Compartment Fire Testing of a 

Two-Story Mass Timber Building

Samuel L. Zelinka

Laura E. Hasburgh

Keith J. Bourne

David R. Tucholski

Jason P. Ouellette

United States Department of Agriculture

Forest

Service

Forest Products

Laboratory

General Technical Report

FPL–GTR–247

May

2018
Abstract

Five full-scale fire experiments were conducted to observe 

the performance of a two-level apartment-style structure 

constructed of mass timber. Each level consisted of a one 

bedroom apartment, an L-shaped corridor, and a stairwell 

connecting the two levels. One of the primary variables 

considered in this test series was the amount and location of 

exposed mass timber. The amount of mass timber surface 

area protected by gypsum wallboard ranged from 100% 

to no protection. For each experiment, the fuel load was 

identical and the fire was initiated in a base cabinet in the 

kitchen. In the first three experiments, the fire reached 

flashover conditions, and subsequently underwent a cooling 

phase as the fuel load from combustible contents was 

consumed. The first three experiments were carried out for 

a duration of up to 4 h. In the fourth experiment, automatic 

fire sprinklers were installed. Sprinklers suppressed the fire 

automatically. In the fifth experiment, the activation of the 

automatic fire sprinklers was delayed by approximately 

20 minutes beyond the sprinkler activation time in the fourth 

experiment to simulate responding fire service charging a 

failed sprinkler water system. A variety of instrumentation 

was used during the experiments, including thermocouples, 

bidirectional probes, optical density meters, heat flux 

transducers, directional flame thermometers, gas analyzers, 

a fire products collector, and residential smoke alarms. In 

addition, the experiments were documented with digital still 

photography, video cameras, and a thermal imaging camera. 

The experiments were conducted in the large burn room of 

the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 

Fire Research Laboratory located in Beltsville, Maryland, 

USA. This report provides details on how each experiment 

was set up, how the experiments were conducted, and the 

instrumentation used to collect the data. A brief summary of 

the test results is also included. Detailed results and full data 

for each test are included in separate appendices.

Keywords: fire, tall wood buildings, mass timber, 

compartment fire, fire dynamics

Most dimensional measurements were taken in American 

units and were later converted to metric units. Any 

inconsistencies between the two units are caused by 

rounding when converting from one system to the other.

May 2018

Zelinka, Samuel L.; Hasburgh, Laura E.; Bourne, Keith J.; Tucholski, 

'DYLG52XHOOHWWH-DVRQ3&RPSDUWPHQW¿UHWHVWLQJRIDWZRVWRU\

mass timber building. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-247. Madison, 

WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products 

Laboratory. 475 p.

A limited number of free copies of this publication are available to the 

public from the Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, 

Madison, WI 53726-2398. This publication is also available online at 

www.fpl.fs.fed.us. Laboratory publications are sent to hundreds of libraries 

in the United States and elsewhere.

The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the 

University of Wisconsin. 

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Contents

Introduction ..........................................................................1

Experiment Setup .................................................................2

Experiment Details .............................................................22

Instrumentation ..................................................................27

Summary of Results ...........................................................49

Acknowledgments ..............................................................56

Literature Cited ..................................................................56

Appendix 1—Cross-Laminated Timber Project 

Test 1 Results .....................................................................59

Appendix 2—Cross-Laminated Timber Project 

Test 2 Results ...................................................................179

Appendix 3—Cross-Laminated Timber Project 

Test 3 Results ...................................................................247

Appendix 4—Cross-Laminated Timber Project 

Test 4 Results ...................................................................333

Appendix 5—Cross-Laminated Timber Project 

Test 5 Results ...................................................................405

Nominal lumber size (in.) Standard lumber size (mm)

1 by 3 19 by 64

2 by 4 38 by 89

2 by 6 38 by 140

2 by 10 38 by 235
Compartment Fire Testing of a 

Two-Story Mass Timber Building

Samuel L. Zelinka, Supervisory Research Materials Engineer

Laura E. Hasburgh, Fire Protection Engineer

Keith J. Bourne, Mechanical Engineer

USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin

David R. Tucholski, Fire Research Engineer

Jason P. Ouellette, Section Chief

USDOJ Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Fire Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland

Introduction

Because of advances in technology, new products, and 

building systems, the past decade has seen an increase 

in the ability and interest to build mid-rise and high-rise 

wood structures. However, the height of timber buildings 

permitted by prescriptive building codes the United States 

is six stories (ICC 2014). For mid- and high-rise wood 

buildings to be approved, they must follow a performancebased design or alternative solution approach, requiring 

that the design provides an equivalent or greater level 

of safety compared with the prescribed requirements. A 

limited number of these buildings have been approved 

for construction in the United States. Several tall wood 

buildings have been constructed internationally such as the 

9-story Murray Grove building in London, the 10-story 

Forté Docklands in Melbourne, Australia, and the 18-story 

Brock Commons in Vancouver, Canada (Green and Karsh 

2012, Lehmann 2012).

These buildings have been realized through the use of “mass 

timber” construction. Mass timber is a class of wood and 

wood composites that includes solid sawn timber, gluelaminated timber (glulam), structural composite lumber, and 

cross-laminated timber (CLT). CLT is made of dimensional 

lumber stacked in layers with each layer oriented 90° from 

the previous layer to form a massive panel. The panels range 

in size from approximately 50 to 500 mm (2 to 20 mm) 

thick and up to 18 m (60 ft) long and can be delivered 

to the jobsite with fenestrations precut (Mohammad and 

others 2012). The size, strength, and workability of CLT 

panels have allowed them to be used for both floor and wall 

systems in mass timber buildings.

To date, only a handful of tall (greater than six stories) 

mass timber buildings (tall wood buildings) have been 

constructed in North America. One reason for this is that 

current prescriptive provisions do not permit these buildings 

according to the height and area limitations set forth in 

the International Building Code (IBC). The International 

Code Council (ICC), which publishes the IBC, established 

an ad hoc committee (ICC-TWB) to study the issue of tall 

wood buildings and potential, future prescriptive provisions 

permitting tall wood buildings in the IBC. As part of this, 

a fire subgroup was established to examine possible issues 

pertaining to the fire safety of tall wood buildings and to 

perform research to address knowledge gaps in the fire 

performance of tall wood buildings.

In a previous research assessment, understanding the fire 

dynamics in compartments constructed with combustible 

materials was identified as one of the biggest research needs 

to achieve fire-safe, tall wood structures (Gerard and others 

2013). In the research assessment, Gerard and others noted 

that in certain cases, a second flashover has been observed 

in wood structures. In general, second flashover occurs 

when passive fire protection falls off, thereby exposing a 

fresh, preheated surface of wood, which ignites and causes 

the heat release rate to rise (Osborne and others 2012, as 

cited in Brandon and Östman 2016). In CLT structures, 

a second flashover can occur when unburned wood is 

exposed to hot gases within the compartment if the gypsum 

wallboard falls off, if there is char fall-off from the CLT, or 

if there is delamination of a layer from the CLT. Whereas 

both char fall-off and delamination involve a portion of 

the charred CLT falling off and exposing a fresh surface, 

delamination is a term that is applied specially to failures 

that occur at the interlaminate interface (Osborne and others 

2012, Brandon and Östman 2016). CLT delamination has 

been highlighted as an important research need because 

certain adhesives can fail at a temperature lower than the 

char temperature of wood (Frangi and others 2004, 2012; 

Craft and others 2008; König and others 2008; Tannert and 

others 2009; Clauß and others 2011a, 2011b; Klippel and 

others 2013; Lehringer and Gabriel 2014).

In response to the research needs assessment, Brandon 

and Östman (2016) conducted a literature review on 

compartment fires in mass timber structures, especially 

looking for what could be applied to better understand 

fire dynamics in tall wood buildings. They reviewed 41 

different tests including compartments framed with light 

timber, light steel, and mass timber (including CLT). Of the 

41 tests examined, 21 tests used some form of mass timber. 
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

2

The largest tests performed had an area of 6.3 by 8.3 m 

(52.54 m2

) (20.7 by 27.2 ft (565.5 ft2)) (Su and Lougheed 

2014). The most extensive testing on CLT was in a series 

of tests performed at Carleton University (Ottawa, Ontario, 

Canada), which all used a compartment size of 3.5 by 4.5 m 

(15.75 m2

) (11.5 by 14.8 ft (169.5 ft2)) (McGregor 2014, 

Medina Hevia 2014, Li and others 2015).

The tests performed at Carleton University examined 

the effects of passive protection on heat release rate and 

delamination of the CLT (McGregor 2014, Medina Hevia 

2014, Li and others 2015). Importantly, it was determined 

that in a fully protected all-CLT compartment, the CLT does 

not contribute to the duration or intensity of the fire. When 

only one CLT wall was exposed (that is, not protected), 

the heat release rate was similar to that of a fully protected 

compartment and no second flashover occurred. When there 

were two exposed CLT walls, however, delamination and a 

second flashover occurred, regardless of whether the walls 

were adjacent or opposite of each other at 2.44 m (8 ft) 

apart. These tests give valuable insight into the potential 

contribution of exposed CLT surfaces to the fire dynamics 

of an all-CLT compartment. However, the compartment 

size tested was smaller than a typical apartment size, and 

therefore, the results need to be scaled to understand the fire 

dynamics in anticipated tall wood buildings.

Of the 41 tests examined in the literature review of Brandon 

and Östman (2016), only six used oxygen consumption 

calorimetry to determine the heat release rate, which is 

considered the most important variable used to evaluate 

fire hazard (Babrauskas and Peacock 1992). Li and others 

(2015) found that CLT compartments with passive fire 

protection had similar heat release characteristics to those 

of light-steel-framed compartments. Furthermore, in a 

completely unprotected all-CLT compartment (that is, 

all wall and ceiling CLT exposed), the total heat released 

was approximately double that of the encapsulated 

room, although the gas temperatures were similar to the 

encapsulated room.

In summary, the data on CLT compartments show that 

CLT does not contribute to the fire in fully protected 

compartments. Although there has been limited work 

exploring what happens when CLT surfaces are exposed, 

these tests have been performed on compartments that are 

smaller than traditional dwelling units and may or may not 

have had the heat release determined during the tests.

This report presents the results of five full-scale 

compartment fire tests performed under an oxygen 

calorimetry heat release rate hood on a two-story CLT 

building. The tests examined the effect of exposed walls 

and ceilings on a realistic, full-size apartment to better 

understand the contribution of CLT to a compartment fire, 

life safety of occupants, and firefighter safety. Additionally, 

two tests examined the effect of automatic sprinkler 

systems. The research was carried out in support of the 

mission of the ICC Ad Hoc Committee on Tall Wood 

Buildings.

Experiment Setup

Experiments were conducted inside of a structure designed 

to represent a two-story apartment building. The design 

was developed with the input and approval of the ICC Ad 

Hoc Committee on Tall Wood Buildings and was based 

on high-rise construction. Each apartment contained areas 

designated for a living room, kitchen, bedroom, bathroom, 

and utility–laundry room. A corridor ran along two sides of 

the apartment, with one end connecting to a stairwell and 

the other end opened to the laboratory space. The overall 

layout of each floor was identical, except for a doorway 

between the stairwell and the laboratory space on the first 

floor of the structure. Figure 1 is a plan view drawing of 

the test structure, illustrating the basic layout. Figure 2 is an 

elevation view of the front of the structure.

Each apartment was 9.14 m wide by 9.14 m deep by 2.74 m 

high (30 ft wide by 30 ft deep by 9 ft high). The L-shaped 

corridor was 1.52 m wide and 2.74 m high (5 ft wide and 

9 ft high). The stairwell was 2.44 m wide by 4.88 m deep 

(8 ft wide by 16 ft deep).

Building Construction

An overview of the test structure is provided in this section. 

The test structure was built by Lendlease Corporation 

(Sydney, Australia) with industry-standard CLT construction 

methods and techniques according to the ICC Ad Hoc 

Committee on Tall Wood Buildings (TWB) proposed 

Type IV-A (test 1), IV-B (tests 2 and 3), and IV-C (test 4 

and 5) construction. For the proposed Type IV-A, a 3-h fire 

resistance rating is required for primary structural frame and 

exterior bearing walls and a 2-h rating is required for floor 

construction. For proposed Type IV-B and IV-C, a 2-h fire 

resistance rating is required for the primary structural frame, 

exterior bearing walls, and floor construction.

Walls

The load-bearing walls of the test structure were made of 

CLT. The interior walls in the apartment were non-loadbearing walls and were constructed with metal studs, 

glulam columns, and gypsum wallboard. The walls of 

interest in this report are identified by the letters A through 

G, as illustrated in Figure 3. Walls A through F are CLT 

walls, and Wall G is an interior wall.

CLT Walls

The CLT structure was built with a balloon frame 

construction method, with the walls extending from the 

bottom of the first floor to the top of the second floor. Each 

complete wall was a series of CLT panels fastened together. 

Wall panels were connected together with half lap joints, 

with 152-mm- (6-in.-) long self-tapping screws at 203 mm 
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

3

Figure 1. General plan view of cross-laminated timber test structure.

Figure 2. Elevation view of the front of the cross-laminated timber test structure.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

4

(8 in.) on center along the joints. A continuous bead of 

intumescent caulk was applied at the panel interface along 

the half lap joints. The floor and roof panels were joined 

together with a spline joint. Self-tapping screws were 

installed at opposing 45° angles, 607 mm (24 in.) on center, 

and staggered on each side of the joint. The CLT wall panels 

ranged in size up to 2.44 m (8 ft) wide and approximately 

5.79 m (19 ft) tall. The wall panels were installed using a 

crane and variable reach fork lift. Figure 4 shows one of the 

wall panels being installed.

The structure had six walls constructed of CLT. The walls 

consisted of five-ply CLT, resulting in a total thickness 

of approximately 175 mm (6.89 in.). The CLT was 

manufactured with Douglas Fir-Larch and a polyurethane 

adhesive. Figure 5 shows a cross section of a CLT panel.

Walls B, E, and F did not contain any fenestrations. Wall 

C contained an opening for the apartment door. Wall D 

contained a doorway from the stairwell to the laboratory 

space on the first floor (not shown in Fig. 3). Wall A 

contained two openings on each floor, and each opening 

measured 3.66 m wide by 2.44 m high (12 ft wide by 8 ft 

high). A large opening also existed in the corridor that was 

created between Walls B and E. The opening in the corridor 

measured approximately 1.52 m wide by 2.74 m high (5 ft 

wide by 9 ft high).

Interior Walls

Interior walls were used to define spaces within the 

apartment (Fig. 1). The interior walls were framed with 

steel studs and then covered with a single layer of 12.7-mm- 

(1/2-in.-) thick gypsum wallboard (UltraLight Brand 

Figure 3. Letter designations for the walls.
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

5

Sheetrock, USG Corporation, Chicago, Illinois, USA) on 

each side of the metal studs. The wallboard seams and joints 

were taped and covered with joint compound. The walls 

were not painted.

Floor–Ceiling

First-Level Floor

The test structure was built directly on the concrete floor of 

the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 

(ATF) Fire Research Laboratory (FRL) large burn room. 

Therefore, no CLT floor assembly was present on the first 

floor of the structure. To protect the concrete floor during 

the tests, two layers of 12.7-mm- (1/2-in.-) thick cement 

board (Durock Brand Cement Board, USG Corporation) 

were placed on top of the concrete floor. The cement boards 

were staggered to overlap the seams.

Second-Level Floor

The second-level floor in the apartment and corridor was 

constructed of the same five-ply CLT as the CLT walls. The 

floor in the apartment was a series of CLT panels fastened 

together, and each panel spanned the width of the apartment 

from Wall B to D. Figure 6 shows one of the floor panels 

being installed. Each floor panel in the apartment was 

9.14 m (30 ft) long and ranged up to 2.44 m (8 ft) wide. 

The floor in each corridor was a single CLT panel that was 

1.52 m (5 ft) wide and ranged up to approximately 9.45 m 

(31 ft) long. The CLT floor assemblies were protected on 

top with two layers of 12.7-mm- (1/2-in.-) thick cement 

board (Durock Brand Cement Board, USG Corporation) 

to simulate the protection from a typical noncombustible 

subfloor layer such as gypsum concrete. The cement boards 

were staggered to overlap the seams.

The CLT used in the second-level floor was elevated 2.74 m 

(9 ft) above the first floor with a combination of support 

methods, including steel angles, glulam ledgers, and glulam 

beams and support columns.

Steel Angle

The second-level apartment floor was supported along Wall 

B with sections of steel angle (Fig. 7). The steel angle was 

178 mm high by 102 mm wide by 9.5 mm thick (7 in. high 

by 4 in. wide by 3/8 in. thick). Each section of steel angle 

was 610 mm (24 in.) long.

As shown in Figure 8, the bottom of the CLT floor 

panel was notched, which allowed the CLT panel to be 

approximately flush with the bottom of the steel angle. After 

the second-level floor was installed, the bottom of the steel 

angle was protected with 2 by 10 dimension lumber (Fig. 9). 

Figure 4. Installation of a cross-laminated timber wall panel. )LJXUH,QVWDOODWLRQRIDVHFRQGOHYHOÀRRUSDQHO

Figure 7. Steel angle located on Wall B to support the 

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timber panel.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

6

The seams and joints along the 2 by 10 dimension lumber 

were sealed with an intumescent firestop sealant (FS-One 

Max, Hilti Corporation, Schaan, Liechtenstein), which can 

also be seen in Figure 9.

Ledger

The second-level apartment floor was supported along 

Wall D with a ledger (Fig. 10). The ledger consisted of fiveply glulam timber and was approximately 187 mm high by 

130 mm wide (7-3/8 in. high by 5-1/8 in. wide). The bottom 

of the floor panel sat on top of the ledger (Fig. 11). The 

seams and joints along the ledger were sealed with an 

intumescent firestop sealant (FS-One Max).

