vS\

U.S. Workers

and Their Jobs:

The Changing Picture

U.S. Department of Labor 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

1976

Bulletin 1919

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Material in this publication is in 

the public domain and may be 

reproduced without permission of 

the Federal Government.

Please credit the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics and cite BLS Bulletin 1919.

r

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U.S. Workers

and Their Jobs:

The Changing Picture

U.S. Department of Labor 

W. J. Usery, Jr., Secretary

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Julius Shiskin, Commissioner 

1976

Bulletin 1919

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F o r sa le by th e S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , U.S. G o v e rn m e n t P r in tin g O ffice 

W a s h in g to n , D.C. 20402 - P ric e 60 c e n ts

S to c k N o . 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 1 9 1 7 -3 /C a ta lo jr N o. L 2.3 :1 9 1 9 

T h e re is a m in im u m c h a rg e o f $1.00 f o r e ach m a il o rd e r

☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1976 0 -2 1 7 -7 5 1

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Preface

For more than 90 years, since its beginnings as the Bureau of Labor in 

1884, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has been collecting and analyzing 

information on American workers and the factors affecting their 

welfare. Although the B ureau’s task has grown as the Nation has 

grown, its aim has remained the same—to provide accurate and impartial data to serve the needs of many users. Today, as one of the major 

factfinding and statistical agencies of the Federal Government, the 

Bureau publishes a wide array of detailed data on the labor force, 

employment and unemployment, earnings and hours of work, prices 

and living conditions, industrial relations, productivity and economic 

growth, occupational injuries and illnesses, and related subjects.

To mark the Nation’s bicentennial year, the Bureau has prepared this 

brief chartbook based on data from some of its major statistical series 

to illustrate patterns of change in the American economy and labor 

force. The Bureau’s regular publications, listed under Sources of Data 

at the back of the book, provide greater statistical detail as well as information on how the data are obtained.

The chartbook was prepared in the Office of Publications by Rosalie 

Epstein and Judith Goldstein, with the cooperation of the various program offices of the Bureau. Graphics were designed by the Division of 

Graphic Services, U.S. Department of Labor.

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The Nation’s total labor force— 

that is, the proportion of the 

population at work, actively seeking work, or in the Armed 

Forces—rose from only 2 million 

in 1800 to 95 million as 1976 

opened. This rapid growth made 

possible the dramatic transformation of the United States from a 

largely agricultural country—as it 

was in the early 1800’s—to its p re sent status as an advanced 

industrial nation.

Labor force growth in the past 

century can be divided into three 

broad stages. From 1870 to 1910, 

great waves of immigrants from 

Europe swelled the work force. 

From 1910 to 1940, internal 

population growth accounted for 

most of the increase. From 1940 to 

the present, the increasing proportion of women taking jobs outside the home has been an important factor in labor force growth.

I

1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 I860 1870 1880

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M illio n s

r— 100 The Nation’s swift

industrial advance

would not have been

possible without the

rapid growth of its

labor force.

9 0

8 0

7 0

6 0

5 0

4 0

3 0

2 0

1 0

0

1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 920 1 9 3 0 1940 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 975

Chart 1. U.S. total labor force

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Whether workers make nuts and 

bolts or type letters, their productivity can be measured by the 

amount they produce in an hour of 

work. Average output per hour of 

all persons has been rising over 

the years, although not always at a 

steady rate. From 1909 to 1950, 

productivity increased by 2 percent a year. For the next 20 years, 

growth in productivity averaged a 

little under 3 percent a year. Since 

1970, the annual increase has 

been under 2 percent. As a result 

of all these small yearly improvements, workers today produce 

more than four times the hourly 

output of workers in the early 

1900’s.

Advances in technology, greater 

capital investment, and the increasing skill and education of 

American workers are among the 

many causes of the long-term rise 

in productivity.

1909 1930

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Today’s workers

produce more than

four times as much in

one hour as workers

did early in the

century.

