Workers of Spanish Origin:

A Chartbook

U.S. Department of Labor 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

1978

Bulletin 1970

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Family Head Data

While the family data in this report were assembled by the traditional procedures for identifying a "head" for every fam ily— with the 

male in husband-wife families being automatically classified as the head— 

the Bureau of Labor Statistics has recently changed this practice. In light 

of current social trends, the Bureau no longer designates any person as the 

"head" in husband-wife families and publishes a large body of data on 

persons in the family. However, this chartbook was prepared and in production before the adoption of this change. Publication is being made in 

the traditional format in order to avoid a long delay in the release of 

material which has been in great demand.

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Workers of Spanish Origin

A Chartbook

U.S. Department of Labor 

Ray Marshall, Secretary

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Julius Shiskin, Commissioner 

1978

Bulletin 1970

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Stock No. 029-001-02134-8

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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Workers of Spanish origin.

(Bulletin - Bureau of Labor Statistics ; 1970)

Supt. of Docs, no.: L 2.3s 1970.

1. Spanish Americans in the United States— Employment

— Statistics. 2. Mexican Americans— Employment— United

States— Statistics. 3* Puerto Ricans in the United

States— Employment— Statistics. 4» Unemployment—

United States— Statistics. 5. Wages— United States—

Statistics. I. Mellor, Earl. II. Title. III. Series:

United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bulletin ;

1970.

HD808l*S7A2 1977 331.6*3*6873 77-608152

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Preface

This chartbook focuses on selected characteristics of the Spanish-American population and labor force. Many of the charts include data on two specific 

groups of Spanish origin: Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans. Although most 

Americans of Spanish origin are white (about 96 percent), they may be of any 

race. Their numbers are included in the appropriate comparative data shown for 

whites and blacks. In this bulletin, the category “ Spanish origin” refers to persons of Spanish origin or descent as defined in appendix B.

The chartbook is divided into four sections. Part I looks at the size and composition of the labor force and at labor force participation rates. Part II portrays 

characteristics of the unemployed and their unemployment rates. Part III covers 

work experience in 1975 (weeks worked, whether usually full- or part-time employment and incidence of unemployment) and the earnings received during the 

year. Part IV presents data on family income and on poverty. Three appendixes 

include technical notes, definitions of terms, and a statistical table for each chart. 

Many of the data presented in the four sections and in appendix C are cross-classified by sex, family relationship, years of school completed, and other demographic and social characteristics.

This bulletin was prepared by Earl F. Mellor of the Office of Current Employment Analysis, under the guidance of Janice N. Hedges. Bernardine Finstad contributed to the statistical work, and Daniel Glazer provided compilations of unpublished data from Current Population Survey files for March 1976.

Material in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced 

without permission of the Federal Government. Please credit the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics and cite the name and number of the publication.

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Contents

Page

Summary indicators for persons of Spanish origin .............................. 1

Part I. Labor Force:

Chart:

1. Population and labor force, by Spanish origin, March 1976 . 5

2. Residence of the labor force, by Spanish origin and race,

March 1976 ...................................................................... 6

3. Age of the labor force, by Spanish origin and race, March

1976 .................................................................................. 7

4. Family status of labor force participants, by Spanish origin

and race, March 1976 ...................................................... 8

5. Years of school completed by labor force participants, by

Spanish origin and race, March 1976 .............................. 9

6. Labor force participation rates, by sex, and Spanish origin

and race, March 1976 ...................................................... 10

7. Labor force participation rates, by age, sex, and Spanish

origin, March 1976 ........................................................... 11

8. Labor force participation rates of family heads, by sex, and

Spanish origin and race, March 1976 .............................. 12

9. Labor force participation rates of wives, by presence and

age of children, and Spanish origin, March 1976 ............ 13

Part II. Unemployment:

Chart:

10. Unemployment rates, by Spanish origin and race, fourth

quarter 1973-76 ................................................................. 17

11. Unemployed persons, by age, and Spanish origin and race,

March 1976 ...................................................................... 18

12. Family status of the unemployed, by Spanish origin and race,

March 1976 ........................................................................ 19

13. Unemployment rates, by sex, and Spanish origin and race,

March 1976 ...................................................................... 20

Page

14. Unemployment rates, by age, sex, and Spanish origin and

race, March 1976 ............................................................ 21

15. Unemployment rates of family heads, wives, and unrelated

individuals, by sex, and Spanish origin and race, March 

1976 ................................................................................. 22

16. Unemployment rates, by years of school completed, sex, and

Spanish origin and race, March 1976 .............................. 23

Part III. Work Experience and Earnings:

Chart:

17. Work experience in 1975, by sex, and Spanish origin and race 27

18. Year-round, full-time work experience in 1975 of family heads,

by sex and Spanish origin and race.................................. 28

19. Employment in 1975, by occupation, sex, and Spanish origin

and race ........................................................................... 29

20. Incidence of unemployment in 1975, by Spanish origin and

race .................................................................................. 30

21. Median annual earnings of persons who worked in 1975, by

sex, and Spanish origin and race ................................................ 31

22A. Median annual earnings of persons who worked year round,

full time in 1975, by sex, and Spanish origin and race .... 32

22B. Distribution of annual earnings of persons who worked year 

round, full time in 1975, by sex, and Spanish origin and 

race .................................................................................. 33

23. Median annual earnings of family heads, by work experience

in 1975, sex, and Spanish origin and race ....................... 34

24. Median annual earnings of persons who worked year round,

full time in 1975, by years of school completed, sex, and 

Spanish origin and race .................................................... 35

25. Earnings of family heads and wives as a percent of 1975

family income, by sex, and Spanish origin and race....... 36

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Contents— Continued:

Page

Chart—Continued:

26. Family heads with earnings below the poverty level as a 

percent of family heads who worked year round, full time 

in 1975, by sex, and Spanish origin and race.................. 37

Part IV. Income and Poverty:

Chart:

27A. Median family income in 1975, by Spanish origin and race

of family head .................................................................. 41

27B. Distribution of family income in 1975, by Spanish origin and

race of family head ......................................................... 42

V I

Page

28. Median family income in 1975, by sex, and Spanish origin and

race of family head........................................................... 43

29. Median family income in 1975, by number of earners in the

family, and Spanish origin and race of family head......... 44

30. Persons with income below poverty level in 1975, by work

experience, and Spanish origin and race ......................... 45

31. Percent of families with 1975 income below the poverty level,

by sex, and Spanish origin and race of family head......... 46

Appendixes. Technical Notes and Source Tables:

A. Source, coverage, and limitations of the data ....................... 49

B. Definitions of terms ............................................................... 52

C. Reference tables .................................................................... 54

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Sum m ary Indicators for Persons of Spanish Origin

Persons of Spanish Origin as a Percent of:

The Total Population 5 %

The Labor Force ■■

4 %

Unemployed Persons

Persons in the Labor Force with Four 

Years of College or More

2 %

Persons in the Labor Force with 

Eight Years of School or Less

Workers Whose Longest Job in 1975 was 

in a Professional or Technical Occupation

■ ■ ■ I 2 %

Workers Whose Longest Job in 1975 was 

as a Semiskilled Worker

Families Headed by a Person of Spanish Origin as a Percent Df: ■■

m m m 7%

All Families ■■

4 %

Families with an Income of $25,000 or 

More in 1975

■ ■ ■ j 2 %

Families in Poverty

1

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Part I

Labor Force

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Persons of Spanish origin are 5 percent 

of the total population and 4 percent 

of the civilian labor force. More than 

half of the population and labor force 

of Spanish origin is of Mexican origin 

or descent.

Chart 1.

Population and Labor Force, by Spanish Origin, March 1976

U.S. Population

211,140,000

Labor Force 

93,063,000

Spanish Origin

11,117,000

Mexican American 

6,590,000

Puerto Rican 

1,753,000

Other Spanish Origin 

2,774,000

95.8%

Spanish Origin

3,936,000

Mexican

American

2,393,000

Puerto

Rican

473.000

Other

Spanish

Origin

1.070.000

5

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Chart 2.

Residence of the Labor Force, by Spanish Origin and Race, March 1976

Members of the labor force of Spanish 

origin are much more likely than the 

overall labor force to reside in the 

central cities of metropolitan areas. This 

is particularly true of Puerto Ricans.

Mexican American

Other Spanish Origin

49.7%

6

Nonmetropolitan

Metropolitan:

Suburbs

Central Cities

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Chart 3.

Age of the Labor Force, by Spanish Origin and Race, March 1976

Workers of Spanish origin tend to 

younger than other workers.

All Persons

be

16 to 24 years 

25 to 44 years 

45 to 64 years 

65 years and over

Spanish Origin

Total

1.0%

Mexican American

1.1%

Puerto Rican Other Spanish Origin

White

3.2%

'Less than 0.05 percent.

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The distribution by family status of 

members of the labor force of Spanish 

origin is similar to that of the total labor 

force. About half are family heads.

Chart 4.

Family Status of Labor Force Participants, by Spanish Origin and Race,

March 1976

Mexican American

OtherSpanish Origin

8

Man as Family Head 

Woman as Family Head 

Wife of Head

Child of Head 

Other Relative of Head

Unrelated Individual

Black White

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Workers of Spanish origin as a group 

have completed fewer years of school 

than other workers.

Chart 5.

Years of School Completed by Labor Force Participants, by Spanish Origin

and Race, March 1976

All Persons Spanish Origin

Total Mexican American

4.6%

Yt

8 Years or Less | 4 Years of | 

High School |

1 to 3 Years of I 

High School1

1 to 3 Years of I 

College I

4 Years of I 

College or More I

9

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Chart 6.

Labor Force Participation Rates, by Sex, and Spanish Origin and Race,

March 1976 Total

Men of Spanish origin are as likely as 

all men to be in the labor force. Among 

women, however, those of Spanish 

origin are less likely to be in the labor 

force.

Mexican American

Puerto Rican 

Other Spanish Origin

All Persons

Spanish Origin Black White

All Persons

Spanish Origin Black White Percent in 

Labor Force

90

77.4

75

66.6

60

50.5

46.8

42.9 43.9

46.3

45

30.5 30

15

1 0 Men Women

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Chart 7.

Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, and Spanish Origin, March 1976

All Persons

Among persons of Spanish origin, as 

among all persons, labor force 

participation is highest for those 

25 to 44 years old, and lowest for those 

65 and over.

Spanish Origin

Percent in 

Labor Force

100

Men Women

1 1

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Among men who head families, those of 

Spanish origin are more likely than 

others to be in the labor force. The 

opposite is true for women who head 

families.

Chart 8.

Labor Force Participation Rates of Family Heads, by Sex, and Spanish Origin

and Race, March 1976 Total

Mexican American j

Puerto Rican |

OtherSpanish Origin

All Persons All Persons

12

Men Women

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The presence of young children in the 

family is associated with greatly lower 

labor force participation among women 

of Spanish origin.

Chart 9.

Labor Force Participation Rates of Wives, by Presence and Age of Children,

and Spanish Origin, March 1976 All Wives 

Spanish Origin

Wives as Percent 

in Labor Force

60

45

30

15

0

32.4

32.7

Children by Age No children under 18 With children Children 3 to 5 only

6 to 17 only

One or more 

children under 3

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Unemployment

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The unemployment rate of persons of however, is consistently higher than 

Spanish origin, as for all persons, that of the overall population, although

fluctuates with the state of the economy, lower than that of blacks.

The rate for workers of Spanish origin,

Chart 10.

Unemployment Rates, by Spanish Origin and Race, Fourth Quarter 1973-76 Fourth Quarter1

1973

1974

1975

1976

All Persons

Spanish Origin Black White

Unemployed as a 

Percent of Labor Force

15

12

6.6

II

0

17

'The fourth quarter rate is the average of rates for October, November and December. Data are not seasonally adjusted.

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Chart 11.

Unemployed Persons, by Age, and Spanish Origin and Race, March 1976

Youth 16 to 24 years old account for 

two-fifths of the unemployed persons 

of Spanish origin—about the same proportion as among all the unemployed.

Spanish Origin 450,000

1.1%

1 4 .4 %

3 9 .8 %

18

16 to 24 Years

25 to 44 Years

45 to 64 Years 

65 Years and Over

White 6,142,000

2.8%

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Chart 12.

Family Status of the Unemployed, by Spanish Origin and Race, March 1976

Of almost one-half million persons of

Spanish origin who were unemployed in

March 1976, about one-third were family

heads. One-quarter were wives.

Man as Family Head

Woman as Family Head

Wife of Family Head

Child of Family Head

Other Relative of Head

Unrelated Individual

19

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Chart 13.

Unemployment Rates, by Sex, and Spanish Origin and Race, March 1976

Total

Men and women of Spanish origin have

lower unemployment rates on average

than black men and women. Puerto

Ricans, however, are about as likely

as blacks to be jobless.

Other

Unemployed as a Percent

of the Labor Force

All Persons Spanish Origin Black White All Persons Spanish Origin Black White All Persons Spanish Origin Black White

20

Mexican American

Puerto Rican

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Chart 14.

