Vital and

Health Statistics

Causes of Death

Contributing to Changes

in Life Expectancy:

United States, 1984-89

Series 20:

Data From the National Vital Statistics System

No. 23

This report identifies the major cause of death and age groups that contributed

most to the decrease in life expectancy at birth for black males and females

and to the increase for whtie males and females in the United States from

1984-89. The report also identifies the major causes and age groups that

contributed most to the increase in the gap in the life expectancy between the

black and white populations, by sex, during the same time period.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF Hwll+ AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Conho[ and Prevention

National Center for H@th statistics

Hyaitsvllle, Maiyiand

May 1994

DHHS Public@on No. [PHS] 94-1851

J
Copyright information

All material appearing in this repwl is in the public domain and may be

reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is

appreciated.

Suggested citation

Kochanek KD, Maurer JD, Rosenberg HM. Causes of death contributing to

changes in life e~pectancy: United States, 1984-89. Nat!onal Center for Health

Statistics. Vital Heaith Stat 20(23). 1994.

Ubrary of Congrese Cataloging-in-Publioatlon Data

Koehanek, Kenneth D.

Causes of death contributing to changes in Iiie expectancy United States,

1984-1989 / by Kenneth D. Kochanek, Jeffrey D. Maurer, and Harry M.

Rosenberg.

p. cm. — ~il and health statistics. Series 20. Data from the national

v“til statistb system no. 23) (DHHS publication; no. (PHS) 94-1851)

“May 1994’’-Cover.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0-6406-0488-2

1. Death-Causes-Sfefistics. 2. Life expectancy-United

States-Statistics. 3. Atio-herimnQdoflal~+tatistiw. 4. Health and

rata-Unitad Sfates+Statistics. 5. United States---statistics, Medical. 6. United

StatesStatistics, Vital. 1. Maurer, Jeffrey D. Il. Rosenberg, Harry Michael. Ill.

litle. IV. Series. V. Series: DHHS publication ; no. (PHS) 94-1851

[DNLM. 1. Cause of death--+hted States—statistics 2. Life

expectancy-U nitad States-statistics 3. Whrfes-United States—statistics. 4.

Blacka-United States-statistics. W2 AN1 48vI no. 231 S94]

HB1335.A18 f10. 23

[RA407.3]

304.64’0973021 s-dc20

[614.4’273]

DNLM/DLC

for Library of Congress 94-871

CIP

For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Oftice

Superintendent of Documents

Mail Stop: SSOP

Washington, DC 20402-9328
National Center for Health Statistics

Manning Feinleib, M.D., Dr.P.H., Direcfor

Jack R. Anderson, Deputy Director

Jacob J. Feldman, Ph.D., Associate Director for Analys&,

Epidemiology, and Health Promotion

Gail F. Fisher, Ph.D., Associate Director for Planning and

Extramural Programs

Peter L. Hurley, Associate Director for Etal and Health

Statistics Systems

Robert A. Israel, Associate Director for International

Statistics

Stephen E. Nieberding, Associate Director for

Management

Charles J. Rothwell, Associate Director for Data

Processing and Services

Monroe G. Sirken, Ph.D., Associate Director for Research

and Methodology

Office of Vital and Health Statistics Systems

Peter L. Hurley, Associate Director

Division of Vital Statistics

Lester R. Curtin, Ph.D., Acting Director

James A. Weed, Ph.D., Deputy Director

Harry M. Rosenberg, Ph.D., Chiefj Mortality Statistics

Branch

Mabel G. Smith, Chie$ Statistical Resources Branch

Joseph D. Farrell, Chiej Systems ati programming Branch
Contents

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...4

Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...5

Age, race, and sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...5

Cause of death byrace andsex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...6

Cause of death and age by raceand sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...7

Group comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...16

Change in the gap in life expectancy between white persons and black persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...16

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...19

List of detailed tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...20

Appendix

Technical notes on methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...34

Text tables

A.

B.

c.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

J.

K.

L.

M.

Life expectancy at birth, byspecified race-sex groups United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3

Contributionto the change inlifeexpectancy (inyears) from birth to85years andover, byageandspecified

race-sex groups: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...5

Rankorderingof thecontributionof agetothechange inlifeexpectancy (inyeacs) from birth to85years

and over for the total population United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...5

Rank ordering of the contnbution ofage to the change inlife expectancy (in years) fiombirthto85 years and

over for white males: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...6

Rank orderingof the contributionof ageto the change in life e.xpectancy (ii years) from birth to85 years and

over for white females: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...6

Rank ordering of the contribution ofage to the change inlife expectancy (in years) from birth to85 years and

over for black malex United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . ...6

Rank orderingof the contributionof ageto the change in life expectancy (in years) from birth to85 years and

over for black females: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...7

Rank orderingof the contnbutionof leading causesof death to the change in life expectancy (inyears)fiom

birth to 85 years and over forthe total population: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...8

Rank orderingof the contributionof leading causesof death to the change in life expectancy (inyears)fiom

birth to 85 years and over forwhite males: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...9

Rank orderingof the contributionof leading causesof death to the change in life expectancy (inyears)fiom

birth to 85 years and overforwhite females: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Rank ordering of the contnbution ofleading causes ofdeathto the change in life expectancy (inyears) from

birth to 85 years and over forblackmales: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...11

Rank orderingof the contributionof leading causesof death to the change in Iife expectancy (inyears) from

birth to 85 years and over forblack femalex United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Text figures

1. Life expectancy by specified race-sex groups: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2. Contribution of leading causesof death to the change in life expectancy, total Pop~atiOn: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . 8

...

Ill
3. . Contribution of leading causes of death to the change in life expectmcy, white males: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . 9

4. Contribution of leading causes of death to the change in life expectancy, white females: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . 10

5. Contribution of leading causes of death to the change in life expectancy, black males: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . 11

6. Contribution of leadingcausesofdeathto the change in life expectancy, black females: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . 12

7. Contribution of leadingcausesof death and age groups to the change in life expectancy, total population

United ..13 States, 1984-8g . . . . . . . . . . ...” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

8- Contribution of Ieafig causes of death and age groups to the change in hfe expectancy, white males:

United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . ...”” “.- ”’--””-”-””-””-”-””””””””””””” ““” ”””””””””-””””””-””””””” ..14

9. Contribution of leading causes of death and age groups to the change in life expectancy, white females:

United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . - ...”-””””””-.”------”---”<<””””” ““” - ”’”” ”’’’’’ ”’’ ” ” ” ” ” ””””””--” ..14

10. Contribution of leading causes of death and age groups to the change in life expectancy, black males

United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

11. Contribution of leading causes of death and age groups to the change in life expectancy, black females:

United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

12. Contribution of leading causes ofdeath andage~oups tothechage inthegap inlifeexpectancy beWeen

white and black males: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

13. Contribution ofleading causes ofdeath mdage~oups tothechange inthegap hltieexpectancy beWeen

white and black females: Utited States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

Symbols

--- Data not available

. . . Category not applicable

Quantity zero

0.0 Quantity moretian zero btilestian

0.05

z Quantity more than zero but less than

500 where numbers are rounded to

thousands

* Figure does not meet standard of

reliability or precision
Causes of Death

Contributing to Changes in

Life Expectancy

by Kenneth D. Kochanek, M.A., Jefiey D. Maurer, M.S.,

and Harty M. Rosenberg, Ph.D.

Highlights

During 1984-89, life expectancy increased for the total

population (0.6 year), white males (0.9 year), and white

females (0.5 year), while it decreased for black males (-0.8

year) and black females (-0.2 year).

These changes in life expectancy are the result of changes

in mortality for specific age–ram–sex groups and identifiable

causes of death. Using a technique developed by Eduardo E.

Arriaga (1,2), this report identifies major causes of death

contributing to the change in life expectancy between 1984

and 1989. Refer to Technical notes for a brief description of

this methodology. The tectique partitions changes in life

expectancy into positive contributions (which are those causes

of death and age groups that contribute to an increase in life

expectancy) and negative ccmtributions (which are those that

contribute to a decrease).

The report includes separate analyses by age and causes

of death. For the total population, positive contributions

occurred for the age groups under 15 years and age groups 45

years and over while negative contributions occurred for the

age groups 15-44 years. The report ako examines the combined contributions of age and causes of death for the total

population and the four race-sex groups. For the total population, positive contributions to the increase in life expectancy

were due to changes in mortality for Diseases of hea@ under 1

and 35 years and ove~ Cerebrovascular diseases, 40 years and

ove~ and Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, 30-59 years. Negative contributions were largely due to HIV infection, 20-59 years;

Malignant neoplasma, including neoplasm of lymphatic and

hematopoietic tissues, 65 years and oveq and Pneumonia and

influenza, 75 years and over.

White males showed a pattern similar to that of the total

population, with positive contributions from Diseases of heart,

NOTE This report was prepared in the DlvXlon of VItaI Statistics Content

reviewwasprovided by Thomas D. Dunn of the StatisticalResourcesBranch.

The Registration Methoda and Tec~id Services Branches provided constdtation to State vital statistics officcs regardkrg collection of the death

certificate data on which this report is based. ms report was edited by t3aifV.

Johnson and ~eset by Jacqueline M. Davis of the Publications BranclL

Division of Data Services. Technical and SDalytksf supportwasprovided by

Dr. Eduardo E. kriag% Center for Ir@rrrationaiResearch,U. S. Bureau of the

Census.

under 1 and 35 years and oveq Cerebrovascular diseases, 45

years and oveq and Accidents and adverse effects, 1+ 10-34,

and 45-54 years. Negative contributions for white males were

dominated by HIV infection, 20-64 ye- Diabetes mellitus,

50-74 years; and Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms

of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, 60-64 and 80 years

and over. For white females, positive contributions were from

Diseases of heart, 40 years and oveq Cerebrovascular diseases, 40 years and ove~ and Mrdignant neoplasms, including

neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, 30-59

years. Dominating the negative contributions for white females

were Chronic obstructive puhnonary diseases and allied conditio~ 55 years and ove~ Malignant neoplasms, including

neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, 60 years

and ove~ and Pneumonia and influenza, 65-69 and 75 years

and over. For black males, Diseases of heart, under 1 and 25

years and over, had a major positive impac~ as did Malignant

neoplasms, including neopktsrns of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, 30-49 and 55+54 y-, and Cerebrovascular

diseases, 30-34 and 40 years and over. Negative effects for

black males were dominated by W infection, under 5 and

20-69 year% Homicide and legal intewention, 1-4 and 10-34

yearq and Accidents and adverse effects, for various ages. For

black females, positive contributions were due to Diseases of

hee under 5 and 3$84 years; Cerebrovascular diseases, 35

years and oveq and Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, 25-29 and

40-59 years. Negative effects were led by ~ infection,

under 5 and 20-59 years; Maiignant neoplasms, including

neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, 65–79 and

85 years and ove~ and Diabetes mellitus 45-69 and 75 years

and over.

The report also desct-iies causes of death and age groups

that contributed to the widening of the gap in life expectancy

between major race groups from 1984 to 1989. The gap in life

expectancy between white and black males, which increased

from 6.2 years in 1984 to 7.9 years in 1989, widened due to

mortality changes and diilerences in Diseases of heart (40

years and over), HIV infection (under 5 and 20-64 years), and

Homicide and legal intervention (l-4 and 10-39 years).

Selected causes of death and age groups kept the gap between

white and bIack males born widening further. Among these

were trends in mortality for Malignant neopIasms, including

neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues (35-49 and

1
55-64 years); Cerebrovascular diseases (55–59 and 65–74 infection (under 5 and 20-64 years). Countemailing effects to

years); and Homicide and legalintenention(45-64 years). the widening were mortality trends for Malignant neoplasms,

The gap in life expectmcy between white and black including neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues

females also increased—from 5.() years in 1984 to 5.7 years in (various ages); Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and

1989. Contributing most to the growing gap were trends in allied conditions (60-64 and 70 years and over); and Diseases

mortality for Diseases of hem (60 years and over) and ~ of heart (35-44 and 50-59 years).
Introduction

Life expectancy at birth is a commonly-used measure to

describe and analyze change in mortality over time. Since

1900, life expectancy at birth in the United States generally

increased. However, between 1984 and 1989 a contending

trend in these data drew wide public attention: whle life

expectancy at birth generally increased for both white males

and white females, it decreased for both black males and black

females (table A and figure 1) (3).

The main purpose of this report is to decompose or

partition the changes in life expectancy at birth into those

major causes of death and age groups that contributed most

substantially to the decline for black males and black females

and to the increase for white males and white females. Also

examined separately are the changes in the gaps of the life

expectancy at birth between black and white males and

between black and white females for the same time period.

Results of the partitioning are presented by age for the

total population and the four major race-sex groups and then

by cause of death for those population groups. Detailed tables

show the further partitioning by age and cause of death for the

race-sex groups and the total population.

The analysis uses a life table disa~egation technique

developed by Eduardo E. Aniaga to “measure the pace of

mortality change ... as well as the decomposition of a difference in life expectancy” (1,2). A summary measure like life

expectancy at birth is a convenient measure of the mortality of

a population. Life expectancy has the advantage of ready

interpretation (4).

TableA, Life expectancy at birth, by speelfiad rata-sex groupsx

United States, 19S4-S9

white Black

Year Total Male Female Male Famale

60

1—White females

75

t Black females

1~$+ B[ack males

65

.L

1984 1965 1966 1987 1988 1989

Year

Figure 1. Me expectancy by apeeifled raea-aex groups:

Untted Statee, 19B4&69

1989 . . . . . . . . . . . 75.3 72.7 79.2 64.8 73.5

1968 . . . . . . . . . . . 74.9 72.3 78.9 64.9 73.4

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . 75.0 72.2 78.9 65.2 73.6

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . 74.8 72.0 78.8 65.2 73.5.

1965. . . . . . . . . . . 74.7 71.9 78.7 65.3 73.5

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . 74.7 71.8 78.7 65.6 73.7
Methods

To measure changes in mortality, Arriaga (1,2) developed

a discrete method to estimate the contribution of mortality

change by age and causes of death based on changes in life

expectancy, which he describes as a procedure that “estimates

the number of years added to or removed from life expectation

because of the decrease or increase (respectively) of the

central mortality rates of life tables” (2). With this method one

is able to partition the change in life expectancy over time or

between two separate groups of populations, In this report

Arriaga’s technique is used to partition by age and cause of

death changes in life expectancy at birth in the United States

from 1984 to 1989 for the total population and for the four

major race-sex groups. For a brief description of Arriaga’s

method, see the Technical notes.

Arriaga’s method permits the partitioning of changes in

life expectancy by age, race, sex, and cause of death. The

causes used in this report are based on the 15 leading causes of

death in 1984 and 1989 for the total population and for each of

the four major race-sex groups, resulting in a total of 17

different causes. (For ranking causes of death, see Technical

notes.) All other causes are in a residual category. The number

of deaths from Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in 1984 is approximated with a count of deaths with

mention of ICD-9 No. 279.1, Deficiency of cell-mediated

immunity (see Technical notes).

Arriaga’s method is additive; that is, the sum of the age

groups equals the total contribution for the specified race-sex

group. Because the numbers, expressed in years, are very

small, they are presented to four significant digits after the

decimal.

The analysis by age and cause of death for the race-sex

groups is limited to selected leading causes of death and to 19

5-year age groups. The combination of 19 age groups and 17

selected causes of death (19 x 17) results in 323 possible

age-cause combinations for the total population and for each

of the four major race-sex groups. While the residual category

is not mentioned in the analysis of age–race-sex-cause groups,

it is shown in the detailed tables.

Detailed tables 1–5 show the contribution to the change in

life expectancy for the total population and the four major

race-sex groups, by age and each leading cause. Tables 6-10

show the rank ordering of the contribution of leading causes of

death and major age groups to the change in life expectancy

for the total population and the four major race-sex groups.

Tables 6-10 were constructed by adding the positive and

negative contributions for each cause by age in tables 1-5.

Positive contributions are causes of death andlor age groups

that contribute to an increase in life expectancy, while negative contributions are causes of death and/or age groups that

contribute to a decrease in life expectancy. For example, in

table 1, in the column for Diseases of her@ all the positive

contributions by age add to the totaI of 0.6270 year, the

positive contribution to the change in life expectancy for

Diseases of heart shown in the top panel of table 6. The

negative contribution (-0.0001) is shown in the bottom panel.