100

In d e x , 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 

120

— 60

2 0

0

1 9 5 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 7 5

Chart 2. Index of output per hour of all persons, 

total private economy

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 2

11

1 0

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

ions

1 9 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 930 1 940

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
During the Nation’s first century, 

most workers were employed in 

farming. By 1900, however, 

although farm employment was 

still increasing, more workers 

were employed in nonfarm industries such as manufacturing and 

trade. By 1920, farm employment 

had started its long-term decline. 

In 1975, fewer than 4 million persons, 4 percent of those 

employed, worked on farms.

But farm output increased greatly 

even though the farm work force 

was declining—yield per acre 

rose with the use of improved fertilizer and feeds, pesticides, and 

mechanized equipment.

The transfer of labor from 

agriculture to other industries has 

been an important source of 

growth for the economy as a 

whole.

The number of workers in farm

employment has been declining

since the early 1 9 0 0 ’s.

1 9 5 0 1 960 1 970 1975

Chart 3. Persons employed in agriculture

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Since 1925, service-producing in­ T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d u tilitie s

dustries have contributed almost 

80 percent of the total growth in 

nonfarm employment. Among the 

industries creating the greatest 

number of jobs since 1950 have 

been State and local government, 

trade, and services such as health 

care.

In 1975, of the 77 million 

employees in nonfarm jobs, 54 

million or 7 out of 10 worked in 

service-producing industries.

D is trib u tio n of n o n a g r i c u lt u r a l 

e m p l o y m e n t b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n , 1 975

Most of the employment

growth in the past 5 0 years

has been in industries

which produce services

rather than goods.

1925 1950

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Chart 4. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls 

by industry sector

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Since the first computer was built 

30 years ago, computer-related 

occupations have mushroomed 

and now provide employment for 

hundreds of thousands of workers 

in professional, technical, clerical, 

and repair occupations.

While technology has created 

some new occupations, it has also 

lessened the need for others. For 

example, the use of dictating 

machines has resulted in a sharp 

decline in the employment of 

stenographers. Elevator operators, too, find jobs much more 

scarce as automatic elevators 

replace the old manual models.

Opportunities for training, retraining, and continuing education 

become increasingly important for 

workers in a fast-changing world.

Advances

in technology

have created new

occupations. . .

. . . and caused

others to decline.

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C o m p u te r p ro g ram m ers

T h o u s a n d s 

---------------300

X . A...M

1970

• • • • 

• •

• • • • 

• • •

200

100

1975 1985

Data pro cessin g 

m ac h in e repairers

T h o u s a n d s 

--------------- 1 0 0

— 75

— 50

— 25

1970 1975 1985

C h a r t 5. E m p l o y m e n t in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s

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T h e p r o p o r t i o n o f w o m e n w h o a r e 

in t h e l a b o r f o r c e h a s i n c r e a s e d 

o v e r t h e p a s t q u a r t e r - c e n t u r y — 

f r o m 3 3 . 9 p e r c e n t o f all w o m e n in 

1 9 5 0 to 4 6 . 4 p e r c e n t in 1 9 7 5 .

T h e i n c r e a s e h a s n o t o c c u r r e d 

e v e n l y a m o n g all a g e g r o u p s . In 

1 9 5 0 , y o u n g w o m e n j u s t o u t o f 

s c h o o l w e r e t h e m o s t lik e ly to b e 

w o r k i n g . B y 1 9 6 0 , a r e l a t i v e l y 

g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f o l d e r w o m e n 

w e r e a t w o r k , h a v i n g o b t a i n e d 

j o b s a f t e r t h e i r c h i l d r e n h a d g r o w n 

a n d t h e i r h o m e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s 

h a d l e s s e n e d . B e t w e e n 1 9 6 0 a n d 

t h e p r e s e n t , t h e r e h a s b e e n a 

s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e in t h e l a b o r 

f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f w o m e n in 

t h e i r t w e n t i e s a n d e a r l y t h ir ti e s , 

e v e n a m o n g t h o s e w i t h y o u n g 

c h i l d r e n .

