2#21o

224

30

8

2,152

2.457

5,564

11,888

13,044

6j812

1j367

184

22

4

2,117

2,362

6,563

13,577

12,466

5,080

843

60

8

4

3,148

3,662

9,250

20,175

21,024

10,127

1$60

192

26

B

1$06

1,830

4Z46

9,477

10,698

5,857

1,173

142

18

4

1,543

1,722

5,004

10.758

10,326

4,270

707

50

8

4

1,121

1,267

2,887

5,280

4,485

1,875

330

32

4

547

627

1,338

2,471

236

1,055

194

22

4

574

840

1,568

2,819

2,140

820

136

10
Table 1. Live births by pluraliw, birth weight, color, and sex, and percentage distribution by birth weight: United States Iive.bitih cohort, 1960-Con.

Plurality and

birth weight

Total I White I All other

Both Male Female Both Male Famale Both

sexas sexas

Male Female

sexes

All live births

All birth weights . .

1,000 gramsor less . , . .

1,001-1,500 grams . . . .

1,501-2,000 grams . . . .

2,001-2,500 grama . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . .

3,001-3,500 grams . . . .

3,5014,000 grama . . . .

4,001.4,500 grams , . . .

4,501.5,000 grams . . . .

5,001 grams or more . . .

Single live births

All birth weighta , .

1,000 grams or lass . . . .

1,001-1,500 grams . . . .

1,501-2,000 grams . . . .

2,001.2,500 grams . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams , . . . .

Percentagedistribution

. . . . 100.0 100.( 100.0 100.( 1Oo.c 100.0 100.0 1Oo.c 100.0

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

1 ...,

,.. .

0.6

0.7

1.5

5,1

18.5

38,0

26.8

7.5

1.4

0.2

100,0

0.5

0.5

1.2

4.6

18.3

38.5

27.3

7.6

1.4

0.2

100.0

0.6

0.7

1.4

4.5

15.s

38.3

28.5

9.2

1.8

0.2

100.0

0.5

0.6

1.2

4.0

15.5

38.7

30.1

9.4

1.9

0.2

100.0

0.6

0.6

1.5

5.7

21.3

38.7

23.9

5.6

0.9

0.1

100.0

0.5

0.5

1.2

5.2

21.2

40.3

24.3

5.7

0.9

0.1

100.0

0.[

O.f

1.:

4.J

77.:

3%.1

282

8.C

1.4

0.2

100.0

0.4

0.5

1.0

4.0

17.0

38.6

28.7

8.1

1.5

0.2

100.0

of

of

1.2

4.0

14.6

38.1

31.0

9.8

1.9

0.2

100.0

0.5

0.5

1.3

5.1

20.1

40.3

25.2

6.0

0.9

0.1

100.0

1.0

1.2

2.5

8.3

25.3

37.1

18.9

4.6

1.1

0.2

100.0

1.0

1.1

2.3

7.2

22.4

37.4

21.3

5.5

1.3

0.2

100.0

1.0

1.2

2.6

9.3

28.1

36.8

16.4

3.6

0.8

0.1

100.0

0.4

0.5

1.0

3.6

14.3

38.4

31.5

10.1

1.9

0.2

100.0

0.4

0.4

1.0

4.8

19.9

40.8

25.7

6.1

0.9

0.1

100.0

0.9

1.0

2.1

7.7

25.2

37.8

19.4

4.7

1.1

0.2

100.0

0.9

1.0

1.9

6.7

22.3

38.1

21.8

5.7

1.3

0.2

100.0

0.9

1.0

2.2

8.7

28.2

37.5

16.8

3.7

0.9

0.1

100.0

,. ..<

3,001-3,500 grams . . . . , . . .

3,501-4,000 grams . . . . . . . . ,

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . .

4,601-5,000 grams . . . . . . . .

6,001 gramsor more . . . . . . . .

Plural live births

All birth weighta . . , . . . .

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . .

l,001-l,500grama . . . . , . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . , , . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . . . . .

3,001-3,500 grams . . . . . . . . .

3,501.4,000 grams . . . . . . . . .

4,001-4,500 grams . . . . . . . . .

4,501-5,000 grams . . . . . . . . .

5,001 grams or mora . . . . . . . .

4.9

5.6

14.0

28.4

28.4

13.8

2.5

0.3

0.0

0.0

4.9

5.6

12.8

27.3

28.9

15.9

3.1

0.4

0.1

0.0

4.9

5.5

15.2

31.6

28.9

11.6

2.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

4.5

5.1

13.3

28.1

30.3

14.6

2.7

0.3

0.0

0.0

4.6

5.2

12.1

26.9

30.6

16.7

3.4

0.4

0.1

0.0

4.5

5.0

14.5

31.3

30.0

12.4

2.1

0.1

0.0

0.0

6.5

7.3

16.7

30.6

25.9

10.8

1.9

0.2

0.0

6.4

7.3

15.6

26.7

27.3

12.3

2.3

0.3

0.0

6.6

7.4

17.9

32.4

24.6

9.4

1.6

0.1

47
Table 2. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by plurality, birth weight, color, and sex: United States live-birth cohort, 1960

Plurality and

birth weight

All neonatal deaths

All birth weights . . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . .

l,001-l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . , . . . ,

3,501 -4,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001 -4,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501-5,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

5,001 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . .

Neonatal deaths among

single live births

All birth weights . . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001 -2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001-3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501 -5,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

5,001 grams ormora . . . . . . . . . .

Neonatal deaths among

plural live births

All birth weights . . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . ,

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . ,

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001-3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . ,

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . ,

4,0014,500 grams , , . . . . . . . . ,

4,501 -5,000 grams . . . . . . . . . .

5,001 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . .

Total White I

All other

Both

Male Female Both Male Female

Both

sexes sexes

Male Female

sexes

Number of neonatal deaths

78,330

22,202

14,474

11,179

9,010

7,817

7,581

4,149

1,341

416

161

69,613

18,145

12,087

9,806

8,424

7,596

7,497

4,134

1,339

416

158

8,717

4,057

2,377

1,373

586

221

84

15

2

2

45,442

11,766

8,489

6,860

5,403

4,501

4,504

2,842

891

274

112

40,609

9,663

7,122

6,036

5,052

4,380

4,450

2,631

881

274

110

4,833

2,103

1,367

824

351

121

54

11

2

32,888

10,436

5,985

4,379

3,607

3,316

3,077

1,507

450

142

49

29,004

8,482

4,975

3,770

3,372

3,216

3,047

1,503

448

142

49

3,884

1,954

1,010

549

235

100

30

4

2

60,773

16,166

11,124

9,084

7,341

6,253

6,016

3,328

1,036

327

118

54,109

13,148

9,270

7,965

6,887

6,087

5,950

3,315

1,034

327

116

6,684

3,018

1,854

1,089

454

156

66

13

2

2

35,537

8,651

6,567

5,574

4,459

3,600

3,563

2,127

682

220

84

31,792

7,066

5,488

4,905

4,186

3,515

3,520

2,118

692

220

82

3,745

1,585

1,079

889

273

85

43

9

2

25,236

7,515

4,557

3.490

2,882

2,663

2,453

1,201

344

107

34

22,317

6,082

3,782

3,060

2,701

2,582

2,430

1,197

342

107

34

2,919

1,433

775

430

181

71

23

4

2

17,557

6,036

3,350

2,115

1,669

1,564

1,565

821

305

89

43

15,504

4397

2,827

1,841

1,537

1,499

1,547

819

305

89

43

2,053

1,039

523

274

132

65

18

2

3,905

3,115

1,922

1,286

844

901

941

515

199

54

28

3,817

2,597

1,634

1,131

“886

865

930

513

199

54

28

I ,088

518

288

155

78

36

11

2

7,652

2921

1,428

829

725

663

624

306

106

35

15

6,687

2,400

1,193

710

671

634

617

306

106

35

16

965

521

235

119

54

29

7

48
Table 2. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by plurality, birth weight, color, and sex: United States live-birth cohort, 1960–Con.

Total II White I

All other

Plurality and

birth weight Both

Male Female Both Male Femele Both

sexes sexes

Male Female

sexes

All neonetal deaths Rate per 1,000 live births

All birth weights . . . . . . . . . 18.4 20.8 15.8 16.9 19.2 14.4 26.7 28.9 23.5

l,OOOgramsorless . . . . . . . . . . .

l,001-l,500grams . . . . . . . , . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001 +l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501-5,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

5,001 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . .

912.8

521.5

180.6

41.4

9.9

4.7

3.6

4.2

7.1

21.5

16.7

904.8

527.4

197.1

43.9

10.0

4.7

3.6

4.2

7.1

21.3

100.6

950.3

493.3

113.0

23.0

8.7

7.0

*

*

*

929.6

585.7

226.3

55.0

13.1

5.7

4.1

4.4

6.9

21.5

19.0

919.8

591.7

244.0

58.6

13.2

5.7

4.1

4.4

6.9

21.1

110.9

894.6

451.3

136.7

30.2

7.5

3.7

3.0

3.9

7.5

21.7

14.3

888.3

456.4

150.7

31.9

7.5

3.7

3.0

3.8

7.5

21.8

90.1

923.0

427.6

83.7

17.3

8.0

5.9

*

*

924.1

555.1

198.4

45.0

10.1

4.4

3.3

3.6

6.3

18.4

15.3

916.6

562.2

218.7

48.2

10.2

4.4

3.3

3.6

6.4

18.1

96.0

940.9

613.1

245.6

60.1

13.4

5.3

3.7

3.8

6.2

18.5

17.5

931.1

617.9

265.9

64.7

13.6

5.3

3.7

3.8

6.2

18.1

107.0

905.5

488.5

151.9

32.4

7.5

3.5

2.7

3.3

6.6

18.2

13.0

900.2

497.2

170.2

34.5

7.6

3.5

2.7

3.3

6.6

18.2

64.9

883.7

434.2

130.3

30.7

9.4

6.4

6.6

10.1

12.7

40.2

24.2

899.5

508.2

168.7

38.3

12.1

7.6

7.3

10.8

12.5

41.0

27.3

867.5

363.0

96.3

23.9

7.2

5.2

5.7

9.1

13.0

*

21.1

859.3

362.2

100.8

24.4

7.1

5.2

5.7

9.1

13.0

*

110.9

Neonatal daaths among

sirmle Iiva births

All birth weights . . . . . . . . .

l,OOOgramsorless . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001-3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

3,501 -4,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001 -4,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

4,501-5,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

5,001 grams ormore . . . . . . . . . ,

875.3

438.4

138.1

31.4

9.3

6.4

6.6

10.1

12.7

40.2

118.7

B90.6

517.9

180.0

40.2

12.0

7.6

7.3

10.8

12.5

41.0

126.5

Neonatal deaths among

plural live births

All birth weights . . . . . . . . .

l,OOOgramsorlass . . . . . . . . . . .

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

2,501 -3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

3,001 -3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . . .

4,001 -4,500 grams . . , . . . . . . . .

4,501.5,000grams . . . . . . . . . . .

5,001 grams or more . . . . . . . . . .

977.2

556.4

147.6

29.5

9.3

7.8

*

*

958.7

522.0

118.8

22.5

7.4

6.5

●

10.4

*

*

987.5

588.6

157.6

28.0

7.9

7.3

*

*

928.7

450.1

85.9

16.8

6.9

5.4

●

*

926.9

412.8

94.6

25.0

14.5

●

●

347.0

$59.3

115.8

31.6

5.3

●

*

907.7

367.2

76.3

19.2

13.6

*

49
Table 3. Live births by color, birth weight, and period of gestation, and percentage distribution by birth weight and period of gastation:

United Statas live-birth cohort, 1960

Period of gestation

All Under gestations

20

20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weeks Not

weeks

weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks or more statad’

Color and

birth weight

Total Number of live births

AH birth weights . . . .

1,000 grams or less . . . . . .

1,001-1,500 grams . . . . . .

1,501-2,000 grams . . , . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . .

4,257,850 1,656 24.154 34,210 93,726 132,370 640,114 3,087,898 243,722

24,323

27,756

61,905

217,436

787,037

1,616,543

1,139,043

317,813

58,522

7,472

3,600,744

1,188

70

30

26

85

135

90

12

6

3

1,058

16,013

5,400

1,399

453

368

328

155

22

12

4

17,432

3,635

11,586

11,008

4,416

1,713

1,241

480

113

14

4

24,102

779

5,744

23,142

32,505

16,769

10,069

3,797

752

140

29

71,342

139

1,043

7,697

30,825

35,733

32,113

18,000

5,272

1,341

207

99,508

100

768

6,687

52,452

176,346

254,054

121,119

24,505

3,584

519

549,198

369

1,167

7,779

83,523

510,276

1,226,362

932,280

269,5&

50,272

6,288

2,619,812

242

682

5,239

58,292

393,389

1,036,971

830,781

244,323

44,458

5,435

468,088

2,089

1,978

4,163

13,236

45,747

92,241

63,122

17,553

3,173

420

218,294

3,001-3,500 grams . ,

3,501+000 grams . ,

4,001-4,500 grams . .

4,501-5,000 grams . .

5,001 grams or more .

... .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

,.. .

. . . .

. . . .

... .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

.,. .

. . . .

,.. .

,’. . .

. . . .

.,, .

. . . .

. . . .

White

AH birth weights

1,000 grams or less . .

1,001-1,500 grams . .

1,501-2,000 grams . .

2,001-2,500 grams . .

2,501-3,000 grams . .

3,001-3,500 grams . .

3,5014,000 grams . .

4,001-4,500 grams . .

4,501-5,000 grams . .

5,001 grams or more .

17,493

20,040

45,676

163,131

621,089

1,372,850

1,014,875

287,680

51,507

6,403

657,108

765

34

20

14

49

88

69

10

6

1

600

11,792

3,942

924

258

175

201

110

22

6

2

6,722

2,552

8,376

7,822

3,019

1,062

823

353

87

8

10,108

504

4,238

17,538

25,455

12,776

7,318

2,814

582

92

25

22,3&1

71

712

5,606

23,078

27,828

23,892

13,545

3,806

846

124

32,862

63

555

5,214

42,050

146,179

220,366

108,827

22,354

3,141

449

90,916

1,504

1,501

3,313

10,965

39,631

83,191

58,376

16,496

2,950

367

25,428

All other

AH birth weights

1,000 grams or less . .

1,001-1,500 grams . .

1,501-2,000 grams , .

2,001-2,500 grams . .

2,501-3,000 grams . ,

3,001-3,500 grams . .

3,5014,000 grams . .

4,0014,500 grams . .

4,501-5,000 grams . .

5,001 grams or more .

6,830

7,716

16,229

54,305

165,948

243,693

124,168

30,133

7,015

1,069

434

36

10

12

36

47

21

2

2

4,221

1,458

475

195

>W

12)

1,083

3,210

3,186

1,397

651

418

275

1,506

5,604

7,050

3,993

2,751

983

170

48

4

68

331

2,091

7,747

7,905

8,221

4,455

1,466

495

83

37

213

1,473

10,402

30,167

33,688

12,292

2,151

423

70

127

485

2,540

25,231

116,887

189,391

101 #499

25,261

5,814

851

585

477

850

2,271

6,116

9,050

4,746

1,057

223

53

45 127

26

6 6

2 4

See footnote at end of table.

50
Table 3. Live births by color, birth weight, and period of gestation, and percentage distribution by birth weight and period of gestation:

United States live-birth cohort, 1860-Con.

Color and

birth weight

Period of gestation

All Under

gestations *O 20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weeks Not

weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks or more statedl weeks

Total Percentage distribution by birth weight

All birth weights . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

,.. .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

,., ,

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

,.. !

,,. .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

.,. .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

.,. ,

,,, .

. . . .

.,. .

— —

1,000 grams or less . .

1,001-1,500 grams . .

1,501-2,000 grams . .

2,001-2,500 grams . .

2,501-3,000 grams . .

3,001-3,500 grams . .

3,501-4,000 grams . .

4,0014,500 grams . .

4,501-5,000 grams . .

5,001 grams or more ,

0.6

0.7

1.5

5.1

18.5

38.0

26.8

7.5

1.4

0.2

100.0

72.4

4.2

1.8

1.6

5.1

8.2

5.4

0.7

0.4

0.2

100.0

66.3

22.4

5.8

1.9

1.5

1.4

0.6

0.1

0.0

0.0

100.0

10.6

33.9

32.2

12.9

5.0

3.6

1.4

0.3

0.0

0.0

100.0

0.8

6.1

24.7

34.7

17.9

10.7

4.1

0.8

0.1

0.0

100.0

0.1

0.8

5.8

23.3

27.0

24.3

13.6

4.0

1.0

0.2

100.0

0.0

0.1

1.0

8.2

27.5

39.7

18.9

3.8

0.6

0.1

100.0

0.0

0.0

0.3

2.7

16.5

39.7

30.2

8.7

1.6

0.2

100.0

0.9

0.8

1.7

5.4

18.8

37.8

25.9

7.2

1.3

0.2

100.0

White

All birth weights

1,000 grams or less . .

1,001-1,500 grams . .

1,501-2,000 grams . .

2,001-2,500 grams . .

2,501-3,000 grams . .

3,001-3,500 grams , ,

3,501-4,000 grams . ,

4,001-4,500 grams . .

4,501-5,000 grams , .

5,001 grams or more .

0.5

0.6

1.3

4.5

17.2

38.1

28.2

8.0

1.4

0.2

100.0

1.0

1.2

2.5

8.3

25.3

37.1

18.9

4.6

1.1

0.2

72.4

3.2

1.9

1.3

4.6

8.3

6.5

0.9

0.6

0.1

100.0

67.6

22.6

5.3

1.5

1.0

1.2

0.6

0.1

0.0

0.0

100.0

10.6

34.8

32.5

12.5

4.4

3.4

1.5

0.4

0.0

100.0

0.7

5.9

24.6

35.7

17.9

10.3

3.9

0.8

0.1

0.0

100.0

0.1

0.7

5.6

23.2

28.0

24.0

13.6

3.8

0.9

0.1

100.0

0.0

0.1

0.9

7.7

26.6

40.1

19.8

4.1

0.6

0.1

100.0

0.0

0.0

0.2

2.2

15.0

39.6

31.7

9.3

1.7

0.2

100.0

0.7

0.7

1.5

5.0

18.2

38.1

26.7

7.6

1.4

0.2

100.0

All other

All birth weights

1,000 grams or less . .

1,001-1,500 grams . .

1,501-2,000 grams . .

2,001-2,500 grams . .

2,501-3,000 grams . .

3,001-3,500 grams . .

3,501-4,000 grams . .

4,001-4,500 grams . .

4,501-5,000 grams . .

5,001 grams or more .

72.3

6.0

1.7

2.0

6.0

7.8

3.5

0.3

0.3

62.3

21.7

7.1

2.9

2.9

1.9

0.7

0.1

0.0

10.7

31.8

31.5

13.8

6.4

4.1

1.3

0.3

0.1

0.0

1.2

6.7

25.0

31.5

17.8

12.3

4.4

0.8

0.2

0.0

0.2

1.0

6.4

23.6

24.1

25.0

13.6

4.5

1.5

0.3

0,0

0.2

1.6

11.4

33.2

37.1

13.5

2.4

0.5

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.5

5.4

25.0

40.5

21.7

5.4

1.2

0.2

-.

2.3

1.9

3.3

8.9

24.1

35.6

18.7

4.2

0.9

0.2

See footnote at end of table.

51
Table 3. Live births by color, birth weight, and pariod of gestation, and percentage distribution by birth weight and period of gestation:

Color and

birth weight

All birth weights

1,000 grams or less . .

1,001-1,500 grams . .

1,501-2,000 grams . .

2,001-2,500 grams . .

2,501-3,000 grams . .

3,001-3,500 grams . .

3,501-4,000 grams . .

4,0014,500 grams . .

4,501-5,000 grams . .

5,001 grams or more .

White

All birth weights

1,000 grams or less . .

1,001-1 ,50&Jgrams . .

1,501-2,000 grams . .

2,001-2,500 grams . .

2,501-3,000 grams . .

3,001-3,500 grams . .

2!,501-4,000 grams . .

4,0014,500 grams . .

4,501-5,000 grams . .

5,001 grams or more .

All other

All birth weights

1,000 grams or more .

1,001-1,500 grams . .

1,501-2,000 grams . .

2,001-2,500 grams . .

2,501-3,000 grams . .

3,001-3,500 grams . .

3,501-4,000 grams . .

4,001-4,500 grams . .

4,501-5,000 grams . .

5,001 grams or more .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

,.. .

... .

United States live-birth cohort, 1960–Con.

Period of gastation

All Under gestations Z. 20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weeks Not

weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks or more

wee ks statedi

Percentage distribution by gestation

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

0.0

4.9

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

4.4

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

6.4

0.5

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.6

65.8

19.5

2.3

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.5

67.4

19.7

2.0

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

61.8

18.9

2.9

0.4

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.8

14.9

41.7

17.8

2.0

0.2

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.7

14.6

41.8

17.1

1.9

0.2

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.5

15.9

41.6

19.6

b2.6

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.4

2.2

3.2

20.7

37.4

14.9

2,1

0.6

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.4

2.0

2.9

21.1

38.4

15.6

2.1

0.5

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.4

3.4

4.0

19.5

34.5

13.0

2.4

1.1

0.8

0.6

0.7

0.4

3.1

0.6

3.8

12.4

14.2

4.5

2.0

1.6

1.7

2.3

2.8

2.8

0.4

3.6

12.3

14.1

4.5

1.7

1.3

1.3

1.6

1.9

5.0

1.0

4.3

12.9

14.3

4.8

3.4

3.6

4.9

7.1

7.8

15.0

0.4

2.8

10.8

24.1

22.4

15.7

10.6

7.7

6.1

6.9

15.3

0.4

2.8

11.4

25.8

23.5

16.1

10.7

7.8

6.1

7.0

13.8

0.5

2.8

9.1

19.2

16.2

13.8

9.9

7.1

6.0

6.5

72,5

1.5

4.2

12.6

38.4

64.8

75.9

81.8

84.8

85.9

84.1

72.8

1.4

3.4

11.5

35.7

63.3

75.5

81.9

84.9

86.3

84.9

71.2

1.9

6.3

15.7

46.5

70.4

77.7

81.7

83,8

82.9

79,6

5.7

8.6

7.1

6.7

6.1

5.8

5.7

5.5

5.5

5.4

5.6

6.1

8.6

7.5

7.3

6.7

6.4

6.1

5.8

5,7

5.7

5.7

3.9

8.6

6.2

5.2

4.2

3.7

3.7

3.8

3.5

3.2

5,0

] Includes Massachusetts and Maryland, except for Baltimore.

52
Table 4. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by birth weight, color, and period of gestation: United States live-birth cohort,

1960

II Period of gestation

All

Under gestations ~. 20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weeks Not

weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks or more weeks stated’

Color and

birth weight

Total Number of deaths

All birth weights . . . . . . . 78,33( 1,076 19,479 13,387 10,131 3,747 5,814 18,254 6,442

. . . . . . ,,

. . . . . . .,

. . . . . . .,

. . . . . . .,

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .,

. . . . . . .,

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

.,, . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

1,000 grams or less , ,

1,001-1,500 grams . ,

1,501-2,000 grams . .

