A major focus of the NCRAR is to cultivate the next generation 

of auditory researchers through education and mentoring 

programs. To this end the Center has recently expanded its 

education division, in part by appointing Gabrielle (Gaby) 

Saunders Ph.D. to the role of Deputy Director for Education and 

Outreach. The program has three main goals: 1) to educate 

health professionals; 2) to provide education and outreach to 

the community, in particular to the veteran population and 

patients both locally and nationally, and 3) to provide 

educational opportunities for audiological researchers. To this 

end we hold a biennial conference and a monthly seminar series 

(details on Page 4). We are developing web-based training programs for VA 

audiologists to learn tinnitus management techniques, and for VA medical staff to 

learn how to improve their interpersonal communication with individuals with 

hearing impairment and how to adapt hospital wards and clinics to improve the 

listening environment. We have a summer research experience program for Au.D. 

students (see Page 3 for more information), and an externship program for Au.D. 

students, and we have summer internships for high school and undergraduate 

students eager to learn about research before starting their careers. A description of 

how these programs are to be expanded will be given at the upcoming Association 

of VA Audiologists meeting in Denver CO. We will be describing how the NCRAR will 

mentor and collaborate with VA auditory research scientists and clinicians wanting 

to conduct research and seeking information to improve their clinical practice. We 

also publish and post on our website informational leaflets for veterans and the 

general public about hearing-related issues. I hope you will attend our upcoming 

conference and look at our website for educational opportunities and downloads: 

www.ncrar.research.va.gov 

Message from the Director: Stephen Fausti Ph.D. 

INSIDE THIS 

ISSUE: 

Henry & Meyers 

article (Cont.) 

2-3 

Summer Research 

Training Program 

3 

Upcoming Events 4 

NCRAR News 4 

Meet Marjorie Leek 

Ph.D. 

5 

Research funded 

12/06 to 3/07 

5 

NCRAR 

Publications 

12/06 to 3/07 

6 

The main purpose of the VA National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research 

(NCRAR) is to conduct research that will result in improved clinical techniques for the 

rehabilitation of veterans with auditory disorders. Most of this research focuses on 

hearing loss and the many intricacies that must be addressed to restore normal hearing 

ability. Additional research addresses the “other” auditory disorder—tinnitus. 

Tinnitus is far more common than most people realize. Up to 50 million Americans 

experience tinnitus according to the American Tinnitus Association, including up to 4 

million U.S. military veterans (Henry, Schechter, Regelein, & Dennis, 2004). 

Most tinnitus experts agree that of all the people who experience tinnitus, about 20% 

require some degree of clinical care, which equates to about 10 million Americans and 

NCRAR Newletter 

VOLUME VII, ISSUE 2 APRIL 2007 

SPECIAL POINTS 

OF INTEREST: 

• Article by Jim Henry 

Ph.D. & Paula Meyers 

Ph.D. “Tinnitus 

Rehabilitation 

Through Education’ 

• NIH-Funded Predoctoral Summer 

Research Training 

Program to begin at 

NCRAR in the 

summer of 2007 

(Continued on. on p2) 

Tinnitus Rehabilitation Through Education by 

Jim Henry Ph.D. and Paula Myers Ph.D. 
NCRAR Newsletter 

January 2007 

General information 

NCRAR is located at: 

Building 104, level P5, at 

the Portland VA Medical 

Center, Portland Oregon 

Address: 

3710 SW US Veterans 

Hospital Road, 

Portland OR 97239-2964 

Phone Numbers 

Portland VAMC: 

(503) 220 8262 

Extensions 

Director, Stephen Fausti 

Ph.D. , ext. 53306 

Special Assistant, Bonnie 

Becker, ext. 54525 

Front Desk, Marcia Collins, 

ext. 55568 

Deputy Director of 

Administration, Patrick 

Helt M.A. , ext. 58260 

Deputy Director of 

Research, Marjorie Leek 

Ph.D. , ext. 54692 

Deputy Director of 

Education, Outreach and 

Dissemination, Gabrielle 

(Gaby) Saunders Ph.D., 

ext. 56210 

Fax: 503 721 1402 

Newsletter editors: 

Gabrielle Saunders 

Carolyn Landsverk 

PAGE 2 Tinnitus Rehabilitation through Education (continued from Page 1) 

800,000 veterans. However, most clinics and 

hospitals do not have a tinnitus management 

program. Those few that provide services do 

not adhere to any guidelines or standards 

because there is no standard of practice for 

the clinical management of tinnitus. 

