The views expressed in this book are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official

policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.

© 2012 Combat Films and Research. All rights reserved.

The Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, is an open source

research organization of the U.S. Army. Founded as the Soviet Army Studies Office in 1986, it was an

innovative program that brought together military specialists and civilian academics to focus on

military and security topics derived from unclassified, foreign media. The results were unclassified

articles and papers that provided new understandings and broad access to information from a base of

expertise in the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, and foreign and U.S. defense communities and

universities.

Today FMSO maintains this research tradition of special insight and highly collaborative work.

FMSO conducts unclassified research of foreign perspectives of defense and security issues that are

understudied or unconsidered but that are important for understanding the environments in which

the U.S. military operates. FMSO’s work today is still aimed at publication in unclassified journals and

its research findings are taught in both military and civilian venues in the United States and around

the world. FMSO is organized in the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command under the

TRADOC G-2.

Foreign Military Studies Office

731 McClellan Avenue

Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027

usarmy.leavenworth.tradoc.mbx.fmso-web@mail.mil
Foreword

The mission of the Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO) is to research and present understudied

or unconsidered, foreign perspectives in order to better understand defense and security issues.

Although FMSO analysts have an impressive track record of important research and publications that

spans decades, FMSO is also keen to recognize and promote the unique insights and expertise of other

American and foreign specialists.

Dodge Billingsley is an American analyst with exceptional qualifications and unparalleled

connections. He has covered the wars in Afghanistan, Iraq and Chechnya extensively. In particular, he

has spent nearly two decades examining the Chechen conflict from the perspective of the Chechen

combatants. He has written many articles for such publications as Jane’s Intelligence Review and

produced two documentary films on the topic, Immortal Fortress: A Look Inside Chechnya’s

Warrior Culture and Chechnya: Separatism or Jihad. This book draws on his intimate experience

with that conflict and unique interviews with Chechen combatants.

Les Grau is a FMSO analyst, whose classic work with co-author Ali Jalali, The Other Side of the

Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War, serves as the engaging style for this book,

appreciated by Soldiers and Marines at all ranks.

Fangs of the Lone Wolf is about combat experience in urban, mountain and fairly open terrain.

It is not a comprehensive history of the conflict. It is not about right and wrong and has no

political dimension to it. Rather, this book is a series of snapshots —— of vignettes —— describing the

difficulty, the hardship, the victories and the defeats of the participants. It is an examination of the

raw data of combat in a foreign land, and is aimed to advance the professional military study of

conflict.

Tom Wilhelm

Director, Foreign Military Studies Office

Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
Foreword

United States Marine Corps

A successful U.S. Marine is a resolute student of military tactics and history. From the early days of

basic training, he becomes obsessed with Marines like Major Smedley Butler, who led his band of

Marines through a drainage pipe into a Haitian fort to achieve surprise, and other Marine tactical

masterminds. The combat Marine has read The Art of War by Sun Tzu, and Command or Control

by Marin Samuels, and every other good source he can get his hands on. He has studied U.S. Civil

War battlefields, Erwin Rommel’s offensives, and Napoleon’s march on Moscow, using every resource

available in a relentless search for the next bit of wisdom that could help him become a stronger

Marine, a better leader, a proven warrior.

This book is certain to become an integral component of any earnest warfighter’s tactical library.

Fangs of the Lone Wolf is a book on Chechen tactics during the long Russian-Chechen War. It

provides the guerrillas’ perspective as an outnumbered, poorly-equipped force pitted against a larger,

mechanized enemy. The questions it addresses are timeless and have troubled warriors throughout

history in every clime and place: How does a band of guerrillas using only discipline, unit cohesion,

and “field smarts” match wits with a modern, conventional, methodical foe that is closing in on their

cities? Should a commander accept outside help even if it will change his force’s basic ideology? Is

victory imperative, or is it enough to escape and survive to fight another day?

This book is about conventional and guerrilla warfare as it was fought in the urban areas,

mountains, and occasionally the open areas of Chechnya. It makes no value judgments about who is

right or wrong. It has no political ax to grind. Men fight and die for causes, beliefs, and less-noble

reasons. The combat Marine is interested in not only the “why,” but more so in the “how.”

Dodge Billingsley is an analyst and historian who understands Marines. He has covered many

conflicts —— including Afghanistan, Iraq, and Chechnya —— on his own and through his company,

Combat Films and Research Inc. Dodge was embedded with a platoon from India Company, 3rd

Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment during Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. His resulting film, Virgin

Soldiers, tells a good story about the Corps. In Chechnya, Dodge covered the fighting from the

Chechen perspective, from which he produced some great documentaries. He has continued to follow

the fighting in Chechnya over the years and interviewed many of his Chechen contacts for this book.

The Marine Corps Studies and Analysis Division is proud to partner with the Army’s Foreign Military

Studies Office (FMSO) to sponsor this book’s publication.
Preface

My first trip to the Caucasus occurred on the heels of the Georgia-Abkhaz War of 1992-1993. I was

surprised at how much I heard about these “Chechens” by both Georgian and Abkhaz combatants. I

was intrigued by descriptions of the battle for Gagra (late summer/early fall 1992) and the role Shamil

Basaev and his Chechen volunteers played. I have been on their trail ever since. Two years later I was

sitting in graduate school studying former Soviet successor states when the conflict in Chechnya

erupted. A couple of years later I entered Chechnya to see the place for myself and to make a

documentary film, Immortal Fortress, about the Chechen warrior culture and the combatants who had

won de facto independence from Moscow.

Getting there was harrowing. My cameraman and I were detained in Derbent and then Makhachkala

trying to reach Grozny via Dagestan. Eventually we entered Chechnya through Vladikavkaz. The

capital city was still a pile of ruble but the community was coming back. Groups of fighting-age men

gathered together on street corners, perhaps waiting for the next round of conflict to begin but more

likely holding on to the power that the gun provided them. I met dozens and dozens of former first

war combatants, including Shamil Basaev and Salman Raduev. Each village showed its own unique

scars of war. While Vedeno was more or less intact, Batumi was largely destroyed The Arab al Khattab

would not talk to me because I was “an American, an infidel, and should be beheaded.”

After a couple false starts and the events of 9/11, I sat out the second Russian-Chechen war, being

pulled more and more to cover the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. However, and maybe because of

these conflicts, I remained committed to studying the conflict in Chechnya and staying in touch with

combatants I knew. A book regarding the battlefield exploits seemed appropriate, and I began reaching

out to various former Chechen combatants abroad. Most of the combatants I met in the 1990s are

dead or in exile. Those in exile are battered and bruised. Many of these men are maimed or suffering

from the effects of years of combat and post-traumatic stress. I decided that they had a story that

should be told and I traveled to find them and to record their experiences.

After I finished my interviews and wrote the thirty vignettes contained in this book, I enlisted the

help of an old friend, Les Grau, who has written extensively about the Soviet-Afghan War.*

1 Les and I

kicked around Afghanistan together and separately. Les is a Vietnam vet who knows guerrilla tactics

and has also written extensively about the Russian-Chechen Wars. He and I tweaked my vignettes and

provided commentary and context for our reader. Les also helped me find a publisher. He is someone

I trust.

The content of this book was reconstructed through first person interviews with the participants

indicated in each individual scenario. In every case the names of the Chechen combatant veterans have

been changed for their own security concerns. There is still considerable fear of Russian reprisal

among the veterans interviewed. In many instances we were never told the interviewee’s real name. In

most cases I was allowed to record the interviews and even show their hands on a map, but was not

allowed to photograph or videotape the participants’ faces or distinguishing scars or features.

Interviews typically lasted many hours and even days. In every case, the interviewee was asked to

draw on a map the action he was explaining for clarification. This was of critical benefit, as I was able

to then corroborate the hand-drawn maps with Soviet military maps of the area in question and also

satellite imagery where available. One funny exchange occurred when I pulled out some Soviet
topographical maps from 1984. Upon seeing the maps the Chechens exclaimed; “We never had such

good maps. If we had these maps we would have won the war!” When two combatant stories

intersected, every effort was made, when possible, to cross-examine the interviewees and crossreference the transcripts for clarity and verification. I also used Russian works and sources to

corroborate and add additional perspective to the scenarios whenever possible.

On a more personal note, it was apparent from the first interviews that sharing their combat

experiences with me was traumatic for many of these combatants. A few simply could not reconstruct

particular events, times and places. Some suffered headaches and exhaustion from verbalizing their war

experiences. In many cases we were forced to take breaks in the interview process to give the

interviewees a chance to regroup and in some instances the participants were not able to, or chose not

to, continue the interview. In the best cases, the interview process seemed to be therapeutic.

This book does not take sides in the conflict. Rather it seeks to tell the Chechen tactical story of the

war — to tell the story of the war through the eyes and experiences of the Chechen combatants

themselves. Recognizing that simply telling an individual’s story can be legitimizing and words carry

with them political baggage, the term combatant is used rather than fighter, soldier, insurgent, or

terrorist — all terms previously used to describe the Chechen resistance movement. Each has

significant political implications. Chechens chafe being called fighters, while Russia balks at the

Chechens being given soldier status. These then are the accounts of men who have fought under

brutal conditions, who believed in their leader’s vision or in their duty to their people. It is not about

being right or wrong. It is about combat on one’s own soil.

Dodge Billingsley

1* See Lester W. Grau, The Bear Went over the Mountain: Soviet Combat Tactics in Afghanistan, Washington: National

Defense University Press, 1994; Ali Ahmad Jalali and Grau, The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the

Soviet-Afghan War, Quantico, Virginia: U.S. Marine Corps Studies and Analysis Division, 1996; and The Soviet-Afghan War:

How a Superpower Fought and Lost, written by the Russian General Staff with translation and commentary by Grau and

Michael Gress, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001.
Acknowledgments

This book would not have been possible without the initial trust of a few Chechen veterans still

alive, who, in turn, introduced me to many more former combatants. I thank them for their

consideration; they took time to sit down with me and think about and examine parts of their history

that many would like to forget but, nevertheless, were willing to share. Unfortunately I can’t list them

by name.

Les Grau, who believed in this project from day one and added his invaluable insight and context to

each vignette, honed by decades of studying the wars and armies of the Soviet-Russian empire. Now, if

we could just get our email exchanges to work more efficiently!

Art Speyer and Tamie Huston of the United States Marine Corps at Quantico who made this project

possible through their encouragement and support..

Glen Doxey, a brilliant linguist and student of languages out of Brigham Young University, who was

critical to conducting the interviews and, even during the writing phase, clarifying many small details

that in some cases changed the direction of the scenario in question. I thank him for his willingness to

learn a whole new vocabulary of military terms.

Ben Unguren, my mapmaker, who was able to grasp each and every scenario based on a stack of

hand drawn sketches, published maps and satellite imagery, and produce each scenario map. He

demonstrated that good technology can produce pretty images.

Aaron Perez of of the Foreign Military Studies Office who improved these maps for publication.

Scott Thornton here at Combat Films and Research, who processed so much of the data into

workable files from which I worked. He now knows more about the wars in Chechnya than anyone

else he knows, and probably more than he ever thought he wanted to!

Also at Combat Films, Todd Sansom for shooting so many of the interviews and Mason Garcia for

putting many hours into time-coding and archiving all the material for easy referencing.

Editors Harry Orenstein (whose self described “war on commas” made this work a much easier

piece to read) and D. M. Giangreco.

To Jeff Ringer and Cory Leonard at the David M. Kennedy Center at Brigham Young University,

who let me bore them to tears and lecture their students on Chechen tactics, and who supported this

project on many levels.

Finally, this book wouldn’t be possible without the loving support of my wife Adessa, who let me

traipse around the world interviewing “shady characters” in remote and far-flung places around the

world.
Vignettes by Location


-- Chapter One --

A Brief History of the Chechen Conflict

This work is not meant to be a retelling of the history of the Russo-Chechen War, as there have been

many publications that have already addressed that in sufficient detail. Still, when examining Chechen

combatant tactics it helps to have a basic understanding of the events, conditions and patterns that

make up the conflict in order to anchor the events examined into their historical context. The postSoviet history of Chechnya, while dominated by conflict, can be characterized by and divided into the

following parts; a pre-war period and path to confrontation (1991-1994), the first war (1994-1996), the

interwar period (1996-1999), and the second war (1999-2009).

1

As the Soviet Union dissolved, Russian President Boris Yeltsin encouraged peoples to ‘grab as much

freedom as they can.’ This was directed at the major ethnic groups in such distinct former Soviet

Republics such as the Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and the Baltic Republics. Chechnya “grabbed”

its freedom and declared independence from Russia; however, Yeltsin, had not included the Chechens

among the people that should grab their freedom for many reasons, including the following: Chechnya

sits on the southern mountain wall of Russia, blocking the Caucasus region from southern peoples;

Chechnya’s 30 oilfields produce low-sulfur oil that requires little refining to produce high-grade

aviation fuel; a major oil pipeline crossing Chechnya and Grozny was a major oil-refining center.

Chechnya is a small country. Northern Chechnya consists of plains and lowlands and is cut off from

the rest of the country by the Terek River. South of the Terek a long hill mass stretches east to west.

The hill mass is bordered to its south by the Sunzha River. The bulk of the population lives in the

rolling plains that lie between the Sunzha River and the northern face of the Caucasus mountains.

Russia and Chechnya have a long history of confrontation and conflict. The path to the current

confrontation turned violent when Moscow-supported Chechen opposition forces tried to topple

Chechen President Djokhar Dudaev’s regime and seize power on two occasions, first in summer 1994

and then again in late fall 1994. Both attempts to destroy Dudaev’s regime failed miserably. The second

attempt rallied separatist Chechens when it became apparent that the coup attempt had been

supported by Russian tanks and crews.

Russian forces rolled into the tiny republic shortly afterwards, intent on seizing the capital city of

Grozny and destroying Dudaev’s “bandit” regime once and for all. On New Year’s Eve 1994 Russian

armored units struck the capital of Grozny. The three-pronged advance turned into a significant loss

for the Russians as Chechen combatants were able to destroy, pin down and capture most of the

enemy combatants in the capital, forcing the Russians to pull back, regroup and strike the city with

aircraft and artillery. Russian military might was finally able to force the Chechens to retreat from

Grozny in February 1995. The Chechen combatants fanned out from Grozny towards the second

largest city, Argun, and into the villages on the plains. Clinging to fixed positions, the Chechens took

devastating losses against the Russians, who could bring their tanks, artillery, and air assets to bear

against the Chechen positions before Chechens could get within maximum effective range of their

primary weapon system, the RPG.
By June 1995 the Chechen insurgency had lost all the major cities and towns. On General Aslan

Maskhadov’s orders the Chechen insurgency abandoned the conventional struggle and shifted to

guerrilla warfare, utilizing the mountains that had always been important to Chechen national

survival. It was a raid in late June 1995, however, that had the most impact of any Chechen combat

during the first war. When studying Chechen tactics, most readers are likely to be familiar with what

has become known as the four “spectaculars,” the four large-scale hostage-taking operations on

Russian territory outside of Chechnya between 1995 and 2004. The fortunes of the first war were

dramatically changed by Shamil Basaev’s June 1995 raid into Russia, which ended with the hospital

siege at Buddennovsk. The raid led to a ceasefire in Chechnya and the safe return of Basaev and his

fellow combatants to Chechen territory. His action has been widely credited within Chechnya as the

turning point in the conflict in favor of the separatist insurgency.

The raid’s success inspired others in Chechnya to do the same. In January 1996 another Chechen

commander, Salman Raduev, attacked a Russian air base in nearby Kizlar, ending with a hostage-taking

operation and battle against Russian forces in Pervomayskoye in neighboring Dagestan. Raduev’s raid

was a copycat operation, which yielded nothing positive for the Chechen side of the war and led to

increased hostilities in the spring of 1996 between Russian federal forces and Chechen combatant

units.

In early March 1996 the Chechens conducted a remarkable raid into Grozny, laying siege to most of

the Russian positions in the city before withdrawing three days later. The attack was well planned and

demonstrated that the Chechens were capable of striking Russian forces across a broad front. Chechen

veterans of the operation claim the attack was meant to demonstrate that they could still operate

against Russian forces, while also serving as a dress rehearsal for the yet to be planned final assault on

Russian forces occupying Grozny.

In August 1996 the Chechens attacked Grozny again, killing, capturing or encircling all the Russian

units in the city. This third and final battle for Grozny was the last battle of the first war. Weeks later

Russian President Boris Yeltsin accepted de facto Chechen independence and signed the Khasavyurt

Accord.

2

With the war behind them and the withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya, the Chechens set

out to rebuild their fragile nation state. The interwar years in Chechnya were chaotic. Establishing a

functioning state proved difficult for the Chechen leadership. Former warlords or commanders

dominated politics. No single instrument of state power was strong enough to demobilize the various

combatant forces. Divisions over religion were also surfacing. Rule of law broke down and kidnapping

became rampant throughout the republic. For the record, most Chechen veteran combatants state that

these actions go contrary to Chechen culture and blame Russians and pro-Russian Chechens for these

crimes. However, there is ample evidence that many Chechens from both camps were involved in the

kidnapping trade, perhaps with collaboration with various Russian elements.

3

During the interwar period Chechen attacks against Russian positions surrounding the republic

were not common, but did take place. On 22 December 1997 a multi-ethnic combatant group

attacked the 136th Armored Brigade of the 58th Army in Buinaksk, Dagestan. Chechen sources

reported the destruction of all 300 vehicles at the base, including 50 brand-new T-72 tanks, while

Russian sources reported only 10 armored vehicles destroyed and 15 damaged vehicles. The mixed

force successfully retreated across the Terek River and back into Chechen territory.

4
A year and a half later, the second war began on the heels of two controversial events. On 7 August

1999, the Islamic International Brigade (IIB), under the command of Basaev and al Khattab (a Wahabi

Arab who commanded foreign fundamentalist forces in Chechnya), invaded Dagestan in support of

the Shura of Dagestan. Russian units responded with force and the brigade was forced to retreat back

into Chechen territory. The short lived incursion served as the casus belli for the Second Chechen

War.

5

Whatever the reasons, the Second Russo-Chechen war began in late August 1999 with the aerial

bombardment of Grozny. On 1 October 1999 Russian troops entered the Chechen Republic,

surrounding the capital and seizing the strategic heights in southern Chechnya. Unlike the initial battle

for Grozny in the first war, the Russian forces were able to successfully seal off the southern escape

routes from Grozny and methodically begin taking the city block-by-block. According to plan the

Chechens began withdrawing from Grozny on the night of 31 January 2000. It was not the easy walk

out of the city that it had been five years earlier. Most of the force, as many as two or three thousand

combatants led by Shamil Basaev and many other notable commanders, was caught in a Russian

minefield and artillery barrage while exiting Grozny. As many as 600 Chechens and 9 major

commanders, including Lecha Dudaev and Khunkar-Pasha Israpilov, were killed. Shamil Basaev lost

his foot in the retreat.

Chechnya is a small country with a population of about one million. Combat attrition played a

significant role in changing the nature of the conflict. Senior leaders were killed and replaced by junior

leaders. Personnel losses were harder and harder to replace. Two months later another major Chechen

commander, Ruslan (Khamzat) Galaev, and his men were trapped by Russian forces in his home

village of Komsomolskoye. Additional Chechen units and individuals who came to the village to help

were trapped as well. As many as 800 Chechen combatants were killed or captured during the battle.

These two costly confrontations devastated the original Chechen separatist movement, as many of

the leaders and rank and file combatants were now gone. There were still many separatists in Chechnya

after these events, including Chechen president elect Aslan Maskhadov. However, many of the new

combatants and leaders, such as Doku Umarov, who was a junior commander under Galaev, were

more radical. Major leaders like Basaev were shifting the cause from Chechen separatism to a transregional Islamic jihad.

While the very rationale of the Chechen resistance seemed to be changing, the second war ground

on. By late spring/early summer 2000 the Chechens had given up all fixed positions and reverted to

guerrilla war. Periodic strikes against targets in Grozny and other Russian-occupied population centers

occurred, but there were no significant operations against Grozny or other locations of Russian power

as there had been during the first war. The Chechen forces lacked the manpower, materiel, and, more

frequently, local support.

Attrition, desperation and radicalization led to an increased number of small-scale terrorist attacks in

Russian territory and two additional “spectaculars,” beginning with Mosvar Baraev’s siege of the NordOst Theater in Moscow in October 2002. This was followed by the Beslan School siege in September

2004, which led to the death of hundreds of Russian school children. Neither of the hostage-taking

operations of the second war led to any significant gains for the Chechen insurgency; on the contrary,

they appear to have been gross miscalculations on its part. The international community was repulsed

by these attacks and the Chechen cause lost considerable outside sympathy and support. Within the

splintered insurgency some Chechen leaders condemned these attacks, while others supported them.
The presence of foreign Islamic fighters in Chechnya had a decided impact. They clearly contributed

to an ideological shift within the insurgency. By far the most significant foreigner was the Arab, al

Khattab. Khattab, arrived in Chechnya shortly after the first war began in the spring of 1995. He

brought with him a small contingent of foreign combatants who, like Khattab, were Wahabi.

According to many Chechen combatants, Khattab’s most significant contribution to the war effort was

not ideology, but small group tactics. The Chechens referred to him as the “Russian tank killer” for

his ability to destroy Russian armored vehicles during the first war. Khattab set up a training camp

near Serzhen-Yurt between the two wars, and hundreds of Chechen combatants attended. They

learned basic Arabic and studied the Quran, and, more importantly, they learned basic military tactics.

By Chechen accounts Khattab and the other international Islamic fighters in Chechnya never

amounted to more than 100 personnel at any given time. The majority of these foreign volunteers were

from Syria, Jordan and Turkey. They were returning to their ancestral homes: their ancestors had been

kicked out of the North Caucasus region by the Russians during the forced deportations of the 19th

century. Their influence was not without impact. During the first war and initial stages of the second

war, most Chechen combatants remained Sufi adherents and failed to embrace Wahhabism or any

other form of Islam. Some Chechens did convert to these outside Islamic ideologies. Basaev is the

clearest example of the debate surrounding this issue. In 1997, at the time when he was supposed to

be shifting towards a more radical Islam than the Sufism practiced by the Chechen community at

large, I asked him what significance Islam has in the daily life of the Chechen people. He replied,

“Well, you see, that’s not the right way to put it. Islam can’t play some kind of a role in life when life is

Islam in itself.” While this statement is not enough by itself to pin radical Islam on Basaev, it did

signify a departure from the socio-religious order by which most Chechens lived, where their distinct

culture, adat, was the dominant force in the society for which religion was a singular part.

Khattab was not immediately welcomed in Chechnya and was viewed with suspicion by many. He

had to earn his place through combat, and did so. Eventually Khattab and his Islamic battalion were

co-located in Basaev’s area of influence on the southeastern front, specifically in the Vedeno district.

The relationship between the two combatant leaders was reportedly close and Khattab no doubt

influenced Basaev’s thinking. This is especially evident in Basaev’s idea of an Islamic caliphate,

postulated during the interwar period (1997-1999).

6 While speaking to me near his headquarters in

Grozny, Basaev stated, “It is possible to unite everyone, as a matter of fact there is a great possibility

because all of the nations of the Caucuses, and I stress all without exception, want freedom and

independence from Russia. They are sick of Russia.”

7

Khattab and the foreign mujahadeen continued to play a minor role during the second war until

Khattab was killed by a poisoned letter delivered by an agent of the Russian security services on 20

March 2002. Another foreign mujahadeen replaced Khattab until he too was killed and replaced as

well. This pattern continues.

After Khattab’s death, the war continued under the often conflicting rhetoric of Chechen presidentelect Aslan Maskhadov and Basaev, the insurgency’s most well-known commander. Many analysts see

Maskhadov’s death at the hands of Russian federal forces on 8 March 2005 as the end of the hope for

a moderate Chechen leader. Russian President Vladimir Putin demonstrated no interest in seeking out

or supporting negotiations with Maskhadov. After Maskhadov’s death Basaev remained the dominating

force behind the insurgency until his death on 10 July 2006. Doku Umarov has led the insurgency
since then.

1. Russia announced an end to counterterrorist operations in Chechnya officially on 16 April 2009. However, this admission

by the Russian leadership has not stopped the conflict between pro-Moscow Chechen forces under the command of

Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov and insurgent combatants under the command of Doku Umarov.

2. The Khasavyurt Agreement was first signed on 30 August 1996 by Alexander Lebed and Aslan Maskhadov in Khasavyurt

Dagestan. Afinal version of the accord was signed by Boris Yeltsin and Aslan Maskhadov on 12 May 1997 in Moscow.

3. Interestingly, our interpreter, who remained in Chechnya after I left in late December 1997, was kidnapped by Chechens

with whom we stayed. He was held in a pit for months, given very little to eat and was beaten and traumatized repeatedly.

There was one other person being held with him, an Ossetian, the brother of a well-off Ossetian businessman. On one

occasion, the kidnappers cut off the Ossetian’s ear and sent it to his brother in Vladikavkaz, seeking a ransom. The wealthy

Ossetian appealed to Maskhadov and then Basaev for help securing his brother. Basaev was eventually tipped off and his

men surrounded the kidnappers house. After the threat of a gun battle the victims, including our interpreter, were pulled from

the cellar. Basaev wasn’t even aware that our interpreter was being held and thought that he had just left Chechnya shortly

after our departure.

4. I was on the Terek River on that day and could hear the battle, but had no idea what was going on. Shortly after the attack

started, we heard Russian helicopters nearby. Eventually, some of the combatants retreated right past us, over a partially

destroyed pipeline crossing the river. They told us to leave the area immediately as Russian forces were in pursuit. They

expected that the Russian helicopters would fire on anybody in the line of retreat.

5. There was also a set of apartment bombings in Russia that occurred in September 1999. Some analysts and

commentators on the war see the hand of Russia’s Federal Security Service (FSB) in the bombings, others believe the

bombings are the work of al Khattab, and still others see the attacks as distinctly Chechen. Looking at the various sources

ascribed to all the conspiracy theories surrounding the bombings, it is evident that each source’s theory is a reflection of its

long standing position on the Russo-Chechen wars and, therefore, the individual theories on the bombings must be seen in

that context.

6. To ascribe Basaev’s notions of a united Caucasus to Islam is tricky. He was known to believe in a trans-Caucasus political

entity of some sort as early as 1992. He took his followers to fight in the war in Abkhazia in 1992-1993 and was a supporter

of the Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus—another organization operating at the time with vague notions of

a united Caucasus.

7. Author’s conversation with Basaev at his Grozny residence in December 1997.
-- Chapter Two --

Defense of an Urban Area

Most readers are familiar with the Chechen urban defense of Grozny. After Grozny, the fighting

shifted to other urban Chechen cities and villages. This chapter deals with the fighting for SerzhenYurt, Bamut, and Goyskoe.

The Russian Army had learned many hard lessons in the early battles for Grozny and brought them

to the subsequent fighting. When possible, the Russian Army avoided the frontal assault, where the

enemy was strongest, and tried to locate and attack his flanks. The Russian Army was also careful not

to expose its flanks during the penetration of an urban area. The Russian approach was methodical

and attempted to spare the lives of its own soldiers. Despite harsh criticism to the contrary, in many

cases the Russians also attempted to spare the lives of the noncombatants by leaving an escape route

and not launching an attack immediately upon arrival, but rather giving a few days for the

noncombatants to leave the area.

The Russian Army conducted reconnaissance of some type prior to the attack. The Russian attack

usually began with airstrikes and then phased artillery fire, which fired in lines along the defensive

sector, shifting into the depths of the defense while pummeling the area over which it would advance.

Tanks would lead the attack, followed by infantry fighting vehicles or armored personnel carriers and

dismounted infantry. The attacks were shallow enough that artillery did not usually have to displace

during the advance. Since the fighting was through the rubble of a city or village, the pace was slow

and methodical. This gave the Chechens time to react, but also permitted the Russians to keep the

bulk of their firepower forward, where it was most threatening.

Vignette 1

First Phase of the Battle for Serzhen-Yurt

Early May – 23 May 1995

–––––––

Kair, Musa, Ilyas

Background: By May 1995 the Chechen insurgency was reeling. Grozny had been abandoned and

Argun, the second largest city, was under Russian control, as were all the villages in the plains,

including Staryye Atagi, Novyye Atagi and Shali. The Chechen combatant leadership had been pushed

into the mountains, while Chechen units tried to hold a line of towns and villages on the edges of the

mountains stretching from Bamut in the west, Chiri-Yurt in the middle, and Serzhen-Yurt in the east.
Each of these towns was strategically important for the Chechens to hold and the Russians to seize. If

the Russians could control these towns, the gateways to the mountains, the Chechens would be

isolated from their support bases among the population of the urban centers.

If the Russian forces could break through at Chiri-Yurt they could then fight for Duba-Yurt and the

Wolf’s Gate, opening a path through the mountains to Maskhadov’s headquarters in Vedeno and

Dudaev’s base at Shatoi.

Serzhen-Yurt was equally significant, as it is at the entrance to the strategically important Vendo

rayon

1 and controls the only road to Vedeno, the location of Maskahdov’s headquarters and the

ancestral home of Shamil Basaev, Chechnya’s most significant field commander. In the third week of

March, during the Russian encirclement of Argun, the Chechen general staff moved its headquarters

to Serzhen-Yurt. However, a couple of weeks later, in the first half of April, Maskhadov and the general

staff moved further south to Vedeno.

2 Although Basaev’s family lived in Vedeno, Basaev located his

individual command in Benoi-Yurt, half way between Serzhen-Yurt and his hometown. From BenoiYurt, Baseav was responsible for the defense of the strategic rayon. By the end of April that defense was

concentrated on Serzhen-Yurt.

The Chechens gained a momentary reprieve when on 6 April 1995, in anticipation of dignitary visits

honoring the fifty-year anniversary of the Second World War, President Yeltsin signed decree No. 417

suspending Russian operations in Chechnya from 28 April to 12 May. Yeltsin’s decree meant little to

the Chechens and hundreds of small-scale attacks against Russian troops occurred during the ceasefire.

Russian forces also continued to engage Chechen positions, albeit on a much smaller scale. On 5 May

a Russian SU-25 attack aircraft from the Russian 4th Air Army was shot down while on a sortie near

Serzhen-Yurt. The pilot was killed and the Chechens recovered documents, including charts and maps,

from the wreckage. Additional fighting near Serzhen-Yurt occurred on 8 May. Finally, on 10 May five

Mi-24 combat helicopters attacked Chechen positions in Serzhen-Yurt. There were reports of seven

villagers killed and eight wounded, but like so many casualty reports they are impossible to verify.

Although both Russian and Chechen forces continued to fight during the two-week moratorium,

the Russians did not conduct an all-out push to take Serzhen-Yurt and Chiri-Yurt. The moratorium

could not have come at a better time for the reeling Chechens. The Chechens defending Serzhen-Yurt

were a collection of battered groups and individual combatants, short on ammunition, food and

medical supplies. More importantly, morale was faltering among the combatants, the result of one

recent defeat after another.

Shamil had two battalions defending Serzhen-Yurt, both under the command of Mohmad Hatuev,

who had responsibility for the Serzhen-Yurt portion of the larger sector under Basaev’s command.

Realizing Serzhen-Yurt could not be held with the limited number of combatants defending the town,

Basaev requested additional men and units. In response, Maskhadov ordered additional units to

Serzhen-Yurt, including the Islamic battalion under the command of Islam Halimov and the

presidential guard of 30 combatants, usually given responsibility to guard Maskhadov’s headquarters.

There were also two groups from the Nozi-Yurt district, but it is unknown if these two groups were

part of the reinforcements sent by Maskhadov or if they were already defending the town in

conjunction with Basaev’s battalion. Problems of coordination surfaced from the beginning, as the

Islamic battalion would not take orders from Hatuev, telling Baseav that Hatuev, “was not our Emir.”

3

On 11 May, hours before the official end of the cease fire, Russian armored units began pulling out
of their assembly areas in preparation for an attack on Chechen positions across a broad front,

including Serzhen-Yurt. The renewed assault began with a massive artillery and air bombardment of

the Chechen defenses at Serzhen-Yurt, Duba-Yurt and Chiri-Yurt. The bombardment lasted days. On

17 May the Russian Army began its ground assault on these targeted cities. Sometime during the

advance or the artillery bombardment Russian units seized Hill 541.6 near Serzhen-Yurt, putting them

one kilometer closer to the town.

4

The Chechen defense of Serzhen-Yurt was focused on the northern approaches to the town. “Our

line, we called it the ‘Serzhen-Yurt Line,’ stretched across the gap west to east from the hills to the

river,” recalls Musa. Although battered, the Chechens had developed more “field smarts” when

constructing defensive positions and had dug a series of zigzag trenches with which to protect

themselves against the artillery and air strikes. According to Kair, Basaev’s battalion had responsibility

for the Serzhen-Yurt Line, but there were other units involved, such as a group from Serzhen-Yurt

itself. There were at least three separate units defending the broad defensive line. Kair’s unit of 17

combatants was located in the middle of an apple orchard facing an open field that bordered a

cemetery. “We had three RPG men, two machine gunners, and the rest were riflemen.” To his east,

Mohmad

5 commanded a group of 22 combatants next to the Khulkhulan River. His unit had

numerous antitank weapons, as the Chechens believed that any armored breakthrough would come

on the flanks, not up the middle towards Kair’s position. A third group of 14 Chechen combatants,

commanded by Tutashkh, was to Kair’s left, up against the hills near the main road to Serzhen-Yurt.

Tutashkh’s unit was also armed with numerous antitank weapons.

From Kair’s vantage point, most of the Russians seemed to be positioned directly in front of him, in

the cemetery. Kair and Tutashkh could both see Russian armor drive back and forth on a small road

on the far side of the cemetery even before the main Russian assault skirmishes broke out. On the

western edge of the Chechen line Tutashkh’s unit had a clear line of sight on the road and was able to

destroy two tanks on the road before the main assault began. Unbeknownst to the Chechen defenders,

Russian units were also advancing through the forests to the Chechens’ left flank.

On 17 May, Kair was observing the Russian positions from the safety of a concrete building to the

east of his unit’s position in the apple orchard. He suddenly saw Russian infantry advancing towards

the center of the line.

6 “There was a big concrete fence that we could hide behind. We had an

observation periscope from a BTR. The periscope was fitted to binoculars.” Kair alerted his men in the

orchards to take their positions. “I could see the Russian soldiers walking toward us —— no armor or

other vehicles —— only foot soldiers.” He told his group to get ready. From their trench position they

waited until the Russians were in range and opened fire. The Russian infantry dove for the ground or

fell among the grave stones. “I have no idea how many were killed and wounded.”

A bit to Kair’s left, an antitank weapon arced from the Chechen line into the field ahead of him.

“There must be tanks left of us” Kair thought. While most of the antitank weapons had gone to

Mohmad’s group near the river, Kair’s group had a homemade antitank weapon known as a Shaitan

(devil). Short on heavy weapons, the Chechens had been able to devise some ingenious antitank

weapons during the short duration of the war.

7

Although a veteran of numerous battles, Kair didn’t know what was happening up and down the

Chechen line. The sound of the fight around him was deafening. He had not noticed that Russian

armor had been able to maneuver towards Mohmad’s group at the river and that the Russians had

marched through the forest and begun to encircle Tutashkh’s group. Fierce battles were now going on

all up and down the line. Prior to the Russian assault the Chechens had placed the majority of their

antitank assets with Mohmad’s group at the river, concluding that the armor might try to break

through at that position along a dirt road on the east side of the river.

The fighting near the river was intense but Mohmad’s force was well dug in and Russian tanks,

forced to attack straight ahead through a relatively narrow corridor between the river and the steep
cliffs leading off the surrounding heights, could not break through Mohmad’s position. Antitank fire

from Mohmad’s position forced the Russians to retreat. Kair assumes that the Russians were trying to

flank the city along the river and get to an overlook east of the city from which to control artillery fire.

Four or five burned-out tanks littered the battle zone, a testament to the ferocity of the battle on the

right flank

To Kair’s left, Tutashkh’s unit was in trouble. Cut off from behind, outmanned and outgunned,

Tutashkh could not hold out or break through the Russian encirclement, nor could the Chechens

rush significant forces to Tutashkh’s aid. Kair recalls Tutashkh’s last message. “I am surrounded.

Farewell.” This was a devastating blow to the Chechen line.

8

“We defended against two attacks here in the apple orchard.” After two days of fierce fighting, the

Russians pulled back and “started to bomb us, using long-range weapons and helicopters.” Kair recalls

that it was the third day that they were given the order to retreat southward to secondary positions

deeper inside the town. “When the first and second Russian attacks retreated we were given the

command to withdraw because their forces were greater than ours.” Rather than push their advantage

immediately, the Russians consolidated their gains.

Commentary: The initial attack on Serzhen-Yurt lasted roughly two and a half days. At the time Russians

reported six soldiers killed in action, while Chechens claim three Chechens killed and two wounded. Both are

likely wrong. Kair and Musa, both participants in the battle, recall that at least one Chechen unit was overrun

(Tutashkh’s), while also claiming to have destroyed no fewer than seven pieces of armor —— two before the battle,

one during the battle from Kair’s position and at least four near the river in Mohmad’s part of the line. Kair

recalls only one of his unit being wounded while retreating to the secondary positions deeper inside Serzhen-Yurt.

The Chechens’ ‘Serzhen-Yurt Line’ proved stubborn and difficult to break. Although the Russians had forced

the Chechens from their forward positions, they were unable to seize the town after two-and-a-half days of

fighting. Unable to seize Serzhen-Yurt, the Russian ground assault withdrew

9 or consolidated their limited gains.

As the Russian ground forces pulled back, air and artillery strikes pounded the Chechen line. Hatuev received

the order to pull his Chechen units back to secondary position during the barrage. The Serzhen-Yurt Line was

moving further south, ceding the northern half of the town to the advancing Russians.

Fatigue, command and control issues, and lack of sufficient arms and ammunition were but a few of the

mitigating factors working against the Chechen defense of the village. Although the Chechens had the advantage

of defending the narrow gorge, they had no answer for the airpower and artillery the Russians were able to apply

against their positions and, as they did in every battle to this point, they retreated to the next position.

Although the Chechens describe their fight in terms of battalions, these “battalions” were not even full-platoon

strength. The “battalions” had a high-percentage of antitank weapons and at this point were still fighting a

conventional fight. The guerrilla phase would start once the Chechens were forced into the mountains.

The Russian instincts were good —— dominate the high ground and go for the flanks instead of a head-on urban

fight. The flank attacks, however, were tactical and shallow. The narrowness of the valley actually forced the

Russians to attack head on along some sections of the front. For instance, while the assault on Mohmad’s

position east of the river would have allowed the Russians to flank the Chechens holding the center of the village,

the tanks were still forced to face Mohmad’s antitank weapons head on. Later the Russians would use deeper,

larger-scale flanking attacks with greater success. In fact, at the very same time the battle for Serzhen-Yurt was

raging, the Russians were making progress in Chiri-Yurt, from which they would pass through the Wolf’s Gate

and then cut back east to end up in Vedeno’s rear, forcing Maskhadov’s command post to abandon Vedeno.
Vignette 2

Second Phase of the Battle for Serzhen-Yurt

24 May – end of May 1995

–––––––

Kair, Musa, Ilyas

Background: After the Russian pulled back from the first assault on the town, in the midst of

artillery and air strikes, the Chechens manning the Serzhen-Yurt Line fell back to secondary positions

in the vicinity of Zhelimkhan’s monument. Mohmad Hatuev brought a reserve unit into the line to

replace Tutashkh’s unit, which had been encircled and overrun a few days earlier. The Chechen

formations now held a second line running from the Khulkhulan River in the east to the forested hills

west of the town, past Zhelimkhan’s monument on the road leading to Vedeno west of the town and

up to the hills west of the town.

“There were places that had been prepared beforehand. We knew in advance that we would relocate

to this position. A Chechen soldier, once he takes up a new position, he begins to dig. There’s gravel

all over the place, rocks—it’s hard to dig —— and he needs a crowbar and other tools. To haul all that

equipment around, in addition to your weapon and other supplies, was an extra burden. It was very

difficult and an additional risk. We prepared these areas beforehand in order to prevent this additional

risk.”

Kair’s unit had retreated straight back on the road and now maintained new positions to the right of

the main road near Zhelimkhan’s monument. Another unit on Kair’s left flank was guarding the

western flank of the town. Mohmad had moved his force further south along the river to a Soviet-era

children’s camp with the same mission, to deny the Russians use of the river bed or the road east of

the river to flank the line and move further south towards the Chechen command HQ in Vedeno.

