DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

JOHN BARTON PAYNE, Secretary 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director 

Professional Paper 125 

SHORTER CONTRIB:UTIONS ··TO 

GENERAL GEOLOGY 

1919 

DAVID WHITE, CHIEF GEOLOGIST 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1920 
CONTENTS. 

(The letters in parentheses preceding the titles are those used to designate the papers for advance public~tion.) 

(A) An Eocene flora from trans-Pecos Texas, by E. W. Berry (published Sept. 12, 1919) _________ ............ _ 

(B) Gradations from continental to mari.Iie conditions of deposition in central Montana during the Eagle and 

Judith River epochs, by C. F. Bowen (published Oct. 20; 1919) .............. _ ........ -.. _ ............ _ 

(C) Pliocene and Pleistocene fossils from the Arctic coast of Alaska and the auriferous beaches of Nome, Norton 

Sound, Alaska, byW. H. l;>all(published Jan. 27, 1920) ................... ~ ........................ .. 

. (D) The American species of Orthophragmina and Lepidocyclina, by J. A. Cushman (published July 26, 1920) .. . 

Index .... __ .... " ..... _ ..... - -.. - -........... -.. - - - -. -. - -- -. - - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - -. - - . - -..... -..... -.... -.. -.. . 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 

1 

23 

39 

107 

Page. 

PLATES I-III. Fossil plants from the basal tuffs of the Barilla Mountains, Tex ........ _ .. _______ .......... .'.. 4 

IV. Geologic map of Jordan coal field, Mont., with columnar sections, structure sections, and 

diagrammatic section ............ ~. ____ . ____ -·- ____ .... _ .. _._ ....... __ .. __ :._: ___ . __ ._ .. _... 12 

V-VI. Alaskan fossils .. _ .... __ ...... _. _ .... _________ .. __ . _ .. ___ .. _________________ . ____ . ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ 36-37 

VII-XI. American species of Orthophragmina. ___ -.-. ____ .. ____ . ___ . _. ____ . ___ .. ____ . _____________ . __ . __ 49-54 

XII-XXXV. American species of Lepi(locyclina .. _. ___ ... _ .... ___ .. ___ . _. __ .- .. _______________________ . ____ 81-105 

FIGURE 1. Restoration of Geonomites visianii Berry ........ _ .. _ ..... ___ ...... _________________________ . _ _ _ 6 

2. Restoration of the leaf of !lex bariUensis Berry shown in Plate III, figure 4b. ___ .. _____ . ____ _- _ _ _ _ 8 

3. Diagrammatic vertical section of Lepidocyclina .... __ .. _____ . _ .. .': .... _ .. __ .. __ ... ____ . _ . _ . _ .. _ 56 

INSERT. 

Page. 

Tentative correlation table of the Tertiary marine sedimentary form~tions of Panama .... ·_ . _ .... _ ..... ___ ... _ _ 40 

II 
SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

AN EOCENE FLORA FROM TRANS-PECOS TEXAS. 

By EDWARD wILBER BERRY. 

INTRODUCTION. 

During the fall of 1916 I received a small 

collection of fossil plants which had been obtnined during a geologic reconnaissance of the 

trans-Pecos region of Texas, by Charles Lawrence Baker. A preliminary report was sent 

to :Mr. Baker in November of that year and 

was quoted in his discussion of the geology 

of that region. 1 I have since made a careful 

study of the collection, and although it contains only a few species the occurrence of fossil 

plants ·in this region is worthy of more definite 

and detailed record, especially as these plants 

en a bled me to assign a definite age to the begin-

· ning of the igneous activity of the region and 

to establish correlations between the floras of 

the Mississippi en1bayment and the Rocky 

Mountain region. 

. A general account of the geology is contained 

In a recent paper by Baker and Bowman, already cited. The fossil plants, which are. 

described in the following pacres were found • b ' 

I~ the basal tuffs of the Barilla Mountains between 10 and 15 miles south of Toyahvale and 

not far east of the main road from Toyah to 

Fort Davis. These tuffs are rhyolitic and not 

andesitic like ~hose of the Denver Basin, which 

contain what appears to have been ~ contemporaneous flora, and they overlie unconformably be?s which are of Pierre (Cretaceous) age, 

~tccording to Baker and Bowman's determination of the geology. 

One is tempted to assign all of wh~t might 

~e called the Laramide epoch of igneous activIty along the Rocky Mountain front to the 

early Tertiary. There certainly appears to 

1 Baker, C. L., and Bowman, W. F., Geologic exploration of the southcustom front range of trans-Pecos Texas: Texas Univ. Bull. 1753 pp. 

lZJ-124, 1917, I 

have been synchroneity of inception of volcanism in the Denver, Raton Mesa, and Barilla 

Mountain regions, although farther north, ·in· 

Montana, this activity appears, to have commenced at an earlier date. Rhyolitic lavas 

overlie the coal-bearing San Carlos formation, 

which is 9f Upper Cretaceous ~ge, and are present also in the Sierra Vieja of Texa.s. 2 The 

basalts and phonolites of Uvalde and Travis 

counties intrude the Taylor- marl (Upper Cretaceous) and are ·commonly ~onsidered to be 

of Tertiary age. Ash beds are also known to 

occur in the Texas CoastaiPlain in late Eocene 

rocks, while on the other hand Udden reports 

volcanic tuffs in the Chisos country which are 

said to be interbedded in rocks of Navarro 

(Upper Cretaceous) age. It appears evident 

that no reliance can be placed upon the volcanism as furnishing· even an approximate 

datum plane for correlation, although it seems 

to. be established that the Cordilleran orogenesis 

of the Tertiary was accompanied by volcanic 

activity on a grand scale. 

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS INDICATED BY T~E·FLORA. 

The flora here described was found about 

340 miles west of the most westerly known 

outcrop containing fossil plants of Wilcox 

Oower Eocene) age, which is on Calaveras · 

Creek in Wilson County, Tex.; 355 miles west 

of the most westerly known outcrop containing 

supposed Midway (Eocene) plants; 500 miles 

~!most due south of the Raton Mesa country, 

Ill southeastern Colorado and northeastern 

New Mexico, which yields the flora of the 

Raton forn1ation; and 670 miles south of the 

3 Vaughan, T. W., Reconnaissance in the Rio Grande coal fields of 

Texas: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 164, pp. 76-83, 1900. 

1 
2 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

Denver Basin, which yields· the flora of the terminable, so that too much reliance can not 

Denver formation. be placed on· the tmnperature and 1noisture 

The tuffs containing this flora are thus requirements of the existing cabbage palmetto. 

about halfway between the Gulf Coastal Plain The other palm (Geonomites) represents a 

province and _the rocks containing the south- group of fossil forms typified in the existing 

ernmost known early Eocene floras along the flora by the genus Geonoma. Geonoma is now 

present Rocky Mountain front. The flora is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical 

therefore of great interes't for the information A1nerica and finds its maximum representation 

which its study affords regarding former eli- in the Amazon River basin. The fossil fonns 

matic conditions in the region of its occurrence. that have hitherto been referred to Geon01nites 

Unfortunately the number of plants described are found in assemblages which indicate a 

is entirely too small to furnish- precise paleo- range from humid wann temperate conditions 

ecologic data. At the same time certain lead- (for example, those of the Denver flora) to 

ing features stand out very clearly despite the what appear to have been typically tropical 

s~all number of forms represented. Baker conditions (for example, those of the flora of 

and Bowman report an abundance of silicified the Italian lower Oligocene). Thus the preslogs from the tuffs, some' as large as 3 feet in ence of a small Geonomites in the Barilla 

·diameter·. I· have specimens of at least two Mountain region argues for an abundant 

species of petrified wood, which have not yet supply of moisture, like that required by tl~e 

been sectioned, but one is of an open-pored, Sabalites, and for a somewhat warmer terndicotyledonous type and indicates climatic perature. The true 1neasures for both temperaconditions quite different from the semiaridity ture and moisture of this region in Eocene time 

that now prevails in trans-Pecos Texas. may properly be considered as falling someAll the identified forms from these tuffs, where between the extremes indicated for 

except the two new species, are common to the these two types of palms. 

floras of ei~her the .Midway ( ~) or Wilcox of . The Juglans, from its distribution during the 

the Coastal Plain or to the floras of the Raton Eocene as well as its general geologic history 

or Den-ver of the Rocky Mountain province. and the existing ranges of i~s modern r-epreThis in itself is conclusive proof that the gen- sentatives, may be taken to indicate warm 

eral·climatic conditions in trans-Pecos Texas tmnperate conditions of abundant but not 

at that time were very .similar to those of the excessive precipitation; The Asimina and 

coastal region to the southeast and of the in- Or:eodaphne fit in nicely with such assumed 

terior region to the northwest. It also fur- conditions, for while both genera have tropical 

nishes collateral evidence of the lack of a lofty representatives, others .of their species extend 

mountain axis traversing the western interior long distances into the Temperate Zone, as for 

at .that time. and shows that an interchange of example ..A.simina triloba Dunal, our common 

life forms between the southeastern coastal American papaw (not to be confused with the 

region and the interior region was readily pos- papaws of tropical climes, ~vhich belong to .a 

sible-a conclusion sustained by the consider- different fmnily of plants), which is not uncom-. 

able number of species known to be common to nion in the Middle Atlantic States and is prethe early Tertiary floras of the Gulf Coastal cariously hardy as ·far north as Massach\lsetts. 

Plain and those of the West (Denver, Raton, The Ilex is the only known In ember of this 

Fort Union, etc.). flora that might have flourished in an environThe presence of two individually abundant ment of scanty rainfall, for it appears to have 

species of palms in the flora from the Barilla been an evergreen form or at least of a coriaMountains, one a fan palm and the other a ceous, evaporation-resisting type. The differpinnately veined palm of the feather palm ent species of Ilex, however, show a wide range 

type, may be noted. The fan palm (Sabalites) in their climatic requiren1ents, and among the 

appears to be m<?st like the existing species of large number of existing species (more than . 

.Sabal, the arborescent forms of which are now 200) some have succeeded in occupying all the 

essentially coastal types that ·extend as far tropical and tenlperate regions of the globe 

northward as latitude 35°. The botanic affin- except w~stern Nor.th America, Australia, and 

ity of the fossil is, however, not certainly de- New Zealand. In the United States the vari-
AN EOCENE FLORA FROM TRANS-PECOS Tl~XAS. 3 

ous species of holly are confined to the southeastern part of tlie country, and several reach 

their western .limits in east or central Texas. 

The occurrence in the Barilla Mountains is 

therefore slightly beyond the normal western 

lirni t of range of the existing North An1erican 

hollies, but as several species occur in the 

Tertim-y :floras of the Rocky Mountain pr9vince 

this occurrence is without any special significance. 

Sununarizing the indications afforded by the 

different species of plants found as fossils in the 

bt"Lsal tuffs of the Barilla Mountains we may 

legitimately conclude that they point to war1n 

ten1perate climatic conditions with abundant 

precipitation and a plentiful supply of ground 

water. The actual tmnperatures can not be 

estimated, but L1ard winters 1nay be regarded 

as very in1probable, and there is nothing to 

indicate that 1nild winters such as occur at the 

. present time in the Coastal Plain portions of 

the Carolinas and Georgia would have been 

prohibitive to the existence of the plants found 

in these tuffs. We n1ay therefore picture the 

climatic conditions of trans-Pecos. Texas during 

the period in which these plants flourished as 

corresponding to those found at the present 

time in the Coastal Plain portion of South 

Carolina. 

AGE OF THE FLORA. 

Although the determined forms are but six 

in number and two of the six are new to science, 

it is possible to reach somewhat definite conclusions regarding the age .of the flora. In a 

subsequent paragraph the question of the exact 

horizon in the Eocene to which this flora 

should be referred is considered, but it may be 

noted here that the four species which occur 

outside of the Barilla :Mountains are all found 

·in the early Eocene of the Rocky Mountain 

province or in the corresponding beds of the 

Atlantic Coastal Plain, and on the other hand 

none of these forms are certainly found in the 

Upper Cretaceous of these 'or any other areas. 

It is true that Asimina eo~enica has been recorded from the Montana group, but as I 

pointed out in discussing the presence of this 

species in the :M:.idway 0) flora of Texas/ the 

Upper Cretaceous material referred to this· 

form is not identical ·With- it, nor is it even 

·referable to the genus Asimina, which is not 

yet known from the ·Upper Cretaceous. 

• t Berry, K W., U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91, p. 14, 19Hi. 

Similarly palm remains identified as those of 

Sabalites grayanus have been reported from the 

Upper Cretaceous of the Western States. 

Sabalit~s is, however, a form genus for fossil fan 

palms whose generic affinity is not certainly 

known,,and it is thus without significance in the 

present connection, even if there were any adequate ground for identifying the western 

material as Sabalites gr~yanus, which there is 

not. 

Another criterion in evaluating the present 

flora is furnished by the absence from it of certain elements. Although negative evidence is 

rightly considered of less value than positive 

evidence, it remains true that the types of 

plants that are most successful in re~isting decay and those that .almost invariably survive 

maceration and thus be~ome fossilized in a 

recognizable form when they are at all common 

in any region are the gymnosperms. The 

Mesozoic has frequently been tern1ed the age of 

gmynosperms or the age of conifers, from the 

preponderance of the remains of those plants in 

the floras of that era, and a considerable proportion of the older Mesozoic types survived 

throughout Upper Cretaceous time. These include the· important genera Sequoia, Geinitzict, 

Araucaria, lViddringtonites, Brachyphyllum, 

Baiera, Ozekanows.kia, fiforiconia, Androvettia, 

Thuites, and numerous others. Fragments of 

leafy twigs or cone scales are present in many 

coarse deposits in which all the other vegetable 

material has been red~ced to unrecognizable 

debris. There are no traces of gymnosperJns 

in the plant remains found in the basal tuffs of 

the Barilla Mountains, and from this negative 

evidence, which must be regarded as of considerable importance, I conclude that the age of 

these tuffs must be post-Cretaceous. 

The genus Geonomites is distinctly a Tertiary 

type, for here again, notwithstanding the fact· 

that species of Geonomites have been reported 

from the Upper Cretaceous of southwestern 

Texas, I have all the collected material and can 

state positively that Geonomites has never been 

found in. the Upper Cretaceous deposits, the 

specimens that have been identified as representing this genus being obviously those of fn,n 

palms and not feather palms. The other three 

genera represented in the flora from the tuffs 

of the Barilla Mountains-/lex, Juglans, and 

Oreodapl~ne-are all genera with a known Upper 

Cretaceous ancestry and are commonly found 

among Upper Cretaceous collections of plants. 
4 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

Juglans offers but slight evidence either for 

or against the Cretaceous or Eocene age of the 

deposits, but the· species of both flex and 

Oreodaphne ar~ decisively more modern in 

their affinities than any Cretaceous forms 

known to me. Moreover, the present small 

flora lacks altogether the commoner Upper 

Cretaceous dicotyledons, some of which would 

almost certainly be present had the deposits 

been accumulated during the Upper Cretaceous 

epoch. I conclude from these facts that this 

flora is of early Eocene rather than of late 

Upper Cretaceous age. 

The question of the exact horizon in the 

known Eocene with which these tuffs should 

be correlated is, in the absence of more extensive collections, more or less debatable. It 

will be seen from the accompanying table of 

distribution that two or possibly three of the 

species, namely, Sabalites grayanus, Juglans 

rugosa, and Asimina eocenica ( ~), are present 

in the flora of the Raton formation of the 

southern Rocky Mountain region and that 

these same three species are also present in 

the Denver formation of Colorado. Asimina 

eocenica occurs in the Midway 0) formation of 

the Texas Coastal Plain, and both Sabalites 

grayanus and Oreodaphne pseudoguianensis are 

common in the deposits of the Wilcox: group 

in the Mississippi embayment. The two lastnamed species are among the commoner 

species in the Wilcox flora, and the Sabalite~ 

is found at many localities and horizons in 

beds of Wilcox age. Both occur along· the 

western shores of the Wilcox Mississippi 

embayment, and Sabalites has been found 

in beds of this age in western Texas. It is 

well recognized by most paleontologists that 

the commoner and more widely distributed 

forms of a flora or a fauna are less useful in. 

· ori tical comparisons than the less common 

forms-that is to say, the less common forms 

have a more· precise value, as the commoner 

forms generally range through a longer period 

of time. 

This fact and the further fact that only 

these two of the nearly 350 known Wilcox 

species have been found in the tuffs of the Barilla Mountains, whereas one of a known 

Midway 0) flora of but 10 species occurs in 

the still smaller flora from the Barilla Moun-

'tains, indicate very strongly that the latter 

flora should be correlated with the Midway 0) 

flora. All the species of both floras are 

dicotyledons. ·"The fact that half of the six 

known species from the tuffs are found also 

in the Raton and Denver floras strongly 

reinforces this conclusion, for in a detailed 

comparison of these floras with that of the 

Wilcox, I have given the evidence for considering them as approximately synchronous 

and older than the Wilcox flora. 1 

I conclude, therefore, that. the basal tuffs 

in the Barilla Mountains are post-Cretaceous 

and pre-Wilcox in age and that they and the 

volcanic activity which they represent were 

probably contemporaneous with the floras 

and similar volcanic activity reflected in the 

Raton and Denver formations and elsewhere 

in the Rocky Mountain region. 

Range of fossil plants found in the tuffs of the Barilla 

jlfountains, Tex. 

d 

.~ 

d ...., 

d' ~ 

-~ s -~ ...., '"' 0 0.. ...., ~ ...... ~ s ,.-..,. ;:::$ s '"' C'-· 0 

'"' .£ ..._, 0 ~ >. - '"' >< $:1 <lJ ~ 

> f::: 0 0- ..8 ...., $:1 '"0 ~ <lJ ....... 

~ A ~ ~ -----------1------------

Sabalites grayanus... . . . . . . . . X X X 

Geonomites visianii. ............................... . J uglans rugosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X ........... . Asimina eocenica... . . . . . . . . . ? X X 

Ilex b.arillensis .............. 

1 

.......... · ... - .......... . 

Oreodaphne pseudoguianensis ... · ................ I X . I 

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS. 

Phylum ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA. 

Class MONOCOTYLEDONAE. 

Order ARECALES. 

Family ARECACEAE. 

Genus SAB~LIT~S Saporta. 

Sabalites grayanus (Lesquereux) Berry (?). 

Plate I; Plate III, :figure 5. 

Sabal grayana Lesquereux, Am. Philos. Soc. Trans., vol. 

13, p. 412, pl. 14, :figs. 4-6, 1869 .. (Not Lesquereux, 

1871, 1874, 1876, 1878, or Knowlton, 1900.) · 

Sabalites grayanus (Lesquereux) Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91, p.l77, pl.12, :figs. 1-3; pl. 14, 

fig. 1, 1916. 

Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 101, p. 

288, 1918. 

Flabellaria eocenica Lesquereux, The Tertiary flora, p. · 

111, pl. 13, :figs. 1-3, 1878. 

. . 

1 Berry, E. W., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91, p. 148, 1916, 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE I 

FOSSIL PLANT FROM THE BASAL TUFFS OF THE BARILLA MOUNTAINS, TEX. 

Sabalites grayanus (Lesqucreux) Berry (~) . 
• 

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE II 

·-

FOSSIL PLANT FROM THE BASAL TUFFS OF THE BARILLA MOUNTAINS, TEX. 

Gconomit.es visianii Rerry, n. sp. 
.• 

U. S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE III 

3 

1 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE BASAL TUFFS OF THE BARILLA MOUNTAINS, TEX. 

l-3, 4a , Oreodaphne pseudoguianensis Berry; 4b, Ilex ba rillensis Berry, n. sp.; 5, Sabalites grayanus (Lcsquereux) Berry (?) . 
. AN EOCENE FLORA FROM TRANS-PECOS. TEXAS. 5 

Leaves of fan palms are the 1nost abundant 

fossils in the basal tu:frs of the Barilla Mountains. The rna terial is fragmentary, and as it 

represents both large and small leaves more 

than one species may be repref:!ented. It has 

see:med best, however, to consider all the specimens collected as representing different-sized 

leaves of a single species, as no differential 

characters other than those of size can be 

distinguished. 

type material appears to ·be extant at the 

present time, but it seems probable that it 

came from a locality near Oxford. Within 

the next ten years after the publication of his 

original description of this species Lesquereux 

identified it from .a large number of localities· 

in Colorado, Wyoming, and Vancouver Island. 

Nearly all of this material is now in the United 

States National Museum anq. in my judgment 

does not represent this species. Knowlton 1 

has recorded five species of Sabal-like palms 

from the Raton formation of southeastern 

Colorado and northeastern New Mexico. Palm 

leaves are the most abundant fossils in that 

formation, and the wealth .of this somewhat 

intractable material (so far as generic and 

specific differentiation is concerned) affords 

abUE.dant testimony regarding the climatic 

conditions and the abundance and variety of 

the palms in the early Eocene history of the 

Rocky Mountain region. 

Genus GEONOMITES Visianl. 

It is with considerable hesitation that I 

.identify these remains as belonging to this 

species, and possibly instead of representing 

Sctbalites grctyanus they should be referred to 

Sabal ungeri (Lesquereu...~) Knowlton, which is 

exceedingly common in the Raton formation 

of Colorado and New Mexico and possibly 

occurs elsewhere in the Eocene of the western 

United States. There is also the further 

possibili~y, alluded to by Knowlton, that the 

two m:H.y represent a single species, and in any 

event the conv0rgence of characters is marked 

and they are at least closely related. The 

following description of Sabalites grayanus is Geonomites visianii Berry, n. sp. 

quoted from- niy account of the Wilcox occur- Plate II. 

renee: Leaves of medium size, ovate in general outLeaves of large size but mostly fragmentary.· Petiole line, becoming cleft distad at maturity. Length 

long and stout, unarmed, enlarged at the base of the leaf, (estimated) about 75 centimeters; maximum 

and tapering into an extended and gradually narrowed width (estimated) about 40 centimeters. 

acumen, which is not visible on the upper surface of the 

leaf, where the petiole is broadly rounded and a short Rachis very stout, as much as 1 centimeter in 

and inconspicuous ligule is developed. Fro.m the manner diameter in the preserved material, very promof preservation and attitude of the rays on some of the inent on the under surface of the leaf, where it 

specimens it is inferred that the acumen was recurved, as is semicircular in section, not keeled; flat or 

it is in the existing Sabal palntetto (Walter) Roemer and l d h 

Schultes. Raysve1·ynumerous, aboutlOOinnumber, a few channe e on t e upper surface. Laminae inl'educed basal ones on each side free, the remainder united serted on the lateral margins of the upper surfor a variable distance above the base. Their dimensions face of the rachis, consisting of 75 to 100 unand the relative thickness of the venation are variable differentiated rays on ·each side, which are 

features dependent on the size of the leaves. The largest united for all or a greater part of the distance . 

specimens seen have thick carinate stout-veined mys, 5 . to the marg. in. The rays are but slibO"htly if at 

centimeters in maximum width. They increase in size 

from the base of the leaf upward, andindividuallythey are all plaited and do not contract proximad. 

narrow at their point of attachment, widening medially. They diverge from the rachis at angles averagand becoming gradually narrowed into long acuminate ing about 30° and curve upward slightly and . 

tips. Venation characters variable, largely dependent on regularly as they proceed toward the margin. the size of the leaves and the condition of preservation 

of the epidermis in· the fossil specimens. In well-pre- They are 6 to 8 millimeters in width, with a 

served material there are four or five relatively thin inter- thin principal vein, and 10 ·to 12 t4in parallel 

mediate veins. Between each pair of veins there are six veins on either side of the principal vein. (See 

to eight fine veinlets, which are not visible except in fig. 1.) 

well-preserved specimens. The texture of these leaves appears to have 

Sabalites grayanus is a somewhat protean been· coriaceous, for although their substance 

species which was described by Lesquereux has mostly disappeared during fossilization they 

from the Wilcox clays ("Eolignitio") of Lafayette County, Miss. None of, Lesquereux's 1 Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 101, pp. 288-291, 

1918. 
,., . 

.: 

6 SHORTER QONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

representatives of the tribe Geonomeae. This tribe includes at least 

ten genera, three of which, all monotypic, are natives of western Africa. 

The. remaining genera, containing 

.98 per cent of the known species, a;re 

widely distributed in tropical and 

subtropical America. Most of these 

seven genera are small, containing 

· from one to five existing species. 

FIGURE !.~Restoration of Geonomities visianii Berry, n. sp. One-fifteenth' 

natural size. 

The only· large genus of the tribe is 

Geonoma, which comprises between. 

80 and 100 existing species that extend from the Antilles and southern 

.Mexico through Central America, 

along the eastern base of the Andes 

to Bolivia, and along the east coast 

of South America to Rio de Janeiro. 

Their center of distribution at the 

present time is in the basi~ of the 

Amazon. They are prevailingl}r small 

stemless or short-stemmed palms and 

are undoubtedly of American origin. 

The fossil representatives of the Geonomeae comprise severa1 Eocene and 

Oligocene forms of both North 

America and Europe which have 

been referred to the genus Manicaria· 

of Gaertner; three forms referred to 

Geono?naJ· and six forms referred to 

Geonomites. The earliest known 

species of both Geonoma and Geonolie almost perfectly flat in the tuffs, whereas all 

the other associated plant remains are more or 

less bent or contorted. It is of cour~e possible 

that the tuffs may represent both water-laid 

arid wind-blown volcanic ash, a conclusion that 

appears probable in regard .to ·the matrix of 

most ·of the dicotyledonous leaves found at this 

locality, which is slightly different in appearance from the matrix of the Geonomites and is 

. suggestive of certain similar leaf-bearing clays 

of the Fayette and Catahoula sandstones of 

eastern Texas that are known to have had such 

an origin, at least in part. On the other hand, 

no lithologic differences are observable between 

the Geonomites matrix and that inclosing the 

bent remains of Sabalites. 

The genus Geonomites, which receives its 

name from its resemblance to the existing genus 

Geonoma of Willdenow, is more properly considered to represent the undifferentiated ancestry· or the generically indistinguishable fossil 

mites occur in the early Eocene (Raton and 

Denver formations) in Colorado and New 

:Mexico. The species Geonomites schimperi, 

from Yellowstone Park, has been referred to 

the Laramie· form~tion, but the age of the outcrop is uncertain and is probably Eocene. 

This species has a)so been recorded ·from the 

Tertiary of Contra Costa, Calif. Geonomites 

goldianus Lesquereux, a Denver species, has 

been reported from the Eocene of Wyoming . 

A species has been reported from the supposed 

Upper Cretaceous. along the Rio Grande in 

Texas, but I have reexamined the material, 

which proves to be thnt of a distorted fan palm 

of the Sabalites type, in no wise related to 

Geonomites. The earliest known European 

form, the type of the genus, comes from the 

lower Lutetian of Italy. A second species, referred to Geonoma by its describer, comes from 

the Oligocene of Italy, and a third, likewise 

referred to Geonoma, comes from the lower 

Miocene of Switzerland. 
AN ·EOCENE :FLORA FROM TRANS-PECOS TEXAS. 7 

Although the geologic recm;d is thus incomplete, it would seem to indicate a tropical origin for the tribe, possibly in late Upper Cretaceous time, a spread northward far into western 

North America during the early Eocene,· and 

n.n inYn.sion of southern Europe, possibly extending to tropical Africa, during the middle 

Eocene or slightly later. An opinion as to 

whether the tribe migrated to the ·Eastern 

· I-Iemisphere across the Tropics or in hlgher 

latitudes is not warranted in the present. state 

of our knowledge .. 

Geonomites has not yet been found in the 

extensive Eocene floras from the shores of the 

:Mississippi embayment which I have described. 

The :fact that the bulk of these plants have 

been collected :from the old eastern shores of 

this Eocene gulf may ·or may not be-significant. 

The absence of Geonomites in the Wilcox flora 

rather lends support to the view that the basal 

tl,lffs of the Barilla :Mountains are somewhat 

older than the Wilcox-that is, they are of 

Midway age. I also conclude that the Raton 

and Denver formations along the present 

Rocky Mountain Front Range are likewise 

older than the Wilcox. 

Class DICOTYLEDONAE. 

Order J'UGLANDALES. 

Family J'UGLANDACEAE. 

Genus J'UGLANS Linn~. 

Juglans rugosa Lesquereux. 

Juglans rugosa Lesquereux, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, p. 20G, 

18G8; The Tertiary flora: U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. 

Hept., vol. 7, p. 28G, pl. 83, :(igs. 4, 5;·pl. 84, figs. 

1-G; pl. 85, figs. 1, 2, 1878. (Not Lesquerei1x, 1888, 

or Hollick, 1899.) 

Knowlton, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 101, p. 293, 

pl. :u.2, fig. 4, 1918. 

This so:rriewhat Yariable species had a wide 

range chu·ing the Eocene in western North 

~hner.ica and has been recorded froni. Canada, 

l\1ontana, Wyoming, Yellowstone Park, Colorado, California, Oregon, and New Mexico. It 

is distinctly a lower Eocene type ·and is a 

characteristic form in the floras of the Denver 

and Raton formatioi1s. It was recorded from 

the lower Eoce~1e of the l\1ississippi embayment 

region by both Lesquereux and I-Iollick, but 

these occurrences do not represent this species, 

which so far as known did not exist in that 

region until later in the Eocene. The species 

is represented by over a dozen specimens, 

mostly fragmentary, in the basal tuffs of the 

Barilla Mountains. 

Order RANALES. 

Family. ANON ACEAE. 

Genus ASIMINA Adanson. 

Asimina eocenica Lesquereux (?). 

Asimina eocenica Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. 

Survey Terr. Ann .. Rept. for 1872, p. 387, 1873; 

The Tertiary flora, p. 251, pl. 43, figs. 5-8, 1878. 

Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91, p.l4, 1916. 

Three or four not ve.ry perfect specimens in 

the basal tuffs of the Barilla Mountains are 

questionably referred to this species. It was 

described by Lesquereux in 1878 in the following terms: 

Leaves very entire, lanceolate, equally gradually tapering dow·nward to a short, thick petiole and upward to a 

point; nervation pinnate, camptodrome. I have seen a 

large number of specimens of these leaves, varying in size 

from 8 to 15 centimeters long and from 2~ to 4 centimeters 

broad in the middle, where they are widest, and there 

.oblong, gradually narrowing upward and downward. The 

consistence of the leaves is somewhat thick but not coriaceous; the midrib thick, the lateral veins numerous, 

parallel, all under the same angle of divergence of 50°, 

slightly curved in traversing the lamina, genera]ly simple 

or branching once toward the borders, which they follow 

in a series of bows, formed by anastomoses with veinlets 

or branches. The nervilles are distinctly marked, at least 

upon some well-preserved specimens like the one of 

figure 8; they are generally joined in the middle of the 

areas by oblique veinlets, forming large equilateral meshes, 

the ultimate areolation being indiscernible. These leave·s 

differ especially from our A. triloba by their oblonglanceolate shape, those of the living species being generally 

enlarged upward· and more distinctly oblong-obovate and 

proportionally broader. The nervation compared in both 

the small and the large leaves of the living species fully 

agrees with that of these fossil leaves, the lateral veins 

becoming closer and more distinctly marked in the small 

leaves, as it is in figure 5. It is the same with the tertiary 

intermediate nerves, which are scarcely; if ever, distinctly marked upon the small or middle-sized leaves of 

the papaw, while they appear, if not numerous, at least 

perfectly distinct, in tl{e large ones. A fruit referable to 

this genus is described in the Eocene [Wilcox] fl'bra of the 

Mississippi as Asirnina le~ocarpa Lesquereux. 

The species Asimina eocenica is common in 

the Denver formation of Colorado and occurs 

also at Carbon and Black Buttes, Wyo. It is 

also present in the Midway ( ~) Eocene of 

Texas. It has been recorded by Knowlton 

fton1 the Montana group, but tbis identifieu- · 

tion I regard as incorrect. It is probably 

present in the Raton formation, being not 
8 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

unlike leaves from the Raton which have been 

ref~rred to the European Tertiary species 

Juglans acuminata AI .. Braun. Possibly also 

some of the leaves that have been referred to 

Nectandra lancifolia (Lesquereux) Berry may 

represent this species of Asimina.1 

Order SAPINDALES. 

Family ILICACEAE. 

Genus ILEX Linne. 

Ilex barillensis Berry,. n. sp. 

Plate III, figure 4b. 

Ses::;ile or subsessile, slightly inequilateral 

leaves of relatively small size, about 6 centin1eters in length and 2.6 centimeters in maximum width at or- below the middle; with a 

pointed tip, a broadly rounded. abrupt base, a 

conspicuously toothed ma-rgin, and a subcoriaceous texture. The marginal teeth are 

large, remote, and irregularly spaced, unlike 

on the opposite margins; some approach a 

dentate form, others are serrate, and others 

salient-serrate. The· midrib is stout, rather 

prominent, curved. Secondaries fairly stout, 

about eight subopposite to alternate pairs; 

they diverge from the midrib at approximately 

regular intervals and are camptodronie, sending 

tertiary branches into the marginal teeth 

where those are present. Tertiaries form an 

open areolation tending to be quadrang~ar 

41 appearance. (See fig. 2.) 

FIGURE 2.-Restoration of the leaf of !lex 

barillensis Berry 

shown in Plate III, 

figure 4b. 

This .species, which is obviously new, is unfortunately 

represented bya·~cantyamount 

of material. In general form 

it greatly resembles some of the 

existing westen;t liveoaks, as 

for example Quercus agrijolia 

Nee and Quercus chrysolepis 

Liebmann, or ... the so-called 

blaok oak, Quercus emoryi Torrey, of the mountain ranges of 

the arid Southwest. The venation, however, is unlike anything occurring in Quercus, in 

which the areolation is closer 

meshed and different in character and the secondaries tapermore abruptly, 

are less r~gularlyspaoed or curved, and are eras1 Cf. Knowlton, F. H., U.S. Geol. Surv:ey Prof. Paper 101, pl. 90, fig. 

1, 1918. 

pedodrome in the toothed-margin forms. On 

the other hand, the venation in both its gross 

and minute features is typical of the genus 

flex, and the general form is not unlike that 

of numerous modern species of that genus, as 

for example the serrated forms of the common 

English holly or our own flex opaca Aiton. 

Moreover, the plants associated with the fossil 

species lend credence to the view that the 

habitat was somewhat similar to that required 

by our modern holly, namely, that it was a 

bottom-land or mesophytic species, rather 

than one of exposed, arid, or cool· habitat. 

While flex opaca ranges from Massachusetts to 

Florida it is rare in the Allegheny Mountains 

and finds its optimum habitat in the bottoms 

of southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. 

Order THYMELEALES. 

Family LAURACEAE. 

Genus OREODAPHNE Nees. 

Oreodaphne pseudoguianensis Berry. 

Plate III,_ figuresl-3, 4a. 

Oreoduphne psPudogu·;anens?.'s Beuy, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 91, p. 305, p1. 81, figs. 3, 4, 1916. 

This species and Sabalite8 grayanus are by 

far the most abundant forn1s in the basal tuffs 

of . the Barilla Mountains. The Oreodaphne 

was desoribed by me from the Wilcox Eocene 

of Louisiana and contemporaneous beds In 

Tennessee in 1916 as follows: 

Leaves narrowly elongat.e-lanceolate and falcate in 

general outline, the apex gradual1y attenuated and the 

ba.."'e somewhat shorter, aC'uminate. Lerigth ranges from 

15 to 18 centemeters. Maximum width, in the lower half 

of the leaf, 1. 7 to 2 centimeters. Margins entire, very 

faintly undulate. Leaf ~:~ubstance ve~y thick. Texture 

decidedly coriaceous. Petiole 1ong, stout, and curw~d, 

about 3 centimeters in length. Midrib ~tout, prominent 

on the lower surface of the leaf. Secondaries stout, prominf'nt on the lower surface of the leaf: three or four colllmon1y subopposite pairs of the same charactH, above 

which in the attenuated tip are numerous thin reduced 

pairs, diverging at wide angles. The basal pair are 

opposite and subbasa;l, diverging from the midrib at 

angles of about 20°, rather straight in their course and· 

close to and parallel with the lower lateral margins. The 

succeeding two or three pairs, generally sU:bopposite, 

arise at intervals of 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters. They diverge 

at slightly wider angles, about 30°, and are regularly 

curved and ascending, becoming parallel with the lateral 

margins, along which they ascend for a considerable distance, and are eventually camptodroine. ':J'he second-
AN EOCENE FLORA ·FROM TRANS-PECOS TEXAS. 9 

aries diverge at \vider and wider angles and are more 

curved in tho upper half of the leaf until in the tip they 

become very thin and diverge at angles of about 70°, 

running straight about halfway to the margin, where they 

turn abruptly upward to form wide arches to the adjacent 

superior secondaries. Tertiary venation largely immersed, 

consisting of transverse, slightly curved nervilles. 

Tllis species is one of the most distinctive 

fossil species of Lauraceae known, and as it is 

so 1nuch more abundant in the. tuffs of the 

Barilla Mountains than at the type localities 

the foregoing description may be son1ewhat 

amplified, particularly as regards the limits of 

variation and the areolation. Thus the snlallest leaves have n. length of but 8 centimeters 

nnd ~ 1naximmn width of but 8 millimeters, 

willie the 1naxi1num width of the la:rgest specinlens is 2.25 centi1neters. The areolation is 

fine meshed and the nervilles, both those at 

approximately right angles to the midrib and 

those forming wide angles with them, appear 

n1ore prominent, giving the areolation a decidedly . quadrangular appearance, although in 

reality the areolation is prevailingly polygonal. 

The appearance of these leaves is well shown· 

in the accompanying illustrations, and they 

distinctly corroborate the comparisons made 

between the type and the existing Oreodaphne 

guianensis Aublet, of northern South Alnerica. 

In fact, but for the greater developn1ent of the 

lower secondaries in the fossil, the . two are 

scarcely to be differentiated. 

. ·~· 

GRADATIONS FROM CONTINENTAL TO MARINE CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION IN CENTRAL MONTANA DUR.ING THE EAGLE AND JUDITH 

HIVEH EPOCHS. 

By C. F. BowEN. 

INTRODUCTION. The field sheets. thus prepared and the land 

plats obtained from the Genernl Lnnd Office The large amount of geologically unexplored territory in western Rosebud and Dawson furnished the datn from which the accompanycounties, :Mont., led t.o an examination by the ing base map (Pl. IV) was prepared. This map 

writer of n. part of this territory for the purpose shows the principal streams and roads of the. 

of getting general information on its stratig- area, as well as the geologic formations exraphy and structure. The region proved to be posed. The formation bou;ndaries are repreone of considerable geologic interest. sented by solid lines where they are accurately 

The work demonstrated (1) that pro- determined and by broken lines where, becnuse 

nounced don1e structure exists in a region of lack of exposures or for other reasons, they 

heretofore supposed to be underlain by nearly could be located only approximately. 

flat-lying beds; (2) that the Eagle sandstone, The writer was assisted in the field by C. A. 

which is n, thick formation farther west, thins Bonine, to whom much .credit is due for the reeastward and disappears near the western suits obtained. 

border of the area hm:ein described; (3) that the SURFACE FEATURES. 

Judith River formation, previously known only 

as of fresh-water and brackish-water origin, The area is a part of the Missouri Plateau of 

grades into a n1arine formation in passing the Great Plains, and its surface features.·are 

eastward fron1 the shore line of the sea along ·~hose pr~d~ced by the erosion of such a region 

which it accumulated; and (4) that east of the In a senuand climate. Erosion has changed a 

111eridian of 10T1 30' (approximately) the comparatively level surface into one dissected by 

deposition of marine sediments was continuous streams and surmounted by numerous buttes.· 

throughout the Colorado and ~1ontana epochs This sculpturing is most pronounced along 

of Upper Cretaceous time in this part of the Musselshell River, where in a belt 1 to 3 miles 

Great Plains region. ~de intricately dissected badlands have been 

The area herein considered comprises about formed. In most parts of the area the sand1,200 square miles in Rosebud and Dawson stones of the Judith River and Lance formacounties and extends from Forsyth northward tions form conspicuous ridges that rise abruptly 

for a distance of 40 miles, thence westward from the lower and more nearly level surfaces 

1o :Musselshell River. Its geographic position occupied by the shale formations. The irregis shown on the key map (Pl. IV). ularities of the surface are due chiefly to difThe aren. ·was n1apped on a scale of 1 mile ferences in erosion induced by the unequal 

to the inch. I-Iorizontal control was based on resistance of the formations. 

the ln.nd survey of the General Land Office 

a;nd was obtained by stadia and triangulation. 

A stn.dia traverse along the Bearpaw-Lance 

boundary was carried throughout the field. 

Fron1 this traverse triangulation points were 

estn.blished which furnished control in other 

parts of the field. Elevations were obtained by 

1neans ·of vertical angles, the :i:riitial elevation 

being a point on the Chicago, Milwaukee & 

St. Paul Railway a few miles west of Forsyth. 

131049°-2G--2 

GEOLOGY. 

STRATIGRAPHY. 

GENERAL SECTION. 