R i s i n g d i v o r c e a n d s e p a r a t i o n 

r a t e s a n d t h e s t e e p d e c l i n e in t h e 

b i r t h r a t e h a v e a l s o i n c r e a s e d t h e 

r a t e o f e n t r y o f w o m e n i n t o t h e 

l a b o r f o r c e .

In c o n t r a s t , e a r l i e r r e t i r e m e n t s 

h a v e l o w e r e d m e n ' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n 

r a t e s . O t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e s t o w o r k 

s u c h a s e d u c a t i o n a l s o h a v e 

p l a y e d a r o le .

The changing role of

women in society

is mirrored in the

rising proportion of

women who are in

the labor force . . .

. . . At the same time,

men’s participation

has been declining.

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P r o p o r t i o n in l a b o r f o r c e

C h a r t 6. L a b o r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e s b y s e x

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S i n c e t h e e n d o f W o r l d W a r II, 

t h e r e h a v e b e e n s ix b u s i n e s s 

d o w n t u r n s , e a c h m a r k e d b y h i g h 

u n e m p l o y m e n t . T h e m o s t r e c e n t 

d o w n t u r n in 1 9 7 3 - 7 5 r a i s e d 

u n e m p l o y m e n t to its h i g h e s t le v e l 

in 3 5 y e a r s . T h e n u m b e r o f 

u n e m p l o y e d a v e r a g e d 7 .8 m i l l i o n 

in 1 9 7 5 , o r 8 .5 p e r c e n t o f t h e l a b o r 

f o r c e .

Y o u n g p e o p l e , h i g h s c h o o l d r o p ­

o u t s , b l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s , a n d 

b l a c k w o r k e r s h a v e h a d h i g h e r 

u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e s t h e n o t h e r s 

in t h e l a b o r f o r c e .

Sharp increases

in unemployment

have been a

recurring problem

in our economy.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P ercen t 

— 9

C h a r t 7. U n e m p l o y e d a s p e r c e n t o f c i v i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e

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B l a c k w o r k e r s m a d e u p 11 p e r ­

c e n t o f t h e l a b o r f o r c e in 1 9 7 5 , 

a b o u t t h e s a m e a s t h e i r s h a r e o f 

t h e p o p u l a t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e y 

w e r e 1 9 p e r c e n t o f t h e 

u n e m p l o y e d .

H i g h e r r a t e s o f u n e m p l o y m e n t fo r 

b l a c k c o m p a r e d t o w h i t e w o r k e r s 

h a v e r e f l e c t e d , a m o n g o t h e r 

f a c t o r s , t h e l e s s s e c u r e a n d l o w e r 

s k i l l e d j o b s o f t e n h e l d b y b l a c k s , 

a l o w e r le v e l o f e d u c a t i o n a l 

a t t a i n m e n t , a n d r a c i a l 

d i s c r i m i n a t i o n .

Civilian

labor force U n e m p lo y m e n t

1950 1955 1960

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The unemployment

rate of black workers

has averaged about

twice the rate of

white workers.

1 l 1 l l I r

1965

— 9

1970 1975

C h a r t 8. U n e m p l o y e d a s p e r c e n t o f c i v i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e b y r a c e

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C o n s u m e r p r i c e s r o s e m o r e t h a n 7 

p e r c e n t a y e a r o n t h e a v e r a g e 

f r o m 1 9 6 5 t o 1 9 7 5 . c o m p a r e d w i t h 

a n i n c r e a s e o f l e s s t h a n 2 p e r c e n t 

a y e a r f r o m 1 9 5 5 to 1 9 6 5 .

