SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-2642-17T3

CHERYL A. GALLO,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

ROBERT A. GALLO and

CHERYL A. GALLO,

Defendants-Respondents.

______________________________

Argued January 23, 2019 – Decided February 15, 2019

Before Judges Hoffman and Firko.

On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law 

Division, Bergen County, Docket No. L-0058-16.

W. James Mac Naughton, appellant pro se and attorney 

for Cheryl A. Gallo.

David E. Sklar argued the cause for respondent Robert 

A. Gallo (Scura, Wigfield, Heyer, Stevens & 

Cammarota, LLP, attorneys; David E. Sklar, of counsel 

and on the brief).

PER CURIAM

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the 

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
2

A-2642-17T3

Plaintiff Cheryl A. Gallo and her attorney, W. James Mac Naughton, Esq., 

appeal from a January 12, 2018 trial court order awarding trial and appellate

counsel fees and costs in favor of defendant Robert Gallo in the amount of 

$35,407.50, based upon the frivolous litigation statute, N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1, and 

Rule 1:4-8(a). Because the trial court lacked jurisdiction to award counsel fees 

and costs for appellate services, and since that application is now time-barred, 

we reverse the order and remand for a determination of counsel fees and costs 

for trial level services performed.

I.

The parties are familiar with the procedural history and facts of this case, 

and, therefore, they will not be repeated in detail here.1 This appeal emanates 

from defendant's claim that the second complaint was unnecessary and frivolous 

because he was assured that all debts between plaintiff and her mother, Ms. 

Marcia Czaya, were settled. In her written decision, the trial judge found "that 

plaintiff and her attorney both fail to present any cogent or persuasive argument 

that their actions were reasonable or made in good faith basis to believe that the 

 

1

 The chronology is set forth in this court's unpublished opinion entered on 

August 11, 2017, in which we affirmed the April 22, 2016 Law Division order 

dismissing plaintiff's complaint against defendant, who is her ex-husband. We 

incorporate, by reference, the facts stated in our prior opinion. The same judge 

presided over both matters.
3

A-2642-17T3

December 28, 2015 [c]omplaint had merit." The judge further concluded that: 

"The inquiry made by plaintiff['s] counsel before signing and filing the instant 

[c]omplaint was not reasonable under the circumstances, having just freshly 

dismissed that same claim against that defendant only twenty-six days prior 

thereto."

The trial judge reviewed defendant's attorney's certification of services 

which states, "this litigation was litigated at both the Law Division and 

Appellate Division, which required extensive knowledge of the New Jersey 

Court Rules and skill . . . ." The certification further provided that: "The [f]irm 

was successful in obtaining a dismissal of this litigation with prejudice at the 

[t]rial [l]evel on behalf of the [d]efendant." "The dismissal with prejudice was 

subsequently upheld at the Appellate Division . . . . [and] the [f]irm also had to 

work extensively to uphold that dismissal in preparing and drafting appellate 

briefs." 

The invoices for professional services rendered by defendant's counsel

included trial and appellate level work, and the trial judge determined that the 

lodestar – which equals the number of hours reasonably expended by counsel, 

"multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate" – applied. Rendine v. Pantzer, 141 N.J. 

292, 333 (1995) (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 499 (1983)). 
4

A-2642-17T3

R.P.C. 1.5(a) was also considered by the trial judge, and she found the attorney's 

hourly fees charged for trial and appellate work were "fair and customary in this 

locality for similar hourly-billed legal services." She denied three entries in the 

award "because they appear to have been billed by individuals other than the 

two attorneys and the paralegal described in Mr. Sklar's [c]ertification."

On appeal, plaintiff and her attorney argue that frivolous lawsuit sanctions 

were unwarranted because there was no showing of bad faith; rather they acted 

in good faith believing their insufficient consideration claim, Ms. Czaya's 

claims, and their holder in due course arguments were meritorious. They also 

contend that the Law Division lacked jurisdiction to award counsel fees relative 

to appellate services. Defendant seeks affirmance.

II.

The affidavit2 of services must also include "a detailed statement of the 

time spent and services rendered by paraprofessionals, a summary of the 

paraprofessionals' qualifications, and the attorney's billing rate for 

paraprofessional services to clients generally[,]" and a statement as to how much 

the client had paid, and "what provision, if any, has been made for the payment 

of fees to the attorney in the future." R. 4:42-9(b) to (c).

 

2

 We use affidavit and certification interchangeably.
5

A-2642-17T3

In our August 11, 2017 decision, we affirmed the trial court's April 22, 

2016 order dismissing plaintiff's complaint against defendant, and rejected her 

arguments that he gave no consideration for a promise to dismiss an earlier 

action with prejudice, and that a previous payment did not constitute an accord 

and satisfaction of the $50,000 note at issue. The Law Division litigation was 

frivolous and we are satisfied that frivolous lawsuit sanctions were warranted 

by plaintiff's continued prosecution of meritless claims that had no evidential 

support whatsoever for the cogent reasons stated by the trial judge. 

Accordingly, the trial judge did not abuse her discretion in awarding sanctions 

insofar as it related to trial court professional services rendered by defendant's 

counsel. We part company with the trial judge in awarding counsel fees and 

costs for defendant's appellate counsel fees and costs.

III.

We review a judge's decision on a motion for frivolous lawsuit sanctions 

under an abuse of discretion standard. United Hearts, LLC v. Zahabian, 407 

N.J. Super. 379, 390 (App. Div. 2009) (citing Masone v. Levine, 382 N.J. Super. 

181, 193 (App. Div. 2015)). We will reverse a decision when "the discretionary 

act was not premised upon consideration of all relevant factors, was based upon 

consideration of irrelevant or inappropriate factors, or amounts to a clear error 
6

A-2642-17T3

in judgment." Masone, 382 N.J. Super. at 193 (citing Flagg v. Essex Cty. 