The formations exposed i1i. this area range 

in age from Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary ( ~) 

and include the Colorado shale (upper part), 

Eagle sandstone, Claggett and Judith River 

formations, Bearpaw shale, and Lance formation. With the exception of the Eagle sand11 
12 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

stone, which does not extend east of Mussel- in the immediate vicinity, but have been peneshell River, these formations are believed to be trated by the drill to a depth of about 2,500 

continuous throughout the area, bu't the Judith feet below the top of the Colorado shale in a 

River changes from a fresh--water formation in deep well put down at Vananda, in T. 7 N., 

the western part of the area to a marine forma- R. 38 E., by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 

tion in the eastern part. In other words, Paul Railway Co. The greater part of this 

marine conditions prevailed over the eastern thickness consists of the dark-gray to black 

~ 

System and series. Group. 

Quaternary. 

Tertiary (?) (Eocene?). 

Geologic formations in the area herein discussed. 

Formation. 

Lance formation. 

Thickness 

(feet). Character. 

Alluvial gravel, sand, and silt along Yellowstone 

and Musselshell rivers and some of the smaller 

streams. 

Brown, irregularly bedded sandstone, alternating 

with "somber" gray shale. Upper part (25 

feet or more) is somewhat sanely, forming. a transition to the Lance. This transition phase 

is probably what has been recognized as Fox 

Hills on Hell Creek about 35 or 40 miles farther 

north . 

.. . ... . . .. . ... . .. . . ---1·--------1------1---------------------

Upper Creta- ceous. 

Lower Creta- ceous (?). 

Bearpaw shale. 

Judith River formation. 

Claggett formation. 

Eagle sandstone. 

Colorado shale. 

Kootenai formation(?). 

900-1,100± Dark-gray shale in which occur calcareous concre- tions containing marine invertebrate fossils. 

Upper member, light-brown to light-gray massive 

sandstone. Middle member, light-gray to clarkgray shale. Lower member, sandstone, weather100-200± ing brown and givin~ rise to large boulder-like masses. The formatwn is of fresh-water origin 

in the western part of the field and of marine 

origin in the eastern part. 

Dark-gray shale; contains numerous large cal- careous concretions in upper part, some of 

600-700± which show well-developed con·e-in-cone structure; marine fossils similar to those in the 

Bearpaw. 

0-21 

2,300± 

Buff massive sandstone; does not occur east of 

Musselshell River. 

Dark-gray to black fissile shale, with thin heels 

of sandstone and sandy shale in upper part and 

thin beds of limestone and sandstone near the 

base; shale is only slightly plastic when wet. 

Contains marine fossils. 

Consists predominantly of reel and white shale; 

157 + overlain by a thin bed of limestone and sandstone. 

part throughout the :Montana epoch, whereas 1 shale of the Colorado, but the lower 157 feet 

in the western part a temporary recession of seems to represent some underlying formation, 

the sea allowed the accumulation of fresh- probably the Kootenai. 

water deposits. These conditions . are ill us- The acco:inpanying table presents in contrated in the diagrammatic and generalized densed form the sequence, character, anq thicksections shown on Plate IV. ness of the exposed formations and of those 

Rocks below the upper part of the Colorado penetrated by the drill in the well at Vananda, 

shale are not exposed· in this field or anywhere a detailed log of which is given on page 13. 
U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

NVV 

GeneraiJ:z:ed section a+ nortn end of Judtth Mountatns 

FEET 

6000 

~OOG 

400D 

500 

Il\ DE.'- MAP 

(l 

~ 

~----------------------------------------~------------------~~~------------------------------- ~ ~ ~ B 

sha! ~ -- --~ 

3000t'l. ..s c 1 coo _-J drt.h l!t f m 1... ~ ,..-Be p31A !>hale ~ 1-<, 1 

!000~~~ 0 -=..~~ -~ ~ _ _cJ gg~ t. nd Col ao ---

EXPLANATION 

[~/28 Lan~e fcnmatwn J 1~ f 

I 

i 

I~ rg 

15 

! I j Claggett and C'olorado ~b::Ucs 

0 

Str!he and chp 

8 

Lan.dcorlli...l!ouna. 

SE 

SECTION ALONG LINE A-B-C 

Colum1ar sect1on West end of f1eld 

Colum .... ar secbon Ea~t end ofr1e!d 

I~ ~ Tert1ar' ? ~ ' 

r-=--=:1 

· __ 

'-"nee 

1 re~ 

tormaciOn Wd er 470 :t: ~ _ 3 lance 1 ormai... on 350 ± 

- j____ --- -· ,, __ ," 

!jear·paw shale I 100 + 

1 mer ne} 

II Bearpaw shale 900 ± 

~ l'ma re) 

.bectJon on 

Musselshell R1ver 

Secbonat 

westside of Porcupme dome 

B 

I F 

Sect1on at east Side of 0orcuome dome 

I I G 

~t-~~~~~~~~~--#~~anc~~~~~-,~~ d~res aer 

.1£ 

----------------

""'~~~(~~~f~ AHm"m( d•~'• _______ _i ~~ / /~, I ~/_LL------------- r------ a:ea, ertWR usee Jog "" y B ll oc,p o 1 0'1 I 

li;)Se lo ob:se edbyBo .b t m a ed I c Ba ed log .o .aeep li ci. \ a a 

----=--J Cldgge~t 'torm3tmn 600 

~ (r>arme) 

Eagle sandstone 0 21 

( m.cnr.e) 

Colorado shale ma r<e; 

Jumtn R1ver format on WO -J25 ( 7lcr ne) 

• 

Claggett ard Co ora do shales 3 000 :t 

(m.arJ?e.) 

i 

k---------48 m1les -------~+------- 47m les 18 n les I %mes I --------~ 

DIAGRAMMATIC SECTION FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST TO ILLUSTRATE CHANGES OF SEDIMENTS DUE TO OSCILLATIONS OF UPPER CRETACEOUS SEA 

Thicknesses ba~ed on data obtamed by C F Bowen except as otherwise bta eo In text (Adapted from Eugene Steblnger U .S Geol Survey Prof Paper 90 figure q p 67 1915) 

GEOLOGIC MAP OF 1HE JORDAN COAL FIELD, MONTANA \V1TH COLUMNAR SECTIONS, STRUCTl.JJiE SECTIONS, AND DIAGRAMMATIC SEC1ION 

PROFESSIONAL PPPER 125 PLATE IV 

E, 

T7N 
GRADATIONS FROM CONTINENTAL TO MARINE CONDITIONS IN CENTRAL MONTANA. 13 

Log of'well dr-illeclby the Chicago, Jl(rilwaulcee & St. Paul Rail,way Co. at Vananda, in sec. 5, T. 7 N., R. 38 E., Mont., 

between October 23, 1913, and October 17, 1914. 

[Elevation of mouth of well, 2,704 feet above sea level.] 

FormationJt . Driller's description. 