This procedure was repeated for each race-sex group. The age

groups shown are those that contributet$ either positively or

negatively, at least 1 day (0.0027 year) to the change in life

expectancy at birth during 1984-89. The change in life

expectancy includes the sum of zdl ages, positive and negative,

regardless of the size of the wntribution.

Tables 11 acd 12 show the changes between 1984 and

1989 in the “gap” or difference in life expectancy between

white and black males and white and black females, respectively. The gap for males, for example, is the arithmetic

difference between the change in life expectancy (tables 2 and

4) by age and cause of death for black males and the

corresponding change for white males. For tables 11 and 12,

positive contributions are causes of death and age groups that

tend to contribute to closing the gap in life expectancy

between white and black populations, and negative contributions are those that contribute to widening the gap.
Age, race, and sex

During 1984-89, life expectancy at birth increased for the

totaI population by 0.6 year, from 74.7 to 75.3 years (table A).

The expectation of life at birth for a given year represents the

average number of years that a group of infants would live if

they were to experience throughout life the age-speeiik death

rates prevailing in that given year (3). During the same period,

Iife expectancy increased for white males and white femaIes

(0.9 and 0.5 year, respectively) but decreased for black males

and black females (-0.8 and -0.2 year, respectively). As of

1989, the life expectancy at birth of the race-sex groups was as

follows: white femrdes, 79.2 years black females, 73.5; white

males, 72.7, and black males, 64.8.

For the total population, positive contributions occurred

for the age groups under 15 and 45 years and over (tabIe B)

while negative contributio~ occurred for the age groups

15--44 years. (Total contribution to the change in life expectancy in table B may not add to the calculated difference

between life expectancy in table A due to rounding.) These

changes reflect declines in age-specfic death rates among the

younger and older populations. SmiIar positive and negative

Table B. Contribution to the change in Ma expectancy @ years)

from birth to 85 yeara and over, by age and specified ~sex

groups: United States, 1984-89

Write P&k

Age Total Male F.enrde Male Female

Alleges . . . . . . . . .

Under l year . . . . . .

I-lyeam . . . . . . . .

6-9years . . . . . . . .

10-14 years. . . . . . .

1$19 years. . . . . . .

2C-24years. . . . . . .

26-29 years. . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . .

40-44 years. . . . . .

4549 years . . . . . . .

50-54 years . . . . . . .

55-59 yeare . . . . . . .

60-64 years . . . . . . .

65-89 years . . . . . . .

70-74 years. . . . . . .

75-79 years. . . . . . .

80-64 years, . . . . . .

85 years and over . . .

0.5135

0.0713

o.c075

0.0056

0.0033

4.0165

-0.0030

-0.0276

-0.0462

-0.0611

4.0052

0.0328

0.0674

0.0757

0.0841

0.0917

0.0974

0.0659

O.Moe

0.0225

0.8306

0.1075

0.0115

0.0061

0.0056

0.0006

0.0235

-0.0256

-0.0539

-0.0669

-0.0124

0.0320

0.1012

0.1121

0.1149

0.1492

0.1446

0.1056

0.0417

0.0329

0.4964

0.0916

0.0094

0.0023

0.0C65

-0.0065

0.0106

-o.c035

-0.0070

0.0106

0.0204

0.C!-407

0.0451

0.0418

0.0463

0.0s19

0.0453

0.0470

0.0350

0.0140

4.7286

-0.0121

-0.0078

0.0064

-0.0044

-0.1575

-0.1799

-0.1274

-0.1546

+.2096

-0.1360

-0.0445

-0.0136

0.0795

0.1607

0.0216

0.0949

-0.0241

0.0145

-o.co5a

-0.1764

-0.0209

-0.0008

0.0041

-0.0057

-0.0110

-0.0224

-0.0462

-0.0705

-0.0562

-0.0010

0.0257

0.0564

0.0931

0.0326

-0.03S8

0.0695

-0.0464

0.0380

-0.1 7S9

NOTE Figuresmay notaddto totalsbecauseofrounchg.

contributions occurred for wtite males and white females. For

black males, declining life expectancy reflect negative contributions for a somewhat broader range of ages, namely, under

5, 10-54, 75–79, and 85 years and over. For black females,

negative contributions occurred at ages under 5, 104.4, 65-69,

75-79, and 85 years and over.

The greatest positive contribution to life expectancy for

the total population resulted horn the reduction in mortality

for ages 70-74 years, contributing a positive 0.0974 year

(table C), or almost 15 percent of the total positive contribution. TMs was followed by the age group 65-69 years

(13.8 percent). A total of 97.5 percent of the positive contribution can be attributed to the mortality improvements for

persons under 1 year and 45 years and over.

The greatest negative contribution for the total population

(-0.0511 year) was for persons 35-39 years of age (33.7 percent> followed by the age group 30-34 years (30.5 percent).

The majority of the negative contribution (82.4 percent) can

Table C. Rank ordering of the contribution of age to the change

in life expectancy (in years) from birth to 85 years and over for

the total population: United StstesL1964-89

Change

. .

Cunnrlatfva Cumulative

Age & -w Percent percent

Total mntribution

AII ages . . . . . . . . . . . .

Positive contrib~.on

7rr-74yaars . . . . . . . . .

6S69yaars . . . . . . . . .

60-64 years . . . . . . . . .

55-59 years . . . . . . . . .

Under l year. .,......

50-54 years . . . . . . . . .

75-79 years . . . . . . . . .

80-64 years . . . . . . . . .

4W9years . . . . . . . . .

65 years and over . . . . .

14years . . . . . . . . . . .

5-9years . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 years . . . . . . . . .

Negative wntributiea

3M9years . . . . . . . . .

30-34 yeara . . . . . . . . .

25+29years. . . . . . . . .

15-19 yaaJ-a . . . . . . . . .

4044yaare . . . . . ..-.

20-24 yasrs .. -------

0.5135

0.0974

0.0917

0.0641

0.0757

0.0713

0.0674

0.0659

0.0400

0.0326

0.0225

o.fM75

o.rYM6

0.0033

-0.0511

-0.0462

-0.0276

-0.0165

-0.C052

-0.0Q30

0.5135

0.0974

0.1891

0.2732

0.3466

0.4201

0.4675

0.5534

0.5034

0.6263

0.6488

0.6563

0.6679

0.6651

-0.0511

-0.0673

-0.1249

-0.1434

-0.1486

-0.1516

. . . . . .

14.6 14.6

13.8 28.4

12.6 41.1

11.4 52.4

10.7 63.2

10.1 73.3

9.9 63.2

6.0 89.2

94.2

z 97.5

98.7

H 99.5

0.5 100.0

33.7 33.7

30.5 64.2

18.2 82.4

12.2 64.6

3.4 98.0

2.0 1eo.o

5
be attributed to increases in mortality for persons between the

ages of 25–39 years.

For white males (table D), most age groups contributed

positively to the increase in life expectancy, especially those in

the age groups 50-79 years of age and under 1 year, accounting for 0.8354 year or 84.3 per~nt of the total pOSitiVe

contribution. Negative contributions were concentrated in the

age group 25–39 yeti5. Age+pec~c patterns for white females

(table E) were Si~a to those for white males; that is, the

majority of age ~oup5 that contributed positively to the

change in life eWectancY were under 1 year and 40-79 years

of age, with the largest positive contribution, 17.7 percent,

being for those under I year of age. Negative contributions for

white females were concentrated in the younger age groups,

15–19 and 30-34 years, accounting for a total of 81.6 percent

to the negative contribution.

For black males (table F), more age groups contributed

negatively to overall life expectancy resulting in the decrease

between 1984 and 1989 in life expectancy at birth for this

group. Negative contributions (87.2 percent) were clustered in

the younger ages, 1544 years, while 94.0 percent of the

positive contributions were for the age groups 55–74 years.

For black females (table G), more age groups also contributed

negatively than positively, resulting in a decrease in life

expectancy. Negative contributions (61.2 percent) were concentrated in the ages 30-39 and 85 years and over, while

positive contributions were for age groups 50-64, 70-74, and

80-84 years.

Table E. Rank ordering of the contribution of age to the ohange

in life expectancy (in years) from birth to 65 years and over for

white females Un~ed StateS, 1984-89

Change

in life Cumulative

Age

Cumulative

expectancy change Percent percent

Total cmtribution

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pos”tie contribution

Under l year . . . . . . . . .

65-69 yeara . . . . . . . . .

75-79 years . . . . . . . . .

60-64 years . . . . . . . . .

70-74 years ..,......

50-54 yeara .,.......

5S59years . . . . . . . . .

45-49 yeara . . . . . . . . .

M)-84 yeara . . . . . . . . .

40-$4 years . . . . . . . . .

85 years and over . . . . .

35-39 yaafa . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . .

I+ years . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 years . . . . . . . . .

5-9 yearn . . . . . . . . . .

Nagatiie contrib~”on

15-19 years ..,......

30-34 year n . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . .

0.4984

0.0916

0.0519

0.0470

0.0483

0.0453

0.0451

0.0418

0.0407

0.0350

0.0204

0.0140

0.0108

0.0108

0.0094

0.0055

0.0023

-0.IX185

-0.0070

4Mcr35

0.4984

0.0916

0.1435

0.1905

0.2388

0.2821

0.3272

0.3690

0.4097

0.4447

0.4851

0.4790

0.4896

0.5002

0.s088

0.5151

0.5174

-0.C085

-0.0155

-o.olao

. . .

17.7

10.0

9.1

8.9

8.8

8.7

8.1

7.9

6.8

3.9

2.7

2.1

2.0

1.8

1.1

0.4

44.9

36.7

18.4

. .

17.7

27.7

36.8

45.8

54.5

63.2

71.3

79.2

85.9

89.9

92.6

94.6

96.7

98.5

99.6

100.0

44.9

81.6

100.0

NOTiZ Figures may not addto totalsbecauseofroimding.

Cause of death by race and sex

For the total population in 1989, the 17 leading causes of

death in this report accounted for 87.4 percent of all deaths;

Table D. Rank ordering of the contribution of age to the change

In life expeotaney (in years) from birth to 85 years and over fOr

white males: United States, 1964-S9

Change

in Me Cumulative Cumulative

Age expectancy change Percent percent

Table F. Rank ordering of the contribution of age to the change

in life expectancy (in years) from birth to 8S years and over for

black males: United States, 19S4-S9

Change

h h% Cumulative Cumulative

Age expectancy change Percent percent

Total contribution

Allagae . . . . . . . . . . . .

Positive contribution

65-89 years . . . . . . . . .

70-74 years . . . . . . . . .

60-64 years . . . . . . . . .

55-59 years . . . . . . . . .

Under l year . . . . . . . . .

75-79 years . . . . . . . . .

50-54 years . . . . . . . . .

80-84 years . . . . . . . . .

85 years and over . . . .

4549years . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . .

I-lyeaffi . . . . . . . . . . .

5-9 yearn . . . . . . . . . .

lC-14yeaffi . . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . .

Negative contribution

35-39 years . . . . . . . . .

30-34 year5 . . . . . ..-.

25-29 years . . . . . . . . .

4044 years . . . . . . . . .

Total wntribution

0.8306 0.8306 . . . . . . All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.7298 -0.7298 . . .

42.3

25.0

20.9

. . .

positive contribution

60-84 years . . . . . . . . .

70-74 yeara . . . . . . . . .

55-59 years . . . . . . . . .

65-69 y.SSrS. . . . . . . . .

60-84 years . . . . . . . . .

5-9years . . . . . . . . . . .

15.1 15.1

14.6 29.7

11.6 41.2

11.3 52.6

10.8 83.4

10.7 74.1

10.2 64.3

4.2 28.5

3.3 91.8

3.2 95.0

2.4 97.4

1.2 98.6

0.8 aa.4

0,6 9%9

0.1 100.0

0.1807

0.0949

0.0795

0.0216

0.0145

0.0084

0.1607

0.2s.56

0.3351

0.3587

0.3712

0.3795

42.3

67.3

aa.3

94.0

97.8

1‘00.0

0.1492

0.1448

0.1149

0.1121

0.1075

0.10s8

0.1012

0.0417

0.0329

0.0320

0.0235

0.0115

0.1492

0.2940

0.4089

0.5211

0.6286

0.7342

0.8354

0.8771

0.9100

0.9420

0.9855

0.9770

0.9851

o.eW7

0.3913

5.7

3.8

2.2

Negative contribution

35-39 yeefe . . . . . . . . .

20-24 yeara . . . . . . . . .

15-19 yeara . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . .

Z5+9yeara. . . . . . . . .

45+9years . . . . . . . . .

85 years and over . .

75-79 years . . . . . . . . .

5e-54years . . . . . . . . .

Under l year . . . . . . . . .

l+ years . . . . . . . . . . .

lo-14 year n . . . . . . . .

-0.2096

-0.1799

-0.1575

-0.1546

-0.1380

-0.1274

-0.0445

-0.0358

-0.0241

-0.0136

-0.0121

-0.0Q78

-0.0044

-0.2036

-0.3895

-0.5470

-0.7016

-0.8398

-0.9670

-1.0115

-1.0473

-1.0714

–1 .0650

–1 .0972

–1.1049

–1.1 093

18.9

16.2

14.2

13.9

12.4

11.5

4.0

3.2

2.2

;:?

0.7

0.4

18.9

35.1

49.3

rx3.2

75.7

87.2

91.2

94.4

98.6

97.6

98.9

99.6

i 00.0

0.0056

0.0006

-0.0889

-0.0539

-0.0256

-0.0124

-o.oea9

-0.1227

-0.1483

-0.1807

42.8 42.8

33.5 76.4

15.9 92.3

7.7 100.0

NOTE: Figures may not add to toteb b8CSUSa Of muMirKI, NOTE figures may not add m t- -u= of rouneing.

6
Table G. Rank ordering of the contrlhution of age to the change

in life expectancy (in years) from birth to 65 years and over for

black females: United States, 1984-89

Change

h Ma Cunru/ative

Age

Cumulative

expectancy change Percent percent

Total contribution

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . .

Positive contribution

5.%59 years . . . . . . . . .

7C-74years . . . . . . . . .

5W54 years . . . . . . . . .

80-84 years . . . . . . . . .

60-64 years . . . . . . . . .

45-49 years . . . . . . . . .

5-9yeare . . . . . . . . . . .

Negative contribution

85 years and over . . . . .

3fX34yeara . . . . . . . . .

35-39 yeara . . . . . . . . .

75-79 yeara . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . .

65-69 years . . . . . . . . .

20-24 yeara . . . . . . . . .

Under l year . . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . .

10-14 yeara . . . . . . . . .

40-+4 yeara . . . . . . . . .

14 yeare . . . . . . . . . . .

+3.1 784

0.0931

0.0695

0.0594

0.0380

0.0326

0.0257

0.0041

-0.1799

-0.0705

-0.0582

-0.0464

-0.0462

-0.0386

-0.0234

-0.0209

-0.0110

-0.0057

-0.0010

-0.0006

-0.1764

o.e931

0.1626

0.2220

0.2600

0.2926

0.3183

0.3224

-0.1799

-0.2504

-0.3066

-0.3531

-0.3992

-0.4380

-0.4814

-0.4824

-0.4934

-0.4980

4.50+30

-0.5008

28.9 28.9

21.6 50.4

18.4 68.9

11.8 80.7

10.1 90.8

8.0 98.7

1.3 100.0

35.9 35.9

14.1 50.0

11.2 61.2

9.3 70.5

9.2 79.7

7.7 87.5

4.7 92.1

4.2 96.3

2.2 98.5

1.1 99.6

0.2 99.8

0.2 100.0

NOT& Figures may notadd tototals buse of mwxliig.

for white males, 88.5 percent; for white females, 86.9 percent

for black males, 86.5 percen$ and for black females, 85.0 percent. Therefore, the residual category accounts for only 12 to

15 percent of all deaths.

