SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ANTHROPOLOG Y • NUMBE R 3 5 

The Flowering of Man 

A Tzotzil Botany of Zinacantan 

VOLUME II 

Dennis E. Breedlove 

and Robert M. Laughlin 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS 

Washington, D.C. 

1993 
Contents 

Volume II: Appendices 

Page 

Appendix 1: Cultivated Plant Survey (1982-1983) and Gazetteer, by Robert 

M. Laughlin 287 

Appendix 2: Mayan Plant Name Cognates and Notes, by Robert M. Laughlin . . 297 

Appendix 3: Tzotzil-Latin, by Dennis E. Breedlove 315 

Appendix 4: Latin-Tzotzil, by Dennis E. Breedlove 361 

Appendix 5: Tzotzil Plant Name Synonymy, by Robert M. Laughlin 383 

Appendix 6: Plant Use, by Robert M. Laughlin 413 

Appendix 7: Cultural Omnibus, by Robert M. Laughlin 445 

Appendix 8: Holy Cross Day Prayer (Tzotzil), as told to Robert M. Laughlin . . 585 

Appendix 9: Colonial Dictionary, by Robert M. Laughlin 593 

Appendix 10: Glossary of Botanical Terms, by Dennis E. Breedlove 603 

Plates 1-66 609 

Indexes 675 

in 
Appendix 1 

Cultivated Plant Survey (1982-1983) 

HIGHLAND 

(Column heads = hamlets; see "Gazetteer," following, for details.) 

Plant 

"VINES" 

Botii chenek' 

Ibes chenek' 

Javas 

Karvensa 

X'ak'il chenek' 

Xlumil chenek' 

Ch'um-te' 

T'arax ch'um-te' 

Tzop ch'um-te' 

Mail 

Batz'i tz'ol 

Kvarent4no tz'ol 

Kranata 

Roxa 

"PLANTS" 

Kaxlan alavanux 

Natikil alavanux 

Sakil alavanux 

Metabel 

K'ox mustisya 

Muk'ta mustisya 

Batz'i napux 

Jolinom napux 

Kaxlan napux 

Sanorya 

Bero 

Muk'ta tzajal chichol 

Koko'on 

Pa'-itaj 

Tz'ul itaj 

Batz'i ch'aben 

Dalya 

Batz'i asasena 

K'anal asasena 

Sakil asasena 

Tzajal asasena 

Yaxal asasena 

Asasena v61a 

Tzajal ch'uch' 

Kartucho 

Liryo 

Nichim ninyo 

E Olon Jtek Lu + 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

few 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

wild 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

E 

3 Ak'ol Jtek L + 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

wild 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

,-, 

San Mikulax (Ak'ol Ravo 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

Selva 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

Stzellejtik, 

Tz'ajal Nab 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Pat Osil 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

few 

wild 

few 

wild 

few 

wild 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

M 

Na Chij, Jech Ch'enti 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

wild 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Jech Toch' 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

wild 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

Chak Toj 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

wild 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

Elan Vo' 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

wild 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

i Paste', Xul 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

wild 

wild 

+ 

few 

+ 

few 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

wild 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

> 

3 P'ij, Yaleb 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

wild 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

•a Naben Chai 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

few 

few 

0 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

1 Apas 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

few 

+ 

few 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

wild 

0 

few 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

few 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

287 
288 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

HIGHLAND—Continued. 

Plant 

"PLANTS " (cont'd.) 

K'anal ich 

Morte ich 

Pujkan ich 

Unen mu 

Tranjero is-ak' 

Batz'i itaj 

Muk'ta jol itaj 

Yo'on vakax itaj 

Koliflor 

Kolin£bo 

Tzukum jol itaj 

Batz'i k£mpana nichim 

Moy 

Batz'i petok 

Batz'i pi mil anal 

Batz'i vixobtakil 

Limon jobel 

Ch'upak' 

Batz'i tuix 

J'alnom tuix 

Yaxux ka' 

Jjaral-me'tik 

Klavel 

Klavelina 

Kopita 

Krisantema 

K'ok' sat nichim 

Mantzanilya 

Markarita 

Nube 

Pompom 

Tzajal nichim 

Volita 

Bukaro 

K'ox bukaro 

K'anal vo'tus 

Tzajal vo'tus 

Enkaje 

Inojo 

Kulantu 

Batz'i alavena 

Ch'ulul alavena 

Aselka 

Lechuka 

Lula 

Pinsel 

"TREES " 

Antzil aj 

Batz'i chijil te' 

Xutax chijil te' 

Mumun 

K'at'ix 

Mantzana 

Jtek Lum Olon 

0 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

wild 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

1 Jtek Lum Ak'ol 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

wild 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

San Mikulax 

(Ak'ol Ravol) 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Selva 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

ejtik, 

alNab 

Stzell 

Tz'aj 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

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+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

•sil PatO 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

wild 

+ 

few 

wild 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

wild 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

hij, 

Ch'entik 

z ^ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

JB Jech 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

wild 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Toj Chak 

few 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

few 

few 

few 

0 

few 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

few 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

£ Elan 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

few 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

', Xul Vo' Paste 

few 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

few 

+ 

0 

+ 

few 

few 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Yaleb Taiv 

Cu 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

n Chauk Nabe 

few 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

few 

few 

few 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

wild 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

Apas 

few 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

few 

few 

few 

+ 

0 

few 

0 

+ 

wild 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

few 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 
NUMBER 35 289 

HIGHLAND—Continued. 

Plant 

"TREES " (cont'd.) 

Nimpronix 

Batz'i pelex 

Kaxlan pelex 

Muk'ta met 

Alaxax 

Chu' lima 

Aj te' 

Pimil pat on 

Tzitz on 

Tzitz 

Sakil te' 

Ton bek' 

Prixku' 

Sirvela 

Batz'i turasnu 

Karirat turasnu 

Kaxlan turasnu 

Luranko turasnu 

Merokotom turasnu 

Ik'ux 

Batz'i k'evex 

Mol lo'bol 

Batz'i tok'oy 

Kilajtik tok'oy 

X'ukun 

Olon Jtek Lum 

+ 

few 

+ 

wild 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

few 

few 

few 

few fruit 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Ak'ol Jtek Lum 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

San Mikulax 

(Ak'ol Ravol) 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

no fruit 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Selva 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

Stzellejtik, Tz'ajal Nab 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Pat Osil 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

0 

+ 

no fruit 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Na Chij, Jech Ch'entik 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

wild 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

few 

+ 

no fruit 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Jech Toch' 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Chak Toj 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

few 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

0 

few 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

Elan Vo' 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

wild 

0 

0 

(Ontik) 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

Paste', Xul Vo' 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

P'ij, Yaleb Taiv 

0 

0 

0 

few 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

wild 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

Naben Chauk 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

wild 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

few 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

Apas 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

wild 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

TEMPERATE 

Plant 

"VINES " 

Botii chenek' 

Ibes chenek' 

Javas 

Kdntela chenek' 

Karvensa 

Batz'i many a chenek' 

X'ak'il chenek' 

Xlumil chenek' 

Xvet' chenek' 

o 

c 

o 

<B 

S S3 X'ukun, S; (belo

w Pi 

few 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

pas) 

San Sigro 

(belo

w A 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

pas) 

Ibestik 

(belo

w A 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

-A aynat Joyijel, Ch + 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

Sek'emtik 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

jel Bik'it Joyi 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

Aj Te'tik 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

an) 

3 

^ 

£ i 

j Te't 

(belo- Minax (belo

w A 

Chak Vex 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Potovtik 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

Masan 

few 

few 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

UJOl Jok' Ch'ei 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

Ya'al Tz'i 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

s Chikiniba] 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

Avidal 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

~M Muk'ta Jo 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

Atz'am 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

Tz'ub 

0 

few 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

Petz Toj 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

Sak Lum 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

(Xok) 

+ 

+ 

0 
290 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TEMPERATE—Continued. 

Plant 

"VINES" (cont'd.) 

Ch'um-te' 

T'arax ch'um-te' 

Tzop ch'um-te' 

Ch'um 

Mail 

Batz'i melon 

Sakil 

Batz'i tz'ol 

Kvarentino tz'ol 

Xantiya 

Tzu, jay 

Kranata 

Roxa 

"PLANTS" 

Kaxlan alavanux 

Natikil alavanux 

Sakil alavanux 

Metabel 

Batz'i napux 

K'ox mustisya 

Muk'ta mustisya 

Jolinom napux 

Kaxlan napux 

Sanorya 

Bero 

K'ox Tzajal chichol 

Muk'ta Tzajal chichol 

Koko'on 

Pa' itaj 

Tz'ul itaj 

Batz'i ch'aben 

Tontikil ch'aben 

Sakil asasena 

Asasena v61a 

Tzajal ch'uch' 

Kartucho 

Snichim koyta 

Chuchu' 

Bak ich 

K'anal ich 

Morte ich 

Pujkan ich 

Sakil ich 

Unen mu 

Batz'i is-ak' 

Tzajal is-ak' 

Batz'i itaj 

Muk'ta jol itaj 

Yo'on vakax itaj 

Kolindbo 

X'ukun, San Antonyo 

(belo

w Paste') 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

wild 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

San Sigro 

(belo

w Apas) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Ibestik 

(belo

w Apas) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Joyijel, Chaynatik + 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

Sek'emtik + 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

Bik'it Joyijel + 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

Aj Tfe'tik + 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Minax 

(belo

w Aj Tfe'tik) 

Chak Vex (belo

w Masan) 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

wild 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Potovtik 

0 

0 

0 

few 

0 

0 

few 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Masan 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Jok' Ch'enom 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Ya'al Tz'i' 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Chikinibal Vo' 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Avidal 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

Muk'ta Jok' 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

wild 

0 

0 

few 

+ 

0 

0 

Atz'am 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

wild 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Tz'ub 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

wild 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

wild 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Petz Toj 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

wild 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

Sak Lum 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

wild 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 
NUMBER 35 291 

TEMPERATE—Continued. 

Plant 

"PLANTS" (cont'd.) 

Koliflor 

Tzukum jol itaj 

Vale' 

Vale' j'ik'al 

Batz'i kampana 

nichim 

Moy 

Muk'ta chikin ton 

Batz'i petok 

Tzajal petok 

Batz'i pimil anal 

Batz'i vixobtakil 

Pi 

Limon jobel 

Ch'upak' 

Batz'i tuix 

Jjaral-me'tik 

Klavel 

Mantzanilya 

Markarita 

Nube 

Tzajal nichim 

Bukaro 

K'anal vo'tus 

Tzajal vo'tus 

Inojo 

Kulantu 

Batz'i alavena 

Ch'ulul alavena 

Arvajaka 

Aselka 

Jonjolin 

Lechuka 

Lula 

"TREES" 

Antzil aj 

Vinik aj 

Chachi' 

Bot 

Putzkuy 

Chalon 

Tz'erel 

Batz'i chijil te' 

Xutax chijil te' 

Tz'in te' 

Mumun 

K'at'ix 

Chaya itaj 

Mantzana 

ntonyo 

) 

X'ukun, San A 

(belo

w Paste' 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

San Sigro 

(belo

w Apas) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

Ibestik 

(belo

w Apas) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

itik Joyijel, Chayna 0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

(Joyijel; 

0 

Sek'emtik 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

Bik'it Joyijel 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

Aj Te'tik 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

tik) 

iw Masan) 

Minax 

(belo

w Aj Tfe' 

Chak Vex (belc 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

Potovtik 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ few fruits 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

wild 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

Masan 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

Jok' Ch'enom 

0 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

wild 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

•o 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

Ya'al Tz'i' 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

wild 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

Chikinibal Vo' 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

wild 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

Avidal 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

wild 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

Muk'ta Jok' 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

wild 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

few 

wild 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

Atz'am 

0 

0 

few 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Tz'ub 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

Petz Toj 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

i 

J* 

K 

ts. 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 
292 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TEMPERATE—Continued. 

Plant 

"TREES " (cont'd.) 

duk'ta met 

Max ax 

ilamonix 

Cajve 

3hu' lima 

Hh'ulul lima 

^mil pat naranja 

Jila 

Jatz'i olnob 

>aka' olnob 

\jte ' 

<ok manko 

'imil pat on 

Tzitz on 

fax-'on 

Tzitz 

iatz'i pom 

kch'el pom 

latz'i po'on 

Ton bek' 

•'rixku' 

iatz'i turasnu 

<arirat turasnu 

^uranko turasnu 

vlerokotom turasnu 

Sirvela 

>uil itaj 

[k'ux 

Vaxyax-'ulan 

kilkil nichim 

Batz'i k'evex 

Papaiisa k'evex 

Chan-tzelav lo'bol 

Chimpo lo'bol 

Mintzana lo'bol 

Mol lo'bol 

Sakil lo'bol 

Tzajal lo'bol 

Papaya 

Patax nichim 

Batz'i potov 

Kaxlan potov 

Batz'i tok'oy 

Vo'ox 

X'ukun 

X'ukun, San Antonyo 

(belo

w Paste') 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

San Sigro 

(belo

w Apas) 

Ibestik 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

(Jol Na 

K'is wild) 

(Jol Na 

K'is wild) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

no fruit 0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

wild 

0 

0 

0 

0 

(belo

w Apas) 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

wild 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Joyijel, Chaynatik 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

Sek'emtik 0 

0 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

Bik'it Joyijel 0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

Aj Te'tik 0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

Minax 

(belo

w Aj Tfe'tik) 

Chak Vex (belo

w Masan) 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

no fruit 0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

no fruit 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Potovtik 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

Masan 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

Jok' Ch'enom 

0 

no fruit 

+ 

0 

+ 

no fruit 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

no fruit 

+ 

no fruit 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Ya'al Tz'i' 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

Chikinibal Vo' 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

Avidal 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

Muk'ta Jok' 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

Atz'am 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

Tz'ub 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

Petz Toj 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

Sak Lum 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

few 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 
NUMBE

R 35 293 

LOWLAND 

Plant 

"VINES" 

KaTitela chenek' 

Ch'um 

Melon 

Sakil 

Tzu, jay 

"PLANTS" 

Batz'i ch'aben 

Chuchu' 

Bak ich 

Natikil ich 

Pujkan ich 

Sakil ich 

Unen mu 

Tzajal is-ak' 

Muk'ta jol itaj 

Sakil and tzajal vale' 

Muk'ta chikin ton 

Limon jobel 

Inojo 

Kulantu 

Batz'i alavena 

Ch'ulul alavena 

Lula 

"TREES" 

Boch 

Chachi' 

Mumun 

Elamonix 

Chu' lima 

Ch'ulul lima 

Pimil pat naranja 

Batz'i olonob 

Paka' olonob 

Ja'as 

Batz'i manko 

Muy 

No'chi' 

Yax-'on 

Uch 

Batz'i po'on 

Ach'el pom 

Batz'i pom 

K'anal k'evex 

Papaiisa k'evex 

Chan-tzelav lo'bol 

Chimpo lo'bol 

Mantzana lo'bol 

Tzajal lo'bol 

Papaya 

Batz'i potov 

Santa Rosa 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

+ 

few 

+ 

wild 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

wild 

wild 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

0 

+ 

wild 

Kelem Ton 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

wild 

wild 

+ 

wild 

0 

+ 

wild 

+ 

wild 

wild 

wild 

0 

+ 

+ 

0 

+ 

+ 

+ 
2 9 4

 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Gazetteer 

HIGHLAND 

Jtek Lum (Olon Jtek Lum)—The western section of Zinacantan Center, seat of the 

churches and the courthouses, primarily valley land. 

Vo' Ch'oj Vo' Bajo (Ak'ol Jtek Lum)—The eastern section of Zinacantan Center, 

primarily valley land. 

San Mikulax (Ak'ol Ravol)—A small hamlet, formerly a ladino ranch bought by members 

of Zinacantan Center, situated on flat, valley land. 

Selva—A small hamlet set high on the northern slope of Mt. Huitepec. 

Vo' Ch'oj Vo' Alto (Stzellejtik, Tz'ajal Nab)—A hamlet on the western slopes of Mt. 

Huitepec. 

Pat Osil—A hamlet lying along a ridge west of Mt. Huitepec. Many of its residents are 

flower growers. 

Na Chij, Jech Ch'entik—Na Chij and its small sub-division are hamlets on the northern 

side of the Pan-American Highway, on flat valley land with orchards. There are 

many truck owners, flower and fruit merchants here. 

Jech Toch'—A small hamlet, formerly the southern section of Na Chij, sharing its 

characteristics. 

Chak Toj—A small hamlet of former Chamulans, once part of Elan Vo', nestled in steep, 

forested hills. 

Elan Vo'—A medium-sized, poor hamlet overlooking the Grijalva River Valley, 

comprised mainly of charcoal makers and merchants. 

Ontik—An uninhabited location in Elan Vo'. 

Xok—An uninhabited location in Elan Vo'. 

Paste', Xul Vo'—Hamlets lying along a ridge south of Na Chij. The small hamlet of Vom 

Ch'en was included under Paste'. The small hamlet of Xul Vo' is noted for its 

orchards. 

P'ij, Yaleb Taiv—Small hamlets set high on a ridge; the former facing the Grijalva River, 

the latter facing north. The members of Yaleb Taiv were once Chamulan ranch 

laborers. Only here do traditional thatch-roofed houses persist. 

Naben Chauk—The largest hamlet of Zinacantan, surrounding a limestone sink. Many of 

its population are truck owners, flower and fruit merchants. 

Apas—A hamlet below Naben Chauk, perched on the southern escarpment. 

TEMPERATE 

X'ukun, San Antonyo—Small hamlets on ejido lands halfway down the southern 

escarpment. 

San Sigro—A narrow strip of uninhabited ejido land, below Apas, with remnant coffee 

groves, owned primarily by people of Naben Chauk. 

Jol Na K'is—An uninhabited location in San Sigro. 

Ibestik—Same as San Sigro. 

Joyijel, Chaynatik—Small hamlets on either side of the Pan-American Highway. 

Sek'emtik—The largest of the temperate hamlets, overlooking the Grijalva River. 

Bik'it Joyijel—A small hamlet set on the ridge to the north and below the Pan-American 

Highway. 

Aj Te'tik—A small hamlet south of the Pan-American Highway. 

Minax, Chak Vex—Ejido lands on the slopes far below Aj Te'tik, belonging primarily to 

people of Sek'emtik. 

Potovik—A small hamlet perched on a hilltop below Jok' Ch'enom. 

Masan—A small hamlet below Aj Te'tik, still (in 1987) the most inaccessible hamlet, 

lacking electricity. 
NUMBER 35 295 

Jok' Ch'enom—A medium-sized hamlet set in and around a narrow valley. 

Ya'al Tz'i'—A small hamlet north of the Pan-American Highway. 

Chikinibal Vo'—A medium-sized hamlet on the south side of the Pan-American Highway 

across from Ya'al Tz'i'. 

Avidal—A small colony (Carlos A. Vidal) below Chikinibal Vo'. 

Muk'ta Jok'—A colony belonging to Ixtapa, but whose inhabitants still wear clothing 

typical of Zinacantan. 

Atz'am—A medium-sized hamlet in a deep, narrow valley west of Zinacantari Center, 

noted for its witchcraft and distinctive dialect. 

Tz'ub—A small hamlet, formerly part of Atz'am. 

Petz Toj—A small hamlet, formerly part of Atz'am, set in pine forests. 

Sak Lum—A small hamlet set on a flat hilltop below Atz'am, formerly a ladino ranch. 

LOWLAND 

Santa Rosa—A colony at the foot of the escarpment, to the west of Acala, belonging 

primarily to people of Naben Chauk and Apas. 

Kelem Ton—A colony at the foot of the escarpment, several miles east of the 

Pan-American Highway-Acala road fork. Half of its members are ladinos from 

Chiapa de Corzo and half are Zinacantecs from Sek'emtik and Jok' Ch'enom. 

NOTE: The fragmentation of the hamlets in the past decade has not been recorded 

adequately in the various national government censuses. The most recent census of the 

Campana Nacional de Eradicacion de Paludismo, in 1982, shows the following 

communities to be the largest, ranging from 1000 to slightly under 2500: Highland: 

Zinacantari, Vochojvo, Pat Osil, Nachig, Paste, Navenchauc, and Apas. Temperate: 

Sequentic. Communities listed in this census whose populations are recorded as being less 

than 380 I have characterized as "small." I have used this descriptive term also for all but 

two of the hamlets (Elan Vo', Atz'am) whose municipal taxes in 1985 represented less 

than 3% of the total. (These figures are courtesy of Frank Cancian.) 
Appendix 2 

Mayan Plant Name Cognates 

"VINES" 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages; in the body 

of the table, superscript numbers refer to notes in the "Notes" section, and subscript numbers apply to references 

found in the "Sources" section (if there is no subscript number, the term is found in all sources), both at the end 

of this appendix.) 

Wasteko Yukateko Lakantun Mopan Ch'orti' Chontal Ch'ol Tzotzil Col. Tzotzil Tzeltal 

chanak'w, 

tzanak'w. 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 tu' 

23 

24 

25 t'uthub 

26 

27 wako 

28 

29 

30 

31 weet* 

k'uum, 

lib, 

k'uum 

iib 

sikil 

chiiuj2 

tz'ool, 

j waako. 

chuuj 

ch'u' 

k'uum 

ch'uum 

chuj 

ch'um 

sakir 

ch'um 

ch'ijch'um 

tz'utz'um 

kanchenyek' 

k'anchenek'5 

ch'ujm 

ch'um5 

ch'ijch'um 

ch'ich'um5 

mayajl 

mokon 

tz'usubil 

tz'usub5 

botii 

chenek'1 

ch'ako' 

ch'um 

ch'um-te' 

ch'umte' ch'o 

ibes 

ich ak' 

jay 

kururin 

k'an-ak' 

mail 

makom 

pataxet 

pik'ok' 

polotz' 

p'uk 

sakil2 

tzu 

tz'ol 

tz'usub 

vako' ak' 

x'ak'il chenek'3 

xlumil chenek' 

xut 

xvet' 

chenek' 

ch'um 

mail 

makum 

tzu 

tz'usub 

x'ak'il chenek' 

xbojt'il chenek', 

chenek' 

ch'ajko, 

ch'um. 

ch'omate', 

ch'uma te'2 

ch'omate' ch'o, 

ichi ak', 

jahy, 

kuranina chin ak 

k'an ak', 

mayil 

makum, 

sk'ok', 

polotz', 

p'ujk, 

tzu 

tz'ol, 

tz'usub, 

tel 'ak' chenek' 

xlumil chenek' 

xut chenek', 

xwek'. 

297 
298 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

"VINES"—Continued. 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and preceding/following pages.) 

Tojolabal Chuj 

Popti' 

Q'anjob'al (Jakalteko) Mocho Teko 

1 botii 

2 chenek' 

3 

4 

5 k'um 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 kururina 

14 

15 mayil 

16 

17 

18 pik'ok' 

19 

20 

21 sakil 

22 tzuj 

23 

24 tz'ol 

25 tz'usub 

26 

27 

28 tel 'ak' chenek' 

29 lu'um chenek' 

30 

31 

k'um, k'um 

sakil, 

tzu, 

tzuj2 

tz'usup, 

sachil 

tzu 

k'um k'uum k'uum 

tzuj 

kurariina 

pataxe'k pataxhet 

tzuj 

wSako 

skill 

tzuu 

Mam Awakateko 

kyenaq' cheenq' 

k'um k'um 

tx'umaa' 

xchiil 

tzuu' 

Ixil Uspanteko K'iche' 

tzuj 

kiinaq' kinaq' 

k'um k'um 

ch'fma 

k'uum 

ch'imaj, 

ch'imaa% 

sakiil 

tzu 

sakiil 

tzuh, 

tZUj 
NUMBER 35 299 

"VINES"—Continued. 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and preceding pages.) 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

Sipakapenyo 

knaq' 

k'um 

ch'may 

skiil 

tzuy 

Sakapulteko 

kinaq' 

k'uum 

ch'imaay 

sikiil 

Tz'utujil 

kynaq', 

kinaq'2 

k'uum, 

k'um2 

ch'maay 

ch'imaay2 

sakil 

tzu'y, 

tzujy2 

Kaqchikel 

kinaq' 

k'un 

ch'ima', 

ch'imach'oy, 

sakil 

tzuy 

Poqomam 

kinaq' 

k'uum 

ch'um'aah 

sbh 

Poqomchi' 

kinaq' 

k'uum 

ch'umaa 

kureriina 

sbh 

sb 

t'usuub 

Q'eqchi' 

keenq' 

k'uum, 

k'um2 

ch'imah 

sakil 

sbuh, 

sbhj 
300 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

"TREES" 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) 

Wasteko Yukateko Lakantun Mopan Ch'orti' Chontal Ch'ol Tzotzil Col. Tzotzil Tzeltal 

akich, 

baat 

choo' te, 

chajib, 3 

tzajib2 

chi'im, 3 

tzi'im2 

8 akitZj 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

unup 

it'ath 

kakaw te' 

kaakaw, 

atz'am te'4 

atz'am tye5 

klij, 

chi' 

kiij 

ch'i'b, ch'ib ch'ib 

k' uuche', k'uuj che' k'uche' 

jas, 

jd'as2 

ja as 

kaakaw kakaw 

k'^anis te\ 

kaniste, 

aj' 

ajte' 

ajoj 

akit 

atz'am te'2 

be xinich te', 

boch 

bot 

chachi' 

chalon3,4 

chanib 

x k'olo'm£'ax2 

kij 

chi' 

ch'ib 

k'uche' 

inap 

ja'as 

kakaw 

sbk chij 

chi' 

inup 

jaas 

kakaw 

k'ewex 

chij 

ajch'ujte' 

ja'as 

wolja'as 

kakaw 

chij 

chi' 

chijtye' 

chijitye' 

chinin. 

bak ch'ib4 

ch'ich' ni'4 

chijt 

ch'ujte' 

ch'ipak 

way ja'as 

kakate' 

kakatye'5 

kakaw 

k'ewex 

chi5 

chi' 

chijil te' 

chikin-ib 

chilkat 

chinin 

chix te' 

ch'a-te' 

ch'ib6 

ch'ich' ni'7 

ch'it 

ch'ix 

ch'u te'89 

ch'upak' te' 

ik'al vinik 

inop10 

isbon 

itzompi 

ja'as11 

kakav te' 

kokov12 

k'ail 

k'an-te' 

k'anas te' 

k'evex13 

k'isis14 

k'olk'ox 

k'olo-max15 

chi 

chix te' 

ch'u te' 

k'isis 

aj 

ajate', 

ajoj, 

xanich te', 

bojch, 

bat, 

chanib, 

chi 

chi', 

chijil te', 

chikinib jij te', 

chikinib, 

ch'aj te', 

ch'ib, 

ch'ich' ni', 

ch'ijt, 

ch'ix te', 

ch'ujte'2 

ch'opakte', 

winik te', 

siban, 

itzam, 

ja'as, 

waleja'as2 

kakaw 

k'an te', 

k'ewex 

k'isis taj 

k'olonax, 

k'olo'ma'ax3 
NUMBER 35 301 

"TREES"—Continued. 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) 

Wasteko 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 

Yukateko Lakantun Mopan Ch'orti' Chontal Ch'ol Tzotzil Col. Tzotzil Tzeltal 

muumuum xukur 

k'olok' 

makulis 

momoy2 

k'orok' te' 

k'oxox te' 

k'uk' toj 

lo'bol 

makulixkuat 

matz'an-tzotz 

mes te'16 

moy te' 

mumun 

k'oxox te', 

k'uk' taj 

lo'balj 

matz'amsotz', 

mes te', 

may te', 

mumun te'. 
302 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

"TREES"—Continued. 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) 

Popti' 

Tojolabal Chuj Q'anjob'al (Jakalteko) Mocho Teko Mam Awakateko Ixil Uspanteko 

aj 

ajate' 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 chij 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 chikinib 

25 

26 chiika 

27 

28 

29 

30 ch'ib 

31 

32 ch'it 

33 

34 

35 ch'upakchej 

36 

37 inip 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 ja'as 

43 

44 

45 

46 kakaw 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

k'ante' 

k'ewex 

k'i'is 

k'olk'oxte' 

aj 

ajte', 

ajawte', 

xajawte'2 

bat 

chiy, 

chij2 

chi' 

k'ib, 

k'ute', k'ute' 

ch'upak te' 2 

inup inup 

kakaw kakaw 

k'ayil2 

k'ewex k'ewex 

k'isis k'isis 

aaj 

ajatee' jaatzee' 

bat 

chalu'n 

batz 

sajhchi kiij sakyiil 

inup 

jas 

k'uutee' 

anup 

k'uute 

jaatze 

aaj, 

ajatza'n, 

ajaatza'n2 

aj 

a'atze' 

a'tze' 

aatze' 

aaj 

dajche' 

saqchii chii', 

saqchii'2 

chii' 

unup 

kakaw kakaw kaakaaw kyuw kikyuj2 

k'ajil 

tz'isis k'isis ky'iisiis 

saq chij 

k'ib 

inup 

kakaw 

sinik-chee' 

chulum 

kii 

imp 

kokow 

'iiwiix 

'iisiis 

ch'wix 

tzsis 

tz'ujux, 

tx'uux2 

tz'isis 

cy'ewex 

cy'isis tze' 

k'owax 

k'ewexj 

k'isis 
NUMBER 35 303 

"TREES"—Continued. 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) 

Popti' 

Tojolabal Chuj Q'anjob'al (Jakalteko) Mocho Teko Mam Awakateko Ixil Uspanteko 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 

k'oxoxte' 

lo'bal 

momon 

k'u' taj, 

k'up' taj 

mes2 

momon 

q'uq' taj k'u' taj 

moomon 
304 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

"TREES"—Continued. 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) 

K'iche' Sipakapenyo Sakapulteko Tz'utujil Kaqchikel Poqomam Poqomchi' Q'eqchi' 

aaj, 

ajache', 

baqitj 

aaj 

ajchee' 

aaj 

ajachee' 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 chalum 

17 

18 

19 kih, 

20 sajki'2 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 k'iib, 

31 

32 

33 

34 tyoxchee', 

35 

36 

37 inuup 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 kakaw, 

47 kaka'w2 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 k'awex, 

53 k'ewex2 

54 ki'isiis2 

55 

56 

57 

58 

kiiy saqkiiy 

tiyoox chee' 

anuup 

kakaaw kakaawa 

k'isiis 

aaj2 

aj che', 

sajkiiy 

tyoox chee' 

kokow, 

k'wax, 

k'eweXj 

k'siis, 

k'isiis. 

aj 

ajache', 

chalum 

saqkiy 

tyox che' 

anuup, 

nuup2 

anup, 

onup, 

unup2 

kako'uj, 

kako, 

k'evex13 

k'isis 

aaj aaj 

ahache 

aaj, 

a

J2 

sajkiih sajkii chi' 

k'iib k'iib 

nuup nuup inup 

kikow kikow kakaw 

k'ebex 

k'isiis 
NUMBER 35 305 

"TREES"—Continued. 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) 

K'iche' Sipakapenyo Sakapulteko Tz'utujil Kaqchikel Poqomam Poqomchi Q'eqchi' 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 
306 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

"TREES"—Continued. 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) 

Wasteko Yukateko Lakantun Mopan Ch'orti' Chontal Ch'ol 

maap 

oj 

uj 

oj-te' 

thuk 

72 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 hom-te' 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 

100 

101 

102 

103 

104 

105 

106 

107 

108 

109 

110 

111 

112 

113 

114 

115 

116 

117 

118 

119 

120 

121 

122 

123 

124 

125 

126 

127 

128 

129 

130 

131 

132 

133 

134 

135 

136 jutukuu' 

137 

muy muy muy 

map3 

oon, 

dom. 

otoch, 

plichj 

p6om2 

sitit, 

xpaay che' 2 

su n, 

sb'm, 

suurrij 

tajte', 

muy, 

map, 

mup5 

atooch 

on un 

otoch 

pom pom 

p'ataj 

pom 

pata 

po om 

pom 

pataj 

tile te' te'-ule 

tajte' takte' taj te' 

tok'oy 

tima' chimaj tzimaj 

t'inche', 

t'intze'2 

t'inte'. 