Shale, sandy .............................................. . Sand; 30 gallons of water an hour ........................... . 

~~~~?~ :'~-~1-o~~ ·. ~ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

Shale and sand ........................................... . Judith ltiver formation.b Saud .......... ~- ........................................ . Shale, yellow .............................................. . .Sand .................................................... . Sand and shale ........................................... . Shale, blue ............................................. : . . Sand; flow of alkaline water, 2,400 gallons an hour .......... . 

Claggett shale.c Shale; disintegrates when exposed t~ air .................... . 

Thickness. 

Feet. 

23 

7 

16 

11 

24 

8 

16 

14 

24 

46 

26 

685 

Depth . 

Feet. 

23 

30 

•46 

57 

81 

89 

105 

119 

143 

189 

2~5 

900 

-----(cZ)---__:--1----------------.....---------I---1----

Colorado shale. 

Kootenai(?). 

"Correlt1tion revised by author. 

Shale, e black surface; whitens on exposure to air ... : ........ . Shale .................................................... . Oyster-shell rim, fossil determined by former State geologist 

of South Dakota as Inoceramus labiatus. · Shale, dark brown ........................................ . Hard rock ............................................... . Shale, soft; color changes on exposure from dark to light brown. 

Shale, light brown ......................................... . Slate .................................................... . Soapstone ....... : ......................................... . Shale, white ............................................. . 

~g:~~: ~f~~k _. :· _. .·. ·. ~::::: :.: ~: ~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Shale, bro\vn .............................................. . Shale, dark, caving ........ ~ .............................. . Slate, caving ............................................. . Litnestone ............................................... . Shale.· ................................................... . Shale and lime shells ...................................... . Shale, soft, caving ........................................ . Shale and lime shells .... ~ ................................. . 

~~:~~; ~1~k ~~~~n_g_- .· .·. ·.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

Shale and lime shells ................................. : . ... . 

Sandstone, hard ....... } { Limestone, black, sandy May represent the Mowry s;hale IDemLimestone . . . . . . . . . . . ber. 

Slate ................. · 

Sand, water bearing; water rose within 50 feet of surface ..... 

~i!~~~~~~·. ~~~ :~~~ ·. ~ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

Shale, white ........................................... · ... ·. Shale, red ............................................... . Shale, white ..................................... -- ...... . Shale, red ............................................... . Shale, white .............................................. . Shale, red ............................. ~ ................... · 

140 

907 

5 

107 

29 

32 

40 

40 

13 

23 

45 

19 

100 

31 

19 

41 

239 

15 

35 

20 

105 

35 

103 

i\2 

18 

42 

55 

10 

30 

19 

. 23 

7 

8 

27 

8 

35 

1,040 

1,947 

1,952 

2,059 

2,088 

2,120 

2,160 

'2,200 

2,213 

2, 2,36 

2,281 

2,300 

2,400 

2,431 

2,450 

2,491 

2, 730 

2,745 

2, 780 

2,800 

2,905 

2,940 

3,Q43 

3,075 

3,093 

3, 135 

3,190 

3,200 

3,230 

3,249 

3,272 

3,279 

3,287 

3,314 

3,322 

3,357 

b Called Lance in log furnished by railway company. c Called Pierre in log fumishcd by railway company. 

d .In View of the lithologic simil!wity between the Claggett and Colorado the position of this boundary must be regarded as uncertain. e Called Niobrara in log fw-nishcd by railway company. · 
·14 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919 •. 

CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. 

KOOTENAI (l) FORMATION. 

That part of the Kootenai ( 1) penetrated by 

the drill in the Vananda well consists in descending order of 40 feet of sandstone, 19 feet 

of limestone and 98 feet of red and white shale ' . in alternate layers. There is no informatwn 

available as to whether these beds are of fresh 

water or marine origin; in lithologic aspect, 

however, the beds, especially the red and whit~ 

shales, are similar to the fresh-water Kootenai 

(Lower Cretaceous) of the Great Falls field . 

In that field the Kootenai as described by 

Fisher 1 is 400 to 500 feet thick and consists 

predominantly of ciay, with thin intercala~ed 

beds of sandstone and limestone, but contains 

valuable beds of coal in the lower part and a 

basal sandstone fro~ which building stone is 

·obtained. 

COLORADO SHALE. 

. ther~fore, on purely paleontologic grounds to 

separate the Color~do of this area into the 

Benton and Niobrara, as·in Nebraska, Colorado, 

South Dakota,- and Wyoming. 

In the easternmost areas just mentioned the 

Niobrara formation consists chiefly of limestone; farther west it is a calpareous buff shale.; 

and apparently still farther west it loses it.s 

calcareous aspect, . becomj.ng a typical clay 

shale that is somewhat arenaceous. This is the 

sort of change to be expected in a formation of 

this ·kind when traced toward the source of its 

. constituent materials. 

The Colorado differs fron1 the overlying 

Claggett in being darker and more fissile and in 

becoming only slightly plastic when wet; because of this last characteristic the local term 

"gumbo" is not generally applied to it. 

The Colorado occupies an area of about 350 

square miles in the central part of the. Porcupine dome, which lies principally west and 

south of the eastern part of this area. It also 

occupies. another small dome extending westward from a point a few miles east of Musselshelf River. Except in the small area west of 

the Musselshell, where the Eagle can be recognized, the Colorado and Claggett have not been 

differentiated on the accompanying map. . ' 

EAGLE SANDSTONE. 

The Colorado shale. is the oldest formation 

exposed in this area. It consists o~ dark-gray 

to black fissile shale, with some thin bands of 

sandstone and sandy shale in its upper part, 

and according to the record of the V ananda 

well has more or .less sandstone and a thin bed 

of limestone at the base. The shale contains 

large calcareous concretions in which fossils 

occur· some of the sandstone bands are also 

distm~tly fossiliferous. The formation has a The Eagle, which forms a prominent and 

total thickness, as interpreted from· the log of persistent lithologic unit farther w~st, is-reprethe Vananda well, of .about 2,300 feet. It sented in this area by a buff medium-grained 

probably includes the time equiv~lents of bot.h sandstone consisting of quartz, feldspar, and 

the Benton and Niobrara formatwns. In this black chert with .a small amount of mica inpart of Montana there appears to be no recog- closed in a ·calcareous matr:Lx. It ranges from 

nizable lithologic distinction between these two a knife-edge to about 20 feet in thickness. The 

formations, and they are therefore grouped sandstone is recognizable as a,distinct unit at 

together under the name Colorado shale. .It the western margin of the area, from which 

may be, however, that detailed paleo~tologic its outcrop has been traced northwestward and 

work would show the existence of a Nwbrara southwestward for many miles. In these mote 

fauna in the upper part of the Colorado shale, western areas the formation ranges from 200 to 

even though no lithologic distinction exists. 300 feet in thickness, but it thins eastward, so 

Weed 2 and Stanton and Hatcher 3 have that near the ea~t side of T. 15 N., R. 29 E., 

already pointed out a general resemblance be- where the sandstone is exposed in a clean-cut 

tween the fauna of the upper part of the Colo- face it is only 21.feet thick, with marine shale 

rado in the vicinity of Fort Benton and the both above and below. From this place the 

fauna· of the Niobrara. It might be possible, formation can be traced eastward for about 2 

1 Fi~her, c. A., Geology of the Great Falls coal field, Mont.: u. s. miles, and in that distance the sands.tone is s~en 

Geol. survey Bull. 356, pp. 22, 30-35, 1909. . . to become more and more in terlamina ted WIth ~Weed, W. H., u. s. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Fort Benton folio . . . l t Th 

(No. 55), p. 2, 1899. . 1 thin bands of shale In Its ower par · e 

sstanton,'r. w.,andHatcher,J.B.,Geologyandpaleontologyofthe I sandstone passes under an old river terrace 

Judith River beds: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 257, pp. 63, 64, 1905. . 
GHADATIONS FHOM CONTINENTAL TO MARINE CONDITIONS IN CENTRAL MONTANA. 15 

abou~ halfway between the western margin of 

the are(t and Musselshell River and is not exposed .farther east, but at the Musselshell, 

where there is a clean-cut exposure from the 

Lance down into the Colorado, the Eagle is 

either ln,cking or is represented by a sandstone 

3 :feet.thick. 

The pinching out.of the_Eagle is not due to 

an unconformity but to the seaward thinning 

of a shoal deposit laid down during a recession~ stage of the Cretaceous sea and later 

covered by an off -shore deposit as the sea 

d-eepened and the shore line was shifted farther 

west. 

CLAGGETT FORMATION. 

Th_e Claggett consists of 600 to 700 feet of 

clark-gray shale containing numerous calcareous 

concretions in which invertebrate fossils occur. 

The shale is but slightly. consolidated and 

becomes very plastic when wet, so that it is 

commonly referred to as "gumbo." Crystals 

of selenite are more or less abundant in the 

shale and in places accumulate in considerable 

quantities on weathered slopes. At the top of 

the formation there is a zone· that is especially 

prolific in large calcareous concretions, ·many 

of which show a well-cle~elopecl cone-in-cone 

structure. This feature, so ·far as the writer is 

aware, is peculiar to the Claggett throughout a 

large part of Montana and does not occur in 

either the Colorado or the Bearpaw. It therefore constitutes one criterion for the recognition of the Claggett in cen tral}1on tan a. 

JUDITH RIVER FORMATION. 

Character· and thickness.-:-The Judith River 

formation, as originally deftned, ~ includes fresh 

and brackish water beds lying above the marine 

Claggett and below the Bearpaw. This definition was given before t~e full exten_t of the 

forma tim). was known. The work of the season 

of 1918 has shqwn that in the area described 

the fresh-water deposits when traced eastward 

grade into marine deposits qf the sam.e lithologic character. In this paper the term Judith 

River is used to include both the fresh-water 

deposits exposed in the western part of th~ 

area and their equivalent marine deposits in 

the eastern part. 

The fresh-water facies may be considered as 

made up of three parts-a lower division of 

IStanton, '1'. W., and Hatcher, J. B., Geology and paleontology of 

tho Judith Hlver bods: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 257, pp. 33-34, 1905. 

massive brownish, ·poorly cemented sandstone, 

a middle division of ash-gray shale, and an 

upper division of grayish-white to brown massive to heavy-bedded sandstone. The total 

thickness of this facies of the formation is 

about 185 feet. 

The marine f•acies likewise has a threefold 

character which corresponds in every way to 

the fresh-water divisions except that the middle 

shale member is darker. The upper sandstone 

is of a light-brown color in the eastern part of 

the field but farther west changes to light gray· 

or dirty white; the lower sandstone is prevailingly brown on weathered •surfaces. The 

marine facies has a thickness of about 125 feet 

near the head of Big Porcupine Creek; it is 

reported as 200 feet thick. in the V ananda well 

and may be thicker than that, as it is believed 

that the mouth of the well is below the top of 

the formation; but on the east side of the field 

the thickness probably does not exceed 100 

feet. 

Detailed sections of these two facies are 

given below. . 

Section of Judith Ri,ver formation (marine) in sec. 8, T. 12 N., 

R. 38E. 

Feet. 

Sandstone, massive, yellow to brown (marine shells 

and Halymenites) _______________ . _____ . _. ______ . _. 20 

Talus, sandy, probably sandstone. _________ ._ .. _._.. 30 

Shale, gray to ·yellow ______ ......... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Sandstone, massive, gray ~t top and full of Halymenites, lower part not well exposed._. __ ..... _....... 45 

115 

Section of Judith River formation (fresh-water) on west bank 

of Musselshell River, in sec. 16, T. 15 N., R. 30 E. 

Shale, Bearpaw. Feet. 

Sandstone- --.. - -. -....................... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 

Shale, light gray .. _________ . __________ . _____ .. _. _ 15 

Shale, carbonac~ous. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8~ 

Sandstone .. _ . _ ...... _ .......... _ . _ ~ ___ . ·_ ... _ . __ ~ 8 

Shale, gray; carbonaceous in upper part. ... _______ 1:3 

Sandstone .... _ ............................ __ . _ _ _ 9 

Shale .......... - - -....... - -................. _ . . 35. 

Sandstone .. --... - -....................... _____ . _ 13 

Shale, light gray .. ___ ..................... __ ~ _ _ _ _ 15 

Sandstone ............... __ . _______ ....... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 

Shale ......... -. -.............................. _ 3 

Shale, carbonaceous .. _. __ ........... _ . ___ . ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 

Sandstone ... -........ _ ... ___ .. __ ......... _ .. _ _ _ _ 31 

Shale, Claggett, dark gray, sandy at top, transition. 

. 189! 

Oomposition.-As revealed by a study of 

thin sections the sandstones of both the freshwater and marine facies of ~he formation are 

as similar in microscopic appearance as they 
16 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

are in outward· physical appearance. They 

are arkosic and consist of angular, subangular, . and rounded grains of orthoclase, plagioclase, quartz, and black chert, with small 

amoUiits of muscovite and biotite, inclosed in 

a matrix or cement of calcite, which is more 

or less stained with iron oxide. Grains of 

lime~tone are numerous in one specimen of 

fresh-water origin and are rather well rounded; 

but they are not observed however in any of 

·the other specimens examined; A rather 

surprising feature is the slight alteration of a 

considerable proportion of the feldspar. Many 

of the grains; especially of the plagioclase 

variety, are perfectly fresh and clear and 

·show no sign of kaolinization. In the sections examined the· calcite constitutes 50 per 

cent or more of the bulk of the rock; of the 

granular material feldspar is in general the most 

abundan~, followed by black chert and ·quartz, 

which vary in amount, in some specimens 

the one and in some the other predominating. 

Another interesting feature is the small proportion of well-rounded grains. The grains of 

chert and quartz are subangular to rounded, 

whereas those of feldspar are predominantly 

angular and give to the thin sections the 

appearance of being made up largely of angular to subangular fragments. This marked 

angularity does not accord well with the 

highly assorted condition of the material, 

which is remarkably uniform in size and free 

from silt or fine particles. This highly assorted condition suggests considerable agitation, either by waves or by currents, whereas 

the angularity of the grains suggests but a 

moderate amount of abrasion. It is probably 

to be attributed to the cleavage of the feldspar 

and the smallness of the grains rather than to 

the amount of abrasion of the particles. The 

texture is fine and. varies somewhat in the 

different specimens, the grains ranging from 

about 0.075 to 0:2 millimeter in average 

diameter. 

Relations.-The Judith River is conformable with both the underlying and· overlying 

formations. In the western part of the area 

the fresh-water facies overlies about 600 feet 

of the Claggett, including a sandy transition 

zone about 35 feet thick, and is in turn overlain 

by 1,000 to i,100 feet of Bearpaw shale. The 

marine facies overlies 700 feet (V auanda well 

record) of the Claggett and is overlain by 

about 900 feet of the Bearpaw. In other 

words, the marine and fresh-water facies are 

at the same stratigraphic horizon, and the 

overlying shale is a unit from the locality of 

the one to that of the other. The marine 

phase represents the seaward extension of the 

continental deposits. and marks the maximum 

retrent of the sea durl.ng this stage of minor 

oscillation. BEARPAW SHALE. 

The Bearpaw shale inc1udes the marine 

shale lying between the Judith River ·and 

Lance formations. It consists chiefly of darkgray shale that is similar in lithologic character 

to the shale of the Claggett except that so far 

as observed it contains no concretions showing cone-in-cone structure. In the upper part · 

of the formation there is a sandy zone 25 feet 

or more thick which consists of sandy shale 

and some thin sandstones forming a transition 

to the Lnnce. This is probably the representa-

-tive of the sandy shale from which, on Hell 

Creek, 35 or 40 miles farther north, Barnum 

Brown obtained a Fox Hills fauna and which 

he therefore designated the Fox Hills formation.1 A small collection of marine fossils, 

all representing a single species of Lingula, 

was obtained by the writer in a sands tone that 

caps a small outlier in the SW. !: sec. 1, T. 14 

N., R. 32 E. This sandstone is probably near 

the top of the t1ansition zone just described. 

The species of Lingula obtained is not sufficiently diagnostic for· purposes of close time 

correlation. It therefore does not establish 

the existence of the Fox Hills at this place, 

but it indicates that the sandy transition zone 

at the top of the Bearpaw is marine. · 

The thiclmess of the Bearpa w ranges from 

1,000 or 1,100 feet in the western part of the 

are~ to about 900 feet in the eastern part. As 

determined by the fossils which occur in it, the 

formation is of Montana age and is equivalent 

to a part of the Pierre and possibly includes 

also the. representative of the .Fox Hills. Its 

correlation in this area is rendered certain not 

only by its included fossils but by its continuity 

with the undoubted Bearpaw of other regions. 

I Brown, Barnum, The Hell Creek beds of the Upper Cretaceous of 

Montana: Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull., vol. 23, p. 829, 1907. 
GHADATIONS FHOM CONTINENTAL TO MARINE CONDITIONS IN CENTHAL MONT AN A. i 7 

TERTIAUY ( ~) SYSTKM. 

LANCE FORMATION. 

Olutracter ancl thiclcness.-The section given 

below is fairly representative of the lower part 

of the Lance formation, the only part extensively represented in this area. This part consists mainly of brownish massive to heavybedded sandstone and interbedded light-gray to· 

dark-gray shale. Some of the sandstone layers 

are well consolidated and form protecting caps 

to the softer underlying beds. Large rustybl·own loglike concretions are common. Though 

brown is the prevailing color, some of these 

sandstones are dirty white to gray. Ripple 

n1arks and cross-bedding are common structural features. 

The interbedded shale is light-gray to leadgray and contains some carbonaceous members, 

though these are rare. The shale is unconsolidated and weathers rapidly where not protected by the more resistant sandstone. Thin 

layers of impure fossiliferous limestone occur 

in a very few places. 

In the northeast corner of the area the beds 

above described ara overlain by a zone consisting chiefly of "somber" gray shale with 

interbedded layers of carbonaceous shale and 

yellow and brown sandstone. Some of the 

sandstone layers, which are as much as 20 feet 

thick, are well consolidated and resemble in 

every way the sandstones in the lower part of 

the formation. · · 

There is no abrupt change between this member mid the lower member described above. 

They seen1. to represent continuous deposition 

and~ a gradual change. from the conditions 

fu.voring the accumulation of sandstone to those 

favoring the accumulation of shale. This shale 

men1ber, although not definitely included in the 

Lebo shale member of the Little Sheep Mountain field, seems to be identical in character with 

it. So far as the writer was able to ascertain, 

this member pinches out or at least thins 

markedly farther west; however, more detailed 

work on the overlying beds and a careful study 

of the extent and character of· the various 

phases are necessa1·y in order to establish their 

continuity and determine their relations. 

Section of a part of the Lance formation exposed in Table 

· Butte, in theSE. t sec. 32, T. 7 N., R. 41 E. 

Fee{' 

Sandstone, massive, cross~bedded, containing clay 

balls.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·25 

Shale, becoming sandy toward top .......... •....... 80 

Shale, carbonaceous ... ~ ............ · ......... .'. : . . . . 1 

Shale, yellow to drab ... -................... .-:....... 70 

Sandstone, massive, buff; contains bone fragments and 

small scattering pebbles......................... 3Q 

Shale, buff ...................................... ·.. 20 

Sandstone, massive, brown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

"Somber" and yellow clay shale, alternating. . . . . . . . . 60 

296 

Oomposition.-Th.e sandstones of the Lance, 

including ·those interstratified in the darkshale member described above, as well as 

those which make up the bulk of the lower 

distinctly sandy portion of the formation, are 

arkosic and are shown on microscopic examination to consist of the same material as the 

sandstones of the Judith River formation, 

the only difference being the higher degree of 

oxidation of the material o!f the Lance. In 

all the thin sections examined the principal 

granular minerals present are feldspar, chert, 

quartz, muscovite, and biotite, named in the 

order of their abundance; these are embedded 

in a matrix of calcium carbonate, which constitutes 50 per cent or more of the bulk of the 

rock. Grains of limestone are also sparingly 

present in some specimens. The feldspar, 

including orthoclase, plagioclase, and microcline, is commonly the predominant granular 

mineral. Many of the grains are comparatively fresh and unaltered and show cleavage 

or crystarboundaries and beautifully marl\ed 

striations; others are more or less· cloudy and 

opaque from the development of kaolin. 

Most of them are angular or subangular, . 

well-rounded grains being exceptional. The 

chert, which in the hand specimen is gray 

or black, is invariably present. In the thin 

section it is clear and transparent and exhibits 

a cryptocrystalline texture. It is variable 

in amount, being hi some specimens almost 

as abundant as the feldspar but in others 

less abundant than the quartz. The grains 

of chert show :·a ·much more marked tendency 

toward rounding than those . of feldspar. 
18 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

The quartz occurs in subangular to rounded' 

grains. It i~ variable in amount, being almost 

wholly absent in one specimen and in others 

consti~uting 25 per cent or more of the granular 

material. Muscovite is present in notable 

amount and is easily recognized in the hand 

specimens; biotite is also sparingly ptesent. 

The calcite, which constitutes the matrix of 

the rock, shows a finely crystalline texture. 

It is commonly more or less stained and 

obscured by limonitic material, which in 

most of the spec~mens also occurs to a greater 

or less degree in distinct grains. Like the 

sandstones of the Judith River, those of the 

Lance are medium grained, and their g'rains 

are of fairly uniform size, showing a marked 

degree of assortment. 

Age and correlation.-Paleontologists are 

not agreed as to the age of the Lance formation, the invertebrate and vertebrate fossils 

being regarded as ~elated to Cretaceous. types, 

whereas the plants are regarded as of Fort 

Union age. Under these circumstances the 

~eological Survey has only provisionally assigned the Lance· to the Tertiary system. . 

The formation is identified in this area 

and its relations are established by (1) 

the finding of Triceratops remains near the 

base of the formatio.n at Castle Butte, northwest of Forsyth, and the occurrence in. it 

of many fragments of dinosaur bones in other 

parts of the area; (2) its stratigraphic position 

between the Bearpaw shale and the Fort 

·union formation; and (3) its continuity with 

beds that undoubtedly belong to the Lance 

in other parts of Montana. 

Distribution and surface features.-The 

Lance formation occurs at the southern ' . eastern, and northern margins of this area 

and extends beyond the area in each of these 

directions. In general it occupies a zone from 

1 mile to several miles broad, its width depending on the attitude of the beds and the stage 

of erosion. 

The outcrop of the formation has a marked 

effect on land forms. Its lower part produces 

a prominent ridge which rises abruptly, in 

some places almost precipitously, from the 

lower areas occupied by the Bearpaw. From 

the margin it extends as a dissected upland 

studded with buttes, pinnacles, and other 

features characteristic of the weathering of 

moderately consolidated beds in a semiarid 

region. 

STRUCTURE. 

In its broad general relations the structure 

in this part of Montana is anticlinal and represents the southeastward extension of the 

Big Snowy anticline. More locally the eastern part of the area occupies the eastern and 

no~thern flanks of the Porcupine dome, around 

whiCh the beds have a quaquaversal dip and 

are therefore in- this area inclined southward , eastward, and northward. As shown on the 

accompanying map, the dips in this part of 

the area range from 1° or 2° to 40°. This 

dome is separated by a broad, shallow. transverse syncline from a pronounced anticline in 

the vicinity of Musselshell River. On the 

west side of the syncline the strata dip i5°-

25 ° E.; on the east side the westward dip is 

not more than 2° or 3°. West of this cross 

syncline the Big Snowy anticline is the dominant structural feature. Around the point of 

this anticline the Judith River formation dips 

from 5° on the south limb to 45 ° on the north. 

~hese steep dips do not continue for any considerable horizontal distance in the direction 

of the dip, as the overlying Lance rarely shows 

dips of more than 10° along its border and 

within half a mile lies essentially flat. It is a 

noteworthy fact throughout the area that 

the steeply dipping beds become approximately 

horizontal within short distances. The features above described are shown graphically by 

the structure sections along the lines ABC and 

EF on Plate IV. 

Besides the main st~uctural features outlined above there are local irregularities, such 

as the anticlines in T. 14 N., Rs. 32 and 33, 

37, and 38 E. · 

SOURCE OF THE SAND. 

The· feature that most impresses one who 

studies .the sandstones of the Lance and Judith 

River, and, so far as can be judged by a microscopic examination, this applies also to the 

Eagle sandstone, is their identity in mineral 

composition and the relative abundance of 

the predominant mi.p.erals. The abundance of 

feldspar, the invariable occurrence of black 

chert, commonly in considerable amount to- .. ' 

gether with. quartz and mica, and the almost 

complete absence of other granular constituents strongly suggest derivation either from a 

common source or at least from rock of 

similar composition, and the uniformity in 
GRADATIONS FROM CONTINENTAL TO MAR~NE . CONDITIONS IN CENTRAL MONT AN A. 19 

texture and assortment certainly points to 

sinular physiographic conditions of accumulation. This striking resemblance is still more 

reniarkable in view of the fact that the formations are separated from one another by 

several hundred feet of marine shale. The 

conclusion is inevitable 'that the oscillations 

which give rise to the alternate deposits of 

shale and sandstone during the Upper Cretaceous were of a gentle, rhythmic type. 

".rhis conclusion at once raises a question as 

to the age of the Jlocky Mountain orogenic 

disturbance. The petrographic evidence may 

.ultimately have more weight in deciding this 

question than has yet been assigned to it. At 

present this evidence seems to warrant the 

belief that there was no. great physical· break 

between the deposition of' the formations undCI·lying the Lance and that of the Lance and 

to corroborate the evidence afforded by the 

n.ttitude of the Lance and Fort Union formations, namely, that the present Rocky Mountains are of post-Fort Union rather than preLn.nce age. 

As to the probable source of the material, it 

is hardly profitable in our present state ·of 

knowledge to· speculate further than to say 

that it was evidently derived from the land 

mass to the west that ~s supposed to have been 

in existence during the Cretaceous period. It 

would yield interesting data, however, if 

observations of this character were extended 

over the entire region involved, and it might 

then be possible to form more definite conceptions, not only as to the source of the material, but also as to the conditions of its accumulation. · 

UPPER CRETACEOUS HISTORY. 

Variations in the character of sediments involving changes from sandstone to shale and 

from marine to fresh-water deposits imply corlresponding changes in physiographic conditions 

during the period of their accumulation and 

therefore furnish a basis for the_ interpretation 

of the past ~istory of the region in which they 

occur. 

Such changes occurred in north-central Montana during the Upper Cretaceous epoch. The 

area herein described happens to be favorably 

situated in that it furnished more exact evidence than has heretofore been available as to 

the magnitude of some of these oscillations of 

the sea and as to the extent and character of 

the formations involved. 

An understanding of these conditions will be 

facilitated "by a study of the diagrammatic 

section on Plate IV which extends from Black 

But.te, at the north end of the Judith Mountains, about 48 miles west of this area, southeastward to the longitude of Glendive, a total .· 

distance of about 210· miles. Section A is 

compiled from measurements made by W. R. 

Calvert in the Lewiston field and those made 

by the writer in 1912; sections B, F, and G are 

compiled from data collected by the writer 

while examining the area herein described; and 

information regarding conditions at Glendive 

is based on the record·of a well put down near 

that place by the Northern Pacific Railway Co. 

It is not possible to plot this record because 

the exact horizon of the mouth of the well is 

not known. The well was begun, however, 

somewhere near the top of the Pierre shale and 

continued to a depth of 2, 710 feet, which would 

bring it near the base of the Colorado shale. 

Upper Cretaceous time seen1s to have been 

ushered in by a widespread transgression of the 

sea extending westward beyond the eastern 

front of the present Rocky Mountains. During 

the Colorado epoch great quantities of mud 

and silt were spread out over the floor of this 

epicontinental sea, and its waters teemed with 

life, the remains of which were in part entombed 

in the accumulating muds that now constitute 

the Colorado shale. · The fine texture. and 

homogeneous character of this shale and its 

freedom from notable amounts of sandy material, except perhaps near its base, indicate 

that it was laid Q.own under yery uniform conditions. This implies that the relative elevations of land and sea must have remained 

nearly constant throughout the Colorado epoch. 

So the sea was filled to a depth of more than 

2,300 feet by the accumulated mud and as the 

land surface was necessarily lowered by the 

removal of this material, it seems necessary to 

infer that the relations between land and -sea 

level could not have remained constant unless 

the sea floor was being gradually depress~d at 

about the ,same rate as that at which the 

sediments accumulated. - -. . 

This gradual submergence was arrested and 

the Colorado epoch was brought to a close in 

the western part of the epicontinental sea by 

an uplift of the western land mass. As a result 
20 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, lOlD. 

of this uplift the sea became shallow and 

probably withdrew from local areas, and the 

accelerated streams brought doWn great quantities of sand, which were spread oyer the shallow sea floor and now constitute the Eagle 

sandstone. As the uplift progressed the sea 

withdrew from its former western shore to a 

point, in the latitude represented by the diagrammatic section on Pl~te IV, a few miles 

east of section A, for from that place westward 

the upper part of the Eagle sandstone contains 

thin beds of carbonaceous shale and lignite. 

The distance seaward to which this uplift was 

effective in producing a change of sedimentation is 2 or 3 miles east of section B, Plate IV, 

or about the present site of Musselshell River in 

. the western part of the area here discussed. 

At that place the Eagle sandstone feathers out 

between the Colorado and Claggett formations 

and thence eastward the deposition of shale 

was continuous through the Colorado,· Eagle, 

and Claggett epochs. 

Another submergence in the Glaggett epoch 

restored the sea over at least a part of the 

area from which it had been withdrawn, and 

the deposition of shale was extended westward, covering the Eagle sandstone in this 

part of Montana. This submergence did not 

extend as far northwest, however, as that of the 

Colorado epoch, because, as shown by Stebinger,t the entire interval between the Colorado 

and Bearpaw epochs in the vicinity of the front 

range of the Rocky Mountains was characterized by the deposition of sediments that were 

mainly of continental origin. 

After 500 to 700 feet of marine shale had 

been laid down another emergence set in ·which 

marked the beginning of the Judith River epoch. 

This emergence was more wid~spread than 

that of the preceding Eagle epoch, and during 

its progress the sea was withdrawn from the 

area herein considered to about the longitude 

of 107° 30'-that is, to some position between 

the points indicated by D and E in the diagrammatic section on Plate IV. ·The clay and 

sand not transported by the streams from the 

adjacent highlands were in part spread out as 

continental deposits on the emerged sea floor 

and in ·part carried out to the sea and deposited beneath its surface. Westward from 

point B the resulting sandstones and shales of 

1 Stebinger, Eugene, The Montana group of northwestern Montana: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 90, pp. 62-63, 1914. 

the Judith River formation contain the remains of land and fresh-water vertebrates and 

invertebrates, leaves, stems, trunks of trees, 

and beds of lignite; whereas east of point E 

these deposits contain the remains of marine 

organisms. 

How far eastward this Judith River uplift 

was effective is not known. Sections A to G in 

Plate IV sho~ that the . formation gradually 

thins from west to east, and apparently it 

either disappears or is represented by not 

more than 15 feet of sandstone at point H, in 

the longitude of Glendive. The well drilled by 

the Northern Pacific Railway Co .. ,in sec. 20; 

T. 14 N., R. 55 E., about 10 miles southwest of 

Glendive, was begun near the top of the Pierre 

shale and penetrated a bed of sandstone 15 

feet thick at a depth of 7 45 feet and another 

bed 6 feet thick at a depth of 900 feet. The 

remainder of the well log is given as shale down 

to a depth of 2,710 feet, or near the base of the 

Colorado. It is evident, therefore, that in the 

longitude o.f Glendive conditions of sedimentation were practically uniform throughout 

Colorado and Montana time and that the oscillations which gave rise to the Eagle and Judith 

River deposits to the west did not extend that 

far east. 

A renewed submergence brought the Judith 

River epoch to a close -and restored the sea 

over the entire known area of the Judith River 

formation. During this, the last widespread 

submergence, 1,000 feet or more of marine 

shale was laid down, constituting the Bearp~w 

formation. ~his submergence was followed by 

a widespread emergence that resulted in the 

withdrawal of the sea from this part of the 

continent, which has since remained above sea 

level except in small areas. This uplift was 

probably of epeirogenic character, because the 

next succeeding deposits seem to have suffered 

the same amount of orogenic deformation as 

the underlying Bearpaw shale. · · 

On the lowlands produced during this uplift 

the continental sediments and associated coal 

beds of the Lance and For·t Union were lai<i 

down apparently without interruption and 

under only such changes in conditions as resulted in the alternate deposition of sand and 

mud and the more or less extensive accumulation of vegetable growth. This period of depo~ 

sition was ·brought to a close by a widespread 

orogenic ''disturbance, accompanied by folding 
GHADATIONS FROM CONTINENTAL TO MARINE CONDITIONS IN CENTRAL MONTANA. 21 

and thrusting, which produced the principal 

tectonic features of the Rocky Mountain systCJn. Since that time erosion has reduced the 

land surface to its present form, though it n1ay 

be that between the epochs of deformation and 

erosion the Oligocene and Miocene deposits now 

found farther east were deposited over parts of 

this region as well. 

By way of sun1n1ary it n1ay be said that 

eastern ~orttana remained beneath the sea and 

was not affected by any oscillations of land and 

sea level tlu·oughout the Colorado and Montana 

epochs, whereas in the central part of the State, 

at least as far west as the front of the present 

Rocky Mountains, there were oscillations of 

land and sea level produced either by rhythmic 

gentle depressions of the sea floor or by uplifts 

of the land mass to the west. The first of these 

uplifts, which resulted in the deposition of the 

Eagle sandstone, was of the shortest duration 

and was effective in the ~rea here described for 

only a few miles east of its wester!} boundary. 

The uplift during the Judith River epoch was 

of longer duration, to judge by the thickness of 

material deposited, and was considerably more 

widespread. As a result of this uplift the sea 

withdrew to about the longitude of 107° 30~ 

and the site of sedimentation was shifted to 

some point east of the longitude of Forsyth, 

perhaps nearly as far east as Glendive. Because of this change the Montana group is in 

the central part of the State divisible into the 

Eagle, Claggett, Judith River, and Bearpaw 

formations but farther east consists of a single 

lithologic unit-the Pierre shale-to which a 

thin representative of the Fox Hills sandstone 

is added near the eastern boundary. In this 

eastern region also there is little if any _lithologic . 

distinction between the shales of the Colorado 

and Montana epochs. 
. I 

ill' 

r 

' 
PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS FROM THE ARCTIC COAST OF 

ALASKA AND THE AURIFEROUS BEACHES OF NOME NORTON SOUND 

ALASKA. ' ' 

By W,ILLIAM HEALEY DALL. 

INTRODUCTION. in 189'8, attention was attracted to this part of 

Exploration of the geology of the Arctic and Alaska, and the Geological Survey, represented 

subarctic shores of Alaska began as early as by A .. H. Bro?ks and F. ~· Schrader, ?egan 

the voyages of J{otzebue and Beechey, in 1816. geologw_work 1n the following year, but It was 

~nd 1826, and a detailed report on the verte- not until 1905 that any invertebrate fossils 

brate fossils found there, with a wealth of were received from 'the region; in that year a · 

illustration, was made by Sir John Richardson small lot of nine species received by F. H. Moffit, 

·in 1854, in the "Zoology of the voyage of the fr?m ~fr. J. J. V. Beaver, .of Nome, were subHeralil." Nothing of importance bearing on mitt~d to ~e, and lat~r a report on them was 

the Tertiary invertebrates of this region ap- publi~hed 1n the Amencan Journal of Science.3 

pears in the literature of the nineteenth cen- The Interest attaching to these fossils was so 

tury, and but li.ttle on those of the older forma- great that the members of the Survey working 

tions. A search of the marine sandstone in the region were urged to make special exerstrata on the right bank of the Yukon near tions to obtain a larger series. 

Nulato, n1ade by n1e in 1$67 and 1868, .dis- In 1908 E. ~L l{indle, P. S. Smith, and R .. D. 

dosed only' a few traces of fossils belonging to Mesler succeeded in obtaining a considerable 

the genus ].fytilus and led to the supposition numb~~ ~f specin1ens f~om va;ious localities in 

that the age of the deposit might be Tertiary, the _vi?Inity ~f. N om.e, of which I prepared a 

but later investigations place it in the ·Meso- prelimmary list. 4 · 

zoic. While I was in the Coast Survey service In the summers of 1912 and 1914 collections 

in 1880 the Pleistocene deposits i1~ Kotzebue were n1ade on the ·Arctic coast o! Alaska at 

Sound and near Bering Strait previously Peard Bay, about 30 miles southwest of Point 

referred to by Chainisso, ·Beechey, and Rich- Bai~row, and at Carter Creek, Camden Bay, 

.. ardson were exainined,t and numerous verte- about 1 mile from theeoast, byE. del{. Le:ffingbrate remains were collected; but, with the well. A small series of specimens submitted 

exception of a species of Pisidium, no inverte- by Leffingwell to the United States .Geological 

brates were found. Survey was determined by n1e and considered, 

With the explorations of F. C. Schrader and to belong to a stratun1 of the sa1ne Pliocene 

W. J. Peters, of the United States Geological age as those obtained farther east on the Arctic 

Survey, in 1901 2 the first really systematic coast by Schrader and Peters. 

geologic reconnaissance of the Arctic coast of 

Alaska was begun. They described the stratification of the coastal deposits aiid collected 

GEOLOGY. 

COLVILLE "SERIES." 

Inarine invertebrate fossils from theni, part of The portion of the Colville "series" referred 

which were subinitted to me and detennined to the later Tertiary is thus described by 

to be of Pliocene age. A brief summary of Schrader: s 

the species was prepared for the above-cited This portion of the.section is practically free from indureport. . rated rock. It consists of nearly horizontally stratified 

When gold was discovered in the beach sands beds of fine gray, slate-colored, or ash-colored calcareous 

of the north coast of Nor ton Sound, near N orne, 

1 Am. Jour. Sr.!., 3d scr., vol. 21, pp. 104-111, 1881. 

2 U. S. Goo!. Survey Prof. Paper 20, 1904. 

8 Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, p. 457, 1907. 

•Moffit, F. H., Geology of the Nome and Grand Central quadrangles, 

Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 533, pp. 45-46, 1913. 

6 U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 20, pl. 83, pl. 14, A, 1904. 

23 
24 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS -TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

silts, containing faunal remains. It is tentatively referred 

to the Pliocene on the basis of fossils c:ollected in place· by 

t~e writer in the bluff (near its top) on the west side of the 

Colville about a mile north of the seventieth parallel. 

The section assigned to the Pliocene horizon 

at Carter Creek, 1 mile from the coast of Camden Bay, on the Arctic shore of Alaska, was 

n1easured by Leffingwell as follows: 

Section at Carter Creek. 

Top. Feet. 

A. Sand with intermixed humus.................... 30 

B. Sand without' fossils, some graveL.... . . . . . . . . .. 80 

C. Pale-gray sand with marine fossils . ." ............ 100 

The fossils appear from the collections to be 

most abundant in the lower 100 feet of the 

section. 

GUBIK SAND. 

Schrader 1 describes the supposed Pleistocene 

deposit of the Colville River region as follows: 

Besides the Tertiary Colville series, which underlies the 

coastal plain along Colville River, the section here comprises deposits supposed to be Pleistocene. Of these, 

.probably the most important and interesting is a surficial 

deposit of brownish sand .or loam about 10 to 15 feet in 

thiclmess, which unconformably overlies the beds of the 

Colville series, apparently as a continuous mantle. * * * 

The deposit consists of fine sand, with apparently an ad~ 

mixture of considerable silt. In some localities it seems 

to be more sandy toward the base and more earthy toward 

the top, where it terminates in from one to several feet of 

dark-brown or black humus, clothed at the surface with 

moss and a little grass. It is ordinarily free from gravel, 

but in several instances subangular cherty pebbles, ranging from mere sand grains to fragments ·as large as onefourth inch in diameter, were .found. These occur very 

scatteringly and are sometimes roughened, as if wind worn. 

In some localities a fine gravel seems to intervene between 

the base of the deposit and the underlying Tertiary beds,_ 

as if representing the basal part of the deposit. The deposit as a rule is structureless, or without stratification 

planes. Owing to this fact, together with its surficial.and 

widespread occurrence and the homogeneity of its ruaterials, for want of a better term in field work it was called 

loess, but in the fear that this term may be undesirable, it 

is h,ere named the Gubik sand, after the Eskimo name of 

Col ville River. 

In a low bluff on the coast 15 miles southwest of Point Barrow settlement and in the 

talu,s from this bluff Leffingwell found five 

species of invertebrate fossils, all belonging to 

recent species. This deposit is probably Pleistocene and may be tentatively correlated with 

the Gubik sand of Schrader, which occupies 

a ·similar position in the section farther east. 

1 Op. cit., p. 93. 

NOME ELEVATED BEACHES. 

On the south side of Seward Peninsula (originally given the native name Kaviiak), on the 

·north shore of Norton Sound, the gold prospectors have revealed the presence of a series of 

ancient beaches the gravels of which contain 

numerous marine fossils, including a considerable proportion of extinct species leading 

to their identification as of Pliocene age. In 

referring the horizon containing .the nu~erous 

extinct species to a pre-Pleistocene age my 

conclusions rest entirely upon the paleontologic evidence. 2 It is proper to state that P. S. 

Smith and A. H. Brooks, of the Geological 

Survey, from physiographic observations, are 

disposed to· assign a Pleistocene age to the 

beaches. In regard to the succession of tl?-e . 

strata there is no difference of opinion. 

The present beach near N orne may be considered the "first beach." The "second beach" 

lies ir¥and, at an irregular distance that varies 

with the topography but is everywhere less than 

a mile, and has an elevation above sea level of 

37 feet. The "third beach," some 2! to 3! 

mile's inl.and, has been elevated to the height of 

79 feet above the sea.3 Between the second and 

third beaches are several less well-defined intermediate beaches, one of which is 22 feet above 

sea level, thus being lower than the second 

beach, to the south of it .. Between the second 

beach and the present beach shafts have been 

sunk to a depth of 65 to 70 feet which reach at 

about 20 feet below .the present sea level the, 

oldest beach of all those now known, which has 

locally received the name submarine beach or 

beaches. These beaches have been described 

in detail by Moffit in the bulletin cited. Doubtless still others remain to be discovered. 

INDICATIONS OF ELEVATION AND CLIMATE. 

The indications of the Tertiary geology of 

the northef:h and northeastern shores of Alaska 

are therefore, in substance, that from early 

Pliocene (if not even older) time the land 

underwent a general elevation, broken by 

periods of rest sufficient to allow the formation 

of low scarps with their attendant beaches, 

and at least one unimportant depression during 

the earlier portion of the period. The massive 

granite extrusion~, such as form Cape Prince 

2 Of 62 species 23, or 37 per cent, are extinct. 

a Moffit, F, H., U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 533, p. 41, fig. 9, p. 78, 1913. 
PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS FROM ALASKA. . 25 

of Wales, the Diomede Islands of the Bering 

Strait, and a considerable portion of the 

Asiatic coast on the west side of the strait, 

though probably not all of one age, are almost 

eertainly all older than the period during which. 

these beaches were in process of formation. 

'rhe presence of widely distributed Eocene 

or Oligocene leaf beds and lignitic coals, covered 

in smne localities by beds of sandstone containing n1ariue Miocene fossils, shows that a 

milder climate in earlier Tertiary time, allowing 

a profuse growt~ of. oaks, planes, figs, and other 

trees, was succeeded during the Miocene by a 

depression of much of the land below the sea 

level with a much colder climate and considerable volcanic activity. This was followed by 

a n1oderate amount of elevation, which has 

been practically continuous to the present 

time. During the Pliocene the climate seems 

to have moderated, judging by the character 

of the marine fauna, to be later subjected to 

the Arctic temperatures which came in with 

the glacial epoch and still persist. 

ROUTES OF MIGRATION OF FAUNA. 

~rhe bearing of these conditions upon the 

theories relating to the immigration of Asiatic 

land animals into America is important. A 

superficial glance at an ordinary map is likely 

to lead the observer who goes no deeper into 

the subject to the conclusion that land bridges, 

including the Bering Strait region and the 

Aleutian Island chain, may reasonably be 

assumed as the routes by which Asiatic immigrations took place. 

I have elsewhere 1 pointed out the ·serious 

objections to these assumptions that arise 

from a mm··e thor<?ugh knowledge of the 