The floor in the corridors was also supported with glulam 

ledgers. Ledgers were located on Walls E and B and on 

Walls F and C. Figure 12 shows the ledgers along Walls C 

and F.

Midspan Beam and Support Columns

The second-level apartment floor was supported midspan 

with glulam beams and support columns (Fig. 13). The 

midspan beam consisted of nine-ply glulam timber and was 

)LJXUH&URVVODPLQDWHGWLPEHUÀRRUSDQHORQ

steel angle.

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in the apartment.

Figure 9. Wood covering bottom of steel angle. )LJXUH6HFRQGOHYHOÀRRURQWRSRIWKHOHGJHU

Figure 12. Ledgers in the corridor along Walls C and F.
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

7

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Figure 14. Cross-sectional view of apartment showing locations of support columns.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

8

resistance rating, designed in accordance with Chapter 16 

of the National Design Specification (NDS). Therefore, 

total depth of the beams on the first level was approximately 

432 mm (17 in.) and total width was approximately 

343 mm (13-1/2 in.). Support columns on the first level 

had a total width of approximately 400 mm (15-3/4 in.) 

and a depth of approximately 343 mm (13-1/2 in.). This 

additional wood protection was added to the beams and 

columns on the first level because they were exposed (that 

is, no gypsum wallboard protection) in Test 4 and Test 5. 

Figure 15 shows the wood protection added to the support 

columns and beams on the first level. Figure 16 shows the 

protected beams and support columns. Although not shown 

in Figure 16, the seams and joints formed by adding the 

additional material were sealed with an intumescent firestop 

sealant (FS-One Max).

divided into two sections. Each section was approximately 

4.46 m (14.7 ft) long, and the beam was 346 mm high 

by 171 mm wide (13-5/8 in. high by 6-3/4 in. wide). As 

illustrated in Figure 14, the first beam spanned from Wall A 

to the side of the middle support column and the second 

beam spanned from the side of the middle support column 

to Wall C. The three support columns consisted of six-ply 

glulam timber and were approximately 225 mm wide by 

171 mm deep (8-7/8 in. wide by 6-3/4 in. deep). The middle 

column was 2.74 m (9 ft) tall, and the other two columns 

were approximately 2.41 m (7 ft 11 in.) tall. The seams and 

joints at connections between the beam and support columns 

were sealed with an intumescent firestop sealant (FS-One 

Max).

The beams and support columns on the first level were 

protected with additional wood cover to achieve a 2-h fire 

Figure 15. Cross-sectional view of a support column and midspan beam illustrating 

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)LJXUH:RRGSURWHFWHGVXSSRUWFROXPQVDQGEHDPVRQ¿UVWÀRRU
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

9

Second-Level Ceiling

The second-level ceiling was constructed of the same 

five-ply CLT as the CLT wall and floor assemblies. The 

ceiling was a series of CLT panels fastened together. Each 

panel spanned the entire width of the structure from Wall E 

to D. Figure 17 shows a ceiling panel being installed. 

The panels ranged up to approximately 11.3 m (37 ft) 

long and up to 2.44 m (8 ft) wide. The exterior surface of 

the CLT ceiling assembly (that is, the “roof” of the test 

structure) was protected with two layers of 12.7-mm- (1/2-

in.-) thick cement board (Durock Brand Cement Board, 

USG Corporation) to simulate protection from a typical 

noncombustible subfloor layer such as gypsum concrete, 

which would generally be present on the level above in an 

actual tall wood building.

The CLT used in the second-level ceiling was elevated 

2.74 m (9 ft) above the CLT floor. The ceiling panels were 

placed on top of the CLT walls; therefore, no additional 

supports were required at the edges of the ceiling panels. 

The seams and joints formed between the ceiling panels and 

the walls were sealed using an intumescent firestop sealant 

(FS-One Max). Figure 18 illustrates the interface between 

ceiling panels and the CLT wall. The ceiling was also 

supported midspan in the apartment by a support beam and 

columns (Fig. 19). The glulam support beam and columns 

were identical to the original ones discussed in the previous 

section. However, the beams and columns on the second 

level were protected with two layers of 15.9-mm (5/8-in.) 

Type X gypsum wallboard for each of the tests performed 

on that level. No additional wood protection was added 

to them. Figure 14 illustrates the location of the support 

columns on the second-level floor.

A 1.22-m- (4-ft-) high section of wall was constructed on 

the ceiling panel along Wall A (Fig. 20). This additional wall 

was built to simulate a portion of a third level. The wall was 

framed using standard dimensional 2 by 4 lumber and was 

sheathed with two layers of 15.9-mm- (5/8-in.-) thick firerated (Type X) gypsum wallboard.

Figure 17. A second-level ceiling panel being installed.

Figure 18. Second-level ceiling supported by Wall D.

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Figure 20. Partial wall constructed along the top of Wall A.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

10

Figure 21. Drop ceiling locations.

Figure 22. Drop ceiling in the kitchen.
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

11

Drop Ceiling

The nominal height between the floor and the CLT ceiling 

was 2.74 m (9 ft). The exception to this was in the kitchen 

area and in the hallway between the bedroom and the 

bathroom. As illustrated in Figure 21, these two areas had 

a drop ceiling. The drop ceiling was framed using metal 

studs and sheathed with a single layer of 12.7-mm- (1/2-in.-) 

thick gypsum wallboard. The nominal height between the 

floor and the drop ceiling was approximately 2.44 m (8 ft). 

Figure 22 shows the drop ceiling in the kitchen. The CLT 

above the drop ceiling was protected with two layers of 

15.9-mm- (5/8-in.-) thick fire-resistant gypsum wallboard 

(Type X); the ICC code proposal states that all combustible 

surfaces within concealed spaces should be protected with 

noncombustible protection.

Stairwell

A stairwell was located on the northwest corner of the 

test structure and was connected to the corridor on each 

level. The stairwell was 2.44 m wide by 4.88 m long by 

approximately 5.79 m high (8 ft wide by 16 ft long by 19 ft 

high). Figure 23 shows the stairwell. A 0.9-m- (36-in.-) wide 

door with a fire protection rating of 90 min was located 

between the stairwell and the corridor. The door was hung 

in a metal frame and had an automatic door closer (Fig. 24). 

In addition to the fire door assembly, a doorway was located 

on the west wall (Wall D) of the stairwell on the first level, 

which opened to the laboratory space (Fig. 25).

Doors

A fire door assembly was located between the apartment and 

the corridor (Fig. 26). The 914-mm- (36-in.-) wide door had 

a fire protection rating of 20 min. The door was hung in a 

metal frame, and it had an automatic door closer. This door 

was purposely propped open for Test 5 but left closed in all 

other tests.

In addition to the fire door assembly, the apartment had five 

standard, hollow-core interior doors. The bedroom and the 

bathroom each had a 0.9-m- (36-in.-) wide door. The closet 

near the apartment entrance and the utility room each had 

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(a) (b)

Figure 24. Fire door assembly between corridor and 

stairwell.

Figure 25. Doorway in stairwell.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

12

Electrical System

To simulate electrical wiring in the apartment, metal 

conduit, electrical boxes, and receptacles were placed within 

Wall G and behind the baseboard along Walls B and D. 

Figure 29 shows the electrical components placed in Wall G 

between the living room and the bedroom. Figure 30 shows 

the electrical components placed behind the baseboard along 

Wall B in the living room.

Plumbing System

Several penetrations were made through the second level 

floor to simulate plumbing penetrations between the floors. 

For Tests 1 and 2, penetrations were made in the bathroom, 

utility room, and kitchen. Plumbing pipes were placed 

through the penetrations and were visible on the first and 

second floors (Figs. 31 and 32). In the kitchen, the plumbing 

pipes were not visible on the first floor because the pipes 

were hidden within the void space of the drop ceiling. 

a 0.76-m- (30-in.-) wide door. The bedroom closet had a 

double door with an overall width of 1.2 m (48 in.).

Windows

Wall A had two large openings on each floor, one in 

the bedroom and one in the living room. Each opening 

measured 3.66 m wide by 2.44 m high (12 ft wide by 8 ft 

high). For Tests 4 and 5, tempered glass that was 6.35 mm 

(1/4 in.) thick was installed in each opening. A metal 

window frame with plastic trim was used to secure the 

glass. As shown in Figure 27, the window frame divided the 

opening into three sections. Each opening in the window 

frame was approximately 1.15 m (3.78 ft) wide by 2.34 m 

(7.67 ft) high.

HVAC, Electrical, and Plumbing Components

Although the test structure was designed to look like an 

apartment, it did not have functional utilities, such as 

electricity or water. However, for the first two tests, several 

components were included in the structure that were 

associated with a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 

(HVAC) system, an electrical system, and a plumbing 

system.

HVAC System

Metal ducts were placed in the void space in the drop ceiling 

above the kitchen and in the hallway to simulate part of an 

HVAC system. Three sections of 203-mm- (8-in.-) diameter 

metal duct were used but were not connected to anything. 

Two ducts terminated at an opening into the living room, 

and one duct terminated at an opening to the bedroom. 

Each opening was covered with an air grille that was 254 by 

254 mm (10 by 10 in.). Figure 28 shows the air grilles in the 

living room.

Figure 26. Fire door assembly in apartment. Figure 27. Window installed in Wall A for Tests 4 and 5.

Figure 28. HVAC duct openings in drop ceiling.
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

13

Figure 29. Electrical components in Wall G. Figure 31. Plumbing penetrations in the utility room on 

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Figure 32. Plumbing penetrations in the utility room on the 

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Figure 30. Electrical components along Wall B in the 

living room.

Firestop plugs (CFS-PL 2”, Hilti) and firestop foam (Fire 

Foam CP620, Hilti) were used to seal the voids spaces 

around the pipes.

Passive Fire Protection

Fire-Resistant Gypsum Wallboard

Two layers of 15.9-mm- (5/8-in.-) thick fire-resistant 

gypsum wallboard (Sheetrock Brand Firecode X Type X, 

USG Corporation) were used as passive fire protection 

on various mass timber surfaces in each test. The gypsum 

wallboard was staggered during installation to overlap the 

seams. All drywall seams were taped and finished with joint 

compound.

Certain sections of mass timber within the test structure 

were protected with two layers of 15.9-mm- (5/8-in.) 

gypsum wallboard in all five tests. These sections included 

both the walls and ceiling in the kitchen, bathroom, utility 

room, and corridors and the ceiling in both the hallway 

and bedroom closet. Also, a portion of the stairwell was 

protected. Prior to the interior walls being constructed, 

the gypsum wallboard was installed on the CLT ceiling 

and walls in these areas. Passive protection of the other 

CLT wall and ceiling surfaces varied by experiment and is 

summarized in Table 1.

During Test 1, all mass timber surfaces were fully covered 

with passive protection. There were no exposed mass timber 

surfaces.

During Test 2, a portion of the ceiling in the living room 

and bedroom was exposed. Each exposed CLT section was 

2.74 m wide by 3.05 m long (9 ft wide by 10 ft long), which 

represented 30% of the total ceiling in these areas. Figure 33 

shows the exposed CLT on the living room ceiling. Also 

shown in Figure 33 is the wood trim that was used to 

protect the edge of the gypsum wallboard. As illustrated in 

Figure 34, the trim consisted of 2 by 4 dimension lumber 

that was placed along the edge of the gypsum wallboard. 

2 by 6 dimension lumber was then placed on top, covering 

the 2 by 4 lumber and gypsum wallboard edge. The gaps 
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

14

Table 1—Summary of cross-laminated timber wall and ceiling surfaces 

that were either exposed or protected with Type X gypsum wallboard during 

each experiment

Test Wall A Wall B Wall C Wall D Ceiling

1 Protected Protected Protected Protected Protected

2 Protected Protected Protected Protected Partially exposed in 

living room and bedroom

3 Protected Exposed in 

living room

Protected Exposed in 

bedroom

Protected

4 Protected Exposed in 

living room

Protected Exposed in 

bedroom

Exposed in living room 

and bedroom

5 Protected Exposed in 

living room

Protected Exposed in 

bedroom

Exposed in living room 

and bedroom

Figure 33. Exposed cross-laminated timber ceiling in the 

living room for Test 2.

Figure 35. Exposed cross-laminated timber wall in the 

living room for Test 3.

Figure 36. Exposed cross-laminated timber ceiling and 

glulam support columns and beams in the living room for 

Tests 4 and 5.

Figure 34. Trim added to exposed cross-laminated timber 

ceiling to protect edge of gypsum wallboard.

and seams around the trim, particularly the gap between the 

top edge of the 2 by 6 and the bottom surface of the gypsum 

wallboard, were sealed with an intumescent firestop sealant.

During Test 3, Wall B in the living room was exposed, as 

was Wall D in the bedroom. Figure 35 shows the exposed 

CLT wall in the living room (Wall B). The edge of the 

gypsum wallboards that ended at the exposed CLT wall was 

protected by placing a section of 2 by 4 dimension lumber 

or 2 by 6 dimension lumber there.
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

15

In Tests 4 and 5, all CLT walls and ceilings in the living 

room and bedroom were exposed. The glulam support 

columns and midspan beams were also exposed (Fig. 36). 

Although a portion of each column and beam was concealed 

by the steel stud infills of Wall G, the infills were unrated. 

In addition, the ledger and the wood covering the angle 

iron were also exposed, as shown in Figures 37 and 38, 

respectively.

Also in Tests 4 and 5, a small portion of the ceiling in the 

bedroom near the door and the closet were covered with 

gypsum wallboard. The edge of the wallboard next to the 

exposed CLT was protected with a section of dimensional 

2 by 4 lumber that was placed along the edge of the 

wallboard (Fig. 39).

Firestop Sealants

Several different firestop sealants were used to inhibit the 

passage of smoke and flames through other penetrations 

in the CLT panels and between the CLT panel assemblies. 

An intumescent firestop sealant (FS-One Max) was used 

at various locations throughout the structure to fill any 

gaps formed between adjacent CLT assemblies and at other 

locations where hot gasses could otherwise pass through 

an assembly. Figure 40 shows an example of where the 

firestop sealant was applied. Firestop plugs (CFS-PL 2”, 

Hilti Corporation) and firestop foam (Fire Foam, CP620, 

Hilti Corporation) were also used to seal the annular spaces 

within penetrations such as those for the pipes supplying 

water to the fire suppression system.

Figure 37. Exposed ledger in the bedroom for Tests 4 

and 5.

Figure 40. Cross-laminated timber joints sealed with 

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Figure 38. Exposed wood covering angle iron in the living 

room for Tests 4 and 5.

Figure 39. Wood trim placed along the edge of the gypsum 

wallboard on the ceiling.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

16

Active Fire Protection

A fire sprinkler system was installed in the first floor 

apartment for Tests 4 and 5. The sprinklers were designed 

in accordance with National Fire Protection Association 

(NFPA) Standard 13, with a design area density of 

20 mm/min (0.5 gpm/ft2

) (light hazard). This design 

density is less than that which would be required by code 

for this type of structure and can be conservatively 

applied to code-compliant tall mass timber construction. 

The sprinkler system was designed and installed by DC 

Fire Protection, LLC (Washington, DC, USA). Figure 41 

provides the general layout of the sprinkler heads. Pendentstyle sprinkler heads were placed in the interior areas of the 

apartment (kitchen, hallway, and utility room). Sidewalltype sprinkler heads were installed along the walls in 

the living room, bedroom, and bathroom. Details of the 

sprinkler heads are provided in Table 2.

The sidewall sprinklers in the living room were located 

approximately 0.25 m (99 in.) above the finished floor. 

The sidewall sprinklers in the bedroom were located 

approximately 0.24 m (94 in.) above the finished floor. 

The pendent sprinklers in the kitchen and the hallway were 

located approximately 50.8 mm (2 in.) below the drop 

ceiling or approximately 0.22 m (87 in.) above the finished 

floor. Although a drop ceiling was not present in the utility 

room, the pendent sprinkler was also located approximately 

0.22 m (87 in.) above the finished floor.

A 102-mm- (4-in.-) diameter steel standpipe was located on 

the exterior of Wall D. Near the bottom of the standpipe was 

a shutoff valve and a connection for a fire hose. Near the top 

of the standpipe was a 38.1-mm (1-1/2-in.) steel pipe that 

connected the standpipe to the sprinkler circuit. The cross 

mains for the sprinkler circuit consisted of 38.1-mm- (1-1/2-

in.-) diameter steel pipe, and the branch lines were 25.4-

mm- (1-in.-) diameter steel pipe. All fittings were threaded.

The sprinkler system was connected to an isolated water 

supply (blue water) in the laboratory, which was separate 

from the municipal water supply. The standpipe on the test 

structure was connected to one of the blue water standpipes 

in the laboratory using two sections of 63.5-mm- (2-1/2- 

in.-) diameter fire hose, which were each 15.2 m (50 ft) 

long. The static water pressure in the blue water standpipe 

varied, based on the number of diesel pumps operating. 

Prior to sprinkler activation, the static pressure was 

approximately 1.1 MPa (160 lb/in2

).

For Test 4, the entire sprinkler system was charged with 

water prior to the start of the test. For Test 5, the entire 

system was not charged with water, to prevent the sprinklers 

from activating before the desired delay time had occurred. 

When it was time to activate the sprinklers during Test 5, 

a valve on the blue water standpipe was manually opened, 

allowing water to flow to the test structure.

Fuel Load

The fuel load for each experiment consisted of a variety 

of items and included furniture, kitchen cabinets, wood 

cribs, sheets of oriented strand board (OSB), and other 

miscellaneous items, such as books and plastic shelves. 

