Base Year (2011) Emissions Inventory 

and Emissions Statements 

State Implementation Plan

for the

Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, North Carolina

2008 Ozone Marginal Nonattainment Area 

Prepared by

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Division of Air Quality

July 7, 2014
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Preface: This document contains the base year (2011) emission inventory for the CharlotteGastonia-Salisbury 2008 8-hour ozone marginal nonattainment area pursuant to §182(a)(1) of the 

Clean Air Act, as amended (CAA). The document also addresses §182(a)(3)(B) of the CAA 

which requires states with areas designated nonattainment for the ozone standard (under subpart 

2) to submit a SIP revision to require sources within that nonattainment area to submit annual 

emissions statements to the state.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction.........................................................................................1

2.0 Current Air Quality.................................................................................3

3.0 Emissions Inventory ..............................................................................6

4.0 Emissions Statements .............................................................................10

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Counties and Townships within the Charlotte Nonattainment Area ...............2

Table 1-2 Population Percentages per County......................................................3

Table 2-1 Charlotte Nonattainment Area’s Historic 4th Highest 8-hour Ozone Values (2002-

2013)......................................................................................................5

Table 2-2 Charlotte Nonattainment Area’s Historic Design Values (2002-2013)..............6

Table 3-1 2011 Point Source NOx Emissions (tons/day).........................................8

Table 3-2 2011 Point Source VOC Emissions (tons/day).........................................8

Table 3-3 2011 Area Source Emissions (tons/day)................................................8

Table 3-4 2011 On-road Mobile Source Emissions (tons/day)...................................9

Table 3-5 2011 Nonroad Mobile Source Emissions (tons/day).................................10

Table 3-6 2011 Total Emissions (tons/day).......................................................10

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 Charlotte Nonattainment Area Boundary..............................................2

Figure 2-1 Ozone Monitor Locations in the Charlotte Nonattainment Area ...................4
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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix B.1 Point Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation

Appendix B.2 Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation

Appendix B.3 On-road Mobile Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation

Appendix B.4 Nonroad Mobile Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation
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BASE YEAR EMISSIONS INVENTORY AND EMISSIONS 

STATEMENTS

1.0 Introduction

On April 30, 2012, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designated areas 

as nonattainment for the 2008 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard or NAAQS

(77 FR 30088). The final ozone designations were based primarily on certified air quality 

monitoring data from calendar years 2008-2010. The Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, North 

Carolina area (referred to as the Charlotte nonattainment area) was designated marginal 

nonattainment for the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS by the EPA, effective on July 20, 2012. In 

accordance with section 182(a)(1) of the Clean Air Act, the State of North Carolina is required to

submit a base year inventory for emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic 

compounds (VOC) in this nonattainment area within 24 months of designation. Also within 24 

months of designation, CAA section 182(a)(3)(B) requires the state to ensure adequate 

provisions are in place that require the owner or operator of each stationary source of NOx and 

VOC emissions to provide the state with a statement showing actual emissions.

The Charlotte nonattainment area includes the entire county of Mecklenburg and parts of 

Cabarrus, Gaston, Iredell, Lincoln, Rowan and Union Counties (see Figure 1-1). The partial 

counties include the townships listed in Table 1-1. Note that the EPA also designated the portion 

of York County, South Carolina that is adjacent to the Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, North 

Carolina as marginal nonattainment for the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS. The South Carolina 

Department of Health & Environmental Control is responsible for submitting a plan that 

documents the base year inventory for emissions of NOx and VOC and includes emissions 

statements requirements for the South Carolina portion of the nonattainment area.
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Figure 1-1. Charlotte Nonattainment Area Boundary

Table 1-1. Counties and Townships within the Charlotte Nonattainment Area

Cabarrus County Townships

Central Cabarrus Concord* Georgeville Harrisburg Kannapolis Midland

Mount Pleasant Odell Poplar Tent New Gilead Rimertown

Gaston County Townships

Dallas Crowders Mountain Gastonia Riverbend South Point

Iredell County Townships

Coddle Creek Davidson

Lincoln County Townships

Catawba Springs Lincolnton Ironton

Rowan County Townships

Atwell China Grove Franklin Gold Hill* Litaker Locke

Providence Salisbury Steele Unity

Union County Townships

Goose Creek Marshville Monroe Sandy Ridge Vance

*Note: Concord Township in Cabarrus County and Gold Hill Township in Rowan County were inadvertently left 

out of North Carolina’s recommendation and EPA’s final designations. In a letter dated January 28, 2014, the North 

Carolina Division of Air Quality (DAQ) requested EPA to add the missing townships in the state’s 2008 marginal 

ozone nonattainment area definition. 
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Table 1-2 displays the population percentages per county that were used to determine the 

nonattainment portion for each county except Mecklenburg. The population percentages were

obtained by determining the population density in each township using geographic information 

system (GIS) mapping. The population percentages are based on 2010 census data. The total 

county emissions were multiplied by the population percentages to calculate the emissions for 

the nonattainment portion only for each county. This methodology was applied to the emissions 

for the on-road mobile, nonroad mobile, and area source sectors. For point sources, the location 

coordinates were mapped using a GIS to identify the facilities located within the nonattainment 

portion of each county. For Mecklenburg County, the emissions associated with all emission 

sources are included in this SIP because the nonattainment area includes all of Mecklenburg 

County.

Table 1-2. Population Percentages per County

County Population Percentage

Cabarrus 99.2%

Gaston 92.2%

Iredell 39.9%

Lincoln 80.2%

Rowan 92.9%

Union 86.9%

2.0 Current Air Quality

The North Carolina Division of Air Quality (DAQ) and the Mecklenburg County Air Quality 

(MCAQ) have collected ambient monitoring data for the Charlotte area since the late seventies. 

At the time of the 2008 8-hour ozone designations, there were seven ozone monitors located 

throughout the Charlotte nonattainment area. These monitors were installed in accordance with 

the procedures specified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 40 CFR 58. 

Figure 2-1 displays the location of ozone monitors in the counties affected by the Charlotte

nonattainment area designation.
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Figure 2-1. Ozone Monitor Locations in the Charlotte Nonattainment Area

Tables 2-1 and 2-2 show the ozone measurements data and corresponding design values for the 

monitors in the Charlotte nonattainment area, respectively, from 2002 to 2013. 
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Table 2-1. Charlotte Nonattainment Area’s Historic 4th Highest 8-hour Ozone Values (2002-2013)

Monitor

4

th Highest 8-hour Ozone Values (ppm)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*

Crouse

0.095 0.089 0.074 0.082 0.082 0.085 0.079 0.065 0.072 0.077 0.076 0.064

AIRS ID #

37-109-0004

Lincoln 

County

Garinger

0.103 0.086 0.085 0.088 0.091 0.093 0.085 0.069 0.082 0.088 0.080 0.067

AIRS ID #

37-119-0041

Mecklenburg 

County

Arrowood

0.094 0.073 0.077 0.085 0.078 0.087 0.073 0.068 0.078 0.082 0.073 0.062

AIRS ID #

37-119-1005

Mecklenburg 

County

County Line

0.107 0.088 0.083 0.090 0.093 0.096 0.093 0.071 0.082 0.083 0.085 0.066

AIRS ID #

37-119-1009

Mecklenburg 

County

Rockwell

0.106 0.098 0.080 0.086 0.085 0.096 0.084 0.071 0.077 0.077 0.080 0.063

AIRS ID #

37-159-0021

Rowan 

County

Enochville

0.108 0.087 0.080 0.088 0.089 0.095 0.082 0.073 0.078 0.078 0.077 0.064

AIRS ID #

37-159-0022

Rowan 

County

Monroe

0.100 0.083 0.074 0.082 0.080 0.082 0.08 0.067 0.071 0.073 0.075 0.063 AIRS ID #

37-179-0003

Union County

* 2013 monitoring data has not yet been submitted to the EPA for certification purposes.
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Table 2-2. Charlotte Nonattainment Area’s Historic Design Values (2002-2013)

Monitor

Design Value (ppm)

02-04 03-05 04-06 05-07 06-08 07-09 08-10 09-11 10-12 11-13*

Crouse

0.086 0.081 0.079 0.083 0.082 0.076 0.072 0.071 0.075 0.072 AIRS ID #

37-109-0004

Lincoln County

Garinger

0.091 0.086 0.088 0.090 0.089 0.082 0.078 0.079 0.083 0.078

AIRS ID #

37-119-0041

Mecklenburg 

County

Arrowood

0.081 0.078 0.080 0.083 0.079 0.076 0.073 0.076 0.077 0.072

AIRS ID #

37-119-1005

Mecklenburg 

County

County Line

0.092 0.087 0.088 0.093 0.094 0.086 0.082 0.078 0.083 0.078

AIRS ID #

37-119-1009

Mecklenburg 

County

Rockwell

0.094 0.088 0.083 0.089 0.088 0.083 0.077 0.075 0.078 0.073 AIRS ID #

37-159-0021

Rowan County

Enochville

0.091 0.085 0.085 0.090 0.088 0.083 0.077 0.076 0.077 0.073 AIRS ID #

37-159-0022

Rowan County

Monroe

0.085 0.079 0.078 0.081 0.080 0.076 0.072 0.070 0.073 0.070 AIRS ID #

37-179-0003

Union County

Note: Bolded values represent violations of the 2008 8-hour ozone standard.

* 2013 monitoring data has not been submitted to EPA at this time.

3.0 Emissions Inventories

There are four different man-made emission inventory source classifications: (1) stationary point, 

(2) area, (3) on-road mobile, and (4) nonroad mobile sources. The emissions for each source 

classification are calculated on a ton per summer day basis. All emissions are reported for the 

2011 base year representing typical (average) day emissions for the month of July. The 

emissions reported for Cabarrus, Gaston, Iredell, Lincoln, Rowan, and Union Counties reflect the 

emissions for the nonattainment portion only. The nonattainment portion emissions, except for 

point sources, were determined based on the population of the nonattainment townships for each 

partial county. For point source emissions, the nonattainment portion was based on whether the 
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facility is located inside the nonattainment area by utilizing GIS mapping. For Mecklenburg 

County, the emissions for the entire county are provided. 

The point source inventory consists of emissions from individual facilities (permitted point 

sources, aircraft and related ground support equipment at airports and locomotives at rail yards). 

In general, the point source emissions inventory includes stationary sources with air permits that 

have the potential to emit more than 5 tons per year of a criteria pollutant or its precursors from a 

single facility.

1

 These facilities report source-specific emissions data to the DAQ and MCAQ

according to each agency’s emissions reporting rules. Their emissions are tabulated from data 

collected through direct on-site emissions measurements systems or mass balance calculations 

utilizing emission factors from the EPA’s AP-42 or stack test results.2 The DAQ and MCAQ

submitted facility-specific emissions data to the EPA as part of the agency’s triennial National 

Emissions Inventory (NEI) development efforts. As such, the base year 2011 point source 

emissions inventory for the Charlotte nonattainment area is identical to the 2011 NEI version 1.0. 

Airports and rail yards are not required to have air quality permits for construction and operation, 

although they could have equipment such as a boiler or generator that require an operating

permit. These source types have fixed and known locations and their emissions quantities can be 

comparable to industrial sources. Therefore, for purposes of the EPA’s NEI, they are reported as 

industrial point sources. In the past, these sources were reported with nonroad mobile sources. 

In order to be consistent with the NEI, the base year 2011 airports and rail yards are summarized 

with the point sources emissions inventory.

Although both the DAQ and MCAQ inventory includes all of the criteria air pollutants and a 

large number of toxic pollutants, only the NOx and VOC emissions are reported since they are 

the precursor pollutants for ozone formation. 

For detailed discussion on how the point sources emission inventory was developed, see 

Appendix B.1. A summary of the point source NOx and VOC emissions is presented in Table 3-

1 and Table 3-2, respectively. 

 

1

Stationary point sources with the potential-to-emit 5 tons per year or less are included in the area source emissions 

inventory.

2 Continuous emissions monitoring (CEM) data were available for all three electricity generating stations (G.G. 

Allen, Buck, and Riverbend) located in the nonattainment area; therefore, the CEM data for July 2011 were used to 

calculate typical summer day emissions for NOx. 
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Table 3-1. 2011 Point Source NOx Emissions (tons/day)

County Point Airport Rail Yard Total

Cabarrus* 1.09 0.01 0.00 1.1

Gaston* 26.43 0.01 0.00 26.44

Iredell* 4.63 0.00 0.00 4.63

Lincoln* 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.43

Mecklenburg 0.50 6.68 0.58 7.76

Rowan* 5.94 0.00 0.27 6.21

Union* 0.49 0.01 0.10 0.6

Total 39.51 6.71 0.95 47.17

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 3-2. 2011 Point Source VOC Emissions (tons/day)

County Point Airport Rail Yard Total

Cabarrus* 0.87 0.02 0.00 0.89

Gaston* 1.73 0.01 0.00 1.74

Iredell* 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.97

Lincoln* 1.22 0.01 0.00 1.23

Mecklenburg 0.51 0.98 0.04 1.53

Rowan* 3.77 0.01 0.03 3.81

Union* 1.17 0.02 0.01 1.2

Total 10.24 1.05 0.08 11.37

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Area sources are those stationary sources whose emissions are relatively small but due to the 

large number of these sources, the collective emissions could be significant (e.g., dry cleaners, 

service stations). For area sources, emissions are estimated by multiplying an emission factor by 

some indicator of collective emissions activity such as production, number of employees, or 

population. These types of emissions are estimated at the county level. For detailed discussion 

on how the area source emission inventory was developed, see Appendix B.2. A summary of the 

area source emissions is presented in Table 3-3. 

Table 3-3. 2011 Area Source Emissions (tons/day)

County NOx Emissions VOC Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.44 4.53

Gaston* 0.55 4.94

Iredell* 0.22 1.95

Lincoln* 0.12 1.72

Mecklenburg 4.48 23.47

Rowan* 0.40 3.95

Union* 0.47 6.13

Total 6.68 46.69

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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On-road mobile sources are defined as those vehicles that travel on public roadways. Emissions 

from motor vehicles occur throughout the day while the vehicle is in motion, at idle, parked and 

during refueling. All of these emissions processes need to be estimated in order to properly 

reflect the total emissions from this source category. For on-road mobile sources, the EPA’s 

MOtor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) mobile model is run to generate emissions. Note 

that the EPA 2011 NEI version 1.0 used a representative county approach to estimate emissions 

for all counties contained in a given state. As part of the DAQ’s official comments on EPA’s 

version 1.0, it was determined that county level on-road modeling using county-specific vehicle 

population, mix, and other local data are the best method for creating an emissions inventory. 

The base year 2011 on-road emissions inventory presented here represents results from the 

DAQ’s MOVES modeling for each ozone nonattainment county. For a detailed discussion on 

how the on-road mobile emission inventory was developed, see Appendix B.3. A summary of 

the on-road mobile source emissions is presented in Table 3-4.

Table 3-4. 2011 On-road Mobile Source Emissions (tons/day)

County NOx Emissions VOC Emissions

Cabarrus* 11.85 6.32

Gaston* 13.39 6.93

Iredell* 5.45 2.62

Lincoln* 4.33 2.49

Mecklenburg 57.01 26.06

Rowan* 10.78 5.74

Union* 9.32 5.19

Total 112.13 55.35

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Nonroad mobile sources are equipment that can move but do not use the roadways ( e.g., lawn 

mowers, construction equipment, railroad locomotives, aircraft). The emissions from most of the 

nonroad mobile sources are calculated using the EPA’s NONROAD model. The railroad 

locomotive emissions are calculated with fuel use data, track miles and emission factors. 

Nonroad mobile sources also include commercial marine vessels but no commercial marine 

vessels operate in the Charlotte area. For detailed discussion on how the nonroad mobile

emissions inventory was developed, see Appendix B.4. A summary of the nonroad mobile 

source emissions is presented in Table 3-5. 
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Table 3-5. 2011 Nonroad Mobile Source Emissions (tons/day)

County NOx Emissions VOC Emissions

Cabarrus* 2.43 1.62

Gaston* 2.30 1.83

Iredell* 0.96 0.84

Lincoln* 0.88 0.83

Mecklenburg 16.31 14.76

Rowan* 1.94 1.96

Union* 3.93 2.56

Total 28.75 24.40

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 3-6 summarizes the total anthropogenic NOx and VOC emissions (tons per day) for the 

Charlotte nonattainment area. Biogenic or naturally occurring emissions of VOC are not 

included here based on guidance given by the EPA’s Region 4 office.

Table 3-6. 2011 Total Emissions (tons/day)

County NOx Emissions VOC Emissions

Cabarrus* 15.82 13.36

Gaston* 42.68 15.44

Iredell* 11.26 6.38

Lincoln* 5.76 6.27

Mecklenburg 85.56 65.82

Rowan* 19.33 15.46

Union* 14.32 15.08

Total 194.73 137.81

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.0 Emissions Statements

Section 182(a)(3)(B) of the CAA and subsequent EPA rules and memoranda require stationary 

source facilities located within marginal and above nonattainment areas to submit an emissions 

statement within 2 years of ozone nonattainment designation. Specifically, an owner or operator 

of each stationary source of NOx and VOC emissions must provide the state with a statement

showing the actual emissions from that source.

North Carolina already has an emissions statement program due to a previous nonattainment 

designation. North Carolina’s last SIP revision related to meeting the emissions statement 

requirement for the Charlotte area was approved through a direct final action taken by EPA on 

April 24, 2012 (77 FR 24382). The EPA rule approved North Carolina’s annual emissions 

reporting requirements into the SIP on June 25, 2012. North Carolina continues to operate under 
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the provisions approved under this action. As such, no further action is required to satisfy 

emissions statements requirements for the 2008 ozone marginal nonattainment area.
Appendix B
Appendix B.1

Point Source Emissions 

Inventory Documentation 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE ....................................................................................... 1

2.0 OVERALL METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................... 1

2.1 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION........................................................................................ 2

2.2 EMISSION ESTIMATION APPROACH...................................................................... 2

3.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE.................................................................................................. 3

4.0 TOTAL POINT SOURCES EMISSIONS ......................................................................... 4

4.1 CHARLOTTE NONATTAINMENT AREA POINT SOURCE SUMMARY.............. 4

4.2 SUMMARY OF 2011 INDUSTRIAL POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS ........................ 5

4.3 SUMMARY OF 2011 NONROAD ORIGIN POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS ........... 12

5.0 DISCUSSION OF INDUSTRIAL POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES ............................ 12

5.1 MINING, QUARRYING, AND OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION .............................. 13

5.2 UTILITIES.................................................................................................................... 13

5.3 MANUFACTURING ................................................................................................... 14

5.3.1 FOOD MANUFACTURING........................................................................................ 14

5.3.2 WOOD PRODUCT MANUFACTURING .................................................................. 16

5.3.3 PRIMARY METAL MANUFACTURING ................................................................. 20

5.4 WHOLESALE TRADE................................................................................................ 22

5.5 TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING .......................................................... 22

5.6 ADMISTRATIVE, SUPPORT, WASTE MANAGEMENT, AND REMEDATION 

SERVICES................................................................................................................................ 23

5.7 HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE......................................................... 24

5.8 OTHER SERVICES ..................................................................................................... 24
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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1-1 2011 Total NOx Emissions (tons/day) ........................................................................ 4

Table 4.1-2 2011 Total VOC Emissions (tons/day)........................................................................ 4

Table 4.2-1a Cabarrus County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day).................................................... 5

Table 4.2-1b Cabarrus County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)................................................... 5

Table 4.2-2a Gaston County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)....................................................... 6

Table 4.2-2b Gaston County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)...................................................... 7

Table 4.2-3a Iredell County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)........................................................ 7

Table 4.2-3b Iredell County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)....................................................... 8

Table 4.2-4a Lincoln County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)...................................................... 8

Table 4.2-4b Lincoln County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)..................................................... 8

Table 4.2-5a Mecklenburg County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)............................................. 9

Table 4.2-5b Mecklenburg County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)............................................ 9

Table 4.2-6a Rowan County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)....................................................... 9

Table 4.2-6b Rowan County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day).................................................... 10

Table 4.2-7a Union County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)...................................................... 10

Table 4.2-7b Union County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day) ..................................................... 11

Table 4.3-1 Charlotte Nonattainment Area 2011 Rail Yard Emissions (tons/day) ...................... 12

Table 4.3-2 Charlotte Nonattainment Area 2011 Airport Emissions (tons/day) .......................... 12

Table 5.1a Summary of NAICS 21-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)................................. 13

Table 5.2a Summary of NAICS 22-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)................................. 14

Table 5.2b Summary of NAICS 22-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)................................ 14

Table 5.3.1a Summary of NAICS 31-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day).............................. 15

Table 5.3.1b Summary of NAICS 31-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)............................. 16

Table 5.3.2a Summary of NAICS 32-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day).............................. 17

Table 5.3.2b Summary of NAICS 32-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)............................. 18

Table 5.3.3a Summary of NAICS 33-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day).............................. 20

Table 5.3.3b Summary of NAICS 33-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)............................. 20

Table 5.4a Summary of NAICS 42-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)................................. 22

Table 5.4b Summary of NAICS 42-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)................................ 22

Table 5.5a Summary of NAICS 48-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)................................. 23
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Table 5.5b Summary of NAICS 48-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)................................ 23

Table 5.6a Summary of NAICS 56-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)................................. 23

Table 5.6b Summary of NAICS 56-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)................................ 24

Table 5.7a Summary of NAICS 62-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)................................. 24

Table 5.8b Summary of NAICS 81-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)................................ 25
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1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

The point source inventory consists of emissions from individual facilities (point sources), 

airports, and rail yards. Industrial or commercial facilities having equipment that emits pollutants 

to the air have always been classified as point sources by air quality regulatory programs and are 

generally required to have permits issued by the North Carolina Division of Air Quality (DAQ)

and the Mecklenburg County Air Quality (MCAQ). Airports or rail yards are not required to 

have air quality permits for construction and operation as airports or rail yards (although they 

could have equipment such as a boiler or generator that requires a permit). They do have fixed 

and known locations and their emissions quantities can be comparable to industrial sources so, 

for purposes of the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) National Emission 

Inventory (NEI), they are included in the point source inventory even though they are 

traditionally considered nonroad sources. 

Although both the state and county agencies inventory all the criteria pollutants and a large 

number of toxic air pollutants, only the nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds 

(VOC) are reported here since they are the precursor pollutants for ozone formation. All 

emissions are calculated on a ton per summer day basis. The emissions for each source 

classification are reported for the 2011 base year representing typical (average) summer day 

emissions for the month of July.

The point source inventories detailed in this document are for the North Carolina portion of the 

Charlotte–Gastonia–Salisbury 2008 8-hour ozone marginal nonattainment area, referred to as the 

Charlotte nonattainment area. The Charlotte nonattainment area includes a portion of Cabarrus,

Gaston, Iredell, Lincoln, Rowan, Union Counties and all of Mecklenburg County. Only the 

facilities determined from their map coordinates to be inside the boundary of the nonattainment 

area were summarized and reported.

2.0 OVERALL METHODOLOGY

Permitted sources of emissions are required to periodically submit their emissions inventory to 

either the DAQ or MCAQ. All large permitted sources are required to report emissions annually. 

Smaller permitted sources are required to submit an emissions inventory every five years. 

Additionally, the EPA requires the DAQ and the MCAQ to submit emissions data for large 

stationary point sources to them on an annual basis. The latest year available for the point source 

inventory submitted to the EPA is 2011. For the smaller sources that report emissions every five 

years, the most recent emissions inventory available was used and was assumed to be equivalent 

to 2011 emissions since these smaller sources’ emissions do not vary much from year to year. 
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The emissions data upon which this document is based were from files maintained by the DAQ 

and the MCAQ.

The EPA developed emission inventories for airports and rail yards as part of the 2011 NEI. 

Airport and rail yard emissions reported here were obtained from the 2011 NEI. 

2.1 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION

All facilities required to have permits to operate sources of air pollution are known and are 

required to submit emission inventories. 

The EPA used data from the Federal Aviation Administration to identify airport locations and 

develop airport inventories. Rail yard emissions data was developed by growing data from the 

2008 NEI. Further information may be found in 2011 National Emissions Inventory, version 1 

Technical Support Document which can be downloaded from 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2011nei/2011_neiv1_tsd_draft.pdf.

2.2 EMISSION ESTIMATION APPROACH

The documentation of emissions estimation methods used for emission inventories is a very 

important aspect of the inventory. The documentation is used as basis for quality assurance and 

verification of the validity of information submitted on the DAQ forms or via NCDAQ’s internet 

based data system. The DAQ documentation titled “Uniform Policy and Documentation

Standards for Emission Estimates” is provided to reporting facilities and the DAQ inventory 

reviewers as a guide to support quality inventory development efforts.

The emission inventory information reported to the DAQ and the local county air quality 

agencies was transferred to a state-developed emissions inventory program that helps ensure 

required data elements are not omitted. It also performs some calculations, thereby minimizing 

the occurrence of errors. Depending on the particular process and facility, emissions may be 

calculated by various means. In many cases, emissions are estimated using emission factors 

published in the EPA’s AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. In a few cases, 

site-specific emission factors may be used. Sometimes, a mass balance calculation can be 

employed. In some cases, there is direct continuous monitoring of emissions that are reported. 

Emissions reported to and maintained by the DAQ or the MCAQ are annual emissions. A 

variety of detailed operating data, source configuration, and other process parameters are also 

reported according to DAQ reporting guidelines. This operational data is used to estimate the 
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average summer weekday emissions. The DAQ provides specific instructions and guidelines for 

submitting emissions data to the agency via its website. 

Rail yard emissions were grown from the 2008 NEI by the EPA. These 2008 emissions were 

developed by ERTAC (Eastern Regional Technical Advisory Committee) with data provided by 

the railroad companies. Additional information may be found in 2011 National Emissions 

Inventory, version 1 Technical Support Document, Documentation for Locomotive Component of 

the National Emissions Inventory Methodology, and a memorandum titled Development of 2011 

Railroad Component for National Emissions Inventory. An emissions data report was 

downloaded from the EPA Emissions Information System (EIS) web site. The rail yards inside 

the nonattainment area were identified and the data summarized.

Airport emissions were developed by the EPA using procedures described in the document 

Development of 2011 Aircraft Component for National Emissions Inventory. In general, if 

detailed data for aircraft operations by aircraft type was available, emissions were calculated 

with the Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS). Appropriate auxiliary power unit

(APU) emissions and ground support equipment (GSE) emissions for these particular aircraft 

types were also calculated. Where only landing and takeoff counts were available for categories 

of aircraft (e.g. general aviation), assumptions were made for suitable emission factors to 

calculate emissions. A detailed report of aircraft emissions at all airports was obtained and the 

airports in the nonattainment area were identified. These data were summarized for presentation 

in this appendix. 

3.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE

The emission inventory has undergone a number of quality assurance checks so that it meets the 

standards for submitting the annual inventory to the EPA. The state emissions inventory 

database program helps insure that important data elements are present. Where the program 

performs calculations, it helps avoid calculation errors. In addition, since the State began 

collecting annual fees for emissions from Title V sources, both the State and the sources are 

careful that the tons-per-year emissions reported are accurate.

The detail quality assurance and quality control procedures and measures, as outlined in the 

DAQ’s Emissions Inventory Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) and approved by the EPA, 

were applied to ensure the data meets specific data indicator goals and objectives. 
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Data downloaded from the EPA EIS from the 2011 NEI was subjected to quality assurance 

procedures described under quality assurance details under 2011 NEI Version 1 Documentation

found at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2011inventory.html#inventorydoc.

4.0 TOTAL POINT SOURCES EMISSIONS

In the following sections, the estimated facility emissions for each county in the Charlotte 

nonattainment area are identified and totaled for the base year of 2011. Only the facilities 

determined from their map coordinates to be inside the nonattainment areas of the nonattainment 

counties were summarized and reported.