Unemployment Rates, by Age, Sex, and Spanish Origin and Race, March 1976

All Persons

One in five youths of Spanish origin is

jobless. As in other population groups,

the unemployment rate for those 16

to 24 years of age is two to three times

higher than for other age groups.

White

Unemployed as a Percent

of the Labor Force

30

Spanish Origin ]

Black

28.1 28.1

16 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over 16 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over

Men Women

’Rate not shown because base (labor force) is less than 75 thousand.

21

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Among family heads, the unemployment rate for men of Spanish origin

in March 1976 was 8.1 percent— higher

than that for all men. The rateforwomen

of Spanish origin was about the same

as for ail women.

Chart 15.

Unemployment Rates of Family Heads, Wives, and Unrelated Individuals, by Sex,

and Spanish Origin and Race, March 1976

Unemployed as a Percent

of Labor Force

16

12

8

4

0

Black

Black Spanish

Origin

A" Spanish

Persons

Black

Family Heads Wives Unrelated Individuals

22

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Persons of Spanish origin, as well as

all persons, who have completed 1 year

of college or more have substantially

lower unemployment rates than those

who have not finished high school.

Chart 16.

Unemployment Rates, by Years of School Completed, Sex, and Spanish Origin

and Race, March 1976 Men

Women

Unemployed as a Percent

of the Labor Force

16

12

8

4

0

Less Than 4 Years of High School 4 Years of High School 1 Year of College or More

23

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Work Experience and Earnings

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Chart 17.

Work Experience in 1975 by Sex, and Spanish Origin and Race

Three-fifths of the men of Spanish origin 

who held jobs in 1975 worked year 

round, full time. For women of Spanish 

origin, the comparable proportion was 

about two-fifths.

Part-time

Part-year;

Full-time

Year-round;

Full-time

Percent

100

90_____

80_____

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Men Women

All Mexican Puerto Other

Persons Total American Rican Spanish

Spanish Origin

Black White

All Mexican Puerto Other

Persons Total American Rican Spanish Black White

Spanish Origin

Note: A year-round worker is one who worked 50 to 52 weeks in 1975; a part-year worker is one who worked 1 to 49 weeks. 27

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Chart 18.

Year-round, Full-tim e W ork Experience in 1975 of Family Heads, by Sex,

and Spanish Origin and Race

Among family heads who worked in 

1975, men of Spanish origin were less 

likely than all men to have worked year 

round, full time. Women of Spanish

origin who worked in 1975 were as likely 

as all women to have worked year round, 

full time.

All Persons All Persons

Year-round, Full-time Workers 

as a Percent of

Spanish

Origin

Black White Spanish

Origin

Black White All Workers in 1975 

80

70.2

75.9

60

53.6

40

20

Men as Far r ‘Women as F

0

28

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Chart 19.

Employment in 1975, by Occupation, Sex, and Spanish Origin and Race

Workers of Spanish origin are much less trative occupation groups. They are 

likely than the total working population far more likely to be employed as skilled 

to be employed in the professional and or unskilled manual workers, 

technical, and managerial and adminisProfessional 

and Technical

Managers and 

Administrators, 

Except Farm

Sales

Workers

Clerical Laborers,

Workers Except Farm

Craft and Service Workers,

Kindred

Workers

Including Private 

Household

Operatives, Farm including

Transport Workers 1

Women

All Persons Spanish Origin

12.3%

33.7%

Black White

20.3%

39.4%

24.5%

34.9%

16.0%

1.2% ' 1.0%

29

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Chart 20.

Incidence of Unem ploym ent in 1975, by Spanish Origin and Race

About one-quarter of the persons of 

Spanish origin in the labor force in 1975 

experienced some unemployment—a 

proportion somewhat greater than that 

of the total labor force, but less than 

that of the black labor force.

Total

Mexican American

Puerto Rican

Other Spanish Origin

All Persons

Spanish Origin Black White

Percent of Labor Force 

Unemployed Sometime in 1975

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Chart 21.

Median Annual Earnings of Persons W ho W orked in 1975, by Sex, and

Spanish Origin and Race Total

Median earnings for men of Spanish 

origin were about seven-tenths of those 

of all men in 1975. The median for

Mexican American j

i

women of Spanish origin was about 

nine-tenths of that of all women.

Puerto Rican

Other Spanish Origin |

All Persons All Persons

Spanish Origin Black White Spanish Origin Black White

Median

Earnings

$ 12,000

$10,184

$9,830 10,000

■■ $7,913 8,000

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Chart 22A.

Median Annual Earnings of Persons Who Worked Year round, Full time in 1975,

by Sex, and Spanish Origin and Race

Median earnings for men of Spanish 

origin who worked year round, full time 

in 1975 were about three-quarters of 

those for all year-round, full-time 

workers and the same as their black

counterparts. Among women who 

worked year round, full time, those of 

Spanish origin earned less than their 

black counterparts.

Total

Mexican American 

Puerto Rican 

Other Spanish Origin

All Persons All Persons

Spanish Origin Black

$9,698

White Spanish Origin Black White

$12,877

Median

Earnings

$15,000

12,000

9,000

6,000

3,000

0

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About 16 percent of the men of Spanish round, full-time workers, about 35

origin, but only 2 percent of the women, percent of the men and 5 percent of the

earned $15,000 or more for year-round, women had 1975 earnings of $15,000

full-time work in 1975. Among all year- or more.

Chart 22B.

Distribution of Annual Earnings of Persons Who Worked Year round, Full time

in 1975, by Sex, and Spanish Origin and Race Under $2,000

$2,000 to $4,999

$5,000 to $9,999

$10,000 to $14,999

$15,000 to $24,999

$25,000 or more

Women

1.6%

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Chart 23.

Median Annual Earnings of Family Heads, by Work Experience in 1975, Sex,

and Spanish Origin and Race

Among family heads who worked in

1975, men of Spanish origin earned less

than black men, while women of

Spanish origin and black women had

about the same earnings. Among family

heads who worked year round, full time

in 1975, both men and women of

Spanish origin had earnings below their

black counterparts.

Median Earnings

$15,000

All Family Heads White

Worked in 1975

34

Men

Women

All Family Heads White

Worked Year round, Full time in 1975

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Chart 24.

Median Annual Earnings of Persons Who Worked Year round, Full time in 1975,

by Years of School Completed, Sex, and Spanish Origin and Race

Among workers of Spanish origin, as

among all workers, earnings for year

round, full time work increased with

more years of school completed.

Earnings of both men and women of

Spanish origin with some college

education were about three-fifths greater than the earnings of those who did

not finish high school.

Men

Women

Median

Earnings

$16,000

12,000

8,000

4,000

0

All

Persons White

Persons White

1

1 Year

of College or More

Less Than 4 Years

of High School

4 Years

of High School

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Chart 25.

Earnings of Family Heads and Wives «

by Sex, and Spanish Origin and Race

The earnings of the family head

accounted for about two-thirds of

1975 family income in families with

a male head of Spanish origin and in

all families with a male head. In

a Percent of 1975 Family Income,

husband-wife families of Spanish origin,

the earnings of wives accounted for

about one-sixth of aggregate family

income.

Median Earnings

as Percent of 1975

Family Income

All Persons

Spanish Origin

Black

White

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Men as Family Heads Women as Family Heads Wives

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Chart 26.

Family Heads with Earnings Below the Poverty Level as a Percent

of Family Heads Who Worked Year round, Full time in 1975, by Sex and

Spanish Origin and Race

Family heads of Spanish origin who

worked year round, full time were much

more likely than all family heads with

similar work experience to have earnings below the poverty level.

Percent

25

20

15

10

Men as Family

All Heads

Heads

Spanish

Origin

Black White

Women as FanAll Heads

lily Heads

Spanish

Origin

26.1%

Black

15.5%

14.7%

5.9%

5.2%

White

37

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The median income of all families

headed by a person of Spanish origin

falls between that of whites and blacks,

but is closer to that of blacks. However,

the average income of Puerto Rican

families is less than that of blacks.

Chart 27A.

Median Family Income in 1975, by Spanish Origin, and Race of Family Head

Total

Mexican American

Puerto Rican

Other Spanish Origin

All Families

Spanish Origin Black White

Median

Income

$15,000

$14,268

12,000

*

$11279

$9,551 $9,546

$8,779 jj “ ^

■■ 6,000

■ t 3,000

■ ■■■ 0

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Grafico 27B.

Distribution del Ingreso Fam iliar en

del Cabeza de Familia

Hay tan solo alrededor de dos quintas

partes de probabilidades de que las

familias de origen hispano, en

comparacion con la totalidad de las

familias, percibieran unos ingresos

globales de $20,000 o mas en 1975. En

1975, segun Origen Hispano y Raza

cambio, hubo doble de probabilidades

de que las familias de origen hispano

percibieran ingresos inferiores a $4,000

en comparacion con la totalidad de las

familias.

Todas las Familias Familias con Cabeza

de Familia de Origen

Hispano

Total

Puertorriquenos

Americanos de

Origen Mexicano

Otras Personas de

Origen Hispano

42

Menos de $4,000

$4,000 a $6,999

$7,000 a $9,999

$25,000 o mas

$10,000 a $14,999

$15,000 a $19,999

$20,000 a $24,999

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Among families of Spanish origin, as

among all families, the median income

of those headed by a man is more than

twice that of those headed by a woman.

Families with a man of Spanish origin as

head have a lower median income than

families headed by a black man.

Chart 28.

Median Family Income in 1975, by Sex, and Spanish Origin and Race

of Family Head

Median Income

$16,000

12,000

8,000

4,000

All Families

Man as Head

Woman as Head

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Chart 29.

Median Family Income in 1975, by Number of Earners in the Family,

and Spanish Origin and Race of Family Head All Families

Family income increases with the

number of earners in the family. Except

for families with only one earner, there

was no significant difference between

the median income of families of Sp anish origin and black families.

Spanish Origin

Black

White

Median Income

$24,000

22,000

20,000

18,000

16,000

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

$5,232

j

2,000

$3,544 $3,511

0

No Earners Four or More Earners

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Chart 30.

Persons with Income Below Poverty Level in 1975, by Work Experience,

and Spanish Origin and Race

Persons of Spanish origin 16 years old

and over were about twice as likely as

all persons, and almost as likely as

blacks, to be in poverty in 1975. Among

those who worked in 1975, the incidence

of poverty among persons of Spanish

origin was about the same as that among

their black counterparts.

All Persons 16 and Over

Worked in 1975

Worked Year round, Full time in 1975

Percent Below

Poverty Level

8.4

White

Spanish Origin

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Families with heads of Spanish origin Families with heads of Puerto Rican

were two-and-a-half times as likely as origin had a higher poverty rate than

all families to be in poverty in 1975. black families.

Chart 31.

Percent of Families with 1975 Income Below the Poverty Level, by Sex, and

Spanish Origin and Race of Family Head All Families

Man as Head

Wom an as Head

Percent Below

Poverty Level

65

Puerto Rican

Mexican American

All Families Spanish Origin Black White

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Appendixes

Technical Notes and Source Tables

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Appendix A. Source, Coverage, and Limitations of the Data

Source and coverage

The tables in appendix C present all data contained in the preceding charts and, in many cases,

additional information. Unless otherwise noted, data

refer to the civilian noninstitutional population 16

years old and over, and are tabulated from the

March 1976 Current Population Survey (C PS).

The C P S is conducted monthly for the Bureau of

Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. The

households in the survey are located in 461 sample

areas comprising 923 counties and independent

cities, with coverage in every State and the District

of Columbia. About 55,000 housing units or other

living quarters are assigned for interview each

month, and about 47,000 of them, containing about

100,000 persons 16 years old and over, are occupied by households eligible for interview. Of these

units, about 3 to 5 percent are not interveiwed in

a given month because the residents are not found

at home after repeated calls, are temporarily absent,

or are otherwise unavailable for interview. In all,

about 45,000 households are interviewed each

month.

The basic monthly survey provides statistics on

the labor force, employment and unemployment,

and on persons not in the labor force, and are published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in

E m p lo ym e n t and E arnings. In selected months, the

basic survey is supplemented by additional inquiries

designed to provide more detailed statistics of economic and other activity. Each March there are supplemental questions on work experience (number of

weeks worked, whether part- or full-time, weeks of

unemployment, and other items pertaining to the

previous year); marital and family characteristics;

years of school completed; and income, including its

components such as earnings. Many of the data derived from the March C P S are published by the

Bureau of Labor Statistics in S p e cia l L a b o r F o rce

R eports and by the Bureau of the Census in C u rre n t

P o p u la tio n R eports

Limitations of the data

All data are based on the sample survey (except

as noted in table C-1), and thus may be different

from those that would be obtained from a 100-percent enumeration. In addition, all data are subject

to the errors in response, enumeration, and processing typical of any survey. The standard error

measures the variations that occur by chance because the sample may not be completely representative of the universe. The chances are about 68 out

of 100 that an estimate from the sample would differ

from a complete census by less than the standard

error. The chances are about 95 out of 100 that the

difference would be less than twice the standard

error and about 99 out of 100 that it would be less

than 2Vz times the standard error. All statements of

comparison appearing in the charts and in the text

are significant at the 90-percent level (1.6 standard

errors or more). The tests of significance for statements in this bulletin utilize tables and formulas provided by the Bureau of the Census, some of which

are published in C u rre n t P o p u la tio n R eports, E m ­

p lo ym e n t and E arnings, and S p e c ia l L a b o r F orce

R eports.