The calculated average fuel load provided by the furniture, 

books, cabinets, combustible flooring (OSB), and additional 

lumber and wood cribs was 550 MJ m–2. If the additional 

fuel load of the paper on the gypsum wall board is included 

in the calculation, the total fuel load was 570 MJ m–2. Thus, 

the specified fuel load of 550 MJ m–2, as established by the 

ICC Ad Hoc Committee on Tall Wood Buildings, was met 

or exceeded in each test.

Furniture

Table 3 provides a summary of the furniture used in each 

experiment. Figure 42 is a sketch showing the general 

location of the furniture items in the apartment. For a given 

test, the exact location may have varied slightly, but the item 

would have still been in the same general location. Figures 

43 and 44 show the furniture as positioned in the living 

room and bedroom, respectively, for Test 1.

Kitchen Cabinets

Cabinets were installed in the kitchen along Wall B, Wall C, 

and between the living room and kitchen. Details of the 

base cabinets and wall cabinets are provided in Table 4. The 

cabinets were obtained from two suppliers because of a lack 

of inventory at any one supplier. Therefore, information 

from both suppliers is provided in Table 4. The kitchen 

countertop for the base cabinets was simulated using 

19.1-mm- (3/4-in.-) thick plywood.

Figure 45 shows the layout of the wall cabinets and the 

base cabinets. The bottom of the wall cabinets was installed 

approximately 0.46 m (18 in.) above the kitchen countertop, 

which resulted in a gap of approximately 0.25 m (10 in.) 

between the top of the cabinets and the drop ceiling. 

Figure 46 shows the cabinets as installed in the kitchen.

Additional Wood

Additional wood was added in the test structure to achieve 

the target fuel load specified by the ICC Ad Hoc Committee 

on Tall Wood Buildings. The additional wood included 20 

sheets of 1.22-m-wide by 2.44-m-long by 11.1-mm-thick 

(4-ft-wide by 8-ft-long by 7/16-in.-thick) OSB. The OSB 

sheets, which were used to simulate a combustible floor 

covering by providing a similar amount of fuel load to that 

of hardwood flooring, were placed on top of the cement 

board, which made up the finished floor of the test structure. 

In addition, 300 pieces of 1 by 3 dimension lumber that was 

2.44 m (8 ft) long were used. The 1 by 3 lumber was cut 

into smaller pieces and used for the wood slats in the bed 

frame and to make wood cribs. The wood cribs were placed 
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

17

Table 2—Sprinkler head details

Type Manufacturer Model

K factor

Lpm/bar1/2 (gpm/psi1/2)

Temperature

°C (°F) Quantity

Pendent Globea GL3010 43.2 (3.0) 68.4 (155) 4

Sidewall Tycob TY1334 

Rapid 

Response

60.6 (4.2) 68.4 (155) 5

a

Globe Fire Sprinkler Corporation, Standish, Michigan, USA.

b

Tyco Fire Products, Lansdale, Pennsylvania, USA.

Figure 41. Sprinkler layout.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

18

Table 3—Furniture

Description Quantity Supplier Model Item 

Table 1 IKEA Gamleby 602.470.27

Chairs 7 IKEA Harry 201.058.31

Bookcases 4 IKEA Billy 002.638.50

TV units 1 IKEA Hemnes 702.970.45

8-drawer dresser 2 IKEA Hemnes 003.185.98

Armchair frame 3 IKEA Jennylund 300.475.48

Armchair cushions 3 IKEA Jennylund –

Sofa frame 2 IKEA Ektorp 401.850.30

Sofa cushions 2 IKEA Ektrop –

Coffee table 1 IKEA Hemnes 803.817.36

Night stands 7 IKEA Tarva 502.196.09

Bed frame 2 IKEA Hemnes 202.421.02

Mattress 2 IKEA Morgedal 802.773.82

Desk 1 IKEA Hemnes 502.821.44

Add-on unit for desk 1 IKEA Hemnes 202.821.26

a

IKEA, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Figure 42. General location of furniture.
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

19

Table 4—Kitchen cabinets

Description Quantity Supplier Model Item number

12-in.-wide base cabinet

 305 mm wide by 889 mm tall by 610 mm deep

 (12 in. wide by 35 in. high by 24 in. deep)

2 Lowe’s and 

Home Depota 33 B12R 

B12OHD

336303 

235119

60-in.-wide sink base cabinet

 1.52 m wide by 889 mm tall by 610 mm deep

 (60 in. wide by 35 in. high by 24 in. deep)

1 Lowe’s and 

Home Depot

33 SB60B 

SB60OHD

365987

369062

30-in.-wide base cabinet

 762 mm wide by 889 mm tall by 610 mm deep

 (30 in. wide by 35 in. high by 24 in. deep)

2 Lowe’s and 

Home Depot

33 B30B 

B30OHD

336288

356528

30-in.-wide wall cabinet

 762 mm wide by 762 mm high by 305 mm deep

 (30 in. wide by 30 in. high by 12 in. deep)

2 Lowe’s and 

Home Depot

33 W3030B 

W30300HD

336276

379839

24-in.-wide corner wall cabinet

 610 mm wide by 762 mm high by 305 mm deep

 (24 in. wide by 30 in. high by 12 in. deep)

1 Lowe’s and 

Home Depot

33 DC2430R 

W2430OHD

336287

377881

30-in.-wide bridge cabinet

 762 mm wide by 305 mm high by 305 mm deep

 (30 in. wide by 12 in. high by 12 in. deep)

1 Home Depot W3012OHD 756067

18-in.-wide wall cabinet

 457 mm wide by 762 mm high by 305 mm deep

 (18 in. wide by 30 in. high by 12 in. deep)

2 Home Depot W1830OHD 377811

a

Lowe’s Companies, Inc., Mooresville, North Carolina, USA; The Home Depot, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Figure 43. Furniture and wood cribs in living room. Figure 44. Furniture and wood cribs in bedroom.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

20

Figure 45. Plan view of wall cabinets and base cabinets in kitchen.
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

21

Figure 46. Kitchen cabinets and additional plywood covers.

Figure 47. Wood cribs and oriented strandboard added in 

the bedroom.

Figure 48. Plastic shelves and books in the bedroom.

throughout the structure. Figure 47 shows several wood 

cribs that were added in the bedroom during Test 1. Also, 

sheets of OSB can be seen on the floor in Figure 47.

Miscellaneous Items

The overall fuel load in the structure was also increased 

by adding plastic shelves and paper books. Three plastic 

shelves were purchased from Walmart (Bentonville, 

Arkansas, USA) (Plano four-tier heavy duty, 1199594). 

Two plastic shelves were placed in the bedroom closet, and 

one shelf was placed in the utility room. In addition, 100 

copies of the 2001 edition of the Wood Frame Construction 

Manual from the American Wood Council were added to 

the structure. The Wood Frame Construction Manuals added 

a total of 110 kg (243 lb) of paper books to the fuel load; 

82 kg (181 lb) in the living room, and 28 kg (62 lb) in the 

bedroom. Figure 48 shows the plastic shelves in the closet 

and some books placed on the book shelf.

Ignition Package

The fire was initiated in a base kitchen cabinet along Wall C 

using an ignition package (Fig. 49). The ignition package 

was assembled by the FRL staff and consisted of a quartsize plastic bag that enclosed gasoline soaked paper towels 

and medical gauze rolled together.

The components of the ignition package consisted of 

rayon–polyester blend medical gauze (sterile premium 

rolled gauze, CVS Pharmacy, Woonsocket, Rhode Island, 

USA), ten sheets from a standard roll of paper towel, and a 

quart-size plastic Ziploc bag (S.C. Johnson & Son, Racine, 

Wisconsin, USA). The gauze had a listed unstretched 

length of 7.62 cm by 1.92 m (3 in. by 6.3 ft). Each sheet 

of paper towel measured 0.23 by 0.28 m (8-7/8 by 11 in.). 

The ignition packages were assembled by first unrolling 

the medical gauze and laying it out flat in the unstretched 

position. A continuous section of 10 paper towel sheets were 

then removed from the paper towel roll and folded widthwise in a trifold manner, such that the folded width of the 

continuous section of paper towels measured approximately 

Figure 49. Ignition package.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

22

73 mm (2-7/8 in.). The folded continuous section of paper 

towels were placed on top of the unstretched medical gauze. 

They were then rolled together such that the paper towels 

were on the inside and the medical gauze was on the outside 

of the roll. The roll was then placed inside the quart-sized 

plastic bag, and approximately 250 mL (8.5 fluid ounces) of 

gasoline was poured into the bag. For Test 2, approximately 

225 mL (7.6 fluid ounces) of gasoline was unintentionally 

used instead of 250 mL.

End of Test Fire Suppression System

A deluge-type fire suppression system was used to 

extinguish the fire at the end of an experiment. The deluge 

system was separate from the fire suppression system 

installed in the apartment for Tests 4 and 5. The manually 

operated deluge system consisted of 11 fog hose type 

nozzles that were attached to steel pipes. Seven nozzles 

were positioned on the floor that was being tested and the 

remaining four nozzles were located on the other floor. The 

nozzles were elevated several feet above the floor using 

metal stands. The deluge system was connected to the blue 

water system in the laboratory. When not in use, the nozzles 

were covered with ceramic fiber to protect the nozzles 

during the fire. These nozzle covers blew off when the fire 

suppression system was activated. Figure 50 shows one of 

the nozzles positioned in the kitchen.

Figure 50. Deluge sprinkler system in the kitchen.

Experiment Details

Test Variables

Three variables were considered in this test series: (1) the 

amount and location of exposed mass timber surfaces, 

(2) the opening in Wall A (open or covered with glass), and 

(3) a fire sprinkler system (installed or not installed). Details 

related to each of these variables were discussed in previous 

sections.

Test Matrix

Five experiments were conducted to observe the 

performance of the mass timber structure when exposed 

to a fire in a multistory apartment-style building. Each 

experiment is summarized in Table 5. In Test 5, the sprinkler 

activation was delayed by approximately 20 min compared 

with the sprinkler activation time in Test 4.

Experimental Procedures

Each experiment followed the same general procedure. 

The ignition package was assembled and filled with 

approximately 250 mL of gasoline. The ignition package 

was then placed within the base kitchen cabinet along 

Wall C (Fig. 51). Inside the cabinet, 1 by 3 dimension 

lumber was placed that was either assembled into wood 

cribs or stacked randomly. A propane torch on a pole was 

then used to ignite the ignition package. After ignition, both 

cabinet doors were left in the open position and the test 

personnel exited the structure through either the opening 

in Wall A (Test 1) or the apartment door (Tests 2–5). After 

exiting through the apartment door, the test personnel 

verified that the door was closed. The exceptions to this 

were Tests 3 and 5. In Test 3, the automatic door closer was 

not attached to the door frame during the test and this was 

not noticed until after the test was complete. In Test 5, the 

door was intentionally left in the open position to increase 

ventilation and severity of the test scenario.

The experiment started when the ignition package was lit. 

The fire was then allowed to grow naturally. The experiment 

was terminated when either a predetermined time had 

elapsed (Tests 1–3) or after the fire sprinkler(s) activated 

Table 5—Test matrix

Test 

number

Experiment 

ID

Amount and location of exposed 

cross-laminated timber (CLT)

Windows in 

Wall A

Fire 

sprinklers Story

1 193825 None; all CLT surfaces encapsulated No No 1st

2 193871 Partially exposed CLT on ceiling in bedroom 

and living room

No No 2nd

3 203923 Exposed CLT on walls in bedroom and 

living room

No No 2nd

4 203924 Exposed CLT on ceiling and walls in bedroom 

and living room

Yes Yes 1st

5 223940 Exposed CLT on ceiling and walls in bedroom 

and living room

Yes Yes, but 

delayed

1st
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

23

Figure 51. Ignition package located inside of kitchen 

cabinet.

Figure 52. Second-level openings on Wall A covered with 

Type X wallboard for Test 1.

and had controlled the growth of the fire (Tests 4–5). 

ATF personnel then activated the deluge fire suppression 

system, and the fire was extinguished. The exception to 

this was Test 4, in which the fire was extinguished using a 

pressurized water fire extinguisher.

Additional Details

Test 1

During Test 1, all openings on the second floor of Wall A 

were enclosed with Type X gypsum wallboard (Fig. 52). 

The openings were covered to prevent the fire from 

spreading to the second level. Temporary walls were 

constructed in the wall openings using metal studs. In 

addition, most of the instrumentation on the second floor 

was active during Test 1, although the test was conducted on 

the first floor.

Test 2

For Test 2, a load was applied to the second floor’s 

ceiling assembly using six vertical tanks filled with 

water. The polyethylene tanks were from Hastings Equity 

Manufacturing (Hastings, Nebraska, USA) (Model 

Nbr-T-0165-059). The tanks had a diameter of 0.79 m 

(31 in.), a height of 1.5 m (59 in.), and a dry weight of 

approximately 22.7 kg (50 lb). Each tank was filled with 

approximately 492 L (130 gallons) of water. The tanks were 

positioned to be centered along the width of each 2.44-

m- (8-ft-) wide ceiling panel (Fig. 53). Three of the tanks 

were positioned to be centered over a line running parallel 

to and equidistant from Walls B and G over the living room 

and kitchen, whereas the other three were centered over a 

line running parallel to and equidistant from Walls D and 

G over the bedroom and hallway. The load resulted in the 

same maximum moment as would be induced by a 0.96 kPa 

(20 lb/ft2

) uniform load. This is equivalent to the induced 

moment used in the Fire Protection Research Foundation 

tests performed at the National Institute of Standards and 

Technology.

Figure 54 shows the water tanks on the ceiling assembly 

when viewed looking toward the front of the structure 

(Wall A). The water tanks were protected from the fire 

using gypsum wallboard (Fig. 54).

Test 3

The water tanks were reused for Test 3. However, prior to 

Test 3, two of the second floor ceiling panels were replaced 

because they had been partially exposed in Test 2. This 

required emptying the water from the tanks and moving 

them out of the way. After replacing the two ceiling panels, 

the tanks were positioned in their original locations. The 

day prior to Test 3, each tank was filled with approximately 

492 L (130 gallons) of water. Upon arrival the following 

morning, ATF personnel discovered that one of the water 

tanks had leaked overnight (Fig. 55). Approximately 

378.5 L (100 gallons) of water had leaked onto the ceiling 

assembly and then down into the structure through the joints 

between the CLT ceiling panels. A significant amount of 

water was found in the second level bedroom and living 

room. A wet vacuum was brought in to remove the standing 

water on the floor of the second level, and the wetted OSB 

sheets were replaced. Furthermore, both mattresses in the 

bedroom were replaced with dry ones that the FRL had on 

hand. Water stains were also visible on some of the exposed 

CLT wall panels. The moisture content of the CLT panels 

was measured using a reference (noncalibrated) moisture 

meter (Delmhorst J-2000, Delmhorst Instrument Company, 

Towaco, New Jersey, USA). The moisture content readings 

measured in the wetted areas of CLT were found to be 

as high as 27%, compared with 11% to 13% in areas 

unaffected by the water; however, this reading was most 

likely only a result of surface wetting as evidenced by the 
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

24

Figure 53. Location of water tanks on the second-level ceiling panel during Tests 2 and 3.

Figure 54. Water tanks on top of the second-level ceiling 

panels for Tests 2 and 3.

Figure 55. Water tank that leaked.
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

25

lack of a char depth gradient between the wetted areas and 

unwetted areas following Test 3.

Test 4

A sheet of plastic was draped over some of the furniture in 

the living room to protect it from the water being discharged 

by the sprinkler head in the kitchen during the test (Fig. 56). 

The fire never spread beyond the cabinet, so the plastic had 

no effect on the fire growth.

Test 5

Prior to the start of Test 5, a decision was made to keep the 

apartment door open to allow for additional ventilation to 

feed fire grown. Therefore, the apartment door was propped 

open using a cement block (Fig. 57).

Restoration of Test Structure

Since Tests 2 and 3 were both performed on the second 

level, restoration of the interior was necessary between 

Tests 2 and 3. Figures 58 and 59 show the interior of the 

apartment after Tests 1 and 2, respectively. As part of the 

restoration, all of the gypsum wallboard was removed and 

then replaced in certain areas, based on the next test series. 

In addition, the unrated interior walls and drop ceiling were 

removed and replaced.

As part of the restoration, two of the second floor ceiling 

panels were also replaced. The ceiling panels were replaced 

because those two panels were the exposed CLT sections on 

the ceiling during Test 2. Figure 60 shows one of the ceiling 

panels as it was being removed.

The restoration of the test structure also involved repairing 

sections on the CLT wall assemblies that had sustained 

fire damage in the form of section loss caused by localized 

charring. Figure 61 is an example of the localized damage 

that occurred at the opening on Wall A on the second floor 

during Test 2. The wall was repaired by removing the 

damaged section (Fig. 62) and replacing it with equivalent 

Figure 56. A plastic sheet placed over furniture during 

Test 4.

Figure 57. Apartment door propped open during Test 5.

Figure 58. Interior view of apartment after Test 1.

Figure 59. Interior view of apartment after Test 2.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

26

Figure 60. Second-level ceiling panel being removed after 

Test 2.

Figure 63. Localized section loss caused by charring 

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Figure 61. Localized section loss caused by charring on 

:DOO$DWWKHOLYLQJURRPRSHQLQJRQWKHVHFRQGÀRRU

Figure 64. Repair to damaged area around second-level 

apartment door.

Figure 62. Section of damaged cross-laminated timber 

UHPRYHGIURP:DOO$RQVHFRQGÀRRU

Figure 65. Damage to support column and midspan beam.
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

27

material. In addition to the opening perimeters in Wall A, 

localized charring occurred around the apartment door 

frame during Tests 1, 2, and 3. Figure 63 illustrates some 

of the charring that occurred around the second-level door 

frame during Test 2. The damaged areas were removed, and 

the wall was repaired (Fig. 64).