What can be done to provide quality clinical care 

for the 10 million Americans and 800,000 

veterans who have problematic tinnitus? At the 

NCRAR a partial solution is being developed 

that relies mainly on the development of 

tinnitus educational materials. 

How can education provide clinical care for 

people with tinnitus? The Tinnitus Pyramid 

shown below can help to answer this 

question. The Pyramid contains the 50 million 

Americans who experience tinnitus, and 

shows how tinnitus affects them differently 

(Dobie, 2004). 

• The base of the pyramid contains the 

majority of people with tinnitus who are not 

bothered by the tinnitus. 

• The middle of the pyramid contains those 

who only need assurance that their tinnitus does 

not reflect some serious disease. 

• Toward the top of the pyramid are people 

with progressively more severe problems caused 

by tinnitus. 

• The tip of the pyramid contains those who 

are completely debilitated by their tinnitus. 

For people who have a severe tinnitus 

problem, there are methods of individualized, 

long-term treatment available. However, 

most people who require clinical care for 

their tinnitus just need basic information to 

resolve most or all their tinnitus concerns. 

The key, then, is to develop educational 

materials that can provide this basic 

information. This is a focus of the 

NCRAR. 

The NCRAR has participated in the 

following tinnitus education projects: 

• A randomized clinical trial was 

completed to evaluate the 

efficacy of group education for 

tinnitus (Henry et al., 2007). The 

education group showed 

significantly more benefit than 

the other two groups (support 

group and no-treatment group).

• A professional-quality tinnituseducation video for veterans 

was developed. The entertaining 

video provides important selfhelp information about tinnitus.

• A tinnitus brochure for veterans 

was developed.

• A series of four videos was 

produced that demonstrates 

group educational counseling 

based on Tinnitus Retraining 

Therapy. The videos are 

available to interested VA 

audiologists to use as a model 

for discussion with appropriate 

patients.

• A tinnitus FAQ (Questions and 

Answers About Tinnitus) was 

written and posted on the VA 

Audiology and Speech Pathology 

website: http://vaww1.va.gov/

audiospeech/

• A chapter on tinnitus was 

revised for the Veteran Health 

Initiative Hearing Impairment 

module that is being developed 

for interdisciplinary online 

learning.

• A tinnitus-education booklet for 

veterans is being developed.

• Comprehensive online training is 

being developed for VA 

audiologists to learn tinnitus 

Have tinnitus but are not bothered by it

Only want 

assurance that tinnitus 

does not reflect some serious disease

Progressively 

more severe 

problems caused 

by tinnitus

Completely debilitated by tinnitus

The Tinnitus Pyramid

From: Dobie RA. Overview: 

suffering from tinnitus. In: 

Snow JB, editor. Tinnitus: 

Theory and Management. 

Lewiston, NY: BC Decker 

Inc.; 2004. p. 1-7. 

50 million Americans with tinnitus – how are they affected?

(Continued on. on p3 opposite
VOLUME VII, ISSUE 2 PAGE 3 

management techniques.

Tinnitus is recognized by VA as a 

disability, and VA needs a 

standardized clinical program to 

manage tinnitus for veterans who 

have service-connected tinnitus. The 

development of educational materials 

and programs is the most efficient 

way to address the needs of the 

majority of these veterans. Such 

development requires a relatively 

small investment of time and effort to 

create effective resources for VAwide use. 

We continue to work toward the 

goals that (a) a standard of care or 

best practice model of tinnitus 

management is accepted by VA; (b) 

VA audiologists will be trained in the 

management of tinnitus; and (c) 

veterans who complain of tinnitus 

will routinely receive tinnitus 

educational materials and/or group 

tinnitus self-management education. 

Education can lead the way in 

providing these rehabilitation services 

for veterans with tinnitus. 

References 

Dobie, R. A. (2004). 

Overview: suffering from 

tinnitus. In J. B. Snow (Ed.), 

Tinnitus: Theory and Management

(pp. 1-7). Lewiston, NY: BC 

Decker Inc. 