4.1 CHARLOTTE NONATTAINMENT AREA POINT SOURCE SUMMARY

Table 4.1-1 2011 Total NOx Emissions (tons/day)

County Point Airport Rail Yard Total

Cabarrus* 1.09 0.01 0.00 1.1

Gaston* 26.43 0.01 0.00 26.44

Iredell* 4.63 0.00 0.00 4.63

Lincoln* 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.43

Mecklenburg 0.50 6.68 0.58 7.76

Rowan* 5.94 0.00 0.27 6.21

Union* 0.49 0.01 0.10 0.6

Total 39.51 6.71 0.95 47.17

Emissions for the counties with * are nonattainment area only

Table 4.1-2 2011 Total VOC Emissions (tons/day)

County Point Airport Rail Yard Total

Cabarrus* 0.87 0.02 0.00 0.89

Gaston* 1.73 0.01 0.00 1.74

Iredell* 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.97

Lincoln* 1.22 0.01 0.00 1.23

Mecklenburg 0.51 0.98 0.04 1.53

Rowan* 3.77 0.01 0.03 3.81

Union* 1.17 0.02 0.01 1.2

Total 10.24 1.05 0.08 11.37

Emissions for the counties with * are nonattainment area only
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4.2 SUMMARY OF 2011 INDUSTRIAL POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS 

In the following summary tables, any facilities whose daily NOx or VOC emissions that are 

smaller than 0.01 tons/day are not included in the summary.

Table 4.2-1a Cabarrus County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

WSACC - Rocky River Regional WWTP 1300002 22132 0.04

S & D Coffee, Inc. 1300051 31192 0.01

Piedmont Natural Gas - Concord Compressor Station 1300155 48621 0.02

CMC - Northeast, Inc. 1300005 62211 0.04

Martin Marietta Materials, Inc. - Bonds Quarry 1300136 212313 0.04

Concord City Generating Plant #1 1300103 221122 0.05

Concord City Generating Plant #2 1300104 221122 0.04

Perdue Farms Incorporated, Concord 1300107 311615 0.02

Philip Morris USA Inc., Cabarrus Manufacturing Facility 1300048 312221 0.01

Greif Packaging, LLC - Southeastern Packaging 1300083 322211 0.01

Blythe Construction, Inc., Plant No. 2 1300074 324121 0.01

Blythe Brothers Asphalt Co., LLC - Concord Plant 1300101 324121 0.02

Ferebee Asphalt Corporation 1300135 324121 0.01

Chemical Specialties, Inc. 1300040 325188 0.03

Corning Incorporated 1300117 327212 0.50

Galvan Industries, Inc. 1300029 332812 0.01

BFI Waste Systems of North America, CMS Landfill V 1300110 562213 0.10

Castle & Cooke 1300160 22133 0.01

CMS Charlotte Energy 1300163 221119 0.09

DNP IMS America 1300168 339944 0.03

Total 1.09

Table 4.2-1b Cabarrus County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

WSACC - Rocky River Regional WWTP 1300002 22132 0.01

S & D Coffee, Inc. 1300051 31192 0.19

Piedmont Natural Gas - Concord Compressor Station 1300155 48621 0.02

Whitley Handle, Inc. 1300079 321999 0.10

Blythe Construction, Inc., Plant No. 2 1300074 324121 0.01

Blythe Brothers Asphalt Co., LLC - Concord Plant 1300101 324121 0.02

Ferebee Asphalt Corporation 1300135 324121 0.01

Chemical Specialties, Inc. 1300040 325188 0.02

Carolina Counters Corporation 1300140 326191 0.01

Corning Incorporated 1300117 327212 0.05

Berenfield Containers SE Ltd 1300027 332439 0.26

BFI Waste Systems of North America, CMS Landfill V 1300110 562213 0.07
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Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

CMS Charlotte Energy 1300163 221119 0.01

Artistic Frame 1300165 337121 0.05

DNP IMS America 1300168 339944 0.04

Total 0.87

Table 4.2-2a Gaston County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

City of Gastonia - Long Creek WWTP 3600314 22132 0.02

New NGC, Inc. d/b/a National Gypsum Company 3600329 32742 0.03

Daimler Trucks North America, LLC - Mt. Holly Plant 3600153 33612 0.02

Caromont Health, Gaston Memorial Hospital 3600049 62211 0.03

Duke Power Company, LLC - Allen Steam Station 3600039 221112 18.52

Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC - Riverbend Steam Station 3600040 221112 7.22

NC Municipal Power Agency No.1 - Gastonia Prime Power 

Park 3600338 221119 0.01

NC Municipal Power Agency No. 1 - Gastonia Freightliner 3600325 221122 0.01

Valley Proteins, Inc. dba Carolina By-Products - Gastonia 3600026 311613 0.06

Pharr Yarns Complex 46 3600091 313111 0.02

Spartan Dyers, Inc., Sterling Division 3600093 313111 0.01

American & Efird Plants #5 & #15 3600224 313113 0.03

Pharr Yarns, Inc., Space Dye Plant 3600310 313312 0.01

Firestone Fibers & Textiles Company, LLC 3600044 314992 0.02

Firestone Fibers and Textiles Company, Kings Mountain Plant 3600251 314992 0.11

Buckeye Mt. Holly, LLC 3600233 322291 0.04

FMC Corporation - Lithium Division 3600078 325188 0.06

Chemtura Corporation 3600124 325211 0.01

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. 3600128 325211 0.01

Apex Tool Group (Gastonia Operations) 3600144 332212 0.01

Affinia Group, Inc., Wix Filtration Corp. - Allen Plant 3600137 336399 0.02

Gastonia Components & Logistics, LLC 3600152 336399 0.01

Modern Polymers 3600246 326199 0.01

Gaston Co. Green Energy 3600343 221119 0.06

Gaston Co. Landfill Hardin Site 3600339 562212 0.01

Powder Coating Services 3600340 332117 0.01

Owens Corning 3600347 31323 0.06

Total 26.43
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Table 4.2-2b Gaston County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

Shorewood Packaging Corporation 3600199 32551 0.04

New NGC, Inc. d/b/a National Gypsum Company 3600329 32742 0.01

Daimler Trucks North America, LLC - Mt. Holly Plant 3600153 33612 0.46

Duke Power Company, LLC - Allen Steam Station 3600039 221112 0.22

Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC - Riverbend Steam Station 3600040 221112 0.09

Valley Proteins, Inc. dba Carolina By-Products - Gastonia 3600026 311613 0.03

Orograin - Gastonia 3600281 311812 0.01

Pharr Yarns Complex 46 3600091 313111 0.03

American & Efird Plants #5 & #15 3600224 313113 0.11

J. Charles Saunders Company 3600219 313312 0.03

Pharr Yarns, Inc., Space Dye Plant 3600310 313312 0.03

Firestone Fibers & Textiles Company, LLC 3600044 314992 0.01

Firestone Fibers and Textiles Company, Kings Mountain Plant 3600251 314992 0.01

Buckeye Mt. Holly, LLC 3600233 322291 0.03

FMC Corporation - Lithium Division 3600078 325188 0.02

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. 3600128 325211 0.01

Stabilus, Inc. 3600167 332999 0.14

LNS Turbo, Inc. - Kings Mountain 3600194 332999 0.03

Parker Hannifan Corporation 3600157 333996 0.02

Affinia Group, Inc., Wix Filtration Corp. - Allen Plant 3600137 336399 0.20

Gastonia Components & Logistics, LLC 3600152 336399 0.04

Modern Polymers 3600246 326199 0.11

Powder Coating Services 3600340 332117 0.01

Owens Corning 3600347 31323 0.04

Total 1.73

Table 4.2-3a Iredell County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

BestSweet, Inc. 4900292 31134 0.01

Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Company, LLC - Station 150 4900225 48621 2.65

Lake Norman Regional Medical Center 4900264 62211 0.01

NGK Ceramics USA, Inc. 4900172 327999 0.04

Cardinal FG 4900261 1.92

Total 4.63
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Table 4.2-3b Iredell County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Company, LLC - Station 150 4900225 48621 0.76

D&F Consolidated, Inc. dba Car-Mel Products, Inc. 4900275 313312 0.07

Custom Products, Inc. 4900180 336413 0.02

Cardinal FG 4900261 0.12

Total 0.97

Table 4.2-4a Lincoln County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

HOF Textiles, Inc. 5500091 31323 0.01

Duke Energy Corporation LCTS 5500082 221112 0.24

Textile Piece Dyeing Co., Inc. 5500013 313311 0.01

McMurray Fabrics, Inc. - Lincolnton 5500043 313311 0.01

Mohican Mills, Inc. 5500029 313312 0.05

South Fork Industries, Inc. 5500080 313312 0.02

Blythe Construction, Inc., Plant No. 8 5500093 324121 0.01

LANE (Denver) 5500111 324121 0.01

The Timken Company, Lincolnton Bearing Plant 5500046 332991 0.03

Cataler North America Corporation 5500106 336399 0.04

Total 0.43

Table 4.2-4b Lincoln County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

HOF Textiles, Inc. 5500091 31323 0.06

CPI Packaging, Inc. 5500089 32614 0.84

VT LeeBoy, Inc. 5500114 33312 0.03

Duke Energy Corporation LCTS 5500082 221112 0.01

Textile Piece Dyeing Co., Inc. 5500013 313311 0.02

McMurray Fabrics, Inc. - Lincolnton 5500043 313311 0.06

Mohican Mills, Inc. 5500029 313312 0.04

South Fork Industries, Inc. 5500080 313312 0.01

Blythe Construction, Inc., Plant No. 8 5500093 324121 0.01

LANE (Denver) 5500111 324121 0.01

The Timken Company, Lincolnton Bearing Plant 5500046 332991 0.00

Wireway/Husky Corporation 5500075 332999 0.13

Total 1.22
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Table 4.2-5a Mecklenburg County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

Cargill, Inc. 69 311225 0.04

Frito-Lay, Incorporated 22 311919 0.17

Clariant Corporation 6000687 325132 0.03

Emerald Carolina Chemical, LLC 595 325991 0.01

Cognis Corporation 590 325998 0.01

Exopack Advanced Coatings 1 326112 0.02

Charlotte Pipe & Foundry Company, Inc. 626 331511 0.07

Gerdau Ameristeel US Inc. Charlotte Steel Mill Div 567 332312 0.15

Total 0.50

Table 4.2-5b Mecklenburg County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

Cargill, Inc. 69 311225 0.01

Frito-Lay, Incorporated 22 311919 0.03

Clariant Corporation 6000687 325132 0.03

Emerald Carolina Chemical, LLC 595 325991 0.03

Cognis Corporation 590 325998 0.06

Exopack Advanced Coatings 1 326112 0.02

Americh Corporation 192 326191 0.02

Charlotte Pipe & Foundry Company, Inc. 626 331511 0.09

Gerdau Ameristeel US Inc. Charlotte Steel Mill Div 567 332312 0.08

Motiva Enterprises LLC - Motiva Charlotte Complex 689 424710 0.06

Industrial Container Services -NC, LLC (Charlotte) 225 811310 0.08

Total 0.51

Table 4.2-6a Rowan County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

Rowan Regional Medical Center 8000060 62211 0.02

Duke Power Company, LLC - Buck Steam Station 8000004 221112 3.94

Plant Rowan County 8000163 221112 0.35

Cronland Lumber Co., Inc. 8000173 321912 0.02

Packaging Corporation of America 8000047 322211 0.01

Pinnacle Corrugated LLC 8000170 322211 0.01

LANE (Kannapolis) 8000012 324121 0.02

APAC-Atlantic, Inc., Salisbury Plant # 69 8000054 324121 0.01

Associated Asphalt Salisbury, Inc. 8000148 324122 0.01

Henkel Electronic Materials, LLC 8000055 325188 0.03

Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC. 8000182 325199 0.04

Performance Fibers Operations, Inc. - Salisbury Plant 8000034 325222 0.08
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Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

Innospec Active Chemicals, LLC - Spencer Plant 8000159 325613 0.01

Magna Composites LLC - Salisbury Operations 8000176 326199 0.01

HBD Industries Inc. 8000019 326299 0.01

Hitachi Metals North Carolina, Ltd. 8000117 327113 0.01

Boral Bricks Inc - Salisbury Plant 8000039 327121 0.04

Old Carolina Brick Company 8000046 327121 0.01

Taylor Clay Products, Inc. 8000084 327121 0.04

Carolina Stalite Company 8000003 327991 1.22

Norandal USA Inc 8000057 331315 0.05

Total 5.94

Table 4.2-6b Rowan County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

Johnson Concrete Company, Inc., Central Division 8000079 32732 0.01

B & E Custom Cabinets, Inc. 8000115 33711 0.01

Duke Power Company, LLC - Buck Steam Station 8000004 221112 0.07

Plant Rowan County 8000163 221112 0.05

Cronland Lumber Co., Inc. 8000173 321912 0.01

CMH Manufacturing Inc. d/b/a Schult Homes - Plant 957 8000168 321991 0.01

Packaging Corporation of America 8000047 322211 0.01

LANE (Kannapolis) 8000012 324121 0.01

Henkel Electronic Materials, LLC 8000055 325188 0.34

Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC. 8000182 325199 0.42

Performance Fibers Operations, Inc. - Salisbury Plant 8000034 325222 0.09

Athena Marble Inc. 8000126 326191 0.01

Magna Composites LLC - Salisbury Operations 8000176 326199 0.11

HBD Industries Inc. 8000019 326299 0.02

Norandal USA Inc 8000057 331315 2.48

WA Brown, Inc. 8000167 333415 0.01

McKenzie Sports Products, Inc. 8000104 339999 0.01

PGT Industries 8000181 332321 0.04

Infiltrator Systems 8000187 326112 0.06

Total 3.77

Table 4.2-7a Union County 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

Archer Daniels Midland Company, Golden Grain & Feeds, Inc. 9000165 42451 0.01

Pilgrim's Pride Corporation - Wingate Feed Mill 9000074 311119 0.02
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Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

Bakery Feeds 9000169 311119 0.07

Tyson Foods, Inc., Monroe Processing Plant and Feed Mill 9000023 311615 0.05

Brooks Food Group - Monroe Plant 9000129 311999 0.03

Edwards Wood Products, Inc. 9000158 321912 0.02

OMNOVA Solutions, Inc. 9000117 323111 0.01

Hanson Brick East, LLC, dba Hanson Brick-Monroe 9000028 327124 0.02

ATI Allvac - Monroe Plant 9000055 331491 0.02

ATI Allvac - Bakers Plant 9000056 331491 0.17

Consolidated Metco, Inc. 9000036 331524 0.05

Yale Security Inc., Norton Door Controls 9000012 332321 0.01

NC Muni Monre Ashcraft 9000207 221122 0.01

Total 0.49

Table 4.2-7b Union County 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

Plant Facility ID NAICS Emissions

Darnel, Inc. 9000199 32614 0.29

Challenge Golf 9000202 33992 0.04

Mint Hill Cabinet Shop, Inc. 9000142 44211 0.02

Bakery Feeds 9000169 311119 0.35

Decore-ative Specialties, Inc. 9000170 321911 0.01

Edwards Wood Products, Inc. 9000158 321912 0.02

OMNOVA Solutions, Inc. 9000117 323111 0.17

AEP Industries, Inc. 9000136 326113 0.03

Charlotte Pipe and Foundry Company - Plastics Division 9000009 326122 0.02

ATI Allvac - Bakers Plant 9000056 331491 0.02

Yale Security Inc., Norton Door Controls 9000012 332321 0.02

McGee Corporation 9000143 332322 0.01

Colfax Pump Group, IMO Pump Division 9000130 333911 0.01

Hudson Bros. Trailer Mfg., Inc. 9000131 336212 0.01

Conn-Selmer Ludwig Facility Plant 2 9000041 339992 0.01

Conn-Selmer Ludwig Facility, Plant 3 9000124 339992 0.01

Bostic Packaging 9000215 0.09

Challenge Golf 9000202 33992 0.04

Total 1.17
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4.3 SUMMARY OF 2011 NONROAD ORIGIN POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS

Table 4.3-1 Charlotte Nonattainment Area 2011 Rail Yard Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Site Name NOx VOC

Mecklenburg CHARLOTTE 0.26 0.02

Mecklenburg PINOKA 0.32 0.02

Rowan OLDSPENCER 0.21 0.02

Rowan SALISBURY 0.06 0.01

Union MONROE 0.10 0.01

Total 0.95 0.08

Table 4.3-2 Charlotte Nonattainment Area 2011 Airport Emissions (tons/day)

County Emission Group NOx VOC

Cabarrus Aircraft 0.01 0.02

Gaston Aircraft 0.01 0.01

Lincoln Aircraft 0.00 0.01

Mecklenburg Aircraft 6.06 0.81

Mecklenburg APU 0.18 0.02

Mecklenburg GSE 0.44 0.15

Rowan Aircraft 0.00 0.01

Union Aircraft 0.01 0.02

Total 6.71 1.05

5.0 DISCUSSION OF INDUSTRIAL POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES

Industrial processes in the inventory are identified with North American Industry Classification 

System (NAICS). NAICS is the standard used by Federal statistical agencies in classifying 

business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, and publishing statistical data 

related to the U.S. business economy. The following is the 2011 inventory reported by NAICS 

code. In general, the first two digits of the NAICS code describe the process and rest of the digits 

give more detail as to the fuel used, size of source, etc. The sections that follow are grouped by 

the first two digits of the NAICS code.

A listing of NAICS code with descriptions may be found in http://www.census.gov/cgibin/sssd/naics/naicsrch?chart=2012. Occasionally, new NAICS are defined so it may be useful to 

search the US Census Bureau website for the most up-to-date NAICS information. 
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5.1 MINING, QUARRYING, AND OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION

The Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction sector comprises establishments that extract 

naturally occurring mineral solids, The Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction sector 

distinguishes two basic activities: mine operation and mining support activities. Mine operation 

includes establishments operating mines, quarries, or oil and gas wells on their own account or 

for others on a contract or fee basis. Mining support activities include establishments that 

perform exploration (except geophysical surveying) and/or other mining services on a contract or 

fee basis (except mine site preparation and construction).

Table 5.1 tabulates the emissions for the NAICS codes 21-xxxx, mining, quarrying, and oil and 

gas extraction.

Table 5.1a Summary of NAICS 21-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Cabarrus Martin Marietta Materials, Inc. - Bonds Quarry 212313 0.04

Total 0.04

5.2 UTILITIES

The Utilities sector comprises establishments engaged in the provision of the following utility 

services: electric power, natural gas, steam supply, water supply, and sewage removal. Within 

this sector, the specific activities associated with the utility services provided vary by utility: 

electric power includes generation, transmission, and distribution; natural gas includes 

distribution; steam supply includes provision and/or distribution; water supply includes treatment 

and distribution; and sewage removal includes collection, treatment, and disposal of waste 

through sewer systems and sewage treatment facilities.

Industries in the Utilities subsector provide electric power, natural gas, steam supply, water 

supply, and sewage removal through a permanent infrastructure of lines, mains, and pipes. 

Establishments are grouped together based on the utility service provided and the particular 

system or facilities required to perform the service.

Table 5.2 tabulates the emissions for the NAICS codes 22-xxxx, utilities.
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Table 5.2a Summary of NAICS 22-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Gaston Duke Power Company, LLC - Allen Steam Station 221112 18.52

Gaston Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC - Riverbend Steam Station 221112 7.22

Lincoln Duke Energy Corporation LCTS 221112 0.24

Rowan Duke Power Company, LLC - Buck Steam Station 221112 3.94

Rowan Plant Rowan County 221112 0.35

Gaston NC Municipal Power Agency No. 1 - Gastonia Prime Power Park 221119 0.01

Gaston Gaston Co. Green Energy 221119 0.06

Cabarrus CMS Charlotte Energy 221119 0.09

Cabarrus Concord City Generating Plant #1 221122 0.05

Cabarrus Concord City Generating Plant #2 221122 0.04

Gaston NC Municipal Power Agency No. 1 - Gastonia Freightliner 221122 0.01

Union 

Monre 

Ashcraft

NC Muni Monre Ashcraft 221122 0.01

Cabarrus WSACC - Rocky River Regional WWTP 22132 0.04

Gaston City of Gastonia - Long Creek WWTP 22132 0.02

Cabarrus Castle & Cooke 22133 0.01

Total 30.61

Table 5.2b Summary of NAICS 22-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Gaston Duke Power Company, LLC - Allen Steam Station 221112 0.22

Gaston Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC - Riverbend Steam Station 221112 0.09

Lincoln Duke Energy Corporation LCTS 221112 0.01

Rowan Duke Power Company, LLC - Buck Steam Station 221112 0.07

Rowan Plant Rowan County 221112 0.05

Cabarrus CMS Charlotte Energy 221119 0.01

Cabarrus WSACC - Rocky River Regional WWTP 22132 0.01

Total 0.46

5.3 MANUFACTURING

The Manufacturing sector comprises establishments engaged in the mechanical, physical, or 

chemical transformation of materials, substances, or components into new products.

5.3.1 FOOD MANUFACTURING

Industries in the Food Manufacturing subsector transform livestock and agricultural products 

into products for intermediate or final consumption. The industry groups are distinguished by the 
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raw materials (generally of animal or vegetable origin) processed into food products.

The food products manufactured in these establishments are typically sold to wholesalers or 

retailers for distribution to consumers, but establishments primarily engaged in retailing bakery 

and candy products made on the premises not for immediate consumption are included.

Table 5.3.1 tabulates the emissions for the NAICS codes 31-xxxx, food manufacturing.

Table 5.3.1a Summary of NAICS 31-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Union Pilgrim's Pride Corporation - Wingate Feed Mill 311119 0.02

Union Bakery Feeds 311119 0.07

Iredell BestSweet, Inc. 31134 0.01

Mecklenburg Cargill, Inc. 311225 0.04

Gaston Valley Proteins, Inc. dba Carolina By-Products - Gastonia 311613 0.06

Cabarrus Perdue Farms Incorporated, Concord 311615 0.02

Union Tyson Foods, Inc., Monroe Processing Plant and Feed Mill 311615 0.05

Mecklenburg Frito-Lay, Incorporated 311919 0.17

Cabarrus S & D Coffee, Inc. 31192 0.01

Union Brooks Food Group - Monroe Plant 311999 0.03

Cabarrus Philip Morris USA Inc., Cabarrus Manufacturing Facility 312221 0.01

Gaston Pharr Yarns Complex 46 313111 0.02

Gaston Spartan Dyers, Inc., Sterling Division 313111 0.01

Gaston American & Efird Plants #5 & #15 313113 0.03

Lincoln HOF Textiles, Inc. 31323 0.01

Gaston Owens Corning 31323 0.06

Lincoln Textile Piece Dyeing Co., Inc. 313311 0.01

Lincoln McMurray Fabrics, Inc. - Lincolnton 313311 0.01

Gaston Pharr Yarns, Inc., Space Dye Plant 313312 0.01

Lincoln Mohican Mills, Inc. 313312 0.05

Lincoln South Fork Industries, Inc. 313312 0.02

Gaston Firestone Fibers & Textiles Company, LLC 314992 0.02

Gaston Firestone Fibers and Textiles Company, Kings Mountain Plant 314992 0.11

Total 0.85
Point Source Documentation 16

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Table 5.3.1b Summary of NAICS 31-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Union Bakery Feeds 311119 0.35

Mecklenburg Cargill, Inc. 311225 0.01

Gaston Valley Proteins, Inc. dba Carolina By-Products - Gastonia 311613 0.03

Gaston Orograin - Gastonia 311812 0.01

Mecklenburg Frito-Lay, Incorporated 311919 0.03

Cabarrus S & D Coffee, Inc. 31192 0.19

Gaston Pharr Yarns Complex 46 313111 0.03

Gaston American & Efird Plants #5 & #15 313113 0.11

Lincoln HOF Textiles, Inc. 31323 0.06

Gaston Owens Corning 31323 0.04

Lincoln Textile Piece Dyeing Co., Inc. 313311 0.02

Lincoln McMurray Fabrics, Inc. - Lincolnton 313311 0.06

Gaston J. Charles Saunders Company 313312 0.03

Gaston Pharr Yarns, Inc., Space Dye Plant 313312 0.03

Iredell D&F Consolidated, Inc. dba Car-Mel Products, Inc. 313312 0.01

Lincoln Mohican Mills, Inc. 313312 0.04

Lincoln South Fork Industries, Inc. 313312 0.01

Lincoln D and F 313312 0.07

Gaston Firestone Fibers & Textiles Company, LLC 314992 0.01

Gaston Firestone Fibers and Textiles Company, Kings Mountain Plant 314992 0.01

Total 1.15

5.3.2 WOOD PRODUCT MANUFACTURING

Industries in the Wood Product Manufacturing subsector manufacture wood products, such as 

lumber, plywood, veneers, wood containers, wood flooring, wood trusses, manufactured homes 

(i.e., mobile homes), and prefabricated wood buildings. The production processes of the Wood 

Product Manufacturing subsector include sawing, planning, shaping, laminating, and assembling 

of wood products starting from logs that are cut into bolts, or lumber that then may be further 

cut, or shaped by lathes or other shaping tools. The lumber or other transformed wood shapes 

may also be subsequently planed or smoothed, and assembled into finished products, such as 

wood containers. The Wood Product Manufacturing subsector includes establishments that make 
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wood products from logs and bolts that are sawed and shaped, and establishments that purchase 

sawed lumber and make wood products. With the exception of sawmills and wood preservation 

establishments, the establishments are grouped into industries mainly based on the specific 

products manufactured.

Table 5.3.2 tabulates the emissions for the NAICS codes 32-xxxx, wood product manufacturing.