For the total populatio~ tie cause of death with the

largest positive contribution to the change in life expectancy

between 1984 and 1989 was Diseases of hem whoac contribution was 0.6270 year (66.6 percent of the positive contribution), or 1.2 times that of the total increase in life expectancy

(0.5135 year) for all causes of death combined, followed by

Cerebrovascular diseases (13.9 percent) (table H). These positive contributions were partially of&et by negative contributions for other causes of death, the largest of which was for

HIV infection (-0.1922 year) (44.8 percent), Diabetes mellitus

(10.6 percent), and Pneumonia and influenza (10.2 percent).

The leading positive imd negative causes of death contributing

to the change in life expectancy are also shown in figure 2.

For white males (table J and fi~re 3), the patterns of

leading causes of death making the greatest positive contribution were simiIar to those for the total population that is,

Diseases of heart contl-ibuterj the most (0.7712 year) to the

increase in life expectancy (6s.8 percent of the positive contribution), followed try Cerebrovascular disease3 (8.6 percent)

and Accidents and adverse effects (7.6 percent). Negative

contributions included w i~ection (-0.264 year) (77.5 percent) and Diabetes mellitus (10.1 percent). White females

(table K and figure 4) showed positive contributions, similar to

those of white males: for Diseases of heart (0.5142 year)

(60.7 percent), Cerebrovascular diseases (18.8 percent), and

Atherosclerosis (5.6 percent); with negative contributions for

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and allied conditions

.

(-0.0972 year) (27.9 percent), pneumonia and influenza

(18.1 percent), and Diabetes mellitus (12.8 percent).

While life expectancy increased d~g 1984-89 for both

white males and white females, it decreased for black males

and black females. For black males (table L ~d figure 5), the

greatest negative contributor was ~ infection (-0.6641 year)

(50.6 percent), followed by Homicide and legal intervention

(22.5 percent), and Diabetes mellitus (5.1 percent). offsetting

to some extent the negative effect on life expectancy of these

conditions were psitive contributions from some causes of

death, the greatest of which was Diseases of heart (0.3495

year) (60.0 percent} C!crebrovasdar diseases (18.7 percent);

and Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of lymphatic

and hematopoietic tissues (12.o percent). For black females

(table M and figure 6), the major cause of the decrease in life

expectancy can be attniuted to HIV infection (-0.1884 year)

(27.6 percent} Diabetes mellitus (13.4 percent); and Pneumonia and influenza (11.3 percent). Positive contributions were

led by Diseasss of heart (0.2684 year) (53.4 percent); Cerebrovascular discaacs (29.7 percent); and chronic liver disease

and cirrhosis (8.5 percent).

When comparing the cause-ofdeath contributions among

the four race-=x groups there are a number of similarities.

Diseases of heart made the greatest positive contribution to the

change in life expectancy followed by Cerebrovascular diseaaes for all four race-sex groups. On the other hand, W

infection made the greatest negative contribution for all racesex groups, except white females. In addition, Diabetes meLlitus made either the second or third highest negative attribution

for all four race-sex groups and Pneumonia and influenza

made the second or third highest negative contribution for all

race-sex groups, except black males.

Different patterns of change were exhiiited by males and

females of the two major race groups. For example, whiIe

overall mortality horn Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, decreased

during 1984-89 the change in mortality from this cause made

a positive contribution for white and black males but a

negative contribution for white and black females. Negative

contributions were made by Accidents and adverse effects,

Chronic obstructive puhnonary diseases and allied conditions,

and Hypertension with or without renal disease, for white

females, black males, and black females but not for white

males.

Cause of death and age by race and sex

For the total population, over one-half (59.4 percent) of

the positive contribution (0.6271 year) to the change in Iife

expectancy during 1984-89 was due to changes in mortality

for Diseases of heart for ages under 1 and 35 years and over

(table 6). Also making a large contribution (12.4 percent) was

Cerebrovascular diseaaes, for ages 40 years and oveq and

Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of lymphatic and

hematopoietic ti~ues, for ages 30-59 years (6.3 percent).

These three causes of death accounted for over three-fourths

(78.() percent) of the positive contribution to the change in life

expectancy dtig fis period. The leading positive and negative

7
Table H. Rank ordering of the contribution of leadingcausesof death to the change in life expectancy (in years) from birth to 65 years

and over for the total population: untied states, 1964-69

Change in Cumulative Cumula.&3

Cause of death We expctarrcy change Pemsrrt percent

TotaI mntribution

All causes................,., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

positive contribuhofl

Diseasesofheart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerebrovascuiardiseas~, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Certain conditions originating inthepennatal period. . . . . . .

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accidentsendadveme effects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

COngerritai anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cilmnicliverdiaesseand cirrhosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neoplasms, indudingneoplasmsof Lymphaticand

hematopoietictiaaues. ..,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephritis, nephmticsyndrome, andnephrosis. . . . . . .

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negative contribution

Human lmmunodeficiencyvirue infectionl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oiabetesmellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pneumoniaand influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronic obstructive pulmonarydseases and alliedmndtions. . .

Homicideand legal interverdion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension with orwithoutrenal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.5135

0.6270

0.1307

0.0370

0.0346

0.0332

0.0247

0.0248

0.0162

0.0085

o.@354

4.1922

-0.0453

4.0435

-003S6

-0.0342

-0.0119

-0.0008

-0.0611

0.5135 . . .

0.6270

0.7577

0.7947

0.8293

0.8625

o.6a71

0.9117

0.9279

0.9384

0.9418

-0.1922

-0.2375

-0.2610

-0.3206

-0.3546

-0.3867

-0.3675

-0.4266

66.6

13.9

3.9

3.7

3.5

2.6

2.6

1.7

0.9

0.6

44.8

10.6

10.2

9.2

8.0

2.8

0.2

14.3

. . .

66.6

80.5

84.4

66.1

91.6

S&2

96.8

98.5

89.4

100.0

44.8

55.4

65.s

74.8

82.[1

85.6

85.7

1Oo.cl

‘Numberofrasdent deathsduetoHuman immurrodeticiency virusinfecdonin lSS4 wssastimaredusing thenumberofde+M CertWSfaswithmention oflCPSNo.279.l.

NOT13Figursamay notaddtototalsbecause ofrounding.

Cause of death

Diseases of heart \\\\\\\\\\\\y 0.6270

Cerebrovascular diseases 0.1307

Perinatal condtions 0.0370

Atherosclerosis 0.0346

Accidents 0.0332

Homicide -0.0342

Chronic obstructive pulmonary

diseases and allied conditions -0.0396

Pneumonia and influenza -0.0435

Diabetes mellitus -0.0453

HIV infection -0.1992

I I 1 1 1 9 1

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Change in life expectancy inyears

Figure 2. Contribution ofleading causes ofdeath tothechan9ein hfeexpectancY, total Population: united States, 1984-139

8
Table J. Rank ordering of the contribution of leading causes of death to the change in life expectancy (in yeara) from birth to 85 years

and over for white males: United States, 1984-89

Change in Cumulative

Cause of death

Cumulative

1* Wpa@fq/ change Percent percent

Total contribution

All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8306 0.8306 . . .

. . .

Positive contribution

Oiseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7712 0.7712 65.8

Cerebrovascu[ar diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65.8

0.1010 0.8722 8.6

Accidents andadvetse effect a..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

74.5

0.0891 0.S613 7.6 82.1

Certain conditions originating intheperinata.l perfod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0591 1.0204 5.0 87.1

Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of Iyrnphatii and

hematopoietic tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0465 1.0689 4.1 91.2

Congenital anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0315 1.1004 2.7 93.9

Chronic liver diseaee and cirrhosis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0241 1.1245 2.1 98.0

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0230 1.1476 2.0 98.0

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseeees andalliedmndtins. . . . . . . . . 0.0118 1.1594 1.0 9%0

Nephritis, nephritic syndrome, andnephrosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0116 1.1710 1.0 100.0

Hypertension withorwithout renal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0005 1.1715 0.0 100.0

Negative contribution

Human immunodeficiency virus infectionl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.2643 -0.2643

Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

77.5 77.5

-0.0348 -0.29s9 10.1 87.6

Pneumonia and influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0189 -0.3178 5.5 93.1

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0053 -0.3231 1.5 94.7

Homicideand legalintervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0015 -0.3246

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.4 95.1

-0.0004 -0.3250 0.1 95.3

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0162 -0.3412 4.7 1W.o

1Numberof rmidentdeathsdue to Humsnimmunoderkiencytime infecdanin 19S4 wee eslimstedusingthe numberof deathcardksies withmentim04lCO-9 No. 279.1.

NOTEFiguresmay notaddtototslsbacause ofrounding.

Cause of death

Dkeases of heart \

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\y 0.7712

Cerebrovaacular

diseases

~o.lolo

Accidents ~ 0.0891

Perinatal

conditions

Malignant

neoplasms

Homicide -0.0015

Septicemia -0.0053

Pnaumonia and

influenza

-0.0189

Diabetes mellitus -0.0346

HIV infection -0.2643

1 1

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

change in ~ie expectancy in years

Figure 3. Contribution of leading causes of death to the change in life expectanqf white males: Untied states, 1984-89

1

9
Table K. Rank ordering of the contrib~ion of leading muses of death to the change in life expectancy (in years) from birth to 65 yeara

and over for white femaie~ United States, 1964-89

.

Change in Cumulative Cumulative

Cause of death life expectancy change Percent percent

Total contribution

All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

Positive contribution

Diseasesofhea~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerebrovascular&ease5. ,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,, ,,.

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Certain condtiiona originating inthepennatal period. , . . . . . . . . .

Congenitalanomafies. .,.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

chronicliverdiseaseandci~hosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephriis, nephmtic syndrome,and nephrosis. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicideand lega[intewe@ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negatiie contribution

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases andalkdconditions. . . . . . . . . .

Pneumonia andinfluenza .,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diabetea mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neoplasme, including neoplasms of lymphatic and

hematopoietictiseues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Human immunodeficiency viruainfectionl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accidentsand advereeeffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertensionwith orwtiho@renal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.4984

0.5142

0.1590

0.0475

0.0488

0.0270

0.0212

0.0206

0.0086

0.0016

-0.0972

-0.0829

-0.0446

-0.0246

-0.0232

-0.0172

-0.0012

-0.0004

-0.0756

0.4964 . . . . . .

0.5142

0.6733

0.7208

0.7676

0.7945

0.8156

0.8449

0.6485

-0.0972

-0.161N

-0.2047

-0.2295

+.2527

-0.26W

-0.2711

-0.2715

-0.3461

80.7

18.8

5.6

5.5

3.2

2.5

2.4

1.0

0.2

27.9

18.1

12.8

7.1

6.7

4.9

0.3

2&J

60.7

79.5

65.1

9Q.7

93.9

9G.4

98.8

99.8

100.0

27.9

4&o

58.8

65.9

72!.6

77.5

77.9

78.0

100.0

1Number of resident deaths due 10 Human immu”deficisnq virus infecdon in 1S84wss’esrimstedusingthe nUmbWof dmth *** mtim ofEC-3 No. 279.1.

NOTE Figuresmay not add to totals kcause of rounding.

Cause of death

Diseases of hea~ 0.5142

Cerebrovaeouiar diseases

Atherosclerosis

Perinatal conditions

Congenital anomalies

HiVinfection -0.0232

Malignant neopiasms -0.0248

Diabetes meilitus -0.0446

Pneumonia and influenza -0.0629

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

and allied conditions -0.0972

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Changein life expectancy inyears

Figure 4. Contribution of leading causes ofdeath to the change in life expectancy, white female= United States, 19S4+9

10
Table L. Rank ordering of the contribution of leading csusss of death to the change in life expectancy (in yeara) from birth to 85 years

and over for black males: United States, 1964-s9

Change in

Cause of death

Cumulative

Iilk axpaofancy

Cumulative

change Percent p%rcer?f

Total contribution

Al[ causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Positive contribution

Diseaaes of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CerebrovascuIar ~seases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neoplasms, including naoplasms of lymphatic and

hematopoietictissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronicliverdiseaseandcimhosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negative contribution

Human immunodeficiencyvims infe@ionl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicide and lagalinfewention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diabetesmelliius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A~identsandadveraeeffecta.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pneumoniaand influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronic obstructive puimonarydisaases and alliadcondiions. . . . . . . . .

Certain condtions originatingintie perinatal pariod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephritis, nephroticsyndrome, and nephrosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension withorwithoutrena[ @seaee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenitalanomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-0.7288

0.3495

o.loe7

0.0702

0.0358

0.0183

-0.6641

-0.2951

-0.C671

4.0462

-0.0396

-0.0336

-0.0273

+.0139

-0.0139

-0.0114

4.0067

-0.0003

-0.0919

-0.7226 . . .. . .

0.3495

0.4582

0.5264

0.5641

0.5625

-0.6641

-0.9582

-1.0263

-1.0745

-1.1142

-1.1478

-1.1751

-1.16W

-1.2026

-1.2143

-1.2210

-1.2212

–1 .3131

60.0

18.7

12.0

6.1

3.1

5iJ.6

22.5

5.1

3.7

3.0

2.6

2.1

1.1

1.1

0.9

0.5

0.0

7.0

60.0

78.7

90.7

86.9

100.0

50.6

73.0

78.2

81.8

64.6

87.4

89.5

90.5

91.6

92.5

93.0

93.0

1Ca.o

lNumber ofr~ident detisduetO Humaimmutie_ tiMiti~M in19&w~tim~ti u@ng~~&d~ ~ “ wlh mention of ICO-9 No. 278.1.

NOTE: Figures may not add to totals because of roun.dhg.

Cause ofdeath

Diseases of heart b\\\\ \\\q 0.3495

Cerebrovascular

diseases 0.1087

Malignant neoplasms 0.0702

Chronic liver

disease

0.0358

Atherosclerosis 0.0183

Pneumonia and

influenza -0.0396

Accidents -0.0462

Diabetes melliius -0.0671

Homicide -0.2951

,

HIV infection -0.6641

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6

Change in Iiie expectancy in yeara

. . .. . -.

Figure 5. Contribution ofleading csusesof death tothe changein iifeexpactancy, blackmales:umwo SWSS,196+89

11
Table M. Rank ordering of the contribution of leading causes ofdeath totiechange ifllife e-nqflnyears)from birth to85 years

and over for black females: United States, 1984-89

Changein Cumulative Cumulative

Cause of death life expectancy change Percerrt percent

Tots] contribution

All causes,....,......,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Positiye contribution

Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerabrovascular&eases, .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

chroniciivercfise~eand ci~hosls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephritis, nephritic syndrome,and nephrosis. . . . . . .

Congenitalanomalies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,.

Negative contribution

Human immunodeficiencyvirus infection . . . . . . . .

Oiabetesmelliius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pneumoniaand influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronic obstructive pulmonarydiseaaes andaliied condtions. . . . . .

Accidentsandadverae affecta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicideand legal intewention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Certain conditions originatinginthe perinatalpenod. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension wifhorwithoutrenal dkesss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neoplasms, including neoplaams of lymphatic and

hematopoietictisaues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1784

0.2664

0.1493

0.0429

0.02s6

0.0097

o.oo6e

-0.1864

-0.0911

-0.0774

-0.0617

-0.0443

-0.0437

-0.0216

-0.0159

-0.0045

-0.0032

-0.0013

-0.1266

-0.1784 . . . . . .

0.2664

0.4177

0.4607

0.4642

0.4940

0.5029

4.1664

-0.2794

-0.3566

-0.4185

+3.4627

-0.5064

-0.5260

-0.5439

-0.5485

-0.5517

-0.5530

-0.6818

53.4

2e.7

8.5

4.7

1.9

1.8

27.6

13.4

11.3

9.0

6.5

6.4

3.2

2,3

0.7

0.5

0.2

18.9

!333.4

63.1

91.6

96.3

98.2

1W.o

27.6

41.0

52.3

61.4

67.9

74.3

77.4

79.8

60.4

80.9

81.1

100.0

lNumberofresident deathsduetoHurnsn immurwdefidency wfrusitioninl 9S4wssesLlms@d usingthenumber ofdaath~ with mention of ICES No. 279.1.

NOTEFigurasmay notaddtototsls bscause ofmurding.