Henry, J. A., Loovis, C., 

Montero, M., Kaelin, C., 

Anselmi, K. A., Coombs, R., et 

al. (2007). Randomized Clinical 

Trial: Group Counseling Based 

on Tinnitus Retraining Therapy 

(in press). Journal of 

Rehabilitation Research and 

Development, 44(1). 

Henry, J. A., Schechter, M. 

A., Regelein, R. T., & Dennis, K. 

C. (2004). Veterans and tinnitus. 

In J. B. Snow (Ed.), Tinnitus: 

Theory and Management (pp. 337

-355). Lewiston, NY: BC 

Decker, Inc. 

NIH-funded Pre-Doctoral Summer Research Training Program 

The NCRAR has been awarded 

a five-year T-35 Predoctoral Shortterm Training Grant from the 

National Institute on Deafness and 

other Communicative Disorders at 

NIH. The grant provides funds for 

a summer research experience for 

up to four Au.D. students. The 

Au.D. degree is a 4-year post 

baccalaureate degree that is 

designed to meet all requirements 

for national accreditation and 

clinical certification in audiology. 

The goal of this NIH funding is 

to encourage Au.D. students who 

plan clinical audiology careers to 

consider clinical research, or at 

least to be immersed in research 

for a short time during their 

graduate studies. 

The NCRAR will begin the 

training program in the summer 

(2007). The award provides a 

stipend for up to 4 students from 

Au.D. programs around the 

country to come to the NCRAR for 

an intensive 2 to 3 month research 

experience. Each student will have 

the opportunity to work in one or 

two labs with established NCRAR 

investigators. In addition, the 

students will participate in journal 

discussion groups, attend 

meetings of NCRAR investigators 

to discuss ongoing projects, 

participate in bi-weekly discussion 

on topics related to the ethical 

practice of research, and will have 

informal discussions with 

professional scientists on staff and 

at the Oregon Health and Science 

University, our medical school 

affiliate. At the end of the 

experience the students will make 

a formal presentation to the 

NCRAR staff about their research 

experience. 

For further information about 

the program see our website: 

www.ncrar.research.va.gov 

Jim Henry Ph.D. is an NCRAR Research Career 

Scientist, and Associate Professor at the Department 

of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery at Oregon 

Health & Science University (OHSU) in Portland. His 

research focuses on the development, evaluation, and 

documentation of methods for tinnitus clinical 

management. 

Paula Myers Ph.D. is the Chief of the Audiology 

Section and Cochlear Implant Coordinator at the 

James A. Haley VAMC in Tampa, Florida and is 

Chair of the local Patient Education Written Resource 

Committee, VISN 8 Patient Education Workgroup 

member, Chair of the Southern Regional Professional 

Standards Board, Assistant Professor at University of 

South Florida, and Chair of the National Audiology 

Patient Education Workgroup. 

Tinnitus Rehabilitation through Education (continued from Page 2) 
VOLUME VII, ISSUE 2 PAGE 4 

April 5th: DoD Hearing 

Conservation working group 

meeting at NCRAR 

April 13: NCRAR Research Seminar. 

Paula Myers, Ph.D., Dept. Audiology, 

James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital Tampa 

FL. Polytrauma and Audiology at the VA. 

May 1: Early registration for NCRAR 

conference begins. 

May 11th: NCRAR Research Seminar. 

George Frye. Frye Electronics, Tigard, 

OR. Acoustic reflections. Measurement 

and Control. 

June 1: Deadline for poster submissions 

and scholarship applications for the 

NCRAR conference 

June 13: NCRAR Research Seminar. Bill 

Noble Ph.D. School of Psychology, 

University of New England, Australia. 

Residual disabilities and handicaps following 

unilateral and bilateral cochlear implanting. 

NOTE: THIS SEMINAR WILL TAKE 

PLACE AT 12pm IN THE PVAMC 

AUDITORIUM 2nd FLOOR, BUILDING 100

June 13: NCRAR Research Seminar. Bill 

Noble Ph.D. School of Psychology, 

Physiology and phenomenology of tinnitus. 

NOTE: THIS SEMINAR WILL TAKE 

PLACE AT 4pm IN THE NCRAR 

CONFERENCE ROOM

June 15: NCRAR Research Seminar. 

Joshua Miele Ph.D., Smith-Kettlewell 

Eye Research Institute, San Francisco CA. 