If other factors are held constant, the size of the

standard error is inversely related to the number of

households sampled for any one group; thus, standard errors for C P S data on the Puerto Rican population are relatively larger than those for all persons of

Spanish origin, which in turn, tend to be larger than

those for blacks, whites, or all persons.2 Because

of this relationship, an apparent difference between

persons of Spanish origin and all persons or whites

may be statistically significant, yet a larger apparent difference between Puerto Ricans and all persons of Spanish origin, or another group, may not

be statistically significant. Thus the user of this

bulletin is cautioned against drawing conclusions

from relatively small differences between numbers

shown in the charts or tables. Because of the relatively large standard errors associated with small

numbers, percentages or medians derived from a

base of less than 75,000 are not shown.3

C a lc u la tin g s ta n d a rd errors. Standard errors of estimated n u m bers (x) are derived from the following

formula:

a (x) = V (a) x- + (b) x

in which x is the size of the estimate and (a) and

(b) are parameters associated with a particular characteristic.

Standard errors of estimated percentages (p),

computed by using sample data for both numerator

and denominator, are derived from the following

formula:

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in which y is the base of the percentage (the denominator) 4, p is the percentage expressed as a

decimal (e.g., 10.5 percent = .105), and (b) is the

parameter associated with the particular characteristics of the numerator.

Table A-1 provides values of the (a) and (b)

parameters that are associated with most of the

characteristics and population groups covered in

this bulletin. These parameters depend on the sample size, the sample design, and estimation procedures, and they are subject to change. In addition,

the (a) parameter may vary among different age

groups and by whether data are for both sexes together or for men and women separately. Since

nearly all comparisons in this bulletin are based on

percentages (which require only the (b) parameter

in the calculation of the standard error), the detail

of table A-1 is limited. Additional information on the

calculation of standard errors and examples of their

calculation, including those of medians, are provided

in the publications cited at the bottom of table A-1.

------------FOOTNOTES------------

x T he B ureau o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s p re p a re s Special Labor

Force Reports and o th e r p u b lic a tio n s using M ay CPS 

su p p le m e n ta l da ta (usual w e e kly e a rn in g s, m u ltip le jo b ­

h o ld e rs, and w o rk sch e d u le s) and O c to b e r CPS s u p p le ­

m ental d a ta (c h a ra c te ris tic s o f stu d e n ts, g ra d u a te s, and 

sch o o l d ro p o u ts). See BLS R e p o rt 456, Directory of Labor

Force Studies Based on the Current Population Survey fo r 

a d e ta ile d lis tin g of BLS p u b lic a tio n s u tiliz in g d a ta fro m 

th e CPS. F or a d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n on th e C u rre n t P o p u ­

la tio n S urvey and on d e fin itio n s o f te rm s, see B LS R e p o rt 

463, Concepts and Methods Used in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, a jo in t 

p u b lic a tio n o f BLS and th e B ureau o f th e C ensus.

2 B ecause th e s a m p lin g rate o f th e S p a n ish o rig in p o p u ­

la tio n in th e M arch su rve y is a b o u t tw ic e th a t o f o th e r 

m onths, sta n d a rd e rro rs fo r th is p o p u la tio n g ro u p fro m 

m onths o th e r th a n M a rch are a b o u t 30 p e rc e n t h ig h e r 

than th o se fro m M a rch data.

3 S om e o f th e p e rc e n ta g e s sh o w n in th e c h a rts and 

ta b le s, p rim a rily la b o r fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n rates and u n e m ­

p lo ym e n t rates, w e re c a lc u la te d fro m u n ro u n d e d n u m b e rs 

and m ay d iffe r s lig h tly fro m th e rates w h ic h w o u ld be 

o b ta in e d by c a lc u la tin g th e m fro m th e ro u n d e d n u m b e rs 

w h ic h a p p e a r in th e ta b le s.

‘ V a lu e s fo r x and y are n o t in th o u s a n d s — th e fu ll n u m ­

b e r m ust be used.

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Table A-1. Standard error parameters to be used for selected characteristics from the March 1976 Current Population Survey

P a ra m e te r

C h a ra c te ris tic 1 and p o p u la tio n g ro u p 2 P ersons F a m ilie s s

(a) (b) (a) (b)

P o p u la tio n , age, sex:

A ll races, w h ite .................................................................................................. (') n -.0 0 0 0 1 0 1388.6444

B la ck ........................................................................................................................ n (J) -.0 0 0 0 8 7 1255.0382

S panish o rig in :

B oth sexes ................................................................................................. -.0 0 0 0 4 4 1 8917.4236 -.0 0 0 0 1 9 5 1422.2069

M ale o r fe m a le .......................................................................................... -.0 0 0 0 2 5 6 4431.7805 -.0 0 0 0 1 9 5 1422.2069

In co m e and e a rn in g s:

A ll races ................................................................................................................ -.0 0 0 0 0 7 1533.4986 -.0 0 0 0 0 8 1063.1809

W h ite ........................................................................................................................ -.0 0 0 0 0 7 1533.4986 -.0 0 0 0 0 8 1063.1809

B la c k ...................................................................................................................... -.0 0 0 0 5 2 1384.8466 -.0 0 0 0 6 4 922.0689

S p a n ish o rig in .................................................................................................... -.0 0 0 0 1 1 2229.3559 -.0 0 0 0 1 9 5 1422.2069

P overty sta tu s of perso n s 14 ye a rs o r ove r:

A ll races, w h ite ................................................................................................. -.0 0 0 0 2 9 6133.9944 -.0 0 0 0 0 8 1063.1809

B la ck ....................................................................................................................... -.0 0 0 2 0 0 5539.3864 -.0 0 0 0 6 4 922.0689

S p anish o rig in .................................................................................................... -.0 0 0 0 4 4 1 8917.4236 -.0 0 0 0 1 9 5 1422.2069

E d u ca tio n a l a tta in m e n t o r s ch o o l e n ro llm e n t:

A ll races, w h it e .................................................................................................... -.0 0 0 0 1 6 2064.3452 -.0 0 0 0 1 0 1388.6444

B la ck ....................................................................................................................... -.0 0 0 1 8 6 2791.7805 -.0 0 0 0 8 7 1255.0382

S panish o rig in .................................................................................................... -.0 0 0 0 1 4 8 2285.1089 -.0 0 0 0 1 9 5 1422.2069

L a b o r fo rce , e m p lo ym e n t, w o rk e x p e rie n c e :

A ll races, w h ite :

B oth sexes ................................................................................................. -.0 0 0 0 1 1 1460.2342 -.0 0 0 0 1 0 1388.6444

M ale o r F em ale ........................................................................................ -.0 0 0 0 1 6 1124.6934 -.0 0 0 0 1 0 1388.6444

B la ck ........................................................................................................................ -.0 0 0 0 9 4 1307.8139 -.0 0 0 0 8 7 1255.0382

S p anish o rig in :

M ost item s .................................................................................................... -.0 0 0 0 2 5 6 4431.7805 -.0 0 0 0 1 9 5 1422.2069

D e ta ile d o c c u p a tio n , by sex ............................................................... -.0 0 0 0 1 9 5 1422.2069 -.0 0 0 0 1 9 5 1422.2069

U n e m p lo ym e n t:

A ll races, w h ite ................................................................................................. -.0 0 0 0 0 5 1629.1865 -.0 0 0 0 1 0 1388.6444

B la ck ....................................................................................................................... -.0 0 0 0 0 5 1629.1865 -.0 0 0 0 8 7 1255.0382

S panish o rig in .................................................................................................... -.0 0 0 0 1 9 5 1422.2069 -.0 0 0 0 1 9 5 1422.2069

M a rita l status and h o u seh o ld c h a ra c te ris tic s :

A ll races, w h ite ................................................................................................. -.0 0 0 0 1 0 1388.6444

S om e h o u seh o ld m em bers ................................................................. — .000017 3500 2791

A ll h o u seh o ld m em bers ...................................................................... — .000020 4252.7235

B la c k ....................................................................................................................... -.0 0 0 0 8 7 1255.0382

S om e h o u se h o ld m em bers ................................................................. — .000210 5020 1527

A ll h o u seh o ld m em bers ...................................................................... — .0000308 7402.1639

S p anish o rig in .................................................................................................... — .0000195 1422.2069

S om e h o u seh o ld m em b e rs ................................................................. — .0000256 4431.7805

A ll h o u seh o ld m em bers ...................................................................... — .0000441 8917.4236

1 When comparing percentages, use the parameters which pertain to the characteristic in the

numerators of the percentages. Example: If the comparison is between the percent of high school

graduates with earnings of $10,000 or more and the percent of high school graduates with

earnings of less than $5,000, the parameter for earnings would be used rather than that for

education. However, if the comparison is between persons with four years of college as a percent of all persons with earnings of $10,000 or more, and high school dropouts as a percent

of all persons with earnings of $10,000 or more, the parameter for education would be used

rather than that for earnings.

When comparing estimates (numbers) of different characteristics from cross-tabulations, use

the parameters which have the largest (b). Example: If a comparison is between the number

of employed high school graduates and the number of unemployed high school graduates, the

parameters for education would be used rather than the parameters of employment and unemployment.

2 Because the sampling rate of the Spanish origin population in March is about twice that of

other months, the Spanish origin parameters in this table should be used only for March data.

Standard errors for other months are about 30 percent larger.

3 The parameters for families should be used for items which can typically appear only once

in a given household or family, e.g., family income, earnings of family head, earnings of wife,

poverty status of unrelated individuals.

4 Values of all races, white, and black, by age and sex are not estimates from the Current

Population Survey but are obtained from independent sources. These values have no sampling

error associated with them.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports,

Series P-20, No. 290; Series P-60, Nos. 101 and 102; and unpublished data.

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Appendix B. Definitions of Terms

Demographic and social characteristics

Age. The age classification is based upon a person’s age at last birthday.

F am ily. The term "fam ily” as used here refers to a

group of two persons or more, related by blood,

marriage, or adoption, and residing together; such

persons are counted as members of one family. One

person in each family is designated as the "h ead ” ,

usually the person who is regarded as the head by

members of the family.1 Married women are not classified as heads if their husbands are living with them

at the time of the survey. A lodger and his wife who

are not related to the head of the family or a resident em ployee whose wife lives with him are considered a separate family. However, a married couple or parent-child group related to the head of the

family and sharing his living quarters (a subfamily)

is treated not as a separate family but as part of the

head’s family. Persons not in families are classified

as unrelated individuals.

Race. In the Current Population Survey, the population is divided into three groups on the basis of

race: white, black, and "other” . Data for races other

than white or black are not shown in this bulletin.

Race is determined by observation of the interviewer.

S panish o rig in o r d escent. Identification of persons

of Spanish origin or descent was obtained from responses to the C P S question shown in figure 1.

Persons who reported themselves as MexicanAmerican, Chicano, Mexican, or Mexicano (items

10-13) were consolidated into the one category

"M exican-Am erican” . Persons who reported themselves as Puerto Rican (item 14) were classified

separately. Those who chose Cuban, Central or

South American, or “ Other Spanish” (items 15-17)

were consolidated into the category "O ther Spanish” . In the questionnaire "O ther Spanish” (item 17)

includes persons whose origin or descent is from

Spain and those of mixed Spanish origin or descent.

Figure 1

W hat is y o u r o rig in o r d e sce n t?

01 G erm an 10 M e x ic a n -A m e ric a n

02 Italian 11 C h ica n o

03 Irish 12 M exican

04 F rench 13 M e xica n o

05 P olish 14 P uerto R ican

06 R ussian 15 C uban

07 E nglish 16 C e n tra l o r S outh A m e ric a n

08 S co ttish 17 O th e r S panish

09 W elsh 20 N egro

21 B la ck

OR

30 A n o th e r g ro u p not listed

FORM CPS-597 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

(1-3-74) SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS ADMIN.

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

O R IG IN F LA S H C A R D 

C U R R E N T P O P U LA T IO N S U R VEY

Y ears o f s c h o o l co m p le te d . Data on years of school

completed were derived from the combination of

answers to questions concerning the highest grade

of school attended by the person and whether or

not that grade was finished. The questions on educational attainment apply only to progress in "regular” schools. Such schools include graded public,

private, and parochial elementary and high schools

(both junior and senior high), colleges, universities,

and professional schools, whether day schools or

night schools. Thus, regular schooling is that which

may advance a person toward an elementary school

certificate or a high school diploma, or a college,

university, or professional school degree. Schooling

in other than regular schools was counted only if the

credits obtained were regarded as transferable to a

school in the regular school system.