Prosecutor, 171 N.J. 561, 571 (2002)).

N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1(a)(1), which governs frivolous lawsuit claims 

against parties, provides that:

[a] party who prevails in a civil action, either as 

plaintiff or defendant, against any other party may be 

awarded all reasonable litigation costs and reasonable 

attorney fees, if the judge finds at any time during the 

proceedings or upon judgment that a complaint, 

counterclaim, cross-claim or defense of the 

nonprevailing party was frivolous.

The frivolous litigation statute is interpreted restrictively. DeBrango v. Summit 

Bancorp, 328 N.J. Super. 219, 226 (App. Div. 2000).

Litigation is considered frivolous when it is "commenced, used or 

continued in bad faith, solely for the purpose of harassment, delay or malicious 

injury[,]" or if the non-prevailing party "knew, or should have known, that the 

complaint, counterclaim, cross-claim or defense was without any reasonable 

basis in law or equity and could not be supported by a good faith argument for 

an extension, modification or reversal of existing law." N.J.S.A. 2A:15-

59.1(b)(1) to (2). Counts of a complaint may be severed "for purposes of 

determining whether [the counts are] 'frivolous.'" Lake Lenore Estates, Assocs. 
7

A-2642-17T3

v. Twp. of Parsippany-Troy Hills Bd. of Ed., 312 N.J. Super. 409, 421 (App. 

Div. 1998).

A motion for sanctions under Rule 1:4-8 will be denied where the pleading 

party had an objectively reasonable and good faith belief in the merits of the 

claim. First Atl. Fed. Credit Union v. Perez, 391 N.J. Super. 419, 432 (App. 

Div. 2007) (citing DeBrango, 328 N.J. Super. at 227). However, litigation may 

become frivolous, and therefore sanctionable, by continued prosecution of a 

meritless claim, even if the initial pleading was not frivolous or brought in bad 

faith. See DeBrango, 328 N.J. Super. at 227-28, 230. This is because the 

"requisite bad faith or knowledge of lack of well-groundedness may arise during 

the conduct of the litigation." United Hearts, 407 N.J. Super. at 390 (quoting 

Iannone v. McHale, 245 N.J. Super. 17, 31 (App. Div. 1990)). In such cases, 

the party seeking sanctions would only be entitled to fees and/or costs incurred 

from the time the litigation became frivolous, rather than from the inception of 

the litigation. DeBrango, 328 N.J. Super. at 230.

The court may award "reasonable" expenses and attorney's fees to the 

prevailing party on a motion for frivolous lawsuit sanctions. R. 1:4-8(b)(2). In 

order to establish reasonableness, the moving party's attorney must submit an 

affidavit of services, which shall include the following information:
8

A-2642-17T3

(1) the time and labor required, the novelty and 

difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill 

requisite to perform the legal services properly;

(2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the 

acceptance of the particular employment will preclude 

other employment by the lawyer;

(3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for 

similar legal services;

(4) the amount involved and results obtained;

(5) the time limitations imposed by the client or by the 

circumstances;

(6) the nature and length of the professional relationship 

with the client;

(7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer 

or lawyers performing the services.

(8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent.

[R.P.C. 1.5(a).]

Rule 2:11-4 provides in pertinent part:

An application for a fee for legal services rendered on 

appeal shall be made by motion supported by affidavits 

as prescribed by R[ule] 4:42-9(b) and (c), which shall 

be served and filed within [ten] days after the 

determination of the appeal. The application shall state 

how much has been previously paid to or received by 

the attorney for legal services both in the trial and 

appellate courts or otherwise, including any amount 

received by way of pendente lite allowances, and what 
9

A-2642-17T3

arrangements, if any, have been made for the payment 

of a fee in the future.

[(Emphasis added).]

Defendant never filed a motion in the Appellate Division for counsel fees

and costs, and it is now time-barred. See R. 2:11-4. Therefore, defendant 

improvidently moved before the Law Division for appellate fees and costs, and 

we reverse that portion of the January 12 order. Further, the trial court may not 

award a fee for services in the Appellate Division. See Tarr v. Bob Ciasulli's 

Mack Auto Mall, 390 N.J. Super. 557, 570 (App. Div. 2007) (citing R. 2:11-4). 

The appellate court will not determine fees for trial court services. See Pressler 

& Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, cmt. 2 on R. 2:11-4 (2019) (citing Dotsko 

v. Dotsko, 244 N.J. Super. 668 (App. Div. 1990)).

3

In sum, we agree that frivolous lawsuit sanctions were warranted for 

professional services provided but for trial court services only. The litigation 

was frivolous because the insufficient consideration, Ms. Czaya's claims, and 

holder in due course theory were without any basis in law or equity and could 

not be supported by a good faith argument for extension, modification, or 

 

3

 We have held that N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1, commonly referred to as the frivolous 

litigation statute, is inapplicable to appeals. Zavodnick v. Leven, 340 N.J. 

Super. 94, 103 (App. Div. 2001).
10 A-2642-17T3

reversal of existing law. N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1(b). Accordingly, the trial judge 

did not abuse her discretion in finding frivolous lawsuit sanctions were 

warranted but her decision should have been limited to the trial court fees only

and not appellate fees. Defendant failed to timely file a motion under Rule 2:11-

4 in the Appellate Division for counsel fees and costs. Therefore, he is now 

barred from doing so and the trial judge lacked jurisdiction to consider and 

award appellate counsel fees and costs. 

We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this 

opinion and for the trial judge to determine the amount of counsel fees and costs 

that should be awarded to defendant for trial court services only.

Affirmed in part, reversed and remanded in part. We do not retain 

jurisdiction.