Recalling the repositioning, Kair stated “As soon as we were set up, they [the Russians] found out

that we had taken up new positions. And they began, like I said before, to look around, like they were

doing recon. They mostly went through the village center heading in our direction, along the roads,

which weren’t far from our positions. We watched as they prepared the area for the arrival of the bulk

of their forces. This was on the second day. We had cleared out of our forward positions at night, and

moved into these fallback positions. On the second day, towards the evening, the Russians had already

started to make probes around here. In their reconnaissance they carefully look, learning which places

are mined and which aren’t. Let’s say there’s a freshly dug-up place in the road —— they then know that

there might be mines there. They take pictures of this road from an observation helicopter. They only

advance once they’ve analyzed the pictures and reports.”

On 24 May Russian artillery paused and the ground assault on Serzhen-Yurt began again. Ironically,

being forced to fall back from their first line, the Chechens now occupied an even better position, as

the narrowing valley concentrated their efforts. The Russians had no choice but to assault the
Chechen force head-on if they were going to reach Vedeno through Serzhen-Yurt.

The first battles broke out east of the river as the Russians tried to break through the Chechen

defenses along the well-worn dirt road. “I suspect they were trying to break through and get to a

strategic height that would have given them command of the entire Serzhen-Yurt area and views

southward towards Vedeno” recalls Kair. “The Russians were concentrated along the river. There were

trees beside the river. The Russians hid behind the cover of the trees.” The strip of woods was about

50 meters across. The road ran parallel to a steep cliff that had been carved out by water over the years.

In this way the Russians were pinned in place. They couldn’t maneuver left. If they went right they ran

into the river and right into my unit. Their only real option was to advance directly into Mohmad’s fire

or turn and retreat.”

The Chechens had positioned their line to be able to help each other in case one point of the line

began to fail. “That’s why the blocking positions were positioned where they were. We were sitting

right below the monument and there was a reserve group on the other side of the road. From our

positions we were able to direct our fire across this river and through the strip of woods” Kair recalls.

“Because of the forest, we couldn’t actually see their movement but we could determine where they

were because they were firing at Mohmad’s defenses. We just kept pounding the area with our antitank

weapons.” One of Hatuev’s reserve groups was also on standby if it needed to relocate across the river

and intercept the Russian advance pushing towards Mohmad’s group. “In case they went towards this

group and engaged them in battle, we could help and move to their aid.”

The Russian assault on Mohmad’s position ground to a halt. There was a number of destroyed

armored vehicles strewn out on the road. “We burned those tanks beyond the river to hell,” recalls

Kair. The next day, a Russian gunship flew over the river at the scene of the heavy fighting the day

before. There were Chechens throughout the town, occupying houses, garages and whatever other

structures were available. All the units tracked the helicopter before a heavy machine gun opened fire

from one of the reserve units near the monument. The helicopter turned away from the line of fire,

but it was too late. The bullets raked the tail section and the helicopter began to smoke and spiral

towards the ground. A moment later it crashed into the river. Nearby Chechen combatants ran to the

wreckage to secure its weapons and ammunition. The rocket pod was very important for both the

tubes and the rockets.

To the west, the Russians decided against a move up the middle but sent a unit on the other side of

the ridge in another attempt to flank the Chechen line from the heights on the west of the narrow

valley. “The Russians, not being able to advance through the town, turned around behind the ridge

and advanced upwards.”

There was a pause after downing the helicopter. Then the artillery rained down. Kair and the other

combatants scrambled from their positions in the houses of the village for their fortified, dug-in

positions. There was nothing they could do but wait it out. The firing began to slow down and the

Chechens once again returned to their lookout points. Kair could not believe his ears. It sounded like

armor, this time the tracks clanking against the asphalt road. They were coming straight for his

position, in the thick of the Chechen defenses. “I think their reconnaissance failed and they thought

that we might have left. They could not break right through the center” Kair recalls.

From dark doorways and windows, dozens of Chechens watched as a small column of three tanks

and a BTR clanked past them. “There are houses and fences there, barriers, or other things in the

courtyard, parked cars, people... it was not a problem to hide there. This tank went right between our

two groups. Had he noticed us, he could’ve opened fire on all of us with his machine gun. But he

went through, not noticing us.”

The column actually went right between Kair’s group and a reserve unit. The arrival of the tanks

surprised the Chechens taking positions in the houses next to the road. They had not expected them

to drive this far south into the village. “They were most likely scouts. Maybe they thought we were all

at the river defending. I don’t know.”

“When these four vehicles passed us, the reserve unit that Hatuev had just put in the line went after

them and immediately stopped them.” Two of the tanks and the BTR were engaged and brought to a

halt. The Chechen combatants swarmed the vehicles. It was close quarters fighting with the Russian

crews. The third tank managed to get turned around, avoided a disabling RPG strike and drove north

out of the kill zone.

“The tank appeared to be home free. It slowed down to make the turn at a three way intersection. A

streak of fire arced forward and hit it with a boom! The tank suffered a direct hit with a Shmel flame

round.

10 “Our forces took the tank out on the corner as soon as it passed our position. And that’s

where it burned.”

“We had a flamethrower, but it’s hard for me now to say exactly who had it. But we had a

flamethrower; as often was the case with many groups and I don’t know who actually fired it. We had

guys dispersed all around the area. Our group wasn’t more than 200 meters from this intersection. So,

our men could destroy the tank. Men from the reserve group were also able to hit it. They were able to

engage it from behind cover. It’s hard for me to say exactly who from which group destroyed it. What I

know is that we torched it. It burned to scrap in front of us.”

Back in the kill pocket the Chechens finished off the Russian crews. There were just some bursts of

fire and then it was over. All three vehicles were captured intact and the Chechens drove them into

their lines and used them to fire on the Russian armor trying to get up the riverbed. The crews were

either killed in the fight or as they surrendered, according to Kair. He does not recall any prisoners

being taken. Kair only feels certain about the outcome of the tank crew that was hit by flame projector.

“When a tank burns, it’s hard to get out of it. When an antitank projectile hits the tank, it explodes,

whether it is from an RPG or a Shaitan launcher. Everyone in the tank goes deaf from the force of the

explosion. They can no longer think or get their thoughts together, they don’t know how to get out or
where to go —— that’s the condition they are in. There is a loud noise and tremendous pressure from

the air. The air pressure works upward. So, for the tank crews, it’s one big grave.”

The tank assault was a complete surprise to Kair and the others manning positions in the center of

town. “Our guys were sitting right here, and there was a reserve group, and a group that was in charge

of evacuating the wounded. They were the ones who attacked the tanks and BTR, forced them to a

stop and then captured three of the vehicles. I don’t think the Russians had any idea we were in the

vicinity, maybe they thought we bugged out.”

The front seemed to go quiet. A car from Vedeno arrived to deliver food and supplies. However, the

captured BTR had both food and ammunition. The supplies were divided among the combatants.

Soon after, the artillery bombardment began again, and Kair and the rest took cover. Sometime after

the day’s fighting, some of the extra groups that Maskhadov had sent in to reinforce Basaev’s battalions

unexpectedly withdrew.

Commentary: The Russians were never able to take Serzhen-Yurt by force. Eventually the Russian ground

assault on Serzhen-Yurt abandoned the frontal attack and struck the Chechens from the rear. The defenders of

Serzhen-Yurt did not know that the Russians were already making their way to Vedeno by bypassing Serzhen-Yurt

and attacking through Chiri-Yurt and the Wolf’s’ Gate, turning east and striking Vedeno from the west. In

conjunction with the armored flanking maneuver, Russian helicopters began landing airborne troops in the hills

above Vedeno. On 2 June Maskadov’s command was forced to withdraw from Vedeno to a new predesignated

command location in Dargo, even though Basaev’s battalions continued to hold Serzhen-Yurt.

11

The remaining fighters in Serzhen-Yurt were effectively cut off, with the Russians now behind them. A few days

later Basaev’s two battalions split into many smaller groups and snuck out of the Russian encirclement at

Serzhen-Yurt through the town of Kranoye Vedeno, again demonstrating the Chechens’ ability to continually

break through Russian lines. They made their way on foot to Dargo to join the rest of the Chechen fighters at the

new headquarters location. Chechens talk about this being their darkest time. Their leadership was split up with

very limited means of communication, the groups were in disarray, everyone was hungry and ammunition was in

very short supply.

As always casualty figures vary. According to Russian sources, on 28 May alone, 11 Naval Infantry (Marines)

from the Pacific Fleet’s Naval Infantry Detachment were killed in the fighting. Chechens claim that 30 Russian

soldiers were killed and 10 Russian armored vehicles destroyed, while losing 11 Chechen combatants.

Some Chechen combatants continued to operate in the Serzhen-Yurt-Vedeno corridor, conducting ambushes of

Russian columns, but they held no fixed positions.

12 The Chechen side had now gone entirely to guerrilla

warfare. Weeks later, Basaev would lead his now infamous operation into Russia that would save the Chechen

resistance movement for the time being and change the course of the first war.

13

The Russian forces had recovered from their original embarrassing performance in Grozny and were reluctant

to take on a strong urban defense head-on. Once their probes into Serzhen-Yurt failed, they bypassed the village for

a 14-mile end run through the Wolf”s Gate to capture Vedeno. They left enough forces at Serzhen-Yurt to hold the

Chechen defenders in place and not allow them to join forces with additional Chechen units in Vedeno. The

Russians were also becoming more skillful at holding a defense forward while they felt for the flanks and then

unhinged the defense from the flanks and rear. Still, their scouting efforts needed work, as their unsupported entry

of four armored vehicles into the middle of a village demonstrated. Ironically, Vedeno suffered very little physical

damage during the war because Maskhadov opted to give up the town and relocate rather than fight it out with

the Russians in this location.
Vignette 3

Defending Bamut

Mid-June 1995

14

–––––––

Musa

Background: By the spring of 1995 Russian forces had taken Grozny and the rest of the major cities

in Chechnya. In May, Vedeno fell without much of a fight and the Chechen command retreated

deeper into the mountains. Shatoi and Nozhai-Yurt fell to Russian forces on 13 June. Bamut was the

only sizable village still under Chechen control. Previous Russian attacks on Bamut had failed and the

village lay in ruins. Burnt-out Russian tanks and BMPs littered the main road through the village,

testifying to the fierce fighting that occurred there.

15

With Shatoi in their control, the Russians refocused their effort to take Bamut. While much of the

eastern front, including Bamut, fell under Ruslan (Khamzat) Galaev’s command, the individual

commander for the on-the-ground defense of the village was a Chechen called Boris. Observing

Russian forces mobilizing on the plains facing Bamut for a final strike, Boris sent out an SOS —— a

request for help from any Chechen combatants or groups that could help. At the time, Bamut’s

defenders were male volunteers from the village and other local area volunteer groups.

Responding to the call for help, many small groups began making their way towards besieged Bamut.

Unfortunately for the Chechens, many of the groups traveled through or close to the villages near the

forest line and were ambushed by Russian reconnaissance units operating between the mountains and

the towns of Gekhi-Chu, Orekhovo and Staryi-Achhoi. Other units, recognizing the danger of

traveling so close to the Russian lines, went deeper into the mountains before swinging westward to

arrive at Bamut. This was difficult and time consuming. Some units arrived only a couple of days

before the Russian assault and barely had time to prepare themselves or their positions.

“It was mandatory to inform the sector commander that you had arrived, the strength of your unit,

as well as providing any additional information, so that you could be placed in the defense according to

your capability and as the need required,” noted one of the group leaders. In this way Boris was able to

get a clear picture of the forces at his disposal, assess their strengths, and build a defense based on

available resources. As the arriving units and individual combatants checked in with Boris, he assessed

the needs and placed the various combat elements where he thought they could be used most

effectively.

The Chechen units spread across the defensive perimeter west of Bamut frantically dug a series of

zigzagged trenches to withstand the pending Russian assault. The Chechens also dug trenches into the

wooded hillside east of Bamut, where it hugged the contours of the gorge leading south into the

mountains. A casualty collection point was also established in the wooded hills east of the village. The

Chechens used boards to construct pedestrian bridges across the Fortanga River on their way to the

village and their fighting positions west of the village. Normally, building materials might have been in

short supply, but Bamut was a village of destroyed houses, providing ample materials to construct

makeshift defenses and fortify approach routes.

The trenches west of Bamut were in several rows, with their forward positions a mere 50 to 100

meters from the charred ruins of what used to be houses. The Chechens spread their positions over a

series of trench lines, a tactic that had been perfected over months of painful experience based on the

Chechen principle of “attack and retreat, attack and retreat.” The general idea was to constantly

displace during battle, maintaining mobility and not relying on any fixed position that could be

targeted and destroyed by Russian air strikes, artillery and mortars.

The attack for Bamut began as the Chechens expected: air strikes followed by artillery. The

Chechens were familiar with the pattern and considered it “the old way of fighting —— the Soviet way.”

They could easily see the Russian positions in the flat lands north of them. The positions were more

than a kilometer away, beyond the effective range of their only antitank weapon —— the RPG.

16 The

Chechens could only hunker down in the relative safety of their dugouts in the tree line and wait for

the barrage to end. Finally the shelling stopped and the Chechens ran to their forward trench

positions to meet the armor and infantry that had begun moving southward along the main road

towards the village.

The Russians also feigned an attack from the direction of Achkoi-Martan. It is unclear how the

Chechen’s knew, but they expected this, recognized it as a diversionary action and did not take the

bait. They maintained their positions against the Russian column that was advancing toward them

from the northwest. As the Russian column approached Bamut, individual units broke off and spread

out along a broad front facing the defending Chechens.

While Boris had overall command for the entire defense of Bamut, each specific unit commander

was in charge of his own place in the line and his men. He was also free to employ his own specific

tactics, including how he and his unit fought on the line. Because of this, the battle for Bamut on the

first day became a series of individual skirmishes between a continuous Russian line, breaking up

under the fog and friction of combat, and Chechen strong-points, each attempting to maintain secure

flanks. Individual Chechen units fought separate actions, each in its own way and according to its own

plan.

Once in range, the Chechens poured RPG and automatic fire into the oncoming Russians, being

careful not to stay in any one position long enough for the Russians to call in and adjust effective

supporting fire. Two significant battles along the line broke the Russian assault and forced the

Russians to retreat. The Chechens on the left flank were able to trap and encircle a portion of the

Russian force (see map detail 2). A Chechen unit on the right flank had come to Bamut with antitank

mines, and devised its own tactics to strike a blow at the advancing Russian force (see map detail 1).

Knowing that they would have to displace, and hoping to suck the Russians into their abandoned

positions, the unit mined their own trenches with the antitank mines, linked together for remote

detonation. Under intense fire, but as planned, the Chechens then withdrew to secondary trenches.
Russian infantry pursuing the retreating Chechen group jumped into the abandoned trench line and

began to consolidate the newly captured position. The Chechen unit detonated the mines from their

secondary trenches and the whole position was destroyed, killing all the Russians occupying the

trench. With its infantry gone, the Russian armor withdrew under fire. “These trenches were

completely blown up. But we weren’t able to get the armor. The armor went back without the

infantry. They retreated back 300-400 meters because without infantry they would quickly be covered

with fire” recalls Musa.

The Russian advance stalled and then retreated back to its pre-assault positions beyond Chechen

RPG range. Artillery again pounded the Chechen line, but the Chechens again displaced to their

positions in the hills, carrying their wounded and dead off the front line. The next day the Russians

attacked again, but the battle was short. It was possibly a probing attack to see if the Chechens had

stayed to defend or had melted away into the mountains as they had done so many times before. After

meeting determined resistance, the Russian assault pulled back. According to Musa, the entire fighting

during the second day lasted less than a half hour.

The same night, the Russian force sent a reconnaissance team to breach the Chechen line and

operate in the Chechen rear with the intent to call in air and artillery strikes on Chechen coordinates

(see map detail 3). They tried to sneak right up the middle of the line, but a Chechen position of four

soldiers noticed and engaged the team. A brief but deadly firefight ensued and ten of the eleven

Russian soldiers in the reconnaissance party were killed. One was taken prisoner. Under interrogation,

the prisoner told the Chechens that his unit’s objective was to “get through the line, take a position in

the village, discover the Chechen positions, and then call in fire on those coordinates.” The POW was

also asked about the strength of his forces because, having beaten back the Russian advance twice, the

Chechens had begun to entertain the idea of going on the offensive and attacking the Russian

position. The Russian soldier’s account of his forces compelled the Chechens to drop any offensive

plan, as it was considered too dangerous. The Russians were just too numerous and a counterattack

would not be worth the risk with the chance of success minimal.

The Chechens continued to dig in, treat their wounded and wait for the next Russian attack, which

many believed would be much more fierce. However, no Russian assault came. The Chechens

defending Bamut received word over the radio of Shamil Basaev’s raid into Russia and the resultant

negotiations and truce. Both the Russian and Chechen lines at Bamut ceased hostilities as the war

paused for the next few months.

Bamut was the last Chechen stronghold and was sure to fall to Russian forces in time. However, due

to the truce following Basaev’s raid into Budennovsk, Bamut was spared Russian occupation in 1995.

Russian attacks on Bamut resumed in 1996 but the Chechens were able to successfully defend the

village and it was actually never under Russian control during the first war (1994-1996).

Commentary: The first day’s battle lasted no more than two hours. Although the Chechens constantly

displaced and the Russians were severely bloodied on the left and right flanks, Chechen unit commanders on the

line say they had many killed and wounded. There are no accurate numbers for the casualties, nor is the actual

number of Chechen defenders known. Chechen veterans of the battle suggest as few as 100 and as many as 300

Chechens defended Bamut during this time. One Chechen commanding a line unit suggested that only Boris

knew the exact number of defenders, a precaution taken to minimize the chance that the Russians might acquire

the same information by taking a Chechen prisoner.

Russian unit size and casualties are not known, but Chechen participants suggest many Russian casualties and
some destroyed armor. However, as in other battles, both sides tended to minimize their own losses while

exaggerating their enemy’s.

The Russian unit deployed in the main attack was at least a mechanized infantry battalion reinforced with a

tank company and supported by self-propelled howitzers. The artillery likely fired the standard four-phase

artillery preparation for an attack on a prepared, defending enemy, but apparently stopped after phase two, since

this was not a defense in depth and there would be no breakthrough and pursuit of a mechanized enemy. The

maneuver unit deployed using the basic battalion battle drill for moving from battalion column to platoon line.

A lot of effort was directed toward maintaining a contiguous line with maximum firepower forward. The

Chechen opposition, however, was not linear, although their prepared positions were. The opposition was not

even in their positions during the artillery preparation. The artillery fire support and maneuver were not fully

coordinated, since the Chechens had enough time to move forward into their defensive positions after the artillery

quit and before the tanks and infantry arrived.

The Russian diversionary attack was probably company-strength. It was not pressed, although it had the

potential to unhinge the entire Chechen defense, threatening their defenses from the rear and limiting their escape

routes to constricted areas that could be easily interdicted with artillery fire boxes. The Chechens probably knew

the size of the diversionary attack, since it moved on a separate axis where local Chechens could perform a quick

vehicle count.

The Chechens effectively practiced centralized command with decentralized control —— a technique that the

Germans introduced in the battlefields of World War II. The Chechens were not reading old German manuals or

doing this deliberately, but rather Chechen culture made this type of command arrangement inevitable. It was

effective but cost the Chechens heavily in fratricide and the inability to coordinate effective covering fire from

outside their own unit.

Vignette 4

Encircling Russian Forces on the Left Flank of the Defense of

Bamut

June 1995

17

–––––––

Musa

Musa received the call for help from the defenders of Bamut and sat down with his unit to discuss

their options. His men had some reservations regarding the pending journey, but all were in favor of

going to the defense of the last village not under Russian control. Musa recognized the danger of

traveling too close to the Russian lines and decided to go deeper into the mountains to the south

before swinging westward to get to Bamut. It took Musa and his band of 13 men nearly 34 hours to

traverse the mountain passes on their way to Bamut. They ate but they did not sleep. They also did not

run into a single Russian unit. Other Chechen units that skirted the plains were spotted and attacked
by Russian forces enroute to Bamut.

Upon arriving in Bamut Musa went directly to Boris, the sector commander, offering his services.

After a brief discussion assessing the strength of Musa’s group, Boris gave Musa and his men part of

the left flank. Other units were already stretched out across the breadth of the village from the left

(southwest) flank to the right (northeast) flank. Musa’s group was one of the larger units and he was

given a larger section of the defense.

Musa led his small group to their part of the line and began to dig in. Their forward trenches were

not in the village but out in front and alongside it. They dug their defensive positions 30, 50, or 100

meters from the village edge, depending on terrain and favorable digging conditions. They had learned

to dig zigzag trenches to contain and deflect explosions that landed in trench sections from the artillery

and air strikes that would surely precede the Russian ground assault. Since the beginning of the war

many Chechens had been killed by the shock waves of the large ordnance hitting linear trench lines. It

was a lesson learned the hard way. Musa recalls, “If a fighter was hit with the shock wave, he was

thrown out of the trench and blood came from his ears. Blood came from his mouth. So in order to

preserve our men we did a lot of things, including digging zigzagged trenches.” Musa also dug positions

within the village, using the walls of the destroyed houses as concealment. He was careful not to place

his trenches too close to remaining structures. One hit could topple a wall down on top of him and

his men.

The Chechens well knew to move from position to position, trench to trench, every 15 to 20

minutes as required. Staying in one place for too long would invite mortar and artillery fire on that

position. Musa also conferred with the group commander to the right of his position about working

together against the impending Russian assault. Together they devised a plan.

Musa and his group had been working on their positions for three days when the bombing began.

The Chechen combatants knew what to expect. The air strikes would be followed by an artillery

barrage before the Russian armor and infantry would begin to move forward. Musa and the others

moved across the river into the relative safety of their positions in the wooded hillside. Finally the air

strikes and artillery barrage were over. Musa and the rest of the Chechen line ran to their trenches to

await the Russian assault. Every combatant had a partner —— no individual fighter was left alone.

Musa’s plan was simple on paper but hazardous to execute. As the Russian tanks and infantry

moved forward, Musa hoped to suck some of them inside their trench lines and then reoccupy the

forward trenches behind the advancing Russian spearhead to cut them off and encircle them. They

anticipated that the Russian armor, seeing an opening, would take it. The trick was not to let in a big

group that they could not handle. For this reason, they had to entice a small part of the Russian force

to move forward of the general advance and isolate them before they could turn and encircle the

Chechen front line. Musa noticed that the Russian groups deployed in groups of one or two armored

personnel carriers and 15-20 dismounted infantry. Musa considered these as manageable numbers. If

he could get one of these groups behind his forward defensive position, he was sure he could finish

them off.

The left flank had only 33 to 35 men in four groups. Musa’s group of 13 was the largest and better

armed than most of the others. Musa’s group was in the center of the left flank at its most vulnerable

spot. There were at least two or three combatants in every position, located every five to ten meters

apart, depending on the terrain. Most of the group was armed with RPG-7s and RPG-18s

(Mukha’s).

18 The smaller groups were positioned further left, closer to the tree line and rougher

terrain, as the village snaked its way into the gorge. The Chechens considered the terrain on the far left

inaccessible for armored vehicles. Musa noted that there were many more men and groups in the

center and right flank of Bamut, where they were more exposed to the Russian advance against the

village.

At the height of the battle, Musa’s men on the right of his sector withdrew from their position. As

planned, the group adjacent to Musa’s did the same, opening a noticeable gap. “We fought running

from one position to another. This was our plan. Dig a lot of trenches and fight on the run.” Musa

and the other group hoped the Russians would notice the corridor and seek to break the Chechen line

at this location. Musa’s orders to his men were to let the Russian armored vehicles and infantry pass

through their line. Musa was sure the Russians did not know that most of his men were sitting in

three other defense positions nearer to the village, ready to engage the Russian vehicles and infantry.

As planned, the Russian BMPs and infantry passed through the gap and were met by RPG and

Mukha fire from 12-15 men in a semicircle of three groups opposing them. They hit the Russian unit

hard while Musa and the adjacent unit fought hard to retake their abandoned positions and encircle

the small group of Russians. Encircled, the Russian unit tried to retreat, but Musa instructed one of

his two RPG men to turn to his rear and attack the Russians who had just slipped through the gap in

the line, once they tried to retreat towards them. “They thought they could break through, take our

positions, occupy them and go on the defensive. But they didn’t know that there was a group waiting
here for them.” He instructed his remaining RPG gunner to continue to fight northward against the

main Russian attack, to beat back the rest of the advancing Russians, forcing them to retreat and

further isolate the Russian group, now fully encircled. The adjacent group did the same.

Commentary: The encircled Russian unit fought hard, inflicting Chechen casualties, but Musa and the

adjacent Chechen unit were able to successfully trap and wipe out this portion of the Russian line. “Our strategy

was to close it off while fighting.” This small victory, combined with the actions of another Chechen group on the

right side of the line that destroyed a portion of the Russian line by mining its own defensive position, seemed to

turn the tide and force the Russians to retreat.

In the aftermath, as the Chechen groups surveyed the situation and took care of their dead and wounded, word

of Musa’s tactic has spread up and down the line. The other Chechen groups made preparations to carry out

similar ploys during the next assault. However, the Russian attack the next day was only a probe, with no serious

attempt to break the Chechen line.

Musa recalls many more BMPs than tanks in the Russian advance. Previous Russian assaults on Bamut

included many more tanks and, in fact, by the time of this particular battle, the few streets of Bamut were

strewn with burned-out tank hulls and turrets, blown off by Chechen RPGs. Musa’s unit had taken casualties,

killed and wounded. While the greater Russian army and Chechen leadership negotiated in the wake of Shamil’s

raid on Budennovsk, Musa conferred with Boris and decided to leave with his wounded. His unit had one horse

and they loaded the wounded man on it and set off back to their positions near Shalazhi. Again they took the

longer mountainous route to avoid Russian patrols in the foothills. Looking back on the village, Musa thought to

himself, “Bamut wasn’t ever given up, but it was completely destroyed.”

It takes leadership to get a dug-in soldier to leave his defensive position under fire. These Chechens may have

had some military experience; still, the leadership, discipline and unit cohesion of these Chechen units is

exemplary. Inexperienced troops do not realize that most bullets do not find their mark and that they will likely

emerge unscathed from what seems like a hail of bullets and that movement increases the chances of

survivability. Of course, continued exposure increases the odds of meeting that one on-target projectile.

Vignette 5

Holding the Eastern Flank of Goyskoe against a Russian Armored

Attack

Sometime between 21 March – 5 April 1996

–––––––

Hasmohmad

Background: 14 March 1996. Hasmohmad and his small group of seven combatants from the

village of Goity had just arrived in Goyskoe. He was not the leader of his tiny group, just one of the

seven volunteers from his village under the command of S. E. Dangaev.

19 They had just taken part in

the three-day operation to attack Russian positions in Grozny and now, like hundreds of other
combatants, they were in Goyskoe because there was a base located in the village where they could rest

between operations. Akhmed Zakaev, the commander of the 1st Sector of the Southwest Direction of

Chechen forces, was also in the village. Hussein Isabaev, his subordinate, was also there. Isabaev was

from Goyskoe and was key in establishing and coordinating the defenses.

Hasmohmad and his group from Goity received their instructions directly from Isabaev. There were

at least 17 other groups in the village according to additional Chechen accounts of the battle.

Hasmohmad recalls hearing that there were around 160 Chechen combatants in the village.

20 The

Chechen command set up a base along with their headquarters in the town center, while various

groups spread themselves out along the village perimeter. Half of the force was kept at the base and in

the town center as a reserve.

On the night that they arrived in Goyskoe Hasmohmad heard that Chechen intelligence knew that

the Russians had tracked the Chechen forces there and were going to surround and attack it the next

morning. Around 11:00 PM, Hasmohmad and the rest of his group were assigned to a position on the

perimeter and began to dig in. They were located near the canal on the eastern edge of the village near

some garages. Beyond the garages lay vast open fields. If the Russians were going to attack, they would

most likely establish their staging positions in these fields beyond the range of Chechen weapons.

The next morning before dawn, as intelligence had indicated, the Chechen observed the headlights

of hundreds of Russian vehicles beginning to encircle the village. From Hasmohmad’s vantage point it

looked as if the whole Russian Army was in front of him and that the village was being surrounded,

although, in reality, the Russians established their positions to the north and east of Goyskoe only.

The west side of the village was protected by the city of Urus Martan, while the south was protected by

the city of Komsomolskoye.

The sight of Russian units massing for attack sent the villagers into a panic and for at least three days

there was a steady stream of civilians leaving the town. There were also refugees coming up the road

from the direction of Komsolmolskoye. Hasmohmad was not sure where they were coming from, but

they were traveling through Goyskoe to get to Urus Martan and elsewhere.

At one point in the day a tractor with a large white flag and a trailer full of refugees came up the

road towards their position. The Russians began shelling the vehicle and the driver panicked and

jumped out of the cab. It looked as though the tractor were going to end up in the canal. Dangaev

jumped out of his position and leapt onto the tractor, grabbing the wheel before it careened off the

embankment. He brought the tractor under control and stopped it to let the civilians off before

sending them on their way, all under sporadic Russian fire.

Although the Russians had arrived in force and fired into Goyskoe occasionally, they seemed intent

on preparing their own positions, giving the civilians in the village time to flee and the combatants

more time to fortify their positions. The sides agreed to a parlay and the Chechen and Russian

commanders went out to talk. The popular story among the Chechens is that “the Russians said that

we needed to surrender, and our commander said they should surrender to us. He said, ‘If you

surrender, we’ll let you go.’ We gave them certain conditions. If they would surrender we would feed

them and provide everything they needed, and then we would send them home. But they said just the

opposite, ‘No, if you don’t surrender, we will destroy you.’ In conclusion, our commander wrapped it

up and said, ‘Then let’s fight.’”

Military activity began to escalate about a week after Hasmohmad’s group arrived. There was no

direct attack, but fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft began pounding the Chechen positions. The attacks

then died down again. “The Russians were only 500-600 meters from us. We could see them. We

could also hear them. At night, when it was quiet, we could hear their conversations.”

On 31 March the Russians conducted a reconnaissance in force, probing the Chechen defenses

along the northern and eastern perimeters of Goyskoe. The Russians facing the Goity group were still

out of range of the few weapons the group possessed. “In my specific group we had only one RPG and

six rockets. For my rifle, I had eight magazines and something like five packages of bullets. One

package of ammunition is enough to fill one magazine. We had to make do with that. So we were

forced to fire single shots as accurately as possible. We couldn’t miss. Our trophies were basically

whatever we had taken and could take from the Russians. That’s the only ammo we had.”

Hasmohmad felt fortunate to be where he was. They had dug a large fighting position that he called

a “wolf pit” right up against a very strong asphalt road supported by gravel shoulders. “We dug in deep

in order to survive. We were under attack from airplanes, artillery, tanks. We had to protect ourselves

to keep casualties to a minimum. We were lucky because this road was asphalt, and it was laid on

gravel. We were able to dig in deep, and when we came under fire we would go into the pits.”

The Chechens made similar dugouts and defensive positions along the perimeter. The distance

between the Goity unit and their neighbors was roughly 100 to 200 meters. This was deliberate. “We

kept our spacing so that we could catch the Russians in intersecting fires when they attacked.”

The next three days were quiet all along the front, since the Russians did not conduct any attacks

against Goyskoe. Rumors spread during the lull that other units in the city had knocked out some

Russian armor and even downed a helicopter, but it was impossible to know for sure. “Somewhere in

the village we even fired on the Russians from a BMP, but I don’t know who had it or where it was.”

Suddenly, on April 3rd, the Russians attacked the middle of the eastern side of the village, perhaps
trying to split the village into two sections, using the canal and parallel road to divide the Chechens

defending the village. “Their tanks and artillery fired, and then their airplanes flew over, and then their

helicopters attacked. The Russian armor seemed to be attacking right down the road in front of us.

Then their infantry got out and attacked. We started firing at the dismounted infantry when they got

about 300 meters from us. We could see them clearly.”

Using intersecting fires, the Goity group and the group north of their position fought without a

break to stop the Russians from penetrating their perimeter. They were woefully short of ammunition.

It was the reserve forces who rushed to the line that saved the day. Eventually the Russian advance

stalled and retreated due to intense RPG fire from the Chechen side.

The day’s events were only the beginning. The next day, the Russian forces tried to squeeze the

Chechen defenders in a pincer movement, attacking in force on the northern and southern flanks.

Reserve units rushed to those parts of the line and a massive battle for the village raged into the early

hours of 5 April.

The Chechens held their ground and the Russian units again withdrew to their positions east of the

village. The battles continued on and off for another month until the Chechens withdrew from

Goyskoe. “It was impossible to continue. There were no more medical supplies, no food. We were

starving. What’s more, we didn’t even have the weapons to continue the resistance.” Akhmed Zakaev

gave the order and everyone left. “They went to their various villages. As I recall, there wasn’t really

one main base. So they went to Goity, Urus-Martan, and other places. Gekhi, Alkhazurovo,

Komsomolskoye. My unit went to Tengi-Chu.”

Commentary: The battle for Goyskoe destroyed the village and the Chechens consider it one of the three

worst battles of the first war. It was also costly for Hasmohmad and the Goity unit. Hasmohmad was wounded

and had to be evacuated in late April. Dangaev, the commander of the group, was killed.

From Hasmohmad’s vantage point the Russians clearly had suffered losses, but he had no idea what they were.

He did know that his unit knocked out at least one Russian tank on the road next to the canal back on 3 April.

By Spring 1996, the Chechen forces had all but given up defending fixed positions, with a notable exception

(Bamut). Why the Chechen leadership decided to dig in at Goyskoe is unclear. It could have had as much to do

with the sector leader, Akhmed Zakaev, as any other factor. Or, since the Goyskoe fixed position had multiple

escape routes to the south and west, perhaps the Chechens decided that it was a good place to make a stand and

bloody the Russians.

In the battle for Goyskoe, while the Russians did destroy the village via air strikes and artillery, all the

civilians had already left by the early stages of the operation. The defense of Goyskoe also proved the value of

well constructed fighting positions with overhead cover and interlocking fields of fire. The Russian forces

concentrated on penetration along roads leading to bridges into the village and at the Chechens’ narrowest

defensive perimeters in the flanks. They wanted to seize bridgeheads and to degrade the Chechen force through

air and artillery strikes.

Vignette 6

The Battle for Goyskoe
21 March – 7 May 1996

(Focus on 3 April through 5 April 1996)

–––––––

Hasmohmad

21 and Khuseyn Iskhanov22

Background: Goyskoe is a small farming community southwest of Grozny with a prewar population

of only 2,500 people. It is rectangular in layout, stretching north-south on the west side of the main

road running between Komsomolskoye and Urus-Martan. The village is split in the middle, east to

west, by a canal. There are no mountains in the immediate vicinity. Chechen units withdrew to

Goyskoe on the heels of their three-day March assault on Grozny.

The primary Russian unit battling the defenders of Goyskoe was the 324th Motorized Rifle

Regiment, based near Chiri-Yurt to the east. In order to surround and assault the village from the west

the 324th and attached units would have needed to pass near Urus-Martan to Martan-Chu. These

villages were not under Russian control and would have exposed the Russian supply line to attacks in

their rear. Nor could the Russians move to the west side of Goyskoe from the south, as they would

have had to travel past Komsomolskoye, another city not under Russian control.

The defense of Goyskoe was conducted by the Chechen 1st Sector of the South-West Direction,

under the overall command of Ruslan (Khamzat) Galaev. However, operational command for the

village rested with Akhmed Zakaev. Chechen accounts suggest that as many as 18 different groups

participated in the Chechen defense, often numerically designated as a particular company of a

particular battalion from a particular regiment. However, according Khuseyn Iskhanov those

designations should not be taken too seriously. “The defense was made up of portions of various

units. It wasn’t a specific ‘army’ or ‘regiment’ that took specific positions. For example, there were 20

men in this or that unit, there were 50 men from the presidential guard and 50 men from Zakaev’s

unit, and another 50 men who didn’t take orders from anyone. They were militiamen who came

simply to help out.”

Zakaev assigned sectors to the various units according to a master defensive plan drawn up by the

leadership. “I was right in that village literally a half hour before the battle started” Khuseyn recalls. “I

spoke with Akhmed Zakaev and other military leaders, after which they went to their positions, where

the defense had already been well laid out. Trenches and foxholes were dug, and even crawlspaces were

built out into the fields so that we could conduct a good defense invulnerable to enemy fire.”

“I remember most of all that there was such a ringing silence before the battle that it left an

impression on me. No chickens, or birds, or animals, made a sound, no one made the slightest sound.

It was strange. But this silence, this premonition of a huge tragedy, cut me to the core. A half hour

after we left [the forward positions], the Russians began their attack on Goyskoe.” It was 20 March

1996, at 0900, when Russian artillery fire began to pound Goyskoe.

The artillery barrage was followed by helicopter gun runs over the village defenses. The Chechens

were well dug in and could wait it out. Still, some Chechens took offensive actions. One helicopter

was damaged by Chechen machine-gun fire and began to trail smoke as it left the area of operations.

Chechens claim that a Russian tank and a soldier’s tent were also destroyed by a Fagot antitank
missile.

The shelling and probing of the village by Russian forces eventually petered out, and there was a lull

in the battle until 31 March. Then the Russians struck in force around 1100, probing the Chechen

lines with a massive reconnaissance-in-force across the entire front. Again the attack started with

artillery fire, followed by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. Then armor began moving toward the village

perimeter. They stopped short at a distance of 400-500 meters from the Chechen line of defense and,

safely out of the range of most of the Chechen arsenal, began to bombard the Chechen positions.

But it was not all stand-off attack. Some Russian armor and dismounted infantry attempted to break

through the fields and into the village perimeter. They were pushed back. By day’s end, the Chechens

claimed two more Russian tanks destroyed by Fagot antitank missiles, while another tank was

destroyed by RPG fire. “We had colossal experience and no one was afraid, knowing where to hit

which type of armor, which point to aim at to destroy them, and which direction was more

advantageous.” Khuysen recalls, “We didn’t have any problems fighting against the armor. Absolutely

none.” Hasmohmad, who was deployed near the canal in the middle of the village perimeter, recalls,

“Our positions were laid out with ample room between units, 100 to 200 meters. In this way we could

catch the advancing Russian armor in intersecting fires.”
A BMP-1 “Borz” cannon, under the command of Said-Khusein Tazbaev, destroyed a Russian tent.

According to Chechen sources only two combatants were injured during the day’s fighting, both from
Dadaev’s detachment. Chechen combatant accounts also claim that two Russian tanks were fired

upon and destroyed by their own helicopters. Chechens believe this was to compel the armor to move

forward, to attack.

23

Although artillery and helicopters continued to strike the village defenses, another lull in the ground

battle occurred from 1-3 April. The Russian military, perhaps startled by the loss of their tent and the

realization that the Chechens had at least a couple of weapons that could reach out and hurt them,

used the time to fortify their positions.

24

On 3 April the Russians attacked again. This time the attack came at the middle of the defenses

along the canal where Hasmohmad’s group was defending. The attack was an apparent attempt to

break through the Chechen defenses in the center of the line and split the village into two parts.

“Some of us were forced to engage in close combat with the advancing Russian units, but mostly it was

a circular battle hitting us all along the front. It lasted a few hours, something like from morning until

noon.” The Russian armored thrust was repelled by heavy RPG fire and retreated. Again the Russian

attacks had faltered. Russian losses from 20 March through 3 April were four tanks, three helicopters

and two tents. According to the Chechens, their losses during the two-week defense of Goyskoe were

17 men.

The fighting continued the next day. At midnight on 4 April heavy artillery, multiple rocket

launchers, mortars and armor began pounding Goyskoe. At 0200 the Russians began a massive air

bombardment. The ground and air fire assault continued until 1230. At 1230, under cover of the

fiercest artillery fire yet, the Russians launched another armored assault on the village. Again the

armor moved to primary positions along the entire front, just out of RPG range. Simultaneously the

left and right armored flanks attempted a flank penetration.

The night before, the right flank or southern portion of the Chechen perimeter near

Komsomolskoye was weakened when a company under Khachukaev, at Gelaev’s command, was

moved out of the line. Reportedly, Zakaev had not been informed of the decision and was unaware

that the Chechen line was so thin at that location. As a result, the Russian armored thrust was able to

enter the village from the south, under heavy covering fire. At least three Chechen units were forced to

retreat and take secondary positions within the village perimeter as a result of the Russian

penetration.