Labor force and employment status

E m p lo ye d in M arch 1976. Employed persons are all

those who during the survey week, (a) did any work

at all as paid em ployees in their own business or

profession, on their own farm, or as unpaid workers

working 15 hours or more in an enterprise operated

by a member of the family; or (b) did not work but

had jobs or businesses from which they were temNearly all male family heads are husbands in husbandwife families; most female family heads are mothers living with

their children (and no husband present). The procedures for

identifying family heads were devised many years ago and do

not reflect current social trends. These procedures are in the process of being revised. For example, the Bureau of Labor Statistics no longer designates any person as the head in husband-wife

families. However, this chartbook was prepared prior to the

adoption of this change. For a comprehensive discussion of the

definition and limitations of the family head concept and the

efforts of the Bureau of Labor Statistics to present more relevant data, see Janet L. Norwood, "New Approaches to Statistics on the Family," M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , July 1977, pp 31-

34. Also see box on inside front cover of this chartbook.

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porarily absent because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management dispute, or other personal

reasons, whether or not they were paid by their

employers for the time off, and whether or not they

were seeking other jobs.

U nem ployed in M arch 1976. Unemployed persons

are all those who did not work during the survey

week, made specific efforts to find a job within the

preceding 4 weeks, and were available for work

during the survey week or would have been available except for temporary illness. Also included as

unemployed are those who did not work at all,

were available for work, and (a) were waiting to be

called back to a job from which they had been laid

off, or (b) were waiting to report to a new wage or

salary job within 30 days.

L a b o r fo rc e in M a rch 1976. The labor force comprises all civilian persons classified as employed or

unemployed according to the above definitions.

N ot in la b o r fo rc e in M arch 1976. Persons not classified as employed or unemployed are defined as not

in the labor force. Persons doing only incidental

unpaid family work (less than 15 hours a week) are

also classified as not in the labor force.

Work experience

W ork e xperience. Persons with work experience in

1975 are those who worked as cilivians at any time

during the year at full- or part-time jobs.

P art-tim e and fu ll-tim e jobs. Respondents are asked

how many hours they usually worked per week

during 1975. They are classified as having worked

at full-time jobs if they worked 35 hours or more per

week in a majority of the weeks worked during the

year; respondents are classified as having worked a

part-time job if they worked 1 to 34 hours per week

in a majority of the weeks worked during the year.

In cid e n ce of un e m p lo ym e n t in 1975. The proportion

of the work force unemployed at some time during

the year represents the incidence of unemployment.

Y ear-round fu ll-tim e w orkers. Year-round full-time

workers are persons who worked primarily at fulltime jobs for 50 weeks or more in 1975.

P art-year w orkers. Part-year workers are persons

who worked either full time or part time for 1 to 49

weeks in 1975.

Longest jo b . A person’s longest job during the year

is the one which was held for the greatest number

of weeks. For most wage and salary workers, a job

is defined as all the time worked for the same employer. The only exception is work for private families (domestic service, babysitting, odd jobs, and

the like) which is counted as a single job regardless

of number of employers. Self-employment and unpaid work in family-operated enterprises are also

designated as jobs for purposes of this survey.

O ccupation. The data on occupation refer to the job

held for the longest period of time during the year.

Persons who held two jobs or more are reported in

the job at which they worked the greatest number

of weeks.

Earnings, income, and poverty

E arnings. Earnings consist of income from the following sources: (1) Money wages or salary received

for work performed as an employee during the income year. This category includes wages, salary,

commissions, tips, piece-rate payments, and cash

bonuses earned, before deductions were made for

taxes, bonds, pensions, union dues, etc. (2) Net income from nonfarm self-employment— gross receipts

minus expenses from one’s own business, professional enterprise, or partnership. (3) Net income from

farm self-employment— gross receipts minus operating expenses from the operation of a farm by a

person on his or her own account, as an owner,

renter, or sharecropper.

Incom e. Data on income are limited to money income received before payments for personal income

taxes and deductions for social security, union dues,

Medicare, etc. Money income is the sum of the

amounts received from earnings; social security and

public assistance payments; dividends, interest, and

rent; unemployment and workers’ compensation;

government and private employee pensions; and

other periodic income. (Certain money receipts such

as capital gains are not included.) Therefore, money

income does not reflect the fact that many families

receive part of their income in the form of nonmoney

transfers such as food stamps, health benefits, and

subsidized housing; that many farm families receive

nonmoney income in the form of rent-free housing

and goods produced and consumed on the farm; or

that nonmoney income is also received by some

nonfarm residents which often takes the form of the

use of business transportation and facilities, full or

partial payment by business for retirement programs,

medical and educational expenses, etc. These elements should be considered when comparing income levels. Moreover, readers should be aware

that for many different reasons there is a tendency

in household surveys for respondents to underreport

their income. Underreporting tends to be more pronounced for income sources that are not derived

from earnings, such as social security, public assistance, and net income from interest,, dividends,

rentals, etc. Overall, income earned from wages or

salaries is much better reported than other sources

of income and is nearly equal to independently derived administrative sources. By contrast, 1973 income data on social security and public assistance

payments to beneficiaries equaled approximately 89

and 75 percent, respectively, of independently derived estimates.

P overty. Fam ilies and unrelated individuals are classified as being above or below the poverty level

using the poverty index adopted by a Federal Inter53

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agency Committee in 1969. This index is based on

the Department of Agriculture’s 1961 Econom y Food

Plan and reflects the different consumption requirements of families based on their size and composition, sex and age of the family head, and farmnonfarm residence. It was determined from the Department of Agriculture’s 1955 survey of food consumption that families of three or more persons

spend approximately one-third of their income on

food; the poverty level for these families was, therefore, set at three times the cost of the economy

food plan. For smaller families and persons living

alone, the cost of the economy food plan was multiplied by factors that were slightly higher in order to

compensate for the relatively larger fixed expenses

of these smaller households.

W eighted average th re s h o ld s at the p o v e rty level.

The poverty cutoffs used by the Bureau of the

Census to determine the poverty status of families

and unrelated individuals consist of a set of 124

thresholds arranged in a four-dimensional matrix

consisting of family size (from one person, i.e., an

unrelated individual, to a seven-or-more-person family) cross-classified by presence and number of family members under 18 years old (from no children

present to six or more children present); sex of

head, and farm-nonfarm residence. Unrelated individuals and two-person families are further differentiated by age of head (under 65 years and 65

years and over). The total family income of each

family in the sample is tested against the appropriate dollar threshold to determine the poverty status

of that family. If the fam ily’s total income is less

than its corresponding cutoff, the family is classified

as below the poverty level.

The poverty thresholds are updated every year

to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index

(CPI). Thus, the average poverty threshold for a nonfarm family of four was $5,500 in 1975, about 9

percent higher than the com parable 1974 cutoff of

$5,038.

Appendix C. Reference Tables

Table C-1. Population and labor force by Spanish origin and race, March 1976

A ll

perso n s

S p a n ish o rig in 1 Race

P o p u la tio n and la b o r fo rc e T o ta l M exican

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican O th e r B la c k W hite O th e r 2

P o p u la tio n 3:

N u m be r (in th o usa n d s) ........................................................................... 211,140 11,117 6,590 1,753 2,774 24,162 183,364 3,614

P e rce n t .............................................................................................................. 100.0 5.3 3.1 0.8 1.3 11.4 86.8 1.7

L a b o r fo rc e :

N u m b e r (in th o usa n d s) ........................................................................... 93,063 3,936 2,393 473 1,070 9,079 82,450 1,534

P e rce n t .............................................................................................................. 100.0 4.2 2.6 0.5 1.1 9.8 88.6 1.6

1 Persons of Spanish origin may be of any race. Their numbers are included in the data pertaining to race. According to the 1970 census, more than 96 percent of the population of

Spanish origin are classified as white.

2 Includes American Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Hawaiian, and Korean, among others.

Data on individual other races are not available from the Current Population Survey.

3 In this table only, data on population refer to the civilian noninstitutional population of all

ages plus male members of the Armed Forces living on post with their families, or living off

post. Data on the labor force in this and other tables refer only to the civilian noninstitutional

population, 16 years old and over.

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

SOURCES: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports,

Series P-20, No. 302; and U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished

Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

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Table C-2. Residence of the labor force, by Spanish origin and race,

March 1976

(Percent distribution)

R e sidence A ll

p ersons

S p a n ish o rig in

B la ck W hite

T ota l

M exican

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican O ther

U nited S tates (tho u sa n d s) .. 93,063 3,936 2,393 473 1,070 9,079 82,450

U nited S tates (pe rce n t) ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

M e tro p o lita n areas ...... 69.5 84.0 78.0 97.3 91.5 76.8 68.4

C e n tra l c itie s ......... 29.0 49.5 43.9 77.4 49.7 57.8 25.5

S u b u rb s ................... 40.4 34.5 34.1 19.9 41.8 19.0 42.8

N o n m e tro p o lita n areas.. 30.5 16.0 22.0 2.5 8.5 23.2 31.6

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

Table C-3. Age of the labor force, by Spanish origin and race,

March 1976

(Percent distribution)

A ll

persons

S panish o rig in

A ge

T ota l

M exican

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican O ther

B la ck W hite

L a b o r fo rc e (tho u sa n d s) .... 93,063 3,936 2,393 473 1,070 9,079 82,450

L a b o r fo rc e (p e rce n t) ........... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

16 to 24 ye a rs .............. 23.3 26.2 29.2 24.5 20.4 23.8 23.2

25 to 44 years .............. 43.3 50.4 49.3 53.9 51.3 46.8 42.8

45 to 64 ye a rs .............. 30.3 22.3 20.4 21.4

O

27.1 26.3 30.8

65 ye a rs o ld o r ove r .... 3.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 3.1 3.2

1 Less than 0.05 percent.

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

Table C-4. Family status of labor force participants, by sex, and Spanish origin and race, March 1976

(Percent distribution)

F am ily sta tu s and sex A ll

p ersons

S p a n ish o rig in

B lack W hite

T o ta l

M exican

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican O th e r

L a b o r fo rc e (tho u sa n d s) ..................................................................................... 93,063 3,936 2,393 473 1,070 9,079 82,450

L a b o r fo rc e (pe rce n t) ............................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

In fa m ilie s .............................................................................................................. 87.8 89.6 91.2 86.9 87.1 85.5 88.1

H eads o f fa m ilie s ..................................................................................... 46.7 48.1 48.0 52.5 46.5 41.8 47.3

M en 1 .................................................................................................... 42.2 42.5 43.0 44.3 40.7 30.3 43.6

W om en ............................................................................................... 4.5 5.6 5.0 8.3 5.9 11.5 3.7

W ives o f fa m ily heads ......................................................................... 23.0 20.8 20.1 18.0 23.6 20.5 23.2

C h ild re n o f fa m ily heads .................................................................... 15.8 16.4 18.5 12.7 13.4 17.9 15.6

O th e r re la tive s o f fa m ily heads ....................................................... 2.4 4.3 4.6 3.6 3.6 5.2 2.0

U n relate d in d iv id u a ls ..................................................................................... 12.2 10.4 8.8 13.1 12.8 14.6 11.9

M en ................................................................................................................ 6.3 6.7 6.4 9.5 6.2 8.0 6.1

W om en ......................................................................................................... 5.9 3.7 2.3 3.6 6.7 6.5 5.8

’■According to Census Bureau definition, the husband is always classified as the head of a

husband-wife family.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

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Table C-5. Years of school completed by labor force participants, by sex, and Spanish origin and race, March 1976

(Percent distribution)

A ll

perso n s

S p a n ish o rig in

S ex and ye a rs o f sc h o o l

T o ta l M exican

A m e ric a n

P uerto

R ican

O th e r B la ck W h ite

B oth sexes:

L a b o r fo rc e (tho u sa n d s) ................................................................................ 93,063 3,936 2,393 473 1,070 9,079 82,450

L a b o r fo rc e (pe rce n t) ..................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

8 ye a rs of e le m e n ta ry sch o o l o r less ......................................... 10.7 31.5 36.6

21.1

31.5 20.0 18.9 9.8

1 to 3 ye a rs o f hiqh sch o o l ............................................................... 17.1 19.7 23.5 15.0 24.3 16.4

4 ye a rs o f high sc h o o l ......................................................................... 39.8 30.9 28.0 33.4 36.3 36.8 40.3

1 to 3 ye a rs o f c o lle g e ...................................................................... 16.0 11.1 9.7 7.8 15.6 12.0 16.4

4 ye a rs o f c o lle g e o r m ore ............................................................... 16.5 6.8 4.6 3.8 13.1 8.1 17.2

M en:

L a b o r fo rc e (tho u sa n d s) ................................................................................ 55,246 2,420 1,517 301 601 4,702 49,651

L a b o r fo rc e (p e rce n t) ..................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

8 ye a rs o f e le m e n ta ry sc h o o l o r less ......................................... 12.2 33.9 39.5 33.8 20.0 23.3 11.2