tz'i'im, 2 

xa n, 

xa'ax2 

xaxim 

x ta' uch 

xa'n xa'an 

Tzotzil Col. Tzotzil 

mutut 

muy17 

nantzi' 

nap 

no'chi' 

nok 

nukul pat 

ok'il te' 

on te'19 

otot20 

paj-'ul21 

pik'in te' 

pit 

po'on 

pom 

potov te' 

nap 

nukul pat 

ok'il te' 

on 

stzuy 

sun 

sap-yok 

saya-vun 

sitit 

soj 

soro te'22 

sbil itaj 

suk23 

sun 

po on 

saya-Hun 

te'el uli' 

tz'ijn-te' 

xan 

tz'utz' um 

tz'in 

jo'ox 

tzitz, 

tz'ijm, 

tz'ijn2 

ta-uch6 

jo'ox 

xan 

tzima' ch'ix 

tzitz 

tzotz-ni' te' 

tz'erel 

tz'in te' 

tz'oban te' 

tz'utuj te' 

uch 

vax te' 

vo'ox 

xan 

xaxib24 

x'ukun 

yisim bolom 

Tzeltal 

mutut, 

nantzin, 

nap, 

map2 

no'chi', 

najk, 

nujkupat, 

on te', 

paj'ul'ul 

pikin te' 

po'onrij 

pom 

pata te', 

pat ^ 

sakyok jij te', 

sitit 

soj 

stzuy 

sun, 

jsunj 

ulaj 

taj 

tyaj5 

tzima 

tilil 

toj 

tok'oy 

ton bek' 

tuil te'. 

tulan 

tzajal te' 

tzelepat 

tzima' 

toj 

tok'oy 

ton bek' 

tulan 

tilil ja', 

taj 

tok'oy, 

tuil te', 

tzajal te' 

tzelepat. 

tzima, 

ch'ix tzima, 

tzitz 

tzotz ni' te', 

tz'elel, 

tz'in te' 

stz'oban, 

tz'utoj te', 

vax ak', 

jo'ox 

xan 

xaxib, 

ujkum, 

yisim balam 
NUMBER 35 307 

"TREES"—Continued. 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) 

Popti' 

Tojolabal Chuj Q'anjob'al (Jakalteko) Mocho Teko Mam Awakateko Ixil Uspanteko 

72 

73 

74 nantze 

75 nap map map map map mop mop 

76 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 on oh' on oil ooj ooj ooj oj <5oj 

82 

83 

84 onte' 

85 atut otzotz 

86 paj'ulul pajullte', 

87 pajulul te'2 

88 

89 pit, pit piit piit 

90 po'om po'on pon pon po'm poon poom p6om 

91 pomte' pom, pomte', poom 

92 pom2 

93 pata pata pata' pataj 

94 pataj 

95 

96 

97 sitit 

98 

99 

100 

101 suk 

102 su'umte' su'un sun su'n su'n su'n suun 

103 

104 uul tzee' tze'il uule 

105 ule hula', steal ule, te'ula 

106 ule2 

107 

108 taj taj taj taj taj tzaj tzaj tzaj tzah chaj 

109 

110 tok'oy tak'uy, to'q'ooy 

111 

112 

113 

114 

115 

116 tzima tzima, tzima tzima tzimaa' tzamaa' tzima, 2 tziimaa 

117 tzimaj2 cy'imau 

118 cy'imay3 

119 tzimay3 

120 tzimey3 

121 

122 tzitz tzitz oH 

123 

124 tzelel 

125 tz'inte' tz'in 

126 

127 

128 

129 

130 

131 

132 jo'ox ho'ox, ox jox jo'x o'ox o'x o'x 

133 xa'an xan xarij xa'j xa'j 

134 

135 

pay te' pay te' 

tzuy 

tzitz 

tz'inte' tz'inte' tz'untee' tz'iin tz'fin 
308 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

"TREES"—Continued. 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) 

K'iche' Sipakapenyo Sakapulteko Tz'utujil Kaqchikel Poqomam Poqomchi' Q'eqchi' 

72 

73 muij muuy muy 

74 

75 mop, map nop maap 

76 map2 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 ooj ooj ooj ooj oj uaj gooj ooh, 

82 oh2 

83 

84 

85 ochooch oochooch 

86 

87 

88 

89 piit, 

90 poom2 poom poom, pom puam 

91 poom, 

92 ponj 

93 patahl, 

94 patahj 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 

100 

101 

102 su'n so'n su'n, su'n suun suun, 

103 su'm2 sun2 

104 uul, uula 

105 uul che'l uul 

106 

107 

108 chaj chaj chaj chaj chaj chaj chaj chaj 

109 

110 

111 

112 

113 

114 

115 

116 tzimah, tzmaay tzimaay tzmaay, tzimay 

117 tzimaj tzimaay2 

118 

119 

120 

121 

122 tzitz, 

123 

124 ch'elel 

125 tz'iin tz'iin tz'iin tz'in2 tz'iin tz'iin tz'iin, 

126 tz'inj 

127 

128 

129 

130 

131 

132 

133 xaan xaan, 

134 xanj 

135 

136 

137 
NUMBER 35 309 

"PLANTS" 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) 

Wasteko Yukateko Lakantun Mopan Ch'orti' Chontal Ch'ol Tzotzil Col. Tzotzil Tzeltal 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 ich, 

chaay2 

iik, '1.3 ""-1.2 

16 itZj 

17 ith lis2 

18 

19 

20 eem ixim, 

21 

22 

23 

24 chooklay',j la 

25 tzooklay'2 laal2 

26 tiplay' 

27 

28 

29 maay 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 puj, 

40 saajum2 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 tuux, 

46 

47 

48 tz'iim, 2 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

iik ik ich ich ich 

lxi im ixim ixim ixim 

laj 

pa'ch' 

pechak 

tux 

xch'uch'5 

ich 

ixim 

pajch' 

petek', 

pechek'5 

stsijb 

xanxan 

chak'ak' 

chaya itaj 

chichol 

ch'aben 

ch'aben chij 

ch'il vet 

ch'oliv 

ch'uch' 

ch'upak 

ch'upak'joj 

ech' 

ich 

is-ak'1 

itaj2 

ixim 

koko'on 

koyoy 

k'axib jobel 

la3 

matas 

met 

moy 

ob 

pa' itaj 

paxak' 

petok 

Pi 

pich' 

poxil sal tz'i' 

puj 

saju' 

sakil ch'ix4 

sat mes 

tuix 

tut 

tuxnuk'5 

tzib 

tzis chauk 

tzitz 

tzon-te' 

tzukum jobel 

tz'emeni' 

tz'ul itaj 

unen mu 

uskun te' 

vale' 

vo'tus 

xanxan 

ximo' 

yich joj 

yikatz toj 

ch'upak' 

ich 

is-ak' 

itaj 

ixim 

paxak' 

pich' 

tuix 

tuxnok' 

vale" 

xchak'ak', 

chichol2 

ch'aben, 

ch'aben chij, 

ch'ilwet, 

ch'oliw, 

ch'uch jaben, 

polotz' ch'upak' 

ch'upak'joj, 

ech', 

ich 

is ak' chi'in, 

itaj 

ixim 

kajk'an, 

yoy, 

ch'axib ak 

la, 

majtas, 

met 

may 

j'ob , 

pa'itaj, 

pajchak', 

pahch'2 

pejtak, 

pehtakj 

pij chitam, 

pich'pich'. 

poxil sal, 

xpuj, 

sakil ch'ix wax, 

tzatzames, 

tux ak, 

tujt, 

tux2 

tzib 

tzis chaok, 

tzitz ak 

tzon te' 

tzujkum ak, 

tz'eman, 

stz'ul, 

moen, 

muhyerr^ 

uskum. 

wale', 

wahle'2 

tusus, 

xanxan wamal. 

xijaben, 

yich joj, 

yijkatz te'. 
310 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

"PLANTS"—Continued. 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) 

Popti' 

Tojolabal Chuj Q'anjob'al (Jakalteko) Mocho Teko Mam Awakateko Ixil Uspanteko 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

ch'abin, tx'abin tx'abin ch'aabi'n tx'aban 

tx'abin 

10 chu'pak 

11 

12 

13 ek' 

14 

15 ich 

16 

17 isak' 

18 

19 itaj 

20 ixim 

21 kakapooj 

22 

23 

24 laj 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 may 

30 

31 

32 pajak' 

33 

34 pejtak' 

35 

36 pij 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 tuyal 

44 

45 tenok' 

46 tenuk' 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 jutus 

61 

62 

ch'ipal 

ek'. 

ich 

itaj 

ixim 

ch'upaq tx'upaq ch'upech 

ech' 

ich 

is 

itaj 

ixim 

ek' 

ich 

is 

itaj 

ixim 

ek' 

iik 

iis 

ixi'm 

x-me' 

iiky 

iis 

itzaaj 

ixi'm 

eky' 

ich 

iis 

axi'n 

eek' 

iich 

iis 

itzaj 

ixi'n 

ek' 

ecy' 

icy 

is 

ixi'm 

<Sek' 

iik 

kyeq-e iis 

fchaj 

(xim 

la, la, 

la te' la'. 

patak'2 

saqk'ix 

tuyal2 

tzib, tzib 

mu, 

muj2 

wale' 

txola laj laaj 

ma'y ma'y 

pajak' 

pechak petzaq', petxajh peechaq peechaq 

pechaq'2 

tenok' teenooq' nooq' 

tuxib 

tzib sijib 

tz'uulaa' 

muuj 

wale' 

laa laa' 

maay 

nooq' nooq 

txiib txiib 

xchu'uus 

lay 

may 

laa 

nmuut' 
NUMBER 35 311 

"PLANTS"—Continued. 

(Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) 

K'iche' Sipakapenyo Sakapulteko Tz'utujil Kaqchikel Poqomam Poqomchi' Q'eqchi' 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 eek' 

14 

15 iik 

16 

17 iis2 

18 

19 ichaaj 

20 ixiim 

21 

22 

23 

24 lah, 

25 laj 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 tuux 

46 

47 

48 chijb 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 imu'tj 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

iik 

ichaaj 

ixiim 

ch'ipaq 

iik 

ichaaj 

ixiim 

ch'apaq2 

u-saaq eek'2 

iik 

ichaaj2 

ixiim 

ch'upaq 

ik 

ichaj 

ixin 

ch'upaq 

iik 

ch'upaq 

ch'ipaq 

ek' 

iik 

iis 

ichaaj 

ixiim 

iik, 

ikj 

iis. 

is2 

ichaj 

ixim 

lay yal 

majy 

ley, 

lay2 

may 

lah ch'uah lah 

mahy 

laah, 

lahj 

may 

peetaq pehtaq 

puuj 

nooq 

chihb 

tuhx 

nooq' 

noq*2 

sisb, 

tuhs 
312 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tally of Mayan Plant Name Cognates 

"VINES" "TREES' "PLANTS" 

Total of "VINES," "TREES, 

and"PLANTS" 

Tzotzil 

Tzeltal 

Tojolabal 

Kaqchikel 

Poqomchi' 

Ch'ol 

Wasteko 

Yukateko 

Awakateko 

Chuj 

Mocho 

Lakantun 

Teko 

Uspanteko 

K'iche' 

Sipakapenyo 

Tz'utujil 

Q'eqchi' 

Sakapulteko 

Poqomam 

Chontal 

Q'anjob'al 

Mopan 

Mam 

Ch'orti' 

Popti' 

Ixil 

TOTAL 

26 

22 

12 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

167 

Tzotzil 

Tzeltal 

Tojolabal 

Chuj 

Ch'ol 

Q'anjob'al 

Yukateko 

K'iche' 

Popti' 

Teko 

Uspanteko 

Wasteko 

Awakateko 

Kaqchikel 

Mopan 

Tz'utujil 

Mam 

Mocho 

Poqomchi' 

Q'eqchi' 

Ch'orti' 

Lakantun 

Sakapulteko 

Ixil 

Chontal 

Poqomam 

Sipakapenyo 

TOTAL 

97 

72 

36 

33 

32 

23 

22 

21 

19 

17 

17 

17 

17 

17 

16 

16 

15 

15 

15 

15 

13 

13 

13 

13 

12 

10 

8 

614 

Tzotzil 

Tzeltal 

Tojolobal 

Chuj 

Mocho 

Teko 

Popti' 

Q'anjob'al 

Poqomchi' 

Awakateko 

K'iche' 

Tz'utujil 

Yukateko 

Q'eqchi' 

Mam 

Uspanteko 

Kaqchikel 

Poqomam 

Ch'ol 

Ixil 

Sakapulteko 

Wasteko 

Ch'orti' 

Lakantun 

Sipakapenyo 

Mopan 

Chontal 

TOTAL 

51 

49 

16 

15 

14 

12 

11 

11 

10 

9 

9 

9 

9 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

7 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

3 

2 

292 

Tzotzil 

Tzeltal 

Tojolabal 

Chuj 

Ch'ol 

Q'anjob'al 

Yukateko 

K'iche' 

Teko 

Mocho 

Popti' 

Awakateko 

Poqomchi' 

Kaqchikel 

Tz'utujil 

Uspanteko 

Q'eqchi' 

Wasteko 

Mam 

Lakantun 

Mopan 

Sakapulteko 

Poqomam 

Ixil 

Ch'orti' 

Chontal 

Sipakapenyo 

TOTAL 

174 

143 

54 

53 

45 

37 

37 

35 

34 

34 

32 

32 

31 

30 

30 

29 

28 

28 

26 

22 

22 

22 

21 

21 

19 

17 

17 

1073 
NUMBER 35 313 

Notes 

In most cases it has not been possible to determine whether 

the Mayan botanical term includes both the fruit and the tree, 

plant, or vine that bears it. Similarly, it is seldom clear whether 

the term for rubber refers only to the sap or also to the rubber 

tree. 

"VINES" 

Chenek' Except for kanchenyek', the yellow bean, Ch'ol 

terms for bean share the Yukateko cognate bu'ul. 

2

sakil With the exception of the K'iche' dialect of Miguel 

Chicaj, sakiil refers not to a distinct squash, but rather to 

edible squash seeds, particularly those of ch'um. 

3

x'ak'il chenek' The distinction between bush and pole bean 

is generally made in Mayan languages. 

"TREES" 

!

aj This term cannot be identified by species in most other 

Mayan language sources. Often it refers to skyrockets or the 

cane used for skyrockets. 

2

atz'am te' There is no identification for this tree in Ch'ol. 

3

chalon The reference of this term and of tz'erel, both 

closely related species of Inga, is seldom possible to 

distinguish in the sources for other Mayan languages. 

4

chalon The Kaqchikel term is reported by Herbruger and 

Diaz Barrios, 1956. 

5

chi Cognates of this term in many Mayan languages refer to 

maguey or, as in Kaqchikel, to the fiber itself. 

6

ch'ib There is no identification for this in Ch'ol. 

7

ch'ich' ni' There is no identification for this in Ch'ol. 

8

ch'u te' This means "god tree." Even though the initial 

Mayan root has been replaced by a Spanish loan word in 

K'iche', Sakapulteko, Tz'utujil, and Kaqchikel, the meaning 

persists unchanged. 

9

ch'u te' The Mam term reported from Ostuncalco refers not 

to cedar, but to sabino. 

10inop The ceiba in the Ch'olan and Yukateko languages is 

referred to by yax che' and its cognates. 

11

 ja'as This term originally referred to mamey, but when 

bananas were introduced, the term shifted in Yukateko and 

Ch'olan languages. In Chuj it refers to sapotes generally. 

12kokov The Wasteko term refers to peanuts. 

13k'evex The Kaqchikel term is reported by Saenz de Santa 

Maria. 

14k'isis The K'iche' term is reported by Edmondson (1965) 

to refer to cedar and juniper (Juniperus flaccida). 

15k'olo-max This term is reported by Bradbum and Bricker 

for Caesaria nitida. 

16mes te' Cognates for this term have only been included 

when it was clear that "broom tree" referred to the same or 

a related species. 

17muy The Kaqchikel term is reported by Herbruger and Diaz 

Barrios, 1956. 

18on In Wasteko, oj refers to an aromatic avocado, whereas 

uj refers to the common avocado. 

19on te' The Wasteko term refers to the closely related 

Nectandra sp. 

20otot Although this term in Tzotzil refers to bamboo, in 

Ch'ol, K'iche', and Yukateko, it means house. 

21paj-ul The Chuj term refers to Lantana. 

22soro te' This Tzotzil term loaned fron Spanish has been 

included because of the Chuj and Q'anjob'al terms pay, te', 

and the Yukateko paay che'. 

23suk The Wasteko term refers to Leucaena sp. of similar 

appearance to Lysiloma. 

24xaxib The Chuj term refers to Calliandra spp. 

"PLANTS" 

1

 is-ak' In most Mayan languages, is refers to sweet potatoes, 

although in Popti', is is reserved for potatoes and isaq' for 

sweet potatoes. In Q'anjob'al, isaq' refers to vines generally. 

2

itaj In Tzotzil, as in the other Mayan languages, this term 

and its cognates refer to edible greens. 

3

la This was used in colonial Yukateko (Motul). 

4

sakil ch'ix In Q'anjob'al the term refers to Cirsium 

pinetorum. 

5

tuxnuk' In most Mayan languages, tux refers to cotton seed. 

In colonial Tzotzil, nok' meant cloth. In Poqomchi', nooq' 

refers to thread. 

SPELLING 

In all these languages I have omitted the initial glottal stop, 

and so, for example, ich should be read 'ich. 

over a vowel in Yukateko and Uspanteko indicates a high 

tone on non-final syllable and a falling tone on final 

syllable, 

over a vowel in Yukateko indicates a low tone. 

a is a short, lax vowel in Kaqchikel, whereas in Ch'ol and 

Mopan, it indicates a schwa. 

ii is a lax, lower high back rounded vowel in Kaqchikel. 

cy is a palatalized ch in Ixil. 

jh is a voiceless, postvelar spirant in Popti'. 

ky is a palatalized k in Ixil. 

ri is a velar nasal in Popti'. 

q is a postvelar stop. 

t is a retroflex t in Sierra Otontepec Wasteko. 

tx is a retroflex ch in Q'anjob'al and Popti'. 

SOURCES 

Wasteko 

(1) Tantoyuca: Kaufman, 1982-1984 
314 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

(2) Tancanhuitz: Kaufman, 1982-1984 

(3) Sierra Otontepec: Kaufman, 1982-1984 

(4) San Luis Potosi: Alcorn, 1984 

Yukateko 

(1) Ticul: Kaufman, 1969 

(2) Hocaba: Bradbum and Bricker, 1986 

(3) Marin, Barrera Vasquez, and Lopez Franco, 1976 

Lakantun 

Canger, 1969 

Mopan 

San Luis: Kaufman, 1970-1971 

Ch'orti' 

Jocotan: Kaufman, 1970-1971 

Chontal 

Keller 1968; Walker, 1969 

Ch'ol 

(1) Aulie and Aulie, 1978 

(2) Schumann, 1973 

(3) Whittaker and Warkentin, 1965 

(4) Hopkins, 1980-1982 

(5) Berlin, 1967 

(6) Becerra, 1935 

Tzotzil-Zinacantan 

Breedlove and Laughlin 

Colonial Tzotzil-Zinacantan 

Anonymous and Laughlin 

Tzeltal 

(1) Tenejapa: Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven, 1974 

(2) Bachajon: Slocum and Gerdel, 1965 

Tojolabal 

Lenkersdorf, 1979 

Chuj 

(1) San Sebastian Coatan: Kaufman, 1970-1971 

(2) San Mateo Ixtatdn: Breedlove and Hopkins, 

1970-1971 

Q'anjob'al 

(1) Santa Eulalia: Proyecto Linguistico Francisco Marroquin, 1973-1978 

(2) Soloma: Proyecto Linguistico Francisco Marroquin, 

1973-1978 

Popti' - Jacaltenango 

Kaufman, 1970-1971 

Mocho-Motocintla 

Kaufman, 1967-1968 

Teko-Mazapa 

Cangar, 1969 

Mam-Ixtahuacari 

Kaufman, 1969-1979 

Awakateko 

(1) Aguacatan: Kaufman, 1970-1971 

(2) Chalchitan: Kaufman, 1970-1971 

Ixil-Chajul, Cotzal, Nebaj 

Kaufman, 1970-1971 

Uspanteko-Uspantan 

Kaufman, 1970-1971 

K'iche' 

(1) Nahuala, Santa Caterina Ixtahuacan-Proyecto Linguistico Francisco Marroquin, 1971-1978 

(2) San Miguel Chicaj-Proyecto Linguistico Francisco 

Marroquin, 1971-1978 

Sipakapenyo-Sipacapa 

Kaufman, 1970-1971 

Sakapulteko-Sacapula 

Kaufman 1970-1971 

Tz'utujil: 

(1) Santiago Atitlan: Kaufman, 1970-1971 

(2) San Pedro la Laguna: Kaufman, 1970-1971 

Kaqchikel 

(1) Tecpan: Proyecto Linguistico Francisco Marroquin, 

1971-1978 

(2) Comalapa: Proyecto Linguistico Francisco Marroquin, 1971-1978 

Poqomam-San Juis Jilotepeque 

Kaufman, 1970-1971 

Poqomchi'-San Cristobal 

Proyecto Linguistico Francisco Marroquin, 1973-1978 

Q'eqchi' 

(1) Cahabon: Kaufman, 1970-1971 

(2) Lanquin: Kaufman, 1970-1971 

Botanical collections were made for Tzotzil, Tenejapa Tzeltal, 

Tojolabal, Hocaba Yukateko, San Mateo Ixtatin Chuj, and 

Wasteko. 
Appendix 3 

Tzotzil-Latin 

(x = extended range) 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATIN NAME 

x 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

ach'el pom 

aj-te' 

aj-te' te' 

aja-te'es 

aja-te'es 

aja-te'es 

aja-te'es 

aja-te'es 

ajan toj 

ajo' te' 

ajo' te' 

ajo' te' 

ajval te' 

ajval te' 

ajval te' 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

akit 

akit 

akit 

alajebal pox 

alavena tz'i' 

alavena tz'i' 

alavena tz'i' 

alavena tz'i' 

alavena tz'i' 

alavena tz'i' 

alavena tz'i 

alavena tz'i 

alavena tz'i 

alavena tz'i 

alaxax 

alpajo 

lei 

lei 

lei 

lei 

lei 

lei 

lei 

lei 

lei 

lei 

Pom 

On 

On 

Aja-te'es 

Aja-te'es 

Aja-te'es 

Aja-te'es 

Aja-te'es 

Toj 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

BakTe' 

BakTe' 

BakTe' 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Bot 

Bot 

Bot 

Ch'ulelal Nichim 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Naranja 

Pitzak' 

Bursera bipinnata 

Casimiroa edulis 

Tabebuia rosea 

Gaultheria odorata 

Clethra suaveolens 

Karwinskia humboldtiana 

Litsea glaucescens 

Viburnum elatum 

Pinus michoacana 

Saurauia oreophila 

Saurauia scabrida 

Saurauia oreophila 

Stillingia acutifolia 

Croton ciliatoglandulifer 

Solanum aligerum 

Panicum hirticaule 

Paspalum botterii 

Paspalum plicatulum 

Polypogon elongatus 

Polypogon viridis 

Andropogon glomeratus 

Arundinella deppeana 

Digitaria leucites 

Muhlenbergia tenella 

Oplismenus burmanni 

Sporobolus indicus 

Guazuma ulmifolia 

Neopringlea viscosa 

Xylosma intermedium 

Satureja mexicana 

Borreria laevis 

Heliotropium angiospermum 

Hyptis verticillata 

Lantana achyranthifolia 

Lippia nodiflora 

Lippia stoechadifolia 

Mimulus glabratus 

Salvia misella 

Scutellaria dumetorum 

Verbena Carolina 

Citrus aurantium 

Medicago sativa 

315 
316 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

x alpajo x alpajo 

altamixa 

amapola 

amat 

amat 

amolyo 

x amolyo 

ana-jobel 

antzil aj 

x antzil aj 

x antzil aj 

x antzil aj 

antzil bix 

antzil ech' 

antzil ech' 

x antzil ech' 

x antzil ech' 

antzil puj 

antzil puj 

antzil vo'tus 

aros 

arsyal te' 

arvajaka tz'i'lei 

asasena tz'i'lei 

asasena vola 

aselka 

atz'am te' 

avena 

avena 

axux ak' 

ba ikatzil 

ba nab tz'i'lei 

bak amuch te' 

bak ich 

bak te' 

x bak te' 

x bak te' 

bak tzelo-pat 

bakel amuch te' 

x bakel amuch te' 

x bakel amuch te' 

x bakel amuch te' 

x bakel amuch te' 

baril ch'um 

bars in ak' 

x barsin ak' 

bars in te' 

barsin te' 

batz'i alavena 

batz'i arvajaka 

SET 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Po'on 

Po'on 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Sakaton 

Bix 

Bix 

Bix 

Bix 

Bix 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Vo'tus 

Ixim 

Chilkat 

Yax-chel 

Ch'uch' 

Ch'uch 

Isolate: Tz' 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

i'lei 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Ixim 

Ixim 

Tz'usub 

Pom Tz'unun 

Isolate: Tz' 

Tilil 

Ich 

Bak Te' 

Bak Te' 

BakTe' 

Tzelo-pat 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Mail 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

i'lel 

LATIN NAME 

Melilotus alba 

Melilotus indica 

Ambrosia cumanensis 

Papaver somniferum 

Ficus glabrata 

Ficus glaucescens 

Ipomoea microsticta 

Ipomoea alba 

Muhlenbergia macroura 

Phragmites australis 

Lasiacis procerrima 

Lasiacis sorghoidea 

Pennisetum bambusiforme 

Olmeca reflexa 

Pitcairnea breedlovei 

Vriesea werckleana 

Catopsis nutans 

Pitcairnia calderonii 

Typha domingensis 

Typha latifolia 

Tagetes erecta 

Oryza sativa 

Baccharis trinervis 

Prunella vulgaris 

Hymenocallis riparia 

Kniphofia uvaria 

Beta vulgaris var. cicla 

Viburnum hartwegii 

Avena fatua 

Avena sativa 

Pachyptera hymenaea 

Fuchsia splendens 

Eichhornea crassipes 

Clethra mexicana 

Capsicum annuum 

Dodonaea viscosa 

Rhamnus capraeifolia var 

grandifolia 

Styrax argentum 

Buddleia nitida 

Calyptranthes chiapensis 

Colubrina elliptica 

Parathesis chiapensis 

Parathesis leptopa 

Rhamnus mucronata 

Cucurbita moschata 

Cydista diversifolia 

Pithecoctenium crucigerum 

Guettarda macrosperma 

Piscidia carthagenensis 

Mentha pulegium 

Ocimum basilicum 
NUMBER 35 317 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATIN NAME 

x 

x 

x 

X 

X 

x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

X 

x 

x 

x 

X 

X 

X 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

asasena 

asasena 

axux 

bertulaka 

bertulaka 

bertulaka 

boraja 

boraja 

chijil te' 

chikaryo 

chikin ton 

chikin-ib 

chikin-ib 

chikin-ib 

chii jabnal 

chilkat 

chix te' 

ch'aben 

ch'aben 

ch'aben 

ch'ib 

i ch'oliv 

i ch'oliv 

i ch'ulelal nichim 

ch'ulelal nichim 

ch'um-te' ch'o 

ch'um-te' ch'o 

is-ak' 

litaj 

i jol koy 

jol koy 

i jovos 

i jovos 

i jovos 

i kampana ak' 

i kampana ak' 

I kampana nichim 

i k'an-'ich 

i k'an-'ich 

i k'an-'ich 

i k'an-'ich 

i k'an-'ich 

i k'an-'ich 

i k'an-'ich 

i k'an-ak' 

i k'an-ak' 

i k'an-ak' 

i k'an-ak' 

i k'evex 

Ch'uch' 

Ch'uch' 

Tuix 

Bertulaka 

Bertulaka 

Bertulaka 

Boraja 

Boraja 

Chijil Te' 

Ch'ix 

Petok 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Isolate: Te' 

Chilkat 

Chijil Te' 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Isolate: Te' 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'ulelal Nichim 

Ch'ulelal Nichim 

Ch'um-te' 

Ch'um-te' 

Is-ak' 

Itaj 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Po'on 

Po'on 

Po'on 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Moy 

Top'ol 

Top'ol 

Top'ol 

Top'ol 

Top'ol 

Top'ol 

Top'ol 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Te' 

Lilium candidum 

Escobedia laevis 

Allium sativum 

Portulaca oleracea 

Bacopa repens 

Mimulus glabratus 

Borago officinalis 

Salvia urica 

Sambucus mexicana 

Sonchus oleraceus 

Epiphyllum crenatum var 

kimnachii 

Quercus castanea 

Quercus crispipilis 

Quercus oleoides 

Miconia oligotricha 

Senecio salignus 

Prunus serotina 

Crotalaria mucronata 

Crotalaria cajanifolia 

Senna uniflora 

Chamaedorea elatior 

Dahlia imperialis 

Cosmos crithmifolius 

Salvia mexicana 

Cuphea intermedia 

Cyclanthera bourgeana 

Gonolobus sp. 