2,001-2,500 grams . .

2,501-3,000 grams . .

3,001-3,500 grams . ,

3,501-4,000 grams . .

4,001-4,500 grams . .

4,501-5,000 grams . .

5,001 grams or more .

22,20:

14,474

11,17:

9,01C

7,817

7,581

4,149

1,341

416

161

60,773

1,016

38

13

1

1

6

1

676

14,985

3,793

585

80

18

10

3

1

2

2

14,585

3,238

6,144

3,189

671

95

34

8

6

1

1

10,277

607

2,291

3,918

2,509

569

175

40

14

2

6

8,393

102

346

892

1,230

676

298

133

45

15

10

2,970

58

249

750

1,448

1,545

1,181

423

120

30

10

4,898

247

397

920

2,315

4,284

5,346

3,223

1,068

334

120

13,910

1#949

1,216

912

756

630

536

313

87

32

11

5,064

1,423

931

736

641

517

433

275

69

29

10

1,378

White

All birth weights

1,000 grams or less . .

1,001-1,500 grams . .

1,501-2,000 grams . .

2,001-2,600 grams . .

2,501-3,000 grams , ,

3,f101-3,500 grams . .

3,501-4,000 grams . .

4,001-4,500 grams . .

4,501-5,000 grams . .

5,001 grams or more .

16,166

11,124

9,064

7,341

6,253

6,016

3,328

1,036

327

118

17,557

642

22

7

1

1

2

1

400

11,105

2,949

442

64

16

6

2

1

4,894

2,343

4,726

2,564

532

74

27

4

6

1

3,110

396

1,802

3,296

2,190

505

152

33

13

-1

5

1,738

63

243

700

1,000

600

231

91

28

9

5

777

41

189

625

1,202

1,330

1,016

360

98

27

10

916

153

262

694

1,711

3,211

4,150

2,561

821

260

87

4,344

All other

All birth weights . . . . . . . .

1,000 gremsorless . . . . . . . . . ,

1,001 -l,500grams . . . . . . . . . .

1,501 -2,000 grams . . . . . , . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . , . . . . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . .

3,001-3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . .

3,501-4,000 grams . . . . , . . . . .

4,001-4,500 grams . . . . . . . . . .

4,501-5,000 grams . . . . . . . . . .

5,001 grams or more . . . . . . . . .

Sea footnote at end of table.

6,036

3,350

2,115

1,669

1,564

1,565

821

305

89

43

374

16

6

4

3,880

844

143

16

2

4

1

2

2

895

1,418

625

139

21

7

4

1

211

489

622

319

64

23

7

1

1

1

39

103

192

230

76

67

42

17

6

5

17

60

125

246

215

165

63

22

3

94

135

226

604

1,073

1,196

662

247

74

33

526

285

176

115

113

103

38

18

3

1

53
Table 4. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by birth weight, color, and period of gestation: United States live-birth cohort,

1960–Con.

11

Period of gestation

All

Under gestations ~. 20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weeks Not

weeks

weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks or more statedi

Color and

birth weight

Total Rate per 1,000 live births

All birth weights . . . . . . . . 18.4 649.8

—

847.4

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

640.2

806.5

—

935.8

702.4

418.2

176,6

*

*

*

*

*

*

636.7

391.3

—

680.8

530,3

289.7

151.9

56.5

27.4

*

*

*

●

426.4

108.1 28.3 9.1 6.9 26.4

— —

l,OOOgramsor less . . . . . . . . . .

l,001-l,500grams , . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . .

3,001-3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . .

3,501 -4,000 grams . , . . . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . .

4,501-5,000 grams . . . . . . . . . .

5,001 grams or more . . . . . . . . .

912.8

521.5

180.6

41.4

9.9

4.7

3.6

4.2

7.1

21.5

16.9

779.2

398.9

169.3

77.2

33.9

17.4

10.5

*

*

●

117.6

733.8

33i .7

115.9

39.9

18.9

9.3

7.4

8.5

*

*

29.8

580.0

324.2

112.2

27.6

8.8

4.6

3.6

4.9

8.4

*

8.9

669.4

340.2

118.3

27.7

8.4

4.4

3.5

4.0

6.6

19.1

5.3

933.0

614.8

219.1

67.1

13.8

6,8

5.0

5.0

10.1

●

23,2

White

All birth weights . . . . . . . .

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . .

1,001-1,500 grams . . . . . . . . . .

1,501-2,000 grams . . , . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . .

3,001-3,500 grams , . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . .

4,501-5,000 grams . . . . . . . . . .

5,001 grams or more . . . . . . . . .

924.1

555.1

198.4

45.0

10.1

4.4

3.3

3.6

6.3

18.4

26.7

639.2

*

*

*

*

*

*

666.7

841.7

748.1

478.4

248.1

*

●

*

*

728.1

918.1

564.2

327.8

176.2

69.7

32.8

*

*

●

307.7

785.7

425.2

187.9

86.0

39.5

20.8

11.7

●

*

*

77.6

887.3

341.3

124.9

43.3

21.6

9.7

6.7

7.4

●

*

23.6

650.8

340.5

119.9

28.6

9.1

4.6

3.3

4.4

8.6’

*

10.1

632.2

364.2

132.5

29.4

8.2

4.0

3.1

3.4

5.8

16.0

9.3

946.1

620.3

222.2

58.5

13.0

5.2

4.7

4.2

9.8

*

54.2

All other

All birth weights . , . . . . . .

1,000 grams orless . . . . . . . . . .

1,001-1,500 grams . . . . . . . . . .

l,501-2,000grams . . . . . . . . . .

2,001-2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . .

2,501-3,000 grams . . . . . . . . . .

3,001-3,500 grams . . . . . . . . . .

3,5014,000 grams . . . . . . . . . .

4,0014,500 grams . . . . . . . . . .

4,501-5,000 grams . . . . . . . . . .

5,001 grams or more . . . . . . . . .

883.7

434.2

130.3

30.7

9.4

6.4

6.6

10.1

12.7

40.2

861.8

*

●

*

919.2

678.9

301.1

●

*

*

*

●

●

826.4

441.7

196.2

99.5

32.3

*

*

●

767.3

324.7

111.0

45.2

16.0

8.4

●

●

●

*

●

311.2

91.8

29.7

9.6

8.1

9.4

*

●

*

●

281.7

84.9

23.6

7.1

4.9

5.1

10.2

●

740.2

278.4

89.0

23.9

9.2

6.3

6.5

9.8

12.7

38.8

888.1

597.5

207.1

50.6

18.5

11.4

8.0

●

●

●

1 Includes Massachusettsand Maryland, except for 8altimore.
Table 5. Live births by plurality, color, age of mother, and birth weight, and percentage distribution by birth weight: United States live-birth cohort,

Plurality, color, and

age of mother

ALL LIVE BIRTHS

Total —

Alleges . . . . . . .

Under 20 years . . . . . .

Under 15 years . . . . .

15.19 years . . . . . .

20-24 yaars . , . . . , . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . .

30-34 yeers . . . . . . . .

36-39 years . . . . . . . .

4044years . . . . . . . .

46 years and over . . . . .

White

All agas . . .

Under 20 years . ,

Under 15 years .

15-19 years . .

20-24 yeers , , . .

25-29 years . . . .

30-34 years . . . .

35-39 yeers . . . .

4044 years . . . .

45 years and over .

All other

All ages . . .

Under 20 years , ,

Undar 15 years .

15-19 years . .

20-24 years . . . .

25.29 yaars . . , .

30.34 yaars . , , ,

35-39 years . . . .

40+4 years . . . .

45 yeers and over .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

... .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

.,. .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

1960

Birth weiqht

All 1,000 1,001- 1,501- 2,001- 2,501- 3,001- 3,501- 5,001

weights 4,001 -grams

4,501-

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 grams

or

5,000 or

less grams grams grams grams grams grams grams grams

more

Number of Iiva births

4,257,850

593,746

6,780

586S66

1,426,912

1,082,816

687,722

359,908

91,564

5,182

3,600,744

460,654

2,524

458,130

1,219~62

942,112

588,402

307,426

77$)76

4,212

657,106

133,092

4,256

128,836

206,950

150,704

99,320

52,482

13,588

970

24,323

4,505

114

4391

7,583

5,687

4,023

2,042

. 473

30

17,493

2,777

25

2,746

5,514

4,216

3,002

1,588

378

24

6,830

1,734

88

1,645

2,069

1,451

1,021

454

95

6

27,756

5,811

136

5,475

8,864

6,157

4,132

2,331

615

46

20,040

3,584

36

3,548

6,503

4,537

3,086

1,797

499

34

7,716

2,027

100

1,927

2,361

1,620

1,046

534

116

12

61,905

11,777

199

11,578

19,558

13,694

9,611

5,665

1,501

99

$5,676

7,686

66

7,620

14,620

10,413

7,264

4,397

1,197

79

16,229

4,091

133

3,956

4,938

3,281

2,327

1,266

304

20

217,43C

38,065

648

37,417

70,553

50,838

33,921

18,676

5,054

328

163,131

24,401

163

24,238

53,644

39,704

26,415

14,676

4,055

236

54,305

13,664

485

13,179

16,909

11,134

7,506

4,000

889

93

787,037

127,316

1,969

125,347

272,849

194,656

117,392

59,163

14,873

788

621,089

87,630

575

B7,055

217,885

158,969

95,698

48,200

12,104

603

165,948

39,686

1,394

3B,292

54,964

35,687

21,694

10,963

2,769

185

1,616,543

234,207

2,510

231,697

563,508

415,265

247,859

123,852

30,129

1,713

1,372,850

184,836

1,005

183,931

483,857

358,479

212,376

106,015

25,771

1,416

243,693

49,271

1,505

47,766

79,651

56,786

35,493

17,637

4,358

297

1,139,043

137,B40

1,000

136,840

374,708

302,992

193,751

102,518

25,802

1,432

1,014,875

119,147

539

118,606

337,915

271,863

171,802

90,415

22,527

1,206

124,166

18,693

461

18,232

36,793

31,128

21,949

12,103

3,275

226

317,813

30,127

174

28,953

93,747

65,802

61 ,B61

35,700

10,009

567

287,680

26,900

105

26,795

86,038

78,057

55,524

31,641

8,843

477

30,133

3,227

69

3,158

7,706

7,745

6,337

3,859

1,166

90

5B,522

3,98&

24

3,964

14,203

15,792

13,244

8,545

2,602

148

51,507

3,351

10

3,341

12,804

14,144

11,609

7,303

2,183

113

7,015

637

14

623

1,399

1,648

1,635

1,242

419

35

,472

310

6

304

,339

,853

$318

,416

506

30

.403

248

248

,182

,730

,606

,194

419

24

,069

62

6

56

157

223

312

222

87

6
Table 5. Live births by plurality, color, age of mother, and birth weight, and percentage distribution by birth weight: United States Jive-birth cohort.

Plurality, color, and

age of mother

—

SINGLE LIVE BIRTHS

Total

All ages . . . . . . . .

Under 20 years . . . , . . .

Under 15years . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . , . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years do.......

30-34 years .,.......

35-39 years . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . .

45yaarsandovar . . . . . .

White

Alleges . . . . . . . .

Under 20 years . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . ,

15-19 years . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years , , . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . .

4044years . . . . . . . . .

45 years and over . . . . . .

All other

Alleges . . . . . . . .

Under 20 years . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . .

15-19 yeers . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . .,

30-34 years . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . .

4044yaars . . . . . . . . .

45 years and over . . . . , .

1960-Con.

All

weights

4,171,166

586,328

6,720

579,608

1,402,794

1,089,098

589,232

349,196

89,404

5,114

3,531,362

4!35,186

2,500

452,666

1,200,490

922904

573,524

288@62

76,230

4,166

639,604

131,142

4,220

126,922

202,304

146,194

95,708

50,334

13,174

948

1,000

grams

or

less

20,054

3,752

98

3,654

6,193

4,715

3,318

1,661

387

28

14,345

2,286

19

2,239

4,461

3,500

2,493

1,293

316

24

5,709

1,494

79

1,415

1,732

1,215

825

368

71

4

6irth weight

i I I I I I I

1,001- 1,501- 2,001- 2,501- 3,001- 3,501- 4,001- 4,501-

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000

grams grams grams grams grams grams grams grams

I t I I I I I

Number of live births ‘

22,937

4,916

132

4,764

7,331

4,976

3,270

1,879

523

42

16,448

3,065

34

3,031

5,383

3,674

2,444

1,469

423

30

6,449

1,851

98

1,753

1,948

1,302

826

410

100

12

49,758

10,292

184

10,106

15#rM9

10,564

7,381

4,312

1,211

89

36,426

6,626

62

6,554

11,793

8,033

5,586

3,350

959

59

13,332

3,666

122

3,544

4,096

2,651

1,795

952

252

20

191971

35,812

627

35,185

63,382

43,811

28,511

15,636

4,417

302

142,956

22,769

155

22,614

47.905

34,133

22,080

12,309

3,539

221

49,015

13,043

472

12,571

15,477

9,778

6,431

3,327

878

81

761,527

125,740

1,965

123,775

265,879

187,382

111,654

55,675

14,226

771

500,065

86,436

571

85,865

212,061

152,928

91,004

45,476

11,570

590

161,462

39,304

1,394

37,910

53,818

34,454

20,650

10,398

2,656

181

1,604,541

233,655

2,510

231,145

560,640

411,691

244,961

122,078

29,8C9

1,707

1,362,723

184,474

1,005

183,469

481,385

355,446

209,931

104,558

25,515

1,414

241,816

49,181

1,505

47,676

79,255

56,245

35,030

17,520

4,294

293

1,136,833

137,750

1,000

136,750

374,249

302,340

193,196

102,138

25,730

1,430

1,012,995

119,071

539

118,532

337,526

271,301

171,323

90,093

22,477

1,204

123,836

18,679

461

18,218

36,723

31,039

21,873

12,045

3,253

226

317,589

30,117

174

26,943

93,695

85,766

61,787

35,664

9,993

567

287,466

26,892

105

26,7S7

85,994

78,027

55,454

31,815

8,82?r

477

30,101

3,225

69

3,156

7<701

7,739

6,333

3,s49

1,164

90

58,492

3,986

24

3,964

14,199

15,782

13,236

8,537

2,602

148

51,481

3,351

10

3,341

12,802

14,134

11,603

7,295

2,183

113

7*OJ1

537

14

623

1,397

1,648

1,633

1,242

419

35

5.001

grams

or

more

7,464

306

6

300

1,337

1,951

1,918

1,416

506

30

6,395

244

244

1,180

1,728

1,606

I ,194

419

24

1,069

62

6

56

157

223

312

222

87

6
Table 5. Live births by plurality, color, age of mother, and birth weight, and percentage distribution by birth weight: United States live-birth cohort.

Plurality, color, and

age of mother

PLURAL LIVE BIRTHS

Total —

Alleges ...,...

Under 20 years . . . . . .

Under 15 years . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . .

30.34 yeara . . . . . . . .

35-39 years, . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . .

45 years and ovar . . . . .

White

Alleges .,......

Undar 20 years . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . .

20-24 years ,. . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . .

35.39 years . . . . . . . . .

40.44 veals . . . . . . . . .

45 years and over . . . . . .

All other

.

Alleges . . . ...”..

Under 20 yaars . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . .’. .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years , . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . .

4044yaars, . . . . . . . .

45 yaers and over . . . . . .

1960-Con.

Birth weight

All 1,000 1,oo1- 1,501- 2,001- 2,501- 4,501- ::: weights grams

3,001- 3,501- 4,001-

1,500

or

2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000

less grams grama grams grams grams grams grams grams ‘r

more

Number of live births

86,684

7,418

60

7,358

24,118

23,718

18,490

10,712

2,160

68

69,382

5,46S

24

5,444

19,472

19,208

14,s78

8,564

1,746

46

~7,302

1,950

36

1,914

4,646

4,510

3,612

2,14S

474

22

4,269

753

16

737

1,390

952

705

381

S6

2

3,148

513

6

507

1,053

716

509

295

62

1,121

240

10

230

337

236

196

86

24

2

4,81S

695

4

691

1,533

1,1s1

862

452

92

4

3,552

519

2

517

1,120

863

642

328

76

4

1,267

176

2

174

413

318

220

124

16

12,147

1,485

15

1,470

3,669

3,110

2,230

1,353

290

10

9,250

1,060

4

1,058

2,827

2,3S0

1,598

1,037

23a

10

2,897

425

11

414

842

730

532

316

52

25,46!

2,252

21

2,232

7,171

6,927

5,410

3,(?40

637

27

20,175

1,632

6

1,624

5,739

5,571

4,335

2,387

516

15

5,2??0

621

13

608

1,432

1,356

1,075

673

121

12

25,510

1,576

4

1,572

6,970

7,274

5,738

3,2S8

647

17

21,024

1,194

4

1,190

5,824

6,041

4,694

2,724

534

13

4,4B6

382

382

1,146

1,233

1,044

564

113

4

12,002

552

552

2,S66

3,574

2,908

1,774

320

6

10,127

462

462

2,472

3,033

2,445

1,457

256

2

1,875

90

90

396

541

463

317

64

4

2,21C

90

90

459

652

555

380

72

2

1,860

76

76

389

562

479

322

50

2

330

74

14

70

90

76

58

22

Zzt

1(

1(

5:

3t

74

3E

16

192

6

8

44

30

70

26

14

32

2

2

8

6

4

10

2

3(

4

la

8

8

26

2

10

6

8

4

2

2

6

4

4

2

2

6

4

4

2

2

57
Table 5. Live births by plurality, color, age of mother, and birth weight, and percentage distribution by birth weight: United States live-birth cohort,

Plurality, color, and

age of mother

ALL LIVE BIRTHS

Total —

Alleges ..,.....

Under 20 years . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . .

4044years . . . . . . . . .

45 years and over . . . . . .

White

Allays . . . . . . . .

Under 20 years . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . , . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . .,

30-34 years . . . . . . . . .

35-39 ye&s . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . .

45 years and over . . . . . .

All other

Allays . . . . . . . .

Under 20 years . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . .

4044years . . . . . . . . .

45 years and over . . . . . .

1960-Con.

8irth weight

All 1,000 1,oo1- 1,501- 2,001- 2,501- 3,001- 3,501- 5,001

weights grams

4,001- 4,501-

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 s 000 grams 4,500 ,

or

less grams grams grams grams grams grams grams grams M:re

pereantage distributim

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

0.6

0.8

1.7

0.7

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.6

1.0

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.6

1.0

1.3

2.1

1.3

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.7

0.9

2.0

0.9

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.7

0.9

0.6

0.8

1.4

0.8

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.5

2.3

1.5

1,1

1.1

1.1

1.0

0.9

1,2

1.5

2.0

2.9

2.0

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.6

1.6

1.9

1.3

1.7

2.6

1.7

1.2

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.5

1.9

2.5

3.1

3.1

3.1

2.4

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.2

2.1

5.1

6.4

9.6

6.4

4.9

4.7

4.9

5.2

5.6

6.3

4.5

5.3

6.5

5.3

4.4

4.2

4.5

4.B

5.2

5.6

8.3

10.3

11.4

10.2

6.2

7.4

7.6

7.6

7.4

9.6

18.5

21.4

29.0

21.4

19.1

17.8

17.1

16.4

16.2

15.2

17.2

19.0

22.8

19,0

17.9

16.9

16.3

15.7

15.5

14.3

25.3

29.8

32.8

29.7

26.6

23.7

21.8

20.9

20.4

19.1

38.0

39.4

37.0

39.5

39.5

38.0

36.0

34.4

32.9

33.1

38.1

40.1

39.B

40.1

39.7

38.1

36.1

34.5

33.0

33.6

37.1

37.0

35.4

37.1

38.5

37.7

35.7

34.0

32.1

30.6

26.8

23.2

14.7

23.3

26.3

27.7

28.2

28.5

28.2

27.6

26.2

25.9

21.4

25.9

27.7

28.9

29.2

29.4

26.9

2B.6

18.9

14.0

10,8

14.2

17.8

20.7

22.1

23.1

24.1

23.3

7.5

5.1

2.6

5.1

6.6

7.9

9.0

9.9

10.9

10.9

8.o

5.8

4.2

6.B

7.1

8.3

9.4

10.4

11.3

11.3

4.6

2.4

1.6

2.5

3.7

5.1

6.4

7.4

6.6

9.3

1.4

0.7

0.4

0.7

1.0

1.4

1.9

2.4

2.8

2.9

1.4

0,7

0.4

0.7

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

2.8

2.7

1.1

0.5

0.3

0.5

0.7

1.1

1.6

2.4

3.1

3.6

0.2

0.1

0,1

0,1

0.1

0.2

0,3

0.4

0.6

0.6

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.2

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.6

0.6

58
Table 5. Live births by plurality, color, age of mother, and birth weight, and percentage distribution by birth weight: United States live-birth cohort,

Plurality, color, and

age of mother

SINGLE LIVE BIRTHS

Total

Alleges . . . . . . . .

Under 20 years . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . .

20-24 years . , , . . . . . .

26-29 yeara . . . , . . . . .

30-34 yeara . . . . . . . . .

35.39 yeara . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . .

45 yaars and over . . . . . .

Whita

Allagea . . . . . . . .

Undar 20 yeara . . . . . . .

Under 15yeara . , , . . .

15-19 yeara . . . . . . .

20-24 yeera . . . . . . . . .

25-29 yeara . . . . . . . . .

30.34 yeara . . . . . . . . .

36-39 years . . , , . . . . .

4044years . . . . . . . . .

46 yaars and over . . . . . .

All othar

Alleges .,....,.

Under 20 yeers . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . .

15-19 yeers , . . , , , .

20-24 yeara . . ,. . . . . .

26-29 yeers . . . . . . . . .

30-34 yeara . . . . . . . . .

36-39 yeers . . , . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . .

45 yeera end over . . . . . .

1960-Con.