Localized charring was also observed on the corners and 

intersections of support columns and midspan beams. An 

example of this charring is shown in Figure 65. The damage 

was limited to the corners and intersections of the wood 

that was added to the original support columns and beams. 

These damaged sections were removed and replaced with 

equivalent wood pieces.

Instrumentation

The ATF FRL uses a supervisory control and data 

acquisition (SCADA) system to collect and store data 

obtained from the various laboratory equipment. Data 

are collected at a rate of 1 hertz (1 sample per second). A 

variety of instrumentation was used during this test series 

and included thermocouples for temperature measurement, 

bidirectional probes for velocity measurement, optical 

density meters (ODM) to measure the optical density of 

the smoke, heat flux transducers and directional flame 

thermometers (DFT) to measure heat flux, gas analyzers to 

measure the concentrations of oxygen, carbon monoxide, 

and carbon dioxide within the test structure, a fire product 

collector to measure the heat release rate from the fire, and 

instrumentation to measure the atmospheric conditions in 

the laboratory. Smoke detectors were also used to determine 

smoke detector activation times in various parts of the test 

structure. In addition, the experiments were documented 

using a still camera, video cameras, and an infrared camera. 

The following sections discuss each of the instruments in 

more detail.

Thermocouples

Thermocouples are temperature measurement sensors 

that consist of two dissimilar metals joined at one end 

(a junction), which produces a small thermoelectrical 

voltage when the wire is heated. The change in voltage is 

interpreted as a change in temperature (Anon. 2000). There 

are many configurations of thermocouples, which affects 

the temperature range, ruggedness, and response time. 

Table 6 provides the information required to identify these 

factors for the thermocouples that were used during the 

experiments conducted for this test series. Thermocouples 

used during this test series were used in accordance with the 

method defined in FRL “Laboratory Instruction LI001 — 

Thermocouple” (Anon. n.d.-b).

Thermocouples were used in both a tree configuration 

(multiple thermocouples in a vertical line) and as single 

point measurements. The thermocouple trees had a 

thermocouple spaced every 0.6 m (2 ft), in addition to one 

placed at approximately floor level and one at the ceiling. 

Thermocouple trees that were 2.44 m (8 ft) tall and 2.74 m 

(9 ft) tall were both used because of the different ceiling 

heights in the test structure.

Figure 66 illustrates the location of the thermocouple 

trees in the test structure. One 2.44-m- (8-ft-) tall tree was 

located in the kitchen, and two trees were positioned inside 

of Wall G. Two 2.74-m- (9-ft-) tall thermocouple trees 

were located in the living room and bedroom, and three 

thermocouple trees were located in the corridor.

Temperature measurements were obtained at the ceiling in 

the living room and bedroom (Fig. 67). For Tests 1 and 3, 

two layers of Type X gypsum wallboard covered the CLT 

ceiling. For these two tests, two additional thermocouples 

were added at each measurement location on the ceiling. 

One thermocouple was located on the outermost layer of 

the gypsum wallboard, and one was placed between the two 

layers of the wallboard (Fig. 68).

In addition to the surface thermocouples at Location B on 

the living room ceiling, there were seven thermocouples 

embedded within the CLT. Holes of varying depth were 

drilled into the exterior of the CLT assembly. The holes 

were spaced evenly around a 50.8-mm- (2-in.-) diameter 

circle. After the holes were drilled, Type K thermocouples 

(30 American wire gauge (AWG)) were placed into the 

holes. As illustrated in Figure 69, the thermocouples were 

positioned at the following depths relative to the interior 

of the test structure: 12 mm (0.472 in.), 23 mm (0.906 in.), 

35 mm (1.38 in.), 47 mm (1.85 in.), 58 mm (2.28 in.), 

70 mm (2.76 in.), and 105 mm (4.13 in.).

Embedded thermocouples were also located along Walls B 

and D (Fig. 70). The thermocouples were placed 1.52 m 

(5 ft) above the finished floor. Surface thermocouples 

were also located at these same locations. If the CLT 

was encapsulated with gypsum wallboard, then two 

additional surface thermocouples were used (Fig. 68). The 

thermocouples located along Wall B were spaced evenly 

apart, every 2.29 m (7 ft 6 in.). However, this spacing 

resulted in the thermocouples at the third location (C) being 

placed behind a wall cabinet.

Table 6—Thermocouple details

Description Manufacturer Model AWG No. Insulation Accuracy specification

Wire Omegaa GG-K-24-SLE 24 Glass Special limits of error

Extension wire Omega EXPP-K-24-SLE 24 Polyvinyl Special limits of error

a

Omega, Stamford, Connecticut, USA.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

28

Figure 66. Location of thermocouple (TC) trees.
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

29

Figure 67. Location of ceiling thermocouples (blue circles).
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

30

Figure 68. Additional surface thermocouples when the crosslaminated timber (CLT) was encapsulated (GWB, gypsum 

wallboard).

Figure 69. Location of embedded thermocouples in the cross-laminated 

timber (CLT).
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

31

Figure 70. Location of embedded and surface wall thermocouples (blue circles) (thermocouples located 1.52 m 

DERYHWKH¿QLVKHGÀRRU
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

32

Temperature measurements were also obtained at the joints 

created between the CLT assemblies and their associated 

supports. Figures 71 and 72 show the joint temperature 

measurement location for the steel angle and floor assembly. 

The numbers shown in Figure 72 correspond to the 

thermocouples shown in Figure 71. The photographs were 

taken prior to the gaps being filled in with an intumescent 

fire caulk.

Figures 73 and 74 show the location of the joint temperature 

measurements for the ledger and floor assembly. The 

photograph in Figure 74 was taken prior to the floor 

assembly being installed. The numbers shown in Figure 74 

correspond to the thermocouples shown in Figure 73.

Figures 75 and 76 show the location of the joint temperature 

measurement between the wall assembly and the ceiling 

assembly. The photograph was taken prior to the ceiling 

assembly being installed.

The locations for the joint temperature measurements along 

Walls B and D are shown in Figure 77. Joint temperatures 

were obtained every 1.14 m (3 ft 9 in.) along Wall B, in 

both the living room and the kitchen. Joint temperatures 

along Wall D were obtained every 1.14 m (3 ft 9 in.) in the 

bedroom.

Temperature measurements were also obtained at each 

opening in Wall A using 2.74-m- (9-ft-) tall thermocouple 

trees (Fig. 78). In addition, single thermocouples were used 

to measure temperatures above the second-level opening. 

The height of each thermocouple was measured relative to 

the finished floor for that particular floor level (1st, 2nd, or 

3rd).

For Test 4, a single thermocouple was added near the fire 

sprinkler head in the kitchen (Fig. 79). This temperature 

measurement was used to determine sprinkler activation 

time. The thermocouple remained in the test structure for 

Test 5.

Bidirectional Probes

Velocity is commonly measured by application of the 

principal of conservation of mechanical energy through 

conservation of fluid velocity to pressure (head). If the 

fluid is forced to change its velocity, a change in pressure 

will occur (Avallone and Baumeister III 1996). Bernoulli’s 

equation (Munson and others 2006) uses differential 

pressure and density measurements of a fluid to calculate 

the fluid’s velocity. Differential pressure is the difference 

between the dynamic and static pressure measurements of 

the fluid and is measured using a differential pressure probe 

and differential pressure transducer. The density of the fluid 

is typically calculated from the fluid temperature.

There are various types of differential pressure and 

temperature probes that can be used to record the 

measurements necessary to calculate a fluid’s velocity. 

The characteristics of the various types of pressure and 

Figure 71. Joint temperature measurement at the steel 

DQJOH±ÀRRULQWHUIDFH

Figure 72. Thermocouples placed between the steel angle 

DQGWKHFURVVODPLQDWHGWLPEHUÀRRUDVVHPEO\WRPHDVXUH

WKHMRLQWWHPSHUDWXUHVDWRSYLHZEERWWRPYLHZ

(numbers correspond to locations shown in Fig. 71).

(a)

(b)

2

1
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

33

)LJXUH/HGJHU±ÀRRUMRLQWWHPSHUDWXUHPHDVXUHPHQW

loctions.

Figure 75. Ceiling–wall joint temperature measurement 

ORFDWLRQVVHFRQGÀRRU

Figure 74. Thermocouples placed on the ledger to measure 

WKHWHPSHUDWXUHDWWKHOHGJHU±ÀRRULQWHUIDFHQXPEHUV

correspond to locations shown in Fig. 73).

Figure 76. Thermocouple placed on wall to measure 

temperature at ceiling–wall joint interface on the 

VHFRQGÀRRU

2 1

temperature probes affect the response and sensitivity of 

the measurements. All devices used to calculate velocity 

were used in accordance with the method defined in 

FRL “Laboratory Instruction LI009 —External Velocity 

Differential Pressure Probes” (Anon. n.d.-d).

The air velocity through the openings in Wall A was 

measured using bidirectional probes (Fig. 80). Each 

bidirectional probe was connected to a differential pressure 

manometer (MKS Type 220DD-00001B2B) that had a 

pressure full range of 133 Pa (1 Torr). The air temperature 

near each probe was measured using a Type K thermocouple 

(24 AWG, glass insulated).

Figure 81 illustrates the location of velocity measurements. 

When tests were conducted on the second level, the 

bidirectional probes were elevated and placed at equivalent 

locations relative to the second-level floor. Figure 82 shows 

the bidirectional probes mounted by the living room.

Heat Flux Transducers

A heat flux transducer is a device that measures the rate of 

absorbed incident energy and expresses it on a per unit area 

basis. The operating principle of the Schmidt–Boelter heat 

flux transducers used during this test series is based on onedimensional heat conduction through a solid. Temperature 

sensors are placed on a thin, thermally conductive sensor 

element, and applying heat establishes a temperature 

gradient across the element. The heat flux is proportional to 

the temperature difference across the element according to 

Fourier’s Law (Barnes 1999).

There are many configurations of heat flux transducers 

that affect range, size, mode, and sensitivity. The 

information required to identify these factors for the heat 

flux transducers that were used during the experiments 

conducted for this test series is provided in Table 7. Heat 

flux transducers were used in accordance with the method 

defined in FRL “Laboratory Instruction LI002 Heat Flux 
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

34

Figure 77. Locations of joint temperature measurements (blue circles).
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

35

Figure 78. Location of thermocouples on Wall A (red and yellow circles).

Figure 79. Thermocouple placed near sprinkler head in kitchen for Test 4.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

36

Figure 80. Bidirectional probe.

Figure 81. Location of bidirectional probes (blue circles).
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

37

Figure 82. Bidirectional probes mounted at the opening in Wall A.

Transducer” (Anon. n.d.-c). Figure 83 shows the location 

of the heat flux transducers. One transducer was positioned 

in the corridor across from the apartment door and was 

mounted 0.914 m (3 ft) above the finished floor. Four other 

heat flux transducers were located in front of Wall A (two in 

front of each opening), and they were located 1.52 m (5 ft) 

above the floor. When experiments were conducted on the 

second floor, the heat flux transducers were elevated and 

placed at equivalent locations relative to the second-level 

finished floor.

Directional Flame Thermometers

DFTs are another type of device to measure heat flux 

(ASTM 2016). A DFT consists of two metal plates separated 

by an insulating material and a thermocouple attached 

to each plate to measure the temperature of the plate. A 

thermal model is then used to calculate the heat flux, based 

on the temperature profiles and the temperature-dependent 

properties of the metal plates and insulating material.

The DFTs used in this test series were provided by the 

USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL). 

Figure 84 shows a DFT mounted on the ceiling. Only the 

temperature data from the DFTs are included in this report.

Table 7—Description of heat flux transducers

Manufacturer Model Heat flux mode

Full-scale range 

(kW/m2)

Maximum over 

range (kW/m2)

Medtherma 64-2.5-20 Total 25 37.5

Medtherm 64-5SB-20 Total 50 75

Medtherm 64-10SB-20 Total 100 150

a

Medtherm Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama, USA.

DFTs were mounted on both the walls and ceiling of the 

test structure. Figure 85 shows the location of the DFTs on 

the interior walls. The DFTs located on Walls B and D were 

mounted 1.52 m (5 ft) above the finished floor. Two DFTs 

were also mounted next to the apartment door on Wall C 

(Fig. 86). These DFTs were located 0.914 m (3 ft) and 

2.18 m (7 ft 2 in.) above the finished floor.

Two DFTs were also mounted on the ceiling, one in the 

bedroom and one in the living room. Figure 87 shows the 

location of the DFTs on the ceiling.

For Test 1, four additional DFTs were mounted on the 

exterior of Wall A (Fig. 88). The location of each DFT is 

shown in Figure 89.

Optical Density Meter

ODMs were used to measure the smoke obscuration during 

the experiments. The ODM consists of two parts: a light 

source and a photo transducer, which responds to the 

intensity of light from the light source. The photo transducer 

produces an output voltage that is linear with the amount of 

light received from the light source. An increase in intensity 

of light results in an increase in output voltage, and a 

decrease in intensity of light results in a decrease in output 
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

38

)LJXUH/RFDWLRQRIKHDWÀX[+)WUDQVGXFHUVUHGUHFWDQJOHV
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

39

)LJXUH'LUHFWLRQDOÀDPHWKHUPRPHWHUPRXQWHG

on ceiling.

)LJXUH/RFDWLRQRIGLUHFWLRQDOÀDPHWKHUPRPHWHUV')7VRQLQWHULRUZDOOVSXUSOHUHFWDQJOHV
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

40

)LJXUH'LUHFWLRQDOÀDPHWKHUPRPHWHUVPRXQWHGRQ

Wall C near the apartment door.

)LJXUH/RFDWLRQRIGLUHFWLRQDOÀDPHWKHUPRPHWHUVRQFHLOLQJVSXUSOHVTXDUHV
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

41

)LJXUH'LUHFWLRQDOÀDPHWKHUPRPHWHUVPRXQWHGRQ

the exterior of Wall A.

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(see also photograph in Fig. 52).
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

42

voltage. Prior to the start of each test series, each optical 

density meter was functionally verified using neutral density 

filters.

The white light source for the ODM used in this test series 

was a GE model PAR 24671 incandescent lamp (General 

Electric Company, Boston, Massachusetts, USA). The 

light receiver was a Huygen 856 RRV photovoltaic cell 

(Huygen Corporation, Crystal Lake, Illinois, USA). It had a 

maximum operating temperature of 60°C (140°F). The light 

intensity was set using a Texio model PD18-30AD power 

supply (Texio Technology Corporation, Yokohama, Japan). 

The light receiver was located 0.914 m (3 ft) from the light 

source. Figure 90 shows the ODM mounted in the corridor. 

The ODM housing was protected from high air temperatures 

using a ceramic fiber blanket. A thermocouple was mounted 

near the ODM to monitor the air temperature. If the air 

temperature exceeded 60°C (140°F), the ODM was taken 

out of service. The ODM was not placed back into service 

until it had been functionally verified using the neutral 

density filters.

Figure 91 shows the location of the ODM, which was in the 

corridor near the apartment door. The ODM was mounted 

1.52 m (5 ft) above the floor.

Smoke Detectors

Smoke detectors are devices used to activate an alarm in the 

presence of smoke. Smoke detectors send notifications in 

the form of audible, visible, and/or electrical responses. For 

this test series, interconnected-type smoke detectors were 

selected because detector activation could be determined by 

monitoring the electrical output produced by each detector. 

Table 8 provides a description of the smoke detectors used 

in the experiments. Figure 92 shows the smoke detectors 

as mounted to the ceiling. At each location, two smoke 

detectors were used, an ionization smoke detector and a 

photoelectric smoke detector. Figure 93 shows the location 

of smoke detectors in the test structure.

Oxygen Gas Analyzer

A gas analyzer was used to measure the oxygen (O2) 

concentration at one or more point measurement locations. 

The oxygen analyzer operates according to the paramagnetic 

alternating pressure principal. The resolution of the oxygen 

transducer’s output signal is less than 0.1% of the respective 

output signal span value. The analyzer was zeroed and 

calibrated prior to each test. Nitrogen was used as the zero 

gas, and dried ambient air, which is assumed to have an 

oxygen concentration of 20.95%, was used as the span gas. 

The gas concentration point measurements were conducted 

in accordance with the method defined in FRL “Laboratory 

Instruction LI016 — Point Source Gas Analysis” (Anon. 

n.d.-f). Table 9 provides a description of the oxygen gas 

analyzer used in this test series.

Figure 90. Optical density meters located in the corridor.

For each experiment, gas samples were taken outside of the 

apartment door in the corridor at a height of 1.52 m (5 ft) 

above the finished floor. For Tests 4 and 5, gas samples 

were also taken in the living room at a height of 1.52 m 

(5 ft) above the finished floor. Figure 94 shows the location 

of the gas samples in the test structure.

CO–CO2 Gas Analyzer

A gas analyzer was used to measure both the carbon 

monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations 

at one or more point measurement locations. The CO–CO2

gas analyzer utilizes two separate nondispersive infrared 

(NDIR) type transducers to measure the concentration 

of each gas. The resolution of each transducer’s output 

signal is less than 0.1% of the respective output signal span 

value. The span value is defined as the input value used 

to test the upper range of the analyzer. The analyzer was 

zeroed and spanned prior to each test. Nitrogen was used 

as the zero gas, and a premixed calibration gas with known 

concentrations of CO and CO2 was used as the span gas. 

The gas concentration point measurements were conducted 

in accordance with the method defined in FRL “Laboratory 

Instruction LI016 — Point Source Gas Analysis” (Anon. 

n.d.-f). Table 10 provides a description of the CO–CO2 gas 

analyzer used in this test series. The CO–CO2 gas samples 

were obtained at the same locations in the test structure as 

the O2 gas samples, which are shown in Figure 94.

Fire Products Collector

A fire products collector (FPC) measures several 

characteristics of a fire based on the measured properties 

of the fire plume. An FPC consists of a collection hood 

connected to an exhaust duct placed over a fire (Fig. 95). 