Causeofdeafh

Diseases of heart 0.2684

Cerebrovascular diseases o.~493

Chronic liver disease 0.0429

Atherosclerosis 0.0236

Nephritis 0.0097

Accidents -0.0443

Chronic obstructive pulmonary

diseases and allied conditions

-0.0617

Pneumonia and influenza -0.0774

Diabetes mei Iitus -0.0911

HIV infection -0.1884

# 1 I

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Change ifl Iiie expectancy in years

Hgure6. Contribution ofleading =usesof death totiechange inlifeexP~W, biackfemale= Unit@ States, 198HJ9

12
causes of death and age groups contributing to the change in

life expectancy are also shown in figure 7.

Negative contributions for the total population were largely

attributable to HIV infection, which accolmted for one-third

(35.4 percent) of the negative contribution (-0.1922 year) to

the change in life expectancy between 1984-89. For this

cause, the negative contribution was concentrated in the ages

20-59 years. Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of

lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, for ages 65 years and

over, accounted for 9.3 percent of the negative contribution.

Pneumonia and influe~ for ages 75 years and over, accounted

for 8.6 percent of the negative contribution. Diabetes mellitus

also showed a negative contribution for all ages 45 years and

over.

Causes of death may show sizable positive contributions

for some age groups and sizable negative contributions for

other age groups. This is particularly the case for Malignant

neoplasms, including neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, for which mortality for persons 30-59 years of age

made a 6.3 percent positive contribution to life expectancy

change during 1984-89, while for ages 65 years and over

increasing mortrdity fkom this cause contributed 9.3 percent to

the negative change in life expectancy. Generally, other causes

of death tend to have either a much greater positive contribution than the negative contribution or the reverse.

White males showed a pattern similar to that of the total

population, with a total positive contribution of 59.1 percent

(0.7723 year) from the age-cause ~mb~ations of Diseases of

heart, under 1 and 35 years and ove~ &ebrovascular diseases, 45 years and over (7.8 percent); A~den~ and adverse

effects, 1-4, 10-34, and 45–54 years (7.0 percent); and Malignant neoplasms, including neopkns of lymphatic and kmatopOietic tissues, 15–19, 30-34, 40-59, and 65-69 years

(5.9 percent) (table 7 and figure 8). Mortality from HIV iufection showed no positive effect on life expectancy. For the total

population, for white males ages 20-64, negative contributions

to life expectancy were dominated by HIV infection—

representing 55.5 percent of all negative contributions (-0.2643

year). AIso contributing to the negative effect were Diabetes

mellitus, ages 50-74 years (7.3 percent> and Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic

tissues, ages 60-64 and 80 years and over (5.9 percent).

Malignant neoplasms, including neoplaama of lymphatic and

hematopoietic tissues, ranked fourth in positive and third in

negative contributions to the change in life expectancy for

white males, although the contributing age groups were younger

men and older men, respectively.

For white females, causes of death making large positive

contributions were Diseases of he@ for ages under 1 and 40

years and over (52.5 percent) (0.5148 year); &ebrovascular

diseases, for ages 40 years and over (16.2 percent} and

Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasrns of lymphatic and

hematopoietic tissues, for ages 30-59 years (6.1 percent)

(table 8 and figure 9). Dominating the negative contributions

Cause of death (age)

Diseases of heart

(under 1,35 and over) ‘N\\\\\\\\\\y 0.6271

Cerebrovascular diseases

(40 and over) 0.1308

Malignant neopiesms (35- 59) 0.0667

Aeeidenta (1-4, 10-14,

20-29, 46-49) 0.0394

Perinatal condtions

(under 1) 0.0371

Chronic obstructive pulmonary

diseases end allied conditions

(60- 64,70 and over) -o.n400

Diabetes melliius

(45 and over) -0.0453

Pneumonia and

influenza (75 and over) -0.0468

MaJignantneoplasrns

(65 and over) -0.0505

HIV infeetion (2o-W) -0.1922

1

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

ChangeinHeexpe~ancy in years

Figure 7. Contribution of leading causes of death and age groups to the change In life SMpSCt6nC)f, total po@atIom United States,

1964-69

13
Cause of death (age)

Diseaees of hem

(under 1,35 and over)

0.77’23

\

Cerebrovascular diseases

(45 and over)

Accidents (1 -4,

10-34,45-54)

Malignant neoplasms

(15-19,30-34,40-59,65-69)

Perinatsl conditions (under 1)

Suicide (15- 19) -0.0136

Pneumonia and irrfluenza

(80 and over)

-0.0220

Malignant neoplasms

(60 -64, 80 and over)

-0.0282

Diabetes mellitus

(50 - 74)

-0.0348

HIV infection (20- 64) -0.2643

I

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Change in Me expectancy in years

--

Figure 8. Contribution of leading causes of death and age groups to the change in life expectancy, white male= United states, 1984-69

Cause of death (age)

Diseases of heart

(under 1,40 and over)

Cerebrovascular diseases

(4o and over)

Malignant neoplasms (30- 59)

Atherosclerosis (75 and over)

Perinatal conditions (under 1)

HIV infection (25 - 39)

Diabetes mellitus (50 and over)

Pneumonia and influenza

(65- 69,75 and over)

Malignant neoplasms (60 and over)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary

diseases and allied conditions

(55 and over)

0.5148

0.1590

0.0601

0.0479

-0,0232

-0.0453

-0.0673

-0.0849

-0.0979

.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Change in life expectancy in years

Figure 9. Contribution of leading causes of death and age groups to the change in life expectancy, white females: United States,

1984-89

14
Cause of death (age)

Diseases of heart

(Under 1,25 and over)

Malignant neopiasms

(30 -49,55- 64)

Cerebrovascular diseases

(30 -34,40 and over)

Chronic liver disease

(25 -39,45- 59)

Homicide (45 - 64)

Malignant neoplasms

(20 -24,65 and over)

Diabetes mellitus

(25 -29,45-79,85 and over)

Accidents (under 1,

15-24, 35-54, 60-64)

Homicide (1 -4, 10- 34)

HIV infection

(under 5,20- 69)

E!?\ 0.1348

y 0.1107

i

0.0379

0.0338

d

-0.0647

-0.0692

-0.0780

-0.3288

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Change in life expectancy in years

Figure 10. Contribution of leading causes of death and age groups to the change in life expectancy, Mck males: United States, 1964-89

Cause of death (age)

Diseases of hem

(under 5, 35-64) 0.2866

>

Cerebrovascular

diseases (35 and over)

\\q 0.1503

Malignant neoplasrns

(25 -29,40- 59) \\y 0.1114

Chronic liver disease

(25- 44,50- 59)

0.0441

AtheroscIerois

(80 and over)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary

diseases and allied -0.0669

conditions (50 arxl over)

Pneumonia and influenza

(30- 39,45-49,70 and over)

-0.0826

Diabetes mellitus

(45 -69,75 and over)

-0.0967

Malignant neoplasms

(65- 79,85 and over)

-0.1127

HIV infection

(under 5, 20-59)

-0.1884

u

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Change in [ife expectancy in years

Figure 11. Contribution of leading caused of death and age groups to the chan9e in life e-n% black females: United States,

1964-69 ;

15
were Chronic obstructive pulmona~ diseases and allied conditions, for ages 55 years ~d over (2o.3 percent) (-0.0979

year); Malignant neoplasm, includng neoplasms of lymphatic ~d hematopoietic &ues, for ages60 years and over

(17.6 percent); and Pne~o~a md ~uenza, for ages 65+59

and 75 years and over (13.9 percent). For white females, HIV

infection, wfich ranked ~~ Contributed ordy 4.8 percent to

the negative effect on the ch~ge inlife expectancy.

For black m~es, Disemes of heart, for under 1 and 25

Years and over (42.4 percent), had a major positive impact

(().3500 yea), as &d M~gnat neoplasms, including neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, for ages 30-49

and 55-64 yeans (16.3 percent); and Cerebrovascular diseases,

for ages 30-34 and 40 years and over (13.4 percent) (table 9

and figure 10). A striking effect was that of Homicide and

legal intervention at ages 45-64 years, which contributed a

positive 4.1 percent to the change in life expectancy. Negative

effects for black males were dominated by HIV infection, for

ages under 5 and 20-69 years (42.7 percent) (-0.6641 year);

Homicide and legal intervention, for ages 14 and 10-34 years

(21.1 percent); and Accidents and adverse effects, with a

5.0 percent contribution for ages under 1, 1>24, 35-54, and

60-64 years.

For black females, three-fourths of the positive contribution to change in life expeticy during 1984-89 was due to

the three leading causes of deafi, Diseases of heart, for under

5 and 35-84 years (39.6 percent) (0.2986 year); CerebrovasCUlardiseases, for ages 35 years and over (19.9 percent> and

Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasrns of lymphatic and

hematopoietic tissues, for ages 25-29 and 40-59 years

(14.8 percent) (table 10 and figure 11). Negative effects were

led by HIV infection, for ages l,mder 5 and 20-59 years

(20.2 percent) (-0.1884 year} Malignant neoplasms, including

neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, for ages

65–79 and 85 years and over (12.1 percent] and Diabetes

mellitus for ages 45-69 and 75 years and over (10.4 percent).

Group comparisons

When comparing the Cause-of-deati-age contributions

among the four race-sex groups, there are a number of

similarities. Among tie positive contributions, Diseases of

heart among persons under 1 ye.m and 25 years of age and

over made the largest positive contribution. Cerebrovascular

diseases among pe~ons 30 yem and Over made the second or

third greatest positive contribution, and Malignant neoplasms,

including neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues,

among persons 20-59 years of age made the second, third, or

fourth largest positive contribution among the four race-sex

groups. One major diiTerence among the race-sex groups

having positive contributions was that Accidents and adverse

effects for most age groups under 55 years had the third

greatest positive contribution for white males, while for the

other race-sex groups the contribution of this cause of death

ranged from sixth to ninth.

Among the negative contributions, HIV infection among

persons 20.-69 years of age made the largest negative contribution to the ch~ge in life expectancy for each of the four

race-sex groups, except for white females for which it was

fifth. Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of lymphatic

and hematopoietic tissues for persons 60-65 years of age and

over made the second or third largest negative contribution for

the race-sex groups, except for black males for which it was

fifth. Major differences among the race-sex groups having

negative contributions included the following for white females,

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and allied conditions

for persons 55 years and over was first, while that cause of

death was fifth to eighth for the other race-sex groups; for

black males, Homicide and legal intervention for persons 14

years and 10-34 years was second, while that cause of death

was sixth to eighth for the other race-sex groups; and for black

males, Accidents and adverse effects for most age groups

under 65 years was thirc$ while for other race-sex groups this

cause was sixth to tenth.

Change in the gap in life expectancy

between white persons and black persons

During 1984-89 the gap or difference in life expectancy

between white and black males increased by 1.7 years from

6.2 years to 7.9 years (table A). (’Total contribution to the

change in life expectancy in table 11 may not add to the

calculated d.ifterencebetween life expectancy in table A due to

rounding.) Contributing most to the growing gap h life

expectancy between males of the two race groups were trends

in mortality for Diseases of heart for males 40 years and over

(table 11 and figure 12). While the change in life expectancy

from this cause increased for white and black males, it

increased less rapidly for black males. This resulteci in a

negative contribution of -0.4358 year, over 23 percent of the

widening gap. The next two most important causes contributing to the widening gap were HIV infection (for ages under 5

and 20-64 years) and Homicide and legal intervention (for

ages 1-4 and 10-39 years), for which decreases in the change

in life expectancy were greater for black males than white

males, again resulting in negative contributions of -().3999

year and -0.3238 year, respectively, to the gap in life expectancy. These three causes in selected age groups contributed

61.6 percent to the widening gap in life expectancy between

white and black males.

Selected causes of death and age groups kept the gap

between black and white males from widening more than it

did. Among these were trends in mortality for Malignant

neoplasms, including neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues for males 35-49 and 55-64 years, which ccmtributed 32.2 percent (O.1029 year) to narrowing. Also contributing

to narrowing were Cerebrovascukr diseases for ages 55–59

and 65–74 years (11.6 percent) and Homicide and legal intervention for ages 45--64 years (9.5 percent). These were insufficient to offs+etthe effect of other cause-age group combinations

to the widening gap.

Between 1984 and 1989 the gap in life expectancy

between white and black females increased 0.7 year, from 5,0

years to 5.7 years. Contributing most to the growing gap in life

expectancy between femrdes of the two race groups were

trends in mofi~ity for Diseases of heafi for females 60 years

16
Cause of death (age)

Malignant neoplasms

(35- 49,55- 64)

Cerebrovascular

dEMiSEE (55- 59, 65-74)

Homicide (45 - 64)

Chronic liver disease

(30- 38)

Diseases of heart

(under 1,25- 29)

MaJignantneoplasms

(20 -24, 50-54,65 and over)

Accidents (under 1, 15-29,

35-54, 60-64, 75- 79)

Homicide (1- 4, 10-39)

HIV infections

(under 5,20- 64) I

Diseases of heart

(40 and over)

Is30.1029

-0.0813

-0.1499

-0.3238

-0”4358~

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Change in Iiie expectancy in years

Figure 12. Contribution of l~ing causes of death and age groups to the change in the gap in life expectancy between white and black

male% United States, 1984-89

Cause of death (age)

Malignant neoplasms (25-29,

40-44, 50-64, 70-74,60-84)

Chronic obstructive ptdmonary

diseases and allied conditions

(60- 64,70 and over)

Disease of heart (35-44, 50-59)

Cerebrovascular diiases

(45- 49,50- 59)

Chronic liver disease (25- 44)

PerinataJconditions (under 1) -0.0631

Accidents (under 1,5-9,20-29,

35-49, 60-69, 85 and over) -0.0636

Malignant neopksrns (1-4, -0.0671

30-39, 65-69,85 end over)

HIV infections (under 5, 20-64) -0.1652

Diseases of heart (60 and over) -0.2902

1

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6

Change in Iiie expectancy in years

Figure 13. Contribution of leading causes of death and age groups to the change in the 9aP in ~~e exlxctancy between white and black

female% United States, 198+69 -

17
and over. While the change in life expectancy from this cause

increased for females of both races, it increased less rapidly

for biack females. This res~ted in a negative contribution of

-0.2902 year, or 27.5 percent of the widening gap (table 12

and figure 13). For ~ fie~on, the second highest cause

contributing to the wride~g gap (forages under 5 years and

20--64 years), decreases b fie change in life expectancy were

greater for black females than white females. This resulted in

a negative contribution of .0.1652 year (15.6 percent) to the

widening gap in life expectancy. These two causes in selected

age groups contributed 43.1 percent to the widening gap in life

expectancy between white and black females.

Countemailing effects to the widening were mo~fity

trends for Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms c~flymphatic and hematopoietic tissues for females 25-29, 40-44,

50-64, 70-74, and 80-84 years of age, which contributed

0.0906 year, or 23.9 percent to narrowing. Also contribu.tig to

narrowing were Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and

allied conditions for ages 60-64 and 70 years and over

(13.3 percent) and Diseases of heafi for ages 35+ and 50-59

years (11.7 percent).

18
References

1. Arriaga EE. Measuring and explaining the change in life expectancies. Demography 21(1):83-96. 1984.

2. Arriaga EE. Changing trends in mortality decline. during the last

decades. In: Ruzicka ~ Wunsch G, Kane P, erls. Differential

mortality Methodologid issues and biosocial fictors. Oxford:

Clarendon Press, 105-29.1989.

3. National Center for Health Statistics. Advance report of final

mortality statistics, 1989. Monthly vital statistics repofi, VO1 40

no 8, suppl 2. Hyattaville, Maryland: Public Health Sewice.

1992.

4. Pollard JH. On the decomposition of changes in expectation of

life and ditTerentials in life expectancy. Demography 25(2>265-

76.1988.

5. World Health Organization. ManuaI of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death, ‘“

based on the recommendations of the Ninth Revision Conference, 1975. Genevz World Health Organization. 1977.

6. National Center for Health Statistia. VItaI statistics, instructions

for ckmsifying the underlying cause of death. NCHS instruction

manual, part 2a. Hyattsville, Iv@land: Rblic Health Semite.

Published annually.