II Birth weight

All 1,000 1,oo1- 1,501 - 2,001 - 2,501- 3,001- 3,501- 4,501- :::, weights grams

4,001-

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500

or

4,006 4,500 5,000

less

grams grams grams grama grams grams grams grams ‘r

more

Percentage distributimr

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.O

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100,0

100.0

100.0

100.0

loir.o

100.0

100.0

0.5

0.6

1.5

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.8

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.9

1.1

1.9

1.1

0.9

0.6

0.9

0.7

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.8

2.0

0.8

0,5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.5

0.8

1.4

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

1.0

1.4

2.3

1.4

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

1.3

1.2

1.8

2.7

1.7

1.1

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.7

1.0

1.5

2.5

1.6

1.0

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.3

1.7

2.1

2.8

2.9

2.8

2.0

1.7

1.9

1.9

1.9

2.1

4.6

6.1

9.3

6.1

4.5

4.1

4.3

4.5

4.9

5.9

4.0

5.0

6.2

5.0

4.0

3.7

3.8

4.1

4.6

5.3

7.7

9.9

11.2

9.9

7.7

6.7

6.7

6.6

6.7

6.5

18.3

21.4

29.2

21.4

19.0

17.5

16.7

16.0

15.9

15.1

17.0

19.0

22.8

19.0

17.7

16.6

15.9

15.2

15.2

14.2

25.2

30.0

33.0

28.9

26.6

23.6

21.6

20.7

20.2

19.1

38.5

39.9

37.4

39.9

40.0

38.5

36.6

35.0

33.3

33.4

38.6

40.5

40.2

40.6

40.1

36.5

36.6

35.0

33.5

33.9

37.8

37.5

35.7

37.6

39.2

38.5

36.6

34.8

32.6

30.9

27.3

23.5

14.9

23.6

26.7

28.3

28.9

29.2

28.8

28.0

28.7

26.2

21.6

26.2

28.1

29.4

29.9

30.1

29.5

28.9

19.4

14.2

10.9

14.4

18.2

21.2

22.9

23.9

24.7

23.8

7.6

6.1

2.6

5.2

6.7

8.0

9.2

10.2

11.2

11.1

8.1

5.9

4.2

5.9

7.2

8.5

9.7

10.6

11.6

11.4

4.7

2.5

1.6

2.6

3.8

5.3

6.6

7.6

8.8

9.5

1.4

0.7

0.4

0,7

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

2.8

2.9

1.5

0.7

0.4

0.7

1.1

1.5

2.0

2.4

2.9

2.7

1.1

e.5

0.3

0.5

0.7

1.1

1.7

2.5

3.2

3.7

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.6

0.6

0.2

0,1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.2

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.7

0.6

59
Table 5. Live births by plurality, color, age of mothar, and birth weight, and percentage distribution by birth weight: Unitad States live-birth cohort,

Plurality, color, and

age of mother

PLURAL LIVE BIRTHS

Total —

Alleges . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . .

25-29 yeara . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . .

4044years . . . . . . . . .

45 yeara and over . . . . . .

White

All ages . . . . . . . .

Under 20 years . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . .

20-24 yeara . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . .

,30-34 years . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . .

4044years . . . . . . . . .

45 years and over . . . . . .

All other

Alleges . . . . . . . .

Under 20 yeara . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . .

15-19 yeara . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . .

30-34 yaars . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . .

4044years . . . . . . . . .

45 years and over . . . . . .

1960–Con.

Birth weight

All 1,000

weights 1#ool- 1,501 -

grams

2,001- 2,501- 3,001- 3,501- 4,001- 4501- 5’00’

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,5W 4,000 ; OM grams 4,500 ,

or

less

grams grama grams grama grams grams grams grams ‘r

mom

Percentagedistribution

100.0

100.0

●

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

●

100.0

100.0

●

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

●

100.0

100.0

*

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

!+

4.9

10.2

●

10.0

5.8

4.0

3.8

3.6

4.0

●

4.5

9.4

●

9.3

5.4

3.7

3,4

3.4

3.6

*

6.5

12.3

*

12.0

7.3

5.2

5.4

4.0

5.8

●

5.6

9.4

●

9,4

6.4

5.0

4.7

4.2

4.3

●

5.1

9.5

●

9.6

-5.8

4.5

4.3

3.8

4.4

*

7.3

9.0

●

9.1

8.9

7.1

6.1

5.8

3.9

●

14.0

20.0

●

20.0

15.2

13.1

12.1

12.6

13.4

●

13.3

19.4

*

19.4

14.5

12.4

11.4

12.1

13.6

●

16.7

21.8

*

21.6

18.1

16.2

14.7

14.7

12.6

*

28.4

30.4

●

30.3

29.7

29.2

28.3

26.4

26.5

,

29.1

28.8

●

29.8

28.5

29.0

29.1

27.6

28.6

●

30.6

31.8

●

31.8

30.8

30.1

29.8

31.3

29.2

●

28.4

21.2

●

21.4

28.9

30.7

31.0

30.7

30.0

*

30.3

21.6

●

21.9

28.9

31.5

31.5

31.8

30.6

●

25.9

19.6

●

20.0

24.7

27.3

28.8

26.3

27.3

●

13.8

7.4

●

7.5

11.9

15.1

15.7

16.6

14.8

●

14.6

8.4

●

6.5

12.7

15.8

16.4

17.0

14.7

●

10.8

4.6

●

4.7

8.6

12.0

12.8 “

14.8

16.5

●

2.5

1.2

●

1.2

1.9

2.7

3.0

3.5

3.3

●

2.7

1.4

●

1.4

2.0

2.9

3.2

3.8

2.9

●

1.9

0.7

●

0.7

1.6

2.0

2.1

2.7

5.3

*

0.3

0.1

●

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.7

●

0,3

0.1

*

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.5

0.3

0.8

●

0,2

0.1

*

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.5

0.5

●

0.0

●

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

●

0.0

●

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.1

*

0.0

●

0.0

0.1

●

0,0

0.1

●

0,1

0.0

0.0

.

0.0

0.1

●

0.1

0.0

0.0

●

●

,.

●

60
Table 6. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by plurality, color, ege of mother, and birth weight: United States live-birth

cohort, 1960

Birth weight

2,501-

3,000 T grams

1,000 1,001-

grams

1,500

or

less

grams

2,001-

2,500

grams

Plurality, color, and

age of mother

Al I

weights 4,001 - 4,501 - 5’00’

4,500 5,000 ‘rams

grams grams M:re

1,501-

2,000

grams

3,001-

3,500

grams

3,501-

4,000

grams

ALL NEONATALDEATHS

Total Number of deaths

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . 78,330 qzoz 14,474 11,179 9,010 7,817 7,581 4,149

-

553

9

544

1,159

974

779

494

176

14

3,328

408

3

408

976

815

601

374

142

11

821

144

6

138

183

159

178

120

34

3

1,341 416 161

Under 20years . . , . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years, . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years, . . . . . . . . . .

45yearsand over . . . . . . . .

13,603

279

13,324

24,844

18,108

12,601

7,093

2,118

162

60,773

9,419

81

9,338

19,400

14,457

9,983

5,661

1,719

134

17,557

4,184

198

3,986

5,244

3,652

2,618

1,432

399

28

3,994

88

3,906

6,885

5,289

3,679

1,891

441

23

6,166

2,505

23

2,482

5,035

3,990

2,776

1,486

355

19

6,036

1,489

65

1,424

1,850

1,299

903

405

86

4

3,122

58

3,064

4,762

3,154

2,085

1,071

278

22

11,124

2,175

15

2,160

3,704

2,491

1,648

859

229

18

3,350

947

43

904

1,058

663

417

212

49

4

2,195

47

2,148

3,753

2,412

1,602

921

276

20

9,064

1,681

17

1,664

3,044

1,998

1,325

761

235

20

2,115

514

30

484

709

414

277

160

41

1,434

31

1,403

2,855

2,073

1,435

887

293

33

7,341

1,063

11

1,052

2,368

1,724

1,181

741

237

27

1,669

371

20

351

487

349

254

146

!56

6

1,129

27

1,102

2,407

1,896

1,355

750

256

24

6,253

769

9

760

1,984

1,581

1,104

592

204

19

1,584

360

18

342

423

315

251

158

52

5

1,004

16

988

2,358

1,862

1,281

771

285

20

6,016

694

3

691

1,909

1,505

1,038

622

231

17

1,565

310

13

297

449

357

243

149

54

3

136

3

133

351

313

259

202

75

5

1,036

95

95

292

243

194

150

59

3

305

41

3

38

59

70

65

52

16

2

27

27

93

100

98

70

27

1

327

23

23

72

82

81

49

20

89

4

4

21

18

17

21

7

1

9

9

21

36

48

36

11

118

5

5

16

28

35

27

7

43

4

4

5

8

13

9

4

61

White

Alleges . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years, . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . . .

45years and over . . . . . . . .

All other

All ages . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years, . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . .

25.29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . . .

45yearsand over . . . . . . . .
Table 6. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by plurality, color, age of mother, and birth weight: United States live-birth

cohort, 1960—Con.

mAll 1,000 1,001- 1,501- weights grams

1,500 2,000

or

less

grams grams

Birth weight

Plurality, color, and

age of mother 4,501-

5,000

grams

5,001

grams

or

more

2,001-

2,500

grams

2,501- 3,001- 3,501- 4,001-

3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500

grams grams grams grams

I I I

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

SINGLE BIRTHS

~ Number of daaths

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . 69,613 18,145 12,087 9,806 8,424 7,596 ,497 4,134 1,339 416 159

Under 20years . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . . .

45yearsand over . . . . . . . .

12,245

263

11,982

21,811

16,068

11,092

6,299

1,944

154

54,109

8,422

74

8,348

17,211

12,887

8,821

5,055

1,587

126

15,504

3,823

189

3,634

4.600

3,181

2,271

1#244

357

28

3,304

77

3,227

5,549

4,388

2,996

1,526

361

21

13,148

2,031

17

2,014

4,013

3,307

2,273

1,211

296

17

4,997

1,273

60

1,213

1,536

1,081

723

315

65

4

2,720

56

2,664

3,978

2,571

1,669

901

238

20

9,270

1,862

14

1,848

3,104

2,033

1,333

724

198

16

2,827

858

42

816

874

538

336

177

40

4

2,025

45

1,980

3,305

2,083

1,357

778

241

17

7,965

1,543

17

1,526

2,691

1,745

1,119

646

204

17

1,841

482

28

454

614

338

238

132

37

1,365

30

1,335

2,670

1,939

1,325

815

278

32

6,887

1,010

11

999

2,218

1,620

1,097

688

228

26

1,537

355

19

336

452

319

228

127

50

6

1,108

27

1,081

2,353

1,841

1,292

725

253

24

6,097

755

9

746

1,841

1,643

1,060

577

202

19

1,499

353

18

335

412

288

232

148

51

5

999

16

983

,338

,830

,272

754

264

20

,950

690

3

687

,893

,478

,031

610

231

17

,547

308

13

286

445

352

241

144

53

3

552

9

543

1,155

969

776

492

176

14

3,315

408

3

405

973

810

598

373

142

11

819

144

6

138

182

159

178

119

34

3

136

3

133

349

313

259

202

75

5

1,034

95

95

290

243

194

150

59

3

305

41

3

38

59

70

65

52

16

2

27

27

93

100

98

70

27

1

327

23

23

72

82

81

49

20

89

4

4

21

18

17

21

7

1

9

9

21

34

48

36

11

116

5

5

16

26

35

27

7

43

4

4

5

8

13

9

4

White

All ages . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

4044years . . . . . . . . . . .

45yearsand over . . , . . . . .

All other

Alleges . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20yaars . , . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . .. . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . . .

45yearsandover . . . . . . . .

62
Table 6. Neonatal daaths and risk of naonatal death, by plurality, color, aga of mother, and birth weight: Unitad States live-birth

Plurality, color, and

age of mother

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONC

PLURAL BIRTHS

Total

All ages .,.....,,

Under 20yaars . , , . , . . .

Under 15yaars . . . . . . .

15-19 yaars . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years, . .. mm....

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . .

35.39 years . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . .

45yearsandovar . . . . . . .

White

Alleges . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years , . . . . , . . ,

Undar15years . . . . . . . ,

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20.24 years . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years m. . . . . . . . . .

30.34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-14 years . . . . . . . . . . .

45yaarsandover . . , , . . . .

All other

Alleges . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . , . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . . .

45yearsand over . . . . . . . .

cohort, 1960—Con.

n

II Birth weight

All 1,000

weights 1,oo1-

grams II 1,501- 2,001- 2,501-

1,500

or

2,000 2,500 3,000

less

grams grams grams grams

3,001-

3,500

grams

8,71 “

1,35[

1(

1,34

2,83

2,04”

1,50!

79

17L

[

6,664

997

i

99C

2,1 8C

1,57C

1,161

6rX

132

E

2,052

361

9

352

644

471

347

188

42

4,057

690

11

679

1,336

901

663

365

80

2

3,018

474

6

468

1,022

683

503

275

59

2

1,039

216

5

211

314

218

180

90

21

2,377

402

:

40C

784

582

39C

17C

4C

2

1,854

313

1

372

600

458

315

135

31

2

523

89

1

88

184

125

81

35

9

1,373

I 7a

2

168

44a

329

245

143

35

3

1,099

138

138

353

253

206

115

31

3

274

32

2

30

95

76

39

28

4

Number of deaths

586

69

1

68

185

134

110

72

15

1

454

53

53

150

104

&

53

9

1

132

16

1

15

35

30

26

19

6

221

21

21

54

55

63

25

3

156

14

14

43

38

44

15

2

65

7

7

11

17

19

10

1

64

5

5

20

32

9

17

1

66

4

4

16

27

7

12

18

1

1

4

5

2

5

1

3,501-

4,000

grams

1

1

4

5

3

2

13

1

1

3

5

3

1

2

1

1

4,001-

4,500

grams

2

2

2

2

I

4,501- 5’W’

~,ooo grams

grams m~re

2

2

2

2

63
Table 6. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by plurality, color, age of mother, and birth weight: United States live-birth

Plurality, color, and

age of mother

ALL NEONATAL DEATHS

Total

Allagas . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . . .

45yearsandover . . . . , . . .

White

Alleges . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . , . . .

Under 15years . . . , . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . . .

45yaarsandover . . . . . . . .

All other

Alleges . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years, . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years........,..

45yearsandover . . . . . . . .

cohort, 1960–Con.

II Birth weight

18.4

22.9

41.2

22.7

17.3

16.6

18.3

19.7

23.1

31.3

16.9

20.4

32.1

20.4

15.9

15.3

17.0

18.4

22.0

31.8

26.7

31.4

46.5

30.9

25.3

24.2

26.4

27.3

29.4

28.9

912.8

886.6

771.9

889.5

908.0

933.3

914.5

926.1

932.3

766.7

924.1

904.0

920.0

903.9

913.1

946.4

924.7

935.8

939.2

*

883.7

856.7

730.3

865.7

884.2

895.2

864.4

892.1

905.3

*

521.5

556.4

426.5

559.6

537.2

512.3

488.8

459.5

452.0

478.3

555.1

606.9

*

608.8

569.6

549.0

534.0

478.0

458.9

*

434.2

467.2

430.0

469.1

448.1

408.3

398.7

397.0

422.4

●

180.6

166.4

236.2

185.5

191.9

176.1

166.7

162.6

183.9

202.0

198.4

218.7

*

218.4

208.2

191.9

181.9

173.1

196.3

253.2

130.3

125.6

225.6

122.3

143.6

126.2

119.0

126.2

134.9

3,001-

3,500

grams

—.

Rate per 1,000 live births

41.4

37.7

47.8

37.5

40.5

40.8

42.3

47.5

58.0

100.3

45.0

43.6

*

43.4

44.1

43.4

44.7

50.5

58.4

114.4

30.7

27.2

41.2

26.6

28.8

31.3

33.8

36.5

56.1

*

9.9

8.9

13.7

8.8

8.8

9.7

11.5

12.7

17.2

30.5

10.1

8.8

*

8.7

9.1

9.9

11.5

12.3

16.9

*

9.4

9.1

*

8.9

7.7

8.8

11.6

14.4

18.8

*

4.7

4.3

*

4.3

4.2

4.5

5.2

6.2

9.5

11.7

4.4

3.8

*

3.8

3.9

4.2

4.9

5.9

9.0

*

6.4

6.3

●

6.2

5.6

6.3

6.8

8.4

12.4

●

Ir- 3,501- 4,001- 4,501-

4,000 4,500 5,000

grams grams grams

3.6

4.0

*

4.0

3.1

3.2

4.0

4.8

6.8

*

3,3

3.4

*

3.4

2.9

3.0

3.5

4.1

6.3

*

6.6

7.7

*

7.6

5.0

6.1

8.1

9.9

10.4

*

4.2

4.5

*

4.4

3.7

3.6

4.2

5.7

7.5

*

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.4

3.1

3.5

4.7

6.7

*

10.1

12.7

*

12.0

7.7

9.0

10.3

13.5

*

*

7.1

=

6.8

6.8

6.5

6.3

7.4

8.2

0.4

*

6.3

6.9

6.9

5.6

5.8

7.0

6.7

9.2

2.7

*

●

5.0

&

●

6.9

●

●

5,001

grams

or

more

21.5

*

*

15.7

1B,4

25.0

25.4

*

18.4

*

*

*

16.2

21.8

22.6

*

40.2

*

*

*

*

●

*

*
Table 6. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by plurality, color, age of mother, and birth weight: United States live-birth

cohort, 1960–Con.

L

All 1,000

weights grams

or

less

Birth weight

I I i

Plurality, color, and

age of mother -L1,001- l,501-

1,500 2,000

grams grams

2,001-

2,500

grams

2,501- 3,001-

3,000 3,500

grams grams grams I

grams grams m~re

I I

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

SINGLE BIRTHS

Total Rate per 1,000 Iive births

904.8

880.6

785.7

883.1

896.0

930.6

903.0

918.7

932.8

750.0

916.6

899.5

*

899.6

899.6

944.9

911.8

936.6

936.7

*

875.3

852.1

759.5

857.2

866.8

889.7

876.4

856.0

915.5

*

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . 16.7

20.9

39.1

20.7

15.5

15.0

16.6

18.0

21.7

30.1

15.3

18.5

29.6

18.4

14.3

14.0

15.4

16.9

20.8

30.2

24.2

29.2

44.8

28.6

22.7

21.8

23.7

24.7

27.1

29.5

527.4 197.1 43.9 10.0 4.7 3.6 4.2 7.1 21.3

8.8

13.7

8.7

8.8

9.8

11.6

13.0

17.8

31.1

10.2

8.7

*

8.7

9.2

10.1

11.6

12.7

17.5

*

9.3

9.0

*

8.8

7.7

8.6

11.2

14.2

19.2

●

4.0

●

4.5

*

4.4

3.7

3.6

4.2

5.7

7.5

*

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.4

3.1

3.5

4.7

6.7

*

10.1

12.7

*

12.0

7.7

9.0

10.3

13.5

*

●

6.8

6.8

6.5

6.3

7.4

8.2

10.4

*

6.4

6.9

6.9

5.6

5.8

7.0

6.7

9.2

12.7

●

*

15.0

*

●

16.9

*

*

*

●

15.7

17.4

25.0

25.4

*

18.1

*

●

●

15.0

21.8

22.6

●

40.2

●

●

*

*

*

*

65

Undar20years . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 ~ears . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . . .

45yearsandovar . . . . . . . .

553.3

424.2

556.9

542.6

516.7

510.4

479.5

455.1

476.2

562.2

607.5

*

608.7

576.6

553.3

545.4

492.9

468.1

*

438.4

463.5

428.6

465.5

448.7

413.2

405.8

431.7

400.0

*

186.8

244.6

195.9

208.0

186.8

183.9

180.4

199.0

*

218.7

232.9

*

232.5

228.2

217.2

200.3

192.3

212.7

*

13B.I

131.5

229.5

128.1

149.9

132.5

132.6

138.7

146.8

*

38.1

47.8

37.9

42.1

44.2

46.6

52.1

62.9

106.0

48.2

44.4

*

44.2

46.3

47.5

49.7

55.9

64.4

117.6

31.4

27.2

*

26.7

29.2

32.6

35.5

38.2

56.9

*

4.3

*

4.3

4.2

4.4

5.2

6.2

9.5

11.7

4.4

3.7

*

3.7

3.9

4.2

4.9

5.8

9.1

*

6.4

6.3

*

6.2

5.6

6.3

6.9

8.2

12.3

*

4.0

3.1

3.2

4.0

4.8

6.8

*

White

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . 3.3

3.4

●

3.4

2.9

3.0

3.5

4.1

6.3

●

Under 20years . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . . .

45yaarsandover . . . . . . . .

All other

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . 6.6

Under 20~ears . . . . . . . . .

Undar15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . .

25.29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . . .

46yaarsandover . . . . . . . .

7.7

*

7.6

5.0

5.1

8.1

9.9

10.5

+
Table 6. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by plurality, color, age of mother, and birth wieght: United States live-birth

cohort, 1960–Con.

III All 1,000

1,001- weights grams

1,500

or

less

grams

Birth weight

E

Plurality, color, and

age of mother

4,001 - 4,501 - 5’00’

4,500 5,000 ‘rams

grams grams m:re

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

PLURAL BIRTHS

Total Rate per 1,000 live births

All ages . . . . . . . . . . 100.6 950.3 493.3 113.0 23.0 8.7 7.0 ● *

Under 20years , . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 ~ears . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

4044years . . . . . . . . . . .

45yearsandover . . . . . . . .

183.1

*

182.4

117.5

86.1

81.6

74.1

80.6

*

96.0

182.3

*

181.9

112.4

81.7

78.1

70.8

75.6

*

118.7

185.1

*

183.9

138.6

104.4

96.1

87.5

101.4

916.3

*

921.3

961.2

946.4

968.8

958.0

930.2

*

958.7

924.0

*

923.1

970.6

963.9

988.2

932.2

951.6

*

926.9

900.0

●

917.4

931.8

923.7

918.4

,046.5

875.0

578.4

*

578.9

511.4

493.6

459.4

376.1

434.8

*

522.0

603.1

*

603.5

535.7

530.7

490.7

411.6

407.9

*

412.8

505.7

*

505.7

445.5

393.1

368.2

282.3

*

114.5

*

114.3

122.1

105.8

108.9

105.7

120.7

*

118.8

130.2

130.7

124.9

106.3

121.3

110.9

130.3

*

94.6

75.3

*

72.5

112.8

104.1

73.3

88.6

*

30.6

*

30.5

25.8

19.3

20.3

23.7

*

*

22.5

32.5

32.6

26.1

,18.7

19.4

22.4

●

*

25.0

*

*

●

24.4

22.1

24,2

*

*

13.3

13.4

7.7

7.6

11.0

7.6

*

7.4

*

●

7.4

6.3

9.4

*

*

14.5

*

●

*

●

●

*

*

*

●

7.0

9.0

,*

*

*

6.5

*

*

*

8.9

*

*

●

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

●

●

☛

☛

●

●

*

*

●

●

●

☛✌

White

All ages . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . ...”

45years andover . . . . . . . .

All other

All ages . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 ~ears . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . . .

45yearsandover . . , . . . . .