25 All the Chechen combatants but one in the Minchuria group were wounded and

incapable of continuing the fight.

Not only did the three retreating units create a breach in the line, but they also enabled the Russian

armored assault to encircle another Chechen unit of six combatants. Fierce close combat ensued. In

the end three Russian BMPs were destroyed, but at a high cost. Only one of the six combatants lived

through the battle. The lone survivor, Sultan Mutiev, was severely wounded.

The Chechen command responded by rushing a reserve unit under the command of Bazhiev into

the broken line to stop the Russian penetration. At the same time, reserve groups under the command

of Ali Itaev and Dokka Umarov struck the Russians in their flank from the village of Komsomolskoye.

The battle lasted most of the day, but by 2000, the remaining Russian soldiers, retreated to their

primary positions, leaving destroyed armor, dead and wounded on the battlefield. The Chechens

suffered eight dead, including two unit commanders, Salaudi Mutiev and Visita Dikaev, and 14

wounded.

At the same time, the battle for the northern perimeter (left flank) was equally brutal.
Under massive artillery support the Russians were able get their armor right up to the trenches.

However, they were halted and driven back by massive RPG and small-arms fire from Nikaev’s,

Bakaev’s, Magomadov’s and Apti’s detachments. Advancing Russian armor was halted when a Fagot

antitank missile from Ismailov’s group destroyed a BMP. “There were even attempts to penetrate the

village, driving armor at high speed, and one was destroyed right on the spot because at the time we

had a great deal of experience fighting armor.” A significant number of Russian armor and personnel

were destroyed, while the Chechens on the left flank lost four dead and five wounded. The total

Chechen losses that day were 12 dead and 21 wounded.

The Russians finally retreated around 2100 on the 4th. Chechens counted five tanks, and 12 BTRs

and BMPs destroyed. Khuseyn states “It was simply a frontal attack by the Russians, which we

successfully fought back. BMPs and BTRs were destroyed, and there were large losses among their

soldiers.”

The Chechens also had some success against Russian aviation. Two MI-24 helicopters were shot

down and an SU-25 ground attack aircraft was shot down by machine-gun fire and crashed north of

Goyskoe, close to the village of Goity. Chechen combatants from Khachukaev’s group, observing the

pilot’s parachute, made an attempt to take him prisoner, but were thwarted in their plan by Russian

Spetsnaz, who laid down suppressive fire while he was evacuated by helicopter.

26

But the fighting continued. Mopping up operations were conducted into the early morning hours of

5 April on the southeast edge of the village in order to root out Russian soldiers who did not or were

not able to retreat with the rest of their force.

Commentary: The battles for Goyskoe continued for another month, when Russian forces finally took the

village on 7 May. However, as in many battles before and since, most of the Chechens were able to retreat to the

west before the final Russian assault. “There wasn’t any reason to hold the village any longer. It wasn’t strategic

for us. The decision was made to leave and our units retreated in the direction of Urus-Martan, Gekhi and

surrounding villages.” Hasmohmad recalls.

Geographic necessity forced the Russians to attack Goyskoe head on from the east. This was a significant

benefit to the Chechens, because it meant that at no time were they surrounded, and they could focus their

military efforts on the Russians in front of them. The Chechens also had an open back door. When the time was

right they simply withdrew through the village in a westerly direction. Commenting on the successful withdrawal

of Chechen units, Khuseyn recalls. “Our rear was protected. We held the rear so that the units in Goyskoe could

leave the battlefield at will or when-ever needed.”

The Chechen force held out for a significant period of time against significant combat power. The Russian

army was confronted by a series of thin, elongated towns built along the north-south roads. Bypassing these towns

to take them from a flank would expose their own flank to an attack launched from the next population center.

The Russians pounded their way through each belt of towns, slowly and methodically.
Chapter Two Summary

The Chechens countered the Russian attack with a truly mobile defense. They built multiple

defenses and trench rows, but occupied portions of them for short periods of time to avoid being

targeted by the feared Russian artillery. Chechen use of bunkers and zigzag trenches helped them

survive when trapped by Russian artillery. Each unit moved when it wanted to unless ordered to stay

in one position. Consequently, there was little flank security and each unit tried to provide its own.

There was coordination among defending units, but the physical tie-in was often lacking, or tended to

come apart under pressure.

Chechens preferred to stop Russian advances on the approaches to urban areas. Once the Russians

gained entry into the urban area the Chechens tried to canalize them along narrow streets, where they

could be trapped and slowly reduced.

The RPG-7 was the optimum weapon of the Chechen resistance and the Russian Army learned to

stay out of its maximum effective range until the final minutes of the assault. Then, hopefully, artillery

fire, machine-gun suppressive fire and supporting infantry would keep the RPGs from engaging the

armored vehicles.

The Chechen decision to defend the urban centers initially provided them an opportunity to bleed

the Russian Army. However, once the Russian Army recovered, such a defense provided the Russians

with concentrations of Chechen resistance that could be reduced methodically and effectively. The

Chechen resistance lost many of its best commanders and many combatants during this time.

Overwhelming Russian military strength focused on these separate centers of resistance, which were

often not mutually supporting, and took them down one after another. The fight for the urban

centers eventually sapped the Chechen resistance fighting strength, cost them popular support among

the populace and forced them into guerrilla warfare and the loss of control of the population centers,

economic centers and access to adequate medical care, food and supplies.

1. A rayon is an area or region, a second level subdivision, found in all former Soviet republics and states, including Russia

proper.

2. For an inside glimpse of the location of the Chechen command during this part of the war see Ilyas Akhmadov and Miriam

Lanskoy, The Chechen Struggle: Independence Won and Lost, (New York: St. Martins’s Press, 2010), 32.

3. Phone interview with Ilyas Akhmadov, 4 April 2011. Ilyas was well positioned to comment on the battles of the Vedeno

front, as he was part of Maskhadov’s command at the time.

4. It is unclear exactly where Hill 541.6 is located, but it is likely to the east of Serzhen-Yurt. Seizing it did not provide the

Russians easy access to the town, since its western edge is a sheer drop-off, nor did it provide good positions for fire

support.

5. Mohmad is the way Chechens traditionally transliterate Mohammad into English.

6. Kair, like many of his contemporaries, cannot recall with accuracy the exact dates of particular events. However, there are

numerous Russian and press accounts that corroborate the Russian advance being on 17 May. This timeline also fits with

other Chechen accounts.

7. See special vignette in chapter 7 regarding the Shaitan.

8. There is some confusion as to when and where Tutashkh’s unit was overrun. Some accounts recall that they were

encircled while at their second position near the Zhelimkhan monument the next week in the second Russian push for

Serzhen-Yurt (see “Second Phase of the Battle for Serzhen-Yurt,” page 15).

9. See Knezys, Stasys, and Romanas Sedlickas, The War in Chechnya, (College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University,

1999), 153-154.

10. The Shmel [Bumblebee] is the RPO rocket-propelled flame projector that can fire a flame canister accurately out to 600
meters. It has a flame, thermobaric, and smoke round.

11. Follow-on phone and skype interviews with Ilyas. Ilyas was well positioned to comment on the battles for Serzhen-Yurt,

as he was part of Maskhadov’s command in Vedeno at the time.

12. See “Ambush of Russian Column Between Benoi and Vedeno,” page 77.

13. On 14 June Shamil Basaev led a group of Chechen combatants on a mission into Russia. Posing as a Russian convoy

carrying “Cargo 200” (Russian dead) from the war in Chechnya, the convoy was stopped in the Russian town of

Budennovsk. There was a shoot-out with Russian police and the Chechens took refuge in the city hospital, taking more than

1,000 hostages. A five day seize resulted. Eventually, after numerous attempts to dislodge the Chechens failed, the

Russians agreed to a cease fire in Chechnya and the safe return of Basaev’s group to Chechnya. Many Chechens claimed

that this event saved the war effort, as it allowed the Chechens to rebuild their strength during the ensuing cease fire, before

retaking Grozny for good in August 1996.

14. This date is questionable. Although the combatant in question was quite active during this time, it is possible that his

account is a retelling of the battles for Bamut in 1996. There were both significant battles for the village in both 1995 and

1996.

15. I traveled to Bamut after the first war and could not find a single undamaged building or house in the village. Most of the

structures had only one or two walls remaining. Russian tanks littered the single road running through the center of the

village. Turrets, with their reactive armor still intact, littered the roadside, lying dozens of meters from the hulls of the tanks

that lost them. Of all the locations I visited in Chechnya after the first war, only the Grozny city center around the Presidential

Palace sustained more damage.

16. There is some discussion of what effective range is for the RPG. All Chechens interviewed considered maximum

effective range roughly 500 meters, while other sources consider 300 meters maximum effective range.

17. As with the preceding “Defending Bamut” vignette, it is possible that this ia an account of Musa’s unit during the battles

for Bamut in 1996.

18. The “Mukha” [Fly] is the RPG-18, a short-range, single-shot, disposable light antitank weapon similar to the US M72 LAW

(Light Antitank Weapon).

19. First name unknown.

20. Multiple other Chechen sources put the total number of Chechen combatants in the village at around 350 personnel.

21. In addition to Hasmohmad’s account, which is more focused on his particular sector, a handful of the Chechen

combatants interviewed took part in the battle for Goyskoe, including Isa Manaev. Other former combatants interviewed that

were not at the battle but were part of General Maskadov’s command staff and were aware of the details include Ilyas

Akhmadov and Khuseyn Iskhanov. Additional details are also available at adamalla.com.

22. Khuseyn Iskhanov was a member of General Maskhadov’s command staff and, as such, was put in charge of

coordinating the two different Chechen fronts. He made numerous trips across Chechnya in 1996, relaying messages to

and from Dudaev, who had command of the western half of the republic, and Maskahdov, who had command of the eastern

half. Khuseyn was captured just weeks after the battle of Goyskoe and sent to Moscow. He was released more than a month

later as part of a prisoner exchange.

23. This may be the account that spawned the urban legend (possibly true) and led so many in Chechnya to claim that

Russian aviation often fired on their own infantry to prod them to battle. Every Chechen to whom I have spoken while in

Chechnya and since then claims to know this to be a fact. A full accounting from the Russian side is necessary to validate

these claims. Or could the helicopter attacks on Russian armor have been a case of friendly fire? As farfetched as it may

sound, there is precedent found in the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003. Advancing to the Line of Departure, or the Iraqi

border, Alpha Co tanks attached to 3/7 Marines were struck and disabled by Hellfire missiles fired from Marine Corps Cobra

attack helicopters. This occurred while still in Kuwait, before the tanks even reached the Iraqi border.

24. Another reason Chechens put forward for the three-day pause is that, in defiance of orders, the regimental commander

of the 324th Motorized Rifle Regiment refused to lead his men to storm the village and was replaced. This has not been

verified from Russian sources.

25. The commanders of the three groups forced to retreat were Dikaev, Hamid, and Mag-amadov.

26. Russian order of battle is not fully accounted for and nor are their total losses. Chechen sources and claims based on

testimonies of captured Russian soldiers, estimate two entire motorized companies destroyed by the end of operations on 4

April.
-- Chapter Three --

Breaking Out of an Encirclement

Breaking out of an encirclement can be conducted by massing a large force at one point or

exfiltrating smaller forces at several points. Much depends on the surrounding force’s disposition and

strength, as well as the escaping force’s immediate follow-on mission. The Chechen resistance

conducted small and large breakouts, but the smaller breakouts were usually more successful. Large

breakouts could be more easily spotted and be decimated by air strikes and artillery. The Chechens

seldom rehearsed large or small breakouts and seldom planned supporting fires from Chechen mortar

crews and heavy weapons.

Most encirclements during the Russo-Chechen Wars involved cities or villages. Russian and Soviet

encirclements historically involved inner and outer lines of encirclement. The inner encirclement

prevented the surrounded force from breaking out and the outer encirclement prevented external

forces from breaking in to the surrounded force and relieving them. Since the Chechens lacked

sufficient forces and mobility, there was no threat of an external relief force, and so the Russians only

established inner lines of encirclement. The original purpose of Russian encirclements was to prevent

the breakout of mobile, organized units and their equipment. Therefore, the Russians focused their

attention on strongly securing roads, bridges, tunnels and rail lines. These encirclements were fairly

porous for small groups trying to escape as long as they focused on difficult terrain with adequate

cover. The Chechens tried to break out with intact units, but they were seldom able to evacuate their

vehicles and artillery pieces. Chechens managed to carry out their wounded and man-portable

weapons, but left their heavy systems, severely wounded and remaining supplies behind. Often the

Chechens fought until their supplies were exhausted and then attempted a breakthrough. This gave

the Russians additional time to improve their encirclement.

During the early stages of the first war, the Russians left a “golden bridge” in their encirclement of

Grozny —— an open corridor through which noncombatants could escape the encirclement. The

Chechen combatants were quick to take advantage of this corridor for reinforcement, troop rest and

supply. Later, the Russians closed the corridor and established “filtration” points through which

noncombatants could slowly exit the area after close inspection and interrogation.

Vignette 7

Small Unit Retreat from Grozny

20 February 1995

–––––––
Aslambek

Background: After their initial failure to take Grozny in a coup de main, the Russians pulled back,

reconstituted their force and prepared to conquer the city systematically. They encircled the city but,

curiously, did not complete the encirclement. They left a large section to the southeast of the city

open, and the Chechens were able to move forces and supplies in and out of the city through this

corridor, as well as through other exfiltration routes to the south and southwest. The Russians

brought in massive quantities of artillery and retook the city block-by-obliterated-block. Since they did

not close the corridors, however, the Russians were in a constant frontal attack, smashing their way

steadily forward but not limiting the Chechens’ ability to maneuver, reinforce, supply and evacuate

their wounded. The Russians stated that they left the southeast corridor open so that Grozny’s

civilians could escape the fighting (the bulk of Grozny’s population was ethnic Russian and many of

them used the corridor to escape). Finally, in February, the Russian Army closed the encirclement and

the Chechens’ ability to withstand the Russian assault was severely restricted.

Many of the Chechen volunteers fighting in Grozny in January and February 1995 came and went as

they saw fit. By this time Aslambek had been in and out Grozny for almost two months. Nine other

volunteers from his village were still with him. Two days earlier a Russian air strike wounded him, but

he could still walk and carry a rifle. Squeezed by the Russians and chronically low on food and

ammunition, most Chechen units were beginning to retreat from the besieged capital. Everyone in his

unit was armed with assault rifles and one carried an RPG, but there were very few rounds left, so this

weapon was employed sparingly. As Aslambek and the other volunteers from his village prepared to

exit the capital, their group merged with other small groups and now numbered 50 fighters.

Navigating around and through the Russian positions inside Grozny was difficult. Finally

Aslambek’s unit entered the 56th District and the suburb of Gekalovsky. Their exit route of choice

was blocked by a much larger Russian force, so the hastily assembled group of 50 was forced to march

around and over the Chernorechensky Reservoir bridge in western Grozny.

After sneaking across the Chernorechensky Reservoir Bridge in the dark, the unit, using a band of

dense forest for cover, continued south between the road to Alkhan-Yurt and a small river. A kilometer

or so from the capital, the road veered off to the southwest, where it would connect to the M-29

Rostov-Baku Highway at the Chernorechensky intersection. It was now broad daylight.
Scouts in the lead reported that the M-29 highway was filled with Russian columns, while the

Chernorechensky intersection, home to an old GAI station, was occupied by at least a Russian armor

company consisting of twenty or more armored vehicles.

1 Moving southwesterly toward the

intersection would also be further to walk. The Chechens decided to continue due south through the

forested area adjacent to the river.

However, Aslambek’s unit still had to cross the M-29 Highway. In addition to the numerous

Russian convoys running back and forth, the scouts reported that there were two BTR-80s and 16 to

20 Russian troops positioned right in front of them on their exfiltration route, just west of the bridge

over the Goytinka River, which they were paralleling.

The Chechens were tired and hungry —— some had not eaten in days. A good number were also

wounded, and getting them quickly into hospitals outside of the Russian encirclement of Grozny was

critical. The only other option was to cross the river to the east and venture out onto the plains, where

they would surely be spotted and attacked by Russian air and artillery. After a brief pause roughly 100

meters from the BTRs on the M-29 Highway, the Chechen leaders decided that they would have to

attack the BTR position in order to break through the Russian encirclement and continue on to their

next positions.
Getting into position, under tree cover, about 50 meters from the BTRs on the M-29, the unit

waited for a break in the stream of Russian military traffic. They noticed that the BTR nearest to them

had its 14.5 mm KPVT machine gun facing away from them. However, the BTR across the road had

its main gun barrel facing directly towards the hiding Chechens and posed the greatest immediate

threat. A gunner armed with one of the few functioning RPGs waited for the “go” signal and then

fired a single shot from 50 meters at the furthest BTR. It was a direct hit, blowing unsuspecting

Russian soldiers to the ground and causing a general panic among the Russian troops at both BTRs.

The entire Chechen unit rushed from the cover of the trees yelling “Allah Akbar” and fired their

assault rifles and PK machine guns at the BTR position. The surviving Russians broke and ran west

down off the embankment into tree cover and toward the Russian armored position at the

Chernorechensky intersection a kilometer away.

Aslambek’s unit did not pursue the retreating soldiers. Rather, their objective was to get across the

highway and continue south into Chechen-held territory. Lead elements took positions on the road to

defend against any Russian counterstrike from the highway from either direction. Others quickly

searched the undamaged BTR for food and weapons. The majority of the unit ran up to the road,

between the two BTRs and down the embankment on the other side, continuing southward towards

Goiti and then Staryye Atagi. They made no attempt to destroy the undamaged BTR. A very brief

discussion broke out in Aslambek’s unit about whether or not they should take the surviving BTR.

Nobody in the unit knew how to drive it and no one was sure what they would do with it. They

decided to leave it.

The whole action took less than 10 minutes. There was no immediate counterattack by Russian

forces, either by helicopter or from the Chernorechensky intersection a kilometer west of the attack.

There were no Chechen casualties. Several Russians from the burning BTR were killed.

Commentary: The Russian motorized infantry were reluctant to move away from their BTR-80 armored

personnel carriers. They huddled close to the vehicles and did not push out patrols, picquets or outposts into the

forest paralleling the highway. They also failed to deploy some trip-wire “flash-bang” flares for early warning.

They had no apparent artillery fires registered around the position. The audacity of the Chechen attack carried

the day. The Russians made no attempt to slew the gun of the second BTR around and get it into action.

Amazingly, the Chechens made no attempt to disable the vehicle, only pausing to strip it of food, ammunition

and weapons. The Russian force at the GAI post was also timid and had no apparent plan to rescue or reinforce

their two BTRs holding the bridge. The small Chechen force, strung out in a column and carrying wounded, was

an easy target. The Chechen force did establish flank security as it moved its force across the highway, which

made it less of an easy target.

The porous, almost haphazard nature of the Russian encirclement of Grozny and the outlying areas allowed

the Chechens to engage and escape with minimal contact. The Chechens, given the tactical advantage of their

small numbers and implicit knowledge of the terrain and surroundings, frequently were able to break through

Russian lines using concealment and quick decisive violent action. In many cases Chechens acknowledged that

Russian soldiers and commanders were often aware that Chechens were moving through their positions, but

apparently did not want to risk contact and would let the Chechen fighters pass, often acknowledging each other

with the wave of a hand.

Vignette 8
Escaping Grozny

Mid-February 2000

–––––––

Isa and an anonymous member of his group

Background: As the Russian noose tightened around Grozny in January 2000, the Chechen

leadership faced a dilemma deciding how long the bulk of their forces should be committed to the

capital. In the first war the Chechen combatants were able to come and go in Grozny at the time of

their choosing because Russian forces were never able or willing to seal off the southern approaches in

and out of the capital. However, the Russians finally appreciated that the Chechens were able to rest,

refit and supply their forces through this corridor, and by January 2000 Russian units were encircling

the city, sealing off the Chechen combatants operating in Grozny.

Isa claims that there were about 4,000 Chechen combatants defending Grozny at the time. “There

were many different units there, and I had about 1,000 combatants under my command.” According

to Isa, “there was a meeting which was attended by the following generals of the Chechen Army:

Aslambek Junior, Shamil Basaev, Khamzat Galaev, Lecha Dudaev, Doku Umarov, and myself. This was

our last meeting before the withdrawal. We met in a basement and decided right then and there to

withdraw from Grozny.”

Isa was given separate instructions. President Aslan Maskhadov, who had already relocated from

Grozny, ordered Isa and his men to remain in the city to act as a decoy and rear guard while the rest of

the Chechen forces withdrew to their previously prepared mountain bases in the south. Isa protested.

“I told Maskhadov that we had suffered many casualties and had very many wounded warriors.

Maskhadov conceded and suggested that I withdraw several of my battalions and then remain in

Grozny with only 300 men, or three battalions. So, I withdrew most of my battalions from Grozny as I

was ordered.”

Isa and his three battalions remained in the city, while the retreat from Grozny turned into a dismal

chapter for the Chechen insurgency. A large group of Chechen combatants left Grozny heading in a

southwesterly direction, following a narrow path near the Sunzha River past the settlement of Kirova.

2

It had been snowing for days. The snow-covered ground obscured the path and the Chechens walked

right into a minefield. Chaos erupted as the first Chechens in the field began detonating the mines.

Alerted by the commotion, Russian artillery and mortar fire began to zero in on the long Chechen

column.

Making matters worse, there was panic and many combatants moved in different directions further

into the minefield. Finally, the commanders were able to regain order and push the combatants

through in more or less single file, forging one lane through the mines rather than multiple lanes. The

Chechen commanders led the way and as a result nine of sixteen prominent commanders were killed

during the withdrawal. Shamil Basaev lost his leg below the knee, but a surgeon saved him from death

on an operating table in Alkhan-Yurt the next day.

3

As the retreating Chechens struggled through the minefield, Isa and 300 of his men were scattered
around the village of Kirova. He had five or six subordinate commanders. One of his battalions

defended a chemical plant near the Sunzha River, another defended the village of Kirova, and a third

provided the rear guard for the withdrawing column. Many of his troops were dug in around a power

plant. The retreating Chechens passed through this position on their way out of the city before

entering the minefield. Isa also had a half dozen Russian prisoners with him, including one spetznaz

soldier.

“My understanding was that I was to stay there. None of us thought that any of us would leave there

alive. We all thought that we would die there. I stayed in order to attract the Russian fire onto my

position. I would get on the radio and say that I needed help, but I didn’t. We had worked this all out

ahead of time. I simply needed to deceive the Russians in order to get the other Chechen units out of

Grozny alive.”

Isa’s forces did not seek contact with Russian forces. They struggled enough trying to defend their

positions, eat, and stay healthy. “We did not have the strength to attack. Someone had to be the decoy.

As fate would have it, we became the decoy.” However, Isa’s men were caught up in the fluidity of

urban warfare. “There were times when the Russians actually entered our rear area. Sometimes we

were in their rear area. There would be 50 of us fighting, and all of a sudden we would notice Russians

behind us and Chechen troops ahead of us. It was confusing.”

Isa and his three battalions remained in Grozny for almost three weeks. “On the 17th day, we had

completely run out of ammunition. There was hardly any food. We hadn’t eaten for nearly a week. All

we could do was eat snow. There were about 50 wounded, including myself. I had a shrapnel wound

that went clear through my leg. We had no other choice. Finally, I gathered all of my commanders

together and told them that we couldn’t stay any longer.”

Information operations played a key role in Isa’s unit’s ability to operate in the city after most of the

other defenders had pulled out. “I would get on the radio as if asking for help, that we were losing the

battle, that things were bad. I would say that I was withdrawing this way or that way. After I would

deceive them like this on the radio, they would move entire units to the area that I had stated over the

radio. At the same time, we also had another communications network that the Russians had a

difficult time decoding. They could still decode it, but it would take them one or two days. This is how

we communicated among ourselves.”

The disinformation campaign helped during Isa’s breakout. “The Russians truly expected us at a

different place, but I chose a different route. I did not tell even one officer or soldier with me which

route we would take. I made that decision myself, and then led them, with the help of Allah.” But

Isa’s position in the city was tenuous and his unit struggled to avoid contact, as this would risk their

being wiped out or overrun. The morning before the planned departure, Isa spread his men out and

positioned them on the roofs of the higher buildings. The Russians apparently knew they were in the

area and deployed units into the sector where they were hiding. The Chechens lay low to avoid being

noticed and forced into combat. “They actually walked right past us, perhaps they thought we had

already left. When the Russians left the area in the evening, we escaped.”

At 0030 in the dead of night, Isa gathered his soldiers and said that it was time to leave. The

wounded were divided into several groups and placed at the rear of the column. Isa chose 25 soldiers

who were “the healthiest, the toughest, the strongest, and armed them with heavy machine guns. We

found whatever ammunition we could and gave it to the machine gunners.” He then led them out of

Kirova and towards the Sunzha River. “I didn’t expect any of us to get out alive,” Isa confided. In

addition to having to cross the frigid Sunzha River, the south bank was sown with mines and defended

by three rings of Russian positions. A motorized rifle regiment was closest to the river, backed by

armored vehicle positions and finally the Tambov Assault Brigade.4

“I was in the front with a rifle, because I did not have the strength to carry a machine gun. We put

our wounded inside our column and moved forward.” Once at the river, Isa and his men waded

downstream, in the dark, for what felt like an eternity. Isa estimates that they were in the water for

nearly a kilometer before exiting on the south bank near a steep incline. As they climbed up on the

river bank “a Russian special forces soldier that we were holding prisoner fell back into the river. The

current was carrying him away, but a couple of Chechens were able to snag him and drag him out of

the river. We eventually sent him to his parents via Ingushetia. He is still alive today.”

Facing the steep incline, Isa and his men prepared to scale the cliff. “There were some athletes and

special forces soldiers with me, and they stood on each other to create a human ladder. They climbed

up, dropped a rope, and we began to climb up this rope, directly into the Russian rear area. The

Russians were not expecting us at this spot.” Isa had crossed the Sunzha in an area the Russians were

not expecting the Chechens to cross and so they were not defending this stretch of the riverbank.

The terrain was forested and Isa’s scouts led the long column of men to the right of the Russians’

first line of defense. They methodically picked out a path for the column of starving combatants and

their Russian prisoners. A few minutes later they were beyond the first line of defense. Cautiously they

approached dug-in tanks that were part of the second line of Russian positions. Estimating that the

tanks were at least 100 meters apart, they quietly snuck between two dug-in positions. So far the escape

had been successful. Isa’s men began to be hopeful. “We penetrated the Russian infantry, crossing

their trenches and tanks.”
The Chechens continued on. Isa’s scouts could see no way around or through the third Russian

line. “We ran right into their assault teams,” recalls Isa. “It was the Tambov Assault Brigade, and they

were well positioned with a series of trenches and dug-in BTRs.” There was no option but to assault

the nearest position. If it could be done quietly there was still a chance of breaking out of Grozny

unseen. If they were forced into a firefight “we would likely all die there, in the middle of the Russian

defenses.”

They knew they had to keep going. The Chechen scouts advanced briskly in the dark to the Russian

positions. Apparently, since this was the third line of defense, the soldiers were not alert or awake.

“They were completely shocked when we ended up in their rear area. They were not expecting us.”

Isa’s friend, who is strong and tough, “pulled two Russian soldiers out of the trench as if they were

children, and asked ‘where is your officer?’ They couldn’t even speak. They were just so surprised.”

The Chechens swarmed over the BTR and Russian trenches. They were careful not to make any noise.

A gunshot was out of the question. Any killing that would take place tonight would have to be done

hand-to-hand. The Russians were so surprised, no killing was necessary. “We took their weapons, we

took trophies, and found some food in the BTR. We were hungry.” Minutes later, with the Russian

lines at their backs, Isa’s column was on the move again.

Isa’s force of 300 combatants continued out of Grozny in a southwesterly direction, passing east of

Alkhan-Yurt for about 20 kilometers, using the patches of forests and tree lines for concealment.

“Thanks to the small supply of food that we found at the Russian position we were able to survive. We

were able to gather strength. We were able to feed the wounded,” Isa recalls. “After we escaped I

separated the wounded and sent them to where they needed to go, and then the rest of us went into

the mountains. Very early in the morning, before sunrise, we escaped into the forest.”

Commentary: According to Russian accounts there were limited skirmishes with small handfuls of

Chechen combatants who were left in the city after the main withdrawal on 31 January, but within a

few weeks the city was firmly under Russian control. There is no mention of Isa’s defensive action or

that the Russians might even have been aware that there was a significant-sized rear guard left in the

city after the other Chechen commanders and their forces had left the city. Unlike the first war, the

Chechens were never able to attack Grozny again in force. The loss of so many combatants and

commanders on the main withdrawal from the city and the loss of hundreds more that would occur

near Komsolmolskoye a few months later severely drained the Chechen insurgency of manpower.

Musing about the successful rear guard action, Isa reflected on their remarkable escape. “That is the

path we took. It was an extremely difficult path. It was the highest point that I had reached in my

entire life. We were all ready to give our lives at any minute, but not one of us lost their [sic] life

through all of this. It was amazing. We didn’t select the right side or the weak side. We chose the most

foolish path, one that nobody would have taken. I didn’t go to the right or the left. I made the

toughest decision, to move right toward the Russian front, but it worked out. Later we found out that

we had passed through a few minefields on the way. We had passed their tanks and their infantry, and

their third and final line of troops. We had taken a very difficult route through all of this. We were all

wet, and I can’t remember another time when it was that cold.”

Breaking out, or, more accurately, slipping through their lines, was a chronic problem for the

Russians. In one instance after another, Chechen groups were able to find a way out of Russian

encirclements. Aslanbek was part of a group that broke out of Grozny past Russian units in January or

February 1995. The defenders of Serzhen-Yurt were able to slip past the encirclement near Krasnoye
Vedeno in June 1995. Combatants on the southwestern front were able to slip through a defensive line

of Russian special forces after attacking Shalazhi, Gekhi-Chu and Roshni-Chu in the summer of 2002.

Part of the Russian problem was a lack of patrolling within stationary blocking positions. Electronic

sensors were available to Russian forces, but they were not always placed to the front, flanks and inside

their positions. Russian distribution of night-vision devices was also limited when compared to

Western armies. Although this was an improved army during the Second Russo-Chechen War, the

Russians still suffered from the lack of professional noncommissioned officers.
Chapter Three Summary

There is a certain ad hoc nature to smaller breakouts, and weapons and force positioning are often

similar to those used when conducting a raid or attacking a strong point, since many of the same

tactical considerations apply. In most cases the Chechen intent was never to occupy Russian positions,

but rather to break through their positions to reach a better position or designated objective elsewhere,

in many cases bases or field hospitals outside the Russian zone of occupation. During the battles for

Grozny and other urban centers the Chechens were constantly fighting from within a Russian

encirclement and eventually had to fight their way out.

When possible, for larger breakouts the Chechens designated rear guard units. Rear guard duty is

normally hazardous, particularly during a breakout. The Chechen command apparently did not spend

a lot of time planning and establishing control procedures for breakouts. There is little evidence of

control through assembly areas, time or event phasing, or movement control. There was no fire

support. On the plus side, the Chechen higher command had logistics support and medical facilities

positioned immediately outside the breakout area.

The Chechen force was as good as its platoon- and company-sized unit leadership. In the Chechen

forces these sized units were normally well organized and well led. Most often they were also grandly

designated as battalions. Multi-battalion and front commanders led through force of personality and

reputation.

The rear guard action in the second vignette is interesting. The rear guard avoided direct contact

with Russian maneuver forces. Rather, they used radio traffic to divert artillery fire onto their

transmission locations. During the withdrawal there was no plan to collapse the rear guard through

the breakout corridor to protect the withdrawing column. Rather, 300 men in three “battalions” were

abandoned inside Grozny with no specific follow-on mission. Only one-third of the column served as

the rear guard. The rest defended a chemical plant and an outlying village that flanked the withdrawal

route. Once the survivors of the withdrawal had escaped, the rear guard spent weeks avoiding contact

and finally broke out on their local commander’s volition. The higher command was no longer

immediately concerned with them. Chechen commanders enjoyed a great deal of flexibility and

independence, so the commander’s decision was not unusual.

1. GAI (Gosydarstvennaya Avtomobil’naya Inspekhtsiya) is the State motor-vehicle inspectorate, which had permanent

police traffic control sites located at key intersections inside and outside of cities.

2. Khassan Baiev, Ruth Daniloff, and Nicholas Daniloff, The Oath: A Surgeon Under Fire, (New York: Walker Publishing),

293.

3. There are many accounts of the bloody withdrawal from Grozny. Many of them are at odds with each other regarding

various parts of the story, including the route chosen and whether or not there was a prior deal with the Russians in which

the Chechens were misled or double-crossed. However, no Chechen combatant I have met who participated in the

withdrawal believes that any communication or deal had been arranged with the Russians. For a good account of the

aftermath in the city of Alkhan-Yurt see The Oath by Khassan Baiev, and Chienne de Guerre by Anne Nivat.

4. Isa is referring to the Tambovskaya Otdelnaya Brigada Spetsialnogo Naznacheniya [Tambov Separate Special

Designation Brigade], the legendary 16th Spetznaz Brigade formed on January 1st, 1963.
-- Chapter Four --

Raids

A raid is a surprise attack designed to seize an objective, exploit success and then withdraw. It is a

temporary measure to capture equipment, kill the enemy, destroy tanks and checkpoints, bait traps to

draw enemy reactions and attack morale. The Chechens primarily conducted raids to capture weapons

and ammunition and to demonstrate their ability to strike the Russians with impunity. Raids require

fewer supplies than an attack since there is no intention to hold the objective for any length of time

following the raid.

Most Chechen raids were at night and depended on surprise and rapid execution for success.

Russian artillery was responsive, so the raiders had little time to act before drawing return fire. There

was no standard pattern for organizing Chechen raiding groups. An assault group, a fire support group

and a security group are normally considered the minimum necessary for a successful raid. The

Chechens frequently did without the fire support group and the security group.

Vignette 9

RPG Attack on Russian Armored Column near Argun

Late December 1994

–––––––

Elimpash

Background: Elimpash worked for Usman Imaev, the General Prosecutor under the Dudaev regime

prior to the outbreak of war in late 1994. By mid-December Russian armored units were tightening

the noose around Grozny. The Chechen command watched the developments as they prepared to

defend the capital. Imaev was ordered to confirm reports of a Russian column advancing down the

Petropalovsk Road toward the Permykanie Junction west of Argun, presumably heading to Grozny.1

Crammed into two cars, Imaev, Elimpash and seven others set out from Grozny. To get there Imaev’s

group took the road out of New Sunzha to Berkat-Yurt and into the new housing development of

Novyy Tsentoroy. From there it was only a few hundred meters to the bridge over the east-west

railroad. Elimpash parked his car on the road just north of the bridge, while Imaev parked below near

the railroad tracks on the west side of the overpass.

They were not the only ones interested in tracking the Russians’ movement. A group of some 20

combatants from Shali, as well as Shamil Basaev and his men, was also near the bridge location.
Arriving after dark, the Chechens milled about, peering into the frozen landscape searching for the

enemy. One of the other Chechen units that had been tracking the column knew that it had pulled

off the road and onto the fields east of the road. But finding it was more difficult as there was not

much night sky and the column had apparently shut down for the night. Suddenly Russian

illumination flares lit up the night sky. The Chechens hustled off the bridge to avoid being seen. The

glare of the light off the snow seemed to turn the landscape into midday. There it was, the Russian

column, sitting way out in the field, more than half a kilometer away. Elimpash and the others made

some quick estimates and determined that there were at least forty tanks and APCs in a column. The

Russians were using the flares to make sure there were not any Chechens trying to sneak up on them

in the night.

Imaev was emphatic about attacking the column and the unit from Shali agreed. Basaev, who was

conducting his own recon of the Russian column, tried to discourage Imaev, saying, “there is no need

to attack the Russians here. There is no need to risk it.” Still, Imaev seemed frustrated at his inability

to do anything meaningful and, grabbing an RPG, he exclaimed “armed with these weapons, one can

make an attack. Let’s go along the railroad to the strip of woods, let’s do something. They’re advancing

unopposed and we aren’t doing anything. Let’s attack them for once.”
At approximately 2100 hours Imaev, Elimpash and the rest of their tiny band, plus the 20

combatants from Shali, checked their kit, broke into pairs and scuttled across the road, onto the tracks

and into a small ditch running alongside. Each two-man team was armed with an RPG and a handful

of RPG rounds. Elimpash carried his AKS in addition to the RPG.2 Many had some sort of white

winter camouflage to blend into the snowy background. Some had wrapped a white sheet over their

jackets, while others had no white camouflage at all. Elimpash thought that it actually did not matter

because it had not snowed for a few days and there were plenty of brown patches.

When they got to the narrow wooded strip straddling the railroad they dispersed in pairs to find

concealment and a good firing position. The two-man teams positioned themselves 20-30 meters apart

in the tree line and along the railroad tracks. There were no fixed distances between pairs but everyone

made an effort to spread out while retaining any advantage they could get from the terrain. Elimpash

himself used the railroad bank for cover, positioning himself and his loader on the embankment.

Elimpash estimated that the rear end of the column was only 150-200 meters from their position, well

within RPG range.

Imaev’s instructions were short and easy to follow. “I’ll shoot first. Then everyone try to get off

three shots —— at least two!” Imaev fired the first shot and the Chechens let loose a volley of RPG fire

into the rear elements of the Russian column. “I fired my first shot and quickly reloaded for a

second,” Elimpash recalls. Russian counterfire was immediate as the tanks and armored vehicles fired

up their engines, turned on their lights and manned their guns. The Chechens took heavy machine

gunfire into the tree line and railroad tracks. It seemed earth-shattering to Elimpash, “it was as light as

midday, and there was so much debris being kicked around as the Russian fire began to cut down the

trees and bushes that I was afraid to open my eyes.”

After firing the first shot Imaev was severely injured by shrapnel from an exploding tank main-gun

round that struck him in the chest and exited out his back only centimeters from his heart and lungs.

He also took shrapnel in his arm. His co-gunner, a relative, dragged him to the relative safety of the

ditch under extreme enemy fire.

Elimpash and his assistant gunner were only 30-40 meters from the safety of a depression in the

terrain that he had spotted when selecting his position, but he recalls that slithering on the ground to

get there seemed to take an eternity and they “barely made it out alive.” The retreat was more chaotic

than the approach and not really planned at all. It was every pair for themselves but moments of

heroism prevailed. While the rest of the group was retreating west under fire, Elimpash’s friend

Khamzat stumbled upon a wounded man from the Shali group. Instead of moving west like the

others, he picked him up and moved directly south through the field, parallel and close to the column.

Still under heavy fire, Elimpash and the others finally made it back to the Petropalovsk highway.

Imaev was stable but severely wounded and needed to get back to a hospital immediately. Two other

combatants suffered non-life-threatening wounds. However, they now had a new problem. The

Russian gunners had tracked the retreating Chechens west and had now spotted the cars near the

bridge. Tank fire erupted, destroying one of Imaev’s cars and damaging at least one of the vehicles

belonging to the Shali group. Imaev was smart to have parked his car down below the road on the west

side of the embankment. His relative helped him into the vehicle and sped out toward the military

hospital in Grozny. With their other car burning on the road above them, Elimpash and the others,

minus Khamzat, had no choice but to began walking towards Novyy Tsentoroy.3

It is only 400 meters from the road through the fields to Novyy Tsentoroy, but only minutes later,
while walking to the village, they were startled by Grad fire coming at them seemingly from somewhere

northwest of Berkat-Yurt.4 Thinking they were under attack from a second Russian position, they

sprinted into Novyy Tsentoroy to close the gap between themselves and the Grad launcher, which was

now sending rockets streaking overhead and landing behind them near the column. Only later did

they discover that the Grads were under the command of Basaev, who, after conducting his own

recon, had ordered the systems to engage the same Russian column. Elimpash wished that Basaev

would have mentioned that he was going to attack the Russian column as well.