1 to 3 ye a rs o f h ig h sc h o o l ............................................................... 17.1 20.5 20.7 26.5 17.0 24.7 16.4

4 ye a rs o f high sc h o o l ......................................................................... 36.5 27.1 24.8 28.8 32.1 34.0 36.8

1 to 3 ye a rs o f c o lle g e ....................................................................... 16.0 10.7 9.6 7.3 15.3 11.3 16.5

4 ye a rs o f c o lle g e o r m ore .................................................................. 18.2 7.8 5.5 3.6 15.6 6.7 19.0

W om en:

L a b o r fo rc e (th o u sa n d s) ................................................................................. 37,817 1,516 876 171 468 4,377 32,799

L a b o r fo rc e (p e rce n t) ..................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

8 ye a rs of e le m e n ta ry sch o o l o r less ......................................... 8.4 27.6 31.5 27.5 20.1 14.1 7.6

1 to 3 ye a rs of high sc h o o l ............................................................... 17.1 18.6 21.9 18.1 12.6 23.8 16.3

4 ye a rs o f hiqh sc h o o l ......................................................................... 44.6 37.0 33.6 42.1 41.5 39.8 45.4

1 to 3 ye a rs o f c o lle g e ....................................................................... 15.9 11.6 9.9 8.2 16.0 12.6 16.3

4 ye a rs o f c o lle g e o r m ore .................................................................. 14.0 5.2 3.0 4.1 9.8 9.7 14.3

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

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Table C-6. Labor force participation rates, by sex, and Spanish origin and race, March 1976

(Numbers in thousands)

A ll

perso n s

S p a n ish o rig in

Item T o ta l M exican

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican O ther B la ck W hite

B oth sexes:

P o p u la tio n .............. 72,346 3,113 1,891 442 781 7,056 64,127

L a b o r fo rc e ........... 93,063 3,936 2,393 473 1,070 9,079 82,450

P e rce n t in la b o r 

fo rc e ...................... 60.8 59.2 61.6 47.1 60.9 57.7 61.1

M en:

P o p u la tio n .............. 72,346 3,113 1,891 442 781 7,056 64,127

L a b o r fo rc e ........... 55,246 2,420 1,517 301 601 4,702 49,651

P e rce n t in la b o r 

fo rc e ..................... 76.4 77.7 80.3 68.2 77.0 66.6 77.4

W om en:

P o p u la tio n .............. 80,834 3,530 1,995 561 974 8,674 70,858

L a b or fo rc e ........... 37,817 1,516 876 171 468 4,377 32,799

P e rce n t in la b o r 

fo rc e ..................... 46.8 42.9 43.9 30.5 48.1 50.5 46.3

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

Table C-7. Labor force participation rates, by age, sex, and Spanish

origin and race, March 1976

(Percent of population in labor force)

A ll

p ersons

S p anish o rig in

S ex and age T ota l

M exican

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican

O ther B la ck W hite

M en:

16 ye a rs o r o v e r .................. 76.4 77.7 80.3 68.2 77.0 66.6 77.4

16 to 24 y e a r s ....................... 68.8 65.1 71.5 49.1 57.4 54.9 70.8

25 to 44 years ........................ 95.0 93.0 94.2 87.1 93.7 88.6 95.8

45 to 64 ye a rs ....................... 83.4 82.0 81.7 74.7 85.8 70.1 84.6

65 ye a rs o r o v e r ................... 20.6 16.4 17.8 H (') 19.4 20.8

W om en:

16 years o r o v e r ................... 46.8 42.9 43.9 30.5 48.1 50.5 46.3

16 to 24 ye a rs ....................... 55.5 43.6 45.3 28.8 49.5 43.9 57.5

25 to 44 ye a rs ........................ 57.3 49.2 50.6 33.5 56.8 65.9 56.2

45 to 64 ye a rs ....................... 48.6 41.3 39.0 32.1 48.8 53.1 48.2

65 ye a rs o r o v e r ................... 8.5 4.2 7.2 C) 1.2 13.0 8.1

1 Rate not shown because base of percentage (population) is less than 75,000.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

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Table C-8. Labor force participation rates, by family status, sex, and

Spanish origin and race, March 1976

(Percent of persons in the labor force)

A ll

p ersons

S p a n ish o rig in

S ex and fa m ily status T o ta l M exican

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican O th e r

B la ck W h ite

M en, 16 ye a rs o r over ................ 76.4 77.7 80.3 68.2 77.0 66.6 77.4

In fa m ilie s ............................... 77.0 77.8 80.8 66.1 77.2 67.3 78.0

H eads o f fa m ilie s 1 .... 81.9 86.1 87.4 79.4 86.6 78.3 82.1

C h ild re n o f fa m ily 

heads .......................... 63.1 54.8 62.7 33.1 49.0 52.5 64.7

O th e r relative s of 

fa m ily heads ........... 59.3 74.5 78.2 0 O 46.8 63.8

U n relate d in d iv id u a ls ......... 71.2 77.0 75.8 0 75.6 63.1 72.6

W om en, 16 ye a rs or ove r ......... 46.8 42.9 43.9 30.5 48.1 50.5 46.3

In fa m ilie s ............................... 46.9 42.4 43.8 30.0 46.7 50.9 46.4

H eads o f fa m ilie s ...... 55.7 42.5 48.9 24.2 54.5 52.3 57.0

W ives o f fa m ily 

heads .......................... 45.2 41.9 40.8 33.9 48.2 57.0 44.2

C h ild re n o f fa m ily 

heads .......................... 54.3 49.1 52.6 30.9 50.5 41.9 56.5

O th e r relative s of 

fa m ily heads ........... 27.3 28.4 36.6 o 19.1 36.0 25.1

U n relate d in d iv id u a ls ......... 46.1 48.7 45.0 n 57.2 48.1 45.5

1 According to Census Bureau definition, the husband is always classified as the head of a

husband-wife family.

2 Rates not shown because of percentage (population) is less than 75,000.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

Table C-9 Labor force participation rates of women by family status, presence and age of children, and Spanish origin and race, March 1976

(Percent of persons in the labor force)

P resence and age o f c h ild re n 1

W ives W om en as fa m ily heads

A ll

p ersons

S p a n ish

o rig in B la ck W h ite

A ll

p e rso n s

S p a n ish

o rig in

B la ck W h ite

T ota l, 16 ye a rs o r o ve r ................................................................................................................ 45.0 41.6 56.7 44.1 55.7 42.5 52.2 57.0

No c h ild re n u n d e r 18 ye a rs ............................................................................................. 43.8 42.1 50.0 43.4 46.1 41.1 48.2 45.5

C h ild re n u n d e r 18 ye a rs .................................................................................................... 46.1 41.4 61.5 44.8 61.7 42.9 53.9 65.3

C h ild re n 6 to 17 ye a rs o n ly ................................................................................... 53.7 48.8 65.4 52.7 67.0 51.9 58.2 70.6

C h ild re n u n d e r 6 ye a rs ............................................................................................. 37.4 35.8 57.5 35.3 52.7 32.6 48.2 55.0

C h ild re n 3 to 5 ye a rs o n ly ........................................................................... 44.1 40.8 61.7 42.5 61.7 38.8 58.2 63.3

O ne o r m ore c h ild re n u n d e r 3 ye a rs ................................................... 32.4 32.7 54.2 30.3 40.8 26.9 38.2 42.2

1 Women are classified according to the age of their youngest child and do not appear in SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Populamore than 1 category. tion Survey tabulations, March 1976.

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Table C-10. Unemployment rates, by Spanish origin and race, annual

and quarterly averages, 1973-76

Y e a r and q u a rte r

A ll

p ersons

S p anish

o rig in

B la ck W hite

1973 a nnual a v e ra g e ’ .................................... 4.9 7.5 9.3 4.3

II Q u a r te r ..................................................... 4.8 8.1 9.7 4.3

Ill Q u a rte r .................................................. 4.8 7.0 9.8 4.2

IV Q u a rte r ................................................... 4.4 7.3 7.9 4.0

1974 a nnual average ...................................... 5.6 8.1 10.4 5.0

I Q u a rte r ..................................................... 5.6 8.4 9.8 5.1

II Q u a r te r ..................................................... 5.1 7.7 9.7 4.6

Ill Q u a rte r .................................................. 5.5 8.0 10.5 5.0

IV Q u a rte r .................................................. 6.1 8.2 11.5 5.5

1975 a nnual a ve rage .................................... 8.5 12.2 14.7 7.8

I Q u a rte r ..................................................... 9.1 12.4 15.1 8.4

II Q u a r te r ..................................................... 8.7 12.9 15.1 8.0

Ill Q u a rte r ................................................... 8.3 11.8 14.9 7.6

IV Q u a rte r .................................................. 7.8 11.8 13.8 7.1

1976 a nnual average ...................................... 7.7 11.5 13.8 7.0

I Q u a rte r ..................................................... 8.5 11.6 14.6 7.8

II Q u a r te r ..................................................... 7.4 11.1 13.7 6.6

Ill Q u a rte r .................................................. 7.6 11.8 14.0 6.9

IV Q u a rte r .................................................. 7.3 11.1 13.2 6.6

1 Data collection began in March 1973; 1973 annual average includes estimates of levels for

January and February.

NOTE: Data are not seasonally adjusted and, hence, time comparisons of quarterly data should

be made using only the same quarter of the year. Quarterly data are not available prior to the

second quarter of 1973.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, E m ploym ent and Earnings,

January, April, July, and October issues from April 1974 through January 1977.

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Table C-11. Unemployed persons, by age, sex, and Spanish origin and race, March 1976

N u m b e r (tho u sa n d s) P e rce n t

S e x and age A ll

perso n s

S panish

o rig in B la ck W h ite

A ll

perso n s

S p a n ish

o rig in B la ck W h ite

B oth sexes, 16 ye a rs o r o ve r ..................................................................................... 7,530

3,357

2,553

450 1,261

608

6,142

2,710

2,050

1,213

169

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

16-24 ye a rs ................................................................................................................ 201 44.6 44.7 48.2 44.1

25-44 ye a rs ................................................................................................................... 179 440 33.9 39.8 34.9 33.4

45-64 ye a rs ................................................................................................................... 1,426 65 194 18.9 14.4 15.4 19.7

65 ye a rs o r o ve r ....................................................................................................... 194 5 21 2.6 1.1 1.7 2.8

M en, 16 ye a rs o r o ve r .................................................................................................... 4,322 260 689 3,565 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

16-24 ye a rs ................................................................................................................ 1,902

1,420

125 318 l ’566

1,153

729

44.0 48.1 46.2 43.9

25-44 ye a rs ................................................................................................................... 92 229 32.9 35.4 33.2 32.3

45-64 ye a rs ................................................................................................................... 866 39 129 20.0 15.0 18.7 20.4

65 ye a rs o r o ve r ....................................................................................................... 134 4 13 117 3.1 1.5 1.9 3.3

W om en, 16 ye a rs o r o v e r ............................................................................................... 3,208 190 573 2,577 100.0

1,144

897

100.0 100.0 100.0

16-24 ye a rs ................................................................................................................ 1,455 77 290 45.4 40.5 50.6 44.4

25-44 ye a rs ................................................................................................................... 1,133

560

87 211 35.3 45.8 36.8 34.8

45-64 ye a rs ................................................................................................................... 26 64 484 17.5 13.7 11.2 18.8

65 ye a rs o r o v e r ....................................................................................................... 60 1 8 52 1.9 0.5 1.4 2.0

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

Table C-12. Family status of the unemployed, by sex, and Spanish origin and race, March 1976

N u m be r (tho u sa n d s) P e rce n t

F am ily sta tu s and sex A ll

perso n s

S panish

o rig in B la c k W h ite

A ll

perso n s

S panish

o rig in B la ck W h ite

U n e m p lo ye d .......................................................................................................................... 7,530 450 1,261 6,142 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

In fa m ilie s .....................................................................................................................

H eads o f fa m ilie s :

6,573 413 1,113 5,354 87.3 91.8 88.3 87.2

M en 1 ........................................................................................................... 1,968 135 234 1,703 26.1 30.0 18.6 27.7

W om en ...................................................................................................... 410 21 144 254 5.4 4.7 11.4 4.1

W ives o f fa m ily heads ......................................................................... 1,501 109 170 1,305 19.9 24.2 13.5 21.2

C h ild re n o f fa m ily heads .................................................................. 2,356 124 476 1,849 31.3 27.6 37.7 30.1

O th e r re la tive s of fa m ily heads ..................................................... 338 23 90 243 4.5 5.1 7.1 4.0

U n relate d in d iv id u a ls ............................................................................................. 957 37 148 787 12.7 8.2 11.7 12.8

M en ........................................................................................................................ 613 27 109 493 8.1 6.0 8.6 8.0

W om en ................................................................................................................ 345 10 40 294 4.6 2.2 3.2 4.8

1 According to Census Bureau definition, the husband is always classified as the head of a SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Populahusband-wife family. tion Survey tabulations, March 1976.