66
Table 7. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by color, sex, cause, and birth weight: United States live-birth cohort, 1960

Color, sex, and cause of death

[Seventh Revision of the International Lists, 1955]

TOTAL

Both sexes

Allcauaes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . . . 750-759

Certain diseases ofearly infancy . . . . . . 760-776

Birth injuries . . . . . . . . . . . ...760.761

Intracranial andspinal injury at birth . 760

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxia andatelectasis . . . . . . 762

Pneumonia of newborn , . . . . . . . . . . 763

Dlarrheaofnawborn . . . . . . ,. . . . . 764

Other Infections of nawborn . . , , , . 765-768

Neonatal disorders arising from maternal

toxamla . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. ..769

Hemolytlc disaesa of newborn

(erythroblastosia) . , . . . . , . . . , . 770

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn , . . . . . 771

Illdefined diseases peculiar to early infancy

including nutritional maladjustment .772,773

Immaturity with mention of any other subsidiary

condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . . 776

All other causes . . . . , . . . . , . . , . . Residual

—Mala

Allcauses ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . . . 760-769

Certain diseases ofearly infancy . . . . . . 760-776

BirthInjuries . ,. ., . . , . . . . . .760,761

Intracranial andspinal injury at birth . 760

Other b.irth injury . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxie andatelectasis . . . . , . 762

Pneumonia of newborn . . . , , , . , . . . 763

Dlarrhaa of newborn . , , , . , . . . , . . 764

Other infections of newborn . . . . . . 766-76S

Neonatal disordars arising from matarnal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

lHemolytic disease of nawborn

(erythroblestosis) , . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn . . . . . . 771

Illdefinad diseeses peculiar to early infancy

including nutritional maladjustment ,772,773

Immaturity with mantion of any other subsidiary

condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...774

immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . . 778

All othar causes . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . Residual

II Birth weight

All 1,000

waighta

1,oo1-

grams

1,501 - 2,001- 2,501- 3,001- 3,501- 4,001- 4’50’

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 gr:y

or

less

grams grams grams grams grams grams grams

more

Number of neonatal deaths

7B,330

9,821

64,515

10,007

3,129

6,678

19,028

3,461

449

744

966

2,095

606

7,139

1,023

18,997

3,994

46,442

5,548

37,551

6,000

1,990

4,010

11,259

2,024

252

437

659

1,121

371

4,248

606

10,874

2,343

22,202

238

21,844

2,865

258

2,607

5,115

125

3

33

213

61

51

2,030

254

11,094

120

11,766

105

11,591

1,569

135

1,434

2,723

68

2

14

101

32

30

1,051

140

5,661

70

14,474

595

13,687

1,644

416

1,228

4,310

343

28

90

14B

100

6B

1,621

331

5,004

192

8,4S9

287

8,110

976

240

736

2,533

193

15

48

84

49

41

960

204

3,007

92

11,179

1,093

9,748

1,469

531

938

3,563

421

45

101

150

210

86

1,381

257

2,065

338

6,860

549

6,117

943

363

560

2,274

267

19

61

88

103

57

894

151

1,269

184

9,010

1,730

6,653

1,110

454

656

2,483

522

67

112

142

431

83

1,007

141

575

627

5,403

939

4,084

692

2B9

403

1,552

298

33

58

86

219

48

642

91

377

370

7,817

2,118

4,801

929

444

485

1,531

664

99

126

117

545

100

530

27

133

898

4,501

1,161

2,831

541

269

272

928

386

54

74

78

272

56

347

16

79

509

7,581

2,310

4,309

1,010

508

502

1,15s

733

124

168

97

474

98

367

9

71

962

4,504

1,372

2,574

624

330

294

695

418

77

103

56

262

63

228

3

45

558

4,149

1,279

2,279

586

311

275

589

453

62

79

53

201

72

150

2

32

591

2,642

825

1,439

“385

214

171

369

271

37

53

34

135

44

92

1

18

378

1,341

339

806

252

145

107

214

138

14

22

27

53

34

39

1

12

196

891

228

536

178

107

71

128

94

9

17

17

38

23

23

9

127

577

119

388

142

62

80

85

62

7

13

19

20

14

14

1

11

70

366

82

259

92

43

49

57

41

6

9

14

11

9

11

9

45

67
Table 7. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonetel deeth, by color, sex, cause, and birth weight Unitad States live-birth cohort, 1960–Con.

Color, sex, and cause of death

[Seventh Revision of the International Lists, 19551

TOTAL-Con.

Female

All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . . . 750-75S

Certain diseases ofearly infancy . . . . . . 760-776

Birth injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . ..7S0. 761

Intracranial andspinal injury at birth . 76C

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxia and atelectasis . . . . . . 762

Pneumonia of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . 763

Diarrhea ofnewisorn . . . . . . . . . . . . 784

Other infections of newborn . . . . . . 765-768

Neonatal disorders arising from maternal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..76S

Hemolytic disease of newborn!

(ewthroblastosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 77c

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn . . . . . . 771

I Ildefined diseases peculiar to earl y infancy

including nutritional maladjustment , 772,772

Immaturity with mention of any other subsidiary

condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . . 77E

All other causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual

WHITE

Both sexes

All causea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . . . 750-75S

Cartain diseases of early infancy . . . . . . 760-776

Birth injurias . . . . . . . . . . . ...760.761

Intracranial and spinal injury at birth . 760

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxia and atelectesis . . . . . . 762

Pneumonia of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . 763

Diarrhea of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . 754

Other infections of nawborn . . . . . . . 765-76S

Naonatal disorders arising from maternal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

Hemolytic disease of nawborn

(ewthroblastoais) . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Hemorrhagic disaase of newborn . . . . . . 771

Illdefined diseases peculiar to early infancy

including nutritional maladjustment .772, 773

Immaturity with mention of any other subsidiary

condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . . 776

All other causas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual

II 8irth weight

All 1,000

weights

1,001- 1,501- 2,001-

grams

2,501- 3,0QI - 3,501- 4,001- 4’50’

1,500

or

2,000 2,500 3,0Q0 3,500 4,000 4,500 gr:’”

leas

grama grams grams grama grams grams grams more

Number of neonatal deaths

32,S86

4,273

26,884

4,007

1,139

2,S6S .

7,769

1,437

197

307

407

974

235

2,B91

417

S,323

1,651

60,773

S,651

49,450

8,251

2,429

5,S22

14,776

2,300

210

510

747

1,949

429

5,531

784

13,983

2,672

10,436

133

10,253

1,296

123

1,173

2,392

57

1

18

112

29

21

979

114

5,233

50

16,166

182

15,9C9

2,361

14B

2,213

3,551

71

19

162

57

27

1,408

183

8,0+39

65

5,9s5

308

5,577

886

176

492

1,777

150

13

42

64

51

27

861

127

1 ,s97

100

11,124

51 s

10,WJ6

1,363

284

1,059

3,332

220

13

55

121

89

54

1,216

235

3,S18

100

4,319

544

3,631

526

166

356

1,2s8

1s4

26

40

61

107

28

487

108

788

144

9,064

960

7,868

1,260

438

S22

2,937

293

20

84

119

188

67

1,179

195

1,583

218

3,607

791

2,559

41 s

165

253

911

226

34

54

58

212

35

385

50

198

257

7,341

1,602

5,430

953

392

!561

2,085

329

26

79

110

294

63

260

llB

404

408

3,316

957

1,970

3ss

175

213

603

27B

45

52

39

273

44

183

11

54

3B8

6,253

1,s53

3,780

755

352

403

1,281

433

45

S3

91

517

70

436

21

66

620

3,077

938

1,735

3S6

17s

20s

463

315

47

65

41

212

35

139

6

26

404

6,016

2,079

3,267

790

388

402

883

496

66

124

70

444

6S

276

8

32

670

1,507

464

&lo

201

97

104

220

162

25

26

19

66

2s

58

1

14

213

3,328

1,146

1,761

485

246

219

484

319

30

63

42

1BO

45

111

2

20

421

450

111

270

74

3s

36

86

44

5

5

10

15

11

16

1

3

68

1,036

303

605

202

120

82

157

97

6

14

17

50

22

34

1

5

128

191

37

129

50

19

3!

28

21

1

4

5

9

5

3

1

2

25

446

—

108

288

112

51

61

66

42

5

8

15

19

13

8

1

6

41

68
Table 7. Neonatal deathsarid risk of neonataldeath, by color, sex, cause,and birth weight: United States live-birth cohort, 1960-Con.

Color, sex, end muse of death

[Sevanth Ravisionof the International Lists,1955]

WHITE-Con,

—Male

Allceusas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

Congenltelmalformations . . . . . . . . . 760-759

Certelndiseasesof eerly infency . . . . . . 760-776

Birth InJuries . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 760,761

Intrecreniel end spinal injury at birth . 760

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Poetnetalasphyxia and atelactasis . . . . . . 762

Pneumoniaof newborn . , . . . . . . . . . 763

Diarrhea of newborn . , , , . . . . . . . . 764

Other infectionsof newborn . , . . . . 765-768

Neonatal disordersarisingfrom maternal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

Hemolytic diseaesof newborn

(erythroblastosis) . . . . . . ., . . . , 770

Hemorrhagicdiseaseof nawborn . . . . . . 771

111.defineddiseasespeculiar to early infancy

includingnutritional maladjustment .772,773

Immaturity with mention of any other subsidiary

condition ...,,.. . . . . . . . ...774

Immeturlty unqualified , , , , , . . . . . . 776

All other causes . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . Residual

Femala

All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenitalmalformations . . . . . . . . . 750-769

Certain diseasesof early infancy . . . . . . 760.776

Birth injuries , . . . . . . . . . . . . .760,761

Intracranial and spinal injury at birth . 760

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatelasphyxia and atelectasis . , . . . . 762

Pneumoniaof newborn . . . . . . . . . . . 763

Dierrheeofnewtsorn . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

Other infectionsof newborn . . . . . . 765-768

Neonataldisordersarisingfrom maternal

toxemia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

Hemolytic diseaseof nawborn

(erythroblastosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 77o

Hemorrhagicdiseaseof newborn . . . . . . 771

Illdefirred diseesaspeculiarto early infancy

includingnutritional maladjustment .772,773

Immaturity with mention of any other subsidiary

condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . . 776

All other causas . , . . . . , . . . , . . . . Rasidual

All

weights

35,537

4,649

29,108

4,899

1,560

3,439

8,864

1,355

119

310

437

1,026

268

3,304

462

7,964

1,580

25,236

3,802

20,342

3,252

869

2,383

6,912

945

91

200

310

923

161

2,227

302

6,019

1,092

II Birth weight

1,000 I

1,oo1- grams 1,501-

1,500

or

2,000

less grams grams

8,651

80

8,534

1,302

78

1,224

1,905

42

10

so

29

18

723

106

4,319

37

7,515

112

7,375

1,059

70

969

1,646

29

9

S2

28

9

686

77

3,750

28

6,667

246

6,277

815

167

548

1,858

122

7

30

68

41

35

724

147

2,329

44

4,557

272

4,229

536

127

411

1,374

98

6

25

52

48

19

492

88

1,488

56

2,001- 2,501-

2,500 3,000

grams grams

Number of neonataldeaths

5,574

469

4,975

819

303

516

1,8B7

175

6

40

69

86

47

756

117

861

130

3,480

4B1

2,921

441

135

3@3

1,050

118

12

24

50

103

20

423

78

602

88

4,459

S22

3,365

607

252

355

1,333

186

13

41

67

198

41

552

76

271

252

2,662

680

2,045

346

140

206

762

143

12

38

43

196

22

306

42

133

157

3,600

99s

2,261

447

222

225

778

256

25

50

63

256

37

292

12

45

341

2,653

855

1,519

308

130

178

463

177

20

33

28

261

33

146

9

21

279

3,001- 3,501-

3,500 4,000

grams grams

,563

,220

,955

467

244

243

554

260

41

78

40

244

44

167

3

17

388

453

859

312

303

144

159

339

218

25

46

30

200

24

109

5

15

282

2,127

735

1,113

305

168

136

310

193

17

44

29

117

24

61

1

12

279

1,201

411

648

160

77

83

174

12s

13

18

13

63

21

50

1

8

142

4,001 - 4’501

4,500 g’:y

grams

more

682

204

405

141

87

54

95

70

4

11

10

35

14

21

4

83

344

99

200

61

33

28

62

27

2

3

7

15

6

13

1

1

45

304

75

203

76

38

38

44

31

4

6

10

10

8

8

6

26

141

33

93

36

13

23

22

11

1

3

5

9

5

1

15

69
Table 7. Neonatal deatha and risk of neonatal death, by color, sex, cause, and birth weighe Unitad States live-birth cohort, 1960-Con.

II Sirth weight

All

r

wtights grams 1,000 or

less

Color, sex, and eeusa of death

[Seventh Revision of tha International Lists, 1955]

4,501

grams

or

more

1,oo1- 1,601- 2,001-

1,500 2,000 2,500

grams grams grams

2,501-

3,000

grams

3,001- 3,501.

3,500 4,000

grams grams

4,001-

4,500

grams

ALL OTHER

Both sexes

Allcauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . . . 750-758

Certain diseases ofearlyinfancy . . . . . . 76C-776

Sirthinjuriea . . . . . . . . . . . ...760.761

Intracranial andspinal injury at birth . 760

Other birth injuw . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxia and atalactasis . . . . . . 762

Pnaumcmia of newborn , . , , . . . . . . . 763

Oiarrhaaofnawborn . . . . . . . . . . . . 784

Other inactions of newborn . . . . . . 765-7S8

Neonatal disorders arising from maternal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

Hemolytic disease of newborn

(arythroblastosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 77o

Hemorrhagic disease of nawborn . . , , . . 771

Illdefined diseasas peculiar to aarly infancy

including nutritional maladjustment .772, 773

Immaturity with mention of any othar subsidiary

condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . . 776

All other causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Residual

—Male

Allcauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . . . 75Cr-758

Certain diseases of early infancy . . . . . . 760-776

Shthinjuries . . . . . . . . . . . ...760.761

Intracranial and spinal injury at birth . 760

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxia and atalactasis . . . . . . 762

Pneumonia of nawborn . . . . . . . . . . . 763

Diarrhea of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . 7s4

Other infections of netiorn . . . . . . 7S5-76B

Neonatal disordars arising from maternal

toxemia ,, ..,.........,.,769

Hemol ytic disease of newborn!

(erythroblastosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn . . . . . . 771

Illdefined diseases paculiar to early infancy

including nutritional maladjustment .772,773

Immaturity with mantion of any other aubaidiary

condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . . 776

Allotharcauses . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . Residual

Number of naonatal deaths

17,557 3,350 2,115 1,689 1 ,W4 1,585 821 305 132

1,170

~5,C65

1,756

700

1,056

4,252

1,161

239

234

219

148

177

1,608

259

5,014

1,322

9,905

688

S,443

1,001

430

571

2,395

869

133

127

122

95

103

844

144

2,710

48

5,935

504

110

384

1,584

54

3

14

51

4

24

821

71

3,025

55

3,115

25

3,057

267

57

210

818

26

2

4

21

3

12

328

34

1,542

33

77

3,181

281

122

169

97s

123

16

35

27

11

14

405

96

1,186

92

1,922

41

1#833

161

73

86

675

71

s

18

15

8

6

236

57

678

48

143

1,852

208

93

116

628

128

25

37

31

11

19

202

62

502

120

228

1,223

157

62

95

388

193

42

33

32

37

20

147

23

171

216

844

117

708

85

37

46

219

110

20

17

19

21

7

90

15

708

118

265

1,021

174

92

82

270

231

54

43

26

28

30

92

6

67

276

901

163

670

94

47

47

150

130

28

24

15

16

19

55

4

34

168

231

1,(M2

133

518

121

65

56

36

201

50

25

25

57

41

6

8

10

3

12

5

7

68

199

24

131

37

20

17

33

24

5

6

7

3

9

2

5

44

11

92

30

11

19

19

20

2

4

4

1

1

6

6

29

82

7

66

16

5

11

13

10

2

3

4

1

1

3

3

19

220

120

100

265

237

58

44

27

30

30

91

1

39

292

841

152

619

137

86

51

141

138

36

25

16

18

19

61

28

170

105

134

32

16

11

21

27

39

12

170

515

80 90

1,142

124

60

84

387

82

11

21

20

7

10

138

34

308

84

326

80

45

35

59

78

20

9

5

18

20

31

6

763 98

70
Table 7. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by color, sex, cause, and birth weight: United States live-birth cohort, 1960-Con.

Color, sex, and cause of death

[Seventh Revisionof the International Lists, 1955]

ALL OTHER-Con.

Femele

All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenitalmalformations . . . . . . . . . 750-75S

Certain diseasesof eerly infancy . . . . . . 760-776

Blrthlnjuries , . . . . . . . . . . ...760.761

Intrecraniel end spinel injury at birth . 760

Other birth in]ury . . . , . . . . . . . 761

Postnetelesphyxie end atelectasis . . . . . . 762

pneumonieof newborn . . . . . . . . . . . 763

Diarrhee of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

Other infectionsof newborn . . . . . . 765-766

Neonataldisordarsarisingfrom maternal

tOXWSda , . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

Hemolytlc diseeseof newborn

(erythroblestosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 77o

Hemorrhagicdiseaseof newborn . . . . . . 771

Illdefinad dlseesespeculiarto early infancy

includingnutritional maladjustment .772,773

immaturity with mention of any other subsidiary

condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...774

hWOatUri~ unqualified . . . . . . . . . . , 776

All other causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual

TOTAL

Both saxes

All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conganltalmalformations . . , , , . . . . 750-759

Certain diseesesof early infancy . . . . . . 760-776

Bkthhr]uries . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 760,761

Intracranial end spinal injury at birth . 760

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . . . 76 I

postnatalasphyxia and atalactasls . . . . . . 762

pneumoniaof nawborn . , , . . . . . . . . 763

Diarrheeof newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . 784

Othar inactions of nawborn . . , , . , 765-766

Neonatal disorderserisingfrom meternal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

Hemolytlc disaeseof newborn

(ewthroblestosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 77o

Hemorrhagicdiseaseof nawborn . . . . . . 771

Illdefinad diseasespeculiarto aarly infancy

includingnutritional maladjustment .772,773

Immaturity with mantion of any other subsidiary

condition, . . . . . . , . . . . . . ...774

lMMatUri~ Unquelifiad . . . . . . . . . . . 776

All other causes . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . Residual

8irth weight

All 1,000

weights grams

1,oo1- 1,501- 2,001- 2,501- 3,001- 3,5431- 4,001- 4’50’

1,500 2,000

or

2,5W 3,(XIO 3,500 4,000 4,5C0 ‘=’:;

less grams grams grams grams grams grams grams

more

7,652

471

6,622

755

270

485

1,857

492

106

107

97

51

74

664

115

2,304

559

,838.7

230.7

,515.2

235.0

73.5

161.5

446,9

81.3

10.5

17.5

22.7

49.2

14.2

167.7

24.0

446.2

93.8

2,921

21

2,878

237

53

184

746

28

1

10

30

1

12

293

37

1,483

22

31,279.9

978,5

38,806.0

I1,779.0

1,060.7

10,7IB.3

21,029.5

513.9

●

135.7

875.7

250.8

208.7

8,346.0

1,044.3

45,611.1

493.4

1,428

36

1,348

130

49

El

403

52

7

17

12

3

8

168

39

50B

44

<2,147.3

2,143.7

19,311.9

1,498.8

4,424.3

15,528.2

1,235.8

100.9

324.3

533.2

360.3

245.0

5,640.2

1,192.5

18,028.5

691.7

82$

63

710

85

33

52

238

46

14

16

11

4

9

84

28

184

58

725

111

514

72

25

47

149

83

22

16

13

16

13

57

8

65

100

663

102

451

80

45

35

120

101

25

19

11

12

11

37

2

33

110

Rate per 100,000 live births

8,058.3

1,765.6

5,746.7

2,373.0

857.8

1,515.2

5,755.6

680.1

72.7

163.2

242.3

339.2

138.9

2,230.8

415.2

3,335.8

546.0

%,143.7

795.6

3,059.8

510.5

208.8

301.7

1,132,7

240.1

30.6

51.5

65.3

198.2

38.2

463.1

84.8

264.4

2B8.4

993.2

269.1

610.0

116.0

!%.4

61.6

184.5

34.4

12.6

16.0

14.9

69.2

12.7

67.3

3.4

16.9

114.1

624

79

423

83

34

49

124

99

22

19

11

12

11

30

1

11

122

469.0

142.9

268.6

62.5

31.4

31.1

71.6

45.3

7.7

10.4

6.0

29.3

6.1

22.7

●

4.4

59,5

30E

43

192

41

20

21

46

56

12

7

6

3

7

8

6

71

354.3

112.3

200.1

51.4

27.3

24.1

51.7

39.8

5.4

6.9

4.7

17.6

6.3

13.2

●

2.8

51.9

105

12

70

13

5

8

24

17

3

2

3

3

3

2

24

421.9

106.7

253.6

79.3

45.6

33.7

67.3

43.4

●

6.9

8.5

16.7

10.7

12.3

●

●

61.7

50

4

36

14

6

8

6

10

1

3

2

10

874.3

180,3

587.9

215.2

93.9

121.2

128.8

93.9

●

●

●

30.3

●

●

●

●

108.1

71
Table 7. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by color, sex, cause, and birth weight: Unitad Statas live-birth cohort, 1960-Con.

Color, sex, and cause of death

[Seventh Revision of the international Lists, 19561

TOTAL-Con.