P r i c e s s t a r t e d t o r i s e r a p i d l y in t h e 

m i d - 1 9 6 0 ’s a s t h e g o v e r n m e n t 

s t e p p e d u p s p e n d i n g f o r t h e V i e t ­

n a m W a r a n d s o c i a l p r o g r a m s a t a 

t i m e w h e n p r i v a t e s p e n d i n g w a s 

a l r e a d y h i g h . I n t h e e a r l y 1 9 7 0 ’s , 

p r i c e a n d w a g e c o n t r o l s — t h e first 

p u t i n t o e f f e c t in p e a c e t i m e — 

s l o w e d i n f l a t i o n t e m p o r a r i l y , b u t 

p r i c e s c l i m b e d s h a r p l y in 1 9 7 3 

a n d 1 9 7 4 . A m o n g t h e r e a s o n s f o r 

t h e r i s e w e r e i n c r e a s e d w o r l d 

d e m a n d f o r U .S . p r o d u c t s , g r a i n in 

p a r t i c u l a r , t h e s h u t o f f o f o il s u p ­

p l i e s b y A r a b c o u n t r i e s , a n d t h e 

e n d o f p r i c e c o n t r o l s . B y 1 9 7 5 , t h e 

e f f e c t s o f t h e w o r l d w i d e b u s i n e s s 

d o w n t u r n h e l p e d s l o w t h e p a c e o f 

p r i c e i n c r e a s e s .

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Consumer prices have

risen almost four

times as fast since

1965 as in the

previous 10 years.

In d e x ,1967 =

1975

Chart 9. Consumer price index for urban wage earners 

and clerical workers

1 0 0

■ 170

■150

■130

■110

90

70

50

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Workers’ hourly earnings have increased by 73 percent since 1967. 

However, in “ real” terms— 

measured in dollars of constant 

purchasing power—earnings 

have advanced only 7 percent. 

Since 1973, prices have risen 

more rapidly than money earnings 

so that real earnings have actually 

declined.

Years of high rates of inflation 

have spurred union efforts to 

obtain cost-of-living escalator 

clauses in collective bargaining 

agreements. Escalator clauses 

provide for periodic automatic 

adjustment of wage rates based 

on changes in prices. More than 6 

million workers were covered by 

such provisions in 1975.

Although workers’

hourly earnings have

risen steadily, much of

the gain in recent

years has been eroded

by rapidly rising prices.

j j

1 9 6 7 1 9 6 9

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In d e x ,1967 = 100

— 180

Chart 10. Hourly earnings index, production and nonsupervisory 

workers in the private nonfarm economy, in current 

and 1967 dollars

160

140

1 2 0

1 0 0

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
At the turn of the century, most 

workers were paid only for the 

time they worked. Today, in addition to pay for working time, 

workers receive a variety of supplements that contribute to their 

well-being and financial protection.

The supplements are in the form 

of 1) retirement programs financed by employers through 

Federal social security contributions or private pension plans; 2) 

paid time off for vacation and holidays; and 3) life insurance and 

health benefits. Other supplements include unemployment insurance, matching payments into 

savings funds, and year-end 

bonuses.

Supplements to pay have grown 

as a share of total compensation. 

For production workers in 

manufacturing, supplements were 

about 15 percent of compensation 

in 1959 and 21 percent in 1974.

Retirement benefits,

paid vacations, and

other supplements to

pay have become

a larger share

of workers’ total

compensation.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R etire m e n t

p ro g ram s

V a c a tio n and

h o lid ay pay

Life in su ra n c e

and h e a lth b en efits

O th er

Pay for

w o rk in g tim e

1974

Chart 11. Employee compensation, manufacturing production 

workers, percent distribution

P e rc e n t

--------1 0 0

— 90

— 80

— 70

— 60

— 50

— 40

— 30

— 2 0

— 1 0

0

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Young people have been staying 

in school longer. For example, in 

1952 only 43 percent of the labor 

force were high school graduates; 

by 1975, this proportion had increased to 71 percent. The proportion of workers having some college education almost doubled 

between 1952 and 1975.

In contrast, 38 percent of the work 

force in 1952 had not progressed 

beyond an elementary school 

education; in 1975 only 12 percent 

had so little education.