geology. So far as the Aleutian route is concm·ned it n1ust be positively rejected as impracticable. The Bering Strait region offers more 

plausibility, yet the evidence so far gathered 

frmu geologic exploration indicates no.t only 

that no closer land connection than at present 

has existed between the two continents at 

Bering Strait since Miocene time but, on the 

. contrary, that the present separation is less 

than at any period during that time. The 

conclusion fron1 our present knowledge is 

inevitable either that the postulated land 

bridges must have existed in some other 

1 Am. Ant;hropologist,_v~I. 14, pp. 12-18, 1912. 

locality or that the assumed migration must 

have taken place over the ice of the strait 

when frozen, possibly during the glacial epoch. 

INTERCOMMUNICATION OF ATLANTIC AND 

PACIFIC FAUNAS IN PLIOCENE TIME. 

Still another important .conclusion is indicated by a study of the characteristics of the 

Pliocene marine invertebrate fauna. I· have 

already stated that the fauna indicates a more 

temperate sea than• a to present washes those 

.shores. Taken in connection with other data 

derived from a study of the North Atlantic 

Pliocene deposits in England, Iceland, and 

on the New England coast, the present investigation shows that a more free connection probably 'existed in Pliocene time between the 

North Atlantic and the Bering Sea regions. 

This is indicated by the presence in North 

Atlantic Pliocene beds, as fossils, of species 

still living in Bering Sea, and conversely by 

the presence in the North Atlantic recent 

fauna of species belonging to groups now extinct 

on the Pacific side in the Pliocene at Nome. 

F. W. Harmer,Z who is at present revising the 

fauna of the 0rag of England and Iceland, 

has already found genera and species Il'ow 

extinct in the North Atlantic region but living 

in Bering Sea. It is probable that on the 

completion of his monograph a still larger 

number will be noted. 

In an inv~stigation of the fossils .of the n1arl 

at Sankaty Head; Nantucket, the lower horizon 

of which is probably upper Pliocene, J. Howard 

Wilson,S in 1904, found several Bering Sea 

species now extinct in the Atlantic region. 

The presence of Oorbicula in a small Pliocene 

lens discovered by Woodworth above the 

Miocene beds of Gay Head, Marthas Vineyard, 

is proof that on the Atlantic, as on the Pacific 

coast, the Pliocene was an epoch in which the 

temperature of the sea-in that region was higher . 

than in the preceding and subsequent epochs. 

The presence of Rangia in 'the fossil fauna of 

Cornfield Harbor, Chesapeake Bay, is confirmatory evidence to the same effect. 

There is also evidence· of a southward extension of the cooler-water fauna of the Californian 

2 Pliocene Mollusca of Great Britain, Paleontographical Society, 1913, 

pl. 1, 1914; pt. 2, 1916. 

a The Pleistocene formations of Sankaty Head, Nantucket: Jour, Geology, vol. 13. pp. 713-734, 1905. 
26 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

Pleistocene on the Pacific coast as far as the 

island of Socorro, which will be presented in a 

future publication. 

LISTS OF SPECIES. 

The species collected at each locality on ~he 

Alaskan coast above indicated will now be 

enumerated. The collectors' station nuniber8 

are given when such numbers appear on their 

labels. The large .numbers are those of the 

stations as registered in the official records of 

the United States Geological Survey. 

Otter Creek, 2. miles from the coast near N orne, 50 feet 

below the surface and at an elevation above the present 

sea level of about 20 feet. Collected by J. J. V. Beaver, 

1905. Those marked with an asterisk now live south 

of the line of floating ice in winter, or, roughly, in about. 

the latitude of the Aleutian Islands. Pliocene. 

Pecten islandicus Muller. 

Pecten lioicus Dall (temperate type). Extinct. 

Pecten kindlei Dall (temperate typ1,3). Extinct. 

*Monia macroschisma Deshayes. 

Cardium sp. (fragment). 

Venericardia crassidens Broderip and Sower by. 

Venericardia crebricostata Krause. 

Macoma sabulosa Spengler. 

*Panomya ampla Dall. 

Hemithyris psittacea Gmelin va:r. alaskana Dall. 

Balanus sp. (fragments). 

Station 18a (5074). Second beach, about 1! miles north 

of N orne, at Center Creek, 32 feet below the surface and 

about 2o feet above the present level of the sea. Col-

. lected by E. M. Kindle, 1899. Pliocene. 

*Pecten kindlei Dall. 

*Monia macroschisma Deshayes. 

M ytil us· ed ulis Linne. · · 

Venericardia crebricostata Krause. 

*Astarte rollandi Bernardi. 

·Astarte arctica Gray. 

Astarte actis Dall. 

Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. 

Macoma middendorffii Dall. 

Macoma incongrua Martens. 

Macoma. sabulosa Spengler. 

*Siliqua cf. S. patula Dixon. 

Spisula polynyma var. alaskana Dall. 

*Mya sp. (aff. M. japonica Jay). 

Saxicava arctica Linne. 

*Panomya ampla Dall. 

Panomya arctica·var. turgicla Dan.· 

Chrysodomus mesleri Dall. 

Chrysodomus (fragment). 

Thais (N uc~lla) nomeana Dall. 

Trichotropis insignis Middendorf£. 

Natica sp. 

Natica aff. N. clausa Broderip and Sowerby. 

Cryptoctenidia magna Dall. 

*Balanus rostratus (Hoek) alaskensis Pilsbry.-

*Balanus evermanni Pilsbry. 

Station 2la (5075). Five miles east of Nome, from the 

second beach. Collected by E. M. Kindle, 1908. 

Pliocene. · 

*Magas~lla aleutica Dall. 

Hemithyris psittacea Gmelin var. alaskana Dall. 

Station 2lb (5076). Five miles east of Nome, from pros· 

pect holes in second beach.. Collected by E. M: Kindle 

and R. D. Mesler, 1908. Older Pliocene. 

Pecten islandicus Muller. 

Chrysodc::>mus sp. (fragment). 

Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dall. 

Hemithyris psittacea Gmelin var. alaskana Dall. 

*Magasella aleutica Dall. 

*Balanus rostratus alaskensis Pilsbry. 

Station 22a (5077). One and one-half miles east of Nome, 

.-from prospect holes in second beach. Collected by 

E. M. Kindle and R. D. Mesler, 1908. Pliocene. 

Pecten islandicus Muller. 

·*Monia macroschisma Deshayes. 

Mytilus edulis Linne. 

Cardium (Serripes) gronlandicum Gmelin. 

Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. 

Astarte sp. (fragment). 

Venericardia crassidens Broderip and Sowerby. 

Macoma middendorffii Dall. 

Macoma incongrua Martens. 

Saxicava arctica Linne. 

*Mya sp. (aff. M. japonica Jay). 

*Panomya ampla Dall. 

Buccinum sp. (fragment). 

Trichotropis insignis Middendorf£. 

Hemithyris psittacea Gmelin var. alaskana Dall. 

*Balanus rostratus alaskensis Pilshry. 

Station 22b (5078). One-fourth to one-half mile east of 

Nome, on the second beach, in prospect holes. Collected by E. M. Kindle and R. D. Mesler, 1908. Pliocene. 

*Monia macroschisma Deshayes. 

Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. ' 

Astarte actis Dall. 

Macoma incongrua Martens. 

Macoma middendorffii Dall. 

Saxicava arctica Linne. 

*Panomya ampla Dall. 

Spisula polynyma Stimpson var. alaskana Dall. 

Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dall. 

*Littorina palliata Say. 

Littorina sp. (aff. L. grandis Middendorf£). 

Cryptoctenidia magna Dall. 

·*Balanus balanoides (Linne) Pilsbry. 

*Balanus rostratus alaskensis Pilsbry. 

Station 627. Forty miles up Colville River from itS mouth 

on the Arctic coast. Collected by F. C. f?chrader, 1901. 

Pliocene. 

Chrysod.omus leffingwelli Dall. 

Pyrulofusus schraderi Dall. 

§tation 706(7. Peard Bay, about 30 miles southwest of 

Point Barrow, from top of high. bank. Collected by· 

E. de K. Leffingwell, 1914. Pleistocene(?). 

Astarte bennetti Dan: 

Astarte borealis Schumacher. 

Astarte leffingwelli Dall. 

Venericardia crebricostata Krause. 
PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE :E'OSSILS FROM ALASKA. 27 

Station A (7068). Carter Creek, 1 mile from the Arctic 

coast at Camden Bay, in fine consolidated· silt from. top 

to 30 feet below. Collected by B. de K. Leffingwell, 

1914. Pliocene. 

. *Nucuia mira,bilis A. Adams (Japan). 

Astarte actis Dall (fragment). 

V enericardia ere bricostata Krause. 

Saxicava arctica Linne. 

Lora sp.? (fragment). 

*Antiplanes sp.? (fragment). 

Buccinum sp. (fragment). 

*Balanus crenatus (Bruguiere) Pilsbry. 

Station B (70GD). Carter Creek, 100 yards east of station A 

(70G8) and 80 feet below it. Collected by K de K. 

I,efnngwell, 1Dl4. Pliocene. . 

Astarte carteriana Dall. 

*Antiplanes sp.? cf. A. purpmea Dall. 

Station C (7070). Carter Creek, 200 yards east .of station 

B (706!)) and 100 feet below it. Collected by E. de K. 

Leffingwell, 1914. Pliocene. 

Leda sp. (cf. L. arctica I .. oven). 

Leda sp. ( cf. L. frigida TorcH). · 

Astarte sp. (fragment). 

Cyrtodaria camdenensis Dall. 

*Cadulus arcticus Dall. 

Dentalium sp. (fragment). 

*Philine sp. (fragment). 

Turris (Antiplanes?) sp. (fragment). 

Crn)tonatica sp. (aff. C. clausa Broderip and 

Sower by). 

Amamopsis sp. (cf. A. islandicus .Gmelin). 

*Caecum sp. (:fJ:agment). 

Station 7228. Fifteen miles southwest of Barrow village, 

Point Barrow, Alaska, from talus below bluff on the 

coast. Collected by E. de K. J_,effingwell, 19~.0-12. 

Pliocene. 

Macoma sabulosa Spengler. 

Astarte actis Dall. 

Astarte lefl1ngwelli Dall. 

Venericardia c1·ebricostata K.rause. 

Balanus l'ostratus alaskensis Pilsbry. 

Station 7229. Specimens in place at same locality as 

st~"ttion 7228, taken from the bluff. Pliocene (?). 

· Astarte sp. (fragment). · 

Venerical'Clia crebricostata Krause. 

Chrysodomus fornicatus Gi·ay. 

Station 200a (7230). Camden Bay, Arctic coast, at Carter 

Creek. ·Collected ·by E. 'de K. Leffingwell, 191~. 

Pliocene. 

Astarte martini Dall. 

Astarte sp. 

Venericarclia nuwokensis Dall. 

Buccinum sp. (fragment) .. 

3tn.tion 200b (7231).- Same locality as st<"ttiou 7230. Collected by E. de K. Leffingwell, 1912. Pliocene. 

Musculus sp. (fragment). 

Serripes gronlandicus Gmelin. 

Astarte arctica Gmy. · 

Astarte martini Dall. 

Cyrtodaria camdenensis Dall. 

Colus sp. (fragment). 

Balanus sp. (fragment). 

Balanus balanoides (Linne) Pilsbry. 

131049°-20-3 

Station 19a (7618). One .mile nor~h of Fort Davis, east of 

Nome, Alaska,. near parting of Florence and Otter 

Creek gulches (Gallatin mine). Collected by R. ·D. 

Mesler, 1908. Pliocene~ 

Pecten islandicus Muller . 

*Monia macroschisma Deshayes. 

Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. 

Venericardia crebricostata Krause. 

Venericadia crasside:q.s Broderip and Sowerby. 

Astarte actis Dall. 

Macoma incongrua Martens. 

*Macoma brota var. lipara Dall. 

Macoma balthica Linne. 

Spisula polynyma Stimpson var. alaskana Dall. 

Saxicava arctica Linne. 

Panomya ampla Dall. 

*Panomya arctica Lamarck var. turgida Dall. 

Hemithyris psittacea Gmelin var. alaskana Dall. 

Bal~nus sp. (fragment). 

Station 18a (7619). Center Creek mines, 2 miles northwest· 

of Nome, at sec<md beach. CoHected by E. M. Kindle 

and R. b. Mesler, 1908. Pliocene. · 

*Pecten kindlei Dall. 

*Monia macroschisma Deshayes. 

Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. 

Astarte actis Dall. 

Macoma middendorffii Dall. 

Macoma balthica Linne. 

Spisula polynyma Stimpson var. a1askana Dall. 

Chrysodomus saturus Martyn. · 

Chrysodomus mesleri Dall. 

Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dall. 

Trichotropis insignia Middenclorff. 

*Natica sp. (aff. N. russa Gould). 

Cryptoctenidia magna.Dall. 

Balanus sp. (fragment). 

Station 20a (7260). Half a mile west of Nome, from tailings of Welsh mine on second beach. Collected by 

E. M. Kindle and R. D. Mesler, 1908. Pleistocene. 

Astarte fabula Reeve. -

Saxicava arctica Linne. 

Station 20b (7621). Half a mile west of Nome, from prospect holes on the tundra near Snake River, secOI1d 

beach. Collected by E. M. Kindle·ancl R. D. "Mesler, 

1908. Pliocene. 

· Mytilus edulis Linne. 

Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. 

Astarte sp. (fragment). 

V enericardia crassidens Broderi p and Sower by. 

Macoma baltliica Linne. 

Macoma midclendorffii Dall (fragment). 

Chrysodomus sp. (fragment). 

Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dall. 

Balanus sp. (fragment). 

Station 2 (7622). Half a mile northwest of Nome, from 

gravel10 feet below the surface, near submarine beach, · 

in prospect holes. Collected by E. M. Kindle and 

P. S. Smith, 1908. Pliocene(?). 

· Mytilus edulis Linne. 

*Monia macroschisma Desha yes. 

Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. , 

Venericardia crassidens Broderip and Sowerby. 

Macoma incongrua Martens. 

Macoma middendorffii Dall. 

Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dall. 

Balanus sp. (fragment). 

.. 
28 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

Station 1 (7623). Mine on submarine beach 30 feet below 

present sea level, half a mile northwest of Nome. Col~ 

lected byE.M. Kindlea~dP. S.Smith, 1908. Pliocene. 

· Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. 

Venericardia crassicostata Krause. 

Astarte hemicymata Dall. 

*Astarte (Gonilia?) diversa Dall. 

Macoma· balthica Linne. 

*Mya sp. (aff. M. jap~nica Jay). 

Chrysodomus sp. (fragment). 

Balanus sp. (fragment). 

Station 3 (7624). Prospect hole half a mile northwest· of 

Nome, on submarine beach .. Collected. by E. }.f. 

Kindle, ··1908. ····Pleistocene (?). 

Astarte fabula Reeve. 

Station 7477; 'Dump of..sh1.ft~so feet deep on the tundra 

between Dry and Bourbon creeks 1 mile from beach at 

Nome. Collected by F. L. Hess, 1905. Pliocene~ 

Admete sp.? (fragment). 

· Chrysodomus sp. (fragment). 

*Tachyrhynchus lacteola Carpenter. 

*Pecten (Chlamys) n. sp. (fragment). Southern type. 

Pecten (Chlamys) islandicus Miiller. 

Astarte sp. (fragment). 

Astarte hemicymata Dall. 

*Astarte di versa DalL 

Astarte arctica Gray. 

· Serripes gronlandicus Gmelin. 

Cardium ciliatum Fabricius. 

Venericardia paucicostata Krause. 

Macoma calcarea Gmelin. 

*Mya (n. sp. ?) (fragment). 

Saxicava arctica Linne. 

Balanus rostratus alaskanus Pilsbry. 

Myriozoum "truncatum Pallas" (n. sp. ?). 

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 

GASTROPODA. 

Antiplanes? cf. · A. purpurea Dan. 

A decorticated specimen of about six whorls 

presents the appearance of an Antiplanes of 

the type of A. purpurea ])all. It is in a state 

too dilapidated to serve as the basis of a description but is worthy of mention as an indication of the probable presence of this gen~s in 

the fauna. 

Station 7069, in the Pliocene, horizon B, 80 

feet below horizon A, and about 300 feet east· 

of station 7068. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue 

No .. 3.24316. It is about a mile from the Arctic coast in the Camden .Bay region; the matrix appears to be a hardly consolidated ash. 

There is a possibility that the specimen may 

represent a broken and decorticated Oolus. 

Chrysodomus mesleri Dall, n. sp. 

.Plate V, figures 2, 3. 

A fragment only of this species was obtained, 

but its characteristics are so pronounced that 

it can not fail to be recognized when better 

specimens are found. The shell had n1ore o 

than four whorls, with a smooth surface and an 

, .. .appressed suture strongly undulated by the 

ribbing; the penultimate whorl has seven extremely strong protractively angular axial ribs . . ' · proJectnlg as stout knobs at the shoulder 

which are connected by an obscure spiral 

ridge; the interspaces are deep and about as 

wide as the ribs; on the upper whorls the series 

of knobs develop into a continuous broad undulating spiral ridge and the ribs disappear· 

the last whorl is deficient, but the remainin; 

portion indicates that it was ribbed, at an; 

rate near the suture. Height of the penultimate whorl, 25 millimeters; diameter, 36 millimeters. 

Station 7619 (18a). Pliocene. From the 

Center Creek mines, 2 miles north of Nome. 

Collected by E. M. Kindle and R. D. Mesler, 

1908. U.S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324317. 

The species perhaps nearest allied to this, 

though sufficientlycdistinct, is 0. saturus Martyn, of the Recent fauna of Bering Sea. 

A fragment (fig. 3) from station 5074 (18a) 

at Center Creek, 1fmiles north of Nome, from 

the second beach, is probably of the same 

species and indicates that the ribs reached 

over the last whorl clear to the beginning of 

the twisted and recurved canal. 

Chrysodomus leffingwelli Dan, n. sp. 

Plate V, figure 11. 

Shell of moderate size, with more than four 

roun~ed whorls (apex decollate) separated by 

a distinct, deep, but not chailneled suture· 

whorls widest :;tt the shoulder; spiral sculptur~ of (between the sutures three, on the last 

whorl about 14) strong, somewhat flattened 

cords regularly spaced and separated •by wider 

channeled interspaces in which run from one to 

three minor cords which, toward the canal, 

may be absent; axial sculpture of (on· the last 

whorl eight or nine) rather narrow, not very 

prominent sigmoid ribs extending from the 

suture ov~r the body and becoming obsolete on 

the base; these ribs are less distin.ct on the 

spire, and the surface also bears fine, close-set 

incremental lines; pillar. twisted, inner lip 

slightly erased; canal moderately long with a 

very feeble siphonal fasciole, slightly recurved; 

outer lip defective in the specimen. Height 

of (decollate) three whorls, 74 ·millimeters; 
PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS FROM ALASKA. 29 

diameter at shoulder~ 40 millimeters; height 

of last whorl, 60 millimeters; of aperture, 49 · millimeters. 

Station 627, 40 miles up Colville River 

from the Arctic coast, with Pyrulofusus schraderi. Pliocene. Collected by F. C. Schrader, 

1901. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 210853. 

This species belongs to the general group 

represented by 0. lyrata Martyn but· does not 

agree closely with any of the known recent 

forms. Other specimens have the ribs more or 

less obsolete .. 

Pyrulofusus schraderi Dan, n. sp. · 

Plate V, figures 10, 13. 

Shell large, solid, dextral, with a short spire 

solete traces of spiral sculpture being apparent. 

The general aspect is rude, the suture closely 

appressed. None of the specimens show any 

denticulation on the inside of· the outer lip; 

there is a strong siphonal fasciolev and a very 

narrow chink between the· fasciole and the 

pillar, which is thick a~d callo'-ls, though 

there are no indications of a thickening of the 

inner lip. In size and general characteristics 

this form closely approaches N. lamellosa. 

Station 5074,Pliocene onCenterCreek, about 

1! miles north of N orne, from the. second 

beach. Collected by E. M. Kindle. U. S. 

Nat. Mus~ catalo~e No. 324318. 

Littorina palliata Say. 

and expanded last whorl; whorls about :five, Plate V, figure 12. 

rapidly increasing; nucleus large, swollen, of Shell small, smooth, solid, turbinate, of 

. about two whorls (decorticated in the speci- about four rounded whorls; suture distinct, 

men); subsequent whorls· scluptilled all over appressed; surface with hardly visible_ inwith extremely fine, close-set spiral threads; cremental lines; the rotundity of the whorls 

axial sculptm-e of inconspicuous incremen- slightly compressed in front of the suture; 

tal lines and on each whorl five very promi- aperture rounded, slightly angulate at the 

nent rounded sigmoid ribs dirninishing toward posterior commissure; ou.ter lip th:lck, not rethe base and stronger at the shoulder, below· fleeted, entire; body and umbilical region 

which they are very obliquely inclined for- with a thin flattened layer of callus :which 

ward; the interspaces are much wider than merges evenly into the basal lip; base conthe ribs; the suture is deep but hardly chan- vexly rounded. Height, 12 millimeters; diamneled; the whorl rises a li,ttle at the post~rior eter, 12.5 .millimeters; last whorl, 10 millicorner of the aperture and on the inner lip meters in height. 

is a thin layer of enamel. The base and a per- Station 5078 (22b). . PlioceD:e. From prostru-e of the unique specimen are deficient. pector's pits on the second beach, one-half 

Diameter of specimen at aperture from the to one-fourth mile ~as_!. of Nome. Collected by 

inner lip, about 50 ~meters; estimated Kin d R D M s · · 11 .

11. E. M. die an . . esler, 1908. U. . ongma ength, about 75 rm 1meters. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324319. 

Pliocene at station 627, 40 miles up Col- . This species is of the type of Littorina palville River from its mouth at the Arctic coast, liata Say, of which no living form now inin silt beds 80 feet above the river, 5 to 15 

feet below the base of loess, 20 feet below the habits the Pacific Ocean or _any part of the 

Arctic coast west of Mackenzie River and 

surface of the soil. Collected by F · C. Schra- east of the Lena. The specimen retains some 

der. U.S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 210854. of the yellowish coloration· characteristic of 

Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dan, n. sp. 

Plate V, figure 9. 

This forn1 is represented only by worn 

and more or less defective specimens which 

1-esemble the for1n from the Pliocene of Coos 

Bay, Oreg.,. describeQ. by the writer. 

It 'is certainly a precursor of N. lamellosa 

Gn1elin and would probably by casual observers be referred to as a variety of that 

spec1es. The shell is nearly smooth, only obthe Atlantic form, and after a scrutinizing 

comparison with specimens of Littorina palliata from Rhode Island and wi·th all the 

va~ieties of obtusata from Europe, no characters 

have been discovered by which the Nome fos-· 

sil can be d~stinguished from Littorina paT;-

liata. This is. natural enough, as obtU8ata 

has never been found in America, whereas palliata is excessively coml:non on the New England coast in localities where it has not been 

supplanted by the introduced Littorina litorea. 
30 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919·. 

The differences of size, form, and geographic 

distribution seem to be conclusive as to the 

· specific distinction between Littorina ·obtusata.and Littorina palliata. They are not Arc-· 

tic shells. · · 

Cryptoctenidia magna Dall, n. sp. 

Plate V, figure 1. 

Shell large for the genus, ovate, apex very 

anterior, the back behind it roundly arched, 

the anterior slope more steeply descending; the 

apex blunt, usually eroded; sculpture of fine 

radiating threads with subequal interspaces, 

more or less cut into segments by incised lines 

corresponding to resting stages and equally 

distributed over the shell; interior white, the 

margins entire, smooth; the muscular impression narrow, connected in front of the head by 

a linear scar indicating the attachment of the 

mantle. Height, 10 millim~ters; length, 29 

miliimeters·; breadth, 25 millimeters; apex. behind the anterior margin, 5 millimeters. A 

defective specimen measures 34 millimeters 

long and 29 millime~ers wide. . . 

Stations 5074, 5078, and 7619. Pliocene 

of C~nter Creek, 1t miles north of Nome, from 

the" second beach," collected by E. M. Kindle. 

Also from prospect holes on the second beach, 

one-fourth to one-ha~f mile east of Nome; and 

from Center Creek mines 2 miles northwest 

of Nome. Collectedby E. M.Kindle and R. D. 

·Mesler, 1908. U.S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 

324320. 

The species of this genus are very similar to 

one another, but this is larger than any of the 

recent forms and differs in details of sculpture . 

Cadulus arcticus Dall, n. sp .. 

Plate V, figure 8. 

Shell Slll:all, slender, arcuate, smooth, with 

circular section and no swelling ventrally; the 

c·olor is white with ·narrow translucent zones 

n:regularlx disposed. Length, 7 millimet.ers; 

. diameter at anterior end, 0.75 millimeter; 

height of arc described by the ventral curve, 

1.2 millimeters. 

. Station 7070 .. Pliocene of Carter Creek, in 

the Camden Bay region of the Arctic coast, 

stratum C, 100 feet below stratum B and 600 

feet east of station 7069, 1 mile from the coast. 

Collected by E. de.K·. Leffingwell, 1914. U.S. 

Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324322. 

This stratum, from . the . collector's. notes, 

seems to be some 220 feet below the uppern1ost 

stratum of the section. 

PELECYPODA. 

Pecten (Chlamys) kindlei Dall, n. sp. 

Plate VI,· figures 2, 7. 

Shell large, rat~er r.ude, belonging to the 

group of Pecten swijti Bernardi. Right valve , 

with four broad, low r.adial ribs separated .by 

much narrower, shallow, ill-defined interspatial furrows; the whole surface sculptured with 

strong radial, more or less paired flattish cords, 

often minutely medially grooved and sometimes separating into two distinct radii; the 

interspaces are about as wide as the cords and 

distinctly channeled; they also retain patches 

of a minute reticulated surface la1nellation;., 

the beak ·is pointed, the anterior ear large, 

aliform, with an acute but not deep notch, 

leaving a .broad concentrically laminate fasciole, the margin of the disk at the notch with a 

ctenolium of two or three rather widely separated short spinules; the. radial threads crossed 

by rather coarse incremental lines; the posterior ear is very short, narrow, and oblique; 

inner surface of the valve smooth except near 

the distal ~argin, where it reflects the external. 

sculpture; the add~ctor scar large, the resiliary pit rather s,rnall for the size of the shell, 

with the lateral n1argins raised; a narrow, 

transversely ·striated area exists, broader on 

the left valve; there are no auricular crura. 

Left valve with five narrow radial ribs separated by wider shallow interspaces which are 

. wider on the posterior half of the disk; the surface is covered with radial cords as in the other. 

valve, but these are finer and closely crowded 

on the submargins; the reticular surface layer 

is the same. as. in the left valve, but the right 

valve as usual is more convex; anterior ear 

triangular, large, with about eight. or ten radial 

cords; posterior ear narrow and ~hort; both set 

off from the submargins of the disk by a deep, 

wide furrow; hi~1ge line s ti·aight, with a flat · 

area half as wide as the length of the pit. The 

young valves retain a reddish tinge in their 

substance. Height of ~dult valve, 92 millimeters; width of disk, 78 millimeters; of hinge 

line, 45 millimeters; diameter,. 27 millimeters. 

Station 7619, Pliocene of Cen~er Creek 

mines, 2 miles north of N orne, from the 
0 

PLIOCENE AND PLJ~TSTOCJ!}NE FOSSILS FROM ALASKA. 31 

second beach. Collected by E. :M. · IGndle and 

R. D. :Mesler, 1908. U.S. Nat. :Mus. catalogue 

No. 324301. 

This species, fron1 fragmentary rmnains collected by J. J. V. Beavei·, of Non1e, was identi:fted by 1ne in 1907 ,t with P. ( 0.) swifti Ber11ardi, of northern Japan. The present much 

rnore complete rnaterial, obtained the following 

year, enables n1e to correct this identification. 

The shell indeed n1uch resembles the Japanese 

forn1, but it bas not the concentric waves due 

to resting stages that appear in P. swijti, and 

the posterior ear is of quite different shape. 

The two bear to one another much such a relation as is fom;d between P ecteri nodosus of the 

Antilles and P. subnodosus of the Pacific coast 

of An1erica. 

Related. to this species is the P. parmeleei Dall 

:fron1 the Pliocene of San Diego, Calif., with 

which frag1nents from a Pliocene deposit near 

Crescent City, C~lif., were. identified. The 

latter (figm·ed by Arnold2)upon later and more 

exact study prove to be indistinguishable from 

the true P. swijti of Japan. The minute 

structure of the reticulated outer layer of P. 

]Ja?"'neleei is quite distinct from that of P. 

swijti or the present species, but this delicate 

structure is so rarely preserved intact in the 

fossils that its help in specific discrhnination is 

selclmn available. 

Pecten (Chlarnys) Iioicus Dall. 

Pecten (Chlarnys) lioicus · Dall, Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., 

vol. 23, p. 457, fig. 1, 1907. 

Frotn 50 feet below the sm·face in n1arine 

gravels near N orne, Norton Sound, Alaska, 

:frmn a collection received by F. H. Moffit 

fr01n Mr. J. J. V. Beaver, of Nome; ·donated 

to the U. S. Geological Sm·vey. U. S. Nat. 

:Mus. catalogue ·No. 110480. Pliocene. 

No further specimens of this very distinct 

species have ''cmne to hand. 

Pecten (Chlarnys) n. sp. 

It 

In the 1naterinl from the du1np of an 80-foot 

shaft about a n1ile north of Nome (station 7477) 

were fragments of a Pecten undoubtedly distinct 

fro1n ~ny known northeastern Pacific species, 

but insufficient~y complete to warrant nan1ing. 

The ~·ibs are high, with wider channeled interI Am. Jour. Sci., 4th sor., vol. 23, p. 457, 1907. 

2 Amold, Ralph, 'l'ho 'l'ortiary and Quaternary pectens of California: 

U.S. Goo I. Survey Pr()f. Paper 47, pl. 41, figs. 5, 5a, 1906. 

spaces. On the back of the ribs in the· middle 

of the valve is a strong radial cord on each side 

of which is a smaller cord ·separated fr01n the 

median ·one by a narrow groove. The more 

later~l ribs have a groove between two lnoderately strong cords, the inner cord· of the 

n1edial ribs becoming obsolete. The ribs bear 

small low imbricating scales .. In the interspaces the :fine sculpture is minutely tessellate, 

the alternate scales s01uetimes raised, giving a. 

n1inutely pustular effect. The n1edial ribs:. 

are about 3 millimeters and the interspaces 

about 4 millimeters wide. The submargins 

are feebly and more numerously threaded. 

Th~ interior is smooth, grooved in harn1ony 

with the external sculpture. The shell probably reaches a length of some 3 inches when 

adult. 

Astarte actis Dall, n. sp. 

Plate VI, figures 4, 5. 

Shell of n1oderate size, rounded, very thick, 

nearly equilateral, beaks rather pointed, not 

conspicuous, usually n1ore or less eroded; lunule 

lanceolate, narrow, elongate, shallow; ligamentary nyn1ph strong, the nearly linear escutcheon 

extending beyond it 3 or· 4 millimeters; outer 

. surface rather rudely sculptm·ed with coarse 

concentric incremental lines; hinge extremely 

he~vy, in the right valve a strong thick cardinal 

with deep pits on each side to receive the two 

narrower cardinals of the left· valve, the posterior of which is more or less radially furrowed; 

·there are traces of ·an obsolete anterior lateral 

in the left valve and of a receptacle for it in the 

right valve which vary in distinctness with the 

individual specimen; impressions of the adductors and mantle attachment are usually deep· 

and distinct; the inner margins of the valves 

are entire. Height, 33 millimeters; length, 36 

millimeters; diameter, 20 millimeters. 

Station 5074 (18a). Pliocene on Center 

Creek, about half a mile north of N orne, from 

the second beach; collected by ·E. M. Kindle. 

U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324302. Also 

station 7619 (l8a), Center Creek mines, 2 miles 

northwest of Nome; collected by E. :M. ICindle 

and~~ D. :Mesler, 1908. 

Astarte carteriana Dall, n. sp. 

Plate VI, figures 1, 3. 

Shell of "n1oderate size, rather inflated, the 

general profile like Saxidomus giganteus on a 

s1nall ·scale; surface .sculptured with rather 
32 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

rude incremental lines; anterior end shorter, 

beaks rather pointed over a .conspicuously depressed but not sharply limited lunular area; 

there is no escutcheon; a· rather long nymph 

supported an external ligament under which in 

one specimen in the left valve is an excavated 

space haVing the aspect of the resilifer for a 

rather large internal resilium; in front of this 

is a single strong cardinal tooth with a wellmarked socket for a cardinal of the opposite 

valve; the hinge of the right valve is deficient 

in the specimen, but under .the lunule there is 

a rather well-marked lateral lamina; the posterior end of the shell is rather bluntly rounded, 

the ·base evenly arcuate; the. muscular scars 

are emphatically excavated, the inner valve 

· margins smooth. Proportions taken from the 

incremental linef} of -a fractured specin1en: 

Height, 16 millimeters; length, 25 millimeters; 

diameter, about· 10 millimeters. The· whole 

, specimen when entire must have had a height 

of about 30 millimeters, and a length of more 

than 37 millimeters. 

Station 7069. Pliocene of Carter Creek, 

stratum B, 80 feet below stratum A, and 100 

yards east of station 7068. U. S. Nat. ~tfus. 

catalogue No. 324304. 

The specimens of this species ·consist of three 

fragments, only on(3 showing the entire hinge. 

The excavation resembling a resiliary pit is 

probably the effect of erosion, in which case 

the shell would be allotted to the genus Astarte. 

At any rate the species can not. be a typical 

Orassatellites, on account of the well-marked 

external ligament. Other specimens otherwise 

siin.ilar have the hinge of Astarte, though the 

teeth are more oblique and less triangular than 

in n1ost of the Recent species. 

Astarte leffingwelli Dall, it. sp. 

very fine, even mcremental lines; hinge com· 

pressed, in the left valve with two thin and 

prominent cardinals and a long, little elevated, 

but distinct posterior lateral lamina; muscular 

scars excavated. Height, 25 millimeters; 

length, 32 millimeters; diameter, 12.5 millimeters. 

Station 7228. Pliocene. In talus below low 

bluff on the seacoast 15 miles southwest of 

Point Barrow; collected by E. de K. Leffingwell; U. S. Nat. ~1us. catalogue No. 324305. 

Also station 7067, about 30 miles southwest of 

Point Barrow ·at Peard Bay; probably Pleistocene; collected by E. de K. Leflingwell. 

Ast~rte martini Dall, n. sp. 

Plate VI, figure 12. 

Shell· small, ovate, with inconspicuous 

pointed beaks, dorsar slopes straight, anterior 

end rounded, shorter, base evenly arcuate, 

posterior end slightly longer, attenuated and 

almost obliquely truncated; a narrow elongate 

escutcheon and shorter, narrower, slightly 

excavated lunule present;· sculpture of somewhat irregular, slightly raised, close set, concentric, narrow, wavelets, b~coming almost 

lamellose near the edge of the lunule; and 

in other specimens reduced to· nan ow threads 

on the disk;· hinge heavy, normal, muscular 

.impressions somewhat excavated, inner margin smooth. Height, 15 millimeters; length, 

19 millimeters; diameter, 10 millimeters. 

A larger but defective valve is 25 millimeters 

long. 

Station 7231. Pliocene. Carter · Creek. 

Collected by E. de K. Leffingwell, 1912. U.S. 

Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324307. 

Astarte hemicymata Dall, n. sp. 

Plate VI, figures 9, 10. 

Plate VI, figures 6' 8· Shell triangular, basally rounded, flattish; 

Shell ·of nlo,derate size, with high pointed beaks narrow, high and pointed, prosocoelous; 

· prosocoelous beaks curving over a deeply exca- lunule deeply excavated, lanceolate; escutcheon 

vated, lanceolate lunule; ·anterior end shorter, feebly defined, narrow, obscure; sculpture of 

dorsal n1argin concave, beiow evenly rounded; . seven or eight broad concentric flattish waves 

posterior dorsal n1argin nearly straight, de- with narrower shallow interspaces, obsolete 

scending, with a.short ligan1entary nymph a:nd toward the base, and fine feeble incremental 

a narrow escutcheon nearly three times as long lines; hinge compressed with (in the left· valve 

as the nymph; posterior end rounded, attenu- two) slender, somewhat arcuate teeth; muscuated, base evenly arcuate, with a s~ooth inner lar impressions moderately impressed; inner 

1nargin; sculpture nearly smooth, under a lens margins of the valves smooth; anterior end 

with faint concentric nauow undulations and below the lunule evenly rounded into the base; 
PLIOC:ENE AND PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS FROM ALASKA. 33 

posterior end more attenuated, rounded. The latter feature is due to the ·fact that the 

lleight, 20 millimeters; length, about 24 specimens dredged hav_e been decorticated 

1nillimeters; diameter, 6 millimeters; but the single valves. As there was an earlier Astarte 

fragments available· indicate that it may bipartita of Sowerby when·the Mediterranean 

attain double the above dimensions. species was assigned to the genus, Philippi's 

Station 7623. Pliocene. From submarine specific name could not be retained, and in 1903 

beach, ·30 feet below sea level, half a mile I proposed as a substitute the name calliglypta. 

northwest of Nome. Collected by E. M. The present species may, however, b~ more 

IGndle and P. S~ Smith, 1908. U. S. Nat. nearly related to the Pacific Rictocyma than to 

Mus.· catalogue No.· 324308. the Mediterranean Gonilia. 

Astarte (Gonilia?) diversa Dall, n. sp. V enericardia nu wokensis Dan, n. sp. 

Plate V, figure 6. Plate V, figure 14. 

Shell small, rounded triangular, with promi- Shell small, rotund, moderately infLated, 

nent prosocoelous pointed beaks; nearly equi- with slightly prominent beaks, dorsal angle 

lateral, the anterior end slightly shorter; lunule about 85°; sculpture of about 20 radiating ribs 

lanceolate, deeplyD impressed, concentrically with somewhat narrower channeled interstriated, bounded by a sharp angular keel; spaces, crossed by rather regularly spaced 

escutcheon narrow, elongated, obscure; umbo- low threads which swell into nodules on the 

nal angle about 90°, dorsal slopes straight, back of the ribs at their intersections; base 

ends and base evenly rounded; sculpture semicircul~, internally crenulate in harmony 

divaricate, some specimens with narrow ribs with the external sculpture; ·hinge normal; 

with. the apex central and tlie interspaceso teeth short and very strong for the size of_ the 

equal, the ribs becoming wider and more shell. Height, 13 millimeters; length, _11 milliirregular towa1·d the ends of the shell, others meters; diameter, 9 millim:eters. · 

with few broad divaricate ribs tending to Station 7230. Pliocene. Carter Creek. 

obsolescence in the middle of the disk, and Collected by E. de K. Leffingwell, 1912. U.S. 

still otliei·s having broad, low ribs irregularly Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324310. 

broken up into flattish nodules distributed 

divaricately but more or less irregularly; 

cardinal teeth short, narrow, two in the left 

~nd one in the right ·valve; ligament short; 

margin of the left valve, under the escutcheon, 

grooved; cavity of the valve extending under 

the hinge, adducto~ scars impressed, internal 

1nargins of the valves smooth. Height, 15 

nlll.limeters; length, 18 millimeters ; diameter, 

8 millimeters; but reaching a larger size as 

indicated by fragments. 

. Station 7623 (1). Pliocene. l-Ialf a mile 

northwest of N orne, from submarine beach 30 

feet below the level of the sea. Collected by 

E. M. Kindle and P. S. Smith, 1908. U. S. 

Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324309. 

This is a remarkable species. The typical 

Gonilia (bipartita Philippi, as Lucina) is. a small 

:Mediterranean shell with a crenulate inner 

rnargin and obsolete lunule. Otherwise the 

only systematic difference is of size. The 

c_urrent descriptions of the original Gonilia are 

in error in giving it three cardinal teeth in each 

valve and stating that it has no epidermis. 

Macoma middendorffii Dan. 

Plate VI, figures 11, 13. 

This peculiar species seems rather characteristic of the Pliocen~ at Nome, although in the 

Recerit fauna it is more southern in its general 

distribution, not having been found living 

north of Bering Strait. It has been obtained 

at stations 5074,. 5077, 5078, 7619, 7621, and 

7622. 

Cyrtodaria camdenensis Dan, n. sp. 

Plate V, figu:e 7. 

Shell of n1oderate size, nearly equilateral, 

equivalve, gaping at both ends; the umbones 

subcentral, inconspicuous, the anterior end 

slightly longer; valves thick, with an unsculp-

"tured surface, n1ore or less marked by concentric incremental lines; dorsal and ventral 

margins nearly parallel, anterior end rounded, 

posterior end subtruncate, rounded above and 

below; ligament strong and prominent; adductor sc"ars small, pallial line distinct, entire, with 

a small round scar at the ventral anterior end 
34 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

indicating the attachinent of an area of the BRACHIOPODA. 

mantle; hinge edentulous; a small portion of Hemithyris psittacea Gmelin var. alaskana Dall, n. var. 

the periostracum appears to be preserved and 

shows a black color. Height at umbones, Plate V, figures 4, 5. 

23 millimete~; length, 48 millimeters; diame-· Shell very thin, resembling the typical forn1 

ter, 15 millimeters; umbo11es behind the an- of .the species but much more delicate, pale buff, 

terior end, 25 millimeters. passing into yellowish gray, surface marked by 

Station 7070. Pliocene. Horizon C, 100 irregular lines of growth and sculptured with 

feet bel~w horizon B, at Carter Creek, Arctic radiating incised lines with much wider intercoast, in the Camden Bay region. Collected spaces; pedicel valve less convex than the 

by E. de K. Leffingwell. U. S. Nat. Mus. other, the ninge moderately strong. Height, 

catalogue No. 324311. 22 to 25 millimeters; breadth, 22 to 26 milliThis is larger and ·broader than the 0. meters; diameter of pedicel valve, 6 n1illimeters; 

kurriana Dunker, the only species now found of ventral valve, 9 millimeters. 

living on the coast, and differs in outline Station 7618 (19a). Older· Pliocene. One 

from the· Atlantic 0. siliqua Daudin, which mile north of Fort Davis (Gallatin mine), east 

has also ·a more irregular pallial line and larger of Nome, near the parting o:&Florence and Otter 

adductor scars. · Creek gulches. Collected by R. D. Mesler, 

Mya·n. sp.? 1908. U.S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 324313. 

The genus Mya is represented in the collection 

only by fragments including the more solid 

parts of the valve near the hinge. The chondrophore is more oblique than· in any recent 

American species and resembles that of Mya 

japonica, but the receptacle of the flatter 

valve is entirely different in details from that 

of any of the boreal species, all of which have 

been compared with it. This leads to the conclusion ~hat it represents a distinct species, 

but I refrain from nailling it until specimens 

showing the characters of the entire shell shall 

have been collected. . Numerous defective 

specimens have been examined. Pliocene. 

Fragments were collected at stations 18a 

and 22a (U .. S. G. S. stations 5074 and 5077) 

from the second beach within 1! miles of 

Nome, by E. M. Kindle, and: at station 7623, 

from the submarine beach, 30 feet below the 

sea level, half a mile northwest . of N orne, by 

E. M. Kindle and P. S. Smith. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. catalogue No. 324312 .. 

Magasella aleutica Dall. 

I have catalogued this species under the na1ne 

by which it was originally designated, though 

I have a suspicion that it represents the Magasella stage of development of some larger terebratelloid species. It does not agree closely 

with the young of Terebratalia frontalis Middendorf£, and Terebratalia coreanica Gould has not 

been found in the Aleutians. In the absence of 

any other available species the question must 

be left open. Pliocene to Recent. 

POLYZOA. 

Myriozoum n. sp. 

At station 7477, in the dump of an SO-foot 

shaft about a mile north of Nome, occurred 

fragments of a Myriozoum which were submitted to R. S. Bassler. He reported: "This is 

usually identified as Myriozoum truncatum Pallas but undoubtedly is a distinct ·species."· 

The horizon is probably Pliocene. 
• 

• 

PLATES v·-v1. 

35 
r .' 

I 

• • 

PLATE V. 

Page. 

FIGURE 1. Cryptoctenidia magna Dall, length 28 millimeters ...... !......................................... 30 

3. Chrysodomus mesleri Dall, fragment showing back of penultimate whorl, diameter 33 millimeters... 28 

3. Chrysodomus mesleri Dall, basal fragment, height 32 millimeters...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

4. Hemithyris ps~ttacea alaskana Dall, outside of pedicel valve, length 22·.5 millimeters............... 34 

5. HemithyTis psittacea alaskana Dall, outside of ventral valve, diameter 23.5 millimeters ............. · 34 

6. Astarte diversa DaU, outside of left valve, length 18.5 millimeters ...................... :. . . . . . . . . . 33 

7. Cyrtodaria camdenensis Dall, impression of interior of right valve, length 47 millimeters............ . 33 

8. Cadulus arctf,cus Dall, magnified, length 7.5 millimeters ......... _................................ 30 

9. Thais (Nucella) nomeana Dall, height 62 millimeters............................................. 29 

10. Pyrulofusus schraderi Dall, spire viewed from above, diameter 53 millimeters..................... 29 

11. Chrysodomus leffingwelli Dall, height 73 millimeters.............................................. 28 

12. Littorina pall·iata Say, magnified, diameter 12.5 millimeters..................................... 29 

13. Pyrulofusus schraderi Dall, profile, base defective, diameter 60 millimeters........................ 29 

14. Venericardia nuwokensis Dall, outside of right valve, magnified height 13 millimeters............. 33 

36 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

r , . 

' . 

l 

2 

6 

9 

12 

7 

1 0 

13 

ALASKAN l<'OSSILS. 

3 

• 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE V 

4 

5 

8 

ll 

14 
• 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE VI 

1 3 

2 

4 5 

6 

8 

9 10 

7 

11 12 13 

ALASKAN FOSSILS. 
PLATE VI. 

FIGURE l. Astarte carteriana Dall, exterior of left valve, length 36 millimeters ............................. . 

2. Pecten ( Chlmnys) k1~ndlei Dall, exterior of young left valve, height 56 millimeters .......... , ..... . 

3. Astarte carteriana Dall, interior of left valve, length 36 millimeters .............................. . 

4. Astarte actis Dall,'interior of right valve, length 37 millimeters ................................. . 

5. Astarte actis Dall, exterior of left valve, length 37 millimeters .................................. . 

6. Astarte le.ffingwelli Dall, exterior of left valve, length 31.5 millimeters._ .......................... . 

7. Pecten ( Chlamys) k·indlei Dall, exterior of adult right valve, height 91.5 ·millimeters ............... . 

8. Astarte le.ffingwelli Dall, interior of left valve, length 31.5 millimeters ................. : ......... . 

9. Astarte hemicymata Dall, exterior of (broken) left valve, not quite mature, length 17 millimeters .. .. 

10. Astarte hemicymata Dall, interior of same valve ........................... · ..................... . 

11. }.{acoma middendor_ffii Dall, interior of right valve, height 46.5 mill~meters ........................ . 

12. Astarte martini Dall, length 27.5 millimeters ................................................. .. 

13. }.{acoma middendorffii Dall, ~xterior of right valve, height 46.5 millimeters ...................... . 

37 

Page. 

31 

30 

31 

31 

31 

32 

30 

32 

32 

32 

33 . 

32 

33 

.. 

THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 

By JosEPH A. CusHMAN. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Orbitoid Foraminifera, on acconnt of their 

short stratigrt"Lphic rnnge, have proved to be 

excellent horizon. markers, and, because of 

their wide geographic dis.trib~tioJ?-, they ·are 

valuable in correlation: The genus Orbitoides, 

as now restricted, is found exclusively in deposits of Cretaceous age; Orthophragmina appears t<? be confined to the Eocene; but Lepidocyclina ranges through the upper Eocene and 

Oligocene. 

In the present paper are described all the 

known . American. species of Orthophragmina 

n.nd Le1Jidocyclina. The species are listed below in groups according to the geologic formations in which they nre found. The relative 

ages of the formations are shown in the accompanying correlation table, which is copied 

·from a paper by T. W. Vaughan.1 As stated 

in the footnote to the table, I am not in accord 

with Douville regarding the age of the limestone on Haut Chagres and near David, Panama, but regard it us Eocene because it contains two species of Orthophragmina. !lowever, two of the three species of Lepidocyclina 

found near David (L. panamensis and L. duplicata) occur also near Tonosi, Panaina, associated with fossils characteristic of the middle 

Oligocene, the age of the lower part of the 

Culebra formation; and L. chaperi, described 

originally from Haut Chagre~, occurs in the 

Culebra formation at a higher horizon. 

Am.ericcm species of Orthophragrnina and Lepidocyclina. 

EOCENE. 

Ocala limestone: 

Orthophragmina flintensis Cushman. 

· georgiana Cushman. 

mariannensis Cushman. 

mariannensis var. papillata Cushman. 

:vaughani Cushman. 

americana Cushman. 

1 Tho biologic chrLmctor fLlld geologic corrolrLtion of tho sedimentary 

formrLtJons of PanrLma in their rolrLtion to the geologic history of Contrn1 

Aroorlca and tho West Indies: U. S. NrLt. Mus. Bull.103, table frLcing p. 

595, 1919. 

Ocala limestone-Continued. 

· J_,epidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n. sp. 

fragilis ·cushman, n. sp: 

pseudocarinata Cushman, n. sp. 

cookei Cushman, n. sp. 

attenuata Cushman, n. sp. 

floridana.Cushman, n. sp: 

pseudomarginata Cushman, n. sp. 

ocalana Cushman, n. sp. 

ocalana yar. subdecorata Cushman, n. var. 

hilli Cushman, n. sp.? 

Jackson formation: 

Lepidocyclina mortoni Cushman, n. sp. 

St. Bartholomew limestone: 

Orthophragmina marginata Cushman. 

antillea Cushman. 

Lepidocyclina antillea Cushman. 

Brito formation (Nicaragua): 

Orthophragmina hayesi Cushman, n. sp. 

flintensis Cushman. 

georgiana Cushman. 

David, Panama: 

Orthophragmina minima Cushman. 

· antillea Cushman. 

Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman. 

panamensis Cushman. 

duplicata Cushman. 

Haut Chagres, Panama: 

Lepidocyclina chaperi Lemoine and R. Douville. 

Cuba: 

Orthophragmina cubensis Cushman. 

pustulata Cushman. · 

crassa Cushman. 

sculpturata Cushman. 

subtaramellei Cushman. 

Lepidocyclina perundosa Cushman. 

subraulinii Cushman. 

California: 

Orthophragmina clarki Cushman, n. sp. 

OLIGOCENE. 

Marianna limestone: 

Lepidocyclina mantelli (Morton). 

Byram calcareous marl: 

Lepidocyclina supera (Conrad). 

Chattahoochee formation: 

Lepidocyclina chattahoocheensis Cushman, n. sp. 

Antigua formation: 

Lepidocyclina undulata Cushman. 

undosa Cushman. 

gigas Cushman. 

favosa Cushman. 

canellei var. yurnagunensis Cushman. 

39 

• 
40 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO "GENERAL GEOLOGY, .1919, 