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

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Table C-13. Employment status of the labor force, by sex, and Spanish origin and race, March 1976

(Numbers in thousands)

A ll

p e rso n s

S p a n ish o rig in

S ex and e m p lo ym e n t status T ota l M exican

A m e rican

P uerto

R ican

O th e r B la ck W hite

B oth sexes:

L a b o r fo rc e ..................... 93,063 3,936 2,393 473 1,070 9,079 82,450

E m ployed .......................... 85,533 3,486 2,110 406 969 7,818 76,309

U n e m p lo ye d .................. 7,530 450 283 66 101 1,261 6,142

U n e m p lo ye d as a 

p e rc e n t o f la b o r 

f o r c e ..................... 8.1 11.4 11.8 14.0 9.4 13.9 7.4

M en:

L a b o r fo rc e ..................... 55,246 2,420 1,517 301 601 4,702 49,651

E m ployed .......................... 50,924 2,160 1,358 259 544 4,014 46,087

U n e m p lo ye d ................... 4,322 260 160 43 57 689 3,565

U n e m p lo ye d as a 

p e rc e n t o f la b o r 

f o r c e ..................... 7.8 10.7 10.5 14.2 9.5 14.6 7.2

W om en:

L a b o r fo rc e ..................... 37,817 1,516 876 171 468 4,377 32,799

E m ployed .......................... 34,609 1,325 753 148 425 3,804 30,222

U n e m ployed ................... 3,208 190 123 24 43 573 2,577

U n e m p lo ye d as a 

p e rc e n t o f la b o r 

f o r c e ..................... 8.5 12.5 14.0 13.9 9.3 13.1 7.9

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

Table C-14. Unemployment rates, by age, sex, and Spanish origin and

race, March 1976

(Percent of labor force unemployed)

A ll

p ersons

S panish o rig in

S ex and age T ota l

M exican

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican O ther

B la ck W hite

B oth sexes ,16 ye a rs o r over.. 8.1 11.4 11.8 14.0 9.4 13.9 7.4

16 to 24 ye a rs .................. 15.5 19.4 20.1 25.4 14.3 28.1 14.1

25 to 44 ye a rs .................. 6.3 9.0 9.6 10.9 6.8 10.4 5.8

45 to 64 ye a rs .................. 5.1 7.4 5.8 8.9 9.5 8.1 4.8

65 ye a rs o r o ve r .............. 6.7 n (') n O 7.3 6.5

M en, 16 ye a rs o r o v e r .............. 7.8 10.7 10.5 14.2 9.5 14.6 7.2

16 to 24 ye a rs .................. 16.2 20.5 20.5 o 17.6 28.1 15.0

25 to 44 ye a rs ................... 5.8 7.6 7.3 11.4 6.3 10.6 5.3

45 to 64 ye a rs ................... 5.0 6.8 5.3 n 8.7 10.3 4.6

65 ye a rs o r o ve r .............. 7.3 (’) n 0 0 8.6 7.0

W om en, 16 ye a rs o r o v e r ...... 8.5 12.5 14.0 13.9 9.3 13.1 7.9

16 to 24 ye a rs ................... 14.7 18.0 19.3 0 10.7 28.1 13.1

25 to 44 ye a rs .................. 7.2 11.2 13.5 10.1 7.5 10.1 6.7

45 to 64 ye a rs .................. 5.1 8.4 7.0 0 10.6 5.7 5.0

65 ye a rs o r ove r .............. 5.6 n n 0 0 5.9 5.5

1 Rate not shown because base of percentage (labor force) is less than 75,000.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

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Table C-15. Unemployment rates, by family status, sex, and Spanish origin and race, March 1976

A ll

p e rso n s

S p anish o rig in

S e x and fa m ily sta tu s T ota l M exican

A m e rica n

P uerto

R icpn O th e r

B la ck W hite

B oth sexes, 16 ye a rs o r over.. 8.1 11.4 11.8 14.0 9.4 13.9 7.4

In fa m ilie s ............................. 8.0 11.7 12.3 14.3 9.3 14.3 7.4

H eads o f fa m ilie s 1 ......... 5.5 8.3 8.0 10.4 7.8 10.0 5.0

W ives o f fa m ily heads .... 7.0 13.3 14.7 15.3 10.1 9.1 6.8

C h ild re n o f fa m ily

heads .................................. 16.0 19.3 20.3 0 11.9 29.3 T4.4

O th e r re la tive s o f

fa m ily h e a d s ................... 15.3 13.7 13.2 (-■) (-’) 18.9 14.8

U n re la te d in d iv id u a ls .... 8.5 9.0 7.3 (2) 9.9 11.2 8.0

M en, 16 ye a rs o r o v e r .............. 7.8 10.7 10.5 14.2 9.5 14.6 7.2

In f a m ilie s ............................. 7.5 10.8 10.8 13.7 9.4 14.6 6.9

H eads o f fa m ilie s .............. 5.0 8.1 7.8 9.5 8.2 8.5 4.7

C h ild re n o f fa m ily 

heads ................................. 17.5 23.0 23.3 0 15.1 29.6 16.0

O th e r re la tive s o f 

fa m ily heads ................... 16.0 11.3 9.9 n o 22.9 14.8

U n relate d in d iv id u a ls .... 10.4 10.1 7.9 0 n 14.9 9.8

W om en, 16 ye a rs o r o v e r ...... 8.5 12.5 14.0 13.9 9.3 13.1 7.9

In fa m ilie s ............................. 8.8 13.1 14.6 15.4 9.2 14.1 8.1

H eads of f a m ilie s .............. 9.8 9.6 10.2 o H 13.7 8.3

W ives o f fa m ily heads .... 7.0 13.3 14.7 15.3 10.1 9.1 6.8

C h ild re n o f fa m ily 

heads .................................. 13.9 14.3 16.2 n 0 28.8 12.1

O th e r re la tiv e s o f 

fa m ily h e a d s ................... 14.3 O O n (-') 14.3 14.8

U n re la te d in d iv id u a ls .... 6.3 6.9 (2) o (2) 6.7 6.2

1 According to Census Bureau definition, the husband is always classified as the head of a

husband-wife family.

2 Rate not shown because base of percentage (labor force) is less than 75,000.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

Table C-16. Unemployment rates, by years of school completed, sex, and Spanish origin and race, March 1976

A ll

p e rso n s

S p a n ish o rig in

S ex and ye a rs o f sch o o l T o ta l

M e xica n

A m e ric a n

P uerto

R ican

O th e r

B la c k W h ite

B oth sexes, 16 ye a rs or

ove r .............................................. 8.1 11.4 11.8 14.0 9.4 13.9 7.4

Less than 4 ye a rs of

high s c h o o l..................... 12.1 13.0 13.3 12.3 12.0 15.4 11.6

4 ye a rs o f high sch o o l.... 8.2 11.6 11.7 18.2 8.9 14.9 7.5

1 ye a r o f c o lle g e o r

m ore ................................. 4.5 6.8 6.4 (') 6.8 8.8 4.2

M en, 16 ye a rs o r o v e r .............. 7.8 10.7 10.5 14.2 9.5 14.6 7.2

Less than 4 ye a rs of

high sch o o l ..................... 11.8 11.6 11.1 12.6 12.6 15.4 11.3

4 ye a rs o f high sch o o l.... 8.0 11.8 11.3 18.1 10.2 15.7 7.3

1 ye a r o f c o lle g e o r

m ore ................................. 4.2 6.7 7.0 O 5.4 10.5 3.9

W om en, 16 ye a rs o r o ve r ...... 8.5 12.5 14.0 13.9 9.3 13.1 7.9

Less th a n 4 ye a rs of

high sch o o l ..................... 12.6 15.6 17.3 12.8 11.1 15.5 12.1

4 ye a rs o f high sch o o l.... 8.4 11.4 12.2 o 7.7 14.1 7.7

1 ye a r o f c o lle g e o r

m ore ................................. 5.1 7.1 5.3 n 9.1 7.2 4.8

1 Rate not shown because base of percentage (labor force) is less than 75,000.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

62

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Table C-17. Work experience in 1975, by sex, and Spanish origin and race

(Percent distribution)

S ex and w o rk e xp e rie n ce A ll

perso n s

S p anish o rig in

B la ck W h ite

T ota l

M exican

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican O ther

M en, 16 years or o ve r (tho u sa n d s) ........................................................................................... 72,346 3,113 1,891 442 781 7,056 64,127

W orked in 1975 (thousands) ..................................................................... 58,359 2,531 1,583 308 639 4,955 52,481

W o rked in 1975 (p e rce n t) .............................................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

U su a lly w o rke d fu ll tim e ...................................................................................................... 87.6 88.7 88.0 92.2 88.6 85.4 87.8

1 to 13 w eeks ................................................................................................................... 4.8 6.0 6.6 5.8 4.7 6.7 4.6

14 to 26 w eeks ................................................................................................................ 5.5 7.2 6.9 10.4 6.4 7.0 5.3

27 to 39 w e e ks ................................................................................................................ 5.9 6.7 7.4 4.5 6.1 7.3 5.8

40 to 49 w e e ks ................................................................................................................ 7.4 9.0 9.9 6.5 8.3 8.4 7.4

50 to 52 w e e ks ................................................................................................................ 63.9 59.7 57.3 65.0 63.1 56.0 64.7

U su a lly w o rke d p a rt tim e .................................................................................................... 12.4 11.3 12.1 7.8 11.4 14.6 12.2

1 to 13 w eeks ................................................................................................................... 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.9 1.7 4.2 2.7

14 to 26 w e e ks ................................................................................................................ 2.3 2.2 2.3 0.6 2.7 3.2 2.2

27 to 39 w e e ks ................................................................................................................ 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.6 1.8 1.6

40 to 49 w e e ks ................................................................................................................ 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.4

50 to 52 w e e ks ................................................................................................................ 4.4 4.1 4.4 2.3 4.2 4.1 4.4

W om en, 16 ye a rs o r o ve r (tho u sa n d s) ............................................................................................ 80,834 3,530 1,995 561 974 8,674 70,858

W o rked in 1975 (tho u sa n d s) ......................................................................................................... 42,881 1,698 1,012 193 494 4,675 37,463

W orked in 1975 (p e rce n t) .............................................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

U sually w o rk e d fu ll tim e ...................................................................................................... 67.0 73.8 71.5 73.1 78.7 71.9 66.3

1 to 13 w eeks ................................................................................................................... 6.6 10.5 13.2 7.8 6.1 8.1 6.4

14 to 26 w e e ks ................................................................................................................ 6.9 9.8 9.8 8.3 10.5 7.2 6.8

27 to 39 w eeks ................................................................................................................ 5.8 9.1 9.8 7.3 8.5 6.3 5.7

40 to 49 w eeks ................................................................................................................ 6.4 6.8 6.5 7.3 7.3 6.5 6.3

50 to 52 w e e ks ................................................................................................................ 41.4 37.5 32.2 42.5 46.4 43.7 41.0

U sually w o rke d p a rt tim e .................................................................................................... 33.0 26.2 28.5 26.9 21.3 28.1 33.7

1 to 13 w eeks ................................................................................................................... 7.3 7.4 8.5 6.7 5.3 7.0 7.4

14 to 26 w eeks ................................................................................................................ 5.5 5.1 5.1 4.1 5.5 4.4 5.7

27 to 39 w eeks ................................................................................................................ 4.5 2.8 2.9 4.1 2.2 3.3 4.7

40 to 49 w e e ks ................................................................................................................ 3.8 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.8 4.0

50 to 52 w e e ks ................................................................................................................ 11.8 7.8 8.8 8.8 5.3 10.7 11.9

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

63

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Table C-18. Work experience in 1975 of family heads and wives, by presence of children, sex, and Spanish origin and race

(N um bers in thousands)

F am ily s ta tu s ,1 w o rk e xp e rie n c e , and 

p re se n ce o f c h ild re n u n d e r 18

A ll

p e rso n s

M en

S p a n ish o rig in

B la ck W h ite A ll

p ersons

W om en 

S p a n ish o rig in

B la c k W h ite

T otal

M exican

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican O th e r T o ta l

M e xica n

A m e ric a n

P uerto

R ican O th e r

F am ily heads .................................................................... 47,983 1,944 1,178 263 503 3,513 43,805 7,481 521 245 161 115 2,004 5,379

W o rked in 1975 ..................................................... 40,504 1,719 1,056 216 446 2,850 37,081 4,363 222 116 40 67 1,098 3,211

P e rce n t o f fa m ily heads .......................... 84.4 88.4 89.6 82.1 88.7 81.1 84.7 58.3 42.6 47.3 24.8 58.3 54.8 59.7

W o rked at ye a r rou n d , fu ll tim e jo b s 2 ...... 30,538 1,207 719 163 325 1,963 28,163 2,338 119 64 20 35 533 1,778

P e rce n t o f w o rke d in 1975 ................... 75.4 70.2 68.1 75.5 72.9 68.9 75.9 53.6 53.6 55.2 0 0 48.5 55.4