7. National Center for Health Statistics. Advance report of final

mortality statistics,1984. Monthly vital statisti~ repoti, VOI35

no 6, suppl. 2. Hyattsville, Maryland: Public Health Service.

1986.

8. Sirken MG. Comparison of two methods of constructing abridged

life tables by reference to a “standard” table. National Center

for H-eahh Statistics. Wal Health Stat 2(4). 1966.

19
List of detailed tables

1. Contribution to the change in life expectancy (in years)

from birth to 85 years and over for the leading causes of

dea~ by age for the total population: United States,

1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Contribution to the change in life expectancy (in years)

from birth to 85 years andover for the leading eausesof

deatLby age forwhite males: United States, 1984-89 . . .

3. Contribution to the change in life expectancy (in ye~)

from birth to 85 years and over for the leading causes of

death, by age for white females United States, 1984-89. .

4. Contribution to the change in Me expectancy (in ye~)

horn birth to 85 yeara and over for the leading causes of

death, by age for black males United States, 1984-89 . . .

5. Contribution to the change in life expectancy (in years)

tlom birth to 85 years and over for the leading causes of

death, by age for black females: United Statea, 1984-89. .

6. Rank ordering of the contribution of leading causes of death

to the change in life expectancy (in years) from birth to 85

yeara and over and major contributing age groups for the

total populatiorx United Statea, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. Rank ordering of the contribution of leading eases of death

to the change in life expectancy (in years) from bkth to 85

years and over and major contributing age groups for white

malex IJnited States, 1984-39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

8. Rank ordering of the contribution of leading causes of death

21 to the change in life expectancy (ii yeara) from birth to 8:5

years and over and major contributing age groups for white

females: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n

22 9. Rank ordering of the contribution of leading causes of death

to the change in life expectancy (in years) from birth to 85

yeara and over and major contributing age groups for black

23 males: United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

10. Rank ordering of the contribution of leading causes af

death to the change in life expectancy (in years) from birth

24 to 85 years and over and major contributing age groups for

black females United States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

11. Rank ordering of the contribution of leading causes of

25 death by age to the change in the gap in life expectancy (in

years) between white males and black malew United

States, 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

12. Rank ordering of the eontriition of leading causes of

26 death by age to the change in the gap in life expectancy (in

years) between white females and black females United

Sbt= 1984-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

20
Table 1. Contribution to the change in life expectancy (in years) from birth to 65 Years and over for the leading causes of death, by a9e

for the total population: United States, 1984-69

Chronic

obstructive Pneunwnis

All Diseases Malignant Cerabrovascular

Chronic

pulmonety ad Diabetes liver

Age group causes of heart naoplasms diseasas Accidents disease influenza maliitus Suia”de disease

Under l year . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0713 0.0051 0.0003 -0.0001 -0.0014 0.0003 0.0022 0.00Q0 . . . 0.0001

I-l years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0075 0.0015 0.0016 0.0003 0.CQ30 -0.CK)OI -0.0002 -0.0002 . . . 0.0001

5-9 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0056 0.0012 o.oc06 0.0Q04 0.0013 -0.OQO1 0.0008 0.000o 0.0001 0.0002

10-14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0033 -0.0001 0.0012 0.04)01 O.oaw -0.0003 0.0003 -0.0001 -0.0003 0.0001

lE-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0185 0.0001 0.0017 0.0007 0.0020 -0.0004 -0.O!MI -0.0001 -0.0065 0.0001

2&24yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.C4130 0.0008 0.0005 0.0003 0.0157 -0.(MO1 -0.0005 -0.0004 0.0008 0.0000

2&29years . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0276 0.0002 0.0018 0.0006 0.0033 -0.0002 -0.0007 -0.0003 0.0012 0.0010

30--34 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0462 0.0011 0.0030 0.CQ03 O.CHXM -0.0Q05 -0.0011 -0.0004 0.0012 0.0019

35-39 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0511 0.0063 0.0047 0.0009 -0.0035 -0.0003 -0.0018 -0.0001 0.0003 -0.0009

40-14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 4).0052 0.01 8a 0.0069 00032 -0.0013 0.000o -o.al13 -o.c4113 0.0014 0.0019

45-49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0328 0.0302 0.0101 0.0Q42 0.0030 0.0002 -0.0006 -0.0032 0.0026 0.0046

50-54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0874 0.0479 0.0183 0.0060 0.0026 -0.0002 -0.WO1 -0.0LY33 0.C016 0.0058

55-59 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0757 0.0585 0.01 S3 0.0045 0.0008 -0.0024 -o.olx16 -0.0065 0.0024 0.0041

60-64 yea= . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0841 0.0755 -0.0022 0.0079 0.0010 -0.0032 -0.0010 4.0062 0.0008 0.0027

65-89 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0917 0.0839 -0.0034 0.0115 0.0012 -0.Ci124 -0.0024 -o.oo5a O.0001 0.0028

70-74 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0874 0.0972 4.0136 0.0188 0.0006 -0.0049 -0.0014 -0.0059 0.0006 0.0007

75-79 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0859 0.0771 -0.0141 0.0203 0.0008 -o.oi165 -0.0042 -0.0042 -0.IM02 -0.CH301

80-84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0400 0.0582 -0.0103 0.0206 0.0001 -0.0078 -0.0087 -0.0030 -0.0002 -0.0003

85yeara and over . . . . . . . . 0.0225 0.0666 -0.0059 0.0302 0.0002 -0.0066 -0.0239 -0.0034 -0.0005 -0.0005

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5135 0.6270 0.0162 0.1307 0.0332 -0.0396 -0.043S -0.0453 0.0054 0.0246

Age group Nephritis Athemsdaroak

Under lyaar . . . . . . . . . . .

l-lyears . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-6yaara . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l&14years . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 yearn . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 yearn . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 yaare . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-14 yeas . . . . . . . . . . . .

45-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-54 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

55-59 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-84 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

65-89 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

70-74 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

75-79 yaers . . . . . . . . . . . .

80-84 yaam . . . . . . . . . . . .

85years And over . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.0019

0.0002

0.0002

0.0002

O.ocol

-0.0001

0.0003

-0.0002

-0.0001

0.0001

0.0007

-0.0002

0.0002

0.000e

0.0007

0.0016

0.0010

0.0002

0.00C6

0.0085

O.moo

O.moo

Omoo

O.ooao

O.tnlw

O.mloo

O.oow

O.0000

O.oom

O.0001

0.0000

0.0000

O.cumz

0.0010

0.0015

O.axz

0.0Q47

0.0064

0.0179

o.fM46

Homicide

4.0014

-0.0007

4.0002

-0.0012

-0.0155

-0.0127

-0.0047

-0.0030

-0.0001

0.0012

0.0018

0.0008

0.0008

o.o@J5

-0.0001

0.0001

0.0000

0.0001

0.0000

-0.0342

.%@&mia

o.cnlo7

-0.0003

0.0003

0.0000

-0.0002

0.0002

-0.0Q03

-0.0005

-o.oo06

-0.0008

-0.0004

-0.0002

0.0001

0.0003

-0.0002

-0.000Z

-0.0020

-0.0021

-0.0052

-0.0119

Parinatal

omditions

Conganifal

anomalies

HIV

im%ction Hypertension

0.0386

o.c003

O.CQO1

O.woo

O.0000

0.0000

0.ooOo

0.000o

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

o.olMo

o.m

O.0000

0.0000

0.000a

O.0000

0.Oooo

O.ooim

0.0370

0.0237

0.0011

O.WCHJ

0.0004

-0.0002

0.0001

-0.0004

0.0002

-0.0003

0.0004

o.(Nm2

-0.0003

0.0001

2=

O.0001

-0.0002

-0.0001

-0X002

0.0247

-0.0015

-tlool 7

-0.0007

-0.00Q3

-0.0006

-oJM86

-0.0259

-0.0406

-0.0426

-cMx304

-0-0191

-0.0112

-0.0C59

+ME27

40012

-o.lxM5

-0.UM2

-0.0001

0.000o

-0.1822

O.OQOO

O.0000

0.0000

O.cooo

O.0000

-0.00QI

-0.00Q1

-0.0001

-0.GQ02

O.OQOO

0.04101

-0.0004

0.0003

O.ocol

-0.0002

0.0007

0.0003

-0.0005

-0.0006

-0.0006

0.0051

0.0026

0.0013

-0.0001

0.0003

-0.0008

-0.0034

-0.0077

-0.0125

-0.0072

-0.0013

0.0020

0.0061

0.0082

0.0069

-0.0046

-0.0148

-0.0420

-0.0611

NOTES Fqures may not add to totals because of muting. FIX cunpkle ICM litles and cunbers, seeAppeIxJixtable 1.

21
Table 2. Contribution to the change in life expectancy (in years) from birth to 85 years and over for the leading causes of death, by age

for white males: United Stateq 19S4-69

Chrome

obStNr2iV0 Pneumonia Chronic

Afl Diseas= Malignant Cerebrovasculsr pulmonary md Diabetes liver

Age group neop/asms diseases causes of heart Accidents disease im7uerrza mellitus Suicide disease

Under l year . . . . . . . . . . .

7-4 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-9 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

3C-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

36-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

45-49 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-54 years . . . . . . . . . .

55-59 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

65-89 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

70--74 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

75-79 yeaffi . . . . . . . . . . . .

.90-64 yeaffi . . . . . . . . . . . .

65 years And over . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.1075

0.0115

0.0081

0.0056

0.0006

0.0235

-0.0256

-0.0539

-0.0689

-0.0124

0.0320

0.1012

0.1121

0.1149

0.1492

0.1448

0.1056

0.0417

0.0329

0.6306

0.0049

0.0015

0.0013

O.om

-0.0002

0.0004

-0.0009

0.0026

O.ot 12

0.0264

0.0464

0.0775

0.0657

0.1060

0.1104

0.1115

0.0863

0.0467

0.0497

0.7712

0.000o -0.0001 0.0001

0.0013 0.0002 0.0045

0.0021 0.0002 0.0023

0.0006 -0.0003 0.0061

0.0029 0.0009 0.0130

0.0025 0.0003 0.0303

0.0016 0.0006 0.0114

0.0036 0.0001 0.0043

0.0019 0.0007 -0.0Q27

0.0098 0.0027 -0.0001

0.0053 0.0+341 0.0052

0.0193 0.0058 0.CW6

0.0171 0.0039 0.0006

-0.0100 0.0069 0.0019

0.0081 0.0120 0.0027

0.0000 0.0170 0.0Q13

-0.0020 0.0156 o.oa20

-0.0089 0.0146 0.000Q

-0.0073 0.0159 0.0003

0.0465 0.1010 0.0891

-o.ml 0.0013

-0.0003 0.0002

0.00QI 0.0007

-0.0002 0.0003

-0.0005 0.0002

0.0Q03 -0.0002

0.000o -0.0006

-0.0004 -0.0007

-0.0002 -0.0013

0.0004 4.01313

0.0003 -0.0012

0.0023 0.0003

0.0004 -0.0002

0.0022 O.WJO

0.@338 -0.0013

0.0079 0.0001

0JX124 -0.0011

-0.0017 -0.0035

-0.0046 -0.0107

0.0118 -0.0189

-0.0002

-0.0002

0.0001

-0.0001

0.0002

-0.0001

-0.00Q1

-0.0010

-0.0003

-0.0019

-0.0025

-0.0031

-o.c050

-0. C4J51

-0.0047

-0.0051

-0.0Q27

-0.0014

-0.0013

-0.0346

. . . 0.0000

. . . 0.0001

0.0002 0.0003

-0.0003 0.0000

-0.01 w 0.0002

0.0016 0.0002

0.0013 0.0007

0.0022 0.0016

4.0013 -0.0024

0.0Q07 --OJJ301

0s3019 0.0050

0.000e 0.0045

0.0028 0J3049

0.0009 0.0035

-0.0003 0.0046

0.0006 0.0014

-0.0005 0.0003

-0.0003 .-0.0003

-0.0009 -0.0003

-0.0004 0.0241

Perinatal Congenital HIV

Age group Nephritis Atherrxclemsis Homicide Septicemia wnditions anomalies infection Hypertension Residual

Under l year . . . . . . . . . . .

l-4 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.5-9 year n . . . . . . . . . . . .

iO-14years . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 yeaffi . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

3S39 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . .

4044 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.E+9 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-54 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

56-59 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64 yesra . . . . . . . . . . . .

65-59 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

70-74 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . .

75-79 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

80-64 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

85years and over . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.0017

0.0001

0.0003

0.00Q0

0.0001

0.0003

0.0001

0.0002

-0.0001

0.0004

0.0004

0.000o

0.000o

0.0007

0.0017

0.0017

0.0018

0.0008

0.0013

0.0116

0.0000

O.oim

O.0000

0.0000

0.0000

O.oao

O.0000

0.000o

-0.0001

0.0002

0.0C411

O.0000

O.ocol

0.000e

O.OQI4

0.0026

0.0044

0.0044

0.0080

0.0230

-0.0004

0.0002

-0.0003

-0.0006

-0.0059

-0.0037

0.0010

0.0003

0.0022

0.0021

0.0010

0.0012

0.0006

0.0004

0.0001

0.0002

0.0000

0.0001

0.000o

-0.0015

0.CQ07

4.0006

0.0003

-0.0001

-0.0001

0.0002

-0.0001

4.0006

-0.0007

-O.CO1O

-0.0007

-0.C+)OI

0.0006

0.0006

0.0004

-0.0003

-o.c013

-0.0013

-0.0014

-0.0053

0.0593

-0.0001

0.0001

0.0000

-0.0001

O.ocwl

O.0000

0.0000

0.0000

O.ooca

0.0000

0.0000

O.CMOO

O.txtoa

0.0000

0.000a

O.owo

0.0000

0.0000

0.0591

0.0272

0.0037

0.0000

0.0007

0.0001

0.0001

-0.0006

0.0002

-0.0002

0.0007

0.0004

-0.0004

-0.0001

0.CQ02

-0.0004

0.0002

-0.0001

-0.0001

-0.0002

0.0316

-0.0006

-0.0001

-.0006

-0.0003

-0.0007

-0.0Q79

4.0353

-0.0558

-0.0569

-0.0430

4.0284

-0.0166

J).0088

4.0039

-0.0014

-o. fxK15

-0.0W2

-0.0001

0.000o

-0.2643

-o.ocm

0.000o

0.000o

0.000o

0.000o

-0.0001

-0.0001

-0.0002

-0.0002

0.CGQ2

O.CQOI

-0.0Q02

-0.0003

0.00Q0

0.0005

0.0W7

0.0002

-0.0005

0.0005

0.0005

0.0140

0.0012

0.0002

-0.0005

0.0004

-0.0008

-0.0048

-0.01C6

-0.0166

-0.0104

-0.0046

0.0040

0.0097

0.0095

0.0118

0.0054

0.0006

-0.0067

-o.olaa

-0.0162

NOTES Figuresmay notaddto totalsbecauseof rounding. For cmplem lC~ was ~ num~. * A!wandh @[e 1.

22
Table 3. Contribution to the change In life expectancy (in years) from birth to S5 years and over for the leading causes of death, by a9e

for white females: United State% 1984-89

Chronic

obstru&B

All

Pneumonia

Diseases Malignant

Chronic

Cerebrovasuriar prdrnonery and Diabetes liver

Age group causes of head neoplasms diseases Mdanta dkaase influenza mellihfs Sui~”de disease

Under l year . . . . . . . . . . .

l-4 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-9 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years. . . . . . . . . . . .