Culebra formation: 

Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and R. Douville; 

panamensis Cushman? ·• 

chaperi Lemoine and R. Douville. 

.Tonosi, Panama (in beds of the age of the Culebra formation): 

Lepidocyclina panamensis Cushman. • 

· duplicata Cushman. 

Emperador limestone: 

· Lepidocyclina vaughani Cushman. 

panamensis Cushman? . 

Cuba: 

Lepidocyclina schlumbergeri Lemoine and R. Douvill~. . 

marginata (Michelotti). 

kempi (O'Connell). 

morgani Lemoine and R. Douville. 

crassata Cush~an. . 

canellei var. yurnagunensis Cushm_an. 

sumatrensis (Brady). 

San Rafael formation, Mexico: 

Lepidocyclina gigas var. mexicana Cushman, n. var. 

• AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA. 

The genus Orthophragmina includes those 

species of orbitoid Foraminifera in which the 

chambers of the equatorial band are rectangular. Many of the species are stellate, with 

produced angles, or, if circular, have a stellate, 

raised ornamentation. Others, however, have 

· the circular form with variously ornamented 

surfaces. The genus so far as known in America 

and Europe seems to be limited to the formations of Eocene age, and in America a"t least 

it is largely confined to the upper Eocene. . 

The structure of the test of Orthophragmina 

is essentially the same as that. of LeJ!idocyclina, 

which is diagrammatically figured on page 56. 

An equatorial band .of chambers, which are 

rectangular in horizo.ntal section, occupies the 

middle portion. At either side are the lateral 

chambers, usually polygonal in outline, and 

placed one above another in vertical columns. 

These columns are here and there separated by 

the pillars, mas~es of compact shelly material 

arising from the wall of the equatorial chambers 

mnd thence extending to the surfac~. The 

pillars are especially deve~oped in the thicker 

central region and increase in diameter toward 

the surface, where they usually · appear ~s 

rounded knobs or pustules extending .a slight 

distance above the general surface of the test. 

Their function seems to be to give. strength to 

the thickened portion of the test. 

The lateral chambers and in many spec.ies 

the equatorial chambers also average much 

smaller than those of most species of Lepido-

• 

cyclina. In vertical section the lateral chambers of Orthophragmina, where they are not 

separated by pillars, have a zigzag line between 

adjacent columns, and usually this line ser-ves 

when once seen to distinguish the genus in 

rock sections. 

Very little has been kno.wn of the An1erican 

species except references to the~ in papers by 

H. Douville. In 1917 I described several 

species from the Ocala· limestone of Georgia 

and Florida. 1 Those species are included in 

the present paper with additional records for 

their distribution. Also the material from 

Cuba, St. Bartholomew, Panama, ~icaragua, 

and California has ·been added, so that the 17 

species and varieties here described cover a 

wide :region. There are many other species, 

but they are not represented by identifiable 

material. In southern Europe, especially in 

France a;nd Italy, as many as 10 or 12 species 

are listed from single localities, showing that 

in all probability the number of American 

species will be greatly increased in future work. 

This paper should therefore be looked upon ·as 

only a ·pioneer attempt at making a basis on 

which a larger study of the American species 

can -be built.2 

Orthophragrnina cubensis Cushman. 

Plate Vri, figures 1·, 2. 

Orthophr.agmina cubensis Cushman, Carnegie Inst. ·Wash· 

ington Pub. 291, p. 52, pl. 9, fig. 3; pl. 10, figs. 2-4, 

1919. 

Test sinall, lenticular, comparati-vely thick; 

thickness in the .center greatest, about threefifths the diameter; circular, gradually thinning toward the" periphery but without a definite border; periphery rounded; surface with 

numerous rather large· papillae in the center, 

gradually smaller toward the periphery. 

In -vertical section the test, owing to the 

straightness of the slope from center to periphery, is almost diamond shaped; pillars of the 

center -very heavy, thick, increasing rapidly in 

diameter toward the surface, the peripheral 

ends projecting above the adjacent lateral 

chambers; equatorial chambers of the same 

height, the band hardly iuc~easing in diameter 

from center to periphery, very small; lateral 

·1 U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 108, pp. 115-124; pis. 40-44, 1917. 

2 A species of Orthophragmina recognized after this paper was in type is described in a manuscript now awaiting publication in Prof. Paper 128 . 
Tentative correlation table of the Tertiary marine sedintentary formations of Panama. 

[By Thomas 'Vayland Vaughan.) 

American Mexico and Central European time sub- :Pananm. Jamaicn. Other Antilles. America. Southeastern United States. timesubdidivisions. visions. 

Mnnchioneai Pliocene of Yucatan 'Yaccamaw marl, Nashua marl, Sicilian. formation. l)Iloceno. ~eoro limestone. Kin~;ston for- Pliocene of Guantanamo, Cuba. and Limon, Costa and Caloosahatchee marl (near- Astian. 

mation. Rica. ly c~ntempore.neous). Plaisancian. 

Yorktown formation, Duplin marl, Pontian. and Choctawhatcbeemarl (near- Sarmatian. ly contemporaneous). 

1-l St. Marys formation. ~ . Q.. 

p 

.. Choptank formation. Tortoni an . 

~ ' Calvort mat10n. fO<- I """ Hood rna< I . · 

::;! c) 

;a La Cruz marl I Uppoc hodwn 11/P~" hod,on Helvetian. '0 (Cuba). in Martinique m. anto Do- Expo- s;J · mmgo. Gattm Pacific sures 

-- for- coast on 

Gatun formation. . rna- of Isthtion musof rhoal RivO< m•" ,.; Zones G, R, (Costa Nica- Te- member.· 

~ Marl at Bara- Lower horizon ragua. Alum Bluff Oak Grove sand Bowden marl. coa,Cuba. in Martinique. and I in San- Rica). huan- formation. member. Burdigalian. 

~ to Domingo. tepee. Chipola marl mem-. 

\. ber. 

--

& Emporadot·limostono. Anguilla formation (Anguilla) and beds at .Aquitanian. 

Q.. uBrrr~;jf.:.rt or many localities in Cuba. . Tampa formation. 

Chattian. ~ 

--Culebra San Rafael forma- Chattahoochee for- c) forma- Lower part or Coral reef Pepino Lowerhor- tion. mation. tion. Antigua ;a Culehra and at Guan- formation formation izonin Rupelian. '0 limestone nt tanamo, (Porto Santo 

~ s;J 'ronosi. Cuba. (Antigua). Rico). Domingo. 

8 

.!:/1 Limestone 0 with Or-

,.; thophra.omi0> 

Deposits with Pee- r y ' • m '"''""""' na on ]Jaut l3ohio l\[ontpolior tim ali. P. poul- ·vicksburg marl. Lattorfian &; Chagrosa con- whitolimo- soni and large, dis- group. l\farianna limestone. ( Sannoisian). 0 and limo- glomor- stone. H stono at Da- ato.b coid orbitoids. Red Bluff c!ay. 

vid (contemI 

]lOI"alleOilS). 

Brito for- Frio 

~ 

Cambridge St. Bartholomew limestone (St. Bartholomew). mation of clay. Ludian (Pria- formation. Nicaragua Fay- Jackson for- Ocala limestone. bonian). Richmond Widol)' distributed in Cuba; also in Haiti. (ty1lical ette mation. Q.. Bartonian. formation. sand-· p Bnto). stone. 

c) . r,, .. ,, ,., .. ;a Eocono of ~eonosl. Claiborne Claiborne Lisbon formation. Auversian. c '0 group .. group. Tallahatta b u h r • Lutetian. 

~ s;J ,.; stone. 0> 

8 '0 

-- .... 

~ ··2 ratohetigboo fonna- Ypresian.c ~ ~ tion. 0> Wilcox for- Wilcox Bashi formation. 8 mation. group. Tuscahoma forma- .... ~ tion . 0> 

~ :S Nanafalia formation. Sparnacian. c 

~ .... 

"' .. 0> 

0 z 

Midway for- Midway {Naheola formation. Thanotian. c Sucarnochee clay. mation. group. Clayton limestone. l\Iontian.c 

a Reported h~' IT. Donvill6 and roforred to u Stampiou inf6rieur"= Vicksburgian;= Lattorfian; Cushman thinks these deposits should be referred to the upper Eocene and placed opposite tho St. ]3o.rtholomow limestone in tho table. :o . 

b .May belong stmti!{mphico.lly somewhat higher. - c Correlation proposed by E. \V. Berry. 

131049°-20-4 40-1 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. 41 

chambers in vertical colunu1s, up to 20 or more Orthophragmina minima Cushman. 

in a colu1nn in the thickest central portion, the Plate VII, figure 3. 

indiv.idual cha1nbers at least four or five times Orthophragmina minima Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mu~. 'Bull. 

as wide as high·in section.. 103, p. 97, pl. 41, fig. 1, 1918; · 

I-Iorizontal sections show the rectangular Test circular, very small, slightly mor'e than 

chatnbers of the equatorial region several times 2 millimeters in diameter; thickness somewhat 

as long as wide, the lateral chmnbers forming less than half the diameter; central portion 

an irregular network about the sections of the very strongly umbonate, nearly rounded to a 

pillars, often several colun1ns of vertical cham- point about two-thirds of tlie distance fron1 

hers between the pillars. the center to the periphery; from this point to 

Dia1neter, 1.5 to 3.5 1nillimeters. the periphery the surface is nearly flat; surface 

'fype specimens fr01n U. S. G. S. station of the test comparatively smooth. · 

3475, Boston. 1nine, near Santiago, Cuba; The horizontal section through the. equacollected by A. C. Spencer. torial chambers shows very fine hexagonal 

This seems to be a common Cuban species, ''chambers and the embryonic chambers nearl}7 

occurring in material from several stations as equal in size. . 

follows: Plate VII, .:figure 3, ·shows well the contour 

344.8. Limestone from hillside south of Ponupo man- of the test in vertical section, the strongly 

ganesemine, l!aMaya, nearSantiago; '1'. W. Vaughan, col- curved central umbonate portion making up 

lector. two-thirds or more of the width, and the 

6117. Boulder from the band of limestone on hill east peripheral flange with its nearly parallel sides. 

of railroad and south of Cristo, near Santiago; C. vV. Hayes, The chambers are very small except the embry- collector. 

6118. J.,imestone near railroad on trail to mines south of onic central chambers, which are. nearly equal 

Cristo; C. vy. Hayes, collector.. and have a straight division line between. The 

6119. Isabella and Boston manganese mine, near San- lateral chambers are in vertical columns, but 

tiago; C. W. Hayes, collector. the test is without pillars. In the central 

6120. Loose material, Santiago Province, exact locality b . region there may be more than 20 cham ers m unknown. . 6122. Greensand limestone, Boston· manganese mine, a vertical column, and even on the peripheral 

3 miles east of Cristo·, Santiago Province;· A. C. Spencer, flange there are usually three or four chambers 

collector. in a column on each side of the equatorial 

6123. Resting on ore bed, 4 to 6 feet thick, Ponupo chalnbers. 

manganese mine, Santiago Province; A. C. Spencer, Type specimen from U.S. G. S. station 6512, 

collector. · 

6124. Foraminiferal limestone, Ponupo manganese in the big white limestone from the river bed 

mine, Ponupo, Santiago Province; R. T. Hill, collector. above the ice plant near David, Panama; 

. 6125. Railroad cut near San Nicolas manganese mine, D. F. MacDonald, collector. 

west of San J.Juis, Santiago Province; C. W. Hayes, col- This is a very small species, yet it has an 

·lector. · abundance of very fme chambers. There is 

7666. Sierra Guaso, northeast of Guantanamo; N. H. 

Darton, ] ]6 an exceptional development of lateral cham- collector, .9 .. 

Tho embryonic chambers of this species so 

fnr as seen are unequ8.1 in size and very comparable to those seen in the subgenus. NephroleJ.Jidina of LepidocycZina, the larger one kidney 

shaped and partly embracing the smaller. 

In its general characters this species suggests 0. douvillei Schlumberger, but it differs in 

several essential details. 

Specin1ens of what is apparently the megalospheric forn1 of this species ·are abundant in 

material from the Pilar mine, Oriente Province, 

Cuba; E. F. Burchard, collector. Some of 

these are :figured in Plate VII, figure 1. 

hers in the region of the periphery. 

Orthophragmina clarki Cushman, n. sp. 

· Plate VII, figures 4, 5. 

Test circular, much compressed; central 

portionsomewhatraised and slightlyumbonat~; 

surface :finely granular or papillate; thep1apillae 

of the central umbonate region largest and most 

conspicuous, but others scattered ·over· tp~ 

remainder .of the surface except at the extre~e · 

periphery, where they are lacking; slope of the 

test very gradual from umbo to periphery: 

Equatorial chambers typical of the genus, 

elongate, rectangular, those of th.e outer annuli 
42 ·sHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY; 1919. 

1! to 2 times as long as broad; annuli somewhat irregular in width, as is usual in the genus. 

The vertical section·shows the pillars, which 

are represented at the surface by the papillae, 

and the narrow band of equatorial chambers. 

Type specimens from northeast side of Domengine Creek, near corner of the SW. t sec. 

29, T. 18 S., R. 15 E., Mount Diablo base and 

meridian, Calif., in Meganos group (Eocene); 

Dr. Bruce L. Clark, collector .. 

This may be the species referred to 0. pratti 

by· Douville.1 His specimens were from the 

peninsula of California. 

Orthophragmina pustulata Cushman. 

Plate VII, figure 6. 

Orthophragmina pustulata Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 55·, pl. 9, figs. 6, 7; pl. 10, fig. 

1, 1919. 

Test circular, lenticular, thickest i.ri the 

mid~le, thence gradually thinning toward the 

periphery, which is without a carina or thinner 

portion; thickness about one-fifth the diameter; surface finely pustulose; papillae larger 

and more numerous near the central region, 

thence· gradually decreasing in size and number· toward the periphery. · 

The vertical section shows the general form; 

equatorial band very thin, increasing ·hardly at 

all toward the periphery; pillars numerous, 

·somewhat thicker toward the surface. 

The horizontal section sho\vs the equatorial 

chambers elongate, rectangular, length .about 

three times the· breadth; aiinuli irregular· in 

width; pillars irregularly rounded, remote, 

largest in center, decreasing gradually in size 

toward the periphery; intermediate space filled 

with the irregularly polygonal lateral chambers .. 

Diambter 3.5 to 5 millimeters. 

Type specimen a s~ction from station 3567, 

lowermost 100 feet of Tertiary running in 

above serpentine, northwest of Recreo, Matanzas Province, Cuba; A. C. Spencer, collector. 

Specimens also apparently of this species were 

obtained· at station 3448, in limestone on 

hillside south of Panupo manganese mine, 

. La Maya, near Santiago, Cuba; T .. W. Vaughan, 

collector. 

This is a larger, flatter species than 0. 

cubensis and is easily distinguished 1n the 

sections. 

lCompt. Rend., vol. 161, p. 410, 1915. 

Orthophragmina crassa Cushman. 

. Plate VIII, figures 1, 2. 

Orthophragmina crassa Grishman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 53, pl. 9, figs. 4, 5; pl. 10, figs. 

2, 4, 1919.. . 

Test circular, lenticular, very thick in comparison with the di:;tmeter; central portion 

broadly convex, thence straight or even 

slightly concave to the rather acute periphery; 

surface fairly smooth, with a few raised ends 

of pillars making it slightly papillate. 

The vertical section shows . the general 

shape; in some specimens thickness at least 

~wo-thirds the diameter; central portion 

broadly rounded,. with numerous large pillars, 

increasing in diameter toward the surface· 

lateral chambers very numerous, about thrc~ times as wide as high; usually at least two 

columns between each two adj ac'ent pillars, 

even in the center; over 30 chambers in the 

center in some of the columns are indicated· . ) 

eq~atonal chambers increasing very slowly in 

height toward the per~phery but more rapidly 

than in most species, so that the ~quatorial 

band at the periphery may be double the 

width near the center; embryonic chamber 

comparatively large, elongate in this section. 

The horiz.ontal section shows the usual 

elongate, rectangular equatorial chambers; the 

pillars subpolygonal, largest in tlie center, 

thence smaller toward the periphery; intermediate lateral chambers irregularly polygonal. 

Diameter, 3.5 to 5.5 millimeters. · 

Type specimen from station 6122, greensand 

limestone, Boston manganese mine, Santiago 

Province, Cuba; A. C. Spencer, collector. The 

speoies also appears to be present at the 

following stations: 

3475. Boston mine near Santiago, Cuba; A. C. Spencer, 

collector. · 

6117. Boulder from band of limestone on hill east of 

railroad and south of Cristo, near Santiago, Cuba; C. w: 

Hayes, collector. 

6118. Fossil limestone near railroad, on trail to mines 

south of Cristo, Cuba; C. "\V. Hayes, collector. 

6119. Isabella and Boston manganese mine, Cuba: C. 

W. Hayes, collector. · · 

61.23. P~nupo .manganese mine, resting o~ ore.bed 4 to 

6 feet tJ:ick, Santiago Province, Cuba; A. C. Spencer, 

collector. 

6124. Foraminiferal limestone, Ponupo manganese 

mine, Cuba; R. T. Hill, collector. 

6125. Railroad cut near San Nicolas manganese mine, 

west of San Luis, Cuba; C. ,V. Hayes, collector. 
AlV[]~RICAN· SPJ~CIES OF. ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 43. 

Orthophragmina sculpturata Cushman. Orthophragmina hayesi Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate VIII, figures 3-7. Plate VIII, figures 8-10. 

Orthophragm:ina scttlpt'l.trata Cus?-man, Carnegie Inst. Test sm:an, lenticular, circular, compara- Wn.shington Pub. ~91, p. 54, pl. 9, figs. 8, 9, 1919. d ll 

tively thick in the center, -thence gra ua Y 

Test" circular, somewhat sellaeform, in m~ny becoming thinner and at the· peripher~l porti~n specilnens very slightly so; central. portwn in the adult extending out into· a broad, thrn 

considerably' thickened and occupJ.U:lg one- flange; central disk ·with numerous deep pi~s, 

third to one-quarter the dianleter of. the test; circular or polygonal, usually four or five In 

peripheral portion Inuch flattened an~ com- . the central region of larger size, the surroundparatively thin; exterior of central thiC~ened ing ones gradually smaller as they are more 

portion, when well preserved, beautif~lly distant from the center; remainder of the surface 

sculptured, with comparatively !ew raised retieulate, fronl the lateral chambers as they 

papillae, between which the surface Is· depressed come to the exterior. 

and reticulated as in 0. rnarthae Schluinberger; Equatorial chambers of the usual rectanperipheral thin portion . of the test usually gular form of this genus. 

smooth when the surface is well preserved. · Vertical sections (Pl. VIII, fig. 10) show the 

Vertical sections show thickening up to large number of lateral cha~bers in e~ch 

1.5 n1ill.ilneters in the central portion, while column and the flangelike peripheral portiOn 

the periph~ry Jnay be but 0.25 millimeter. in not sho,vn in the exterior views of the worn 

thickness. Equatorial chambers small, rn- specimens (figs. 8, 9). . . 

creasing hardly at all in diameter fro~ t~e Type specimens (U. s. N. ~1. No. 32820) 

center to the periphery; central em~ryoniC fronl U. s. G. S. station 6411, Brito formachanlbers not well shown in the ·sections but · tion coast about 2 miles northwest of Brito 

at least six to eight times the diameter of ·Harbor, Nicaragua; C. W. Hayes, collector. 

adjacent equatorial d1a1ubers. P.eriph~ral portion without pillars; central portiOn With very 

strong pillars, thick, with a diamet~r of o~ethird to one-half their length and rncreasing 

very slightly in diameter ·toward the surface; 

lateral cha1nbers in columns between the pillars, 

very thin compared to their breadth. Central 

portion of the outline decidedly undulate from 

tho projecting ends of the pillars. 

I-Iorizontal sections show very numerous 

equatorial chambers, elongate, several times 

as long as broad; lateral chambers in section 

appearing as polygonal lighter spaces surrounding in a single row the solid, opaque, circular 

elliptical, or irregularly polygonal pillar sections; 

to,~ard the periphery, where the pillars are 

wanting, fonuing an irregular network-the 

same arrangement as in 0. dispansa Sowerby.1 

Diameter, 5 to 7 millimeters. · 

Type speci1nen 3478, from Nuevitas, Cuba; 

A.' C. Spencer, collector. Sections were also obtained in material from the Cadiz mine, Oriente 

Province, Cuba; E. F. Burchard, collector. 

This species in general appearance resembles 

0. 1narthae Schlumberger, especially in its characteristic surface ornamentation, but the vertical section seen1s to be verydi fferent from that 

figured by Schlumberger. 

lSchlumborgor, Soc.g~ol. Franco Bull.,sec.4, vol.3,pl.l2,fig.51,1904. 

Orthophragmina marginata Cushman. 

Plate IX, figures 1, 2. 

. Orthophragmina marginata Cushman, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 291, p. 56, pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. 2, :fig. 4, 

1919. 

Test circular,v lenticular; central portion· 

strongly raised and umbonate; regularly curved 

down to the broad peripheral flQ.nge, whic~ 

is again thickened near the peripheral m~rgin; 

surface comparatively smooth, very shghtly 

granular but not ~t all papillate. . . 

In vertical sectiOn the central portiOn Is seen 

to be strongly biconvex, not much wider than 

either part of the surrounding margin-like thinner portion, again thickening toward the extreme peripheral margin, which is rounded. 

Equatorial chambers small, in the center very 

narrow but increasing slightly although gradually toward the peripliery, where they are not 

more 'than 0.1 millimeter in height. The 

chambers are convex on the peripheral side, 

almost semicircular in some specimens. Lateral chambers very small and often difficult to 

distinguish even with an enlargement of 20· diameters (Pl. IX, fig. 2). In the central portion 

there are large numbers of layers of the lateral 

chambers, often 30 to 40 on either side of the 

equatorial band. This number decreases as the 
44 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

convexity becomes less, and over the flattened 

margin there are but six to eight layers of lateral chambers. At the border this number is 

somewhat increased, but it falls off again at the 

extreme outer margin. There are traces of 

pillars in the central umbonate region, but they 

are not prominent. · 

Diameter of type specimen 12 to 14 millimeters. 

Type specimen and. others from U.S. G. S. 

station 6924, from the St. Bartholomew limestone· at ·point on northwest side of St. Jean 

Bay, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands; collected by T. W. Vaughan. The St. Bartholomew limestone is of upper Eocene age,. according to V a~ghan. 

· There are sections which resemble this closely 

in the material from U. S. G. S. station 6512, 

in the big white limestone from the river bed 

above the ice plant near David, Panama; collected by D. F. MacDonald. 

Orthophragmina flintensis Cushman. 

Plate IX, figU.res 3-6. 

Orthophragmina jlintensis Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 108, p. 115, pl. 40, figs. 1, 2, 1917. 

Test· small, circular, much · compressed; 

slightly thickened in the central portion, thence 

gradually sloping to · the periphery; surface 

. slightly pustulate but not papillate, almost 

smooth in some specimens; the raised pustules 

generally in concentric lines. 

. The horizontal section shows very narrow 

rectangular chambers in the equatorial band 

and the embryonic chambers with one small 

and spherical, almost entirely surrounded, except at one side, by the much larger second 

chamber. 

Diameter, about 5 millimeters. 

The type locality is U.S. G. S. station 7117, 

in the lower portion of the Ocala limestone; in 

blufi on west bank of Flint River 1! miles 

above the Georgia Southwestern & Gulf Railway bridge near Oakfield, Lee County, Ga.; 

upper bed, No.2 of section; C. W. Cooke, collector. Other stations mentioned with the 

original description are mostly along Flint 

River in Georgia, in fine-grained light-colored 

limestone. It also occurs at station 3626, in a 

similar fule-grained limestone at Philema, Lee 

County, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

A specimen which seems identical with this· 

species was obtained at station 6408, in the 

Brito formation, on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, 2 miles northwest of Brito Harbor; C. W. 

Hayes, collector. This specimen shows the size 

and exterior well, while others show the equa-

·torial chambers. With this is a species ·of 

Operculina, which also occurs with it in Georgia, and a specimen of 0. georgiana, as noted 

under that species (p. 45). 

Orthophragmina floridana Cushman. 

Plate IX, figure 7. 

Orthophragmina .ftoridana Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 108, p. 116, pl. 40, fig. 3, 1917. 

.Test circular, much flattened, of medium 

size; central region very slightly raised and 

umbonate, thence gradually sloping toward 

the periphery; whole test very thin; surface 

ornamented throughout with fine but distinctly raised, almost spinose papillae, arranged in concentric· lines parallel to the peri phera! margin. 

Equatorial chambers in horizontal section 

very narrowl'y' rectangular. 

The vertical section shows 8 to 10 lateral 

chambers in a vertical column in the central 

portion, the walls convex on the side nearer 

the surface, the whole series convex at each 

papilla instead of parallel ·to the equatorial 

series, the papillae being formed by the local 

convexity of the lateral chambers rather than 

by·pillars as in some other species. 

Diameter of adult specimens, 10 to 14 

millimeters. 

The type locality is U. S. G. S. station 6768, 

in soft white Ocala limestone on Chipola River 

at wagon bridge half a mile east of Marianna, 

Fla., No. 1 of section; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

The species is abundant at this locality. Additional records are the following: 

7192. Same locality as the type station, No. 3 of section; C. W. Cooke, collector, a single horizontal section in 

hard limestone. ·. 

8259. About 6 miles southeast of Campbellton and 12 

miles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala., 

half a mile from its intersection with the Marianna-Campbellton road, in Jackson County, Fla.; C: W. Cooke, collector. Abundant in soft Ocala limestone. 

7125. West bank of Flint River in Baker County about 

3 miles below Dewberry Ferry (Baconton Landing) and 

about 13 miles above Newton, Ga.; a single specimen of 

small size; J. E. Brantly and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 
AMBRICAN SPl~Cil~S OF ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. 45 

Orthophragmina georgiana Cushman. 

Plate X, figure 1. 

OrthOJ)hragntina georgiana Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 108, p. 117, pl. 41, figs. 2, 3; pl. 42, fig. 

3; pl. 43, figs. 2, 3, 1917. 

Test typically· almost square, the angles 

slightly projecting and the sides slightly concn.ve near the angles, convex in the center, 

Slnall; diameter usually about 6 lnillimeters 

for adult specimens; diagonals of the square 

occupied by raised radial areas with a central 

umbonate m~ss a little more than a millilneter in · diameter; intermediate triangular 

areas thin and flat; entire surface with very 

numerous, evenly distributed, prominent papillae, those of the central umbo and the middle 

line of the radial ridges slightly larger than 

those of the rest of the surface. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

chambers elongate, rectangular, those· of the 

radial portions n1ore crowded than those of the 

intermediate flattened areas. 

In vertical section the lateral chambers 

are )110St nulnerous over the radial and umbonal regions. 

The type locality for this species i.s station 

3387, Ocala limestone at Red Bluff, on Flint 

River 7 1niles above Bainbridge, Decatur 

COlmty, ·aa.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 'It 

was recorded also from several stations along 

Flint River in Georgia and from st~tion 7348, 

on left bank bf Suwannee River about a mile 

above Troy Springs, Fla.;. C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

Additional records include stations in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama, as follows: 

3758. Camp Perry, Fla.; S. W. :McCallie, collector; a 

few specimens. 

· 3700. On Georgia Southern & Florida Railway half a 

milo south of Tivola, Ga.; S. W. McCallie, collector. 

GlGl. Flint River, Bainbridge, Ga.; L. W. Stephenson, 

collector. 

6747. Steamboat Point, on west side of Sepulga R~ver 

at sharp bend nea1· middle of sec. 20, T. 3 N., R.13 E., 

Escambia County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector; specimensfairly common with other Ocala limestone species. 

6785. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad at Dutton's phosphatespur, one-halftothree-fourthsmilesouthof Herlong's 

Station, Columbia County, Fla.;T. ")V. Vaughan and C. W. 

Cooke, collectors; specimens rare but typical. 

7127. East bank of Flint River, one-fourth mile below 

Norman's Ferry, Mitchell County, Ga.; loose blocks 

excavated from channel; C. W. Cooke, and J. E. Brantly, 

collectors. 

8259. About G miles southeast of Campbellton and 12 

miles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala.; 

half a mile from its intersection with the MariannaCampbellton road, Jackson County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

A single specimen of this species was found 

at station 6408, in the Brito formation on the . 

Pacific coast of Nicaragua, 2 miles northwest 

of Brito I-Iarbor; C. W. I-Iayes, collector. 

This occurs with two other Georgia species, as 

noted under O.fiintensis. 

Orthophragmina subtaramellei Cushman. 

Plate X, figures 2, 3. 

Orthophragmina subtaramellei Cushman, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 291, p. 53, pl. 10, fig. 2; pl. 15, 

figs. 1-3, 1919. 

Test stellate, usually with five arms, oc-' 

casionally six; arms well distinguished from 

the central body and extending outward 

freely, thickest in the central region, thence· 

.gradually sloping to the angles between the 

arms and gradually merging into the median 

axis of the arms; the· arms themselves thickest 

in the middle, thence sloping to the sides, 

which are thin and angled; ends of the anns 

round-pointed; surlace with numerous granu-:-

lations, more pronounced in the central portion. 

Vertical sections show the general shape, 

the equatorial band of chambers increasing 

slightly if at all from the center to the periphery, pillars well c'eveloped, especially in the 

central region, but not numerous, usually 

several columns of iateral chambers between 

them. 

Diameter, 1 .. 5 to 2 millimeters. 

The type locality for this species is station 

6122, greensand limestone, Boston manganese 

mine, Santiago Province, Cuba. According 

to the sections obtained, the species evidently 

also occurs at the following stations: . 

3475. Boston mine, near Santiago, Cuba; A. C. Spencer, 

collector. 

6119. Isabella and Boston manganese mine, Santiago 

Province, Cuba; C. W. Hayes, collector. . 

6123. Ponupo manganese mine, Santiago Province, Cuba, 

resting on ore bed 4 to 6 feet thick; A. C. Spencer, collector. 

6124. ForaminHeral limestone, Ponupo manganese 

mine; R. T. Hill, collector. 

6125. Railroad cut near San Nicolas manganese mine, 

west of San· I-'uis, Cuba;~ C. W. Hayes, collector. 

7666. Sierra Guaso, northeast of Guantanamo, Cuba; 

N. H. Darton, collector. 
I, 

I 

46 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS. TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, i919. 

Thi~ species is yery close. to 0. taramellei of Orthophragmina. Sections very similar to 

Munier-Chalmas but is decidedly smaller, all those figured are included· in material from 

the specimens seen from Cuba b?ing les~ than station 6512, in the big white limestone from 

2 millimeters in diameter between the tips of ·the river bed above the ice plant near David, 

the arms. Panama, collected by D. F. MacDonald. 

The ·specimens from station 6120 are weath- The species is .close to· 0. mariannensis 

ered out and are nun;1erous and of greenish Cushman from the Ocala limestone at }.1aricolor. anna, Fla. 

0. taramellei was· described from Villa Lady · The type specimen is the one mentioned by 

Bruce (Biarritz); Monte Spilecco (Vicentin); Vaughan1 as Orbitoides sp., "large, stellate 

and Schonegg, near Kressenburg. form." 

Orthophragmina antillea Cushman. 

Pl~te X, :figures 4, 5. 

Orthophragmina antillea Cushman, Carnegie Inst~ Washington Pub. 291, p. 55, pl. 1, :fig. 1; pl. 2, figs. 2, 3; 

. · pl. 4, figs. 2, 4, 1919. 

Test flattened, octagonal, surface with eight 

raised ribs radiating from the central, some:-

what raised umbo to the periphery; triangular 

·areas between, thin and flattened; umbonal 

area raised and rounded, with definite pillars 

appearing as di:fferen?es in colorati~n in the. 

type·; radial ribs· with numerous rmsed areas 

and pillars scattered along their whole length. 

Vertical sections show the· greater diameter 

of the equatorial chambers at irregular intervals and the irregular, almost serrate character 

of the upper and lower surfaces due to the 

fine -projections of the surface, especially along 

the ribs. 

· l-Iorizontal sections ·through the equatorial 

chambers were obtained only in small fragm~ritary bits but enough to show the typical 

rectangular chambers of the genus. 

Diameter, about 12 millimeters. 

Type specimen from U.S .. G. S.station 6895, 

spur on southeast side of bay northwest of St. 

Jean Bay, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands; 

T. W. Vaughan, collector. Sections apparently 

of this species came from station 6924, point 

()·on northwest side of St. Jean Bay, St. B.artholo~ew, Leeward Islands; T. W. Vaughan, 

collector. Specimens are very numerous in 

those sections, but the surface does not weather 

out well in the rna terial examined. 

There appear to be from five to eight lay~rs 

of superimposed lateral chambers, as shown 

in the sections. A few of the smallest specimens show the embryonic chambers, but they 

are not well preserved. Plate X, figure· 5, 

shows the general characters. of the vertical 

section. Occasional oblique sections show the 

rectangular equatorial chambers characteristic 

Orthophragmina m~iannensis Cushman. 

Plate XI, :figure 1. 

Orthophragmina mariannensis Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 108, p. 116, pl. 40, fig. 5; pl. 42, 

fig: 2; pl. 44, 1917 .. 

Test flattened, conspicuously stellate, the 

angles extending out acutely with curved reentrants, of medium size; central region umbonute, ftom which extend 8 to 11 (typica~ly ·8) 

raised ribs, running to the peripheral angles; 

umbo and ribs finely papillate; depressed m~eas 

between flat and rather remotely and· finely 

papillate except toward the periphery, where 

the papillae are slightly more conspicuous. 

The horizontal section shows much elongated r~ctangular equatorial chambers, the 

lateral chambers irregularly polygonal In 

section. 

Vertical section with the embryonic chambers 

very unequal; distinct pillars· between the 

vertical ·columns of lateral chambers, increasing in diameter toward the surface. 

Diameter, 15 to 18 millimeters. 

Abundant at the type locality, station 6768, 

Ocala l.irriestone on Chipola River at wagon 

bridge half a mile east of Marianna, Fla.; No. 

1 of section; C. W~ Cooke, collector. A single 

specimen was recorded fro:m station 3387, 

Ocala limestone at Red Bluff, on Flint River, 

7 miles above Bainbridge, Decatur County, 

Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, · collector. Addi tiona I 

stations are as follows: 

7097. East bank of Flint River above old factory at 

bend three-fourths mile northeast of Atlantic Coast Line 

Railroad station at Bainbridge, G2·.; C. W. Cooke and W. 

C. Mansfield, collectors. 

8259. About 6 mile~ southeast of Campbellton and 12 

miles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala., 

half a mile from its intersection with the Marianna-Campbellton road, Jackson CouU:ty, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

1 Vaughan, '1'. W., Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book No. 13, 

for 1914, p. 359. 

' \ 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. .47 

Orthophragminn mariannensis Cushman var. pap illata 

Cushman. 

Plate XI, figure 2. 

Orthophmgn1ina mm·ianncnsis Cushman var. pap-illata 

Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 108, p. 

117, pl. 43, fig. 1; pl. 44, 1917. 

Variety t:iffering from. the typical form of 

the species in . the much n1.ore prominent, 

higher ribs, which. are sen1icylindrical and 

very strongly papillate; numJ:>er of ribs also 

slightly greater . than in the typical for111; a 

few speci1nens have 8, but 9 to 12 or even 16 

ribs are n1ore con1n1on. · 

The type station for this \7 ariety is the same 

as that. for the species, station 676R. It was 

also recorded from stations along the Flint 

River in Georgia. Additional records for this 

variety are as follows: 

7130. Ea.st bm:tk: of Flint River, 6 · Illiles above Bainbridge, Decatur County, Ga.;· C. W. Cooke and J. E. 

Brantly, collectors; a single very typical specimen. 

8259. About 6 miles southea,st of Campbellton and 12 

miles northwest of }farianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala., 

half a mile from its intersection with the Ma.rianna-Campbelltonroa.cl, .hckson County, ll'la.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

Orthophragmina vaughani Cushman. 

Plate XI, figure 3. 

Orthophragm'i?ia vaughani Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Pa.per 108, p. 118, pl. 43, figs. 4, 5, 1917. 

Test flattened, small, 8 to 10 millimeters in 

diameter, quadrate or octagonal in outline, 

stellate; main ornamentation consisting of a 

central raised umbonate portion ·with four 

radiating raised ·areas to the main angles of 

the test, broad and rather low, about halfway 

to the periphery considerably increasing in 

height and width, finely papillate toward the 

center, much more coarsely so toward the 

periphery; intermediate spaces much depressed, with a smooth U-shaped area near 

the inner angle next to the raised portions; the 

peripheral part r"aised and strongly papillate, 

the peripheral portion of this raised area at the 

margin strongly convex or even bluntly angled. 

The ornamentation of this species is unique. 

It is evidently a rare species, being known only 

from the type locality, U. S. G. S. station 3387, 

Ocala limestone at Red Bluff, on Flint River 

7 miles above Bainbridge, Decatur County, 

Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

Orthophragmina americana Cushman. 

Plate XI, figure 4. 

Orthophragmina americana Cushman; U. S. Geol. . Survey 

Prof. Paper 108, p. 116, pl. 40, fig. 4; pl. 41, fig. 1; 

pl. 42, fig. l. 

Test large, flattened; peripheral margin with 

a series of projecting angles corresponding to 

·the peripheral terminations of the radiately 

arranged raised ornamentation or thickenings; 

peripheral margin between the projecting 

angles -very thin; central region with a thickened umbo 2 millimeters or more in diameter, 

from which radiate the raised riblike areas to 

the peripheral angles; these ribs high and narrow at their inception, lower and wider as they 

approach the periphery; ribs up to .20 in number; some starting from the umbo, others 

initiated later, arising independently in the 

intermediate a~eas, usually not symmetrically 

placed; surface comparatively smooth; surface indications of pillars usually inconspicuous 

or lacking. 

In vertical section the equatorial chambers 

are rectangular, the area of the raised radial 

portions consisting of more numerous lateral 

chambers in the columns, curving about the 

a.."\:is at the rib at either side, those of the intermediate depressed areas parallel with the equatorial layer and few ii1 number. 

In horizontal section the equatorial chambers 

are rectangular, four or five times. as long as 

wide, those of the axis of the radial portions 

narrower than those of the intermediate depressed areas. 

The type locality for the species is U.S. G. S. 

station 6768, Ocala limestone on Chipola River 

at wagon bridge a quarter of a mile east of 

Marianna, Fla.; No.1 of section; C. ·W. Cooke, 

collector. Another station is 3387, Ocala lime- · 

stone. at Red Bluff, on Flint River 7 miles 

above Bainbridge,.Decatur County, Ga.; T. W. 

Vaughan, collector. Other specimens came 

from station 8259, Ocala limestone about 6 

milbs southeast of Campbellton and 12 miles 

northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, 

Ala.; half a mile from its intersection with 

the Marianna-Campbellton road, Jackson 

County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

This is a fine species, one of the largest of the 

genus. 

0 
• 
PLATES VII-XI. 

49 
r· 

, .. 

PLATE VII. 

Orthophragmina cubensis Cushman (p. 40). 

FIGURE 1. Ro.ck section showing several specimens, X 20, mostly of the megalospheric form. Pilar mine, Oriente 

Province, Cuba. 

FIGURE 2. Vertical section probably of a microspheric specrmen, X 20. Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 3448). 

Orthophragmina minima Cushman (p. 41). 

FIGURE 3. Vertical section, X 20, showing general outline and numerous very fine chambers. V\lbite limestone in 

river bed· above ice plant, David, Panam~ (U.S. G. S. station 6512). 

Orthophragmina clarki Cushman (p. 41). 

FIGURE 4. Exterior view of partly grown specimen, X 10. 

FIGURE 5. Exterior view of adult specimen, X 10. Bo_th specimens from the Eocene of California (Meganos group of 

Clark). 

Orthophragmina pustulata Cushman, n. sp. (p. 42). 

Fwuu:E 6. Slightly oblique section showing equatorial chambers, pillars, and lateral chambers, X 20. Cuba (U. S. 

G. S. station 3567). 

50 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE Vll 

2 

3 

5 

AMERICA SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMT A. 
U. S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PlWl'ESSIONAL PArER 125 PLATE VIII 

8 

3 

1 

9 

4 

5 7 

10 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA. 
\ 

PLATE VIII. 

Orthophragmina crassa Cushman (p. 42). 

FIOUlm l. Vertical section, X 20, showing general thick form, equatorial band, large number of lateral chambers, 

and the pillars. 

I?wuu.J<J 2. Verticalsectionoflargerspecimen, X 20. Both specimens from Cuba (U. S. G. S. station6122). 

Orthop~ragmina sculpturata Cushman (p. 43). 

FIGURJ<J 3. Exterior view showing the few pillars of the central portion and reticulate peripheral portion, X 5. 

Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 3478). 

I'i'wuu.B 4. Slightly oblique section, X 20. Gloria mine, Oriente Province, Ouba. The black of the chamber 

cavities is due to infiltrated manganese in this and the specimen of figure 7. 

l!'IGum~ 5. Vertical section showing heavy pillars, X 20. Cuba (U. S.·G. S. station 3478). 

Jhauu.E 6. Oblique section showing the large pi_Uars,· each surrounded by ·a single .series of small lateral cham hers, 

X 20. Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 3478). 

Ji'wun.t~ 7. Vertical section, X 20, probably of megalospheric specimen, showing the structures shown in figure 6 

but at 1·ight angles, the elongate large pillars, and vertical rows of lateral chambers (in black). Same 

locality as figure 4 .. 

Orthophragmina hayesi Cushman, n. sp. (p. 43). 

]i'raun.J~S 8, 9. Exterior views of two specimens, X 20, showing the deep pits of tl;1ecentral region and the reticulate 

pattern over the remainder of the surface. These and the following from the Brito formation 

(Eocene) of Nicaragua. 

FwuRt~ 10. Ver~ical sections showing the peripheral flange as developed in adult specimens, X 20. 

51 
PLATE IX. 

Orthophragmina marginata' Cushman (p. 43). 

FIGURE l. Exterior view of partly broken specimen·, X 5. St. Jean Bay, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands (U.S. 

G. S. station 6924). . 

FIGURE 2. Vertical section, X 20, of half a specimen from the same locality. 

Orthophragmina ftintensis Cushman (p. 44). 

FIGURE 3. Exterior view, X 10, of specimen from the Brito formation of Nicaragua (U. s. G. s. station 6408). 

FIGURE 4. Sectional horizontal view of type specimen, X 20, showingproloculum and second chamber, which nearly 

encircles it, and the annular rings of narrowly rectangular chambers. Ocala limestone of Georgia 

(D. S. G. S. 7115). . . 

FIGURES 5, 6. Vertical sections, X 20,. shoWing the numerous enlargements along the line of equatorial chambers 

an<;l the pillars ending in the papillae of the surface. Nicaragua (U. S. G. S. station 6408). 

Orthophragmina floridana Cushman (p. 44) . 

. FiGURE 7. Surface view of type specin:ien, X 8. Ocala limestone of Florida (U. S. G. S. station 6768). 

52 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 "PLATE IX 

1 

4 

5 

2 6 

7 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAG UNA. 
U, S . GEOLOGI CAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE X 

5 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA. 
PLATE X. 

Orthophragmina georgiana .Cushman (p. 45) . 

. Fmuru~ l. Surfa.ce view of type sp'ecimen, X 8. O~ala limestone of Georgia (U.S. G. S. station 734.8). · 

Orthophragmina subtaramellei Cushman (p. 45). 

Fwuru~s 2, B. Surf.ace views X 20, Boston manganese mine, Santiago Province, Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 6120). 

Orthophragmina antillea Cushman (p. 46). 

Fwung ~1. Surface view of type specimen, X 5. St .. Jean Bay, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands (U. S. <ti. S. 

station 6805). 

Fmuru~ 5. Portion of vertical section, X 20. Same locality as figure 4. 

53 
PLATE ·xi. 

Orthophragmina · mariannensis Cushman (p. 46). 

FIGURE 1. ~urface view of specimen, X 4. Ocala lime~tone of Florida (U. S. G. S. station 6768) .. 

OrthophrP.gmina mariannensis var. papillata Cushman (p. 47). 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of specimen, X 6. Ocala limestone ofGeorgia (~. S. G. S. station 7126). 

Orthophragmina vaughani Cushman (p. 47). 

FIGURE 3. Surface view of type specimen, X 8. Ocala limestone of Georgia (U.S. G. S. station 3387). 

Orthophragmina americana Cushman (p. 4 7). 

FIGURE 4. Surface. view of type specimen, X 4. Ocala limestone of Florida (U. S. G. S. station 6768). 

54 

.. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRm ESSIO~AL PAPER 125 PLATE XI 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA. 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. 55 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. A study of the collections shows that this 

Although numerous species and varieties of general region contains a few widely· disorbitoid Foraminifera from many parts. of the tributed species which have already been found 

world have been described, almost nothing has elsewhere, but by far the largest number of the 

been published on the American species. In species are undescribed, although some of 

1833 Morton 1 described Nummulites man- them show relationships with species from 

telli, which was later taken by Gumbel in 1868 other areas. · 

as the type of a subgenus of Orbitoides that he As a rule the species seem to have a· very 

named Lepidocyclina. This is now recognized short vertical range and may therefore be 

as a genus, and L. mantelli (Morton) is the used as index fossils for those formations in 

type species. In 1865 Conrad 2 published a which they occur. The stratigraphy of the 

brief description of Orbitolites supera, which Coastal Plain region is now well coordinated, 

may now be known as Lepidocyclina supera and it· is possible .to place the species very 

(Conrad). These are the only species of or- definitely, but in many other regions the debitoid Foraminifera from the Coastal Plain tailed stratigraphy is not fully known, . and 

r~gion of the United States of which descrip- comparisons are more difficult. 

t~ons had been published prior to the publica- It is evident that in ·America Lepidocyclina 

tlon of my paper on orbitoid Foraminifera of is found both in the upper Eocene and in the 

the genus Ortho1Jhragmina fro~ Georgia a:q.d lower and middle Oligocene as· now underFlorida,3 in 1917. ·'1\vo species of Lepido- stood. The detailed structure and the biocyclina from PanapJ.a. (L. canellei and L. clwr ogic relations of the various species are inter7" 

eri) were described · by Lemoine and R. esting but are reserved for discussion in a future· 

Douville 4 in· 1904, and H. Douville 5 has re- paper. 

cently described two .species ·from Tr~idad In general the habitat in which Lepidocyclina 

(L. pustulosa and L. tobleri). was first developed was in fairly quiet waters 

Several works refer to American species of a tropical temperature and probably at 

under names which were· erroneously applied depths ·less than 25 fathoms. The associated 

to them, but most of these species do not even genera, Operculina, Heterostegina, Oarpenteria, 

belong to the genus Le1Jidocyclina. and Gypsina, are, so far as_ their living repreFrom the collections of the United States sentatives show, characteristic of such conGeological Survey, especially those obtained ditions. 

by T. Wayland Vaughan and C. Wythe Cooke, As an aid in understanding the structure of 

there has been placed in n1y hands a mass of Lepiclocyclina for one not used to the terminolmaterial representing the Eocene and Oligo- ogy the accompanying diagrammatic :figure of 

cene deposits of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal a vertical section has been introduced. The 

Plain of the United. States. In addition I structure involves two distinct masses of calha\7e examined collections from Panama 0 b- careous material-that belonging to or origitained by :M.r. Vaughan and the geologist of the nating from the median layer (stippled in the 

Panama Canal Commission, Donald F. Mac- figure) and that belonging _to the lateral layers 

Donald; from An~igua and St. Bartholomew, (solid black in the figure). In the central reby :M.r. Vaughan; from Cuba, by Messrs. gion are the embryonic chambers, one or more, -

Vaughan, Darton, IIayes, Spencer, and Mein- in the · megalospheric form of any species 

zer; a~d from Mexico, by E. T. Dumble, usually large and rounded. Surrounding these, 

geolog1st ,~or. the ~outh~r:p. Pacific Railroad. usually in a single plane, are numerous equatoThese collect10ns, With miscellaneous lots from . rial chambers shown in the dia<Tram as two 