The primary fire characteristics calculated from an FPC 

include heat release rate (HRR), convective heat release rate 

(CHRR), gas species production, and smoke production. 

HRR measurements are based on the principle of oxygen 
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

43

Figure 91. Location of optical density meters (ODMs) (blue rectangles).
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

44

Table 8—Smoke detector summary

Manufacturer Model Detector type Sensor type

Nominal sensitivity 

(% obs/m)

Kiddea p12040 Smoke Ionization 3.94–11.0

Kidde i12080 Smoke Photoelectric 1.64–2.79

a

Kidde, Inc., Mebane, North Carolina, USA.

Figure 92. Smoke detectors.

consumption calorimetry. CHRR is calculated as the 

enthalpy rise of gases flowing through the FPC. Gas 

species production is calculated based on the measured gas 

concentrations flowing through the FPC. Smoke production 

is quantified based on optical smoke measurements, which 

measure the attenuation of light as it passes through the 

smoke and fire gases in the FPC. The FPC was used in 

accordance with the method defined in FRL “Laboratory 

Instruction LI011 — Fire Products Collectors” (Anon. 

n.d.-e).

Experiments were conducted using the FRL’s nominally 

rated 14-megawatt (MW) FPC (Fig. 96). The 14-MW FPC 

has a square apron that is 18.5 by 18.5 m (60.7 by 60.7 ft). 

The bottom of the apron is 9.14 m (30 ft) above the surface 

of the laboratory floor. The FPC can be operated above 

14 MW for a period of time, as long as the safety of the 

FPC and its instrumentation is maintained.

Table 11 includes a description of the FPC, as well as the 

calibration factor (C factor) and E value, which are used to 

calculate the HRR during an experiment. The C factor is 

based on data from a fire with a known HRR. The net heat 

released per unit of oxygen consumed, E, is a property of 

the fuel being burned.

Laboratory Conditions

The ambient laboratory temperature, barometric 

pressure, and relative humidity were measured during the 

experiments. The laboratory conditions were measured 

using an industrial probe and microserver. The probe 

measured the ambient conditions using capacitive digital 

sensors. The sensor probe has surface-mounted circuitry, 

which responds to changes in the environment and outputs 

a digital signal. The laboratory conditions were measured 

in accordance with the method defined in FRL “Laboratory 

Instruction LI017 — Laboratory Conditions” (Anon. n.d.-g). 

Table 12 provides a description of the instrumentation used 

to collect the ambient laboratory conditions measurements 

during the experiments.

Experiment Photographs

Digital cameras are used within the FRL to record digital 

still photographs during experiments. Digital cameras used 

during this test series were used in accordance with the 

method defined in FRL “Laboratory Instruction LI003 — 

Digital Cameras” (Anon. n.d.-a).

Video Cameras

Video cameras were used to document the experiments. 

Both high definition (HD) video cameras and standard 

definition (SD) video cameras were used. During an 

experiment, up to five HD video cameras (NEX-FS100UK, 

Sony, Tokyo, Japan) were positioned outside of the structure 

and seven SD video cameras (VTC-206F03-4, Bosch, 

Gerlingen, Germany) were located inside of the structure. 

Figure 97 shows the general layout of the video cameras. 

The camera for the water pressure was only used during 

Tests 4 and 5.
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

45

Figure 93. Location of smoke detectors (red octagons).
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

46

Table 9—Oxygen gas analyzer summary

Manufacturer Model Detector type

Range 

(%)

Siemensa Oxymat 61 Paramagnetic 0–25

a

Siemens AG, Munich, Germany.

Figure 94. Gas sample locations (green octagons).
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

47

Table 10—CO–CO2 gas analyzer summary

Manufacturer Model Gas Detector type

Range 

(%)

Siemensa Ultramat 23 CO2 NDIRb 0–25

CO NDIR 0–5

a

Siemens AG, Munich, Germany. 

b

NDIR, nondispersive infrared.

)LJXUH6FKHPDWLFRID¿UHSURGXFWFROOHFWRU

)LJXUH0:¿UHSURGXFWFROOHFWRUDWWKH%XUHDXRI$OFRKRO7REDFFR

Firearms and Explosives (ATF) Fire Research Laboratory.

Table 11—Fire products collector description

Description C factor

E factor 

(kJ/kg)

14 MW 1.128 13,100
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

48

Table 12—Laboratory conditions description

Description Manufacturer Model

LBR_01 Omegaa IBTHP-5

a

Omega Engineering, Stamford, Connecticut, USA.

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

49

Thermal Imaging Camera

A FLIR ThermaCam SC640 thermal imaging camera (FLIR 

Systems, Inc., Wilsonville, Oregon, USA) was used during 

the test series. The infrared camera was used only to show 

differences in temperatures; it was not used to measure 

the actual temperature. The FLIR camera recorded videos 

in standard definition and was positioned looking toward 

Wall A (Fig. 97).

Summary of Results

The following is a brief summary of the results. Full results 

including photographs for each individual test are given in 

Appendices 1 through 5.

Events

Table 13 lists selected events that occurred during each 

experiment. These events include flashover in the living 

room and bedroom, visible flames in the corridor, complete 

failure of the apartment door, and sprinkler activation. The 

time (after ignition) at which each of these events occurred 

is given.

Flashover can be defined as “the transition from a localized 

fire to general conflagration within the compartment when 

all fuel surfaces are burning” (Drysdale 2011). Visually, it 

is difficult to determine the exact time when all of the fuel 

surfaces are burning during a test. Therefore, flashover for 

this test series was based on the time the two thermocouples 

located at a height of 1.83 m (6 ft) above the floor in a room 

(bedroom or living room) reached at least 600°C (1,110°F). 

The times were then averaged for the two thermocouple 

readings, and this time was taken as the time flashover 

occurred. Based on this definition of flashover, flashover 

occurred in the first three tests. The time to flashover was 

relatively consistent for a given room, within ±13 s from the 

average of 17:13 mm:ss in the bedroom and within ±1 min 

from the average of 12:35 mm:ss in the living room. In 

Test 5, although flashover conditions were not reached in 

the bedroom and living room, based on this definition, the 

thermocouples at Location B in both the bedroom and living 

room (see Fig. 66) exceeded the 600°C (1,100°F) threshold 

for a brief time prior to manual sprinkler activation. 

Also, flashover conditions were reached in the kitchen at 

approximately 17 min after ignition and were sustained until 

manual activation of the sprinkler system.

The entrance door to the apartment from the corridor had 

a fire resistance (protection) rating of 20 min. For the first 

two tests, flames did not breach the entrance door until after 

20 min. However, for Test 3, fire breached the apartment 

entrance door in approximately 13 min and the entire door 

failed within 30 min. Although the door was kept closed 

during Test 3, it failed earlier than for Tests 1 and 2. One 

possible reason that the fire breached the door quicker in 

Test 3 is that the automatic door closer was (inadvertently) 

not attached to the door frame during the test (Fig. 98). 

This was not noticed until after the test. Another possible 

reason for the relatively early door failure was that the door 

frame did not appear to be properly installed. As shown 

in Figure 99, large gaps were observed between the door 

frame and the wall. These gaps allowed the steel door 

frame to flex as the frame was heated. The door may have 

then opened automatically, if the frame rotated enough 

that the latch no longer kept the door closed. The fire 

protection rating of a fire door assembly is based on NFPA 

Standard 252 fire exposure, in which a door is exposed to a 

“standard fire” rather than the natural fire growth exposure 

of a compartment fire. The performance of the fire door 

assemblies within the compartment fires presented herein 

cannot be directly compared with performance under a 

standard fire exposure.

Table 13—Major events during the cross-laminated timber test series

Event

Time to event after ignition (mm:ss)

Test #1 Test #2 Test #3 Test #4 Test #5

Flashover in living room 13:27 11:42 12:37 N/A N/A

Flashover in bedroom 17:20 17:20 17:00 N/A N/A

Flames in corridor outside 

of apartment door

26:51 30:38 13:06 N/A ~9:00a

Failure of entire apartment 

door

57:46 63:59 29:42 N/A N/A

Sprinkler activation N/A N/A N/A 2:37 23:00b

a

Apartment door was open at the start of the test.

b

Sprinklers were manually activated.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

50

Heat Release Rate

Figure 100 shows the heat release rate as a function of time 

for each test. In general, the first three tests had a similar 

profile. The heat release rate in Tests 4 and 5 was limited 

because of the use of fire sprinklers.

Table 14 provides a summary of the peak heat release rate 

and the total energy released for each test. These values 

may be less than the actual values because of several factors 

with the FPC. During Tests 1 and 2, the FPC was briefly 

taken offline to replace a gas filter. However, this occurred 

during a time in which the heat release rate may have been 

at its peak, based on the heat release rate curves shown in 

Figure 100. For Test 3, an issue with the FPC’s gas sampling 

system resulted in the first 21 min of data not being 

collected. During Test 1, not all of the combustion products 

were captured by the FPC hood. This resulted in measured 

Figure 98. Automatic door closer not attached for Test 3. Figure 99. Gaps between door frame and wall.

values of heat release rate and total energy released that 

were probably less than the actual values. To minimize this 

issue for subsequent tests, airflow through the hood was 

increased for Tests 2 through 5.

Temperatures

Figures 101 and 102 show the temperatures as a function of 

time for each test at 1.83 m (6 ft) above the finished floor at 

location B in the bedroom and living room, respectively. In 

general, the first three tests had similar temperature profiles 

at this location. The temperatures in Tests 4 and 5 were 

limited because of the use of fire sprinklers.

Figures 103 to 105 provide the temperatures of the 

embedded thermocouples located in the ceiling of the living 

room for Tests 2, 4, and 5, which all had exposed CLT. 

Charring, taken as a temperature of 300°C, occurred at 

25

20

15

10

5

0

–50 50 100 150 200 250

Time (min)

Heat release rate (MW)

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Test 4

Test 5

Figure 100. Heat release rate for each test.

Gaps between 

door frame 

and wall
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

51

Figure 101. Bedroom air temperature at 1.83 m above 

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Figure 102. Living room air temperature at 1.83 m above 

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Table 14—Peak heat release rate (HRR) and total energy released

Test 

number

Peak HRR 

(MW)

Time of peak HRR 

(mm:ss)

Total energy released 

(MW)

1 18.5a,b 18:56 34,030b

2 23.3a 19:04 39,900

3 20.9a 20:37 29,150c

4 negligible N/A negligible

5 5.7 23:13 2,950

a

Fire products collector (FPC) may have been offline when peak HRR occurred.

b

Not all of the smoke was captured by the FPC hood.

c

FPC was offline during the first 21 min of the test.

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (min)

Temperature (°C)

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (min)

Temperature (°C)

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Test 4

Test 5
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

52

Figure 103. Embedded thermocouple temperatures in 

exposed cross-laminated timber portion of living room 

for Test 2.

Figure 104. Embedded thermocouple temperatures in living 

room ceiling for Test 2.

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (min)

Temperature (°C)

Exposed surface

23 mm

35 mm

47 mm

58 mm

70 mm

105 mm

34

32

30

28

26

24

22

2001234 6 5

Time (min)

Temperature (°C)

Exposed surface

12 mm

23 mm

35 mm

47 mm

58 mm

70 mm

105 mm
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

53

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

0 5 10 15 20 35 25 30

Time (min)

Temperature (°C)

Exposed surface

12 mm

23 mm

35 mm

47 mm

58 mm

70 mm

105 mm

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (min)

Temperature (°C)

Exposed surface

12 mm

23 mm

35 mm

47 mm

58 mm

70 mm

105 mm

Figure 105. Embedded thermocouple temperatures in living 

room ceiling for Test 5.

Figure 106. Embedded thermocouple temperatures in living 

room wall at location B for Test 3.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

54

depths 23 mm and less into the CLT for Test 2 and less than 

12 mm for Test 5. Because of the rapid sprinkler activation 

in Test 4, charring did not occur in the living room ceiling.

Tests 3, 4, and 5 had exposed CLT on Wall B near the 

living room–dining area. The embedded thermocouple 

temperatures for these tests at Location B are provided in 

Figures 106 to 108. For Test 3, the surface temperature 

began to increase again around 100 min. Additionally, 

embedded thermocouple temperatures increased around the 

same time, with some noise occurring for the thermocouple 

at 12 mm (0.47 in.). This increase and noise were caused 

by localized delamination of the first layer of CLT near 

Location B.

Heat Flux

The heat flux meter in Wall F was positioned in the corridor 

across from the apartment door and was mounted 0.914 m 

(3 ft) above the finished floor. The heat flux for each test at 

this location is provided in Figure 109. The maximum heat 

flux at this location occurred in Tests 3 and 5, reaching 67 

and 38 kW/m2

, respectively. In Test 3, the apartment door 

was improperly installed and failed earlier than it did in 

other tests. In Test 5, the apartment door remained open for 

the duration of the test. The heat flux for Tests 1, 2, and 4 all 

remained below 10 kW/m2

.

28

27

26

25

24

22

23

21

01 3 2 456

Time (min)

Temperature (°C)

Exposed surface

23 mm

35 mm

47 mm

58 mm

70 mm

105 mm

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

0 5 15 10 20 25 35 30

Time (min)

Temperature (°C)

Exposed surface

23 mm

35 mm

47 mm

58 mm

70 mm

105 mm

Figure 108. Embedded thermocouple temperatures in living 

room wall at Location B for Test 5.

Figure 107. Embedded thermocouple temperatures in living 

room wall at Location B for Test 4.
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

55

The heat flux was also measured throughout the apartment 

using DFTs. Figure 110 shows the incident heat fluxes to 

Wall B at Location B, which were estimated from the net 

heat flux measured by the DFT. The downward spike in 

Test 5 was most likely caused by water hitting the DFT. 

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

–10

0

0 50 150 100 200 250

Time (min)

Heat flux (kW/m2

)

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Test 4

Test 5

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for each test.

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 20 60 40 80 100 120 140

Time (min)

Incident heat flux (kW/m2

)

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Test 4

Test 5

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estimates in Wall B, location B, for each test.

The second spike in Test 3 around 115 min was from 

localized delamination and increased flaming in the 

immediate vicinity of the DFT. The DFT data for Test 3 

then became noisy and was cut off; this occurred when 

the DFT fell off the wall.
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

56

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge contributions from the American 

Wood Council and the USDA Forest Service, State and 

Private Forestry. This research would not have been possible 

without contributions from the following staff of the Bureau 

of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) 

Fire Research Laboratory (FRL): John Allen, Dr. David 

Sheppard, Dr. Stephen Paul Fuss, Jonathan Butta, Jason 

Dress, Joseph Bettenhausen, Biniyam Alemayehu, Adam 

Friedman, Scott Markward, James Zurenko, Steven Little 

Jr., Steven Little, Dennys Hernandez, Randy Markward, 

Kirk Markward, Mathew Rimland, Mark Wahl, and Robert 

Wulff. Also, the machine shop at the Forest Products 

Laboratory was extremely helpful in fabricating the 

differential flame thermometers.

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

59

Appendix 1—Cross-Laminated Timber Project Test 1 Results

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

72

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

73

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

74

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

75

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

76

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

77

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

78

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

79

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

80

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

81

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

82

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

83

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

84

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

85

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

86

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

87

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

88

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

89

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

90

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

91

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

92

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

93

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

94

7HVW,' RI

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

95

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

96

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

97

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

98

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

99

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

327

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ ϭ͘ϭκϯ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ ϯ͘κϮε Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ κ͘ρϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ ϭ͘ρϮκ ϭ͘εΘϭ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ ϯ͘ϬκΘ ϭ͘εΘϭ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ ϯ͘ϬκΘ ϯ͘εςϮ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ ϯ͘ϬκΘ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

347

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU

3URMHFW2$6XE

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶy

;ŵͿ

>ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶz

;ŵͿ

>ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ

;ŵͿ dŚĞƌŵŽĐŽƵƉůĞƚLJƉĞ

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ ϭ͘ρϮκ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘ϳκϯ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ ϯ͘ϬκΘ ϯ͘ςρΘ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ ϭ͘ρϮκ ϯ͘ςρΘ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ>ͲdͲϬ Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ>ͲdͲϮ Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ>ͲdͲκ Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ>ͲdͲς Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ>ͲdͲΘ Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ>ͲdͲε Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘ϳϭΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ>ͲdͲϬ Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ>ͲdͲϮ Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ>ͲdͲκ Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ>ͲdͲς Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ>ͲdͲΘ Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ>ͲdͲε Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ Ϯ͘ϳϭΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ<ͲdͲϬ Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ ϳ͘ςϮϬ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ<ͲdͲϮ Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ ϳ͘ςϮϬ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ<ͲdͲκ Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ ϳ͘ςϮϬ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ<ͲdͲς Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ ϳ͘ςϮϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ<ͲdͲΘ Ϯ͘ϮϭϬ ϳ͘ςϮϬ Ϯ͘ϯςϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZͲdͲϬ ϭ͘εΘϭ ϭ͘εΘϭ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZͲdͲϮ ϭ͘εΘϭ ϭ͘εΘϭ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZͲdͲκ ϭ͘εΘϭ ϭ͘εΘϭ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZͲdͲς ϭ͘εΘϭ ϭ͘εΘϭ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZͲdͲΘ ϭ͘εΘϭ ϭ͘εΘϭ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZͲdͲε ϭ͘εΘϭ ϭ͘εΘϭ Ϯ͘ϳϭΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZͲdͲϬ ϭ͘εΘϭ ϯ͘ρϬρ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZͲdͲϮ ϭ͘εΘϭ ϯ͘ρϬρ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZͲdͲκ ϭ͘εΘϭ ϯ͘ρϬρ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZͲdͲς ϭ͘εΘϭ ϯ͘ρϬρ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZͲdͲΘ ϭ͘εΘϭ ϯ͘ρϬρ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZͲdͲε ϭ͘εΘϭ ϯ͘ρϬρ Ϯ͘ϳϭΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲdͲϬ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲdͲϮ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲdͲκ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ΘϮε ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲdͲς κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ΘϮε ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲdͲΘ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϯ͘ϮΘς dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲdͲϬ κ͘ρϳϮ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲdͲϮ κ͘ρϳϮ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲdͲκ κ͘ρϳϮ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲdͲς κ͘ρϳϮ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲdͲΘ κ͘ρϳϮ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϬ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ ϭ͘Ϭςϳ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϮ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ ϭ͘Ϭςϳ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲκ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ ϭ͘Ϭςϳ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲς Ϭ͘ϳςϮ ϭ͘Ϭςϳ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲΘ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ ϭ͘Ϭςϳ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲε Ϭ͘ϳςϮ ϭ͘Ϭςϳ Ϯ͘ϳϭΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϬ κ͘ϭϭρ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϮ κ͘ϭϭρ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