Solanum tuberosum 

Brassica oleracea var. acephala 

Tigridia pavonia 

Rigidella orthantha 

Spondias mombin 

Trichilia hirta 

Zanthoxylum mayanum 

Cobaea scandens 

Ipomoea pedicellaris 

Datura Candida 

Coreopsis mutica var. micro 

cephala 

Bunchosia montana 

Piptothrix areolaris 

Salmea scandens 

Senecio chenopodioides 

Verbesina crocata 

Verbesina neriifolia 

Cuscuta corymbosa var. gran 

difolia 

Cuscuta tinctoria 

Cassytha filiformis 

Sarcostemma bilobum 

Annona cherimola 
318 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

batz'i 

batz'i 

x batz'i 

x batz'i 

x batz'i 

x batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

x batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

batz'i 

x batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

x batz' 

x batz' 

x batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

x batz' 

x batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

x batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

x batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

k'oxox te' 

k'oxox te' 

k'oxox te' 

k'oxox te' 

k'oxox te' 

k'oxox te' 

la 

limon jobel 

lo'bol 

makom 

makom 

manko 

mantarina 

mantzana 

manya chenek' 

markariton 

melon 

nap'ap' tz'i'lei 

napux 

olnob 

olnob 

on 

paxamum 

pech'e-'ok jobel 

pech'e-'ok jobel 

pelex 

pern k'ulub 

pern k'ulub 

L pern k'ulub 

i pern k'ulub 

i pern k'ulub 

i petok 

1 pik'ok' 

1 pik'ok' 

i pik'ok' 

i pik'ok' 

i pimenta 

i pimil anal 

i pimil anal 

i pitzak' 

i po'on 

i po'on 

i pojov tz'iiel 

i pojov tz'i'lel 

i pojov tz'i'lel 

i pojov tz'i'lel 

i pojov tz'i'lel 

i pojov tz'i'lel 

i pojov tz'i'lel 

i pojov tz'i'lel 

SET 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

La 

Sakaton 

Isolate: Te' 

Makom 

Makom 

On 

Naranja 

Mantzana 

Chenek' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Mail 

Pom Tz'unun 

Alavanux 

Olnob 

Olnob 

On 

Chijil Te' 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Mantzana 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Petok 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Isolate: Te' 

Pimil Anal 

Pimil Anal 

Pitzak' 

Po'on 

Po'on 

Pojov Tz'i 

Pojov Tz'i 

Pojov Tz'i 

Pojov Tz'i 

Pojov Tz'i 

Pojov Tz'i 

Pojov Tz'i 

Pojov Tz'i 

lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

Mel 

LATIN NAME 

Ternstroemia lineata ssp. 

calicophila 

Ternstroemia oocarpa 

Diospyros nicaraguensis 

Drimys granadensis 

Ilex vomitoria 

Myrcianthes 

Urtica chamaedryoides 

Cymbopogon citratus 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Rubus adenotrichus 

Rubus irasuensis 

Mangifera indica 

Citrus reticulata 

Malus pumila 

Arachis hypogaea 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Cucumis melo var. conomon 

Siegesbeckia jorullensis 

Brassica campestris 

Leucaena leucocephala 

Piptadenia flava 

Persea americana 

Malpighia mexicana 

Orthosanthus chimboracensis 

var. centro-americanus 

Carex donnell-smithii 

Pyrus communis 

Verbena Carolina 

Verbena litoralis 

Buchnera pusilla 

Salvia misella 

Salvia reptans 

Opuntia ficus-indica 

Ipomoea signata 

Ipomoea tyrianthina 

Ipomoea hederacea 

Ipomoea triloba 

Pimenta dioica 

Sedum praealtum 

Echeveria bella 

Trifolium amabile 

Spondias purpurea 

Trichilia hirta 

Chamaesyce densiflora 

Chamaesyce hirta 

Chamaesyce hypericifolia 

Chamaesyce hyssopifolia 

Euphorbia dentata 

Euphorbia francoana 

Euphorbia graminea 

Euphorbia heterophylla 
NUMBE

R 35 319 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

X 

X 

x 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

x 

X 

X 

X 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

batz' 

i pojov tz'i'lel 

i pojov tz'i'lel 

i pom i pom i potov i potov i putzul chichol i putzul chichol i putzul chichol i putzul chichol i saju' i saju' i saju' i saju' i saju' i saju' i saju' i saju' i saju' i saju' i saju' i saju' i saju' i saju' i saju' i sakaton i sakaton i suil itaj i suil itaj i suil itaj i suil itaj i suil itaj i te' 

itoj i tok'oy i tuix i turasnu i t'ut' ak' i tzajal nichim i tzajal roxa i tzelo-pat i tzelo-pat 

itzib i tzu i tz'emeni' i tz'emeni' i tz'emeni' i tz'emeni' i tz'oban i tz'ol 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Pom 

Pom 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Ch'ol 

Ch'ol 

Ch'ol 

Ch'ol 

Ch'ol 

Ch'ol 

Ch'ol 

Ch'ol 

Ch'ol 

Ch'ol 

Ch'ol 

Ch'ol 

Ch'ol 

Ch'ol 

V 

V 

V 

V 

V 

V 

V 

V 

V 

V 

V 

V 

V 

V 

Ch'oliv 

Sakaton 

Sakaton 

Tzelo-pat 

Tzelo-pat 

Tzelo-pat 

Tzelo-pat 

Tzelo-pat 

Tulan 

Toj 

Isolate: Te' 

Tuix 

Turasnu 

T'ut' Ak' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Isolate: Ak' 

Tzelo-pat 

Tzelo-pat 

Tzib 

Tzu 

Uch'ul vo' 

Uch'ul vo' 

Uch'ul vo' 

Uch'ul vo' 

Yuch' Max 

Mail 

Euphorbia macropus 

Begonia plebeja 

Bursera excelsa 

Zanthoxylum mayanum 

Psidium guineense 

Eugenia yunckeri 

Physalis philadelphica 

Lycianthes lenta 

Physalis nicandroides 

Physalis pubescens 

Simsia amplexicaulis 

Anoda cristata 

Aspilia purpurea 

Bidens aurea 

Bidens ostruthioides 

Eupatoriastrum nelsonii 

Galinsoga quadriradiata 

Melampodium montanum 

Melanthera nivea 

Milleria quinquefolia 

Sanvitalia procumbens 

Sclerocarpus 

Spilanthes americana 

Wedelia fertilis 

Bidens pilosa 

Panicum bulbosum 

Panicum maximum 

Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum 

Desmanthodium perfoliatum 

Liabum discolor 

Senecio schaffneri 

Senecio thomasii 

Quercus crassifolia 

Pinus montezumae var. rudis 

Salix bonplandiana 

Allium cepa 

Prunus persica 

Smilax subpubescens 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Rosa chinensis 

Buddleia skutchii 

Vernonia leiocarpa 

Pteridium aquilinum 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Tinantia erecta 

Tripogandra disgrega 

Tripogandra grandiflora 

Tripogandra montana 

Phymosia rosea 

Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo 
320 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

batz'i tz'ul itaj 

batz'i tz'ul itaj 

batz'i tz'usub 

batz'i vala-pojov 

batz'i vala-pojov 

batz'i vixobtakil 

x batz'i vixobtakil 

batz'i xan 

batz'i xaxib 

batz'i ximo' 

batz'i ximo' 

batz'i yajan chuch 

batz'i yuch' max 

batz'i yuch' max 

batz'i yuch' max 

x batz'i yuch' max 

be xinich te' 

bero 

bero 

bero nich nab 

bikil tz'i' ak' 

bik'it aj-te' 

bik'it chikin ton 

bik'it choch 

bik'it choch 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'u te' 

bik'it nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

bik'it nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

bik'it on te' pox 

bik'it on te' pox 

bik'it ximo' 

bik'tal kampana nichim 

bilil itaj 

x bilil itaj 

bioleta 

bioleta 

bioleta 

boch 

boch te' 

boch te' 

bot 

SET 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Tz'usub 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Pimil Anal 

Pimil Anal 

Xan 

Olnob 

Ixim 

Ixim 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Yuch' Max 

Yuch' Max 

Yuch' Max 

Yuch' Max 

Bot 

Bertulaka 

Bertulaka 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Puyu' 

On 

Petok 

Bot 

Bot 

Chilkat 

Chilkat 

Chilkat 

Chilkat 

Chilkat 

Chilkat 

Chilkat 

Chilkat 

Chilkat 

Po'on 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Ixim 

Moy 

Bertulaka 

Bertulaka 

Ich 

Ich 

Ich 

Boch 

Boch 

Boch 

Bot 

LATIN NAME 

Amaranthus hybridus 

Amaranthus scariosus 

Vitis bourgeana 

Oxalis galeottii 

Oxalis latifolia 

Peperomia galioides 

Villadia albiflora 

Brahea dulcis 

Acacia angustissima 

Tripsacum laxum 

Tripsacum maizar 

Conopholis americana 

Triumfetta grandiflora 

Triumfetta semitriloba 

Triumfetta speciosa 

Malvaviscus arboreus var. 

mexicanus 

Cordia alliodora 

Rorippa nasturtiumaquaticum 

Rorippa x sterilis 

Cardamine flaccida 

Ipomoea triloba 

Casimiroa edulis 

Mammillaria eriacantha 

Stemmadenia eubracteata 

Stemmadenia obovata 

Ageratina bustamenta 

Ageratina ligustrina 

Ageratina mairetiana 

Ageratina pringlei 

Chromolaena collina 

Pachythamnus crassirameus 

Stevia ovata 

Stevia polycephala 

Stevia serrata 

Cedrela oaxacensis 

Galium orizabense 

Galium uncinulatum 

Asclepias contrayerba 

Asclepias oenotherioides 

Tripsacum manisuroides 

Escobedia guatemalensis 

Talinum triangulare 

Talinum triangulare 

Vinca major 

Viola nannei 

Viola odorata 

Crescentia cujete 

Randia aculeata 

Randia cineria 

Heliocarpus donnell-smithii 
NUMBER 35 321 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

bot 

bot'-jol tz'i'lel 

brasil 

x brasil x brasil x brasil 

cha'-koj karnpana nichim 

cha'-lom markarita 

chachi' 

chak toj 

chak'ak' 

x chak'ak' x chak'ak' x chak'ak' x chak'ak' 

chalon 

chalon 

chan-tzelav lo'bol 

chan-tzelav tz'i'lel 

chan-tzelav tz'i'lel 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

chana x'ak'il 

chanib 

chanib 

chanib 

chaya itaj 

chenek' ak' 

chenek' ak' 

chenek' ak' 

chenek' ak' 

chenek' ak 

chenek' ak' 

chenek' ak' 

chenek' ak' 

x chenek' ak' 

chenek' chij 

chenek' chij 

chenek' chij te' 

x chenek' chij te' 

chenek' te' 

chenek' te' 

chenek' te' 

chenek' te' 

chenek' te' 

chenek' te' 

Bot 

Tan Pox 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

Moy 

Tzajal Nichim 

Boch 

Toj 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Chalon 

Chalon 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tzelo-Pat 

Tzelo-pat 

Tzelo-pat 

Chenek' 

Bix 

Bix 

Bix La 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

M&chita Te' 

Machita Te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

Heliocarpus mexicanus 

Gomphrena decumbens 

Haematoxylon brasiletto 

Phyllanthus mcvaughii 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Wimmeria pubescens 

Datura Candida 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Parmentiera aculeata 

Pinus pseudostrobus 

Spilanthes americana 

Anagallis arvensis 

Perymenium ghiesbreghtii 

Scutellaria dumetorum 

Tridax procumbens 

Inga vera ssp. spuria 

Inga xalapensis 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Alonsoa meridionalis 

Leucocarpus perfoliatus 

Buddleia americana 

Buddleia crotonoides 

Buddleia crotonoides ssp. 

amplexicaulis 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Lasiacis hispida 

Rhipidocladum bartlettii 

Rhipidocladum pittieri 

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius 

'Maya' 

Calopogonium coeruleum 

Canavalia hirsutissima 

Centrosema pubescens 

Cologania broussonettii 

Cologania glabrior 

Nissolia fruticosa 

Rhynchosia discolor 

Rhynchosia minima 

Capparis flexuosa 

Lupinus elegans 

Lupinus sp. 

Senna atomeria 

Tephrosia lanata 

Clitoria polystachya 

Gliricidia ehrenbergii 

Godmania aesculifolia 

Harpalyce formosa var. 

goldmanii 

Inga vera ssp. spuria 

Pistacia mexicana 
322 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

chenek' te' 

chenek' te' 

chenek' tz'i'lel 

chenek' tz'i'lel 

chenek' tz'i'lel 

chenek' tz'i'lel 

chi met 

chi'il melon 

chichik'uy 

chichik'uy 

x chichik'uy 

chichol ak' 

chichol ak' 

x chichol ak' 

chichol ch'o 

x chichol ch'o 

x chichol ch'o 

x chichol ch'o 

x chichol ch'o 

x chichol ch'o 

chichol te' 

chichol te' 

chichol te' 

chij-chon mail 

chijal bukaro 

chikaryo tz'i'lel 

chikin ch'o 

chikin chij 

x chikin chij 

chilchil tz'i'lel 

chimpo lo'bol 

chimpo paxak' 

x chimpo paxak' 

chin-jol k'evex 

chinin 

chin te' 

chintuli' jobel 

chitom manko 

chivo te' 

chix te' mut 

x chix te' mut 

choch 

choch 

x choch 

chojchoj 

chon la 

chon la 

chorisyo ch'ix 

x chorisyo ch'ix 

chu' lima 

chuchu' 

SET 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Met 

Mail 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Mail 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Ch'ix 

Pitzak' 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Yax-chel 

Isolate: Te' 

Met 

Met 

Isolate: Te' 

On 

Kachimpa Te' 

K'ojom On 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Bot 

Bot 

Bot 

Olnob La La 

Petok 

Petok 

Naranja 

Ich 

LATIN NAME 

Senna hirsuta var. hirta 

Senna pallida 

Desmodium palmeri 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Rhynchosia minima 

Senna uniflora 

Agave kewensis 

Cucumis melo var. reticulatus 

Piqueria pilosa 

Piqueria trinervia 

Sabazia sarmentosa 

Goya minutiflora 

Herissantia crispa 

Neobrittonia acerifolia 

Jaltomata procumbens 

Lycianthes arrazolensis 

Physalis nicandroides 

Physalis pubescens 

Solanum candidum 

Solanum morelliforme 

Lycianthes lenta 

Lycianthes quichensis 

Physalis sp. 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Gladiolus hortulanus 

Conyza chilensis 

Dichondra argentea 

Fernaldia pandurata 

Mesechites trifida 

Lepechinia schiedeana 

Musa acuminata x bulbisiana 

Bromelia hemisphaerica 

Hechtia glomerata 

Annona purpurea 

Persea scheideana 

Hura polyandra 

Plantago linearis 

Mangifera indica 

Aloysia chiapensis 

Prunus serotina 

Prunus barbata 

Thevetia ovata 

Thevetia plumeriaefolia 

Thevetia peruviana 

Acacia cornigera 

Wigandia urens 

Wigandia urens var. Caracasana 

Opuntia pubescens 

Stenocereus eichlamii 

Citrus limonia 'Millsweet' 

Solanum mamosum 
NUMBE

R 35 

X 

X 

x 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

TZOTZIL NAME 

chuchu' 

chuchu' 

chuchu' 

chuchu' 

ch'a-te' pox 

ch'aben ka' 

ch'aben te' 

ch'aben te' 

ch'aben te' 

ch'aben te' 

ch'aben tz'i'lel 

ch'aben tz'i'lel 

ch'aben tz'i'lel 

ch'aben tz'i'lel 

ch'ail makom 

ch'ail on 

ch'ail pox 

ch'ail pox 

ch'ail pox 

ch'ako' 

ch'ich' bot 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ilim te' 

ch'ix ak' 

ch'ix ak' 

ch'ix alavanux 

ch'ix chikaryo 

ch'ix ch'il vet 

ch'ix ch'il vet 

ch'ix ch'il vet 

ch'ix ch'il vet 

ch'ix ch'il vet 

ch'ix ch'um-te' ch'o 

ch'ix ch'um-te' ch'o 

ch'ix ch'um-te' ch'o 

ch'ix ch'um-te' ch'o 

ch'ix ech' 

ch'ix ech' 

ch'ix ech' 

ch'ix ech' 

ch'ix jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

ch'ix nich nab 

SET 

Ich 

Ich 

Ich 

Ich 

Chilkat 

Ch'aben 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Makom On 

Chilkat 

Chilkat 

Chilkat 

Mail 

Bot 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Bot 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Alavanux 

Ch'ix 

Ch'il Vet 

Ch'il Vet 

Ch'il Vet 

Ch'il Vet 

Ch'il Vet 

Ch'um-te' 

Ch'um-te' 

Ch'um-te' 

Ch'um-te' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Sakaton 

Sakaton 

Sakaton 

Sakaton 

Sakaton 

Sakaton 

Sakaton 

Sakaton 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

LATIN NAME 

Martynia annua 

Solanum acerifolium 

Solanum angustifolium 

Solanum torvum 

Stevia lucida 

Crotalaria acapulcensis 

Indigofera suffruticosa 

Indigofera thibaudiana 

Sesbania emerus 

Spartium junceum 

Indigofera miniata 

Indigofera mucronata 

Melilotus alba 

Melilotus indica 

Rubus fagifolius 

Persea americana 

Calea urticifolia 

Baccharis serraefolia 

Calea ternifolia 

Cucurbita galeottii 

Croton draco 

Calliandra confusa 

Calliandra grandiflora 

Calliandra houstoniana 

Calliandra caeciliae 

Hymenaea courbaril 

Celtis iguanaea 

Mimosa pigra 

Raphanus sativus 

Sonchus asper 

Lantana camara 

Hemichaena rugosa 

Lippia bracteosa 

Lippia chiapasensis 

Verbesina crocata 

Cucumis anguria 

Cyclanthera langaei 

Echinopepon horridus 

Sicyos microphyllus 

Pitcairnia breedlovei 

Pitcairnia calderonii 

Pitcairnia heterophylla 

Tillandsia rodrigueziana 

Festuca amplissima 

Muhlenbergia breviligula 

Muhlenbergia cf. emersleyi 

Muhlenbergia robusta 

Muhlenbergia stricta 

Erianthus trinii 

Muhlenbergia macroura 

Rhynchelytrum repens 

Eryngium guatemalense 

323 
324 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

ch'ix saju' 

ch'ix-ni' te' 

ch'ixal amuch 

ch'ixal tz'ul itaj 

ch'ulul aj-te' 

ch'ulul alavena 

ch'ulul lima 

ch'ulul markarita 

ch'um 

ch'um-te' 

ch'um-te' pox 

ch'upak' 

x ch'upak' 

x ch'upak' 

x ch'upak' 

x ch'upak' 

x ch'upak' 

x ch'upak' 

ch'upak' joj 

ch'upak' joj 

ch'upak' joj 

ch'upak' joj 

ch'upak' joj 

x ch'upak' joj 

ch'upak'te' 

x ch'upak' te' 

ch'uxuv ak' 

ch'uxuv ak' 

dalya 

elamonix 

enkaje 

enkaje 

enkaje 

epal nich 

espayder 

espinaka 

X 

X 

ch ak' 

ch ak' 

ch ak' 

ch ak' 

ch te' 

k'-lo'an petok 

k'-lo'an pino dalya 

k'-lo'an pinto pino dalya 

k'-lo'an potz pino dalya 

k'al aros chenek' 

k'al botii 

k'al ibes 

k'al ik'ux 

SET 

Ch'oliv 

K'an-te' 

Petok 

Chichol 

On 

Yax-chel 

Naranja 

Tzajal Nichim 

Mail 

Ch'um-te' 

Ch'um-te' 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Ch'upak' Te' 

Ch'upak' Te' 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Ch'oliv 

Naranja 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Pek' Me'el 

Tzajal Nichim 

Chichol 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Kachimpa Te' 

Petok 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Isolate: Te' 

LATIN NAME 

Simsia grandiflora 

Gliricidia ehrenbergii 

Acanthocereus horridus 

Amaranthus spinosus 

Casimiroa edulis 

Mentha citrata 

Citrus limetta 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Cucurbita moschata 

Sechium edule 

Cucumis anguria 

Agave brachystachys 

Anthericum vestitum 

Calochortus ghiesbreghtii 

Echeandia macrocarpa 

Nothoscordum bivalve 

Schoenocaulon officinale 

Spiranthes aurantiaca 

Anthericum eleutherandrum 

Anthericum vestitum 

Echeandia macrocarpa 

Echeandia macrophylla var. 

longifolia 

Echeandia parviflora 

Hypoxis decumbens 

Ricinus communis 

Datura stramonium 

Mandevilla subsagittata 

Mandevilla tubiflora 

Dahlia pinnata 

Citrus aurantifolia 

Ammi majus 

Conium maculatum 

Daucus carota 

Nissolia fruticosa 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Tetragonia expansa 

Clematis dioica 

Clematis grossa 

Melothria pendula 

Mikania cordifolia 

Toxicodendron striatum 

Opuntia cf. ficus-indica 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Vigna umbellata 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Phaseolus coccineus ssp. darwinianus 

Ficus carica 
NUMBER 35 325 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATIN NAME 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

k'aljobel 

k'al jobel 

k'al jobel 

k'al jobel 

k'al jobel 

k'al karitela chenek' 

k'al karvensa 

k'al k'oxox te' 

k'al ok tzib 

k'al ok tzib 

k'al ok tzib 

k'al ok tzib 

k'al ok tzib 

k'al ok tzib 

k'al ok tzib 

ik'al ok tzib 

ik'al pat 

ik'al pomos 

ik'al suk 

ik'al suk 

ik'al te' 

ik'al te' 

k'al te' 

ik'al te' 

ik'al toj 

ik'al vinik 

ik'al vinik 

ik'al x'ak'il 

ik'al x'ak'il ta olon osil 

ik'al xlumil 

ik'al xvet' 

ik"ik'-lo'an tzajal nichim 

ik"ik'-lo'an klavel 

ik"ik'-lo'an sirvela 

ik"ik'-lo'an roxa 

ik'ob chij 

ik'ob-bail tzu 

ik'ux 

inojo 

mop 

is-ak' tz'i'lel 

isbon 

itzompi 

ixim 

a'as 

a'as 

a'as te' 

abnal 

abnal 

abnal 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Tilil 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Chenek' 

Isolate: Te' 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Toj 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Turasnu 

Isolate: Ak' 

Bix 

Tzu 

Isolate: Te' 

Yama Chauk 

Po'on 

Is-ak' 

K'at'ix 

On 

Ixim 

On 

On 

Tilil 

Jabnal 

Jabnal 

Jabnal 

Juncus dichotomus 

Juncus ebracteatus 

Juncus effusus 

Juncus marginatus var. seto 

sus 

Juncus microcephalus 

Vigna unguiculata 

Cicer arietinum 

Cleyera theaeoides 

Adiantum andicola 

Adiantum concinnum 

Adiantum poirettii 

Anemia adiantifolia 

Anemia phyllitidis 

Anogramma leptophylla 

Cheilanthes hirsuta 

Cystopteris fragilis 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Ceanothus coeruleus 

Lysiloma acapulcense 

Lysiloma divaricatum 

Bourreria huanita 

Ehretia latifolia 

Coccoloba mayana 

Hippocratia volubilis 

Pinus oaxacana 

Garrya laurifolia 

Tournefortia densiflora 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus lunatus 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Prunus domestica 

Rosa chinensis 

Lasiacis divaricata 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Ficus carica 

Foeniculum vulgare 

Ceiba pentandra 

Solanum morelliforme 

Cornus excelsa 

Licania platypus 

Zea mays 

Pouteria mammosa 

Eriobotrya japonica 

Styrax argentum 

Oreopanax peltatus 

Senna nicaraguensis 

Urera caracasana 
326 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

jabnal te' 

jach'ub te' 

jach'ub te' 

jamal anal tzib 

jamal anal tzib 

j as into te' 

javas kajve 

jay 

jayal pat chikin-ib 

jayal pat naranja 

j'ak'-'uch 

x j'ak'-'uch x j'ak'-'uch 

j'alnom tuix 

jich'il anal ch'it 

jich'il anal ch'it 

jich'il anal lechuka 

jikamo 

x jikamo 

jikamo ak' 

jikamo ak' 

jjaral-me'tik 

x jjaral-me'tik x jjaral-me'tik x jjaral-me'tik 

jlok'ol-chak ich 

jobelal xalma 

jobelal xalma 

jok'leb tzo'op tz'unun 

jol choy 

jol itaj 

jol olol 

x jol olol 

x jol olol 

x jol olol 

x jol olol 

x jol olol 

jolinom napux 

jom akan 

x jom akan 

jonjolin 

jutuju 

juxob-bail ak' 

kachimpa te' 

kajanab te' 

kajve 

kajve te' 

kajve te' 

x kajve te' 

x kajve te' 

SET 

Jabnal 

Isolate: Te' 

K'an-te' 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Isolate: Te' 

Chenek' 

Tzu 

Tulan 

Naranja 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Tuix 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Ich 

Sakaton 

Sakaton 

Yama Chauk 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Itaj 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Alavanux 

Top'ol 

Top'ol 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Ch'um-te' 

Kachimpa Te' 

Po'on 

Naranja 

Naranja 

Naranja 

Naranja 

Naranja 

LATIN NAME 

Oreopanax xalapensis 

Erythroxylon rotundifolium 

Platanus mexicana 

Elaphoglossum latifolium 

Elaphoglossum paleaceum 

Moringa oleifera 

Mucuna pruriens var. utilis 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Quercus laurina 

Citrus sinensis 

Castilleja arvensis 

Castilleja integrifolia 

Gomphrena decumbens 

Allium ascalonicum 

Diospyros nicaraguensis 

Wimmeria acuminata 

Lactuca sativa 

Pachyrrhizus erosus 

Calopogonium coeruleum 

Pachyrrhizus strigosus 

Pachyrrhizus vernalis 

Tanacetum parthenium 

Bidens triplinervia 

Hofmeisteria urenifolia 

Parthenium hysterophorus 

Capsicum annuum 

Andropogon bicornis 

Andropogon glomeratus 

Digiticalia chiapensis 

Calyptocarpus wendlandii 

Brassica oleracea var. capitntn 

IUIU 

Dalembertia triangularis 

Acalypha botteriana 

Acalypha langiana 

Acalypha vagans 

Anoda cristata 

Euphorbia graminea 

Brassica rapa 

Piptothrix areolaris 

Euphorbia heterophylla 

Sesamum indicum 

Malaxis fastigiata 

Luffa cylindrica 

Comocladia guatemalensis 

Oreopanax capitatus 

Coffea arabica 

Casearia commersoniana 

Casearia corymbosa 

Citharexylum donnell-smithii 

Eugenia amatenangensis 
NUMBE

R 35 

TZOTZIL NAME 

x kajve te' 

kakav te' 

kakaxon ak' 

kakaxon jobel 

kakaxon jobel 

kakaxon jobel 

kakaxon jobel 

kamaron te' 

x kamaron te' 

x kamaron te' 

karnosa mantzana 

kampor 

kampor 

kampray 

karnusa te' 

kamusa te' 

kanava ak' 

x kariava ak' 

kanelo 

karirat turasnu 

karnero te' 

karnero te' 

karnero te' 

karnero te' 

x karneri) te' 

x karnero te' 

karos ak' 

karos ak' 

kartolina 

kartucho 

kastanya 

katu' ch'ix 

katu' ch'ix 

katu' ch'ix 

katu' ch'ix 

kaxlan alavanux 

kaxlan napux 

kaxlan pelex 

kaxlan pimenta 

kaxlan potov 

kaxlan tok'oy 

x kaxlan tok'oy 

kaxlan turasnu 

kaxlan vo'tus 

keb chij 

keb chij 

keb chij 

x keb chij 

kelem vo'tus 

kevrajacha 

SET 

Naranja 

Isolate: Te' 

Pek' Me'el 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

Mantzana 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Ch'oliv 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

K'an-te' 

Turasnu 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

T'ut' Ak' 

T'ut' Ak' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Ch'uch' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Alavanux 

Alavanux 

Mantzana 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Met 

Met 

Turasnu 

Vo'tus 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Vo'tus 

Olnob 

LATIN NAME 

Viburnum elatum 

Oecopetalum mexicanum 

Gouania polygama 

Chi or is virgata 

Cynodon dactylon 

Dactyloctenium aegyptium 

Eleusine indica 

Alvaradoa amorphoides 

Lonchocarpus rugosus 

Senna foetidissima var. grandiflora 

Malus pumila 

Eucalyptus camaldulensis 

Eucalyptus globulus 

Cosmos bipinnatus 

Bocconia arborea 

Bocconia frutescens 

Antigonon guatemalense 

Matelea prosthecidiscus 

Cinnamomum zeylanicum 

Prunus persica 

Coccoloba barbadensis 

Coccoloba diversifolia 

Coccoloba liebmannii 

Coccoloba mayana 

Ehretia tinifolia 

Licania arborea 

Smilax bona-nox 

Smilax jalapensis 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Zantedeschia aethiopica 

Sterculia apetala 

Machaerium biovulatum 

Machaerium chiapense 

Machaerium cobanense 

Machaerium riparium 

Raphanus sativus 

Brasica campestris 

Pyrus pyrifolia 

Piper nigrum 

Psidium guajava 

Yucca elephantipes 

Beaucarnea goldmanii 

Prunus armeniaca 

Tagetes erecta 

Eryngium carlinae 

Eryngium ghiesbreghtii 

Eryngium longirameum 

Adenocaulon lyratum 

Tagetes erecta 

Acacia pennatula 

327 
328 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

kilajtik la 

kilajtik nex 

kilajtik tok'oy 

kilajtik tok'oy 

kilajtik tok'oy 

kilajtik tzib 

kilajtik tzib 

kilajtik tzib 

kilajtik tzib 

kilajtik tzib 

kilajtik tzib 

kilajtik tzib 

kilajtik uch'ul vo' 

kilon ech' 

kilon uma' ech' 

kilon uma' ech' 

kinya paxak' 

klavel 

x klavel 

x klavel 

klavelina 

klavo 

koko 

koko'on 

x koko'on 

x koko'on 

koko'on chij 

koko'on nich nab 

koko'on nich nab 

koko'on nich nab 

kokov 

kola 

x kola 

x kola 

kola tz'i'lel 

koliflor 

kolinabo 

konejo jobel 

konkon 

kontiyerva 

x kontiyerva 

kopita 

kometa ch'um 

kometa sakil 

korneta tzu 

korona klavel 

kovaria te' 

kranata 

SET 

La 

Bertulaka 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Met 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Isolate: Te' 

Xan 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Te' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Itaj 

Itaj 

i'lel 

i'lel 

i'lel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Naranja 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

i'lel 

i'lel 

Tzajal Nichim 

Mail 

Mail 

Tzu 

Tzajal Nichim 

On 

Tz'usub 

LATIN NAME 

Gronovia scandens 

Boerhaavia diffusa 

Salix babylonica 

Salix chilensis 

Salix humboldtiana 

Asplenium monanthes 

Campyloneurum angustifolium 

Campyloneurum xalapense 

Phlebodium aureum 

Pleopeltis munchii 

Polypodium adelphum 

Polypodium alfredii 

Epidendrum parkinsonianum 

Tillandsia violacea 

Tillandsia butzii 

Tillandsia caput-medusae 

Bromelia pinguin 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Dianthus chinensis 

Pinaropappus spathulatus 

var. chiapensis 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Eugenia caryophyllus 

Cocos nucifera 

Chenopodium ambrosioides 

Conyza canadensis 

Iresine celosia 

Iresine celosia 

Aster bullatus 

Mimulus glabratus 

Polygonum punctatum 

Theobroma bicolor 

Govenia liliacea 

Bletia sp. 

Cranichis trilobata 

Govenia superba 

Brassica oleracea var. 

botrytis 

Brassica oleracea var. 

gongyloides 

Zeugites munroana 

Cavendishia crassifolia 

Dorstenia contrajerva 

lostephane trilobata 

Iberis simplex 

Cucurbita moschata 

Cucurbita mixta 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Swietenia humilis 

Passiflora ligularis 
NUMBE

R 35 329 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

x kranata x kranata 

krariata ak' 

kranata ak' 

kranata ak' 

krariata ak' 

x krariata ak' 

x krariata ak' 

x krariata ak' 

krariata lo'bol 

krem javas 

krem nekeb pox 

krem pox 

krisantema 

krisantema nichim 

krus ch'ix 

krus ch'ix 

krus ech' 

x krus ech' 

krus jobel 

krus jobel 

krus jobel 

krus jobel 

krus jobel 

krus jobel 

krus jobel 

krus jobel 

x krus jobel 

krus tz'i'lel 

krus uma' ech' 

kuchara nich nab 

kulantu 

kulantu ch'o 

kulantu ch'o 

kulantu ch'o 

kulantu ch'o 

kulantu ch'o 

kulantu ch'o 

kulantu ch'o 

kururin 

x kururin 

kvarentano 

kvarentano tz'ol 

k'ail 

k'ail 

x k'ail x k'ail x k'ail 

k'am-xoch' 

x k'am-xoch' 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Isolate: Te' 

Chenek' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Yama Chauk 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Chenek' 

Mail 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 

Jabnal 

Jabnal 

Passiflora membranacea 

Stigmaphyllon puberum 

Passiflora filipes 

Passiflora foetida 

Passiflora pavonis 

Passiflora subpeltata 

Antigonon guatemalense 

Gonolobus barbatus 

Matelea quirosii 

Punica granatum 

Viciafaba 

Acourtia nudicaulis 

Micropleura renifolia 

Chrysanthemum coronarium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Pisonia aculeata 

Pisonia macranthocarpa 

Tillandsia guatemalensis 

Tillandsia flabellata 

Car ex polystachya 

Cyperus canus 

Cyperus hermaphroditus 

Cyperus manimae 

Cyperus niger 

Cyperus pallens 

Cyperus virens 

Rhynchospora ciliata 

Car ex jamesonii 

Chromolaena odorata 

Tillandsia dasyliriifolia 

Berula erecta 

Coriandrum sativum 

Apium leptophyllum 

Berula erecta 

Daucus carota 

Daucus montanus 

Donnellsmithia juncea 

Parthenium hysterophorus 

Petroselinum crispum 

Cissampelos pareira 

Sarcostemma bilobum 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Cucurbita pepo var. mei 

opepo 

Smallanthus maculatus 

Smallanthus oaxacanus 

Ageratina chiapense 

Matudina corvii 

Montanoa sp. 

Chiranthodendron pentadac 

tylon 

Bakeridesia sp. 
330 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

x k'am-xoch' 

k'an-chik tux-nuk' 

k'an-set'an pino dalya 

k'an-set'an potz pino dalya 

x k'an-te' 

k'an-te' 

x k'an-te' 

x k'an-te' 

x k'an-te' 

x k'an-te' 

k'an-tulan 

x k'an-tulan 

x k'an-tulan 

x k'an-tulan 

k'anal ak' 

k'anal asasena 

k'anal aselka 

k'anal espayder 

k'analibes 

k'anal ich 

k'anal javas 

k'anal kampana tz'i'lel 

k'anal kampana tz'i'lel 

k'anal kantela chenek' 

k'anal kartolina 

k'anal konkon 

x k'anal konko 

x k'anal konkon 

k'anal krisantema 

k'anal k'at'ix 

k'anal k'evex 

k'anal matas 

k'anal matas 

k'anal matas 

k'anal matas 

k'anal matas 

x k'anal matas 

x k'anal matas 

x k'anal matas 

x k'anal matas 

k'anal muk'ta pompom 

k'anal nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

k'anal nich 

k'anal nich 

k'anal nich 

k'anal nich 

k'anal nich 

k'anal nich 

k'anal nich 

k'anal nich 

k'anal otot 

SET 

Jabnal 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Tz'usub 

Ch'uch' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tzajal Nichim 

Chenek' 

Ich 

Chenek' 

Moy 

Moy 

Chenek' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Naranja 

Naranja 

Naranja 

Tzajal Nichim 

K'at'ix 

Isolate: Te' 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Tzajal Nichim 

Pom Tz'unun 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Bix 

LATIN NAME 

Senecio sp. 