man;r other -localit~es, co~tain a great many series on oppo~ite sides of the emb~yonic chamspecrmens of LepuloC'ljcl~na and are repre- bers increasin<T in hei<Tht from the center toward 

sentative o~ many regions. the· periphery~ Abo~e and below this band of 

1 Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 23, p. 291, pl. 5, fig. 9,1833. equatorial chambers, and usually covering them 2 Acnd. Nut. Sci. Philudolphiu Proc., No.2, p. 74, 1865. h · - · a cushman, J. A., u. s. Goo!. Survey Prof.Papcr 108, pp. 115-124, pis. except near t e penphery, are the numerous 

40-44,1011. "" lateral chambers., usually seen in -vertical sec- ~ Soc. g6ol. Fmncc, Po.l6ontologio, Mem. 32, 1904. • i1 d o Co.mpt. non<J., HJ17, pp. 843,844, figs. 1-6. twn p e one above another in vertical col-
56 SHORTER CONTRIBUT~ONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

umns. In many species pillars ·are developed, 

usually solid masses of calcareous material origi-

. nating at the wall of the horizontal series and 

extending to or toward the surface of the test. 

These pillars in some species rise above the surface and form the pu_stules or papillae of the 

surface ornarn.entation. 

A horizontal section such as shown in Plate 

L\.IX, figure 3, is made at right angles to 

that shown in the diagram and passes through 

the plane of the equatorial chambers. Such 

a section shows that the equatorial chambers 

in this genus have typically a hexagonal form, 

although this may often be modified to an 

ogival form or in certain species· even to the 

Undoubtedly other species will be found 

when more geologic work is done in the different 

areas, and probably more careful detailed 

collecting will show that special varietal 

forms of the various species occur at different 

horizons. !1ost of the species represented 

in the collections now available are here described, so that the information thus far 

obtained may be used as a basis for further 

work and in helping to solve problems of 

stratigraphic correlation. It is hoped that 

this paper may be followed by a paper giving 

some of the interesting f4cts of structure and 

biologic relations that are shown by the species 

of this genus. 

FIGURE 3.-Diagrammatic vertical section of Lepidocyclina. Material of the wall of the embryonic chambers (tho two large ones in the center), 

of the equatorial chambers (the two central bands passing to right and left), and the pillars in light stipple. Walls of the lateral chambers 

in solid black. Areas of th~ chamber spaces white. · · 

rhomboid. Thus a horizontal section will 

discriminate this genus from the other orbitoid 

genus, Orthophragmina, with which it occurs, 

as in Orthophragmina the equatorial chambers 

are elongate and rectangular. 

Of the Coastal Plain species the following 

seem to be characteristic of certain formations: 

Chattahoochee formation (middle Oligocene): 

L. chattahoochoensis. 

Byram calcareous marl (lower Oligocene): 

L. supera. · 

Marianna limestone (lower Oligocene): 

L. mantelli. 

Ocala limestone (upper Eocene): 

Especially in Florida: 

L. ocalana. 

L. ocahtna var. subdecorata. 

L. floridana. 

L. pseudocarinata. 

L. pseudomarginata. 

L. attenuata. 

L. fragilis. 

L. cookei. 

Especially in: Georgia: 

L. georgiana. 

Jackson formation (upper Eocene): · 

Especially in Louisiana: 

L. mortoni. 

By means of the subjoined key it may be 

possible to identify American material that is 

sufficiently well preserved. 

Key to the American species of Lepidocyclina. 

Test of two distinct portions, a central thickened portion 

and·a very thin peripheral portion: 

Central portion deeply pitted: 

Pits few and large,· test strongly sellaeform, 

diameter 15 to 18 millimeters _____ . . L. favosa. 

Pits numerous and small, test slightly sellaeform, 

diameter 15 to 25 millimeters. 

- ___ - - - - __ - - __ -- __ - _ ---- __ L. chattahoocheensis _ 

Central portion smooth._--_~- ___ .L. pseudocarinala. 

Central portion papillate: 

Papillae fine, central area smalL .L. attenuata. 

Papillae coarse, central area; large. __ .L. cookei. 

Test comparatively thin with small central umbo: 

Test of medium size, flat, diameter 20 to 35 millimeters: 

Surface smooth. ___________ ._· ______ .L. mantelli 

Surface papillate. ___________ ... _______ .L. hilli: 

Test large, diameter 50 to 100 millimeters: 

Umbo small, surface slightly papillate, lateral 

chambers few, only 6 in a vertical column 

pillars small and scattered._. ___ .L. undulata. 

Umbo prominent: 

Surface papillate,· pillars' numerous, lateral 

chambers 20 or more in a ver.tical column _ - -. -. ___ . ___ . ____ - - _____ .. __ L. georgiana. 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. 57 

Test comparatively thin with small central umbo-Con. 

'rest large, diameter 50 to 100 millimeters-Contd. 

Umbo prominent-Continued. 

Surface reticulate or smooth, pillars few 

lateral chambm·s 7 to 10 · in a vertical 

column ............. ~ ........ ~ . . L. gigas. 

'J~est small, diameter 8 to 20 millimeters: 

Pillars absent, lateral chambers few, 4 to 6. 

... · ........................... . L.jragilis. 

Pillars present, lateral chambers numerous: 

Embryonic chambers subequal, equatorial 

chambers hexagonaL ......... . L. chaperi. 

Embryonic chambers very unequal, equatorial chambers rhomboid ... . L. vaugltani. 

Test thickened at center, not distinctly umbonate but 

gradually thinning toward the periphery: 

Test very strongly sellaeform: 

Pillars numerous, tes); small, diameter usually 

4 to 8 millimeters ............... . L. floridana. 

Pillru·s few, test small, diameter usually 8 to 12 

millimeters ...................... . L. perundosa. 

Pilhtrs absent, . test larger, diameter usually 25 

millimeters or more ................. . L. undosa. 

Test not greatly thickened, slightly ·sellaeform: 

Centrally papillate, pillars largely in the C\)ntral 

region: 

Diameter 25 to 35 millimeters 

......................... . L. schlumbergeri. 

Diameter 12 to 15 millimeters 

..................... . L. pseudomarginata. 

Surface finely papillate throughout: 

Lateral chambers 10 to 12 ..... , ..• L. supera. 

Lateral chambers 7 to 8 •......••. L. mortoni. 

Surface smooth or reticulate, lateral cha~bers 

15 to 20 ........................... .. L. ocalana. 

Test not sellaeform, lenticular: 

Diameter 20 to 30 millimeters, center pustulate, 

pillars numerous, increasiilg gradually in diameter to the surface ............... . L. subraulinii. 

Diameter 10 to 15 millimeters, center pustulate: 

Pillru·s numerous, increasing to full diameter 

in first third of length, then uniform to 

the surface, not thickened at periphery 

........................... . L. marginata. 

Periphery much thickened ... . L. duplicata. 

Diameter less than 10 millimeters: 

Diameter 8 to 9 l'nillimeters, chamber walls 

VCl'Y thick .......... : .......... . L. crassata. 

Chamber walls thin, pillars absent: 

Surface smooth or reticulate, lateral 

chambers .J.O to 12 ......... . L. canellei. 

Surface centrally pustulate, lateral chambers G to 10 ............. . L. sumatrensis. 

Chamber walls thin, pillru·s present: 

Center pustulate, reticulate between, 

diameter 2 to 5 millimeters, embryonic 

chambers reniform, lateral chambers 

10 ........................ . L. nwrgani. 

Center pustulate, smooth between, diameter 5 to 7 millimeters, ·embryonic 

·chambers reniform .... . L. macdonaldi. 

Center pustulate, embryonic chambers 

several, unequal. ..... . L. panamensis. 

Center papillate, lateral chambers 6 to 7 

............................ . L. antillea. 

Lepidocyclina mantelli (Morton) GUmbel. 

Plates .XII-XIV. 

Nummulites mantelli Morton, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 23, p. 

291, pl. 5, fig. 9,· 1833; Synopsis of organic remains 

of the Cretaceous group, p. 45, pl. 5, fig. 9, 1834. 

Orbitoides (Lepidocyclina) mantelli (Morton) Gumbel, 

K.-bayer Akad. Wiss. Abh., vol. 10, P: 718, 1868 

(1870). 

Orbitoides mantelli D'Orbigny, in Lyell, Geol. Soc. London 

Quart. Jour., vol. 4, p. 11, 1847 (1848); Prodome de 

paleontologic, vol. 2, p. 406, No. 1296·, 1850. 

Carpenter, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., vbl. 6, 

p. 32, pl. 6, figs. 20, 21, 31, 1850. 

Carpe1iter, Parker, and Jones, Introduction to the 

study of the· Foraminifera,. pp. 298, 300, pl. 20, figs. 

5, G, 8, 11, 1862. 

Biitschli, in Bronn, Klassen und Ordnungen des 

Thier-Reichs, p. 215, pl. 12, fig. 2·2, 1880; in Steinmann, Elemente de PaHi.ontologie, vol. 1, p. 36, 

fig. K, 1888 .. 

De Gregorio, Annales geol. paleont., vol. S, p. 261; 

pl. 46, figs. 16, 17, 1890 .. 

LeJJidocyclina mantelli Lemoine and R. Douville, Soc. 

geol. France Mem., Paleontologic, No. 32, p. 10, 

pL 1, fig. 4; pl. 2, fig. 18; pl. 3, figs. 7, 12, 1904. 

Orbitoides mantelli mut. umbrellopsis De Gregorio, Annales 

geol. paleont., vol. 8, p. 262, pL 46, figs. 21-26, 1890. 

Test thin, flattened, circular, often slightly 

undulate; adults from 25 to 35 millimeters in 

diameter, in exceptional specimens 41 millimeters; central region slightly protuberant on 

both sides of the test, the umbo thus formed 

being .limited to the central portion and only 

2 to 3 millimeters in diameter; surface smooth 

in well-preserved specimens, or slightly pustulate, owing to the irregular elevation o~ the 

outer walls of adjacent lateral chaml;>ers; in 

eroded specimens irregularly scrobiculate; 

young specimens with the central umbonal 

protuberance more marked than in adults. 

The horizontal section (Pl. XIII) shows. 

the irregular hexagonal equa.torial chambers, 

the annuli very irregular in width; lateral 

chambers also generally hexagonal or at least 

polygonal, \vithout pillars; embryonic chambers 

of the megalospheric form, two subequal, the 

dividing wall straight. 

Vertical sections (Pl. XII, figs. 4, 5) show 

·the band of equatorial chambers increasing 

somewhat in height toward the periphery, 

where they inake up almost the entire thickness of the test; the lateral chambers broad 

arid low, several times as broad as high, overlapping instead of in regular vertical columns, 

and thus showing the absence of pillars·; embryonic chambers of the megalospheric form1 
58 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

showing their subequal form and straight tinguish this from typical L. mantelli. More-

-dividing wall. over, De Gregorio leaves no form for the 

Morton's Nummulites mantelli was taken typical, dividing all his material into the four 

by Gumbel as the type species of his genus "mutations .. " Therefore it seems reasonably 

Lepidocyclina, and it is therefore especially· certain that var. umbrellopsis De Gregorio is 

important to fix this species very definitely. but a synonym. Of the other three '.' mutaFortunately, as already noted, although no tions,.'' the figures of which are evidently 

type specimen is available, the published data, much enlarged from small specimens, little 

though meager, are nevertheless sufficient. need be said here except that they evidently 

Morton's description/ "Flattened, thin, be- are neither L. mantelli nor forms of that species. 

coming sharp at the edge, and having a central As is shown by the records, L. mantelli is 

pustuloid elevation, diameter from half an characteristic of certain definite horizons near 

inch to a:ri inch and a half," combined with the base of the Oligocene in Alabama, parts 

the figure, is enough to determine this species, of Mississippi, and northwestern Florida. From 

which is .''innumerable in the whitish loose- all the material exa~p.ined it seems to occur 

grained limestone near Claiborne, Ala." usually alone, without other species of its 

The diameter given by Morton, half an inch group, a peculiarity that distinguishes it from 

to an inch and a half, and by Lemoine .and certain species of similar size in the upper 

R. Douville, 25 to · 35 millimeters, gives the Eocene. 

maximum size almost exactly. In fact, where It has been suggested that the absence of 

there is an abundance of the material it is pillars in this and other species is evidence of 

most striking to see the very slight range of a primitive character, but this I do not think 

diameter of well-developed . specimens away necessarily true. L. mantelli occurs geologfrom 35 millimeters. As may be supposed, ically later than other species that show very 

from what is known of the life history of strongly developed pillars, and, as noted in 

recent Foraminifera, the great mass· of adult the description of L. georgiana, a condition 

fossil Foraminifera represent not animals that lacking pillars may follow an early develophave died from usual causes but individuals ment in which pillars were characteristic. 

that have divided their cell contents in the From this evidence, and the fact that the 

reproductive process and 1eft the test empty. umbo in the adult shows a tendency to flatten, 

This process, taking place at a certain stage it would seem that L. mantelli may be really 

in the life history of the individual, leaves an a senescent species rather than a primitive one. 

abundance of empty tests of adults and com- In every lot of material in which the species 

paratively few tests of young individuals in occurs in considerable numbers a very few specithesanie bottom sample, and therefore accounts mens are found which exceed the normal maxifor the great abundance of individual tests mum diameter of 3.5 millimeters. These range 

of the maximum adult size. from 38 to 41 millimeters, and their rarity, 

In 1890 De Gregorio 2 gave four "mutations" together with their larger size, seems to indicate 

of "Orbitoides mantelli~" , His figures 16 and that they are the microspheric form of the 

17 are copied from the originals of Morton, species. The embryonic chambers are not 

and of the other illustrations, figures 21 to 26, shown clearly, although present in the larger 

which show the "mutation" (text) or "var." specimens(Pl.XIII;Pl.XIV, fig. I). Lemoine 

(explanation· of plate), called by De Gregorio and R. Douville record the occurrence of both 

"umbrellopsis," represent the typical L. man- microspheric and megalospheric forms but 

telli. Figures 21 to 23 are not well character- give no data as to their relative size. 

ized but are sufficiently so, and figures .24 to In the American literature the name "Orbi26 are very typical of the early stages of L. toides mantelli" has covered many things, and 

mantelli. The description, "Papyracea, dila- it is evident frc;>m the material in various collectata, exilis, in medio utroque latere vix sub- tions that the name has been used very loosely. 

tuberculata," certainly adds nothing to dis- The list of stations given here will serve to 

check those references ·in the literature in which 

they are mentio:c.ed. References to other statAm Jour. Sci., vol. 23, p. 291, 1833. 

ll Annales geol. paleont., vol. 8, pp. 261, 262, pl. 46, figs. 16-32, 1890. 
• 

AMBRICAN SPBCIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN ~. 59 

tions fr01n which I have not seen material 

should be checked from collected material if 

it is extant. 

I-:T. Douville 1 figures sections of L. mantelli 

that appear to show very small pillars near 

the equatorial chambers, which become obsolete very early in their development. Such a 

structure wou~d tend to show the senescent 

rather than primitive character of this species. 

Instead of L. mantelli ·initiating the appearance of Lepiclocyclinn in America in the upper 

:Eocene, as stated by Douville, the species comes 

relatively high in the series and is a characteristic or index fossil of the :Marianna limestone, 

which in the areas where it is most definitely 

developed is the middle formation of the Vicksburg gl'bup of the lower Oligocene, as shown by 

Cooke 2 in his correlation table. 

L. mantelli, like most of the other species of 

the genus, was not very long lived, and .is confined in great nu1nbers to a narrow horizon. 

A few of the following records may need 

revision, as the material is poor, but most of 

them are well characterized. · 

In his original description Morton gives the 

following sentence: "Innumerable in the whitish loose.:.grained limestone near Claiborne, 

Ala.'' Although Morton's type specimen does 

not seem to be extant, it is very easy to determine from his very short description and the 

rather crude figure coupled with the above 

sentence just what L. mantelli is. Various other 

species have been referred to it from time to 

.time, and these references need correction. 

Typical L. mantelli has been obtained at· the 

following stations from which I have seen 

111a terial : 

298. Marianna limestone, St. Stephens Bluff, Tombigbeo River, Ala.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

301. Marianna limestone (?), Gainestown, Clarke 

County, Ala.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

306. Marianna limestone(?), ·Feagin, Covington County, 

Conecu.h River, Ala.; IJ. C. Johnso~, collector. 

2307. Marianna limestone, near residence of Bush 

Slaughter, 7 miles southwest of Claiborne, 2 miles east of 

Howards I.1anding, Monroe County, Ala.; Frank Bums, 

collector. 

2056. Marianna limestone (?) "Orbitoides papyraceus," 

2 miles southwest of Whatley Station, Clarke County, Ala.; 

Frank Burns, collector, 1897. 

8206. Marianna limestone, north side of Salt Mountain, 

5 miles south of Jackson, Clarke County, Ala. (below 

coral-reef horizon); T. W. Vaughan, collector, 1898. 

1 Compt. Rend., 1918, p. 263. 

• Cooko, C. W., Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., vol. 8, p. 187, 1918. 

5609. Marianna limestone, St. Stephens Bluff, Tombigbee River, Ala.; T. W. Vaughan, collector, 1908. 

5619. Oligocene (Vicksburg group), 2mill3s west of Nero, 

Monroe County, 5 miles north of Mero's (Blackshire Headquarters), south. bank of IJovetts Creek, Ala.; G. C. 

Matson, collector, 1910. 

6702. Marian:na limestone, hillside a quarter of a mile 

east of Alabama, Tennessee & Northern Railroad, 2! miles 

north of Millry, Washington County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

6710. Marianna limestone, St. Stephens Bluff, Tombigbee River, Ala.; bed 7 of section, soft white "chimney 

rock"; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6711.. Marianna limestone, St. Stephens Bluff, Ala.; bed 

4 of section; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6716. Marianna limestone, ravine east of road. about 

three-quarters of a mile north of Monroeville, Monroe 

County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6717. Marianna limestone, 1 mile north of Monroeville, 

Monroe County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6721. Marianna limestone, gully south of station at 

Drewry, Monroe County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6728. Marianna limestone, road from Perdue Hill to 

Claiborne, Monroe County, Ala.; exposed in gully west of 

road, bed 1 of section (bottom 250 feet above Alabama 

River); C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6729. Marianna limestone, road from Perdue Hill to· 

Claiborne, Monroe County, Ala.; bed 3 of section; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

6732. Marianna limestone,.Murder Creek at bridge east 

of Castleberry, Conecuh County, Ala.; bed 1 of section; 

C~ W. Cooke, collector. 

6733. Marianna limestone, bed 2 of same section as 6732. 

6748. Marianna limestone, west bank of Conecuh River 

at bend about a quarter of a mile below mouth of Sepulga 

River, Escambia County, Ala.; C. W. Cook~, collector. 

6750. Marianna limestone, Rock House Bluff, right 

bank of Conecuh River, near line between sees. 28 and 29, 

T. 3 N., R. 14 E., Covington County, Ala.; talus from 

upper bed; C. W. Cooke, collector. · 

7164. Glendon limestone member of Marianna limestone, 

Jackson-Rockville road, 200 yards north of Salt Creek, 

Clarke County,. Ala.; bed 3 of section; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

7208. Marianna limestone, Whitsett's quarry, about 3 

miles south of Cullomburg, Ala.; beds 2-4 of section; C. 

W. Cooke and Vl. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7238. Marianna limestone, Murder Creek at bridge east 

of Castleberry, Ala.; bottom of bed 1 of section; C. W. Cooke 

and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

The specimens from the foll')wing stations 

seem to be L. mantelli: 

119.· Tertiary, Bogue Homo rocks and prairies, Jasper 

County, Miss.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

259. Vicksburg group, about middle beds of the bluff 

in hard madstone, Vicksburg, Miss.; Burns, collector. 

334. Vicksburg group,· south side of Eucutta Creek, 

Wayne County, Miss., on a high hill 5 miles west of Shubuta, Clarke County, Miss. 

337. Vicksburg group, Heidelberg, Jasper County, Miss., 

sec. 25; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

2636. Oligocene, Wayne County, Miss.; Burns, collector. 
60 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS. TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

4331. Two miles above Byram, on Pearl River, Miss.; 

ledge about middle of the formation; A. F. Crider, 

collector. 

6548. Marianna limestone, rock quarry 4 miles east of 

Brandon, Rankin County, Miss., south of Rankin on 

Alabama & Vicksburg Railway; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

t3644. Marianna limestone, Goodwater Creek, 3 miles 

f?Outheast of Vossburg, Miss.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6645. Marianna limestone, roadside on hill in sec. 2, 

1! miles south-southeast of Heidelbera Jasper Countv 

Miss.; beds 1-5 of section; C. W. Cooke,o~ollector." "' 

6767. Marianna limestone, west side of Marianna, Fla. 

Lepidocyclina hilli Cushman, n. sp .. 

Plate XV, figure J; Plate XVI, figure 2. 

Test circular, flat, thin; central portion 

elevated slightly more on one side than on the 

other; gradually sloping from the thickened 

center to the peripheral portion, which is flat; 

umbonal region· in the very center strongly 

papillate, with a few large papillae about 

which may be as many as eight of the lateral 

chambers, forming a ·concentric series of 

reticulations; papillae smaller as the distance 

from the center of the test increases. 

A vertical section near the edge shows the 

equatorial chambers About three times as 

high as. broad; lateral chambers numerous, 

. very ·low and broad, in verticai columns. 

Type specimen (U. S. N. M. No. 135220) 

from .the Guallava sandstone of Costa Rica, 

collected by R. T. Hill. Specimens from 

U. S. G. S. station 6722 (Ocala limestone, old 

quarry three-fourths mile west and three-f9urths 

mile north from Monroeville, Ala.), collected 

by C. W. Cooke, seem to be close to this species. 

In its general form L. hilli strongly resembles 

L. mantelli (Morton), but . the slope from the 

central umbo is carried out over a wider area 

and the large papillae of the center with tqe 

smaller ones over a large part of the surface 

will at once distinguish it from. that species. 

The umbonal region with the depressed coneentric series of reticulations about the large 

papillae suggests L. morgani, whieh is in other 

respects very different·. 

Lepidocyclina undulata Cushman. 

Plate XV, figures 2-5. 

Lepidocyclina undulata Cushman,· Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 65, pl. 3, figs. 1a, 2, 8, 9; pl. 15, 

fig. 5, 1919. 

Test large, slightly papillate, lenticular; the 

umbonate region scarcely If ~t ali raised.; whole 

test undulate or saddle-shaped, often bent 

nearly double. 

Vertical sections (Pl. XV, :fig. 4) of this 

species show pillars very constant but of smal] 

diameter scattered throughout 'the central 

half of the test and a few. toward the peripheral 

portion; equatorial ehambers fairly high and 

with a series of 6 to 8 rather large perforations 

in the peripheral wall; lateral chambers thickwalled and rather large, eomparatively few, 

usually not more than six in a vertical column. 

Equatorial chambers (Pl. XV, .:figs. 2, 3) 

hexagonal in horizontal section. 

Diameter in the largest specimens apparently 

exceeding 100 millimeters when complete. 

The type locality for this species is U. S. 

G. S. station 6863, High Point, Antigua, 

Leeward Islands; collected by T. W. Vaughan. 

Specimens were abundant at this . station. 

Other .material from Antigua apparently referable to this species was obtained at stations 

6858, Wetherell Point; 6874, Blizzards Mill;. 

( n . 6880, west side of Otto's estate, west 

side of Golden Grove road; 6881, bluff on 

north side ·of Willoughby Bay; and 6942, 

boulders on south side of Monks Hill, Fahnouth. 

This seems to be the largest known species 

of Lepidocyclina, being larger than L: elephantina. The material here :figured from station 

6881 (Pl. XV, :fig. 5) is for the most part composed of smaller speeimens which may possibly 

belong to another species but which have the 

saddle-shaped form of the larger specimens. 

The specimens make up a large proportion of 

the inass of the rock. · 

Lepidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XVI, figure 1; Plate XVII, figures 1-3; Plate 

A."'VIII, figures 1, 2. 

Test large, flattened, or slightly undulate 

or sellaeform; largest specinie:as measuring 

70 millimeters in diameter, more general run 

of specimens 25 to 50 millimeters; central 

region in young and medium-sized specimens 

prominently umbonate, in the largest ones 

· much less so; surface in the earlier stages scrobiculate toward the margins, becoming rather 

strongly papillate toward the center and especially on the umbonal region; umbo small, 

usually less than 5 millimeters in diameter. 

The horizont::J section. (Pl. XVIII, fig. 1) 

shows the chambers of the equatorial band 
. AMBRIC.AN SPBCIJ~S OF ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. 61 

either hexagonal or with the peripheral angle 

changed to an even convex curve; walls of mediunl thickness; annuli irregular. 

In -vertical section (Pl. XVI, fig. 1) the equatorial chan1bers increase in height toward the 

peripl1ery, where they are at least four times 

as high as their diameter; lateral chambers 

·compressed, broad and· low in the central 

region with as n1any as 20 chambers in each 

colun1n but soon diminishing in nu1nber 

toward the periphery of the test, the outer 

third of the region with but one to three· 

chan1bers superin1posed, the thin test being 

made up largely of the high equatorial chambers; pillars 1nostly in the umbonal region, 

thence gradually deci·easing in number toward. 

the periphery of the test; in section, narrow 

wedge-shaped, the distal end broadest and 

so:mewhat con-vex, gradually tapering toward 

the proximal end, usually showing longitudinal latninations in section, in some specimens 

with the greatest width in the central region 

and thinning again toward the periphery. 

. Type specimen from U. S. G. S. station 

7097, Ocala li1nestone, on the east bank of 

Flint RhTer abo-ve the old factory at bend 

tlu·ee-quarters of a mile northeast of the Atlantic Coast Line Railway station at Bainbridge, 

Ga.; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. It has also been collected in the 

Ocala limestone at the following stations: 

3387. Red Bluff, on Flint River 7 miles above Bainbridge, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

7099. East bank of Flint River about half a mile above 

Red Bluff, Decatur County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

8259. About 6 miles southeast of Campbellton and 12 

m:iles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala., 

half a mile from its intersection with the Marianna-Campbellton road, Jackson County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

At all four of t;hese !'tations L. georgiana 

is accmnpanied by Orthophragmina georgiana 

Cusrunan. At station 8259 a single specimen 

was noted, not well characterized but referred 

here provisionally. 

Specilnens of L. georgiana occur at . the 

following stations: 

3382. Hales Landing on Flint River, 7 miles below 

Bainbridge, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

3383. Blue Springs, Ga.; exterior molds of specimens 

apparently L. georgiana; 'l'. W. Vaughan, collector. . 

3390. Below Plant System wharf, Bainbridge, Ga., 

'£. W. Vaughan, collector. 

3397. Back of old factory ·about 1i miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (same locality as station 7097); T. W~Vaughan, 

collector. · 

4974. West side of St. Andrews Bay Road, southwest of 

Chipley, Fla.; G. C. Matson, collector. 

7082. Hales Landing, west bank of Flint, River 7 miles 

southwest of Bainbridge, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, C. W. Cooke, 

and W. C. -Mansfield, collectors. · 

7126. East bank of Flint River at Dry Bread Shoals, 

Mitchell County, Ga., 8! or 9 miles below Newton·, 

from lumps blasted from the channel; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7130. East bank of Flint River 6 miles above Bainbridge, Ga.; C. W. Cooke and J. E. Brantly, colle.ctors. 

7149. East bank of Flint River below wagon bridge at 

Bainbridge, Ga.; W. C. Mansfield, collector. 

8331. Old gristmill on Aycock Creek, 100 yards above 

crossing of Twilight Road, 3 miles southwest of Boykin 

station, Miller County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

In the region about Marianna, Fla., L . . 

gf,orgiana occurs at the following stations: 

7194. Ocala limestone, soft cream-colored limestone, 

bed 4 of section, at mouth of cavern 200 yards southwest 

of wagon bridge over Chipola River east of Uariann~, Fla.; 

C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. In this part 

of the section it occurs with other typical Ocala species 

of Lepidocyclina. 

7195. Bed 5 of same section, white limestone, apparently 

has this species. 

7199. Same locality, contact of beds 4 and 5; \V. C. 

Mansfield, collector. 

Spechnens from station 7242, bottom of 

bed 5 of section on west bank of Chipola River 

at wagon bridge half a mile east of Marianna, 

Fla., collected by W. C. Mansfield, are apparently L. georgiana but are not sufficiently 

well characterized to make the determination 

absolute. An interesting assemblage, among 

which are specimens that may be referred to 

L. georgiana, was found at station 7672, on 

Chipola River at Louisville & Nashville Railroad, three quarters of a mile east of :Marianna, Fla., by C. W. Cooke. 

This is the large species referred to in the 

literature on Georgia, especially as Orbitoides 

papyracea, mainly on earlier identifications of 

R. M. Bagg, jr. The 0. zJapyracea of later 

authors following Gumbel and Boubee is really 

an Orthophragmina, · for which the name 0. 

pratii Michelin must be used according to 

Schlumberger. Our material is Lepidocyclina, 

and the name 0. papyracea as used in the literature in refQrences to the following places should 

be L. georgiana Cushman: Albany, Ga., west 

end of wagon bridge 1 ; limestone at Reel Bluff, 

1 Vaughan, T. W., inVeatch, Otto, and Stephenson, L. W., Georgia 

Gcol. Survey Bull. 26, p. 317, 1911. 
62 SHORTER. CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL ·GEOLOGY, 1P19. 

7 miles .above Bainbridge, Ga. 1 ; bluff on east 3293. Left bank of Flint River at Bainbridge, Decatur 

side of Flint River back of old factory about County; A. IT. Brooks, collector. 

2 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. 2, Hales Landing, 3380. Base of bluff at Little Horseshoe Bend, just below 

on· Flint River 7 miles below Bainbridge, Ga.z the mouth of Blue or Russell Spring, Flint River, Decatur 

County; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

I have seen and checked material from all 3768. Twelve miles north of Bainbridge and 3 miles west 

these localities. of Flint River; S. W. McCallie, collector. 

. The species· is a very large one irt at least 6110. Steamboat landing, Bainbridge. 

some of its individuals, but the range in size is 6159. Red Bluff, Flint River; L. W. Stephenson, collector. 

very considerable, and it may be very likely h h I ~160. Flint River, north of Blue Spring, 4 miles below 

t at t e argest specimens are the microspheric Bambridge, Decatur County; L. w. Stephenson, collector. 

form of the species and the smaller ones the . 6161. Flint River at Bainbridge;· L. W. Stephenson, 

inegalosphe:ric. The material is not sufficiently ·collector. 

well preserved to permit a study of the embry- 7082. Hales Landing, west bankof Flint River, 7 miles 

onic chambers in detail. s_outhwest of Bainbridge; T. W. Vaughan, ·c. W. Cooke, . and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

There is evidently a progressive develop- 7098. Red Bluff, Flint River, 7 miles above Bainbridrre· 

ment in form of the test and character of the C. W. Cooke, collector. · ::. ' 

ornamentation of the surface. In the smaller, 7106 .. Flint River at mouth of Spring Creek, Sumter 

younger specimens_ the umbonal portion cis County, 2 miles above Seaboard Air Line Railway bridge; 

strongly raised and the whole test is promi- C. W. Cooke and J. E. Brantly, collectors. 

tl ill 1 7127 · East ?ank of Flint River in Mitchell County, a nen Y pap ate, a though the umbonal portion quarter of a mile below Normans Ferry, in loose blocks exshows the papillae most prominently. In older cavated from channel; C. W. Cooke and J. E. Brantly, 

specimens the papillae are largely limited to collectors. 

the central region and the umbonal region of 7129. East bank of Flint River 1 mile below Windell's 

the test is not nearly so much raised in compari- Landing, about 6 miles above Red Bluff; C. W. Cooke, 

son as in the young. This character is similar 

to that seen in the young of L. mantelli and 

already noted. 

At the following Georgia stations T. W. 

Vaughan · collected molds of the · exterior I 

probably of L. georgiana: 3618, west end of 

wagon bridge, Albany; 3624, 1 mile east of 

Americus; 3625, 2 miles east of Americus. A. 

single specimen showing equatorial chambers 

of a Lepidocyclina, which may be L. georgiana, 

was. obtained at Saffold, Early County, Ga. 

!h~ r~ck is v~ry .hard and filled with pits, 

mdiCatmg possibly m part a small nummulite. 

·This material is similar to that obtained at 

station 7094, on the west bank of Flint River 

at the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad hridge at 

Bainbridge, which also· has the same character. 

A specimen from· station 4959, Rich I-Iill, 

Crawford County, Ga;, collected by L. ·w. 

Stephenson, may be the y.oung of this species. 

L. georgiana is characteristic of the Ocala 

limestone occurring at many stations with 

several species of Orthophragmina. 

The foll~wing additi?nal stations in Georgia 

~ave furnished matenal which, though not 

Inwardly well preserved, probably should be 

referred to L. georgiana: 

1 Vaughan, T. W., in Veatch, Otto, and Stephenson, L. W., Georgia 

Geol. Survey Bull. 26, pp. 320, 329, 1911. 2 Idem, p. 332. 

collector. 

The species is also present in Alabama at 

station 67 4 7, in the Ocala limestone at Steamboat Point, on the west side of Sepulga River 

at sharp bend near middle of sec. 20, T. 3 

N., R. 13 E., Escambia County; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. · . 

I~ its gr<?ss. appearance L. georgiana is suggestive of L. g~gas Cushman, from AntiO'ua but 

h il b ' 

t e pa~ late character is _much more clearly 

shown In L. georgiana and is correlated in the 

vertical section with the numerous pillars. 

The largest specimens of L. georgiana seerri 

to show definite senescent characters in the loss 

of the papillate character of the surface, which 

becomes much smoother in the adult, and in 

the ~elatively less prominent umbo in the larger 

specim·ens. The senescent feature is especially 

shown in the·pillars, which in the younger specimens are conical, the outer end being the widest, 

whereas in the l,a:rgest specimens they become 

sm~ller in the outer portion and as a-result in 

section are somewhat fusiform. 

Some of the external molds of the specimens 

especially those obtained 3 miles southwest ·of 

Boykin station, Miller County, Ga., by C. W. 

Cooke, show even more clearly than the specimens themselves the relative abundance and 

distribution of the external papillae formed by 

the distal ends of the pillars. · 
AMERICAN SPECIES -OF ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. 63 

This is by far the largest species of the Coastal 

Plain and is surpassed in size only by L. elephantina l\1unier-Chalmas, of Europe, and L. 

undulata Cushman, of Antigua. 

I~epidocyclina gigas Cushman. 

Pln.tc. XIX, figures 1-4. 

Lcpidocyclina gigas Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 291, p. 64, pl. 1, figs. 3-5; pl. 5, fig. 4, 1919. 

Test large, flattened, somewhat lenticular, 

circular in outline; central portion slightly umbonate; thence gradually thinning toward the 

periphery, which is bluntly angular; surface 

generally flat and smooth, occasionally slightly 

undulating. 

The vertical section shows the equatorial 

chambers increasing somewhat in heigqt from 

the central area toward the periphery, the peripheral end of each chamber _slightly convex 

toward the exterior; lateral chambers broad 

and low, in vertical columns, usually from 7 to 

10 in each column in the central portion of the 

test outside the un1bo, thence gradually decreasing in number toward the periphery. 

Pillars are developed at irregular intervals but 

are fmv in number and of very small diameter. 

I-Iorizontal sections (Pl. XIX, fig. 4) show 

the hexagonal equatorial chambers, the annular rows of which are very uneven in size, and 

the subequal embryonic chambers. · 

Diameter of largest specimens 80 millimeters 

or Jnore. 

The type locality for this species is U.S. G. S. 

station 6862, Antigua, Leeward Islands, lower 

bed at I-Iodges Bluff; T .. W. Vaughan, collector. Speci1nens from this locality. are 

numerous (tnd very fine. Material that is 

poorer but apparently specifically the same 

occurs at stations 6854, Rifle Butts, and 

6857, on the southwest side of Wetherell 

Mill, both in Antigua. 

This species is very near to L. elephantina 

Munier-Chalmas, but the two early chambers 

do not see:m to be at all alike, those of L. elephantina being very dissimilar in size and 

shape, whereas those of L. gigas so far as made 

out seem to be much more nearly equal, as is 

usual in American species of Lepidocyclina. 

Plate XIX, figure 4, shows the two early cham.:. 

bers of this species. 

This is a very fine and large species and 

· seen1s to be abund~nt at the type station. 

I' 

Lepidocyclina gigas Cushman var. mexicana Cushman, 

n. var. 

Plate XIX, figure 5; Plate XX, figures 1, 2; Plate XXI, 

figures 1-3. 

Test differing from the typical L. gigas in the 

somewhat smaller size and the comparatively 

greater thickness at the umbo; the surface is 

apparently more reticulate, but this may be 

due to the different conditions of preservation 

in the two areas. 

Diameter of the test as much as 50 millimeters 

or more; thickness in the umbonal region, 7 

millimeters. 

The vertical section (Pl. XIX, ·fig. 5) is 

very similar to that of L. gigas, but has a 

rather less number of lateral chambers, and the 

whole test except the umbonal region is somewhat thinner. 

Type specimen and others from Mexico collected by E. T. Dumble. The type, from the 

Meson formation, Meson, Vera Cruz, Mexico, is 

referred to by Dumble 1 under the name "Orbitoides papyracea." Large specimens that seem 

very similar occur in the material ·collected by 

Dumble from the Sari Rafael formation at 

Cerro Cortaclo, Topila Hills, 15 miles southwest of Tampico. Some of the Topila Hills 

material contains other species, but they are 

not sufficiently well preserved for positive determination at present. · 

Lepidocyclina fragilis Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXII, figures 1, 2. 

Test of·medium size, 10 to 12 millimeters in 

diameter, very thin, flattened or very slightly 

sellaeform; central portion very slightly thickened but usually forming no definite umbo 

distinguishable from the remainder of the 

test; surface very smooth except where eroded 

and at the periphery, where the walls of the 

equatorial chambers form a slight reticulation 

of the surface; whole test thin and fragile; 

thickness usually about 1 millimeter or less. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

chambers to be hexagonal and with fairly thick 

walls. Embryonic chambers not semi. 

The vertical section shows the equatorial 

band of chambers unusually low throughout, 

increasing very little fr01n center to periphery; 

the chambers toward the center thin-walled 

1 Dumble, E. T., California Acad. Sci. Proc., 4th ser., vol. 8, p. 

147, 1918. 
64 SHORTJ<JR CONTRIBUTIONS .TO .GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

and broader than high; those ·toward ·the periphery are thick-walled, slightly higher than 

wide, and the vertical walls slightly convex 

and thickened; lateral chambers very low and 

broad, in central region with not more than six 

chambers in a vertical column, generally lesse~­

ing in number toward the periphery, where 

ther·e may be but one or even none.· No 

pillars apparent. 

Type specimens f~om U. S. G.· S station 

7194, Ocala limestone, at· mouth of cavern 

about 200 yards southwest of wagon bridge 

over Chipola River, east of Marianna, Fla.; 

bed 4 of section; c.·w. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. Specimens also occur at the 

following stations: 

3760. Tivola tongue of. Ocala limestone on Georgia 

Southern & Florida Railroad half a ·mile south of Tivola, 

Ga.; S. W. McCallie, collector. 

6747. Ocala limestone at Steamboat Point on west side 

of Sepulga River at sharp bend near middle of sec. 20, T. 

3 N., R. 13 E., Escambia County, Ala.; C.·W. Cooke, 

collector. · · 

7337. Left bank of Suwannee River above bridge of 

Florida R.ailway, Suwannee County, Fla., northeast of 

Mayo; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7348. Left bank of Suwannee River about 1 mile above 

Troy Springs, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

This is a very thin species and consequently 

fragile. The outer equatorial c~ambers, which 

are unpro~ected by the lateral chambers, have 

thickened. walls· that give greater strength to 

this 'thin peripheral portion. 

The species seems to be characteristic of 

Ocala limestone. 

comparatively few except in the central region, 

where there are a few larger than the others; 

embryonic chambers of the double type, the 

two chambers nearly equal in size and separated by a straight common wall. 

The horizontal section shows similar condi-

~ions of the embryonic chambers and distinctly 

hexagonal equatorial chambers. 

Lmnoine and R. Douville described this species from Panama (Haut-Chagres, San Juan). 

The specimens figured came. from u. s. a.· s. 

station 6025, from marl at the south end of 

Bohio Ridge switch, on the relocated line of 

the. Panama Railroad, collected by T. W. 

Vaughan and D. F. :MacDonald, and fr01n station 6019-j, on the westside of the. Gaillard Cut 

near Las Cascadas. These specimens seem to 

represent the microspheric form of this species. 

A specimen from station 6526, Chiriqui, 

Canal Zone, shows a section which from its 

general proportions seems to suggest strongly 

L. cooperi. 

H. Douville 1 records this species from Salt 

Mountain, Ala., but the material from the higher levels at this locality seems to be referable to 

L. supera (Conrad); . 

Lepidocyclina vaughani Cushman. 

Plate XXII, figure 5. 

Lepidocyclina vaughani Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 

103, p. 93, pl. 37, figs. 1-5; pl. 36, 1918. 

Test of m~dium size, 10 millimeters or more 

in diameter, flat; surface somewhat umbonate 

in the central portion, gradually sloping to 

Lepidocyclina chaperi Lemoine and R. Douville. the peripheral portion, the outer half of which 

Plate XXII, figures 3, 4. is nearly flat. Wall smooth except for fine 

Lepidocyclina chaperi Lemoine and R;_ Douville, Soc. geol. . papillae. . The peripheral portion· of the test 

France, Paleontologie, Mem. 3_2, p.14, pl. 2, fig. 5,1904. when well preserved is typically much thickCushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, p. 92, pl. 35, ened, the edge thick and squarely truncated. 

figs. 1-3; pl. 36, 1918. The horizontal section $hows the peculiarTest of medium size, diameter from 8 to 20 ·ity of the chambers, many.of which, especially. 

millimeters, circular in outline, somewhat those of the outer peripheral portion, are 

saddle-shaped; central portion slightly thick- rhomboid; those of the inner portion are more 

ened, thence gradually and evenly thinning typical and hexagonal. These are shown 

toward .the periphery; surface where well pre- ·especially -well on. the sections of the larger 

served slightly papillate, usually roughened by specimens, those of the smaller specimens 

erosion, toward the periphery often somewhat showing only the regular hexagonal character 

reticulately depressed above the equatorial of the earlier chambers. 

chambers. · No very good vertical sections were obtained 

Verti~al section usually curved; lateral cham- in the thin sections, but several accidental 

hers numerous, breadth much greater than sections show the characters well. The embry- , 

height, columns separated by distinct pillars, 1 Compt. Rend., 1918, pp. 264, 265. 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOP.HRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. 65 

onic chambers are rather large, of the usual · The horizontal- section shows the cha~p.bers 

An1erican type, of two nearly equal chambers, of the equatorial band either hexagonal or 

lateral chmnbers in. vertical columns with a with the peripheral angle an even convex 

very few rather well developed pillars. curve; walls rather ·thin; ~nnuli somewhat. 

Type specirnen frorn station 6021, frmn the irregular in thickness. 

En1perador limestone in cuttings of the Panama In vertical section (Pl. XXIII, fig. 4) the 

Railroad near Caimito Junction, Panama, equatorial chambers increase in height toward 

U. S. N. l\L catalogue No. 324739, collected the periphery, where they are at least three 

by T. W. Vaughan and D. F. MacDonald. times as high as theirdiameter;lateralchambers · 

Specirnens were abundant in this light-gray compressed, broad and low, somewhat convex 

to creatn-colored sandy limestone. Specimens in the central region, where there are as n1any 

were also abundant in the collection from as 40 chambers in the central columns, diminstation 6673, at the san1e locality, obtained ishing in number toward the periphery, where 

later· by l\1acDonald. Specimens that are in the flattened flangelike portion there are 

n.pparently the san1e species are abundant from 3 to 5 chambers superimposed, not 

in a fossiliferous liiny sandstone collected by together equ3ling the height of the equatorial 

MacDonald at station 6255, half a mile south chambers at the periphery. Pillars in the 

of l\1ii·aflores station on the wagon road to umbonal region strongly developed, wedgePanama. shaped in section, the distal ends broadest 

One of the most characteristic features of and projecting _beyon<;l the lateral coluri1ns ·of 

this species is the n1uch thickened peripheral chambers, giving the characteristic pitting of · 

border, the increase toward the extreme edge the surface. · 

being very rapid, leaving the periphery itself. Type specimen a vertical section from U .. S. 

sharply truncate. .This gives the appearance· G. S. collection 3392, from the Chattahoochee 

in hand specimens of a sharply defin~d outline formation at Glenns Well, 5 miles southeast of 

n.nd in sections of the limestone is still more Bainbridge, Ga., collected. by T. W. yaughan. 

striking when vertical sections are seen. Specimens apparently identical with this species 

Specimens frmn Georgia (U. S. G. S. station were obtained in material fro:n;1 the following 

7095, east bank of Flint River at old factory localities: · 

2 miles above Bainbridge, occurring in chert 

and embedded in cln.ys referred to the Chattahoochee formation; W. C. Mansfield, collector) 

hn.ve very much the characters of L. vaughani, 

especially in the chambers of the horizontal 

section. None of the specimens show the 

periphery well, so that its characteristic form is 

not available for comparison. · 

Lepidocyclina chattahoochel5nsis Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXIII, figures 1-4; Plate XXIV, figures 1, 2. 

Test of 1nediun1 size, flattened or smnewhat 

undulate; largest specin1ens n1easuring 25 

millimeters in diameter, most specimens less, 

16 to 22 n1illi1n~ters; central region much thickened, prmninently umbonatg, n1aking up about 

one-third of the test, nearly 5 millimeters 

through in the cen tel· of the thickened region 

in large specimens; ·the thin flattened peripheral border usually smooth or very finely papillate; the umbonate central region pitted with 

numerous small depressions. 

131049°-20-6 

.o 

3388. Upper fossiliferous horizon, Red Bluff OJ:t Flint 

River, 7 miles above Bainbridge, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, 

collector. 

3397. Old factory about 1! miles above Bainbridge, Ga.; 

T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

364Z. Five miles south of JackSon, Ala.; T. W. Vaughan, 

collector. · 

7074. Coralliferous flint, Hales Landing, west bank of 

Flint River, 7 miles southwest of Bainbridge,·Ga.; T. W. 

Vaughan, C. W. Oooke, and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

? 7075. East bank of Flint River just above Lamberts 

Island, about 10~ miles below Bainbridge, Ga.; C. W. 

Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7133. Silicified fragments, lower end of Fort Scott bluff, 

west bank of Flint River, about 12 miles above River 

Junction, Decatur County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke, collector: 

In some of its characters this species resembles L.favosa Cushman, from Antigua, but it is 

less undulate and its umbon~l region is not so 

prominent nor so distinctly reticulate as in 

L. favosa. L. javosa does not attain so large 

a size as L. chattahoocheensis. The number of 

lateral chambers in the central columns in the 

species here described is unusually large. 
fl 

66 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

Lepidocyclina favosa Cushman. 