348

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU

3URMHFW2$6XE

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶy

;ŵͿ

>ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶz

;ŵͿ

>ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ

;ŵͿ dŚĞƌŵŽĐŽƵƉůĞƚLJƉĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲκ κ͘ϭϭρ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲς κ͘ϭϭρ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲΘ κ͘ϭϭρ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲε κ͘ϭϭρ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϯ͘ϳϭΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϬ Θ͘ϮϯϬ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϮ Θ͘ϮϯϬ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲκ Θ͘ϮϯϬ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲς Θ͘ϮϯϬ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲΘ Θ͘ϮϯϬ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲε Θ͘ϮϯϬ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϯ͘ϳϭΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘κϯΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘κϯΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ κ͘ϳϮκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ κ͘ϳϮκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϳ͘ςϮϬ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϳ͘ςϮϬ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘εκς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘εκς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϭ ϭ͘ϯϳϮ Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳϭϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϮ ϭ͘ϯϳϮ Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳϭϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭͲͲϭ Ϯ͘κϯΘ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ Ϯ͘ϳϭϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭͲͲϮ Ϯ͘κϯΘ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ Ϯ͘ϳϭϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϯ͘ερϬ ε͘ϭκκ Ϭ͘εϭκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϯ͘ερϬ ε͘ϭκκ Ϭ͘εϭκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϯ͘ερϬ ε͘ϭκκ Ϯ͘ϭΘκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϯ͘ερϬ ε͘ϭκκ Ϯ͘ϭΘκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲϬ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲϮ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲκ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲς Ϭ͘ϳςϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲΘ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲε Ϭ͘ϳςϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲϮ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲκ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲς ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲΘ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲε ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲϮ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲκ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲς ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲΘ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲε ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ Ϭ͘Ϭϯρ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϭϮ Ϭ͘ϬϭϮ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ Ϭ͘ϬρΘ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ Ϭ͘ϬϮϯ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ Ϭ͘ϭϬρ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ Ϭ͘Ϭκϳ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ Ϭ͘ϬϳϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

349

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU

3URMHFW2$6XE

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶy

;ŵͿ

>ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶz

;ŵͿ

>ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ

;ŵͿ dŚĞƌŵŽĐŽƵƉůĞƚLJƉĞ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ Ϭ͘Ϭϯρ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ Ϭ͘ϬρΘ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ Ϭ͘ϬϮϯ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ Ϭ͘ϭϬρ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ Ϭ͘Ϭκϳ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ Ϭ͘ϬϳϬ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ Ϭ͘Ϭϯρ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϭϮ Ϭ͘ϬϭϮ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ Ϭ͘ϬρΘ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ Ϭ͘ϬϮϯ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ Ϭ͘ϭϬρ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ Ϭ͘Ϭκϳ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ Ϭ͘ϬϳϬ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ ϭ͘ϭκϯ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘ϭκϯ Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ ϯ͘κϮε Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϯ͘κϮε Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ κ͘ρϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ κ͘ρϳϮ Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ ρ͘ϳϭρ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳ&ϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ ς͘ΘρΘ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳ&Ϯ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ς͘ΘρΘ Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳ'ϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ Θ͘ϬϬϭ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳ'Ϯ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Θ͘ϬϬϭ Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ ϭ͘ϭκϯ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ ϯ͘κϮε Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ κ͘ρϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ ρ͘ϳϭρ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳ&ϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ ς͘ΘρΘ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳ'ϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ Θ͘ϬϬϭ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ Ϭ͘ϭϬρ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϭϮ Ϭ͘ϬϭϮ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ Ϭ͘ϬϳϬ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϭϬρ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘ϭϬρ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϬϭϮ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘ϬϭϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϬϳϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘ϬϳϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϬϮϯ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘ϬϮϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϬρΘ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘ϬρΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϬϯρ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘Ϭϯρ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϬκϳ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘Ϭκϳ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ Ϭ͘ϬϮϯ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ Ϭ͘ϬρΘ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ Ϭ͘Ϭϯρ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ Ϭ͘Ϭκϳ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘Ϭϳς ϭ͘ϭκϯ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

350

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU

3URMHFW2$6XE

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶy

;ŵͿ

>ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶz

;ŵͿ

>ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ

;ŵͿ dŚĞƌŵŽĐŽƵƉůĞƚLJƉĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘ϭκϯ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘ϭκϯ Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘Ϭϳς Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘Ϭϳς ϯ͘κϮε Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϯ͘κϮε Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϯ͘κϮε Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘Ϭϳς κ͘ρϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ κ͘ρϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲͲϭ κ͘ρϬϮ ϯ͘ϬκΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲͲϮ κ͘ρϬϮ ϯ͘ϬκΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

^ƉƌŝŶŬůĞƌ ϭ͘ςρρ ϳ͘ςϮϬ Ϯ͘ϮϯϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ ϭ͘ρϮκ ϯ͘εςϮ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

7KHIROORZLQJWDEOHSURYLGHVDVXPPDU\RIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHUHVXOWV7KH3,QLWLDO ́FROXPQ

SURYLGHVWKHPHDVXUHGWHPSHUDWXUHDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHWHVW7KHPD[LPXP

WHPSHUDWXUHUHFRUGHGGXULQJWKHWHVWLVSURYLGHGLQWKH30D[ ́FROXPQ7KHUHPDLQLQJ

FROXPQVSURYLGHWKHFDOFXODWHGPD[LPXPDYHUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHV

7DEOH7HPSHUDWXUH9DOXH5HVXOW6XPPDU\

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ /ŶŝƚŝĂů;Ϳ DĂdž;Ϳ

ϯϬƐĞĐŽŶĚ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ρŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ς

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘ε

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ κϬ͘ϭ ϯε͘ϯ ϯϳ͘ς Ϯε͘ϳ Ϯρ͘ε

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ρ κς͘Θ κρ͘Ϯ κϯ͘ϭ ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϳ͘Ϯ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϯϯ͘ρ ϯϮ͘Θ ϯϮ͘Ϭ Ϯϳ͘ϳ Ϯρ͘ϭ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘ϭ κϯ͘Ϯ κϭ͘ε ϯε͘ε ϯϬ͘Θ Ϯϳ͘Ϭ

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘κ

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϳ

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘ρ Ϯκ͘ϯ Ϯκ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘κ

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ Ϯϳ͘ε Ϯϳ͘Ϯ Ϯς͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ε

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ς

ϭZ>ͲdͲϬ ϮϮ͘ϯ Ϯκ͘ϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϳ

ϭZ>ͲdͲϮ ϮϮ͘ϯ Ϯς͘ϯ Ϯρ͘ς Ϯρ͘ρ Ϯκ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ

ϭZ>ͲdͲκ ϮϮ͘Ϯ Ϯϳ͘ϳ Ϯϳ͘ϭ Ϯς͘ε Ϯρ͘ϳ Ϯκ͘Ϭ

ϭZ>ͲdͲς ϮϮ͘ϯ ρϮ͘ϭ κΘ͘Ϯ κκ͘ϯ ϯϭ͘κ Ϯς͘ε

ϭZ>ͲdͲΘ ϮϮ͘ϯ ςϳ͘ρ ςϮ͘Θ ρΘ͘Θ ϯΘ͘Ϯ ϯϬ͘κ

ϭZ>ͲdͲε Ϯϭ͘ε ϯΘ͘ϳ ϯΘ͘ϭ ϯς͘Θ Ϯε͘ς Ϯρ͘Θ

ϭZ>ͲdͲϬ Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯρ͘Θ Ϯρ͘ρ Ϯρ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘Θ

ϭZ>ͲdͲϮ ϮϮ͘κ Ϯς͘ϯ Ϯς͘ϭ Ϯς͘ϭ Ϯκ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘κ

ϭZ>ͲdͲκ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϯϬ͘κ Ϯε͘κ ϮΘ͘ϳ Ϯς͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ

ϭZ>ͲdͲς ϮϮ͘ϭ κΘ͘κ κρ͘ς κϮ͘Ϯ ϯϬ͘ρ Ϯς͘ϯ
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

351

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU

3URMHFW2$6XE

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ /ŶŝƚŝĂů;Ϳ DĂdž;Ϳ

ϯϬƐĞĐŽŶĚ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ρŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭZ>ͲdͲΘ ϮϮ͘ϭ ςΘ͘Ϯ ςϯ͘κ ρε͘ρ ϯϳ͘ϳ ϯϬ͘ϭ

ϭZ>ͲdͲε Ϯϭ͘ε ϯς͘ρ ϯρ͘ϯ ϯκ͘Ϯ ϮΘ͘Θ Ϯρ͘κ

ϭZ<ͲdͲϬ Ϯϭ͘ϯ ϯϬ͘ϭ Ϯε͘ϭ ϮΘ͘ς Ϯρ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ρ

ϭZ<ͲdͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ϳ ϯϮ͘Θ Ϯε͘Θ Ϯε͘Ϯ Ϯς͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘ε

ϭZ<ͲdͲκ Ϯϭ͘ε ϯϬ͘Ϯ ϮΘ͘κ ϮΘ͘ϭ Ϯς͘ϯ Ϯκ͘ϭ

ϭZ<ͲdͲς ϮϮ͘Ϭ ρϭ͘Ϭ ϯε͘ρ ϯρ͘ε Ϯε͘Ϭ Ϯρ͘ς

ϭZ<ͲdͲΘ ϮϮ͘Ϯ εϯ͘Ϭ Θϯ͘κ ϳϯ͘ϭ ϯε͘ε ϯϭ͘ς

ϭZͲdͲϬ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭZͲdͲϮ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭZͲdͲκ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ

ϭZͲdͲς ϮϮ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ρ

ϭZͲdͲΘ ϮϮ͘ϭ Ϯρ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘ε Ϯκ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘κ ϮϮ͘ϳ

ϭZͲdͲε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯκ͘ε Ϯκ͘ϳ Ϯκ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ρ

ϭZͲdͲϬ Ϯϭ͘κ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ρ Ϯϭ͘κ

ϭZͲdͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ς

ϭZͲdͲκ Ϯϭ͘ε ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ

ϭZͲdͲς ϮϮ͘Θ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ϭ

ϭZͲdͲΘ ϮϮ͘ς Ϯρ͘Ϯ Ϯρ͘ϭ Ϯρ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϯ

ϭZͲdͲε ϮϮ͘κ Ϯϳ͘ρ Ϯϳ͘Ϭ Ϯς͘ϯ Ϯκ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϯ

ϭt'ͲdͲϬ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ

ϭt'ͲdͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ρ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ρ Ϯϭ͘ρ

ϭt'ͲdͲκ Ϯϯ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϭ

ϭt'ͲdͲς ϮϮ͘Θ Ϯκ͘ϯ Ϯκ͘Ϯ Ϯκ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ϭ

ϭt'ͲdͲΘ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯκ͘ϯ Ϯκ͘ϯ Ϯκ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Θ Ϯϯ͘ρ

ϭt'ͲdͲϬ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ

ϭt'ͲdͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ε ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ

ϭt'ͲdͲκ Ϯϭ͘ε ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ Ϯϭ͘ε

ϭt'ͲdͲς ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭt'ͲdͲΘ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘Ϯ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϬ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ς

ϭZ,ͲdͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ε ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε

ϭZ,ͲdͲκ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭZ,ͲdͲς ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭZ,ͲdͲΘ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς

ϭZ,ͲdͲε ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϬ ϮϮ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ς

ϭZ,ͲdͲϮ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ς

ϭZ,ͲdͲκ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ

ϭZ,ͲdͲς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς

ϭZ,ͲdͲΘ ϮϮ͘κ Ϯϯ͘κ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ

ϭZ,ͲdͲε ϮϮ͘ϯ Ϯκ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘κ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϬ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘Ϯ Ϯϭ͘κ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϮ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϭ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘Θ

ϭZ,ͲdͲκ ϮϮ͘Θ Ϯϯ͘κ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ϳ

ϭZ,ͲdͲς ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ

ϭZ,ͲdͲΘ ϮϮ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭZ,ͲdͲε ϮϮ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘κ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯκ͘ς Ϯκ͘ς Ϯκ͘ς Ϯϯ͘κ ϮϮ͘ϳ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘κ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϯϭ͘ρ Ϯρ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘ε Ϯκ͘Θ Ϯϯ͘κ ϮϮ͘ρ
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

352

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU

3URMHFW2$6XE

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ /ŶŝƚŝĂů;Ϳ DĂdž;Ϳ

ϯϬƐĞĐŽŶĚ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ρŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ρ Ϯκ͘ϯ Ϯκ͘ϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϯϭ͘ρ ϮΘ͘ϳ ϮΘ͘ς ϮΘ͘ς Ϯρ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘ς

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ρ Ϯϳ͘Ϯ Ϯϳ͘Ϯ Ϯϳ͘Ϯ Ϯκ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ε

ϭtͲͲϭ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭtͲͲϮ ϮϮ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε

ϭ>ͲͲϭ Ϯϭ͘ρ Ϯε͘Ϯ Ϯε͘Ϭ ϮΘ͘ε Ϯς͘Θ Ϯκ͘Ϯ

ϭ>ͲͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϳ͘ϯ Ϯϳ͘ϯ Ϯϳ͘Ϯ Ϯρ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘ϳ

ϭͲͲϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ

ϭͲͲϮ Ϯκ͘ϳ Ϯρ͘Ϭ Ϯρ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘ε Ϯκ͘Θ Ϯκ͘ϳ

ϭtͲͲϭ ϮϮ͘κ Ϯρ͘κ Ϯρ͘ϯ Ϯρ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘Ϭ

ϭtͲͲϮ ϮϮ͘ϭ Ϯκ͘Θ Ϯκ͘ϳ Ϯκ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ς

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯρ͘ς Ϯρ͘ρ Ϯρ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε

ϭtͲͲϮ ϮϮ͘Ϯ Ϯρ͘Ϯ Ϯρ͘ϭ Ϯρ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ε

ϭtͲdͲϬ Ϯϭ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϭ Ϯϭ͘ε

ϭtͲdͲϮ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭtͲdͲκ ϮϮ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘Θ

ϭtͲdͲς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς

ϭtͲdͲΘ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ϳ

ϭtͲdͲε ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς

ϭtͲdͲϬ ϮϮ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘Θ

ϭtͲdͲϮ ϮϮ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ϳ

ϭtͲdͲκ ϮϮ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘Θ

ϭtͲdͲς Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯκ͘κ Ϯκ͘ϯ Ϯκ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘Θ Ϯϯ͘ρ

ϭtͲdͲΘ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ

ϭtͲdͲε ϮϮ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε

ϭtͲdͲϬ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϳ

ϭtͲdͲϮ Ϯϯ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘ρ

ϭtͲdͲκ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϯ

ϭtͲdͲς Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ

ϭtͲdͲΘ ϮϮ͘ε Ϯϯ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ε

ϭtͲdͲε ϮϮ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘Θ

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ

ϭtͲͲϬϭϮ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘Θ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ϯ Ϯϳ͘ε Ϯϳ͘Ϯ Ϯϳ͘ϭ Ϯρ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘Θ

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ρ

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϳ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ς

ϭtͲ^Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭtͲͲϬϭϮ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ρ
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

353

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU

3URMHFW2$6XE

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ /ŶŝƚŝĂů;Ϳ DĂdž;Ϳ

ϯϬƐĞĐŽŶĚ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ρŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

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ϭtͲͲϭϬρ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘κ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϯϯ͘Θ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘ϳ

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ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϯϭ͘κ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘κ Ϯϭ͘κ Ϯϭ͘κ Ϯϭ͘κ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ

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ϭtͲ:ͲϮ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘Θ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε

ϭtͲ:Ͳ&ϭ Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘Θ

ϭtͲ:Ͳ&Ϯ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ

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ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ

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ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯκ͘ϯ Ϯκ͘κ Ϯκ͘κ Ϯκ͘κ Ϯκ͘ϯ Ϯκ͘ϯ

ϮtͲ:Ͳ&ϭ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘κ

ϮtͲ:Ͳ'ϭ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘κ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ

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ϭtͲͲϬϭϮ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς

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ϭ>ͲͲϬϳϬ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ

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ϭ>ͲͲϬρΘ Ϯϭ͘ε ϮϮ͘Ϭ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε

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ϭ>ͲͲϬκϳ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε

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ϭtͲͲϬϯρ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς

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ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϯ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯκ͘Ϯ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘ε

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘κ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϳ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ρ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ ϮϮ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϭ͘Θ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ε

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘κ

ϭt'ͲͲϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯρ͘ρ Ϯρ͘κ Ϯρ͘ϯ Ϯκ͘ρ Ϯϯ͘ϳ
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354