Male —

Allcauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Gmgenitelm alformatiom . . . . . . . . . 750-758

Cartairr diseases ofearly infancy . . . . . , 760-776

Birth injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .760,761

Intracranial andspinal injury at birth . 760

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxia andatalectasis . . . , . . 762

Pnaumonia of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . 763

Diarrhea of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

Other infections of newborn . . . . . . 765-768

Naorratal disorders arising from maternal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

Hemolytic disaase of nawborn

(erythroblastosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn . , . . . . 771

Illdefinrxl disea$es peculiar to early infancy

including nutritional maladjustment .772, 773

Immaturity with mention of any other subsidiary

condition .,...... . . . . . . . . . 774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . . 776

Allothercausas . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . Rasidual

Female

Allcausea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . . . 750-759

Certain diseases of early infancy . . . . . . 760-776

Birth iniurias . . . . . . . . . . . ...760.761

Intracranial and spinal injury at birth . 760

Other bhthinjury. . . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxia and atelectasis . . . .. . . 762

Pneumonia of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . 763

Oiarrheaofnewborn ,. . . . . . . .,, , 764

Other infections of newborn . . . . . . 766-768

Neonatal disorders arising from matarnal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

Hemolytic disaasa of newborn

(erythroblastosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn . . . . . . 771

Illdafinad diseasaspeculiar to early infancy

includingnutritional maladjustment .772, 773

Immaturity with mention of any other subsidiary

. .

condtttion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . . 776

Allotfrercauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual

All

waigfsts

2,084.B

254.5

1,722.6

275.3

91.3

1W,o

516.5

92.9

11.6

20.0

25.6

51.4

17.0

194.9

27.8

489.7

107.5

1,582.6

205.6

1,297.5

192.6

54.6

138.0

373.6

69.1

9.5

14.8

19.6

46.9

11.3

139.1

20,1

400.5

79.4

II Birth weight

1,000 1,oo1-

grams

1,500

or

less

grams

92,S60.4

828.6

91,577.8

12,388.3

1,056.6

11,328.7

21,513.8

637.3

●

●

798.0

252.8

2s7.0

8,303.7

1,106.1

46,306.4

553.1

68,456.5

1,140.1

67,687.9

11,108.2

1,054.3

10,054.9

20,504.0

468.6

*

●

960.1

248.6

180.0

8,391.9

977.2

44,B.56.8

428.6

58,569.1

1,950.1

55,954.2

6,733.6

1,655.9

5,076.0

17,476.2

1,331.6

●

331.2

579.6

338.1

2S2.9

6,623.4

1,407.5

20,746.5

634.7

45,126.9

2,322.4

42,052.5

5,036.9

1,327.1

3,708.8

13,398.2

1,131.1

●

316.7

482.6

384.6

203.6

4,964.2

957.6

15,05s.1

754.0

1,501- 2,001- 2,501- 3,001- 3,501- 4,001-

2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500

grams grams grams grams grams grams

Rate per 100,WO Iiva births

22,626.8

1,Bl 0.8

20,176.1

3,110.4

1,197.3

1,913.1

7,500.5

247.7

●

201.2

283.6

339.7

188.0

2,Q46.7

498.1

4,185.6

639.9

13,673.3

1,722.2

11,495.2

1,665.2

631.9

1,133.4

4,060.S

519.2

82.3

126.6

193.1

S38.7

91.8

1,541.8

335.6

2,520.0

455.9

5,503.7

956.5

4,170.3

704.9

294.4

410.5

1,580.9

301.5

33.6

59.1

S7.6

223.1

4B.9

654.0

92.7

324.0

376.9

3,024.3

663.2

2,145.6

350.5

138.3

212.1

763.8

189.5

28.5

45.3

47.0

177.8

29.3

305.0

41.9

166.0

216.5

1,308.6

337.5

823.1

157.3

78.2

79.1

269.8

112.2

15.7

21.5

22.7

79.1

16.3

100.9

*

23.0

148.0

74s.4

216.0

444.6

B7.6

38.5

48.1

126.1

62.7

10.2

+1.7

8.8

61.6

9.9

41.3

●

12.2

87.8

569.5

173.5

325.5

78.9

41.7

37.2

67,9

52.9

9.7

13.0

7.1

33.1

S.o

2s.s

,

5.7

70.6

372.6

113.8

210.1

46.7

21.6

25.2

58.1

3B.1

5.7

7.9

5.0

25.7

4.2

16.8

●

3.1

48.9

410.8

128.2

223.7

59.8

33.3

26.6

57.4

42.1

5.s

8.2

5.3

21.0

6.6

14.3

●

*

58,7

304.1

91.6

169.5

40.6

19.6

21.0

44.4

38.7

5.0

5,2

●

13.3

5.6

11.7

●

●

43.0

443.1

113.4

266,6

66.5

53.2

35.3

63.7

46.7

●

●

●

18.9

11.4

11.4

●

63.2

385.5

95.1

231.3

63.4

32.6

30.8

73.7

37.7

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

59.1

4,501

grams

or

mora

861.3

183.0

577,9

205.3

96.0

108.3

127.2

91.5

●

●

●

●

●

●

*

100,4

901 .s

174.7

809.1

236.1

●

146.4

132.2

99.2

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

118,0

72
Table 7. Neonatal deaths and risk of neonatal death, by color, sax, cause, and birth weight United States Iive-bisth cohort, 1960-Con.

Color, sex, and cause of death

[Seventh Revision of the International Lists, 1955]

WHITE

Seth sexas

Allcauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . , , . . . . . , 750-75S

Certeln dlseesesof eerly infancy . . . . , . 760-77E

Birth injuries , . . . . . . . . . . . ..760.7s1

Intracranlel andspinel injury at birth . 76c

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxie andatelectasis . , . . . . 762

Pneumonia of newborn , . . . . . . . . . . 763

Dlarrheaofnawborn . . . . . . . . . . . . 7S4

Other infections of newborn . . . . . . 7S5-768

Neonatal disorders arising from maternal

toxemia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

Hemolytic disease of nawborn

(erythroblastosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Hemorrhagic diseese of newborn . . . . . . 771

Illdefined diseases peculiar to early infancy

including nutritional maladjustment .772,773

Immaturity with mention of any other subsidiary

condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...774

Immaturity unqualified . , . . . . . . . . . 776

All other causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rasidual

Male —

Allcauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . , , 750_759

Certain diseases of early infancy . . . . . . 760.776

Bkth injuries . . . . . . . , ., . . .. 760,761

Intracranial end spinal injury at birth . 760

Otharbirth injury . . , . . . . . . . , 761

Postnetal asphyxia and atelectesis . . . . . . 762

Pneumonie of newborn . . . . . . . . . , . 763

Dlarrhaaofnev.4om . . . . . . . . . . . . 7S4

Other infections of newborn , . , . . . 765-76S

Neonetel disorders arising from maternal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

Hamalytic disease of newborn

(erythroblastosis) . . . , . . . . . . . . 77o

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn . . . . . . 771

Illdefinad diseases peculier to early infancy

including nutritional maladjustment .772,773

Immaturity with mantion of any other subsidiary

condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . . 776

All other causes . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual

All

weights

1,6S7.1

240:

1,373:

229.’

(37,!

161.:

410.,

63,f

5.[

14:

20:

54.1

11.$

153.(

21.:

38S.2

74.2

1,922.8

262.4

I,574.9

270.5

64.4

186.1

479.6

73.3

6.4

16.8

23.6

55.5

14.5

176.6

26.0

430.9

B5.5

Birth weight

1 ,CKlo

1,oo1- 1,501 - 2,001- 2,501-

grams

3,001- 3,501- 4,001- 4’50’

1,500 2,000

or

2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 9::

lees

grams grams grams grams grams grams grams

more

Rate per 100,000 live births

92,414.”

1,087.[

90,844.s

13,496.[

646.1

12,650.[

20,299.[

405.:

,

926.1

325.:

154.2

B,054.i

1,046.1

46,127.C

371.6

94,084.0

S70,1

92,S21 .4

14,161,4

64s.4

13,313.0

20,720.0

455.s

●

870.1

315.4

●

7,6s3.s

1,152.9

48,976.3

402.4

55,508.(

2,564.:

52,425.1

6,751.5

1,467.1

5,264.4

16,62s.7

1,097.8

●

274.5

603.8

444.1

269.5

6,067.9

1,172.7

19,051.9

499.0

61,305.1

2,29S.5

5S,597.8

7,606.3

1,559.0

6,049.3

18,278.6

1,13s.9

●

260.1

644.1

382.7

328.7

6,75$3.8

1,372.3

21,742.0

410.s

19,644.1

2,079.9

17,287.0

2,75B.6

95s.9

1,799.6

6,430.1

641.5

43.s

140.1

2s0.5

435.7

146.7

2,561.2

426.9

3,421.9

477.3

24,580.5

2,C66.5

21,921.1

3,608.7

1,335.1

2,273.6

S,314.6

771.1

●

176.3

304.0

423.0

207.1

3,331.1

516.5

4,234.4

572.S

4,500.1

920.7

3,328.6

584.2

240.3

343.9

1,264.2

201.7

15.3

4s.4

67.4

241.5

3s.5

527.2

72.3

247.7

250.7

6,012.9

1,10s.5

4,564.6

S1 8.5

339.8

478.7

1,797.5

250.S

.

55.3

90.3

267.0

55.3

744.4

102.5

385.4

339.s

1,006.[

298.:

606.(

121 .E

5s.7

&4~

203.C

69.7

7.2

13.4

14.7

23.2

11.3

70.5

3.4

10.6

6?J.8

1,335.4

370.2

838.7

165.8

S2.3

63.5

288.6

95,0

9.3

1s.5

23.4

95.0

13.7

106,3

●

16.7

126.5

438.:

151.4

23S.C

57.5

28.3

282

65.0

38.1

4.8

9.0

5.1

32.3

5.0

20.1

●

2.3

46.8

534.4

163.0

293.2

73.0

3S.6

3s.4

83.1

42.0

6.1

11.7

6.0

26.6

6.6

25.0

●

.

58.2

327.9

112.9

173.5

45.8

24.2

21.8

47.7

31.4

3.0

6.2

4.1

17.7

4.4

10.9

●

2.0

41.5

371.4

128.3

184.4

53.3

28.5

23.7

54.1

33.7

.

7.7

5.1

20.4

4.2

10.7

●

*

48.7

360.1

105.3

210.3

70.2

41.7

28.5

54.6

33.7

●

.

●

17.4

7.6

11.s

●

●

44.5

379.0

111.7

221.8

77.2

47.6

29.6

52.0

3B.3

●

*

●

19.2

●

11.5

*

45.5

768.4

166.5

511.1

193.4

8S.1

105.3

114.0

72.6

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

70.8

763.6

168.4

509.9

190,9

95.4

95.4

110.5

77.9

●

+

●

●

●

●

●

65.3

73
Table 7. Neonatal daaths and risk of naonatal death, by color, sex, cause, and birth weight: United Statas Iiva-birth cohort, 1960-Con.

Color, sex, and cause of death

[Savanth Revision of the International Lists, 1955]

WHITE-Con.

Female

Allcauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . . . 750-759

Certain diseasas of early infancy . . . , . . 760-776

Sirth injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .760,761

Intracranial and spinal injury at birth . 760

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxia and atelectaais . . . . . . 762

Pneumonia of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . 763

Dierrhea of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

Othar infections of newborn . . . . . . 765-76S

Neonatal disorders arising from maternal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

Hemolytic disease of newborn

(arythroblastosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Hemorrhagic diseasa of newborn . . . . . . 771

Illdefinad diseases peculiar to early infancy

including nutritional maladjustment .772,773

Immaturity with mention of any other subsidiary

condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . , . . 776

All other causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual

ALL OTHER

Both sexes

All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital malformations . . . . . . . . . 750-759

Cartain diseases of early infancy . . . . . . 760-776

Birth iniuriaa . . . . . . . . . . . ...760.761

Intracranial and spinal injury at birth . 760

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatal asphyxia and atelectasis . . . . . . 762

Pnaumonia of newborn . . . . . . . . . . . 763

Oiarrheaofnewborn . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

Other infections of newborn . . . . . . 765-76S

Neonatal disorders arising from maternal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

Hemolytic diseasa of nawborn

(erythroblastosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn . . . . . . 777

Illdafinad diseases peculiar to early infancy

including nutritional maladjustment .772, 773

Immaturity with mantion of any other subsidiary

condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . , . . 776

All other causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual

Birth weight

All 1,000

weights

1,oo1-

grams

1,501- 2,001- 2,501- 3,001- 3,501-

1,5CCI 2,000

or

2,5fM 3,000 3,500 4,000

leas

grams grams grams grams grams grams

1,440.0

216.9

1,160.7

165.6

49.6

136.0

337.3

53,9

5.2

11.4

17.7

62.7

9.2

127.1

17.2

343.4

62.3

2,671.9

178.1

2,292.6

267.2

10s.5

160.7

647.1

176,7

36.4

35.6

33.3

22.2

26.9

244.7

39.4

763,C

201.2

90,553.1

1,349.6

66,266,1

12,760.6

&3.5

11,917.1

19,833.7

349.4

●

988.1

337.4

●

S,266.1

927.8

45,186.2

337.4

88,374.8

673.5

68,686.o

7,379.2

1,610.5

5,76S.7

22,899.0

790.6

,

,

746.7

●

351.4

9,082.2

1,039.5

44,289,9

605.3

48,852.9

2,916.0

46,336.6

6,767.6

1,361.5

4,40s.1

14,729.8

1,050.6

●

268.0

557.5

514.6

,

5,274.4

943.4

16,862.7

800.3

43,416.3

997.9

41,226.0

3,771.4

1,581.1

2,190.3

12,675.0

1,584.1

●

453.6

349.9

●

●

5,248.8

1,244.2

15,370.7

1,192.3

Rate per 100,000 live births

15,1 S6.5

12,710.6

1,919.0

587.4

1,331.5

4,569.0

513.5

*

104.4

217.6

448.2

87.0

1,640.7

339.4

2,619.6

332.9

13,032.2

8S1 .1

11,411.7

1,287.8

573.0

714.s

3,B57.3

788.7

154.0

228.0

191.0

●

●

1,244.7

382.0

3,083.2

3,239.1

764.3

2,298.4

388.9

157.3

231.5

856.4

160.7

●

42.7

4B.3

220.3

24.7

346.2

47.2

149.5

176.5

3,073.4

419.9

2,252.1

289.1

114.2

174.9

677.7

355.4

77.3

80.8

58.9

68.1

36.8

270.7

42.4

314.9

401.4

754.8

243.2

432.1

87.6

37.0

50.6

137.4

.50.4

5.7

9.4

8.0

74.3

9.4

41.5

●

6.0

79.4

942.5

169.7

615.3

104.9

55.4

49.4

162.7

139.2

32.6

26.9

15.7

18.9

18.1

65.4

●

40.4

157.5

347.4

121.7

185.8

42.9

20.4

22.5

48.0

30.6

3.5

6.5

4.2

28.3

3.4

15.4

●

●

39.9

642.2

84.8

427.5

90.3

49.2

41.0

10s.7

97.3

23.8

18.1

11.1

12.3

12.3

37.3

●

16.0

119.8

271.6

92.8

146.5

36.2

17.4

18.8

39.3

28.5

●

●

●

14.2

4.7

11.3

●

●

32.1

661.2

107.1

417.2

97.4

52.3

45.1

84.8

107.9

25.8

●

●

16.9

21.7

31.4

●

136,9

4,001-

4,600

grams

327.4

94.2

190.3

58.1

31.4

26.6

59.0

25.7

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

42.8

,012.2

119.6

667.0

165.8

83,0

83,0

189.2

136.1

●

●

33.2

●

●

,

●

226.7

4,501

grams

or

more

778,1

182.4

613.9

198.9

●

127.1

121.6

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

S32.9

●

,138.0

371,1

●

●

●

247.4

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

358.7

74
Table 7, Neonatal deathsand risk of neonataldeath, by color, sex, cause,end birth weight: Unitad States live-birth cohort, 1960-Con.

Color, sex, and causeof death

[Seventh Revisionof the International Liste, 19551

ALL OTHER-Con.

—Male

Allcausas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenitalmalformations , . , . . . . . . 750-75:

Captaindiseasasofearly infancy . . . . . . 760-776

Blrthinjuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .760,761

Intracranial and spinal injury at birth . 76C

Otharbirth injury . . . . . . . , . , . 761

Postnatalasphyxie and atelectasis ., , . , . 762

pnaumoniaof nawborn . . . , . . . . . . . 763

Diarrhaaofnawborn . . . . . . . . . . . . 784

Other infaotlonsof newborn . . . . . . 765-76E

Neonataldisordersarisingfrom maternal

toxamia . .,.,....,,......769

Hemolytlc diseaseof newborn

(erythroblastosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Hemorrhagicdiseaseof newborn . . . . . . 771

Illdafinad diseaseapeculiarto early infancy

includingnutritional maladjustment .772,773

Immaturity with mention of any other subsidiary

condition, ,,, . . . . . . . . . . ...774

Immaturity unqualified . . . . . . . . . . . 776

Allotharcausas . . , , , , , . . . . . . . . Residual

Female

Allcauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenitalmalformations . . . . . . . . . 75&759

Certain diseasasof early infancy . . . . . . 760-776

Birth in]urlas . . . . . . . . . . . ...760.761

Intracranial and spinal injury at birth . 760

Other birth injury . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Postnatalasphyxia and atalactasis . . . . . . 762

Pnaumoniaof nawborn . . . . . . . . . . . 763

Diarrhaaofnawborn . . . . . . ., . . . . 784

Other infaotionaof newborn . . . . . . 76%766

Naonataldlsordarsarisingfrom metarnal

toxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...769

Hamolytic dlseasaof newborn

(arythroblastosis) . , , . ., ., . , . . 770

Hemorrheglodiseaseof nawtsorn . . . . . . 771

Illdefinad dlseasaspeculiarto early infancy

includingnutritional maladjustment .772,773

Immaturity with mantlon of any othar subsidiary

condition, . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...774

Immaturity unqualified , , , . . . . . . ., 776

All other causes . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual

11

II Birthweight

All 1,000 1,001- 1,501-

vmighta grams

2,001- 2,54M - 3,W1 - 3,501- 4,001- 4’50’

1,500

or

2,000 2,5W 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 ‘rams

lasa

grams grams grama grams grams grams grams M;re

Rate per 100,000 live births

2,9S7.1

210.[

2,546.1

301.!

129.:

172:

722.,

201.[

40.’

3s:

36.[

2s.7

31.1

284.[

43.4

S1 7.!

230.2

?,350.2

144.7

!,033.8

231.9

82.9

149.0

570.3

151.1

32.6

32.8

29.8

15.7

22.7

203.9

35.3

707.6

171.7

89,950.<

721 .!

88,276.1

7,710.1

1,646.(

6,064.1

23,621.1

750.[

,

608.4

,

●

9,471.6

981 .~

44,527.9

952.9

88,763.8

623.7

B5,476.7

7,038.9

1,574.1

5,4S4.8

22,156.2

831.6

●

●

881.0

●

●

8,702.1

1,098.9

$4,046.1

653.4

50,819.;

1,084.1

48,486.4

4,257.C

1,930.2

2,326.E

15,203.E

1,877.2

●

●

●

●

●

6,240.1

1,507.1

17,927.0

1,269.2

36,296.9

915.1

34,265.4

3,304.5

1,245.6

2,059.0

I0,244.0

1,321.8

●

●

.

●

●

4,295.9

991.4

12,913.1

1,118.5

16,870.0

1,049.5

14,981.0

1,628.7

787.1

839.6

5,076,7

1,075.7

●

275.5

262.4

.

●

1,810.3

446.0

4,040.4

839.6

9,632.8

732.0

8,250.1

887.7

383.5’

604.2

2,777.1

534.5

●

.

.

●

●

743.7

325.4

2,264.2

650.7

3,93t .:

487:

2,952.[

354.[

154.1

199.$

91 2.(

458.1

83.:

,

*

87.E

●

374.s

4

441.4

491.4

2,393.4

386.4

1,698.6

237.7

62.5

155.2

491.9

274.0

72.6

●

.

●

●

188.2

●

214.6

330.1

1,211.~

219.:

788.4

125.4

63.2

83.:

201.7

174.E

38.C

32.3

●

.

.

73.9

●

45.7

225.9

724.0

111.4

492.5

87.4

49.1

38.2

131.0

110.3

27.3

●

.

●

●

40.4

●

3s.0

120.1

758.7

122.E

498.C

110.5

69.2

41.1

113.7

111.3

28.0

20.2

●

.

*

49.2

22.6

137.1

521.5

S&o

3K3.5

69.4

28.4

41.0

103.6

82.7

18.4

●

.

●

●

25.1

●

●

102.0

728.0

127.2

460.8

113.1

63.6

49.5

83.4

110.3

28.3

●

●

.

28.3

43.6

●

139,9

572.7

80.5

359.4

76.7

37.4

39.3

88.1

104.8

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

132.9

,076.1

129.!

708.[

200:

108:

4

178S

129.{

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.

,

●

238.1

909.7

.

600.8

●

●

●

206.0

●

●

●

.

●

●

●

206.0

1,639.7

●

1.119.8

.

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

.

.

●

●

●

,621.8

●

,167.7

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

75
Table 8. Neonatal deaths and probability of death within the neonatal period, by color, sex, age at death, and birth weight: United

States live-birth cohort, 1960

II Birth weight

All

weights

Color, sex, and

age at death

1,000

grams

or

less

1,001- 1,501-

1,500 2,000

grams grams

2,001-

2,500

grams

2,501-

3,000

grams

TOTAL

Both sexes

All agas . . . . .

Under 1 hour . . . . .

l-23hours . ., . . . .

Iday . . . . . . . . .

Zdays . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . .

14-27 days . . . . . . .

Male

All ages . . . . .

Under 1 hour . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . .

Iday . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . .

3-6 days . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . .

14-27 days . . . . . . .

Female

All ages . . . . .

Under 1 hour . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . .

Iday . . . . . . . . .

Zdays . . . . . . . . .

3-6 days . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . .

14-27 days . . . . . . .

WHITE

Both sexes

All ages . . . . .

Under 1 hour . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . .

Iday . . . . . . . . .

Zdays . . . . . . . . .

3-6 days . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . .

14-27 days . ,. . . . .

Male

All ages . . . . .

Under 1 hour . . . . ,

l-23hours . . . . . . .

Iday . . . . . . . . .

Zdays . . . . . . . . .

3-6 days . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . .

14-27 days . . . . . . .

Number of neonatal deaths

11,179 —

716

4,B34

2,341

1,347

1,111

490

340

6,660

361

3,036

1,462

853

698

270

IBO

4,319

355

1,798

B79

494

413

220

160

9,064

—9,010

660

3,213

1,682

1,222

1,122

505

606

5,403

331

2,001

1,064

775

673

256

303

3,607

329

1,212

618

447

449

249

303

7,341

7,817

_

543

2,341

1,205

947

1,113

670

898

4,501

315

1,343

724

609

642

366

502

3,316

7,581

699

2,120

978

798

1,119

BOI

1,066

4,504

368

1,225

630

513

662

479

627

3,077

331

895

348

285

457

322

439

6,016

78.330 22.202 14.474 —4,149

374

1,102

520

457

605

453

637

2,642

205

665

341

320

411

287

413

1,507

?69

437

179

137

195

166

224

3,328

1,341

-

148

395

167

122

210

140

168

891

84

250

120

82

146

91

118

450

64

145

47

40

64

49

41

1,036

416

Y

107

65

44

56

42

49

274

30

78

38

E

E

142

23

28

27

16

19

13

15

327

161

34

44

21

23

17

11

11

112

26

31

16

14

11

;

49

9

13

:

:

3

11$

7,811

35,506

11,3B8

7,443

7,883

4,091

4,208

45,442

4,208

20,720

6,754

4,483

4,602

2,265

2,410

32,8B8

3,603

14,786

4,634

2,960

3,281

1,B26

1,798

60,773

3,495

14,040

1,962

1,149

1,102

339

115

11,766

1,840

7,643

950

547

504

130

52

10,436

1,555

6,397

1,012

602

59B

209

63

16,166

989

7,310

2,447

1,334

1,427

640

327

8,489

549

4,448

1,409

742

818

350

173

5,985

440

2,862

1,038

592

609

290

154

11,124

89B

481

338

471

304

396

6,253

6,241

27,645

8,958

6,078

6,085

2,980

2,786

35,537

3,351

16,286

5,344

3,6B7

3,557

1,686

1,626

2,721

10,237

1,370

830

742

209

57

8,651

1,520

5,620

658

399

340

88

26

780

5,743

1,846

1,053

1,081

431

180

6,567

429

3,524

1,070

584

624

23B

98

596

3,971

1,930

1,151

886

337

193

5,574

282

2,507

1,201

725

551

195

103

551

2,727

1,440

1,037

86B

361

357

4,459

275

1,711

907

671

519

192

184

540

1,932

1,007

802

869

517

586

3,600

253

1,122

611

518

493

282

321

560

1,707

758

678

917

636

760

3,563

300

975

490

437

539

377

445

310

903

41B

375

490

347

485

2,127

172

543

277

258

335

221

321

116

303

122

97

166

107

125

692

67

186

87

61

117

68

86

42

92

49

37

44

29

34

220

24

68

29

24

30

20

25

2!3

30

18

1$

12

:

84

19

20

14

10

9

5

7

76
Table 8, Neonatal deeths and probability of death within the neonatal period, by color, sex, age at death, and birth weight: United

States live-birth cohort, 1960–Con.