Commentary: Usman Imaev, survived his wounds to continue guiding his small group of

combatants against the Russian invasion. Elimpash and the rest of the group spent the night walking

back to Grozny, arriving at their positions in the city around 0530. Khamzat and the wounded

Chechen from the Shali group made it without further incident to the Permykanie Junction and to

safety. Upon reuniting, Khamzat laughed, telling Elimpash and the others, “I wasn’t worried, all the

Russian fire was directed at you guys —— they weren’t looking at me. So I just went south alongside

their column.” Elimpash later found out that one of the Shali combatants was never accounted for

and listed as missing in action. Elimpash’s battle buddy was traumatized by the whole event, turned in

his weapon and returned to his ancestral village to try to sit out the war (it is unknown whether or not

he was successful). This is an important event in a culture that prides itself on its warrior culture,

where it is every man’s duty and life-long mission to oppose Russia by combat if necessary. The fact is,

there were many Chechen men who did not want to fight and this is but one example.

The debate on the bridge between Imaev and Basaev illustrates an issue that plagued Chechen forces

throughout both wars. Basaev had told Imaev not to bother, that the operation Imaev was

contemplating was too risky. In the vast fields and plains that make up northern Chechnya, Chechen

forces were limited by the range of the RPG in their ability to attack Russian armor. At the same time

Russian armor had the ability to strike targets far beyond maximum effective range of the RPG-toting

Chechens. Imaev’s group was fortunate to have not suffered far more casualties conducting this raid

against an entire Russian armored column.

Elimpash and most of the others were able to get off at least two shots before retreating under heavy

fire. Still, the strike was inconclusive, as many Chechen attacks were, but the Chechens were able to

bleed the Russian forces, even if they could not beat them. Elimpash recalls the group talking about

seeing six or seven pieces of armor burning, but he admits he had no idea what damage was inflicted,

and felt lucky to have gotten out alive. It must be remembered that for most of the Chechens involved

this early in the conflict war was a new experience. Reflecting on the attack Elimpash mused, “it

seemed like a success at the time. It was our first attack.”

Seeking a place to stop for the night, the Russian column pulled off the road, 500-600 meters into a

field, giving them a pretty good field of fire and putting them outside maximum effective RPG range

from the west, south and east. However, being only 100-200 meters south of the tree- and shrub-lined

railroad track made them vulnerable to attack from the north. Nor did they push out a guard force to

the tree line, which may not be surprising. This Russian column is likely the same one that had fought

pitched battles with Chechen groups in Petropalovsk and skirmishes in the wooded areas south of

Petropalovsk only days before. They may have determined that to push out a guard force or to pursue

the Chechens into the tree line was a very bad idea and that they would take their chances using

illuminating flares and the openness of the fields to give them protection and extensive fields of fire.

The quick reaction time to return fire suggests the Russian column was ready to respond to an attack.
Vignette 10

Attack on Russian Tank Position in Grozny

10 – 19 January 1995

–––––––

Musa

Background: By early January Russian forces had moved within striking distance of the Chechen

command center, which was still located in the Presidential Palace. Russian tanks were actually on the

square pouring shells into the Chechen command post at point blank range, while Russian infantry

occupied the former KGB and MVD buildings directly north of the Palace. Although Chechen units

were still moving in the city north of the Sunzha River, most of the Chechen force had withdrawn to

the south bank, creating a defense against the Russian forces with the river between them.

Musa had his own group of 16 combatants at this time and occupied one of the many older fivestory apartment buildings along the south bank of the Sunzha River. His group was one of many

groups holding these forward positions, keeping an eye on the Russian movements across the river and

looking for chances to exploit any opportunity to strike the Russian forces. The upper floors were

usually occupied by Chechen snipers.

In addition to the other tanks closing in on the Palace, two tanks backed into a movie theater

between the Kavkaz Hotel and the Parliament building to the east of the Palace. Using the building as

both cover and concealment from Chechen forces just across the river, the tanks settled in and began

to blast away at the Chechen command post, where Chechen General Maskhadov and others had

taken refuge in the basement of the building. Russian sentries were placed around the tanks outside

the building to prevent any Chechen attack on the position.5

Observing the withering fire against the Palace, Musa and his men determined to do something, but

crossing the Lenin Street Bridge over the Sunzha was out of the question. The bridge itself was not

occupied by either the Chechens or Russians, but both had a clear line of sight on the location. Both

Chechen and Russian snipers were very active and neither side could put its infantry on the bridge.

Still, Musa was determined to get across the river and attack the tanks firing at Maskhadov and the

others still operating in the basement of the Palace. The bridge further west, past the circus, was still

open but it too was dangerous, and once the attack was finished it would be a long, if not impossible,

retreat.

Musa gathered some automobile tire inner-tubes and split his force into two groups of eight each.

“We decided to float across the Sunzha River and strike the soldiers and destroy the tanks.” Half his

group would continue to occupy their position in the five-story apartment building on the south bank

of the Sunzha River, while he and the other seven would inflate their inner-tubes, float across the river

and destroy the two tanks, and retreat back across the Sunzha in their inner-tubes.

Musa crossed the river under the cover of the other half of his group. It was January and cold. “The

Russians would never suspect us getting across the river this way.” Knowing that his men were

covering their slow and arduous crossing gave Musa a feeling of confidence. They reached the north

bank and checked their gear. They were obviously cold and wet as they set out on foot toward the

Russian tank position. The route was strewn with rubble, including debris from the Parliament

building. Musa guessed they made it to within fifty meters of the Russian tanks. They opened fire but

quickly came under Russian return fire. Musa did not even notice the cold. A Chechen RPG struck

the closest tank, setting it on fire, but they could not get a clear shot at the second tank. Several

rounds missed. Out of RPG ammunition and under increasing small arms fire from the Russian

infantry guarding the position, Musa shot a flare into the air signaling his retreat.

Seeing the flare, the other half of Musa’s group went into action. Until now they had silently

observed the firefight from the security and vantage point of the upper story floors they occupied.

Now they opened fire on the Russian position. This was according to plan, and, instead of retreating

straight back to the river, he led his men eastward out of the line of fire before heading south to the

river. They reached the banks of the Sunzha and once again floated across the river in their inner

tubes. They were still full of adrenaline from the fight and the water did not seem as cold this time.

Safely across the river, the second half of the group ceased firing and joined Musa and the other wet

attackers for a 300-meter walk back to a 16-story apartment building. By the time they entered the

building Musa really noticed the cold. He and the others who had crossed the river stripped off their

clothes while the others built a fire against one of the back walls. Warm again, Musa and the others

settled into a nap.

Commentary: There were many skirmishes around the Presidential Palace during the final days that

the Chechen command continued to occupy the building. The building itself, General Maskhadov’s

headquarters for a few days longer, was more symbolic than of military value. When Maskhadov gave

the order to evacuate days later, he and the others headed southwest along the Sunzha, crossing the

river at the next bridge. The Chechen groups held the buildings on the southern bank as the Russians

claimed the Presidential Palace.

Musa’s group sustained no casualties in this action but he did not consider it a complete success.

“We succeeded in destroying one tank but not the second. We didn’t have enough combat power.”

The tanks were well-positioned within the crumbling building and Musa’s attack group could not get

an angle on the second tank without assaulting right up to the building, which they could not do

against Russian infantry fire. He recalls killing Russian infantry but estimates the number as small,

perhaps only a handful. The important thing was that his unit escaped and survived to fight another

day.

Although the Russians were trying to conduct an urban fight with some degree of linearity, order

and control, at this point the Grozny fight was still a battle for strong-points constructed around

prominent buildings, street intersections and factories. Tall apartment houses were valued for their

observation and sniper opportunities. The fight for the Presidential Palace was symbolic and the
theater location provided a direct shot at it. Tank fire would never bring down the palace, but shelling

it was symbolically important. The theater location provided flank and rear protection for the tanks.

Even Musa’s oblique assault could not engage both tanks.

Vignette 11

Failed Raid on Russian Position Near the Former Chernorechie

Prison

Sometime in Mid-January to early February, 1995

–––––––

Elimpash

Background: By mid-January, despite fierce Chechen resistance, Russian forces were tightening their

grip on Grozny, seizing most of the territory north of the Sunzha River. However, there were still

considerable pockets of Chechen combatants operating in and around the city center. Former General

Prosecutor Usman Imaev and his unit were now located in the Chernorechie area below the Sunzha

River in southwestern Grozny. Like dozens of other semi-autonomous Chechen units, the Chechens

under Imaev’s command constantly monitored Russian movements in the city, looking for targets of

opportunity. The Chechens were chronically low on supplies. Raids to secure weapons and

ammunition were as important as attacks to bleed the Russians. Imaev was frustrated at his inability to

inflict any sort of real damage on the Russian juggernaut enveloping the city, declaring, “We’re

constantly leaving. We’re not attacking. Let’s do at least one attack!”

Elimpash and the other combatants in his group began to reconnoiter Russian positions across the

river, looking for positions they could attack with a strong chance of success. Many of the bridges

across the Sunzha were blown up in order to slow the Russian advance. This gave the Chechens, who

operated totally on foot, an advantage, as most of the disabled bridges were still crossable by foot but

incapable of supporting a Russian armored thrust across the river. Khamzat noticed that the Russians

were moving into a house on the other side of one of these bridges. The house was next to a water

pumping station and both were protected by a short brick perimeter fence of about 75 meters.

Khamzat and another combatant snuck across the Sunzha to get a closer look at the Russian position.

It appeared that there were no more than five or six soldiers preparing a forward post for a larger unit,

likely a company-sized element, occupying the grounds of the former Chernorechie Prison another

400-500 meters further west.

Khamzat liked what he saw and reported back to Imaev and the rest of the unit, suggesting that an

operation be carried out against the position before the Russians had time to fortify it further. Imaev

agreed and ten men were selected, including Khamzat and Elimpash. Moving in pairs, the unit left in

the middle of the night, crossing on an industrial pipe leading to a chemical factory that was roughly

one kilometer north of the objective. Once across the river, the group planned to move down a dirt
road towards the water pumping station and approach the Russian position from behind. Each

Chechen carried two to three magazines of ammunition and two grenades each. One had an RPG and

Elimpash carried a PKM.6 They were not as well armed as Elimpash would have liked. Ammunition

was scarce. He only had 100 rounds for his machine gun. The objective was to strike the Russian

position hard and fast, gather up any equipment that they could and retreat across the disabled bridge

to the east before the larger Russian position at the prison could react. Imaev would be waiting at a

predesignated spot on the other side of the river.

The group had not even gotten across the pipe when Russian flares illuminated the night sky.

Crouching near the riverbank, Elimpash wondered, “Could the Russians have known we were

coming? Or was it pure coincidence? And now what? Should we continue with the operation?” Flares

continued to light up the skies over the position and Imaev decided to abandon the operation for the

time being. The next night was the same, Russian flares were fired during the night. Finally on the

third night it was calm. There were no flares, just the darkness the Chechens had been counting on.

Imaev decided to carry out the operation. Again the group prepared itself for combat.

The 10-man Chechen force scuttled across the pipe and onto the west bank of the Sunzha without

incident and began moving silently south towards the Russian position. Soon they could see the brick

fence and the house and pumping station behind it. It was eerily quiet. They picked up the pace as

they approached the corner. One of the Chechens threw a grenade over the fence at the house as they

rounded the corner, signaling the attack. Elimpash did not have time to pull the trigger before Russian

fire erupted from the windows of the house. The Chechens dove for cover. Khamzat ran towards the

fence at one of the Russian blind spots to assault the house. Elimpash was surprised by the amount of

Russian fire back at them: “It seemed like they were firing from every window. There were far more

than the five or six Russians we had expected. And they seemed ready for us.”

Elimpash opened up with his PKM and quickly fired all the rounds in his ammunition box.

Another Chechen carried an RPG, but Elimpash is not sure if he even got a shot off. There was no

way to get beyond the fence to attack the building under so much Russian fire. If it were not for the

fence, they would all be dead. Elimpash tried calling for help on the radio but it did not work. He was

sure the Russians had jammed it.
Under fire, and quickly losing the initiative, the Chechens fell back to the river. Everything was dark,

punctuated by bursts of light and noise. It was confusing. They managed to get across the disabled

bridge and retreat further into the relative safety of Chernorechie. Imaev was waiting at the rendezvous

point. Elimpash dropped his empty PKM. The attack had been futile. Worse, Khamzat and one other

combatant were missing. Khamzat was an experienced combat veteran of many battles and everyone

assumed he would make his way across the river somehow to link up with the group here at the

rendezvous point. They were less sure about the second man. He was new and had little combat

experience. The minutes passed and neither one showed up.

Determined to find them, the eight remaining group members reloaded and prepared to head back

across the river. Elimpash had no more rounds for the PKM so he borrowed an AKM and two 30-

round magazines from one of Imaev’s personal guards. It was dawn as they crossed back across the

disabled bridge and approached the water pumping station. Once again it was eerily silent. “Had the

Russians retreated back to the prison or were they waiting?” Elimpash could not be sure. Reaching the

brick fence for the second time, Elimpash and the others began quietly calling “Khamzat, where are

you?” It was the second missing man who answered. Elimpash rushed toward the voice where he saw
the man laying badly wounded in a small depression near the fence. He was in bad shape: “I am all

shot, up and down. I’m as good as dead. Go help Khamzat.” He motioned through the fence and

Elimpash crept near a hole to see what was on the other side. There was Khamzat. He had jumped

through the same hole in the fence only to step on a mine.

Acknowledging defeat, Khamzat handed Elimpash his assault rifle and said he would fight to the

death with a Japanese sword he always carried with him. As Elimpash and the others assessed the

wounded and prepared to get them back to Chernorechie, fire erupted from the house. The Russians

had not retreated. Elimpash emptied both magazines as he instinctively fell back, rolling across the

road. A moment later Russian automatic grenade fire began to pound their position. Elimpash was

grazed by shrapnel and a combatant next to him was hit in the kidneys. They knew they had to get out

of there immediately if they wanted to live. As they began to bound the 75 meters back to the river, a

Russian BTR emerged a few hundred meters west of them from the direction of the prison, firing its

14.5mm KPVT and 7.62 PKT machine guns. The small group was in a precarious situation. Elimpash

recalls, “it was absolutely impossible to recover our wounded and get to the other side of the river.”

Leaving the wounded behind Elimpash and the others retreated across the pipe for the second time.

The operation was over. They had not recovered any supplies. They had no evidence that they killed or

wounded any Russians, but instead were forced to leave two of their own.

Commentary: The raid and the failed rescue mission lasted nearly four hours, beginning around

0400 and ending around 0800. The Chechen action was driven in part by a feeling of hopelessness at a

deteriorating situation and the need for resupply. Raiding Russian positions to get equipment,

ammunition and supplies was essentially part of the Chechen battle plan. However, this particular

operation probably should not have been undertaken since the rationale behind the raid was to hit the

Russians where and when they were not numerically superior, and where they were not yet dug in.

Since the Chechen raid was postponed for two nights, the Russians had time to strengthen their

position and increase their numbers. The Chechens seemed completely unaware of the minefield in

the yard protecting the Russian blind spots.

The Chechen unit did have prearranged artillery support from a single field piece located in

Chernorechie and manned by another autonomous Chechen group.7 However, Russian radio

jamming frustrated Elimpash’s calls for help. The artillery unit was able to observe the raid and tried

to engage the house and other buildings of the water pumping station once it was clear that the

Chechens were retreating, but the gun jammed and was inoperable when it was needed most.

Khamzat and the other wounded Chechen were never recovered and left to the Russians. Khamzat

had told Elimpash that he would never be taken alive. At a truce negotiated the next day, their dead

were to be exchanged for two Russian prisoners who had been taken earlier. Days later Chechen and

Russian military delegations met on the same dirt road that the group had used between the water

pumping station and the chemical factory to reach the Russian position. The Russians arrived with

only one body rather than two. In the end, the Russians gave back Khamzat’s body for two Russian

prisoners. The second Chechen body was never recovered.

Vignette 12

Attack on a Russian Tank Position near Shalazhi
Summer 1995

(likely before Shamil Basaev’s raid on Budyonnovsk 14 – 19 June)

–––––––

Musa

Background: As Russian forces consolidated their gains on the plains of the tiny republic, Chechen

combatant forces were forced to live in and operate from the mountains, which afforded them both

cover and concealment from Russian military operations. The Chechen command had planned on

this eventuality, but living in the mountains was hard work and much of the Chechen war effort was

consumed by logistics -- supplying the forces with adequate quarters, food, and equipment. This was

the situation when Musa and his group of 17 men arrived in the wooded foothills next to the village of

Shalazhi.

As Musa organized a position for his men, he constantly kept an eye on the Russian units below

him on the plains. The Russians had dug in a number of tanks on the north side of the road

approaching Shalazhi and seemed to stretch out in all directions. Russian reconnaissance units were

also being continually sent into the mountains to search out and destroy Chechen groups such as

Musa’s. More and more the Chechen mountain sanctuaries were eroded by Russian advances and

there was constant pressure to preserve their men from the elements.

Musa and his men constantly assessed the Russian positions below them, looking for weaknesses

and a chance to strike a blow at their enemy. Musa scanned the horizon with his binoculars. He

counted dozens of tanks dug in across the stretch of plain west from Salanzhi. All were well out of

effective range of the Mukha and on the edge of effective range for the RPG-7. Since they were dug in

behind berms, only the turrets would be vulnerable to a ground attack. There did not seem to be a lot

of options. The tanks were also spread out, “at least 100 meters apart,” Musa guessed. “Even if we

could get to one of the tanks and take it out, it was only one tank. It wasn’t worth the risk.” Musa

recalled.

About a week after Musa and his group had arrived in the area, another Chechen commander

operating in the same location suggested that they work together against a specific Russian position,

two tanks near the entrance to Shalazhi. Musa took a look.

The two tanks were dug in behind berms like the others he had spied. One barrel pointed towards

the village, the other towards the mountains. It appeared as if the barrel were pointing right at him.

Unlike the tanks spread out across the plains, these two were close together. The tanks looked to be no

more than 20 meters apart. They were also dug in near some hilly terrain before it flattened out

westward. Musa estimated that they were approximately 50 meters from the hills, giving the Russians

minimal field of fire but also affording a Chechen strike group ample concealment from which to get

close.

Musa liked the odds and the two commanders began to rehearse the plan. Musa would take his

group west through the mountains to a point where the forest jutted northward and closest to the

Russian tanks positioned in the plains. The other commander would take his team and, using the hilly

terrain, sneak up on the two Russian tanks to strike them from close range. It would be risky but the

fact that the tanks were only 20 meters apart and the terrain was favorable for most of the way

convinced the Chechens it was an operation worth executing. The two groups worked on the details

for a couple nights, conducting what amounted to a dry run to make sure they could get the basics

down —— get their men to the desired locations and know their routes of exfiltration.

A few nights later the two groups moved towards their predesignated positions. Musa took only five

members of his group, “I didn’t send them all because the group was large, and the more people, the

more noticeable it is.” The primary strike group from the other unit was also comprised of only five

men. The night sky was clear but it was not particularly bright. There was no moon. “The other group

would have to get much closer than the protection of the hills, some 50-odd meters from the Russian

position,” Musa thought. To minimize the risk further they set out well after midnight. “We wanted to

attack at 0300 or 0400 because, even if the Russians weren’t asleep, they would be groggy, sluggish.”

Both groups crept towards their positions. The primary attack group crept to the edge of the hills, so

close that they could hear the Russians talking. Musa, too, moved his diversionary group out to the

edge of the tree line, facing the Russian positions in the plains. He spread his team out to give the

appearance of a much larger group. He also wanted to preserve his force. He did not want a single

lucky mortar or tank round to take out the whole group. Spreading them out would minimize this

risk.

Musa leaned his assault rifle against a tree, raised an RPG and fired. Immediately the rest of his men

did the same, each firing an RPG or Mukha towards the Russians in the distance. He had no illusion

he would hit anything; he was still hundreds of meters away from the tanks spread out in front of

him. His job was to make as much noise as possible to get the Russian positions to focus on his

location. RPGs streaked towards the Russian tanks. Musa fired a Mukha, dropped his launcher,

picked up his assault rifle and began to fire. His group even threw some hand grenades just to make

noise and direct attention to their position.

Hearing the commotion, the primary attack group sprung into action. They had crept within 20-25

meters of the dug-in tanks. Although the moon was not out they could see the turret, the only part of

the tank that was visible behind the earthen berm. The Russian sentries had stopped talking as they

realized that another part of their line was under attack further west. Before the Russian soldiers could

focus on their own sector, one of the Chechens rose to a knee and fired off a Mukha round, hitting

the turret and causing the tank to go up in flames. Other Mukhas streaked into the second Russian

tank, setting it on fire. The Chechens dropped their disposable launch tubes and sprayed the positions

with automatic weapons fire as they withdrew. While retreating, they threw hand grenades to confuse
and maybe even kill the Russian infantry around the position.

Musa could not see the primary objective being hit by the other group. He was now in a serious

fight of his own. Although his weapons were ineffective, the diversion worked. Musa estimates that it

was less than two minutes before Russian heavy machine-gun and tank fire returned fire on their

position. “We knew we had to get out of there quickly. We couldn’t run away, we had to crawl away as

fast as we could.” Remarkably, none of Musa’s team was hit and they began to turn eastward through

the forest back towards their staging base. Traversing the hillside, Musa caught his first glimpse of the

two burning tanks in the distance near the entrance to Shalazhi. He knew the action had been

successful.

Commentary: Both Chechen groups met up at the staging area and congratulated themselves on

carrying out the action successfully while not taking any casualties. Musa has no idea how many

Russian soldiers were killed by the primary attack group. After hearing the other group’s recounting of

the action, he estimated between six and ten soldiers were killed. There was no confirmation that any

of the infantry around the position had been killed, but Musa assumed the standard tank crew of

three would have been killed outright by the direct hits to the turrets.8 From the safety of his position,

Musa watched the two tanks burn into the early morning hours.

Although small in scale, the attack was a morale booster for both groups. For months there had

been a noticeable shift from the early battles, when Chechens were constantly attacking, to now, when

Chechens were more often than not on the defensive. This bothered Musa, “We went where the

battles were. The warrior’s goal is to fight, not to lie low and wait for them to attack you. We had fixed

positions. They were always attacking. We didn’t have the means to attack. We could only attack at

night and immediately leave.”

This reality was heightened by the fact that, with the cities and flatlands under Russian control, the

Chechens were forced to operate almost exclusively from the mountains. “We had fixed positions. We

didn’t have the means to attack. They were always attacking. We could only attack at night and only

with small groups because it was easier for a small group to attack without being noticed and escape.”

These conditions betray a more significant problem facing the Chechen combatants. The Chechens

did not dare mass. As this battle illustrates, the risk to large groups was not worth it so the Chechens

operated in small groups to husband their resources and reduce risk. Musa could have taken his entire

group of seventeen but choose to conduct the action with only five. “I didn’t send them because the

group was large, and the more people, the more noticeable it is.” The unfortunate side effect of this is

that without massing it became more difficult for the Chechens to carry out any actions of significant

scope or devastating enough to have any lasting impact on the overall Russian war effort. While the

loss of two tanks and the likely death or injury to a handful of soldiers may have represented a tactical

victory for the Chechens, it would have barely been noticeable to the Russian high command.
Chapter Four Summary

In the earliest raid examples in this chapter there were never any rehearsals. There was a tendency to

give general guidance and then let the situation sort itself out as it occurred. Over time, the surviving

Chechen units started rehearsing their raids, working on coordinating events by time, better

communications and rally/check points.

Once a raid has failed and the element of surprise has dissipated, it is time to depart. In the third

vignette, the raiders do not realize that they have lost two members of a ten-man team until they had

crossed a river and traveled over a kilometer. They then decide to recross the river and return to the

raid site to find their missing men. They arrive in the area at dawn and survive only through luck and

lack of aggressive Russian patrolling.

The Chechens seldom had the strength and ammunition for large attacks. In order not to surrender

the initiative completely, the Chechens relied on raids and ambushes to carry the fight to the Russians

and make the statement that they were still there to contest the turf. Since the Chechen resistance

never enjoyed the complete backing of the population of Chechnya, such demonstrations were

necessary.

1. This Russian unit is likely part of the 129th Motorized Rifle Regiment (1619 men, 40 tanks, 6 BMPs, 70 BTRs, 11 BRDMs,

15 mortars). It was part of the group “Vostok” [East].

2. The AKS is a folding stock version of the AK-74. The AKS was originally issued to airborne forces and vehicle crews,

since the folding stock shortened its length by 10 inches until it was ready to be used.

3. Novyy Tsentoroy [New Tsentoroy] is a relatively new development and does not show up on many Chechen maps. It was

built to provide housing to victims of an earthquake that occurred in Chechnya in the mid 1980s. Since there is already a

village of Tsentoroy, the settlement was named Novyy [New] Tsentoroy.

4. The Grad [Hail] is the BM-21 Multiple Launcher System that fires 40 122mm rockets before it requires reloading. It is an

effective area-fire weapon. The Chechens often referred to the 122mm round as the Grad.

5. Musa cannot recall when the event occurred, but press reports put the Russian tanks on the square and the Chechen

command still in the Presidential Palace on 10 January. Chechen General Maskhadov gave the order to evacuate the Palace

on 18 January, and the last fighters exited the building during the early morning hours on 19 January.

6. The PK machine gun can be fitted with ammo belts of 100, 200, or 250 rounds. Elimpash said his had a rectangle box that

had either 90 or 110 rounds. He said he didn’t take much ammo with him. There are different PK models, the PKM

(Modernized Kalashnikov Machine Gun) and PKT (Tank Kalashnikov Machine Gun) use the aforementioned ammo boxes.

Elimpash states that his machine gun wasn’t heavy; only seven kilograms --- which, incidentally, is about how much the

PKM weighs (7.5 kilograms without ammo. The PKT weighs 10.5 kilograms). It appears that Elimpash carried a PKM.

7. The artillery piece in question is likely the D-30 122mm. Prewar analysis concludes the Chechens under Dudaev were in

control of some 80 D-30s previously taken/bought/acquired from existing Russian/Soviet bases in Chechen territory.

8. Usually Russian tank crews kept one man in the vehicle in defensive positions unless they were on full alert. A Russian

tank is not roomy nor comfortable and the crew rested in shifts outside the tank.
-- Chapter Five --

Ambush and Counterambush

The ambush was a favored tactic of the Chechen resistance, as it provided the opportunity to mass

forces covertly, attack the enemy, seize supplies and retreat before the enemy could react. During the

first war large-scale ambushes were common, but as the Chechen forces diminished, the size and

frequency of ambushes dwindled. Ambushes could also be used to slow down enemy advances in

difficult terrain and tie down considerable numbers of enemy soldiers in security missions and convoy

escort.

Chechen forces tried to avoid fratricide, so they seldom positioned ambush forces facing each other

on both sides of the road. Rather, depending on the terrain, the ambush force could be on one side of

the road or the other, but not directly across from each other. After the ambush, the ambush parties

would leave the area on their side of the road. Chechen forces were careful not to cross the road, as

that would put them directly and openly in the surviving enemy’s sights.

Chechen forces tried to initiate the ambush from positions that were close to the road and,

consequently, safe from Russian artillery fire and air support. They often would not occupy these

positions until after the Russian scouts had gone through the position. The standard Russian convoy

kept a group of armored vehicles at the front of the convoy with more armored vehicles spaced

throughout the formation. Another group of armored vehicles, plus recovery and maintenance

vehicles, brought up the tail. Helicopters or a road-clearing detachment might precede the convoy.

Combat units in convoy would normally bring their own artillery on a unit move, but supply convoys

relied on artillery support from fire bases along the route.

When hit, Russian soft-skinned vehicle drivers tried to drive out of the kill zones while armored

vehicles responded with direct fire. The Russians also used smoke whenever possible to deny

Chechens visibility of the road area as they moved vehicles out of the kill zones. Should any Russian

vehicle be hit and block the exit from the kill zone, the Russians would attempt to push it out of the

way immediately.

Vignette 13

Ambush of Russian Column between Benoi and Vedeno

End of May or early June 1995

(after Chechen defenders retreat from of Serzhen-Yurt )

–––––––
Musa

Background: The Chechens had just lost Serzhen-Yurt, the last remaining strong point before the

Vedeno Gorge, where General Maskhadov and the Chechen command were located. Carrying their

dead and wounded, Musa, Aslan and the rest of the Chechen combatants retreated as far south as

Nizhneye Vedeno. There was some discussion as to whether or not they should defend the road in the

vicinity of the small town of Benoi, but Maskhadov had ordered all the Chechen combatants into

Vedeno and the surrounding mountains. Still, many Chechen combatants thought that the road to

Vedeno ought to be defended.

After regrouping and rearming the best they could, four group commanders (Musa, Aslan, Naib and

Musadi) decided on their own initiative to move back toward Benoi and set up an ambush for the

Russian column they knew would arrive. For better or worse, it was common for Chechen combatants

and units to determine their own actions and their own time lines.1 They traveled on foot at night to

avoid Russian scouts or pro-Russian Chechens who might turn them in.

They were very familiar with the road, but, just to be sure, they surveyed the road again. They

decided to set up an ambush at a bend in the road near a bridge adjacent to a gorge running east into

the mountains. Having settled on an ambush location, the four groups hiked up the narrow gorge

until they found a location that gave them a commanding view of the road from Serzhen-Yurt. From

this position they would be able to see the Russian column through binoculars as it moved out from

Serzhen-Yurt towards Vedeno. Musa estimates that their overwatch position was 300 or 400 meters

from the road.

The Chechens knew that the Russians would take a few days to consolidate their position in

Serzhen-Yurt before advancing on Vedeno. Cautiously, they worked at night to fortify small attack

positions 30 to 40 meters along the sides of the road. They were careful moving back and forth from

the heights to the road below. They knew the Russians would send scouts along the route before any

advance. They did not want to engage the smaller force, preferring to engage the column and slow

down the larger Russian advance towards Vedeno.2 Musa wanted to arrive at the ambush site after the

scouts but before the main column. It is one reason he chose an overwatch position so far from the

road.

Through his binoculars, Musa could see the Russian column begin moving out from Serzhen-Yurt.

He and his men had been at their positions for four days now and they were anxious to engage the

Russians. They hastily made their way down the gorge and traveled the 300-400 meters to the road.

Musa and the second group, with ambush positions on the west side of the road, crossed the road

under the bridge and then moved northward to their positions. Aslan and the fourth group took their

positions on the east side of the road. Aslan placed their only antitank mine on the north end of the

bridge. They hoped they would not need to use it. If Aslan could destroy the first vehicle as planned, it

would force the column to stop and give the other groups time to engage. Their intent was to stop the

Russian column before it reached the bridge.

Aslan positioned his 23 combatants closest to the bridge. His objective was to hit the lead vehicles

and stop the column. Naib’s (20-21 combatants) and Musadi’s (23-24 combatants) ambush sites were

staggered another 30-80 meters north. They were going to hit the mid section of the Russian column.

Musa and his group of 19 combatants were on the west side of the road and a good 120-150 meters

north of Aslan. Musa’s group would be the final ambush position. In this way, the Chechens sought

to hit the front, a middle section, and a section towards the rear of the column.

Aslan’s group triggered the ambush from their concealed positions. Their withering fire struck the

lead vehicle, a tank, and set it on fire. The column ground to a halt. Naib and Musadi then began to

engage the Russian column in their sector. Finally Musa’s group unleashed its own fire into another

section of the Russian column. The fighters in each unit were positioned in pairs roughly three to five

meters apart, depending on the terrain. There was no set position for the RPGs, but “I told the

commanders to position them to engage the front and the rear of the column.” Musa’s RPG gunners’

first target was also a tank. Just like Aslan, Musa’s group blocked the road with a heavy vehicle so that

the Russians trapped in the ambush could not easily push the vehicle off the road to escape.

Not every group had the same weapons or experience. In addition to two RPG gunners, Musa’s

group had two snipers positioned a bit further from the road with a clear field of fire on the road.

Everyone else carried two Mukhas and ten magazines for their assault rifles. “I learned in Grozny that

several snipers and RPG gunners allowed me to split my group in two and still have sufficient fire

power.”

Musa himself was well armed, “I carried a Kalashnikov, the older 7.62mm model, not the smaller

5.45 mm model. The larger round is much better than the 5.45mm because it is less likely to ricochet

in urban and forest fighting. Several of our people were killed in Grozny from friendly fire ——

ricochets from the 5.45mm round.”3

“Because I was a commander, I also carried a pistol and three or four magazines. I carried 12

magazines for my AK. Eight of these I carried in a four-pocket combat vest. I put two magazines in

each pocket. That was my body armor. I carried an additional magazine on my back, directly covering

my heart and another on my side protecting my kidney. I carried six hand grenades strapped across my

stomach. So my arsenal was also my flak vest. It wasn’t perfect, but good enough.”

“My AK had an under-barrel grenade launcher, so I carried a bag of ten grenades for that weapon.4

Like all my men, except for the RPG gunners, I carried two Mukhas. I also carried some signal flares

which were essential for conducting ambushes involving more than one group. My personal load was

about 35 kilos.”5

The fighting lasted all of 20-30 minutes. After the Mukhas and RPGs were gone the Chechens
threw hand grenades. Finally the Chechens unleashed a torrent of automatic fire at the Russian

column. According to plan, Aslan shot off a red flare, indicating that his group was down to its last

magazines. This was the signal for retreat. This signal could have come from any of the commanders.

Whoever was the first to run out of ammunition was to signal to break contact. Musa and his men

began retreating immediately into the forest and then swung southward to rendezvous below the

bridge.

The Chechens also sustained a number of casualties and had to evacuate their dead and wounded.

Musa himself lost four fighters KIA. Aslan’s group lost seven, while both Naib and Musadi’s groups

lost three or four fighters each. Each group carried its dead and wounded with them.

Musa was not able to count the Russian dead, but he estimates 100 Russians killed. A day later he

returned to the ambush site. There were 18 burnt-out Russian vehicles on the road. He had a picture

of himself taken on the road with the twisted hulks behind him before melting back into the wooded

mountains that had afforded him concealment the day before.

Commentary: Ambushes are critical to the guerilla or insurgent force, especially so in Chechnya.

Chechen units continued to depend on the ambush to inflict casualties, to replace weapons and radios

and to obtain critical supplies, such as ammunition, fuel, medical supplies and food. In this case,

however, Musa makes no mention of being able to pillage the column before retreating. They were

more concerned with getting out of the ambush site before Russian helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft

arrived to support the column.

At the beginning of the war the Chechen fighting units were usually small (one-two squads) and

often came from the same village, organization or group of friends. However, as the war dragged on, a

reshuffling of the Chechen order of battle occurred. Combatants who demonstrated a willingness and

aptitude for fighting often left their volunteer units, banding together in more effective fighting groups

as compared to those organized around a village, school or some other social grouping. By this time in

the war Musa’s men had evolved into one of these groups, built around desire and ability. As a result

Musa’s group was very effective, as were the other participating groups in this case, although little is

known of their composition. (None of the other group commanders who took part in this ambush

survived the war.)

Because of the small size of the unit it was common to combine units to undertake actions requiring

a larger force. Often the command and control measures were inadequate and preparation and

rehearsal time was limited. There were few standards and each unit fought to its own pattern and

experience. The ad hoc unit would dissolve into its component parts during the retreat.

Musa’s ambush is interesting because he and his group were particularly well armed. Ammunition

continued to be a chronic problem for the Chechen insurgency as a whole, but some units were much

better armed than others. In particular, units like Musa’s, which constantly hunted Russian targets,

were much better armed than volunteer units organized around a village or district holding defensive

positions.

Based on experience, Musa did not believe the Russian column would get air support because

helicopters were constantly being harassed and shot down over the wooded mountain roads. The

ambush location was ideal for shooting down helicopters. Air strikes were possible, but Musa

addressed this issue by positioning himself and the other fighters close to the kill zone (30 meters).

Russian SU-25 ground attack aircraft could have provided close air support, but at great risk to the

Russian column itself. Less than a week earlier, during the battle for Serzhen-Yurt, a Russian fighter
plane had been shot down near the ambush location.

Vignette 14

Ambushed in the Woods

Spring 2001

–––––––

Musa

Background: By spring 2001 the surviving Chechen groups were more splintered than ever before.

Command and control was a chronic problem. Musa and his group, like most others, were not able to

communicate safely via radio or cell phone. As a result, the units had to travel in person to command

posts to get supplies and instructions. On this occasion Musa’s group was moving through the woods

south of Alkhazurova in the direction of Chishki, with the intention of locating a headquarters east of

Chishki.

Meanwhile, having recently secured the village of Alkhazurova, Russian units were sending patrols

frequently into the wooded mountain areas to cut off Chechen supply lines, isolate Chechen units

and individual combatants and destroy them with a combination of small unit action and supporting

fire.

Musa and his group had recently fought Russian units in the area and were now moving to

reconstitute supplies and get further direction from command elements. Although his unit suffered

casualties, there was no shortage of willing individuals to replenish the ranks. Still, Musa kept his

group more or less the same size since the early days of the first war —— 17 men. His primary

consideration was taking care of his men. “I was responsible for arming, supplying and feeding my

men. A hungry soldier isn’t a soldier at all.”

Musa considered his men to be well-armed and ready to fight, but past casualties meant new men in

his ranks. Traversing the forest this close to the Russian-populated open plain was dangerous. Rather

than walk single file, as they might do deep in the safety of the mountains, the Chechens fanned out

across their line of march, walking three to five meters apart, depending on the terrain. It was slow

going but absolutely essential. Musa knew the Russians patrolled this area just as he did, and he had to

be ready to confront the enemy at any time.

Suddenly a burst of automatic fire rang out. Then another burst. Then a barrage of deafening fire.

Five Chechens fell to the ground dead. Musa dove behind a large tree for cover and instinctually began

to return fire. He could see the Russian muzzle blasts 30 meters in front of him. The Russians were

well concealed and were using the terrain for good cover. The Russians had apparently seen the

Chechens coming and took their positions and waited for the Chechens to walk into their trap. The

Russian unit seemed to be about the same size as his own group, spread out more or less in an arc in

front of them. “Maybe there were a few more men, maybe 20, but no more than that.”

While returning fire against the Russian positions, Musa assessed the situation. Although he had

five dead, everyone else answered his call and fought. Shouting in Chechen, Musa ordered his men

forward to drive the Russians out of their positions. These were his mountains. Using the terrain,

Musa and the others began to inch forward. He was close enough to hear the Russians shouting

orders amongst themselves. They were not leaving and instead seemed intent on destroying his group

right there and then. Musa took a grenade from his vest and lobbed it at the Russians. Other

Chechens threw more grenades but the Russians remained in place.

Although he could not dislodge the Russians, moving forward had its advantages. As long as they

were close to the Russians, the Russians could not call in mortar or artillery fire on them. Still, they

could not make any headway against the Russian fire. Musa was impressed at their resolve and his

inability to force them to withdraw. Musa realized they were not making any headway. The Russians

seemed well positioned. They were not dug in but were using the trees and other terrain features of the

forest well. Musa had to make a decision, and make it quickly. How long could he stay engaged

without further casualties, and what about ammunition? He also had dead he needed to take care of.

Seeing that the Russians were holding their ground, he gave the order to withdraw. “We yelled to

each other in Chechen, ‘They aren’t leaving. We need to go! They are going to call in mortars!’” The

Chechens grabbed the dead and began to bound back in short intervals, covering each other as they

retreated. He didn’t have to tell his men to move fast. Musa fired another burst from his assault rifle

and then sprinted four or five meters back to a grouping of trees, turned and fired again. His men did

the same, bounding tree-to-tree, dragging their dead. This was not the first time that they had been

under fire and they were well versed on getting out of a kill zone. Moving straight back from the point

of ambush, Musa estimated that they had another twenty meters to go before the mortars started.

“Whoosh, whoosh, whoosh, mortar rounds seemed to be coming down all around us.” Many rounds

landed in the trees, some detonated in the branches, sending splinters and debris down on the

retreating Chechens.

The Chechens continued to pull back in groups of two and three. First they went straight back, then

southwest towards the safety of the mountains and away from the mortar fire. Under no

circumstances were any of his men supposed to break away from the unit alone. Musa made a point of

this during training. If they were hit while alone there was no one to help them. The buddy system

was an unwritten commandment and the men broke from the ambush in this way. “We ran, dragging

our dead.”

Commentary: Eventually Musa’s group cleared the ambush site and outran the mortar barrage.