Gossypium hirsutum 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dalea versicolor 

Diphysa floribunda 

Mahonia berriozabalensis 

Mahonia volcania 

Phyllanthus mcvaughii 

Tecoma stans 

Quercus segoviensis 

Quercus peduncularis 

Quercus polymorpha 

Quercus rugosa 

Gaudichaudia albida 

Hemerocallis fulva 

Beta vulgaris var. cicla 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Phaseolus coccineus ssp. darwinianus 

Capsicum pubescens 

Viciafaba 

Ludwigia octovalvis 

Ludwigia peruviana 

Vigna unguiculata 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Galphimia glauca 

Celastrus vulcanicola 

Viburnum hartwegii 

Chrysanthemum coronarium 

Crataegus pubescens 

Annona reticulata 

Bidens aurea 

Bidens bicolor 

Bidens humilis 

Bidens ostruthioides 

Bidens triplinervia 

Dyssodia papposa 

Melampodium linearilobum 

Tagetes nelsoni 

Viguiera longifolia 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Mentzelia aspera 

Alloispermum scabrum 

Bidens bicolor 

Bidens ostruthioides 

Melampodium montanum 

Melampodium perfoliatum 

Potentilla staminea 

Sanvitalia procumbens 

Sclerocarpus uniserialis 

Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata 
NUMBE

R 35 331 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

k'anal patax nichim 

k'anal pech'e-'ok jobel 

k'anal pech'e-'ok jobel 

k'anal pech'e-'ok jobel 

k'anal pech'e-'ok jobel 

k'anal pino dalya 

k'anal pompom 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

x k'anal pom tz'unun 

x k'anal pom tz'unun 

k'anal potz pino dalya 

k'anal prixku' 

k'anal puyu' 

k'anal puyu' 

k'anal roxa 

k'anal sat mes 

k'anal sat mes 

x k'anal sat mes 

x k'anal sat mes 

x k'anal sat mes 

x k'anal sat mes 

k'anal sirvela 

k'anal te' 

k'anal te' 

k'anal ton tz'unun 

k'anal top'ol 

k'anal tz'oban 

k'anal x'ak'il 

k'ask'as te' 

k'ask'as te' 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

k'at'ix 

k'evex tulan 

x k'evex tulan 

x k'evex tulan 

k'isis 

k'ojom 

x k'ojom x k'ojom 

Isolate: Te' 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Ch'oliv 

Tzajal Nichim 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Ch'oliv 

Turasnu 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Turasnu 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

Chenek' 

Top'ol 

Yuch' Max 

Chenek' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

K'at'ix 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Toj 

K'ojom 

K'ojom 

K'ojom 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

i'lel 

i'lel 

i'lel 

i'lel 

Plumeria rubra 

Sisyrinchium angustissimum 

Sisyrinchium convolutum 

Sisyrinchium scabrum 

Sisyrinchium tinctorium 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Cuphea cyanea 

Cuphea leptopoda 

Cuphea pinetorum 

Dahlia pinnata 

Prunus persica 

Merremia umbellata 

Operculina pteripes 

Rosa banksiae 

Sida barclayi 

Sida rhombifolia 

Chamaecrista nictitans disadena var. pilosa 

Chamaecrista rufa 

Hybanthus verbenaceus 

Marina spiciformis 

Prunus domestica 

Mahonia berriozabalensis 

Mahonia volcania 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Perymenium grande var. nel 

sotiii 

Abutilon purpusii 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Iresine angustifolia 

Iresine nigra 

Alternanthera laguroides 

Blechum brownei 

Cordia spinescens 

Euphorbia graminea 

Geranium seemannii 

Iresine celosia 

Lopezia langmanniae 

Mirabilis jalapa 

Rondeletia sp. 

Ruellia parva 

Russellia sarmentosa 

Crataegus pubescens 

Quercus polymorpha 

Quercus peduncularis 

Quercus segoviensis 

Taxodium mucronatum 

Ranunculus petiolaris 

Bletia reflexa 

Micropleura renifolia 
332 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

k'ok' sat nichim 

k'ol-k'ox 

x k'ol-k'ox 

x k'ol-k'ox 

x k'ol-k'ox 

x k'ol-k'ox 

k'ol-pat mantarina 

k'olo-max 

k'orok' te' 

k'otox jobel 

k'ox aja-te'es 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

x k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

x k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

k'ox arvajaka 

k'ox arvajaka 

x k'ox arvajaka 

k'ox bertulaka 

k'ox boraja 

k'ox bukaro 

k'ox chilkat 

k'ox ch'oliv 

k'ox ch'uch' 

k'ox ch'uch' 

k'ox jay 

k'ox k'an-ak' 

k'ox k'an-'ich 

k'ox la 

k'ox limon jobel 

k'ox limon jobel 

k'ox limon jobel 

k'ox lo'bol 

k'ox lo'bol 

k'ox markarita 

k'ox mustisya 

k'ox nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

k'ox ne kotom 

x k'ox ne kotom 

x k'ox ne kotom 

x k'ox ne kotom 

x k'ox ne kotom 

x k'ox ne kotom 

k'ox on te' 

k'ox on te' 

k'ox paj-'ul 

k'ox pak' chak 

k'ox pak' chak 

SET 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Naranja 

Isolate: Te' 

Jabnal 

Tzukum Jobel 

Aja-te'es 

K'ojom 

K'ojom 

K'ojom 

K'ojom 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Bertulaka 

Boraja 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Chilkat 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'uch' 

Ch'uch' 

Tzu 

Isolate: Ak' 

Top'ol 

La 

Sakaton 

Sakaton 

Sakaton 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Alavanux 

Pom Tz'unun 

Bix 

Bix 

Bix 

Bix 

Bix 

Bix 

OnTe' 

OnTe' 

Tulan 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

LATIN NAME 

Dianthus barbatus 

Phyllantus grandifolius 

Bunchosia lanceolata 

Garcia nutans 

Malpighia glabra 

Viburnum acutifolium ssp. 

lautum 

Citrus reticulata 

Olmediella betschleriana 

Cecropia peltata 

Zeugites americana var. mexicana 

Vaccinium confertum 

Erodium cicutarium 

Erodium moschatum 

Alchemilla sibbaldiaefolia 

Lamium amplexicaule 

Ocimum americanum 

Ocimum micranthum 

Gongylocarpus rubricaulis 

Bacopa monnieri 

Cynoglossum amabile 

Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora 

Baccharis glutinosa 

Dahlia australis var. chiapensis 

Calathea soconuscum Maranta arundinacea 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Cuscuta yucatana 

Perymenium ghiesbreghtii 

Tragia nepetifolia 

Scleria bourgeaui 

Scleria hirtella 

Scleria pterota 

Heliconia librata 

Heliconia schiedeana 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Brassica juncea 

Salvia misella 

Chusquea liebmanni 

Lasiacis divaricata 

Olmeca reflexa 

Otatea sp. 

Paspalum sp. 

Rhipidocladum pittieri 

Comarostaphylos arbutoides 

Comarostaphylos discolor 

Rhus terebinthifolia 

Malva nicaeensis 

Malva parviflora 
NUMBER 35 333 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATIN NAME 

k'ox yo'on vakax itaj 

k'ox yuch' max 

x k'ox pak' chak 

x k'ox pak' chak 

x k'ox pak' chak 

k'ox patax 

k'ox pik'ok' 

k'ox pilix 

k'ox pilix 

k'ox pimil anal 

k'ox puyu' 

k'ox puyu' 

x k'ox puyu' 

x k'ox puyu' 

k'ox sakil ch'um-te' 

k'ox sakil pino dalya 

k'ox suil itaj 

k'ox tok'oy 

x k'ox tok'oy 

k'ox top'ol 

k'ox t'ut' ak' 

k'ox tzajal chichol 

k'ox tzajal roxa 

k'ox tzib 

k'ox tzib 

k'ox tzib 

k'ox tzib 

k'ox tzib 

k'ox tz'emeni' 

k'ox tz'emeni' 

k'ox tz'oban 

x k'ox tz'oban 

x k'ox tz'oban 

k'ox uch'ul vo' 

x k'ox uch'ul vo' 

x k'ox uch'ul vo' 

k'ox vala-pojov 

k'ox vala-pojov 

k'ox vala-pojov 

k'ox vo'tus 

k'ox vo'tus 

x k'ox vo'tus 

x k'ox vo'tus 

k'ox yax-chel 

x k'ox yax-chel 

x k'ox yax-chel 

x k'ox yax-chel 

k'ox yaxal ch'um-te' 

Itaj 

Yuch' Max 

Pak' Chak 

Pak Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Isolate: Te' 

Puyu' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Pimil Anal 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Ch'um-te' 

Ch'oliv 

Tzelo-pat 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Top'ol 

T'ut' Ak' 

Chichol 

Isolate: Ak' 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Yuch' Max 

Yuch' Max 

Yuch' Max 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Ch'um-te' 

Brassica oleracea var. capitata 

Triumfetta dumetorum 

Anoda cristata 

Modiola caroliniana 

Sida rhombifolia 

Nerium oleander 

Ipomoea purpurea 

Melampodium divaricatum 

Simsia sanguinea 

Sedum guatemalense 

Ipomoea sp. 

Jacquemontia pentantha 

Gonolobus barbatus 

Gronovia scandens 

Sechium edule 

Dahlia pinnata 

Liabum andrieuxii 

Salix taxifolia 

Baccharis salicifolia 

Lasianthaea fruticosa 

Smilax mollis 

Lycopersicon esculentum var. 

cerasiforme 

Rosa multiflora 

Thelypterus rudis 

Dryopteris nubigena 

Thelypteris deflexa 

Thelypteris oligocarpa 

Thelypteris resinifera 

Aploleia multiflora 

Tripogandra angustfolia 

Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus 

Ayenia mexicana 

Mirabilis jalapa 

Encyclia ochracea 

Leochilus pygmaeus 

Pitcairnia breedlovei 

Oxalis albicans 

Oxalis corniculata 

Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia 

Tagetes elongata 

Tagetes tenuifolia 

Dyssodia papposa 

Tagetes foetidissima 

Satureja brownei 

Anagallis arvensis 

Bouchea prismatica 

Salvia longispicata 

Sechium edule 
334 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

x k'ox yuch' max 

x k'ox yuch' max 

x k'ox yuch' max 

x k'ox yuch' max 

k'un-jobel 

k'un-jobel 

k'un-jobel 

k'unil te' 

k'ux-pevul 

k'ux-pevul 

k'ux-pevul 

x k'ux pevul 

x k'ux-pevul x k'ux pevul 

latzbil tonal pox 

leb sotz' 

leb sotz' 

x leb sotz' 

lechuka 

limon 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

liryo 

lo'balal ch'ix 

x lo'balal ch'ix 

x lo'balal ch'ix 

x lo'balal ch'ix 

lo'balal met 

lo'bol ak' 

lo'bol vet 

lo'bol kotom 

lotz'om chij 

x lotz'om chij 

luchamaria 

lula 

lumpisera 

luranko turasnu 

machita te' 

x machita te' 

x machita te' 

mail 

mail ch'um 

mail te' 

x mail te' 

mail tz'i'lel 

x mail tz'i'lel 

majava ak' 

SET 

Yuch' Max 

Yuch' Max 

Yuch' Max 

Yuch' Max 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Isolate: Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Naranja 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Ch'uch' 

Ch'ix 

Ch'ix 

Ch'ix 

Ch'ix 

Met 

Tz'usub 

Isolate: Te' 

Tz'usub 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

On 

Turasnu 

Machita Te' 

Mdchita Te' 

Machita Te' 

Mail 

Mail 

Bot 

Bot 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Pek' Me'el 

LATIN NAME 

Ayenia mexicana 

Ayenia micrantha 

Bidens bicolor 

Kernemalvastrum lacteum 

Aegopogon cenchroides 

Arthraxon quartinianus 

Muhlenbergia tenella 

Lopezia langmanniae 

Solanum chrysotrichum 

Solanum lanceolatum 

Solanum torvum 

Cirsium subcoriaceum 

Lippia chiapasensis 

Solanum candidum 

Salvia lasiantha 

Mimosa invisa 

Schrankia leptocarpa 

Anoda cristata 

Lactuca sativa 

Citrus limonia 'Eureka' 

Acalypha macrostachya 

Acalypha mollis 

Myriocarpa heterostachya 

Myriocarpa longipes 

Myriocarpa yzabalensis 

Amaryllis belladonna 

Cirsium horridulum 

Argemone mexicana 

Eryngium carlinae 

Odontotrichum cirsiifolium 

Agave chiapensis 

Gonolobus uniflorus 

Coriaria ruscifolia 

Gonolobus prasinanthus 

Mimosa albida 

Mimosa adenantheroides 

Rheedia edulis 

Ruta graveolens 

Platymiscium dimorphandrum 

Prunus persica 

Delonix regia 

Bauhinia pauletia 

Senna atomeria 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Cucurbita moschata 

Pseudobombax ellipticum 

Gyrocarpus americanus 

Houstonia serpyllacea 

Oxalis albicans 

Dalbergia glabra 
35 

x 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

TZOTZIL NAME 

majob ik'al 

makom ch'ix 

makom ch'ix 

makom roxa 

makom tz'i'lel 

makom uch 

makulixkuat 

maluk 

malva 

malva 

malva 

malva 

malva 

mantarina 

mantzana lo'bol 

maritzana te' 

mantzana te' 

maritzana te' 

mantzanilya 

mantzanilya 

manya chenek' 

marivana 

marivana 

markarita 

markarita 

markarita 

markarita 

markarita reyeno 

markarita tz'i'lel 

markarita tz'i'lel 

markariton 

matal ak' 

me' putzul 

me' putzul 

memela ak' 

memela te' 

memela te' 

meno 

merokotom turasnu 

merokotom turasnu 

mes te' 

mesob jol bakal 

mesob jol bakal 

mesob jol bakal 

mesob jol bakal 

mesob jol bakal 

metabel 

mexa tz'i'lel 

mikulax itaj 

SET 

BakTe' 

Makom 

Makom 

Isolate: Ak' 

Makom 

Ch'upak' Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Po'on 

Moy 

Moy 

Moy 

Moy 

Moy 

Naranja 

Isolate: Te' 

Mantzana 

Mantzana 

Mantzana 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Chenek' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Kachimpa Te' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Tz'usub 

Po'on 

Po'on 

Bix 

Turasnu 

Turasnu 

Chilkat 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Alavanux 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tz'usub 

LATIN NAME 

Jacquinea macrocarpa 

Buettneria aculeata 

Gouania polygama 

Rosa roxburghii 

Duchesnea indica 

Datura stramonium 

Muntingia calabura 

Genipa caruto 

Mirabilis jalapa 

Anoda cristata 

Bouvardia leiantha 

Heliotropium indicum 

Justicia sp. 

Citrus reticulata 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Amelanchier denticulata 

Amelanchier nervosa 

Viburnum acutifolium ssp. 

blandum 

Chamomilla recutita 

Chamomilla suaveolens 

Arachis hypogaea 

Cannabis sativa 

Leonurus sibericus 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Astranthium purpurascens 

Cosmos diversifolius 

Gaillardia pulchella 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Aster bullatus 

Sabazia sarmentosa 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Toxicodendron radicans 

Sobralia decora 

Bletia reflexa 

Anemopaegma puberulum 

Clusia rosea 

Oreopanax obtusifolius 

Pennisetum purpureum 

Prunus persica 

Chiococca alba 

Baccharis vaccinioides 

Marina scopa 

Brickellia diffusa 

Dalea foliolosa 

Dalea leporina 

Dalea lutea var. gigantea 

Beta vulgaris 

Kallstroemia rosei 

Matelea aspera 

335 
336 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

x mikulax itaj 

x mikulax itaj 

x mikulax itaj 

milob ch'o te' 

x milob ch'o te' 

mixto 

mojan 

mol lo'bol 

molfno te' 

mora 

moraro dalya 

moraro espayder 

moraro kartolina 

moraro muk'ta pompom 

moraro patax nichim 

moraro pompom 

morte ich 

mosote 

mosote 

moy 

x moy 

x moy 

x moy 

moy te' 

mukumu 

x mukumu 

x mukumu 

x mukumu 

x mukumu 

muk'ta aj-te' 

muk'ta akuxa tz'i'lel 

muk'ta alavanux 

muk'ta bertulaka 

x muk'ta bertulaka 

muk'ta chikin ton 

muk'ta ch'a-te' 

muk'ta ch'ib 

muk'ta ch'ib 

muk'ta ch'upak' te' 

muk'ta ik' 

muk'ta jay 

muk'ta jol itaj 

muk'ta kachu toro te' 

muk'ta met 

muk'ta mustisya 

muk'ta ne kotom 

muk'ta on te' 

muk'ta on te' pox 

muk'ta paj-'ul 

SET 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

Tan Pox 

Po'on 

Isolate: Te' 

Olnob 

Isolate: Te' 

Ch'oliv 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Isolate: Te' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Ich 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Moy 

Moy 

Moy 

Moy 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

On 

K'ojom 

Alavanux 

Bertulaka 

Bertulaka 

Petok 

Chilkat 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Ch'upak' Te' 

Chenek' 

Tzu 

Itaj 

Tulan 

Met 

Alavanux 

Bix 

OnTe' 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Tulan 

LATIN NAME 

Cynanchum rensonii 

Cynanchum sp. 

Gonolobus niger 

Gliricidia sepium 

Indigofera thibaudiana 

Salvia microphylla 

Ceiba aesculifolia 

Musa textilis 

Poeppigia procera 

Chlorophora tinctoria 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Plumeria rubra 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Capsicum annuum 

Cenchrus brownii 

Cenchrus pilosus 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Cerastium nutans 

Martynia annua 

Rechsteineria warscewiczii 

Solanum erianthum 

Euphorbia leucocephala 

Chamaesyce hirta 

Chamaesyce hypericifolia 

Euphorbia graminea 

Euphorbia macropus 

Casimiroa edulis 

Geranium goldmanii 

Raphanus sativus 

Boldoa purpurascens 

Boerhaavia diffusa 

Hylocereus undatus 

Ageratina ligustrina 

Chamaedorea ernesti-augustii 

Chamaedorea nubium 

Ricinus communis 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Brassica oleracea var. capita ta 

Bucida macrostachya 

Agave americana 

Brassica nigra 

Chusquea foliosa 

Arbutus xalapensis 

Asclepias similis 

Rhus schiedeana 
NUMBER 35 

TZOTZIL NAME 

muk'ta pak' chak 

muk'ta paxak' 

muk'ta paxamum 

muk'ta paxamum 

x muk'ta paxamum 

x muk'ta paxamum 

x muk'ta paxamum 

x muk'ta paxamum 

muk'ta pitzak' 

muk'ta pompom 

muk'ta pom tz'unun 

muk'ta putzul chichol 

muk'ta sak-nich te' 

muk'ta sak-nich te' 

muk'ta sakil ch'um-te' 

muk'ta sakil xlumil 

muk'ta tzajal chichol 

muk'ta tzajal ch'it 

muk'ta tzajal ch'it 

muk'ta tzib 

muk'ta tzib 

muk'ta tzib 

muk'ta tzib 

muk'ta tzib 

muk'ta tzib 

muk'ta tzib 

muk'ta tzu 

muk'ta tz'emeni' 

muk'ta uch'ul vo' 

x muk'ta uch'ul vo' 

x muk'ta uch'ul vo' 

muk'ta vala-pojov 

muk'ta vala-pojov 

muk'ta vala-pojov 

muk'ta vixobtakil 

muk'ta vixobtakil 

muk'ta xaxib 

muk'ta xaxib 

muk'ta yax-chel 

x muk'ta yax-chel 

x muk'ta yax-chel 

x muk'ta yax-chel 

x muk'ta yax-chel 

x muk'ta yax-chel 

muk'ta yaxal ch'um-te' 

muk'ta yo'on vakax itaj 

muk'tik la 

muk'tik tzajal chichol 

SET 

Pak' Chak 

Met 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Pitzak' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Pom Tz'unun 

Chichol 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Ch'um-te' 

Chenek' 

Chichol 

Chijil-Te' 

Chijil-Te' 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzu 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Pimil Anal 

Pimil Anal 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Ch'um-te' 

Itaj La 

Chichol 

LATIN NAME 

Kearnemalvastrum lacteum 

Ananas comosus 

Symplocos limoncillo 

Symplocos vernicosa 

Ardisia escallonioides 

Croton guatemalensis 

Rhamnus sp. 

Viburnum elatum 

Trifolium repens 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Hemichaena rugosa 

Physalis ixocarpa 

Lippia cardiostegia 

Lippia myriocephala 

Sechium edule 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Lycopersicon esculentum var. 

commune 

Chrysophyllum cainito 

Chrysophyllum mexicanum 

Acrostichum danaeifolium 

Ctenitis equestris 

Dryopteris nubigena 

Marattia weinmanniifolia 

Phanerophlebia remotispora 

Polystichum distans 

Woodwardia spinulosa 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Campelia zanonia 

Epidendrum arbuscula 

Encyclia chondulobulbon 

Smilacina scilloides 

Begonia biserrata 

Begonia fischeri var. tovarensis 

Begonia oaxacana Peperomia humilis 

Peperomia liebmannii 

Calliandra portoricensis 

Calliandra tetragona 

Catoferia chiapensis 

Aphelandra scabra 

Barleria micans 

Croton draco 

Justicia fulvicoma 

Miconia oligotricha 

Sechium edule 

Brassica oleracea var. capital a 

Urera caracasana 

Lycopersicon esculentum var. 

commune 

337 
338 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

mumun 

mumun te' 

mumun te' 

mumun te' 

mumun te' 

mumun te' 

mumun te' 

muruch' tzib 

muruch' tzib 

muruch' tzib 

muruch' tzib 

muruch' tzib 

muruch' tzib 

mutut 

mutut 

muy 

nam-te' mol 

nam-te' mol 

nam-te' mol 

nam-te' mol 

nam-te' mol 

x nam-te' mol 

nampivo 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nantzi' 

nap 

nap'-'us tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' on te' 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

naranja 

natikil alavanux 

natikil ich 

natikil lo'bol 

natz' amuch ne bolom ne chuch ne chuch ne inatab 

SET 

Jabnal 

Jabnal 

Jabnal 

Jabnal 

Jabnal 

Jabnal 

Jabnal 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Tzib 

Po'on 

Po'on On 

Top'ol 

Top'ol 

Top'ol 

Top'ol 

Top'ol 

Top'ol 

Chijil Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Boch 

Xan 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

OnTe' 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Naranja 

Alavanux 

Ich 

Isolate: Te' 

Chaben 

Petok 

Sakaton 

Sakaton 

T'ut' Ak' 

LATIN NAME 

Piper auritum 

Piper amalgo 

Piper decurrens 

Piper hispidum 

Piper jacquemontianum 

Piper marginatum 

Piper tuberculatum 

Cheilanthes farinosa 

Cheilanthes lendigera 

Cheiloplecton rigidum 

Llavea cordifolia 

Notholaena Candida 

Notholaena sinuata 

Ficus cookii 

Ficus cotinifolia 

Manilkara achras 

Verbesina hypsela 

Verbesina perymenioides 

Verbesina punctata 

Verbesina steyermarkii 

Verbesina turbascensis 

Verbesina crocata 

Ehretia tinifolia 

Cordia dentata 

Cordia dodecandra 

Cordia sebestena 

Byrsonima crassifolia 

Acrocomia mexicana 

Croton ciliatoglandulifer 

Arbutus xalapensis 

Ageratum houstonianum 

Bastardia viscosa 

Conyza chilensis 

Cuphea cyanea 

Cuphea leptopoda 

Desmodium amplifolium 

Galium sp. 

Galium uncinulatum 

Gnaphalium sp. 

Siegesbeckia jorullensis 

Stevia polycephala 

Citrus sinensis 

Raphanus sativus 

Capsicum annuum 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Lisianthius nigrescens var. 

chiapensis 

Selenicereus grandiflorus 

Piptochaetium virescens 

Stipa ichu 

Dioscorea convolvulacea 
NUMBER 35 

TZOTZIL NAME 

ne inatab 

ne saben 

nene' tzu 

nich nab 

nich nab 

nich nab 

nich nab 

nich nab 

nich nab 

nich nab 

nich nab 

nich nab 

nich nab 

nich nab 

nichim joj 

nichim joj 

nichim ninyo 

nichim te' 

nichim te' 

nimpronix 

nimpronix te' 

no'chi' 

nochleb buluk' sat 

x nochleb buluk' sat 

nochleb vonon 

x nochleb vonon 

x nochleb vonon 

x nochleb vonon 

x nochleb vonon 

x nochleb vonon 

x nochleb vonon 

noch'och' 

noch'och' 

noch'och' 

noch'och' 

noch'och' 

noch'och' 

noch'och' 

noch'och' 

noch'och' 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

x nok'ol sik'ol 

x nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol j'ik'al 

SET 

T'ut' Ak' 

Pek' Me'el 

Tzu 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Ch'uch' 

Mlchita Te' 

Machita Te' 

Mantzana 

Mantzana On 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Noch'och' 

Noch'och' 

Noch'och' 

Noch'och' 

Noch'och' 

Noch'och' 

Noch'och' 

Noch'och' 

Noch'och' 

Nok'ol Sik'ol 

Nok'ol Sik'ol 

Nok'ol Sik'ol 

Nok'ol Sik'ol 

Nok'ol Sik'ol 

Nok'ol Sik'ol 

Nok'ol Sik'ol 

Nok'ol Sik'ol 

Nok'ol Sik'ol 

Nok'ol Sik'ol 

Nok'ol Sik'ol 

LATIN NAME 

Dioscorea floribunda 

Heteropteris beecheyana 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Aster exilis 

Berula erecta 

Cardamine flaccida 

Eryngium carlinae 

Eryngium ghiesbreghtii 

Hydrolea spinosa 

Ludwigia peploides 

Mimulus glabratus 

Polygonum punctatum 

Rumex crispus 

Sisyrinchium scabrum 

Zephyranthes brevipes 

Zephyranthes carinata 

Hippeastrum vittatum 

Caesalpinia exostema 

Caesalpinia pulcherrima 

Cydonia oblonga 

Duranta repens 

Pouteria campechiana 

Salvia tiliifolia 

Hyptis suaveolens 

Cuphea aequipetala 

Buchnera pusilla 

Castilleja integrifolia 

Cuphea wrightii 

Gaura tripetala 

Justicia clinopodium 

Lopezia racemosa 

Monstera acuminata 

Monstera siltepecana 

Philodendron hederaceum 

Philodendron radiatum 

Philodendron tripartitum 

Philodendron warscewiczii 

Syngonium neglectum 

Syngonium podophyllum 

Syngonium salvadorense 

Phoradendron annulatum 

Phoradendron falcatum 

Phoradendron nervosum 

Phoradendron quadrangulare 

Phoradendron robustissimum 

Struthanthus deppeanus 

Struthanthus intermedius 

Struthanthus tacanensis 

Aristolochia maxima 

Psittacanthus calyculatus 

Psittacanthus calyculatus 

339 
340 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

nube 

nube 

nukul pat 

nuk' chij 

o'lol tz'emeni' 

o'lol tz'emeni' 

o'lol tz'emeni' 

o'lol tz'emeni' 

ok'il te' 

ok'il te' 

oregano 

orisyon tz'i'lel 

orisyon tz'i'lel 

oven 

x oven 

ox-'u 

pa' itaj 

paka' olnob 

palma 

palma ch'ib 

pamal jabnal 

x pamal jabnal 

x pamal jabnal 

x pamal jabnal 

x pamal jabnal 

papausa k'evex 

papaya 

papaya mut 

paraiso te' 

paxak'il te'tik 

pech'e-'ok nich nab 

pek' me'el 

pek' me'el 

pek' me'el 

x pek' me'el 

x pek' me'el 

x pek' me'el 

x pek' me'el 

x pek' me'el 

x pek' me'el 

x pek' me'el 

x pek' me'el 

x pek' me'el 

x pek' me'el 

x pek' me'el 

pepen ak' 

x pepen ak' 

pepino 

perejil 

SET 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Toj 

Isolate: Te' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Toj 

Toj 

Tan Pox 

Poxil Apon 

Poxil Apon 

On 

On 

Pek' Me'el 

Chichol 

Olnob 

Xan 

Isolate: Te' 

Pok'ok' 

Pok'ok' 

Pok'ok' 

Pok'ok' 

Pok'ok' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Met 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Mail 

Yama Chauk 

LATIN NAME 

Gypsophila elegans 

Gypsophila paniculata 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Rubus trilobus 

Cranichis trilobata 

Habenaria clypeata 

Habenaria quinqueseta 

Erythrodes secunda 

Juniperus comitana 

Juniperus gamboana 

Origanum vulgare 

Oenothera kunthiana 

Oenothera pubescens 

Persea donnell-smithii 

Ilex brandegeana 

Sageretia elegans 

Cleome magnifica 

Leucaena collinsii 

Sabal mexicana 

Chamaedorea concolor 

Anthurium schlechtendalii 

Anthurium huixtlense 

Anthurium seleri 

Elaphoglosum latifolium 

Spathiphyllum phryniifolium 

Annona diversifolia 

Carica papaya 

Carica cauliflora 

Melia azedarach 

Greigia oaxacana 

Sisyrinchium scabrum 

Canavalia glabra 

Canavalia hirsutissima 

Canavalia villosa 

Centrosema pubescens 

Galactia striata 

Gouania polygama 

Heteropteris beecheyana 

Pachyrrhizus erosus 

Pachyrrhizus strigosus 

Rhynchosia discolor 

Rhynchosia longeracemosa 

Serjania punctata 

Solanum dulcamaroides 

Turbina corymbosa 

Stigmaphyllon humboldtianum 

Matelea quirosii Solanum muricatum 

Petroselinum crispum 
NUMBE

R 35 

TZOTZIL NAME 

perote mantzana 

pich' 

x pich' x pich' x pich' x pich' x pich' 

pik' xan 

pimil pat lima 

pimil pat naranja 

pino chi 

pinsel 

pinto te' 

pit 

x pit 

pitz'otz' 

x pitz'otz' x pitz'otz' x pitz'otz' x pitz'otz' 

piyon te' 

po'on ch'ix 

x po'on ch'ix 

pochok' 

pojov ak' 

pojov ak' 

pojov ak' 

pojov ak' 

pojov ak' 

pojov ak' 

pok'ok' 

x pok'ok' x pok'ok' 

polotz' 

pom ka' 

pompom 

potpot paxak' 

poxil aja-chon 

poxil apon 

x poxil apon 

x poxil apon 

poxil chin 

poxil chin 

poxil chin 

poxil chin 

poxil chin 

poxil chon 

poxil chu'ul 

poxil chu'ul 

poxil chuvaj 

SET 

Mantzana 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Xan 

Naranja 

Naranja 

Met 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

K'an-te' 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Pitz'otz' 

Pitz'otz' 

Pitz'otz' 

Pitz'otz' 

Pitz'otz' 

Isolate: Te' 

Po'on 

Po'on 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Pok'ok' 

Pok'ok' 

Pok'ok' 

Ch'um-te' 

Pom 

Tzajal Nichim 

Met 

Moy 

Poxil Apon 

Poxil Apon 

Poxil Apon 

Pimil Anal 

Pimil Anal 

Pimil Anal 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Pimil Anal 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Pitzak' 

LATIN NAME 

Malus pumila 

Lepidium virginicum var. 

Aster exilis 

Capsella bursa-pastoris 

Conyza canadensis 

Conyza sophiifolia 

Descurainia streptocarpa 

Brahea nitida 

Citrus limonia 

Citrus sinensis 

Agave sisalana 

Centaurea cyanus 

Wimmeria pubescens 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 

Jacaranda acutifolia 

Monnina xalapensis 

Cuphea cyanea 

Fuchsia encliandra ssp. 

tetradactyla 

Fuchsia thymifolia ssp. minimiflora 

Ludwigia octovalvis 

Pedilanthus tithymaloides 

Ximenia americana 

Zanthoxylum sp. 

Juanulloa mexicana 

Blepharodon mucronatum 

Ipomoea pauciflora 

Mandevilla subsagittata 

Mandevilla tubiflora 

Matelea sp. 