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388

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394

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396

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

398

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ϭt'ͲdͲϮ κ͘ρϳϮ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲdͲκ κ͘ρϳϮ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲdͲς κ͘ρϳϮ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲdͲΘ κ͘ρϳϮ ϯ͘ΘϭϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϬ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ ϭ͘Ϭςϳ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϮ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ ϭ͘Ϭςϳ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲκ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ ϭ͘Ϭςϳ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲς Ϭ͘ϳςϮ ϭ͘Ϭςϳ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲΘ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ ϭ͘Ϭςϳ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲε Ϭ͘ϳςϮ ϭ͘Ϭςϳ Ϯ͘ϳϭΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϬ κ͘ϭϭρ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϮ κ͘ϭϭρ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲκ κ͘ϭϭρ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲς κ͘ϭϭρ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲΘ κ͘ϭϭρ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

410

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU 

3URMHFW2$6XE

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶy;ŵͿ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶz;ŵͿ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ;ŵͿ dŚĞƌŵŽĐŽƵƉůĞƚLJƉĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲε κ͘ϭϭρ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϯ͘ϳϭΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϬ Θ͘ϮϯϬ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϮ Θ͘ϮϯϬ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲκ Θ͘ϮϯϬ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲς Θ͘ϮϯϬ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲΘ Θ͘ϮϯϬ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭZ,ͲdͲε Θ͘ϮϯϬ ϭϬ͘ϯςϯ Ϯ͘ϳϭΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘κϯΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘κϯΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ κ͘ϳϮκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ κ͘ϳϮκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϳ͘ςϮϬ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϳ͘ςϮϬ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘εκς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘εκς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϭ ϭ͘ϯϳϮ Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳϭϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϮ ϭ͘ϯϳϮ Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳϭϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭͲͲϭ Ϯ͘κϯΘ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ Ϯ͘ϳϭϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭͲͲϮ Ϯ͘κϯΘ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ Ϯ͘ϳϭϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϯ͘ερϬ ε͘ϭκκ Ϭ͘εϭκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϯ͘ερϬ ε͘ϭκκ Ϭ͘εϭκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϯ͘ερϬ ε͘ϭκκ Ϯ͘ϭΘκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϯ͘ερϬ ε͘ϭκκ Ϯ͘ϭΘκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲϬ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲϮ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲκ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲς Ϭ͘ϳςϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲΘ Ϭ͘ϳςϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲε Ϭ͘ϳςϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲϮ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲκ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲς ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲΘ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲε ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϭ͘ϭρϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲϮ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϭ͘ςϭϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲκ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘Ϯϭε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲς ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘ΘϮε dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲΘ ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘κϯΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲdͲε ϭ͘ΘϮε Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ Ϭ͘Ϭϯρ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϭϮ Ϭ͘ϬϭϮ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ Ϭ͘ϬρΘ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ Ϭ͘ϬϮϯ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ Ϭ͘ϭϬρ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ Ϭ͘Ϭκϳ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ Ϭ͘ϬϳϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ Ϭ͘Ϭϯρ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ Ϭ͘ϬρΘ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ Ϭ͘ϬϮϯ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

411

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU 

3URMHFW2$6XE

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶy;ŵͿ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶz;ŵͿ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ;ŵͿ dŚĞƌŵŽĐŽƵƉůĞƚLJƉĞ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ Ϭ͘ϭϬρ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ Ϭ͘Ϭκϳ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ Ϭ͘ϬϳϬ κ͘ρϳϮ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ Ϭ͘Ϭϯρ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϭϮ Ϭ͘ϬϭϮ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ Ϭ͘ϬρΘ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ Ϭ͘ϬϮϯ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ Ϭ͘ϭϬρ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ Ϭ͘Ϭκϳ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ Ϭ͘ϬϳϬ ς͘ΘρΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ ϭ͘ϭκϯ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘ϭκϯ Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ ϯ͘κϮε Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϯ͘κϮε Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ κ͘ρϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ κ͘ρϳϮ Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ ρ͘ϳϭρ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳ&ϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ ς͘ΘρΘ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳ&Ϯ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ς͘ΘρΘ Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳ'ϭ Ϭ͘ϭϬϮ Θ͘ϬϬϭ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳ'Ϯ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Θ͘ϬϬϭ Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ ϭ͘ϭκϯ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ ϯ͘κϮε Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ κ͘ρϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ ρ͘ϳϭρ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳ&ϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ ς͘ΘρΘ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϮtͲ:Ͳ'ϭ Ϭ͘ϬΘΘ Θ͘ϬϬϭ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϯ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ Ϭ͘ϭϬρ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϭϮ Ϭ͘ϬϭϮ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ Ϭ͘ϬϳϬ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϭϬρ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘ϭϬρ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϬϭϮ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘ϬϭϮ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϬϳϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘ϬϳϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϬϮϯ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘ϬϮϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϬρΘ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘ϬρΘ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϬϯρ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘Ϭϯρ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>ͲͲϬκϳ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϳϮ Ϭ͘Ϭκϳ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ Ϭ͘ϬϮϯ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ Ϭ͘ϬρΘ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ Ϭ͘Ϭϯρ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ Ϭ͘Ϭκϳ Ϯ͘ϳεκ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘ϯϬt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘Ϭϳς ϭ͘ϭκϯ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘ϭκϯ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϭ͘ϭκϯ Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘Ϭϳς Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

412

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU 

3URMHFW2$6XE

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶy;ŵͿ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶz;ŵͿ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ;ŵͿ dŚĞƌŵŽĐŽƵƉůĞƚLJƉĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘Ϭϳς ϯ͘κϮε Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϯ͘κϮε Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ϯ͘κϮε Ϯ͘εϮϭ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϭ͘Ϭϳς κ͘ρϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ κ͘ρϳϮ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲͲϭ κ͘ρϬϮ ϯ͘ϬκΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭt'ͲͲϮ κ͘ρϬϮ ϯ͘ϬκΘ ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

^ƉƌŝŶŬůĞƌ ϭ͘ςρρ ϳ͘ςϮϬ Ϯ͘ϮϯϬ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ ϭ͘ρϮκ ϯ͘εςϮ Ϯ͘ϳκϯ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬ Ϯ͘ϮΘς ϭ͘ρϮκ dLJƉĞ<͕'ůĂƐƐ/ŶƐ͕͘Ϯκt'ǁŝƌĞ

7KHIROORZLQJWDEOHSURYLGHVDVXPPDU\RIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHUHVXOWV7KH3,QLWLDO ́FROXPQ

SURYLGHVWKHPHDVXUHGWHPSHUDWXUHDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHWHVW7KHPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUH

UHFRUGHGGXULQJWKHWHVWLVSURYLGHGLQWKH30D[ ́FROXPQ7KHUHPDLQLQJFROXPQVSURYLGHWKH

FDOFXODWHGPD[LPXPDYHUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHV

7DEOH7HPSHUDWXUH9DOXH5HVXOW6XPPDU\

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ /ŶŝƚŝĂů;Ϳ DĂdž;Ϳ

ϯϬƐĞĐŽŶĚ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ρŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ Ϯϭ͘ε ϮϮ͘Ϭ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯκ͘ς Ϯϳ͘ϭ Ϯς͘ε Ϯς͘Θ Ϯς͘κ Ϯς͘ϭ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ς Ϯϯ͘ς

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘Θ κϯ͘ς κϬ͘ϳ ϯε͘ς ϯς͘Ϯ ϯκ͘Ϭ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘κ ρΘρ͘ς ρϳϮ͘ϳ ρςΘ͘ϳ ρρρ͘Ϭ ρκς͘Ϯ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘ε ρςΘ͘Ϯ ρςϭ͘ς ρρς͘Θ ρκκ͘ϯ ρϮρ͘Θ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘ε ρΘΘ͘ϯ ρΘκ͘ϯ ρΘϬ͘ς ρςϭ͘Ϭ ρκϮ͘ϳ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ϯ ςϳε͘κ ςςε͘κ ςρϮ͘ς ςϭε͘ϯ ςϭϬ͘Ϭ

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘ϳ ςϬϬ͘ϭ ρκκ͘ϯ ρϬϮ͘Ϭ ϯρϯ͘ϯ Ϯϳϳ͘ς

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘Θ ςϭϬ͘κ ρρΘ͘Ϯ ρϭϯ͘Ϭ ϯρκ͘κ Ϯϳϳ͘ϭ

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘ρ ςςϯ͘Ϯ ςϮϭ͘ϭ ρΘϬ͘κ κκϯ͘Ϯ ϯρϳ͘κ

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘ε ϳϬΘ͘ε ςϳε͘ϳ ςκΘ͘Ϯ ρϮϭ͘ς κϮΘ͘ϳ

ϭͲ^Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘ε ρϳϯ͘ρ ρϮϭ͘ϭ κϳϮ͘Ϭ ϯρϬ͘ϭ ϮΘϳ͘Ϭ

ϭZ>ͲdͲϬ Ϯϭ͘ϳ ϯϬρ͘κ ϯϬϭ͘Θ ϯϬϬ͘Θ Ϯεϭ͘Ϭ Ϯϯϳ͘Ϭ

ϭZ>ͲdͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ε κϮς͘Ϯ κϭΘ͘ϯ κϭρ͘ϭ ϯεε͘ϭ ϯκς͘ε

ϭZ>ͲdͲκ Ϯϭ͘ϳ ρϭϳ͘ϯ ρϭϯ͘Ϭ ρϭϬ͘Ϯ κεΘ͘ϭ κϳϬ͘ϯ

ϭZ>ͲdͲς Ϯϭ͘ε ρϳς͘ϳ ρςϮ͘ε ρρε͘κ ρκϯ͘κ ρϮϳ͘Θ

ϭZ>ͲdͲΘ Ϯϭ͘Θ ςςΘ͘Θ ςϯϮ͘ϯ ςϮϯ͘Θ ρΘρ͘ϯ ρΘϬ͘ϳ

ϭZ>ͲdͲε Ϯϭ͘ϯ ρκϮ͘κ ρϯε͘ϯ ρϯς͘Ϯ ρϭϳ͘ε ρϬϮ͘Ϭ

ϭZ>ͲdͲϬ Ϯϭ͘ϯ ϯϬκ͘ε Ϯεκ͘Ϭ Ϯεϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϳρ͘ϯ ϮϭΘ͘Ϯ

ϭZ>ͲdͲϮ ϮϮ͘Ϯ κϮε͘ϭ κϮκ͘κ κϮκ͘Ϯ κϭκ͘Ϭ ϯςϯ͘Ϯ

ϭZ>ͲdͲκ Ϯϭ͘ς ρκϳ͘ε ρϮϭ͘ς ρϮϬ͘ρ ρϬκ͘κ κϳκ͘ϯ

ϭZ>ͲdͲς Ϯϭ͘ε ςϭς͘ϭ ςϬϭ͘κ ρεε͘Ϭ ρϳϮ͘ρ ρκΘ͘Ϭ

ϭZ>ͲdͲΘ Ϯϭ͘ε ϳςϳ͘ς ϳϯς͘ϭ ϳϮϭ͘ς ςρϳ͘ς ςκϭ͘Θ

ϭZ>ͲdͲε Ϯϭ͘κ ςϮϭ͘Ϯ ςϭϳ͘ρ ςϭϯ͘ε ρΘε͘ς ρϳϮ͘ϭ

ϭZ<ͲdͲϬ ϭε͘ε ρρϳ͘ε ρρϭ͘Ϯ ρϯκ͘Ϭ κϳϭ͘κ ϯϳϳ͘Ϯ

ϭZ<ͲdͲϮ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ ςϯϬ͘Ϯ ρεκ͘ρ ρςΘ͘ϯ κϳε͘Θ ϯες͘ρ

ϭZ<ͲdͲκ Ϯϭ͘κ εϮϮ͘ϯ Θκρ͘Ϯ ϳΘϳ͘Ϭ ϳκϬ͘κ ςϮϯ͘ς

ϭZ<ͲdͲς Ϯϭ͘ς ερϳ͘ς Θςκ͘ϯ ΘϮρ͘ε ϳϯς͘ε ςΘς͘Ϯ

ϭZ<ͲdͲΘ Ϯϭ͘ε ΘΘϳ͘ς Θϳϯ͘Ϭ Θρε͘ρ ΘϮϯ͘ϭ ϳρϭ͘κ
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

413

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU 

3URMHFW2$6XE

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ /ŶŝƚŝĂů;Ϳ DĂdž;Ϳ

ϯϬƐĞĐŽŶĚ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ρŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭZͲdͲϬ Ϯϭ͘ϳ ϭϯϬ͘κ ϭϭκ͘ϯ εε͘Θ ϳϳ͘ϳ ςε͘κ

ϭZͲdͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ς ϭρρ͘κ ϭϯϳ͘Ϯ ϭϯρ͘ϳ ϭϮΘ͘κ ϭϬρ͘Θ

ϭZͲdͲκ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ρϮϭ͘ρ ϯϳρ͘κ ϯϮϬ͘ϳ Ϯϭϳ͘κ ϭεκ͘Ϭ

ϭZͲdͲς Ϯϭ͘ϳ ςΘς͘ε ρεε͘ρ ρκϭ͘ρ ϯϳϬ͘Ϭ Ϯεε͘ρ

ϭZͲdͲΘ Ϯϭ͘Θ ϳρΘ͘ε ϳϬϳ͘ε ςςρ͘Θ κςς͘ϳ ϯϳϯ͘ς

ϭZͲdͲε Ϯϭ͘ς ςες͘Ϭ ςκς͘Ϭ ςϬϳ͘Ϭ κκκ͘Θ ϯρε͘Ϭ

ϭZͲdͲϬ ϮϬ͘ε ϭϭϯ͘Θ ϭϬϯ͘ϭ εϭ͘ς ϳϮ͘ρ ςς͘Ϯ

ϭZͲdͲϮ Ϯϭ͘Ϭ ϭςς͘Ϭ ϭϯς͘Θ ϭϮϳ͘Ϯ ϭϮϬ͘Ϭ εε͘ϳ

ϭZͲdͲκ Ϯϭ͘ϯ κϯϯ͘ϯ ϯκρ͘ς ϯϬϮ͘ϯ Ϯϭϭ͘ϭ ϭεϯ͘ρ

ϭZͲdͲς ϮϮ͘Ϯ ςϮϯ͘Θ ρκϳ͘κ κεϬ͘Ϭ ϯκε͘κ ϮΘϳ͘Ϭ

ϭZͲdͲΘ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϳςϳ͘ϳ ςεε͘ς ςκϮ͘Θ κϳϭ͘ϭ ϯΘς͘ϯ

ϭZͲdͲε Ϯϭ͘Θ ϳϬΘ͘ς ςρϮ͘ε ςϬρ͘ϭ κρϳ͘ϳ ϯϳε͘Ϭ

ϭt'ͲdͲϬ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϳϮ͘ρ ςϳ͘κ ςϯ͘ρ κΘ͘ϳ κϯ͘ϯ

ϭt'ͲdͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ς ϭΘΘ͘Θ ϭΘϳ͘ε ϭΘς͘ϳ ϭΘϬ͘ε ϭρε͘ς

ϭt'ͲdͲκ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϭϮϯ͘κ ϭϮϮ͘ς ϭϮϭ͘ϳ ϭϭς͘Ϯ ϭϭϬ͘Ϯ

ϭt'ͲdͲς ϮϮ͘ϭ ϭρϭ͘ϳ ϭρϭ͘ϭ ϭρϬ͘Ϯ ϭϯε͘ε ϭϯϬ͘ε

ϭt'ͲdͲΘ ϮϮ͘Θ ϭκϮ͘ρ ϭκϭ͘ε ϭκϭ͘ρ ϭϯκ͘ϯ ϭϮκ͘ς

ϭt'ͲdͲϬ Ϯϭ͘ϭ Θε͘ε ΘΘ͘ϭ Θϳ͘ς Θκ͘ϳ ϳς͘κ

ϭt'ͲdͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯς͘ε Ϯρ͘Θ Ϯρ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭt'ͲdͲκ Ϯϭ͘ε ϭϭϭ͘ϳ ϭϭϬ͘ϳ ϭϬε͘ε ϭϬρ͘κ ϭϬϬ͘ς

ϭt'ͲdͲς Ϯϭ͘ρ ϭκε͘Ϭ ϭκρ͘Θ ϭκϯ͘ϯ ϭϯρ͘Θ ϭϮρ͘ϯ

ϭt'ͲdͲΘ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ Ϯρε͘ς Ϯρκ͘ε Ϯκε͘ε Ϯϭρ͘ϳ ϭΘϬ͘ε

ϭZ,ͲdͲϬ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϯϭ͘ς ϯϬ͘ε Ϯε͘ϯ ϮΘ͘ϳ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϮ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϯς͘ς ϯκ͘ρ ϯκ͘ϭ ϯϭ͘ε ϯϭ͘ϯ

ϭZ,ͲdͲκ ϮϮ͘ρ ρς͘κ κς͘ε κκ͘ϳ κϬ͘Ϯ ϯΘ͘ϭ

ϭZ,ͲdͲς ϮϮ͘ϳ ϯϭϬ͘ρ ϮΘς͘ϭ ϮϳΘ͘ε Ϯϯρ͘ϳ ϮϬϳ͘ε

ϭZ,ͲdͲΘ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ρςΘ͘ϭ ρϭϳ͘ς κΘϬ͘ε κϬϭ͘Ϭ ϯκς͘ϭ