Plate XV, figure 5 (B) .. 

Lepidoc:~Jclina favosa C,ushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington. 

Pub. 291, p. 66, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2b; pl. 15, fig. 4, 1919. 

Test of medium size, compressed, strongly 

undulate or saddle-shaped; the central portion 

umbonate, much curved, thick; the remainder 

of the test thin and flangelike; central umb~nate 

mass with an ornamentation of polygonal areas 

caused by rounded ·raised ril?s; remainder of 

"the test fairly smooth, but in most specimens 

irregularly eroded. ' 

The vertical section shows numerous distinct 

pillars in the umbonate ·region, broad at the 

exterior and narrowing to a point near the equatorial chambers; flatte'ned peripheral portion 

with few indistinct pillars. 

Diame~er, 15 to 18 millimeters for typical 

speCimens. 

The type looality for this species is U. S. 

q-. S. station 6881, Antigua, Leeward Islands, 

bluffs on north side of Willoughby Bay. 

This is a very strikingly ornamented species 

and hardly likely to be mistaken for any other, 

especially with its ~ery !?trong saddle shape in 

addition. It was not seen in any other material from the Antigua formation but is very 

abundant at this station, as the photograph 

(Pl. XV, fig. 5) will show. 

Lepidocyclina pseudocarinata Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXIV, figures ·s, 4. 

Test of medium size, 18 millimeters in diameter· in the largest specimen, generally without 

sellaeform curves; centr31 portion thickened 

but only slightly c·onvex; the thickened portion 

occupying about two-thirds of the surface of 

the test; peripheral portion flattened and thin, 

the change from the thickened center abruptly 

marked; surface smooth except for scrobiculations due to· the erosion of the surface. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

band of chambers hexagonal. 

The vertical section shows th~ equatorial 

. band. of chambers increasing gradually in.size 

toward the periphery, where the P,eight is 

three to four times the width; walls thick, very 

sl~ghtly convex; lateral chamb.ers numerous in 

the central portion, rapidly diminishing in 

numbers at the .point where the ab,rupt change 

occurs from the central·th1ckening to the thin 

periphery; outer surface curved; inner surface 

'flattened, not greatly compres~ed; lateral 

chambers over the peripheral carina usually 

wanting; the entire border almost completely 

formed by. the equatorial '!?and. 

Type specimen from U. S. G. S. collection 

6810, Ocala limestone, Cummer Lumber Co.'s 

phosphate plant No. 10, 1 m,ile northwest of · 

Newberry, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. It was 

also found at the following stations in Florida: 

5031. Ocala, ·Marion County; G. C. Matson, collector. 

6790. 300 feet south of the Alachua Manufacturing Co.'s 

plant a.t south edge of Alachpa, Fla.; H .. Gunter and C. W. 

Cooke, collectors. · 

6812. Cummer Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 6, 

1-f miles south of Newberry; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6814. Quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., 1! miles 

northwest of Newberry, Alachua County; C. ·w. ~Cooke, 

collector. 

7194. Ocala limestone, mouth of cavern about 200 yards 

southwest of wagon bridge over Chipola River east of 

Marianna; bed 4 of section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7341. Left bank of Suwannee River at Branford, Suwannee County; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7349. Left bank of Suwannee River about half a mile 

below Fort McComb; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

. 7367. ·willow Sink, 1! _to 2 miles west of Chiefland, 

Levy County; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

In Georgia specimens from two localities 

appear to be identical with this: 

6160. Flint River north of Blue Spring, 4 miles below 

Bainbridge; L. W. Stephenson, collector. 

7097. East bank of Flint River above old. factory at 

bend three-quarters of a mile northeast of Atlantic Coast 

Line Railroad station at Bainbridge; C. W. Cooke and· 

W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

This. species may be distinguished from 

most ·of th~ other species of. the Ocala limestone by its carinate appearance and from the 

ocly other species of the same formation that 

has this same character, L. cookei, · by its 

smooth or. irregularly · scrobiculate surface 

when eroded, as contrasted with the very 

papillate surface of L. cookei. It will probably 

be found to have a wider geographic range 

than is here indicated, but it is not a common 

species in comparison with L. ocalana or L. 

floridana, with w~ch it is associated . 

Lepidocyclina cookei Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXIV, figures 5, 6. 

Test rather small, 10 millim~ters in diameter 

in the largest specimen, thick, very convex in 

the central portion, at the periphery extending 

out into a thin border, the transitio-n rather 

sharply marked; surface very strongly papil~ 

• 
AMBRICAN SPBCIBS OF ORTHOPHR-4-GMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. 67. 

late o.ver the whole central portion; the thin 

periphery smooth except for ei'osion and the 

reticulate Jnarkings formed by the walls of the 

equatorial chambers. 

Sections were not made, as the species 

seems to be very rare, but accidental breaks 

show that the equatorial chambers are hexagonal and of uniforn1 size, the height increasing as usual toward the periphery but 

not excessively so; lateral chambers wanting 

over the thin periphery; numerous pillars are 

·indicated. by the closely set papillae of the. 

surface of the thickened central portion. 

'rype ~pecimen from U." S. G. S. station 

6812, Ocala lin1estone, Cummer Lumber Co.'s 

phosphate plant No. 6, 1! miles south of 

Newberry, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. The 

only other ·specimen known is fron1 station 

4965, half a nllie southwest of Fort ·White, 

Fla.; G. C. :Matson, .collector. 

Fron1 the available 1naterial the species 

semns to be rare in the Ocala limestone, but 

probably it has a wider range than is indicated 

by these records. 

Lepidocyclina a~tenuata Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXiV, figures 7, 8. 

Test of ~edium size, in all specimens exainined close to 12 millimetei's. in diameter, 

plane or slightly sellaeform; central portion 

strongly umbonate, the thickened portion 

occupying about one-fourth the diameter; 

remainder of the test thin; central portion 

fmely papillate; peripheral portion smooth or 

scrobiculate where eroded. Chambers of the 

eq ua to rial zone hexagonal. 

The vertical section shows the equatorial 

cham.bers low in the . central portion and increasing rapidly in height toward the periphery until at the edge they are three to four 

tim.es as high· as· broad, outer wall convex; 

lateral chambers very nu1nerous in the thickened umbonal region, where there are 20 to 

25 cha1nbers in a vertiqal column, rapidly decrensing in numbers as the edge of the umbo is 

reached, thence gradually reduced toward the 

periphery, ohmnbers low· and broad, several 

tin1es us wide as high; walls comparatively 

thin; pillars numerous, slender,· increasing 

gradually in diameter toward the· surface .. 

Thickness of umbonal region 3 millimeters 

in n test 12 to 13 millimeters in diameter. 

Type specimen from U. S. G. S. station 6814, 

quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., 1! miles 

northwest of Newberry, Alachua County, 

Fla.; C. W; Cooke, collector. 

Other Florida specimens were. obtained at 

the following stations: 

4974. Six miles southwe~t of Chipley, on west side of 

St. Andrews Bay road; G. C. Matson, collector. 

5031. Ocala, Marion County; G. C. Matson, collector. 

6824. East bank of Suwannee River at Seaboard Air 

Line Railway bridge opposite Ellaville, Fla., bed 1 of 

sectio~; C. W. Cooke, collector. · 

·7194. Mouth of cavern about 200 yards southwest· of 

wagon bridge over Chipola River east of Marianna; bed 4 

of section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors: 

7199. Contact of beds 4 and 5 of same section· W. Q. 

Mansfield, collector. 

7348. Left bank of Suwannee River about 1 mile above 

Troy Springs; C. W. Cooke, 'collector. 

U.S.N. M. No. 112507, Richards quarry, Ocala. 

It is apparently present in Georgia at station 

3380, base of bluff at Little Horseshoe Bend,. 

just below mouth of Blue or Russell Spring, 

Flint River, 4 miles below Bainbridge, Decatur 

County; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

It may be distinguished from the other 

species of the Ocala limestone by the pronlinent umbonate portion, occupying but a 

quarter of the diameter of the test, and the 

large proportion of flattened periphery. 

Lepidocyelina floridana Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXV, figures 1, 2. 

Test small, thin, very sellaeform; usual size 

of specimens from 4 to 8 millimeters in diameter; sellaeform condition very regular, the 

bending of the test being ·somewhat greater in 

measurem,ent than half the diameter of the 

test. In a specimen measuring 7 millimeters 

in diameter the entire deviation from the plane 

through the center is as much as 4 millimeters; 

surface appearing smooth to the unaided eye 

but with slight magnification shown to be 

finely papillate from the projection of the ends 

of the vertical pillars, especially in the cent:ral 

part of the test but more or less so over the 

whole test. 

The horizontal section shows the chambers 

of the ·equatorial band with the characteristic 

hexagonal shape, those near the periphery with 

the outer bor.der convexly curved, annuli 

irregular. 

The vertical s~ction shows the chambers of 

the equatorial band in the central part square 

in section, the height about equaling the width 
68 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY. 1919. 

but gradually increasing toward the peripheral 

portion of the test, where the chambers become 

about three· ·times as high as their- width; and 

the w~lls, instead of being straight, are convexly curved toward the periphery of the test; 

lateral chambers much compressed, broad and 

low, eight or nin'e in a vertical column in the 

central region, diminishing very evenly in 

number toward the periphery, where there is 

but a single chamber on each side of the test. 

Pillars numerous, rather evenly distributed, 

very slightly increasing in diameter toward 

the surface, only slightly laminated, coming 

slightly above the surface at the distal ends, 

causing the .papillate surface. · 

Type specimen from U.S. G. S. station 6805 .. 

Ocala limestone, at plant of Oakhur~t Lime Co. 

(plant No. 2, Florida Lime Co.), south of 

Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 2 miles southeast of Ocala, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

Material containing this species has been collected at the following stations in Florida: 

329. Peep wells at Padlock, Suwannee County; I,. C. 

Johnson, collector. 

362. Fort White, Suwannee County; J,. C. Johnson, collector. 

3629. Alachua; T. W. VJlughan, collector. 

4965. Half a mile southwest of Fort White; G. C. Matson, 

collector. 

4974. Six milessouthwestof Chipley, on west side of St. 

Andrews Bay road; G. C. Matson, collector. 

6717. Fort White. · 

6789. ·North side. of Alachua-High Springs public road, 

1 mile west of North Alachua station, Atlantic Coast Line 

Railroad, Alachua County; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

6790. Three hundred feet south of Alachua Manufacttiring Co.'s'plant at south'edgeof Alachua; H. Gunter 

and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6804. Quarry No. 1, Florida Lime Co., on southwest edge 

of Ocala; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6807. Plant No.3, Florida Lime Co., 6! miles north of 

Ocala, at Zuber, Marion County; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6808. Quarry one-eighth of a mile soutJ:least of Martin 

station, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 9 miles n~rth of 

Ocala; H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6810. Cummer phosphate plant No. 10, 1 mile northwest 

of Newberry; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6812. Cummer Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 6, 1! 

miles south. of Newberry; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6814. Quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., 1! miles 

northeast of Newberry; Q. W. Cooke, collector. 

6858. Near Alachua. 

7126. East bank of Flint River at Dry Bread Shoals, 

Mitchell County, 8! or 9 miles below Newton, from 

lumps blasted from the channel; C. w: Cooke, collector. 

7194. Mouth of cavern about 200 yards southwest of 

wagon bridge over Chipola River, 'east of Marianna; bed 

4 of section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors, 

7338. Suwannee River at Dowling Spri.ngs, Suwannee 

County; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7348. Left bank of Suwannee River about 1 mile above 

Troy Springs; c.' W. Cooke, collector. 

7349. Left bank of Suwannee River about half a mile 

below Fort McComb; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7354. Manatee Spring, Levy County, C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

7367. Willow Sink, 11 to 2 miles west of Chiefland, 

Levy County; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

U.S. :N. M. No.ll2507. Richards quarry, Ocala; Joseph 

Willcox, collector. 

In Alabama the species has been found at 

station 6747, Steamboat Point, on west side 

of Sepulga River, -at sharp bend near middle 

of sec. 20, T. 3 N., R. 13 E., Escambia County; 

C. W. Cooke,· collector. 

Lepidocyclina perundosa Cushman. 

Plate XXVI, figure 1. 

-Lepidocyclina perundosa Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 63, pl. 11, fig. 8, 19~9. 

Test ·very much curved in two directions, 

so that the two planes of each set are nearly 

parallel to one another and nearly at right 

angles to those of the other set, .strongly 

''saddle-shaped'' ; surface smooth when well 

preserved but usually somewhat cancellate, 

owing to erosion. 

A vertical section is difficult to obtain on account of the very much doubly curved ·shape of 

the test but shows no pillars, the lateral chambers about three times as long as high, central 

chamber large, equatorial chambers increasing 

gradually in size toward the periphery, height 

-and breadth of equatorial chambers about 

equal. · 

Owing to the ~hape of the test the horizontal 

section is only fragmentary, but it shows 

chambers ro.ughly triangular with the outer 

surface convexly curved. 

Diameter, 8 to 12 millimeters. 

Type specimen, section (U. S. N. M. No. 

328194) from station 3478, Nuevitas, Cuba; 

A. C. Spencer, collector. 

· This is a very sellaeform species about onehalf the size of L. undosa Cushman, from Antigua. 

Lepidocyclina undosa Cushman. 

Piate XXV, figure 3. 

Lepidocyclina undosa Cushman, Ca.rnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 291, p. 65, pl. 2, fig. 1a, 1919. 

Test of medium size, much compressed, 

strongly undulate or saddle-shaped, not at all 

umbonate, thin throughout; surface slightly 

granulate, otherwise smooth, where worn 

usually netted by the walls of the chambers. 
AMBRICAN SPBCIBS OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 69 

Vertical sections shqw apparently an entire 

absence of pillars throughout; equatorial chambers nearly square in section, walls straight; 

lateral chambers very numerous, low and broad, 

very thin-walled, 12 to 15 in a vertical column 

in the thicker portions of the test. 

I-Iorizontal sections show typical hexagonal 

equatorial chan1bers. 

Dian1eter as n1uch as 25 millimeters or more. 

Type n1aterial (U. S. N.' M. No. 328198) 

from Antigua, Leeward Islands, U. S. G. S. 

station 6869, Long Island; T. W. Vaughan, 

collector. The species is very abundant in 

this Jnaterial, making up a large proportion 

of the rock mass. Specimens are ass_ocia ted 

with 11 eterostegina. 

This 1nay be distinguished from other species 

of Lepidocyclina by its saddle-shaped· test, 

the flat, nonum,bonate center, the finely 

netted surface in worn specimens, and the 

absence of pillars in the vertical section, with 

the thin-walled chambers. 

Lepidocyclina .scblumbergeri Lemoine and R. ·Douville. 0 

Lepidocyclina schlumbergeri Lemoine and R. Douville, 

Soc. geol. Prance, Paleontologic, vol. 12, Mem. 32, 

p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 10; pl. 2, fig. 6, 1904. 

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 

57, 1919 

Test large, compressed, lenticular, thickest 

in the central region, from which it gradually 

thins out toward the periphery, somewhat 

flexuous and slightly saddle-shaped; surface 

fairly sn1ooth or somewhat finely granular, the 

granules representing. the ends of the small 

pillars; surface often uneven, owing to the 

raised peripheral wal;ts of th~ lateral chambers. 

rrhe vertical section shows the general shape, 

thin, gently curving from the center to the 

periphery, slightly curved; the pillars numerous 

and co1npa.ratively small, a very few larger 

pillars in the central region; vertical columns 

of lateral chambers with numerous low, flattened chambers making up each column. 

The horizon tal section show~ hexagonal 

chmnbers, but more numerous equatorial ones 

with the outer wall convexly curved, walls 

rather thick. 

Dia1neter, 25 to 35 millimeters. 

Lemoine and R. Douville regard this as a 

mutation of L. dilatata. They record this species especially from Spain at four localities. 

In Cuba it has been found at stations 7512, 

Ocujal; 7518, south side of Los Melones l\1ountain near west end; 7522, l\1ogote Peak; 7543, 

limestone outcrop, east side of Yateras River; 

7664, north slope of La Piedra, northeast of 

Jamaica, northeast of Guantanamo, collected 

by N. H. Darton. 

Lepidocyclina pseudomarginata Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXVI, figures 2-4. 

Test of .medium size, 12 to 15 millimeters in 

diameter, slightly sellaeform; central portion 

thickened and occup.ying nearly half the diameter of the entire test, entire thickness about 

one-fourth the whole diameter of the test; 

peripheral portion thin; central thickened portion strongly papillate from the projecting 

enfls of the pillars, which gradually decrease 

in number as the thinner peripheral portion is 

approached; line of demarcation not abrupt; 

papillae of the central portion very numerous 

and rather evenly distributed. . 

Equator-ial chambers hexagonal, showing at 

the surface only on the extreme periphery; 

the remainder of the thin p_ortion .toward the 

center covered with one. or more layers of 

lateral chambers. 

Type specimen from U. S. G. S. station 

3683, Archer·, Fla.; W. H. Dall, collector. 

A very small specimen (U.S.N. M. No. 136425) 

may be the young of this species. It is fro~ 

Johnson's sink, Levy County, Fla.; L. C. 

Johnson, collector. Other specimens were 

obtained at the following stations: 

7194. Ocala limestone, Marianna, Fla.; bed 4 of section, 

at mouth of cavern; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, 

collectors. 

7338. Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee 

County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

This species resembles L. marginata, but the 

central region is much moi:e finely papillate, · 

the number of papill~e being double that in 

L. marginata. It seems to be a rare species 

1n the Ocala limestone. 

1.1 Lepidocyclina supera (Conrad) H. Douville. 

Plate XXVI, figures 5-7. 

Orbitolites supera Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 

. Proc., No. 2, p. 74, 1865. 

Orbitoides supera Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 1.:3, 

p. 31, 1867. 

Lepidocyclina supera (Conrad) H. Douville, Compt. Rend., 

1918, pp. 263, 264, figs. 6-8, 11. 

Test flattened or slightly sellaeform, typically 

circular 1n ·outline but occasionally irregular, 
70 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 19U>. 

.with lobes at one sid.e or elongated oval; thickest .in the central region but not distinctly umbonate, gradually decreasing in thickness to ~he 

periphery; surface apparently smoot~ but With 

slight enlargement becoming, papillate,. the 

papillae, which are the ends of the pillars 

rounded and projecting above the general surface slightly, or where the test is eroded becoming more prominent. Di~meter as. much 

as 18 millimeters in adult speCimens·; thickness 

about 2 millimeters. · 

The horizontal section shows the chambers 

of the equatorial band to be irregularly hexag~ 

onal, the chambers with thick walls, the ann,uh 

irregular, occasionally much crowded, the 

chambers then compressed and elongate oval; 

embryonic chambers not seen. . 

The vertical section shows the equatonal 

band to be unusually thin, increasing somewhat in thickness toward the periphery, where 

the height of the chambers is 2 to 2~ times the 

radial width; lateral chambers numerous, 10 to 

12 in a column in the thickest portion of the 

test, thence decreasing gradually in number 

toward the periphery; chambers very much 

compressed, 6 to 8 times as wide as high, ~Hiptical, the walls thick, usually much thwker 

than the chamber itself; pillars very numerous, 

increasing rapidly in· diameter toward the surface most numerous in the thicker central portion' but in lesser numbers scattered over the 

surface well toward the periphery. 

Conrad describes this species from the upper 

6449. Upper fossiliferous zone, Confederate Ave~:me, 

600 to 700 feet nor~h of the bridge over Glass Bayou, VIcksburg; C. W. Cooke, collector. . 

6454. Pearl River just above bridge at Byram; C. W. · 

Cooke, collector. · · 

6458. Rock quarry 4 miles east of Brandon, south of 

Rankin, on Alabama & Vicksburg Railway, Rankin 

County; T. W. Vaughan, collector. . 

6648. Chickasawhay River at wagon bridge a quarter of 

a mile west of Wood ward and 2 miles northwest of Waynesboro County; C.' W. qooke, collector .. 

The following localities in Alabaina seen1 to 

have this species: 

3646. Salt Mountain, Clarke County, near the top of the 

series; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

3648. Sa.ItMountain,neartopofthehill;T. W. Vaughan, 

collector. 

H. Douville 1 has recorded L. supera from· 

Vicksburg and Byram, :Miss., from a locality 

southeast of Claiborne on Conecuh River, Ala., 

and from Bainbridge, Ga. ·I have had much 

material from Bainbridge but have had no 

material that seemed to fit this species. The 

embryonic chambers of ~specimen from Bainbridge, . figured by Douville, are vert thick 

walled and seem much more like some of the 

Ocala species. Dou_ville gives L. supera as oc-

. curring in the ''upper J ackson-Zeuglodon bed.'' 

The species there that is supe!ficially like L. 

supera ·in some respects is that here described 

as L. mortoni. · 

So far as the material I have had shows, L. 

supera is confined to the Byram marl and formations of equivalent age. 

bed at Vicksburg (hence probably the specific Lepidocyclina mortoni Cushman, n •. sp. 

name supera) in the following words: . Plate XXVII, figures 1-4; flate XXVIII, figures 1, 2. 

Smaller than the preceding [L. mantelh].and compara- 'Test flattened, usually somewhat sellaeform, 

tively thicker without the raised central point. Diameter thin; central portion thi~~est but not umbo-

.thirteen~twentieths of an inch. This species is readily. nate; surface very finely papillate throughout, 

distinguished by the convex center and is limited to the the papillae most numerous in the ce.n~ral por-

. Oligocene strata. ' tion. Diameter as much as 20 millimeters; 

L. supera seems to be a characteristic species thiekness slightly more than ~ millimeter. 

of the upper part of the lower Oligocene, now The horizontal section shows the chambers 

known as the Byram calcareous marl. It has of the equatorial band hexagonal in general, 

been found at the following stations in Missis- but the peripheral portion more commonly a 

sippi: convex curve instead of a sharp angle; embry259. Vicksburg. onic chambers subequal in the megalospheric 

2664. Vicksburg; C. W. Johnson, colJector. . form, thick-walled. 

3722. Vicki;! burg, bluff just above the second sawmill on . The vertical section shows the chambers of 

the river, horizon No. 2 from the top; T. W. Vaughan, . h 

collector. the equatorial band very low, m t e center 

3729. Top of bluff opposite second sawmill, Vicksburg; slightly wider than the height b~t towar~ the 

T. W. Vaughan, collector. periphery slightly larger and sbghtly higher 5623. West bank of Pearl River, Byram, Hinds County; 

. G. C. Matson, collector.· lCompt. Rend., 1918, pp. 264~ 265 . 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. ~ 71 

than the width, walls thick and at right angles, 

not showing the convexity of the outer wall so 

common in most species; lateral chambers 

sev~n or eight in a column in the thickened central portion, broad and low, the outer wall usually convex, making the chamber cavity 

roughly lunate, the walls of the inner chambers 

nearest the equatorial chambers often much 

thickened and the chamber cavity reduced to 

mere slits, the walls often double the thickness 

9f the entire equatorial band at that point, the 

walls of the outer layers much thinner an"d the 

chamber cavities somewhat wider but not proportionately so; pillars very numerous, more or 

less irregular, often anastomosing, especially 

toward the surface. · 

Type specimen from the Jackson formation 

at U. S. G. S. station 2638, bluff at Montgomery, Grant Parish, La.; T. W. Vaughan, 

collector, 1894. The species . is represented 

by abundant specimens from the marl at 

this place. The same species was collected 

at station 4270, at the same locality, by T. W. 

Vaughan, in 1900. Very similar specimens 

occur at the following stations:· 

7161. Ocala limestone,· roadside 500 feet east of Jones 

Field Branch, sec. 35, 'f. 8 N., R. 3 E., 5 miles southeast of 

Whatley, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7377. Jackson formation, bluff on south side of Suck 

Creek,. Clarke County, Miss., about three-quarters of a mile 

from mouth (in the NE. t sec. 3, 'f. 10 N., R. 7 E., in 

"Zeuglodon bed"; E. N. Lowe and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

Both microspheric and inegalospheric forms 

of the test occur. The pillars are peculiar in 

their anastomosing conditio:J;l and are shown in 

the horizontal section (Pl. XXVII, fig. 3). 

Lepidocyclina ocalana Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXVIII, figures 3,, 4; Plate XXIX:, figures 1-3. 

Test of · medium siz·e, flattened, usually 

slightly sellaeform; usual diameter of specimens from 16 to 18 millimeters, with the range 

of adult specimens from·15 to 21.millimeters; 

the two sides of the tests differing; one side 

typically prominently umbonate in the central 

portion, tl~ence gradually sloping to the. periphery; the opposite side thickened in the center 

but not umbonate, «;}venly curved from one side 

to the other; the umbonate side showing more 

clearly the sellaeform shape than the more 

evenly curved side; surface typically smooth or 

somewhat scrobiculate from unequal erosiOn 

of the outer layer of lateral chambers. 

The horizontal section shows the· chambers 

of the equatorial band usually with the outer 

portion of each chamber convexly curved, on 

the whole hexagonal, walls comparatively 

th,ick, thinner near the periphery; annuli irregular; embryonic chambers subequal, thickwalled. 

I~ vertical section the chambers of the equatorial zone increase but very slightly in height 

toward the exterior; lateral chambers much 

compressed, broad &nd very low, from 15 to 20 

in a vertical column in the umbonal r~gion but 

tapidly diminishing in nuin~er toward the periphery. Pillars very numerou~, more so in the 

central region but well distributed throughout 

the test except at the peripheral portion, in 

section wedge-shaped, distal end broadest, 

thence tapering gradually to the center, usually showing longitudinal laminations· in section, outer end flat or very slightly convex, not 

coming above the adjacent lateral chambers 

and therefore not causing a papillate surface, 

as is so usual with a species in which the pillars 

~re numerous;· in some specimens the pillars 

seem to become obsolete before the surface is 

reached. 

Type specimen from U.S. G. S. s~ation 6804, 

Ocala limestone, quarry No. 1, Florida Lime 

Co., Ocala, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. Tests 

of this species ha~ been found also at the 

followingstations: · 

· 322. Quarry of chimney rock near railroad half a mile 

west of Gainesville, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

329. U.S. N.l\L catalogue No. 136397, Fort White, Fla.; 

L. C. Johnson, collector. 

355. Bennett's bone bed, Nixon, Levy County, Fla.; 

L. C. Johnson, collector. 

362. Fort White railroad station, Suwannee County, 

Fla.; L. C. Johnson; collector. 

365. U. S. N. M. catalogue No. 136425, Johnson's ljme 

sink, Levy County, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

378b. Near the "sink" 2 miles south of Gainesville, 

Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector. _ 

380. Vicinity of Gainesville and Arredonda, Alachua 

County, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

2284. Martin statien, Marion County, Fla.; W. H. Dall, 

collector, 1891. 

2325. Fort White, Columbia County, Fla. 

3629. Alachua, ·Fla.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

3682. Six miles southwest of Gainesville, Fla.; 

Weatherby, collector. 

3683. Archer, Fla.; W. H. Dall, collector. 

3685. Martin's station, Fla.; W. H. D3-ll, collector. 

3688. Richard's quarry, Ocala, Fla.; Joseph Willcox, 

collector. 

3781. Bank of Allapaha River, Statenville, Echolls 

'County, Ga.; S. W. McCallie, collector. 
72 ·SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

4965. Half a mile southwest of Fort White, Columbia 

County, Fla.; G. C. Matson, collector. 

5030, 5031. Ocala, Marion County, Fla.; G.C. Matson, 

collector, 1908. 

6717. Fort White, Fla. . 

6747. Steamboat Point, on west eide of Sepulga Riyer 

at sharp bend near middle of sec. 20, T. 3 N., R. 13 ·E., 

Escambia County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6785. Dutton's phosphate spur, on Atlantic Coast Line 

Railroad, one-half to one-fourth mile ~outh of Herlong 

station, Fla.; T. W. Vaughan and C. W: Cooke, collectors. 

6789. North side of Alachua-High Springs public road, 

1 mile west of Alachua station, Atlantic Coast Line Rajlroad, Alachua County, Fla.; T. ·w. Vaughan, collector. 

6790. Three hundred feet south of Alachua Manufacturing Co.'s plant, south edge of Alachua, Alachua County, 

Fla.; H. Gunter aitd C. yv. Cooke, collectors. 

· 6803. Hi1ltop on land of Evans Hale,· 2 miles ·west of 

Arredonda and 1 mile north of Kanapaha station, Alachua 

County, Fla.; H. Gunter and C. yv. Cooke,· c~llectors. 

6805. Plant of Oakhurst Lime Co.; (plant No. 2, Florida 

Lime Co.), south of Atlantic Coast Line Railroad 2 miles 

southeast of Ocala, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6807. Plant No. ·3, Florida Lime Co., 6! miles north 

of Ocala, at Zuber post office, Marion County, Fla.; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

6808. Quarry one-eighth of a mile southeast of Martin 

station, Atlantic Coast IJine Railroad, 9 miles north of 

Ocala, Fla.; H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6810. Cummer phosphate plant No. io, 1 mile northwest 

of Newberry, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6812. Cummer Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 6, 

1! miles south of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla.; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

6814. Quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., 1! miles northwest of Newberry, Alachua Colinty, Fla.; C. vV. Cooke, 

collector. 

6858. Near Alachua, Fla. 

7082. Hales Landing, west bank of Flint River 7 miles 

southwest of Bainbridge, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, C. W. Cooke, 

and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7097. East bank of Flint River above old factory at bend 

three-fourths of a mile northeast of Atlantic Coast Line 

Railroad station at Bainbridge, Ga.; C. W. Cooke and W. 

C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7126. East bank of Flint River at Dry Bread Shoals, 

Mitchell County, Ga.; 8! or 9 miles below Newton, from 

lumps blasted from the channel; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7194. Mouth of cavern about 200 yards southwest of 

wagon·bridge over Chipola River, east of Marianna, Fla.; 

bed 4 of ·section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, 

collectors. 

7195. Same locality as 7194, bed 5 of section; C. W. Cooke 

and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7242. West bank of Chipola River at wagon bridge east 

of Marianna, Fla.; bottom of bed 5 of section; W. C. Mansfield, collector. 

7337. Left bank of Suwannee River above bridge of 

Florida Railway, northeast of Mayo, Suwannee County, 

Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

· 7338. Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee 

County, Fla.; C. vV. Cooke, collector. 

7341. Left bank of Su~annee River, at Branford, 

Suwannee County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7345. East bank of Suwannee River 2! miles above 

Branford, Suwannee County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7349. Left bank of Suwannee River about half a mile 

below Fort McComb, Fla.; C. vV. Cooke, collector. 

7360. Rock quarry east of Atlantic Coast Line Railroad 

about 3! miles south of Floral City and about 1! miles north 

of Pineola, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7365. ·Pineola, Citrus County,· 5 miles south of Floral 

City, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7367. Willow Sink, 1! to 2 miles west of Chiefland, 

Levy County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

767•2. Ocala limestone, Chipola River at Louisville & 

Nashville Railroad, three-fourths mile east of Marianna, 

·Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

U. S. N. M. No. 112507. Richards quarry, Ocala, Fla.; 

Joseph WillcQx, collector. 

U. S. N. M. No. 137924. Archer, Fla.; W. H. ·Dall, 

collector. 

Specimens from U. S. G. S. station 7689 

(Tivola tongue of Ocala limestone, Tivola, Ga.; 

C. W. Cooke,. collector) are evidently this 

species with the variety subdecorata, described 

below. 

Both the species and its variety seem to be 

highly ~haracteristic of the Ocala limestone in 

west-:-central Florida and are very abundant. 

The development and subsequent reduction of 

pillars seem to indicate senescent characters 

even in the upper Eocene. The species seems 

to be to a great extent replaced in Georgia and 

elsewhere by the very much larger L. georgia?m, unless it· occurs there at different horizons. 

Lepidocyclina ocalana Cushman var. subdecorata Cushman, n. var. 

Plate XXVIII, figure 5. 

Variety differing from the typical species in 

its usually thinner, more distinctly umbonate 

test, and surface with prominent papillae, even 

near the periphery. · 

In most material in which typical L. ocala1m 

occurs this variety also is present. In size and 

general characters the two are similar, but the 

variety js distinctly papillate throughout, a 

character which may be accompanied by the 

thinner and more umbonate test. As a rule 

·this is not as common as the typical form, but 

in one or two lots of material it seems to be 

fairly common while the typicaf form is rare or 

absent. 

It was noted in material from the following 

stations: 
AMERICAN SPECIES O:F ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LE~IDOCYCLINA. 73 

365. Johnsons Sink, Levy County, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, 

collector. 

3629. Ocala limestone, 'Alachua County, Fla.; T. W. 

Vaughan, collector. 

4965. Half a mile southwest of Fort 'Vhite, Columbia 

Cou~ty, Fla.; G. C. Matson; collector. 

4974. Six miles southwest of Chipley, Fla., on west 

side of St. Andrews Bay road; G. C. Matson, collector. 

6789. North side of Alachua-High Springs public road, 

1 mile west of North Alachua station on Atlantic Coast 

Line Hailroad, Alachua County, Fla.; T. vV. Vaughan, 

collector. 

6804 .. Quarry No. 1, Florida Lime Co., on southwest 

edge of Ocala, Fla.; C. W.·Cooke, collector. 

6807. Plant No. 3, Florida Lime Co., 6~ miles north of 

. Ocala, at Zuber post office, MarionCounty, Fla.; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

6808. Quarry one-eighth of a mile southeast of Martin 

station, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 9 miles north of 

Ocnla, Fla.; H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6810. Cummer Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 10, 1 

mile northwest of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla.; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

6812. Cummer J ... umber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 6, 1! 

miles south of N0wberry, Alachua County, Fla.; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

7338. Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee 

County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

Specimens fron1 station 7689 (Tivola, Ga.; 

C. W. Cooke, collector) semn to be this variety. 

J .. epidocyclina subraulinii Cushman. 

Piate XXX, figures 1-6. 

Lepidocyclina subrattlinii Cushman; Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 62, pl. 11, figs. 6, 7; pl. 12, 

figs. 5, 6, 1919. 

Test circular,much thickened in the central 

portion, which occupies about one-third the 

dia1neter of tha test; peripheral portion much 

flattened, thin; thick central portion irregularly 

papillate, peripheral portion smooth, showing 

ahnost no tendency to become saddle-shaped. 

The vertical section shows the general thickness, central le1;1ticular body, and thin periphery, central portion with very numerous 

pillars increasing in diameter toward the surface; lateral chambers crowded between the 

pillars, very numerous in the vertical columns 

and much wider than high; equatorial chambers increasing in diameter toward the periphery, the outer margin convex and with a 

series of fine pores. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

chambers, which are polygonal, the outer margin strongly convex; pillars subpolygonal with 

the lateral chambers 1naking irregular polygonal meshes between, toward the periphery, 

making up the entire test as the pillars de-· 

crease in number .. 

Diameter as much as 24 millimeters; thickness in center 4.5 millinieters. 

The type locality. of this speci~s is U.S. G. S. 

station 3478, Nuevitas, Cuba, collected by 

A. C. Spencer. Other specimens .that apparently belong to this species occur at station 

7~66, Sierra Guaso, northeast of Guantanamo, 

.Cuba, collected by N.H. Darton. 

In diameter and general shape this species 

suggests L. raulinii Lemoine and R. Douville, 

but it has very definite pillars and a papillose 

surface at the center. 

Certain specim·ens collected by E. T. Dumble 

from the Meson formation at San Jose de las 

Rusias, Mexico, see'm very close to this species. 

Lepidocyclina marginata (Michelotti) Lemoine and R. 

Douville. 

Plate XXXI, figures 1-2. 

Numm'ulites marginata Michelotti, Soc. ital. sci. Mem., 

vol. 22, p. 297, pl. 3, fig. 4, 1841. 

Lepidocyclina marginal a (Michelotti) Lemoine and R. 

Douville, Soc. geol. France, Paleontologic, vol. 12, 

Mem. 32, p. 16, pl.1, fig. 7; pl. 2, figs. 7, 9, 11, 20; 

pl. 3,.figs. 3, 8, 9, 13, 1904. 

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 60, 

pl. 12, figs. 1, 2, 1919. 

Test of small or medium size, lenticular, 

thickest in the central :region, thence tapering 

gradually to the periphery, which in the adult 

forms a thin flange about the thicker central 

portion; central portion with numerous prominent pustules, rather evenly placed and of 

good size, representing the outer end of the 

pillars, flange. smooth except for roughness 

caused by weathering. 

The vertical section shOW$ the general shape 

already noted, the numerous pillars giving an 

undulate outline. to the central thickened region, pillars rather crowded at the center but 

separating toward the periphery, increasing 

very 'rapidly in diameter in the first quarter or 

third of their length, thence keeping about the 

same diameter to the surface; lateral chambers 

in single columns between the pillars; equatorial band of chambers rather narrow and 

thin, increasing in height toward the periphery. 

The horizontal section shows. the equatorial 

chambers to be in general hexagonal, occasionally with the peripheral portion convexly 

curved; the lateral chambers also hexagonal, 
74 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

especially in the central region, where they are 

compressed by the pillars. 

Diameter as much as 1~ or 15 millimeters, 

but usually less. 

Lemoine and R. Douville record this species 

from Italy and Spain. It w~s noted from the 

following localities in Cuba: 

7512. Ocujal. 

7513 (?). Orbitoidal limestone, outcrop where Palmer 

trail joins Ocujal trail. 

7518. ·south side of Los Melones Mountain near west end. 

7519. Orbitoidallimestone from drift near top of landslide next north of Los Melones. 

7521. Limestone at top of Mogote Peak. 

7522(?). Mogote Peak. 

7543. Limestone outcrop on east side of Yateras River. 

7664. North slope of La Piedra, northeast of Jamaica, 

northeast of Guantanamo, N. H: Darton, collector. 

Lemoine and R. Douville had only the microspheric form of the species, but the Cuban 

material contains megalospheric specimens. 

'l;he ·embryonic chambers are rather thickwalled and unequal in size. 

· Lepidocyclina morgani Lemoine and R. Douvill6. · 

Plate XX:x;III, figures 12-14. 

Lepidocyclina morgani Lemoine and R. Douville, Soc. 

geol. France, Pal~ontologie, vol. 12., Mem. 32, p.17, 

pl.1, figs.12, 15, 17; pl. 2, figs. 4, 12; pl. 3, fig. 2,1904. 

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 59, 

pi. 11, figs. 1-3, text fig. 7, 1919. 

Lepidocyclina cf. L. marginata H. Douville, Soc. geol. 

France Bull., 3d ser., vol. 18, p. 1001, 1900. 

Test small, discoidal, much thickened. in 

the central portion, from whic?- it tapers rather 

rapidly to the subacute periphery; central 

protuberant portion with a series of large 

pustules ranging from 5 to 12 or more in number, 

of which one is usually central; reticulate between, the margins stellate; periphery of the 

test thin and slightly reticulated by the walls 

of the equa~orial chambers. 

Vertical sections show the· general form and 

curvature of the surface of the test, the .few 

pillars in the central region rapidly increasing 

in diameter toward the surface; lateral chambers 

·with the outer wall convex, averaging about 

three times as wide as the height in the central 

region, with as many as 10 chambers in the 

vertical columns; equatorial . chambers not 

increasing rapidly in height, those at the periphery not more than double the height near 

the center. 

Horizontal sections show the· embryonic 

chambers, which are unequal, the larger one 

partially surrounding .the smaller, as in the 

subgenus Nephrolepidina of H. Douville, and 

the equatorial chambers more or less diamond 

shaped also as in that subgenus. In other specimens the outer wall of the chamber is convex. 

Diameter, 2 to 5 millimeters. 

Specimens seemingly identical with. this 

species were found by 0. E. Meinzer at the 

following stations in Cuba: 

7513. Limestone outcrop where Palmer trail joins 

Ocujal trail. 

7516. West end of Los Melones Mountain. 

7543. Limestone outcrop on eastside of Yateras F-iver. 

7554. South ofEl Jigue, 5 miles above mouth of Yateras· 

River on west side. 

Specimens probably. of this species but 

sections not as perfect as might be .. desired were 

obtained from stations 7519, limestone froi11 

drift near top of landslide next north of Los 

Melones, and 7 522, Megote Peak. 

Lemoine and R. Douville record this species 

from four localities in Aquitaine-Abesse, 

Mimbaste, St.-Etienne-:d'Orthe, and Le Mandillott; ·from four localities. in Spain-Baena, 

Pont du Guadalquivir, Sella, and Pefiaguila; 

and from· Madagascar. The stage is indic~ted 

as Aquitanian but not definitely given. 

It is a very distinctive species and the Cuban 

.specimens seem to differ in no essential characters from those figured by Lemoine and R. 

Douville. 

Exteriors of specimens from station 7664, 

north. slope of La Piedra, northeast of Jan1aica, 

northeast of Guantanamo, Cuba; are shown in 

Plate XXX~II, figures 12 and 13. 

Lepidocyclina crassata Cushman. 

· Plate XXXI, figures 3-6. 

Lepidocyclina crassata Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 61, pl. 11, figs. 4, 5, 1919. 

Test of medium size, lenticular, comparatively thick in the center, thence tapering 

toward the sides; central portion convex, 

changing to a concave curve toward the periphery; surface irregularly pustulate, especially 

where somewhat weathered. 

The vertical section shows the general shape, 

convex at the center, broadly rounded, thence 

contracting rapidly toward the periphery, where 

the curve is concave, to the rather poorly developed peripheral border; height or thickness of 

the test about one-third the diameter; embryonic chamber large and.ver~ thick walled, often 
AMElUCAN SPECIJ~S O:E' ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 75 

showing one or two accessory chambers also 

thick walled. and rather conspicuously perforate; young specimens show that for a time 

the mnbryonic chamber is the greater part of 

the test; equatorial band of cha~nbers rather 

large, even at the begilming, the outer wall 

convex and coarsely perforate; lateral chambers 

comparatively thick walled, several times as 

broad as high, somewhat lenticular in section, 

highest in the n1iddle, thence tapering toward 

the sides; a comparatively small number of 

pillars in the central part originating in the wall 

of the en1bryonic chamber and extending to 

the surface. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

chambers regularly hexagonal, fairly thick 

walled, those of various annuli of very different sizes. 

Diameter as much as 9 millimeters, maximum 

height 3 millimeters or more. 

The type locality for this species is U.S. G. S. 

station 7513, orbitoidal limestone, outcrop 

where Palmer trail joins Ocujal trail,. Cuba. 

Specimens a~·e also numerous in material from 

st~tions 7512, Ocujal; 7519, orbitoidal limestone from drift near top of landslide next 

north of Los Melones; 7521, limestone at top 

of Mogote Peak. 

This is a very heavy, thick-walled species 

throughout, and in section may be easily distinguished from any of the other Cuban or 

West Indian species. 

J .. epidocyclina cauellei Lemoine and R. Douville. 

Plate XXXII, figures 1-5. 

In vertical section the lateral chambers are 

seen to be arranged in vertical columns, one 

directly above another, from the equatorial 

chambers to the surface, about 12 chambers 

in each vertical column in the central region, 

the lateral walls hardly thicker than the upper 

or lower surfaces. Chamber of adjacent columns arranged alternately; no distinct columns 

present. Equatorial chambers gradually increasing in size toward the periphery, single 

throughout, extending peripherally beyond the 

lateral chambers and in surface view in wellpreserved specimens appearing as a hexagonal 

reticulation. Embryonic chambers nearly 

equal in size, nearly semicircular in section, 

their common wall straight. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

chambers regularly hexagonal; those toward the 

periphery the largest. Embryonic chambers 

similar to those shown in the vertical view. 

Lemoine and R. Douville described and figured this species from Pefiablan~a, Panama, 

and also noted it from Martinique and Angola. 

The material from Panama recorded by Dall 

and by Bagg 1 as Orbitoides forbesi Carpenter 

(catalogue No. i35216, U.S.N. M.) is Lepidocycli'(ba canellei Lemoine and R. Douville. Figures . 

1, 3, 4, and 5 in Plate XXXII are from material collected by Hill at Bohio, Panama, where 

it is very abundant. This is the same station 

as 6027 of Vaughan and MacDonald (orbitoidal 

marl, a quarter of a mile northwest of Bohio 

railroad station). In this material L. canellei is 

very abundant and makes up a considerable 

proportion of the marl. 

· Specimens in the collection ~f the U.S.N. M. Lcpidocyclina cancllci J.Jemoine and Douville, Soc. geol. 

F P 1f.. t 1 · Mf.. 32 20 1 1 fi 1 (catalogue No .. 107158) from the Oligocene of .!ranee, a ~::on o og1e, ~::m. , p. , p. , g. ; 

pl. 3, fig. 5, 1904. of Trinidad. (Leda bed, N aparina), collected by 

Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, p. 91, pl. 34, Guppy, are also very evidently Lepidocyfigs. 1-G, 1918. clina canellei. 

Test comparatively small, diameter of largest Specimens ~f L. canellei were very abundant 

specimens slightly less than 4 · millimeters, at station 6891, foraminiferal limestone at 

thickness a little more than one-fourth the Balamonas, Canal Zone, where they were coldiameter; circular in outline, central portion lected by D. F. MacDonald. 

somewhat raised and evenly rounded, near the A limestone at ·station 6892, ·450 feet south 

periphery flattened or even slightly concave; of switch at Mamei, Canal Zone, contains nusurface in well-preserved specimens finely· merous specimens also collected by MacDonald, 

granular or even finely papillate but not of a Lepidocyclina which in general shape _in: 

strongly so, often appearing smooth to the section resembles L. canellei, but the material 

unaided eye. In worn specimens the surface is very cherty and the finer structure is not 

appea.rs a.s a series of regular hexagonal, honey.: well preserved. 

comb-like reticulations due to the edges of the -------------------

1 Hill, R. T ., Tho geologic history of the Isthmus of Panama: Harvard · 

latera.! chambers. . Coli. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull., vol. 28, pp. 272,275, 1898. 