Sarcostemma bilobum 

Xanthosoma robustum 

Anthurium chamulense 

Monstera deliciosa 

Cyclanthera langaei 

Bur sera steyermarkii 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Bromelia plumieri 

Martynia annua 

Oenothera rosea 

Gaura tripetala 

Oenothera kunthiana 

Echeveria acutifolia 

Echeveria mucronata 

Echeveria sessiliflora 

Phyllanthus mcvaughii 

Villadia albiflora 

Hybanthus verbenaceus 

Spigelia nicotianaeflora 

Euphorbia anychioides 

Anagallis arvensis 

341 
342 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

poxil chuvaj 

poxil chuvaj 

x poxil chuvaj 

poxil eal 

x poxil eal 

poxil ik' 

poxil ik' 

poxil jolol 

poxil k'ok 

x poxil k'ok' 

x poxil k'ok' 

x poxil k'ok' 

x poxil k'ok' 

poxil lukum 

poxil majbenal 

poxil mako' 

poxil me'-vinik 

poxil me'-vinik 

poxil obal 

x poxil obal 

x poxil obal 

x poxil obal 

x poxil obal 

x poxil obal 

poxil pat ka' 

x poxil pat ka' 

poxil poslom 

poxil sal tz'i' 

x poxil sal tz'i' 

x poxil sal tz'i' 

poxil satil 

x poxil satil 

poxil sep' 

poxil sim-nak'al 

poxil ti'ben lukum 

x poxil ti'ben lukum 

poxil t'ajel 

x poxil t'ajel 

x poxil t'ajel 

x poxil t'ajel 

poxil tza'nel 

poxil vayichil 

poxil yat chij 

poxil yayijemal 

poxil yayijemal 

poxil yayijemal 

K'ojom 

K'ojom 

K'ojom 

Pimil Anal 

Pimil Anal 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Pak' Chak 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Pom Tz'unun 

Ch'aben 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Pitzak' 

Boraja 

Boraja 

Boraja 

Boraja 

Boraja 

Boraja 

K'ojom 

K'ojom 

Tilil 

Ch'ulelal Nichim 

Ch'ulelal Nichim 

Ch'ulelal Nichim 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

K'ojom 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Ch'ulelal Nichim 

Ch'ulelal Nichim 

Ch'ulelal Nichim 

Ch'ulelal Nichim 

Chilkat 

Ch'aben 

Pimil Anal 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Polygala chiapensis 

Polygala costaricensis 

Monnina chiapensis 

Pinguicula moranensis 

Echeveria bella 

Stevia lucida 

Stevia polycephala 

Anoda cristata 

Loeselia mexicana 

Capraria biflora var. pilosa 

Hedeoma costatum 

Loeselia glandulosa 

Russellia sarmentosa 

Turnera diffusa 

Cuphea pinetorum 

Haplophyton cinereum 

Chamaecrista desvauxii 

Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia 

Salvia lavanduloides 

Hyptis suaveolens 

Lepechinia schiedeana 

Salvia leucantha 

Salvia tiliifolia var. albiflora 

Salvia urica 

Psychotria erythrocarpa 

Psychotria pubescens 

Rhamnus mucronata 

Erigeron karwinskianus 

Aster bullatus 

Aster exilis 

Diastatea micrantha 

Drymaria gracilis 

Pinaropappus spathulatus 

var. chiapensis 

Crossopetalum parvifolium 

Chamaesyce hyssopifolia 

Chamaesyce hypericifolia 

Symphoricarpos microphyllus 

Fuchsia encliandra ssp. 

tetradactyla 

Fuchsia microphylla ssp. 

aprica 

Ludwigia octovalvis 

Baccharis serraefolia 

Crotalaria sagittalis 

Echeveria bella 

Gnaphalium attenuatum 

Gnaphalium brachypterum 

Gnaphalium roseum 
NUMBER 35 343 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

poxil yayijemal 

x poxil yayijemal 

x poxil yayijemal 

poxil yerva 

presa 

primon 

primon 

x primon x primon x puj x puj x puj x puj x puj 

puj-'akan jobel 

puj-'akan pom tz'unun 

pujkan ich 

pulum vo' 

putzkuy 

putzul 

x putzul 

putzul chij 

x putzul chij 

x putzul chij 

x putzul chij 

p'uk 

p'uk 

p'uk 

rosaro krisantema 

rosaro klavel 

rosaro pino dalya 

roxa 

roxa 

sak-nich te' 

sak-nich te' 

x sak-nich te' 

x sak-nich te' 

x sak-nich te' 

sak-pak'an roxa 

sak-vayan klavel 

sak-vayan mail 

sak-vayan pino dalya 

sak-vayan roxa 

sak-vayan tzajal nichim 

sak-vayan tzajal roxa 

sak-vayan xlumil 

sak-vilan tz'unbalal roxa 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

K'ojom 

Ton Bek' 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Pom Tz'unun 

Ich 

Tzu 

Bot 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

K'an-te' 

Jabnal 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

T'ut' Ak' 

T'ut' Ak' 

T'ut' Ak' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Ch'oliv 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni* Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Mail 

Ch'oliv 

Isolate: Ak' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Isolate: Ak' 

Chenek' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Gnaphalium viscosum 

Conyza chilensis 

Gnaphalium purpureum 

Elytraria imbricata 

Fraxinus uhdei 

Centropogon grandidentatus 

Lobelia laxiflora 

Fuchsia splendens 

Lobelia cardinalis ssp. gramme a 

Eleocharis dombeyana 

Equisetum hymale var. affine 

Fuirena simplex 

Juncus effusus var. solutus 

Cyperus niger 

Arundinella deppeana 

Priva aspera 

Capsicum pubescens 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Cochlospermum vitifolium 

Cypripedium irapeanum 

Calceolaria tripartita 

Tecoma stans 

Senna foetidissima var. gran 

diflora 

Senna pallida var. brachyrrhachis 

Senna polyantha 

Dioscorea cymosula var. cin 

erea 

Dioscorea cf. dugesii Dioscorea nelsonii 

Chrysanthemum coronarium 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Dahlia pinnata 

Rosa damascena 

Rosa gallica 

Lippia chiapasensis 

Lippia substrigosa 

Lippia bracteosa 

Solanum lanceolatum 

Viburnum hartwegii 

Rosa chinensis 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Dahlia pinnata 

Rosa chinensis 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Rosa chinensis 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Rosa chinensis 
344 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

sakil 

sakil akuxa tz'i'lel 

sakil ak' 

x sakil ak' 

sakil alavanux 

sakil aros chenek' 

sakil asasena 

sakil batz'i is-ak' 

sakil botii 

sakil bukaro 

sakil chikin-ib 

sakil chikin-ib 

sakil ch'il vet 

x sakil ch'il vet 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

x sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'ix 

x sakil ch'ix te' 

sakil ch'u te' 

sakil ch'u te' 

sakil ch'um-te' 

sakil ch'upak' te' 

sakil espayder 

sakil ibes 

sakil ich 

sakil javas 

sakil jol koy 

sakil kampana ak' 

x sakil kampana ak' 

sakil kampana nichim 

sakil kanela te' 

x sakil kanela te' 

sakil kartolina 

sakil karvensa 

sakil kaxlan potov 

sakil kilkil nichim 

sakil kilon ech' 

sakil klavel 

sakil krisantema 

sakil k'os 

x sakil k'os 

x sakil k'os 

sakil k'uk' toj 

sakil la 

sakil la 

sakil la 

sakil lo'bol 

SET 

Mail 

K'ojom 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Alavanux 

Chenek' 

Ch'uch' 

Is-ak' 

Chenek' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Ch'il Vet 

Ch'il Vet 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Po'on 

Po'on 

Ch'um-te' 

Ch'upak' Te' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Chenek' 

Ich 

Chenek' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Moy 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Chenek' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Toj 

La 

La 

La 

Isolate: Te' 

LATIN NAME 

Cucurbita mixta 

Geranium seemannii 

Ipomoea pauciflora 

Jacquemontia nodiflora 

Raphanus sativus 

Vigna umbellata 

Hippeastrum solandriflorum 

Solanum tuberosum 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Gladiolus hortulanus 

Quercus elliptica 

Quercus sapotifolia 

Lantana hispida 

Lippia cardiostegia 

Eugenia acapulcensis 

Eugenia amatenangensis 

Eugenia carranzae 

Eugenia laughlinii 

Cestrum aurantiacum 

Acacia farnesiana 

Diphysa spinosa 

Cedrela odorata 

Cedrela salvadorensis 

Sechium edule 

Ricinus communis 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Phaseolus coccineus ssp. darwinianus 

Capsicum annuum 

Viciafaba 

Tigridia chiapensis 

Bonamia sulphurea 

Ipomoea pauciflora 

Bouvardia longiflora 

Hauya elegans 

Psychotria sp. 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Pisum sativum 

Psidium guajava 

Asparagus setaceus 

Tillandsia violacea 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Chrysanthemum coronarium 

Synardisia venosa 

Oreopanax capitatus 

Senecio uspantanensis 

Abies guatemalensis 

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius 

Cnidoscolus multilobus 

Cnidoscolus tubulosus 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbi 

siana 
NUMBER 35 

TZOTZIL NAME 

sakil mail 

sakil matas 

x sakil matas 

x sakil matas 

x sakil matas 

sakil muk'ta pompom 

sakil nichim 

sakil nichim te' 

sakil nichim te' 

sakil nok 

sakil ob 

sakil pat 

sakil pat ivriro 

sakil patax nichim 

sakil pech'e-'ok jobel 

sakil pern k'ulub 

sakil pern k'ulub 

sakil pern k'ulub 

sakil pi 

sakil pik'ok' 

sakil pilix 

sakil pilix 

sakil pino dalya 

sakil pompom 

sakil pom tz'unun 

sakil pom tz'unun 

sakil pom tz'unun 

sakil pomos 

sakil potz pino dalya 

sakil prixku' 

sakil puyu' 

sakil puyu' 

sakil puyu' 

sakil roxa 

sakil sal-te' 

sakil sat mes 

sakil sat mes 

sakil sat mes 

sakil sat mes 

sakil sat mes 

sakil sirvela 

sakil sitit 

sakil sitit 

sakil suk 

sakil te' 

sakil ton tz'unun 

sakil tranjero is-ak' 

sakil tuix 

SET 

Mail 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'oliv 

Tzajal Nichim 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Tulan 

Chichol 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Isolate: Te' 

Tuix 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Pok'ok' 

Puyu' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Ch'oliv 

Tzajal Nichim 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Isolate: Te' 

Ch'oliv 

Turasnu 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Bot 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Pak' Chak 

Turasnu 

Tzelo-pat 

Tzelo-pat 

Olnob 

OnTe' 

Chenek' 

Is-ak' 

Tuix 

LATIN NAME 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Bidens pilosa 

Bidens pilosa 

Cosmos caudatus 

Sabazia sarmentosa 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Fleischmanniopsis leucocephalum 

Jasminum mesnyi 

Jasminum sambac 

Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta 

Phytolacca icosandra 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Plumeria alba 

Schoenocaulon officinale 

Borreria laevis 

Crusea calocephala 

Crusea parviflora 

Xanthosoma violaceum 

Operculina pinnatifida 

Aldama dentata 

Viguiera dentata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Hyptis mutabilis 

Hyptis tomentosa 

Hyptis urticoides 

Gymnopodium floribundum 

var. antigonoides 

Dahlia pinnata 

Prunus persica 

Calonyction aculeatum 

Ipomoea alba 

Merremia aegyptia 

Rosa chinensis 

Jatropha curcas 

Corchorus siliquosus 

Melochia tomentosa 

Sida acuta 

Turner a ulmifolia 

Waltheria americana 

Prunus domestica 

Vernonia deppeana 

Vernonia oaxacana 

Lysiloma auritum 

Acer negundo ssp. mexicanum 

Phaseolus vulgaris Solanum tuberosum 

Allium cepa 

345 
346 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME 

sakil tulan 

x sakil tulan 

x sakil tulan 

sakil tux-nuk' 

sakil t'arax ch'um-te' 

sakil tzajal nichim 

sakil tzop ch'um-te' 

sakil tzukum jol itaj 

sakil tz'ibal botii 

sakil tz'ol 

sakil tz'ul itaj 

sakil tz'usub 

sakil tz'usub 

sakil tz'usub 

sakil tz'usub 

sakil tz'usub 

sakil tz'usub 

sakil uch'ul vo' 

sakil uch'ul vo' 

sakil unen mu 

sakil vale' 

sakil x'ak'il 

sakil xlumil 

sakil xvet' 

sakramentual nichim 

sanorya 

santoal ik' 

santoal tzoj 

sap yok 

sat pukuj 

sat pukuj 

sat pukuj 

sat pukuj tz'i'lel 

sat vet 

satin 

saya-vun 

x saya-vun 

x saya-vun 

sentavo tz'i'lel 

x sentavo tz'i'lel 

sera lo'bol 

setajtik ch'um 

setajtik sakil 

setajtik uch'ul vo' 

setajtik vixobtakil 

setajtik vixobtakil 

sijom k'at'ix 

sikil ton 

SET 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Ch'um-te' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Ch'um-te' 

Itaj 

Chenek' 

Mail 

Chichol 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Ich 

Ixim 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Alavanux 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Tulan 

Pitz'otz 

Pitz'otz 

Pitz'otz 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Te' 

Bot 

Bot 

Bot 

Pimil Anal 

Pimil Anal 

Isolate: Te' 

Mail 

Mail 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Pimil Anal 

Pimil Anal 

K'at'ix 

Chichol 

LATIN NAME 

Quercus peduncularis 

Quercus rugosa 

Quercus segoviensis 

Gossypium hirsutum 

Sechium edule 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Sechium edule 

Brassica oleracea var. acephala 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo 

Amaranthus hybridus 

Ampelopsis mexicana 

Antigonon flavescens 

Cissus cacuminis 

Serjania triquetra 

Urvillea ulmacea 

Vitis tiliifolia 

Encyclia sp. 

Encyclia varicosa 

Solanum americanum 

Saccharum officinarum 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus lunatus 

Helenium scorzoneraefolia 

Daucus carota var. sativa 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Quercus candicans 

Solanum aligerum 

Solanum brachystachys 

Solanum cervantesii 

Spigelia humboldtiana 

Chimaphila umbellata 

Myrica cerifera 

Morus celtidifolia 

Gaya minutiflora 

Onoseris onoseroides 

Peperomia campylotropa 

Alchemilla pectinata 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Cucurbita moschata 

Cucurbita mixta 

Meiracyllium trinasutum 

Peperomia deppeana 

Peperomia quadrifolia 

Crataegus pubescens 

Parietaria debilis 
NUMBE

R 35 347 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

sik'ol ak' 

sik'ol te' 

sila 

snichim koyta 

snichim san-lukax 

x snichim san-lukax 

soktomal manya chenek' 

soro te' 

sten uch 

sun 

sun 

sun 

sun 

tamarin 

x tamarin 

tan ka' 

tan ka' 

tan ka' 

tan ka' 

tan ka' 

tan ka' 

tan ka' 

tan ka' 

x tan ka' 

tan pox 

x tan pox x tan pox x tan pox 

tan tz'ul itaj 

tan tz'ul itaj 

te' ak' 

te' ak' 

te' ak' 

te' ak' 

te' ak' 

te' ak' 

te' ak' 

te' ak' 

te' ak' 

te' ak' 

te' ak' 

te' ak' 

te' ak' 

te'el uli' 

te'tikal chi 

te'tikal chilkat 

te'tikal jol koy 

te'tikal karitela chenek' 

te'tikal po'on 

te'tikal po'on 

te'tikil petok 

T'utAk' 

Isolate: Te' 

Naranja 

Ch'uch' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Chenek' 

Isolate: Te' 

Pom Tz'unun 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tan Pox 

Tan Pox 

Tan Pox 

Tan Pox 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Po'on 

Met 

Chilkat 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Chenek' 

Po'on 

Po'on 

Petok 

Smilax domingensis 

Hyperbaena mexicana 

Citrus medica 

Crinum amabile 

Zinnia elegans 

Zinnia peruviana 

Arachis hypogaea 

Petiveria alliacea 

Stachys coccinea 

Tithonia diversifolia 

Tithonia longiradiata 

Tithonia rotundifolia 

Tithonia tubaeformis 

Tamarindus indica 

Mimosa nelsonii 

Desmodium amplifolium 

Desmodium aparines 

Desmodium chiapense 

Desmodium maxoni 

Desmodium nicaraguense 

Desmodium orbiculare 

Desmodium skinneri 

Desmodium strobilaceum 

Nissolia fruticosa 

Helianthemum glomeratum 

Alchemilla sibbaldiaefolia 

Krameria revoluta 

Lithospermum distichum 

Chenopodium murale 

Chenopodium nuttalliae 

Adenocalyma apurense 

Anemopaegma puberulum 

Antigonon flavescens 

Bunchosia montana 

Canavalia glabra 

Combretum fruticosum 

Didymaea alsinoides 

Gouania polygama 

Hiraea reclinata 

Passiflora sexiflora 

Petastoma patelliferum 

Quassia amara 

Serjania psilophylla 

Ficus elastica 

Furcraea guatemalensis 

Trixis inula 

Tigridia hallbergii 

Vigna vexillata 

Spondias mombin 

Spondias purpurea 

Opuntia sp. 
348 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

te'tikil tuix 

telajtik sakil 

telajtik tzajal chichol 

tempi x 

x tempix 

ten-jol pox 

tenten pox 

tentzun 

x tentzun x tentzun x tentzun x tentzun x tentzun x tentzun x tentzun x tentzun 

tilil 

x tilil x tilil x tilil x tilil 

tomal ch'ix 

tomal ch'ix 

tomal ch'ix 

tomyo 

ton bek' 

ton bix 

ton k'ail 

x ton k'ail 

x ton k'ail 

tontikil ch'aben 

tontikil ch'aben 

tontikil ch'aben 

tontikil pimil anal 

tontikil putzul 

tranjero is-ak' 

tranjero manko 

tranjero mantzana 

treno 

triko 

tub chii 

tuil te' 

tuil te' 

tuil te' 

tuil te' 

x tuil te' 

x tuil te' 

x tuil te' 

Tuix 

Mail 

Chichol 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Ch'il Vet 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Ch'ix 

Ch'ix 

Ch'ix 

Tan Pox 

Ton Bek' 

Bix 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Pimil Anal 

Tzajal Nichim 

Is-ak' On 

Mantzana 

Chijil Te' 

Ixim 

Tuix 

Pitz'otz' 

Pitz'otz' 

Pitz'otz' 

Pitz'otz' 

Pitz'otz' 

Pitz'otz' 

Pitz'otz' 

Allium kunthii 

Cucurbita mixta 

Lycopersicon esculentum var. 

commune 

Dendropanax arboreus 

Trichilia hirta 

Lantana achyranthifolia 

Osbertia stoloniferus 

Ruellia inundata 

Bonplandia geminiflora 

Bouchea prismatica 

Carlowrightia sp. 

Cuphea leptopoda 

Justicia clinopodium 

Loeselia glandulosa 

Marsypianthes chamaedrys 

Ruellia nudiflora 

Rapanea juergensenii 

Cleyera theaeoides 

Microtropis contracta 

Ternstroemia lineata ssp. 

chalicophila 

Ternstroemia oocarpa 

Cirsium mexicanum 

Cirsium nigriceps 

Cirsium subcoriaceum 

Thymus vulgaris 

Juglans regia 

Otatea sp. 

Montanoa hexagona 

Montanoa tomentosa ssp. 

xanthiifolia 

Montanoa speciosa 

Crotalaria incana 

Crotalaria pumila 

Crotalaria quercetorum 

Pilea microphylla 

Taraxacum officinale 

Solanum tuberosum 

Mangifera indica 

Malus pumila 

Ligustrum lucidum 

Triticum aestivum 

Agave brachystachys 

Cestrum aurantiacum 

Cestrum guatemalense 

Solanum brachystachys 

Solanum nudum 

Cestrum nocturnum 

Ligustrum ovalifolium 

Solanum cervantesii 
NUMBE

R 35 

TZOTZIL NAME 

x tuil te' 

tuix jobel 

tuix tz'i'lel 

tukumj'ik'al 

x tukumj'ik'al 

turasnu te' 

tut 

tut 

tut nab 

tuturu 

tux-nuk' 

x tux-nuk' x tux-nuk' 

tux-nuk' te' 

tuxum makom 

tuxum makom 

t'arax ch'um-te' 

tzajal aros chenek' 

tzajal asasena 

tzajal asasena 

tzajal asasena 

tzajal batz'i is-ak' 

tzajal botii 

tzajal bukaro 

tzajal chii jabnal 

tzajal chii jabnal 

tzajal chii jabnal 

x tzajal chii jabnal 

tzajal ch'it 

tzajal ch'it 

tzajal ch'oliv 

tzajal ch'uch' 

x tzajal ch'uch' 

tzajal ch'ulelal nichim 

tzajal ch'upak' te' 

tzajal ibes 

tzajal is-ak' 

tzajal javas 

tzajal jobel 

tzajal jobel 

tzajal jobel 

tzajal jobel 

tzajal jobel 

tzajal kampana 

tzajal kampana nichim 

tzajal kampana tz'i'lel 

x tzajal kampana tz'i'lel 

tzajal kanela te' 

SET 

Pitz'otz' 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Ixim 

Ixim 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

Yama Chauk 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Bot 

Makom 

Makom 

Ch'um-te' 

Chenek' 

Ch'uch' 

Ch'uch' 

Ch'uch' 

Is-ak' 

Chenek' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Ch'oliv 

Ch'uch' 

Ch'uch' 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

Ch'ulelal Nichim 

Ch'upak' Tc 

Chenek' 

Is-ak' 

Chenek' 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Pom Tz'unun 

Moy 

Moy 

Moy 

K'an-te' 

LATIN NAME 

Tournefortia densiflora 

Nothoscordum bivalve 

Calochortus ghiesbreghtii 

Sorghum bicolor 

Lasiacis ruscifolia 

Agonandra racemosa 

Equisetum hymale var. affine 

Equisetum myriochaetum 

Sesbania emerus 

Thalictrum guatemalense 

Gossypium hirsutum 

Anoda cristata 

Croton argenteus 

Luehea Candida 

Rubus coriifolius 

Rubus sapidus 

Sechium edule 

Vigna umbellata 

Hippeastrum bifidum 

Hippeastrum vittatum 

Sprekelia formosissima 

Solanum tuberosum 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Gladiolus hortulanus 

Leandra subseriata 

Miconia guatemalensis 

Miconia mexicana 

Heterocentron subtriplinervium 

Ardisia escallonioides 

Schoepfia vacciniiflora 

Dahlia coccinea 

Canna edulis 

Hedychium coronarium 

Fuchsia microphylla ssp. 

quercetorum 

Ricinus communis 

Phaseolus coccineus ssp. darwinians 

Ipomoea batata 

Vicia faba 

Aristida schiedeana 

Bouteloua media 

Elionurus tripsacoides 

Muhlenbergia spiciformis 

Rhynchelytrum repens 

Lamourouxia viscosa 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 

Lonicera pilosa 

Oenothera kunthiana 

Calycophyllum candidis349 

simum 
350 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

x tzajal kanela te' 

tzajal kaxlan potov 

tzajal kilkil nichim 

tzajal kilon ech' 

tzajal klavel 

tzajal k'at'ix 

tzajal k'os 

tzajal k'os 

tzajal k'os 

tzajal k'os 

tzajal k'uk' toj 

tzajal lo'bol 

tzajal makom 

tzajal nichim 

x tzajal nichim x tzajal nichim 

tzajal nok 

tzajal ob 

tzajal olnob 

tzajal paj-'ul 

tzajal patax nichim 

tzajal petok 

tzajal pi 

tzajal pino dalya 

tzajal pitzak' 

tzajal pitzak' 

tzajal pojov tz'i'lel 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

x tzajal pom tz'unun 

x tzajal pom tz'unun 

x tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pomos 

x tzajal pomos 

tzajal potov 

tzajal puyu' 

tzajal puyu' 

x tzajal puyu' 

tzajal sakaton 

tzajal sal-te' 

x tzajal sal-te' x tzajal sal-te' x tzajal sal-te' 

tzajal sirvela 

tzajal sitit 

K'an-te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tzajal Nichim 

K'at'ix 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Tilil 

Toj 

Isolate: Te' 

Makom 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tulan 

Chichol 

Olnob 

Tulan 

Isolate: Te' 

Petok 

Pok'ok' 

Ch'oliv 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Pojov Tz'i'lel 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Sakaton 

Bot 

Bot 

Bot 

Bot 

Turasnu 

Tzelo-pat 

Wimmeria pubescens 

Psidium guajava 

Acalypha hispida 

Tillandsia violacea 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Crataegus pubescens 

Colubrina erecta 

Parathesis chiapensis 

Parathesis leptopa 

Rhamnus mucronata 

Pinus ayacahuite 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Rubus humistratus 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Begonia oaxacana 

Spigelia splendens 

Alnus jorullensis 

Phytolacca rugosa 

Leucaena diversifolia 

Pistacia mexicana 

Plumeria rubra 

Nopalea cochenillifera 

Xanthosoma violaceum 

Dahlia pinnata 

Medicago polymorpha 

Melilotus indica 

Asclepias curassavica 

Kohleria elegans 

Salvia chiapensis 

Salvia cinnabarina 

Salvia coccinea 

Salvia excelsa 

Salvia holwayi 

Salvia karwinskii 

Centropogon grandidentatus 

Lamourouxia viscosa 

Stachys coccinea 

Holodiscus argenteus 

Spiraea cantoniensis 

Syzygium jambos 

Ipomoea pedicellaris 

Ipomoea suffulta 

Valeriana scandens 

Sorghum halepense 

Bursera simaruba 

Trichilia hirta 

Trichilia martiana 

Zanthoxylum mayanum 

Prunus domestica 

Pluchea odorata 
NUMBER 35 351 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

tzajal te' 

tzajal toj 

tzajal toj 

tzajal tranjero is-ak' 

tzajal tulan 

x tzajal tulan 

tzajal tzib 

tzajal tzukum jol itaj 

tzajal tz'emeni' 

tzajal tz'ibal botii 

tzajal tz'ul itaj 

tzajal uma' ech' 

tzajal uma' ech' 

tzajal uma' ech' 

tzajal unen mu 

tzajal vale' 

tzajal x'ak'il 

tzajal x'ak'il ta olon osil 

tzajal xlumil 

tzajal xvet' 

tzajal yajan chuch 

tzatzal ok tzib 

tzeb javas 

tzeb nekeb pox 

tzib ak' 

tzima' 

tzis chauk 

x tzis chauk 

x tzis chauk 

x tzis chauk 

tzis uch 

x tzis uch 

x tzis uch 

tzitz 

tzitz 

tzitz on 

tzitz pox 

x tzitz pox 

x tzitz pox 

x tzitz pox 

tzitz te' 

tzitz te' 

tzitz te' 

tzitz te' 

tzitz te' 

tzitz te' 

tzitz tz'i'lel 

tzitz tz'i'lel 

tzitz tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Te' 

Toj 

Toj 

Is-ak' 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Tzib 

Itaj 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Chenek' 

Chichol 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Ich 

Ixim 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tzib 

Chenek' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tzib 

Boch 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Aja-te'es 

Aja-te'es 

Aja-te'es On 

Vo'tus On 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus On On On On On On 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Acalypha unibracteata 

Pinus oocarpa 

Pinus tecote 

Solanum tuberosum 

Quercus rugosa 

Quercus peduncularis 

Polystichum distans 

Brassica oleracea var. acephala 

Epidendrum radicans 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Amaranthus hybridus 

Tillandsia fasciculata 

Tillandsia plumosa 

Tillandsia vicentina 

Solanum americanum 

Saccharum officinarum 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus lunatus 

Helosis mexicana 

Lophosoria quadripinnata 

Viciafaba 

Iostephane trilobata 

Lygodium venustum 

Crescentia alata 

Tagetes nelsoni 

Bidens laevis 

Bidens squarrosa 

Dyssodia appendiculata 

Litsea glaucescens 

Berchemia scandens 

Litsea neesiana 

Persea americana var. drymifolia 

Tagetes lucida 

Persea americana 

Hypericum uliginosum 

Centaurium brachycalyx 

Gymnolaena chiapasana 

Linum schiedeanum 

Beilschmiedia riparia 

Dipholis matudae 

Licaria peckii 

Nectandra coriacea 

Ocotea chiapensis 

Styrax argentum 

Crusea diversifolia 

Linum mexicanum 

Linum schiedeanum 
352 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

tzitz tz'i'lel 

tzitz tz'i'lel 

x tzitz tz'i'lel 

tzo' bail xlumil 

tzo' mut ich 

tzo' t'ul 

tzo' xulem te' 

tzo' xulem te' 

x tzo' xulem te' 

x tzo' xulem te' 

tzojoj 

tzon-te'al balamil 

tzon-te'al krus 

tzop ch'um-te' 

tzotz-ni' te' 

x tzotz-ni' te' x tzotz-ni' te' x tzotz-ni' te' 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel 

tzotzil jabnal 

x tzotzil jabnal 

x tzotzil jabnal 

x tzotzil jabnal 

x tzotzil jabnal 

x tzotzil jabnal 

tzotzin ch'it 

tzotzin markariton 

tzotzin yuch' max 

tzotziron markarita 

tzu 

tzual moy 

tzukum jobel 

tzukum jobel 

tzukum jobel 

x tzukum jobel 

tzukum jol itaj 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Chenek' 

Ich 

Chenek' 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Sun 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Ch'um-te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Tzotz-ni' Te' 

Pitzak' 

Pitzak' 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Chijil Te' 

Tzajal Nichim 

Yuch' Max 

Tzajal Nichim 

Tzu 

Tzu 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Itaj 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Pedis prostrata 

Tagetes filifolia 

Cuphea utriculosa 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Capsicum annuum var. aviculare 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Lonchocarpus minimiflorus 

Lonchocarpus rugosus 

Harpalyce formosa var. 

goldmanii 

Senna atomeria 

Lagascea helianthifolia 

Thuidium delicatulum 

Tillandsia usneoides 

Sechium edule 

Viburnum jucundum 

Viburnum acutifolium ssp. 

lautum 

Viburnum hartwegii 

Viburnum jucundum x V. acutifolium ssp. lautum 

Hieracium abscissum 

Hieracium stuposum 

Stachys radicans 

Drymaria gracilis 

Lamium amplexicaule 

Stachys agraria 

Stachys coccinea 

Stachys rotundifolia 

Eugenia yunckeri 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Triumfetta polyandra 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Oplismenus burmanni 

Setaria gracilis 

Setariopsis auriculata 

Sporobolus indicus 

Brassica oleracea var. acephala 

Acalypha arvensis 

Acalypha botteriana 

Acalypha setosa 

Acalypha sp. 

Barleria micans 

Dalea foliolosa 

Dalea leporina 

Dalea lutea var. gigantea 

Dalea sericea 
NUMBE

R 35 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

TZOTZIL NAME 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzun-jol tz'i'lel 

tzuntzun jobel 

tzuntzun jobel 

tzuntzun jobel 

tzutzub 

tzutzub 

tzutzub 

tz'erel 

tz'erel 

tz'erel 

tz'erel 

tz' 

tz' 

tz' 

tz' 

tz' 

tz' 

tz' 

tz' 

tz' 

tz' 

tz' 

tz' 

tz' 

tz' ' nichim 

bal x'ak'il 

bal xlumil 

bal xvet' 

baltik mail 

n-te' 

n-te' 

n-te' 

n-te' 

tesob jolol 

tesob jolol 

itesob jolol 

itesob jolol 

itesob jolol 

tz'itesob jolol ak' 

tz'ol 

tz'otz'op 

tz'unbalal makom 

tz'usub ak' 

tz'utuj te' 

tz'utuj te' 

tz'utuj te' 

tz'utuj te' te' 

uch 

uch 

uch'ul vo'al ba ton 

uch'ul vo'al ba ton 

uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

urr ia' ech' 

SET 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Ch'aben 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tzajal Jobel 

Tzajal Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Vo'tus 

Chalon 

Chalon 

Chalon 

Chalon 

Tan Pox 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Mail 

Ch'upak' Te' 

Ch'upak' Te' 

Ch'upak' Te' 

Ch'upak' Te' 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Mail 

Tulan 

Makom 

Tz'usub 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Tulan 

Tulan On On 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

LATIN NAME 

Dalea tomentosa var. psoraleoides 

Dalea versicolor 

Hyptis suaveolens 

Lisianthius nigrescens var. 

chiapensis 

Nama jamaicense 

Brachiaria reptans 

Dichanthelium laxiflorum 

Arthraxon quartinianus 

Brickellia scoparia 

Linum mexicanum 

Lythrum lanceolatum 

Inga fagifolia 

Inga jinicuil 

Inga punctata 

Senna cobanensis 

Matthiola incana 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus lunatus 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Manihot esculenta 

Cleome spinosa 

Euphorbia pulcherrima 

Manihot aesculifolia 

Ampelopsis mexicana 

Cissus cacuminis 

Cissus rhombifolia 

Cissus sicyoides 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia 

Sarcostemma bilobum 

Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo 

Quercus acutifolia 

Fragaria vesca 

Didymaea alsinoides 

Carpinus caroliniana 

Ostrya virginiana var. 

guatemalensis 

Cornus disciflora 

Ulmus mexicana 

Diospyros digyna 

Diospyros nicaraguensis 

Odontoglossum bictoniense 

Bletia sp. 