Birth weight

All 1,000

weights 1,oo1-

grams

1,501 - 2,001 - 2,501 - 3,001-

1,500 2,000 2,500

or

3,000 3,500

less grams grams grams grams grams

Color, sex, and

age at death 1- 4,501-

5,001

~ 000 grams

,

grams ‘r

more

3,501-

4,000

grams

4,001-

4,500

grams

WHITE-Con.

Female

All agas . . . .

Under 1 hour . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . .

Iday . . . . . . . .

2days, . . . . . . . .

3-6days .,.....,

7-13days . . . . . .

14-27 days . . . . . .

ALL OTHER

Both sexes

All ages . . . . .

Under 1 hour . . . . ,

l-23 hours . . . . . . .

Iday . . . . . . . . .

2 days . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . .

14-27 days . . . ,. . .

Male

All ages . . . . .

Under 1 hour . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . .

lday . . . . . . . . .

2days .,,......

343days ..,,....

7-13days . . . . . . .

14.27 days , ,. . . . .

Female

All ages . . . . .

Under 1 hour . . . . .

l-23 hours . . . . . . .

lday . . . . . . . . .

2days, . . . . . . . .

3-6 days ..,.....

7-13days . , . . . . .

14-27 days . . . . . . .

Number of neonatal deaths

25,236

2,B90

11,359

3,614

2,391

2,528

1,294

1,160

17,557

7,515

1,201

4,617

712

431

402

121

31

6,036

4,557

351

2,219

776

469

467

193

B2

3,350

3,490

304

1,464

729

426

335

142

90

2,115

2,882

276

1,016

533

366

349

169

173

1,669

2,653

2B7

810

396

284

376

235

265

1,564

2,453

260

732

268

241

378

259

315

1,565

1,201

136

360

141

117

155

126

164

821

344

49

107

35

36

49

39

29

305

107

18

24

20

13

14

9

9

89

34

6

10

4

8

3

1

2

43

1,570

7,861

2,430

1,365

1,798

1,111

1,422

9,905

857

4,434

1,410

796

1,045

579

784

7,652

713

3,427

1,020

569

753

532

638

774

3,803

592

319

360

130

58

3,115

420

2,023

292

148

164

42

26

2,921

354

1,780

300

171

196

88

32

209

1,567

601

281

336

209

147

1,922

120

924

339

158

194

112

75

1,428

89

643

262

123

142

97

72

120

863

411

196

225

153

147

1,286

69

529

261

12B

147

75

77

829

51

334

150

6B

78

78

70

109

486

242

1B5

254

144

249

944

56

290

157

104

154

64

119

725

53

196

85

81

100

80

130

103

409

198

145

244

153

312

801

62

221

113

91

149

84

181

663

41

188

85

54

95

69

131

139

413

220

120

202

165

306

941

68

250

140

76

123

102

182

624

71

163

80

44

79

63

124

64

199

102

82

116

106

152

515

33

122

64

62

76

66

92

306

31

77

38

20

40

40

60

32

92

45

25

44

33

34

199

17

54

33

21

28

23

22

106

15

38

12

4

15

10

12

11

15

16

7

12

13

15

54

6

10

9

4

7

9

9

35

5

5

7

3

5

4

6

9

14

3

5

5

5

2

28

6

11

2

4

2

2

1

15

3

3

1

1

3

3

1

77
Table 8. Neonatal deaths and probability of death within the neonatal period, by color, sex, age at daath, and birth weight: United

Color, sex, and

age at daath

TOTAL

Both sexes

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Underl hour .,....... . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Undarl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-f3days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WHITE

Both sexes

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Underl hour, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

States live-birthcohort, 1960–Con.

II

II Birth weight

Rate per 1,000 survivors’

18.4 —

1.8

8.4

2.7

1.8

1.9

1.0

1.0

20.8

1.9

9.5

3.1

2.1

2.1

1.1

1.1

15.8

1.7

7.1

2.2

1.4

1.6

0.9

0.9

16.9

1.7

7.7

2.5

1.7

1.7

0.8

0.8

19.2

::;

2.9

2.0

2.0

0.9

0.9

912.8

-

143.7

674.1

289.0

238.1

299.7

131.7

51.4

929.6

153.3

713.2

309.0

257.5

319.6

121.2

55.1

894.6

133.3

632.7

272.5

222.8

284.8

139.1

48.7

924.1

155.5

693.0

302.1

262.2

317.8

131.2

41.2

940.9

165.3

732.3

320.4

285.8

341.0

133.9

45.7

521.5

-

35.6

273.1

125.8

78.4

91.0

44.9

24.0

585.7

37.9

319.0

148.4

91.7

111.4

53.6

28.0

451.3

33.2

223.2

104.2

66.4

73.1

37.6

20.7

555.1

36.9

298.2

136.6

90.2

102.8

45.2

19.8

613.1

40.0

342.7

158.3

102.7

122.2

53.1

23.1

180.6

-

11.6

79.0

41.5

24.9

21.1

9.5

6.7

226.3

11.9

101.3

54.3

33.5

28.4

11.3

7.6

136.7

11.2

57,6

29.9

17.3

14.7

8.0

5.8

198.4

13.0

88.1

46.9

29.4

23.3

9.1

5.2

245.6

12.9

111,9

60.4

33.8

30.7

11.2

6.0

41.4

-

3.0

14.8

7.9

5.8

5.3

2.4

2.9

55.0

3.4

20.5

11.1

8.2

7.2

2.7

3.3

30.2

2.8

10.2

5.2

3.8

3.8

2.1

2.6

45.0

3.4

16.8

9.0

6.5

5.5

2.3

2.3

60.1

3.7

23,2

12.6

9.4

7.4

2.7

2.6

9.9 —

0.8

3.0

1.5

1.2

1.4

0.9

1.2

13.1 ~

0.9

3.9

2.1

1.8

1,9

1.1

1.5

7.5

0.7

2.3

1.1

0.8

1.1

0.7

0.9

10.1

0.9

3.1

1.6

1.3

1.4

0.8

1.0

13.4

0.9

4.2

2.3

1.9

1.8

1.1

1.2

4.7 —

0.4

1.3

0.6

0.5

0.7

0.5

0,7

5.7

0.5

1.5

0.8

0.7

0.8

0.6

0.8

3.7

0.4

1.1

0.4

0.3

0.6

0.4

0.5

4.4

0.4

1.2

0.6

0.5

0.7

0.5

0.6

5.3

0.4

1.5

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.6

0.7

3,501-

4,000

3.6

-

0.3

1.0

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.6

4.1

0.3

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.4

0.6

3.0

0,3

0.9

0.4

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.5

3.3

0.3

0.9

:::

0.5

0.3

0.5

3.7

0.3

0.9

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.4

0.6

4,001-

4,500

grams

4.2 —

0.5

1.2

0.5

z

0.4

0.5

4.4

0.4

1.2

0.6

0.4

0.7

0.5

0.6

3.9

0.5

1.2

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.4

0.4

3.6

0.4

1.1

0.4

0.3

0.6

0.4

0.4

3.8

0.4

1.1

0.5

0.3

0.6

0.4

0.5

4,501

grams

or

mora

8.7

-

1.3

2.3

1.3

1.0

1.1

0.8

0.9

8.6

1.2

2.4

1.2

0.9

1.1

::;

9.0

1.5

2.0

1.5

1.2

1.2

*

●

7.7

1.2

2.1

1.2

1.0

1.0

0,6

0.7

7.6

1.1

2.2

1.1

0.9

1.0

0.6

0.8

See footnote at end of tabla.

78
Table8. Neonatal deaths and probability of death within the naonatal period, by color, sex,.-aqeatdeath. and birth weiaht: United

States live-birth cohort, 1960–Con.

—

8irth weight

I

‘’0001,001-

grams

1,500

or

less grams II3,501- 4,001- 4“50’

4,000 4,500 ‘rams

grams grams ~’&

Color, sex, and

age at daath

All

waights !!J_EEE

Rate per 1,000 survivors

WHITE-Con.

Female

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under l hour, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly, ,,, , ., . . . . . . . . . . .

2deys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ALLOTHER

Both saxas

Alleges, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3Gdays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

7-13days . ., ..,..,... . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male

14.4 151.9 2.7 7.8

1.(

6~

2,1

1.4

If

0.7

0.7

26.7

905.E

144.7

650.5

287.C

243.E

300.4

129.S

38.0

883.7

488.5

37.6

247.2

114.8

78.4

84.7

38.2

16.9

434.2

32.4

3.1

11.5

6.1

4.2

4.0

2.0

2.0

30.7

7.5

0.8

2.3

1.1

0.8

1.1

0.7

0.8

9.4

3.5

0.4

:::

0.3

0.5

0.4

0.4

6.4

3’..

o~

1.C

0’..

0’

(j:;

0.4

of

10.1

13.2

64.6

34.4

20.8

16.7

7.2

4.6

130.3

0.3

0.8

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.4

6.6

1.3

;::

1.2

*

*

*

16.3

2,4

12.0

3.8

2.1

2.8

1.7

2.2

29.9

1::

4.3

2.5

3.2

1.8

2.4

23.5

2,2

10.5

3.2

1.8

2.4

1.7

2.0

113.3

628.0

262.8

192.1

268.3

132.4

68.1

899.5

121.3

664.8

266.3

203.3

282.8

101,0

69.5

867.5

105.1

590.8

243.3

183.3

257.2

155.5

66.9

27.1

206.7

101.2

52.6

66.4

44.3

32.6

508.2

31.7

252.3

123.8

65.9

86.6

%

363.0

22.6

167.2

81.8

41.8

50.4

36.3

27.9

7.4

53.6

27.0

13.2

15.4

10.6

10.3

168.7

9.1

70.0

37.2

18.9

22.2

11.6

12.0

96.3

5.9

39.0

18.2

8.4

9.7

9.8

8.9

2.0

9.0

4.5

::;

2.7

4.7

39.3

2.3

12.1

6.6

4.4

6.6

2.8

5.1

23.9

1.7

6.5

2.8

2.7

3.3

2.7

4.4

0.6

2.5

1.2

0.9

1.5

0.9

1.9

12.1

0.8

3.0

1.5

1.2

2.0

1.1

2.5

7.2

0.4

2.1

0.9

0.6

1.0

0.8

1.4

0.6

1.7

0.9

:::

0.7

1.3

7.6

0.5

2.0

1.1

0.6

1.0

0.8

1.5

5.2

0.6

1.4

0.7

0.4

0.7

0.5

1.0

0.5

1.6

0.8

0.7

0.9

0.9

1.2

7.3

0.5

1.7

0.9

0.9

1.1

0.9

1.3

5.7

0.6

1.4

0.7

0.4

0.8

0.8

1.1

1.1

3.1

1.5

0.8

1.5

1.1

1.1

10.8

●

2.9

1.8

1.1

1.6

1.3

1.2

9.1

●

3.3

*

*

*

●

●

2.5

3.6

*

●

*

*

*

16.4

●

4.2

*

*

*

●

*

16.2

●

*

●

●

*

●

*

Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Undarl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours, ,,, ..,.,.. . . . . .

Idly ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

2days, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Undarl hour .,,..,.., . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . .,, , .,, ..,..... . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lSurvivors arethosa infants inaach specified agegroup wlsoware alive atthe beginning of each age interval.

79
Table9. Neonatal deaths andprobaMlity ofdeath within theneonatal period, bypluraliW, color, sex, ageatdeath, andperiodofgesPlurality, color, sex,

and age at death

ALL NEONATAL DEATHS

Total

Both sexes, all ages . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours, ...,.,,,,,,, .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male,allages . . . . . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female,allages . . . . . . , .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Both sexes, all ages . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

tetion: United States live-birth cohort, 1960

II Period of gestation

All Under gestations ~. 20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weeks Not

weeks weeks

weeks

weeks weeks weeks and over stated’

Number of deaths

78,330

7,811

35,506

11,388

7,443

7,883

4,091

4,208

45,442

4,208

20,720

6,754

4,483

4,602

2,265

2,410

32,888

3,603

14,786

4,634

2,960

3,281

1,826

1,798

60,773

6,241

27,645

8,958

6,078

6,085

2,980

2,786

1,076

272

750

32

13

7

2

586

149

414

16

3

4

490

123

336

16

10

3

2

676

186

460

15

3

1

1

19,479

2,854

12,323

1,935

1,002

901

324

140

10,754

1,632

6,915

1,025

504

450

146

82

8,725

1,222

5,408

910

498

451

178

58

14,585

2,243

9,220

1,420

756

657

202

87

13,387

908

6,828

2,352

1,244

1,234

554

265

7,863

501

4,152

1,380

723

685

287

135

5,524

408

2,677

972

521

549

267

130

10,277

696

5,396

1,788

973

909

379

136

10,131

731

4,397

2,064

1,214

994

424

307

6,213

379

2,747

1,282

774

628

237

166

3,918

352

1,650

782

440

366

187

141

8,393

626

3,630

1,767

1,052

807

316

195

3,747

346

1,307

671

457

464

249

253

2,218

173

780

428

290

280

133

124

1,528

173

527

243

167

184

116

119

2,970

298

1,070

544

386

350

161

161

5,814

482

1,856

871

777

848

438

542

3,426

232

1,066

529

493

527

253

326

2,388

250

790

342

284

321

185

216

4,898

416

1,594

741

684

714

391

18,254

1,538

5,102

2,540

2,078

2,793

1,792

2,411

10,603

786

2,887

1,543

1,286

1,664

7,047

1,396

7,651

752

2,215

887

792

1,129

751

1,015

13,910

1,216

3,977

1,938

1,669

2,152

1,332

1,626

6,442

679

2,942

923

658

642

308

290

3,779

356

1,759

551

410

364

168

171

2,663

323

1,183

372

248

278

140

719

5,064

550

2,298

745

555

495

231

190

See footnotes at end of table.

80
Table9, Neonatal deeths and probability ofdeath within theneonatal period, byplurality, coior, sex, ageatdeath, andperiodofgesPlurality, color, sex,

and age at death

ALL NEONATAL DEATHS–Con.

White-Con.

Male, alleges . . . . . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female,allages . . . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-8days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Al I other

Both sexes, all ages . . . . . .

Undarl hour, . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male,allages . . . . . . . . . .

Underl hour, . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3Sdays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sea footnotes at end of table.

tation: United States live-birth cohort, 1960-Con.

II Period of gestation

1

All Under

gestations *O 20-27 28-31 32-35 36

weeks weeks weeks weaks weeks

Number of daaths

35,537

3,351

16,286

5,344

3,687

3,557

1,686

1,626

25,236

2,890

11,359

3,614

2,391

2,528

1,294

1,160

17,557

1,570

7,861

2,430

1,365

1,798

1,111

1,422

9,905

857

4,434

1,410

796

1,045

579

784

370

114

248

7

1

306

82

212

8

2

1

1

400

76

290

17

10

6

1

216

35

166

9

2

4

8,166

1,287

5,257

762

378

333

98

51

6,419

956

3,963

658

378

324

104

36

4,894

611

3,103

515

246

244

122

53

2,588

345

1,658

263

126

117

48

31

6,096

375

3,306

1,041

572

520

209

73

4,181

321

2,090

747

401

389

170

63

3,110

213

1,433

564

271

325

175

129

1,767

126

846

339

151

165

78

62

5,172

314

2,284

1,106

673

504

180

111

3,221

312

1,346

661

379

303

136

84

1,738

105

767

297

162

187

108

112

1,041

65

463

176

101

124

57

55

1,757

147

644

346

244

208

84

84

1,213

151

426

198

142

142

77

77

777

48

237

127

71

114

88

92

461

26

136

82

46

72

49

50

37-39

weeks

2,886

193

909

453

431

446

210

244

2,012

223

685

288

253

268

148

147

916

66

262

130

93

134

80

151

540

39

157

76

62

81

43

82

40 weeks

and over

8,086

627

2,249

1,187

1,033

1,268

773

949

5,824

589

1,728

751

636

884

559

677

4,344

322

1,125

602

641

460

785

2,517

159

638

356

253

396

268

447

Not

stated’

3,004

294

1,389

442

355

278

132

114

2,060

256

303

200

217

99

76

1,378

129

644

178

103

147

77

100

775

62

370

109

55

86

36

57

81
Table9. Neonatal deaths andprobatility ofdeath within theneonatal period, byplurality, color, sex, ageatdaath, andpariod of gastation: United States live-birth cohort, 1960-Con.

Plurality, color, sex,

and age at death

ALL NEONATAL DEATHS–Con.

All othar-Con.

Female, all ages . . . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

SINGLE BIRTHS

Total

Both sexes, all ages . . . . , .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male,allages ...,...,..

Undarl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-14days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famale,allages . . . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II Period of gestation

All

Under gestations Z. 20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weeks Not

weeks

weeks

weeks waeks weeks waeks and over statedl

Number of deaths

7,652

713

3,427

1,020

569

753

532

638

69,613

6,923

30,950

10,098

6,709

7,172

3,790

3,971

40,609

3,730

18,163

6,056

4,075

4,203

2,099

2,283

29,004

3,193

12,787

4,042

2,634

2,969

1,691

1,688

184

41

124

8

8

2

1

923

224

645

32

13

7

2

512

132

357

16

3

4

411

92

288

16

10

2,306

266

1,445

252

120

127

74

22

16,452

2,330

10,286

1,694

907

808

300

126

9,150

1,351

5,821

902

457

408

137

73

7,302

979

4,465

792’

450

3 400

2 163

53

1,343

87

587

225

120

160

97

67

11,260

798

5,741

1,921

1,038

1,056

470

235

6,674

435

3,504

1,161

610

596

247

121

4,586

363

2,237

760

429

460

223

114

697

40

304

121

61

63

51

57

8,777

672

3,852

1,756

1,029

369

270

5,440

353

2,432

1,107

669

532

200

147

3,337

319

1,420

549

360

297

169

123

316

22

101

45

25

42

38

42

3,368

330

1,180

592

412

226

226

1,992

162

706

3B2

243

117

122

1,376

168

474

210

142

169

108

104

376

27

105

54

31

53

37

69

5,461

459

1,744

819

729

791

405

514

3,222

219

1,002

495

467

490

240

309

2,239

240

742

324

262

301

165

205

1,827

163

487

246

156

245

192

338

17,611

1,486

4,920

2,449

1,996

2,697

1,738

2,325

10,239

764

2,778

1,493

1,241

1,608

1,005

1,350

7,372

722

2,142

956

755

1,089

733

975

603

67

274

69

48

61

41

43

5,761

624

2,582

835

594

571

280

275

3,380

314

1,563

500

368

321

153

161

2,381

310

1,019

335

226

250

127

114

See footnotas at end of table.

82
Table 9. Neonatal deaths and probability of death within the neonatal period, by pfurality. color. sex. age at death. and mtiod of m

Plurality, color, sa~

and age at death

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

SINGLE BIRTHS<on.

White

Bothsexas, allagas . . . . . .

Undarl hour ---------- . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

343days . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male, alleges . . . . . . . . . .

Lktdarlhou r . . . . . ------- .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IdaY -----------------

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Widays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13daw . . . . . - . . . . . . . . .

14-27 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Farnale, allages . . . . . ..-

Utiwl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

345days . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-

7-13rJays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . -.

All other

Bothsexes,ailages . . . ..-

Undarlhour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IdaY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2&~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . ..- . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

tation: UnitedStatesliva-birthcohort, lW)-Con.

54.109

5.548

24,150

7J16Y

5,473

5.555

2*773

2,649

31.782

2,979

14,285

4,788

3.347

3,266

1.567

1.548

22,317

2,568

9.865

3.162

2,126

2=9

1,206

1.100

15,504

1375

6.800

2.137

1.23S

1.617

%.017

1.322

571

16(

391

J!

<

.

1

1

321

9$

214

3

1

25C

61

In

a

2

1

1

S32

64

2!54

?7

70

6

1

12.278

1,823

7.666

1.241

685

595

188

78

6,933

1.064

4,410

669

346

306

83

45

5,345

758

3,258

572

339

289

95

33

4,174

507

2.678

453

222

214

IY2

48

NUII

8.621

619

4.525

1,46C

801

773

32a

118

5,152

336

2,772

875

474

457

180

64

3.469

288

1.753

585

327

3X

140

54

2,639

179

1,216

461

238

278

150

117

%riodofgestation

3235

erofdea

7.278

581

3.188

1,510

883

664

272

370

4,519

294

2,021

957

578

423

149

97

2,760

287

1,168

553

315

241

123

73

1.488

91

663

246

Z16

~65

97

XIO

2.672

287

973

481

336

311

142

142

1,574

140

584

310

2?7

am

m

73

1.088

147

388

171

119

131

72

68

43

207

111

66

101

84

84

4.625

4CJ0

1J511

703

64!

666

333

371

2,730

185

862

428

410

434

200

231

1#885

215

649

275

231

252

133

140

59

233

116

88

125

72

143

13~18

1.173

3#867

1378

1.612

2.087

3#xf2

1=9

7#870

610

2,185

1.153

898

la

754

831

5.648

563

1382

725

613

859

548

658

4.083

313

1,053

671

284

W

438

736

4545

505

2,026

673

502

443

215

181

2@3

257

1#237

44nl

322

248

121

108

1.852

248

789

273

180

195

84

73

1~16

119

556

162

92

128

65

84

Saefootnotesat endoftable.

83
Table9. Neonatal deaths and probability ofdeath within theneonatal period, byplurality, color, sex, ageatdeath, andperiod of gastation: United States live-birth cohort, 1960–Con.

Plurality, color, sex,

and age at death

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

SINGLE BIRTHS–Con.

All other–Con.

Male, alleges . . . . . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female,allages . . . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

PLURAL BIRTHS

Total

Both sexes, all ages . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

I day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

343days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male,allages . . . . . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Period of gestation

All Under Gestations Z. 20-27 2B-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weaks Not

wee ks weeks weeks weeks weeks waeks and over stated’

Number of deaths

8,817

751

3,878

1,257

728

937

532

734

6,687

624

2,922

880

508

680

485

5B8

8,717

888

4,556

1,290

734

711

301

237

4,833

478

2,557

69B

408

399

166

127

191

33

143

9

2

4

161

31

111

8

8

2

1

153

48

105

74

17

57

2,217

287

1,411

233

111

103

44

28

1,957

220

1,207

220

111

111

68

20

3,027

524

2,037

241

95

92

24

14

1,604

2BI

1,094

123

47

41

9

9

1,522

105

732

286

136

139

67

57

1,117

74

484

175

102

139

83

60

2,127

111

1,088

431

205

178

84

30

1,189

66

648

219

113

89

40

14

921

59

411

150

91

109

51

50

577

32

252

96

45

56

46

50

1,354

59

545

308

185

165

55

37

773

26

315

175

105

96

37

19

418

22

122

72

43

63

47

49

278

21

85

39

23

38

37

35

379

16

127

79

55

52

23

27

226

11

74

46

30

37

16

12

492

34

140

67

57

76

40

78

344

25

93

49

31

49

32

65

353

23

112

52

48

57

33

28

204

13

64

34

26

37

13

17

2,369

154

593

340

242

370

251

419

1,724

159

460

231

142

230

185

317

643

52

182

91

82

96

54

86

364

22

109

50

45

56

36

46

687

57

326

100

46

73

32

53

529

62

230

62

46

55

33

41

681

55

360

88

64

71

28

15

399

42

196

51

42

43

15

10

See footnotes at end of table.