76 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

·A few small weathered specimens from station 6019a, Gaillard- Cut, opposite Las Cascadas, and from station 6023, along the relocated 

line of the Panama Railroad at Rio· Frijol, 

seems to belong. to this species also. They 

occur in the Culebra formation. 

Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and R. Douville var. 

yurnagunensis Cushman. 

Plate XXXII, :figures 6, 7; Plate XXXIII, figures 1-9. 

Lepidocyclina. canellei Lemoine and R. Douville var. 

yurnagunensis Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 291, p. 57, pl. 12, figs. 7, 8, text figs. 6a:, 6b, 

1919. 

Lepidocyclina sumatrensis (H. B. Brady) Jones and 

Chapman. 

Plate XXXIII, figures 10, 11. 

Orbitoides sumatrensis H. B. Brady, Geol. Mag., 2d ser., 

vol. 2, p. 536, pi'. 14, fig. 3, .1875; Jaarb. Mijn. Ned. 

Oost.-Indif., vol.. 7, pt .. 2, p. 165, pl. 2, fig. 3, .1878. 

Newton and Holland, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 

7th ser.,. vol. 3, p. 259, pl. 10, figs. 7-12, 1899. 

Lepidocyclina sumatrensis Jones and Chapman, in Andrews, 

A monograph of Christmas Island, London, p. 244, 

pl. 20, fig. 6, 1900. 

Newton and Holland, Tokyo Coli. Sci. Jour., vol. 27, 

· art. 6, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 7, 1903. 

Lemoine and R. Douville, Soc. geol. Fra nee, Paleon 

tologie, vol. J2, Mem. 32, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 14; pl. 2, 

fig.·I5; pl. 3, fig. 6, 1904. 

Test differing from the typical form of the Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 

species mainly in the form of the lateral 60, pl. 12, figs. 3, 4, 1919. 

chambers, which are· some:what broader and Test small, discoidal, thickened in the central 

with the upper wan· decidedly arched; portion, from which it tapers gradually to the 

embryonic chambers either two, .subequal or ·subacute periphery; . central protuberant porvery unequal, or several, the equatorial tion more or less_ pustulate throughout, but 

chambers hexagonal or obscurely diamond these protuberant spots of small size and 

shaped. · · covering the larger part of the area more or 

Type material from U. ·s. G. S. station less evenly; surface otherwise smooth; 

7548, flexure 2 miles south of Yurnaguna, periphery. thin. · 

Cuba; collected by 0. E. Meinzer: Vertical sections show the general form arid 

At this station the material is· composed curvature of the test, pillars entirely lacking, 

largely of this species, as is shown by the lateral chambers with the outer surface consection in Plate XXXII, figure 7. None of vex, three or four times as wide as high; 6 

these sections happens to be exactly 'vertical. to 10 chambers in a vertical column. 

The variety shows the· embryon.ic characters Horizontal sections show the embryonic 

of all three of H. Douville's subgenera-equal chambers, which are unequal, the larger curved 

cham hers, as in the type from Panan1 a, about the smaller semicircular one; equatorial 

Isolep~dina (Pl. XXXIII, ·fig. 4); unequal, chambers irregularly hexagonal or lozenge 

one srnall, the other partly encircling and shaped. 

kidney shaped, as in Nephrolepidina (Pl. Diameter, 2 to 5 millimeters. 

:XXXIII, figs. 5-8); and with two irregular L. sumatrensis has been found ill Cuba at 

large embryonic chambers and two or more the following stations: 

small ones, as in Pliolepidina (Pl. XXXIII, 7513. Limestone outcrop where Palmer trail joins Ocujal 

fig. 9). The last-mentioned condition is also· trail; 0. ~·Meinzer, collector. 

h · Pl t XXXII fi . 6 7516. '''est end of Los Melones Mountain· 0 E Meinzer 

s own In a e , gure . collector. ' ' · · ' 

In gross appearance, color, and general 7519. Limestone from drift near top of landslide next 

characters this material very strikingly north of Los Melones; 0. E. Meinzer, collector 

resembles that from Bohio; Panama, the type 7543. Limestone outcrop on east side of Yateras River 

locality for L. canellei. 0. E. Meinzer, collector. ' 

Specimens of this variety seem to be present 7554. South of El Jigue, 5 miles above mouth of Yateras 

River, on west side; 0. E. Meinzer, collector. 

in the Antiguan material from Hodges Bluff · 7664. North slope of La Piedra, northeast of Jamaica 

(U. S. G. S. station 6862) and Rifle Butts northeast of Guantanamo; N. H. Darton, collector. ' 

(U. S. G. S. station 6854). This species was described by Brady from 

Other Cuban localities are stations 7516, Sumatra. It is recorded elsewhere in the east 

west end of Los Melones Mountain, and 7543, ·from Formosa and the East Indies, and Lelimestone on the east side of Yateras River; moine and R. Douville record it from Italy, 

0. E. Meinzer, collecter. Spain, and France. 
AMERICAN SPBCIB~ O:E' ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LFPIDOCYCLIN A. 77 

In Cuba it occurs usually in company with 

L. morgani, and in this connection it is interesting to note that both species are listed by 

Lemoine and R. Douville from all four of the 

stations in Spain and from three of the four 

stations in France. 

2 miles. north of David, Panama, collected by 

D. F. MacDonald, Specimens were abundant 

at this station, occurring ·with L. panamensis 

and L. multiplic;ata. 

Lepidocyclina panamensis Cushman. 

· b d" · · h d Plate XXXIV, figures 4-6. This species may easily e Istinguis e · . . _ . , from L. morgani by its lack of pillars. The pus- Leptdocycltna panamenSts Cushman, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 

tulate appearance of L. sumatrensis is due to 103, P· 94, pl. 39, figs. 1- 6; pl. 42 , 1918· 

the convex surface of the lateral chambers, Test circular, small; central portion very 

those of adjacent columns being of unequal strongly umbonate, thick, rapidly decreasing 

height at the surface. A figure, evidently of in thickness peripherally; peripheral portion 

this species, by Miss O'Com1ell 1 shows a verti- thin and flattened; the raised central portion 

cal section at the left. The ·specimen came only one-third to one-fifth the entire dia~eter, 

from a limestone quarry at Arroyo Seboruco, which ranges from 3 to 6 millimeters, with 

12 miles from Felton, Cuba. occasional specimens, perhaps representing the 

Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman. 

Plate XXXIV, figures 1-3. 

Lcpidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman,·U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 

103, p. 94, pl. 40, figs. 1-6, HH8. 

Test circular, rather small, about 5 to 7 

1nillimeters in diameter, thickest in the central 

region, thence gradually sloping to the periphery, which for a short distance in from the 

edge is nearly flat; wall rather. smooth except 

the central portion of the umbonal region, 

which has a few pustule-like raised spots at the 

surfaee ends of the vertical pillars. 

The vertical section shows the test widest in 

.the middle, gently sloping nearly to the periphery, edges nearly parallel for a short distance 

to the peripheral edge or even slightly increasin()' in thickness. Lateral chambers in the cen- b 

tral portion in definite vertical columns, occasionallyslightlyoverlapping. Equatorial chambers not increasing very rapidly in height in 

me()'alospheric specimens, those at the peripheryb hardly more than double the height of 

those near the center of the test. Embryonic 

chambers in the megalospheric form large, 

usuully of two nearly equal chambers, but in 

oblique cutting these may appear somewhat 

unequal. (See Pl. L"'{XIV, fig. 2.) · 

florizontal sections show chambers somewhat 

siinilar to those of L. vaughani but with the 

inner half of two walls at nearly right angles, 

the outer wall broadly rounded. ·The oblique 

section (Pl. XXXIV, fig. 3) shows the pillars. 

The type locality for this species is U. S. 

G. S. station 6523, orbitoidal limestone 

1 Kemp, J. F., Am. Inst. Min. Eng. 'rrans., vol. 51, fig. 6, 1916. 

microspheric form, 10 or 12 millimeters . in 

diameter; surface sri:woth except for the urnbona! portion, which has a few large p:ustulelike projections mar}{.ing the erids of the internal 

pillars.· . 

The vertical section shows very peculiar embryonic chambers, not the usual type for American species, but with a broad and much 

flattened central chamber two to four times as 

broad as high and a compressed, partly encircllng chamber, in section usually cut on the 

opposite sides of the. central chamber. These 

central chan;1bers in section are nearly as wide 

as the whole umbonal portion of the test. In 

some specimens there seems to be an irregular 

mass of three or four more or less nearly spherical chambers. Lateral chambers usually about 

twice as wide as high, the outer wall often 

somewhat arched toward the exterior. of the 

test, arranged in vertical columns. Pillars not 

distinct except in the central portion, where 

the.re are a few strong ones increasing rather 

rapidly in diameter toward the periphery, usually about 9 or 10 chambers in a .vertical column in the center of the umbi}ical region. The 

peripheral region has but a thin coating of 

lateral chambers, the last-formed layer present 

only on the outer half of the periphery and 

often none at all present on the last quarter of 

the test toward the periphery, the surface being 

made up. by the upper and lower walls of the 

equ~torial 'chambers. Equatorial chambers 

numerous, comparatively broad, the peripheral 

wall convex outward toward the periphery, the 

chambers at least as wide as high. . . 

In horizontal section the equatorial chambers 

appear usually somewhat irregularly hexagonal· 
78 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

near the centm:, more or less rhomboid toward 

·the periphery, with the outer peripheral wall 

·curved. 

So far as described material is_ concerned 

·this is an unusual form for American species 

of Lepidocyclina, especially in its embryonic 

chambers . 

., Type specimen, vertical sections (U.S.N. M. 

catalogue No. 324741). The species is fairly 

abundant at stations 6586 e and 6587, near 

the mouth of Tonosi River, Panama; D. F. 

MacDonald, collector. It was also collected 

by MacDonald at station 6512, in the river 

bed a~ David, Panama. 

Lepidocyclina antillea Cushman. 

Plate XXXV, figures 4, 5. 

Lepidocyclina antillea Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 291, p. 63, pl. 3, fig. 3, 1919. 

Test. compressed, circular, rather· evenly 

biconvex, lenticular; central portion highest, 

thence gradually thinning toward the periphery; central area strongly papillate: remainder of the surface less strongly so. 

The vertical section shows equatorial chambers increasing in height toward the periphery, 

those of the central region-measuring less than 

0.1 millimeter, those of the periphery as much 

as 0.5 millimeter in height; ·outer ·wall of the 

equatorial ·chambers very squarely tru~cated. 

Lateral ~h~~bers not numerous, in the central thicl$:ened region only 6 or 7 chambe,rs jn 

a colu:mll, and this number is gradually reduced 

. toward the periphery. Central region and 

whole test in lesser degree marked by. ve~·y 

heavy and numerous pillars, greatest width 

near the outer end, thence g~adually tapering 

toward the center; outer ends rounded, forming the papillae of the surface. In the central 

region the surface area occupied by the pillars 

is greater than that taken up by the lateral 

chambers. 

In horizontai section, or at least in the somewhat broadly oblique section, the equatorial 

chambers are of the curved Lepidocyclina form 

· instead of the more typical hexagonal shape. 

Diameter of test averages about- 5 millimeters. . . 

The type locality for this species is U. S. 

G. S. station 6897, conglomerate and sand· 

stone below upper limestone bed, Anse Ec.aille 

side of point between Anse Ecaille ~and Anse 

Lezard, St. Bartholomew; T. W. Vaughan, 

collector. Material apparently weathered out 

from the matrix is abundant here and also at 

station 6897 b, point between Colombier Point 

and bay next to St. Jean· Bay, St. Bartholomew~ T. W. Vaughan, collector. Hand specimens showing sections of this heavy-pillared 

species were abundant in a hard, cherty material at stations 6902, in the southeast section 

of the southwest side of the island near.Negre 

Point, St. Bartholomew, at an elevation of 360 

feet, and 6903, N. 67° E. from summit of Negre 

Point across low saddleback of point, at an 

altitude of 220· feet. 

This species is related in ~many ways toLepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman, from the 

white limestone at David, Panama. The general vertical section is much more heavily pillared in L. antillea, although the figure, not 

being exactly central, shows this much less 

strongly than many of the weathere·d sections 

in hand specimens. The materia!' from the 

·white limestone at David, Panama (U. S. G. S. 

station 6512), referred to as L. panamensis, 

may belong to L. antillea, and also the sections 

resembling L. macdonaldi. 

Lepidocyclina duplicata Cushman. 

Plate XXXV, figures 1-3. 

Lepidocyclina duplicata Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 

103, p. 96, pl. 41, figs. 2-4, 1918. 

Test of mediunl Size, 10 to 14 nlillinlcters 

in diameter, very much thickened in the umhonal region, usually the thickness about onehalf the diameter; central portion without the 

flattened periphery, subspherical, thinning rapidly toward the periphery, then thickening 

again at· the margin, which is doubly plicate 

in some of the best-preserved specimens. ·. Surface of the umbonal portion studded with 

numerous fine papillae marking the surface 

terminations of the pillars~ peripheral portion 

nearly smooth. 

The vertical section shows the· embryonic 

chambers as very small, apparently microspheric in the specimens sectioned, appearing 

spiral, as is usual· in the n1icrospheric form. 

Lateral chan1bers nuri:wrous, flattened or lenticular, the numerous pillars as wide as or 

wider than the intermediate columns of cham-. 

bers, especially in the cent:r:al portion; rapidly 

increasmg in size poward the surface. Equa-
AMERICAN SPECTI!}S OP ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A .. 79 

torial chambers very small near the center, 

gradually increasing in size toward. the periphery, where they becon1e multiple instead of 

single, as is usually the ·case, and 1nake three 

or four vertical series, each with nun1erous fine 

apertural pores on the outer convex wall. 

'rb.e horizontal section shows the increase 

in size of the equatorial chan1bers, which toward the center seen1 hexagonal and toward 

the periphery aln1ost rhon1boid, with the outer 

half convex. · 

Of s01newhat sin1ilar character in respect to 

the duplication of equatorial chambers are 

L. multipartita (Martin), fr()m Java,. and L. 

insul;:e natalis var. inequalis (Jones and Parker), 

fron1 Christmas Island. 

Type specimen, U. $. N. M. catalogue 

No. 324742. ·specimens were very abundant, 

weathered out of an orbitoid limestone, 2 

' n1iles north of David, Panama; D. F. MacDonald, collector. They oqcur also with other 

species of Lepiclocyclina at station 6586e, near 

the 1nouth of Tonosi Hiver; D. F. MacDonald, 

collector . 

. 

Lepidocyclina kempi (O'C()nnell) Cushman. 

Orbitoides lcempi O'Connell, Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans., 

vol. 51, p. 13, figs. 5, 6, 1916. 

Under the name· Orbitoides kempi Miss 

O'Connell figured sections from a limestone 

quarry at· Arroyo Seboruco, 12 miles from 

Felton, Cuba. · Although the description is 

not very clear,· the figured section (fig. 5) 

shows the · species to belong to the genus 

Lepidocyclina. Me.~surements given are, total 

diameter, 7 + millimeters; central thickness, 

2.5 millimeters. The general characters that 

can be made out from the description and 

figures would seem to indicate that it may very 

prohably be L. marginata (Michelotti). This 

suggestion is strengthened by the fact that in 

figur:e 6 appears a vertical section, very evidently of L. sumatrensis Brady, a species, so' 

far as seen in the Cuban material I have 

examined, occurring with L. marginata in four 

out of eight stations. I have refrained from 

placing this definitely as a synonym of L. 

marginata. until specimens are available forcolll:parison. 

PLATES XII-XXXV .. 

--· --===========================================================================~=-====== 

81 
PLATE XII. 

Lepidocyclina m.antelli (Morton) GUmbel (p. 57). 

FIGURE 1. Surface view,· X 2, megalospheric form. St. Stephens Bluff on Tombigbee River, Ala. (U. S. G. S. 

station 298). 

_FIGURE 2. Surface view, X 2, microspheric form. West bank of Conecuh River at bend about a quarter of a mile below 

mouth of Sepulga River, Escambia County, Ala. (U. S. G. S. station 6748). 

FIGURE 3. Sur!ace view, X 2, microspheric form. 7 miles west of Claiborne, 2 miles east of Howards Landing, Monroe 

County, Ala. (U. S. G. S_. station 2397). 

Fmung 4. Transverse section, X 10, showing the very slight increase in the height of the equatorial chambers. Limestone 6 miles southeast of Shubuta, on Carson Creek, Miss. (U. S. G. S. station 2636). 

FIGURE 5. Transverse section, X 15. North side of Salt Mountain, 5 miles .south of Jackson, Clarke County, Ala. 

(U. S. G. S. station 3296). · · 

82 

·...:. 
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AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
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AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
\ 

PLATE XIII. 

Lepidocyclina mantelli (Morton) GUmbel (p. 57). 

Accidental section of: microspheric specimen, X 9, showing the equatorial chambers and the irregular width of the 

annuli. White limestone 2 n:Ules southwest of Whatley Station, Clarke County, Ala. (U. "S. G. S. station 2956) . 

. 83 

. I 
PLATE XIV. . . . 

Lepidocyclina mantelli (Morton} GUmbel (p. 57). 

FIGURE l. Accidental section as in Plate XIII, with the central chambers ofthe microspheric form, X 18 (U.s. G. s. 

station 2956). 

FIGURB 2. Accidental section of megalospheric form, X 9, showing the two sub~qual embryonic chambers. Same 

· locality· as :figure 1. 

84 .. 
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AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
PLATE XV. 

Lepidocyclina hilli Cushman n. sp.' (p. 60). 

J?roung L Surface view of type specimen, X 5, from the Guallava sa,ndstone of Cost:;~. Ri~a (U. S. N. 1\L Nq. 135220). 

Lepidocyclina undulata Cushman (p. 60). 

Fro uru: 2. Portion of section showing the equatorial chambers, X 20, from lower bed at Hodges Bluff, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U. S. G. S. station 6862). · · · 

FIOUitt~ B. Sirn.ihu· section, X 20, from Rifle Butts, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U. S. G. S. station 6854). 

F1a u Ill~ 4. Vertical section, X 20 (U. S~ G. S. station 6862). . 

Fw urm 5. Hock specimen, natural size, largely made up of Lepidocyclina undulata (A) and L. javosa (B). Bluffs 

on north side of Willoughby Bay, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U. S. G. S. station 6881). 

85 
PLATE XVI. 

Lepidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 60). 

FraUJm 1. yertical section, X 15, showing the pillars of the central portion. O~ala limestone, east bank of Flint River 

6 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (U. S. G . .S. station 7130). 

Lepidocyclina hilli. Cushman, n. sp. (p. 60). 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of type specimen, X 15, showing the re.tictl.late character of the exterior with the few pillars 

of the central portion. Guallava sandstone of Costa. Rica. · 

86 
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U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XVII 

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. AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
PLATE XVII. 

Lepidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 60). 

Frou1u: l. Surface view of n~egalospheric specimen, X 2. Higher umbo than in larger microspheric specimen (ftg. 2). 

Ocala limestone, east bank of Flint River 6 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (U. S. d. S. 7130). 

Fw urn; 2. Surface view of microspheric specimen, X 2. Ocala limestone. 

I~'w uru~ 3. Surface details of umhoual portion, X 10. Ends of pillars appear as pustule-like projections. Ocala limestone, Hod Bluff, on Flint Hiver 7 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (U. S. G. S. station 3387). 

87 
PLATE XVIII. 

Lepidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n~ s~. (p. 60). 

FIGURE 1. Peripheral portion of specimen showing the surface m:namentation and near ·the ~dge .the section_ of the· 

equatorial chambers, X 10. Flint River, Bainbridge, Ga. (U. S. G.· S. stat~on 6161). 

FIGURE 2. Very large specimen, exterior, X 2, showing the urn bo and in places the equatorial chambers. Ocala limestone at Red Bluff, on Flint River 7 miles above Bainbridge,· Ga. (U_. ~··.G., S. station 3387). 

88 

.. •. 

·. ··.:· ... ¥: 

.. :;:·~~-~: ·;;,~\~ ... 

;_ .. ·: 

'·: .·. 

· ... ,. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XVlll 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
• U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLA'l'E X IX 

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AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLI A. 
PLATE XIX. 

Lepidocrclina gigas Cushman (p. 63). 

Fwun.1~s l, 2. Surface views of microspheric specimens, with the umbonal portion not greatly raised, natural size. 

Lower he<l, Hodges Bluff, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U. S. G. S. station 6862). 

Fro U1U~ 8. Surface view of megalospheric specimen wj.th prominent umbo, natural size. Same locality as figures 1, 2. 

Fn.1u1m 4. Section showing the subequal embryonic chambers and the hexagonal equatorial chamb~rs, X 20. Rifle 

Butts, Antigua, J.ee\\;arcl Islands (U. S. G. S. station 6854). · 

l.epidocyclina gigas var. mexicana Cushman, n. var. (p. 63). 

Fw ui•.g G. Transverse sectiOJi, X 5. · Meson formation, Meso1l, Vera Cruz, }.lexico. 

131049°--:-20-8 

... ,, 

89 
PLATE XX .. 

Lepidocyclina gigas var. mexicana Cushman, n. var. (p. 63). 

FIGURE l. Surface view of type specimen, X 2. :Meson formation, Meson, Vera Cruz, Mexico. 

FIGURE 2. Surfa~e view of portion of same specimen, X 15, showing pitted, reticulate pattern produced by the erosion 

of the surface. · 

90 

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AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLA.TE XXI 

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AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
PLATE XXI. 

Lepidocyclina gigas var. rnexicana Cushman, n. var. (p. 63). 

FroURl~ l. Surface view, X 2. Meson forma.tion, :Meson, Vera Cruz, l\{ex:ico. 

:Frouru~ 2. Surface view, X 2. San Rafael forma.tion, Topila Hills, near 'rampico, Mexico. 

FlOUR~£ 8. Vertical sections, X 10. San Rafael formation, Cerro Cortado, Topila Hills, Mexico. 

91 
PLATE XXII. 

Lepidocyclina fragilis Cushman, n. sp. (p. 63). 

FIGURE 1. Surface view, X 5. Ocala limestone at mouth of cavern, 200 yards southwest of wagon bridge over Chipola 

River east of Marianna,. Fla. (U.S. G. S. station 7195). 

FIGURE ·2. Surface view of portion of specimen, X 10. Ocala limestone, left bank of Suwannee River above bridge of 

Florida Railway, Suwannee County, Fla. (U. S. G. S. station 7337). 

Lepidocyclina chaperi Lemoine and R. Douville (p. 64). 

FIGURE 3. Surface view, X 5. Upper part of Culebra .formation, Panama Railroad, southern switch, Bohio Ridge, 

Panama (U. ·s. G. S. station 6025). 

FIGURE 4. Portion of horizontal section, showing early chambers of the microspheric form, X 20. West side of Gaillard 

Cut near Las Cascadas, Panama (U. s: G. S. station 6019]). 

Lepidocyclina vaughani Cushman (p. 64);, 

FIGURE 5. Specimen showing equatorial chambers and umbo, X 10. Emperador limestone in .cuttings of the Panama 

Railroacl near Caimito Junction, Panama (U. S. G. S. station 6021) . .' · 

92 
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PLATE XXIII. 

Lepidocyclina chattahoocheensis Cushman, n. sp. (p. 65). · 

.F'IOURI~ l. Surface view, X 5: Five miles south of Jack:-mn, Ala. (U.S. G. S. station 3647). 

Pwun.E 2. Surface view of central portion of same specimen, ~howing the pitted urnbonal r~gion, X 10. 

Ptaurm 3. Edge view of·weathered specimen, X 5. Old factory about 1! miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (U. S. G. S. 

station 33!)7). 

F'IOUHt<: 4. Vertical section of weathered specimen, X 10. Chattahoochee .formation at Cato Glenn's well, 41 miles 

southeast of Bainbridge, Ga. 

!)3 

,*".;. :~ 
• 

PLATE XXIV. 

Lepidocyclina chattahoocheensis Cushman, n. sp. (p. 65). 

FJGURE 1. Surface view, X 5. Chattahoochee formation, Red Bluff on Flint Rive:::-, 7 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. 

upper fossiliferous horizon (U. S. G. S. station 3388). · 

FIGURE 2. Central portion of same specimen, X 10. 

Lepidocyclina pseudocarinata Cushman, n. sp. (p. 66). 

FIGURE 3. Surface view, X 5. Ocala limestone, left bank of Suwannee River at Branford, Suwannee County, Fhi.. 

(U. S. G. S. station 7341) . 

. FIGURE 4. Surface view of type specimen, X 5. Ocala limestone, Cummer Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 6, 1! 

miles south of Newberry, Fla. (U. S: G. S. station 6812). 

LepidO<;yclina cookei Cushman, n. sp. (p. 66). 

FIGURE 5. Surface view of type specimen, X 5. Ocala limestone (U. S. G. S. station 6812). 

FIGURE 6. Central portion of same specimen, X 10. 

Lepidocyclina attenuata Cushman, n. sp. (p. 67). 

FIGURE 7. Surface view, X 2. Ocala limestone, Richards quarry, Ocala, Fla. 

FIGURE 8. Surface view of type specimen, X 5. ·ocala limestone, quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., 1! miles north. 

west of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla. (U. S. G. S. station 6814). 

94 • 
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2 

3 

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4 

6 

7 8 

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U . S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRO~ ESS IO NAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXV 

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AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
PLATE XXV. 

Lepidocydina floridana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 67). 

Fmum~ l. Surface view of type specimen, X 10, showing reticulate surface without pillars and strong saddle shape. 

Ocala limestone, quarry one-eighth mile southeast of Martins Station, 9 miles north of Ocala, Fla. (U. S. 

G. S. station 6808). 

Fm·Utm 2. Surface view of similar specimen, X 10, from same localit.y. 

Lepidocyclina undosa Cushman (p. 68). 

Framw 3. ]lock specimen largely composed of LepidoCIJclina undosa, from Long Island, Antigua, J_eeward Islands 

(U.S. G. S. station 6869). 

95 
l. 

PLATE XXVI. 

Lepidocyclina perundosa Cushman (p. 68): 

FIGURE l. Section through the embryonic chamber and portions of two sides of the saddle-sha-ced test, X 10. Nuevitas, 

Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 3478). 

Lepidocyclina pseudomarginata Cushman, n. sp. (p. 69). 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of young specimen with the peripheral portion not greatly developed, X 5. Ocala. limestone, 

Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee County, Fla. (U.S. G. S. station 7338). 

FIGURE 3. Surface view ot type specimen, >< 5. Ocala limestone, Archer, .Fla. (U.S. ·G. S. station 3683). 

FIGURE 4. Central portion of same specimen, X 10. 

Lepidocyclina_· supera (Conrad) H: Douyille (p. 6~). · 

FIGURE 5. Surface view, X 2. Byram marl, bluff just above th~ second sa~ili:oh:the.i·iver, i10rizon No.2 from the 

top, Vicksburg, Miss. (U.S. G. S. station 3722).' · .· .. : ·>.· -·. 

FIGUREs 6, 7. Aberrant specimens, X 2. Byram calcareous marl, west bankof'Pe::~,rj"~River, Byram, Hinds County, 

Miss. (U. S. G. S. statiou' 5623).· ' . · .. ·. . 

96 ... 
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U . S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXVII 

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AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
PLATE XXVII. 

tepidocyclina mortoni Cushman, n. sp. (p. 70). 

FIOUltl~ l. Vertical section, X 20, showing the numerous large, wedge-shaped pillars. 

Fwuru~ 2. Vertical section, X 15, showing the very heavy walls and the comparatively small chamber spaces. 

Fwun•~ :3. Oblique section, X 20, showing the relative arrangement of pillars and chambers. 

Frourtm 4. llorizontal section; X ·20, showing the equatorial chambers. 

All specimens from bluff at Montgomery, Grant Parish, La. (U.S. G. S. station 4270). 

131049°-20--9 97 
r· 

PLATE XXVIII. 

Lepidocyclina mortoni Cushman, n. sp. (p. 70). 

FIGURE_ 1. Enlarged surface view, X 10, showing the surface distribution of the ends of the pillars. Bluff at Montgomery, Grant Parish, La. (U. S. G. S. station 4270). 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of same specimen, X 2. 

Lepidocyclina ocalana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 71). 

FIGURE 3. Surface view of type specimen, X 2. Ocala limestone, quarry No. 1, Florida Lime Co., Ocala, Fla. (U. S. 

G. S. station 6804). 

FIGURE 4. Portion of the surface of another specimen, X 10. Johnson's lime sink, Levy County, Fla. (U. S. G. S. 

station 365). · -

Lepidocyclina ocalana var. subde.corata Cushman, n. v~r. ~p. 7~). · 

FIGURE 5. Surface view of type spe<;im~p; X 2. Johnson's lime sink, Lery.Co~~ri_:t~-~ %1~ .. (U. S: G. S. station 365). 

98 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

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~~~~~ .. 

~.:;:~:· ;.. :-"-.:. ··· .. :. . ' 

:~;,-:_·· ~ . 

~ 

' ' . ':" ~-- -

-:'- ·. ~-

2 

PRO~ ESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXVHI 

1 

3 5 

4 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA . 
U . S . GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY PHOFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXIX 

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2 

3 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
PLATE XXIX. 

Lepidocyclina ocalana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 71). 

Fwung l. Vertical section, X 20. Ocala limestone, plant N9. 3, Florida Lime Co., 6} miles north of Ocala, at Zuber 

post oflice, Marion County, Fla. (U. S. G. S. station 680_7). 

F10U1t1~ 2. Opposite half of same section. 

14'rou~tm 3. Horizontal section, X 20, of microspheric form of the species from same locality. 

99 
PLATE XL~. 

Lepidocyclina subraulinii Cushman (p. 73). 

FIGURE l. Surface view of type specimen,· X 5. Nuevitas, Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 3478). 

FIGURE 2. Slightly oblique section, showing a few of the equatorial chambers and. the pillars and lateral chambers, X2C 

Limestone at Sierra Guaso, Cuba (U. S. G. S .. station 7666). 

FIGURE 3. Portion of vertical section, X 20, showing equatorial and lateral chambers and the numerous pillars. Same 

locality as figure 2. 

FIGURE 4. Portion of vertical.section, X 15. Meson formation, San Jose de las Rusias, Mexico. 

FIGURE 5. Larger portion of same specimen, X 10. 

FIGURE 6. A few of the outer chambers in vertical section X 20, showing the perforations in the peripheral wall of the 

equatorial chambers. Same locality as figure 4. 

lCO 
.. 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXX 

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AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
U. S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

PROFESSIO::<IAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXXI 

6 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
PLATE XXXI. 

Lepidocyclina marginata (Michelotti) Lemoine and R. Douville (p. 73). 

Ji'raUJm l. Surface view of specimen, X 5. Limestone on south side of Los Melones Mountain, near west end, near 

Guantanamo, Cuba (U. S. G~ S. station 7518). 

Ji'IClURJ~ 2. Smface view of smaller specimen, X 5, from same locality. 

Lepidocyclina crassata Cushman (p. 7 4) . 

. F'wmm 3. Oblique section, X 20. Orbitoidallimestone outcrop where Palmer trail joins Ocujal trail, near Guantanamo, 

Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 7513). 

Fwun.gs 4, 5. Embryonic chambers, showing the thick wall and thin:::ter ones of the subdiviSions, X 60. Sections of 

limestone from drift near top of landslide next north of Los Melones, Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 7519). 

Fwuru~ G. Vertical section of young specimen, X 40, from same lo.cality. 

101 
PLATE XXXII. 

Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and R. Douville {p. 75). 

FIGURE 1. View of exterior, X 10. · Bohio, Panama (U. S. N. M. catalogue No. 135216). 

FIGURE 2. Horizontal section, X 20, showing hexagonal equatorial chambers and irregularities in the annuli due to 

·repairs by the animal of breakage .in the test. West side of Gaillard Cut near Las Cascadas, Panama 

(U. S. G. S. station 6019a). 

FIGuRES 3, 4. Vertic:i.l sections, in figure 3, through the embryonic chambers, shown in figure 4, at one side. Bohio, 

Panama. 

FIGURE 5. Slightly oblique section, X 20, showing narrow zone of equatorial chambers and two broader zones of lateral 

chambers, the latt~r without pillars. Bohio, Panama. 

Lepidocyclina canellei var. yurnagunensis Cushman {p. 76). 

FIGURE 6. Slightly oblique section, X 20, showing the embryonic chambers (PZ?:olepidina of Douville). Flexure 2 

miles south of Yurnaguna, Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 7548): · 

·FIGURE 7. Section of limestone, X 20, showing abundance of specimens of this variety. Same locality as figure 6. 

102 

.. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXXII 

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AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPI'l~ 125 PLATE XXXIII 

3 

1 2 

4 

8 9 

11 

10 

12 

14 13 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
PLATE XXXIII. 

Lepidocyclina canellei var. yurnagunensis Cushman, n. var. (p. 76). 

FrounE l. Lateral chambers, X 85. Type locality, flexure 2 milessouthofYurnaguna, Cuba(U. S. G. S. station 7548). 

Fwum~ 2. Laterul chambers, X 85, closely resembling those of this variety (fig. 1). Hodges Bluff, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U. S. G. S. station 6862). 

FwuRg 3. EmbryOI~ic chambers with the early equatorial chambers, X 85. Type locality (U. 8. G. S. station 7548). 

Fwum~ tJ. Embryonic ch:unbers, X 85 (L~olepidina form of Douville). 'l'ype locality. 

F.wuRr~ 5. Embryonic chambers, X 85 (Nephrolepidina form of Douville). Type locality. 

li'wurt" fi. Similar chambers, X 85. Limestone from east side of Yatcras River, Cuba (U.S. G~ S. station 7543). 

FIOUIU~ 7. Similar chambers,>.: 8!). Rifle Butts, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U.S. G. S. station 6854), 

JT.wum~ 8. Similar chambers, X 85. Hodges Bluff, Antigua (U. S. G. S. station 6862). 

Ftourm !l. Embryonic chambers, X 85 (Pliolepidina form of Douville). Limestone on east side of Yateras River, 

Cub.a (U. S. G. S. station 7543). 

. l~epido~yclina sumatrensis (H. B. Brady) Jones and Chapman (p. 76). 

F.wUimS 10, 11. Vertical sections, X 20. f:.imestone at west end of Los l\{elones Mot~ntaJn, C~1ba (U. S. G. S. station 

7510). . 

Froutn: 12. 

Fwun.m '1.3. 

Froun ~~ 14. 

Lepi~ocyclina rnorgani Lemoine and R. Douville (p. 74). 

Surface view, X 8. !:North slope of La Piedra, northeast of Guantanamo, Cub·a (U.S. G. s: station 7664). 

Vertical section,·)( 20. Same locality as figure 12. 

Portion of vertical ser.tion, X 20. Limestone on east side of Yateras River, Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 7543). 

103 
PLATE XXXIV. 

Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman {p. 77). 

FIGURE 1. Exterior view, X 10, sho\,ing pillars appearing at the surface as raised areas. Limestone 2 miles north of 

David, Panama (U. S. G. S. station 6523). 

FIGURE 2. Vertical S<;JCtion, X 20, showing embryonic chambers. Same locality as figure 1. 

FIGURE 3. Oblique sectio~J, X 20, showing equatorial and lateral chambers with pillars. Same locality. 

Lepidocyclina panamensis Cushman (p. 77). 

FIGURE 4. Embryonic chambers of megalospheric form showing spiral ip.dications, X 85. Limestone 2 miles north 

of David, Panama (U. S. G. S. station 6523). 

FIGURE 5. Vertical section of megalosphericembryonic ch.amb.ers, X 85. Near mouth of Tonosi Riv~r, Panama (U.S. 

G. S. station 6586.e). 

FIGURE 6. Section showing four specimens, all with the embryonic cham"Qers sectioned, X 20. Saine locality as 

figure 5. · 

104 

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PROl'ESSIOXAT. PAPER 125 PLA'l'E XXXIV 

U.S. GEOLOG ICAI, SURVEY 

~I 

4 

5 

6 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLl A. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XXXV 

4 

5 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
PLATE XXXV. 

Lepidocyclina duplicata Cushman (p. 78). 

Fwun.m 1. Exterior view of type, X 5, showing raised center and depressed area inside the raised periphery. Limestone 2 miles north of David, Panama (U.·S. G. S. station 6523). 

Fw un.J~ 2. Portion of vertical section, X 20, showing great increase in width of equatorial zone, mu1tiplication of the 

chambers toward the periphery, heavy pillan:, and wide lateml chambers. Same loc~lity as figure l. 

Fwun.E 3. ·Portion of oblique section, X 20, showing pillars and lateral chambers with a few equatorial chambers 

having perfomte peripheral walls. Same locality. 

Lepidocyclina antillea Cushman (p. 78). 

Fwun.J~ 4. Vertical section, X 20, north 67° east from summit of N egre Point across low saddle back of point, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands (U.S. G. S. station 6903). . 

FrouRJ~ 5. Distribution of pillars and lateral chambers in horizontal section, X 60. Same locality as figure 4. 

131049°~20----10 105 
.. 
INDEX. 

Names in Italic are synonyms; figures in black face indicate descriptions; figur~ in italic indicate il1ustrations. 

A. Page. 

Ala.ska, Arctic coast or, Colville "series" on ........................ 23-24 

Arctic coast of, elevation or, as an indication of age ........... 24-25 

fossils collected on ...................................... 23, Z(i-28 

geology of ....................................... ~ . . . . . . . . 23-26 

Gubiksandon ............ : ........................ : .... ·. 24 

climate or, in 'fertiary time.................................. 25 

migration of Asiatic ::mimals to ........................ ~..... 25 

Anti planes? cf. A. purpurca.· ................................... ,. 28 

Aslmina,climatcrcqnircd by..................................... · 2 

ooccnica Lcsquoroux (?) ........ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8 

ago of.................................................... 3, 4 

Astartoactis Dall, n. sp .................................. : ....... 31,37 

cartoriana Dall, n. sp ..................................... 31-32, 37 

(Gonllia?) dlvorsa Dall, n. sp ................................. 33,36 

hornicymata Dall, n. sp ................................... 32-33,37 

loffingwelll Dall, n. sp ........................................ 32,37 

martini Doll, n. sp ........................................... 32, 37 

Atlantic Ocean and Bering Sea, lnterrnigrntion of marine faunas of 25-26 

B. 

Baker, C. L., fossils eollect.rd by ................................ .. 

Bering Sea and A tlahtic Ocean, intermigmtion of marine r,mnas of. 2ii-26 

Bonino, C. A., aci<nowledgment to............................... 11 

c. 

Cadulusnretlcus Dall, n. sp ...................................... 30,36 

Carter Creek, Alaska, section on.................................. 24 

Ghrysodomus leffingwclli ...................................... 28-29, 36 

meslcrl Dall, n. sp: ........................................... 28,36 

Conrnd, T. A., cited.............................................. 70 

Cryptoctonldia magna Dall, n. sp ................................ 30, 36 

Cyrtodarla oamdonensis Dall, n. sp ............................ 33--34,36 

F. 

Flabella ria coccnica .. ..............................•.............. 

Fosslls, Texas, ago of. ............................................ 1, 3-4 

•roxos, cllmnto Indicated by.................................. 2-3 

locality of................................................. 1-3 

G. 

Goonomitcs, climate required by................................. 2 

vlslanil 13erry, n. sp .......................................... ~.5-7 

ngoof .................................................... 3-4 

H. 

Homlthyris psittacea Gmclln Yar. alaskana Dull, n, var .......... 34,36 

I. 

llox, climate required by......................................... 2-3 

barlllensls Berry, n. sp.... ................................... 5,8 

ngoo'r.. .................................................. 3-4 

J: 

Jordan coal field, Mont., Bearpaw shale in........................ 16 

Benton formation ln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

Claggett formation ln......................................... 15 

. Colorado shale in... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l4 

Cretaceous formations in ..................................... 14-16 

Cretaceous, Upper, history of.. ............................... 19-21 

Eagle sandstone ln ........................................... 14-15 

formations In, section or...................................... 12 

geologic map of. ......................................... :.... 12 

geology of. ................................................... 11-21 

Judith River formation ln .................................... 15-16 

Kootenai(?) formation In..................................... 14 

Lance formation in ...... , ................................... 17-18 

. Page. 

Jordan coal field, .Mont., location and area of.................... 11 

Niobrara formation in ...... ,................................. 14 

sandstones in, source of.. ..................................... 18-19 

stratigraphy of. .............................................. 11-18 

structure of. ................... : ................. ·............ 18 

surface features of............................................ 11 

Tertiary (?) formation in .................................... 17-18 

Juglans, climate required by ........................ :............ 2 

rugosa Lesquereux ...................... ·..................... 7 

ageof.................................................... 3,4 

L. 

Lepidocyclina, age of................. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. 39 

American species of, features of. .............................. 55-56 

key to........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 56-57 

list of ................................. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39-40 

::mtillca Cushman ........................................... 78, 105 

attenuata Cushman, n. sp .. · .................................. 67,.?~ 

localities collected from................................ . . .. 67 

canellci Lemoine and R. DouYilh1 ........................ 75-76,102 

var. yurnagunensis Cushman ........................ 76, 102, 103 

chapcri Lemoine and R. Douville ............................ 64,92 

chattahoocheensis Cushman, n. sp .......................... 65, 93, 9~ 

localities collcoted from................................... 65 

cookci Cushman ................... : ....................... 66-67, 9~ 

crassata Cushman ........................................ 74-75, 101 

duplicata Cushman ....................................... 78-79,105 

favosa Cushman ............................................... 66,95 

floridana Cushman, n. sp .................................. 67, 68,95 

localities collected from.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 

fragilis Cushman, n. sp.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63-64, .?2 

localities collected from .............. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 · 

georgiana Cushman; n. sp ......... .-................ 60-63, 86, 87', 88 

localities collected from ................................. 61, 62 

gigas Cushman ..................... , .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 89 

var. mexicana Cushman, n. var .................... 63, 89, .?0, .?1 

hilli Cushman, n. sp ....................................... 60, 85,86 

kempi (O'Connell) Cushman.................................. 79 

macdonaldi Cushman ........................................ 77, 10~ 

mantelli (Morton) Gumbel ......... : ................... 57-59,82-8~ 

locali tics collected from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59-60 

marginata (Michelotti) Lemoine and R. Douville ...... 73-74,101 

JocalWcs collected from.................................. 74 

morgani Lemoine and R. Douville ................. ~,........ 74 

mortoni Cushman, n. sp ........................... .- .... 70-71,97,98 

ocalana Cushman, n. sp ................................ 71-72,98,99 

localities collected frqm ..... : ............................. 71-72 

var. subdecorata Cushman, n. var ........................ 72,.?8 

panamensis Cushman .............................. .- ..... 77-78, 10~ 

perundosa Cushman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 96 

pseudocarinata Cushman, n. sp. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. 66, 94 

. localities collected from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 

pseudomarginata Cushman, n. sp ............................ 69,96 

· schlum bergeri Lemoine and R. Douville.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 

subraulinii Cushman ........................................ 73,100 

sumatrensis (H. B. Brady) Jones and ~hapman ...... 76-77,103 

localities collected from .... · .. :........................... 76 

supera (Conrad)·H. Douville ............................. 69-70,96 

localities collected from.................................. 70 

undosa Cushman .......................................... 68-69,95 

undu.1ata Cushman ............................... ; ........... 60,85 

vaughani Cushman ....................................... 64-65, 9.!1 

Lesquereux, Leo,cited ......... , ............ :..................... 7 

Littorina palliata Say ........................................... 29-30, 36 

107 
108 INDEX. 

M. Page. Page. 

Macoma middendorffii Dall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 37 Orthophragmina georgiana Cushman ........................ 45-46, 53 

Magasella aleutica Dall........................................... 34 georgiana localities collected from....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 45 

~1ya, n. sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 hayesiCushman,n.sp. (?) ................................... 43,51 

Myriozoum n. sp ............ _... .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 34 marginata Cushman ...................................... 43-44, 52 

N. 

N orne, Alaska, elevated beaches near.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

Nummulites mantelli Morton..................................... 57 

marginata Michelotti. .............................. : . . . . . . . . . 73 

mariannensis Cushman.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 54 var. papillata Cushman .................................. 47,54 

minima Cushman .................................. ·. . . . . . . . . . 41, 50 

pustulata Cushman .......................................... 42,50 

sculpturata Cushman ........................................ 43, 51 

Orbitoides, age of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

0. P. 

(Lepidocyclina) mantclli (Morton) Gi.imbeL.. ................ 57 Panama, Tertiary marine sediments of, tentative correlation 

mantelli D'Orbigny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 table of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 

mut. umbrellopsis De Gregorio........................... 57 Pecten (Chlamys) kindlei Dall, n. sp .......................... 30-31,37 

sumatrensis . ........... -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 lioicus DalL.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

sup era Conrad... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 n. sp .............................. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

Orbitolitcs supera Conrad......................................... 69 Pyrulofusus schraderi Dall, n. sp ................................. 29,36 

Oreodaphne, climate required by ........................... ,..... 2 

pseudoguianensis Berry.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8-9 

age of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 

S. 

Sabal graya"na Lesquereu .. "-....................................... . 

Orthophragmina, age of. ............................... ,.,....... 39 Sabalites, climate required by ................................... . 

American species of, features· of............................... 40 grayanus (Lesquereux) Berry(?) ........................... 4-5, 4, 5 

list of. ........................... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39-40 age of.................................................... 3-4 

antillea Cushman ............................................ 46,53 

'clarki Cushman, n. sp ..................................... 41-42,50 

Schrader, F. C.,cited ............................................ 23,24 

.Seward Peninsula, Alaska, elevated beaches on.·_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·1 

localities collected from....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 

crassa Cushman .......................................... : ... 42,51 T. 

localities collected from.·-····--···········--············· 42 Table Butte, Mont., section of Lance formation in................ 17 

cubensis Cushman.-.·-- .. ----·-·--------················· 40-41,50 Thais (Nucella) nomean!l Dall, n. sp ............................. 29, sa lo:::alit1es collected from ........ : ................. ·~·-....... · 41 

flintensis Cush::nan:.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 52 v. 

fioridana Cushman ............................................ 44,52 Vananda, Mont., log of well at................................... 13 

localities collected from ............................ ;...... 44 Venericardia nuwokensis Dall, n. sp .............................. 33,36 

0