79–006 

115TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2d Session 115–843 

PREVENTING ILLEGAL RADIO ABUSE THROUGH 

ENFORCEMENT ACT 

JULY 18, 2018.—Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of 

the Union and ordered to be printed 

Mr. WALDEN, from the Committee on Energy and Commerce, 

submitted the following 

R E P O R T 

[To accompany H.R. 5709] 

The Committee on Energy and Commerce, to whom was referred 

the bill (H.R. 5709) to amend the Communications Act of 1934 to 

provide for enhanced penalties for pirate radio, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with 

an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass. 

CONTENTS 

Page 

Purpose and Summary ............................................................................................ 3 

Background and Need for Legislation .................................................................... 3 

Committee Action .................................................................................................... 5 

Committee Votes ...................................................................................................... 5 

Oversight Findings and Recommendations ........................................................... 5 

New Budget Authority, Entitlement Authority, and Tax Expenditures ............. 5 

Congressional Budget Office Estimate ................................................................... 6 

Federal Mandates Statement ................................................................................. 6 

Statement of General Performance Goals and Objectives .................................... 6 

Duplication of Federal Programs ............................................................................ 6 

Committee Cost Estimate ....................................................................................... 6 

Earmark, Limited Tax Benefits, and Limited Tariff Benefits ............................. 6 

Disclosure of Directed Rule Makings ..................................................................... 6 

Advisory Committee Statement .............................................................................. 6 

Applicability to Legislative Branch ........................................................................ 6 

Section-by-Section Analysis of the Legislation ...................................................... 7 

Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported ..................................... 7 

The amendment is as follows: 

Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the following: 

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Preventing Illegal Radio Abuse Through Enforcement Act’’ or the ‘‘PIRATE Act’’. 

2 

SEC. 2. PIRATE RADIO ENFORCEMENT ENHANCEMENTS. 

Title V of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 501 et seq.) is amended by 

adding at the end the following new section: 

‘‘SEC. 511. ENHANCED PENALTIES FOR PIRATE RADIO BROADCASTING; ENFORCEMENT 

SWEEPS; REPORTING. 

‘‘(a) INCREASED GENERAL PENALTY.—Any person who willfully and knowingly does 

or causes or suffers to be done any pirate radio broadcasting shall be subject to a 

fine of not more than $2,000,000. 

‘‘(b) VIOLATION OF THIS ACT, RULES, OR REGULATIONS.—Any person who willfully 

and knowingly violates this Act or any rule, regulation, restriction, or condition 

made or imposed by the Commission under authority of this Act, or any rule, regulation, restriction, or condition made or imposed by any international radio or wire 

communications treaty or convention, or regulations annexed thereto, to which the 

United States is or may hereafter become party, relating to pirate radio broadcasting shall, in addition to any other penalties provided by law, be subject to a fine 

of not more than $100,000 for each day during which such offense occurs, in accordance with the limit described in subsection (a). 

‘‘(c) FACILITATION.—Any person who knowingly and intentionally facilitates pirate 

radio broadcasting shall be subject to a fine of not more than $2,000,000. 

‘‘(d) ANNUAL REPORT.—Not later than one year after the date of enactment of the 

PIRATE Act, and annually thereafter, the Commission shall submit to the House 

Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Senate Committee on Commerce, 

Science, and Transportation a report summarizing the implementation of this section and associated enforcement activities for the previous fiscal year, which may 

include the efforts by the Commission to enlist the cooperation of Federal, State, 

and local law enforcement personnel (including United States Attorneys and the 

United States Marshals Service) for service of process, collection of fines or forfeitures, seizures of equipment, and enforcement of orders. 

‘‘(e) ENFORCEMENT SWEEPS.— 

‘‘(1) ANNUAL SWEEPS.—Not less than once each year, the Commission shall assign appropriate enforcement personnel to focus specific and sustained attention 

on the elimination of pirate radio broadcasting within the top five radio markets 

identified as prevalent for such broadcasts. Such effort shall include identifying, 

locating, and taking enforcement actions designed to terminate such operations. 