Table 5.3.2a Summary of NAICS 32-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Rowan Cronland Lumber Co., Inc. 321912 0.02

Union Edwards Wood Products, Inc. 321912 0.02

Cabarrus Greif Packaging, LLC - Southeastern Packaging 322211 0.01

Rowan Packaging Corporation of America 322211 0.01

Rowan Pinnacle Corrugated LLC 322211 0.01

Gaston Buckeye Mt. Holly, LLC 322291 0.04

Union OMNOVA Solutions, Inc. 323111 0.01

Cabarrus Blythe Construction, Inc., Plant No. 2 324121 0.01

Cabarrus Blythe Brothers Asphalt Co., LLC - Concord Plant 324121 0.02

Cabarrus Ferebee Asphalt Corporation 324121 0.01

Lincoln Blythe Construction, Inc., Plant No. 8 324121 0.01

Lincoln LANE (Denver) 324121 0.01

Rowan LANE (Kannapolis) 324121 0.02

Rowan APAC-Atlantic, Inc., Salisbury Plant # 69 324121 0.01

Rowan Associated Asphalt Salisbury, Inc. 324122 0.01

Mecklenburg Clariant Corporation 325132 0.03

Cabarrus Chemical Specialties, Inc. 325188 0.03

Gaston FMC Corporation - Lithium Division 325188 0.06

Rowan Henkel Electronic Materials, LLC 325188 0.03

Rowan Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC. 325199 0.04

Gaston Chemtura Corporation 325211 0.01

Gaston Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. 325211 0.01

Gaston RADICISPANDEX Corporation ** INACTIVE ** 325222 0.12

Rowan Performance Fibers Operations, Inc. - Salisbury Plant 325222 0.08

Rowan Innospec Active Chemicals, LLC - Spencer Plant 325613 0.01

Mecklenburg Emerald Carolina Chemical, LLC 325991 0.01
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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Mecklenburg Cognis Corporation 325998 0.01

Mecklenburg Exopack Advanced Coatings 326112 0.02

Rowan Magna Composites LLC - Salisbury Operations 326199 0.01

Gaston Modern Polymers 326199 0.01

Rowan HBD Industries Inc. 326299 0.01

Rowan Hitachi Metals North Carolina, Ltd. 327113 0.01

Rowan Boral Bricks Inc - Salisbury Plant 327121 0.04

Rowan Old Carolina Brick Company 327121 0.01

Rowan Taylor Clay Products, Inc. 327121 0.04

Union Hanson Brick East, LLC, dba Hanson Brick-Monroe 327124 0.02

Iredell Cardinal FG 327211 1.92

Cabarrus Corning Incorporated 327212 0.50

Gaston New NGC, Inc. d/b/a National Gypsum Company 32742 0.03

Rowan Carolina Stalite Company 327991 1.22

Iredell NGK Ceramics USA, Inc. 327999 0.04

Total 4.51

Table 5.3.2b Summary of NAICS 32-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Union Decore-ative Specialties, Inc. 321911 0.01

Rowan Cronland Lumber Co., Inc. 321912 0.01

Union Edwards Wood Products, Inc. 321912 0.02

Rowan CMH Manufacturing Inc. d/b/a Schult Homes - Plant 957 321991 0.01

Cabarrus Whitley Handle, Inc. 321999 0.10

Rowan Packaging Corporation of America 322211 0.01

Gaston Buckeye Mt. Holly, LLC 322291 0.03

Union OMNOVA Solutions, Inc. 323111 0.17

Union Bostic Packaging 323112 0.09

Cabarrus Blythe Construction, Inc., Plant No. 2 324121 0.01

Cabarrus Blythe Brothers Asphalt Co., LLC - Concord Plant 324121 0.02

Cabarrus Ferebee Asphalt Corporation 324121 0.01

Lincoln Blythe Construction, Inc., Plant No. 8 324121 0.01

Lincoln LANE (Denver) 324121 0.01
Point Source Documentation 19

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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Rowan LANE (Kannapolis) 324121 0.01

Mecklenburg Clariant Corporation 325132 0.03

Cabarrus Chemical Specialties, Inc. 325188 0.02

Gaston FMC Corporation - Lithium Division 325188 0.02

Rowan Henkel Electronic Materials, LLC 325188 0.34

Rowan Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC. 325199 0.42

Gaston Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. 325211 0.01

Gaston RADICISPANDEX Corporation 325222 0.57

Rowan Performance Fibers Operations, Inc. - Salisbury Plant 325222 0.09

Gaston Shorewood Packaging Corporation 32551 0.04

Mecklenburg Emerald Carolina Chemical, LLC 325991 0.03

Mecklenburg Cognis Corporation 325998 0.06

Mecklenburg Exopack Advanced Coatings 326112 0.02

Rowan Infiltrator Systems 326112 0.06

Union AEP Industries, Inc. 326113 0.03

Union Charlotte Pipe and Foundry Company - Plastics Division 326122 0.02

Lincoln CPI Packaging, Inc. 32614 0.84

Union Darnel, Inc. 32614 0.29

Cabarrus Carolina Counters Corporation 326191 0.01

Mecklenburg Americh Corporation 326191 0.02

Rowan Athena Marble Inc. 326191 0.01

Rowan Magna Composites LLC - Salisbury Operations 326199 0.11

Gaston Modern Polymers 326199 0.11

Rowan HBD Industries Inc. 326299 0.02

Cabarrus Corning Incorporated 327212 0.05

Iredell Cardinal FG 327211 0.12

Rowan Johnson Concrete Company, Inc., Central Division 32732 0.01

Gaston New NGC, Inc. d/b/a National Gypsum Company 32742 0.01

Total 3.88
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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

5.3.3 PRIMARY METAL MANUFACTURING

Industries in the Primary Metal Manufacturing subsector smelt and/or refine ferrous and 

nonferrous metals from ore, pig or scrap, using electrometallurgical and other process 

metallurgical techniques. Establishments in this subsector also manufacture metal alloys and 

super alloys by introducing other chemical elements to pure metals. The output of smelting and 

refining, usually in ingot form, is used in rolling, drawing, and extruding operations to make 

sheet, strip, bar, rod, or wire, and in molten form to make castings and other basic metal 

products.

Table 5.3.3 tabulates the emissions for the NAICS codes 33-xxxx, primary metal manufacturing.

Table 5.3.3a Summary of NAICS 33-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Rowan Norandal USA Inc 331315 0.05

Union ATI Allvac - Monroe Plant 331491 0.02

Union ATI Allvac - Bakers Plant 331491 0.17

Mecklenburg Charlotte Pipe & Foundry Company, Inc. 331511 0.07

Union Consolidated Metco, Inc. 331524 0.05

Gaston Powder Coating Services 332117 0.01

Gaston Apex Tool Group (Gastonia Operations) 332212 0.01

Mecklenburg Gerdau Ameristeel US Inc. Charlotte Steel Mill Div 332312 0.15

Union Yale Security Inc., Norton Door Controls 332321 0.01

Cabarrus Galvan Industries, Inc. 332812 0.01

Lincoln The Timken Company, Lincolnton Bearing Plant 332991 0.03

Gaston Daimler Trucks North America, LLC - Mt. Holly Plant 33612 0.02

Gaston Affinia Group, Inc., Wix Filtration Corp. - Allen Plant 336399 0.02

Gaston Gastonia Components & Logistics, LLC 336399 0.01

Lincoln Cataler North America Corporation 336399 0.04

Cabarrus DNP IMS America 339944 0.03

Total 0.70

Table 5.3.3b Summary of NAICS 33-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Rowan Norandal USA Inc 331315 2.48

Union ATI Allvac - Bakers Plant 331491 0.02
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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Mecklenburg Charlotte Pipe & Foundry Company, Inc. 331511 0.09

Gaston Powder Coating Services 332117 0.01

Mecklenburg Gerdau Ameristeel US Inc. Charlotte Steel Mill Div 332312 0.08

Union Yale Security Inc., Norton Door Controls 332321 0.02

Rowan PGT Industries 332321 0.04

Union McGee Corporation 332322 0.01

Cabarrus Berenfield Containers SE Ltd 332439 0.26

Lincoln The Timken Company, Lincolnton Bearing Plant 332991 0.00

Gaston Stabilus, Inc. 332999 0.14

Gaston LNS Turbo, Inc. - Kings Mountain 332999 0.03

Lincoln Wireway/Husky Corporation 332999 0.13

Lincoln VT LeeBoy, Inc. 33312 0.03

Rowan WA Brown, Inc. 333415 0.01

Union Colfax Pump Group, IMO Pump Division 333911 0.01

Gaston Parker Hannifan Corporation 333996 0.02

Gaston Daimler Trucks North America, LLC - Mt. Holly Plant 33612 0.46

Union Hudson Bros. Trailer Mfg., Inc. 336212 0.01

Gaston Affinia Group, Inc., Wix Filtration Corp. - Allen Plant 336399 0.20

Gaston Gastonia Components & Logistics, LLC 336399 0.04

Iredell Custom Products, Inc. 336413 0.02

Rowan B & E Custom Cabinets, Inc. 33711 0.01

Cabarrus Artistic Frame 337121 0.05

Union Challenge Golf 33992 0.04

Cabarrus DNP IMS America 339944 0.04

Union Conn-Selmer Ludwig Facility Plant 2 339992 0.01

Union Conn-Selmer Ludwig Facility, Plant 3 339992 0.01

Rowan McKenzie Sports Products, Inc. 339999 0.01

Total 4.28
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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

5.4 WHOLESALE TRADE

The Wholesale Trade sector comprises establishments engaged in wholesaling merchandise, 

generally without transformation, and rendering services incidental to the sale of merchandise. 

The merchandise described in this sector includes the outputs of agriculture, mining, 

manufacturing, and certain information industries, such as publishing.

Table 5.4 tabulates the emissions for the NAICS codes 42-xxxx, wholesale trade.

Table 5.4a Summary of NAICS 42-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Union Archer Daniels Midland Company, Golden Grain & Feeds, Inc. 42451 0.01

Total 0.01

Table 5.4b Summary of NAICS 42-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Mecklenburg Motiva Enterprises LLC - Motiva Charlotte Complex 424710 0.06

Union Mint Hill Cabinet Shop, Inc. 44211 0.02

Total 0.08

5.5 TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING

The Transportation and Warehousing sector includes industries providing transportation of 

passengers and cargo, warehousing and storage for goods, scenic and sightseeing transportation, 

and support activities related to modes of transportation. Establishments in these industries use 

transportation equipment or transportation related facilities as a productive asset. The type of 

equipment depends on the mode of transportation. The modes of transportation are air, rail, 

water, road, and pipeline.

Industries in the Pipeline Transportation subsector use transmission pipelines to transport 

products, such as crude oil, natural gas, refined petroleum products, and slurry. Industries are 

identified based on the products transported (i.e., pipeline transportation of crude oil, natural gas, 

refined petroleum products, and other products).
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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

Table 5.5 tabulates the emissions for the NAICS codes 48-xxxx, transportation and warehousing.

Table 5.5a Summary of NAICS 48-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Cabarrus Piedmont Natural Gas - Concord Compressor Station 48621 0.02

Iredell Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Company, LLC - Station 150 48621 2.65

Total 2.67

Table 5.5b Summary of NAICS 48-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Cabarrus Piedmont Natural Gas - Concord Compressor Station 48621 0.02

Iredell Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Company, LLC - Station 150 48621 0.76

Total 0.78

5.6 ADMISTRATIVE, SUPPORT, WASTE MANAGEMENT, AND REMEDATION 

SERVICES

The Administrative, Support, Waste Management, and Remediation Services sector comprises 

establishments performing routine support activities for the day-to-day operations of other 

organizations. These essential activities are often undertaken in-house by establishments in many 

sectors of the economy. The establishments in this sector specialize in one or more of these 

support activities and provide these services to clients in a variety of industries and, in some 

cases, to households. Activities performed include: office administration, hiring and placing of 

personnel, document preparation and similar clerical services, solicitation, collection, security 

and surveillance services, cleaning, and waste disposal services.

Table 5.6 tabulates the emissions for the NAICS codes 56-xxxx, administrative and support and 

waste management and remediation services.

Table 5.6a Summary of NAICS 56-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Gaston Gaston Co. Landfill Hardin Site 562212 0.01

Cabarrus BFI Waste Systems of North America, CMS Landfill V 562213 0.10

Total 0.11
Point Source Documentation 24

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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

Table 5.6b Summary of NAICS 56-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Cabarrus BFI Waste Systems of North America, CMS Landfill V 562213 0.07

Total 0.07

5.7 HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE

The Health Care and Social Assistance sector comprises establishments providing health care 

and social assistance for individuals. The sector includes both health care and social assistance 

because it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the boundaries of these two activities. 

The industries in this sector are arranged on a continuum starting with those establishments 

providing medical care exclusively, continuing with those providing health care and social 

assistance, and finally finishing with those providing only social assistance. The services 

provided by establishments in this sector are delivered by trained professionals. All industries in 

the sector share this commonality of process, namely, labor inputs of health practitioners or 

social workers with the requisite expertise. Many of the industries in the sector are defined based 

on the educational degree held by the practitioners included in the industry.

Table 5.7 tabulates the emissions for the NAICS codes 62-xxxx, health care and social 

assistance.

Table 5.7a Summary of NAICS 62-xxxx 2011 NOx Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Cabarrus CMC - Northeast, Inc. 62211 0.04

Gaston Caromont Health, Gaston Memorial Hospital 62211 0.03

Iredell Lake Norman Regional Medical Center 62211 0.01

Rowan Rowan Regional Medical Center 62211 0.02

Total 0.10

5.8 OTHER SERVICES

The Other Services (except Public Administration) sector comprises establishments engaged in 

providing services not specifically provided for elsewhere in the classification system. 

Establishments in this sector are primarily engaged in activities such as equipment and 
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machinery repairing, promoting or administering religious activities, grant making, advocacy, 

and providing dry cleaning and laundry services, personal care services, death care services, pet 

care services, photofinishing services, temporary parking services, and dating services.

Private households that engage in employing workers on or about the premises in activities 

primarily concerned with the operation of the household are included in this sector.

Table 5.8 tabulates the emissions for the NAICS codes 81-xxxx, other services (except public 

administration).

Table 5.8b Summary of NAICS 81-xxxx 2011 VOC Emissions (tons/day)

County Facility Name NAICS Emissions

Mecklenburg Industrial Container Services -NC, LLC (Charlotte) 811310 0.08

Total 0.08
Appendix B.2

Area Source Emissions 

Inventory Documentation
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Area Sources Documentation

Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, 2008 Marginal Ozone Nonattainment Area Appendix B.2

North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE .......................................................................................... 1-1

2.0 OVERALL METHODOLOGY............................................................................................. 2-1

2.1 SOURCE CATEGORY IDENTIFICATION................................................................... 2-1

2.2 EMISSION ESTIMATION APPROACH........................................................................ 2-1

3.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE MEASURES............................................................................... 3-1

4.0 DISCUSSION OF AREA SOURCE CATEGORIES ........................................................... 4-5

4.1 GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................ 4-5

4.1.1 Gasoline Dispensing Facilities................................................................................... 4-5

4.1.2 Aircraft Refueling ...................................................................................................... 4-8

4.1.3 Portable Fuel Containers.......................................................................................... 4-11

4.2 STATIONARY SOURCE SOLVENT EVAPORATION ............................................. 4-11

4.2.1 Dry Cleaning............................................................................................................ 4-12

4.2.2 Graphic Arts/Printing............................................................................................... 4-13

4.2.3 Solvent Cleaning and Degreasing............................................................................ 4-15

4.2.4 Auto Body Refinishing ............................................................................................ 4-17

4.2.5 Architectural Coatings ............................................................................................. 4-18

4.2.6 Traffic Markings...................................................................................................... 4-19

4.2.7 Industrial Surface Coating ....................................................................................... 4-20

4.2.8 Emulsified Asphalt Paving ...................................................................................... 4-28

4.2.9 Agricultural Pesticide Applications......................................................................... 4-30

4.2.10 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use...................................................................... 4-32

4.3 OTHER MAN MADE AREA SOURCES ..................................................................... 4-37

4.3.1 Forest Fires............................................................................................................... 4-37

4.3.2 Structure Fires.......................................................................................................... 4-39

4.3.3 Charbroiling ............................................................................................................. 4-41

4.3.4 Open Burning – Land Clearing and Yard Trimmings ............................................. 4-42

4.3.5 Small Stationary Combustion Sources..................................................................... 4-46

4.3.6 Agricultural Burning................................................................................................ 4-57

4.4 BIOGENIC EMISSIONS ............................................................................................... 4-60

4.5 SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS........................................................... 4-61
Area Sources Documentation

Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, 2008 Marginal Ozone Nonattainment Area Appendix B.2

North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

ii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.2-1 Total County Population.......................................................................................... 2-3

Table 4.1.1-1 Compliance Factors for Stage I Controls ............................................................. 4-6

Table 4.1.1-2 Factors Used For Calculating Emission Factor for Stage I Balanced Submerged Filing.. 4-6

Table 4.1.1-4 Total Gasoline Distribution VOC Emissions (tpd) .............................................. 4-8

Table 4.1.2-3 Total Aircraft Refueling VOC Emissions (tpd).................................................. 4-10

Table 4.1.3-1 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Portable Fuel Containers........................................ 4-11

Table 4.2.1-1 Employment for Dry cleaning ............................................................................ 4-12

Table 4.2.1-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Dry Cleaning.......................................................... 4-13

Table 4.2.2-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Graphic Arts........................................................... 4-14

Table 4.2.3-1 Solvent Cleaning and Degreasing 2010 Employment........................................ 4-16

Table 4.2.3-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Solvent Cleaning Degreasing................................. 4-16

Table 4.2.4-1 Employment for Auto Body Refinishing ........................................................... 4-17

Table 4.2.4-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Auto Body Refinishing .......................................... 4-18

Table 4.2.5-1 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Architectural Coatings ........................................... 4-19

Table 4.2.6-1 Number of Lane Miles........................................................................................ 4-19

Table 4.2.6-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Traffic Markings.................................................... 4-20

Table 4.2.7-1 Industrial Surface Coating Emission Factors ..................................................... 4-21

Table 4.2.7-2 2010 Employment for Surface Coating Subcategories ...................................... 4-21

Table 4.2.7-3 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Metal Furniture ...................................................... 4-22

Table 4.2.7-4 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Metal Containers.................................................... 4-23

Table 4.2.7-5 VOC Emissions (tpd) from New Automobiles .................................................. 4-23

Table 4.2.7-6 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Machinery and Equipment..................................... 4-24

Table 4.2.7-7 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Aircraft................................................................... 4-24

Table 4.2.7-8 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Sheet, Strip & Coil................................................. 4-25

Table 4.2.7-9 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Factory Finished Wood.......................................... 4-25

Table 4.2.7-10 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Electrical Insulation ............................................. 4-26

Table 4.2.7-11 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Misc. Manufacturing............................................ 4-26

Table 4.2.7-12 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Industrial Maintenance......................................... 4-27

Table 4.2.7-13 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Other Special Purpose.......................................... 4-27

Table 4.2.7-14 Total VOC Emissions (tpd) from Industrial Surface Coatings ........................ 4-28

Table 4.2.8-1 Miles of Paved Roads......................................................................................... 4-29
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Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, 2008 Marginal Ozone Nonattainment Area Appendix B.2

North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

iii

Table 4.2.8-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Asphalt Paving ....................................................... 4-30

Table 4.2.9-1 Harvested Acres and Pesticide Active Ingredient .............................................. 4-31

Table 4.2.9-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Agricultural Pesticide Applications....................... 4-32

Table 4.2.10-1 Misc. Non-Industrial Consumer/Commercial Emission Factors...................... 4-33

Table 4.2.10-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from All Coatings and Related Products ...................... 4-34

Table 4.2.10-3 VOC Emissions (tpd) from All FIFRA Related Products................................ 4-34

Table 4.2.10-4 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Miscellaneous Products........................................ 4-35

Table 4.2.10-5 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Personal Care Products ........................................ 4-35

Table 4.2.10-6 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Household Products ............................................. 4-36

Table 4.2.10-7 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Automotive Aftermarket Products....................... 4-36

Table 4.2.10-8 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Adhesives and Sealants........................................ 4-37

Table 4.2.10-9 Total VOC Emissions (tpd) from Commercial/Consumer Solvent.................. 4-37

Table 4.3.1-1 2011 Acres of Land Burned by Fires ................................................................. 4-38

Table 4.3.1-2 Emissions (tpd) from Forest Fires...................................................................... 4-39

Table 4.3.2-1 County Employment........................................................................................... 4-40

Table 4.3.2-3 Emissions (tpd) from Structure Fires ................................................................. 4-41

Table 4.3.3-1 Charbroiling Emission Factors........................................................................... 4-41

Table 4.3.3-2 Total VOC Emissions (tpd) from Charbroiling.................................................. 4-42

Table 4.3.4-1 Number of Acres Disturbed by Residential Construction, Non-Residential 

Construction and Road Construction ................................................................................. 4-43

Table 4.3.4-2 Weighted Fuel Loading Factors ......................................................................... 4-43

Table 4.3.4-3 Land Clearing Debris Emissions (tpd) ............................................................... 4-44

Table 4.3.4-4 Amount of Leaf Burned...................................................................................... 4-45

Table 4.3.4-5 Emissions from Burning of Yard Waste (tpd).................................................... 4-46

Table 4.3.4-6 Total Emissions from Open Burning (tpd)......................................................... 4-46

Table 4.3.5-1 Fuel Combustion Emission Factors..................................................................... 4-47

Table 4.3.5-2 Commercial Combustion Point Source Emissions (tpd).................................... 4-48

Table 4.3.5-3 Industrial Combustion Point Source Emissions (tpd) ........................................ 4-48

Table 4.3.5-4 Industrial Natural Gas Combustion Emissions (tpd).......................................... 4-49

Table 4.3.5-5 Industrial Wood Combustion Emissions (tpd) ................................................... 4-50

Table 4.3.5-6 Industrial Liquefied Petroleum Gas Combustion Emissions (tpd)..................... 4-50

Table 4.3.5-7 Commercial Coal Combustion Emissions (tpd)................................................. 4-51

Table 4.3.5-8 Commercial Natural Gas Combustion Emissions (tpd) ..................................... 4-51
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Table 4.3.5-9 Commercial Wood Combustion Emissions (tpd)............................................... 4-52

Table 4.3.5-10 Commercial Liquefied Petroleum Gas Combustion Emissions (tpd) .............. 4-52

Table 4.3.5-11 Residential Coal Combustion Emissions (tpd)................................................. 4-53

Table 4.3.5-12 Residential Fuel Oil Combustion Emissions (tpd)........................................... 4-53

Table 4.3.5-13 Residential Natural Gas Combustion Emissions (tpd)..................................... 4-54

Table 4.3.5-14 Residential Liquefied Petroleum Gas Combustion Emissions (tpd)................ 4-54

Table 4.3.5-15 Residential Wood Combustion Emissions (tpd)............................................... 4-55

Table 4.3.5-16 Residential Firelog Combustion Emissions (tpd)............................................. 4-55

Table 4.3.5-17 Residential Kerosene Combustion Emissions (tpd) ......................................... 4-56

Table 4.3.5-18 Total Industrial Combustion Emissions (tpd)................................................... 4-56

Table 4.3.5-19 Total Commercial Combustion Emissions (tpd).............................................. 4-57

Table 4.3.5-20 Total Residential Combustion Emissions (tpd)................................................ 4-57

Table 4.3.6-1 Acres of Wheat................................................................................................... 4-58

Table 4.3.6-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Agricultural Burning.............................................. 4-59

Table 4.5-1 Total Area Sources Emissions (tpd)...................................................................... 4-61
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1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

Area sources represent a collection of many small, stationary sources of air pollution emissions 

within a specified geographical area that individually emit less than the minimum emission 

levels prescribed for point sources. Because these sources are too small and/or too numerous to 

be surveyed and characterized individually, all area source activities are collectively estimated. 

The county is the geographic area for which emissions from area sources are compiled, primarily 

because counties are the smallest areas for which data used for estimating emissions is readily 

available.

The Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, North Carolina marginal nonattainment area, referred to as 

the Charlotte nonattainment area, is comprised of the entire county of Mecklenburg and the 

nonattainment portions of Cabarrus, Gaston, Iredell, Lincoln, Rowan and Union Counties. 

County-level emissions for each of the six counties for which a portion of the county is included 

in the nonattainment area were estimated using the ratio of the population for the nonattainment 

area to the total county population. All emissions are calculated on a ton per summer day basis. 

The emissions for each source classification are reported for the 2011 base year representing 

typical (average) summer day emissions for the month of July. 
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2.0 OVERALL METHODOLOGY

2.1 SOURCE CATEGORY IDENTIFICATION

The area source categories were identified from two United States Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA) guidance documents: Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories of 

Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone, Vol. 1, EPA-450/4-91-016, (hereafter referred to as 

the Procedures document), and the Emissions Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) Technical 

Report, Vol. 3, Area Sources (hereafter referred to as EIIP Tech. Report). 

2.2 EMISSION ESTIMATION APPROACH

Area source emissions were estimated by multiplying an emission factor by some known 

indicator of collective activity for each source category within the inventory area. An indicator 

is any parameter associated with the activity level of a source that can be correlated with the air 

pollutant emissions from that source, such as production, number of employees or population.

In general, one of the following emissions estimation approaches was used to calculate the area 

source emissions: per capita emission factors, employment-related emission factors, commodity 

consumption-related emission factors, and level of activity based emission factors. The emission 

factors and emissions estimation methods used were obtained from the EIIP Tech. Report, the 

EPA’s Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 5th Edition (hereafter referred to as 

AP-42), or the emissions methods developed by the EPA for the 2011 National Emissions 

Inventory (NEI), Version 1. The 2011 NEI methods were based upon the emission factor 

development work conducted by the Eastern Regional Technical Advisory Group (ERTAC) in 

conjunction with the EPA.

The area source emissions were calculated based on the emissions methods developed for the 

2011 NEI or the EIIP Tech. Report and AP-42. The majority of the area source categories were 

calculated with the methods outlined by Pechan because they incorporate the most recent 

emission factors and activity data available. The remaining area source categories were 

calculated using the EIIP Tech. Report and AP-42 because these categories were not included as 

part of the area source categories updated for the 2011 NEI. The following outlines the area 

source categories calculated using the emissions methods developed for the 2011 NEI, 

Version 1:

 Residential Combustion

 Commercial Combustion

 Industrial Combustion
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 Underground Storage Tanks – Stage I Balanced Submerged Filling

 Paved and Unpaved Roads

 Charbroiling

 Architectural Surface Coating

 Autobody Refinishing

 Traffic Markings

 Industrial Surface Coating

 Dry Cleaning

 Graphic Arts Printing

 Consumer and Commercial Solvents

 Asphalt Paving (emulsified)

 Aircraft Refueling

 Agricultural Burning

 Forest Fires

 Open Burning – Land Clearing and Yard Trimmings.

The emissions for the following remaining area source categories were calculated using the EIIP 

Tech. Report and AP-42:

 Asphalt Roofing

 Truck Transit

 Underground Storage Tank Breathing Loss

 Agricultural Pesticide

 Structure Fires

 Vehicle Fires

 Solvent Cleaning and Degreasing.

There are several methods for estimating the activity level for a specific area source category. 

Some of these methods include treating area sources as point sources, surveying local activity 

levels, apportioning national or statewide activity totals to local (county or sub-county) inventory 

areas, or using population and employment data. All of these methods were employed to 

determine the activity data needed for the various area source categories. 

For some of the area source categories, the 2011 activity data were unavailable so the latest 

available data were utilized. For gasoline distribution, aircraft refueling and emulsified asphalt 

paving, the activity data used to calculate the emissions for these categories were purchased by 

the EPA for the development of the 2008 NEI. For the 2011 NEI, the EPA did not update the 

activity data for these categories, therefore, the 2008 NEI was pulled forward for the 2011 NEI. 

For agricultural pesticide, the 2007 harvested acres and 2008 pesticide application activity data 

were the latest available for the 2011 NEI emissions development. All of the stationary source 

solvent evaporation categories, charbroiling and structure fire emissions were calculated with the 
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2010 population or employment because 2010 was the latest available data. The combustion 

sources were projected from the 2007 Southeastern States Air Resources Managers, Inc. 

(SESARM) emissions inventory because their emissions were the best available at the time the

Charlotte nonattainment area source emissions inventory was development.

For certain categories, there can be overlap between the point sources and the area sources, 

which can lead to double counting of emissions. To avoid double counting of emissions, point 

source emissions were identified so they could be subtracted from the applicable area source 

emissions. 

There are a number of categories where emissions were calculated with emission factors based 

on employment. The latest available countywide employment was obtained from the 2010 US 

Census Bureau, County Business Patterns (USCBP) for the various North American Industry 

Classification System (NAICS) codes at the county level for North Carolina. 

Additionally, many of the categories for the area source emissions use county population or the 

rural population portion of the county for the activity data. In order to calculate the emissions for 

these categories, the latest population data available, the 2010 population, was obtained from the 

US Census Bureau. The rural portion of the county population was also obtained from the 2010

US census data.

Table 2.2-1 contains the population for the Charlotte nonattainment area. 

Table 2.2-1 Total County Population 

County

2010 Total

Population

2010 Rural 

Population

Cabarrus 178,011 34,273

Gaston 206,086 40,491

Iredell 159,437 60,446

Lincoln 78,265 42,696

Mecklenburg 919,628 9,798

Rowan 138,428 53,741

Union 201,292 54,931

 
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Certain emission categories were adjusted for factors such as seasonal activity, rule 

effectiveness, and rule penetration. Where applicable, these are discussed in the description of 

the area source categories in this appendix.
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3.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE MEASURES

The first step in the quality assurance process is to develop a list of area sources in the 

nonattainment area. The Procedures document and the EIIP Tech. Report were the primary 

references used in preparing this list for the emissions inventory. To ensure the accuracy of the 

emissions estimates, the area source emissions inventory team followed the quality assurance 

measures as outlined in the NC Division of Air Quality (DAQ) Emissions Inventory Quality 

Assurance Project Plan (QAPP). 