They were finally out of the kill zone. They also knew that the Russians they had encountered in the

woods would not come after them. After all, it was the security of their positions that forced the

Chechens to retreat. “No way they would give up that position, sacrifice that advantage to press the
attack against us.” This had been a chance meeting between two forces. The Russians detected the

Chechens first and reacted effectively. But the Russian force was not strong enough to pursue a force

that was withdrawing in good order. Operating in the mountains was often treacherous for Russian

forces. During the two wars many Russian units that went into the mountains hunting Chechens

were destroyed, some never heard from again.

Sensing safety, the group stopped retreating and began to rest. Regrouping, Musa assessed his unit’s

condition. Remarkably, except for the five killed in the first moments of the ambush there were no

additional casualties. Musa credits the forest for saving his life during the retreat. Most of the mortars

hung up in the tree tops, some not detonating; others had detonated high in the branches, which

deflected the blast from the men below. Still, it was a precarious moment and Musa was glad to have

escaped with most of his men.

They then dug five shallow graves for the dead and marked the location on the nearby trees. Musa

and his men waited until nightfall. Two men from the group then crept into Alkhazurova under cover

of night to let the villagers know about the dead and instructed them where to find the graves. They

asked the townspeople to rebury the fallen in their village cemetery. The two men crept back the

group’s position a few hours later. Not only had they passed on the message, but they also came back

with bread, given to them by the townspeople. Musa and the others took the time to enjoy the

welcomed treat before putting their gear back on and moving deeper into the mountains on their way

to Chishki.

On a personal level, Musa had had enough. This was his last engagement. He turned his unit over to

a sector commander, took off his military equipment and made his way back to his home village. He

was later taken into custody and beaten severely while interned by the Russians. His family came to his

aid, buying his way out of captivity. He would make his way out of Chechnya shortly thereafter.

Vignette 15

Ambush of Russian Convoy on the M-29 Highway

August 2004

6

–––––––

Isa Manaev

Background: By 2004 Russian forces had control over most of the Chechen territory, but the

Chechen resistance was still able to conduct operations against Russian targets throughout the

republic. Months earlier Chechen combatants had killed the Russian-backed President of the Chechen

Republic, Akhmad Kadyrov, with a car bomb. In June Shamil Basaev led a raid against a Russian

military garrison in Ingushetia. Russian units, frustrated by Chechen actions, continued to conduct

punitive cleansing operations, known as zachistki, against villages in retribution for their soldiers killed

in surrounding areas. Zachistki were the Russian tactic that was most feared and hated by the
Chechens. Operations of this sort had been carried out since early in the first war and had become

famous in the case of the Samashki massacre in April 1995.7

Isa Manaev was still a commander with significant authority. After leaving Grozny he and his unit

operated in southwest Chechnya. After conferring with deposed Chechen President Aslan Maskhadov

regarding the Russian zachistki against the villages in his area, Isa went to work organizing a retaliation

ambush. “This was truly revenge for the murder of our women and children, and for the suffering and

humiliation of our people,” Isa recalls. “The order was given not to take any prisoners.”

According to Isa, the soldiers of the Russian column, whom the Chechens referred to as “death

squads,” were conducting zachistki in Alkhan-Kala, Zakan-Yurt, Samashki, and Sernovodsk and were

heading back to their base near Grozny. It is not clear how the Chechens knew the Russian plan of

action or that the Russians would take the M-29 back to their base, but Isa did know and prepared his

ambush accordingly.

Isa tracked the Russian unit’s zachistka but did not want to endanger the civilians from any of the

villages. Rather than set up a communications link with the villagers, he placed small reconnaissance

elements in multiple locations to keep him informed: near Sernovodsk; on the road junction from

Sernovodsk and the M-29; and just south of Samashki.
Meanwhile, he moved his combatants into position along the M-29 between Assinovsky and Noviy

Sharoy, using the apple orchards near the highway for concealment. In addition to the five-man

reconnaissance element at the intersection, he ordered another twenty combatants operating in the

woods around Samashki to move south and take positions north of the highway. He and his group of

about 40 combatants from the mountains near Bamut moved north into positions south of the road,

closer to the intersection of the road to Shamashki. All the ambush positions were staggered so they

would not inflict friendly fire casualties in a crossfire.

Spread out in groups of twos and threes as the terrain dictated, the combatants readied their

weapons and waited. Many were armed with RPGs and Mukhas, there were a few light machine guns

[PKs], and the rest had automatic Kalashnikov assault rifles. The Chechens possessed no antitank

mines. It was a formidable Chechen force for any time of the war, and Isa was proud of being able to

organize it this late in the second war. Still, it was perilous. There was constant traffic on the highway,

including Russian military vehicles. Isa recalls lying in the same position for three days waiting for the

column to return from its operations against the villages. “We ate dried meat and water, that’s it.” It

was August. “At least it wasn’t winter” Isa mused.

Midmorning on the third day the Russian unit moved out of its position in Sernovodsk. The

column traveled south towards the M-29 highway. Isa’s reconnaissance team near Sernovodsk relayed

the information to the team at the intersection, who soon saw the lead elements of the column. The

Chechens north of the highway maintained their positions and let the column roll past them until the

ambush was triggered. A kilometer to the east, Isa waited for the first vehicle to enter his own kill

zone. As planned, Isa’s group disabled the first vehicle in the column, a BTR, forcing the column to

grind to a halt. More RPGs flew into the BTR. The group north of the road at the end of the column

fired their own volley, striking a BMP at the end of the column. It was the signal for the rest of the

Chechens to engage the middle of the column.

The Russian response was fierce and Chechen combatants were instantly killed and wounded.

Amidst the chaos a Ural truck was hit, careened off the highway and drove through the Chechen

position. A number of Chechens continued to fire at the truck. The driver was slumped over the

steering wheel, dead. To the Chechens surprise, the truck kept going. It was an odd sight to see it

continue to roll into the orchard. The Chechens kept an eye on it. It continued moving aimlessly for a

good part of the entire action before coming to a stop in the trees.

By now, the Chechens were running out of ammunition. Isa fired three bursts of tracer rounds

from his machine gun to signal the retreat. As planned, the combatants at the north and rear of the

column retreated northeasterly into the forest area around Samashki. Isa and the Chechens at the

front of the column south of the highway retreated southward through open territory towards Bamut.

They left, carrying their dead and wounded.

The retreating Chechens encircled the Ural that had strayed off the highway. Cautiously they

approached. Six Russian soldiers were dead inside. The Chechens quickly pillaged the vehicle, taking

hand grenades, four assault rifles, two Vintorez sniper rifles, and several thousand rounds of

ammunition.8 There was a brief discussion about confiscating the Ural truck itself, but since “we

couldn’t use it, we burned it and left,” Isa recalls.

Having successfully retreated to the safety of the mountains around Bamut, Isa watched the

Russians strafe and fire into the orchards adjacent to the highway for the next 24 hours. “They were

shooting all over the place. I don’t know what they were shooting at. They thought we might still be
there I guess.”

Commentary: Ambushes were still a vital part of the Chechen war effort. However, as the second

war dragged on it became more difficult to mass numbers large enough to attack whole Russian

columns like the Chechens did with greater success during the first war. Ambushes were still risky

operations. Isa claims that the ambush claimed the lives of 40 to 50 Russian soldiers, which cannot be

confirmed. Isa also claims only six Chechens were killed and eight wounded during the action.

The entire ambush lasted roughly 30 minutes and played out like other Chechen ambushes, driven

by the need to attack and retreat quickly to avoid follow-on air strikes. By experience, Isa was acutely

aware of when the window of opportunity would close and got his men out of the ambush site before

Russian helicopters and tanks arrived on the scene to assist the convoy.

Isa emphasizes that they were also out of ammunition. “There was just no way to continue fighting

even if we wanted to.” There was some thought to running out onto the highway and stripping the

disabled Russian vehicles of supplies, weapons and ammunition, but the lead BTR and BMP at the

end of the column were burning and Russian return fire from the middle of the column forced the

Chechens to give up on that idea. Isa laments that his forces were not able to take more ammunition

from the Russian column but was satisfied with sending a message regarding the Russian tactic of

punitive cleansing actions against villages. According to Isa, President Maskhadov awarded him a pistol

to commemorate the successful action.
Chapter Five Summary

When the terrain was constrictive, such as in a town or at a ridge or narrow road, the Chechens

tried to take out one of the leading vehicles and the trail vehicle to bottle up the convoy. If the terrain

did not favor this, they usually hit the middle of the convoy, where there were fewer armored vehicles.

The Chechens constructed fighting positions wherever possible, since Russian return fire and artillery

support could readily decimate an unsheltered position. Successful ambushes usually have a separate

fire support group, a flank security group, an assault group and a spoils removal group. Most Chechen

ambushes only had several assault groups under the nominal command of one of the group

commanders. Some groups would use rehearsed exit routes, but often the ambush group would

disperse into two-man groups and make their individual ways back to a link-up point.

When Chechens were ambushed, they relied on contact drills and the buddy system. Usually they

would assault into the teeth of the ambush, relying on firepower, speed and daring-do to get them out

of the kill zone. If this did not work they would then withdraw and disperse. In the second vignette,

the Russian force was conducting aggressive patrolling when they happened upon the Chechens. They

quickly assumed an ambush formation and effectively engaged the Chechens. Only the tree cover

prevented a bigger Chechen loss from mortar fire.

1. Ilyas Akhmadov, in his book The Chechen Struggle: Independence Won and Lost, recalls this feature of the Chechen

resistance vividly, describing units that would leave their assigned positions just because they thought they could get into

more action against Russian forces elsewhere or because they were bored. This fact was also highlighted in additional

interviews I conducted with former Chechen combatants who chose to defend Staryye and Novyye Atagi against President

Dudaev and General Maskhadov’s orders to give up the plains and retreat to the defensive safety of the mountains following

the Chechen withdrawal from Grozny.

2. Normally the scouts would have traveled a kilometer or so ahead of the main column. Musa makes no mention of being in

position and waiting for the scout vehicle to pass. Rather he talks as though he was concerned that he would run into scouts

even days before the main column traveled the road. He might have been referring to reconnaissance elements rather than

scouts. In any case, he seemed perplexed, but happy, that he never saw the scouts on the day of the ambush or before.

3. The AK-47 and AKM Kalashnikov fire the 7.62mm round. The AK-74 fires the 5.45mm round.

4. The GP-25 40mm grenade has a maximum range of 400 meters.

5. Seventy-seven pounds.

6. Isa recalls the exact date to be August 27, 2004. However, this may not be accurate as his memory of dates is not good.

Other actions he was involved in are verifiable via additional sources, including Russian, but in almost every case he is off by

a year or two.

7. “It is reported that a massacre of over 100 people, mainly civilians, occurred between 7 and 8 April 1995 in the village of

Samashki, in the west of Chechnya. According to the accounts of 128 eye-witnesses, Federal soldiers deliberately and

arbitrarily attacked civilians and civilian dwellings in Samashki by shooting residents and burning houses with flamethrowers. The majority of the witnesses reported that many OMON troops (Chechen governent special police] were drunk

or under the influence of drugs. They wantonly opened fire or threw grenades into basements where residents, mostly

women, elderly persons and children, had been hiding.” (Bold face type in original.) Commission on Human Rights, Fiftysecond session, The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation: Report of the

Secretary-General, 26 March 1996, paragraphs 58 and 59.

8. The VSS Vintorez is a special operations weapon with an integral silencer. It fires the 9x39 subsonic cartridge with a 16

gram bullet to maximum effective range of 400 meters. It is designed for urban and forest stealth actions and was very

popular with Spetsnaz and OMON forces.
-- Chapter Six --

Defense of Lines of Communications

The operational key terrain in Chechnya consists of the cities and major villages, the road and rail

network, bridges over the major rivers, and oil fields and the oil pipeline transiting the country. None

of these are in the mountains. The Russo-Chechen Wars started as maneuver combat before settling in

on successive sieges of the cities and major villages. Preventing or delaying movement along the lines of

communication (LOC) was a primary factor during these phases of the wars.

Chechnya is not Afghanistan and, although the Chechens successfully ambushed Russian supply

columns, they were never able to block enemy LOCs for an extended period of time. The mountains

are not in the right place for this to happen. Where the Chechens did manage to block the LOC for a

period of time, they were aided by the deliberate, systematic advance of the Russian forces. The

Russian Army was not about to hand any propaganda victories to the Chechens through precipitous

action. For the Chechens, defense of LOCs was temporary —— an attempt to buy time for another

event to occur.

Russian combat columns advanced along roadways behind a lightly armored reconnaissance

element. Reconnaissance was supposed to check out chokepoints, culverts, bridges and other possible

areas where Chechens might defend. They were also not supposed to delay the column unnecessarily.

When possible, aerial reconnaissance also supported the advance. In those areas where the column was

out of supporting artillery range, the Russian column brought its own artillery. Sappers and

maintenance and evacuation vehicles were usually part of battalion-sized columns. After probing

attacks, the Russian columns were careful to mass combat power before attacking well prepared

Chechen defenses.

Vignette 16

Defending the Permykanie Junction on the Road from Argun to

Grozny

15 October 1994

–––––––

Sheikh M.

Background: By 1994 the Dudaev regime was opposed by various Chechen groups. Two major

opposition groups, those of Beslan Gantemirov and Ruslan Labazanov, made several armed attempts

to overthrow Dudayev and seize power during the summer and fall of 1994. Although the opposition
failed to overthrow the regime, Dudayev was unable to eliminate the opposition. This was Chechenon-Chechen violence, and religion and culture made it very difficult to simply wipe out or destroy

another Chechen group. Many Chechens perceived Labazanov, a convicted murderer and escaped

convict, as a modern day Robin Hood. They admired him for his crimes and for his resistance to the

system. Labazanov openly established his headquarters in Argun, only ten miles east of Grozny.

On 5 September 1994 Dudaev’s forces attacked and drove Labazanov and his forces out of Argun.

Labazanov and his followers relocated north in Tolstoy-Yurt. Ruslan Khasbulatov, another opposition

leader and resident of Tolstoy-Yurt, extended sanctuary and assistance to him.

1 In order to limit

Labazanov’s influence and to counter an increasingly likely Russian invasion, the Argun pro-Dudaev

militia began fortifying positions and road blocks on the outskirts of the city. The intent was to block

the Permykanie Junction to prevent an assault on Grozny along the Baku Highway. This junction sits

on the primary road south from Petropalovsk and the M-29 Baku Highway, the primary east-west road

in the region.
A native of Argun, Sheikh was one of the first volunteer members of the weeks-old Argun militia.

“We formed the militia near the mosque. There was a large area there in the center of the city that
everyone knew about.” The order to block the Permykanie Junction came straight from Dudaev’s

headquarters and Sheikh was in charge of securing the objective. He requested support from an

artillery unit from the nearby village of Shali, since his lightly armed combatants would be no match

for enemy tanks. He placed the artillery commander in charge of the junction, and, with his guidance,

he positioned some Argun militiamen and two mobile “mountain guns,” likely the M-99 76mm

mountain gun or the Ch-26 57mm antitank gun,

2 forward at the bridge over the railroad.3 It was

nearly 1.5 kilometers due north of the junction, on the southwestern edge of Berkat-Yurt. The rest of

his men, the command post, and one piece of heavier artillery were positioned in a ditch at the road

junction. The south shoulder of the Baku Highway provided good cover.

4 In all, three guns and 20-30

militiamen covered the Petropalovsk Road from the bridge over the railroad to the Permykanie

Junction.

On 15 October Gantemirov and Labazanov again attempted to overthrow the regime and seize

President Dudaev’s headquarters in Grozny. Gantemirov moved from the area southwest of Grozny

while Labazanov’s column moved south from Petropalovsk straight toward the Permykanie Junction.

5

Two UAZiks broke away from the column, and drove right past the bridge and straight to the

Permykanie Junction, where they were stopped by Sheik’s men.

6 Remarkably, Labazanov’s wife and

mother in law, ostensibly there as medical personnel, were in the first vehicle along with their driver.

Sheikh recalls, “They were scared to death. The driver was shaking so bad [sic] he couldn’t even talk.

Apparently, they thought they had a clear path to Grozny.” The other UAZik was full of Labazanov’s

men. They were killed by the militiamen at the junction.

The Argun militiamen deployed at the bridge were the first to spot the main element of Labazanov’s

armored column heading in their direction. They radioed back to the command post. Moments later

they opened fire on the column at a distance of 200-300 meters from their position at the railroad

overpass. The lead BTR was struck and careened to a halt, but the convoy continued forward. Facing

tanks, the “mountain gunners” radioed back to the command post that they had destroyed a BTR and

were displacing south to the Baku Highway as planned. Sheikh ordered the militia accompanying the

mountain guns to stay at the bridge, using their prepared positions and the trees and shrubs flanking

the road for cover and concealment. The patrol watched as the first tank rumbled over the bridge past

them, traversing its turret, searching for antitank positions on both sides of the road.

Two to three hundred meters south of the bridge, the heavier gun at the junction fired at the tank.

The tank veered off the road, searching for cover among some trees and small buildings, but the

fourth round found its target, destroying the tank.

Labazanov had lost one tank, one BTR and two UAZiks. His column stopped and retreated

northward looking for another way to Grozny. The Argun militia stripped the vehicles of weapons and

ammunition. The medical prisoners, Labazanov’s wife and mother in law, were taken back to the

militia headquarters in Argun to be turned over to the DGB. They were detained for two hours, after

which Sheikh was advised by an elder to release the prisoners into his custody. This elder, whom

Sheikh respected and considered a father figure, feared that the women would be raped and killed,

should they be turned in to the DGB.

7 This decision caused Sheikh a lot of trouble with the DGB. “I

won’t hide it. They were going to take me to court over that.” However, the morality of his decision

won out and, in conjunction with the pending Russian invasion, the charge regarding his decision to

release the prisoners was dropped. He kept the captured UAZik, full of medical supplies and weapons,
for himself and the Argun militia.

Commentary: Much of the fighting among Chechen groups prior to the Russian assault has been overlooked,

probably due to the miniscule scope of these inter-Chechen conflicts compared with Chechnya’s war with Russia.

However, as the multiple raids into Grozny by Gantemirov and Labazanov demonstrate, battles were taking

place well in advance of actual contact with the Russian army. In many ways, these short skirmishes prepared

Chechen combatants for war with Russia.

The defense of the junction by the Argun militia was largely possible thanks to artillery from Shali. Shali was

home to an artillery and tank unit during the Soviet period. It was taken over by Chechen separatists when the

Soviet Union collapsed. Although many Chechen combatants interviewed talk about the decrepit nature of the

equipment at the Shali base, the defense of the Permykanie Junction proves that some pieces of field artillery were

salvageable.

The Russian Army would later be criticized for being too road-bound, yet the Chechens suffered from this same

tendency during this period. Further, Labazanov’s reconnaissance element was too close to the main body and the

first vehicle in line was a medical vehicle. The road junction was critical to his advance, yet he took no

precautions to seize it early before the column arrived.

Many Chechens had served in the Soviet Army, but few of them were officers. They knew how to fire weapons

but not how to coordinate movement and maneuver. These early skirmishes became on-the-job training for future

commanders.

The destroyed BTR, tank, UAZik and combatants were important to the battle, but the captured UAZik,

weapons and supplies were of more long-term importance. There was a chronic shortage of weapons, ammunition

and vehicles. Seized enemy equipment from limited engagements like this one constantly supplemented Chechen

logistics. This continued into the wars with the Russians.

Finally, although Sheikh’s men were successful in defending the junction, this did not stop Labazanov’s column

from reaching Grozny. Rather, the column reversed course, eventually entering the capital through the Sunza

housing area in northeast Grozny. They linked up with Gantemirov’s forces, but were again routed by President

Dudaev’s National Guard units protecting the headquarters. Dudaev’s forces made a half-hearted attempt to

destroy Labazanov’s base in Tolstoy-Yurt two weeks later, on 27 October, but did not succeed and withdrew.

Sheikh and the Argun militia continued to hold the Permykanie Junction.

Vignette 17

Holding the Road to Shali (Part 1)

Late February/Early March 1995

–––––––

Akhmed

Background: Many Chechens who defended and fought in Grozny against the Russian assault on

the city were from the surrounding villages and towns south of the capital, Chechen-Aul, Belgatoi,
Staryye Atagi and Novyye Atagi. Once the Chechens began to withdraw from the capital in early and

late February many combatants returned to their home villages. Although the Chechen command had

ordered all combatants to go into the mountains to regroup, many simply disregarded the order, went

home and set up blocking positions and defensive positions at vital road junctions and bridges near

their villages.

For the most part, these were disorganized forces. Aslan Maskhadov, Shamil Basaev, Ruslan

(Khamzat) Galaev, and the other key military leaders of the Chechen resistance moved into the

mountain bases and were executing plans based on what they considered the overall strategic need. In

this sense, the Chechen combatants defending these villages south of Grozny were isolated. At the

same time, however, the Chechen leadership recognized the need to slow down the Russian advance to

give the larger Chechen resistance time to organize the defense of Argun and Shali and prepare the

mountain base in Vedeno. There are indications that they were mildly supportive.

Akhmed was one of hundreds of Chechens who began digging a series of fortified trenches and

positions centered on the junction of the P-305 road from Grozny and the road east to Shali. They set

up a forward position facing an irrigation canal north of the road to Shali. They set up the command

post and the main position south of the road and 300 meters east of a meat packing facility on the

west side of the Argun River. They dug additional trenches on the west side of the meat packing plant.

Akhmed estimates that there were 50-60 Chechen combatants milling about this block of defensive

positions at any given time but “there was no one in charge, and when someone wanted to go home to

eat or rest, they would just leave.” The Chechens were also very lightly armed, considering that they

were sure to face a Russian armored assault. “We had only two RPGs with only 20 rounds among all

of us —— that’s it.” The Chechens also had some light and medium machine guns. Most were armed

with assault rifles, some fitted with an under-barrel grenade launcher.

Boredom and a feeling of helplessness convinced many Chechens to conduct attacks against the

Russian positions being built south of Grozny. One night 15 combatants left this group of blocking

positions. They were mainly from Chechen-Aul. They walked north along the road, using a strip of

woods as concealment as they snuck up on a Russian position at the intersection of the P-305 and the

road to Chechen-Aul. They attacked using a couple of well placed RPG rounds and machine gun fire.

There was a brief fight and then helicopters appeared and fired into the tree line. The Russian forward

post retreated and so did the Chechens. “But nothing came of it. They [the Russians] returned a few

days later.”

Akhmed was in the forward trenches between the irrigation canal and a power transformer when

the Russian armor began advancing down the P-305 towards his positions. Abruptly a portion of the

Russian column swung off the road and into the fields in front of Akhmed (location 1 on map). The

Chechens fired but, while the tank main guns could hit them, they were unable to engage the tanks

effectively at that range. Within minutes they were forced to retreat. Akhmed jumped out of the

trench and ran as fast as he could towards the meat packing plant (location 2). Some of the Chechens

ran around the power transformer using the structure for cover. A tank round exploded nearby just as

they crossed the road. Debris covered Akhmed and the others. Akhmed’s friend Saifudin dropped to

the ground, killed by shrapnel (location 3). The rest of the defenders of the first trench line scrambled

across the road and out of the line of fire.

There was a pause in the battle for a couple days as the Russians consolidated their position in the

fields north of the meat packing plant. “They were only 600-800 meters away from us, but we could

do nothing.” Akhmed complained. The Chechens had previously decided to husband the two RPGs

and remaining 20 rounds for a more opportune time. The Russian armor was in the middle of the

field, just beyond effective RPG range, with excellent observation and fields of fire. Akhmed observed

the Russians placing mines around their position. There was not much that the Chechens could do.

Over the next couple of days the Russians began shelling the Chechen positions. Akhmed hunkered

down against the wall of one of the trenches they had dug. The Chechens were well dug in and

suffered no casualties during the bombardments, but morale was eroding. For some, their frustration

over their inability to strike effectively at the Russians, whom they could clearly see, was beginning to

boil over.

During a lull in the shelling the Chechens decided to strike back. Some of the Chechens would go

to the second floor of the meat packing plant and fire on the Russian position. They wanted to do

something. Akhmed, with some 20 combatants, approached the building from the rear through a hole

in the concrete fence that surrounded the facility (location 4). From the second floor, they could

clearly see the Russian position spread out in the fields north of them. Elevating their weapon barrels

to compensate for the distance, they fired a barrage of automatic and grenade fire. Observing through

binoculars, Akhmed’s buddy watched a Russian sentry scurry for cover. He also saw turrets rotate in

their direction. “Get out now!” he yelled. Akhmed and the others ceased fire and scrambled down the

stairs to the first floor.

The first tank round hit the second floor right above them. Plaster from the ceiling collapsed on top

of Akhmed and a friend huddled next to him. Another round, and then another, hit the upstairs

sending more debris down on them. The tank fire stopped five minutes later. Pulling himself out of

the rubble, Akhmed helped a fellow combatant who was wounded by a piece of falling debris. They

waited until the tank fire stopped before exiting the building.

Back at the primary trench position Akhmed and the others dusted themselves off. They were still

excited and spoke quickly to each other, but as the adrenaline rush subsided Akhmed realized how

tired he was. He had been in the trenches for some time now, and he was tired and dirty. He told the

others that he was leaving, and then began walking home for a shower, clean clothes and hot food. He

would return in a day or two. This was a typical routine by then for the Chechen combatants.

From his village Akhmed could hear the battle. The Russians were advancing on his group’s

position. He could see smoke and hear the chaos. Russian armor advanced south on the road and
through the fields towards the meat packing plant (location 5). Artillery and tank fire pulverized the

building, turning it into a heap of concrete (location 6). Chechen combatants were fighting from their

trench positions 300 meters east but could not withstand the Russian attack. It was hard to determine

what was going on but Akhmed could see a BTR burning between the meat packing plant and the

trench position. It looked like the Chechens were fighting from the primary trenches. Another

Russian vehicle, a BTR, began to burn. There was nothing Akhmed could do but watch.

Commentary: The final Russian assault on these Chechen positions took two or three hours. Russian units

seized the meat packing plant first and then the primary trench position. Although the Chechens did have some

success, knocking out at least two Russian armored vehicles, they could not defend against the numerically

superior Russian force. Many of the Chechen defenders did not escape, and for Akhmed the most painful part of

the war was having to witness his friends and fellow village defenders killed on this day. “They were slaughtered

like rabbits,” recalls Akhmed.

The whole Chechen defensive plan amply illustrates a problem the Chechens repeatedly faced. In addition to

the Chechen army, however loosely that is defined, there was an even more ad hoc military component

buttressing the resistance. The village and friend-based units were not directly subservient to the military

command and, although they were given orders, they often chose their own objectives, preferring time and time

again to defend territory that, regardless of its military value, had direct personal value to them.

Akhmed’s group was chronically under-armed and almost totally dependent on acquiring spoils of war. In this

case the Chechens were not able to even bring their RPGs into the fight until the Russian advance was right on

top of their position. There was simply no way to breach the Russian line to pillage equipment and supplies.

The battle also highlights another disconnect between these ordinary citizen combatants and the military

forces of the Dudaev regime. Prior to the battle Shamil Basaev drove into the Chechen position and talked to the

defenders. Akhmed claimed they begged him for weapons. Shamil said, “You’ll get everything. I’ll get you

cannons, tanks, and everything. . . .” According to Akhmed, however, he did not do anything. Shamil likely had

good intentions but simply could not give the Chechens defending that junction weapons that he did not have.

The Russians used their capture of the road junction up to the Argun River as the next staging area to attack

south towards Staryye Atagi and east towards Shali. Still, their pace was slow and methodical, artillery and

mortar followed by frontal armor attack. This continually gave the Chechens opportunity to displace further and

further down the roads, giving up a little territory at a time and stalling the Russian advance on Shali, thus

giving the Chechens time to get their men and materiel through Shali to the next significant line of defense ——

Serzhen-Yurt.

The Chechens defended with their backs to the river, and when the Russians advanced the Chechens were

forced to retreat across a river under fire during daylight. This increased their casualties. The Russians were slow

and methodical and so this Chechen defense held longer than it would if confronted with a determined advance.

After the initial Russian defeat in Grozny, the Russian ground forces did not need any more bad publicity. They

had superior strength and were content to push the Chechen resistance into the mountains and control the

population centers, oil fields, pipelines, railroads and roads. This way they suffered no major defeats, but could

publicly record victory after victory while privately working to fix the broken ground forces.

Vignette 18

Holding the Road to Shali (Part 2)
March 1995

–––––––

Kair

Background: After the Chechens pulled out of Grozny, a substantial portion of them moved east to

protect the city of Argun. Others moved south to establish blocking positions south of the M-29 or

Baku Highway. Chechen units dug in north of Staryye Atagi and on the west banks of the Argun

River. They dug additional positions on the road to Shali east of the Argun.

In addition to pushing their units east towards Argun in preparation to assault Chechnya’s second

largest city, the Russians also pushed units south from Grozny on the P-305 road, brushing aside a

hastily-thrown-together Chechen position on the M-29 highway intersection. Approaching the eastwest road to Shali, the Russians split their force. Part of the force continued south towards Staryye

Atagi, while part of the advance moved eastward, towards the west bank of the Argun River and a meat

packaging facility.

When the Russians overran the Chechen positions near the meat packaging plant, surviving

Chechens retreated and established secondary positions further east. One group of Chechen

combatants positioned itself in a quarry north of the road to Shali on the east bank of the Argun

River. Kair and his group of 12 combatants took up positions at the intersection near an Insane

Asylum further east on the road to Shali.

Kair’s mission was to block the road as long as possible and stall the movement of Russian forces

towards Shali from the west. Having only 12 men and limited weaponry, he had no illusion of holding

the road for long. Rather, he wanted only to slow down the Russian advance long enough to allow

more Chechens to retreat from Grozny and Argun and go south through Shali and into the

mountains further south. His small numbers were further limited by his modest arsenal. In addition

to their personal assault rifles, his unit had one Fagot antitank missile, two RPGs, and a machine gun.

Kair’s unit dug themselves in along the roadside in the fields adjacent to a tractor park to conceal

their position and protect themselves from the Russian artillery bombardment that was sure to follow

once the Russians began advancing eastward on the road. Russian artillery units were now established

in the heights of Goyten-Kyurt north of Belgatoi in support of Russian units advancing on Shali,

Argun, Staryye Atagi and Novyye Atagi.

Kair and his men had been in their position for three days when the Russians consolidated their

forces as well on the west bank of the Argun River and began to advance across the bridge. They did

not move much farther east, however, and halted the column adjacent to the quarry where another

Chechen unit was hiding. Observing the advancing column, Kair could not see any signs that the

Chechens in the quarry were going to engage the Russian column. Rather, they seemed content to stay

concealed and wait until the Russian column passed.
Surveying the road ahead and likely aware of various Chechen positions strung out ahead of them,

the Russian column sent a tank forward to recon the road further at a spot on the road where an

irrigation ditch ran perpendicular to the highway. The tank was now much closer to Kair’s unit,

maybe only 900 meters, “but still too far for a good shot.” Kair also did not want to give up his dug-in

position by using it to attack the tank —— he would have to find a better position.

As Kair thought through the options, the tank lumbered forward and then stopped. For two or

three minutes it sat there. No doubt a crewmember inside peered out at the horizon ahead of him

using the vehicle periscope blocks or a Stickman Camera. The turret moved left to right scanning the

horizon surrounding the roadway. The minutes passed and then the tank turned around and drove

back to the column’s holding position adjacent to the quarry.

Kair was not sure what the holdup was, but he thought the tank might come back again as armored

reconnaissance before the main column began to move. There was a lot of discussion among his men.

They all wanted to do something and attacking the tank seemed like a good idea if they could get

within range and not risk exposing their position. Further, it was better to attack the lone tank before

the column advanced rather than face the whole column. What good could his small number of

combatants and their few weapons do against the larger Russian column? Kair’s unit would be swept
aside easily.

It was agreed. The Chechens would attack the tank the next day. Kair calculated that, although the

Fagot’s range was 800-900 meters, he would need to be much closer than that to be effective and

justify the risk of initiating the attack. Getting within a few hundred meters would, however, put him

in extreme danger from the tank’s main gun and even its machinegun. There was good concealment

along the roadside and Kair moved west toward the intersection that night to get into position to strike

the tank if it came out again tomorrow.

He and one other combatant crept out of their position under cover of darkness. Using the foliage

beside the road as concealment, Kair and his assistant gunner inched their way westward. A few

hundred meters away from the tank’s previous position, the pair stopped and set up their gun. Kair lay

in the brush next to his antitank weapon.

8 It was not as cold as it was a month ago, but the air was

still brisk. Eventually he fell asleep.

The next day, as the Chechens had expected, the tank lumbered slowly up the road towards his

position. As Kair had hoped, it stopped in roughly the same place as the day before and began

scanning the horizon. Patiently Kair waited, but readied his gun. It looked as though the tank was

looking right at him and the Fagot concealed in the brush. Kair held his breath. Attacking the tank

head-on would be suicide. He needed to hit it when it was vulnerable to him, not the other way

around. Eventually the tank began to turn around, preparing to head back to the column. This was

the moment Kair was waiting for and as the tank spun around Kair pulled the trigger.

Kair struck the tank directly underneath the turret with a PTURS (antitank guided rocket round). It

was a direct hit and the tank began to burn. The surviving tank crewmembers jumped out of the

burning vehicle and ran back towards the protection of their column. This was not the first time Kair

had attacked Russian tanks. He had fought them in the battles for Petropavlovsk in December and in

Grozny in January. “This one was easy.”

Kair had no intention of going after or trying to kill the retreating Russians and only gave them a

cursory glance before retreating. He quickly folded up the Fagot and began to retreat back to the safety

of his unit’s dug-in position near the insane asylum.

“As I ran back the artillery started coming in all around the burning tank behind me.” Kair thought

of the Russian artillery positions in Goyten-Kyurt. The bombardment was not precise, but covered the

region immediately surrounding the burning tank. Kair and his assistant gunner were back in the

relative safety of their positions when the artillery bombardment ceased and two helicopters arrived on

the scene. They watched the gunships fly nose down back and forth past the tank, looking for targets.

Kair felt his unit could have shot down the helicopters, but again he did not want to reveal his

position, as it would surely bring another barrage of artillery down on them. His job was to observe

and stall the Russian advance to Shali along this road. Taking out the helicopter would surely bring

instant retribution from the Russians.

Commentary: Kair and his unit hunkered down in their position for the next two days as Russian artillery

fired haphazardly up and down the road. At one point he noticed that the quarry was now being struck by

Russian artillery. “They must have also attacked the Russian column,” he thought. He did not know which

Chechens were at the quarry, but it looked like they were being hit hard. “Perhaps they had attacked the column

and had their own retreat planned.” If not, “they were surely taking a beating” Kair mused.

At the end of the second day, during a lull in the artillery barrage along the road, a supply vehicle from Shali

came to Kair’s position. They were anxious for the resupply, including fresh food. The supply vehicle also brought
a message to retreat back to Shali. There was nothing the small unit could do now to delay the Russians once

they began a concentrated effort to move further east.

The Russians were well aware that the Chechens were going to hold them up wherever they could. Although

the Chechens could not strike a heavy blow against the larger armored Russian column, they were able to destroy

a vehicle here and there, inflicting a small, steady stream of casualties. This seemed to slow down the Russian

advance along all the front, south towards Staryye Atagi, east toward Argun, and east toward Shali.

The Russian use of single tanks to scout ahead reflects the state of Russian infantry leadership early in the first

war. There was no use of dismounted infantry patrols to protect the tank, check out the quarry and position their

own ambushes in the vicinity where Kair set up his antitank ambush. Tanks have limited visibility and are

vulnerable to infantry close attack. Russian infantry was clearly not up to the job at this point in the war.

Vignette 19

Fighting a Delaying Action while Covering a Withdrawal from

Kurchaloy

Late March-Early April 1995

–––––––

Sheikh M.

Background: As the Russians captured the city of Argun on 22 March 1995, the defending

Chechen force retreated south and east. Many smaller units, organized along family and village lines,

retreated to the safety of their respective villages if these were still outside the Russian area of control.

A large number of Chechen combatants, including hundreds of wounded, retreated to the regional

hospital in Kurchaloy. The Chechens set up a headquarters in the hospital and began plans to move

sufficiently recovered wounded to the safety of the mountains further south. The regional hospital in

Kurchaloy was critical to the Chechen armed struggle following the fall of Argun, and it was necessary

to block the Russian advance as long as possible to give the wounded a chance to be treated and

recover before they were moved to the more austere mountain recovery areas. By late March the

Russians had consolidated their gains in Argun and were advancing from the west, as well as from

Gudermes in the north. The Chechen advantage was that the only way the Russian forces could get to

the north to Kurchaloy was on a single road through Belorechie. The Chechens had to defend the

road long enough to evacuate the wounded from the regional hospital and thus preserve their force.

In preparation for the pending Russian assault, Sheikh and other commanders prepared defensive

positions on the northern outskirts of Kurchaloy. The Chechens tried their best to mask their activity.

They did not work openly during the daylight, but at night they walked from the city to these positions

to build trenches and other fortifications for a positional battle that they hoped would not be

necessary. The Chechen command knew that the Russians would still become aware of these

positions, so the defenses were constructed far enough beyond the city limits to limit Russian artillery
fire on the town and also on the hospital headquarters and wounded.

Sheikh also scouted the road north towards Belorechie, spending most of his time on a dirt road

running parallel to the main artery but hidden by trees and brush. He was searching for a good place

to slow down the inevitable Russian advance. Together with 18 combatants, Sheikh set up an ambush

site at a small river crossing about four kilometers north of Kurchaloy. Tactically it was a great location,

with ample coverage of the roadside. The road also narrowed at the bridge so that it was only wide

enough for a single armored vehicle. If Sheikh could destroy a few armored vehicles at the bridge, it

would force the Russian column to secure the area and then remove the destroyed vehicles before

proceeding to Kurchaloy.

In a stroke of good luck, the position was next to a state farm [sovkhoz]. The caretaker brought

them “meat, milk and sour cream” as they patiently waited for the Russians to advance. Another

Chechen unit manned their previous positions outside of Kurchaloy.

Sheik did not have any heavy or medium weapons for his ambush. He had no RPGs, just assault

rifles, some fitted with under-barrel grenade launchers.

9 He did have a few directional mines, and

under cover of darkness his men mined both sides of the road north of the bridge, burying the mines

and the wires in the gravel besides the asphalt.

10 Sheikh split his force and positioned them on both

sides of the road in various concealed positions on the south side of the bridge. He also positioned a

GAZ-66 truck about one kilometer down the road towards Kurchaloy.

11 It was parked under

concealing foliage near a spring that he had spotted on the initial recon of the road. One of his men

stayed with the truck.

Sheikh and his group were at the ambush site for about a week when they were awakened in the

early morning by a Russian artillery barrage up and down the road to Kurchaloy. All they could do was

hunker down in their trenches and wait it out. Eventually the artillery stopped firing and helicopter

gun ships began their aerial reconnaissance of the route. Sheik knew this was all in preparation for the

ground assault on Kurchaloy and he prepared his men.

Sheikh could hear the Russian armor clanking its way down the road towards them, but the heavy

vegetation that afforded such great concealment for his force also restricted his view of the road to only

30-40 meters beyond the location of the mines. This limited line of sight concerned the Russians as

well. It sounded to him like the column was turning from the main to the left towards a state farm.

“Perhaps the Russians were trying to encircle the village of Kurchaloy” Sheikh mused. Eventually he

could see a string of vehicles moving away from his position on the far bank of the river, confirming

his assessment.

However, the Russians had not sent the entire column towards the state farm. Rather, the column

had broken in two. There was still a significant amount of armor heading in Sheikh’s direction. The

Russians first sent a lone BTR towards the bridge. Many of the Russian infantry were riding on top of

the BTR so that they could see better and, in the event of encountering an antitank mine, might be

thrown clear of the blast. Sheikh was frustrated. He had hoped to catch two or three armored vehicles

in his hasty mine field.

As lightly armed as his unit was, he could not let the BTR cross the bridge and drive through their

position. Sheikh’s sapper detonated the mines, hitting the BTR squarely on the sides, and it came to

an immediate stop. Russian soldiers spilled out from top hatches over the sides and onto the roadway.

“I remember how the soldiers were sitting on the armor. When they were hit by the mines, they all

began firing.” The remaining column began to return fire, but “when they started, they fired

everywhere. They didn’t know where we were.” The Chechens fired from their positions south of the

bridge as well, but they also did not have a clear line of sight far beyond the disabled BTR.