P e rce n t o f fa m ily heads .......................... 63.6 62.1 61.0 62.0 64.6 55.9 64.3 31.3 22.8 26.1 12.4 30.4 26.6 33.1

F am ily heads w ith c h ild re n u n d e r 18 ye a rs .... 24,986 1,371 852 176 343 1,985 22,584 4,620 392 183 132 76 1,435 3,134

W o rked in 1975 ..................................................... 23,978 1,281 803 158 321 1,790 21,803 2,989 168 90 32 47 821 ' 2,139

P e rce n t o f fa m ily heads .......................... 96.0 93.4 94.2 89.8 93.6 90.2 96.5 64.7 42.9 49.2 24.2 61.8 57.2 68.3

W o rke d at y e a r rou n d , fu ll tim e jo b s ...... 18,948 912 551 120 241 1,270 17,390 1,476 87 48 17 22 374 1,092

P e rce n t of w o rk e d in 1975 ................... 79.0 71.2 68.6 75.9 75.1 70.9 79.8 49.4 51.8 53.3 O n 45.6 51.1

P e rce n t o f fa m ily heads .......................... 75.8 66.5 64.7 68.2 70.3 64.0 77.0 31.9 22.2 26.2 12.9 28.9 26.1 34.8

W ives ................................................................................... 47,308 1,955 1,180 251 524 3,270 43,290

W o rke d in 1975 ..................................................... 24,498 949 583 100 265 1,981 22,107

P e rce n t o f w ive s ......................................... 51.8 48.5 49.4 39.8 50.6 60.6 51.1

W o rke d at ye a r rou n d , fu ll tim e jo b s ......... 10,152 344 180 40 125 938 9,032

P e rce n t o f w o rk e d in 1975 ................... 41.4 36.2 30.9 40.0 47.2 47.3 40.9

P e rce n t o f w ive s ......................................... 21.5 17.6 15.3 15.9 23.9 28.7 20.9

1 Family status in March 1976, the date of the survey. According to Census Bureau definition,

the husband is always classified as the head of a husband-wife family.

2A year-round, full-time worker is one who worked 50 to 52 weeks in 1975, usually full time

(35 hours or more per week).

3 Percent not shown because base of percentage is less than 75,000.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

64

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Table C-19. Employment in 1975, by occupation, sex, and Spanish origin and race

(Percent distribution)

A ll

perso n s

S p anish o rig in

T ota l M e xica n -

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican

O ther B la ck W hite

M en:

W o rked in 1975 1 (thousands) .............................. 58,359 2,531 1,583 308 639 4,955 52,481

W o rked in 1975 (pe rce n t) ..................................................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

P ro fe ssio na l and te c h n ic a l ......................................................................................................... 14.2 7.2 4.9 6 2 13.3 6.8 14.8

M an a g e rs and a d m in is tra to rs , e x c e p t fa rm ...................................................................... 13.0 5.8 4.9 5.2 8.3 3.7 14.0

S ales w o rke rs ................................................................................................................................. 5.7 3.3 2.6 3 6 4.9 1.8 6.2

C le ric a l w o rk e rs ............................................................................................................................... 6.1 6.0 4.7 6 5 8.9 7.0 6.0

C ra ft and kin d re d w o rke rs ......................................................................................................... 20.5 18.7 18.4 14 9 21.3 15.3 21.1

O p e ra tive s, e x c e p t tra n s p o rt .................................................................................................... 11.6 18.4 19.1 21.1 15.3 16.7 11.2

T ra n s p o rt e q u ip m e n t o p e ra tive s ............................................................................................ 5.8 6.9 8.0 7.1 4.1 9.6 5.4

N onfarm la b o re rs ............................................................................................................................ 8.6 12.6 15.1 10.7 7.2 16.8 7.8

P rivate h o u se h o ld w o rke rs .........................................................................................................

S e rvice , e x c e p t p riva te h o u seh o ld ....................................................................................... 9.5 13.6 11 0 21 8 16 0 17.8 8.6

Farm w o rk e rs .................................................................................................................................... 4.9 7.6 11 2 2.9

193

0.9 4.4 4.9

W om en:

W o rked in 1975 (tho u sa n d s) ................................................................................................................ 42,881 1,698 1,012 494 4,675 37,463

W o rked in 1975 (p e rce n t) ..................................................................................................................... 100 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

P ro fe ssio n a l and te c h n ic a l ......................................................................................................... 14.9 7.2 5.6 8.8 9.7 11.3 15.3

M an a g e rs and a d m in is tra to rs , e x c e p t farm ...................................................................... 5.1 2.5 2.1 0.5 4.3 1.9 5.6

S ales w o rke rs ................................................................................................................................. 7.2 5.3 4.7 5.2 6.7 2.6 7.8

C le ric a l w o rk e rs ............................................................................................................................... 33.7 28.2 27.0 29.0 30.2 24.5 34.9

C ra ft and kin d re d w o rk e rs ......................................................................................................... 1.4 2.2 2.6 2.6 1.6 1.0 1.4

O p e ra tive s, e x c e p t tra n s p o rt .................................................................................................... 11.7 25.7 23.9 29.0 27.9 15.6 11.2

T ra n s p o rt e q u ip m e n t o p e ra tive s ............................................................................................ 0.6 0.4 0.3 1.6 0.2 0.4 0.7

N onfarm la b o re rs ............................................................................................................................ 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.2

P rivate h o u seh o ld w o rk e rs ......................................................................................................... 3.4 4.1 4.4 2.1 4.0 11.3 2.5

S e rvice , e x c e p t p riva te h o u seh o ld .......................................................................................... 18.9 18.1 20.1 19.7 13.6 28.1 17.8

Farm w o rk e rs .................................................................................................................................... 1.8 4.8 7.9 0.5 0.2 2.1 1.7

1 Persons who worked any time during 1975 and were 16 years old or over in March 1976, the SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Populasurvey date. tion Survey tabulations, March 1976.

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

65

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Table C-20. Unemployment in 1975, by duration, and Spanish origin and race

(Percent distribution)

D u ra tio n o f u n e m p lo ym e n t A ll

perso n s

S p anish o rig in

B la ck W h ite

T o ta l M e xica n

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican O th e r

In la b o r fo rc e in 1 9 7 5 1 (tho u sa n d s) ............................... 104,441 4,405 2,687 533 1,183 10,496 92,229

W ith u n e m p lo ym e n t in 1975 (th o u sa n d s) ................... 21,104 1,152 717 148 286 3,100 17,660

P e rce n t o f p e rso n s in la b o r fo rc e ................................ 20.2 26.2 26.7 27.8 24.2 29.5 19.1

W ith u n e m p lo ym e n t in 1975 (pe rce n t) ............... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Y e a r-ro u n d w o rk e rs w ith 1-2 w e e ks o f u n e m p lo ym e n t .......... 4.0 3.2 2.9 5.4 2.8 2.7 4.3

P a rt-ye a r w o rk e rs ......................................... 80.8 81.5 84.1 73.0 79.7 69.4 82.8

U n e m p lo ye d 1-4 w e e ks ................................... 17.9 15.9 17.7 15.5 11.5 11.9 18.9

U n e m p lo ye d 5-14 w e e ks ............................ 26.5 27.3 28.5 23.6 26.2 20.8 27.6

U n e m p lo ye d 15-26 w eeks ..................... 20.3 20.5 19.4 19.6 23.8 18.8 20.6

U n e m p lo ye d 27 w e e ks o r m ore ..................... 16.1 17.9 18.4 14.2 18.5 17.8 15.8

In la b o r fo rce , b u t d id n o t w o rk in 1975 .............. 15.2 15.3 13.0 21.6 17.5 27.9 12.9

1 Persons 16 years old or over in March 1976 who were in the labor force any time during 1975.

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

Table C-21. Annual earnings of persons who worked in 1975, by sex, and Spanish origin and race

(Percent distribution)

S ex and a n n ua l e a rn in g s A ll

perso n s

S p a n ish o rig in

B la ck W hite

T o ta l M e xica n

A m e ric a n

P uerto

R ican O th e r

M en:

W o rke d in 1975 1 (tho u sa n d s) .................................................................... 58,359 2,531 1,583 308 639 4,955 52,481

W o rked in 1975 (p e rce n t) .............................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

U n d e r $2,000 2 .......................................................................................... 14.3 15.3 16.6 13.3 13.0 18.6 13.8

$2,000 to $4,999 ..................................................................................... 13.0 17.0 18.3 14.9 14.7 19.4 12.3

$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................................................... 23.6 37.8 36.4 46.8 37.4 32.0 22.8

$10,000 to $14,999 ................................................................................. 24.5 19.5 18.6 19.5 21.6 21.0 24.9

$15,000 to $24,999 ................................................................................ 19.2 8.8 8.8 4.9 10.5 8.4 20.2

$25,000 o r m ore ........................................................................................ 5.5 1.5 1.1 0.6 2.8 0.6 6.0

M ed ia n e a rn in g s ..................................................................................... $9,830 $7,119 $6,745 $7,191 $7,913 $6,807 $10,184

W om en:

W o rke d in 1975 1 (tho u sa n d s) .................................................................... 42,881 1,698 1,012 193 494 4,675 37,463

W o rke d in 1975 (p e rce n t) .............................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

U n d e r $ 2 ,0 0 0 2 .......................................................................................... 32.6 34.5 40.0 28.1 25.7 32.6 32.7

$2,000 to $4,999 ..................................................................................... 25.6 30.4 31.1 29.7 29.1 27.4 26.5

$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................................................... 30.0 29.1 24.7 35.9 35.6 29.4 30.1

$10,000 to $14,999 ................................................................................ 9.4 5.3 3.7 6.3 8.1 9.1 9.4

$15,000 to $24,999 ............................................................................... 2.1 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.5 2.2

$25,000 o r m ore ........................................................................................ 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

M e d ia n e a rn in g s ..................................................................................... $3,967 $3,577 $3,011 $4,457 $4,479 $3,905 $3,967

1 Persons who worked any time during 1975 and were 16 years old or over in March 1976, NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding,

the survey date.

2 Includes workers with no earnings or a loss. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

6 6

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Table C-22. Annual earnings of persons who worked year round, full time in 1975, by sex, and Spanish origin and race

(Percent distribution)

S ex and a nnual e a rn in g s A ll

perso n s

S p a n ish o rig in

B la ck W h ite

T ota l M e xica n

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican O th e r

M en:

W orked ye a r round, fu ll tim e in 1975 1 (tho u sa n d s) ....................... 37,297 1,511 907 201 404 2,775 33,975

W orked ye a r round, fu ll tim e in 1975 (pe rce n t) ............................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

U nder $2,000 2 .......................................................................................... 2.1 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.8 2.1

$2,000 to $4,999 ..................................................................................... 4.6 7.7 9.6 5.0 5.0 10.8 4.1

$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................................................... 24.7 46.3 45.8 57.2 41.6 40.0 23.3

$10,000 to $14,999 ................................................................................ 33.0 28.7 27.6 27.9 32.2 32.9 33.0

$15,000 to $24,999 ................................................................................ 27.6 13.4 13.6 7.5 16.1 13.5 28.8

$25,000 o r m ore ..................................................................................... 8.0 2.3 1.9 1.0 4.0 0.9 8.6

M ed ia n e a rn in g s ..................................................................................... $12,624 $9,413 $9,247 $8,512 $10,197 $9,698 $12,877

W om en:

W o rked ye a r rou n d , fu ll tim e in 1975 1 (thousands) ....................... 17,735 636 326 82 229 2,043 15,371

W orked ye a r round, fu ll tim e in 1975 (pe rce n t) ............................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

U nder $2,000 2 .......................................................................................... 4.4 4.6 5.8 2.5 3.5 4.2 4.5

$2,000 to $4,999 ..................................................................................... 16.1 23.0 27.6 18.5 18.4 21.4 15.4

$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................................................... 54.4 58.0 55.2 64.2 60.5 53.2 54.6

$10,000 to $14,999 ................................................................................ 20.2 12.9 10.1 14.8 14.9 18.4 20.3

$15,000 to $24,999 ................................................................................ 4.5 1.6 0.9 2.6 2.8 4.7

$25,000 o r m ore ..................................................................................... 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.5

M ed ia n e a rn in g s ..................................................................................... $7,438 $6,388 $5,945 $7,144 $6,758 $7,223 $7,441

1 Persons who worked 50 to 52 weeks in 1975, usually full time (35 hours or more per week) NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding,

and were 16 years old or over in March 1976, the survey date.