‘‘(2) ADDITIONAL MONITORING.—Within six months after conducting the enforcement sweeps required by paragraph (1), the Commission shall conduct 

monitoring sweeps to ascertain whether the pirate radio broadcasting identified 

by enforcement sweeps is continuing to broadcast and whether additional pirate 

radio broadcasting is occurring. 

‘‘(3) NO EFFECT ON REMAINING ENFORCEMENT.—Notwithstanding paragraph 

(1), the Commission shall not decrease or diminish the regular enforcement efforts targeted to pirate radio broadcast stations for other times of the year. 

‘‘(f) STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY.—The Commission may not preempt any State or local law prohibiting pirate radio broadcasting. 

‘‘(g) REVISION OF COMMISSION RULES REQUIRED.—The Commission shall revise its 

rules to require that, absent good cause, in any case alleging a violation of subsection (a) or (b), the Commission shall proceed directly to issue a ‘Notice of Apparent Liability’ without first issuing a ‘Notice of Unlicensed Operations’. 

‘‘(h) PIRATE RADIO BROADCASTING DATABASE.— 

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of 

this section, and semi-annually thereafter, the Commission shall publish a database in a clear and legible format of all licensed radio stations operating in the 

AM and FM bands. The database shall be easily accessible from the Commission home page through a direct link. The database shall include the following 

information: 

‘‘(A) Each licensed station, listed by the assigned frequency, channel number, or Commission call letters. 

‘‘(B) All entities that have received a Notice of Unlicensed Operation, Notice of Apparent Liability, or Forfeiture Order by the Commission. 

‘‘(2) CLEAR IDENTIFICATION.—The Commission shall clearly identify in the 

database— 

‘‘(A) each licensed station as a station licensed by the Commission; and 

‘‘(B) each entity described in paragraph (1)(B) as operating without a 

Commission license or authorization. 

‘‘(i) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

‘‘(1) PIRATE RADIO BROADCASTING.—The term ‘pirate radio broadcasting’ 

means the transmission of communications on spectrum frequencies between 

535 to 1705 kHz or 87.7 to 108 MHz without a license issued by the Federal 

3 

1 47 U.S.C. § 151 et seq. 

2Wallace Dennis, Meintel, Sgrirnoli & Wallace, Field Measurements of Unauthorized FM 

Band Radio Signals in New York NY Metropolitan Area; Phase Four, May 19, 2016 at 16–23. 

The study may be found at http://nysbroadcasters.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Pirates-MSW2016-study-final-pdf.pdf 3 Id. 

Communications Commission, but does not include unlicensed operations in 

compliance with part 15 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations. 

‘‘(2) FACILITATES.—The term ‘facilitates’ means providing access to property 

(and improvements thereon) or providing physical goods or services, including 

providing housing, facilities, or financing, that directly aid pirate radio broadcasting. 

‘‘(3) KNOWINGLY AND INTENTIONALLY.—The term ‘knowingly and intentionally’ 

means the person was previously served by the Commission with a notice of unlicensed operations, notice of apparent liability, or citation for efforts to facilitate pirate radio broadcasting.’’. 

PURPOSE AND SUMMARY

H.R. 5709, the ‘‘Preventing Illegal Pirate Radio Abuse Through 

Enforcement Act’’ or ‘‘PIRATE Act’’ was introduced on May 8, 2018, 

by Representative Leonard Lance (R–NJ). H.R. 5709 would give the 

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) additional authority to 

issue fines on any person who willfully and knowingly broadcasts 

radio transmissions over AM or FM frequencies without a license 

form the FCC or without complying with unlicensed operations 

rules defined by the Commission. The bill would further give the 

FCC additional tools to enforce penalties against pirate stations by 

raising the fine for rule violations to $100,000 dollars per day per 

violation, up to a maximum of $2,000,000 dollars. 

BACKGROUND AND NEED FOR LEGISLATION

The Communications Act authorizes the licensing for radio 

broadcast stations in the AM and FM band.1 Managing radio spectrum, through the licensing and enforcement process is part of the 

FCC’s primary mission. Absent effective enforcement, the use of 

radio spectrum devolves into a cacophony of illegal transmitters, 

harming Americans who rely on vital news and entertainment from 

radio broadcasting. 