“We fired for thirty to forty minutes but we didn’t have enough ammunition. No one was hurt on

our side, Insha’ Allah. I looked out beyond the bushes and down the road. I saw the Russian soldiers

on the ground firing their weapons. No one was approaching. The [mine detonation] wire was

valuable. I had to reel it in quickly and leave with it.”

Sheikh radioed back to Kurchaloy that they were withdrawing from the position, but it was not a
covered, deliberate withdrawal. He and his men were actually running beside the road through the

foliage toward the waiting GAZ-66. This was the scariest part of the action. “We ran like hell. We

probably had to run two kilometers.” Fearing Russian helicopters, the truck full of combatants

traveled parallel to the main road under cover of trees and bushes until it approached the outskirts of

the town. Russian armor by this time had moved behind the disabled BTR to get a better line of sight

and was firing down the length of the road.

Arriving in Kurchaloy, Sheik learned that all the wounded had been successfully evacuated from the

regional hospital towards the mountains. Sheikh and his group drove south through Kurchaloy to

catch up to the retreating force.

Commentary: The entire event lasted around five hours. None of Sheikh’s force was killed or wounded in the

delaying action, and it is unclear how many Russian soldiers were killed and wounded. “We blew it up and

began firing. How many died and what else happened, we don’t know.” The engagement was a tactical success.

The delaying action stalled the Russian advance long enough to move the headquarters and evacuate the last of

their wounded from the regional hospital and redeploy into the mountains. “We counted on destroying the first

armored vehicle and the rest wouldn’t be able to get through. And that is how it happened for us.” Selecting the

ambush site at the bridge crossing gave Sheikh a tactical advantage, since the road narrowed and a single

armored vehicle could block the roadway, as the destroyed BTR proved. However, the site selection was not lost

on the Russians and they minimized their losses by not committing the whole column, but rather only a single

BTR. Delaying actions were a staple of Chechen tactics as the much larger and better armed Russian force

carried the day in nearly every engagement. “Getting away” rather than destroying the enemy was victory

enough. Finally, Sheikh remained very fearful of the helicopter threat and countered this using concealment when

constructing the defensive positions north of Kurchaloy, choosing the ambush site and parking the GAZ-66

getaway truck.

Although the Russians bombarded and then overflew the route of advance prior to sending the column, they

did not follow up with additional artillery once the column had been ambushed. The area around the bridge site

would make an ideal target box and should have been plotted before the column set out, but it appears that the

Russian force preferred to use the bridge rather than destroy it with their artillery. The river was not wide and

Sheikh believes the Russians probably should have skipped the bridge and forded the river elsewhere. The Russian

command may have felt that, having scouted the route, the column would be more than capable of clearing the

action of any small unit that might not have been destroyed or detected prior to the column’s advance. For

whatever reason, the bridge site, while scouted by the lone BTR, was not targeted in advance or once contact

occurred.
Chapter Six Summary

A combatant’s best friend is frequently his shovel. Tales of daring-do and valor focus on the moment

of impact, the minute that the weapons begin firing. Success in defensive combat, however, depends

on time and the shovel. A good commander is able to read the terrain, understand the enemy and

understand the strengths and weaknesses of his own men. The digging should start only after

evaluating the terrain and determining where the enemy will come from, what he will do and how he

will deploy. Properly sited and camouflaged positions give the defender significant advantages over the

attacker and can put steel in the backbone of tired or novice combatants. Too much digging produces

exhausted combatants.

Rehearsed, marked routes of escape and on-hand transport are also a good idea. In the first vignette,

artillery was positioned in direct-lay at the forward defensive positions. As the wars progressed, artillery

was too valuable and cumbersome to be risked at forward positions. Mines were available in the first

and fourth vignettes, but otherwise were not always on hand. Mines are also difficult to recover when

a position is being overrun.

Commanders in the defense have to deal with boredom, fear of the unknown and exaggeration of

the enemy’s capabilities and strength. There is a tendency to keep the men digging so that they will be

too tired to entertain these thoughts. Strong defenses are great, but afterwards rehearsals, training,

aggressive patrolling and forward ambushes can do much to offset “bunker mentality” while improving

the defense. Rotation of units, when possible, can also pay dividends.

1. Khasbulatov and Labazanov formed an alliance earlier the same year when Khasbulatov felt he needed a local armed

force.

2. Sheikh is not an artilleryman and cannot recall what these actual guns were; rather he knew it only as a “mountain gun.”

The M-99 is a likely candidate, as it was assigned to the Soviet units stationed in the Caucasus and abandoned during their

withdrawal. However, Sheikh may also have been describing the Ch-26 57mm antitank gun that was also widely available.

3. Sheikh does not recall the name of the artillery commander, but confirms that he was killed at a later battle during the first

war.

4. Sheikh is again unsure what type of gun it was. He did state that a ten-man crew manned the gun and that it was capable

of traversing two or three meters in either direction left to right. It was most likely a D-30 122mm howitzer. Russian

commanders have estimated that the Chechens were in control of up to 80 of these systems, left behind in Chechnya after

the collapse of the Soviet Union. See Russia’s Chechen Wars 1994-2000: Lessons from Urban Combat, Appendix B, “The

First Battle of Grozny,” General Anatoly Sergeevich Kulikov, Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, Rand, page 39.

5. Ruslan Labazanov reportedly had 300-400 combatants with him. He claimed up to 600 followers at one point.

6. The UAZ-469 is a rugged 4X4 “Jeep” that the Ural Automobile Factory produced for military and civilian use. It is

affectionately known as the UAZik.

7. The DGB was the Department of State Security of the Republic of Ichkeria, roughly equivalent to the KGB. It was

Dudayev’s secret police.

8. Normally a Fagot antitank team would consist of three personnel, primarily to help carry the rounds. However in many

cases the Chechens operated these weapons with one or two men depending on location, the need to displace, and number

of warheads required. Kair can’t recall exactly but thought that he only had two Fagot rounds with him on the day of the

attack.

9. The “Podstvolnik” is similar to the 40mm GP-25 and GP-30, which are designed to attach to the Kalashnikov assault rifle.

The sights for the GP-25 are on the left side and the GP-30 on the right side. The GP-25 is designed for direct and indirect

fire (out to 400 meters) while the GP-30 has only a direct-fire capability. The Podstvolnik is a rifled, single shot, front-loading

caseless 40mm grenade projector which arms at 40 meters and is accurate out to 150 meters and has a lethal bursting

radius of five meters.

10. Either the MON-50 or the MON-100 antipersonnel mines. The MON-50 is very similar to the US Claymore mine, while the
MON-100 is a larger version. Neither is effective against armored vehicles.

1111. The GAZ-66 is a rugged, light-utility two-ton, 4X4 truck produced by the Gorky Automobile Plant.
-- Chapter Seven --

Defense of a River Line

Defending a river line is a complex problem. The best place to cross a river is at a bend in the river

that turns away from the attacker and surrounds the defender on three sides. This puts the high bank

and the deep channel of the river against the attacker’s shore, where he can more easily deal with the

attacker and can then anchor the far end of his bridge in the shallower water with a more-gradual

approach in slower current. These bend areas often open onto flatland, which further complicates the

defender’s efforts. Use of sand bars in the river also helps an attacker anchor a bridging effort, as long

as the current is driving the bridging away from the sandbars.

The first step in defending a river line is determining where the enemy is most likely to cross. The

defender’s next dilemma is whether to defend forward along the river line or picket it and build the

main defenses further back where he can better engage the enemy. The temptation is always to hug the

river bank, since it is an obvious obstacle. However, the obstacle quality of a river varies from river to

river, as well as with the season of the year and the weather. In summer, raging mountain-fed rivers can

dry up and prove no obstacle at all.

Defending a river line requires many people, much equipment and an overarching command. The

Chechens fielded excellent platoon-sized bands of combatants, but tying the entire effort together in a

workable plan was often difficult. Audacity is one thing, effective war fighting at brigade and higher

level is another.

Vignette 20

The Failed Defense of Argun

21 – 22 March 1995

–––––––

Sheikh M.

Background: After their organized withdrawal from Grozny the Chechen forces deployed to

surrounding towns and villages, taking control of remaining vital transportation links not under

Russian control. A significant number of Chechens redeployed into the city of Argun, some ten miles

east of the capital, and along the critical east-west M-29 Baku Highway. The Russians had attempted to

take Argun on the way to Grozny in late-December 1994, but then bypassed the city due to significant

Chechen resistance.

1 Now, with Grozny under their control, Argun became the next major Russian

objective. Argun is on the east bank of the Argun River, affording the Chechens a natural defensive
barrier against Russian forces coming from the west. The Russians had cleared the way to the western

bank of the river, consolidating their positions at Berkat-Yurt and Komsomolskoye to the north and

south of the Baku Highway. The Russians had learned valuable lessons in the fight for Grozny,

specifically not to send in troops without significant preparation. Russian artillery, as well as Grad and

Uragan rockets, pounded Chechnya’s second-largest city for weeks, so much so that a common joke

amongst the Chechen defenders was, “the weather here in Argun is good, either rain or Grad!”

2

Shamil Basaev was in overall command of the defense of Argun, but, as was customary for the

Chechens, the city was defended by multiple units that, while pursuing the greater defense of the city,

fought independently, with varying degrees of coordination with adjacent units. Some units were

assigned sectors to defend, but how they prepared, defended and fought in those sectors was left to

them. While Sheikh and the Argun militia maintained their headquarters in the Police building on

Lenin Street across from School Number 1, Shamil never established a permanent headquarters,

rather remaining mobile, moving unit to unit to issue commands.

Having intimate knowledge of the city, Sheikh and the Argun battalion were central to the defense

planning. The Argun militia only numbered around 100 combatants, but other units flooded into the

city. The Naursky battalion had only 50 to 70 combatants, while units from Mesker Yurt, Tsatsan Yurt

and Shali arrived with roughly 20 members each. Sheikh estimates that the Chechens had 200-300

combatants committed to defending the city. However, the number of Chechen combatants was fluid,

as they were constantly coming and going. It is likely that the numbers actually swelled once the

Russian assault began, as Chechen volunteers poured into the defenses as they had in Grozny once the

battle was joined.
In preparation for the expected Russian assault, the Chechens blew up one of the two Baku

Highway bridges over the Argun River and mined the other bridge, as well as the only railroad bridge

over the river north of the highway bridges. The Chechens expected the Russian main assault to occur

from the dairy farm southwest of the city and north of Komsomolskoye. They put considerable effort

into preparations to defend the southwestern portion of the ring around the city. They established

defensive positions, primarily trench works, on the river’s edge in an arc around the south, west and

north of the river, paying particular attention to the levee, and adjacent to a dairy farm southwest of

the city. They also deployed mobile patrols with fixed fighting positions along another dairy farm

northeast of the city, where their numbers were few. They dug trenches where possible, but Chechen

fighters were few and strung out to about 10 men every 50 meters, so the position lacked density.

On 21 March 1995, in a last-ditch effort for a peaceful resolution the Russians raised a white flag

over their positions and met the Chechens on the surviving bridge over the Argun River. They

attempted to persuade the Chechen combatants to surrender the city and the road between Grozny

and Argun, a vital line of communication. The Chechens, in turn, demanded that the Russians
surrender their weapons and promised safe passage back to Russian territory. The Russians fumed and

both sides returned without an agreement. Russian shelling was more intense following the failed

surrender negotiations.

The same evening Russian units started moving into assault positions. While the Chechens could

hear movement across the river up and down the front, they were unable to assess the situation and

determine where the Russians were massing their forces and where they would attempt to breach their

defenses. Russian artillery and multiple rocket launcher (MRLS) units had been shelling the city for

weeks, forcing the Chechens to keep their heads down and effectively denying the Chechens the ability

to observe much of the Russian activity on the other side of the river. What little intelligence the

Chechens were getting suggested that the Russians would attack from the southwest.

As the Chechens expected, the Russian bombardment on the southwestern approach to the city was

heavy and the men hunkered down while the outgunned Chechen artillery answered the Russians.

Sheikh’s brother, deployed on the northeast approach to the city, was leading a mobile patrol that first

detected the initial assault. It was 0500 and, to their surprise, the Russians had already nearly

completed putting a pontoon bridge across the river. It was a complete intelligence failure for the

Chechens. The Russian assault was not on the southern approaches, but rather clear around on the

northeast side of the city, toward the other dairy farm. It was the weakest part of the Chechen

perimeter, with few fixed positions and few mobile patrols.

Hearing his brother’s unit on the radio, Sheikh set out immediately with a reserve of twenty-four

combatants to help defend the northeast corridor against the river crossing. By the time he arrived,

Russian troops had already crossed the river and were engaging his brother’s unit. The fight for the

dairy farm was fierce and lasted all day. “During this battle, this farm, the dairy farm, changed owners

three or four times. It was in their possession, then we took it back and fought them off.” They fought

building to building, walking over Russian dead as they advanced. They carried off their own dead and

wounded as they retreated.

At the end of the day, Russian firepower and ability to mass forces proved too much for the limited

Chechen defense at the dairy farm. Sheikh lost his brother during this battle. “The first to die in the

battle were from that patrol. My brother and four people from the Naursky Battalion died in that

trench.”

While the fighting was heaviest to the northeast, the Russians probed other points along the

perimeter. Early in the evening the order went out by radio to withdraw from the city. The Chechens

gave up their defensive positions on the bridge and to the south and west of the city, leaving Argun

open to the Russian advance.

Commentary: The battle for Argun lasted all day before the Chechens withdrew their forces. As in previous

battles, most of the Chechen volunteers went home, including the smaller units from the surrounding villages like

Mesker-Yurt. Sheikh puts Chechen losses at roughly 100 killed and many more wounded, but the fluid nature of

the Chechen volunteer ranks prevents accurate assessment of casualties. Sheikh’s brother and four additional men

from his patrol were among the first killed during the battle for Argun as they tried to prevent the Russian

advance across the pontoon bridge. Sheikh was not able to retrieve his brother’s body.

Russian artillery preparation in advance of the assault was significant, but the Chechens learned how to dig

and prepare their fortifications to withstand the bombardment and save lives. It wasn’t until the actual assault

that the Chechens were forced to give up ground once again. At times Chechen intelligence was good and helped

the Chechens score tactical victories, but, as in the case of Grozny, defending a city against the full brunt of
Russian military might, an estimated 50,000 soldiers at the time, was too much for the Chechen defensive

positions to bear. The Russians also did a very good job of pinning down the Chechens with constant

bombardment in the weeks previous to the assault on the city, not allowing them to observe the Russian

preparations on the other side of the Argun River.

The only chance that the Chechens had to punish the Russians was to conduct an urban fight within Argun,

yet the Chechens put all of their efforts into building a long, under-strength perimeter along the river banks and

mostly outside of the city. Perhaps the relatively small size of Argun convinced the Chechen leadership that blockby-block urban fighting would not be as effective as it was initially in Grozny. Or the costs associated with

holding Grozny may have convinced the Chechen leadership that they could not afford the high attrition rates

that would be inevitable in another urban fight.

The lessons of the Chechen initial success at Grozny were apparently lost on Shamil Basaev, and,

consequently, the Russians were able to conduct a battle of maneuver on relatively open ground. This was the

Russians’ strong suit. The Chechen plan was to hold the river line, but they had developed no alternate plans

and positions for a Grozny-like urban fight, where they could negate Russian mass and technology.

Vignette 21

Defending Against a River Crossing

September 1999

–––––––

Sheikh M.

Background: By September 1999 Russian forces had moved their armored columns into the

Cherlyonovsk area for a pending assault into Chechen territory across the Terek River to seize the city

of Tolstoy-Yurt. Chechen sappers responded by destroying a section of the bridge over the Terek on the

road linking Cherlyonovsk to Tolstoy-Yurt. With the bridge not passable, Sheikh and his twenty-odd

fighters, part of roughly 100 Chechen fighters from four or five different units deployed between the

road to Tolstoy-Yurt and Cherlyonovsk. They were ordered to hold a section of the south bank of the

Terek River.

3 Surveying the location between the disabled bridge to the west, and the village of

Vinogradnoe to the right, Sheikh recalls, “We were ordered to defend against any attempt by the

Russians to cross the river in this area. We knew they would try to cross here because the river west of

the bridge was too fast and deep.” Ichkerian intelligence believed that the Russians would attempt a

forced-river crossing across the Terek River by pontoon bridge, as they had done to start the first war in

1994. There was a large sandbar in the river, which would provide anchorage and allow the Russians to

push a pontoon bridge across the river quickly. The Terek is an easterly flowing river, so Sheikh

decided to defend against a crossing at the eastern end of the sandbar. This was the logical site, since

the Russians could readily float their pontoons into position by launching them to the west. The

crossing site would allow the Russians to avoid getting tangled in the village of Vinogradnoe, yet still
have access to the local road network.

Working with his subordinate commanders, all of whom were veterans of the first war, Sheikh laid

out a network of observation positions (OPs) and trenches. The forward positions were nothing more

than firing pits for two men, dug into the brush and reeds roughly 30 meters from the southern bank

of the Terek. They were not more than 100 meters apart and close enough to be able to signal each

other by sight if necessary. Sheikh’s men dug these positions in one night in response to the Russian

build-up across the river. Two Chechens occupied each position, one armed with an RPG, the other

with a standard assault rifle. They stockpiled many RPG rounds in these positions. The teams stayed

hidden during the day to conceal their positions, and had orders that under no circumstances were

they to fire from their position and give away their location until the Russians actually began to cross

the Terek River. “These six men were supposed to harass the Russians. Harass them and then leave, so

that the return fire would be directed at their positions.” The Chechens in the first positions did not

need or seek orders to probe the enemy, and often one man or two-man teams snuck out of their

positions under cover of darkness, crossing the shallow river to raid and gain intelligence about the

Russian positions across the river.

Sheikh’s men clandestinely dug another set of positions another hundred or so meters further

south, in the fields of the Moscow State Farm. This set of positions was not occupied, but instead was

referred to as the “second line” or “retreat positions.” These second positions were constructed to save

the lives of the fighters retreating across open territory towards the primary Chechen fortifications

further south. “The tactics of the first war taught us that if the guys in the OPs begin to shoot, they’ll

attract fire to themselves. When one of the OPs comes under fire, the other OPs will open fire,

shifting the Russian fire onto themselves while the first OP retreats to the second line of defense.

When those guys reach the second line they start firing on the Russian positions, and when the

Russian fire shifts to them the guys in the other OPs can now retreat to the second line of defense. In

this way all the guys in the forward OPs can cover each other.”

Finally, they built a third and final line of defense. This was the main base for Sheikh’s fighters

guarding this stretch of the Terek River frontier. It was a set of trenches and bunkers dug into a

hillside on the only commanding elevation over the Moscow State Farm and the Terek River.

4 The

Chechens had learned the hard way during the first war that, while bigger trenches were more

comfortable, they were not safe. These fortifications were small, with dugouts cut into the side of the

main trench line in which one or two men could shelter from artillery and air strikes. They

constructed three larger subterranean bunkers at the end of the trench line to use as a tactical

operations center, field kitchen and medical facility. The total distance to the Terek River from the

hillside base was less than two kilometers.

The situation during the first week-and-a-half was static while Sheikh’s unit maintained its positions.

Periodically Chechen teams crossed the river at night to gather intelligence and raid, if possible, while

Russian artillery and Grad multiple rocket launcher batteries would fire on anything that moved on

the roads.

5 The Chechens operating in the OPs had radios, but were under strict orders not to turn

them on and contact headquarters until the Russian pontoons were halfway across the river. It was

0500 when one of the OPs turned on its radio and sent the message that they all knew was inevitable:

“The pontoon bridge is halfway across the water.”

Signing off, the two-man team crept out of its OP and towards the river’s edge. Hiding in the reeds,

up to their waists in the chilly autumn water, they waited for the bridge-laying operation to get within

effective RPG range. It was conventional wisdom among the Chechen fighters that, although an RPG

had a maximum range of over 500 meters, anything over 300 meters was a gamble and not an efficient

use of precious ammunition. “We had to wait, to be patient. The rounds were like gold to us.” The

gunner waited until enough pontoons were laid to bring the bridging unit within effective range. A

first RPG round hit the pontoons but did nothing to stop the Russian engineers from continuing to

construct the bridge. The assistant gunner quickly loaded another round. The second hit the vehicle

laying the pontoons; it caught fire and rolled on its side.

6

Return Russian fire was immediate, and the RPG team used the cover of the reeds and bushes to

make its way south towards its OP. The OP nearest the team in retreat opened fire to draw Russian

fire, and, the OPs evacuated their positions near the river, giving each other covering fire during the

withdrawal. The Russian artillery barrage was heavy and Sheikh and his men had no choice but to

hunker down in the relative safety of their field fortifications. They continued to take a beating from

Russian artillery, Grad rockets, and helicopter fire for another week and a half before they were

withdrawn from the line, replaced by another Chechen unit. Sheikh himself was instructed to return
to Argun, and again, as in 1995, he was ordered to prepare for the defense of the city.

The Russians did not try again to launch a pontoon river crossing in that location. The pontoons

that had been laid before the RPG strike remained in the water until well after Sheikh and his group

left the area, albeit they were now stretched a little to the right as the current swept them away. Rather,

the Russians redirected their efforts, fighting another Chechen unit for control of the disabled bridge

on the main road to Tolstoy-Yurt. Eventually they gained control of the bridge, repaired it, and drove

their armor across the Terek River, entering Chechen territory, on their way to Tolstoy-Yurt.

Commentary: Although the Chechen positions and fortifications were well devised, constructed on

knowledge gained during the first war, Chechen tactical objectives remained limited and betrayed inherent

weaknesses in the overall Chechen military capability. Although weapons were laid up before the war started,

there was an acute shortage of ammunition and the realization that attacks had to be limited. Slowing down the

Russian advance was the objective, not stopping it. In this case, however, the Russians gave up on the pontoon

river crossing, opting to take and repair the bridge further east. Further, overwhelming numerical advantage

belonged to the Russians. Sheikh and his twenty men, nor the combined Chechen force of 100, would ever be a

match for the thousands of Russian troops, armor and artillery Russia would eventually throw at the Chechen

positions. Finally, while the Chechen small units were effective at striking Russian positions, the overall strategy

was one of retreat rather than advance. “We knew we wouldn’t be able to stand our ground against the tanks,

but we could, nonetheless, not allow them to cross into Ichkerian territory unhindered.”

The Russian force, on the other hand, was very timid or unconcerned. There is no indication of probing

Russian patrols across the Terek. After selecting a river crossing site, the commander needs to move

reconnaissance across the river and follow this with an assault force to seize and expand a bridgehead before the

bridging is attempted. Even if the commander expects an unopposed crossing, he should position forces on the

opposite shore as or before he starts bridging. The Russians needed to control the adjacent village before they

crossed, since it could have been a danger to their flank. The Russian commander was fairly passive and, once he

met resistance, did not push across, but chose to rely on long-term artillery fire, which had little effect on the dugin positions. The Russians were held in place by a Chechen force of roughly 100 men holding the terrain between

the road and the village, specifically Sheikh’s group of 20 at the point of contact, something that patrolling and

reconnaissance should have disclosed. Despite all the time available since the first war, the Russian tactical

intelligence effort was lagging.

The Chechens could have done more. Incorporating the village into the defense would have complicated a

determined river crossing, but, in deference to the villagers, the Chechen units stayed out of the village. The

demolition of the highway bridge evidently did not include the footings, since the Russians were able to put it

back into service fairly quickly.
Chapter Seven Summary

The Chechen defense of a river line was usually conducted forward along the immediate water’s

edge, with fallback positions prepared to the rear. Sometimes consideration for the safety and property

of the civilian population prevented the Chechens from conducting an effective defense once the

Russians had crossed the river. Regardless, once the Russians crossed the river at one point, the entire

river defense was most often abandoned.

Multiple river crossings are an effective tactic, but require a lot of resources and additional security

on the part of the attacker. Usually the Russian forces were content with a single crossing site, since

the Chechens lacked the ability to mass against an established bridgehead. Since the Chechens were

content to hold defensive positions, the Russians were content to pound them for weeks to soften

them up before conducting a river crossing.

These river crossings were not the vital crossing battles of the Great Patriotic War (World War II).

There were seldom serious consequences for delaying crossings until conditions were more favorable.

Russian forces waiting to cross kept Chechen forces pinned down and unavailable for other tasks

while air attacks and artillery fire attempted to reduce the size and effectiveness of these forces. A

successful defense of a river line relies on a strong mobile reserve. The Chechens lacked the equipment

and manpower to constitute such a force.

1. Vitali Noskov, “Sneg na brone,” Chechenskaya voyna: Boevye operatsii [“Snow on the Armor,” The Chechen War:

Combat Operations], (Moscow: Yauza, 1999), 230-235.

2. Grad means hailstorm. It is also the nickname of the BM-21 122mm multiple rocket launcher. Its 80-round launcher is

mounted on a URAL-375 or other 6X6 truck and is a deadly area-fire weapon out to 20 kilometers. Uragan [Hurricane] is the

BM-27 220mm multiple rocket launcher. Its 16-round launcher is mounted on a 8X8 ZIL-121 truck and fires out to 40

kilometers.

3. Sheikh was serving in the MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs — National Police) of the Government of Ichkeria at this time

and took his orders from Aidamir Abulayev, head of the MVD.

4. Approximate location of main trench complex 43o28.05.16” N 45o50’04.36” E.

5. MRLS (multiple rocket launcher system) is a generic term covering a family of rocket artillery that is fired from a ground

launcher or a launcher mounted on a truck bed or ship deck. It is a direct descendant of the Soviet Katyusha [Little Kate]

rockets of World War II. The MRLS is used to hit a large area with concentrated high-explosive fire or to lay instant smoke

screens. The two systems used in Chechnya were the BM-21 Grad [Hailstorm] and the BM-27 Uragan [Hurricane]. The BM21 has 40 launch rails that can direct 122mm rockets to a distance of 20 kilometers. The rockets can be fired individually or

the entire 40 rounds can be launched in 20 seconds. It has been in production since 1963. The BM-27 has 16 launch rails

that can direct 240mm rockets to a distance of 35 kilometers. These rockets can also be fired individually or the entire 16

rounds can also be fired in 20 seconds. There are many models of rockets for each system, but the smallest high-explosive

warhead for the BM-21 weighs 18.4 kilograms, while the smallest high-explosive round for the BM-27 weighs 90 kilograms.

These systems can create havoc on a defending force that is not dug in.

6. The pontoon system the Russians deployed was likely the PMP (pontonno-mostovoy park), or pontoon bridge set, the

standard Soviet-era tactical bridge. The basic pontoon link system consists of four hinged accordion-folded pontoon

sections, which automatically unfold when they hit the water. Crews then have to join the sections together. In Soviet times a

division usually had half a PMP set with 16 river and two shore links and six boats — enough to construct 118 meters of a

60-ton bridge, 22 meters of a 20-ton bridge, or two 170-ton, three 110-ton, four 80-ton, or six 60-ton rafts. Full crew strength

for assembly is traditionally 70-80 personnel. (see David Isby, Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army, (London: Jane’s,

1981), 343.
-- Chapter Eight --

Mining and Antitank

Land mines and improvised explosive devises (IEDs) were a favored weapon of the Chechens and

produced many Russian casualties once the Chechens switched to guerrilla war. Initially, most IEDs

were made from 155mm artillery rounds or 82mm mortar rounds. Later, as the supply of these

rounds dwindled, the IED makers switched to dud bombs and rounds, as well as industrial explosives.

There is some evidence of later cross-pollination between the IED bombers in Iraq and Chechnya,

with much of the information originating in Chechnya and then surfacing in the Middle East and

other regions via video compact disks during the first war and more recently the Internet. There has

been much reporting of Chechen bomb-makers working in Iraq and Afghanistan, but there is little, if

any, evidence to support those claims. Chechen bomb-makers, like the vast majority of Chechen

combatants, were solely focused on the war with Russia. Incidentally, a small number of foreign

combatants arrived in Chechnya in the spring of 1995, most notably the Arab al Khattab, fresh off

Jihad in Tajikistan. It was he who was said to have offered training to the Chechens on combat tactics,

including mining operations, not the other way around.

The primary targets for Chechen miners and IED makers were Russians and documentation was

considered critical. One Chechen IED team leader who operated during the second war only described

his unit as a five-combatant force. However, the only responsibility of one of these five was to make

sure he had the camera, tape and batteries capable of documenting the mining incident. These strikes

against Russian armor would then be disseminated abroad.

The primary focus for Russian miners was protecting Russian outposts and checkpoints with

antipersonnel mines. Occasionally they targeted dismounted Chechen units that habitually used

certain trails.

Defeating Russian armor was a major challenge to the Chechens. They mainly used RPGs and IEDs

for this. However, IEDs are not too mobile and the maximum effective range of the RPG is limited.

The Chechens created a cottage industry manufacturing primitive but effective antitank weapons.

Vignette 22

Mine Warfare near Chiri-Yurt

Summer 2000

–––––––

Vakha
Background: The Russian Army had focused and improved by spring 2000, and had inflicted two

devastating defeats on the Chechens (the withdrawal from Grozny and the decimation of Ruslan

Galaev’s force in Komsomolskoye). In early summer 2000 the Chechen high command gave the order

to abandon all fixed positions and conduct guerrilla warfare against the Russians much like they had

done in the summer of 1995 following the loss of Vendo. Although they had now lost or given up the

major hilltops, the Chechens continued to establish multiple lookout positions in the mountains to

monitor the Russians operating on the valley floor. One such lookout was positioned in the hills near

a clay pit east of the main roadway between Chiri-Yurt and Duba-Yurt. From this position the

Chechens could monitor Russian columns moving up and down the main road in and out of the

Argun Gorge, while also keeping an eye on the Russian base established on the flat land just south of

Chiri-Yurt.

Observing the Russian positions during the afternoon was particularly dangerous for the Chechens

east of the Russian position south of Chiri-Yurt, because periodically the Russians would see the

reflection of the binoculars that the Chechens used to survey the area. Binoculars, the sheen of a gun

barrel, an ammunition belt slung over the shoulder —— all of these items could produce a reflection

alerting the Russians below. The Russians were well aware that the Chechens were watching them

from the heights, and small units from both sides fought many skirmishes as each side moved in and

out of the mountains searching each other out.

The Russians shelled the area east of Chiri-Yurt often, trying to disrupt Chechen observation.

Finally, they sent a detachment from their base to mine the dirt road near a footpath. The Russians

were sure that the Chechens were using the path and road to move through the area.

Vakha, who had fought in many battles during both wars, including operations in Grozny and most

recently the fighting for Hill 825, now acted more or less alone. He had proven himself a valuable

scout and spent many days and weeks on his own tracking Russian units in the mountains. “I carried

two weapons [a machine gun and a sniper rifle], because you would always have to take out the radio

operator before a battle. Or if you stumble upon a recon group you need the machine gun. Of course

it’s important to take out the radio operators. As soon as I see the antenna, I take him out. Their

communications are very important, so they try not to let anyone get to him. When they don’t have

communications, they have no way to call for help, especially if it is a scout platoon.”

From a position of safety Vakha watched as the small Russian convoy slowly drove up the road

towards his position. It was about two kilometers as the crow flies from the base to his position, but

easily double that taking the roads. As the Russians ground to a stop a short distance below him,

Vakha made his way towards their location to get a closer look. Climbing down from his position, he

began walking in the direction of the road. He knew these hills well. He could hear the Russian

soldiers talking as he got closer. He thought to himself, “We would never make that much noise. How

stupid are those guys?” As he got closer he could hear the sound of shovels. They were digging

something.

Vakha crept closer and hid in the thick brush and scrub pine while waiting for the Russians to leave.

Eventually the soldiers got back into their BTRs and headed back down the mountain road. He walked

out to the spot where the Russians were working and surveyed the ground. They had “placed the

mines right there so that we would run into them as we left the road [going] in this direction, toward

the forest.”

It was obvious where the mines were. The overturned ground was still dark, not having had time to

dry out and blend in with the sunbaked dirt of the road. Vakha got on his hands and knees and

carefully unearthed one of the mines. His first thought was to defuse it and the others and then put

them in his rucksack so that he could use them elsewhere. However, upon examination, he realized

that he could not disarm this particular mine. “It was impossible to defuse the mines. They were

antipersonnel mines that can only be armed once.”

Unable to diffuse and take the mines away, Vakha began digging them up one by one. Surveying the

road he picked a likely spot. “I just took the mines and placed them about ten or so meters to the rear.

I buried them just like they did. They thought they were right here, but I moved them.” Finished,

Vakha melted back into the concealment of the thickly forested hills.

A couple days later Vakha came back to the location. The dirt now looked all the same. Standing by

the location of the previous Russian mine field, he took a hand grenade off his vest and pulled the pin.

He tossed the grenade towards the location of one of the mines that the Russians had laid out. He

hoped to lure the Russians back to the minefield. “I am sure they heard it and said, ‘Someone stepped

on a mine. Maybe we can catch one of their wounded.’”

The Russians did respond, sending four or five vehicles quickly to the location, thinking that they

were going to capture a wounded Chechen combatant. When they arrived and did not find anything

but the scarred road where the grenade had detonated, they spread out and began walking further up

the road. They knew where they had placed the mines and walked with confidence on the road beyond

where the footpath broke off. As Vakha had hoped, they walked right into the new minefield he had

planted. The third or fourth soldier stepped on the first mine, which blew off the lower part of his leg.

The Russian soldiers were in a panic. Another soldier stepped on a mine, disabling him.

There was immediate chaos. Soldiers fired their weapons into the surrounding forest. When there

was no return fire, the soldiers picked their way out of the minefield, loaded their wounded onto the

BTRs and rushed them back to base. Vakha continued to observe the Russians from a safe distance.

Predictably, as the vehicle cleared the area, Russian artillery rained down on the road where first the

Russians and then Vakha has placed the mines.

Commentary: Mine operations were an important force multiplier for both the Russians and the Chechens.

The high casualties that the Chechens suffered leaving Grozny in January 2000 resulted when the Chechens had

to move through a minefield to escape the city. It was during the withdrawal that Shamil Basaev, perhaps the
most notable Chechen field commander, lost his leg below the knee to an antipersonnel mine.

Like other weapons, the Chechen mines were constantly in short supply. Moving them like Vakha did was

frequently considered necessary, although incredibly dangerous. Not all sappers fared as well as he did, and on

occasion were blown up trying to do precisely the same thing.*

1

Vakha considered his little ruse a success not because of the two injured Russians, but because he denied the

Russians the territory. “From that time forward, they never did come back to this location. They just fired on it

using their artillery. Their soldiers won’t come here anymore on foot as long as there are mines here.”

Vignette 23

Shaitan (Devil) Rocket Launcher

–––––––

Multiple Interviewees

Since they were short on weapons and ammunition, the Chechen insurgency had numerous,

decentralized, ad hoc weapons-production programs. The Krasnyy Molot (Red Hammer) Factory in

Grozny already manufactured the 9mm Borz sub-machine gun, as a Chechen Republic of Ichkeriasponsored state-run small arms industry, but the weapon’s quality was poor and its production ceased

once the war reached Grozny in January 1995. The Chechens produced other types of weapons from

necessity as the war progressed. The Shaitan was one such weapon. Desperate for antitank weapons,

the Chechens fashioned many makeshift antitank launchers, using the Russian S-5 and S-8 air-toground rockets and the fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft launch tubes from which the Russians typically

fired them.

The Chechens shot down at least two dozen Mi-24 helicopters during the wars, and in many cases

the Chechens were able to retrieve the UB-32 launch pods. They would then strip the undamaged

tubes (up to 32) from each pod. This may have provided a few hundred tubes, but there were not

enough and Chechens looked for alternatives. Many makeshift launchers were fashioned from the

drive shaft covers of vehicles. The Soviet-era MAZ truck driveshaft cover fit the 57mm S-5 rocket well,

while the Ural truck drive shaft cover was fitted to launch the 80mm S-8 rocket. Chechen combatants

estimate that there may have been a Shaitan launcher tube in each unit. According to Kair and others,

“there wasn’t one launcher tube, there were many. One person made one, others saw it and then they

made their own. It was widespread among our units, but to count all of them is difficult. They could

have been in every group. If not one, then two. This wasn’t unusual. It was a normal weapon that we

Chechens had. We didn’t have anything else. That’s why we had to find our way out of this situation.

We had to invent weapons as we went along.”

It is difficult to determine if one system was used more than the other, but more combatants talk

about the S-5, while fewer mention the S-8 (this could be a random result of those interviewed and

have no actual bearing on how many of each rocket size were used). The S-5 rocket (first designated the

ARS-57) was developed by the Soviet Air Force and used by military aircraft against ground area targets.
It is in service with the Russian Air Force and various foreign services. It is produced in a variety of

models with different warheads, including HEAT antiarmor (S-5K), high-explosive fragmentation (S5M/MO), smoke, and incendiary. Each rocket is about 1.4 meters (4 foot 6 inches) long and weighs

about five kilograms (11 pounds), depending on the warhead and fuze. The range is three to four

kilometers (1.9 to 2.6 miles), depending on the model.

The tube for the S-5 is approximately 58 millimeters in diameter, just the right size for S-5 rockets.

Kair recalls that the men in his group who made these Shaitan launchers cleaned out the inside of the

tube, and lubricated it. “It was a tight fit. The rounds would barely fit, but if it was loose in the tube,

then the round would chatter up against the sides before leaving the barrel and be less accurate. The

tube itself was usually up to two meters long. You don’t need it to be any longer because the round

itself, the helicopter round, doesn’t exceed two meters. If you put the round in the tube it’s enough

for the tube to cover the round. It’s a close fit. If the tube is any bigger in diameter, the round is going

to fly out, no problem. But the accuracy will be bad. It might strike the wrong target. Secondly, when

the rocket flies out of the tube, it could injure the shooter. When it’s fired, it produces a recoil and
creates a pocket of air which can injure a person. The tube was produced so that this doesn’t happen

and in order that the round securely exits.”

Everything on the launcher is homemade. In most cases the trigger mechanism was simply a button

attached to a handle with wires leading to the rear of the tube. The wires are connected to a battery

that sends the signal down the wire. “The operator presses the button and the battery that’s attached

to this stand starts to work, the electricity goes to the rear of the rocket and the phosphorous

automatically ignites. And then the rocket flies out of the tube.” Many operators came up with their

own ways to fire the rocket, but, according to users, they all incorporated “two wires attached to the

end of the tube to ignite the phosphorous at the rear of the rocket, which starts the rocket engine of

the round.”

There were a variety of sights that were attached to the tube, but they all basically copied the RPG

sight. “Let’s say a person is standing up. He puts the tube on his shoulder, and they then attach the

sight where it suits the gunner. Half of a binocular, a night vision scope, or something else is attached

as the rear sight. The shooter acquires the target, aims, and can adjust for farther distances through the

rear sight, like on an RPG. If he determines that the distance is one kilometer, he automatically raises

the point of impact in the sight and determines ‘Aha, it’s possible.’ This sighting method worked very

well.”

A forward handle was attached to the barrel for additional control and steadiness while aiming the

weapon. Recalling the battles early in the first war, Kair felt that the Shaitan launcher gave the

Russians pause when the Chechens first used it. “The Russians didn’t understand what had hit them.

They didn’t know what kind of weapon it was.”

Makeshift weapons and inexperienced gunners are a risky combination, and many gunners were

wounded by the Shaitan launcher. Backblast was a serious issue and Shaitan gunners were seriously

burned and wounded firing the weapon. “When the round flies out of the tube, it produces a lot of

fire. The flame shoots out from the rocket engine. And when it ignites, it immediately produces flame.

If a person is standing behind it, he can get burned. And when the round flies out of the tube, this

flame can burn the gunner. To prevent burns, the gunner usually wore a fire-resistant camouflaged

coat. He added a hat to this, preferably a hat with earflaps, and goggles or glasses to protect his eyes.

Gloves were worn to prevent burning your hands.” While Shaitan gunners did what they could to

reduce injury, the benefit was considered far greater than the risks. “When the rocket leaves the tube,

it only lasts a second and then it’s gone.”