July 13: NCRAR Research Seminar. 

Christopher Stecker Ph.D. University 

of Washington, Seattle. Sound localization 

and binaural discrimination of high-frequency 

click trains: implications for bilateral 

cochlear implant users. 

August 17: NCRAR Research Seminar. 

Terry Chisolm Ph.D., Department of 

Communication Sciences & Disorders, 

University of South Florida. 

September 1: Early registration for 

NCRAR conference ends. 

September 27-28: NCRAR Biennial 

conference: Hearing Therapies for 

the Future. 

October 12: NCRAR Research Seminar. 

Arthur Boothroyd Ph.D., 

Distinguished Professor Emeritus City 

University of New York, NY & Scholar in 

Residence San Diego State University 

CA. 

Unless otherwise noted, all NCRAR 

seminars are held in the NCRAR 

Conference Room, P5F-154 from 

12PM—1PM. 

Upcoming NCRAR Events 

NCRAR News 

Recent Seminars 

Kelly Tremblay, Ph.D. from 

University of Washington, Seattle, 

presented a seminar titled “Hearing 

aids and the brain: What’s the 

connection?” on January 19th 2007. 

Pamela Souza, Ph.D., from 

University of Washington, Seattle. 

presented a seminar titled “It’s all in 

your ears: But is it the hearing aid or 

the hearing loss?” on February 16th 

2007 

Mary Cord, Au.D., Walter Reed 

Army Medical Center, Washington DC 

presented a seminar titled “Field 

Evaluation of an Asymmetric 

Directional Microphone Fitting” on 

February 26th 2007 

William Martin, Ph.D., Dept. 

Otolaryngology/Head & Neck 

Surgery, Public Health and Preventive 

Medicine, Oregon Hearing Research 

Center, Portland. Presented a 

seminar titled “Something fun from 

the realm of computational physics: 

Intracranial inhomogeneities as 

generators of far-field evoked 

potentials. AKA: When it comes to 

scalp-recorded potentials, what 

makes a bump? “ on March 16th 2007 

Other News 

Peter Jacobs received a 

Mentored Student Scholarship to 

present a poster titled “Correlating 

Forward Masked SFOAE with Blood 

Glucose” at the American Auditory 

Society conference in March 2007 

Patrick Helt served as Executive 

Secretary for an RR&D Merit Review 

Board plenary session on March 5, 

2006 in Washington, D.C., and 

completed the NCRAR Calendar Year 

2006 Annual Report for VACO. 

NCRAR Conference Update 

Information, instructions and 

application forms for 

scholarships to attend the 

upcoming NCRAR conference 

‘Hearing Therapies for the 

Future’ (September 27th & 28th 

2007) are available online at 

www.ncrar.research.va.gov 

Also available online is a 

preliminary program and 

information about poster 

submissions . 
PAGE 5 

 Meet Marjorie Leek, Deputy Director of Research 

Dr. Marjorie Leek came to the 

NCRAR in the Fall of 2005, after 

serving many years as a Senior 

Researcher at the Army Audiology 

& Speech Center, Walter Reed 

A r m y M e d i c a l C e n t e r i n 

Washington, DC. She was drawn to 

Portland by the exciting growth of 

the NCRAR, as well as the 

opportunities for stimulating 

intellectual interactions among the 

scientists here and at other 

institutions in the area. Upon her 

arrival, she quickly became 

immersed in the life of the National 

Center and has continued her active 

and productive research career. 

Marjorie says the thing she likes the 

best about the NCRAR is the mix of 

people – many scientific disciplines, 

all ages and stages in their careers, 

with a wide variety of technological 

and intellectual skills and interests. 

She particularly appreciates that 

they all have a loyalty and trust for 

each other, confidence in their 

abilities, and take joy in the 

successes of the Center and all its 

staff. Says Marjorie “At the risk of 

sounding like a “Pollyanna”, I love 

coming to work every morning, 

knowing that the day is likely to 

bring new opportunities for 

professional growth, possibly new 

understanding and knowledge, or 

simply good conversation and 

comradeship with people I like.” 