Evidence before the Committee demonstrates that illegal radio 

operations in the AM and FM radio band have been, and continue 

to be, a significant problem. This is especially true in several major 

radio markets such as New York, Northern New Jersey, and 

Miami. One engineering study documented more than 100 illegal 

radio stations operating in the New York Metropolitan area.2 The 

study estimates that the number of illegal radio stations operating 

in the New York Metropolitan area exceeds the number of stations 

licensed by the Federal Communications Commission in the same 

area.3 It appears that illegal radio stations are spreading to other 

states including Connecticut and Massachusetts. 

The Committee finds that the growth of illegal operations is due 

to several factors. First, the price of acquiring illegal transmitting 

equipment has declined significantly, making it more affordable for 

illegal operators. Second, improvements in technology have reduced 

the size of transmitting equipment making it easier to locate. 

Third, transmitting equipment, much of it not certified by the FCC, 

may be obtained online from suppliers overseas. Fourth, illegal pirate studios are not necessarily located in the same location as the 

4 

4Department of Justice Press Release, Tuesday March 12, 2013 at https://www.justice.gov/ 

usao-ma/pr/radio-equipment-seized-pirate-radio-station; visited March 18, 2018 at 12:03pm 5See Testimony of David L. Donovan, President New York State Broadcasters Association, before the Subcommittee on Communications and Technology, Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, March 22, 2018, at 12–13. 6On August 1, 1996, the Commission adopted the NCRP’s recommended Maximum Permissible Exposure limits for field strength and power density for the transmitters operating at frequencies of 300 kHz to 100 GHz. In addition, the Commission adopted the specific absorption 

rate (SAR) limits for devices operating within close proximity to the body as specified within 

the ANSI/IEEE C95.1–1992 guidelines. (See Report and Order, FCC96–326) https://www.fcc.gov/ 

general/radio-frequencysafety-0 

transmitting antenna. Many of these illegal transmitters are being 

supplied from remote studios via microwave or even satellite. 

Pirate radio operations harm the public in a number of ways. 

Interference to the broadcast Emergency Alert System 

Illegal pirate radio stations interfere with the Emergency Alert 

System (EAS). EAS is critically important to protect the public and 

national security. During national, regional, and local emergencies, 

the broadcast EAS system is essential to saving lives. Stations participating in the EAS system must be able to transmit and receive 

interference-free signals. Pirate stations do not participate in the 

EAS system and do not comply with FCC’s EAS rules monitoring 

and broadcasting EAS alerts. Further, unlicensed illegal stations 

interfere with licensed radio stations. Such interference affects 

EAS alerts that are broadcast by licensed radio stations. Thus, consumers located near a pirate radio transmitter will not hear the legitimate station’s EAS alert. 

Interference to FAA communications systems 

The record before the Committee documents that pirate stations 

interfere with airport communications on frequencies assigned to 

the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), creating potentially 

dangerous situations. For example, in 2013, the FCC and the Department of Justice shut down an unauthorized radio station in 

Boston, MA. According to the Department of Justice: 

According to an affidavit filed with the civil complaint, 

the unlicensed FM radio station was causing interference 

to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) frequency 120.6 

MHz, which is one of the primary frequencies used by pilots to communicate with FAA controllers when flying in 

the Boston metropolitan area. The FCC issued verbal and 

written warnings to the residents of 9 Rutland Street on 

several occasions, but the radio station continued to broadcast.4

The danger to the public is significant, as interference from pirate stations could cause errors in navigational guidance, interference to pilot-to-ground communications, as well as other aeronautical systems.5

Risks to public health 

Radio stations licensed by the FCC must meet Radio Frequency 

Radiation (RFR) standards. The standards defining exposure limits 

to RFR are governed by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements’ (NCRP’s) Maximum Permissible Exposure 

(MPE) limits.6 These standards ensure that consumers and workVerDate Sep 11 2014 05:16 Jul 21, 2018 Jkt 079006 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\HR843.XXX HR843
5 