Tillandsia butzii 

Tillandsia capitata 

Tillandsia caput-medusae 

Tillandsia dasyliriifolia 

Tillandsia fasciculata 

353 
354 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

unen mu 

unen mu tz'i'lel 

uskun-te' 

x uskun-te' 

uva 

va'ajtik nex 

vako' ak' 

vako' ak' 

x vako' ak' 

vale' 

vale' j'ik'al 

vamuch te' 

x vamuch te' 

vax te' 

vayu' xlumil 

ve'el inatab 

ve'el inatab 

ve'el inatab 

ve'el inatab 

x ve'el inatab 

ve'el kulajte' 

ve'el kulajte' 

ve'el kulajte' 

ve'el k'ovix 

ventex chij 

ventex mol 

x ventex mol 

vinik aj 

vinik puj 

vinik puj 

vixobtakil chon 

vo'ox 

vo'tus tz'i'lel 

vojton ech' 

x vojton ech' 

vojton tz'i'lel 

vojton uma' ech' 

x vojton uma' ech' 

x vojton uma' ech' 

volajtik ich 

volajtik sakil 

volita 

votzvotz lechuka 

voy chij te' 

voy chij te' 

voy chij te' 

x voy chij te' 

x voy chij te' 

x voy chij te' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Ich 

Ich 

Chichol 

Chichol 

Tz'usub 

Bertulaka 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Ixim 

Ixim 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Chijil Te' 

Chenek' 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Tz'usub 

Pitz'otz' 

Pitz'otz' 

Pitz'otz' 

Tuix 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

BakTe' 

BakTe' 

Bix 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Pimil Anal 

Isolate: Te' 

Vo'tus 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Ch'uch' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Ich 

Mail 

Tzajal Nichim 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Tillandsia flabellata 

Tillandsia plumosa 

Tillandsia vicentina 

Solanum americanum 

Rivina humilis 

Galinsoga quadriradiata 

Ageratina aschenborniana 

Vitis vinifera 

Boerhaavia erecta 

Aristolochia maxima 

Aristolochia sericea 

Prestonia mexicana 

Saccharum officinarum 

Saccharum officinarum 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Acacia pringlei 

Trema micrantha 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Ampelocissus acapulcencis 

Cissus cacuminis 

Cissus sicyoides 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia 

Vitis tiliifolia 

Cordia foliosa 

Cordia spinescens 

Rauvolfia tetraphylla 

Hypoxis decumbens 

Lophospermum turned 

Picramnia tetramera 

Bunchosia lanceolata 

Gynerium sagittatum 

Scirpus californicus 

Scirpus validus 

Peperomia heterodoxa 

Bixa ore liana 

Schkuhria pinnata 

Tillandsia ponderosa 

Tillandsia seleriana 

Costus sanguineus 

Tillandsia capitata 

Pitcairnia breedlovei 

Pitcairnia karwinskyana 

Capsicum annuum 

Cucurbita mixta 

Tanacetum parthenium 

Lactuca sativa 

Bauhinia divaricata 

Bauhinia pauletia 

Bauhinia ungulata 

Calliandra emarginata 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Senna nicaraguensis 
NUMBE

R 35 355 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

voy mula 

voy mula 

voy mula 

x voy mula 

x voy mula 

x voy mula 

vux te' 

vux te' 

xantiya 

xantiya ak' 

xanxanil balamil 

xanxanil balamil 

xanxanil te' 

xanxanil te' 

xanxanil ton 

xavon ak' 

xavon ak' 

x xavon ak' 

xaxib ch'ix 

xchenek' tzajal om 

xenebal pox 

xenebal pox 

xenebal pox 

x xenebal pox 

xenxerva 

xinal ak' 

xinal pox 

xinal te' 

xinal tz'i'lel 

xok manko 

xolom 

x xolom 

xoto-chak 

x xoto-chak 

xtalaj tz'i'lel 

xulub chivo ech' 

xut 

x xut 

xut ak' 

xutax chijil te' 

x'ukun 

x'ukun 

yail tz'i'lel 

yail tz'i'lel 

yaj-te' kotom 

yajil ama 

yak'jnibak 

yak' max 

yak' xulem 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Mail 

Ch'um-te' 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Ch'um-te' 

Ch'um-te' 

Ch'um-te' 

Olnob 

Chenek' 

Ch'um-te' 

Ch'um-te' 

Ch'um-te' 

Ch'um-te' 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Tz'usub 

Isolate: Tz'i 

Bot 

Isolate: Tz'i 

On 

Top'ol 

Top'ol 

Makom 

Makom 

Pak' Chak 

Isolate: Tz' 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Chenek' 

Chijil Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Tz' 

Isolate: Tz' 

On 

Bix 

Chijil Te' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Tz'usub 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

'lei 

Valeriana densiflora 

Valeriana sorbifolia 

Valeriana urticaefolia 

Ageratina muelleri 

Diastatea micrantha 

Eryngium longirameum 

Curatella americana 

Davilla nitida 

Citrullus vulgaris 

Melothria pendula 

Lycopodium clavatum 

Lycopodium thyoides 

Lycopodium taxifolium 

Lycopodium tuerkheimii 

Selaginella pallescens 

Cayaponia attenuata 

Cayaponia racemosa 

Galium aschenbornii 

Mimosa pigra 

Rhynchosia pyramidalis 

Polyclathra cucumerina 

Schizocarpum attenuatum 

Sicyos microphyllus 

Gonolobus sp. 

Zingiber officinale 

Matelea prosthecidiscus 

Melampodium montanum 

Gyrocarpus americanus 

Porophyllum ruderale ssp 

macrocephalum 

Mangifera indica 

Vernonia leiocarpa 

Perymenium grande var. nelsonii 

Rubus eriocarpus 

Achimenes Candida 

Pavonia schiedeana 

Billbergia pallidiflora 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Galactia acapulcensis 

Sambucus canadensis 

Erythrina chiapasana 

Erythrina goldmanii 

Rumex crispus 

Rumex obtusifolius 

Elaeodendron trichotomum 

Arundo donax 

Daphnopsis americana 

Dalechampia scandens 

Hiraea aff. fagifolia 
356 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

yak'il vob 

yak'ubal us 

yak'ubal us 

yak'ubal us 

yak'ubal us 

yak'ubal us 

yak'ubal us 

yak'ubal us 

yak'ubal us 

yak'ubal us 

yalem bek'et 

yama chauk 

yama chauk 

yama chauk 

yama chauk 

yama chauk 

yama chauk 

yama chauk 

yama chauk 

yama chauk 

yama chauk 

yama chauk 

yama chauk 

yama chauk 

yarvajaka me'on 

yarvajaka me'on 

x yarvajaka me'on 

yat kotom 

x yat kotom 

yat kotom ak' 

yat kotom ak' 

yat nab 

yat nab 

yat tz'i' ak' 

yat tz'i' ak' 

x yat tz'i' ak' x yat tz'i' ak' x yat tz'i' ak' 

yat tz'i' tz'i'lel 

yat vakax ak' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

x yax-'ib te' 

x yax-'ib te' 

x yax-'ib te' 

yax-'on 

yax-'ulan pom tz'unun 

x yax-'ulan pom tz'unun 

yax-te' 

Pek' Me'el 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Pom Tz'unun 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yama Chauk 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Noch'och' 

Noch'och' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Ak' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Tz'usub 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' On 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

K'an-te' 

Cologania broussonettii 

Ageratina bustamenta 

Ageratina petiolaris 

Ageratina pringlei 

Fleischmannia pycnocephala 

Peteravenia phoenicolepis 

Stevia caracasana 

Stevia connata 

Stevia ovata 

Stevia serrata 

Castilleja integrifolia 

Aralia humilis 

Arracacia bracteata 

Arracacia nelsonii 

Bocconia arborea 

Bocconia frutescens 

Coaxana purpurea 

Dahlia coccinea 

Digiticalia chiapensis 

Equisetum myriochaetum 

Pedilanthus tithymaloides 

Prionosciadium nelsonii 

Thalictrum guatemalense 

Valeriana sorbifolia 

Stachytarpheta cayennensis 

Stachytarpheta frantzii 

Achimenes grandiflora 

Cyrtopodium punctatum 

Lasiacis sorghoidea 

Monstera deliciosa 

Philodendron hederaceum 

Polygonum portoricense 

Polygonum punctatum 

Bomarea acutifolia 

Bomarea hirtella 

Asclepias sp. 

Gentiana laevigata 

Smilacina scilloides 

Lactuca graminifolia 

Pithecoctenium crucigerum 

Senna cobanensis 

Senna pallida 

Senna skinneri 

Senna tonduzii 

Gliricidia ehrenbergii 

Machaerium chiapense 

Turpinia occidentalis 

Persea americana 

Salvia urica 

Salvia cacaliaefolia 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 
NUMBER 35 357 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATI

N NAME 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

yax-te' 

yax-te' 

yax-te' 

yax-te' 

yaxal asasena 

yaxal aselka 

yaxal bertulaka 

yaxal ch'it 

yaxal ch'um-te' 

yaxal ik'ux 

yaxal jovos 

yaxal kachu toro te' 

yaxal kampana tz'i'lel 

yaxal karnpana tz'i'lel 

yaxal karnpana tz'i'lel 

yaxal kampana tz'i'lel 

yaxal karnpana tz'i'lel 

yaxal mail 

yaxal mol 

yaxal nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal otot 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

yaxal puyu' 

yaxal puyu' 

yaxal puyu' 

yaxal t'arax ch'um-te' 

yaxal tzop ch'um-te' 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

K'an-te' 

Ch'uch' 

Isolate: Tz'i'lel 

Bertulaka 

Chijil Te' 

Ch'um-te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Po'on 

Tulan 

Moy 

Moy 

Moy 

Moy 

Moy 

Mail 

Tilil 

Pom Tz'unun 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Yax-chel 

Bix 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pom Tz'unun 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Puyu' 

Ch'um-te' 

Ch'um-te' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Diphysa floribunda 

Euphorbia pseudofulva 

Gliricidia ehrenbergii 

Indigofera thibaudiana 

Agapanthus africanus 

Beta vulgaris var. cicla 

Talinum paniculatum 

Xylosma intermedium 

Sechium edule 

Ficus carica 

Mastichodendron capiri var 

tempisque 

Godmania aesculifolia 

Achimenes cettoana 

Achimenes grandiflora 

Achimenes longiflora 

Ruellia hookeriana 

Ruellia nudiflora 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Licania arborea 

Priva lappulacea 

Ageratum corymbosum 

Ageratum echioides 

Ageratum houstonianum 

Ageratum paleaceum 

Bartletina hylobia 

Bonplandia geminiflora 

Commelina alpestris 

Commelina diffusa 

Fleischmannia imitans 

Fleischmannia pycnocephala 

Hyptis suaveolens 

Hyptis verticillata 

Prunella vulgaris 

Salvia urica 

Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris 

Salvia polystachya 

Salvia purpurea 

Salvia reptans 

Salvia rubiginosa 

Ipomoea hederacea 

Ipomoea lindenii 

Ipomoea seducta 

Sechium edule 

Sechium edule 

Commelina alpestris 

Commelina coelestis 

Commelina diffusa 

Commelina erecta 

Cymbispatha commelinoides 
358 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TZOTZIL NAME SET LATIN NAME 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

yaxal tz'ol 

yaxux ka' 

x yaxux ka' 

yaxyax-'ulan kilkil 

nichim 

yaxyax-'ulan kilkil 

nichim 

ye aja chon 

yech' joj 

yich joj 

x yich joj 

yich kurik 

yich'ak ch'o 

yich'ak mis 

yich'ak mis 

x yich'ak mis 

x yich'ak mis 

x yich'ak mis 

x yich'ak mis 

yich'ak mut 

yikatz toj 

yisim be 

yisim be 

yisim be 

yisim be 

yisim be 

yisim bolom 

yisim bolom 

yisim bolom 

yisim mut bolom 

yo'on vakax itaj 

yok' tz'i' 

yok' tz'i' 

x yok' tz'i' 

x yok' tz'i' 

yok' tz'i' ak' 

yok' tz'i' ak' 

yok' tz'i' ak 

yok' tz'i' ak' 

x yok' tz'i' ak' 

yok' vakax 

yok' vakax 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Mail 

Tuix 

Tuix 

Isolate: Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Ich 

Isolate: Tz'i'le 

Ich 

Ich 

Ich 

Pom Tz'unun 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Naranja 

Nok'ol Sik'ol 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Tzukum Jobel 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Chijil Te' 

Isolate: Te' 

Itaj 

K'ojom 

K'ojom 

K'ojom 

K'ojom 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Pek' Me'el 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Tradescantia crassifolia 

Tradescantia guatemalensis 

Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo 

Allium scorodoprasum 

Schoenocaulon officinale 

Bougainvillea buttiana 

Bougainvillea glabra 

Solanum angustifolium 

Tillandsia seleriana 

Lycianthes ciliolata 

Ruellia lactea 

Capsicum annuum 

Hamelia patens 

Zanthoxylum culantrillo 

Zanthoxylum foliolosum 

Dalbergia glabra 

Machaerium biovulatum 

Mimosa adenantheroides 

Solanum oaxacanum 

Fuchsia paniculata 

Arceuthobium globosum 

Cyperus hermaphroditus 

Cyperus virens 

Oplismenus burmanni 

Setaria gracilis 

Sporobolus indicus 

Xylosma flexuosum 

Xylosma intermedium 

Xylosma quichense 

Bumelia obtusifolia var. 

buxifolia 

Brassica oleracea var. capitata 

Plantago australis ssp. 

hirtella 

Plantago major 

Plantago major 

Ruellia nudiflora 

Canavalia hirsutissima 

Centrosema plumieri 

Centrosema pubescens 

Macroptilium atropurpureum 

Cologania procumbens 

Spiranthes aurantiaca 

Spiranthes cinnabarina 

Aeschynomene compacta 

Aeschynomene purpusii 

Chamaecrista nictitans disadenia var. pilosa 
NUMBER 35 

TZOTZIL NAME 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

yoyal vinajel 

yoyal vinajel 

yuch' max pox 

yuch'ul vo' bolom 

yuch'ul vo' bolom 

yuch'ul vo' bolom 

yuch'ul vo' bolom 

yuch'ul vo' j'ik'al 

yuch'ul vo' j'ik'al 

x yuch'ul vo' j'ik'al 

SET 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Olnob 

Petok 

Petok 

Yuch' Max 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

Uch'ul Vo' 

LATIN NAME 

Desmanthus virgatus 

Indigofera thibaudiana 

Machaerium chiapense 

Senna pallida 

Senna occidentalis 

Senna skinneri 

Tephrosia cinerea 

Cephalocereus maxonii 

Stenocereus eichlamii 

Acaena elongata 

Encyclia ssp. 

Gongora ssp. 

Lycaste cruenta 

Stanhopea ssp. 

Encyclia cochleatum 

Epidendrum ciliare 

Maxillaria variabilis 

359 

Appendix 4 

Latin-Tzotzil 

(x = extended range) 

LATIN NAME 

Abies guatemalensis 

Abutilon purpusii 

Acacia angustissima 

Acacia cornigera 

Acacia farnesiana 

Acacia pennatula 

Acacia pringlei 

Acaena elongata 

Acalypha arvensis 

Acalypha botteriana 

Acalypha botteriana 

Acalypha hispida 

Acalypha langiana 

Acalypha macrostachya 

Acalypha mollis 

Acalypha setosa 

Acalypha unibracteata 

Acalypha vagans 

Acalypha sp. 

Acanthocereus horridus 

Acer negundo ssp. mexicanum 

Achimenes Candida 

Achimenes cettoana 

Achimenes grandiflora 

Achimenes grandiflora 

Achimenes longiflora 

Acourtia nudicaulis 

Acrocomia mexicana 

Acrostichum danaeifolium 

Adenocalyma apurense 

Adenocaulon lyratum 

Adiantum andicola 

Adiantum concinnum 

Adiantum poirettii 

Aegopogon cenchroides 

Aeschynomene compacta 

Aeschynomene purpusii 

Agapanthus africanus 

Agave americana 

Agave brachystachys 

Agave brachystachys 

Agave chiapensis 

Agave kewensis 

TZOTZIL NAME 

sakil k'uk' toj 

k'anal tz'oban 

batz'i xaxib 

chojchoj 

sakil ch'ix 

kevrajacha 

x vamuch te' 

yuch' max pox 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

x jol olol 

tzajal kilkil nichim 

x jol olol 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzajal te' 

x jol olol 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

ch'ixal amuch 

sakil te' 

x xoto-chak 

yaxal karnpana tz'i'lel 

yaxal karnpana tz'i'lel 

x yarvajaka me'on 

yaxal kampana tz'i'lel 

krem nekeb pox 

nap 

muk'ta tzib 

te' ak' 

x keb chij 

ik'al ok tzib 

ik'al ok tzib 

ik'al ok tzib 

k'un-jobel 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

yaxal asasena 

muk'ta met 

ch'upak' 

tub chii 

lo'balal met 

chi met 

LATIN NAME 

Agave sisalana 

Ageratina aschenborniana 

Ageratina bustamenta 

Ageratina bustamenta 

Ageratina chiapense 

Ageratina ligustrina 

Ageratina ligustrina 

Ageratina mairetiana 

Ageratina muelleri 

Ageratina petiolaris 

Ageratina pringlei 

Ageratina pringlei 

Ageratum corymbosum 

Ageratum echioides 

Ageratum houstonianum 

Ageratum houstonianum 

Ageratum paleaceum 

Agonandra racemosa 

Alchemilla pectinata 

Alchemilla sibbaldiaefolia 

Alchemilla sibbaldiaefolia 

Aldama dentata 

Allium ascalonicum 

Allium cepa 

Allium cepa 

Allium kunthii 

Allium sativum 

Allium scorodoprasum 

Alloispermum scabrum 

Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta 

Alnus jorullensis 

Alonsoa meridionalis 

Aloysia chiapensis 

Alternanthera laguroides 

Alvaradoa amorphoides 

Amaranthus hybridus 

Amaranthus hybridus 

Amaranthus hybridus 

Amaranthus scariosus 

Amaranthus spinosus 

Amaryllis belladonna 

Ambrosia cumanensis 

Amelanchier denticulata 

TZOTZIL NAME 

pino chi 

x uskun-te' 

yak'ubal us 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

x k'ail 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

muk'ta ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

x voy mula 

yak'ubal us 

yak'ubal us 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

turasnu te' 

x sentavo tz'i'lel 

x k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

x tan pox 

sakil pilix 

j'alnom tuix 

batz'i tuix 

sakil tuix 

te'tikil tuix 

batz'i axux 

yaxux ka' 

k'anal nich 

sakil nok 

tzajal nok 

chan-tzelav tz'i'lel 

chivo te' 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

kamaron te' 

batz'i tz'ul itaj 

sakil tz'ul itaj 

tzajal tz'ul itaj 

batz'i tz'ul itaj 

ch'ixal tz'ul itaj 

liryo 

altamixa 

mantzana te' 

361 
362 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME 

Amelanchier nervosa 

Ammi majus 

Ampelocissus acapulcencis 

Ampelopsis mexicana 

Ampelopsis mexicana 

Anagallis arvensis 

Anagallis arvensis 

Anagallis arvensis 

Ananas comosus 

Andropogon glomeratus 

Andropogon bicornis 

Andropogon glomeratus 

Anemia adiantifolia 

Anemia phyllitidis 

Anemopaegma puberulum 

Anemopaegma puberulum 

Annona cherimola 

Annona diversifolia 

Annona purpurea 

Annona reticulata 

Anoda cristata 

Anoda cristata 

Anoda cristata 

Anoda cristata 

Anoda cristata 

Anoda cristata 

Anoda cristata 

Anogramma leptophylla 

Anthericum eleutherandrum 

Anthericum vestitum 

Anthericum vestitum 

Anthurium chamulense 

Anthurium huixtlense 

Anthurium schlechtendalii 

Anthurium seleri 

Antigonon flavescens 

Antigonon flavescens 

Antigonon guatemalense 

Antigonon guatemalense 

Aphelandra deppeana 

Apium leptophyllum 

Aploleia multiflora 

Arachis hypogaea 

Arachis hypogaea 

Arachis hypogaea 

Aralia humilis 

Arbutus xalapensis 

Arbutus xalapensis 

Arceuthobium globosum 

Ardisia escallonioides 

Ardisia escallonioides 

Argemone mexicana 

Aristida schiedeana 

mantzana te' 

enkaje 

ve'el inatab 

tz'itesob jolol 

sakil tz'usub 

x chak'ak' 

x k'ox yax-chel 

poxil chuvaj 

muk'ta paxak' 

x akan jobel 

jobelal xalma 

jobelal xalma 

ik'al ok tzib 

ik'al ok tzib 

te' ak' 

memela ak' 

batz'i k'evex 

papaiisa k'evex 

chin-jol k'evex 

k'anal k'evex 

x jol olol 

x k'ox pak' chak 

x leb sotz' 

x malva 

poxil jolol 

x tux-nuk' 

x batz'i saju' 

ik'al ok tzib 

ch'upak' joj 

x ch'upak' 

ch'upak'joj 

x pok'ok' 

x pamal jabnal 

pamal jabnal 

x pamal jabnal 

te' ak' 

sakil tz'usub 

kanava ak' 

x kranata ak' 

x muk'ta yax-chel 

kulantu ch'o 

k'ox tz'emeni' 

manya chenek' 

batz'i manya chenek' 

soktomal manya chenek' 

yama chauk 

muk'ta on te' 

nap'ap' on 

yikatz toj 

x muk'ta paxamum 

tzajal ch'it 

x lo'balal ch'ix 

tzajal jobel 

Aristolochia maxima 

Aristolochia maxima 

Aristolochia sericea 

Arracacia bracteata 

Arracacia nelsonii 

Arthraxon quartinianus 

Arthraxon quartinianus 

Arundinella deppeana 

Arundinella deppeana 

Arundo donax 

Asclepias contrayerba 

Asclepias curassavica 

Asclepias oenotherioides 

Asclepias similis 

Asclepias sp. 

Asparagus setaceus 

Aspilia purpurea 

Asplenium monanthes 

Aster bullatus 

Aster bullatus 

Aster bullatus 

Aster exilis 

Aster exilis 

Aster exilis 

Astranthium purpurascens 

Avena fatua 

Avena sativa 

Ayenia mexicana 

Ayenia mexicana 

Ayenia micrantha 

Baccharis glutinosa 

Baccharis salicifolia 

Baccharis serraefolia 

Baccharis serraefolia 

Baccharis trinervis 

Baccharis vaccinioides 

Bacopa monnieri 

Bacopa repens 

Bakeridesia sp. 

Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata 

Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris 

Barleria micans 

Barleria micans 

Bartletina hylobia 

Bastardia viscosa 

Bauhinia divaricata 

Bauhinia pauletia 

Bauhinia pauletia 

Bauhinia ungulata 

Beaucarnea goldmanii 

Begonia biserrata 

Begonia fischeri var. tovarensis 

Begonia oaxacana 

x nok'ol sik'ol 

vako ak' 

vako ak' 

yama chauk 

yama chauk 

k'un-jobel 

x tzuntzun jobel 

x akan jobel 

puj-'akan jobel 

yajil ama 

bik'it on te' pox 

tzajal pojov tz'i'lel 

bik'it on te' pox 

muk'ta on te' pox 

x yat tz'i' ak' 

sakil kilkil nichim 

x batz'i saju' 

kilajtik tzib 

x poxil sal tz'i' 

markarita tz'i'lel 

koko'on nich nab 

nich nab 

x pich' 

x poxil sal tz'i' 

x markarita 

avena 

avena 

x k'ox tz'oban 

x k'ox yuch' max 

x k'ox yuch' max 

k'ox chilkat 

x k'ox tok'oy 

x ch'ail pox 

poxil tza'nel 

arsyal te' 

mes te' 

k'ox bertulaka 

x batz'i bertulaka 

x k'am-xoch' 

k'anal otot 

yaxal otot 

x muk'ta yax-chel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

x yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

voy chij te' 

x machita te' 

voy chij te' 

voy chij te' 

x kaxlan tok'oy 

muk'ta vala-pojov 

muk'ta vala-pojov 

muk'ta vala-pojov 
NUMBER 35 363 

LATIN NAME 

Begonia oaxacana 

Begonia plebeja 

Beilschmiedia riparia 

Berchemia scandens 

Berula erecta 

Berula erecta 

Berula erecta 

Beta vulgaris 

Beta vulgaris var. cicla 

Beta vulgaris var. cicla 

Beta vulgaris var. cicla 

Bidens aurea 

Bidens aurea 

Bidens bicolor 

Bidens bicolor 

Bidens bicolor 

Bidens humilis 

Bidens laevis 

Bidens ostruthioides 

Bidens ostruthioides 

Bidens ostruthioides 

Bidens pilosa 

Bidens pilosa 

Bidens pilosa 

Bidens squarrosa 

Bidens triplinervia 

Bidens triplinervia 

Billbergia pallidiflora 

Bixa ore liana 

Blechum brownei 

Blepharodon mucronatum 

Bletia reflexa 

Bletia reflexa 

Bletia sp. 

Bletia sp. 

Bocconia arborea 

Bocconia arborea 

Bocconia frutescens 

Bocconia frutescens 

Boerhaavia diffusa 

Boerhaavia diffusa 

Boerhaavia erecta 

Boldoa purpurascens 

Bomarea acutifolia 

Bomarea hirtella 

Bonamia sulphurea 

Bpnplandia geminiflora 

Bonplandia geminiflora 

B or ago officinalis 

Borreria laevis 

Borreria laevis 

Bouchea prismatica 

Bouchea prismatica 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

TZOTZIL NAME 

tzajal nichim 

batz'i pojov tz'i'lel 

tzitz te' 

tzis uch 

kulantu ch'o 

nich nab 

kuchara nich nab 

metabel 

aselka 

k'anal aselka 

yaxal aselka 

batz'i saju' 

k'anal matas 

k'anal matas 

k'anal nich 

k'ox yuch' max 

k'anal matas 

tzis chauk 

batz'i saju' 

k'anal matas 

k'anal nich 

sakil matas 

sakil matas 

batz'i saju' 

tzis chauk 

k'anal matas 

jjaral-me'tik 

xulub chivo ech' 

vo'ox 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

pojov ak' 

k'ojom 

me' putzul 

uch'ul vo'al ba ton 

kola 

kamusa te' 

yama chauk 

kamusa te' 

yama chauk 

kilajtik nex 

muk'ta bertulaka 

va'ajtik nex 

muk'ta bertulaka 

yat tz'i' ak' 

yat tz'i' ak' 

sakil kampana ak' 

tentzun 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

batz'i boraja 

sakil pern k'ulub 

alavena tz'i'lel 

k'ox yax-chel 

tentzun 

LATIN NAME 

Bougainvillea buttiant 

Bougainvillea glabra 

Bourreria huanita 

Bouteloua media 

Bouvardia leiantha 

Bouvardia longiflora 

Brachiaria reptans 

Brahea dulcis 

Brahea nitida 

Brassica campestris 

Brassica campestris 

Brassica juncea 

Brassica nigra 

Brassica oleracea var. 

Brassica oleracea var. 

Brassica oleracea var. 

Brassica oleracea var. 

Brassica oleracea var. 

Brassica oleracea var. 

Brassica oleracea var. 

Brassica oleracea var. 

Brassica oleracea var. 

Brassica oleracea var. 

Brassica oleracea var. 

Brassica rapa 

Brickellia diffusa 

Brickellia scoparia 

i 

X 

acephala 

acephala 

acephala 

acephala 

botrytis 

capitata 

capitata 

capitata 

capitata 

capitata 

gongyloides 

X 

Bromelia hemisphaerica 

Bromelia pinguin 

Bromelia plumieri 

Buchnera pusilla 

Buchnera pusilla 

Bucida macrostachya 

Buddleia americana 

Buddleia crotonoides 

Buddleia crotonoides 

ssp. amplexicaulis 

Buddleia nitida 

Buddleia skutchii 

Buettneria aculeata 

X 

X 

Bumelia obtusifolia var. buxifolia 

Bunchosia lanceolata 

Bunchosia lanceolata 

Bunchosia montana 

Bunchosia montana 

Bursera bipinnata 

Bursera excelsa 

Bursera simaruba 

Bursera steyermarkii 

Byrsonima crassifolia 

Caesalpinia exostema 

X 

X 

X 

TZOTZIL NAME 

yaxyax-'ulan kilkil 

nichim 

yaxyax-'ulan kilkil 

nichim 

ik'al te' 

tzajal jobel 

malva 

sakil karnpana nichim 

tzuntzun jobel 

batz'i xan 

pik' xan 

batz'i napux 

kaxlan napux 

k'ox mustisya 

muk'ta mustisya 

sakil tzukum jol itaj 

tzajal tzukum jol itaj 

batz'i itaj 

tzukum jol itaj 

koliflor 

jol itaj 

yo'on vakax itaj 

muk'ta jol itaj 

muk'ta yo'on vakax itaj 

k'ox yo'on vakax itaj 

kolinabo 

jolinom napux 

mesob jol bakal 

tzutzub 

chimpo paxak' 

kinya paxak' 

potpot paxak' 

batz'i pern k'ulub 

nochleb vonon 

muk'ta kachu toro te' 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

bak tzelo-pat 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

makom ch'ix 

yisim mut bolom 

k'ol-k'ox 

ventex mol 

batz'i k'an-'ich 

te' ak' 

ach'el pom 

batz'i pom 

tzajal sal-te' 

pom ka' 

nantzi' 

nichim te' 
364 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME 

Caesalpinia pulcherrima 

Calathea soconuscum 

Calceolaria tripartita 

Calea ternifolia 

Calea urticifolia 

Calliandra caeciliae 

Calliandra confusa 

Calliandra emarginata 

Calliandra grandiflora 

Calliandra houstoniana 

Calliandra portoricensis 

Calliandra tetragona 

Calochortus ghiesbreghtii 

Calochortus ghiesbreghtii 

Calonyction aculeatum 

Calopogonium coeruleum 

Calopogonium coeruleum 

Calycophyllum candidissimum 

Calyptocarpus wendlandii 

Calyptranthes chiapensis 

Campelia zanonia 

Campyloneurum angustifolium 

Campyloneurum xalapense 

Canavalia glabra 

Canavalia glabra 

Canavalia hirsutissima 

Canavalia hirsutissima 

Canavalia hirsutissima 

Canavalia villosa 

Canna edulis 

Cannabis sativa 

Capparis flexuosa 

Capraria biflora var. pilosa 

C apse I la bursa-pastoris 

Capsicum annuum 

Capsicum annuum 

Capsicum annuum 

Capsicum annuum 

Capsicum annuum 

Capsicum annuum 

Capsicum annuum 

Capsicum annuum var. avicular 

Capsicum pubescens 

Capsicum pubescens 

Cardamine flaccida 

Cardamine flaccida 

Carex donnell-smithii 

Car ex jamesonii 

Carex polystachya 

Carica cauliflora 

Carica papaya 

Carlowrightia sp. 