30+34 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.549 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-14 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

45-19 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-54 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

55-59 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

65-69 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

iW74 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

75-79 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

8CH4 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

85years and over . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.0916

O.oow

0.0023

0.0055

-0.0065

0.0106

-0.0035

-0.0070

0.0106

0.0204

0.0407

0.0451

0.0418

0.0463

0.0519

0.0458

0.0470

o.tMo

0.0140

o.4ee4

0.0051

0.0020

0.0014

0.0005

0.0006

0.0018

0.0078

0.0144

0.0190

0.0295

0.0459

0.0667

0.0856

0.0681

0.0642

0.5142

-0.OQO1

0.0026

-0.0012

0.0014

0.0009

-0.0007

0.0019

0.0028

0.0094

0.0072

0.0136

0.0128

0.0076

-0.0031

-0.0103

-0.0274

-0.0232

-0.0121

-o.oo8a

-0.0246

0.0001

0.0002

0.0005

0.0003

0.0007

0.0000

0.0003

0.0001

0.0018

0.0@36

0.0C37

0.0066

0.0040

0.0092

0.0G91

0.0173

0.0271

0.0253

0.0463

0.1590

0.0011

4.0002

-0.0004

0.0016

-0.0092

0.0070

-0.0024

-0.0026

-0.0005

-0.0007

0.0024

0.0011

0.0012

0.0011

O.cml

4.0009

O.CSXSI

o.oOoo

0.0000

-0.0012

0.0002

O.omz

0.0003

4J.cmol

-0.0004

-0.00+38

-0.0001

-0.0007

-0.0Q23

-0.0057

-0.0105

-0.0062

-0.0193

-0.0198

-0.0150

-0.0145

-0.0972

0.0027

-0.0001

0.0Q08

0.0007

-0.0004

-0.0005

-0.0007

-0.CH308

-0.0006

-0.0005

0.W02

-0.0008

-o.oo06

-0.0021

-0.0032

-0.0020

-0.0064

-0.0096

-0.0388

-0.0629

0.0001

-mxlo2

0.0000

-0.0003

-0.0002

-o.oc02

0.0002

-0.0004

0.0004

-0.0013

-0.0026

-0.0028

-0.0056

-0.0056

-0.0076

-0.0065

-0.0039

JM3038

40044

-0.0446

. . .

. . .

0.0000

-0.0001

-0.0022

0.0036

0.0020

0.0016

0.0023

0.0030

0.0035

&~26

0.0017

0.0008

0.W08

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

-0.0002

0.0002 “

0.0003

0.0001

o.oao2

-0.0001

-0.0002

0.0003

0.0000

0.0001

0.0030

0.004G

0.0074

0.0037

0.0021

0.0018

0.0003

-0.0008

-0.0003

4.0006

0.0212

Parinatal Currgenita/ HIV

Age group Nephritis Atherosclerosis Homicide Septicemia conditions snorrrdies rnfection Hypertension Residus/

Under l year . . . . . . . . . . .

I-lyears . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-9 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

45+9years . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-54 yesra . . . . . . . . . . . .

5S.59years . . . . . . . . . . . .

6fJ-84yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

65-69 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

70-74 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

75-79 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

80-84 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

86years and over . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.0013

0.0002

0.0002

0.0003

0.0003

-0.00Q2

0.000e

O.0000

0.0Q04

0.0004

0.0007

0.0002

0.0010

0.0015

0.0002

0.0013

0.0010

-oSm5

-0.0003

o.oo6e

-0.0001

0.0001

0.0001

0.000o

O.occa

0.000a

O.ooco

0.000o

0.0CW30

O.oom

-0.0002

4.0002

0.0004

0.0013

0.0013

0.0024

0.0058

0.0066

0.0264

0.0475

-Q.0012

0.0004

0.0005

-0.0003

0.0024

-0.0006

-0.0009

0.0004

-0.0002

0.0005

4.0001

0.0007

0.0004

+MO02

+.OCKI1

0.0001

0.0001

O.OCQI

0.0016

0.0005

0.0002

-0.0001

-0.0001

-oW03

0.0004

-o.lxxa

-0.0004

-0.0001

-o.oo06

O.rxlw

O.rrool

-0.0007

-mMol

-o.ixi06

-oJm05

-0.0026

-0.0030

-0.0091

-0.0172

0.0457

0.0006

0.0002

O.oow

O.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

4.0001

O.oow

O.ocsxl

O.OQOO

O.CQOO

O.0000

0.0000

:%%

O.0000

0.0000

0.0466

0.0260

0.0004

JMSI07

0.0Q06

O.0000

4.cc07

0.CCQ2

0.0003

-0.0004

+mool

0.CQ05

0.0Q04

-0.W06

O.0000

-0.00Q8

-0.OQOI

0.0270

-0.0W7

-0.0015

4.0005

4.0001

-0.0301

-0.0Q15

-0.0032

-0.0056

40021

4.0+313

-0.0010

-O.(X4I7

-o.w03

-o.oc04

-0.0U02

-0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

-0.0232

0.000o

-0.OQOI

-o.ootrl

-0.0001

0.0001

-JJ.Owl

O.0000

0.000o

O.omo

-mom

O.0001

O.OCQI

0.0010

o.oc03

+MO02

OJM04

0.0W4

-0.0003

-0.0017

4.0004

0.0089

0.0041

0.0018

0.0003

0.0025

-0.0001

-0.0013

-0.0001

-o.oc07

0.0004

0.0028

0.0024

0.0041

-0.0101

-0.0703

-0.0766

NOTES Figures may not addto totals becmse or murxiinq. For OXIplete [CM W@ and ntnmbats, sesAfwsKJ& tsbks L

. ,.

23
Table 4. Contribution to the changeinlife ewactsncy (in years) from bhth to 66 years and over for the leading causes of death, by age

for black males: United States, 1984-89

Chronic

obsbuti”ve Pneumonia

,41 M.4ignant

Chronic

Diseases Cerebrovaacukr pulmonary and Diabetes liver

Age group causes of h8afi neoplasms diseases Accidents disease influenza mellitus Suia”de disease

Under l year . . . . . . . . . . . 4.CMZI

l--$year s . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0078

S9 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0064

10-14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0044

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.1575

20-24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . -0.1799

25-29 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.1274

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . a.1546

3549years . . . . . . . . . . ..-O.2O96

4&.t4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.1380

45-.tfi ye%r5. ,., ..,... 40445

50-54 pa<% . . . . . _O:~~

5%59years . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64 years . . . . . . . . 0.1607

66-69 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0216

70-74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0949

75-79 years . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0241

80-84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0145

85years And over . . . . . . . . -0.0356

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.7298

0.0087

-0.00Q6

0.0009

0.000o

0.0014

0.0001

0.0075

0.0028

0.0008

0.0226

0.0117

0.0270

0.0407

0.0692

0.0308

0.0696

0.0155

0.0220

0.0068

0.3495

0.0010

0.0014

0.0004

0.0014

0.0009

-0.0033

0.0008

0.0036

0.0080

0.0148

0.0126

-0.0005

0.0311

0.0566

-0.0074

4.0043

-0.0206

-0.0128

-0.0156

0.0702

0.0004

0.0012

0.0010

0.0006

-0.0004

0.0010

0.0010

0.0028

-0.0016

0.0045

o.om6

0.0062

0.0176

0.0092

0.0175

0.0219

0.0029

0.01 5a

0.0031

0.1087

-0.0073

0.0062

0.0067

0.0Q36

-0.0117

40087

0.0013

O.ooze

-0.0131

-0.0115

-0.0075

4.0120

0.0040

-0.0042

0.W05

0.0044

-0.0015

0.0000

-0.0005

-0.0482

0.0015

-0.0001

-0.0017

0.0010

-0.0002

-0.0012

-0.0017

4.0029

-0.0010

4.0037

0.0050

-0.0031

0.0004

0.0035

-0.0036

-0.0027

-0.0108

-0.0027

-0.0063

-0.0273

0.0+354

-0.0014

0.0006

-0.0006

0.0000

-0.0024

-0.W09

-0.0022

-0.0059

-0.0071

40026

0.0027

-0.0013

0.0008

+.(K)37

-0.0046

-0.0023

-0.0051

-0.0091

-0.0396

O.OCQO

0.000o

-0.0002

0.IB36

-0.0007

-0.0021

4.0030

0.0015

-0.0019

-0.0010

-0.0078

-0.0042

4.0134

-0.0061

4.0075

-0.0082

-0.0039

-0.0022

-0.0039

-0.0671

. . .

. . .

-0.0004

-0.0017

-0.0107

-0.0153

0.0004

-0.0046

4.0013

-0.0026

-o.olJo2

0.0013

0.0025

0.0009

4.0017

0.0006

0.0003

-0.0002

-0.0006

-0.0336

0.0010

-0.0004

0.0000

0.0006

0.0003

-0.0006

0.0031

0.0108

0.0034

0.0026

0.0045

0.0055

0.0035

0.0011

0.0010

-0.0005

0.0005

-0.0004

-0.0003

o.lxx6

Perinatsl Corrgemtal HIV

Age group Nephritis Atheroaclenxis Homicide Septicemia conditions anomalies infection Hypertension Residual

Under l year . . . . . . . . . . .

14 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-9 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

3S39years . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-14 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

4W9yesra . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-64 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . .

55+9 yesre . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

66-69 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

7G74years . . . . . . . . . . . .

75-79 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

80-64 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . .

85years and over . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.0043 0.000o

-0.0002 0.0002

0.0003 -0.0002

0.0004 0.000o

0.0000 Omoo

-0.0003 o.cm2

0.0007 0.0000

-0.0029 0.0000

-0.0042 -0.OCQI

-0.0031 -0.0002

-oSMx13 0.00QI

-0.0048 0.0003

-0.0030 0.0006

0.0039 0.0003

-0.0027 0.0033

0.0011 o.ofx36

-0.0020 0.0040

-0.0010 0.0020

0.0001 0.0028

-0.0139 0.0163

4.0010

-0.0070

-0.0003

4.0088

-0.1200

4.1191

-Q.0455

-0.0164

4.0011

-0.0003

0.0131

0.0072

0.0079

0.0035

0.0013

0.00Q7

O.0000

0.0000

-0.0003

-0.2951

0.0027

0.0002

0.0012

0.000o

Zz

-0.0015

-0.0007

-0.0046

-0.0023

-0.0002

-0.0028

0.000o

-0.0004

-0.0015

0.0016

0.0005

4.0020

-0.0013

-0.0114

-0.0130

-0.0005

0.0000

-0.0004

0.0002

0.0000

0.0000

-0.0001

O.oorm

O.0000

0.0000

O.orxm

O.0000

0.ooOo

0.0000

O.OWJ

-0.0001

OJMOO

O.0000

-0.0139

0.0025

-0.0017

-0.0010

-0.0011

-0.0006

0.0017

0.0006

0.0005

-0.0007

o.ooa2

-0.0003

0.0001

4.0007

0JXI04

O.cmo

0.0003

-0.0003

0.0001

O.CQOO

-0.0003

-0.0034

4.0077

-0.0014

-0.0004

-0.0017

-0.0247

-0.0660

-0.1344

-0.1585

-0.1220

-0.0602

-0.0350

-0.0155

-0.0062

-Q.0037

4.0010

4MO02

0.000o

+mool

-0.6641

o.oc02

0.000o

O.oimo

0.0002

+.0002

-o.ofM5

-0.0007

0.0004

-0.0002

-OJXM5

O.OCQO

-0.0040

0.0013

0.0014

-0.0031

0.0020

-0.0015

-0.0014

0.000o

-0.0067

4.0153

0.0025

0.0024

0.0001

-0.0047

-0.0043

-0.0017

-0.0166

-0.0369

-0.0275

-0.0162

-0.0(X19

0.0035

0.0269

0.0024

0.0102

-0.0046

0.0005

-0.0127

-0.0919

NOTES figures may notadd to tota!aWCSWSaorrounding.ForcofnpleteICO-9 titlesand nmbsm, seeAp~x tabb 1.

24
Table 5. Contribution to the change in life expectancy (in years) from birth to 85 years and over for the leading causes of death, by a9e

for black females: United States, 1984439

Chronic

obstructive Pneumonia

All Diseases Malignant Cerebrovaeadef

Chronic

pulmonary and Diabetes liver

Age group causes of heart neopksms diseases Acadenffi disease inr7uen=I mellitus Suicide disease

Under l year . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0209

l-4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.CQ08

5-9years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0041

10-14 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0057

15-19 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0110

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0234

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0462

3CN4years . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0705

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0562

40+4years . . . . . . . . . . . . -O.OO1O

45-49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0257

50-54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . o.05e4

55-59 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0931

60-64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0326

6.%69 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.03~

70-74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0695

75-79 years . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0464

80-S4years . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0380

85 years and over. . . . . . . . -0.1799

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.1784

0.0044

0.0028

0.0W8

-0.0021

0.0010

-0.0012

-0.0008

0.0080

0.0110

0.0123

0.0351

0.0474

0.0359

0.0240

0.0643

0.0125

0.0390

-0.0255

0.2634

-0.0005

-0.0015

0.0012

0.0022

-0.0011

-0.0020

O.oom

-oS)o02

0.0020

0.0219

0.0145

0.0255

0.0365

0.0026

-0.0440

-0.0173

-0.0243

-0.0011

-0.0210

-0.0013

0.0001

-0.0002

0.00C6

0.CO09

O.OQII

omo20

0.0003

0JM30

0.0048

0.0074

0.0078

0.0085

0.0140

0.0167

0.0337

0.0195

0.0217

0.0065

0.14s3

-0.01 w

0.0062

-OJX165

0.0017

-0.0004

-0.0021

-0.0102

-0.0041

-0.0086

-0.0060

4.0012

0.0036

0.0015

-0.0017

-0.0028

-0.LWJ7

-o.000a

0.0020

-0.0045

-0.0443

0.0014

-0.0012

0.0001

-0.0016

0.0014

-0.0005

0.0027

0.0010

o.cm4

-0.0014

-0.0005

0.0C09

-0.0008

0.0015

-0.0012

-0.0053

-0.0076

-0.0067

-0.0134

-0.0088

-o.cm9

-o.rmo

-0.0045

-0.0617

-0.0045

-0.CHJ53

-0.0015

-0.0030

0.ooOo

-0.0019

-0.0023

-0.0017

-0.0030

-0.0118

-0.0076

-0.0367

-0.0774

0.W03

-0.0002

-0.0002

-0.0002

-o.oc02

-0.0011

-(MXQ6

0.0022

0.0006

0.W26

4.0075

-0.0043

-0.0095

-0.0122

-0.0162

-0.0022

-0.0171

-0.0032

-0.0166

-0.0911

. . .

. .

O.cnci

4CC09

-0.0016

-O.(MJIO

-o.ooce

-0.0005

-0.0010

-0.0013

0.0023

-0.0010

0.0010

0.0001

4.aJo3

0.0007

-0.0002

-0.0Q03

O.0000

-0X045

0.0001

0.0000

+.C4102

0.0002

0.0000

0.0004

0.0057

0.0Q73

0.0040

0.C072

0.0024

0.0074

0.0058

0.0023

4.0001

-0.0+303

0.0Q03

0.0008

-0.0005

0.0429

Perinatal Congenital HIV

Age group Nephritis AtherOscJemsia Homicide Septicemia condiiiona snomalias in* Hypedension Residual

Under l year . . . . . . . . . . .

I=tyears . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-9years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lo-14 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

35=39 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-44 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

4549years . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-54 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

55-59 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64 yeaffi . . . . . . . . . . . .

65-69 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

70-74 yasrs . . . . . . . . . . . .

75-79 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

80-84 yearn . . . . . . . . . . .