Under the direction of the quality assurance coordinator, emission sources whose contribution 

was either at the high- or low-end of the range of estimates were scrutinized more closely for 

reasonableness. The accuracy was addressed by performing independent checks of the emissions 

calculations, verifying the activity data and emission factors as well as plotting all of the area 

source categories vs. pollutants.
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4.0 DISCUSSION OF AREA SOURCE CATEGORIES

There are three major area source categories comprised of a number of individual types of area 

source categories. Sections 4.1 through 4.3 address each of these categories and include 

subsections that correspond to the category. The objective of each subsection is to describe each

category and the emission estimation and/or projection procedures. 

4.1 GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION

The area source emissions attributed to this category are associated with various operations 

related to gasoline and aircraft fuel handling and distribution. Since tank farms and bulk plants 

are specifically addressed in the point source inventory, the area source category is limited to 

fuel handling, storage, and distribution operations associated with the service stations and in the 

refueling of aircrafts.

4.1.1 Gasoline Dispensing Facilities

Since service stations are so numerous, they are collectively considered as an area source. The 

area source emissions that are derived for this subsection involve determining the estimated 

emissions that occur at each of the following operations: 1) losses during storage tank filling, 

2) storage tank breathing and working losses and 3) truck transit losses. The emissions from 

vehicle refueling are captured in the on-road mobile source emissions inventory (see 

Appendix B.3) and are not estimated as part of the area sources inventory. 

Delivery to Outlets - Stage I Balanced Submerged Filling

Stage I controls capture the displacement of gasoline vapors from the storage tanks during the 

transfer of gasoline from tank trucks to storage tanks at the service station. As part of the air 

toxics program, Stage I controls for gasoline dispensing facilities was adopted by the State, 

effective May 1990 with final compliance by January 1, 1994. Stage I is the vapor recovery 

technology on the underground storage tanks and reduces the emissions during the tank filling 

operations at service stations.

The North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Standards Division is responsible for going to all 

gasoline dispensing facilities and testing the fuels to ensure that it meets the quality standards of 

the State. The DAQ has an agreement with the Standards Division to also check for Stage I 

controls. A notice is sent to the DAQ for every facility checked by the Standards Division 

verifying if a facility has properly maintained control equipment. If a facility is not found to be 

properly maintaining the control equipment, the DAQ sends a notice of violation informing the 

facility that the controls are required and gives the facility time to correct the violation before 
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fines are accessed. From this information the rule effectiveness and rule penetration can be 

estimated. The rule effectiveness is the percentage of facilities complying with the rule, whereas 

the rule penetration is the percentage of facilities requiring Stage I controls. Control efficiency is 

the expected percent reduction from this control technology. The compliance and rule 

effectiveness rates for Stage I controls for the Charlotte nonattainment area were obtained from 

the Mooresville Region Stage I vapor recovery reports supplied by the DAQ’s Mobile Sources 

Compliance Branch. The control efficiency rate, 0.95, is a conservative estimate used for the 

entire State. The Stage I compliance factors are listed in Table 4.1.1-1.

Table 4.1.1-1 Compliance Factors for Stage I Controls

Rule Effectiveness Rule Penetration Control Efficiency

1.00 0.99 0.95

The emissions calculation was obtained from AP-42, Chapter 5.2-Transportation and Marketing 

of Petroleum Liquids, Equation 1. The volatile organic compound (VOC) emission factor was 

calculated from Equation 4.1.1-1.

EF = 12.46 * S * P * M x [1-(RE * CE * RP)]

 T 4.1.1-1

where

EF = emission factor in (lbs VOC/1,000 gallons)

S = Saturation factor

P = True vapor pressure (psi)

M = Molecular weight of vapors (lb/lb-mole)

T = Temperature of bulk liquid 540 Rankin (80oF = temperature of gasoline in July)

RE = Rule Effectiveness (decimal)

CE = Control Efficiency (decimal)

RP = Rule Penetration (decimal)

All of the variables used to calculate the emission factor for Stage I, i.e., balanced submerged 

filling, are listed in Table 4.1.1-2

Table 4.1.1-2 Factors Used For Calculating Emission Factor for Stage I Balanced Submerged Filing

RVP S P M T

7.8 psi 1 5.79 psi 68.0 lbs/lb-mole 540 Rankin 

(80.0oF)
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EM = EF * TGD * (1 year/365 days)

2,000 lbs/ton 4.1.1-2

where EM = total daily emissions in tons/day

EF = emission factor, Equation 4.1.1-1

TGD = total gasoline consumed per county (gallons/year)

For the 2011 emissions estimates, the county gasoline consumption was grown from the 2008 

county gasoline consumption because that is the latest data available. The growth factor was 

calculated by dividing the 2011 statewide fuel consumption, 4,376,652 gallons, by the 2008

statewide fuel consumption, 4,760,470 gallons. The resulting growth factor is 0.9194. This 

factor was applied to the 2008 county gasoline consumption to estimate the 2011 gasoline 

consumption.

Truck Transit

Truck transit emissions are the emissions that emanate from gasoline trucks in transit. The 

emissions equation is from the EIIP Tech. Report, Chapter 11-Gasoline Marketing, 

Equation 4.1.3-3. 

EM = [TGD * EF * (1+0.09)] * (1 yr/365 days)

 2,000 lbs/ton 4.1.1-3

where:

EM = total daily emissions in tons/day

TGD = total gasoline dispensed per county per 1,000 gallons

LEF = loaded tank truck EF = 0.005 lbs/1,000 gallons

UEF = unloaded tank truck EF = 0.055 lbs/1,000 gallons

EF = LEF + UEF = 0.060 lbs/1,000 gallons

1+0.09 = 1+proportion of gasoline transported twice

The LEF and the UEF factors were obtained from the EIIP Tech. Report, Table 11.3-1. 

Underground Storage Tank Breathing and Emptying

The emissions equation is from the EIIP Tech. Report, Chapter 11-Gasoline Marketing, 

Section 3. The emission factor was obtained from EIIP Tech. Report, Table 11.3-1. The base 

year emissions were calculated using equation 4.1.1-4.

EM = TGD * EF * (1 year/365 days)

2,000 lbs/ton 4.1.1-4

where:
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EM = total daily emissions in tons/day

EF = emission factor, 1.0 lb/1,000 gallons/year

TGD = total gasoline dispensed per county per 1,000 gallons

The VOC emissions for gasoline distribution are in shown in Table 4.1.1-4. 

Table 4.1.1-4 Total Gasoline Distribution VOC Emissions (tpd) 

County

Stage I 

Emissions

Truck 

Transit 

Emissions

Underground 

Storage 

Tanks

Emissions

Total 2011 

Gasoline 

Distribution 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.06 0.01 0.10 0.17

Gaston* 0.06 0.01 0.12 0.19

Iredell* 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.03

Lincoln* 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.03

Mecklenburg 0.25 0.03 0.46 0.74

Rowan* 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.05

Union* 0.03 0.00 0.05 0.08

Total 0.44 0.05 0.80 1.29

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.1.2 Aircraft Refueling

Like vehicle refueling, aircraft refueling results in VOC emissions. There are two processes that 

generate VOC emissions. Stage I is the displacement of vapors during the transfer of gasoline 

from tank trucks to storage tanks and vice versa. The other process is Stage II that involves the 

transfer of fuel from the tanker trucks into general aviation aircraft. 

For Stage I and Stage II, the national-level emissions were calculated by multiplying the 

nationwide aviation gasoline (AvGas) consumption by the VOC emission factors and summing

the emissions. Once the national-level emissions were calculated, they were allocated to the 

Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) Districts based on the amount of gasoline reported 

for each PAD. The PAD for North Carolina is PAD 1, which comprises 17 states along the 

Atlantic Coast. The emissions were then allocated to the county-level based on the number of 

landings and takeoffs (LTOs) for general aviation flights per county. The amount of aviation 

gasoline consumed for PAD 1 was obtained from the US Department of Energy, Energy 

Information Administration. The number of 2008 LTOs was obtained from the US Federal 

Aviation Administration by the EPA. The 2011 LTOs were not available for the PAD Districts 

or the counties. For the 2011 emissions estimates, the PAD District LTOs were grown from the 

2008 PAD District LTOs because that is the latest data available. Since North Carolina is in 
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PAD District 1, a growth factor was applied to the 2008 PAD District 1 LTO. The growth factor 

was calculated by dividing the 2011 PAD District 1 AvGas consumption by the 2008 PAD 

District 1 AvGas consumption. This growth factor were applied to the 2008 PAD District 1 LTO

to estimate the 2011 PAD District 1 LTO. The PAD District 1 growth factor is 1.3349.

The 2008 LTOs were also used for the Charlotte nonattainment counties because that is the only 

data that was available, therefore, it is assumed the LTOs remain constant between 2008 and 

2011. The VOC emission factors are shown in Table 4.1.2-1 and the 2008 LTOs are shown in 

Table 4.1.2-2.

Table 4.1.2-1 Aircraft Refueling Emission Factors

Emission Source

VOC Emission Factors

(lb VOC/gallon AvGas/year)

Stage I Emission Factors

Aviation gas unloading/tank 

filling-tank fill

0.009021383

Aviation gas unloading/tank 

filling-storage tank working

0.003605215

Aviation gas tank truck fillingcomposite

0.010306575

Aviation gas storage tankbreathing loss

0.001694117

Stage II Emission Factors

Fuel transfer from tanker 

trucks to aircraft

0.0136

Table 4.1.2-2 County-Level Landing-Takeoffs

County 2008 County-Level 

Landing-Takeoffs

Cabarrus 41,064

Gaston 18,102

Iredell 23,003

Lincoln 13,271

Mecklenburg 73,724

Rowan 35,923

Union 37,106
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The following equation shows the emission estimate for the nationwide 2011 aviation gasoline 

consumption.

US AvGas Consumption = amount of nationwide AvGas consumed * 42 gal/barrel * VOC EF

For Stage I, the US aviation gasoline consumed is generated for each VOC emission factor and 

the total consumption is calculated by summing these emissions. The emission estimate for the 

county-level is shown in Equation 4.1.2-1.

EM = US VOC Emissions * (PAD 1 consumption/ US AvGas Consumption) * 

(County LTOs/PAD 1 LTOs) * (1 ton/2,000 lbs/year) * (1 year/365 days) 4.1.2-1

where:

EM = total daily emissions in tons/day

US VOC Emissions = nationwide annual AvGas VOC emissions, lbs/year

PAD 1consumption = PAD 1 District I total AvGas consumption = 1,323,000 barrels/year

PAD 1 LTOs = PAD 1 District I landing-take offs for general aircraft = 17,588,837

County LTOs = county-level landing-take offs for general aircraft

The following table shows the emissions from Stage I, Stage II and the total emissions for 

aircraft refueling.

Table 4.1.2-3 Total Aircraft Refueling VOC Emissions (tpd)

County Stage I 

Emissions

Stage II 

Emissions

Total Aircraft 

Refueling 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.04 0.002 0.04

Gaston* 0.02 0.001 0.02

Iredell* 0.01 0.000 0.01

Lincoln* 0.01 0.000 0.01

Mecklenburg 0.07 0.003 0.07

Rowan* 0.03 0.002 0.03

Union* 0.03 0.001 0.03

Total 0.21 0.009 0.21

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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4.1.3 Portable Fuel Containers

Portable fuel containers (PFCs, or gas cans) are consumer products used to refuel a wide variety 

of gasoline-powered equipment.

The EPA has generated emissions for portable fuel containers for 2002, 2010, 2015, 2020 and 

2030. The activity data used in the development of these emission inventories were obtained 

from the EPA’s Nonroad Model, which uses a variety of variables like equipment size, 

equipment population, equipment age, Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) and air temperature to 

estimate activity. The 2011 PFC emissions were calculated by linear interpolation using the 

Microsoft EXCEL FORECAST tool. The base year 2011 emissions were interpolated from the 

PFC emissions for 2002, 2010 and 2015.

Table 4.1.3-1 is the VOC emissions for the Charlotte nonattainment area for portable fuel 

containers.

Table 4.1.3-1 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Portable Fuel Containers

County PFC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.27

Gaston* 0.24

Iredell* 0.06

Lincoln* 0.07

Mecklenburg 2.40

Rowan* 0.14

Union* 0.40

Total 3.58

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.2 STATIONARY SOURCE SOLVENT EVAPORATION

There are eleven subcategories that involve stationary source solvent evaporative emissions. 

They include: dry cleaning, graphic arts, solvent cleaning, automotive refinishing, architectural 

coatings, traffic markings, industrial surface coating, asphalt paving, roofing operations, 

pesticide application and consumer/commercial solvent use. The methodology used to calculate 

the emissions from these sources are described in detail in each subsection.
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4.2.1 Dry Cleaning

The VOC emissions from dry cleaning vary with the type of process and the solvent used. For 

the most part, dry cleaning facilities (coin-operated and conventional) are small business entities. 

As a result of their size, dry cleaning emissions are not captured as point sources. However, dry 

cleaning operations can be a significant emission source for VOC emissions, when taken 

collectively. 

The emissions from dry cleaning are estimated by multiplying the average number of employees 

at dry cleaning establishments by a national per-employee emission factor, 93 lbs of 

VOC/employee/year. The number of dry cleaning employees per county was obtained from the 

2010 USCBP. Table 4.2.1-1 below shows the 2010 dry cleaning employment, latest data 

available, used in the emissions estimation.

Table 4.2.1-1 Employment for Dry cleaning

County 2010 Employment for 

Dry Cleaning

Cabarrus 114

Gaston 73

Iredell 42

Lincoln 42

Mecklenburg 803

Rowan 57

Union 113

The emissions were calculated using Equation 4.2.1-1.

EM = no. of employees * EF * (1 year/365 days)

 2,000 lbs/ton 4.2.1-1

The VOC emission estimates, in tons/day, from dry cleaning for the Charlotte nonattainment 

area are listed in Table 4.2.1-2.
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Table 4.2.1-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Dry Cleaning

County Dry Cleaning 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.014

Gaston* 0.009

Iredell* 0.002

Lincoln* 0.004

Mecklenburg 0.102

Rowan* 0.007

Union* 0.013

Total 0.151

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.2.2 Graphic Arts/Printing

Graphic arts include operations that are involved in printing of newspapers, magazines, books, 

and other printed materials, which can be divided into several subsets based upon printing 

technology. Over the last decade ink-jet and offset lithography have emerged as the dominant 

technologies. The use of oils as ink solvents and the reduction of alcohols in the fountain 

solution and in the cleanup solutions have resulted in notable reductions in emissions for offset 

lithography. Ink-jet printing results in essentially no VOC emissions. 

A number of establishments that generate emissions in this source category are in-house graphic 

arts operations at plants that are in non-printing industries. The emission factor of 201 lbs 

VOC/employee/year was used to calculate the VOC emissions. The employment was obtained 

from the 2010 USCBP. The graphic arts employment per county for 2010, latest employment 

available, is in Table 4.2.2-1.
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Table 4.2.2-1 Employment for Graphic Arts 

County 2010 Employment for 

Graphic Arts

Cabarrus 188

Gaston 199

Iredell 326

Lincoln 113

Mecklenburg 3,085

Rowan 465

Union 273

The emissions for the base year were calculated using equation 4.2.2-1.

EM = county employment *EF * (1 year/365 days)

 2,000 lbs/ton 4.2.2-1

The VOC emission estimates from graphic arts operations for the Charlotte nonattainment area

are listed in Table 4.2.2-2. 

Table 4.2.2-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Graphic Arts

County Graphic Arts 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.05

Gaston* 0.05

Iredell* 0.04

Lincoln* 0.02

Mecklenburg 0.85

Rowan* 0.12

Union* 0.07

Total 1.20

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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4.2.3 Solvent Cleaning and Degreasing

Solvent cleaning operations are integral to many businesses and industries and are conducted for 

the purpose of removing grease, oils, waxes, carbon deposits, etc. from metals, plastic, or glass 

surfaces. Solvent cleaning is usually performed prior to painting, plating, inspection, repair, 

assembly, etc. The solvents used in the cleaning operations can be either in a liquid or vapor 

phase. Generally, these solvents have high vapor pressures which emit VOC emissions. 

There are two basic types of solvent cleaning techniques, cold cleaning and vapor cleaning. 

Cold cleaning machines use solvents in the liquid phase to clean and remove foreign material 

such as oils and grease from the surface of materials. Cleaning operations include 

spraying/flushing solvent or parts agitation, wipe cleaning, brushing, and immersion. 

The vapor cleaning technique can be divided into open-top degreasing and in-line cleaning. The 

open-top degreasing machines are tanks designed to generate and contain solvent vapor. The 

tank is equipped with a heating system that boils the liquid solvent. As the solvent boils, dense 

solvent vapors rise and displace the air in the tank. Coolant is circulated in condensing coils on 

the top of the tank to create a controlled vapor zone within the tank. Condensing solvent vapors 

dissolve the contaminants on the surface of the workload and flush both the dissolved and 

undissolved contaminants from the workload. 

In-line cleaning machines employ automated loading on a continuous basis. These machines are 

often custom made for large-scale operations. A continuous or multiple-batch loading system 

greatly reduces or even eliminates the manual parts handling associated with batch cleaning. Inline cleaning machines are enclosed to prevent solvent losses; however, entry and exit openings 

cannot be sealed.

The VOC emissions for this category are estimated by using per employee factors. The emission 

factor for degreasing is 36.965 VOC/employee/year.

Employment data was derived from the 2010 USCBP. The following table shows the 2010

employment per county for degreasing.
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Table 4.2.3-1 Solvent Cleaning and Degreasing 2010 Employment 

County 2010 Degreasing 

Employment

Cabarrus 5,024

Gaston 6,698

Iredell 7,282

Lincoln 2,855

Mecklenburg 33,867

Rowan 5,306

Union 5,987

The emissions for the base year were calculated using Equation 4.2.3-1.

EM = no. of employees * EF * (1 year/365 days) 

2,000 lbs/tons 4.2.3-1

where:

EM = total daily emissions in tons/day

EF = emission factor 

The VOC emission estimates, in tons/day, are summarized in Table 4.2.3-2. 

Table 4.2.3-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Solvent Cleaning Degreasing

County Degreasing 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.25

Gaston* 0.31

Iredell* 0.15

Lincoln* 0.12

Mecklenburg 1.71

Rowan* 0.25

Union* 0.26

Total 3.05

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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4.2.4 Auto Body Refinishing

Auto body refinishing operations consist of vehicle preparation, primer application, topcoat 

application and spray equipment cleaning. These operations result in significant VOC emissions. 

The emissions estimation is based on a per employee emission factor, 94.69 lbs/VOC/employee. 

The number of employees for 2010 was obtained from the USCBP, which are listed in 

Table 4.2.4-1.

Table 4.2.4-1 Employment for Auto Body Refinishing

County

2010 Auto Body 

Refinishing 

Employment

Cabarrus 1,056

Gaston 881

Iredell 812

Lincoln 211

Mecklenburg 5,388

Rowan 483

Union 502

The base year emissions were calculated using Equation 4.2.4-1.

EM = no. of employees * EF * (1 year/365 days)

 2,000 lbs/ton 4.2.4-1

where:

EM =total daily emissions in tons/day

EF = emission factor

The VOC emission estimates, in tons/day, from auto body refinishing for the Charlotte 

nonattainment area are listed in Table 4.2.4-2.
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Table 4.2.4-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Auto Body Refinishing

County

Auto Body 

Refinishing 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.14

Gaston* 0.11

Iredell* 0.04

Lincoln* 0.02

Mecklenburg 0.70

Rowan* 0.06

Union* 0.06

Total 1.13

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.2.5 Architectural Coatings

This category includes the application of paint, primer, varnish or lacquer to architectural 

surfaces, and the use of solvents as thinners and for cleanup.

The VOC emissions for this source category were estimated by multiplying county population in 

Table 2.2-1 by the per capita emission factor, 2.34 lbs/VOC/employee as shown in 

Equation 4.2.5-1. 

EM = county population * EF * (1 year/365 days)

 2,000 lbs/ton 4.2.5-1

where:

EM = total daily emissions in tons/day

EF = emission factor

The VOC emission estimates, in tons/day, from architectural coatings for the Charlotte 

nonattainment area are listed in Table 4.2.5-1.
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Table 4.2.5-1 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Architectural Coatings

County

Architectural

Coatings 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.57

Gaston* 0.61

Iredell* 0.20

Lincoln* 0.20

Mecklenburg 2.95

Rowan* 0.41

Union* 0.56

Total 5.50

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.2.6 Traffic Markings

The paint used in traffic markings operations (the painting of center lines, shoulders, etc.) emits 

VOC emissions during the drying process. 

The emission estimation used to calculate the traffic marking emissions is based upon the 

number of lane miles for each county. The number of lane miles was obtained from the North 

Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) for 2010 as shown in Table 4.2.6-1.

Table 4.2.6-1 Number of Lane Miles 

County Number of Lane 

Miles in 2010

Cabarrus 1,396

Gaston 1,643

Iredell 1,828

Lincoln 827

Mecklenburg 4,007

Rowan 1,534

Union 1,856

The emissions for the base year were calculated using Equation 4.2.6-1. 

EM = no. of lane miles * EF * (1 year/365 days)
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2,000 lbs/ton 4.2.6-1

where:

EM = total daily emissions in tons/year

EF = emission factor, 0.29 lbs. VOC/mile/year

The VOC emission estimates, in tons/day, from traffic markings for the Charlotte nonattainment 

area are listed in Table 4.2.6-2.

Table 4.2.6-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Traffic Markings

County

Traffic 

Markings

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.001

Gaston* 0.001

Iredell* 0.000

Lincoln* 0.000

Mecklenburg 0.002

Rowan* 0.001

Union* 0.001

Total 0.006

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.2.7 Industrial Surface Coating

Surface coating operations involve applying a thin layer of coating (e.g. paint, lacquer, enamel, 

varnish, etc.) to the surface of an object for decorative or protective purposes. The coating 

products, which are solvent based, emit VOC emissions as the result of solvent evaporation 

during the drying or curing process. 

Two of the industrial surface coating subcategories, industrial maintenance coatings and other 

special purpose coatings, utilize per capita emission factors instead of per employment emission 

factors. For industrial maintenance coatings and other special purpose coating emissions 

calculation, the population used is shown in Table 2.2-1. 

The employment used for the remaining subcategories is shown in Table 4.2.7-1. For these 

subcategories, a per capita emission factor, shown in Table 4.2.7-1, is used to estimate the 

emissions. The emissions for the remaining industrial surface coating subcategories were 

estimated using per employee emission factors, also shown in Table 4.2.7-1. For these 
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subcategories, the 2010 employment per county were used to estimate the emissions. The 2010

county employment are in Table 4.2.7-2.

Table 4.2.7-1 Industrial Surface Coating Emission Factors 

VOC Emission Factors

Subcategory Per Capita Emission Factors

(lbs VOC/person/year)

Per Employee 

Emission Factors

(lbs VOC/employee/year)

Industrial Maintenance 0.603

Other Special Purpose 0.006

Metal Furniture 887.80

Metal Containers 3,035

New Automobiles 194

Machinery & Equipment 51.64

Aircraft 12.98

Sheet, Strip & Coil 609.39

Factory Finished Wood 48.07

Electrical Insulation 31.92

Misc. Manufacturing 92.42

Table 4.2.7-2 2010 Employment for Surface Coating Subcategories

Subcategory Cabarrus Gaston Iredell Lincoln Mecklenburg Rowan Union

Factory Finished Wood 105 154 331 73 463 465 630

Metal Furniture 0 4 177 64 180 145 0

Metal Containers 46 0 0 0 133 0 0

Sheet, Strip & Coil 0 0 0 0 134 0 0

Machinery & Equipment 117 383 522 210 1,599 164 261

Electrical Insulation 0 0 132 0 10 8 1,381

New Automobiles 352 2,363 784 160 406 1,104 213

Aircraft 0 0 9 0 52 0 52

Misc. Manufacturing 509 343 325 35 1,310 135 612

The emissions estimation for the industrial maintenance coatings and other special purpose 

coatings for the base year emissions are shown in Equation 4.2.7-1.
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EM = county population * EF * (1 year/365 days)

 2,000 lbs/ton 4.2.7-1

where:

EM = total daily emissions in tons/day

EF = emission factor per subcategory

The emissions estimation for the subcategories that are based upon a per employee emission 

factor for the base year emissions are shown in Equation 4.2.7-2.

EM = no. of employees * EF * (1 year/365 days)

 2,000 lbs/ton 4.2.7-2

where:

EM = total daily emissions in tons/day

EF = emission factor per subcategory

The VOC emission estimates, in tons/day, from all industrial surface coating operations are listed 

in Tables 4.2.7-3 through 4.2.7-13. The total emissions from the industrial surface coatings are

summarized in Table 4.2.7-14. 

Table 4.2.7-3 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Metal Furniture

County

Metal 

Furniture

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.000

Gaston* 0.004

Iredell* 0.086

Lincoln* 0.062

Mecklenburg 0.219

Rowan* 0.164

Union* 0.000

Total 0.535

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.2.7-4 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Metal Containers

County

Metal 

Containers

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.190

Gaston* 0.000

Iredell* 0.000

Lincoln* 0.000

Mecklenburg 0.553

Rowan* 0.000

Union* 0.000

Total 0.743

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.2.7-5 VOC Emissions (tpd) from New Automobiles

County

New 

Automobiles

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.093

Gaston* 0.579

Iredell* 0.083

Lincoln* 0.034

Mecklenburg 0.108

Rowan* 0.273

Union* 0.049

Total 1.220

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.2.7-6 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Machinery and Equipment 

County

Machinery 

and 

Equipment

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.008

Gaston* 0.025

Iredell* 0.015

Lincoln* 0.012

Mecklenburg 0.113

Rowan* 0.011

Union* 0.016

Total 0.200

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.2.7-7 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Aircraft

County Aircraft

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.00

Gaston* 0.00

Iredell* 0.00

Lincoln* 0.00

Mecklenburg 0.00

Rowan* 0.00

Union* 0.00

Total 0.00

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.2.7-8 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Sheet, Strip & Coil

County

Sheet, Strip 

& Coil

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.000

Gaston* 0.000

Iredell* 0.000

Lincoln* 0.000

Mecklenburg 0.112

Rowan* 0.000

Union* 0.000

Total 0.112

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.2.7-9 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Factory Finished Wood

County

Factory 

Finished 

Wood

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.007

Gaston* 0.009

Iredell* 0.009

Lincoln* 0.000

Mecklenburg 0.030

Rowan* 0.028

Union* 0.036

Total 0.123

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
Area Sources Documentation

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Table 4.2.7-10 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Electrical Insulation

County

Electrical 

Insulation

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.000

Gaston* 0.000

Iredell* 0.002

Lincoln* 0.000

Mecklenburg 0.000

Rowan* 0.000

Union* 0.052

Total 0.054

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.2.7-11 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Misc. Manufacturing

County

Misc. 