7Testimony of David L. Donovan, President New York State Broadcasters Association, Inc., 

before the Subcommittee on Communications and Technology, Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, March 22, 2018, at 10–12. In 2016 the engineering firm 

of Meintel, Sgrirnoli & Wallace (MSW) conducted an analysis of several pirate radio locations 

in the Bronx, Brooklyn and Northern New Jersey. MSW found RFR levels in excess of the MPE 

standards at several locations. A pirate station located in Clifton, New Jersey operated at 

2,573.3 watts. This means that anyone located within 68 feet of the transmitting antenna would 

be exposed to RF levels above the MPE standard. In the Bronx, a pirate station was found to 

be operating at 288.4 watts, meaning that anyone located within 22.76 feet of the transmitting 

antenna would be exposed to RF above the MPE standard. See Wallace Dennis, Meintel, 

Sgrirnoli & Wallace, Field Measurements of Unauthorized FM Band Radio Signals in New York 

NY Metropolitan Area; Phase Four, May 19, 2016 at 16–23. http://nysbroadcasters.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Pirates-MSW-2016-study-final-pdf.pdf 

ers are not exposed to harmful levels of RFR that emanate from 

broadcast transmissions. Illegal pirate radio operations pose a 

health hazard by exposing communities to RFR levels above the 

standards established by the government.7

COMMITTEE ACTION

On March 22, 2018, the Subcommittee on Communications and 

Technology held a hearing entitled ‘‘Legislative Hearing on Four 

Communications Bills.’’ The Subcommittee received testimony 

from: 

• Tim Donovan, Senior Vice President, Legislative Affairs, 

Competitive Carriers Association; 

• David Donovan, President and Executive Director, New 

York State Broadcasters Association, Inc.; 

• Robert Gessner, President, MCTV; 

• John Madigan, Vice President and Chief Public Policy Officer, American Foundation for Suicide Prevention; and 

• Sarah Morris, Director of Open Internet Policy, Open 

Technology Institute, New America Foundation. 

On June 13, 2018, the Subcommittee on Communications and 

Technology met in open markup session and forwarded H.R. 5709, 

as amended, to the full Committee by a voice vote. On July 12, 

2018, the full Committee on Energy and Commerce met in open 

markup session and ordered H.R. 5709, as amended, favorably reported to the House by a voice vote. 

COMMITTEE VOTES

Clause 3(b) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives requires the Committee to list the record votes on the motion 

to report legislation and amendments thereto. There were no recorded votes taken in connection with ordering H.R. 5709 reported. 

OVERSIGHT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Pursuant to clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House 

of Representatives, the Committee held a hearing and made findings that are reflected in this report. 

NEW BUDGET AUTHORITY, ENTITLEMENT AUTHORITY, AND TAX

EXPENDITURES

In compliance with clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 

House of Representatives, the Committee finds that H.R. 5709 

would result in no new or increased budget authority, entitlement 

authority, or tax expenditures or revenues. 

6 

CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE ESTIMATE

Pursuant to clause 3(c)(3) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House 

of Representatives, at the time this report was filed, the cost estimate prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office 

pursuant to section 402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 

was not available. 

FEDERAL MANDATES STATEMENT

The Committee adopts as its own the estimate of Federal mandates prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office 

pursuant to section 423 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. 

STATEMENT OF GENERAL PERFORMANCE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Pursuant to clause 3(c)(4) of rule XIII, the general performance 

goal or objective of this legislation is to give the FCC additional authority to enforce its rules and protect public services provided by 

legitimate, licensed broadcasters. 

DUPLICATION OF FEDERAL PROGRAMS

No provision of H.R. 5709 establishes or reauthorizes a program 

of the Federal Government known to be duplicative of another Federal program, a program that was included in any report from the 

Government Accountability Office to Congress pursuant to section 

21 of Public Law 111–139, or a program related to a program identified in the most recent Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance. 

COMMITTEE COST ESTIMATE

The Committee adopts as its own the cost estimate prepared by 

the Director of the Congressional Budget Office pursuant to section 

402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. At the time this report was filed, the estimate was not available. 