85years and over . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.0036

0.0003

0.0003

O.ooli

0.0004

-0.0005

-0.0001

-0.001 i

0.0014

-0.0001

0.0017

0.0W7

O.oml

-o.omo

0.0007

0.0C36

-0.0026

0.0025

-0.0012

o.ooe7

O.oca

0.0030

0.000a

0.000a

O.0000

O.ooca

O.crmo

O.0000

0.0002

0.0007

-0.0002

-0.00Q2

0.0007

0.0011

0.0026

0.0026

0.0011

0.0048

0.0101

-0.0049

-0.0014

0.0029

-0.0015

-0.0043

-0.0093

-0.0079

-0.0097

-0.0051

0.0046

-0.0009

-0.0012

-0.0021

-0.0003

-0.0012

-0.0002

OJXQO

-wool

-0.0013

-0.0437

-0.0024

-0.0008

0.0009

0.0002

-mm o

-0.0003

-0.0010

-0.0022

-0.0026

-0.0008

-0.000S

O.OQOI

0.0035

0.0021

-0.0004

0.0009

-0.0057

-0.0014

-0.0101

-0.0216

-0.01 6e

0.0005

0.0Q03

0.0002

O.oaoo

-0.0002

0.0000

0.0000

O.OQOO

O.0000

0.0000

O.oow

O.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.00Q0

-0.0159

0.0149

-0.0082

0.0031

0.0007

-0.2007

-0.0007

0.0009

0.0001

-0.0013

JMooe

0.0019

-0.0009

0.0000

0.0007

-0.CQ05

4.oG03

-0.CQOI

-o.ml

0.0002

0.0089

-mea

-0.0C62

-OJXH7

-OJM07

-O.CQ1O

-0.W61

-0.LE61

4m451

-0.0419

4.0262

-0.0113

-o.m8s

-0.0036

-o.lm12

-o.rMo7

-o.mo4

-oJxU31

O.m

-0.1864

O.omo

O.moo

O.0000

0.0000

-0.0002

-O.(XKM

-0.0001

0.0001

+moo9

0.0002

-0.0W7

0.0009

0.LXJ14

-o.IMo2

am

o.ixQ5

0.0016

-0.0012

4MK143

-o.oa32

-0.00.53

0.0066

0.0018

-0.0032

-0.0019

0.000a

-0.0108

-0.013s

-0.0187

0.0097

-0.0026

0.0084

0.0016

-0.0015

-0.0034

-0.0096

4.0066

-0.0728

-0.1288

25
Table 6. Rank ordering of the ~ntributi~n ~ leading~uses of death to the change In life exp~ncy (in years) from birth to 6!5years

and over and major contributing agegroups for the total population: United States, 1984-89

Ma@ Change

contributing in life Cwnu/ative Cumulative

&use of death age groups 1 expectanc# change Percent percent

Totilcontnbtion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Posfie contribution

Diseasesofheati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerebrovascu[artiseases. .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neoplasmqin~l”ding “eoplasms of lymphatic and

hematopietic~=ue~, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ACcidentsanda~eBe~e~s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Certain condfions originatinginthe perinataiperiod. . . . . . .

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

COngenitalanomafies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronicliverdiseaseandcirrhosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephritis, nephroticsyndrome, and nephrosis. . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicideand lagalinterverdion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pneumoniaand infiuerua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertensionwith orwifhoufrenal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronicobstrucfive pulmonatydseases andalliacfmndtions. . . . . . .

~abetesmel~ius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Human immunodaficienqvims infedions , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nagativecontribution

Human immuncdeficiencyvirus infe~ion3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant naoplasma, including neoplasms of lymphatic and

hematopaietictissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pneumoniaandinfluen~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diabetes melliius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...+.

Chronic obstructive puimonarydiseases and alliadwndtions. . . . . . . . . .

Homicideandlagal intewention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accidentsand adveraeeffe~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertensionwithorwitho@renal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital anomalkre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronicliverdiseaseandcimhosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephritis, nephroticeyncfrome, end nephroais. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Certaincunditions originating inthepafinata[ perid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerebrovaeculardiseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atherosclerosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oiaeasesofheart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All

Underl year, 35 and over

40 and over

30-59

1+10-14,20-29, 45-49

Underl year

75 and over

Underl year

45-59,66-69

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Underl year, 55-69

20-59

65 and over

75 and over

45 and over

60-64, 70 and over

16-34

65 and over

15-19

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

25-44, 75 and over

0.5135

0.6271

0.1308

0.0887

0.0394

0.0371

0.0347

0.0268

0.0265

0.0132

O.ooel

0.00!M

0.CQ32

0.0015

0.0015

0.0004

O.LWOO

0.000o

0.0332

4.1922

-0.0505

-0.0468

-0.0453

-0.0400

-0.0386

-0.0134

-0.0078

-0.0062

-0.002s

-0.0021

-0.0019

-0.0006

-0.0001

-0.0001

-0.0001

-mom

-0.0843

0.5135

0.6271

0.7579

0.8246

0.8640

0.9010

0.9357

0.8825

0.9880

1.0022

1.0113

1.0167

1.0199

1.0214

1.0230

1.0234

1.0234

1.0234

1.0566

-0.1922

4.2427

-0.2895

%%

-0.4144

-0.4278

-0.4356

-0.4416

4.4442

-0.4463

-0.4481

-0.4487

-o.446a

-0.4469

-0.4490

-0.4491

-0.5433

. ..

59.4

12.4

6.3

3.7

3.5

3.3

2.5

2.5

1.3

0.9

0.5

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.1

35.4

9.3

8.6

8.3

7.4

7.3

2.5

1.4

1.1

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.1

0.0

0.0

;::

17.4

. .

59.4

71.7

78.0

81.8

65.3

88.6

91.1

93.6

94.9

95.7

86.2

96.5

86.7

96.8

86.9

96.9

96.9

100.0

35.4

44.7

53.3

81.6

69.0

76.3

78.7

80.2

81.3

81.7

821

82.5

82.6

82.6

82.6

82.6

82.6

100.0

llncludesagegmups thstmm-ib@adatlWl daytothe charge iniiieexpa@ncy.

2Mayincludeposifive(ornsgative)chsngeaforagegroupsnot shown.

aNumkrof rmidentdeatisdue @Hummimmundektiq timsiMm.onin 18Wwasastimated usingthenumber ofdearJrcerdkateawi thmanrjmof lCMNo.279.l.

NOIEFiguresmay notaddtototek.becauw ofmumjirrg.

26
Tabie7. Rank ordering oftiem~Hon ofleading @uesofdeati totiechange Inlffee~q Qnp)tim biflh to&years

and over and major contributing age group for white ma]=: United States, 1964-69

Major Ctwrge

fwnfrilruting in We Cumcdsiiw Cumulative

Cause of death age gmupsl e-$ change Percent percent

Total contnbution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Positive sontribufion

Dise=es of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accidents andadverae effeas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of Iymphafk and

hematopoiatictiaaues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Certain condtiions originatinginthe pennafaiperiod . . . . . . . . . . . .

Corrgenitalanomaiies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronicliverdiseaaeand cirhosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronicobstructive pulmonary diseases andalliadmndtions . . . . . . .

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephritis, nephritic syndrome,and nephrosie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicideand lagal intervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pneumoniaand influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension with orwithoutrenal disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diabatesmellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Human immunodericiencyvirus infe~”on3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nagativecontribution

Human immunodaficiency virusinfecfjon3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diabetesmelhws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms C$lymphatic and

hematopoietictiaaues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pneumoniaand irrfiuenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicideand lagalintervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chmnicobstructive pulmona~tiiseeaesand~ corrdiis . . . . . . .

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronicliierdiseaseandcirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Asciderrtsandadveraeeffecta.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenitalsnomalias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertensionwithorwithoutrenai dise~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diseaaesofheart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerebrovaaculardisaases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Certain sondtiona onginatinginfhe parinatalpmiod . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Athemao[eroais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephritis, nephmtic syndrome, andnephrceia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All

Underl ,35 andover

45 and wer

14,10-34,45-64

15-19,30-34,40-59, 65-69

Under 1

0-4

45-89

75 and over

65-74

55-59

None

None

None

None

None

Nons

None

Under 1,50-74

20-84

5(F74

60-64, 60 and over

80 and over

15-19

1S24

65 and wer

None

Nona

Nona

Nons

None

Nona

None

25-49, 60 and over

0.S2Q6

0.7723

0.1014

0.C919

0.0767

0.0585

0.0237

0.0273

0.0231

0.0201

0.0132

0.0117

0.0094

0.0031

0.0029

0.0022

0.00U3

O.0000

0.0575

-02643

-0.0346

-0.0262

-0.022Q

-0.0136

4.0110

4MI063

-0.0062

-0.O(BI

-0.IXQ6

-0.0022

-0.0017

-oJxlll

-oS0)4

-0.0004

-&ml

-0.0001

-0.0737

0.6306

0.7723

0.8737

0.9856

1.0423

1.1018

1.1354

1.1627

1.1658

1.2059

12191

12307

12402

1.2433

12482

12484

12487

1.2487

1.3062

-02643

-029e2

-0.3273

-02494

4.3629

-0.3739

-0.3621

-0.3803

-0.3935

-0.3965

-0.4001

-0.4012

-0.4016

-0.4020

4.4021

-0.4022

4.4750

. . .

59.1

7.8

7.0

5.9

4.6

2.6

2.1

1.8

1.5

1.0

0.9

0.7

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.0

0.0

4.4.

66.5

7.3

5.9

4.6

2.9

2.3

1.7

1.7

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.0

15.5

. . .

59.1

66.9

73.9

79.8

64.3

86.9

89.0

90.8

923

93.3

94.2

94.9

95.2

95.4

95.6

95.6

95.6

100.0

55.5

62.9

68.6

73.4

76.3

78.6

80.3

82.0

82.7 ~

83.3

83.7

64.1

84.3

84.4

84.5

64.5

84.5

100.0

NOTS Fguras may mt add to torak because of rcmding.

27s.1.

27
Table 8. Rank ordering of tfle ~ntribution of leading -uses of destfl to the change in life expectancy (in years) from birth to 65 years

and over and major contrib~ngagegroupsfor white females: un~ed States, 1984-69

Major Change

contributing in life Cumulative Cumulative

Cause of death age groupsi e-c? change Percent percent

Total corrtribution, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Postive contribution

~seaees of heart......,..,.,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerebrovawular~sea~=. ,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neoplasms, inclu~ng neoPlaams of lymphatic and

hematopoieticti=ues, ,,,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cetinmndfiionsriginatingintie perinatalpetfod. . . . . . . . . . .

COngenitalanOmafies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

chronicliierdise~eand~irrhrjsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,..,

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ac’cidentsandadveffieetfecta.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephritis, nephritic syndrome,and nephrosis. . . . . . . . .

Homicideand lagalintervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pneumonia andinfluenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertensionwithorwithoutrenai disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronic obstructive puimonaryrjse~a andalii@rjcondtions. . . . . .

~abetea meiltus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Human immuncdeficienqtvima infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negative contribution

Chronicobatruti”ve pulmonatydiseaaes and

alfif=f~ndiions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neoplaams, including neop!awne of lymphatic and

hematopoietictissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pneumoniaand influen~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diabetesmelliius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Humanimmunodaficienqvimaitietio+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accidentaand advemetieW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicideandlagal intervenfjon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cortgenitalanomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HypertensionwithorwWtirenai disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronicliverdisaaseandcitii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephriis, nephmticsyndrome,and nephrosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lliseaeesofhearr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Certain conditions originating in~epafi~l period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerebrovaesulardiseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All

Under 1, 40 and over

40 and over

30-59

75 md over

Under 1

Under 1

40-59

20-24,40-49

20-24

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

o-1, 45+9, 55-53

55 and over

60 and over

65-88,75andwer

50 and wer

25-39

60 and wer

15-19

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

70 and wer

0.4964

0.5146

0.1590

0.0601

0.0479

0.0469

0.0303

0.0231

0.0157

0.0096

0.0054

0.0044

0.0023

0.0013

0.0007

0.0007

0.000o

0.0356

-0.0979

-0.0649

-0.0673

-0.0453

-0.0232

-0.0164

-0.0168

-0.0036

-0.0033

-0.0027

-0.0025

-0.0021

-0.0010

-0.0005

-0.0001

-0.1122

0.4964

0.51 4a

0.6736

0.7339

0.7818

0.8287

0.85@0

0.8824

0.9055

0.9213

0.9309

0.9363

0.9407

0.9428

0.9442

0.9449

0.9456

0.9466

0.9812

-0.0979

-0.1828

-0.2501

-0.2954

-0.3187

-0.3371

-0.3540

-0.3579

-0.3612

-0.3639

-0.3664

-0.3665

-0.3685

-0.3701

-0.3705

-0.3706

-0.3706

-0.4626

.. .

52.5

16.2

6.1

4.9

4.8

3.1

2.4

2.4

1.6

1.0

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.0

3.6

20.3

17.6

13.9

9.4

4.8

3.8

3.5

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.0

23.2

. . .

52.5

66.7

74.8

79.7

64.5

87.6

89.9

92.3

93.9

84.9

95.4

95.9

86.1

86.2

96.3

96.4

96.4

100.0

20.3

37.9

51.8

61.2

66.0

69.8

73.3

74.1

74.8

75.4

75.9

76.3

76.5

76.7

76.7

76.8

76.8

Its).o

1Includesage groups Urar contribu at 1- I day to the ~qe in We e-cy.

2Mayincludepostie (orrragattve)- forsgegrwpsnot shwm.

3Numbi?rofreeijentdest&duetoH”mm imm””odefidsnqvimshfa’onin 19s4wasastimatad usingthenumbar ofdedrcerliricstas ‘.vilhmentionoflCO-e No.279.1.

NOTE:Figuresmay notaddtototalsbemusa ofrounding.

28
Table9. Rank ordering oftiecotiibut[on ~leading ~u~sofdeti totiechange inlifee~~~ ~n~)fiom~fito~ yearn

and over and major contributing age groups for black males: United State% 1964-S9

. Major change

mtwbhg in life Cumu/ativO

Cause of deatfr age groupd ~ ‘E?? Percent percent

Total contnbution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Positive corrfdbufion

Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neoplasms, including naoplaarrra of lymphatic and

hematopoietic tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerebrovascuiar diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronic liver dkeaaeandcifiwia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicideand lagalinterve~on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accidentsandadverae effecta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chmnicobatructive pulmonary diseaeasand ailiedrxmdtins . . . . . . .

Nephritis, nephmticsyndrome,and napfwxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pneumoniaand influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertensionwithorwittmutrenal d~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenitalanomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SuickJe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diabatasmeiliis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Certaincondtiona originatinginthe parinafalpariod . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Humanimmunodaticiencyvirusinfactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negative contribution

Human immuncdeficiencyvirua infacricd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicideand lagalinterverdion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aocidentsandadveme affecta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diabatesmelliis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neoplaams, including naopla.sma of lymphatic and

hematopoietictissuea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pneumoniaandinfluenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chmnicobatructive pulrnonarydiseases

and alliedcondiione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephritis, nephmtic syndrome,nephmsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Septicemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Certain wndtions originatinginthe psrinafalpariod . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertenaionwithorwithcu&renal diaaase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronicliverdiseaaeandcirrh~”s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerebrovsaculardiseaaes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diseaaesofheart. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atherosclerosis.......::: : :::::::::::::::::.. . . . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All

Under 1, 25 and over

30-49, 5S64

30+4,40andover

2%39, 45-S8

45-64

1-14, 30-34, 55-59,70-74

65 and over

4549, 6Q+4

Under 1, S0+4

Under 1

70-74

None

Nona

Nona

None

Nona

None

55-64,70-74

o-f, 20-s9

1-4, 10-34

Underl,1924,35+t, 60-64

25-29,45-79,86 andover

20-24, 65 and over

35-44,6S74,S0 andovar

IS24,30-34,W

30-34,40-44,6%68, 75-78,85andovar

30-44,60-9

Under 1

w, S5-59

None

None

Nona

None

Nona

Underl, l%24,30-49, 75-79,65andwer

-0.7293

0.3!s00

0.1348

0.1107

0.0379

0.033s

0.0298

0.0189

0.0114

0.01 0s

0.0095

0.0064

o.orx4

0.0081

0.0061

0.0021

0.0002

0.0000

0.0s04

46641

-0.326s

-0.0892

-0.0647

4.0492

-0.0387

JM388

-0.0248

-0.0178

-0.0141

-0.0131

-0.0066

-0.0021

4.0019

-0.0006

-oSroo8

4.1423

-0.7296

0.3500

0.4s49

0.5955

0.6334

0.6672

0.6970

0.71s8

0.7272

0.7330

0.7476

0.7540

0.7604

0.7665

0.7726

0.7747

0.7750

O.z%o

0.6254

-0.6641

-0.SS30

-1.0710

-1.1402

-1.2046

-1.2640

-1 .2e37

-1.3325

-1.3571

-1.3747

-1.3868

-1.4019

-1 .4r?66

-1.4107

-1.4126

-1.4132

-1.4137

-1 .5S61

.. .

42.4

16.3

13.4

4.6

4.1

3.6

2.3

1.4

1.3

1.2

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.3

0.0

0.0

6.1

42.7

21.1

5.0

4.4

4,2

3.2

2.6

2.5

1.6

1.1

0.9

0.6

0.4

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.0

9.1

. . .