64
Table9. Naonatal deaths and probability ofdeath within theneonatal period, bypluraliW, color. sex. aqeatdeath. and DeriodofaesPlurality, color, sex,

and age at death

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

PLURAL BIRTHS–Con.

Total-Con.

Female, all ages . .

Under lhour . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . .

3.8days . . . . . . . . .

7-13days .,..,....

14-27 days . . . , ., . .

White

Both sexes, all ages

Under l hour . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . ,. . .

Idajr . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . .

7-13days .,.......

14-27 days . . . . . . . .

Male, all agas . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

Idea, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-8days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.27 days, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female, all ages . . , . . , , .

Undarl hour, . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lay, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

“1-13ciays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

tation: United States live-birth cohort, ”1960–Con. -

__ltE All

Under gestations *O 20-27

weeks weeks

3,884

410

‘1,999

592

326

312

135

110

6,664

693

3,495

997

605

530

207

137

3,745

372

2,001

545

340

291

119

77

2,919

321

1,494

452

265

239

88

60

79

31

48

105

36

69

49

15

34

56

21

35

1,423

243

943

118

48

51

15

5

2,307

420

1,552

179

71

62

14

9

1,233

223

847

93

32

27

5

6

1,074

197

705

86

39

35

9

3

28-31

weeks

Period of gestation

32-35

waeka

36

weeks

Number of deaths

938

45

440

212

92

89

44

16

1,656

77

871

328

172

131

59

18

944

45

534

166

98

63

29

9

712

32

337

162

74

68

30

9

581

33

230

133

80

69

18

18

1,114

45

441

257

159

143

44

25

653

20

263

149

95

81

31

14

461

25

178

108

64

62

13

11

153

5

53

33

25

15

7

15

298

11

97

63

50

39

19

19

183

7

60

36

27

28

14

11

115

4

37

27

23

11

5

8

I

37-39 40weaks Not

wee ks and over stated]

149

10

48

18

22

20

20

11

273

16

83

38

43

48

25

20

156

8

47

25

21

32

10

13

117

8

36

13

22

16

15

7

279

30

73

41

37

40

18

40

382

43

110

60

57

55

30

37

216

17

64

34

34

30

19

18

176

26

46

26

23

25

11

19

282

13

164

37

22

28

13

5

519

45

272

72

53

52

16

9

311

37

152

42

33

30

11

6

208

8

120

30

20

22

5

3

%5
Table9. Neonatal daathsand pro& bilityof daathwithin theneonatal wriod, byplurality, color, sex, ageatdeath, andperiodofgesPlurality, color, sex,

and age at death

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

PLURAL BIRTHS–Con.

All other

Both sexes, all ages . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mala,allages . . . . . . . . . .

Undarl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famale,allages . . . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ALL NEONATAL DEATHS

Total

Both sexes, all ages

Underlhour . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . .

lay . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . ,

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

tetion: United Stataslive-birth cohort, 1960-Con.

II Period of gestation

All

Under gestations Z. 20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 waeks Not

weeks weeks weeks weeks

weeke

weeks and over stated’

Number of deaths

2,053

195

1,061

293

129

181

94

100

1,068

106

556

153

68

108

47

50

965

89

505

140

61

73

47

50

18,4

1.8

8.4

2.7

1.8

1.9

1.0

1.0

48

12

36

25

2

23

23

10

13

649,8

164.3

541.9

50.5

*

*

*

720

104

485

62

24

30

10

5

371

58

247

30

15

14

4

3

349

46

236

32

9

16

6

2

806.5

—

118.2

578.5

215.6

142.3

149.2

63.0

29.1

471

34

217

103

33

47

25

12

245

21

114

53

15

26

11

5

226

13

103

50

18

21

14

7

240

14

104

51

26

22

11

12

120

6

52

26

10

?5

6

5

120

8

52

25

16

7

5

7

Rata per 1,000 survivors

391.3

26.6

205.1

88.8

51.6

53.9

25.6

12.6

108.1

7.8

47.3

23.3

14.0

11.7

5.0

3.7

81

5

30

16

5

13

4

8

43

4

14

10

3

9

2

1

36

1

16

6

2

4

2

7

28.3

2.6

9.9

5.1

3.5

3.6

1.9

2.0

80

7

29

14

5

9

8

8

48

5

17

9

5

5

3

4

32

2

12

5

4

5

4

9.1

0.8

2.9

1.4

1.2

1.3

0.7

0.9

251

9

72

31

25

41

24

49

148

5

45

16

11

26

17

28

103

4

27

75

14

15

7

21

5.9

0.5

1.7

0.8

0.8

0.9

0.6

0.8

162

10

88

16

11

19

12

6

88

5

44

9

9

13

4

4

74

5

44

7

2

6

8

2

26.4

2.8

12.1

3.8

2,8

2.7

1.3

1.2

Sea footnotas at end of table.

86
Table9. Neonatal deaths and probability ofdeath within theneonatal ~riod, byplurality, color, sex, ageatdeath, andperiodofgesPlurality, color, sex,

and age at death

ALL NEONATAL DEATHS–Con.

Total–Con,

Male, alleges . . . . . . . . . .

Under l hour, . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female,allages . , . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3J3days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Both sexes, all ages . . , . . .

Undarl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

345days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male,allages . . . . . . . . . .

Underl hour, . . . . . . . . . . .,

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-8days, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . ., .,,...... . .

See footnotes at end of table.

tation: United States live-birth cohort, 1960-Con.

Period of gestation

All

Under

gestations Z. 20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weeks Not

weeks weeks

wee ks weeks weeks wee ks and over statedl

Rate per 1,000 survivors’

20.8

1.9

9.5

3.1

2.1

2.1

1.1

1.1

15.8

1.7

7.1

2.2

1.4

1.6

0.9

0.9

16.9

1.7

7.7

2.5

1.7

1.7

0.8

0.8

19.2

1.8

8.8

2.9

2.0

2.0

0.9

0.9

672.0

170.9

572.6

*

*

*

625.0

156.9

508.3

*

*

*

*

640.2

185.6

534.9

*

*

*

*

B49.I

200.0

543.9

*

*

819.2

124.3

601.5

223.8

141.7

147.4

56.1

33.4

791.3

110.8

551.6

207.0

142.9

150.9

70.2

24.6

836.7

128.7

607.0

237.9

166.2

173.2

64.4

29.7

845.2

133.2

627.7

244.4

160.4

168.4

59.6

33.0

430.9

27.5

234.0

101.5

59.2

59.6

26.6

12.8

346.0

25.6

172.1

75.5

43.8

48.2

24.6

12.3

426.4

28.9

230.5

99.3

60.0

59.6

26.4

9.7

462.7

28.5

258.3

109.6

67.7

66.0

28.4

10.2

124.4

7.6

55.4

27.4

17.0

14.0

5.4

3.8

89.5

8.0

38.0

18.7

10.7

9.0

4.7

3.5

117.6

8.8

51.3

26.3

16.1

12.6

5.0

3.1

133.9

8.1

59.6

30.7

19.3

14.7

5.3

3.3

32.5

2.5

11.5

6.4

4.3

4.2

2.0

2.0

23.8

2.7

8.2

3.8

2.6

2.9

1.8

1.9

29.8

3.0

10.8

5.5

4.0

3.6

1.7

1.7

33.8

2.8

12.4

6.8

4.8

4.1

1.7

1.7

1 ().2

0.7

3.2

1.6

1.5

1.6

0.8

1.0

7.7

0.8

2.6

1.1

0.9

1.0

0.6

0.7

8.9

0.8

2.9

1.4

1.3

1.3

0.7

0.7

10.1

0.7

3.2

1.6

1.5

1.6

0.7

0.9

6.7

0.5

1.8

1.0

0.8

1.1

0.7

0.9

5.0

0.5

1.5

0.7

0.5

0.7

0.5

0.7

5.3

0.5

1.5

0.7

0.6

0.8

0.5

0.6

6.1

0.5

1.7

0.9

0.8

1.0

0.6

0.7

30.0

2.8

14.0

4.5

3.3

3.0

1.4

1.4

22.6

2.7

10.1

3.2

2.1

2.4

1.2

1.0

23.2

2.5

10.6

3.5

2.9

2.3

1.1

0.9

26.7

2.6

12.4

4.0

3.2

2.5

1.2

1.0

87
Table9. Neonatal deaths andprobability ofdeath within theneonatal pried, bypluraliW, color, sex, ageatdeath, andperiodofgesPlurality, color, sex,

and age at death

ALL NEONATAL DEATHS-Con.

White-Con.

Female, all ages . . . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other

Both sexes, all ages , . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23 hours . . . . . . . . ...’. . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male,allages . . . . . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

345days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female, all ages . , . . . . , .

Underl hour........,.. . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

tation: United States liva-birth cohort, 1960–Con.

Period of gestation

All

Under gestations Z. 20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weeks Not

weeks

weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks and over stated4

Rate per 1,000 survivors

14.4

1.6

6.5

2.1

1.4

1.5

0.7

0.7

26.7

2.4

12.0

3.8

2.1

2.8

1.7

2.2

29.9

2.6

13.4

4.3

2.5

3.2

1.8

2.4

23,5

2,2

10.5

3.2

1.8

2.4

1.7

2.0

629.6

168.7

524.8

*

*

*

*

666.7

126.7

553.4

*

●

*

●

715.2

115.9

621.7

*

●

●

617.4

137.6

482.5

*

●

*

●

826.1

123.0

581.6

230.8

172.4

178.5

69.8

26.0

728.1

90.9

507.8

171.2

98.7

108.6

60.9

28.2

746.7

99.5

531.2

179.8

105.0

108.9

50.2

34.1

708.2

81.7

483.3

163.1

92.8

108.3

70.7.

22.6

382.7

29.4

197.1

87.7

51.6

52.8

24.4

9.3

307.7

21.1

144.8

66.7

34.3

42.6

24.0

18.1

348.5

24.9

171.1

82.7

40.2

45.7

22.7

18.4

.266.6

17.3

118.6

51.6

29.0

39.8

25.1

17.8

98.5

9.5

41.6

21.3

12.5

10.1

4.6

2.8

77.6

4.7

34.4

13.8

7.6

8.9

5.2

5.4

92.2

5.8

41.2

16.3

9.5

11.8

5.5

5,3

62.8

3.6

27.5

11.3

5.7

6.0

4.9

5.5

25.5

3.2

9.0

4.2

3.0

3.0

1.7

1.7

23.6

1.5

7.2

3.9

2.2

3.5

2.7

2.9

28.4

1.6

8.4

5.1

2.9

4.5

3.1

3.2

19.0

1.3

6.1

2.7

1.5

2.6

2.4

2.6

7.6

0.8

2.6

1.1

1.0

1.0

0.6

0.6

10.1

0.7

2.9

1.4

1.0

1.5

0.9

1.7

11.8

0.9

3.4

1.7

1.4

1.8

0.9

1.8

8.3

0.6

2.3

1.2

0.7

1.2

0.8

1.5

4.5

0.5

1.3

0.6

0.5

0.7

0.4

0.5

9.3

0.7

2.4

1.3

0,9

1.4

1.0

1.7

10.7

0.7

2.7

1.5

1.1

1.7

1.1

1.9

7.9

0.7

2.1

1.1

0.7

1.1

0.8

1.5

19.5

2.4

8.6

2.9

1.9

2,1

1.0

0.7

54.2

5.1

25.5

7.2

4.2

6.0

3.2

4.1

58.9

4.7

28.2

8.6

4.4

6.8

2.9

4.6

49.2

5.5

22.5

5,8

4.0

5.2

3.6

3,7

88
Table9. Neonatal deaths and probability ofdeath within theneonatal period, byplurality, color, sex, ageatdeath, andpariodofqesPlurality, color, sex,

and aga at death

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

SINGLE BIRTHS

Total

Both sexes, all ages

Under l hour . . . . . .

l-23 hours . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . .

3-6 days . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . .

14-27 days . . . . . . .

Male, all ages . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

1.23 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-8 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.27 days, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female, all ages . . . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23 hours, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-8days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Both sexes, all ages . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-8days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

tation: United States live-birth cohort, 1960-Con.

Period of gestation

All

Under gestations Z. 20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weeks Not

wee ks waeks wee ks weaks weeks wee ks and over statedl

Rate per 1,000 survivors

16.7

1.7

7.4

2.4

1.6

1.7

0.9

1.0

19.0

1.7

8.5

2.9

1.9

2.0

1.0

1.9

14.3

1.6

6.3

2.0

1.3

1.5

0.8

0.8

15.3

1.6

6.8

2,3

1.6

1.6

0,8

0.8

617.8

149.9

507.9

51.2

*

*

*

646.5

166.7

540.9

*

*

*

585.5

131.1

472.1

*

*

*

*

604.9

169.5

498.7

*

*

*

*

788.7

111.7

555.1

205.5

138.5

143.4

62.1

27.8

802.5

118.5

579.1

213.2

137.3

142.5

55.6

31.4

772.0

103.5

526.6

197.3

139.7

144.3

68.7

24.0

819.8

121.7

583.0

226,3

161.4

167.2

63.4

28.1

375.4

26.6

526.6

81.9

48.3

51.5

24.2

12.4

415.6

27.1

224.3

95.8

55.7

57.6

25.3

12.7

329.2

26.1

164.9

67.1

40.6

45.4

23.0

12.1

410.1

29.4

221.8

92.0

55.6

57.1

24.9

9.4

104.6

8.0

46.3

22.1

13.3

10.8

4.9

3.6

121.1

7.9

54.6

26.3

16.3

13.2

5.0

3.7

85.6

8.2

36.7

17.4

9.8

8.2

4.7

3.4

114.8

9.2

50.8

25.3

15.4

11.6

4.8

3.0

27.1

2.7

9.5

4.8

3.3

3.4

1.9

1.9

31.2

2.5

11.1

6.1

4.1

3.9

1.9

2.0

22.9

2.8

7.9

3.5

2.4

2.9

1.B

1.8

28.8

3.1

10.5

5.3

3.7

3.4

1.6

1.6

8.8

0.7

2.8

1.3

1.2

1.3

0.7

0.8

10.0

0.7

3.1

1.5

1.5

1.5

0.8

1.0

7.5

0.8

2.5

1.1

0.9

1.0

0.6

0.7

8.7

0.8

2.8

1.3

1.2

1.3

0.6

0.7

5.8

0.5

1.6

0.8

0.7

0.9

0.6

0.8

6.6

0.5

1.8

1.0

0.8

1.0

0.7

0.9

4.9

0.5

1.4

0.6

0.5

0.7

0.5

0.7

5.2

0.5

1.5

0.7

0.6

0.8

0.5

0.6

24.1

2.6

10.8

3.5

2.5

2.4

1.2

1.2

27.4

2.5

12.7

4.1

3.0

2.7

1.3

1.3

20.6

2.7

8.8

2.9

2.0

2.2

1.1

1.0

21.2

2.4

9.5

3.2

2.4

2.1

1.0

0.9

89
TX 9. Neonatal deaths ad probability of cketh wMin the neonata[ IEriod. by phmafity,color. sex. age at death,and pwiod of gesPludity. color, sex,

andageatdeeth

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

SINGLE BIRTHS-ConWh-~n.

Male, al[ages . . . . . . . . . .

rhxferl her . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours. . . . . . .. . ..-. .

I. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .

Zdays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13deys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famak=aflages . . . . . . . .

Ultkrlh oar. . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2d@% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6diiys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13cfeys ------------- . .

m-zfdays- ---------- . . .

Al[ other

ErOthsxes=arrm . . . . . .

Wak-lhour . . . .. -....- -.

X!3holm . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly -------------- ---

2day5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

W3days . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-

7-13days .. -- . . . . . . . . . . .

‘f4-27c@s . . . . . . . ..-. . . .

MaIe.atfqes . .. -------

Underlhcmr . . . . . . . . ..-. .

H3rnnlrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6crays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . -.

Seefmtnotesatend of-e.

W-on: UniteclState51iw-birlhcohort.l!Wl-Con.

Alr

mi175

1-6

7s

2.7

1.8

la

0.9

0s

13.0

15

5.8

1.8

12

13

-0.7

0.6

24.2

21

10.7

3.4

2.0

26

1.6

2.1

27.3

23

120

3.9

23

3.0

1.7

23

Period of ~-OrI

Under

20

20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-38

Ww’eks -k weks weeks W4t5 W?ercs

619.7

191.1

510-7

●

*

5869

1432

484.8

*

‘E

*

●

640.CJ

116.4

522.6

*

●

●

*

6873

120.4

593.4

*

*

●

830.1

127.4

605.1

232.5

156.6

164.3

59-7

30-7

W6.8

114.6

555.5

2:9=4

166.6

170.4

~~

252

709.4

862

4869

1642

86.3

102.7

59.9

27S

7269

84.1

510.?

1723

882

1022

48.6

32.5

Fkteperl#M3sucvivu&

445.7

28.5

246.8

103.5

62.5

64.3

27.1

9.9

=.7

30.5

191.1

78.9

479

49.3

22.6

83

Z94.t

20.0

138.3

60.8

33.4

40.4

22.7

18.1

-.2

23.3

166.6

78.1

4(L3

42.9

21s

18.8

130s

8.5

59.0

28.7

18.5

13.8

4.8

3.2

95.6

9s

40.8

20.2

11.7

9.1

4.7

2.8

73.0

4.4

32.5

12.5

7.0

8.5

5.0

5.2

88.6

5.7

S).8

15.1

9.3

11.3

5.3

5.3

325

29

12.1

6.5

4.6

3.8

%5

1.6

24s

3.3

8.8

39

27

3.0

1-7

1-6

22.2

1.4

6.6

3.6

2.1

3.3

2.7

27

27.0

1-4

79

4.7

2s

4-1

3.1

3.2

9.8

0.7

3.1

1.5

1.5

1-5

0.7

0.8

7.4

0.8

2.5

1.1

0.8

1.0

0.5

0.6

9.5

0.7

2.6

13

1.0

1.4

0-8

1s

11.1

0.8

32

1.5

1.3

1.7

0s

lx

40 weeks

and over

6.tJ

0.5

1.7

0.9

0.8

0.9

0.6

0.7

4.4

0.4

Is

0.6

0.5

0.7

0.4

0.5

8.9

0.7

2.3

1.2

0.8

1.3

1.0

1.6

10.2

0.7

2.6

15

1.0

1.6

1.1

1.8

Not

sratarr

24.4

2.3

11.2

3.7

3.0

2.3

1.1

10

17s)

2.4

7s

2.7

2.8

19

0.9

0.7

48.1

4.8

22.6

6.7

3.8

5.4

2.7

4.0

53.7

4.5

25.6

8.1

3.7

6.0

2.6

4.4
Tabla9. Neonatal deaths endprobebility ofdeath within theneonatal wriod, bypluraliW, color, sex, ageatdeath, and~riodof @sPlurality, color, sex,

and age at death

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

SINGLE BIRTHS-Con,

All other–Con.

Female, all ages . . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

PLURAL BIRTHS

Total

Both sexas, all ages . . . . . ,

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . .,

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male,allages . . . . . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female,allages . . . . . . . .

Undarl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idea, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

tation: United States live-birth cohort, 1960–Con.

All

gestations

21.1

2.[

9;

2,.$

1.C

2.:

1.f

1.$

1Oo.t

10.2

53.1

I 5.~

9.2

9.0

3.a

3.0

110.9

11.0

59.3

17.2

10.2

10.1

4.3

3.3

90.1

9.5

46.8

14.6

8.1

7.a

3.4

2.a

Under

20

weeks

583.2

112.:

453.1

*

●

*

*

944.4

296.3

921.1

●

*

*

*

*

*

20-27

weeks

690.5

77.6

461.7

156.4

93.5

103.2

70.5

22.3

918.9

159.1

735.4

328.8

193.1

231.7

78.7

*

929.3

162.8

757.1

350.4

206.1

226.5

*

●

907.5

155.0

711.7

308.9

181.8

236.1

*

*

Period of gestation

28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weeks Not

weeks weeks weeks waeks and over stated]

Rate per 1,000 survivors

249.8

16.5

110.1

44.7

27.3

38.2

23.7

17.6

504.3

26.3

264.9

142.8

79.2

74.7

38.1

14.1

543.9

30.2

305.7

148.8

90.2

78.1

38.1

*

461.6

22.1

221.4

137.0

68.9

71.6

38.1

●

57.0

3.2

25.0

9.8

4.6

5.8

4.8

5.2

137.7

6.0

55.8

33.4

20.7

18.9

6.4

4.3

154.2

5.2

63.2

37.4

23.3

21.9

8.6

*

120.6

6.8

48.1

29.2

18.1

15.9

●

●

17.6

1.3

5.4

2.5

1.5

2.4

2.4

2.2

45.6

●

15.3

9.7

6.8

6.5

2.9

3.4

53.5

●

17.6

11.1

7.3

9.1

●

●

37.4

*

13.0

8.2

6.3

+

●

*

7.9

0.6

2.1

1.1

0.7

1.1

0.7

1.5

18.2

1.2

5.8

2.7

2.5

3.0

1.7

1.5

21.2

●

6.7

3.6

2.7

3.9

*

●

15.3

●

4.9

*

2.3

2.1

2.1

●

7.6

0.7

2.0

1.0

0.6

1.0

0.8

1.4

17.6

1.4

5.0

2.5

2.3

2.7

1.5

2.4

20.1

1.2

6.0

2.8

2.5

3.1

2.0

2.6

15.2

1.6

4.0

2.2

2.0

2.2

●

2.2

44.2

5.2

19.3

5.3

4.0

4.8

2.9

3.6

135.8

11.0

72.6

19.1

14.2

16.0

6.4

*

152.4

16.0

76.1

21.4

18.0

18.8

●

●

117.6

●

68.8

16.7

10.1

13.0

*

●

See footnotes at end of table.

91
Table9. Neonatal deaths and probability ofdeath within thaneonatal ~riod, byplurality, color, sex, ageatdeath, andperiod of gasPlurality, color, sex,

and aga at death

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

PLURAL BIRTHS–Con.

White

‘Both sexas, all ages . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-8days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male,allages . . . . . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-8days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female,alleges . . . . . . . .