Marjorie earned her Ph.D. from the 

University of Kansas in Speech and 

Hearing Science. From there, she went 

to the Boys Town Institute (now called 

the Boys Town National Research 

Hospital) for postdoctoral training with 

Dr. Charles Watson. She was on the 

faculties of Arizona State University and 

the University of Minnesota before 

accepting her full-time research job at 

Walter Reed. She is an eager 

collaborator, and has long-standing 

research collaborations in place with 

researchers at the University of 

Maryland as well as several other 

universities around the world. 

Marjorie has been a productive 

researcher in the area of the functional 

effects of hearing loss on people’s 

abilities to understand speech and to 

enjoy music and hear environmental 

sounds. She has enjoyed continuous 

funding from the NIH for this research 

for nearly twenty years. In addition to 

her research, she has been an Associate 

Editor of the Journal of the Acoustical 

Society of America, has served on many 

NIH grant review panels, and maintains 

an active involvement in conferences 

and publication on hearing and hearing 

loss. 

One of 

Marjorie’s 

g r e a t e s t 

satisfactions 

is the work 

she has 

done with 

n e w 

s c i e n t i s t s 

just coming 

into their 

research careers. She has served as 

a mentor to several post-docs over 

the years, and feels her own 

interests have expanded and her 

research gained in depth due to 

their contributions in her lab. She is 

the Principal Investigator on a new 

NIH training grant awarded to the 

NCRAR that will provide summer 

research experiences to clinical 

graduate students in audiology. The 

NCRAR hopes to provide an 

enriched understanding of research 

in their chosen discipline to 

students who will be the clinical 

audiologists of the future. 

Marjorie enjoys spending time with 

her extended family, many of whom 

live in the Pacific Northwest, loves 

to travel with her friends, and 

dabbles in gardening and playing her 

piano. 

develop two educational web-based 

programs for medical staff. The web

-based programs will provide 

information about improving 

interpersonal communication 

between medical care providers and 

individuals with hearing impairment, 

and on adaptations that can be 

made to the hospital wards/clinic 

environments to improve the 

listening environment. 

Michelle R. Molis, Ph.D. 

Perception of Ambiguous Vowels in 

Background Noise by People with 

Hearing Loss. 12/01/06-11/30/07 

O H S U M e d i c a l R e s e a r c h 

F o u n d a t i o n E a r l y C l i n i c a l 

Investigator Grant 

Gabrielle Saunders Ph.D. received 

a Portland VA Medical Center 

Education Initiative award to 

Newly-funded NCRAR Research (12/06-3/07) 

Pre-Doctoral Summer Training 

Program in Auditory Research 

Marjorie R. Leek, Ph.D. NIH 

(NIDCD), 4/1/07-3/31/12. The 

award will provide funding for up 

to 4 Doctor of Audiology student 

(Au.D.) to spend 3 months at the 

NCRAR during the summer to 

obtain research experience. 

 
NCRAR Presentations & Publications 12/06-3/07 

VOLUME VII, ISSUE 2 PAGE 6 

PUBLICATIONS: 

Best, V., Gallun, F., Carlile, S. and 

Shinn-Cunningham, B. Binaural 

interference and auditory grouping," 

Journal of the Acoustical Society of 

America, 121(2), 1070-1076. 

Henry JA, Rheinsburg B, Owens KK, 

Ellingson RM. New instrumentation 

f o r a u t o m a t e d t i n n i t u s 

psychoacoustic assessment. Acta 

Oto-Laryngologica Supplement, 

126:34-38, 2006 

Henry JA, Schechter MA, Zaugg TL, 

Griest S, Jastreboff PJ, Vernon JA, 

Kaelin C, Meikle MB, Lyons KS, 

Stewart BJ. Clinical Trial to Compare 

Tinnitus Masking and Tinnitus 

Retraining Therapy. Acta OtoLaryngologica Supplement, 126:64-

69, 2006 

Saunders GH, Forsline A. The 

Performance-Perceptual Test (PPT) 

and its application to hearing aid 

counseling. Hear Rev, 2006, 13(13) 

18-25. 

Saunders GH. Considerations for 

selecting and fitting hearing aids for 

older adults. ASHA Perspectives 

Newsletter, 2006, (in press). 

Saunders GH, Forsline, A & Jacobs, P. 