Manufacturing

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.064

Gaston* 0.040

Iredell* 0.016

Lincoln* 0.004

Mecklenburg 0.166

Rowan* 0.016

Union* 0.067

Total 0.373

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.2.7-12 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Industrial Maintenance 

County

Industrial 

Maintenance

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.146

Gaston* 0.157

Iredell* 0.053

Lincoln* 0.052

Mecklenburg 0.760

Rowan* 0.106

Union* 0.145

Total 1.419

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.2.7-13 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Other Special Purpose 

County

Other Special 

Purpose

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.002

Gaston* 0.002

Iredell* 0.001

Lincoln* 0.001

Mecklenburg 0.008

Rowan* 0.001

Union* 0.002

Total 0.017

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.2.7-14 Total VOC Emissions (tpd) from Industrial Surface Coatings 

County

Total Industrial 

Surface Coatings

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.51

Gaston* 0.82

Iredell* 0.27

Lincoln* 0.17

Mecklenburg 2.07

Rowan* 0.60

Union* 0.37

Total 4.81

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.2.8 Emulsified Asphalt Paving 

Asphalt paving is the process of applying asphalt concrete to seal or repair the surface of roads, 

parking lots, driveways, walkways or airport runways. Asphalt concrete is a composite material 

comprised of a binder and a mineral aggregate. The binder, referred to as asphalt cement, is a 

byproduct of petroleum refining and contains the semi-solid residual material left after the more 

volatile chemical fractions have been distilled off.

Asphalt cements are thinned with water and an emulsifying agent known as emulsified asphalts.

The thinning reduces the viscosity of the asphalt making it easier to work with the mixture. The 

primary uses of emulsified asphalt include tack and seal operations, priming roadbeds and paving 

operations for pavements up to several inches thick. 

Emulsified asphalt may contain up to 12% organic solvents by volume. Emissions from 

emulsified asphalt result from the evaporation of VOCs after the mixture is laid down. 

The asphalt usage factor, used to convert tons of asphalt to barrels of asphalt, is shown in 

Equation 4.2.8-1.

Asphalt Usage Factor = (tons of asphalt * 2000 lbs / 8.34 lbs/gal) / 42 gal/barrel *

(cnty paved roads/state paved roads) 4.2.8-1

The 2010 county paved miles is from the 2010 Highway and Road Mileage Report from 

NCDOT. The number of paved miles per county for 2010 is listed in Table 4.2.8-1.
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Table 4.2.8-1 Miles of Paved Roads

County 2010 Miles of 

Paved Road

Cabarrus 792.60

Gaston 958.00

Iredell 1,435.61

Lincoln 764.71

Mecklenburg 980.07

Rowan 1,128.16

Union 1,548.97

State 74,832.65

The VOC emissions were calculated using the emissions factor for emulsified asphalt 

(9.2 lbs VOC/barrel) and the number of gallons of emulsified asphalt per barrel 

(42 gallon/barrel) from Table 17.5-2 of the EIIP Tech. Report. 

The emissions for the base year were calculated using Equation 4.2.8-1.

EM = asphalt usage factor * EF * (1 year/365 days)

 2,000 lbs/tons 4.2.8-1

where:

EM = total daily emissions in tons/day

EF = emission factor

The VOC emission estimates, in tons/day, from asphalt paving for the Charlotte nonattainment 

area are listed in Table 4.2.8-2. 
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Table 4.2.8-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Asphalt Paving

County Asphalt 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.0001

Gaston* 0.0001

Iredell* 0.0001

Lincoln* 0.0001

Mecklenburg 0.0001

Rowan* 0.0001

Union* 0.0002

Total 0.0008

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.2.9 Agricultural Pesticide Applications

Pesticides broadly include any substance used to kill or retard the growth of insects, rodents, 

fungi, weeds or microorganisms. Formulations of organic pesticides are commonly made by 

combining synthetic materials with various petroleum products. The petroleum products, or inert 

ingredients, act as a carrier of the active component and usually evaporate into the atmosphere.

Agricultural pesticides are applied in various manners, which directly affect the possible 

emissions associated with the application, regardless of the amount of solvent contained in the 

pesticide. There are basically three types of pesticide/herbicide application methods. One is the 

"incorporated" type, in which the product is applied and immediately incorporated into the soil. 

It is expected that little, if any, evaporation of solvent occurs in this type of application. The 

next type, "pre-emergence", is where the product is put on the ground immediately after the crop 

is planted. This provides a protective layer. Some evaporation of solvent would be expected 

with this type of application. The largest emissions would occur from "over the top" application 

of pesticides. These pesticides are sprayed directly on the foliage to kill weeds or insects. This 

application would provide an opportunity for a great deal of solvent to evaporate.

The individual crop profiles outline the current agricultural pesticide practices, i.e., the pesticide 

agents (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides), the percentage of acres treated and the pounds of 

active ingredient pesticide applied per acre. The crop profiles often report the application of the 

active ingredient (pounds of active ingredient per acre) as a range of values.
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The pounds of active ingredients for each crop were calculated by using Equation 4.2.9-1. 

(lbs AI/acre)CROP = ∑ (% acres treated) x (lb AI/acre)pesticide 4.2.9-1

where AI = active ingredient.

The emission factors for each crop were calculated by multiplying the 90% evaporation rate, 

obtained from the EPA, Pesticides - Agricultural and Nonagricultural, Vol. 3, Ch. 9, Section 5.1, 

Emissions Inventory Improvement Program, June 2001, by the weighted average VOC content, 

0.8349 lbs VOC/lbs AI, calculated using data from California's Department of Pesticide 

Regulation's Pesticide Product Emission Potential Database. 

VOC EF = (0.8349 lbs VOC/lbs AI) * (0.90) = 0.751 lbs VOC/lbs AI 4.2.9-2

The latest available harvested crop data, 2007, was obtained from U.S. Department of 

Agriculture (USDA), Census of Agriculture, 2007 and the application rate of active ingredient 

per treated acre was obtained from the 2008 Crop Life Foundation's Fungicides, Herbicides, and 

Insecticides database. The 2008 application data was latest available. The active ingredient 

applied was calculated from the Equation 4.2.9-3,

active ingredient applied = Σcrop,pesticide harvested acres × percent of harvested acres treated with 

active ingredient × application rate of active ingredient per treated acre 4.2.9-3

Table 4.2.9-1 shows the 2007 total harvested acres per county and the calculated pesticide active 

ingredient applied in 2008 per county.

Table 4.2.9-1 Harvested Acres and Pesticide Active Ingredient

County 2007 Harvested 

Acres

Pesticide Active 

Ingredient Applied in 

2008 (lbs)

Cabarrus 56,688 50,320

Gaston 27,471 17,580

Iredell 122,127 120,283

Lincoln 47,430 65,015

Mecklenburg 15,298 16,741

Rowan 110,233 182,777

Union 178,613 315,771
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The emissions for 2011 were calculated using Equation 4.2.9-4.

EM = Σ (Apesticide,crop × VOC EF) * (1 year/365 days)

2,000 lbs/tons 4.2.10-4

where:

EM = total daily emissions in tons/day

Apesticide,crop = pesticide active ingredient applied

The VOC emission estimates, in tons/day, from agricultural pesticides for the Charlotte 

nonattainment area are listed in Table 4.2.9-2. 

Table 4.2.9-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Agricultural Pesticide Applications

County

Agricultural 

Pesticide 

Application 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.05

Gaston* 0.02

Iredell* 0.05

Lincoln* 0.05

Mecklenburg 0.02

Rowan* 0.17

Union* 0.28

Total 0.64

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.2.10 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use

This category includes only non-industrial solvents that are used in commercial or consumer 

applications. The solvent containing products consist of a diverse grouping, e.g. personal care 

products, household products, automotive aftermarket products, adhesives and sealants, 

pesticides, some coatings, and other commercial and consumer products that may emit VOC 

emissions. 

The VOC emissions are estimated based on per capita emissions factors. The county population 

values are listed in Table 2.2-1. There are seven subcategories within the commercial/consumer 

solvent use category. They are listed in Table 4.2.10-1 with their respective emission factor.
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Table 4.2.10-1 Misc. Non-Industrial Consumer/Commercial Emission Factors

Subcategory

VOC Emission Factors

(lbs VOC/person/year)

All Coatings and Related Products 0.95

All FIFRA Related Products 1.78

Miscellaneous Products 0.07

Personal Care Products 1.9

Household Products 1.8

Automotive Aftermarket Products 1.36

Adhesives and Sealants 0.57

The emissions for the base year were calculated using Equation 4.2.10-1.

EM = county population * EF * (1 year/365 days)

2,000 lbs/tons 4.2.10-1

where:

EM = total daily emissions in tons/day

EF = emission factor per subcategory

The VOC emission estimates, in tons/day, from the commercial/consumer solvents subcategories 

for the Charlotte nonattainment area are listed in Tables 4.2.10-2 through 4.2.10-8. The total 

emissions for this source category are summarized in Table 4.2.10-9.
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Table 4.2.10-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from All Coatings and Related Products

County

Coatings and 

Related Products 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.23

Gaston* 0.25

Iredell* 0.08

Lincoln* 0.08

Mecklenburg 1.20

Rowan* 0.17

Union* 0.23

Total 2.24

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.2.10-3 VOC Emissions (tpd) from All FIFRA Related Products

County

FIFRA and 

Related Products 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.43

Gaston* 0.46

Iredell* 0.16

Lincoln* 0.15

Mecklenburg 2.24

Rowan* 0.31

Union* 0.43

Total 4.18

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.2.10-4 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Miscellaneous Products 

County

Misc 

Products 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.02

Gaston* 0.02

Iredell* 0.01

Lincoln* 0.01

Mecklenburg 0.09

Rowan* 0.01

Union* 0.02

Total 0.18

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.2.10-5 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Personal Care Products

County

Personal 

Care 

Products 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.46

Gaston* 0.49

Iredell* 0.17

Lincoln* 0.16

Mecklenburg 2.39

Rowan* 0.33

Union* 0.46

Total 4.46

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.2.10-6 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Household Products

County

Household 

Products 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.44

Gaston* 0.47

Iredell* 0.16

Lincoln* 0.15

Mecklenburg 2.27

Rowan* 0.32

Union* 0.43

Total 4.24

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.2.10-7 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Automotive Aftermarket Products

County

Automotive

Aftermarket 

Products 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.33

Gaston* 0.35

Iredell* 0.12

Lincoln* 0.12

Mecklenburg 1.71

Rowan* 0.24

Union* 0.33

Total 3.20

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.2.10-8 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Adhesives and Sealants

County

Adhesives 

and Sealants 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.14

Gaston* 0.15

Iredell* 0.05

Lincoln* 0.05

Mecklenburg 0.72

Rowan* 0.10

Union* 0.14

Total 1.35

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.2.10-9 Total VOC Emissions (tpd) from Commercial/Consumer Solvent

County

Total 

Consumer/Commercial 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 2.05

Gaston* 2.19

Iredell* 0.75

Lincoln* 0.72

Mecklenburg 10.62

Rowan* 1.48

Union* 2.04

Total 19.85

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.3 OTHER MAN MADE AREA SOURCES

Other man made area sources include forest fires, slash burning and prescribed burning, 

agricultural burning, structure fires and vehicle fires. Some of these sources, such as orchard 

heaters and certain kinds of agricultural burning, are not active during the ozone season. The 

methodology used to calculate the emissions from these sources are described in detail in each 

subsection.

4.3.1 Forest Fires

There are two types of forest fires; wild fires, which are accidental or felonious fires and 

prescribed burns, which are intentionally set for the purpose of forest and/or grassland 
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management practice. The number of acres burned in 2011 for each of these categories was 

obtained from the North Carolina Forest Service (NCFS) and are listed in 

Table 4.3.1-1. 

Table 4.3.1-1 2011 Acres of Land Burned by Fires

County Wildfires Prescribed Total

Cabarrus 61 5 66

Gaston 55 0 55

Iredell 66 67 133

Lincoln 29 14 43

Mecklenburg 38 984 1,022

Rowan 96 258 354

Union 84 5 89

The makeup of the plant life burned in each fire can vary from woodland to brush to grassland. 

The emission factors and fuel loading were obtained from the Development of the 2007 Base 

Year and Typical Year Fire Emission Inventory for the Southeastern States Air Resources 

Managers, Inc. – Final Report, May 22, 2012. The emission factors and fuel loading are based 

on the type of vegetation that was burned per fire for both the prescribed fires and wildfires. The 

VOC and NOx emissions were generated for each fire per county. 

The daily emissions are estimated by dividing by 365 days per year. The emissions were 

calculated using Equation 4.3.1-1.

EMpol = (no. acres burned * fuel loading * EFpol) * (1 year/365 days) 4.3.1-1

2,000 lbs/ton

where:

EMpol = total daily emissions, in tons/day, per pollutant

Fuel loading = fuel consumption values, tons/acre

EFpol = emission factors per pollutant, lbs/ton

The VOC and NOx emission estimates, in tons/day, from forest fires for the Charlotte 

nonattainment area are listed in Table 4.3.1-2. 
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Table 4.3.1-2 Emissions (tpd) from Forest Fires

Forest Fires Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.001 0.001

Gaston* 0.002 0.004

Iredell* 0.002 0.003

Lincoln* 0.001 0.002

Mecklenburg 0.034 0.066

Rowan* 0.013 0.023

Union* 0.001 0.001

Total 0.054 0.100

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.3.2 Structure Fires

The structure fires category is based on both residential and non-residential structures. The U.S. 

Fire Administration (USFA) maintains statistics on the number of national residential and nonresidential fires. A fire per person factor was calculated for the residential structures based on 

the national number of residential fires divided by the national population for 2011. A fire per 

employee factor was also calculated for the non-residential structures based on the national 

number of non-residential fires divided by the national employment for 2011. Both the US 

population and employment were obtained from the US Census Bureau. The US residential fires 

totaled 364,500 and the non-residential fires totaled 85,400. The US population was 

311,591,917 and the US employment was 113,425,965. Therefore, the fire per person factor for 

residential structures is 0.0012 and the fire per employee factor for non-residential structures is 

0.0008. The structure fires emissions were allocated to the county level by the county population 

and employment. The 2010 county population and employment were obtained from the US 

Census Bureau. The fire per person factor for residential structures was applied to the 2010

county population to determine the number of residential structure fires per county. 

Additionally, a fire per employee factor for non-residential structures was applied to the 2010

total county employment to determine the non-residential structure fires per county. To 

determine the total emissions from structure fires, the sum of the residential and non-residential 

structure fires were totaled for each county. The county population, shown in Table 2.2-1, was 

used to estimate the emissions for the residential portion and the county employment, shown in 

Table 4.3.2-1, was used to estimate the emissions for the non-residential portion. The estimates 

of the residential and nonresidential portions were summed to obtain the total emissions for the 

structure fires.
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Table 4.3.2-1 County Employment

County 2010 County 

Employment

Cabarrus 55,864

Gaston 57,599

Iredell 56,377

Lincoln 16,368

Mecklenburg 502,944

Rowan 38,896

Union 42,518

The emission factors and fuel loading factor were obtained from the EIIP Tech. Report, 

Table 18.4-1 and Table 18.4-2, respectively. The emission factors are 11 lbs of VOC per ton 

burned and 1.4 lbs of NOx per ton burned. The loading factor is 1.15 tons of material burned per 

structural fire was also obtained from the EIIP Tech. Report. 

The structure fires emissions for the 2011 base year were calculated using equation 4.3.2-1. 

EMpol = [(cnty pop * FPP) + (cnty empl * FPE)] * CF * EFpol * (1 year/365 days)

2,000 lbs/tons 4.3.2-1

where:

EMpol = total daily emissions in tons/day

FPP = fire per person factor

FPE = fire per employee factor

CF = conversion factor, 1.15 tons burned/structure fire

EFpol = emission factors per pollutant

The VOC and NOx emission estimates, in tons/day, from structure fires for the Charlotte 

nonattainment area are listed in Tables 4.3.2-2.
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Table 4.3.2-3 Emissions (tpd) from Structure Fires

Structure Fires 

Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.0004 0.0001

Gaston* 0.0004 0.0001

Iredell* 0.0001 0.0000

Lincoln* 0.0001 0.0000

Mecklenburg 0.0024 0.0008

Rowan* 0.0003 0.0001

Union* 0.0004 0.0001

Total 0.0041 0.0012

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.3.3 Charbroiling

Charbroiling is one of the categories the EPA revised for the 2008 NEI. The emission factors 

were developed and reviewed by an ERTAC advisory panel composed of state and EPA 

personnel. The emission factors were generated by taking the 2002 NEI emissions and dividing 

by the 2002 population to develop per capita emission factors. The charbroiling emission factors 

are shown in Table 4.3.3-1

Table 4.3.3-1 Charbroiling Emission Factors

Subcategory VOC Emission Factors

(lb VOC/person/year)

Conveyorized Charbroiling 0.0121

Under-fired Charbroiling 0.0415

Deep Fat Frying 0.0126

Flat Griddle Frying 0.0059

Clamshell Griddle Frying 0.0002

The emissions for the base year emissions are calculated using Equation 4.3.3-1.

EM = county population *EF * (1 year/365 days)

2,000 lbs/tons 4.3.3-1

where:

EM = total daily emissions in tons/day

EF = emission factor per subcategory
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The total VOC emissions from charbroiling are summarized in Table 4.3.3-2.

Table 4.3.3-2 Total VOC Emissions (tpd) from Charbroiling

County

Total 

Charbroiling 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.02

Gaston* 0.02

Iredell* 0.01

Lincoln* 0.01

Mecklenburg 0.09

Rowan* 0.01

Union* 0.02

Total 0.18

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.3.4 Open Burning – Land Clearing and Yard Trimmings

Open burning of land clearing debris is the purposeful burning of debris, such as trees, shrubs, 

and brush, from the clearing of land for the construction of new buildings and highways. Open 

burning of yard waste is the purposeful burning of leaf and brush species in outdoor areas.

Land Clearing

The amount of material burned was estimated using the county-level total number of acres 

disturbed by residential, non-residential, and road construction. The acres disturbed reflect 

different years due to the latest availability of data from the various sources used to obtain the 

data. County-level weighted loading factors were applied to the total number of construction 

acres to convert acres to tons of available fuel. Counties that were more than 80% urban were 

assumed not to practice any open burning. Emission factors were developed by the EPA in 

consultation with the ERTAC and based primarily on the AP-42 report. The NOx emission 

factor is 5 lbs/ton and the VOC emission factor is 11.6 lbs/ton. 

The table below shows the total number of acres disturbed by residential, non-residential and 

road construction.
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Table 4.3.4-1 Number of Acres Disturbed by Residential Construction, Non-Residential 

Construction and Road Construction

County

2010 

Residential

Construction 

Acres 

Disturbed

2011 NonResidential

Construction 

Acres 

Disturbed

2008 Road 

Construction

Acres 

Disturbed

Total Acres 

Disturbed

Cabarrus 154 110 136 400

Gaston 117 134 84 335

Iredell 94 239 165 498

Lincoln 35 62 36 133

Mecklenburg 533 1,404 684 2,621

Rowan 55 88 56 199

Union 138 167 97 402

Total 1,126 2,204 1,258 4,588

The table below shows the county-level weighted fuel loading factors.

Table 4.3.4-2 Weighted Fuel Loading Factors 

County

Weighted 

Fuel 

Loading 

Factors 

(tons/acre)

Cabarrus 47.33

Gaston 52.58

Iredell 42.68

Lincoln 45.08

Mecklenburg 47.73

Rowan 44.17

Union 42.79

The land clearing debris emissions were calculated using Equation 4.3.4-1.

EMpol = EFpol * total acres disturbed * weighted fuel loading factor * (1 year/365 days)

2,000 lbs/ton 4.3.4-1

where:

EMpol = total daily emissions per pollutant in tons/day
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EFpol = emission factor per pollutant

total acres disturbed = total acres disturbed from residential, non-residential and road

construction debris

weighted fuel loading factor = factor used to convert mass of construction debris from 

acres to tons

Table 4.3.4-3 shows the 2011 land clearing debris emissions in tons/day.

Table 4.3.4-3 Land Clearing Debris Emissions (tpd)

Land Clearing Debris 

Emissions

County NOx

Emissions

VOC

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.00 0.00

Gaston* 0.00 0.00

Iredell* 0.06 0.13

Lincoln* 0.03 0.08

Mecklenburg 0.00 0.00

Rowan* 0.06 0.13

Union* 0.10 0.24

Total 0.25 0.58

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Yard Waste

According to the EPA report, Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the 

United States: Facts and Figures for 2010, residential waste generation accounts for 55-65 

percent of the total waste from the residential and commercial sectors. For the calculation of per 

capita yard waste subject to burning, the median value of 60 percent was assumed. This 

information was used to calculate a daily estimate of the per capita yard waste of 0.36 

lbs/person/day. Of the total amount of yard waste generated, the yard waste composition was 

assumed to be 25 percent leaves, 25 percent brush, and 50 percent grass by weight. 

Open burning of grass clippings is not typically practiced by homeowners, and as such only 

estimates for leaf burning and brush burning were developed. Approximately 25 to 32 percent of 

all waste that is subject to open burning is actually burned. A median value of 28 percent is 

assumed to be burned in all counties in the United States. Table 4.3.4-4 shows the 2010 leaf 

burned per county. 
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Table 4.3.4-4 Amount of Leaf Burned 

County 2010 Leaf 

Burned

Cabarrus 0.00

Gaston 0.00

Iredell 274.64

Lincoln 193.99

Mecklenburg 0.00

Rowan 244.17

Union 249.58

Since it is illegal to burn within the corporate city limits, only the rural portion of the population 

was used in the emissions calculations. The rural population was calculated by applying the 

2010 census rural population percentage to the total 2010 county population as shown in 

Table 2.2-2. 

Controls for yard waste burning are generally in the form of a ban on open burning of waste in a 

given municipality or county. Counties that were more than 80% urban were assumed not to 

practice any open burning. Therefore, criteria pollutant emissions from residential yard waste 

burning are zero in these counties. 

Emission factors for were developed by the EPA in consultation with the ERTAC. The VOC 

emission factor is 28 lbs/ton burned and the NOx emission factor is 6.2 lbs/ton burned.

The base year emissions were calculated using Equation 4.3.4-2. 

EMpol = county rural pop * leaf waste burned * EFpol *(1 yr/365 dys)

2,000 lb/tons 4.3.4-2

where:

EMpol = total daily emissions in tons/day

EFpol = emission factors per pollutant

The VOC and NOx emission estimates, in tons/day, from yard waste are listed in Table 4.3.4-5. 
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Table 4.3.4-5 Emissions from Burning of Yard Waste (tpd)

Yard Waste Burning 

Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions 

VOC 

Emissions 

Cabarrus* 0.000 0.000

Gaston* 0.000 0.000

Iredell* 0.001 0.004

Lincoln* 0.001 0.006

Mecklenburg 0.000 0.000

Rowan* 0.002 0.009

Union* 0.002 0.008

Total 0.006 0.027

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

The total VOC and NOx emissions from open burning are shown in Table 4.3.4-6.

Table 4.3.4-6 Total Emissions from Open Burning (tpd)

Open Burning Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.00 0.00

Gaston* 0.00 0.00

Iredell* 0.06 0.13

Lincoln* 0.03 0.09

Mecklenburg 0.00 0.00

Rowan* 0.06 0.14

Union* 0.10 0.25

Total 0.25 0.61

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.3.5 Small Stationary Combustion Sources

This source category covers emissions from natural gas (NG), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), fuel 

oil, coal and wood combustion in the residential, commercial/institutional (referred to as 

commercial) and industrial sectors. 
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The emission factors used to estimate the emissions, except residential wood, were obtained 

from the ongoing emission factor development work conducted by the ERTAC in conjunction 

with the EPA. The residential wood emission factors were obtained from a tool developed by 

the EPA to calculate the emissions generated from residential wood combustion.

The emission factors used are shown in Table 4.3.5-1 below. 

Table 4.3.5-1 Fuel Combustion Emission Factors

Fuel Units NOx VOC

Commercial

NG lb/106ft3100 5.5

LPG lb/103gal 14.23 0.52

Fuel Oil lb/103gal 20 0.34

Coal lb/ton 11 0.3

Wood lb/106 BTU 0.22 0.017

Industrial

NG lb/106ft3100 5.5

LPG lb/103gal 14.23 0.52

Fuel Oil lb/103gal 20 0.02

Wood lb/106 BTU 0.22 0.017

Residential

NG lb/106ft394 5.5

LPG lb/103bbl 562.8 21.91

Fuel Oil lb/103gal 18 0.7

Coal lb/ton 3 10

Wood-General Fireplace lb/ton 2.6 18.9

Wood-non-EPA Certified 

Woodstove lb/ton 2.8 53

Wood-EPA Certified 

Woodstove lb/ton 2.28 12

Wood-Pellet-Fired 

Woodstove lb/ton 3.8 0.041

Wood-Indoor Furnace lb/ton 1.8 11.7

Wood-Outdoor Hydronic 

Heater lb/ton 1.8 11.7

Wood-Outdoor Wood 

Burning Device-NEC lb/ton 2.6 18.9

Wood-Residential Firelog lb/ton 7.684 39.56
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To avoid double counting, the point source emissions are subtracted from the total emissions. 

Point sources are those stationary sources that require an air permit to operate. In general, these 

sources have a potential to emit threshold of 5 tons per year or greater of CO, NOx, PM, SO2

and/or VOC from a single facility. Point sources that meet this criterion are accounted for in the 

point source emissions inventory. The 2011 point source emissions data was subtracted from the 

overall area source emissions. The point source emissions were obtained from the 2011 NEI, 

Version 1. Tables 4.3.5-2 and 4.3.5-3 illustrates the point source emissions that were subtracted 

from the total area source emissions. If the point source emission is greater than the total area 

source emissions, the area source emission is assumed to be zero.

Table 4.3.5-2 Commercial Combustion Point Source Emissions (tpd)

2011 Point Source 

Commercial NG 

Combustion Emissions

2011 Point Source 

Commercial Fuel Oil 

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus 0.12 0.01 0.15 0.00

Gaston 8.54 1.85 0.01 0.00

Iredell 1.08 7.84 0.63 0.00

Lincoln 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03

Mecklenburg 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.04

Rowan 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00

Union 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total 10.27 9.70 1.21 0.07

 

Table 4.3.5-3 Industrial Combustion Point Source Emissions (tpd)

2011 Point Source 

Industrial NG Combustion 

Emissions

2011 Point Source 

Industrial Distillate Oil

Combustion Emissions

2011 Point Source 

Industrial Wood

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus 14.73 8.19 247.05 221.28 0.00 0.00

Gaston 52.12 2.92 5,583.43 377.50 0.00 0.00

Iredell 1,732.05 277.50 1,897.48 577.71 3.68 0.11

Lincoln 11.41 0.63 100.14 360.16 0.00 0.00

Mecklenburg 40.77 2.42 2,819.14 548.62 0.00 0.00

Rowan 78.45 45.15 1,429.38 1,508.05 0.00 0.00

Union 1.55 0.08 75.83 303.92 0.00 0.00

Total 1,931.08 336.89 12,152.45 3,897.24 3.68 0.11
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The 2011 industrial and commercial/institutional (ICI) combustion sources emissions were 

projected from the 2007 Southeastern States Air Resources Managers, Inc. (SESARM) area 

source emissions inventory because this is the latest available quality assured emissions 

inventory. The growth factors used to project the 2007 ICI combustion sources emissions are 

0.8506 for the industrial combustion sources and 0.9662 for the commercial/institutional 

combustion sources. The growth factors were derived from employment data for each the 

industrial sector and the commercial/institutional sector. The 2011 residential combustion 

sources emissions inventory was obtained from the 2011 NEI, Version 1. The NOx and VOC 

emissions estimates, in tons/day, for the industrial, commercial and residential combustion 

sources are shown in Tables 4.3.5-4 through 4.3.5-17 and summarized in Tables 4.3.5-18 and 

4.3.5-20. 