Undarl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other

Both sexes, all ages . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

343days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

tation: Unitad States live-birth cohort, 1960-Con.

All

gestations

96.0

10.0

50.9

15.3

9.4

8.3

3.3

2.2

107.0

10.6

57.8

16.7

10.6

9.2

3.8

2.5

84.9

9.3

43.8

13.9

8.2

7.5

2.8

1.9

118.7

11.3

62.0

18.3

8,2

11.6

6.1

6.5

Period ofgestation

Under

20

20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weeks

weeks weeks weeks

weeks

weeks weeks and ovar

937.5

321.4

*

*

*

●

933.3

350.0

897.4

960.0

*

947.4

939.3

171.0

762.3

369.8

232.8

265.0

*

*

941.2

170.2

779.2

387.5

217.7

234.8

*

*

937.2

171.9

742.9

352.5

246.8

284.1

*

●

859.2

124.1

660.8

249.0

128.3

184.0

*

*

Rate per 1,000 survivors2

537.3

25.0

289.9

153.7

95.2

80.2

39.3

*

584.2

27.8

339.9

160.1

112.5

81.5

40.8

*

485.7

21.8

235.0

147.7

79.1

79.0

37.8

*

414.6

29.9

196.9

116.4

42.2

62.8

35.6

*

140.0

5.7

55.7

34.4

22.0

20.3

6.4

3.6

158.9

4.9

64.3

38.9

25.8

22.6

8.9

*

119.8

6.5

46.6

29.6

18.1

17.9

●

*

126.1

●

55.9

29.0

15.2

13.1

*

*

44.1

*

14.4

9.5

7.6

6.0

*

*

52.9

*

17.4

10.6

8.0

8.4

*

*

34.9

*

11.2

8.3

7.1

*

*

*

52.1

*

19.4

*

●

*

*

*

16.4

*

5.0

2.3

2.6

2.9

1.5

1.2

18.9

*

5.7

3.1

2.6

3.9

*

*

13.9

*

4.3

*

2.6

*

●

*

28.6

*

10.8

●

●

*

*

●

14.0

1.5

3.9

2.2

2.0

2.0

1.1

1.3

15.5

●

4.6

2.5

2.5

2,2

*

*

12.5

1.8

3.3

1.9

1.6

1.8

*

*

29.6

●

8.5

3.7

3.0

4.9

2.9

5.9

Not

statedl

119.5

10.4

63.3

17.9

13.4

13.3

●

*

138.0

16.4

68.6

20.3

16.3

15.1

●

*

99.5

*

57.6

15.3

10.4

11.5

*

*

241.1

●

132.9

*

*

●

*

*

See footnotes at end of table.

92
Table9, Neonatal deaths and probability ofdeath within thenaonatal ~riod, byplurality, color, sex, ageatdeath, andperiodofnesPlurality, color, sex,

and age at death

NEONATAL DEATHS AMONG

PLURAL BIRTHS-Con.

All othar–Con.

Male, alleges . . . . . . . . . .

Under l hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27deys . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famale,alleges . . . . . . . .

Underl hour . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-23hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3J3days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-13days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-27days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

tation: United States liva-birth cohort, 1960-Con.

—u

,,

Period ofgestation

All Under

gestations *O 20-27 28-31 32-35 36 37-39 40 weeks Not

weeks weeks weeks weeks weeka and over statadi weeks

Rate per 1,000 survivors2

126.5

12.3

65.4

19.3

8.7

14.0

6.2

6.6

110.9

10.2

58.7

17.3

7.7

9.2

6.0

6.4

892.9

*

884.6

*

*

*

891.8

139.4

869.9

270.3

*

*

*

*

827.0

109.0

633.0

231.9

*

*

●

*

429.8

36.8

207.7

121.8

*

70.8

*

*

399.3

*

186.3

111.1

*

55.0

●

●

132.7

*

57.9

30.7

*

●

*

●

123.7

●

54.1

27.5

●

●

*

●

56.3

●

●

●

*

*

●

●

48.1

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

34.5

*

*

●

●

●

●

●

24.4

*

●

●

●

*

●

35.5

●

10.8

●

*

6.4

*

6.9

23.9

●

6.3

*

●

*

●

5.0

241.8

*

122.6

*

*

*

●

*

240.3

*

145.2

●

●

*

●

*

1Includes Massachusetts and Maryland, except for Baltimore.

‘ Suwivors ara those infants in each specified age group who were alive at the beginning of each age intewal.

.-

93
APPENDIX I

STANDARD CERTIFICATE OF LIVE BIRTH

ram .p*,.”cd

red,,% E.”ruu ?s..U-WA7LS.

E b.ClTV. ToWN. OR LOCATION

:

c. CITY. Tows. OR LOCATWS

,

. SAWSm (lJnd fs his#ifd,6iEcsIw4 *E-)

WSPLTAL m

d. WREST AcoR5SS

bssw iunoR

t. IS ?LUE OF SIRTIS MIDI? CITY LIMITS? c. IS RSSID6WS IIW.1= CITY LIMllWl f. SSRESbC4JNCEW A FARM7

Y6s VEscl ma

3. m

V6scl son

la ““

Mwle Iku

( mu

4. S6s Ss. TIM MRTH Sk if TWIN m TRlnm. WASCHILD SDRN S MTE NW b Yra

s4?bwLEa TWIN•1 TWI?LETo 1s7 ❑ 200 300 BI%H

-

7. NAME F6tu Mid& JkSA S.wxoRDRnAcs

I

9. AcE (At fimt c/tAis MrfA) 10. BIRlllPi.ACE (SSMCor fOrCiURc0M9f@ 1la. USUALOCCUPATION I lb. KIND OF DUSINESSOR lUOLWmY

YEAss I I I

r

12. MAIIEN NAME Fi?ti Afiuk lid 13. CDmR OR RACS

14. AGE (AA tiw 8J Ikk WLA) 15. 11RTHPLA4X (f?tti Or fOrd#n -niry) 16. PREVIOUSEWLIVERIEETO MOTHER (2h //07 ind~ (Ah b{rl~)

L

YEARS . . n“ -, b. Mow =.” OTHER AU. ,. H.9 99 .y#J ~;.y

Ornm ddk ~ j@l?J&r9 diw hl ad w-. k.

m - Siciwf Uu ./l* rouvlion]f

Q

18. MDIWR3 UAlbJffi A~

~

18b. ATKlbOANT AT BIRTH

$ lA&sbJkEwf& ““ “-w=

~

M.D. ❑ D. O. ❑ MIMIFs ❑

mnksm9iiPs

OTHER (Sx)

: a&sA8A8afs Ik. AoDRESS Iu. DATESPabEo

sz 19. Mm RECD.w LOCALRm. I ~. REGISTRAR sIGNATURE 21. DATEON WHICH GIVEN NAMEAOCSO

94

I I w (R4sium)

Fow MW6CAL MO S6ULTW Wss Olmv

(S”M Wdi9a nvsrksbfsd 09s)

a. LEswm OF MSSWANCY -. WEIANTATSIWS’N 23. LSGlllbSATE

~XED

u. 02 Yssn ma I

(wmwAoasms W E4SOWALNAo HSlAlS4 l16AW SS -IOUAL sTA71S)

.
STANDARD

APPENDIX II

CERTIFICATE OF DEATH

CERTII’ICATE OP DEATH Form.Lwovod.

BIRTH No. STATE OF

Bud’,t lhl,”” No. 6s-Ra752.

STATE FILE No.

2. USUAL RESIOCNCE ( WA”, d-od lind. /f khttd,on: Radcna we+, cdm,u,fen)

a. STATE b. COUNTY

1

I

h. CITY. TOWN. OR LOCATION c. LENGTH OF STAY IN lb c. CITY.ToWN.OR LOCATION

1 ,

d, NAME OF

HOSPITAL OR

(If nak In kE@fa2, gioe tfreef addrw) d. STREET ADORESS

INSTITUTION

t. IS PLACE OF DEATH tNSIDE CITY LIMITS? e. IS RESIDENCE INSIDE CITY LIMITS? [f. IS RESIDENCE ON A FARM?

NAMC OF

OSCSASID

(Tsfw orprint)

Fht Lax 4. DATE Month Dar Year

~TN

1

s. SEX 6 COLOR OR RACE 7 ~A~R,~o o N~”E~ ~ARR,~~ ❑ 8. DATE OF BIRTH 9 AGE (h #ear# IF U~~R I y~R bF uNDSR 24 %.

la! birlAdav) ~.& De” H- ~{”,

WIOOWEO ❑ DIVORCEO c

Ik. uSUAL OCCUPATION (L?h kindoJworkdone 105.KIND OF BUSINESS OR 1NDUSTR% 11 BIRTHPLACE (Sftie or fOrei971 COUIWV)

durint mod of workltw Nfe, ewn if rdirtd)

12. ClnzEtl w WHATauHsRYt

I

IS WAS DCCEASEO EVER IN U. S. ARMED FoRCES?

(v,,, lw,dr”mknaun, I (t,#,,,&,,w.rm&*# o,#mk,

16. SOCIAL SECURITY NO. 17. IPEFORMANT

#

Addrczz

31 I

!!1 I

.-,....------............ .

mdl/iOnL i/‘“”E”’ATEcAu’E(a’-~ dtl~. ] oUE TO (b) _

,1.A ..- .J.. ,. ii co! wk.” .-. ... ..

04Due C4U*C (0),

?

Xasina the un&rlvint c.mwe lat. t

DUE TO (c)

g f PART IL OTHEf?SIGNIFICANT COHDIWC+ISCOK7RWUTING TO OWN Bu7 NOT RELATEDTO THE TERMINAL 01~~ COHMTWN GWEN IN PA.@Tl(a) 19. WAS AUTOPSY

: ~ m

PERFORMED7

YESO Non

w

E

.— ..-

p“ •1 c1 IJ

~ -J 20c :IJ;R:F Hour MontA, Dam, Year

g ~ a. m.

p. m.

IL UJ

o x 20d INJURY OCCURRfO [ 2(k. PLACE OF INJURY (e. u., in or uhout koms, I i?(lf CITY. TOWN. OR LDCATmN COUNTY STATE

FACCIOENr SUICIOE HOMICIDE i ~ OESCRIBE How INJURY OCCURRED fEnter nature olin)um in part I or Part lx of item 18.)

I~

~w “ o Fw%w ~

farm,JacAorv, dreit, ofjice W7,, Ctc.)

z

21. I ●tt@ndad tha dmeaamd from , to ●ndlast mw him‘or ●live on

E

Death occurred d m on the date stated above; and to the best of my knowledde. from the C.US=8 #tat-d.

22A SlaNATURC (2kvtc or (Ilk) 22b, ADORESS ~. OATE SIGNEO

E

= 23a. BuRIAL. CREMATiUN. S.?/i OA’7E

>

REMOVAL (t@fC1jr)

2Sc NAME OF cEMETERY OR CREMATORY SSd. LOckTlON (CisV, town. or exmtvl (5k7fe)

; 24. FUNERAL oIREC’WJR AOORESS 26. DATE RECO. BY LOCAL REG. 26. REGISTRAR’S SIGNATURE

~

95
APPENDIX Ill

TECHNICAL NOTES

The data in this report are derived from two

sources. Data referring to all live births in 1960

are taken from Volume I of Vital Statistics of

the United States, 1960. Data on birth characteristics of infants in the 1960 live-birth cohort

who died before reaching 28 days of- age are

derived from computer tapes prepared from a

new set of punched cards which contained both

birth and death information.

The punching instructions for detailed information in the new set of cards corresponded to

the instructions for preparing cards for use in

Vital Statistics of the United States, 1960. The

classification and interpretation of certain important items is discussed in the following pages.

The complete rules followed in the classification

of geographic and personal items for births are

set forth in Vital Statistics Instruction

Manual.3z

Registration Completeness

Although every State has adopted a law

requiring the registration of births, deaths, and

fetal deaths, these laws are not uniformly

observed. In most areas practically all births and

deaths are registered. For some areas, however,

there is enough underregistration to affect the

use of the statistics for certain purposes.

Nationwide tests of completeness of birth

registration were made in both 1940 and

1950.1 ~ss For the United States as a whole,

these tests indicated that‘birth registration was,

respectively, 92.5 and 97.9 percent complete. A

detailed discussion of the results of these tests

was given in chapter 6, Volume I, Vital Statistics

of the United States, 1950. On the basis of

results of the 1950 test, it is estimated by the

Division of

registration

the country

for all other

Vital Statistics that in 1960 birth

completeness was 98.9 percent for

as a whole–99.3 for white and 96.4

groups, respectively.

Classification by Occurrence and Residence

For the 1960 statistics by place of occurrence, events are classified according to the place

where the birth occurred. Place of residence in

birth statistics refers to the geographic area

which constituted the mother’s usual residence

at time of the birth.

For residence statistics, all events occurring

within the United States (i.e., 50 States and the

District of Columbia) are allocated to a place of

residence within the United States. For nonresident aliens, the place of residence is considered

to be the same as the place of occurrence.

Age of Mother

The birth certificate asks for “Age (at time of

this birth).” Some sources of minor errors in the

age data have been noted. A small number of

records are filed with age unspecified, an,dsome

births are not registered. Measures of variation

of completeness of registration with age of

mother are available from tests of completeness

in 1950 and 1940.1$33 They show that registration completeness is approximately the same for

all ages except for the oldest age group, where it

is lower.

Color

The category “white “ includes, in addition to

persons reported as white, persons reported to

96
be Mexican or Puerto Rican and those with race

not stated. The category “all other” consists of

persons reported as Negro, American Indian,

Chinese, and Japanese; persons of numerically

small racial groups; and persons of mixed white

and other races.

Completeness of birth registration in 1960 is

estimated by the Division of Vital Statistics,

National Center for Health Statistics, to be 99.3

percent for “white” births and 96.4 percent for

“all other” births. The most recent figures for

other groups are from the 1950 test which

indicated registration completeness at that time

to be 85.1 percent for American Indians and

97.4 percent for “other races,” chiefly Chinese

and Japanese. Both figures are probably higher

for 1960, but later data are not available.

A comparison of the race designation in

matched sets of birth certificates and infant

cards from the 1950 registration completeness

test indicates very high agreement for white and

Negro infants. There were, however, substantially fewer American Indians recorded on birth

records than on census records.s 4

Hospital Delivery

Births are classified as occurring “in hospital

or institution” on the basis of entries on the

birth certificate. The classification is unrelated

to the American Hospital Association (AHA)

registered hospital listings.

Birth Weight

In practically all areas, birth weight is

reported in terms of pounds and ounces rather

than in grams. However, the metric system has

been used in tabulating and presenting the

statistics to facilitate comparison with data

published by other groups in the United States.

Period of Gestation

In 1960, the live-birth record forms for the

State of Massachusetts and that part of Maryland outside the city of Baltimore did not

provide for information on the period of gestation. These areas account for about 60 percent

of the records with gestation unspecified.

Such records are distributed in the tables in the

text of this report but not in the detailed tables.

An examination of the reported information

on period of gestation suggests a substantial

heaping at the interval “40 weeks and over.”

This bias probably results from the fact that

gestation period is not carefully calculated, and

instead the newborn infant of normal size is

assumed to have a gestation period of 40 weeks.

Such errors in reporting are minimized in areas

where the birth certificate asks for the date of

onset of last normal menstrual period. Places

using this question (California, Baltimore City,

the District of Columbia, and New York City)

contributed about 14 percent of the live-birth

records.

Control of Errors

The coding and punching of birth data for the

live-birth records for 1960 were performed

simultaneously, and the major portion of the

work was verified using a partial sequential

sample. This procedure was used in verifying the

work of employees whose performance (as

indicated by complete verification) was such as

to produce consistently less than 4-percent error

distributed among all the items. For any one

item, less than 1-percent error would be

expected under these procedures.

For this study, a new set of punched cards,

using the same procedures, was prepared combining the necessary birth and death information

into one card. However, to preserve the consistency of the death information, once the infant

death was identified, the coded cause-of-death

infop-nation from NCHS computer tapes for all

deaths was used.

Published data for all live births taken from

Volume I of Vital Statistics of the United States,

1960, were used. For live-birth characteristics of

neonatal deaths, the newly created tapes were

used. There are no estimates available of the

degree of concordance between these two

sources of information. Tabulating, computing,

table preparation, and all other operations subsequent to the preparation of punched cards were

verified.

Sampling of Birth Records

In this report, birth data for 1960 have been

derived from a 50-percent systematic sample

which consists of only even-numbered birth

97
records. Statistics for this year were obtained by

multiplying the sample figures by 2.

The sample data represent estimates which

differ somewhat from figures that would have

been derived by processing all the records.

However, the marmer in which records are

numbered greatly reduces the sampling variability of totals for geographic areas. With few

exceptions, records are numbered in the State

offices of vital statistics as they are received

from the local offices. The assignment of the last

digit in the number is not selective, and the

systematic sample of even-numbered records

may be assumed to be unbiased.

The extent to which residence figures for

States derived from the sample differ from the

totals that would have resulted from a complete

count depends on the amount of nonresident

interchange. (This assumes virtually no error in

the figures on a place-of-occurrence basis.) Since

there is relatively little nonresident interchange

of births among the States, the sampling errors

for these geographic units are negligible.

The following table shows percent errors due

to sampling in the published birth data by other

than geographic characteristics. The chances are

about 2 out of 3 that the percent difference due

to sampling variability between the published

figure based on the 50-percent sample and the

result that would be obtained by a complete

count is less than the appropriate percent error

shown in the table. The chances are about 19

out of 20 that the percent difference is less than

twice the percent error.

Number of births

with a specified

characteristic

30

50

100

250

500

1,000

2,000

5,000

10,000

20,000

50,000

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

250

18.3

14.1

7.7

0.0

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

500

18.3

14.1

8.9

4.5

0.0

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

Totalbirths in area or to residents of area 1

1,000 2,000

18.3

14.1

9.5

5.5

3.2

0.0

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

18.3

14.1

9.7

5.9

3.9

2.2

0.0

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

5,000

18.3

14.1

9.9

6.2

4.2

2.8

1.7

0.0

. . .

. . .

. . .

10,000

18.3

14.1

9.9

6.2

4.4

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

. . .

. . .

50,000

18.3

14.1

10.0

6.3

4.4

3.1

2.2

1.3

0.9

0.5

0.0

500,000

18.3

14.1

10.0

6.3

4.5

3.2

2.2

1.4

1.0

0.7

0.4

1An “area” is the smallest geographic unit to which the figure under consideration pertains. If the area is a city or county of rasi.

dence where appreciable nonresident interchange occurs, the sampling error will be slightly larger.

Comparison of Rates b = estimated number of live births in the

The January-March 1950 cohort study of

specified category

infant mortality is based on the complete B = total number of live births

universe of births which occurred in that period. y~ .

The 1960 cohort study of infant mortality used

total number of live births in sample.

published data for live births which were estimated from a 5O-percent systematic sample of The neonatal mortality rate in the specified

live births, and infant deaths among the total category can be expressed as:

live births. Because the 1960 live-birth records

were sampled, it is appropriate to consider the M = (d/b) X 1000.

Possible effect of sampling on the statistical

significance of differences b>tween rates for the

two studies. For 1960, the following frequencies The proportion of total live births in the

were determined: specified category is:

d = number of neonatal deaths in a specified

category ~ = b/Bandq = 1-P.

98
If the expression

B-?4B .2B-B B =—

~f.~ B-2 B-2

is essentially equal to 1, as is generally the case

with these data, the variance and standard

deviation of the neonatal mortality rate for the

specified category are

If the difference between two neonatal mortality rates is to be compared (i.e., Ml - M2 ), the

standard error of the difference between the

rates is

The differences between the rates is standardized by relating it to the standard error of the

difference between the rates; i.e.,

Ml - Mz

S.E “ “M1-M2

This statistic can be assessed by referring to a

table of probabilities for the normal curve. If the

absolute value of this ratio is 3 or more, the

difference between the rates is said to be

significant at the l-percent level (P < .01). This

means that a difference between two rates of the

magnitude of Ml – M2 would be expected to

arise from chance alone in less than 1 out of 100

pairs of samples of the specified sizes.

* U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTENG OFFICE :1972 482-007/46

99
VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS PUBLICATION SERIES

Formerly Public Health Service Publication No. 1000

l+o~ams and collection pvocedun?s. — Reports which describe the general programs of the National

Center for Health Statistics and its offices and divisions, data collection methods used, definitions,

WI other material necessary for understanding the data.

Data evaluation and methods research. — Studies of new statistical methodology including: experimental tests of new survey methods, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analytical

techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected data, contributions to statistical theory.

.4nalvtical studias.-Reports presenting analytical or interpretive studies basedon vital and health

statistics, carrying the analysis further than the expository types of reports in the other series.

.D9cumrnts and committee vepoYts.— Final reports of major committees concerned with vital and

health statistics, and documents such as recommended model vital registration laws and revised

birth and death certificates.

Data from the Health Interview Swvev. —Statistics on illness, accidental injuries, disability, use

of hospital, medical, dental, and other services, and other health-related topics, based on data

collected in a continuing national household interview survey.

llzta .@orn the Health Examination Swwey. —Data from direct examination, testing, and measurement of national samples of the civilian, noninstitutional population provide the basis for two types

Of reports: (1) estimates of the medically defined prevalence of specific diseases in the United

States and the distributions of the population with respect to physical, physiological, and psychoIqical characteristics; and (2) analysis of relationships among the various measurements without

reference to an explicit finite universe of persons.

i?ata j~om the Institutional Population Surveys. —Statistics relating to the health characteristics of

persons in institutions, and their medical, nursing, and personal csre received, based on national

samples of establishments providing these services and samples of the residents or patients.

Data ji%li?l the Hospital Discharge Swvey. —Statistics relating to discharged patients in short-stay

hospitals, based on a sample of patient records in a national sample of hospitals.

Datu on htzalth ~esowces: manpowe~ and facilities. —Statistics on the numbers, geographic distribution, and characteristics of health resources including physicians, dentists, nurses, other health

occupations, hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient facilities.

Lkztu an wzo?Wity.-Various statistics on mortality other than as included in regukr annual or

mommy reports— ~peci~ - SIEdYSeS by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables, also

geobyaphlc and time series analyses.

llIta cm natality, mawiage, and diwrce. —Various statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce

other than as included in regular annual or monthly reports+pecial analyses by demographic

variables, also geographic and time series analyses, studies of fertility.

LWa jVom the National Atnblity and Mon2Wty Surveys. — Statistics on characteristics of births

amd deaths not available from the vital records, based on sample surveys stemming ti-om these

records, including such topics as mortality by socioeconomic class, hospital experience in the

last yew of life, medical care during pregnancy, health insurance coverage, etc.

For a list of titles d reports published in these series, write to: (.XFice of Irtiormation

National Center for Health Statistics

Public Health Service, HSMHA

Rockville, Md. 20S52
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

Public Health Service

HEALTH SERVICES AND MENTAL HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

5600 Fishers Lane

Rockville, Md. 20852

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

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