Despite the challenges and potential of serious injury, the Shaitan was used in hundreds of battles

and skirmishes. There were also some humorous moments. Aslanbek recalls shooting down a

helicopter and retrieving the pod full of S-5 launch tubes and rockets. “We took the pod. From the

pod, we took out a launch tube, put it on our shoulder and fired rockets from it. Once there was a

BMP driving along and one of our guys wanted to hit it with his Shaitan from over here. But this

weapon, the Shaitan, is unpredictable, they aren’t guided missiles. He fired the rocket. The recoil

threw him backward and the rocket didn’t fly straight. It started to do all sorts of zigzags. Either it was

damaged or I don’t know. It flew past the Chechen positions several times, there and back. There was

a Russian command vehicle directing the battle from the rear. Finally, the rocket landed directly on

this BMP. The Shaitan gunner had been shooting at someone else altogether. The rocket started

swerving and finally hit one of theirs. I am not lying!”

Vakha, a combatant in Khamzat Galaev’s group, recalled there were a few of the larger S-8 rockets
and Shaitan launchers in his unit. Like other units, they struggled with not only injury from the

backblast, but also transportability. They came up with an ingenious way to break down, pack, and

transport the tube. “The tube is a little over two meters long. We cut it into three pieces and used a

sleeve and bolts to fasten the sections together when we wanted to use it. Or you can fold it up when

you need to break it down and travel. You can put it in your backpack. When you need it again, you

assemble the three sections and the launcher tube is then more than two meters long. Then you put

the S-8 ammunition in the tube and use an ordinary battery to fire it with a button switch.”

Vakha’s unit also made an effort to minimize facial injury from the rocket flame, fashioning a

protective shield out of plastic or out of glass. “That’s it. You put it on your shoulder and from 2.5

kilometers I can fire a rocket from my homemade shoulder-fired launcher and hit Russian armor.” It

was an evolving process of trial and error, but the shield seemed to do the trick of protecting the

gunner’s face from the blast.

It is hard to determine how many Shaitans were in action, and how many rockets were available. In

addition to the rockets retrieved from downed helicopters and even the occasional Su-25, the

Chechens relied on the Russians themselves to keep supplied with rockets. Chechen combatants talk

about buying hundreds of S-5 and S-8 rockets from Russian soldiers, especially during the first war. In

many cases, the rockets and other weapons were bought through third parties, mostly local children.

Chechen combatants claim that soldiers at checkpoints and garrisons around populated areas would

tell the kids that they had weapons and ammunition to sell or trade, often for vodka. The children

would then go to the combatants and the combatants would confirm the arrangements (where to leave

the rockets and goods being traded) through the children.

While this seems incredible, most Chechen combatants have at least one story about swapping

goods for weapons with the Russians —— again, especially during the first war.

By all accounts, the Shaitan launcher proved a valuable weapon system. Combatants claim that, in

addition to destroying tanks and armored personnel carriers, they also shot down helicopters with the

weapon. At the very least this makeshift weapon helped keep the Chechens on the battlefield.

According to Kair, “We did everything we could, we thought up everything. Weapons are one of the

Chechens’ hobbies. It’s been that way since the beginning of time and will always be.”
Chapter Eight Summary

Mines are a favorite weapon of the guerrilla. It is a relatively inexpensive way to attack vehicles and

personnel. Mines and IEDs were valuable, so they were seldom emplaced and left unattended. The

Chechens normally combined offensive or defensive actions with their mines and IEDS and tried to

move them at the end of the action if they were not detonated. Once the mines and IEDs were in

place, the Chechens covered them with direct fire. Naturally, to the resource-poor Chechens, Russian

defensive minefields were a tempting source of resupply. The Russians put in antilift devices or used

mines that could not be defused to combat Chechen forays into their minefields.

As a general statement, Chechens like weapons and Chechens like to tinker. Mines and IEDs were

all “product-improved” by tinkering, and many Chechen males are missing appendages from such

attempts. The Chechens also liked inventing antitank devices —— not a project for the faint of heart

and unimaginative. The Shaitan is a prime example of tinkering that can go wrong, yet the final

product is serviceable, even if not up to the loosest safety standards.

1* In 1997 in Vedeno I met a Chechen sapper who during the first war had lost both hands trying to defuse and move an

antipersonnel mine laid by Russian forces. His face was also disfigured and he was completely blind in one eye and partially

blind in the other. The burden that this permanently disabled veteran put on his family and community is significant. Multiply

him by tens and hundreds and one can see that the burden of taking care of wounded combatants and civilians in Chechnya

has had an impact far beyond the actual number of disabled.
-- Chapter Nine --

Attack

Frequently it is difficult to distinguish between a Chechen attack and a raid. Both are designed to

gain a position, but the attack normally plans on holding that position for a period of time afterwards.

Chechen attacks were normally conducted by platoon-sized groups with a common affiliation-village,

school, family, clan, neighborhood or religious fervor. The group leader was part of that group and

commanded by personal influence, reputation and demonstrated performance.

Fire and maneuver and assault by bounds were evident among the more-seasoned groups, but a

normal attack consisted of 15-50 combatants moving in the same direction, firing as they went. Fire

discipline and fire effectiveness was a problem among the less-seasoned groups as combatants tended to

fire full-automatic and then stop and change magazines at the same time. Primary weapons during the

attack were the Kalashnikov assault rifles and RPG-7 grenade launchers. In this chapter’s vignettes, the

attackers hold the objective for varying amounts of time. Due to the limited time at the objective, the

night attack might also be characterized as a night raid.

Regardless, Chechen attacks might or might not be preceded by mortar or RPG-7 fire and might or

might not be covered by supporting machine gun fire. Chechen attacks usually involved several small

groups acting in a somewhat coordinated manner. The attackers relied on the impact of suppressive

small arms fire on the enemy as they advanced. Sometimes they swept past the objective and then fell

back and consolidated on the objective after Russian artillery had finished firing on their former

positions. Sometimes they just halted on the objective and sought shelter before the artillery fell. After

occupying the objective, the first order of business was to treat or evacuate the wounded and resupply

ammunition from the enemy stocks. Attacks were a high-risk option to the Chechens, since an

attacker often suffers more casualties than a defender. As the wars continued, the supply of willing,

healthy Chechen manpower dwindled and the attack option looked less and less appealing.

Vignette 24

Pinning down Russian Control Point during the Battle for Grozny

6 – 10 March 1996

–––––––

Elimpash

Background: Nearly eight months had passed since the truce following Shamil Basaev’s attack on

Budennovsk. Although there were periodic breaks in the ceasefire, a status quo developed on the
battlefield with both sides holding the positions they gained during the first six months of fighting.

The Chechens utilized the time to recuperate and rebuild their forces. They also began planning an

operation designed to demonstrate their ability to continue the fight. The plan called for a three-day

operation to enter Grozny, bloody the Russians, broadcast their tactical victory from the capital, and

retreat back to the relative safety of their mountain bases. The Chechens were to enter the city from

three directions and put all Russian positions in the city under fire. Shamil Basaev had operational

control of the entire operation. Ruslan (Khamzat) Galaev commanded the Chechen combatants

entering the capital from the west from Chernorechie.

Like many Chechen combatants, Elimpash had returned to his home after the June 1995 truce. He

was periodically asked to participate in actions but had decided against all of them until he learned of

the March operation against the capital. Other men from his area were preparing to depart to the

staging area in Alkhan-Yurt and he joined them. From Alkhan-Yurt Elimpash’s group approached

Grozny through the back roads in the Chernorechie Forest. Dozens and dozens of Chechen groups

were entering the city from all directions, each targeting their designated Russian positions.

According to plan, Elimpash’s unit reached its staging point at the western bus station south of the

Sunzha River round 0500. The Chechen offensive against the Russians would begin at 0600, but

already Elimpash could hear intermittent fire echoing across the city. Other Chechen groups set about

fortifying the bus station, while Elimpash and his group of 25-30 fighters left the bus station for their

designated position on the south bank of the Sunzha River. The position was more than one kilometer

north of the bus station and they were careful not to fall into any Russian traps en route. The

Chechens had been gathering intelligence for months and there were not supposed to be any Russian

units between the bus station and the objective. A Russian patrol of three BTRs drove by the bus

station almost immediately after they had all arrived. “What if they had noticed us?” Elimpash thought

as they moved north toward the Sunzha. They advanced briskly but warily toward their objective.

Nearing the Sunzha, Elimpash could see the Russian position. There was a pillbox directly across

the bridge, in the middle of the road. It was made of concrete slabs and blocks and equipped with

firing slits. Beyond the pillbox was a former garage. The entire complex was now a fortified Russian

control-crossing point equipped with machine guns. Intelligence reports indicated that there was one

BTR and one tank inside the control point. Elimpash’s group split into two. Elimpash and 12

combatants occupied a house on the west side of the road leading to the bridge, while the other half of

the group occupied a house on the east side of the road. Elimpash peered out the window toward the

Russian position. The pillbox in the middle of the road was probably 100 meters away. The main

Russian position was another 100-200 meters beyond that. From his vantage point, it looked to be very

well fortified. The Chechens did not waste any time. By now the entire city was under attack. They

began firing to let the Russians know that they were there and that the Russians would not be able to

advance south across the bridge. That was Elimpash’s objective—to prevent the Russians from

advancing south across the Sunzha.

The control point and Chechen position exchanged fire intermittently during the first day. Elimpash

was relieved that no Russian reinforcements arrived to help the control point. “Thankfully, the other

Chechen units must also be doing their job,” he thought.

The Chechens continued to fire on the Russian position on the second day, but suddenly “large

caliber mortars began to fall all around our position. The house next to ours was hit and exploded in a

ball of flames. We went down into the basement for cover.” He was thankful that the building he was

in had a cellar. Sitting there in the dark basement, he thought that there must have been an open gas

line in the house that went up in flames. As the shelling quieted down, Elimpash and the others in

the basement went upstairs to re-engage the Russian position. At that moment, the Russian position

took a direct mortar hit on the roof. It landed on what he believed was the Russian command post at

the corner of the position, “Ah, someone is directing this mortar fire,” Elimpash thought. Everyone

cheered, and the Chechens resumed their fire, heartened by the mortar strike (location 1 on map).

The Chechens continued to observe the Russian position that night, but there was no visible

movement. Everyone took turns sleeping. The next morning, the Chechens again observed no activity

coming from the Russian position. They probed the position with fire but there was still no sign of

life. It was decided that half of the group would cross the bridge and assault the position. Elimpash

and the other half covered their movement and were ready to engage the Russians. The Chechens set

out across the bridge. Nearing the pillbox, they broke into a run, firing at the pillbox as they ran by.

There was no return fire. Cautiously a Chechen peered through the firing slit. The pillbox was

abandoned.

They continued on to the control point. Approaching gingerly at first, they reached it without

incident. The Russians had likely abandoned the position after the mortar strike the day before.

Elimpash and the other half of the group now crossed the bridge and joined the others scavenging

through the Russian position for equipment and supplies (location 2). They found a Fagot antitank

weapon with two rounds and a box of grenades and ammunition. There was nothing more to do but

return to their positions and wait for the order to withdraw from the city. They also wanted to keep

the river between them and a Russian counterattack to retake the control point (location 3).

Commentary: The order came to evacuate the city late that night. Elimpash and the rest of the unit packed

their equipment, including their trophies, and made their way back to the bus station just after midnight.

Linking up with other Chechen units still holding the bus station, they abandoned that position too, retreating in
a southwesterly direction, back through the Chernorechie Forest to Alkhan-Yurt. Dozens of other Chechen units

around the city were also retreating. Elimpash returned to his home the next day.

Russian accounts of the March 1996 attack claim that at least three of their control points on the Sunzha

were destroyed or had to be abandoned during the Chechen offensive. Control point 13 was one of them.

Elimpash is not sure why the Russians abandoned their position, since the whole city was under attack. “There

was nowhere for this unit to go. The war was being fought all over the city.” He thinks that after the mortar

strike the Russians felt that they had been targeted and would be under continual fire, and that is why they left.

The Russians appear to have been in a hurry to leave. They did not mine or booby-trap their position as they

exited, and even left a weapon and some grenades and ammunition.

1

The March 1996 raid on Grozny was a tactical and emotional victory for the Chechens. They were able to

meet all their objectives and in many cases exceeded them. In addition to acquiring much-needed supplies, the

Chechens gathered valuable intelligence all over the city. Interestingly, Chechen accounts of the August 1996

attack on Grozny, which ended the first war in Chechnya’s favor, imply that the Russians did not change much,

if anything, in their defense of the capital from the March 1996 attack. This was a huge advantage for the

Chechens, as they simply reattacked the same Russian positions that they had attacked months before.

Elimpash’s account confirms the impression that the Russian forces “went to ground” during the Chechen raid

and did little to patrol and regain control of the city. Instead, the Russians relied on artillery fire and airstrikes

to retain some degree of control outside their individual strong-points in the city. An intact bridge across the river

was clearly valuable, but the Russian control post was abandoned with no apparent ability to reoccupy it or to

control the area from another location.

Vignette 25

First Battle for Hill 825

Fall 1999

–––––––

Vakha

Background: When the second war began in Chechnya in 1999, Chechen units controlled the

crowning heights dominating the narrow passage leading into the Argun Gorge. Known as the Wolf’s

Gate, the passage was important because it offered a direct route to the Chechen-controlled southern

area, including Shatoi, and was a back-door route to Vedeno and other Chechen strong-points. During

the first war (1994-1996) the Chechen leadership was caught by surprise when the Russians used the

banks of the Vashtar River between Hills 825 and 776 to move men and armor into their rear areas to

disrupt their supply lines and safe havens.

Referred to by their elevation in meters on the map sheet, Hills 825, 835, 950, and 776

2 would

become crucial battlegrounds during the first months of the Second Chechen War. Realizing that they

could not withstand Russian air strikes, the Chechens maintained lightly manned lookouts on all
these elevations, keeping most of their force nearby in numerous small mountain bases near these vital

hilltops. In most cases, the Chechens were only a few hundred meters from the heights, close enough

to defend the positions from any Russian assault when required.

By late fall, the Russians controlled all the plains area below these crucial hilltops, including the

town of Duba-Yurt at the mouth of the Wolf’s Gate, where they established a key checkpoint

[blockpost in Russian] with a direct line of sight to Hill 825. The hill could be reached using a dirt

road that snaked half way up the mountain. The road gave way to a footpath that continued the rest of

the way to the hilltop.

One night, in late fall, sometime before the first snow, Russian forces attacked Hill 825. There were

only four Chechen combatants on the hilltop at the time, which was standard practice. They were

forced to withdraw under fire from a Russian BMP-1. It had driven as far as it could up the mountain

road to a position from which it was able to pound the hilltop with direct fire from its 73 mm

smoothbore “Borz” cannon. Meanwhile, Russian infantry ascended the hilltop using night vision

goggles and seized the hill. Since the four Chechens had withdrawn, the Russians took Hill 825

without a casualty.

The Chechen garrison near Hill 825 was located in positions only hundreds of meters from the hill.

They were stunned by the Russian success and were determined to take back the hilltop the next day

before the Russians had a chance to further consolidate their position. Vakha estimates that an entire

company of soldiers was settling in, frantically digging in and fortifying their positions preparing for a

Chechen counterattack.

3

The hilltop ridge itself was 30-50 meters wide. The Russians fortified their position with two lines or

echelons of defense with their southern flank protected by the steep face of the ridge. The first

Russian line was roughly 30 meters below the second defensive position, located on the ridge’s high

ground. Both defensive positions were laid out in an irregular semi-circle, using the steep cliffs on the

southern side as a natural defensive barrier and focusing all their defensive efforts to the north and to

the western gently sloping left flank.

The Chechens were well-trained and experienced in combining numerous smaller groups into a

coherent force when necessary. The Chechens massed about 100 combatants for the attack to retake

Hill 825. They planned to attack along both the eastern and western slopes, flanking and hitting the

Russian first defensive line. “We were determined to take back the hill and we threw our full force at

it!” recalls Vakha. The multiple Chechen groups were combined and then divided into two parts. One

group would converge on the Russians from the right and the other from the left. Each attacking

force, comprised of small units, would move forward, providing mutually supporting fires as they

bounded towards the Russian lines. “You shoot and when you need to reload someone covers you.

Then the rear moves forward.”

The Chechen advance was steady and determined. “In close quarters combat, you continue to strike

your opponent hard and don’t let him raise his head, which brings you success. You still have to fire

rounds intelligently so that he doesn’t have a chance to raise his head. The goal is to not allow him to

shoot at you accurately. To fire and to fire accurately are two different things.”

Chechen casualties began to mount, despite laying down continual fire on the Russian first and

second defensive lines. Eventually the Russian first defensive line broke and the Chechens were able to

overrun and occupy the trenches. Vakha knew that they could not sit in the first trench for long ——

they had to keep moving. The Russians targeted their positions in case they were overrun. As soon as

the Russians in the second line of defense radioed for support, mortars would be raining down on the

first defensive line in seconds. They had to get to the second and final Russian position.

But Vakha had other concerns. Many of the Chechen combatants were new to combat and their

inexperience was apparent. “In the middle of a battle, this guy close to me yelled ‘throw me a

magazine.’ I threw him one, and then he yelled ‘throw me another.’ I threw him one more. He looked

at me, and I threw him another one —— a third magazine! I yelled, ‘what are you doing--littering?!’ It is

poor practice to fire automatically. I always said ‘fire one shot at a time.’ You can still fire single shots

in quick succession.” These were lessons the new recruits would have to learn.

Pinned down in the first trench line, with a steady stream of fire coming from the second Russian

line, the situation looked bleak. Then the mortars started falling and a BMP on the road below with

direct line of sight started pounding their position with its 73mm gun.

Vakha looked around. He had been wounded and a few of the men in his group were dead, lying on

the ridge line behind him. It had been a fierce assault so far and it was not getting any easier. At that

moment, a young Chechen combatant sprung up, “I don’t know, something must’ve triggered him, he

threw his rifle down, threw everything down, and took out his ancestral dagger. He was literally 30, 40

meters away from the Russian second line of defense. He jumped out of the trench and ran toward the

Russians.” Other Chechens rushed from the trench after him. “I looked up and remember seeing the

fear on the Russians’ faces. The Russian soldiers just broke and ran. You could say this guy, without a

single shot, armed only with this dagger, took the peak.”

The Chechens had secured the hilltop once again, but at a steep price. Twenty-seven Chechens were
killed during the assault, two fell to their deaths off the sheer face as they advanced from below, south

of the ridge. The knife-wielding Chechen was the first to reach the final Russian position. “This guy

sprang into an uphill fighting position. There was a mine in the fighting position. The Russians knew

that sooner or later they would give up this position and they mined the whole area. That was their

tactic. He was blown up by the mine in the Russian entrenchment.”

Commentary: The victory was short lived. The BMP-1 on the road below continued to fire onto Hill 825.

The Chechens tried to attack the BMP, but it was well protected by mines to the left and right of the road, while

the road itself was protected by the BMPs main gun. The Chechens simply could not get close enough. It was too

far away for their RPGs to be effective. Russian aircraft also began to pummel the ridge, forcing the Chechens to

abandon the hilltop. The Chechens withdrew back to their small bases near the hilltop, preferring to put only a

couple of combatants on the position at any one time to observe the Russians on the plains below.

Some weeks later, sometime after the snow started falling, Russian infantry attacked the hill again.

Incidentally, there were only three Chechens manning the hilltop at the time. “About 400 meters away there

were some foxholes that were warm. These three were freezing, so they said, “Let’s run over there and eat, and

then we’ll come back.” All three of them left, and at that exact moment the Russians reached the ridge. Both

times the Russians took the hilltop without firing a single shot. Our soldiers just left their post.”

The Chechen attackers suffered 27 dead and two missing who had fallen or been shot and fallen off the steep

slopes near the top of the hilltop. This was a significant loss to a fighting force that could not afford to take 20-

30% casualties every operation. Vakha’s small unit itself had suffered five dead. Respecting the dead, Vakha and

the others in his unit carried the bodies down the mountain to the village of Ulus-Kert, where they buried their

dead in the village cemetery.

The Chechens did not establish a support-by-fire position along the top of the ridge, where machine guns could

have provided continual suppressive fire in addition to the interrupted suppressive fire from the bounding teams.

This was probably due to the ad hoc nature of the Chechen force, as well as the uneven level of training in the

Chechen force. Lifting and shifting supporting fire requires good communications, extensive practice and

experienced machine gunners who can engage the enemy without endangering their own force.

Vignette 26

Night Attack on a Temporarily-Positioned Russian Tank and Ural

Trucks

January 2000

–––––––

Vakha T.

Background: By January 2000, Russian forces controlled large sections of Grozny, but there were

still significant numbers of Chechen combatants operating in the capital. These individual pockets of

Chechens were often too small to conduct attacks against Russian targets without combining with
other groups. Vakha was a member of Isa Manaev’s group, located in the Zavodskoy Rayon in Grozny.

One day in January another Chechen commander entered Manaev’s bunker to solicit his support for

an attack on a Russian T-90 main battle tank near the village of Alkhan-Yurt, southwest of Grozny.

After concluding it was a good idea, Manaev called out the names of 13 individuals from his bunker.

Manaev recalls, “Each was selected based on individual skill and what the mission required.” Vakha

watched anxiously, hoping he would be selected for the mission but he was not. His friend Timor was.

Vakha asked Manaev for a moment and pleaded with him to be part of the operation because, “Timor

and I, we’ve always fought together and I do not want to be separated now.” Manaev consented but

there was still one problem. Vakha had no weapon or field gear. He had lent them to another

Chechen, who had been killed in combat a couple days ago. He was unable to recover his weapon. To

Vakha’s surprise, Manaev gave him his own assault rifle and pack.

It is unclear how the group got from their bunker in Zavodskoy to the area between the

Chernorechie Intersection and Alkhan-Yurt, but the long winter nights afforded ample time to travel

under cover of darkness. Eventually they reached the location. Two scouts broke from the unit to

assess the Russian position and confirm the target. It was just as the Chechen commander had

indicated: a T-90 main battle tank and two Ural trucks, one hitched to a mobile field kitchen. The

vehicles were parked near the rise of a foothill and positioned with the two trucks in front of the tank,

as if to hide the tank. The scouts reported seeing only two sentries guarding the vehicles.

The group split up and moved out to their positions according to the plan they devised back in

Manaev’s bunker. The 13-16 men split up into four loose groupings.

4 From left to right, the first

group consisted of three men armed with an RPG, a Mukha, and an assault rifle.

5 Islam, part of a

second team of three, was 70-80 meters to the right, armed with another RPG. The second man

carried a shortened special assault rifle with a silencer.

6 His job was to creep up and take out one of

the sentries. The third man operated a PK light machine gun, or Krasavchik, as the Chechens referred

to the weapon.

7 The Krasavchik would not see any action if the operation went well, but if turned

bad, the machine gun would lay down covering fire while the rest of the group withdrew.

Dead center, looking straight on at the Russian vehicles was the Chechen commander who had

alerted Manaev’s unit to the target. His team was armed with not only RPGs but also the “Vampire”

RPG-29, which fired a heavy tandem round designed to penetrate the reactive armor of a tank.

A little further to the right was Vakha’s friend Timor, also armed with a silenced assault rifle. He

would take out the second sentry when the time came. Finally, Vakha was in the group to the far right.

He was armed with the assault rifle Manaev had given him. Another man had a couple of Mukhas.

The third man was armed with an RPG. They also had a fourth man armed with an SVD sniper rifle.

8

Once the teams were all in place, Timor and the other Chechen with the silenced weapon crawled

forward to within 30-40 meters of the sentries. They took them both out with single shots. They were

careful to maintain silence, having also tied the orange tourniquet band from the standard Russian

medical field kit to the bolt to prevent it from noisily retracting.

9

Once the sentries were eliminated the Chechen commander in the center position fired the first

RPG, followed by a single volley of RPG-7 and RPG-29 shots from the various positions. Vakha claims

that “only four or five shots were fired,” two or three RPG-7 rounds for the trucks and two RPG-29

rounds to finish off the tank.

The Chechens withdrew as fast as they had mobilized at the point of attack. “The whole operation

took less four minutes. No more,” claimed Vakha. As hoped, the Krasavchik was never needed. The

Chechens retreated as quickly as they had arrived. They were afraid, with good reason, that the

Russians may have sighted and laid weapons on the location in the event that it was attacked. Others

in the group were worried about Russian artillery fire, possibly out of Khan Kala.

Commentary: The whole raid took less than five minutes and resulted in at least two Russian KIA (the

sentries), and one T-9O tank and two Ural trucks (one with field kitchen) destroyed. There were no Chechen

losses. The Chechens felt that the Russian position was temporary and a target of opportunity that would have

to be acted upon immediately or they would miss their chance. Recon scouts went forward first and surveyed the

situation and placement of the Russian vehicles. The 13-16-man force then moved up the middle and the left

and right flanks, closer to the Russian position. It is not clear what kind of concealment the Chechens were able

to use. The area in question is a patchwork of fields and wooded area with relatively little changes in elevation.

The position of the Russian vehicles against the hillside must have been a good choice by the Russians, since the

Chechens also did not attempt to attack from the direction of the hill. Vakha recalls that, “it was too difficult to

attack from that direction.” However, the Russians did not appear to have prepared forward defenses against a

possible attack.

The Chechens were also never clear on where the rest of the soldiers might have been. They assumed that they

were in the vehicles. There was also some talk that there might have been sentries on the other side of the

Russian position, on the hill, but the Chechens could not locate any other sentries prior to the attack and did not

stay to find out after the attack. Thinking about the event, Vakha suggested, “we all want to live. If there were

other Russian sentries at the position, they probably hid themselves until it was over and we were gone.”

The attack seems to have been motivated as much by the specific target as a desire to strike Russian forces.

The Chechens were aware that the T-90 tank was the newest tank in the inventory, there were very few of them

and they represented a substantial financial cost to the Russians. It would be a psychological victory. The

Chechens also appear to have been husbanding their stockpile of the RPG-29 warheads for attacks such as this.

It is unclear where they acquired the RPG-29 warheads or launcher.

Finally, both Isa and Vakha were cognizant of Russian artillery capability and the mission was designed for
the Chechens to conduct it quickly and then retreat to the safety of their bunker in the Zavodskoy Rayon in

Grozny. “It was our way, attack, retreat, attack, retreat. Get out of there. That’s it.” Isa recalled.

Vignette 27

Second Battle for Hill 825

January 2000

–––––––

Vakha

Background: The battles for the key hilltops surrounding the Wolf’s Gate grew more intense in

early 2000. The Chechens determined that they needed to retake Hill 825 for the second time. They

made preparations for an assault. However, the memory of the first assault to recapture the hill was on

everyone’s mind. They had taken far too many losses in the first attack. The Chechens were sure that

the Russians were prepared to defend against another attack similar to the first one.

There were multiple groups in the mountains around Hill 825, including Vakha’s group of 15

combatants. This time Vakha was elected to lead the entire assault. “I was in charge the second time.

There were two or three groups involved, but I took command because I understood the situation

better because of my experience.” Still the preparation was pretty relaxed, “how should I put this? As

we were planning, we just said ‘you do this and you do that,’ and then we went about our business.”

The losses of the last assault on the hill weighed heavily on Vakha and he was concerned about

throwing all the men at his disposal into a frontal attack uphill against the Russian positions. Thinking

it over, he devised a new plan. “The first thing I did was deploy 19 fighters with machine guns across

the width of the ridgeline facing the Russian first line of defense. They engaged the Russians in the

first line of defense.”

The close proximity was not unusual, and both the Russians and Chechens could often hear each

other even though they could not always get a clear line of sight due to the terrain features. On many

occasions the Chechens and the Russians had taunted each other from nearby positions. For their

own safety, the Russians rarely ventured forward of their defensive position. Instead of mining the

ground in front of them, the Russians relied on their ability to call in mortar and artillery fire from the

plains below. The Russians still had a BMP positioned below on the road to Hill 825 with direct line

of sight on the second Russian defensive position at the top of the hill, but it could not help them

much in front of the first defensive position.

Vakha placed a second group of Chechens a bit further back and to the right of the first group.

Their mission was to lay down suppressive fire on the second Russian defensive line on the hilltop.

“There were very rocky places right here, and the second group fought with these Russians in the

second line of defense. The distance to this group was about 80-100 meters.” About 400 meters down

the ridge there were an additional 40 Chechen combatants in dugouts. “I did not activate them
because it was close combat, and the more people that were in the battle, the more casualties we would

have sustained.” Still, they were there if needed and this reassured Vakha.

Finally, Vakha and three other Chechens would traverse and then climb the steep cliff face to the

southeast of the forward line of Russian positions on the ridge in an attempt to flank them from the

unexpected side while the first and second Chechen positions kept the Russian defensive lines

occupied with suppressive fire. If Vakha was successful and outflanked the first line, his attack on the

Russian right side would be the signal for the Chechens in group one to join the assault on the first

trench line.

Everyone checked his gear and ran to his position. Vakha and his small team began the treacherous

climb along the south face. At H-hour the machine-gunners began firing up at the Russian defensive

lines. In response, “drunken conscripts yelled down to us, ‘Let’s go, you bearded goats!’ Some of the

young men with me yelled back ‘Ivan, change your diapers, we’re coming!’”

The second group of Chechen shooters began firing at the second defensive position on the hilltop.

The Russians fired back and called in mortar and artillery on the Chechen positions only 30 to 60

meters from their first defensive line. Vakha and his fellow combatants could hear the battle raging

above them. As they continued along the steep rocky ledge, two of Vakha’s group (friends of his)

stopped to pray. Glancing back at them, Vakha had an overwhelming sense of foreboding. “When I

looked at them, I immediately understood that these guys would soon leave this world.” He looked

back up the hill. They had to continue their ascent.

Eventually they reached a position adjacent to the Russian first line. Scaling the few meters to the

top, Vakha and his small group appeared on the first defensive line’s flank, just as they had planned. “I

saw the Russians who were yelling at us earlier. One soldier, as soon as he saw us, jumped out of his

position, and we shot him. Another soldier saw me when I appeared from behind the cliff face and

our eyes met (we were about ten meters apart). He looked at me and was so scared that he pulled the

trigger of his rifle and shot three of his own fellows in a row.”

The Russian first line was in jeopardy and began to collapse. “The Russians didn’t understand what

was happening—they now had no first line of defense.” Soldiers ran from the position down the

hillside to their north, while others ran towards the second and final defensive line. “The first line

retreated and communicated to the others that the ‘Chechens have occupied our positions.’” Russian

mortar teams then began to fire right on the Russian lines. “We hadn’t yet taken the second defensive

line, but the Russians themselves helped us. The second defensive line was higher up, and the

confused Russians fired mortars at their own positions. All we had to do was climb up, and the rest of

the Russians in the second defensive line retreated.”

The experienced Chechens had learned early in the first war to stay close to the Russians, although

they sometimes could not convince the younger, more-inexperienced Chechens of the necessity until

they experienced it themselves in combat. “If you are winning in a close combat situation, the

Russians will retreat and call in the coordinates of your location. At that point, you need to either

withdraw or, even better, move toward the Russians because they will give the coordinates of your

location to their artillery. So the closer you are to them, the less chance you have of being hit by

artillery or aircraft fire. The closer you are to the Russians, the better chance you have of surviving. If

you panic and retreat or stay in the same location, you will be buried by large-caliber rounds. The best

thing to do is move in the direction of the enemy.”

The Chechens did not stay to occupy the hilltop, however, because mortar fire and fire from the

BMP-1 on the road continued to hit the hilltop now that the last surviving Russians had retreated.

Instead, Vakha followed the retreating Russians. “I climbed down a little following the same path of
the retreating Russians and observed the BMP on the road below through my binoculars. I wanted to

get to the BMP, but Russian snipers began firing at me. Snipers also began targeting the positions on

top of Hill 825.”

As the sun disappeared below the mountains to the west, the mortars stopped. The Chechens

foraged through the Russian position. There were many dead soldiers.

10 There were also some

luxuries, including thermoses of boiling water. “Can you imagine? When we drank our little bags of

tea, it was wonderful. I remember that the moon was out. It was a very light night.”

Commentary: The retaking of Hill 825 had taken two hours.

11 Vakha was adamant that it had to be

secured before dark and it was. His men did not have the advantage of night vision technology and he knew that

the longer the Russians stayed on the hill the more risky it was to his operation. Chechen losses were remarkably

low, only two or three according to Vakha. Vakha’s two friends, who had stopped to pray as they climbed

towards the Russian positions, were dead, just as Vakha’s premonition had indicated.

The next day Vakha and a few others set out on the path down the slope towards the plains below in the same

direction as the Russian retreat off the hilltop the day before. He found three dead Russian soldiers from the

previous day’s battle. He was still looking for a way to strike the BMP that was causing them so much trouble,

but could not reach it due to the minefields the Russians had placed on both sides of the road leading to it. There

was little he could do but continue to observe it through his binoculars. Before heading back up the hill the

Chechens collected all the dead Russian soldiers’ ammo and equipment.

Rather than assault the position again, Russian fixed- and rotary-winged aircraft pummeled Hill 825 steadily

for weeks afterwards. The Chechens never relinquished Hill 825 again until the Chechen command ordered its

forces to abandon all fixed positions and begin guerrilla warfare. Then Vakha and his men moved off the

elevation, and by summer of 2000 the Russians once again established themselves on Hill 825.

Looking back on the operation, Vakha recalls multiple factors led to their success. “We kind of tricked them.

We went up the steep cliff. The Russians at the top thought that we had already overrun the first line of defense.

If we had taken more combatants with us, more would have died, you know? But to win the hilltop while losing

three people . . . even our senior commanders were amazed that we took the hilltop and lost only three people. It

was our military abilities and luck. Luck played a big role. It worked out for us.”

This time the Chechens established two support-by-fire positions to engage the two Russian defensive lines

simultaneously. There is no indication how the fires were controlled. The commander was not able to do so

directly, since he was leading the assault with a small group in advance of the main attack force. Vakha

probably communicated with a Motorola hand-held radio or similar short-range communications device.

Vignette 28

Chechens Attack Ring of Villages Along Mountain Frontier

16 August 2002

–––––––

Isa
(with supporting material from Russian statements and press accounts)

Background: By late summer 2002 Chechen forces operating in the mountains found it nearly

impossible to reach out across the plains and attack the Russians. Further, they were now faced with

pro-Russian Chechen forces who were loyal to Moscow and Putin-appointed acting Head of the

Administration Akhmad Kadyrov.

12 Kadyrov’s Chechens fought alongside the Russians and secured

the plains. Instead of fighting them, the Chechen combatants, under the command of the interwar

Chechen-elected President Aslan Maskhadov, fought Russian forces in or near the mountains, which

have always been safe havens for guerrillas, lawbreakers and rebels. Chechen small-unit attacks

diminished and were gradually replaced by mine warfare. The IED was, according to many Chechen

combatants, their only effective weapon and tactic. Many combatants found it distasteful but

nonetheless necessary. Periodic strikes against the new regime in Grozny were occasionally conducted,

but the decreasing number of these attacks, plus their limited success and combat power, caused the

Russians to declare publicly that the Chechen insurgency was incapable and a spent force.

Until summer 2002 Isa was commander of the Southwestern Front. However, sometime during the

summer Doku Umarov was named commander of the Southwestern Front. Still, Isa’s units remained

active in the area.

13 In 2002 Isa was summoned to the Vedeno area for a meeting with President

Maskhadov and the other commanders. “I traveled through the mountains to this meeting, where we

finalized a plan to seize several villages, including some in the Southwestern Front. Maskhadov

assigned me to seize the villages of Shalazhi, Gekhi-Chu and Roshni-Chu. Other commanders were

going to seize other villages in their sectors. We were ordered to hold the villages for 24 hours.”

Geographically, the southern edges of the villages were nearest to the mountains. Shalazhi was

almost nestled into the hills, giving the Chechens an initial advantage, since they were able to use the

forested heights for concealment and cover. Isa combined many small groups as he organized his men

into a force of 300 to 400 combatants. “In order to capture three villages and hold them, that size of a

force is needed. For larger operations, we quickly combine smaller groups.” He then split the large

force into three independent commands and prepared them for a coordinated attack on all three

villages. Isa established his own command post at a position from which he could look down on the

villages. “We assigned a group to the Roshni-Chu area, one to Shalazhi, and a third group to GekhiChu. I was in the center in order to control everything. I wanted to see and control all of the troops.”

Isa positioned snipers on the heights near all three villages to target the Russian and pro-Russian

Chechen personnel in the villages. Isa claims there were Russian garrisons in all three of the villages on

his target list, but other sources indicate that the villages were garrisoned by Chechen special police

(OMON), other pro-Kadyrov Chechen forces and a very limited amount of Russian federal forces.

However, Russian forces in Shalazhi included a detachment of the Omsk OMON located at a

checkpoint set up at the juice bottling plant within the town.

Isa’s forces were aware of his internal and external “enemies” in the villages below. “We do not need

to conduct reconnaissance in our own territory. Our reconnaissance force consists of the patriots who

are always watching the situation and any movement, every minute, every second. In these mountain

villages we didn’t need it, because we have several dozen people in each village.” As for Roshni-Chu, Isa

was even more confident, “we had many soldiers that were from Roshni-Chu.”

The infiltration and attack began in the evening of 16 August. In Shalazhi the 100 Chechen

combatants broke into three main groups. The first group took the prominent heights to direct sniper

and mortar fire onto the Russian positions in the village. A second group moved in to attack targets

within the village, including the houses of pro-Kadyrov Chechen police and officials. A third group

moved north past the village to block off the road and prevent Russian reinforcements from entering

the village.

Russian response was immediate but restrained. There were no artillery strikes on the Chechen

positions. Instead, Spetznaz and MVD [Ministry of Internal Affairs] forces rushed to reinforce their

compatriots in Shalazhi and cut off Chechen escape routes into the mountains. In the early morning,

nine volunteers from the Vologodsky OMON and three BTRs from the 47th MVD Regiment rushed

towards besieged Shalazhi from the regional MVD headquarters. The small column was minutes from

the village outskirts when they saw Chechen combatants moving into position to attack them and stop

them from reaching the village.

The column slammed to a halt and began to engage the Chechens on their flank. The lead BTR

immediately became separated from the others. The Chechens could not overrun the column, but the

Russians could not advance past the Chechen positions. The battle wore on for a couple hours and

both sides took casualties. The Russian commander ran out to drag a wounded man out of the line of

fire. After tucking him away safely, the commander returned to the fight. He was hit by a sniper’s

bullet and died on the spot. Shortly afterwards a second convoy of reinforcements arrived, forcing the

Chechens to retreat.

Meanwhile another battle in the heart of Shalazhi raged near the Russian garrison at the juice

bottling plant. The Chechens had been able to use the houses and their knowledge of the village to get

within 30 meters of the Russian post. They did this by flanking the Russians through a nearby lumber
yard. Desperate, the Russian OMON commander went on the offensive. From the ground he directed

his BTR to crash through the gates of the lumber yard. He then led a 12-man maneuver group

through the gate and into the lumber yard. It appeared the Chechens were breaking contact as the

OMON forces pressed the advantage. A moment later, the OMON forces stepped into heavy machinegun crossfire. The soldiers were forced to retreat and the OMON commander was killed moments

later.

14

In nearby Gekhi-Chu, the Chechens initially had a somewhat easier time. There were federal forces

around the village, but, according to Isa, “there was no Russian garrison in Gekhi-Chu.” In either case

the Chechens seemed to take the village easily, digging in to withstand an inevitable Russian

counterattack. As in Shalazhi, local Chechens working for the Kadyrov government were being drawn

into the fight while federal forces moved to block the Chechens dug-in around the village perimeter.

Little is known about the battle for Roshni-Chu, but, according to multiple reports and statements

in the Russian media, the Chechen forces under Isa’s command completely destroyed a Russian

checkpoint on the eastern side of the village and were able to hold at least part of the village for the 24-

hour period that Maskhadov’s order specified.

Commentary: Tactical detail on the action is lacking. While Isa is able to provide operational background

and a large-scale picture of the fighting, many additional sources are thankfully available to provide some

additional detail regarding the situation in Shalazhi. There is even less information on the situation in GekhiChu, and very little information on the battle for Roshni-Chu, although various sources confirm that there were

battles in all three villages. “We held the villages for 24 hours, and left in the evening on the second day. We left

with only one wounded and sufficient ammunition and weapons. We then went back into the mountains. You

could say that getting back into the mountains was also a successful operation.”

The reported numbers of Chechen combatants, numbers of Russians and pro-Russians garrisoned in the

villages, and the number of dead on both sides fluctuate wildly. Statements by pro-Kadyrov Chechens claim that

32 Chechen insurgents were killed carrying out the action. Local statements made after the fact honor eight proKadyrov policemen who died, while other reports detail the death of the Russian OMON officers. There is no

mention of casualties associated with the reported destruction of the Russian checkpoint east of Roshni-Chu.