(2007) Attitudes toward Loss of 

Hearing Questionnaire (ALHQ): A 

comparison of electronic and paper 

formats. Journal of the American 

Academy of Audiology 18(1), 66-77 

Yueh B, Collins MP, Souza P, Boyko E, 

Loovis C, Heagerty P, Liu CF, Fausti 

SA, Hedrick S. Screening for 

auditory impairment—Which hearing 

Assessment test [SAI-WHAT]: RCT 

design and baseline characteristics. 

Contemporary Clinical Trials, 2006, 

(Aug 30th). 

Submitted manuscripts: 

Durlach, N.I. and Gallun, F.J. “Theory 

construction in auditory perception: 

Need for development of teaching 

materials” Journal of the Acoustical 

Society of America. 

S a u n d e r s , G H & E c h t K V . 

Rehabilitation Strategies for DualSensory Impairment. Submitted to 

Trends in Amplification. 

 

PRESENTATIONS: 

Best, V., Stupin, L., Gallun, F., Carlile, 

S., and Shinn-Cunningham, B.G. 

(2007) “Sequential Grouping 

Influences Binaural Interference” 

Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.: 902. 

Dent, M., McClaine, E., ShinnCunningham, B., Best, V., Ozmeral, 

E., Narayan, R., Gallun, F.,and Sen, 

K.(2007) “Spatial Unmasking of 

Birdsong by Budgerigars and Zebra 

Finches” Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 

Abs.: 909. 

Fausti, S.A., Gallun, F.J., and Leek, 

M.R. “VA Service and Compensation 

Costs:Supporting ‘Readiness For 

L i f e ’ , 4 6 t h A n n u a l N a v y 

Occupational and Preventive 

Medicine Conference in Hampton 

VA, March 21, 2007. 

Gallun, F.J. Communication in 

Complex Environments: On the Role 

o f Binaura l R e lea se fro m 

Informational Masking. University of 

Washington, SPHSC Colloquium, 

March 9, 2007. 

Gallun, F.J. Exploring the role of 

modulation sensitivity in speech 

perception. 

Center for Spoken Language 

Understanding, Oregon Graduate 

Institute, Portland, March 20, 2007. 

Gallun, Frederick J. Central Auditory 

P r o c e s s i n g D i s o r d e r s a n d 

Polytrauma. Dartmouth Polytrauma 

C o n f e r e n c e , H a n o v e r , N H , 

December 3-5, 2006. 

Gallun, F.J., Durlach, N.I., Colburn, 

H.S., Shinn-Cunningham, B.G., Best, 

V., Ihlefeld, A., Mason, C.R., and 

Kidd, G., Jr. (2007) “Binaural 

Release from Masking for a Tone in 

Noise and in Multitone Maskers” 

Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.: 437. 

Henry JA. “Crash Course in Tinnitus 

Management.” Wisconsin SpeechL a n g u a g e P a t h o l o g y a n d 

Audiology Professional Association 

2007 Convention. February 9, 

2007. (invited half-day training 

workshop) 

Jacobs PG, Wan EA, Konrad-Martin D, 

Fausti SA (2007). Correlating 

Forward Masked SFOAE with Blood 

Glucose in Diabetic Subjects. Poster 

presented at the American Auditory 

Society in Scottsdale, Arizona, 

March 4-6, 2007 

Konrad-Martin D, Phillips DS, Reavis 

KM, Gordon JS, Helt WJ, Bratt GW, 

and Fausti SA (2007). Evaluation of 

Audiometric Threshold Shift 

D e f i n i t i o n s f o r O to t o x i c i ty 

Monitoring. Poster presented at the 

American Auditory Society in 

Scottsdale, Arizona, March 4-6, 

2007 

Lewis, M.S., Hutter, M., Lilly, D., 

Bourdette, D., Fitzpatrick, M., & 

Fausti, S. (2007, March). Some 

effects of multiple sclerosis on the 

dichotic digits test. Poster to be 

presented at the American Auditory 

Society Annual Meeting, Scottsdale, 

AZ. 

Meikle M, Henry JA, Griest S, Stewart 

B. “Perceptual components of 

tinnitus severity.” Assoc Res 

Otolaryngol Abstr:156, February, 

2007. (poster) 

Melamed, S., Chambers, R, and Allen, 

J.. Potential Objective Measures of 

Tinnitus. Poster presented at the 

American Auditory Society Annual 

Meeting, Scottsdale, Arizona, 

March, 2007