Over the past two decades, the 

rise in the educational level of 

American workers has gone hand 

in hand with the increasing demand for more highly trained and 

educated workers. In future years, 

however, the continuing increase 

in the proportion of young people 

going to college may result in 

more graduates than the number 

of jobs requiring a college education. As graduates settle for jobs 

for which they may be “overqualified,” dissatisfaction and increased job-hopping may be the 

result.

1 or m ore years

of c o lle g e

4 years

of high school

1 - 3 years

of high sch ool

8 years

of e le m e n ta ry

sch o o l or less

1 9 5 2

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The level of education

of American workers

has risen substantially

in the last

quarter-century.

P e rc e n t

1 0 0

— 90

— 80

— 70

— 60

— 50

— 40

— 30

— 2 0 

— 1 0

-------0

1975

Chart 12. Educational attainment of the civilian 

labor force, percent distribution

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The unemployment insurance 

system provides weekly payments 

to unemployed workers while they 

are looking for jobs. Established 

in the 1930’s, unemployment compensation was at first available to 

fewer than half of all workers.

Over the years, both Federal and 

State laws extended insurance 

protection—by 1974, 82 percent of 

all workers were covered. 

Eligibility requirements and the 

amount and duration of benefits 

vary from State to State.

Still outside the regular program 

are most household workers, farm 

workers, and local government 

employees, and some State 

government employees. Temporary legislation passed in 1974 

authorized payments to these 

workers during periods of high 

unemployment.

Some private employers have set 

up supplemental unemployment 

benefit plans which provide additional income for workers when 

they are laid off.

193 8

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Government unemployment

insurance now gives 4 out of 5

workers some income protection

during periods of joblessness.

1974

Chart 13. Proportion of workers covered by Federal

and State unemployment insurance programs

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Passage of the Wagner Act in 

1935—which guaranteed the right 

of workers to organize and 

bargain collectively—marked the 

beginning of the rapid growth of 

unions in the United States. By the 

end of World War II, U.S. union 

membership had quadrupled.

Over the following decades, membership grew at a much slower 

rate—to 20 million in 1974.

Despite this expansion in numbers, union membership has failed 

to keep up with the growth of the 

labor force. Union representation 

in the labor force in 1974, at 21.7 

percent, was at its lowest level 

since 1944.

Union membership alone is no 

longer an accurate measure of the 

number of workers represented by 

labor organizations. Since the 

early 1960’s, professional and 

government employee associations increasingly have shifted to 

bargaining activities. Together, 

unions and employee associations count 22.8 million U.S. 

workers as members, about onefourth of the labor force.

Although union

membership

has continued

to grow . . .

. . . growth has

not kept pace

with the increase

in the labor force.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M illio n s

Chart 14. U.S. membership in labor unions and membership 

as a proportion of labor force

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Most labor-management disputes 

in the United States are settled 

without a strike. In 28 of the 30 

years since the end of World War 

II, idleness due to work stoppages 

has amounted to less than onehalf of 1 percent of working time. 

Most strikes are settled in 2 weeks 

or less.

Wages and other economic 

benefits have been the primary 

issues in most strikes, but working 

conditions, union security, and 

disputes among unions also have 

caused work stoppages.

Average idleness due to strikes in 

the United States compared with 

other industrialized countries in 

the first five years of the 1970’s is 

shown below.

D ays id le p er th o u s an d e m p lo y e e s.

1970-74 a n n u al a v e ra g e

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Particular strikes

often receive

wide publicity,

but the actual

amount of time

away from work

because of

labor-management

disputes is

relatively small.

j a H F ' .

i i g i : * * ;

- V

w

S trike

id len ess

1975

0.1 8

p e rce n t

Chart 15. Work stoppages: Idleness as a 

percent of total estimated 

working time

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The labor force grew at a particularly rapid pace during the last 

decade. This rate will not continue 

into the 1980’s because the number of young people reaching 

working age will decline substantially, reflecting the steep drop in 

the birth rate during the 1960’s. 

Nevertheless, the total labor force 

is expected to approach the 117- 

million mark by 1990.