Table 4.3.5-4 Industrial Natural Gas Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Industrial NG Combustion 

Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.00 0.00

Gaston* 0.00 0.00

Iredell* 0.00 0.00

Lincoln* 0.00 0.00

Mecklenburg 1.33 0.07

Rowan* 0.00 0.00

Union* 0.04 0.00

Total 1.37 0.07

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.3.5-5 Industrial Wood Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Industrial Wood 

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.01 0.00

Gaston* 0.01 0.00

Iredell* 0.00 0.00

Lincoln* 0.00 0.00

Mecklenburg 0.12 0.01

Rowan* 0.01 0.00

Union* 0.01 0.00

Total 0.16 0.01

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.3.5-6 Industrial Liquefied Petroleum Gas Combustion Emissions (tpd) 

Industrial LPG 

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.03 0.00

Gaston* 0.03 0.00

Iredell* 0.01 0.00

Lincoln* 0.01 0.00

Mecklenburg 0.29 0.02

Rowan* 0.02 0.00

Union* 0.02 0.00

Total 0.41 0.02

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.3.5-7 Commercial Coal Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Commercial Coal 

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.01 0.00

Gaston* 0.01 0.00

Iredell* 0.00 0.00

Lincoln* 0.00 0.00

Mecklenburg 0.08 0.00

Rowan* 0.01 0.00

Union* 0.01 0.00

Total 0.12 0.00

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.3.5-8 Commercial Natural Gas Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Commercial NG 

Combustion

Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.06 0.00

Gaston* 0.01 0.00

Iredell* 0.03 0.00

Lincoln* 0.00 0.00

Mecklenburg 0.63 0.03

Rowan* 0.04 0.00

Union* 0.04 0.00

Total 0.81 0.03

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.3.5-9 Commercial Wood Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Commercial Wood 

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.01 0.00

Gaston* 0.01 0.00

Iredell* 0.00 0.00

Lincoln* 0.00 0.00

Mecklenburg 0.08 0.01

Rowan* 0.00 0.00

Union* 0.00 0.00

Total 0.10 0.01

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.3.5-10 Commercial Liquefied Petroleum Gas Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Commercial LPG 

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.02 0.00

Gaston* 0.02 0.00

Iredell* 0.01 0.00

Lincoln* 0.00 0.00

Mecklenburg 0.14 0.01

Rowan* 0.01 0.00

Union* 0.01 0.00

Total 0.21 0.01

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.3.5-11 Residential Coal Combustion Emissions (tpd) 

Residential Coal

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.000 0.000

Gaston* 0.004 0.004

Iredell* 0.003 0.004

Lincoln* 0.000 0.000

Mecklenburg 0.016 0.018

Rowan* 0.014 0.015

Union* 0.000 0.000

Total 0.037 0.041

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.3.5-12 Residential Fuel Oil Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Residential Fuel Oil

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.016 0.001

Gaston* 0.019 0.001

Iredell* 0.009 0.000

Lincoln* 0.010 0.000

Mecklenburg 0.024 0.001

Rowan* 0.024 0.001

Union* 0.010 0.000

Total 0.112 0.004

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.3.5-13 Residential Natural Gas Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Residential NG

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.22 0.01

Gaston* 0.37 0.02

Iredell* 0.06 0.00

Lincoln* 0.03 0.00

Mecklenburg 1.59 0.09

Rowan* 0.15 0.01

Union* 0.12 0.01

Total 2.54 0.14

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.3.5-14 Residential Liquefied Petroleum Gas Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Residential LPG

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.04 0.00

Gaston* 0.04 0.00

Iredell* 0.02 0.00

Lincoln* 0.02 0.00

Mecklenburg 0.05 0.00

Rowan* 0.03 0.00

Union* 0.08 0.00

Total 0.28 0.00

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.3.5-15 Residential Wood Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Residential Wood

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.02 0.23

Gaston* 0.02 0.24

Iredell* 0.01 0.09

Lincoln* 0.01 0.09

Mecklenburg 0.07 0.74

Rowan* 0.01 0.17

Union* 0.02 0.22

Total 0.16 1.78

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.3.5-16 Residential Firelog Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Residential Firelog

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.002 0.011

Gaston* 0.002 0.012

Iredell* 0.001 0.005

Lincoln* 0.001 0.005

Mecklenburg 0.016 0.081

Rowan* 0.002 0.010

Union* 0.002 0.010

Total 0.026 0.134

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.3.5-17 Residential Kerosene Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Residential Kerosene

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.005 0.000

Gaston* 0.005 0.000

Iredell* 0.003 0.000

Lincoln* 0.003 0.000

Mecklenburg 0.007 0.000

Rowan* 0.007 0.000

Union* 0.003 0.000

Total 0.033 0.000

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.3.5-18 Total Industrial Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Total Industrial 

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.04 0.00

Gaston* 0.04 0.00

Iredell* 0.01 0.00

Lincoln* 0.01 0.00

Mecklenburg 1.74 0.10

Rowan* 0.03 0.00

Union* 0.07 0.00

Total 1.94 0.10

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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Table 4.3.5-19 Total Commercial Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Total Commercial 

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.11 0.00

Gaston* 0.07 0.00

Iredell* 0.05 0.00

Lincoln* 0.01 0.00

Mecklenburg 1.16 0.05

Rowan* 0.07 0.00

Union* 0.07 0.00

Total 1.54 0.05

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

Table 4.3.5-20 Total Residential Combustion Emissions (tpd)

Total Residential 

Combustion Emissions

County NOx 

Emissions

VOC 

Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.30 0.25

Gaston* 0.46 0.28

Iredell* 0.11 0.10

Lincoln* 0.07 0.10

Mecklenburg 1.77 0.93

Rowan* 0.24 0.21

Union* 0.24 0.24

Total 3.19 2.11

 Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.

4.3.6 Agricultural Burning

This source subcategory covers burning practices used to clear and/or prepare land for planting. 

These operations include stubble burning, burning or agricultural crop residues, and the burning 

of stand field crops as part of harvesting (e.g., wheat). According to the North Carolina 

Department of Agriculture, when soybeans are double cropped with wheat, the wheat stubble is 

usually burned back after harvest about one fourth of the time. According to Dr. J. Dunphy, a 

soybean specialist at North Carolina State University, the acres of soybean double cropped with 

wheat in North Carolina is approximately equal to the acres of wheat planted. Therefore, 1⁄4 of 
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the acreage of wheat planted is used to calculate the emissions from agricultural burning 

practices in North Carolina.

The fuel loading and emission factors were obtained from the SESARM Report, Development of 

the 2007 Base Year and Typical Year Fire Emission Inventory for the Southeastern States Air 

Resources Managers Inc. The fuel loading factor is 1.9 tons of fuel consumed per acre burned, 

the VOC emission factor is 9.22 lbs/ton and the NOx emission factor is 4.48 lbs/ton. 

According to the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, field burning occurs only during 

June and July, therefore, the daily emissions for agricultural burning were calculated by dividing 

the annual emissions by 61 days. No seasonal adjustment is needed since all of the burning 

occurs during the ozone season. 

The number of acres of wheat planted was obtained from the North Carolina Agriculture Statistic 

Division and is tabulated in Table 4.3.6-1 below. 

Table 4.3.6-1 Acres of Wheat

County 2011 Wheat Acres

Cabarrus 4,000

Gaston 2,100

Iredell 7,500

Lincoln 4,300

Mecklenburg undisclosed

Rowan 7,500

Union 46,800

The emissions for 2011 were calculated using Equation 4.3.6-1.

EMpol = (1⁄4 x wheat acreage) *fuel loading* EFpol * (1 year/61 days)

 2,000 lbs/ton 4.3.6-1

where:

EMpol = total daily emissions in tons/day 

EFpol = emission factor per pollutant

The VOC emission estimates, in tons/day, from agricultural burning for the Charlotte 

nonattainment area are listed in Table 4.3.6-2. 
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Table 4.3.6-2 VOC Emissions (tpd) from Agricultural Burning

Agricultural Burning Emissions

County NOx Emissions VOC Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.0000 0.14

Gaston* 0.0000 0.07

Iredell* 0.0000 0.11

Lincoln* 0.0000 0.12

Mecklenburg 0.0000 0.00

Rowan* 0.0000 0.25

Union* 0.0001 1.46

Total 0.0001 2.15

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
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4.4 BIOGENIC EMISSIONS

Biogenic emissions are primarily VOC emissions from vegetation and are kept constant through 

all years when modeling ozone. Upon discussions with the EPA Region 4, it was agreed that the 

biogenic emissions did not need to be estimated for this 2011 base year emissions inventory SIP.
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4.5 SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS

The total area source emissions for the Charlotte nonattainment area are summarized in the tables 

below. All of the emissions are in tons per day.

Table 4.5-1 Total Area Sources Emissions (tpd)

County NOx Emissions VOC Emissions

Cabarrus* 0.44 4.53

Gaston* 0.55 4.94

Iredell* 0.22 1.95

Lincoln* 0.12 1.72

Mecklenburg 4.48 23.47

Rowan* 0.40 3.95

Union* 0.47 6.13

Total 6.68 46.69

Note: * indicates emissions for nonattainment portion only.
Appendix B.3

On-Road Mobile Sources

Emission Inventory Documentation
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE .................................................................................................1

2.0 OVERALL METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................1

2.1 EMISSION ESTIMATION APPROACH................................................................................1

3.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE MEASURES......................................................................................1

4.0 DISCUSSION OF ON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCES ..................................................................2

4.1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE.............................................................................................2

4.2 MOVES INPUT ASSUMPTIONS...........................................................................................3

4.2.1 Speed Assumptions............................................................................................................3

4.2.2 Vehicle Age Distribution ...................................................................................................7

4.2.3 Vehicle Mix Assumptions..................................................................................................8

4.2.4 Disaggregating State Specific Information......................................................................10

4.2.5 Vehicles/Equipment: On-Road Vehicle Equipment ........................................................13

4.2.6 Road Type........................................................................................................................13

4.2.7 Pollutants and Processes..................................................................................................14

4.2.8 Temperature and Relative Humidity Assumptions..........................................................14

4.2.9 Source Type Population...................................................................................................15

4.2.10 Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program Assumptions ........................................16

4.2.11 Reid Vapor Pressure and Fuel Assumptions..................................................................16

4.2.12 Diesel Sulfur Content Assumptions...............................................................................17

4.2.13 VMT Assumptions.........................................................................................................17

4.3 ESTIMATED EMISSIONS FROM ON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCES.................................21

5.0 MOVES INPUT DATA..............................................................................................................22

5.1 NORTH CAROLINA’S VEHICLE MIX...............................................................................22

5.1.1 2011 State Vehicle Mix ...................................................................................................22

5.2 METEOROLOGY: TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ...............................23
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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.2.1 Regional Model Speeds for the Charlotte Nonattainment Area (miles/hour) .................4

Table 4.2.3-1 2011 North Carolina HPMS Data.................................................................................9

Table 4.2.4-1 Mapping of HPMS data to MOBILE6.2 Categories..................................................10

Table 4.2.4-2 Calculation of New 2011 Statewide Rural Interstate Vehicle Mix ............................12

Table 4.2.9-1 MOVES Source Types and HPMS Vehicle Types ....................................................15

Table 4.2.13-1 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Cabarrus County .................................18

Table 4.2.13-2 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Gaston County ....................................18

Table 4.2.13-3 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Iredell County .....................................19

Table 4.2.13-4 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Lincoln County ...................................19

Table 4.2.13-5 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Mecklenburg County ..........................20

Table 4.2.13-6 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Rowan County ....................................20

Table 4.2.13-7 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Union County......................................21

Table 4.3-1 2011 On-Road Mobile Source NOx & VOC Emissions by County (tons per day)......21
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1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

This appendix describes the procedures used to develop the inventories of NOx and VOC 

emissions from on-road mobile sources, which comprise nearly half of the total man-made NOx 

and VOC emissions for this area.

2.0 OVERALL METHODOLOGY

2.1 EMISSION ESTIMATION APPROACH

Inventories of NOx and VOC emissions from on-road mobile sources were developed using the 

MOtor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) model, the United States Environmental 

Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) current official model for estimating air pollution emissions from 

on-road vehicles. MOVES2010b, the latest version of MOVES (released April 2012), was used 

for all modeling runs. All model input data development and modeling runs were conducted 

according to the methods and procedures outlined in the EPA documents: Emissions Inventory 

Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations (EPA-454/R-05-001. August 2005, updated 

November 2005), Policy Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for State Implementation Plan 

Development, Transportation Conformity, and Other Purposes (EPA-420-B-09-046, December 

2009), and Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emission Inventory Preparation 

in State Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity (EPA-420-B-10-023, April 2010).

Daily inventories were developed to represent the estimated on-road NOx and VOC emissions 

for a typical summer day, specifically a July 2011 weekday. First, MOVES modeling runs were 

executed to generate county-level emissions inventories for the seven Charlotte nonattainment 

area counties. These modeling runs used the MOVES input databases originally developed for 

the 2011 National Emissions Inventory (NEI), Version 1. Inventories for each of the six partial 

county areas were then calculated by scaling the county-wide inventory values by the fraction of 

the county human population within the nonattainment area portion of the county

3.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE MEASURES

The quality assurance (QA) for the on-road mobile source category is broken into two 

components: 1) input files and 2) MOVES outputs/summaries. Each of these components is 

detailed in the paragraphs below.

Speed and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) datasets for the areas to be modeled (typically countylevel data) are acquired from the transportation partners responsible for the travel demand model 
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(TDM) output. The speed information for each modeled area is checked for reasonableness 

against previous sets of speeds for that area. Once the speeds are deemed reasonable, the North 

Carolina Division of Air Quality (DAQ) enters the speed information into MOVES input files. 

In addition to the speed information, the user enters data to characterize local meteorology, fleet 

and activity information (e.g., VMT). All input files are checked against a “key” with the 

original source of the information. This QA step is always performed by a person other than the 

one who generated the files. If any discrepancies are found, they are noted back to the person 

who generated the input files for correction. Additionally, a report is kept that identifies the 

person who produced the input file, the person that QA’d the file, and where the data originated. 

Once the input files have passed through the QA procedure, MOVES is run to generate 

emissions data which is then compiled and summarized as needed. The MOVES output data and 

corresponding summaries are checked for reasonableness by comparison to historical data. The 

accuracy and completeness of the summarized data are independently verified by a person other 

than the one who created the summaries.

4.0 DISCUSSION OF ON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCES

On-road mobile sources produce the ozone precursor pollutants NOx and VOC, along with a 

host of other pollutants. This emissions inventory specifically focuses on these two pollutants. 

The objective of the following section is to describe the source category, the input files, and the 

emissions estimation procedures.

4.1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

On-road mobile sources are defined as those vehicles that travel on public roadways. Emissions 

from motor vehicles occur throughout the day while the vehicles are in motion, at idle, parked, 

and during refueling. All of these emissions processes are estimated in order to properly reflect 

the total emissions from this source category. 

A very important component of the highway mobile emission estimation process is interagency 

consultation. The primary transportation partners involved in the Charlotte nonattainment area

interagency consultation process included: NCDOT, EPA, Federal Highway Administration 

(FHWA), Cabarrus-Rowan Municipal Planning Organization (CRMPO), Charlotte Regional 

Transportation Planning Organization (CRTPO)1, Charlotte DOT (CDOT), Lake Norman Rural 

 

1

Previously known as the Mecklenburg-Union MPO (MUMPO).
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Planning Organization (RPO), Rocky River RPO and Mecklenburg County Air Quality 

(MCAQ). Specifically, MUMPO performed travel demand modeling (TDM) for the area and 

provided speeds and VMT. The DAQ consulted with the transportation partners for the 

appropriate speeds and VMT to use to develop these inventories. The NCDOT provided vehicle 

registration data and vehicle mix data for all Charlotte nonattainment area counties.

4.2 MOVES INPUT ASSUMPTIONS

All input data for MOVES modeling is first compiled into county-level MySQL databases which 

include separate tables for each type of input data needed. Output data from MOVES modeling 

runs are also created as MySQL databases. Due to their size and complexity, the MOVES input 

and output database files are provided electronically.

4.2.1 Speed Assumptions

Vehicle power, speed, and acceleration have a significant effect on vehicle emissions. The 

MOVES model allocates those emission effects by assigning activity to specific drive cycles or

operating mode distributions. The distribution of vehicle hours traveled (VHT) by average speed 

was used to determine an appropriate operating mode distribution. The Average Speed 

Distribution importer in MOVES calls for a speed distribution in VHT in 16 speed bins, by each 

road type, source type, and hour of the day included in the analysis. The methodology used to 

develop the average speed distribution inputs is documented below.

The speeds were generated from the region’s TDM for years 2010 and 2013 with speed data 

provided for the following four time periods during the day: AM Peak, Midday, PM Peak and 

Night. The 2011 speeds were interpolated based on 2010 and 2013 data. Table 4.2.1 provides a 

summary of the speeds in miles per hour (mph) for the Charlotte nonattainment area. The 

column headings in these tables represent the road types used in the modeling and are listed 

below.

Abbreviations for FHWA Road Types

RI Rural Interstate UI Urban Interstate

RPA Rural Principle Arterial UF Urban Freeway & Expressway

RMA Rural Minor Arterial UPA Urban Principal Arterial

RMjC Rural Major Collector UMA Urban Minor Arterial

RMiC Rural Minor Collector UC Urban Collector

RL Rural Local UL Urban Local

UH Urban high-occupancy vehicle 

(HOV)
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Table 4.2.1 Regional Model Speeds for the Charlotte Nonattainment Area (miles/hour)

Year Time RI RPA RMA RMjC RMiC RL UI UF UPA UMA UC UL UH

Cabarrus

2011

AM NA 48 52 41 40 28 42 NA 31 30 28 24 NA

Midday NA 53 58 46 43 28 66 NA 34 31 31 22 NA

PM NA 49 48 39 38 28 38 NA 28 28 26 22 NA

Night NA 57 60 52 47 28 68 NA 42 39 38 26 NA

Gaston

2011

AM 61 57 42 42 40 28 43 52 30 30 29 24 NA

Midday 63 58 54 49 40 28 63 55 34 35 29 24 NA

PM 56 57 44 41 39 29 42 52 29 30 25 24 NA

Night 63 58 57 51 41 28 63 56 39 40 33 24 NA

Iredell

2011

AM 57 NA 16 29 26 30 51 NA 25 26 20 24 NA

Midday 68 NA 15 34 28 30 64 NA 25 26 20 25 NA

PM 59 NA 12 26 27 29 50 NA 21 23 18 24 NA

Night 68 NA 33 43 40 31 68 NA 36 36 36 26 NA

Lincoln

2011

AM NA 57 43 56 43 28 NA 68 33 34 35 26 NA

Midday NA 62 46 57 46 28 NA 68 37 38 37 26 NA

PM NA 56 38 56 43 29 NA 68 32 33 34 25 NA

Night NA 66 52 58 47 28 NA 68 44 44 39 27 NA

Mecklenburg

2011

AM NA 35 31 30 36 30 45 49 24 24 22 22 63

Midday NA 44 43 40 41 29 58 55 28 28 27 21 65

PM NA 36 38 30 35 30 41 47 22 23 21 19 66

Night NA 49 45 46 45 29 62 58 37 37 36 24 0

Rowan

2011

AM NA 40 55 52 46 29 60 NA 39 35 33 24 NA

Midday NA 53 58 55 49 29 65 NA 39 35 31 23 NA

PM NA 46 54 51 46 29 59 NA 37 33 28 22 NA

Night NA 59 60 58 50 29 67 NA 45 41 38 25 NA

Union

2011

AM NA 50 48 45 45 31 NA 28 34 28 32 26 NA

Midday NA 52 51 48 47 30 NA 37 38 31 36 27 NA

PM NA 51 46 45 45 31 NA 28 32 26 29 26 NA

Night NA 53 56 52 48 31 NA 47 44 39 43 28 NA

MOVES uses four different road type categories that are affected by the average speed 

distribution input: rural restricted access, rural unrestricted access, urban restricted access, and 

urban unrestricted access (these road types are discussed in more detail in Section 4.2.6). In 

MOVES, local roadways are included with arterials and collectors in the urban and rural 

unrestricted access roads category. The EPA recommends that the average speed distribution for 
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local roadway activity be included as part of a weighted distribution of average speed across all 

unrestricted roads along with the distribution of average speeds for arterials and connectors.

When only a single average speed is available for a specific road type and that average speed is 

not identical to the average speed in a particular speed bin, MOVES guidance stipulates that 

users should apply the following formula for creating the appropriate speed distribution among 

two adjacent speed bins. 

The general formula is: 

 

 

VHT Fraction A in Speed Bin with closest average speed lower than observed average speed + 

VHT Fraction B in Speed Bin with closest average speed higher that observed average speed = 1 

VHT Fraction A(low bin) = 1 – [(observed average speed – average speed of lower speed bin) / 

(average speed of higher speed bin – average speed of lower speed bin)] 

VHT Fraction B(high bin) = 1- [(average speed of higher speed bin – observed average speed) / 

(average speed of higher speed bin – average speed of lower speed bin)] 

The following is an example of applying the above equations. If the single average speed for a 

roadway is 58 miles per hour, the average speed distribution will be split between the 55 and 60 

mph speed bins. The appropriate VHT fractions are found with the following equations: 

VHT fraction A(low bin) = 1 – [(58 mph Avg. Speed – 55 mph (Bin Speed)) / (60 mph (Bin Speed) 

– 55 mph (Bin Speed)] = 0.4 

VHT fraction B(high bin) = 1 – [(60 mph (Bin Speed) – 58 mph Avg. Speed) / (60 mph (Bin Speed) 

– 55 mph (Bin Speed)] = 0.6 

VHT Fraction A(low bin) + VHT Fraction B(high bin) = 1 

0.4 + 0.6 = 1

As stated above, MOVES uses only four different roadway types: rural restricted access, rural 

unrestricted access, urban restricted access, and urban unrestricted access. This means that the 
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speeds for multiple roadway types need to be combined into the appropriate speed bins. To 

create the speed bin fractions for combined roadways the VMT for each road way is used to 

weight the speed bin fraction. For example, below are speeds and VMT for urban restricted 

access road types:

Road type Speed

(miles/hour)

VMT

(hourly miles)

Urban Interstate 63 250,000

Urban Freeway 56 100,000

The first step is to determine the speed bin fractions for each road type separately. For the urban 

interstate road type, the speed 63 is split between the MOVES speed bins of 60 and 65 as 

described above, which results in the VHT fractions of 0.4 and 0.6 for speed bins 60 and 65, 

respectively. Similarly, the speed for the urban freeway road type (56 miles/hour) is split 

between the MOVES speed bins of 55 and 60 and results in the VHT fractions of 0.8 and 0.2, 

respectively. 

The next step requires road type VMT to weigh the VHT fractions so that the final MOVES 

speed bin fractions can be developed. The VHT fractions, specific to the road type and speed 

bin, are multiplied by the corresponding hourly VMT. These hourly totals are divided by the 

total VMT for that hour for the road type category (in this example, urban restricted access 

includes urban interstate and urban freeway). The following equation is used to calculate the 

combined speed bin fractions:

 ( ) [∑( ( ) ( ))] [∑ ( )]

Where:

RT = the HPMS road type

In this example, the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) road types are urban 

interstate (UI) and urban freeway (UF) and the speed bins are 55, 60 and 65. The table below 

summarizes the speed bin fractions for this example.

HPMS Road Type Speed Bin 55 Speed Bin 60 Speed Bin 65

Urban Interstate 0.0 0.4 0.6

Urban Freeway 0.8 0.2 0.0
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Using the equation below, the final MOVES speed bin fractions are calculated for the urban 

restricted access road type.

VHT(Speed Bin X) =

[(VHT Fraction(UI) * hourly VMT(UI)) + (VHT Fraction(UF) * hourly VMT(UF))]

(hourly VMT(UI) + hourly VMT(UF))

VHT(Speed Bin 55) =

[(0.0 * 250,000) + (0.8 * 100,000)]

(250,000 + 100,000)

VHT(Speed Bin 55) = 0.2286

VHT(Speed Bin 60) =

[(0.4 * 250,000) + (0.2 * 100,000)]

(250,000 + 100,000)

VHT(Speed Bin 60) = 0.3428

VHT(Speed Bin 65) =

[(0.6 * 250,000) + (0.0 * 100,000)]

(250,000 + 100,000)

VHT(Speed Bin 65) = 0.4286

The sum of the VHT fractions for all speed bins within a road type category must add up to 1.0. 

The hourly VHT fractions by speed bin and road type are then processed through a MOVESsupplied converter to develop the speed distribution file by hour and road type.

4.2.2 Vehicle Age Distribution

The age distribution of vehicle fleets can vary significantly from area to area. Fleets with a 

higher percentage of older vehicles will have higher emissions for two reasons. Older vehicles 

have typically been driven more miles and have experienced more deterioration in emission 

control systems. Additionally, a higher percentage of older vehicles imply there are more 

vehicles in the fleet that do not meet newer, more stringent emissions standards. Surveys of 

registration data indicate considerable local variability in vehicle age distributions. 

For SIP and conformity purposes, the EPA recommends and encourages states to develop local 

age distributions. A typical vehicle fleet includes a mix of vehicles of different ages. MOVES 

covers a 31 year range of vehicle ages, with vehicles 30 years and older grouped together. The 

MOVES model allows the user to specify the fraction of vehicles in each of 30 vehicle ages for 

each of the 13 source types in the model. 
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Local age distributions can be estimated from local vehicle registration data. The vehicle age 

distribution comes from annual registration data from NCDOT. For this analysis, NCDOT 

provided county-level vehicle age data which included the number of registered vehicles by 

model year for the years 1974 through 2011, along with the total number of vehicles from model 

year 1973 and earlier. Since MOVES categorizes the vehicle fleet into different vehicle classes 

and more model years, EPA has created data converters that take registration distribution input 

files created for MOBILE6.2 and converts them to the appropriate age distribution input tables 

for MOVES. Vehicles greater than 25 years old were combined and included as the 25th model 

year. The vehicle count information is provided for nine vehicle types; light duty gas vehicles 

(LDGV), light duty diesel vehicles (LDDV), light duty gas trucks 1 (LDGT1), light duty gas 

trucks 2 (LDGT2), light duty diesel trucks 1 (LDDT1), light duty diesel trucks 2 (LDDT2), 

heavy duty gas vehicles (HDGV), heavy duty diesel vehicles (HDDV) and motorcycles (MC). 

LDDT1 and LDDT2 are combined and labeled as light duty diesel trucks (LDDT). 

4.2.3 Vehicle Mix Assumptions

Vehicle mix or VMT mix is used by MOVES to convert annual VMT to VMT by HPMS class, 

VMT fractions by hour, and VMT by road type distribution. The vehicle mix is developed by the 

same method used in MOBILE6.2, as outlined below. The resulting file is used in a MOVES 

supplied converter to develop the VMT by HPMS class, VMT fractions by hour, and VMT by 

road type distribution. 

The vehicle mix refers to the percentage of different vehicle types on each of the 12 FHWA road 

types. These road types are listed above in section 4.2.1. It is critical for estimating on-road 

mobile emissions in an area to use data that accurately reflects the vehicles types traveling on 

each of these different road types. 

The EPA guidance document Technical Guidance on the Use of MOBILE6.2 for Emission 

Inventory Preparation (EPA420-R-04-013, August 2004) outlines how to convert HPMS traffic 

count data to MOBILE6.2 vehicle mix data. Outlined below is the methodology used to convert 

the 13 HPMS vehicle types count data to generate a state-specific vehicle mix.

The North Carolina HPMS data used to generate the statewide vehicle mix was based on 2011.