EARMARK, LIMITED TAX BENEFITS, AND LIMITED TARIFF BENEFITS

Pursuant to clause 9(e), 9(f), and 9(g) of rule XXI, the Committee 

finds that H.R. 5709 contains no earmarks, limited tax benefits, or 

limited tariff benefits. 

DISCLOSURE OF DIRECTED RULE MAKINGS

Pursuant to section 3(i) of H. Res. 5, the Committee finds that 

H.R. 5709 contains no directed rule makings. 

ADVISORY COMMITTEE STATEMENT

No advisory committees within the meaning of section 5(b) of the 

Federal Advisory Committee Act were created by this legislation. 

APPLICABILITY TO LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

The Committee finds that the legislation does not relate to the 

terms and conditions of employment or access to public services or 

accommodations within the meaning of section 102(b)(3) of the Congressional Accountability Act. 

7 

SECTION-BY-SECTION ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATION

Section 1. Short title 

Section 1 provides that the Act may be cited as the ‘‘Preventing 

Illegal Radio Abuse Through Enforcement Act’’ or the ‘‘PIRATE 

Act.’’ 

Section 2. Pirate radio enforcement enhancements 

Section 2 amends Title V of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 

U.S.C. 501 et seq.) to create a new section, section 511. 

The new section would increase the general penalty for willfully 

and knowingly causing or facilitating pirate radio broadcasting to 

not more than $2,000,000. The new section also provides that any 

person who willfully and knowingly violates this Act or any rule, 

regulation, restriction, or condition made or imposed by the Commission under the authority of this Act shall be subject to a fine 

of not more than $100,000 for each day during which such offense 

occurs, up to $2,000,0000. 

The new section would further require the FCC to submit a report to Congress one year after enactment, and annually thereafter, summarizing the implementation of this section and any associated enforcement activities for the previous fiscal year. 

Additionally, the new section would require the FCC to assign 

appropriate enforcement personnel to focus specific and sustained 

attention on the elimination of pirate radio broadcasting within the 

top five radio markets identified as prevalent for such broadcasts. 

Such effort shall include identifying, locating, and taking enforcement actions designed to terminate such operations. 

The new section would require the FCC to revise its rules to require that, absent good cause, in any case alleging a violation described in this Act, the Commission shall proceed directly to a ‘‘Notice of Apparent Liability,’’ without first issuing a ‘‘Notice of Unlicensed Operations.’’ 

Finally, the new section would require the FCC to publish a 

database in a clear and legible format of all licensed radio stations 

operating in the AM and FM bands. The database must include 

each licensed station in addition to entities that have received a 

Notice of Unlicensed Operation, Notice of Apparent Liability, or 

Forfeiture Order by the Commission. While the Committee expects 

that the Commission will maximize efficiency by leveraging existing databases to assist in carrying out the requirements of this 

subsection, the Commission shall ensure that the pirate radio 

broadcasting database is clear, legible, easy to navigate, and easily 

accessible. 

CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW MADE BY THE BILL, AS REPORTED

In compliance with clause 3(e) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 

House of Representatives, changes in existing law made by the bill, 

as reported, are shown as follows (existing law proposed to be omitted is enclosed in black brackets, new matter is printed in italic, 

and existing law in which no change is proposed is shown in 

roman): 

8 

COMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1934 

* * * * * * * 

TITLE V—PENAL PROVISIONS— 

FORFEITURES 

* * * * * * * 

SEC. 511. ENHANCED PENALTIES FOR PIRATE RADIO BROADCASTING; 

ENFORCEMENT SWEEPS; REPORTING. 

(a) INCREASED GENERAL PENALTY.—Any person who willfully and 

knowingly does or causes or suffers to be done any pirate radio 

broadcasting shall be subject to a fine of not more than $2,000,000. 