Carpinus caroliniana 

nichim te' 

k'ox ch'uch' 

x putzul 

x ch'ail pox 

ch'ail pox 

x ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

x voy chij te' 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

muk'ta xaxib 

muk'ta xaxib 

tuix tz'i'lel 

x ch'upak' 

sakil puyu' 

chenek' ak' 

x jikamo 

tzajal kanela te' 

jol choy 

bakel amuch te' 

muk'ta tz'emeni' 

kilajtik tzib 

kilajtik tzib 

pek' me'el 

te' ak' 

chenek' ak' 

pek' me'el 

yok' tz'i' ak' 

pek' me'el 

tzajal ch'uch' 

marivana 

x chenek' ak' 

x poxil k'ok' 

x pich' 

bak ich 

jlok'ol-chak ich 

natikil ich 

morte ich 

sakil ich 

volajtik ich 

yich kurik 

? tzo' mut ich 

k'anal ich 

pujkan ich 

nich nab 

bero nich nab 

x batz'i pech'e-'ok jobel 

x krus jobel 

krus jobel 

papaya mut 

papaya 

x tentzun 

tz'utuj te' 

Casearia commersoniana 

Casearia corymbosa 

Casimiroa edulis 

Casimiroa edulis 

Casimiroa edulis 

Casimiroa edulis 

Cassytha filiformis 

Castilleja arvensis 

Castilleja integrifolia 

Castilleja integrifolia 

Castilleja integrifolia 

Catoferia chiapensis 

Catopsis nutans 

Cavendishia crassifolia 

Cayaponia attenuata 

Cayaponia racemosa 

Ceanothus coeruleus 

Cecropia peltata 

Cedrela oaxacensis 

Cedrela odorata 

Cedrela salvadorensis 

Ceiba aesculifolia 

Ceiba pentandra 

Celastrus vulcanicola 

Celtis iguanaea 

Cenchrus brownii 

Cenchrus pilosus 

Centaurea cyanus 

Centaurium brachycalyx 

Centropogon grandidentatus 

Centropogon grandidentatus 

Centrosema plumieri 

Centrosema pubescens 

Centrosema pubescens 

Centrosema pubescens 

Cephalocereus maxonii 

Cerastium nutans 

Cestrum aurantiacum 

Cestrum aurantiacum 

Cestrum guatemalense 

Cestrum nocturnum 

Chamaecrista desvauxii 

Chamaecrista nictitans disadena 

var. pilosa 

Chamaecrista nictitans disadena 

var. pilosa 

Chamaecrista rufa 

Chamaedorea concolor 

Chamaedorea elatior . 

Chamaedorea ernesti-augustii 

Chamaedorea nubium 

Chamaesyce densiflora 

Chamaesyce hirta 

Chamaesyce hirta 

kajve te' 

kajve te' 

aj-te' 

muk'ta aj-te' 

ch'ulul aj-te' 

bik'it aj-te' 

x batz'i k'an-ak' 

j'ak'-'uch 

x nochleb vonon 

yalem bek'et 

x j'ak'-'uch 

muk'ta yax-chel 

x antzil ech' 

konkon 

xavon ak' 

xavon ak' 

ik'al pomos 

k'orok' te' 

bik'it ch'u te' 

sakil ch'u te' 

sakil ch'u te' 

mojan 

inop 

x k'anal konkon 

ch'ix ak' 

mosote 

mosote 

pinsel 

x tzitz pox 

x tzajal pom tz'unun 

primon 

yok' tz'i' ak' 

chenek' ak' 

yok' tz'i' ak' 

x pek' me'el 

yoyal vinajel 

x moy 

x sakil ch'it 

tuil te' 

tuil te' 

x tuil te' 

poxil me' vinik 

x k'anal sat mes 

yolnob ch'o 

x k'anal sat mes 

palma ch'ib 

batz'i ch'ib 

muk'ta ch'ib 

muk'ta ch'ib 

batz'i pojov tz'i'lel 

batz'i pojov tz'i'lel 

x mukumu 
NUMBER 35 365 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME 

Chamaesyce hypericifolia 

Chamaesyce hypericifolia 

Chamaesyce hyssopifolia 

Chamaesyce hyssopifolia 

Chamomilla recutita 

Chamomilla suaveolens 

Cheilanthes farinosa 

Cheilanthes hirsuta 

Cheilanthes lendigera 

Cheiloplecton rigidum 

Chenopodium ambrosioides 

Chenopodium murale 

Chenopodium nuttalliae 

Chimaphila umbellata 

Chiococca alba 

Chiranthodendron pentadactylon 

Chloris virgata 

Chlorophora tinctoria 

Chromolaena collina 

Chromolaena odorata 

Chrysanthemum coronarium 

Chrysanthemum coronarium 

Chrysanthemum coronarium 

Chrysanthemum coronarium 

Chrysophyllum cainito 

Chrysophyllum mexicanum 

Chusquea foliosa 

Chusquea liebmanni 

Cicer arietinum 

Cinnamomum zeylanicum 

Cirsium horridulum 

Cirsium mexicanum 

Cirsium nigriceps 

Cirsium subcoriaceum 

Cirsium subcoriaceum 

Cissampelos pareira 

Cissus cacuminis 

Cissus cacuminis 

Cissus cacuminis 

Cissus rhombifolia 

Cissus sicyoides 

Cissus sicyoides 

Citharexylum donnell-smithii 

Citrullus vulgaris 

Citrus aurantifolia 

Citrus aurantium 

Citrus limetta 

Citrus limonia 

Citrus limonia 'Eureka' 

Citrus limonia 'Millsweet' 

Citrus medica 

Citrus reticulata 

Citrus reticulata 

batz'i pojov tz'i'lel 

x poxil ti'ben lukum 

poxil ti'ben lukum 

batz'i pojov tz'i'lel 

mantzanilya 

x mantzanilya 

muruch' tzib 

ik'al ok tzib 

muruch' tzib 

muruch' tzib 

koko'on 

tan tz'ul itaj 

tan tz'ul itaj 

sat vet 

x merokotom turasnu 

k'am-xoch' 

kakaxon jobel 

mora 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

krus tz'i'lel 

k'anal krisantema 

krisantema 

rosaro krisantema 

sakil krisantema 

muk'ta tzajal ch'it 

muk'ta tzajal ch'it 

muk'ta ne kotom 

k'ox ne kotom 

ik'al karvensa chenek' 

kanelo 

lo'balal ch'ix 

tomal ch'ix 

tomal ch'ix 

tomal ch'ix 

x k'ux pevul 

kururin 

x tz'itesob jolol 

sakil tz'usub 

ve'el inatab 

x tz'itesob jolol 

x tz'itesob jolol 

ve'el inatab 

x kajve te' 

xantiya 

elamonix 

alaxax 

ch'ulul lima 

pimil pat lima 

limon 

chu' lima 

sila 

mantarina 

batz'i mantarina 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME 

Citrus reticulata 

Citrus sinensis 

Citrus sinensis 

Citrus sinensis 

Clematis dioica 

Clematis grossa 

Cleome magnifica 

Cleome spinosa 

Clethra mexicana 

Clethra suaveolens 

Cleyera theaeoides 

Cleyera theaeoides 

Clitoria polystachya 

Clusia rosea 

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius 

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius 'Maya' 

Cnidoscolus multilobus 

Cnidoscolus tubulosus 

Coaxana purpurea 

Cobaea scandens 

Coccoloba barbadensis 

Coccoloba diversifolia 

Coccoloba liebmannii 

Coccoloba mayana 

Coccoloba mayana 

Cochlospermum vitifolium 

Cocos nucifera 

Coffea arabica 

Cologania broussonettii 

Cologania broussonettii 

Cologania glabrior 

Cologania procumbens 

Colubrina elliptica 

Colubrina erecta 

Comarostaphylos arbutoides 

Comarostaphylos discolor 

Combretum fruticosum 

Commelina alpestris 

Commelina alpestris 

Commelina coelestis 

Commelina diffusa 

Commelina diffusa 

Commelina erecta 

Comocladia guatemalensis 

Conium maculatum 

Conopholis americana 

Conyza canadensis 

Conyza canadensis 

Conyza chilensis 

Conyza chilensis 

Conyza chilensis 

Conyza sophiifolia 

Corchorus siliquosus 

k'ol-pat mantarina 

naranja 

jayal pat naranja 

pimil pat naranja 

ich ak' 

ich ak' 

pa' itaj 

x tz'in-te' 

bak amuch te' 

x aja-te'es 

x tilil 

ik'al k'oxox te' 

chenek' te' 

memela te' 

sakil la 

chaya itaj 

sakil la 

sakil la 

yama chauk 

batz'i karnpana ak' 

karnero te' 

karnero te' 

karnero te' 

x ik'al te' 

karnero te' 

putzkuy 

koko 

kajve 

yak'il vob 

chenek' ak' 

chenek' ak' 

x yok' tz'i' ak' 

x bakel amuch te' 

tzajal k'os 

k'ox on te' 

k'ox on te' 

te' ak' 

x yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

x yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

kachimpa te' 

enkaje 

batz'i yajan chuch 

x koko'on 

x pich' 

chikaryo tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

x poxil yayijemal 

x pich' 

sakil sat mes 
366 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Cucurbita galeottii 

Cucurbita mixta 

Cucurbita mixta 

Cucurbita mixta 

Cucurbita mixta 

Cucurbita mixta 

Cucurbita moschata 

Cucurbita moschata 

Cucurbita moschata 

Cucurbita moschata 

Cucurbita moschata 

Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo 

Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo 

Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo 

Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo 

Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo 

Cuphea aequipetala 

Cuphea cyanea 

Cuphea cyanea 

Cuphea cyanea x 

Cuphea intermedia x 

Cuphea leptopoda x 

Cuphea leptopoda 

Cuphea leptopoda x 

Cuphea pinetorum x 

Cuphea pinetorum 

Cuphea utriculosa x 

Cuphea wrightii x 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Curatella americana 

Cuscuta corymbosa var. grandifolia 

Cuscuta tinctoria 

Cuscuta yucatana 

Cyclanthera bourgeana 

Cyclanthera langaei 

Cyclanthera langaei 

Cydista diversifolia 

Cydonia oblonga 

Cymbispatha commelinoides 

Cymbopogon citratus 

Cynanchum rensonii x 

Cynanchum sp. x 

Cynodon dactylon 

Cynoglossum amabile 

Cyperus canus 

Cyperus hermaphroditus 

Cyperus hermaphroditus 

Cyperus manimae 

Cyperus niger x 

Cyperus niger 

Cyperus pallens 

Cyperus virens 

TZOTZIL NAME 

yaxal mail 

ch'ako' 

sakil 

korneta sakil 

telajtik sakil 

volajtik sakil 

setajtik sakil 

ch'um 

baril ch'um 

kometa ch'um 

mail ch'um 

setajtik ch'um 

tz'ol 

batz'i tz'ol 

sakil tz'ol 

yaxal tz'ol 

kvarentano tz'ol 

nochleb vonon 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

pitz'otz' 

batz'i ch'ulelal nichim 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

tentzun 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

poxil majbenal 

tzitz tz'i'lel 

nochleb vonon 

nukul pat 

vux te' 

batz'i k'an-ak' 

batz'i k'an-ak' 

k'ox k'an-ak' 

batz'i ch'um-te' ch'o 

polotz' 

ch'ix ch'um-te' ch'o 

barsin ak' 

nimpronix 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

batz'i limon jobel 

mikulax itaj 

mikulax itaj 

kakaxon jobel 

k'ox boraja 

krus jobel 

krus jobel 

yisim be 

krus jobel 

puj 

krus jobel 

krus jobel 

krus jobel 

Cordia alliodora 

Cordia dentata 

Cordia dodecandra 

Cordia foliosa 

Cordia sebestena 

Cordia spinescens 

Cordia spinescens 

be xinich te' 

nankipu 

nankipu 

ve'el kulajte' 

nankipu 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

ve'el kulajte' 

Coreopsis mutica var. microcephala batz'i k'an-'ich 

Coriandrum sativum 

Coriaria ruscifolia 

Cornus disciflora 

Cornus excelsa 

Cosmos bipinnatus 

Cosmos caudatus 

Cosmos crithmifolius 

Cosmos diversifolius 

Costus sanguineus 

Cranichis trilobata 

Crataegus pubescens 

Crataegus pubescens 

Crataegus pubescens 

Crataegus pubescens 

Crescentia alata 

Crescentia cujete 

Crinum amabile 

Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora 

Crossopetalum parvifolium 

Crotalaria acapulcensis 

Crotalaria cajanifolia 

Crotalaria incana 

Crotalaria mucronata 

Crotalaria pumila 

Crotalaria quercetorum 

Crotalaria sagittalis 

Croton argenteus 

Croton ciliatoglandulifer 

Croton ciliatoglandulifer 

Croton draco 

Croton draco 

Croton guatemalensis 

Crusea calocephala 

Crusea diversifolia 

Crusea parviflora 

Ctenitis equestris 

Cucumis anguria 

Cucumis anguria 

Cucumis melo var. conomon 

Cucumis melo var. reticulatus 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

kulantu 

lo'bol vet 

x tz'utuj te' 

isbon 

kampray 

x sakil matas 

x batz'i ch'oliv 

x markarita 

vojton tz'i'lel 

x kola 

k'at'ix 

sijom k'at'ix 

k'anal k'at'ix 

tzajal k'at'ix 

tzima' 

boch 

snichim koyta 

k'ox bukaro 

poxil sim-nak'al 

ch'aben ka' 

x batz'i ch'aben 

tontikil ch'aben 

batz'i ch'aben 

tontikil ch'aben 

tontikil ch'aben 

poxil vayichil 

x tux-nuk' 

nap'-'us tz'i'lel 

x ajval te' 

ch'ich' bot 

x muk'ta yax-chel 

x muk'ta paxamum 

sakil pern k'ulub 

tzitz tz'i'lel 

sakil pern k'ulub 

muk'ta tzib 

ch'ix ch'um-te' ch'o 

ch'um-te' pox 

batz'i melon 

chi'il melon 

mail 

chij-chon mail 

sakil mail 

sak-vayan mail 

tz'ibaltik mail 
NUMBER 35 

LATIN NAME 

Cyperus virens 

Cypripedium irapeanum 

Cyrtopodium punctatum 

Cystopferis fragilis 

Dactyloctenium aegyptium 

Dahlia australis var. chiapensis 

Dahlia coccinea 

Dahlia coccinea 

Dahlia imperialis 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

dalya 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

dalya 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dahlia pinnata 

Dalbergia glabra 

Dalbergia glabra 

Dalea foliolosa 

Dalea foliolosa 

Dalea leporina 

Dalea leporina 

Dalea lutea var. gigantea 

Dalea lutea var. gigantea 

Dalea sericea 

TZOTZIL NAME 

yisim be 

putzul 

yat kotom 

ik'al ok tzib 

kakaxon jobel 

k'ox ch'oliv 

yama chauk 

tzajal ch'oliv 

batz'i ch'oliv 

dalya 

ik'-lo'an pino dalya 

ik'-lo'an pinto pino 

ik'-lo'an potz pino dalya 

k'an-set'an pino dalya 

k'an-set'an potz pino 

k'anal pino dalya 

k'anal potz pino dalya 

k'ox sakil pino dalya 

moraro dalya 

rosaro pino dalya 

sak-vayan pino dalya 

sakil pino dalya 

sakil potz pino dalya 

tzajal pino dalya 

majava ak' 

x yich'ak mis 

x mesob jol bakal 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

mesob jol bakal 

x mesob jol bakal 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

Dalea tomentosa var. psoraleoides tzukum tz'i'lel 

Dalea versicolor 

Dalea versicolor 

Dalechampia scandens 

Dalembertia triangularis 

Daphnopsis americana 

Datura Candida 

Datura Candida 

Datura stramonium 

Datura stramonium 

Daucus carota 

Daucus carota 

Daucus carota var. sativa 

Daucus montanus 

Davilla nitida 

Delonix regia 

Dendranthema morifolium 

x k'an-te' 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

yak' max 

jol olol 

yak' jnibak 

batz'i karnpana nichim 

cha'-koj karnpana 

nichim 

x ch'upak' te' 

makom uch 

enkaje 

kulantu ch'o 

sanorya 

kulantu ch'o 

vux te' 

mdchita te' 

k'anal espayder 

LATIN NAME 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendropanax arboreus 

Descurainia streptocarpa 

Desmanthodium perfoliatum 

Desmanthus virgatus 

Desmodium amplifolium 

Desmodium amplifolium 

Desmodium aparines 

Desmodium chiapense 

Desmodium maxoni 

Desmodium nicaraguense 

Desmodium orbiculare 

Desmodium palmeri 

Desmodium skinneri 

Desmodium strobilaceum 

Dianthus barbatus 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Dianthus chinensis 

Diastatea micrantha 

Diastatea micrantha 

Dichanthelium laxiflorum 

Dichondra argentea 

Didymaea alsinoides 

Didymaea alsinoides 

Digitaria leucites 

Digiticalia chiapensis 

Digiticalia chiapensis 

Dioscorea cf. dugesii 

Dioscorea convolvulacea 

Dioscorea cymosula var. cinerea 

Dioscorea floribunda 

Dioscorea nelsonii 

Diospyros digyna 

Diospyros nicaraguensis 

J O / 

TZOTZIL NAME 

moraro espayder 

sakil espayder 

k'anal kartolina 

moraro kartolina 

sakil kartolina 

k'anal krisantema 

rosaro krisantema 

sakil krisantema 

krisantema nichim 

muk'ta pompom 

k'anal pompom 

moraro pompom 

sakil pompom 

tempix 

x pich' 

x batz'i suil itaj 

yolnob ch'o 

tan ka' 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

tan ka' 

tan ka' 

tan ka' 

tan ka' 

tan ka' 

chenek' tz'i'lel 

tan ka' 

tan ka' 

k'ok' sat nichim 

klavel 

ik"ik'-lo'an klavel 

korona klavel 

rosaro klavel 

sak-vayan klavel 

sakil klavel 

tzajal klavel 

klavelina 

x klavel 

poxil satil 

x voy mula 

tzuntzun jobel 

chikin ch'o 

tz'usub ak' 

te' ak' 

x akan jobel 

jok'leb tzo'op tz'unun 

yama chauk 

p'uk 

ne inatab 

p'uk 

ne inatab 

p'uk 

uch 

x uch 
368 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME 

Diospyros nicaraguensis 

Diospyros nicaraguensis 

Dipholis matudae 

Diphysa floribunda 

Diphysa floribunda 

Diphysa spinosa 

Dodonaea viscosa 

Donnellsmithia juncea 

Dorstenia contrajerva 

Drimys granadensis 

Drymaria gracilis 

Drymaria gracilis 

Dryopteris nubigena 

Dryopteris nubigena 

Duchesnea indica 

Duranta repens 

Dyssodia appendiculata 

Dyssodia papposa 

Dyssodia papposa 

Echeandia macrocarpa 

Echeandia macrocarpa 

Echeandia macrophylla 

var. longifolia 

Echeandia parviflora 

Echeveria acutifolia 

Echeveria bella 

Echeveria bella 

Echeveria bella 

Echeveria mucronata 

Echeveria sessiliflora 

Echinopepon horridus 

Ehretia latifolia 

Ehretia tinifolia 

Ehretia tinifolia 

Eichhornea crassipes 

Elaeodendron trichotomum 

Elaphoglossum latifolium 

Elaphoglossum paleaceum 

Elaphoglosum latifolium 

Eleocharis dombeyana 

Eleusine indica 

Elionurus tripsacoides 

Elytraria imbricata 

Encyclia chondulobulbon 

Encyclia cochleatum 

Encyclia ochracea 

Encyclia sp. 

Encyclia sp. 

Encyclia varicosa 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 

Epidendrum arbuscula 

Epidendrum ciliare 

jich'il anal ch'it 

x batz'i k'oxox te' 

tzitz te' 

k'an-te' 

x yax-te' 

x sakil ch'ix te' 

bak te' 

kulantu ch'o 

kontiyerva 

x batz'i k'oxox te' 

x poxil satil 

x tzotzil jabnal 

muk'ta tzib 

k'ox tzib 

makom tz'i'lel 

nimpronix te' 

x tzis chauk 

x k'ox vo'tus 

x k'anal matas 

x ch'upak' 

ch'upak'joj 

ch'upak'joj 

ch'upak'joj 

poxil chin 

x batz'i pimil anal 

poxil yat chij 

x poxil eal 

poxil chin 

poxil chin 

ch'ix ch'um-te' ch'o 

ik'al te' 

x karnero te' 

nampivo 

ba nab tz'i'lel 

yaj-te' kotom 

jamal anal tzib 

jamal anal tzib 

x pamal jabnal 

x puj 

kakaxon jobel 

tzajal jobel 

poxil yerva 

x muk'ta uch'ul vo' 

yuch'ul vo' j'ik'al 

k'ox uch'ul vo' 

yuch'ul vo' bolom 

sakil uch'ul vo' 

sakil uch'ul vo' 

pit 

muk'ta uch'ul vo' 

yuch'ul vo' j'ik'al 

Epidendrum parkinsonianum 

Epidendrum radicans 

Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii 

Equisetum hymale var. affine x 

Equisetum hymale var. affine 

Equisetum myriochaetum 

Equisetum myriochaetum 

Erianthus trinii x 

Erigeron karwinskianus 

Eriobotrya japonica x 

Erodium cicutarium 

Erodium moschatum 

Eryngium carlinae x 

Eryngium carlinae 

Eryngium carlinae 

Eryngium ghiesbreghtii 

Eryngium ghiesbreghtii 

Eryngium guatemalense 

Eryngium longirameum x 

Eryngium longirameum 

Erythrina chiapasana 

Erythrina goldmanii 

Erythrodes secunda 

Erythroxylon rotundifolium 

Escobedia guatemalensis 

Escobedia laevis x 

Eucalyptus camaldulensis 

Eucalyptus globulus 

Eugenia acapulcensis 

Eugenia amatenangensis x 

Eugenia amatenangensis 

Eugenia carranzae 

Eugenia caryophyllus 

Eugenia laughlinii 

Eugenia yunckeri x 

Eugenia yunckeri 

Eupatoriastrum nelsonii x 

Euphorbia anychioides 

Euphorbia dentata 

Euphorbia francoana 

Euphorbia graminea 

Euphorbia graminea x 

Euphorbia graminea 

Euphorbia graminea 

Euphorbia heterophylla 

Euphorbia heterophylla a 

Euphorbia leucocephala 

Euphorbia macropus > 

Euphorbia macropus 

Euphorbia pseudofulva > 

Euphorbia pulcherrima > 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Fernaldia pandurata 

Festuca amplissima 

kilajtik uch'ul vo' 

tzajal tz'emeni' 

batz'i chikin ton 

puj 

tut 

tut 

yama chauk 

ch'ix jobel 

poxil sal tz'i 

ja'as 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

lo'balal ch'ix 

nich nab 

keb chij 

keb chij 

nich nab 

ch'ix nich nab 

voy mula 

keb chij 

x'ukun 

x'ukun 

o'lol tz'emeni' 

jach'ub te' 

bik'tal karnpana nichim 

batz'i asasena 

kampor 

kampor 

sakil ch'it 

kajve te' 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

klaVo 

sakil ch'it 

batz'i potov 

tzotzin ch'it 

batz'i saju' 

poxil chu'ul 

batz'i pojov tz'i'lel 

batz'i pojov tz'i'lel 

batz'i pojov tz'i'lel 

jol olol 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

mukumu 

batz'i pojov tz'i'lel 

jom akan 

mukumu 

mukumu 

batz'i pojov tz'i'lel 

yax-te' 

tz'in-te' 

yax-te' 

chikin chij 

ch'ix jobel 
NUMBER 35 369 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME 

Ficus carica 

Ficus carica 

Ficus carica 

Ficus cookii 

Ficus cotinifolia 

Ficus elastica 

Ficus glabrata 

Ficus glaucescens 

Fleischmannia imitans x 

Fleischmannia pycnocephala 

Fleischmannia pycnocephala x 

Fleischmanniopsis leucocephalum 

Foeniculum vulgare 

Fragaria vesca 

Fraxinus uhdei 

Fuchsia encliandra x 

ssp. tetradactyla 

Fuchsia encliandra x 

ssp. tetradactyla 

Fuchsia microphylla ssp. aprica x 

Fuchsia microphylla 

ssp. quercetorum 

Fuchsia paniculata 

Fuchsia splendens x 

Fuchsia splendens 

Fuchsia thymifolia x 

ssp. minimiflora 

Fuirena simplex x 

Furcraea guatemalensis 

Gaillardia pulchella x 

Galactia acapulcensis 

Galactia striata x 

Galinsoga quadriradiata 

Galinsoga quadriradiata x 

Galium aschenbornii x 

Galium orizabense 

Galium sp. 

Galium uncinulatum 

Galium uncinulatum 

Galphimia glauca 

Garcia nutans x 

Garrya laurifolia 

Gaudichaudia albida 

Gaultheria odorata 

Gaura tripetala x 

Gaura tripetala x 

Goya minutiflora 

Goya minutiflora x 

Genipa caruto 

Gentiana laevigata x 

Geranium goldmanii 

Geranium seemannii 

Geranium seemannii 

ik'ux 

yaxal ik'ux 

ik'al ik'ux 

mutut 

mutut 

te'el uli' 

amat 

amat 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yak'ubal us 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

sakil nichim 

inojo 

tz'unbalal makom 

presa 

poxil t'ajel 

pitz'otz' 

poxil t'ajel 

tzajal ch'ulelal nichim 

yich'ak mut 

primon 

ba ikatzil 

pitz'otz' 

puj 

te'tikal chi 

markarita 

xut ak' 

pek' me'el 

uskun-te' 

batz'i saju' 

xavon ak' 

bik'it nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

bik'it nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

k'anal konkon 

k'ol-k'ox 

ik'al vinik 

k'anal ak' 

aja-te'es 

nochleb vonon 

poxil apon 

chichol ak' 

saya-vun 

maluk 

yat tz'i' ak' 

muk'ta akuxa tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

sakil akuxa tz'i'lel 

Gladiolus hortulanus 

Gladiolus hortulanus 

Gladiolus hortulanus 

Gladiolus hortulanus 

Gladiolus hortulanus 

Gladiolus hortulanus 

Gladiolus hortulanus 

Gliricidia ehrenbergii 

Gliricidia ehrenbergii 

Gliricidia ehrenbergii 

Gliricidia ehrenbergii 

Gliricidia sepium 

Gnaphalium attenuatum 

Gnaphalium brachypterum 

Gnaphalium purpureum 

Gnaphalium roseum 

Gnaphalium viscosum 

Gnaphalium sp. 

Godmania aesculifolia 

Godmania aesculifolia 

Gomphrena decumbens 

Gomphrena decumbens 

Gongora spp. 

Gongylocarpus rubricaulis 

Gonolobus barbatus 

Gonolobus barbatus 

Gonolobus niger 

Gonolobus prasinanthus 

Gonolobus sp. 

Gonolobus sp. 

Gonolobus uniflorus 

Gossypium hirsutum 

Gossypium hirsutum 

Gossypium hirsutum 

Gouania polygama 

Gouania polygama 

Gouania polygama 

Gouania polygama 

Govenia liliacea 

Govenia superba 

Greigia oaxacana 

Gronovia scandens 

Gronovia scandens 

Guazuma ulmifolia 

Guettarda macrosperma 

Gymnolaena chiapasana 

Gymnopodium floribundum 

var. antigonoides 

Gynerium sagittatum 

Gypsophila elegans 

Gypsophila paniculata 

Gyrocarpus americanus 

Gyrocarpus americanus 

Habenaria clypeata 

chijal bukaro 

sakil bukaro 

tzajal bukaro 

k'anal radiola 

moraro radiola 

sak-vilan radiola 

sakil radiola 

chenek' te' 

ch'ix-ni' te' 

x yax-te' 

x yax-'ib te' 

milob ch'o te' 

poxil yayijemal 

poxil yayijemal 

x poxil yayijemal 

poxil yayijemal 

poxil yayijemal 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

chenek'te' 

yaxal kachu toro te' 

bot'-jol tz'i'lel 

x j'ak'-'uch 

yuch'ul vo' bolom 

x k'ox arvajaka 

x kranata ak' 

x k'ox puyu' 

x mikulax itaj 

lo'bol kotom 

x batz'i ch'um-te' ch'o 

x xenebal pox 

lo'bol ak' 

tux-nuk' 

k'an-chik tux-nuk' 

sakil tux-nuk' 

x makom ch'ix 

x pek' me'el 

te' ak' 

kakaxon ak' 

kola 

kola tz'i'lel 

paxak'il te'tik 

kilajtik la 

x k'ox puyu' 

akit 

barsin te' 

x tzitz pox 

sakil pomos 

vinik aj 

nube 

nube 

x mail te' 

xinal te' 

o'lol tz'emeni' 
370 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME 

Habenaria quinqueseta 

Haematoxylon brasiletto 

Hamelia patens 

Haplophyton cinereum 

Harpalyce formosa var. goldmanii 

Harpalyce formosa x 

var. goldmanii 

Hauya elegans 

Hechtia glomerata x 

Hedeoma costatum x 

Hedychium coronarium x 

Helenium scorzoneraefolia 

Helianthemum glomeratum 

Heliconia librata 

Heliconia schiedeana 

Heliocarpus donnell-smithii 

Heliocarpus mexicanus 

Heliotropium angiospermum 

Heliotropium indicum x 

Helosis mexicana 

Hemerocallis fulva 

Hemichaena rugosa x 

Hemichaena rugosa 

Herissantia crispa 

Heterocentron subtriplinervium x 

Heteropteris beecheyana 

Heteropteris beecheyana x 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 

Hieracium abscissum 

Hieracium stuposum 

Hippeastrum bifidum 

Hippeastrum solandriflorum 

Hippeastrum vittatum 

Hippeastrum vittatum 

Hippocratia volubilis x 

Hiraea aff. fagifolia 

Hiraea reclinata 

Hofmeisteria urenifolia x 

Holodiscus argenteus 

Houstonia serpyllacea 

Hura polyandra 

Hybanthus verbenaceus 

Hybanthus verbenaceus x 

Hydrolea spinosa 

Hylocereus undatus 

Hymenaea courbaril 

Hymenocallis riparia 

Hyperbaena mexicana 

Hypericum uliginosum 

Hypoxis decumbens x 

Hypoxis decumbens 

Hyptis mutabilis 

Hyptis suaveolens x 

o'lol tz'emeni' 

brasil 

yich'ak ch'o 

poxil mako' 

chenek' te' 

tzo' xulem te' 

sakil kanela te' 

chimpo paxak' 

poxil k'ok' 

tzajal ch'uch' 

sakramentual nichim 

tan pox 

k'ox lo'bol 

k'ox lo'bol 

bot 

bot 

alavena tz'i'lel 

malva 

tzajal yajan chuch 

k'anal asasena 

ch'ix ch'il vet 

muk'ta pom tz'unun 

chichol ak' 

tzajal chii jabnal 

ne saben 

pek' me'el 

tzajal kampana nichim 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel 

tzajal asasena 

sakil asasena 

nichim ninyo 

tzajal asasena 

ik'al te' 

yak' xulem 

te' ak' 

jjaral-me'tik 

tzajal pomos 

mail tz'i'lel 

chin te' 

poxil chon 

k'anal sat mes 

nich nab 

muk'ta chikin ton 

ch'ilim te' 

asasena tz'i'lel 

sik'ol te' 

tzitz pox 

ch'upak' joj 

ve'el k'ovix 

sakil pom tz'unun 

nochleb buluk' sat 

Hyptis suaveolens 

Hyptis suaveolens 

Hyptis suaveolens 

Hyptis tomentosa 

Hyptis urticoides 

Hyptis verticillata 

Hyptis verticillata 

Iberis simplex 

Ilex brandegeana 

Ilex vomitoria 

Indigofera miniata 

Indigofera mucronata 

Indigofera suffruticosa 

Indigofera thibaudiana 

Indigofera thibaudiana 

Indigofera thibaudiana 

Indigofera thibaudiana 

Inga fagifolia 

Inga jinicuil 

Inga punctata 

Inga vera ssp. spuria 

Inga vera ssp. spuria 

Inga xalapensis 

Iostephane trilobata 

Iostephane trilobata 

Ipomoea alba 

Ipomoea alba 

Ipomoea batata 

Ipomoea hederacea 

Ipomoea hederacea 

Ipomoea lindenii 

Ipomoea microsticta 

Ipomoea pauciflora 

Ipomoea pauciflora 

Ipomoea pauciflora 

Ipomoea pedicellaris 

Ipomoea pedicellaris 

Ipomoea purpurea 

Ipomoea seducta 

Ipomoea signata 

Ipomoea sp. 