The use of the 2011 data for all years is described below. Table 4.2.3-1 shows the percent of 

vehicles per vehicle type for each of the 12 road classes (there was no Urban HOV). 
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Table 4.2.3-1 2011 North Carolina HPMS Data

Functional 

Classification MC Cars 2A4T Bus 2ASU 3ASU 4ASU 4AST 5AST 6AST 5AMT 6AMT 7AMT

Rural

Interstate 0.0038 0.7025 0.1448 0.0057 0.0213 0.0067 0.0003 0.0086 0.1017 0.0011 0.0022 0.0010 0.0002

Rural 

Principal 

Arterial 0.0061 0.6954 0.1959 0.0063 0.0278 0.0068 0.0007 0.0117 0.0459 0.0018 0.0009 0.0003 0.0003

Rural Minor 

Arterial 0.0055 0.7172 0.1976 0.0053 0.0256 0.0061 0.0006 0.0088 0.0312 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003

Rural Major 

Collector 0.0070 0.7057 0.2137 0.0055 0.0276 0.0062 0.0006 0.0086 0.0235 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002

Rural Minor 

Collector 0.0120 0.6640 0.2178 0.0078 0.0311 0.0105 0.0009 0.0078 0.0455 0.0025 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002

Rural Local 0.0086 0.7178 0.2046 0.0090 0.0351 0.0103 0.0010 0.0055 0.0069 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Urban 

Interstate 0.0041 0.7579 0.1563 0.0049 0.0182 0.0057 0.0003 0.0039 0.0466 0.0005 0.0011 0.0005 0.0001

Urban 

Freeways &

Expressways 0.0062 0.7360 0.1748 0.0054 0.0217 0.0069 0.0007 0.0100 0.0354 0.0011 0.0012 0.0004 0.0001

Urban 

Principal 

Arterial 0.0053 0.7736 0.1686 0.0048 0.0206 0.0057 0.0010 0.0053 0.0130 0.0014 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003

Urban Minor 

Arterial 0.0057 0.7708 0.1772 0.0041 0.0220 0.0048 0.0006 0.0052 0.0085 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0001

Urban 

Collector 0.0046 0.7859 0.1688 0.0053 0.0199 0.0043 0.0004 0.0046 0.0055 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001

Urban Local 0.0108 0.7175 0.1976 0.0099 0.0296 0.0130 0.0003 0.0055 0.0152 0.0006 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001
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4.2.4 Disaggregating State-Specific Information

Section 4.1.5 of Technical Guidance on the Use of MOBILE6.2 for Emission Inventory 

Preparation (EPA420-R-04-013, August 2004) illustrates how to map the HPMS statewide 

vehicle data to general MOBILE6.2 vehicle categories. This mapping is outlined below:

Table 4.2.4-1 Mapping of HPMS data to MOBILE6.2 Categories

HPMS Category General Category

Motorcycle Motorcycle (MC)

Passenger Car Passenger Car (LDV)

Other 2-Axle, 4-Tire Vehicles Light Truck (LDT)

Busses Heavy Duty Buses (HDB)

All Other Trucks:

Single unit, 2-axle, 6-tire

Single unit, 3-axle

Single unit, 4 or more axle

Single trailer, 4 or fewer axle

Single trailer, 5-axle

Single trailer, 6 or more axle

Multi-trailer, 5 or fewer axle

Multi-trailer, 6-axle

Multi-trailer, 7 or more axle

Heavy Duty Truck (HDV)

The HPMS data in Table 4.2.3-1 was grouped into these five general categories for each road 

type. In order to expand the five general categories to the 16 vehicle types used in MOBILE6.2, 

the national average VMT fractions by each vehicle class were used. The 2011 fractions were 

used since the state-specific data is from 2011. The national average data was obtained from 

Table 4.1.2 in Technical Guidance on the Use of MOBILE6.2 for Emission Inventory 

Preparation (EPA420-R-04-013, August 2004). An example for rural interstates is illustrated 

below:

From Table 4.2.3-1 above:

Passenger Cars = 70.25% 5 axle Trailer = 10.17%

Pickup Trucks = 14.48% 6 axle Trailer = 0.11%

Bus = 0.57% 5 axle Multi Trailer = 0.22%

2 axle Trucks = 2.13% 6 axle Multi Trailer = 0.10%

3 axle Trucks = 0.67% 7 axle Multi Trailer = 0.02%

4 axle Trucks = 0.03% Motorcycles = 0.38%

4 axle Trailer = 0.86%
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Therefore, the five general categories are:

Motorcycles = 0.38% Heavy Duty Buses = 0.57%

Light Duty Vehicles = 70.25% Heavy Duty Vehicles = 14.32%

Light Duty Trucks = 14.48%

From Table 4.1.2 in Technical Guidance on the Use of MOBILE6.2 for Emission Inventory 

Preparation (EPA420-R-04-013, August 2004), the 2011 national average vehicle mix for light 

duty vehicles is 0.3428, and the light duty trucks, buses and heavy duty trucks are listed below:

Light Duty Trucks Heavy Duty Trucks

LDT1 = 0.0911 HDV2B = 0.0390

LDT2 = 0.3031 HDV3 = 0.0038

LDT3 = 0.0934 HDV4 = 0.0032

LDT4 = 0.0430 HDV5 = 0.0024

Total = 0.5306 HDV6 = 0.0087

HDV7 = 0.0103

Busses HDV8A = 0.0112

HDBS = 0.002 HDV8B = 0.0398

HDBT = 0.001 Total = 0.1184

Total = 0.003
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Using the methodology described in Section 4.1.5 in Technical Guidance on the Use of 

MOBILE6.2 for Emission Inventory Preparation (EPA420-R-04-013, August 2004) the new 

2011 North Carolina statewide mix was developed. The one deviation from the guidance was 

that the DAQ grouped the light duty vehicles with the light duty trucks to normalize the vehicle 

mix. This was done because it is difficult to distinguish between light duty vehicles from light 

duty trucks in the count data. The basic formula for developing the mix is shown below, 

Vehicle Type = (2011 M6.2 fraction for vehicle) * (2011 State total for group)

(2011 M6.2 total for subcategory)

Table 4.2.4-2 displays the calculation for each vehicle type for the 2011 rural interstate vehicle 

mix.

Table 4.2.4-2 Calculation of New 2011 Statewide Rural Interstate Vehicle Mix

Vehicle Type Calculation New 2011 Mix

MC = MC = 0.0038

Light Duty Vehicles and Trucks

LDV = 0.3428 x (0.8473/0.8734) = 0.3326

LDT1 = 0.0911 x (0.8473/0.8734) = 0.0884

LDT2 = 0.3031 x (0.8473/0.8734) = 0.2940

LDT3 = 0.0934 x (0.8473/0.8734) = 0.0906

LDT4 = 0.0430 x (0.8473/0.8734) = 0.0417

Heavy Duty Vehicles

HDV2B = 0.0390 x (0.1432/0.1184) = 0.0472

HDV3 = 0.0038 x (0.1432/0.1184) = 0.0046

HDV4 = 0.0032 x (0.1432/0.1184) = 0.0039

HDV5 = 0.0024 x (0.1432/0.1184) = 0.0029

HDV6 = 0.0087 x (0.1432/0.1184) = 0.0105

HDV7 = 0.0103 x (0.1432/0.1184) = 0.0125

HDV8A = 0.0112 x (0.1432/0.1184) = 0.0135

HDV8B = 0.0398 x (0.1432/0.1184) = 0.0481

Buses

HDBS = 0.0020 x (0.0057/0.0030) = 0.0038

HDBT = 0.0010 x (0.0057/0.0030) = 0.0019

As stated earlier in this section, vehicle mix or VMT mix is used in MOVES converters to 

develop VMT by HPMS class, VMT fractions by hour, and VMT by road type distribution, 
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which are inputs to the model. The 2011 vehicle mix can be found in Section 5.1 of this 

appendix.

4.2.5 Vehicles/Equipment: On-Road Vehicle Equipment 

The Vehicles/Equipment menu item and panel is used to specify the vehicle types that are 

included in the MOVES run. MOVES allows the user to select from among 13 “source use 

types” (the terminology that MOVES uses to describe vehicle types), and four different fuel 

types (gasoline, diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), and electricity).

Users must select the appropriate fuel and vehicle type combinations in the On Road Vehicle 

Equipment panel to reflect the full range of vehicles that will operate in the county. In general, 

users should simply select all valid diesel, gasoline, and CNG (only transit buses) vehicle and 

fuel combinations, unless data is available showing that some vehicles or fuels are not used in 

the area of analysis.

4.2.6 Road Type 

The Road Type Panel is used to define the types of roads that are included in the run. MOVES 

define five different Road Types: 

 Off-Network (road type 1) – all locations where the predominant activity is vehicle starts, 

parking and idling (parking lots, truck stops, rest areas, freight or bus terminals) 

 Rural Restricted Access (2) – rural highways that can only be accessed by an on-ramp 

 Rural Unrestricted Access (3) – all other rural roads (arterials, connectors, and local 

streets) 

 Urban Restricted Access (4) – urban highways or freeways that can only be accessed by 

an on-ramp 

 Urban Unrestricted Access (5) – all other urban roads (arterials, connectors, and local 

streets) 

Users should select the road types present in the area being analyzed. The determination of rural 

or urban road types should be based on the HPMS classification of the roads in the county being 

analyzed.

The DAQ followed the EPA guidance in Using MOVES to Prepare Emission Inventories in State 

Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity (EPA-420-B-12-028, April 2012), which

states that all SIP and regional conformity analyses must include the Off-Network road type in 

order to account for emissions from vehicle starts, extended idle activity, and evaporative 
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emissions (for VOCs). The Off-Network road type is automatically selected when start or 

extended idle pollutant processes are chosen and must be selected for all evaporative emissions 

to be quantified. Off-Network activity in MOVES is primarily determined by the source-type 

population input, which is described in Section 4.2.9 of this document. Some evaporative

emissions are estimated on roadways (i.e., road types 2, 3, 4, and 5) to account for evaporative 

emissions that occur when vehicles are driving. All roads types are automatically selected when 

Refueling emission processes are selected. 

MOVES uses Road Type to assign default drive cycles to activity on road types 2, 3, 4, and 5. 

For example, for unrestricted access road types, MOVES uses drive cycles that assume stop and 

go driving, including multiple accelerations, decelerations, and short periods of idling. For 

restricted access road types, MOVES uses drive cycles that include a higher fraction of cruise 

activity with less time spent accelerating or idling, although some ramp activity is also included. 

4.2.7 Pollutants and Processes 

In MOVES, pollutant refers to particular types of pollutants or precursors of the pollutant, such 

as NOx or VOCs, while process refers to the mechanism by which emissions are created, such as 

running exhaust or start exhaust. Users must select all processes associated with a particular 

pollutant in order to account for all emissions of that pollutant. For example, there are 11 

separate pollutant processes in MOVES for VOC, i.e. hydrocarbon emissions; all 11 must be 

selected when estimating VOC emissions. For this inventory the pollutants under consideration 

were NOx and VOC.

4.2.8 Temperature and Relative Humidity Assumptions 

Local temperature and humidity data are required inputs for MOVES. Ambient temperature is a 

key factor in estimating emission rates for on-road vehicles with substantial effects on most 

pollutant processes. Relative humidity is also important for estimating NOx emissions from 

motor vehicles. The MOVES model requires a temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) and relative 

humidity (in percent, 0 to 100 scale) for each hour selected in the Run Spec. For example, 

MOVES requires a 24-hour temperature and humidity profile to model a full day of emissions on 

an hourly basis. For mobile source emission estimates, the DAQ used 2011 monthly averages 

for the 24-hour temperature and relative humidity profiles from the Charlotte-Douglas 

International Airport (KCLT). Data were obtained from the North Carolina State Climate 

Retrieval and Observations Network of the Southeast Database (CRONOS). The temperature

and relative humidity profiles as presented in the MOVES input files are listed in Section 5.2.
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4.2.9 Source-Type Population 

Source-type (i.e., vehicle type) population is used by MOVES to calculate start and evaporative 

emissions. In MOVES, start and resting evaporative emissions are related to the population of 

vehicles in an area. Since vehicle type population directly determines start and evaporative 

emission, users must develop local data for this input.

MOVES uses a vehicle classification system based on the way vehicles are classified in the 

Federal Highway Administration’s HPMS rather than on the way they are classified in the EPA

emissions regulations; thus making it easier for users to develop local data for MOVES. The 

MOVES model categorizes vehicles into 13 source types, which are subsets of 6 HPMS vehicle 

types in MOVES, as shown in the crosswalk in Table 4.2.9-1. The EPA believes that states 

should be able to develop population data for many of these source-type categories from state 

motor vehicle registration data (e.g., motorcycles, passenger cars, passenger trucks, light 

commercial trucks) and from local transit agencies, school districts, bus companies, and refuse 

haulers (intercity, transit, and school buses, and refuse trucks). The NCDOT supplied the DAQ

with source population data as described in the following section.

Table 4.2.9-1 MOVES Source Types and HPMS Vehicle Types

Source 

Type ID 

Source Types HPMS Vehicle 

Type ID 

HPMS Vehicle Type 

11 Motorcycle 10 Motorcycles 

21 Passenger Car 20 Passenger Cars 

31 Passenger Truck 30 Other 2 axle-4 tire vehicles 

32 Light Commercial Truck 30 Other 2 axle-4 tire vehicles 

41 Intercity Bus 40 Buses 

42 Transit Bus 40 Buses 

43 School Bus 40 Buses 

51 Refuse Truck 50 Single Unit Trucks 

52 Single Unit Short-haul Truck 50 Single Unit Trucks 

53 Single Unit Long-haul Truck 50 Single Unit Trucks 

54 Motor Home 50 Single Unit Trucks 

61 Combination Short-haul Truck 60 Combination Trucks 

62 Combination Long-haul Truck 60 Combination Trucks 

Source-Type Population – Local Data

The MOVES model uses allocation factors to distribute emissions and activity (such as vehicle 

type populations) to individual counties. The DAQ used local source-type population data in

lieu of MOVES default values. The use of local data is the preferred method since MOVES 
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default allocation factors are derived from VMT and vehicle populations allocated to counties 

are proportional to the VMT being allocated to that county. The DAQ corresponded with the 

EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ) to arrive at an acceptable method to 

develop current and future year source-type populations based on the local vehicle registration 

data available from NCDOT. The DAQ believes that using MOVES default vehicle population 

fractions is the best method of allocating state-specific county level vehicle registration data to 

the specific vehicle source types. 

MOVES uses 13 source-type categories which are subsets of 6 HPMS vehicle types. Presently 

DAQ is unable to develop county source-type population data for many of these source-type 

categories based on how NCDOT collects vehicle registration data. The latest vehicle 

registration data broken down by county and towns is available by January of each year. Since 

the vehicle type database available from NCDOT differs from what MOVES2010a expects, the 

DAQ relies on MOVES default fractions and applies these fractions to county total vehicle 

population, minus trailers. It is assumed that trailers do not have engines and do not generate 

VMT. 

4.2.10 Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program Assumptions

In 2002, North Carolina implemented a new vehicle emissions inspection program referred to as 

onboard diagnostics (OBDII). This program covers all light duty gasoline powered vehicles that 

are model year 1996 and newer. The program was initially implemented in 9 counties and was 

expanded to include a total of 48 counties between July 2002 and January 2006. Cabarrus, 

Gaston, Mecklenburg and Union Counties were phased in July 2002, Iredell and Rowan were

phased-in July 1, 2003 and Lincoln was phased in January 2004. 

Inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs continue to be important local control programs in 

many nonattainment areas. The MOVES model includes the capability of modeling all the 

aspects of an I/M program that have a significant impact on vehicle emissions. The EPA

recommends that users modeling an existing I/M program in MOVES begin by examining the 

default I/M program description included in MOVES for the particular county in question. The 

DAQ modified the default data in MOVES to reflect county specific compliance factors.

4.2.11 Reid Vapor Pressure and Fuel Assumptions

In general, users should first review the MOVES default fuel formulation and fuel supply data, 

and then make changes only where local volumetric fuel property information is available. The 

only exception to this guidance is in the case of Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) where a user should 
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change the value to reflect the regulatory requirements and differences between ethanol- and 

non-ethanol blended gasoline fuels. The current version of MOVES does not allow the user to 

create new fuel identification numbers. Thus, per current EPA guidance, the DAQ edited the 

default fuel supply tables for the individual counties to reflect the county-specific monthly RVP

data.

The RVP reflects a gasoline’s volatility. Lower RVP leads to lower VOC emissions from 

gasoline handling and lowers vapor losses from motor vehicles. Gasoline with an RVP of 7.8

pounds per square inch (psi) is required to be used during May through September for Gaston 

and Mecklenburg Counties. Gasoline with an RVP of 9.0 psi is sold in Cabarrus, Iredell, 

Lincoln, Rowan and Union Counties year round.

4.2.12 Diesel Sulfur Content Assumptions

The diesel fuel sulfur content for conventional diesel fuel is required in MOVES to generate fine 

particulate matter emission factors because the amount of sulfur in diesel fuel directly correlates 

to sulfate particulate emissions. The EPA recommends a diesel fuel sulfur content of 43 parts 

per million (ppm) for the period June 2006-May 2010 and 11 ppm for June 2010 -2015. The 

default fuel sulfur content (11 ppm) for conventional diesel fuel in MOVES was used for this 

analysis.

4.2.13 VMT Assumptions

As input, MOVES requires annual VMT by HPMS vehicle class. The EPA has created a tool 

that allows users to input average annual daily VMT as well as monthly and weekend day 

adjustment factors to create the annual VMT by HPMS class and appropriate monthly and daily 

adjustments needed by MOVES. The EPA has also created a set of software tools that can 

import VMT tables by MOBILE6.2 vehicle types (either 8, 12, 16, or 28 MOBILE6.2 vehicle 

types) and facility types, as well as MOBILE6.2 hourly VMT fractions, VMT mix, and ramp 

fractions and convert these to the equivalent MOVES tables of VMT by HPMS class, VMT 

fractions by hour, and road type distribution. Mapping MOBILE6.2 vehicle types to their 

equivalent MOVES source types is a complex process. The EPA strongly encourages states to 

use the converter tools to create the appropriate MOVES input tables from MOBILE6.2 data to 

avoid errors. 

The VMT data were provided for each year and each time period (i.e., AM Peak, Midday, PM 

Peak, and Night). Table 4.2.13-1 through Table 4.2.13-7 list the VMT used in the emissions 

calculations.
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Table 4.2.13-1 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Cabarrus County

Roadtype

2011 VMT

AM Peak Midday PM Peak Night Daily

Rural Interstate 0 0 0 0 0

Rural Principal Arterial 36,956 46,907 41,255 28,247 153,366

Rural Minor Arterial 55,962 62,744 61,432 38,114 218,251

Rural Major Collector 91,147 113,923 100,854 64,331 370,255

Rural Minor Collector 57,256 69,777 71,780 36,517 235,331

Rural Local 105,276 149,216 126,262 79,922 460,676

Urban Interstate 290,679 376,791 311,273 214,469 1,193,212

Urban Freeway/Xprway 0 0 0 0 0

Urban Principal Arterial 187,942 275,849 218,325 162,247 844,364

Urban Minor Arterial 190,418 284,398 216,035 158,740 849,591

Urban Collector 143,411 215,742 172,832 100,819 632,804

Urban Local 196,842 313,151 232,337 154,371 896,701

Rural 346,597 442,567 401,583 247,131 1,437,878

Urban 1,009,292 1,465,931 1,150,802 790,646 4,416,671

Daily 1,355,888 1,908,498 1,552,386 1,037,777 5,854,549

Table 4.2.13-2 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Gaston County

Roadtype

2011 VMT

AM Peak Midday PM Peak Night Daily

Rural Interstate 38,673 44,939 41,488 25,876 150,975

Rural Principal Arterial 56,638 59,304 59,569 37,180 212,690

Rural Minor Arterial 66,970 80,386 73,111 44,137 264,605

Rural Major Collector 81,353 102,392 96,113 61,149 341,007

Rural Minor Collector 41,511 47,171 50,755 25,322 164,759

Rural Local 72,762 101,998 89,013 55,221 318,995

Urban Interstate 465,166 561,619 498,573 343,102 1,868,460

Urban Freeway/Xprway 24,290 29,098 25,140 17,786 96,315

Urban Principal Arterial 277,992 384,776 316,638 220,900 1,200,306

Urban Minor Arterial 213,730 307,933 251,753 174,806 948,222

Urban Collector 58,719 80,290 71,372 41,660 252,041

Urban Local 207,924 330,353 243,802 172,108 954,186

Rural 357,906 436,191 410,048 248,885 1,453,030

Urban 1,247,821 1,694,069 1,407,279 970,363 5,319,532

Daily 1,605,727 2,130,260 1,817,327 1,219,249 6,772,562
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Table 4.2.13-3 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Iredell County

Roadtype

2011 VMT

AM Peak Midday PM Peak Night Daily

Rural Interstate 58,373 75,701 60,348 39,389 233,812

Rural Principal Arterial 0 0 0 0 0

Rural Minor Arterial 17,747 28,041 19,664 17,981 83,432

Rural Major Collector 39,132 57,145 44,671 32,631 173,580

Rural Minor Collector 49,979 69,257 57,892 33,633 210,760

Rural Local 105,857 160,129 123,975 81,589 471,550

Urban Interstate 219,882 307,594 235,216 173,873 936,566

Urban Freeway/Xprway 0 0 0 0 0

Urban Principal Arterial 31,774 52,334 37,039 29,782 150,930

Urban Minor Arterial 41,529 65,438 46,956 37,100 191,023

Urban Collector 49,006 80,811 56,676 41,359 227,852

Urban Local 87,941 151,046 105,505 69,281 413,774

Rural 271,088 390,273 306,551 205,223 1,173,134

Urban 430,132 657,224 481,393 351,395 1,920,144

Daily 701,220 1,047,497 787,944 556,618 3,093,279

Table 4.2.13-4 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Lincoln County

Roadtype

2011 VMT

AM Peak Midday PM Peak Night Daily

Rural Interstate 0 0 0 0 0

Rural Principal Arterial 22,195 28,329 23,672 15,657 89,853

Rural Minor Arterial 84,959 114,322 89,953 67,859 357,093

Rural Major Collector 52,043 65,943 59,167 37,294 214,447

Rural Minor Collector 55,838 63,517 63,777 33,901 217,034

Rural Local 145,583 206,170 170,591 107,757 630,101

Urban Interstate 0 0 0 0 0

Urban Freeway/Xprway 53,876 61,719 58,072 33,901 207,567

Urban Principal Arterial 20,691 29,879 22,812 17,632 91,014

Urban Minor Arterial 70,719 101,355 77,321 62,636 312,032

Urban Collector 18,136 25,547 21,717 13,427 78,826

Urban Local 42,572 67,734 50,028 35,836 196,170

Rural 360,618 478,282 407,160 262,467 1,508,527

Urban 205,994 286,234 229,950 163,431 885,609

Daily 566,611 764,515 637,111 425,899 2,394,136
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Table 4.2.13-5 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Mecklenburg County

Roadtype

2011 VMT

AM Peak Midday PM Peak Night Daily

Rural Interstate 0 0 0 0 0

Rural Principal Arterial 39,019 48,052 44,112 28,447 159,630

Rural Minor Arterial 17,385 21,158 20,191 14,002 72,736

Rural Major Collector 17,147 23,317 20,245 10,995 71,703

Rural Minor Collector 33,436 42,220 42,542 21,682 139,880

Rural Local 71,121 97,766 87,184 46,077 302,148

Urban Interstate 1,754,520 2,298,621 1,935,825 1,331,899 7,320,865

Urban Freeway/Xprway 1,126,743 1,416,043 1,301,936 737,037 4,581,758

Urban Principal Arterial 1,127,995 1,707,353 1,307,134 957,919 5,100,400

Urban Minor Arterial 1,041,530 1,578,574 1,221,981 853,518 4,695,603

Urban Collector 818,291 1,227,358 955,651 653,724 3,655,023

Urban Local 1,485,353 2,383,980 1,767,379 1,146,904 6,783,616

Urban HOV 17,709 350 7,719 0 25,779

Rural 1,932,628 2,531,133 2,150,100 1,453,101 8,066,962

Urban 5,617,620 8,313,658 6,561,800 4,349,102 24,842,179

Daily 7,550,248 10,844,790 8,711,900 5,802,203 32,909,141

Table 4.2.13-6 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Rowan County

Roadtype

2011 VMT

AM Peak Midday PM Peak Night Daily

Rural Interstate 0 0 0 0 0

Rural Principal Arterial 37,007 46,468 40,573 24,993 149,042

Rural Minor Arterial 22,966 30,614 25,436 18,950 97,966

Rural Major Collector 125,371 146,919 137,718 89,918 499,926

Rural Minor Collector 86,060 95,529 97,392 49,814 328,795

Rural Local 123,743 165,909 142,608 93,259 525,519

Urban Interstate 347,865 426,480 376,690 245,957 1,396,991

Urban Freeway/Xprway 0 0 0 0 0

Urban Principal Arterial 112,663 162,910 127,017 91,044 493,633

Urban Minor Arterial 124,861 188,257 143,574 105,559 562,251

Urban Collector 123,280 171,225 144,491 90,955 529,951

Urban Local 167,456 264,446 196,422 133,382 761,707

Rural 395,147 485,439 443,727 276,934 1,601,248

Urban 876,125 1,213,318 988,194 666,897 3,744,533

Daily 1,271,272 1,698,757 1,431,921 943,831 5,345,781
On-road Mobile Sources Documentation 21

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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

Table 4.2.13-7 Modeled Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled for Union County

Roadtype

2011 VMT

AM Peak Midday PM Peak Night Daily

Rural Interstate 0 0 0 0 0

Rural Principal Arterial 67,429 92,044 72,298 51,298 283,068

Rural Minor Arterial 24,128 30,691 27,627 17,621 100,067

Rural Major Collector 240,288 331,491 269,697 187,341 1,028,816

Rural Minor Collector 73,774 94,809 84,943 50,079 303,604

Rural Local 271,260 368,271 317,608 186,236 1,143,375

Urban Interstate 0 0 0 0 0

Urban Freeway/Xprway 22,210 29,263 21,929 15,887 89,288

Urban Principal Arterial 143,552 206,399 158,630 116,266 624,847

Urban Minor Arterial 98,098 148,769 112,990 89,788 449,645

Urban Collector 116,385 167,448 133,737 84,904 502,474

Urban Local 211,159 325,465 248,711 168,798 954,132

Rural 676,878 917,306 772,173 492,574 2,858,931

Urban 591,404 877,343 675,997 475,642 2,620,387

Daily 1,268,282 1,794,649 1,448,171 968,216 5,479,318

4.3 ESTIMATED EMISSIONS FROM ON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCES

Using the inventory approach in the MOVES model gives a summary of emissions in tons per 

July weekday, by county. Table 4.3-1 summarizes the NOx emissions and VOC emissions. 

Table 4.3-1 2011 On-Road Mobile Source NOx & VOC Emissions by County (tons per day)

County Nonattainment 

Area 

Population 

Fraction

NOx Emissions

(tons per day, July weekday)

VOC Emissions

(tons per day, July weekday)

CountywideNonattainment 

Area

CountywideNonattainment 

Area

Cabarrus 99.2% 11.9475 11.85 6.3709 6.32

Gaston 92.2% 14.5237 13.39 7.5201 6.93

Iredell 39.9% 13.6570 5.45 6.5719 2.62

Lincoln 80.2% 5.3992 4.33 3.1001 2.49

Mecklenburg 100.0% 57.0053 57.01 26.0596 26.06

Rowan 92.9% 11.6091 10.78 6.1813 5.74

Union 86.9% 10.7256 9.32 5.9755 5.19

Total: 112.13 Total: 55.35
On-road Mobile Sources Documentation 22

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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

5.0 MOVES INPUT DATA

Due to the size and the complexity of the MOVES input and output files, the MOVES input files 

and output files will be provided electronically. The MOBILE6.2 vehicle mix, as well as the 

temperature and humidity profiles used in the MOVES model is presented below.

5.1 NORTH CAROLINA’S VEHICLE MIX

5.1.1 2011 State Vehicle Mix

Rural:

LDV LDT1 LDT2 LDT3 LDT4 HDV2B HDV3 HDV4

HDV5 HDV6 HDV7 HDV8a HDV8b HDBS HDBT MC

Interstate

0.3326 0.0884 0.2940 0.0906 0.0417 0.0472 0.0046 0.0039

0.0029 0.0105 0.0125 0.0135 0.0481 0.0038 0.0019 0.0038

Princ. 