The impact of the action is also hard to measure. Though the Chechens did not appear to suffer significant

losses, it is unclear how it helped their war effort. Losses on both sides appear to have been minimal. Rather, the

entire operation was meant to be psychological or demonstrative in nature. Insurgencies are nasty. Targeting proKadyrov Chechens meant that Chechens were killing Chechens. Isa makes a point of saying that he gave explicit

orders not to attack pro-Kadyrov Chechens while in the villages. However, additional sources claim they were

attacked. It could be a question of perspective. In most of the additional accounts it is clear that the pro-Kadyrov

forces in the villages responded to the insurgent attacks, and that would have put them in the battle at that

point. However, other accounts state that the Chechen combatants actively sought out and targeted village

administrators and policemen in their homes.

This action stands out in comparison to other Chechen actions against Russian forces that occurred during the

wars as a result of circumstance or opportunity. In this case the operation was planned and was carried out

across a broad front. The Chechen commanders met in council to plan out the attacks. Even the information

arm of the Chechen resistance was involved. From the initial moments of the battle the Chechen website,

Kavkazcenter.net, under the direction of Movladi Udugov, pushed out its own version of events to counter

Russian or Kadyrov statements.

Incidentally, Kadyrov got it right. He claimed the coordinated attacks were not carried out to seize and hold
the villages for any length of time. Rather, he called the whole exercise a stunt to demonstrate the insurgency’s

ability to conduct military operations. According to Isa, the attacks were carried out because the Russians had

been saying that the Chechen insurgency “was combat incapable.” The operation was designed to refute that

appraisal.

Tactically, the fighting demonstrated that each town was a separate fight and the insurgents were only able to

support the fight in their sector. Isa apparently did not have a reserve or supporting firepower, so his role was

reduced to communications, supply and an attempt to coordinate the actions of three separate commands. The

Russians showed restraint in the use of airpower and artillery, since many of the Chechens in these towns did not

support the insurgent cause. After a brief occupation, the Chechens withdrew in good order and the war moved

back to the mountains.
Chapter Nine Summary

The Chechens seldom rehearsed their attacks before they conducted them. Consequently,

coordination among units and with fire support often developed avoidable glitches. Successful attacks

required logistics support if the Chechens were going to hold onto their gains. The Chechen logistics

system was village-based and not always up to the challenge of maintaining a force following a

successful attack. This was particularly true if the attacking force was not from the area. Often, the

combatants arrived on the objective with little food, water or ammunition, and these were slow in

arriving. If the attacking unit intended to stay for any period of time, they needed shovels, sandbags,

firewood, bedding and other basics—again depending on a stressed logistics system.

Large-scale Chechen attacks, such as the attack on Grozny, required much planning and were highrisk options, since they exposed so much of the Chechen combat power to destruction. Their purpose

was primarily political. By the time that the Chechens moved into guerrilla warfare, their ability to

conduct significant attacks had diminished considerably.

1. There are a variety of Russian sources confirming Chechen actions against the various Russian control-crossing points.

Elimpash’s description of events seem to correspond to these accounts of the fight for Russian Control-Crossing Point 13.

According to Boris Karpov in the online journal VV: Kavkazskiy Krest - 2. “Blokpost-13 Vyzyvaet ‘Storm’,” the 13th Block Post

(called “Storm”) was described as “the least fortunate” of the block posts. The author goes on to say that it was ill-suited for

prolonged fighting. The concrete slabs only gave an “appearance of reliability,” but it would only take a few hand grenades to

destroy it. At this post were a good number of OMON officers (Special Police). On 6 March reports show that there was a

concentration of Chechen fighters in the industrial area, which was “literally across the street” from the Russian unit (the

block post). The Chechens did not attack it head-on, rather they attempted to starve the Russians out. While the 18th and

19th block posts were able to call in accurate artillery strikes because their zones had specific coordinates, the 13th did not,

despite its being on an important road. The artillery men used a ruler on a map to determine where to fire and basically had

to call fire upon their own men. It was a risky move, and the shells landed very close to the Russian position at the 13th block

post. As a result, the report says, the Chechens were beaten back. By the morning of 7 March the 13th Block Post was

almost entirely destroyed, but the Russians were still alive. They evacuated in a damaged BMP that could drive but not

shoot. The report says the Chechens didn’t even notice them leave due to how quick and unexpected the maneuver was.

They drove to the Komendatura, and upon arriving realized that five of their men were missing.

2. The Chechens wiped out the entire 6th Company, 104th Parachute Regiment of the 76th Airborne Division on Hill 776 in

February 2000.

3. There are multiple conflicting sources regarding the battles for these hills. In many cases there seems to be confusion as

to which details belong to the battle for which hill, or which battle the details belonged to, since there were multiple battles for

a single hill that occurred during the first months of the second war.

4. The number of Chechens that took part in the operation is unclear. Vakha T. firmly remembers thirteen being called out by

Manaev. He also recalls that the Chechen commander came with two of his own. That would bring the total Chechen force

to sixteen combatants.

5. The RPG-18 Mukha [Fly] is an antitank round stored in an extendable container/launcher. After firing, the launcher is

discarded. It is similar to the US LAW.

6. Probably the A-91 compact assault rifle with sniper scope and silencer.

7. Krasavchik literally means “pretty boy,” the term most Chechen combatants used for the PK light machine gun. The

Chechens also used the term to refer to the NSV Utios 12.5mm heavy machine gun. But in this case, it is probably the

lighter and more mobile PK light machine gun that was used in the operation.

8. SVD or Snayperskaya Vintovka Dragunova, a 7.62mm Dragunov Sniper Rifle.

9. There would still be noise, but the difference would be that of a round fired from a single-action rifle versus a

semiautomatic rifle. Asilencer would further deaden the noise.

10. It isn’t clear how many Russian soldiers were killed in this operation, or even what unit they were in. According to

gorod.dp.ua. Thread entitled “Ochen interesnyy vzglyad na sudbu 6 roty VDV.” http://forum.gorod.dp.ua/showthread.php?

t=138550&page=1, “The Russians were able to capture hills 835 and 950 without losses, but lost a whole company of
untrained new recruits trying to capture 825. By the middle of winter 2000, the Russians hadn’t quite taken hill 825, and 950

was lost.” Another Russian source states, “Big loss of Russian troops on Hill 825. . . . Inglorious failed attack for 825, laid

down a whole company.” There is some confusion as to which Russian company this is.

11. This fact is also corroborated by Ratiborov, Konstantin. “Budanov v Tyurme i na Voine”. No. 15(332). April 11, 2000.

http://www.zavtra.ru/cgi/veil/data/zavtra/00/332/32.html. “Hill 825 was captured by the Chechens after a two-hour battle.” The

same source puts the date of the attack as 15 January 2000. Vakha only remembers it being during Ramadan, which took

place 9 December 1999 to 8 January 2000, so there is some discrepancy as to when the action occurred.

12. Kadyrov had been appointed acting head of administration in July 2000, and was later elected Chechen President on 5

October 2003. He was killed in a bomb attack by Chechen separatists on 9 May 2004.

13. It is not known whether or not Isa took orders from Doku Umarov after the command change, or if Isa’s clout permitted

him to be an equal for all intents and purposes. In any case, the credit for these battles for Shalazhi, Gekhi-Chu and RoshniChu goes to Umarov. In many sources, the battles for these towns are mentioned in conjunction with the battle for MartanChu. As Isa states that he only had command for Shalazhi, Gekhi-Chu and Roshni-Chu, it is possible that Umarov had

command of the battle for Martan-Chu, in addition to other locations.

14. Multiple Russian sources state that two officers from the Omsk OMON were killed fighting the Chechens during the

battle: Lieutenant Colonel Igor Suyarov, the detachment commander, as noted above, and Lieutenant Nikolai Fomin. For

example, see http:/www.ortrk.ru/?story id=A565.
-- Chapter Ten --

Shelling and Sniping Attacks

Early in the war, the Chechens conducted shelling attacks with artillery, mortars and rockets, but as

the war continued, Chechen ammunition supplies dwindled. Initially, Chechen attacks were against

Russian compounds, outposts and checkpoints, but the targets became more selective as the Chechens

husbanded their ammunition for high-value targets. The Russians were quite effective in finding and

destroying Chechen artillery and rocket launchers, so the later Chechen shelling attacks were mostly

with mortars. In a pinch, the Chechens also used the ubiquitous RPG-7 antitank grenade launcher.

Depending on the type round, it will self-destruct 900-1000 meters from launch. The Chechens would

“stand-off” this distance from the Russians and fire elevated rounds so that the rounds would explode

in air bursts over the heads of the Russians.

There is more to conducting a shelling attack than setting up a mortar and lobbing rounds at the

enemy. Entry into the firing position needs to be surreptitious. Enough ammunition needs to be

carried to the firing position, but no more than necessary, since the crew does not carry ammunition

when fleeing the area. The crew needs to register the weapon on target before they fire it for effect.

This gives the enemy ample warning unless the firing sites have been surveyed and used before. After

the rounds have been fired, the crew has to leave rapidly, with the weapon. Since mortar barrels get

very hot during firing, this can be an adventure in itself.

Sniper actions are also tricky. Snipers need to operate covertly and need a spotter and security.

Weapons with telescopic sights are great, except that slight bumps will destroy sight alignment. Most

manuals recommend that, after transporting a weapon with a telescopic sight over rough terrain, the

firer confirm that the sight picture is still accurate by firing several rounds to confirm the “battlefield

zero.” Snipers do not have that luxury. Naturally, snipers prefer to engage high-value targets after all

the work they do getting into position and then waiting. Radio operators, crew-served weapons

gunners and officers were the prime targets, but after a long period of time any Russian soldier would

do.

The vignettes that follow are from the second war and show the selective nature of Chechen

targeting.

Vignette 29

Mortar Attack on Russian Armor Position

Sometime between December 1999 and mid-January 2000

–––––––
Vakha

Background: The Russian Army had established an extensive operating base on an elevated plain

west of the Kirova housing area. The position offered commanding views of Kirova, Aldi,

Chernorechie and other suburbs of western Grozny. The terrain was barren, offering no concealment

and affording the Russians extensive fields of fire. The location was also impervious to frontal assault

from the wooded area and tree-lined streets of Kirova, as potential attackers would have to scale the

height in plain sight to get to the Russian positions above. It was a near-perfect location for a division

or brigade headquarters, although the position was vulnerable to sniping and indirect fire.

Isa Manaev’s group, operating in the Aldi, Kirova, Chernorechie areas, often broke up into smaller

detachments to carry out specific missions, including mortar attacks. One of Manaev’s soldiers,

Ruslan, was an excellent mortar man. It is unclear where Ruslan gained his expertise—— he may have

had previous mortar experience in the Soviet Army. He operated a homemade light mortar that he had

fashioned himself from an existing mortar tube with rusting supports and missing base plate. He used

two pieces of rebar to construct a makeshift bi-pod and welded on an additional piece of metal that

served as the base plate. In Ruslan’s hands, it was a reliable system and he became very proficient with

the weapon. It is unclear what size rounds he was using, but Vakha recalls that they were hard to come

by. Ruslan was always in search of more ammunition.

Manaev’s men knew the Kirova housing community well and used this knowledge to position

spotters in the houses and factory buildings in the area. From his position on the fourth or fifth floor

of an industrial building Musa monitored the Russian positions 300-400 meters away. He regularly

noticed soldiers digging trenches and fueling stoves with wood. On this particular day he noticed a

BTR and Ural truck parked near the ridgeline in plain site and within Ruslan’s mortar range. Musa

radioed headquarters and Ruslan and a mortar detachment were called into action. Musa continued to

monitor the Russian position while waiting for the team to get in place. Saydan, a fresh recruit, would

man the Krasavchik to draw fire away from Musa, should the Russians identify the mortar position. It

was Saydan’s first time in battle. Finally, Vakha. would support and cover Saydan with his 5.45-caliber

assault rife if necessary.
It did not take long to get ready. Musa positioned his mortar to the right of Ruslan, perhaps a bit

closer than 300 meters to the Russian position. Saydan was roughly halfway between Musa and Ruslan

with the Krasavchik to provide covering fire for Ruslan to retreat if necessary. Finally, Vakha. was close

to Saydan and the machine gun. “My job was to cover the Krasavchik if necessary. All team members

took advantage of the terrain, foliage and buildings to find appropriate concealment.”

Ruslan dropped the first round into the tube. He had only 13 rounds and he wanted each one to

count. Musa called it in, “8 meters to the right!” Ruslan adjusted and put another round in the tube

—— it was a dud. Quickly he put another round in the tube. Off it went and Musa again corrected his

fire. The rounds were “right on target,” radioed Musa. Ruslan fired all thirteen rounds but four were

duds, so only nine were effective. Musa continued to watch the target area as the team began to

displace. The Russian position was a flurry of action. Both the BTR and the Ural were burning. Musa

observed many dead and wounded.

The whole action took only a few minutes and the group prepared to displace from their individual

positions. Ruslan had packed up the mortar and began to retreat when he was surprised by PK fire

coming from Saydan’s location. Vakha was startled as well and turned in time to see Saydan running
toward the hillside firing up at the Russian position yelling, “let’s storm them.” This was not in the

plan and, desperate to get his attention, Vakha picked up a rock and threw it at Saydan yelling, “what

are you, crazy, abnormal?” Saydan continued to run up the hill until he emptied his ammo can.

Realizing his vulnerability, he quickly reversed course, running back down the hill to the safety of the

wooded area and the Kirova housing settlement. Remarkably, Saydan and the others were not hit by

Russian fire, but they were forced to take extra precautions retreating from their positions. After a

hasty retreat, Vakha did not know whether to laugh or curse, “the intent was to not give away our

position —— and then Saydan starts running up the hill firing and yelling at the Russians!”

Commentary: The mortar attack ended well for the Chechens despite Saydan’s breaking ranks to attack the

Russians on his own. Saydan had only recently joined the insurgency after the Russians killed his wife and

children, and he lost himself temporarily in his zeal to strike back at the Russians. These types of events

happened often among the Chechen combatants, many joining the fight after a traumatizing event like the death

of a family member. This occurrence is significant because the Russians claimed during the first war that the

Chechens were a better-trained force. This may have been true for a small but significant cadre of soldiers and

militia, including Shamil Basaev and Ruslan Galaev and the soldiers under them who had fought in Abkhazia

prior to the war with Russia. However, Saydan personifies the other half of the Chechen resistance, those who

join the war effort because they have lost everything. They are poorly trained, if at all, and have emotional issues

that can destabilize an operation. Vakha notes that Saydan was very old to be fighting with them, 44 years old.

The mortar itself is a mystery. Some Chechens claimed they manufactured homemade mortars and rocket

launchers from various materials, including the drive shaft casing from KAMAZ trucks.

1 Others claim to have

done the same with the drive shaft covers from ZIL trucks. Mortars and other weapons were also said to have

been made during the interwar years, 1996-1999, in the half-destroyed Krasnyi Molot and Elektropribor factories

and in the Pischemash factory in Argun.

2

Vakha’s account does not put much emphasis on Russian return fire. The fact that all four members of the

mortar detachment were able to successfully retreat might suggest the Russians were unprepared to respond or

simply did not have any way to locate the mortar position. Russian counterbattery radar was not utilized, but

with these systems it is always a question of the unit being turned on, calibrated and pointed in the proper

direction. If Ruslan’s mortar was smaller than an 82-mm mortar, countermortar radar would have difficulty

acquiring the shot and trajectory. The Soviets used a 50-mm mortar during World War II. Vakha remembers the

raid lasting 10 to 12 minutes. Saydan’s run towards the base of the hill firing would surely give the Russians a

chance to fire on him effectively. Still, he was able to retreat under fire and get away with the rest of the

detachment.

Vignette 30

Sniping Attack on a Russian Senior Officer

Sometime between December 1999 and January 2000

–––––––
Vakha

Background: The high plateau west of Kirova was the perfect staging point for the Russian forces

advancing into Grozny from the west. At 250 meters above sea level, it sat nearly 100 meters above the

Kirova housing settlement below. Beyond the Kirova settlement lay the vast belt of industrial factories.

More than a kilometer away the Chechens positioned themselves on the higher floors of these

buildings to observe the Russian positions and snipe at them when feasible. Russian tanks positioned

on the plateau fired on the Chechen positions when they could find them.

Zhelen lay in the ruins of the attic in a cottage that had taken a tank round some time earlier. He

peered through his binoculars. He counted 120 pieces of Russian armor in various positions. It

seemed the whole Russian Army lay before him. Although he had never set foot on the Russian

position, he knew it well, as he’d had “eyes on” the target for weeks. In the next building on the third

floor lay Musa, a sniper. Musa peered through the scope of his SVD sniper rifle through the branches

of a tree growing up past the window. The men in the unit teased him about his rifle because he

treated it like a baby. He would not let anyone touch it and he was constantly caring for it. Some time

ago it had fallen out of his hand during a narrow escape and was banged up. Vakha and the others

were impressed with Musa’s effort to fix it.

Vakha and his friend Timor were also in the building, on the same floor with Musa. Their job was

to cover the corners. They also peered out towards the Russian position, but it was 1100 meters away.

Between them and the plateau lay Kirova and then a strip of woods. To the rear of the building were

three exterior stairwells. They planned on exiting the building down these stairwells and out through

another partially destroyed building directly behind them.

Vakha is not sure who noticed it first, but Zhelen and Musa were talking to each other over the radio

and seemed to be excited. The Russian camp had just come alive with the arrival of a UAZ, a BTR, and

a Ural truck. Soldiers stumbled out of their tents and dugouts, some were still putting their boots on.

Others were tucking in their shirts and buttoning jackets. “This guy has to be important” Zhelen

thought. The figure stepped out of his vehicle and both Zhelen and Musa recognized the wide red

stripes of a general officer down the sides of his pants. Apparently he had come to present something

to someone, but had put himself in plain sight of Musa and his beloved SVD sniper rifle.
Musa compensated for the distance, 15, 20 centimeters. He fired a single shot and the officer

slumped down. Vakha recalls, “he crashed like a spineless animal, like a snake or an invertebrate.”

Musa fired a second round at the General’s body slumped on the ground. There was no lingering to

celebrate the kill. Musa jumped back from his position and raced to the back of the building. He met

Vakha and Timor on the second floor as they made their way to the back of the floor and down the
stairwell. They felt the building take the impact of a tank round. Pieces of concrete and brick

showered down over them. They continued to run down the stairwells as another tank round hit the

building. In a moment they were off the stairwell, running across the broken heap that was once the

building behind them.

Commentary: All four of the Chechen combatants involved in the sniping incident were able to

withdraw successfully from their positions. This was a particularly successful operation not only

because they were able to kill a Russian general, but also because they had only been in their position

for two hours. Sometimes they would stay in their positions for days waiting for a target to materialize.

“Usually you have to wait for an opportunity like that, sometimes for days, and still nothing happens.”

recalls Vakha. Musa often spent weeks looking for noteworthy targets without ever firing a shot.

The Russians were able to pinpoint Musa’s location quickly, likely on the second shot. Vakha thinks

it could not have been more than 20 seconds before incoming fire destroyed the third floor. Vakha

went back to the location the next day to survey the building. The holes in the wall were over two

meters in diameter. There was concrete rubble strewn about.
Chapter Ten Summary

Logistics was a major problem for the Chechens during both wars. Although there was some outside

financial support from fundamentalist Islamic groups in the Middle East, there was no external

logistics support organization across the border providing ammunition, medical care, maintenance

support and the like. At the start of the first war the Chechens were fairly well supplied with heavy

weapons, small arms, vehicles and ammunition, but they had no surviving organization providing

replacements for destroyed, captured and broken weapons and equipment and certainly no

ammunition-manufacturing facilities or external supplies of ammunition. Over time the Chechens

became a less robust force with far-fewer heavy weapons and combatants. Shelling and sniping attacks

were one way of striking back at the enemy and contesting turf, but the Chechens lacked the ability to

follow this up with a concerted effort. The conversion from a conventional force backed

by local militias to a guerrilla force is difficult, and the Chechen resistance clearly had problems.

Shifting to guerrilla warfare is a confession of weakness, and, as the enemy keeps the pressure on, the

guerrilla force has difficulty improving and growing.

1. Umalt Dudayev, “Chechnya’s Homemade Weapons Fuel War: Rebels are using improvised and home-made weapons to

continue their guerrilla war,” CRS Issue 227, Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 21 February 2005.

2. Email correspondence with Umar, 10 December 2010.
-- Chapter Eleven --

Conclusions

The first post-Soviet Russo-Chechen War pitted a larger, poorly-supported, poorly-trained modern

mechanized force against a smaller and motivated force backed by village and neighborhood militias

(primarily light infantry). The Chechens defended Grozny, concentrating on mobile strong-points

covering the central Presidential Palace. After the Russians pushed them out of Grozny they then took

the fight to various urban centers. The Chechens started the conflict with a good supply of modern

weapons and ammunition, but, as the conflict continued, the major weapons systems and vehicles

broke down or were captured or destroyed. Ammunition stores dwindled and the Chechen National

Guard (regular army) and militias began to blend into a generic light infantry, backed by local food,

medical and repair facilities. Chechen “battalions” were often platoon-sized. Still, following a successful

March 1996 reconnaissance by force into Grozny, the Chechens withdrew and then again infiltrated

into Grozny, surrounded the Russian garrisons and began a campaign of multiple sieges within the

capital city in August 1996. The Russians were not in mutually supporting positions. Moscow finally

negotiated for withdrawal and granted Chechnya its independence.

Thus, the first post-Soviet Russo-Chechen War ended with a Russian withdrawal and a putative

Chechen victory. However, the ability to win the peace and govern themselves eluded the Chechens.

There was no plan to run the government and society when the shooting stopped. Massive

unemployment and lawlessness defined the young men’s roles and kidnapping for ransom became an

accepted activity among many of the former combatants. The divisions in Chechen society, which had

been papered over by the presence of the Russian occupiers, were now all too visible. During the first

war, the President’s command over the National Guard was tenuous at best. The various National

Guard commanders retained a great deal of autonomy. They had united out of necessity, but

historically the Chechens seldom unite unless they are fighting a war. Adat kept Chechen society

together, but years of war eroded this societal infrastructure.1

The Russians were much better prepared for the second post-Soviet Russo-Chechen War. They had

added a supporting rail line in neighboring Dagestan, their supply and maintenance posture was greatly

improved and the troops were better trained and equipped. They brought overwhelming firepower and

forces. The Chechens, on the other hand, were left with their weapons from the previous war and

little ammunition. Maskhadov’s government had enough other problems without reconstituting the

police and armed forces, which had not previously been responsive to government demands.

The Chechens intended to fight the Russians in the same manner as during the first war —— first a

defensive battle of attrition in Grozny, then a shift to fight further defensive battles in the other urban

centers. This fit their light infantry force. The Russians intended to let the Chechens fight this very

war —— concentrating their forces into urban kill zones where massive, prolonged aviation and artillery

strikes would annihilate the Chechen forces from a distance before they systematically reduced the

urban areas. The Chechen forces were decimated during the retreat from Grozny and further reduced

in the ensuing smaller urban fights. As Vedeno, the Wolf’s Gate, and other strategic positions fell, the

Chechens reverted to local guerrilla warfare and terrorist attacks into Russia. The Russians pursued
the Chechens into the mountains and, in 2009, proclaimed that the counterinsurgency campaign was

over. The war was not over —— it was just much lower key and had spread across the region into

Dagestan and Ingushetia.

Technology

The Russians mostly used tried and true technology. Their aviation and artillery strikes were

delivered by cold war systems except for some large-caliber mortars which they introduced. Europe

experienced its largest and longest artillery barrages since World War II. Artillery-delivered fuel-air

explosives were used for the first time in combat on European soil. Tanks and infantry fighting

vehicles were legacy systems, but effective. During the Second Russo-Chechen War, the Russians

introduced new small arms for the close urban fight —— replacing the supersonic, light-weight 5.45mm

bullets with 7.62mm rounds that would penetrate load-bearing walls and not ricochet around the

room. Combat shotguns, urban sniper rifles, flame projectors, modern breaching rounds and other

modern tools were issued to the infantry soldiers.

The Chechens had no reliable source of new armaments or ammunition. They used what they

could capture, manufacture or purchase from corrupt Russian servicemen. They built antitank

launchers, land mines and blast mines (improvised explosive devices or IEDs, in the current parlance).

Internationalist money was important, but without a friendly border over which weapons and

ammunition could enter, Chechen technology was limited —— and became more so as the wars

progressed and supplies and materials diminished.

Role of Military Professionals

The Russian Army was considerably hampered by the lack of a professional NCO corps. The fight

was carried on the backs of teenaged conscripts and slightly older lieutenants. The Russian Army had

not adopted their hard-won lessons learned fighting an insurgency in the mountains of Afghanistan.

The Russian Army leadership used a conventional war approach, even when the Chechens reverted to

guerrilla war.2 Only in the second war, as the Russian Army got better, did they use rigorous smallunit patrolling by airborne, air assault, and Spetsnaz forces to push into the mountains and contest

and interdict the insurgent lines of communication, supply and retreat. The failures of the first war

brought a willingness to rebuild and retrain the bankrupt post-Cold War army and adapt to the lessons

of the first war.

There were few military professionals in the Chechen ranks. Most of these were former Soviet

military or National Guard commanders. Still, most Chechen males had served conscript service with

the Soviet Army and were familiar with weapons and rudimentary tactics. Many had even served on

the Soviet side of the Soviet Afghan war and proudly showed their medals and decorations to anyone

who would show interest. Others had gained combat experience in Abkhazia in 1992-1993. Chechen

units were most effective at the platoon-size level (30 to 40 men), where the personality of the
commander drove the unit. It was not an army of rules, regulations or tables of organization and

equipment. The few real military professionals rose to prominence, primarily in major staff positions.

This fact hampered the Chechen war effort repeatedly.

Tactics

The Russians preferred to dominate the plains with their mechanized forces and engage the enemy

with artillery and aviation. The RPG-7 was an effective antitank weapon and the Russians used

preparatory fires to destroy or disrupt these gunners before they moved within close combat range.

Once the war entered the mountain guerrilla phase the Russians engaged heavily in winter

campaigning. The forests of Chechnya are largely deciduous and guerrillas could be detected and

tracked when the ground was bare or snow-covered.

All warfare, guerrilla or conventional, is about controlling one’s own lines of communication,

supply, advance and retreat while threatening those of the enemy. On the plains, roads and urban

areas, the Russians established control using fortified permanent and mobile control points (blokpost)

and raids. The Russians became adept at identifying key mountain terrain (roads, passes, water-crossing

points and high ground controlling these). They would seize and garrison these with elite forces and

then dispatch patrols to interdict guerrilla lines and ambush guerrilla groups. Mountain guerrilla

warfare is dependent on fixed bases. When the Russians identified guerrilla mountain bases, they used

airstrikes, artillery and raids to deal with these priority objectives.

During the first war, the Russians preferred contiguous lines and predictable, methodological

advances. This led to a series of bloody frontal attacks against defending forces in urban terrain. In the

second war, the Russians began holding the defending Chechen force in place with a limited attack

while bypassing this defense to capture an objective beyond the Chechen defense. This would unhinge

the Chechen defense and provide an opportunity for Russian aviation and artillery to punish the

bypassed, retreating Chechens. The Russians continued this leap-frogging until they had small

garrisons holding key terrain along the southern mountain border with Georgia.

The main Chechen tactics were the defense, raid, and ambush. The Chechens rapidly learned the

value of prepared defenses, covered zigzag trenches, obstacles, railroad embankments, river lines and a

predictable enemy. Except for the spectacular raids described in the history chapter, Chechen raids

were usually semi-rehearsed small-unit actions within a few kilometers of the starting point. The

ambush became the mainstay of Chechen tactics. It was used to slow Russian advances, inflict damage

and supply the Chechen force. Still, the Chechen ambushes never developed the organization and

effectiveness of the Mujahideen ambushes that the Soviets experienced in Afghanistan. The Chechens

were never lacking in courage or audacity. They all wanted to be in the assault group, never the support

group or covering force. They often lacked the patience, discipline and cohesion necessary for effective

ambushes. There were notable exceptions, including al Khattab’s ambush and destruction of an entire

Russian armored battalion in spring 1995 and Musa’s ambush on the road to Vedeno as described in

chapter four.

As a rule, in the usual tactical fight (company, platoon and below) the Chechen combatants were

older and more experienced than their Russian opponents. Many were veterans of the Soviet Army,
some of Afghanistan, and some of the fighting in Abkhazia. The maturity of the Chechen force was

often a deciding factor when two equally-matched forces met. The Russians preferred to keep the

Chechens at least 300 meters away (out of the range of the AK-47 and the RPG-7 against a moving

target). The Chechens, however, tried to “hug” the Russian forces whenever possible so that they

could use their RPGs while avoiding Russian artillery and aviation supporting fire.

Logistics

Tactics determines battles while logistics determines campaigns. The Russian logistics structure for

the first post-Soviet Russo-Chechen War was inadequate, especially for the initial urban slugfest in

Grozny. The Russians had their logistics in order for the second war and even added an additional rail

line from Kizliyar to Karlan Yurt in Dagestan. This line paid dividends in support capacity during the

second war. The Russian side had what they needed when they needed it and guerrilla ambushes never

seriously slowed the logistics delivery.

The Chechen logistics system was based on the local village or region, which supplied food, medical

support, lodging and some maintenance. The Chechens started the first war with an impressive

collection of tanks, artillery, personnel carriers, mortars and logistics stockpiles that the departing

federal forces had left behind. These were expended during the first four months of fighting. The

Chechens had no way to replace weapons or expended ammunition. Limited “garage-manufactured”

weapon production helped, but the Chechens fought most of the wars with inadequate stocks of

ammunition and working weapons. International aid, mostly in the form of Salafi money, was

important, but there was no access to an outside source of ammunition and weapons. Some venal

Russian soldiers sold ammunition, weapons, fuel and medicine to the Chechens (usually through a

child intermediary), but this was never enough to sustain the Chechen effort beyond one or two

tactical engagements. Any Chechen hope of support from the West died after the Beslan hostage-taking

raid.

Guerrillas cannot live off of the land —— and do anything else. Survival is a full-time job. Guerrillas

can live off of the local population, but the Russians became better at buying up surplus crops at

premium prices in critical areas and otherwise denying the guerrilla access to the locals. Russia’s move

to install a former insurgent, Kadyrov, to rule Chechnya pitted Chechen against Chechen, severely

undermining the population’s support of the insurgency. Further, locals can provide food and shelter,

but they cannot provide mortar ammunition. In the final equation, guerrilla logistics often ended up

as a family matter, and Chechnya was full of Tolstoy’s “unhappy families.”

3

1. Adat means “custom” or “common law.” It compliments Sharia law and sets rules for the daily life of clans and families. It

is moral norms and traditions that form a code of conduct.

2. Or, having lost at least two companies air-dropped into the mountains during the first war, Russian tactics were an

indication of the level they were capable of fighting at with the army that they had at the time.

3. “Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” This is the opening sentence of Leo

Tolstoy’s 1878 book, Anna Karenina.
Guide to Symbols


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Martins’s Press, 2010.

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HarperCollins Publishers, 2007.

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21 February 2005.

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Mistakes]. Moscow: EKSMO, 2009.

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1998

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2007

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Public Affairs Books, 2001.

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Immortal Fortress: Inside Chechnya’s Warrior Culture. Dir. Dodge Billingsley. Combat Films and Research,

1999.
Index

PERSONS

Akhmadov, Ilyas, 9-10n, 36n, 77n

al Khattab, xiii, 4, 4n, 5-7, 123, 171

Baraev, Mosvar, 5

Basaev, Shamil, xiii, 2-7, 9-11, 19-20, 25, 48-49, 56-59, 70, 86, 97, 101, 113

116, 127, 135, 163

Dangaev, S. E. 31-35

Dudaev, Djokhar, 2, 56, 68n, 77n, 92-96, 101

Dudaev, Lecha, 4, 9, 36n, 48

Galaev, (Khamzat) Ruslan, 4-5, 21, 36, 48, 97, 124, 131, 135, 163

Gantemirov, Beslan, 92-96

Hatuev, Mohmad, 10, 14, 15-18

Imaev, Usman, 56-59, 65-68

Iskhanov, Khuseyn, 36

Kadyrov, Ramzan, 1, 86, 154, 156-158

Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 92

Khamzat (see Galaev, Ruslan)

Khunkar-Pasha, 4

Labazanov, Ruslan, 92, 93-96

Lebed, Alexander, 3n

Manaev, Isa, 36n, 86, 145-147, 161

Maskhadov, Aslan, 2, 3n, 5, 7

Mutiev, Sultan, 40

Raduev, Salman, xiii, 2

Tazbaev, Said-Khusein, 38

Udugov, Movladi, 158

Umarov, Doku, 1n, 5, 7, 40, 48, 154

Yeltsin, Boris, 1, 3, 9

Zakaev, Akhmed, 31, 34, 36-39

PLACES

Abkhazia, 6n, 163, 170, 171

Achkoi-Martan, 23

Aldi, 161

Alkhan-Yurt, 45, 49, 52, 135, 138, 145

Alkhazurovo, 34

Argun, 9, 56, 61, 92-96
Argun Gorge, 1, 24, 140

Bamut, 8-9, 21-25, 27-30, 87-88

Batumi, xiii

Belgatoi, 97, 103

Belorechie, 106

Benoi-Yurt, 9

Berkat-Yurt, 56, 59, 93, 113

Beslan School, 5, 172

Buddennovsk, 2

Buinaksk, 3

Chechen-Aul, 97-99

Cherlyonovsk, 117

Chernorechensky intersection, 45-46

Chernorechensky Reservoir bridge, 44

Chernorechie Forest, 135, 138

Chernorechie Prison, 65

Chiri-Yurt, 9-10, 14, 19, 36, 124

Chishki, 82, 85

Dagestan, 2-4, 168- 169, 172

Dargo, 19-20

Duba-Yurt, 9-10, 124, 140

Fortanga River, 23

Gekhi-Chu, 21, 53, 154n, 155-157

Goti, 46

Goity, 31-34, 40

Goyten-Kyurt, 103, 105

Goyskoe, 8, 31-35, 36-41

Goytinka River, 45

Grozny, xiii, 1-6, 8, 9, 20, 20n, 21, 21n, 31, 36, 43, 44, 45-47, 48-49, 52-53,

54, 64, 65, 77n, 80, 86-87, 92, 94-96, 97-99, 101, 102, 104, 113-116, 124, 127, 128, 135, 138-139,

145, 148, 154, 159, 161, 164, 168-169, 171

Hill 541.6, 10

Hill 776, 140

Hill 825, 140-144, 149-153

Hill 835, 140, 152n

Hill 950, 140, 152n

Khan Kala, 147

Kavkaz Hotel, 61

Khulkhulan River, 12, 15

Kirova, 48-51, 161-163, 164-166
Kizlar, 2

Komsomolskoye, 4, 34, 36, 39-40, 113-114, 124

Krasnoye Vedeno, 53

Kurchaloy, 106-110

M-29 Baku Highway, 45-46, 86-89, 92-94, 102-105, 113-114

Martan-Chu, 36

Mesker-Yurt, 114, 116

Nizhneye Vedeno, 77

Nord-Ost Theater, 5

Novyy Tsentoroy, 58-59

Novyye Atagi, 9, 97, 103

Nozi-Yurt District, 10

Orekhovo, 21

Permykanie Junction, 56, 59, 92-96

Pervomayskoye, 2

Petropalovsk, 60

Petropalovsk Road, 56-58, 92-94,

Presidential Palace, 21n, 61, 63-65, 168

Roshni-Chu, 53, 154n, 155-158

Samashki, 86-88

Sernovodsk, 86-88

Serzhen-Yurt, 5, 8, 9-14, 15-20, 53, 77-81, 101

Shalazhi, 30, 53, 70-73

Shali, 9, 56-57, 95, 97, 101, 102-105, 114

Shatoi, 9, 21, 140

Staryi-Achhoi, 21

Staryye Atagi, 9, 46, 77n, 97, 101, 102-103, 105

Sunzha River, 1, 48-52, 56, 61-63, 65-66, 135-138

Tengi-Chu, 34

Terek River, 1, 4, 117-121

Tolstoy-Yurt, 92, 96, 117, 120, 172

Tsatsan Yurt, 114

Urus Martan, 32, 34, 36, 41, 154n

Vashtar River, 140

Vedeno, xiii, 6, 9, 10n, 14, 15-16, 19-20, 21, 53

Vinogradnoe, 117

Vladikavkaz, xiii

Wolf’s Gate, 4, 14, 19-20, 140, 149, 169

Zakan-Yurt, 86

Zavodskoy, 145, 148
THINGS

adat (Chechen culture), 6, 168

block posts (blokpost), 138n, 171

combat units, Russian

4th Air Army, 10

16th Spetznaz Brigade, 51

47th MVD Regiment, 156

58th Army, 3

76th Airborne Division, 140n

104th Parachute Regiment, 140n

129th Motorized Rifle Regiment, 56n

136th Armored Brigade, 3

324th Motorized Rifle Regiment, 36, 39n,

MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs — National Police), 61, 117n, 156

OMON (Special Police), 86n, 88n, 138n, 156-158,

Shali group (Chechen), 56-59

Spetznaz, 49, 51n, 156-157

DGB (Department of State Security, FSB in many press accounts), 61

helicopters, 4n, 10, 13, 16-17, 19, 34, 37-40, 46, 76, 81, 89, 99, 105, 108-110,

120, 128-132 (see also weapons, MI-24)

KGB (see DGB)

Khasavyurt Accord, 3

sovkhoz, 107

tanks, 2, 8, 12-14, 16-19, 21, 26, 29-30, 33-34, 37-40, 52-53, 55, 56, 58,

61-64, 70-74, 89, 92-94, 99, 101, 104-105, 121, 132, 164, 169, 172 (see also weapons, T-72 and T-90)

vehicles

BMP-1, 21, 29-30, 34, 40, 56n, 88-89, 130-131, 138n, 140, 143, 149, 152-153

BRDM, 56n,

BTR, 12, 18-19, 40, 45-47, 52, 56, 68, 88-89, 94-95, 100, 108-110, 126-127,

135-136, 156-157, 161-162, 164

GAZ-66 truck, 108-110

KAMAZ truck, 163

PMP bridge system, 120n

UAZik off-road vehicle, 94-95

URAL-375 truck, 113n

ZIL truck, 113, 163

weapons

57mm S-5 rocket, 128-131

80mm S-8 rocket, 128, 131
122mm rocket, 59n, 113n, 119n (see also Grad multiple rocket launcher)

AKS, 57

BM-21 Grad, 113n, 119-120

BM-27 Uragan, 113, 119n

BMP-1 Borz cannon, 38

BTR, 68

Ch-26 57mm antitank gun, 93

D-30 122mm Howitzer, 68n, 94n

Fagot antitank missile, 37, 40, 102, 104-105, 137

Grad/BM-21, 113n, 119

IED, 123, 133, 154, 169

Krasavchik, PK light machine gun, 146-147, 161-162

M-99 76mm mountain gun, 93, 94n

Mi-24, 10, 40, 128

mines, 4, 10n, 15-16, 24, 48-51, 53, 68, 79, 87, 99, 108-109, 111, 114, 123

127, 123, 138, 143, 153, 154, 169

MON-50/100 directional mines, 108n

Mukha, 29, 70-73, 79-80, 87, 146-147

PK-type machine guns, 46, 66-68, 87, 146-147, 162

Podstvolnik 40mm grenade launcher, 108n

RPG (various types), 2, 12, 18-19, 23-24, 29-30, 33- 34, 37- 40, 42, 44, 46,

56-60, 61-63, 66, 70-72, 79-80, 87-88, 97-99, 101, 012, 108, 117, 120, 123, 130, 134, 143, 146-148,

160, 170-171

Shaitan improvised rocket launcher, 129-132, 133

Shmel flame round, 18

SU-25 ground attack aircraft, 10, 40, 81, 131

SVD Sniper Rifle, 147, 164-165

T-72 tank, 4

T-90 tank, 145, 148

Uragan/BM-27, 113, 119n

VSS Vintorez sniper rifle, 88

Wahhabism, 6

wolf pit, 33

zachistki [reprisal operation], 86

Zhelimkhan monument, 13

zigzag trenches, 27, 42