2 Includes workers with no earnings or a loss. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

Table C-23. Median annual earnings of family heads and of husbands and wives, by work experience in 1975, sex, and Spanish origin and race

A ll

perso n s

S p a n ish o rig in

Sex, w o rk e x p e rie n c e , fa m ily sta tu s \ and m a rita l status

T o ta l M exican

A m e rica n

P uerto

R ican O th e r

B la ck W hite

F am ily heads:

M e n :2

W orked in 1975 ........................................................................................ $11,895 $8,401 $8,123 $7,937 $9,213 $8,808 $12,188

W o rked ye a r round, fu ll tim e in 1 9 7 5 3 ...................................... 13,334 9,815 9,652 8,775 10,692 10,314 13,645

W om en:

W o rked in 1975 ........................................................................................ 5,358 4,752 4,258 n n 4,512 5,670

W o rked ye a r round, fu ll tim e in 1 9 7 5 3 ...................................... 7,643 6,437 (4) 0 n 7,241 7,720

M arrie d , spouse p re se n t:

H usbands:

W o rked in 1975 ........................................................................................ 11,884 8,342 8,113 7,925 9,001 8,815 12,177

W orked ye a r round, fu ll tim e in 1 9 7 5 3 ...................................... 13,330 9,760 9,636 8,788 10,563 10,286 13,646

W ives:

W o rked in 1975 ........................................................................................ 4,220 3,696 3,236 4,373 4,520 4,396 4,190

W o rked ye a r round, fu ll tim e in 1 9 7 5 3 ...................................... 7,377 6,421 6,053 O 6,707 7,214 7,376

1 Family status of persons 16 years old or over, in March 1976, the survey date. Data for

family heads refer to persons who are heads of primary and secondary families, while data on

husbands and wives refer to all married couples, including those in subfamilies.

2 According to Census Bureau definition, the husband is always classified as the head of a

husband-wife family.

3 A year-round, full-time worker is one who worked 50 to 52 weeks in 1975, usually full time

(35 hours or more per week).

4 Median not shown because base is less than 75,000.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

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Table C-24. Median annual earnings of persons who worked year round, full time in 1975, by years of school completed, sex, and

Spanish origin and race

All

persons

Spanish origin

Sex and years of school1 Total Mexican

American

Puerto

Rican Other Black White

Men:

All year-round, full-time workers2 ................................................. $12,624 $9,413 $9,247 $8,512 $10,197 $9,698 $12,877

Less than 4 years of high school ......................................... 10,026 7,974 7,949 7,766 8,355 8,114 10,308

4 years of high school ............................................................ 12,255 10,159 10,508 0 9,980 10,039 12,429

1 year of college or more ...................................................... 15,486 12,533 12,246 n 13,135 12,195 15,708

4 years of college or more ............................................. 17,129 14,702 o (3) 15,429 13,451 17,370

Women:

All year-round, full-time workers 2 .................................................. 7,438 6,388 5,945 7,144 6,758 7,223 7,441

Less than 4 years of high school ......................................... 5,613 5,243 4,917 O o 5,173 5,710

4 years of high school ............................................................ 7,039 6,835 6,534 O 6,867 7,215 7,014

1 year of college or more ...................................................... 9,399 8,466 O n (') 9,300 9,397

4 years of college or more ............................................. 10,498 O O 0 O 10,105 10,541

1 Years of school completed by persons 16 years old or over in March 1976, the survey date. Median not shown because base is less than 75,000 persons.

2A year-round, full-time worker is one who worked 50 to 52 weeks in 1975, usually full time

(35 hours or more per week). SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

Table C-25. Earnings of family heads, wives, and family heads with children, as a percent of 1975 family income, by sex, and Spanish origin and race

Earnings as a percent of 1975 Family income 2

All

persons

Spanish origin

Family status1 and sex Total Mexican

American

Puerto

Rican Other Black White

Heads of families:

Men ................................................................................................... 66.1 66.5 67.2 61.9 67.1 57.1 66.7

Women ............................................................................................. 40.1 35.4 36.9 22.8 44.7 42.2 39.6

Wives of family heads ............................................................................. 15.2 16.0 14.9 16.7 17.7 23.5 14.7

Heads of families with children under 18 years:

Men ................................................................................................... 75.8 71.3 72.0 66.5 71.9 62.2 76.9

Women ............................................................................................. 52.5 39.1 42.9 21.9 52.9 48.7 54.0

1 Family head 16 years old or over in March 1976, the survey date; family status for same

date.

2 This number is derived by dividing the aggregate earnings of the family head (or wife) into

the total 1975 income of all families containing a person of the indicated family status and

sex. Total income is the sum of the earned and unearned incomes received by all family

members.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

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Table C-26. Family heads with earnings below the poverty level, by work experience in 1975, sex, and Spanish origin and race

(Numbers in thousands)

All Spanish origin

Sex, work experience, and earnings family

heads Total MexicanAmerican

Puerto

Rican

Other Black White

Both sexes:

Family heads1 ....................................... 55,464 2,464 1,422 425 617 5,517 49,184

Worked in 1975 ............................................ 44,867 1,941 1,172 256 513 3,948 40,292

Earnings below family poverty level2 ........................ 7,886 589 418 68 103 1,405 6,337

Earnings below family poverty level (percent) ........... 17.6 30.3 35.7 26.6 20.1 35.6 15.7

Worked year round, full time in 1975 ................................... 32,876 1,327 784 183 360 2,496 29,941

Earnings below family poverty level ............................ 2,141 218 165 24 29 406 1,695

Earnings below family poverty level (percent) ........... 6.5 16.4 21.0 13.1 8.1 16.3 5.7

Men:

Family heads ................................................................................... 47,983 1,944 1,178 263 503 3,513 43,805

Worked in 1975 ....................................................................... 40,504 1,719 1,056 216 446 2,850 37,081

Earnings below family poverty level ............................. 6,007 476 348 51 77 805 5,073

Earnings below family poverty level (percent) ........... 14.8 27.7 33.0 23.6 17.3 28.2 13.7

Worked year round, full time in 1975 ................................... 30,538 1,207 719 163 325 1,963 28,163

Earnings below family poverty level ............................. 1,798 187 140 22 25 279 1,478

Earnings below family poverty level (percent) ........... 5.9 15.5 19.5 13.5 7.7 14.2 5.2

Women:

Family heads .................................................................................... 7,481 521 245 161 115 2,004 5,379

Worked in 1975 ....................................................................... 4,363 222 116 40 67 1,098 3,211

Earnings below family poverty level ............................. 1,879 113 70 17 26 600 1,264

Earnings below family poverty level (percent) ........... 43.1 5.1 60.3 0 n 54.6 39.4

Worked year round, full time in 1975 ................................... 2,338 119 64 20 35 533 1,778

Earnings below family poverty level ............................. 343 31 25 2 4 127 217

Earnings below family poverty level (percent) ........... 14.7 26.1 (3) 0 n 23.8 12.2

1 Family heads in March 1976.

2 The earnings of each family head are compared to the poverty theshold for his or her

family (see footnote 2, table C-30). The fact that a working family head has earnings below the

poverty level does not necessarily indicate that the family's total income is below the poverty

threshold as there may be other earners in the family and/or one or more family members may

receive “unearned” income.

3 P ercent not shown because of base of percentage is less th an 75,000.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

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Table C-27. Family income in 1975, by Spanish origin and race of family head

(Percent distribution)

Family income All

families

Spanish origin

Black White Total Mexican

American

Puerto

Rican Other

All families1 (thousands) .... 56,245 2,499 1,442 436 621 5,586 49,873

All families (percent) ......... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than $4,000 ......... 8.0 15.5 15.8 20.1 11.4 20.1 6.6

$4,000 to $6,999 ......... 12.4 19.8 19.2 27.8 15.9 20.5 11.5

$7,000 to $9,999 ......... 12.8 17.0 17.6 18.1 14.9 15.5 12.6

$10,000 to $14,999 ..... 22.3 22.6 22.2 20.4 25.2 20.6 22.6

$15,000 to $19,999 ..... 18.7 14.2 15.1 7.2 16.8 12.3 19.5

$20,000 to $24,999 ..... 11.6 5.8 5.4 3.6 8.3 6.0 12.2

$25,000 or more ......... 14.1 4.9 4.5 2.8 7.4 5.0 15.1

Median income ........... $13,719 $9,551 $9,546 $7,291 $11,279 $8,779 $14,268

1 Families with head 14 years old or over in March 1976. Data refer to the civilian noninstitutional population and members of the Armed Forces living on post with their families or living

off post.

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports,

Series P-60, No. 103; and Series P-20, No. 302.

Table C-28. Median family income in 1975, by type of family, and

Spanish origin and race of family head

Type of family 1 All

families

Spanish

origin Black White

All families ...................................................... $13,719 $9,551 $8,779 $14,268

Man as head ......................................... 14,816 10,925 11,389 15,094

Husband-wife families ................... 14,867 10,950 11,526 15,125

Wife in paid labor force2 ..... 17,237 13,821 14,355 17,550

Wife not in paid labor force .. 12,752 9,191 8,543 13,042

Other families with a man as head 12,995 10,415 8,955 13,793

Woman as head ..................................... 6,844 4,785 4,898 7,651

1 Families with head 14 years old or over in March 1976. Data refer to the civilian noninstitutional population and members of the Armed Forces living on post with their families or living

off post.

2 Persons are classified in the paid labor force if they were employed as wage and salary

workers or self-employed workers during the survey week (in March 1976) or were looking for

work at the time and had last worked as wage and salary or self-employed workers.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports,

Series P-60, No. 103.

Table C-29. Median 1975 income of families, by number of earners in the family, and Spanish origin and race of family head

Number of earners 1 All

persons

Spanish

origin Black White

None ...................................................... $5,232 $3,544 $3,511 $5,645

1 ............................................................ 11,568 7,952 7,086 12,198

2 ............................................................ 16,058 12,640 12,914 16,360

3 ............................................................ 20,531 15,716 15,808 21,005

4 or more ........................................... 23,785 19,877 18,147 24,203

1 Families with head 14 years old or over in March 1976. Data refer to the civilian noninstitutional population and members of the Armed Forces living on post with their families or living

off post.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports,

Series P-60, No. 103.

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Table C-30. Persons with income below the poverty level in 1975, by work experience, and Spanish origin and race

(Numbers in thousands)

Work experience All

persons

Spanish origin

Black White

Total Mexican

American

Puerto

Rican Other

All persons, 16 years or over1 .............................................................. 153,180 6,644 3,885 1,003 1,755 15,731 134,985

Income below poverty level2 .......................................................... 15,813 1,499 932 279 288 4,081 11,383

Percent below poverty level ................................................. 10.3 22.6 24.0 27.8 16.4 25.9 8.4

Worked in 1975 ........................................................................................ 101,240 4,229 2,594 501 1,133 9,630 89,944

Income below poverty level ........................................................... 6,342 606 451 55 100 1,448 4,709

Percent below poverty level ................................................... 6.3 14.3 17.4 11.0 8.8 15.0 5.2

Worked 50 to 52 weeks, usually full time ........................... 55,032 2,148 1,232 283 633 4,818 49,345

Income below poverty level ........................................... 1,244 150 112 12 27 233 992

Percent below poverty level ................................... 2.3 7.0 9.1 4.2 4.3 4.8 2.0

Worked other than year round, full time ............................. 46,207 2,081 1,362 218 500 4,812 40,599

Income below poverty level ........................................... 5,098 456 339 43 74 1,215 3,717

Percent below poverty level ................................... 11.0 21.9 24.9 19.7 14.8 25.2 9.2

Did not work in 1975 .............................................................................. 51,940 2,415 1,291 502 622 6,101 45,041

Income below poverty level ........................................................... 9,470 893 481 224 188 2,634 6,674

Percent below poverty level ................................................. 18.2 37.0 37.3 44.6 30.2 43.2 14.8

1 Persons 16 years old or over in March 1976.

2 The definition of poverty was developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and

revised by a Federal Interagency Committee in 1969. The poverty levels used in the data for this

report consist of a set of 124 thresholds determined by family size, presence and number of

family members under 18 years old, sex and age of family head (or unrelated individual), and

farm-nonfarm residence. Poverty thresholds are updated every year to reflect changes in the

Consumer Price Index. The threshold for the average nonfarm family of four was $5,500 in 1975.

For further details, see U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population

Reports, Series P-60, No. 106.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations, March 1976.

Table C-31. Percent of families with 1975 income below the poverty level, by sex of family head, presence of children, and Spanish origin and race of family head

Percent below poverty level1

Sex of family head and presence of children All

persons

Spanish origin

Black White

Total Mexican

American

Puerto

Rican Other

All families2 .............................................................................................. 9.7 25.2 26.7 33.4 16.0 27.4 7.6

With children under 18 years ........................................................ 13.0 28.8 30.4 37.9 17.9 34.2 10.1

Man as head .................................................................................. 6.1 17.6 20.2 17.1 11.7 14.5 5.4

With children under 18 years ........................................................ 7.1 19.3 22.8 17.6 11.7 16.1 6.2

Woman as head ...................................................... 32.4 53.6 57.6 60.2 34.8 50.1 25.9

With children under 18 years ........................................................ 45.0 61.7 66.1 65.2 46.1 59.2 38.3

1 See footnote 2 of table C-30. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished Current Popula2 Data refer to families with a head 16 years old or over in March 1976, the date of the tion Survey tabulations, March 1976.

survey. Family status and presence of children also refer to March 1976.

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