Women are expected to account 

for much of the labor force expansion in the 1980's as an increasing 

proportion take jobs outside the 

home and as men’s labor force 

participation continues to decline.

During the next 15

years, more than 20

million workers are

expected to join the

labor force.

Imtttt

mtm

mmi

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1970 1

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_ ^ r - r n T f T T

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ttftttttttttttttt

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1980 1985 1990

1 0 0

80

60

40

2 0

0

Chart 16. U.S. total labor force by sex: Projections to 1990

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sources of Data

C h a rt 1.

C h a rt 2.

C h a rt 3.

C h a rt 4.

C h a rt 5.

C h a rt 6.

C h a rt 7.

C h a rt 8.

1800-1920— S ta n le y L e b e rg o tt, M a n p o w e r in E c o n o m ic

G ro w th : T he A m e ric a n R e c o rd S in c e 1800, M c G ra w H ill.

1964. pp. 510. 512; 1930-75— E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s ,

M a y 1976. ta b le A-1. D a ta for 1800-1890 are for p erso n s 10

years of a g e and o ld er; 1900-1940. perso n s 14 years of ag e

and o ld er; 1950-75. perso ns 16 years of a g e and o lder.

1909-1930— u n p u b lis h e d d a ta . D ivision of P ro d u ctivity

R es e a rc h . B u reau of L ab o r S tatistics: 1950-75— M o n th ly

L a b o r R e v ie w . M a y 1976. p. 103. ta b le 31.

1900-1940— L e b e rg o tt, M a n p o w e r in E c o n o m ic G ro w th , p.

512; 1950-75— E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s , M a y 1976, ta b le

A -1 . D ata for 1900-1940 are for p erso n s 14 yea rs of a g e and

o ld er; 1950-75. p erso n s 16 years of a g e and o lder.

E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s , M a y 1976, ta b le B -1 .

1960 — 1960 D e c e n n ia l C en su s, B u reau of th e C en su s;

1970-85. B u reau of L ab o r S tatistics. D a ta for 1970 and 1985

are u n p u b lish ed ; d a ta for 1975 are in E m p lo y m e n t a n d

E a rn in g s , J an u a ry 1976, p. 11.

E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s , M a y 1976. ta b le A -2.

E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s , M a y 1976, ta b le A -1 .

1950-74— H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s 1975, ta b le 60;

1975— E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s , J a n u a ry 1976, p. 138,

ta b le 3.

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C h a rt 9.

C h a rt 10.

C h a rt 11.

C h a rt 12.

C h a rt 13.

C h a rt 14.

C h a rt 15.

1955 and 1965— H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s 1975, ta b le

122: 1975— M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , M a y 1976. p. 89. ta b le 23.

C u rre n t W a g e D e v e lo p m e n ts , M a y 1976, p. 43. ta b le 1.

1959— H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s 1975, ta b le 119; 1974—

u n p u b lis h e d d ata. D ivision of G e n e ra l C o m p e n s atio n

S tru ctu res, B ureau of Lab o r S tatistics.

1952— H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s 1975, ta b le 12; 1975—

M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , Feb ru ary 1976, p. 48, ta b le 2.

D ata for 1952 are for p erso n s 18 years of a g e and older;

1975. perso ns 16 years of a g e and o ld er.

E m p lo y m e n t a n d W a g e s, Fourth Q u a rte r 1974, ta b le 1.

1930-72— H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s 1975, ta b le 158;

1974— u n p u b lis h e d d ata, D ivision of In d u strial R elatio n s ,

B u reau of L ab o r S tatistics.

M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , M a y 1976, p. 107, ta b le 37; c o m ­

parison w ith fo re ig n c o u n tries c a lc u la te d from d a ta in

H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s 1975, ta b le 177.

C h a rt 16. 1970 and 1975— E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s , M ay 1976, ta b le

A-2; p ro jec tio n s — u n p u b lis h e d data, D ivision of Lab o r

Fo rce S tu d ies, B u reau of L ab o r S tatistics.

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U.S. Department of Labor 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Washington, D C. 20210

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