424

58.7

72.2

76.7

80.8

64.4

86.7

88.1

89.4

90.6

91.3

92.1

92.9

93.6

93.9

93.9

93.9

100.0

42.7

63.8

68.8

73.3

77.4

80.6

83.1

35.6

87.2

8%3

89.2

90.1

SQ.5

80.7

80.8

E

100.0

‘Includasagegmups ttmtconrributedeiIs&tldaytotlw @mgahlifeexpcWwy.

2May include posiWe (or negati) changes forage groups not s&rm.

3Numkrofr~tieMdetisduemH-~de~fis”ti~h Iea’lwaseshatedusingthenumbefofdesth cem&desY#rlnhsW3n 0flcG9No.27Sl.

NOT~Figuresmay notaddtototzdsbecwse ofroundii.

29
Table 10. Rank ordering of the contr[bm[on of leadingcauses of death to thO change h life expectancy (In years) from birth to 85 years

and over and maJor contributing agegroupsfor black females: United States, 19S4-S9

Major Change

mn~”btiing in life Cumulative Cumulative

Cause of death age groups’ expactan+ change Percent percent

Totelcontnbution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......

Positive .xmh-ibution

Diseases ofheatt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerebrovaacular tjiseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neopl~mq including ~eopiasms of lymphatic and

hematopoie~c&ue5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronic liver rjsa~eand cirrhosis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congen~lan~malies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephritis, nephroticsyndrome, and nephrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accidentsandadverae effeda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicideand legal intervention.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diabates mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronic obstructive pulmonary dkseases andallisd condtiiona . . . . . . .

Pneumoniaand influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension with orwithoutrenal diaeaee. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Certain mndtions originating inthe perinatal period . . . . . . . . . . .

Human immunodeficiencyvirus infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negative contribution

Human immunodeficiencyvirua infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neoplaema, including neoplasme of lymphatic and

hematopoietictieeues .,..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diabetes meliitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pneumoniaand influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronic obstrud”ve pulmonarydk.eaaes and alliadconditions . . . . . . .

Accidentsandadverseeffecte., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicideand legal intervention., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diseaaesofheart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Certain condtiona originating intheperinatsl period . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenitelenomalles, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephrftia, nephroticsyndroma, and nephrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension with orwithoutrenal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronicliverdiseaeeandcirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerebrovaeculardisaaees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All

0-4, 3s44

36 and over

23-29, 4049

2S44, 50-59

80 and over

Undarl,5-9

Under 1, 55-59, 70-74

1-4, 50-54

55-59

5-9

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

1-4,4&49,56+9

O-4, 20-59

65-79, 85 and over

4.5-69, 75 and ovar

30-39, 45-49, 70 and over

50 and over

Underl,5-9,25-44, 65-69,65andovar

Underl,15-39

65 and over

75-7S,65andover

Under 1

G

None

65 and over

None

None

None

Under 1, 10-14, 25-44, 70 and over

-0.1764

0.2986

0.1503

0.1114

0.0441

0.0239

0.0224

0.0185

0.0163

0.0076

0.0075

0.0066

00363

0.0052

0.0046

0.0041

0.0011

0.0000

0.0289

-0.1864

-0.1127

-0.0867

-0.0826

-0.0858

-0.0595

-0.0512

-0.0302

-0.0293

-0.0170

-0.0135

-0.0QS6

-0.0067

-0.0060

-0.0011

-0.0010

-0.0004

-0.1577

-0.1764

0.2986

0.4490

0.5604

0.6045

0.6264

0.6508

0.6693

0.664S

0.6922

0.6996

0.7054

0.7106

0.7166

0.7206

0.7246

0.7256

0.725S

0.7547

-0.1684

-0.3011

-0.3976

-0.4604

-0.5473

-0.606S

-0.65S0

46683

-0.7175

-0.7345

-0.74s0

-0.7566

4.7864

-0.7734

-0.7745

-0.7756

-0.7758

-0.9336

. ..

39.6

19.9

14.8

5.8

3.2

3.0

2.4

2.0

1.0

::;

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.1

0.0

3.8

20.2

12.1

10.4

8.8

7.2

6.4

5.5

E

1.6

1.4

E

0.9

0.1

0.1

0.0

16.9

. . .

39.6

59.5

74.3

60.1

63.3

8s.2

66.7

90.7

91.7

92.7

93.5

94.2

94.9

95.5

96.0

96.2

1%

20.2

32.3

42.6

51.5

56.6

65.0

70.5

73.7

76.9

76.7

80.1

81.1

82.0

62,8

23.0

63.1

IRA

llnclude~sgegmu psti~tibti~ atketldsytothe Chwelnlffeew-sw

%fayincludeposklve (ornegerive)changes fora9egrouPsnot ~h~.

3Number ~ rssident deaths due to l+um~ [mm~nod~~cy VIIUSInfectIon In 1ss4 WSS estimated using the numbsr of dss~ Camee ~ mention of lc~ No. 279.1.

NOTE: Flguresmay notaddtototalsbeceuse ofrourdlng.

30
Table 11. Rank ordering of the contribution of leading causes of death by age to the change in the gap in life expectancy (in years)

between white males and black males: United States, 1964-S9

Major Change

~w in life Cumuiatfve Cumulative

Cause of death age groops7 expwf=& change Percent percent

Total contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Positive corttrfbution

Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of lymphatic and

hemato~ietic tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cerebrovaecular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicide artdlagal intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronic liver disease andcinhosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..- .

Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accidents andadveme effecte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseSSes andalhadmndtions . . . . . .

Pneumonia andirrfluenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephritk, nephritic syndrome,and nephrosis . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension withorwithout renal disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenital anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ----

Diabetes melliius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “

Certain condtions originatinginWe perinatalperiod . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Human immunodeficiencyvims infetion3. . . . . . . . . . . ..-. . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negative confrfbution

Diseasesofheart . . . . . . . ..-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HumanimmuncdOficienqvimsinf~~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicideand lagalintewention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accidentsandadverseeffecla... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malignant neoplasms, including neopleams oflymphaticand

hematopoietictissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Certain mndtions ofiginatinginthe parfnatalpsnod . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronicobsfructive pulmortSrY diseaeesand alliadcmdtions . . . . . . .

Diabetesmelliius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congenitalsnomak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nephritis, nephroficsyndrome, and nephrosis . . - --------------

Pneumoniaandinfluefua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.

Cerebrovasculsrdiseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Hypertension wfihorwfiho@renal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chronicliverdiseaseand at’rhmis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atharoaclerosis . . . . . . . . . ..- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -

35-48, =+f

5!%59, 65-74

30-39

Underl,25-2e

59,554e,70-74

4!549

Under 1

None

60-64

None

Nons

Nona

Nona

Nona

None

Nona

25-29, 60-64, 70-74.80 and over

40 andover

0+ 20-64

14, 10-39

Under 1, 15-29, 35+4, 60-64, 75-79

20-24,5044,65 ak over

under 1

4044,6579

25-28,4549,55-74

2W24,3G34,4G44

30-44,50-59,-,75-79

35-44.70-74

75-79,85andover

3548

50-54, 6=69

85andWar

Underl,15-24,-9, 6WB,7&79

–1 .5610

0.1029

0.0371

0.0302

0.0231

0.0141

0.0126

0.0094

0.0069

0.0062

0.0063

0.0063

0.0047

0.0046

0.0046

0.0019

0.0004

0.0001

0.0437

-0.4356

-o.3e9e

-0.3238

-0.1499

-0.0813

-0.0734

-0.0486

-0.0371

4.0364

-0.0351

4.0322

-0.0297

-0.0294

-0.0143

-0.0136

-0.0114

4.0084

-0.1194

-1.5610

0.1029

0.1401

0.1703

0.1934

0.2075

0.2201

0.2295

0.2364

0.2466

0.2534

0.2597

0.2644

0.2690

0.273$

0.2756

0.2759

0.2760

0.3198

-0.4358

-0.6357

-1.1595

-1.3095

-1.3908

-1.4641

-1.5127

-1.5498

-1.5863

-1.6214

-1.6536

-1.6633

-1.7127

-1.7270

-1.7406

-1.7520

-1.7613

-1.8806

. . .

32.2

11.6

9.5

7.2

4.4

3.9

3.0

2.8

2.6

2.1

2.0

1.5

1.4

1.4

0.6

0.1

0.0

13.7

23.2

21.3

17.2

6.0

4.3

3.9

2.6

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.7

1.6

1.6

0.8

0,7

0.6

0.5

6.4

. . .

32.2

43.8

53.3

60.5

64.9

66.8

71.8

74.6

77.1

79.2

81.2

82.7

64.1

65.6

66.2

66.3

86.3

100.0

23.2

44.4

61.7

69.6

73.9

77.8

80.4

82.4

64.3

66.2

87.9

69.5

91.1

91.8

92.5

93.2

S3.6

100.0

llncludesagegroups thatmntnktedat Ieaetldaytothe gepinliie~.

2Mayincludepositive (orrwgatWe)changaS foragegrmpsrwt stmwa

3Numbar of resident deaths due to Human immuncdariciww ~ms inr~ in 1~ wss ~mst~ * ~ ~ @ d~~’~ w ‘h d lc~ No.‘9-1,

NOTE Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

31
Appendix

Technical notes on methods

Nature and sources of data

Data in this report are based on information from all death

certificates filed in the 50 States and the District of Columbia.

Mortality statistics are based on information coded by the

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) from copies of

the original certificates received from the State registration

offices and on State-coded data provided to NCHS through the

Wal Statistics Cooperative Program. Data for the United

States as a whole refer to events occurring within the United

States.

Cause-of-death classification

The mortality statistics in this report were compiled in

accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) regulations, which specify that member nations classify causes of

death by the current Manual ofthe International Statistical

Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death

(ICD)(5). For 1984-89, causes of death were classified according to the Ninth Revision of the ICD (ICD-9), with the

exception of HIV infection.

Besides specifying the classification, WHO regulations

outline the form of medical certification and the procedures to

be used in coding cause of death. Cause-of-death data presented in this publication were coded by procedures outlined

in amual issues of the NCHS Instruction Manual (6).

Tabulations of cause-of-death statistics are based solely

on the underlying cause of death. The underlying cause is

defined by WHO as the disease or injury that initiated the train

of events leading directly to death or as the circumstances of

the accident or violence that produced the fatal injury. It is

selected from the conditions entered by the physician in the

cause-of-death section of the death certificate. When more

than one cause or condition is entered by the physician, the

underlying cause is determined by the sequence of conditions

on the certificate, provisions of the International Classification

of Diseases, and associated selection rules. In general, more

medical information is reported on death certificates than is

directly reflected in the underlying cause of death.

The ICD-9 codes and complete titles of the causes of

death used in thk report are shown in appendix table L

Codes for HIV infection

Beginning with data for 1987, NCHS introduced category

numbers *042–*044 for classifying and coding Human

immunodeficiency vims (HIV) infection (3,7). The asterisk

before the category numbers indicates that these codes are not

part of the ICD-9 codes. Prior to 1987, deaths involving HIV

infection were classified to Deficiency of cell-mediated immunity (ICD 279.1), contained in the category All other diseases;

to Pneumocystosis (ICD-9 No. 136.3), contained in the category All other infectious and parasitic diseases; to Malignant

neoplasms, including neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues; and to a number of other causes. As a consequence, cause-of-death data begiming with 1987 are not

strictly comparable with data for previous years.

For data years 1983-86, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and HIV infection, when reported on the death certificate, were assigned to the category Deficiency of cellmediated immunity (ICD-9 No. 279.1). Because the selection

rules for underlying cause of death were developed prior to the

identification of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, other

conditions mentioned on the death certificate and not category

ICD-9 No. 279.1 were often selected as the underlying cause

of death during this period. Also, the category ICD-9 No.

279.1 was not uniquely specific for HIV conditions. The

number of death certificates that had mention of conditions

coded to ICD-9 No. 279.1 in 1984 was 2,94% for 1985, 6,04Q

and for 1986, 10,900. It is believed that HIV infection was

involved in most of these deaths. In this report, the number of

deaths from HIV infection for 1984 were estimated using the

number of death certificates (2,943) with mention of ICD-9

No. 279.1, while for 1989 dat~ the number of deaths were

based on the number of death certificates (22,082) with

category numbers *042–*044 determined as the underlying

cause of death.

Cause-of-death rankings

The cause-of-death rankings are based on the List of 72

Selected Causes of Death and the category Human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIY infection) (“042–”044). W

infection was added to the lists of rankable causes effective

with data year 1987.

The group titles Major cardiovascular diseases and Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions are not ranked from the

List of 72 Selected Causes. In addition, category titles that

begin with the words “Other” and “All other” are not ranked

to determine the leading causes of death.

34
Methodology and life tables

The procedure used in this report was developed by

Arriaga (l). Arriaga developed the tec~que to decompose

changes in life expectancy over time or be~een subgroups of

the population. Changes in fife e~ct~~ by raw, sex, and

age can be partitioned into com~nent additive parts. The

effect on Iife expectmcy at birth from changes in mortality

differ by the ages involved. GeneAly, a change in motiality

for ages under 1 year has a ~eater influence on life expectancy than the same change at 85 years and over. For example,

if mortality decreases for the pop~ation Uder 1 year, there is

a direct effect on life expectancy due to this decrease in

mortality; however, there is also an indirect effect, because

those who survived to the next age group, 1-4 yem indirectly

increase life expectancy for that age group. Since this process

is cumulative across all age groups, the change in life expectancy of any one age group interacts with all subsequent

changes, changing the population of the life table and thereby

affecting the life expect~cy. ‘I’he sum of the three effectsdirect, indirect, and interaction-is the estimated change in

life expectancy for that specified age group. This procedure

produces the changes in life expectancy (in years) for each age

group, which can be further cross-classified by race, se% and

other variables, Arriaga subsequently elaborated the procedure

to include the contribution of cause of death to the change in

life expectancy at birth by age (2).

Data needed to implement Arriaga’s method include

deaths by 5-year age group% race, sex, and cause of deati as

well as the 1Xvalues (the number of persons who reach the

beginning of the age interva each yew within the hypothetical

life table population of 100,000) and Lx values (the n~ber of

persons in the life table population who at any moment are

living witi the indicated age inteti) for specific race-sex

groups from corresponding life tables. Deaths with age not

stated are propotiontiy distributed. The lz and LX values of

the life table and number of deaths are used to calculate

central mortality rates, which are the basis of Arriaga’s

method of partitiofig life expectancy. The revised life tabie

values for 1984 and 1989 were not available for this report.

U.S. abridged life tables are constructed by reference to a

standard life table (8).

Table L Leading eauaes of death WM eomespondlng ICD-9

numbers

Diissesofheart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[39W39L3,402,4 W9)

Malignant neoplasma, including neoplasrn.s & ~rnpktic and

hematopoietic tiesues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..$ ,,. ,,(1Q208)

Carabmvascular disessaa . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . ,..(43W8)

Accidant sandadvers gaff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(E8WW9)

Chmrio obatructha pulmonary diseases and

elliadcondtions (COPD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(4WW)

Pneumonia snd influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(480-187)

Diabetaa mellii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..~. .~. ~~~ . . . ..(25O)

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(E950-E959)

Chmnicliier diseaaeandci~@~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homicide andlsgal intewention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(&~~~

Human immunodeficiency virus inf~’on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(w2-w)

Nephritis, nephmtic syndrome, and nephmsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(wo_.5a9)

Athemeclemais. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(440)

septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :::: :::: :::: :::: ::. ..(O*)

Certaincondiins otiginsting in the pwinatal pwicd . . . . . . . . . . .(760-779)

~mn W or without rend ~ . . .(401,403)

Cangen.til anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .~.40_759)

‘U.S. GovernmentPrlntlngCffkx 1S94— !321-OIWW 35
Vital and Health Statistics

series descriptions

SERIES 1.

SERIES 2.

SERIES 3.

SERIES 4.

SERIES 5.

SERIES 6.

SERIES 10.

SERIES 11.

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Programs and Collection Procedures—These reports

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