(b) VIOLATION OF THIS ACT, RULES, OR REGULATIONS.—Any person who willfully and knowingly violates this Act or any rule, regulation, restriction, or condition made or imposed by the Commission 

under authority of this Act, or any rule, regulation, restriction, or 

condition made or imposed by any international radio or wire communications treaty or convention, or regulations annexed thereto, to 

which the United States is or may hereafter become party, relating 

to pirate radio broadcasting shall, in addition to any other penalties 

provided by law, be subject to a fine of not more than $100,000 for 

each day during which such offense occurs, in accordance with the 

limit described in subsection (a). 

(c) FACILITATION.—Any person who knowingly and intentionally 

facilitates pirate radio broadcasting shall be subject to a fine of not 

more than $2,000,000. 

(d) ANNUAL REPORT.—Not later than one year after the date of enactment of the PIRATE Act, and annually thereafter, the Commission shall submit to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce 

and the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation a report summarizing the implementation of this section and 

associated enforcement activities for the previous fiscal year, which 

may include the efforts by the Commission to enlist the cooperation 

of Federal, State, and local law enforcement personnel (including 

United States Attorneys and the United States Marshals Service) for 

service of process, collection of fines or forfeitures, seizures of equipment, and enforcement of orders. 

(e) ENFORCEMENT SWEEPS.— 

(1) ANNUAL SWEEPS.—Not less than once each year, the Commission shall assign appropriate enforcement personnel to focus 

specific and sustained attention on the elimination of pirate 

radio broadcasting within the top five radio markets identified 

as prevalent for such broadcasts. Such effort shall include identifying, locating, and taking enforcement actions designed to 

terminate such operations. 

(2) ADDITIONAL MONITORING.—Within six months after conducting the enforcement sweeps required by paragraph (1), the 

Commission shall conduct monitoring sweeps to ascertain 

whether the pirate radio broadcasting identified by enforcement 

sweeps is continuing to broadcast and whether additional pirate radio broadcasting is occurring. 

(3) NO EFFECT ON REMAINING ENFORCEMENT.—Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the Commission shall not decrease or 

9 

diminish the regular enforcement efforts targeted to pirate radio 

broadcast stations for other times of the year. 

(f) STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY.—The Commission may not preempt any State or local law prohibiting pirate 

radio broadcasting. 

(g) REVISION OF COMMISSION RULES REQUIRED.—The Commission shall revise its rules to require that, absent good cause, in any 

case alleging a violation of subsection (a) or (b), the Commission 

shall proceed directly to issue a ‘‘Notice of Apparent Liability’’ without first issuing a ‘‘Notice of Unlicensed Operations’’. 

(h) PIRATE RADIO BROADCASTING DATABASE.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the 

enactment of this section, and semi-annually thereafter, the 

Commission shall publish a database in a clear and legible format of all licensed radio stations operating in the AM and FM 

bands. The database shall be easily accessible from the Commission home page through a direct link. The database shall 

include the following information: 

(A) Each licensed station, listed by the assigned frequency, channel number, or Commission call letters. 

(B) All entities that have received a Notice of Unlicensed 

Operation, Notice of Apparent Liability, or Forfeiture Order 

by the Commission. 

(2) CLEAR IDENTIFICATION.—The Commission shall clearly 

identify in the database— 

(A) each licensed station as a station licensed by the 

Commission; and 

(B) each entity described in paragraph (1)(B) as operating without a Commission license or authorization. 

(i) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

(1) PIRATE RADIO BROADCASTING.—The term ‘‘pirate radio 

broadcasting’’ means the transmission of communications on 

spectrum frequencies between 535 to 1705 kHz or 87.7 to 108 

MHz without a license issued by the Federal Communications 

Commission, but does not include unlicensed operations in compliance with part 15 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations. 

(2) FACILITATES.—The term ‘‘facilitates’’ means providing access to property (and improvements thereon) or providing physical goods or services, including providing housing, facilities, or 

financing, that directly aid pirate radio broadcasting. 

(3) KNOWINGLY AND INTENTIONALLY.—The term ‘‘knowingly 

and intentionally’’ means the person was previously served by 

the Commission with a notice of unlicensed operations, notice 

of apparent liability, or citation for efforts to facilitate pirate 

radio broadcasting. 

* * * * * * * 

Æ