Art.

0.3497 0.0930 0.3093 0.0953 0.0439 0.0317 0.0031 0.0026

0.0020 0.0071 0.0084 0.0091 0.0324 0.0042 0.0021 0.0061

Minor 

Art.

0.3590 0.0954 0.3175 0.0978 0.0450 0.0245 0.0024 0.0020

0.0015 0.0055 0.0065 0.0070 0.0251 0.0035 0.0018 0.0055

Major Collector

0.3609 0.0959 0.3191 0.0983 0.0453 0.0224 0.0022 0.0018

0.0014 0.0050 0.0059 0.0064 0.0229 0.0037 0.0018 0.0070

Minor Collector

0.3460 0.0920 0.3060 0.0943 0.0434 0.0324 0.0032 0.0027

0.0020 0.0072 0.0086 0.0093 0.0331 0.0052 0.0026 0.0120

Local

0.3621 0.0962 0.3201 0.0986 0.0454 0.0198 0.0019 0.0016

0.0012 0.0044 0.0052 0.0057 0.0202 0.0060 0.0030 0.0086

Urban:

LDV LDT1 LDT2 LDT3 LDT4 HDV2B HDV3 HDV4

HDV5 HDV6 HDV7 HDV8a HDV8b HDBS HDBT MC

Interstate

0.3588 0.0954 0.3172 0.0978 0.0450 0.0253 0.0025 0.0021

0.0016 0.0056 0.0067 0.0073 0.0258 0.0032 0.0016 0.0041

Freeway

0.3575 0.0950 0.3161 0.0974 0.0448 0.0256 0.0025 0.0021

0.0016 0.0057 0.0067 0.0073 0.0261 0.0036 0.0018 0.0062
On-road Mobile Sources Documentation 23

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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

Princ. 

Art.

0.3698 0.0983 0.3270 0.1008 0.0464 0.0157 0.0015 0.0013

0.0010 0.0035 0.0041 0.0045 0.0160 0.0032 0.0016 0.0053

Minor 

Art

0.3719 0.0989 0.3290 0.1014 0.0467 0.0139 0.0014 0.0011

0.0009 0.0031 0.0037 0.0040 0.0142 0.0027 0.0014 0.0057

Coll

0.3747 0.0996 0.3313 0.1021 0.0470 0.0116 0.0011 0.0010

0.0007 0.0026 0.0031 0.0033 0.0119 0.0036 0.0018 0.0046

Local

0.3590 0.0954 0.3176 0.0979 0.0451 0.0212 0.0021 0.0017

0.0013 0.0047 0.0056 0.0061 0.0216 0.0066 0.0033 0.0108

5.2 METEOROLOGY: 2011 TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY

STATE CLIMATE OFFICE OF NORTH CAROLINA

NC CRONOS Database

Data retrieval from Douglas International Airport 

(KCLT)

Charlotte, Mecklenburg County

Latitude: 35.2140111 Longitude: -80.9431258

Elevation: 748 ft.

Month Hour

Number 

of 

Records 

Compiled

Average 

Temp.

(F)

Average 

Relative 

Humidity 

(%)

1 0 31 33.9 70

1 1 31 33 72

1 2 31 32.4 73

1 3 31 31.6 75

1 4 31 31 77

1 5 31 31 77

1 6 31 30.8 78

1 7 31 31.6 75

1 8 31 34.8 71

1 9 31 37.9 64

1 10 31 40.8 58

1 11 31 42.9 53

1 12 31 44.2 51

1 13 31 45.6 48

1 14 31 46.5 47
On-road Mobile Sources Documentation 24

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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

1 15 31 46.4 47

1 16 31 45.1 48

1 17 31 42.1 53

1 18 31 40.4 56

1 19 31 38.8 60

1 20 31 37.9 62

1 21 31 36.7 65

1 22 31 36 65

1 23 31 35.3 67

2 0 27 43.9 62

2 1 27 43.1 64

2 2 27 42.8 66

2 3 27 42.1 67

2 4 27 40.9 69

2 5 27 40.8 69

2 6 27 40.3 71

2 7 27 41.5 69

2 8 27 45.4 62

2 9 27 48.5 55

2 10 27 51.8 49

2 11 27 54.6 45

2 12 27 57.1 41

2 13 27 58.1 39

2 14 27 59.1 37

2 15 27 58.9 37

2 16 28 57.4 38

2 17 28 54.4 42

2 18 28 51.2 48

2 19 28 49.4 52

2 20 28 48.3 54

2 21 27 46.9 58

2 22 27 46.5 60

2 23 27 45.4 62

3 0 31 49.1 66

3 1 31 48.8 67

3 2 31 47.9 68

3 3 31 47.1 71

3 4 31 46.5 72

3 5 31 45.6 73

3 6 31 45.3 74

3 7 31 48.1 70

3 8 31 50.7 65

3 9 31 53.4 60

3 10 31 55.6 56

3 11 31 57.6 52
On-road Mobile Sources Documentation 25

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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

3 12 31 58.7 51

3 13 31 59.9 49

3 14 31 60.7 48

3 15 31 61.1 48

3 16 31 59.9 49

3 17 31 58.4 51

3 18 31 56.4 54

3 19 30 54 57

3 20 31 53.6 58

3 21 31 52.6 60

3 22 31 52.1 60

3 23 31 50.4 63

4 0 29 58.2 75

4 1 29 57.2 78

4 2 29 56.3 80

4 3 28 55.2 82

4 4 28 54.6 83

4 5 29 54.8 82

4 6 29 56.4 80

4 7 29 59.5 73

4 8 29 62.9 66

4 9 28 66.5 60

4 10 29 68.8 54

4 11 29 70.7 49

4 12 28 72.2 46

4 13 29 73.5 43

4 14 28 74.4 40

4 15 28 74.4 40

4 16 28 73.6 41

4 17 28 71.6 43

4 18 29 68 49

4 19 29 65.6 55

4 20 29 63.2 59

4 21 29 62 62

4 22 29 61.1 65

4 23 29 60 68

5 0 31 64.5 82

5 1 31 63.5 84

5 2 31 62.3 86

5 3 31 61.5 87

5 4 31 60.8 89

5 5 31 61 89

5 6 31 63.8 85

5 7 31 66.5 79

5 8 31 69.5 72
On-road Mobile Sources Documentation 26

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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

5 9 31 72.4 65

5 10 31 73.9 62

5 11 31 76 58

5 12 32 77.9 55

5 13 32 78.9 52

5 14 32 79.7 50

5 15 31 79.2 51

5 16 31 78.4 53

5 17 31 77 55

5 18 31 74 62

5 19 31 71.5 67

5 20 31 69.9 70

5 21 31 68.4 73

5 22 31 67.1 76

5 23 30 65.8 80

6 0 30 71.4 81

6 1 30 70.6 83

6 2 30 69.7 85

6 3 30 69.2 85

6 4 30 68.3 87

6 5 30 69.4 85

6 6 30 72.8 78

6 7 30 75.8 71

6 8 30 78.4 66

6 9 30 81.6 61

6 10 30 84.1 55

6 11 30 85.5 52

6 12 30 87.3 48

6 13 30 88.5 47

6 14 30 89.1 45

6 15 29 87.4 47

6 16 30 86.8 49

6 17 30 84.4 53

6 18 30 81.6 59

6 19 30 78.6 66

6 20 30 75.8 72

6 21 30 74.7 73

6 22 30 73.5 76

6 23 30 71.8 81

7 0 31 75.5 82

7 1 31 74.9 83

7 2 31 74.2 84

7 3 31 73.1 88

7 4 31 72.9 87

7 5 31 73.1 88
On-road Mobile Sources Documentation 27

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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

7 6 31 76 83

7 7 31 79.3 75

7 8 31 81.8 70

7 9 31 84.3 65

7 10 31 86.9 59

7 11 31 88.6 55

7 12 31 89.5 53

7 13 31 90 51

7 14 31 90.7 50

7 15 31 90 51

7 16 31 88.1 54

7 17 31 86.6 57

7 18 31 83.7 63

7 19 31 81.3 68

7 20 31 79.6 72

7 21 31 78.9 74

7 22 31 77.2 79

7 23 30 75.8 82

8 0 31 73 81

8 1 31 72 84

8 2 31 71.6 85

8 3 31 71.4 85

8 4 31 70.5 87

8 5 31 70.2 87

8 6 31 72.8 84

8 7 31 76.5 75

8 8 31 79.8 68

8 9 31 82.3 63

8 10 31 84.5 58

8 11 31 86.4 54

8 12 31 87.2 51

8 13 31 88.5 49

8 14 31 88.9 48

8 15 31 87.9 49

8 16 31 86.8 51

8 17 31 84.9 54

8 18 31 81.5 62

8 19 31 79.3 65

8 20 31 77.5 69

8 21 31 76.4 72

8 22 31 75.1 74

8 23 31 74 78

9 0 30 66.5 86

9 1 30 65.9 88

9 2 30 65.7 89
On-road Mobile Sources Documentation 28

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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

9 3 30 65 90

9 4 30 64.9 90

9 5 30 64.5 90

9 6 30 65.6 89

9 7 29 68.6 84

9 8 30 71.6 76

9 9 30 74.1 70

9 10 30 76.4 65

9 11 30 77.7 62

9 12 30 78.9 60

9 13 30 79.7 56

9 14 30 80 55

9 15 30 79.8 55

9 16 30 79 56

9 17 30 76.8 60

9 18 30 72.4 71

9 19 30 71.6 71

9 20 30 69.6 76

9 21 30 68.6 78

9 22 30 66.7 84

9 23 30 66.5 85

10 0 31 53.3 79

10 1 31 52.9 80

10 2 31 51.8 82

10 3 31 51 83

10 4 31 50.7 84

10 5 31 50.2 84

10 6 31 50.2 85

10 7 31 54.6 79

10 8 31 59.1 67

10 9 31 63 58

10 10 30 65.3 53

10 11 31 67.4 49

10 12 31 68.7 47

10 13 31 69.7 45

10 14 31 69.8 44

10 15 31 69 46

10 16 31 67.3 48

10 17 31 63.3 56

10 18 31 59.4 65

10 19 31 58.6 66

10 20 31 57.2 69

10 21 31 56.2 72

10 22 31 54.6 75

10 23 31 53.5 78
On-road Mobile Sources Documentation 29

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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

11 0 30 47.4 81

11 1 30 47 81

11 2 30 46.1 84

11 3 30 45.5 85

11 4 30 45.1 85

11 5 30 45.2 85

11 6 30 44.3 86

11 7 30 47.4 83

11 8 30 51.9 75

11 9 30 55.8 66

11 10 30 58.8 59

11 11 30 60.8 55

11 12 30 62.3 52

11 13 30 63.4 50

11 14 30 63.3 50

11 15 30 62.5 52

11 16 30 60.4 54

11 17 29 57.6 61

11 18 30 55.6 64

11 19 30 54.2 67

11 20 30 53 69

11 21 30 51.4 73

11 22 30 50 75

11 23 30 48 80

12 0 31 44.4 78

12 1 31 43.9 79

12 2 31 43.3 80

12 3 31 42.7 81

12 4 31 42.5 82

12 5 31 41.9 82

12 6 31 41.7 82

12 7 31 42.1 83

12 8 31 46 76

12 9 31 49.8 68

12 10 31 52.6 62

12 11 31 54.6 59

12 12 31 56 56

12 13 31 57.2 55

12 14 31 57.7 54

12 15 31 56.8 55

12 16 31 55.2 58

12 17 31 52.1 64

12 18 31 51.2 65

12 19 31 49.3 69

12 20 31 48.9 68
On-road Mobile Sources Documentation 30

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North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

12 21 31 47.3 71

12 22 31 47 72

12 23 31 46.1 74
Appendix B.4

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Emission Inventory Documentation
(This page intentionally left blank)
Nonroad Source Documentation i

Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, 2008 Ozone Marginal Nonattainment Area Appendix B.4

North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE ........................................................................................... 1

2. OVERALL METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................. 1

2.1 SOURCE CATEGORY IDENTIFICATION .................................................................. 1

2.2 EMISSION ESTIMATION APPROACH ....................................................................... 1

3. QUALITY ASSURANCE MEASURES................................................................................ 2

4. EMISSIONS AND DETAILED METHODOLOGY............................................................. 2

4.1 TOTAL NONROAD EMISSIONS.................................................................................. 2

4.2 CATEGORIES FROM THE NONROAD MODEL........................................................ 3

4.3 RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVES........................................................................................ 7
Nonroad Source Documentation ii

Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, 2008 Ozone Marginal Nonattainment Area Appendix B.4

North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

List of Tables

Table 4.1-1 Total All Nonroad (tons/day) ...................................................................................... 3

Table 4.2-1 Agricultural Equipment (tons/day).............................................................................. 4

Table 4.2-2 Commercial Equipment (tons/day).............................................................................. 5

Table 4.2-3 Construction and Mining Equipment (tons/day)......................................................... 5

Table 4.2-4 Industrial Equipment (tons/day).................................................................................. 5

Table 4.2-5 Lawn and Garden Equipment (Commercial) (tons/day) ............................................. 6

Table 4.2-6 Lawn and Garden Equipment (Residential) (tons/day)............................................... 6

Table 4.2-7 Logging Equipment (tons/day).................................................................................... 6

Table 4.2-8 Railway Maintenance (tons/day)................................................................................. 6

Table 4.2-9 Recreational Equipment (tons/day)............................................................................. 7

Table 4.2-10 Recreational Marine (tons/day)................................................................................. 7

Table 4.3-1 Railroads (tons/day)..................................................................................................... 8
Nonroad Source Documentation 1

Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, 2008 Ozone Marginal Nonattainment Area Appendix B.4

North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

Nonroad mobile sources are equipment that can move but are not licensed to use public roads 

and highways. The nonroad mobile source category includes a diverse collection of equipment 

such as lawn mowers, chain saws, tractors, all terrain vehicles, forklifts, and construction 

equipment. The majority of the emissions from this equipment are calculated using the 

NONROAD2008a model developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency 

(EPA). This category also includes aircraft, railroad locomotives, and commercial marine 

vessels. No commercial marine vessels operate in Cabarrus, Gaston, Iredell, Lincoln, 

Mecklenburg, Rowan, or Union counties so none are reported. Aircraft emissions, traditionally a 

nonroad category, are reported as point sources (see Appendix B.1) in keeping with the EPA 

practice for the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) where they are reported to occur at the 

locations of the airports where they are generated. Emissions from railroad locomotives 

operating at rail yards are now also reported as point sources since they occur at a fixed location

(see Appendix B.1).

For this Charlotte marginal ozone nonattainment area inventory, emissions of oxides of nitrogen 

(NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are reported for the base year of 2011. Reported 

values developed from NONROAD2008a data are stated in tons per July day. Emissions from 

railroads are stated in tons per day. All emissions reported here from the 2011 NEI version 1.

2. OVERALL METHODOLOGY

2.1 SOURCE CATEGORY IDENTIFICATION

Nonroad mobile sources were identified from the EPA guidance document EPA-450/4-91-016, 

Procedures for the Preparation of Emissions Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors 

of Ozone (Procedures document). Nonroad mobile source emissions were estimated by the 

methodologies suggested in the EPA document, EPA-454/R-05-001, Emissions Inventory 

Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations; EPA-450/4-81-026d (Revised) Procedures 

for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV; Mobile Sources (Mobile Source Procedures); 

from the EPA’s nonroad mobile model NONROAD2008a released July 6, 2009; and from the 

Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System 5.1 (EDMS 5.1) model developed by the EPA and 

the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

2.2 EMISSION ESTIMATION APPROACH

For this inventory, the starting point was version 1 of the 2011 NEI. Reports of emissions for 

railroads (including rail yards) and aircraft at airports were downloaded from the NEI at the 
Nonroad Source Documentation 2

Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, 2008 Ozone Marginal Nonattainment Area Appendix B.4

North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

EPA’s Emission Inventory System Gateway (EIS Gateway). The North Carolina NONROAD 

model output was obtained from an EPA file transfer protocol (FTP) site 

(ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2011v6/v1platform/2011emissions/nonroad_by_state/).

Since airports and railyards have a fixed location their map coordinates were used to determine if 

they are inside or outside the partial county nonattainment areas. Those inside the nonattainment 

areas were then summarized at the county level and the values reported in the point emissions

inventory (see Appendix B.1).

Emissions for the NONROAD model equipment categories and for railroad locomotive 

emissions on railroad tracks (i.e. other than rail yards) were obtained at the county level. Since 

parts of all but one of the nonattainment counties are classified as attainment, the population 

fraction that is in the nonattainment part of the county was used to determine the emissions for 

the nonattainment part. More information about the population fractions may be found in the 

narrative.

The 2011 National Emission Inventory, version 1 Technical Support Document, found at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2011inventory.html#inventorydoc, should be consulted for 

additional information about inventory development.

3. QUALITY ASSURANCE MEASURES

Since the nonroad inventory emissions originated from the EPA’s 2011 NEI version 1, they were 

developed with the NEI quality assurance measures. Documentation of the EPA’s quality 

assurance measures and additional information about the 2011 NEI may be found at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2011inventory.html#inventorydoc and in the 2011 National 

Emission Inventory, version 1 Technical Support Document. 

Once inventory data was gathered from the EPA it was summarized for the tables produced in 

the following pages. Summaries and calculations were performed using Access databases and 

Excel files. These files were examined by a person not involved in their production. No problems 

were identified.

4. EMISSIONS AND DETAILED METHODOLOGY

4.1 TOTAL NONROAD EMISSIONS

Emissions of nonroad sources reported as nonroad emissions are shown in Table 4.1-1 below. 

Airport emissions (aircraft and ground support equipment) and rail yard emissions are reported 

in the point source appendix. The asterisk (*) indicates a partial county.
Nonroad Source Documentation 3

Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, 2008 Ozone Marginal Nonattainment Area Appendix B.4

North Carolina Emissions Inventory & Emissions Statements SIP July 7, 2014

Table 4.1-1 Total All Nonroad (tons/day)

County NOX VOC 

Cabarrus* 2.43 1.62

Gaston* 2.30 1.83

Iredell* 0.96 0.84

Lincoln* 0.88 0.83

Mecklenburg 16.31 14.76

Rowan* 1.94 1.96

Union* 3.93 2.56

Total 28.75 24.40

4.2 CATEGORIES FROM THE NONROAD MODEL

The EPA included more than 80 different types of equipment in the NONROAD model. To 

facilitate analysis and reporting, the EPA grouped the equipment types into eleven equipment 

categories. These include: 

Agricultural equipment Lawn and garden equipment, commercial

Commercial equipment Logging equipment

Construction and mining equipment Pleasure craft (recreational marine)

Industrial equipment Railroad maintenance equipment

Lawn and garden equipment, residential Recreational equipment

The eleventh category, aircraft ground support equipment, was not calculated with the 

NONROAD model because the method of calculation performed by EDMS 5.1 (also used for 

aircraft emissions) was judged to be superior. Additionally, the emissions are estimated for five 

different engine types, these include: 2-stroke and 4-stroke spark ignition engines, diesel engines, 

liquid propane gas and compressed natural gas fueled engines. 

The NONROAD2008a model was run by the EPA within the National Mobile Inventory Model

(NMIM) as it simplifies the calculation process when emissions for a large number of counties 

are calculated at the same time. This latest version of the model was released to the public on 

July 6, 2009.

NONROAD2008a is the latest release of the EPA NONROAD model that was first released in 

June 2000, and incorporates many revisions to improve the model’s predictive ability. This 

model revision accounts for emission reductions from the Diesel Recreational Marine standards 

in the Locomotive Engines and Marine Compression-Ignition Engines Less Than 30 Liters per 

Cylinder final rule published in the Federal Register (FR) (73 FR 25098) and the Small Spark 

Ignition Engines and Spark Ignition Recreational Marine Engines final rule (73 FR 59034). 
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There are a number of additional improvements including the ability to model the effects of 

ethanol blends on fuel tank and hose permeation losses.

Instead of options files (wherein all the modeling variables are set) used in the NONROAD2008a 

model when run by itself, NMIM uses relational database files that specify temperatures and fuel 

properties to be used for each county for each month of the year. The EPA developed fuel 

specifications for all counties and months for North Carolina. For Mecklenburg and Gaston 

Counties for July, the gasoline RVP was 8.71, the ethanol percent was 10 and the ethanol market 

share was 0.91. For the other counties the RVP was 9.61, the ethanol percent was 10, and the 

ethanol market share was 0.91. For all counties, nonroad gasoline sulfur was 30 parts per million 

and nonroad diesel sulfur was 31 parts per million. The seasonal file for the model was modified 

to place North Carolina in the Southeast states group rather than the Mid-Atlantic group. This 

change was made because the North Carolina Division of Air Quality (DAQ) had reviewed 

temperature data for North Carolina compared to states in the Southeast and the Mid-Atlantic. 

The results of this comparison indicated that North Carolina temperatures are more in-line with 

the Southeast States.

The nonroad results file for North Carolina posted by the EPA at 

ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2011v6/v1platform/2011emissions/nonroad_by_state/ was 

downloaded and placed in an ACCESS database file for manipulation. The emissions data was 

reported by county, equipment type, and pollutant with annual values and monthly values. A file 

of source classification codes (SCC) for each of the equipment categories was produced and used 

for grouping the emissions of NOx and VOC by county and equipment category for the month of 

July. Division by 31 produced daily emissions values which were then adjusted by the 

population fraction in the nonattainment portions of the counties. 

The summary of the model results expressed in tons emitted per typical July day are tabulated in 

Table 4.2-1 through Table 4.2-10. Emissions shown for all but Mecklenburg County are those 

for the nonattainment portion and are marked with an asterisk (*).

Table 4.2-1 Agricultural Equipment (tons/day)

County NOX VOC 

Cabarrus* 0.14 0.02

Gaston* 0.06 0.01

Iredell* 0.12 0.01

Lincoln* 0.10 0.01

Mecklenburg 0.03 0.00

Rowan* 0.24 0.03

Union* 0.50 0.06

Total 1.19 0.14
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Table 4.2-2 Commercial Equipment (tons/day)

County NOX VOC 

Cabarrus* 0.14 0.20

Gaston* 0.15 0.20

Iredell* 0.07 0.10

Lincoln* 0.04 0.06

Mecklenburg 1.83 2.56

Rowan* 0.09 0.12

Union* 0.17 0.26

Total 2.49 3.50

Table 4.2-3 Construction and Mining Equipment (tons/day)

County NOX VOC 

Cabarrus* 1.15 0.17

Gaston* 0.78 0.11

Iredell* 0.44 0.06

Lincoln* 0.25 0.04

Mecklenburg 9.86 1.42

Rowan* 0.34 0.05

Union* 1.79 0.26

Total 14.61 2.11

Table 4.2-4 Industrial Equipment (tons/day)

County NOX VOC 

Cabarrus* 0.29 0.06

Gaston* 0.49 0.10

Iredell* 0.17 0.03

Lincoln* 0.14 0.03

Mecklenburg 1.28 0.24

Rowan* 0.38 0.08

Union* 0.34 0.07

Total 3.09 0.61
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Table 4.2-5 Lawn and Garden Equipment (Commercial) (tons/day)

County NOX VOC 

Cabarrus* 0.19 0.70

Gaston* 0.12 0.42

Iredell* 0.02 0.06

Lincoln* 0.04 0.13

Mecklenburg 1.72 6.18

Rowan* 0.04 0.15

Union* 0.33 1.22

Total 2.46 8.86

Table 4.2-6 Lawn and Garden Equipment (Residential) (tons/day)

County NOX VOC 

Cabarrus* 0.04 0.42

Gaston* 0.06 0.51

Iredell* 0.02 0.16

Lincoln* 0.02 0.16

Mecklenburg 0.25 2.25

Rowan* 0.04 0.37

Union* 0.03 0.33

Total 0.46 4.20

Table 4.2-7 Logging Equipment (tons/day)

County NOX VOC 

Cabarrus* 0.00 0.00

Gaston* 0.00 0.00

Iredell* 0.00 0.00

Lincoln* 0.00 0.00

Mecklenburg 0.01 0.00

Rowan* 0.01 0.01

Union* 0.00 0.00

Total 0.02 0.01

Table 4.2-8 Railway Maintenance (tons/day)

County NOX VOC 
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Cabarrus* 0.00 0.00

Gaston* 0.00 0.00

Iredell* 0.00 0.00

Lincoln* 0.00 0.00

Mecklenburg 0.00 0.00

Rowan* 0.00 0.00

Union* 0.00 0.00

Total 0.00 0.00

Table 4.2-9 Recreational Equipment (tons/day)

County NOX VOC 

Cabarrus* 0.00 0.00

Gaston* 0.01 0.29

Iredell* 0.01 0.24

Lincoln* 0.01 0.24

Mecklenburg 0.06 1.53

Rowan* 0.03 0.84

Union* 0.01 0.27

Total 0.13 3.41

Table 4.2-10 Recreational Marine (tons/day)

County NOX VOC 

Cabarrus* 0.00 0.02

Gaston* 0.03 0.16

Iredell* 0.03 0.18

Lincoln* 0.03 0.15

Mecklenburg 0.09 0.52

Rowan* 0.05 0.27

Union* 0.01 0.05

Total 0.24 1.35

4.3 RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVES

Freight railroad companies are categorized by size (Class I, Class II, or Class III). There are also 

passenger service railroads. Class I railroad companies are long-haul operations, consisting of 

Norfolk Southern Corporation and CSX Corporation. Class II and Class III railroad companies 
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are short lines serving localized markets. Amtrak and the North Carolina Department of 

Transportation (NCDOT) Rail Division provide passenger service. 

Railroad locomotive emissions for classes I, II, and III plus rail yards were calculated for all of 

North Carolina for 2008 as part of the Eastern Regional Technical Advisory Committee 

(ERTAC) railroad emission inventory developed for the 2008 NEI. Some of the details of the 

ERTAC work are based on proprietary information provided by the railroad companies. The 

calculation methodologies followed procedures acceptable to the EPA. Additional detail can be 

found in Documentation for Locomotive Component of the National Emissions Inventory 

Methodology, ERG No.: 0245.03.402.001, Contract No.: EP-D-07-097. The 2008 emissions 

were then grown to 2011 values as described in the 2011 National Emission Inventory, version 1

Technical Support Document.

Passenger railroad emissions were developed by the DAQ for 2011. This was done using 

information supplied by the NCDOT Rail Division, maps of rail links and their lengths provided 

by the EPA (Federal Railway Administration data), and emission factors from Emission Factors 

for Locomotives, EPA-420-F-09-025. These 2011 emissions were added to the 2011 NEI to 

supplement the grown ERTAC estimates reported by the EPA. This was done for Amtrak routes 

and for the trains run by the NCDOT. 

Reports of railroad emissions in the 2011 NEI were downloaded from the EPA’s EIS Gateway 

web site. Emissions at rail yards operating in the nonattainment area (identified by map 

coordinates) were separated, summarized, and reported in the point source inventory (see 

Appendix B.1). Emissions from the class I, II, and III railroads plus the passenger railroad 

emissions in the nonattainment counties were summarized, adjusted to ton per day values, and 

then adjusted by county population fraction in the nonattainment portion. Railroad emissions are 

shown in table 4.3-1 below. Partial county emissions are indicated with *.

Table 4.3-1 Railroads (tons/day)

County NOX VOC 

Cabarrus* 0.48 0.03

Gaston* 0.60 0.03

Iredell* 0.08 0.00

Lincoln* 0.25 0.01

Mecklenburg 1.18 0.06

Rowan* 0.72 0.04

Union* 0.75 0.04

Total 4.06 0.21
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