ϭZ,ͲdͲε ϮϮ͘ϳ ρϮϮ͘ρ κΘϯ͘ρ κρϮ͘ρ ϯΘϯ͘Θ ϯϯκ͘ϳ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϬ ϮϮ͘ς ϭϭκ͘ε ϭϬε͘ϳ ϭϬρ͘ϳ Θϳ͘ϭ ϳρ͘Ϭ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϮ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϭερ͘Ϭ ϭΘκ͘ϯ ϭϳκ͘ε ϭκρ͘ϳ ϭϭϳ͘ρ

ϭZ,ͲdͲκ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϯΘϳ͘Θ ϯκϬ͘ε ϯϭΘ͘ς ϮϳϬ͘ρ ϮϯϮ͘Ϭ

ϭZ,ͲdͲς Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ΘϬρ͘ρ ϳρς͘Ϭ ϳϬϭ͘ρ ρϮε͘Θ κϯϭ͘ϭ

ϭZ,ͲdͲΘ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Θκς͘ε Θϯϯ͘κ ΘϮΘ͘Ϭ ϳϯε͘ρ ςϮϯ͘ϭ

ϭZ,ͲdͲε Ϯϯ͘ϯ Θςκ͘ρ ΘκϬ͘ρ ΘϯϮ͘ς ϳςς͘ρ ςςϬ͘Ϯ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϬ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϭΘκ͘Ϭ ϭϳϳ͘κ ϭϳϭ͘Ϯ ϭϯΘ͘κ ϭϭϮ͘ϭ

ϭZ,ͲdͲϮ Ϯϯ͘ϭ ϭεΘ͘ς ϭεϭ͘ε ϭΘρ͘ς ϭρρ͘Ϭ ϭϮκ͘ς

ϭZ,ͲdͲκ Ϯκ͘Ϭ ρρε͘ϯ ρκς͘ς ρϮς͘ϳ κϮε͘ϳ ϯρε͘ϳ

ϭZ,ͲdͲς Ϯκ͘Ϭ ςϯϯ͘ϯ ςϮκ͘Θ ςϭκ͘ϳ ρςΘ͘Ϯ κΘϬ͘ρ

ϭZ,ͲdͲΘ Ϯϯ͘ϯ ςϳϯ͘ρ ςρε͘ς ςρϬ͘ϳ ςϭϭ͘Θ ρϮε͘Θ

ϭZ,ͲdͲε Ϯϯ͘ϭ ςκρ͘ϳ ςϮς͘ϭ ςϮϭ͘ϭ ρϳε͘ϯ ρϬϭ͘Θ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ ρϬε͘Ϯ ρϬε͘Ϭ ρϬΘ͘κ κερ͘ϯ κςρ͘Ϯ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϯϭ͘Ϭ κϯε͘Θ κϯε͘ϭ κϯϳ͘ϳ κϭϳ͘ς ϯΘϭ͘ς

ϭtͲͲϭ ϮϬ͘ε ρϳς͘κ ρϳρ͘ρ ρϳκ͘κ ρρε͘Ϯ ρϮϳ͘κ

ϭtͲͲϮ ϮϬ͘ε ρϭϮ͘ϯ ρϭϮ͘Ϭ ρϭϭ͘ϯ κεϮ͘ϭ κϯϳ͘ϯ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϯϭ͘Ϭ εκς͘Ϭ εϯε͘ε εϯϬ͘ρ ΘϭϮ͘ϭ ϳΘϳ͘ρ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϯϭ͘Ϭ ΘϬϮ͘Θ ΘϬϬ͘ς ϳες͘Ϭ ϳϮϳ͘Ϯ ςΘε͘Θ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϯϭ͘ς ϯςΘ͘ε ϯρς͘Ϯ ϯκϭ͘ϳ ϮςΘ͘ϯ Ϯϭρ͘ε

ϭtͲͲϮ ϮϮ͘ϯ Ϯρϯ͘ς Ϯκϳ͘ϳ Ϯϯϳ͘Θ ϭεϬ͘ε ϭρρ͘Θ

ϭ>ͲͲϭ Ϯϭ͘Ϭ ρεϭ͘ϭ ρεϬ͘ϯ ρΘΘ͘ς ρϳς͘Θ ρρε͘ρ

ϭ>ͲͲϮ Ϯϭ͘Ϭ ρρρ͘ρ ρρρ͘Ϯ ρρκ͘ρ ρκϳ͘ϯ ρϮς͘Ϭ
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

414

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU 

3URMHFW2$6XE

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ /ŶŝƚŝĂů;Ϳ DĂdž;Ϳ

ϯϬƐĞĐŽŶĚ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ρŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭͲͲϭ Ϯϭ͘ϯ ρςϮ͘Ϯ ρϯΘ͘Θ ρϭϮ͘Ϭ κϭϭ͘Ϭ ϯϯϮ͘ϯ

ϭͲͲϮ Ϯϳ͘κ ϯΘε͘ϳ ϯΘϬ͘κ ϯςϳ͘ε ϯϭϭ͘Ϯ Ϯρκ͘ρ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϯϭ͘ε ϳϭΘ͘κ ϳϭϮ͘Θ ϳϬρ͘Θ ςρκ͘ς ρϮϳ͘ς

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ς ςϬρ͘κ ςϬϬ͘Ϭ ρεϬ͘Θ κεΘ͘Θ ϯςϬ͘ϭ

ϭtͲͲϭ Ϯϭ͘ς ΘϮκ͘ϳ ΘϮϭ͘ϳ Θϭϳ͘ε ϳΘϭ͘ϭ ςΘς͘ϯ

ϭtͲͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ς ϳϭϬ͘Θ ϳϬΘ͘ς ϳϬϯ͘κ ςςϳ͘Ϯ ρΘς͘ϭ

ϭtͲdͲϬ Ϯϭ͘ε ϯϬ͘ρ Ϯε͘Ϯ ϮΘ͘ϯ Ϯϳ͘Ϭ Ϯς͘ϳ

ϭtͲdͲϮ ϮϮ͘ε ϯϬ͘ρ Ϯε͘ε Ϯε͘ϳ ϮΘ͘ϯ Ϯϳ͘Θ

ϭtͲdͲκ Ϯϯ͘ϯ κϭ͘ϯ ϯϳ͘Θ ϯϳ͘ρ ϯϯ͘Θ ϯϮ͘Θ

ϭtͲdͲς Ϯϯ͘ϭ ϭϭϬ͘Ϯ εϬ͘Ϭ Θϳ͘Ϭ ϳρ͘ρ ϳϭ͘κ

ϭtͲdͲΘ Ϯϯ͘ϯ κρϭ͘ϭ κϮρ͘Ϯ κϬϮ͘Ϭ ϯκϮ͘ϯ Ϯεϳ͘ϯ

ϭtͲdͲε Ϯϯ͘ϯ ρϮκ͘κ κϳε͘κ κκΘ͘ε ϯΘϭ͘Ϭ ϯϯϭ͘Ϯ

ϭtͲdͲϬ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Θρ͘κ ςκ͘Ϭ ρΘ͘Θ κϬ͘κ ϯκ͘ϳ

ϭtͲdͲϮ Ϯϯ͘ϯ κε͘ϯ κς͘ς κρ͘ϭ κϭ͘Ϯ ϯς͘ϳ

ϭtͲdͲκ ϮϮ͘ε ϳκ͘Θ ςϬ͘ϯ ρε͘ς ρϳ͘κ ρϮ͘Ϯ

ϭtͲdͲς Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Θς͘Θ ςκ͘ς ςϮ͘ϳ ςϬ͘ς ρϳ͘ϭ

ϭtͲdͲΘ Ϯϯ͘ρ ϮϬϯ͘Ϭ ϭεϳ͘Ϯ ϭεϯ͘ϳ ϭςρ͘ϯ ϭϮΘ͘ϯ

ϭtͲdͲε Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϭΘκ͘Ϭ ϭϳρ͘ς ϭςε͘ε ϭκϮ͘ϭ ϭϭϭ͘ρ

ϭtͲdͲϬ Ϯϯ͘Θ ϯρ͘ρ ϯϮ͘ε ϯϭ͘Ϯ ϮΘ͘ϯ Ϯϳ͘ϯ

ϭtͲdͲϮ Ϯκ͘Θ κϬ͘κ ϯϳ͘ε ϯς͘Ϯ ϯϭ͘ε ϯϬ͘ϳ

ϭtͲdͲκ Ϯκ͘κ κϬ͘Ϯ ϯΘ͘Ϯ ϯϳ͘ϳ ϯκ͘κ ϯϮ͘ϳ

ϭtͲdͲς Ϯκ͘κ ρϬ͘ε κρ͘ϳ κϯ͘Ϭ ϯς͘ρ ϯϯ͘κ

ϭtͲdͲΘ Ϯκ͘Ϭ ϭϯϳ͘ς ϭϬϯ͘ϳ εκ͘ρ ςκ͘Ϭ ρϯ͘Ϯ

ϭtͲdͲε Ϯϯ͘κ ϭϭϳ͘Ϯ ες͘ϳ Θκ͘κ ςϯ͘ϭ ρϮ͘ς

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ Ϯϭ͘ρ ϯΘ͘ϳ ϯΘ͘Ϯ ϯϳ͘ϳ ϯϯ͘Θ ϯϬ͘Ϭ

ϭtͲͲϬϭϮ Ϯϭ͘ϯ ϭϮϭ͘Θ ϭϮϭ͘ϳ ϭϮϭ͘ς ϭϭε͘ϯ ϭϭρ͘Ϯ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ Ϯϭ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ ϳϳ͘ε ϳϳ͘ς ϳϳ͘ϯ ϳϯ͘κ ςκ͘ϳ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ς

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ Ϯϭ͘ϯ ϮΘ͘ε ϮΘ͘ρ ϮΘ͘ϯ Ϯς͘ς Ϯκ͘Θ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ρ Ϯϭ͘ρ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘κ ρςε͘κ ρρε͘ϯ ρρρ͘ϭ ρϯρ͘ρ ρϬς͘Ϭ

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ ρε͘ρ ρε͘Ϭ ρΘ͘ς ρϯ͘Ϯ κκ͘ϳ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘Ϭ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ ερ͘Θ ερ͘ϳ ερ͘ϳ εκ͘ϭ Θε͘Ϭ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ Ϯϭ͘ρ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ς

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ Ϯϭ͘ϳ ϯϭ͘ς ϯϭ͘Ϯ ϯϬ͘Θ ϮΘ͘ϯ Ϯς͘Ϭ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ Ϯϭ͘ρ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ϳ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘Θ ερ͘ς ερ͘κ ερ͘ϭ εϮ͘κ Θϳ͘ε

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ Ϯϭ͘Ϭ Ϯϭ͘κ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϭ

ϭtͲͲϬϭϮ Ϯϭ͘ϯ κς͘ε κς͘ς κς͘ϯ κϮ͘Ϭ ϯκ͘ϯ

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ Ϯϭ͘Ϭ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϳ͘ς Ϯϳ͘ϯ Ϯϳ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘Θ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘κ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘κ Ϯϭ͘κ Ϯϭ͘κ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘κ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘Θ ϯϮ͘Ϯ ϯϭ͘ς ϯϭ͘ρ ϯϬ͘κ ϮΘ͘ς

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘ϭ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘ϳ ϯΘ͘ϳ ϯΘ͘Ϭ ϯϳ͘ς ϯκ͘ϭ ϯϭ͘κ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϯϭ͘Ϭ Ϯϭ͘ρ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ
Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

415

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU 

3URMHFW2$6XE

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ /ŶŝƚŝĂů;Ϳ DĂdž;Ϳ

ϯϬƐĞĐŽŶĚ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ρŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞ

ŵĂdž

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ;Ϳ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘ϯ ΘϬ͘ρ ϳΘ͘Ϭ ϳρ͘ϳ ςκ͘Θ ρκ͘ε

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ς ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘Ϭ κϳκ͘Ϭ κρϬ͘ϳ κϮϭ͘ς ϯϳΘ͘ϭ ϯϮϮ͘ε

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ρ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ς

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ ϮϬ͘ε ϳεϳ͘Θ ϳΘς͘Ϭ ϳςς͘κ ςΘς͘Ϯ ςρΘ͘ς

ϭtͲ:Ͳ&ϭ ϮϬ͘ϳ ϮϬ͘Θ ϮϬ͘ς ϮϬ͘ς ϮϬ͘ς ϮϬ͘ρ

ϭtͲ:Ͳ&Ϯ ϮϬ͘Ϯ ϮϬ͘ϯ ϮϬ͘Ϯ ϮϬ͘Ϯ ϮϬ͘Ϯ ϮϬ͘Ϯ

ϭtͲ:Ͳ'ϭ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϳ͘ς Ϯκ͘Ϯ Ϯκ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ε ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭtͲ:Ͳ'Ϯ ϮϬ͘Ϯ ϮϬ͘ϯ ϮϬ͘Ϯ ϮϬ͘Ϯ ϮϬ͘Ϯ ϮϬ͘Ϯ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘ς

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ

ϮtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϯ͘κ Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Θ Ϯϯ͘ϳ

ϮtͲ:Ͳ&ϭ ϮϮ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ε

ϮtͲ:Ͳ'ϭ Ϯϯ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϯ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϯ ϮϮ͘ς ρϬΘ͘κ κςκ͘ς κϭΘ͘ε Ϯεϭ͘ϳ Ϯϯϳ͘Θ

ϭtͲͲϭϬρ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ ϮϮ͘Ϯ

ϭtͲͲϬϭϮ Ϯϭ͘Θ ες͘ς ες͘ρ ες͘ϯ εϬ͘ε Θϯ͘ε

ϭtͲͲϬϳϬ Ϯϭ͘ε ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε

ϭ>ͲͲϭϬρ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘κ Ϯϭ͘κ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ Ϯϭ͘ϯ

ϭ>ͲͲϬϭϮ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ ϭϯϬ͘Θ ϭϯϬ͘ϳ ϭϯϬ͘ς ϭϮΘ͘ρ ϭϮϯ͘ϭ

ϭ>ͲͲϬϳϬ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϭ͘ϳ

ϭ>ͲͲϬϮϯ Ϯϭ͘ϭ ΘϬ͘Ϯ ϳε͘ε ϳε͘ς ϳρ͘ε ςς͘Θ

ϭ>ͲͲϬρΘ Ϯϭ͘Ϭ Ϯκ͘ϭ Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘Θ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭ>ͲͲϬϯρ Ϯϭ͘Ϭ ρΘ͘Ϭ ρϳ͘ρ ρϳ͘Ϭ ρϮ͘ϯ κρ͘ϭ

ϭ>ͲͲϬκϳ Ϯϭ͘Ϭ Ϯς͘ϳ Ϯς͘κ Ϯς͘Ϯ Ϯκ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘κ

ϭtͲͲϬϮϯ Ϯϭ͘ε ρρ͘Ϯ ρρ͘ϭ ρρ͘ϭ ρϮ͘Ϯ κκ͘ε

ϭtͲͲϬρΘ Ϯϭ͘ε ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϭ ϮϮ͘Ϭ

ϭtͲͲϬϯρ Ϯϭ͘ε ϯϬ͘Θ ϯϬ͘ρ ϯϬ͘ϯ ϮΘ͘Ϯ Ϯς͘Ϯ

ϭtͲͲϬκϳ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯκ͘ϭ Ϯκ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘Θ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ς

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ ϮϮ͘ς Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ϳ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϭ͘ϳ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯκ͘ρ Ϯκ͘κ Ϯκ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘κ ϮϮ͘Θ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘Θ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘ε Ϯϭ͘Θ Ϯϭ͘Θ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘Ϯ Ϯϯ͘ε Ϯϯ͘ϳ Ϯϯ͘ς ϮϮ͘Θ ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ Ϯϭ͘ρ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ϳ Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ς Ϯϭ͘ς

ϭtͲ:Ͳϯ ϮϬ͘ϳ ϮϬ͘ε ϮϬ͘Θ ϮϬ͘Θ ϮϬ͘Θ ϮϬ͘Θ

ϭtͲ:Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘ϳ ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ς ϮϮ͘ρ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϭ

ϭtͲ:ͲϮ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ ϮϮ͘ϯ

ϭt'ͲͲϭ Ϯϯ͘Ϭ ρρκ͘ϳ ρρκ͘ϯ ρρϯ͘ϭ ρϯκ͘κ ρϬϬ͘ϳ

ϭt'ͲͲϮ ϮϮ͘ς κΘϬ͘ε κΘϬ͘ρ κϳε͘ϯ κρϮ͘Θ κϭϬ͘ϳ

^ƉƌŝŶŬůĞƌ Ϯϯ͘ϯ εϬς͘ϯ Θες͘Ϯ ΘΘΘ͘ϳ Θκε͘ς ϳΘς͘ϯ

ϭ>Ͳ^Ͳϭ Ϯϭ͘ε ςεκ͘ϯ ςΘΘ͘ϭ ςϳϯ͘Ϭ ςϯϯ͘Θ ςϮϬ͘Θ

ϭtͲ^Ͳϭ ϮϮ͘κ ρϭρ͘ς ρϬϳ͘ϳ ρϬϯ͘ϭ κΘε͘Ϭ κρε͘Ϭ

7KHIROORZLQJWDEOHVKRZVZKLFKWKHUPRFRXSOHVZHUHWDNHQRXWRIVHUYLFHGXULQJWKH

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

416

7HVW,' RI

5HSRUW'DWH'HFHPEHU 

3URMHFW2$6XE

7DEOH2XWRI6HUYLFH7LPHV

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ dŝŵĞŽƵƚŽĨ

ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƚŝŵĞ;ƐͿ

dŝŵĞŽƵƚŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƚŝŵĞ

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

448

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

450

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

452

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

454

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

456

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

458

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

460

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

462

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

468

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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General Technical Report FPL–GTR–247

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Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-Story Mass Timber Building

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