Ipomoea suffulta 

Ipomoea triloba 

Ipomoea triloba 

Ipomoea tyrianthina 

Iresine angustifolia 

Iresine celosia 

Iresine celosia 

Iresine celosia 

Iresine nigra 

Jacaranda acutifolia 

Jacquemontia nodiflora 

Jacquemontia pentantha 

x poxil obal 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

x yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

sakil pom tz'unun 

sakil pom tz'unun 

alaveria tz'i'lel 

x yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

kopita 

x oven 

x batz'i k'oxox te' 

ch'aben tz'i'lel 

ch'aben tz'i'lel 

ch'aben te' 

ch'aben te' 

x milob ch'o te' 

x yax-te' 

yolnob ch'o 

tz'erel 

tz'erel 

tz'erel 

chenek'te' 

chalon 

chalon 

x kontiyerva 

tzeb nekeb pox 

x amolyo 

sakil puyu' 

tzajal is-ak' 

x batz'i pik'ok' 

yaxal puyu' 

yaxal puyu' 

amolyo 

sakil ak' 

x sakil karnpana ak' 

pojov ak' 

x batz'i karnpana ak' 

tzajal puyu' 

k'ox pik'ok' 

yaxal puyu' 

batz'i pik'ok' 

k'ox puyu' 

tzajal puyu' 

bikil tz'i' ak' 

x batz'i pik'ok' 

batz'i pik'ok' 

k'ask'as te' 

koko'on chij 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

x koko'on 

k'ask'as te' 

x pit 

x sakil ak' 

k'ox puyu' 
NUMBER 35 371 

LATIN NAME 

Jacquinea macrocarpa 

Jaltomata procumbens 

Jasminum mesnyi 

Jasminum sambac 

Jatropha curcas 

Juanulloa mexicana 

Juglans regia 

Juncus dichotomus 

Juncus ebracteatus 

Juncus effusus 

Juncus effusus var. solutus 

Juncus marginatus var. setosus 

Juncus microcephalus 

Juniperus comitana 

Juniperus gamboana 

Justicia clinopodium 

Justicia clinopodium 

Justicia fulvicoma 

Justicia sp. 

Kallstroemia rosei 

Karwinskia humboldtiana 

Kearnemalvastrum lacteum 

Kearnemalvastrum lacteum 

Kniphofia uvaria 

Kohleria elegans 

Krameria revoluta 

Lactuca graminifolia 

Lactuca sativa 

Lactuca sativa 

Lactuca sativa 

Lagascea helianthifolia 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lamium amplexicaule 

Lamium amplexicaule 

Lamourouxia viscosa 

Lamourouxia viscosa 

Lantana achyranthifolia 

Lantana achyranthifolia 

Lantana camara 

Lantana hispida 

Lasiacis divaricata 

Lasiacis divaricata 

TZOTZIL NAME 

majob ik'al 

chichol ch'o 

sakil nichim te' 

sakil nichim te' 

sakil sal-te' 

pochok' 

ton bek' 

ik'al jobel 

ik'al jobel 

ik'al jobel 

x puj 

ik'al jobel 

ik'al jobel 

ok'il te' 

ok'il te' 

x nochleb vonon 

x tentzun 

x muk'ta yax-chel 

x malva 

mexa tz'i'lel 

x aja-te'es 

x k'ox yuch' max 

muk'ta pak' chak 

asasena vola 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

x tan pox 

yat tz'i' tz'i'lel 

lechuka 

jich'il anal lechuka 

votzvotz lechuka 

tzojoj 

tzu 

batz'i tzu 

ik'ob-bail tzu 

kometa tzu 

muk'ta tzu 

nene' tzu 

tzual moy 

pulum vo' 

jay 

k'ox jay 

muk'ta jay 

sme' tzual moy 

x k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

x tzotzil jabnal 

x tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal kampana 

alavena tz'i'lel 

ten-jol pox 

ch'ix ch'il vet 

sakil ch'il vet 

ik'ob chij 

x k'ox ne kotom 

LATIN NAME 

Lasiacis hispida 

Lasiacis procerrima 

Lasiacis ruscifolia 

Lasiacis sorghoidea 

Lasiacis sorghoidea 

Lasianthaea fruticosa 

Leandra subseriata 

Leochilus pygmaeus 

Leonurus sibericus 

Lepechinia schiedeana 

Lepechinia schiedeana 

TZOTZIL NAME 

chanib 

x antzil aj 

x tukum j'ik'al 

x antzil aj 

x yat kotom 

k'ox top'ol 

tzajal chii jabnal 

x k'ox uch'ul vo' 

x marivana 

chilchil tz'i'lel 

x poxil obal 

Lepidium virginicum var. pubescens pich' 

Leucaena collinsii 

Leucaena diversifolia 

Leucaena leucocephala 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Leucocarpus perfoliatus 

Liabum andrieuxii 

Liabum discolor 

Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucun 

Licania arborea 

Licania arborea 

Licania platypus 

Licaria peckii 

Ligustrum lucidum 

Ligustrum ovalifolium 

Lilium candidum 

Linum mexicanum 

Linum nelsoni 

Linum schiedeanum 

Linum schiedeanum 

Lippia bracteosa 

Lippia bracteosa 

Lippia cardiostegia 

Lippia cardiostegia 

Lippia chiapasensis 

Lippia chiapasensis 

Lippia chiapasensis 

Lippia myriocephala 

Lippia nodiflora 

Lippia stoechadifolia 

Lippia substrigosa 

Lisianthius nigrescens 

var. chiapensis 

Lisianthius nigrescens 

var. chiapensis 

paka olnob 

tzajal olnob 

batz'i olnob 

markarita 

markariton 

batz'i markariton 

tzotzin markariton 

cha'-lom markarita 

ch'ulul markarita 

k'ox markarita 

markarita reyeno 

tzotziron markarita 

chan-tzelav tz'i'lel 

k'ox suil itaj 

x batz'i suil itaj 

i batz'i suil itaj 

x karnero te' 

yaxal mol 

itzompi 

tzitz te' 

treno 

x tuil te' 

batz'i asasena 

tzutzub 

tzitz tz'i'lel 

x tzitz pox 

tzitz tz'i'lel 

x ch'ix ch'il vet 

x sak-nich te' 

x sakil ch'il vet 

muk'ta sak-nich te' 

x k'ux-pevul 

sak-nich te' 

x ch'ix ch'il vet 

muk'ta sak-nich te' 

alavena tz'i'lel 

alavena tz'i'lel 

sak-nich te' 

natz' amuch 

x tzukum tz'i'lel 
372 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME 

Lithospermum distichum 

Litsea glaucescens 

Litsea glaucescens 

Litsea neesiana 

Llavea cordifolia 

Lobelia cardinalis ssp. graminea 

Lobelia laxiflora 

Loeselia glandulosa 

Loeselia glandulosa 

Loeselia mexicana 

Lonchocarpus minimiflorus 

Lonchocarpus rugosus 

Lonchocarpus rugosus 

Lonicera pilosa 

Lopezia langmanniae 

Lopezia langmanniae 

Lopezia racemosa 

Lophosoria quadripinnata 

Lophospermum turneri 

Ludwigia octovalvis 

Ludwigia octovalvis 

Ludwigia octovalvis 

Ludwigia peploides 

Ludwigia peruviana 

Luehea Candida 

Luffa cylindrica 

Lupinus elegans 

Lupinus sp. 

Lycaste cruenta 

Lycianthes arrazolensis 

Lycianthes ciliolata 

Lycianthes lenta 

Lycianthes lenta 

Lycianthes quichensis 

Lycopersicon esculentum 

var. cerasiforme 

Lycopersicon esculentum 

var. commune 

Lycopersicon esculentum 

var. commune 

Lycopersicon esculentum 

var. commune 

Lycopodium clavatum 

Lycopodium taxifolium 

Lycopodium thyoides 

Lycopodium tuerkheimii 

Lygodium venustum 

Lysiloma acapulcense 

Lysiloma auritum 

Lysiloma divaricatum 

Lythrum lanceolatum 

Machaerium biovulatum 

Machaerium biovulatum 

x tan pox 

tzis uch 

x aja-te'es 

x tzis uch 

muruch' tzib 

x primon 

primon 

x poxil k'ok' 

x tentzun 

poxil k'ok' 

tzo' xulem te' 

tzo' xulem te' 

x kamaron te' 

tzajal kampana tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

k'unil te' 

x nochleb vonon 

tzatzal ok tzib 

ventex chij 

x pitz'otz' 

k'anal karnpana tz'i'lel 

x poxil t'ajel 

nich nab 

k'anal kampana tz'i'lel 

tux-nuk' te' 

juxob-bail ak' 

chenek' chij 

chenek' chij 

yuch'ul vo' bolom 

x chichol ch'o 

yich joj 

x batz'i putzul chichol 

chichol te' 

chichol te' 

k'ox tzajal chichol 

muk'ta tzajal chichol 

telajtik tzajal chichol 

muk'tik tzajal chichol 

xanxanil balamil 

xanxanil te' 

xanxanil balamil 

xanxanil te' 

tzib ak' 

ik'al suk 

sakil suk 

ik'al suk 

tzutzub 

x yich'ak mis 

katu' ch'ix 

Machaerium chiapense 

Machaerium chiapense 

Machaerium chiapense x 

Machaerium cobanense 

Machaerium riparium 

Macroptilium atropurpureum 

Mahonia berriozabalensis x 

Mahonia berriozabalensis 

Mahonia volcania x 

Mahonia volcania 

Malaxis fastigiata 

Malpighia glabra x 

Malpighia mexicana 

Malus pumila 

Malus pumila 

Malus pumila 

Malus pumila 

Malva nicaeensis 

Malva parviflora 

Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus 

Malvaviscus arboreus x 

var. mexicanus 

Mammillaria eriacantha 

Mandevilla subsagittata 

Mandevilla subsagittata 

Mandevilla tubiflora 

Mandevilla tubiflora 

Mangifera indica 

Mangifera indica 

Mangifera indica 

Mangifera indica 

Manihot aesculifolia x 

Manihot esculenta 

Manilkara achras 

Maranta arundinacea 

Marattia weinmanniifolia 

Marina scopa 

Marina spiciformis 

Marsypianthes chamaedrys 

Martynia annua 

Martynia annua 

Martynia annua 

Mastichodendron capiri 

var. tempisque 

Matelea aspera 

Matelea prosthecidiscus 

Matelea prosthecidiscus 

Matelea quirosii 

Matelea quirosii 

Matelea sp. 

Matthiola incana 

Matudina corvii 

Maxillaria variabilis 

Medicago polymorpha 

katu' ch'ix 

yolnob ch'o 

yax-'ib te' 

katu' ch'ix 

katu' ch'ix 

yok' tz'i' ak' 

k'an-te' 

k'anal te' 

k'an-te' 

k'anal te' 

jutuju 

k'ol-k'ox 

batz'i paxamum 

batz'i mantzana 

kamosa mantzana 

perote mantzana 

tranjero mantzana 

k'ox pak' chak 

k'ox pak' chak 

k'ox tz'oban 

batz'i yuch' max 

bik'it chikin ton 

ch'uxuv ak' 

pojov ak' 

ch'uxuv ak' 

pojov ak' 

chitom manko 

batz'i manko 

tranjero manko 

xok manko 

tz'in-te' 

tz'in-te' 

muy 

k'ox ch'uch' 

muk'ta tzib 

mesob jol bakal 

k'anal sat mes 

tentzun 

chuchu' 

moy 

poxil aja-chon 

yaxal jovos 

mikulax itaj 

xinal ak' 

kariava ak' 

pepen ak' 

krariata ak' 

pojov ak' 

tz'i' nichim 

k'ail 

yuch'ul vo' j'ik'al 

tzajal pitzak' 
NUMBER 35 373 

LATIN NAME 

Medicago sativa 

Meiracyllium trinasutum 

Melampodium divaricatum 

Melampodium linearilobum 

Melampodium montanum 

Melampodium montanum 

Melampodium montanum 

Melampodium perfoliatum 

Melanthera nivea 

Melia azedarach 

Melilotus alba 

Melilotus alba 

Melilotus indica 

Melilotus indica 

Melilotus indica 

Melochia tomentosa 

Melothria pendula 

Melothria pendula 

Mentha citrata 

Mentha pulegium 

Mentzelia aspera 

Merremia aegyptia 

Merremia umbellata 

Mesechites trifida 

Miconia guatemalensis 

Miconia mexicana 

Miconia oligotricha 

Miconia oligotricha 

Micropleura renifolia 

Micropleura renifolia 

Microtropis contracta 

Mikania cordifolia 

Milleria quinquefolia 

Mimosa adenantheroides 

Mimosa adenantheroides 

Mimosa albida 

Mimosa invisa 

Mimosa nelsonii 

Mimosa pigra 

Mimosa pigra 

Mimulus glabratus 

Mimulus glabratus 

Mimulus glabratus 

Mimulus glabratus 

Mirabilis jalapa 

Mirabilis jalapa 

Mirabilis jalapa 

Modiola caroliniana 

Monnina chiapensis 

Monnina xalapenis 

Monstera acuminata 

Monstera deliciosa 

Monstera deliciosa 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

TZOTZIL NAME 

alpajo 

setajtik uch'ul vo' 

k'ox pilix 

k'anal matas 

batz'i saju' 

k'anal nich 

xinal pox 

k'anal nich 

batz'i saju' 

paraiso te' 

ch'aben tz'i'lel 

alpajo 

ch'aben tz'i'lel 

alpajo 

tzajal pitzak' 

sakil sat mes 

ich ak' 

xantiya ak' 

ch'ulul alavena 

batz'i alavena 

k'anal nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

sakil puyu' 

k'anal puyu' 

chikin chij 

tzajal chii jabnal 

tzajal chii jabnal 

batz'i chii jabnal 

muk'ta yax-chel 

krem pox 

k'ojom 

tilil 

ich ak' 

batz'i saju' 

yich'ak mis 

lotz'om chij 

lotz'om chij 

leb sotz' 

tamarin 

xaxib ch'ix 

ch'ix ak' 

alavena tz'i'lel 

nich nab 

batz'i bertulaka 

koko'on nich nab 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

k'ox tz'oban 

malva 

k'ox pak' chak 

poxil chuvaj 

pitz'otz' 

noch'och' 

pok'ok' 

yat kotom ak' 

LATIN NAME 

Monstera siltepecana 

Montanoa hexagona 

Montanoa sp. 

Montanoa speciosa 

Montanoa tomentosa 

ssp. xanthiifolia 

Moringa oleifera 

Morus celtidifolia 

Mucuna pruriens var. utilis 

Muhlenbergia breviligula 

Muhlenbergia cf. emersleyi 

Muhlenbergia macroura 

Muhlenbergia macroura 

Muhlenbergia robusta 

Muhlenbergia spiciformis 

Muhlenbergia stricta 

Muhlenbergia tenella 

Muhlenbergia tenella 

Muntingia calabura 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Musa textilis 

Myrcianthes fragrans 

Myrica cerifera 

Myriocarpa heterostachya 

Myriocarpa longipes 

Myriocarpa yzabalensis 

Nama jamaicense 

Nectandra coriacea 

Neobrittonia acerifolia 

Neopringlea viscosa 

Nerium oleander 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Nissolia fruticosa 

Nissolia fruticosa 

Nissolia fruticosa 

Nopalea cochenillifera 

Notholaena Candida 

Notholaena sinuata 

Nothoscordum bivalve 

Nothoscordum bivalve 

Ocimum americanum 

Ocimum basilicum 

Ocimum micranthum 

Ocotea chiapensis 

Odontoglossum bictoniense 

Odontotrichum cirsiifolium 

TZOTZIL NAME 

noch'och' 

ton k'ail 

x k'ail 

x ton k'ail 

x ton k'ail 

jasinto te' 

saya-vun 

javas kajve 

ch'ix jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

x ch'ix jobel 

ana-jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

tzajal jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

x akan jobel 

k'un-jobel 

makulixkuat 

batz'i lo'bol 

chan-tzelav lo'bol 

mantzana lo'bol 

natikil lo'bol 

sakil lo'bol 

sera lo'bol 

tzajal lo'bol 

chimpo lo'bol 

mol lo'bol 

x batz'i k'oxox te' 

satin 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

tz'un-jol tz'i'lel 

tzitz te' 

x chichol ak' 

x akit 

k'ox patax 

moy 

chenek' ak' 

epal nich 

x tan ka' 

tzajal petok 

muruch' tzib 

muruch' tzib 

tuix jobel 

x ch'upak' 

k'ox arvajaka 

batz'i arvajaka 

k'ox arvajaka 

tzitz te' 

uch'ul vo'al ba ton 

x lo'balal ch'ix 
374 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME 

Oecopetalum mexicanum 

Oenothera kunthiana x 

Oenothera kunthiana x 

Oenothera kunthiana 

Oenothera pubescens 

Oenothera rosea 

Olmeca reflexa 

Olmeca reflexa x 

Olmediella betschleriana 

Onoseris onoseroides x 

Operculina pinnatifida 

Operculina pteripes 

Oplismenus burmanni x 

Oplismenus burmanni 

Oplismenus burmanni 

Opuntia ficus-indica 

Opuntia pubescens 

Opuntia cf. ficus-indica 

Opuntia sp. 

Oreopanax capitatus 

Oreopanax capitatus x 

Oreopanax obtusifolius x 

Oreopanax peltatus 

Oreopanax xalapensis 

Origanum vulgare 

Orthosanthus chimboracensis 

var. centro-americanus 

Oryza sativa 

Osbertia stoloniferus 

Ostrya virginiana 

var. guatemalensis 

Otatea fimbriata 

Otatea fimbriata x 

Oxalis albicans x 

Oxalis albicans 

Oxalis corniculata 

Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia 

Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia 

Oxalis galeottii 

Oxalis latifolia 

Pachyptera hymenaea 

Pachyrrhizus erosus x 

Pachyrrhizus erosus 

Pachyrrhizus strigosus x 

Pachyrrhizus strigosus 

Pachyrrhizus vernalis 

Pachythamnus crassirameus 

Panicum bulbosum 

Panicum hirticaule 

Panicum maximum 

Papaver somniferum 

Parathesis chiapensis 

Parathesis chiapensis x 

kakav te' 

poxil apon 

tzajal karnpana tz'i'lel 

orisyon tz'i'lel 

orisyon tz'i'lel 

poxil apon 

antzil bix 

k'ox ne kotom 

k'olo-max 

saya-vun 

sakil pik'ok' 

k'anal puyu' 

akan jobel 

tzukum jobel 

yisim be 

batz'i petok 

chorisyo ch'ix 

ik'-lo'an petok 

te'tikal petok 

kajanab te' 

sakil k'os 

memela te' 

jabnal 

jabnal te' 

oregano 

batz'i pech'e-'ok jobel 

aros 

tenten pox 

tz'utuj te' 

ton bix 

k'ox ne kotom 

mail tz'i'lel 

k'ox vala-pojov 

k'ox vala-pojov 

poxil me'-vinik 

k'ox vala-pojov 

batz'i vala-pojov 

batz'i vala-pojov 

axux ak' 

pek' me'el 

jikamo 

pek' me'el 

jikamo ak' 

jikamo ak' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

batz'i sakaton 

akan jobel 

batz'i sakaton 

amapola 

tzajal k'os 

bakel amuch te' 

Parathesis leptopa 

Parathesis leptopa x 

Parietaria debilis 

Parmentiera aculeata 

Parthenium hysterophorus 

Parthenium hysterophorus x 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia x 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia 

Paspalum botterii 

Paspalum plicatulum 

Paspalum sp. x 

Passiflora filipes 

Passiflora foetida 

Passiflora ligularis 

Passiflora membranacea x 

Passiflora pavonis 

Passiflora sexiflora 

Passiflora subpeltata 

Pavonia schiedeana 

Pedis prostrata 

Pedilanthus tithymaloides 

Pedilanthus tithymaloides 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Pennisetum bambusiforme x 

Pennisetum purpureum 

Peperomia campylotropa 

Peperomia deppeana 

Peperomia galioides 

Peperomia heterodoxa 

Peperomia humilis 

Peperomia liebmannii 

Peperomia quadrifolia 

Persea americana 

Persea americana 

Persea americana 

Persea americana 

Persea americana var. drymifolia 

Persea donnell-smithii 

Persea scheideana 

Perymenium ghiesbreghtii x 

Perymenium ghiesbreghtii 

Perymenium grande var. nelsonii 

Perymenium grande var. nelsonii x 

Petastoma patelliferum 

Peteravenia phoenicolepis 

Petiveria alliacea 

Petroselinum crispum 

Petroselinum crispum 

tzajal k'os 

bakel amuch te' 

sikil ton 

chachi' 

kulantu ch'o 

jjaral-me'tik 

tz'itesob jolol 

ve'el inatab 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

k'ox ne kotom 

kranata ak' 

kranata ak' 

kranata 

kranata 

kranata ak' 

te' ak' 

kranata ak' 

xtalaj tz'i'lel 

tzitz tz'i'lel 

yama chauk 

piyon te' 

batz'i tzajal nichim 

ik"ik'-lo'an tzajal 

nichim 

sak-vayan tzajal nichim 

sakil tzajal nichim 

tzajal nichim 

antzil aj 

meno 

sentavo tz'i'lel 

setajtik vixobtakil 

batz'i vixobtakil 

vixobtakil chon 

muk'ta vixobtakil 

muk'ta vixobtakil 

setajtik vixobtakil 

batz'i on 

ch'ail on 

tzitz on 

yax-'on 

tzitz 

oven 

chinin 

chak'ak' 

k'ox k'an-'ich 

k'anal top'ol 

xolom 

te' ak' 

yak'ubal us 

soro te' 

kulantu ch'o 

perejil 
NUMBER 35 375 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME 

Phanerophlebia remotispora 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Phaseolus coccineus 

ssp. darwinianus 

Phaseolus coccineus 

ssp. darwinianus 

Phaseolus coccineus 

ssp. darwinianus 

Phaseolus coccineus 

ssp. darwinianus 

Phaseolus lunatus 

Phaseolus lunatus 

Phaseolus lunatus 

Phaseolus lunatus 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Philodendron hederaceum 

Philodendron hederaceum 

Philodendron radiatum 

Philodendron tripartitum 

Philodendron warscewiczii 

muk'ta tzib 

ik'al botii 

sakil botii 

sakil tz'ibal botii 

tzajal botii 

tzajal tz'ibal botii 

xut 

ik'al ibes 

k'anal ibes 

sakil ibes 

tzajal ibes 

ik'al xvet' 

sakil xvet' 

tzajal xvet' 

tz'ibal xvet' 

sakil pat 

sakil pat ivriro 

chenek' tz'i'lel 

xut 

ik'al x'ak'il 

ik'al xlumil 

chana x'ak'il 

k'anal x'ak'il 

muk'ta sakil xlumil 

sakil x'ak'il 

tzajal x'ak'il 

tzajal xlumil 

tz'ibal x'ak'il 

ik'al x'ak'il ta olon osil 

muk'ta ik' 

k'anal ton tz'unun 

sakil ton tz'unun 

santoal ik' 

santoal tzoj 

tzajal x'ak'il ta olon osil 

tzo' t'ul 

tzo' bail xlumil 

vayu' xlumil 

kvarentano 

muk'ta ik' 

sak-vayan xlumil 

sakil xlumil 

tz'ibal xlumil 

ik'al pat 

yat kotom ak' 

noch'och' 

noch'och' 

noch'och' 

noch'och' 

Phlebodium aureum 

Phoradendron annulatum 

Phoradendron falcatum 

Phoradendron nervosum 

Phoradendron quadrangulare 

Phoradendron robustissimum 

Phragmites australis 

Phyllanthus mcvaughii 

Phyllanthus mcvaughii 

Phyllanthus mcvaughii 

Phyllantus grandifolius 

Phymosia rosea 

Physalis ixocarpa 

Physalis nicandroides 

Physalis nicandroides 

Physalis philadelphica 

Physalis pubescens 

Physalis pubescens 

Physalis sp. 

Phytolacca icosandra 

Phytolacca rugosa 

Picramnia tetramera 

Pilea microphylla 

Pimenta dioica 

Pinaropappus spathulatus 

var. chiapensis 

Pinaropappus spathulatus 

var. chiapensis 

Pinguicula moranensis 

Pinus ayacahuite 

Pinus michoacana 

Pinus montezumae var. rudis 

Pinus oaxacana 

Pinus oocarpa 

Pinus pseudostrobus 

Pinus tecote 

Piper amalgo 

Piper auritum 

Piper decurrens 

Piper hispidum 

Piper jacquemontianum 

Piper marginatum 

Piper nigrum 

Piper tuberculatum 

Piptadenia flava 

Piptochaetium virescens 

Piptothrix areolaris 

Piptothrix areolaris 

Piqueria pilosa 

Piqueria trinervia 

Piscidia carthagenensis 

Pisonia aculeata 

Pisonia macranthocarpa 

kilajtik tzib 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

antzil aj 

x brasil 

x k'an-te' 

poxil chin 

k'ol-k'ox 

batz'i tz'oban 

muk'ta putzul chichol 

x batz'i putzul chichol 

x chichol ch'o 

batz'i putzul chichol 

x batz'i putzul chichol 

x chichol ch'o 

chichol te' 

sakil ob 

tzajal ob 

ventex mol 

tontikil pimil anal 

batz'i pimenta 

x klavel 

poxil sep' 

poxil eal 

tzajal k'uk' toj 

ajan toj 

batz'i toj 

ik'al toj 

tzajal toj 

chak toj 

tzajal toj 

mumun te' 

mumun 

mumun te' 

mumun te' 

mumun te' 

mumun te' 

kaxlan pimenta 

mumun te' 

x batz'i olnob 

ne chuch 

x batz'i k'an-'ich 

jom akan 

chichik'uy 

chichik'uy 

barsin te' 

krus ch'ix 

krus ch'ix 
376 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME 

Pistacia mexicana 

Pistacia mexicana 

Pisum sativum 

Pitcairnea breedlovei 

Pitcairnia breedlovei 

Pitcairnia breedlovei 

Pitcairnia breedlovei 

Pitcairnia calderonii 

Pitcairnia calderonii 

Pitcairnia heterophylla 

Pitcairnia karwinskyana 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Pithecodenium crucigerum 

Pithecodenium crucigerum 

Plantago australis ssp. hirtella 

Plantago linearis 

Plantago major 

Platanus mexicana 

Platymiscium dimorphandrum 

Pleopeltis munchii 

Pluchea odorata 

Plumeria alba 

Plumeria rubra 

Plumeria rubra 

Plumeria rubra 

Poeppigia procera 

Polyclathra cucumerina 

Polygala chiapensis 

Polygala costaricensis 

Polygonum portoricense 

Polygonum punctatum 

Polygonum punctatum 

Polygonum punctatum 

Polypodium adelphum 

Polypodium alfredii 

Polypogon elongatus 

Polypogon viridis 

Polystichum distans 

Polystichum distans 

Porophyllum ruderale 

ssp. macrocephalum 

Portulaca oleracea 

Potentilla staminea 

Pouteria campechiana 

Pouteria mammosa 

Prestonia mexicana 

Prionosciadium nelsonii 

Priva aspera 

Priva lappulacea 

Prunella vulgaris 

Prunella vulgaris 

tzajal paj-'ul 

chenek' te' 

sakil karvensa 

antzil ech' 

x k'ox uch'ul vo' 

ch'ix ech' 

x vojton uma' ech' 

x antzil ech' 

ch'ix ech' 

ch'ix ech' 

x vojton uma' ech' 

x brasil 

vamuch te' 

x voy chij te' 

x barsin ak' 

yat vakax ak' 

yok' tz'i' 

chintuli' jobel 

yok' tz'i' 

jach'ub te' 

lumpisera 

kilajtik tzib 

tzajal sitit 

sakil patax nichim 

k'anal patax nichim 

moraro patax nichim 

tzajal patax nichim 

molfno te' 

xenebal pox 

poxil chuvaj 

poxil chuvaj 

yat nab 

nich nab 

yat nab 

koko'on nich nab 

kilajtik tzib 

kilajtik tzib 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

tzajal tzib 

muk'ta tzib 

xinal tz'i'lel 

batz'i bertulaka 

k'anal nich 

no'chi' 

ja'as 

x vako' ak' 

yama chauk 

puj-'akan pom tz'unun 

yaxal nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

arvajaka tz'i'lel 

x yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

Prunus armeniaca 

Prunus barbata 

Prunus domestica 

Prunus domestica 

Prunus domestica 

Prunus domestica 

Prunus persica 

Prunus persica 

Prunus persica 

Prunus persica 

Prunus persica 

Prunus persica 

Prunus serotina 

Prunus serotina 

Pseudobombax ellipticum 

Psidium guajava 

Psidium guajava 

Psidium guineense 

Psittacanthus calyculatus 

Psittacanthus calyculatus 

Psychotria erythrocarpa 

Psychotria pubescens 

Psychotria sp. 

Pteridium aquilinum 

Punica granatum 

Pyrus communis 

Pyrus pyrifolia 

Quassia amara 

Quercus acutifolia 

Quercus candicans 

Quercus castanea 

Quercus crassifolia 

Quercus crispipilis 

Quercus elliptica 

Quercus laurina 

Quercus oleoides 

Quercus peduncularis 

Quercus peduncularis 

Quercus peduncularis 

Quercus peduncularis 

Quercus polymorpha 

Quercus rugosa 

Quercus rugosa 

Quercus rugosa 

Quercus sapotifolia 

Quercus segoviensis 

Quercus segoviensis 

Quercus segoviensis 

Randia aculeata 

Randia cineria 

Ranunculus petiolaris 

Rapanea juergensenii 

Raphanus sativus 

kaxlan turasnu 

x chix te' mut 

ik"ik'-lo'an sirvela 

k'anal sirvela 

sakil sirvela 

tzajal sirvela 

batz'i turasnu 

karirat turasnu 

k'anal prixku' 

luranko turasnu 

merokotom turasnu 

sakil prixku' 

batz'i chix te' 

chix te' mut 

mail te' 

sakil kaxlan potov 

tzajal kaxlan potov 

batz'i potov 

x nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol j'ik'al 

poxil pat ka' 

x poxil pat ka' 

x sakil kanela te' 

batz'i tzib 

krariata lo'bol 

batz'i pelex 

kaxlan pelex 

te' ak' 

tz'otz'op 

sap yok 

batz'i chikin-ib 

batz'i te' 

batz'i chikin-ib 

sakil chikin-ib 

jayal pat chikin-ib 

batz'i chikin-ib 

x tzajal tulan 

x k'an-tulan 

x k'evex tulan 

sakil tulan 

k'evex tulan 

tzajal tulan 

x k'an-tulan 

x sakil tulan 

sakil chikin-ib 

x sakil tulan 

k'an-tulan 

x k'evex tulan 

boch te' 

boch te' 

k'ojom 

tilil 

natikil alavanux 
NUMBER 35 377 

LATIN NAME 

Raphanus sativus 

Raphanus sativus 

Raphanus sativus 

Raphanus sativus 

Rauvolfia tetraphylla 

Rechsteineria warscewiczii 

Rhamnus capraeifolia 

var. grandifolia 

Rhamnus mucronata 

Rhamnus mucronata 

Rhamnus mucronata 

Rhamnus sp. 

Rheedia edulis 

Rhipidocladum bartlettii 

Rhipidocladum pittieri 

Rhipidocladum pittieri 

Rhus schiedeana 

Rhus terebinthifolia 

Rhynchelytrum repens 

Rhynchelytrum repens 

Rhynchosia discolor 

Rhynchosia discolor 

Rhynchosia longeracemosa 

Rhynchosia minima 

Rhynchosia minima 

Rhynchosia pyramidalis 

Rhynchospora ciliata 

Ricinus communis 

Ricinus communis 

Ricinus communis 

Ricinus communis 

Rigidella orthantha 

Rivina humilis 

Rondeletia sp. 

Rorippa x sterilis 

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum 

Rosa banksiae 

Rosa chinensis 

Rosa chinensis 

Rosa chinensis 

Rosa chinensis 

Rosa chinensis 

Rosa chinensis 

Rosa chinensis 

Rosa damascena 

Rosa gallica 

Rosa multiflora 

Rosa roxburghii 

Rubus adenotrichus 

Rubus coriifolius 

Rubus eriocarpus 

Rubus fagifolius 

Rubus humistratus 

TZOTZIL NAME 

sakil alavanux 

ch'ix alavanux 

kaxlan alavanux 

muk'ta alavanux 

ve'el kulajte' 

x moy 

x bak te' 

x bakel amuch te' 

poxil poslom 

tzajal k'os 

x muk'ta paxamum 

luchamaria 

chanib 

chanib 

x k'ox ne kotom 

muk'ta paj-'ul 

k'ox paj-'ul 

x ch'ix jobel 

tzajal jobel 

x pek' me'el 

chenek' ak' 

x pek' me'el 

chenek' ak' 

chenek' tz'i'lel 

xchenek' tzajal om 

krus jobel 

ch'upak' te' 

muk'ta ch'upak' te' 

sakil ch'upak' te' 

tzajal ch'upak' te' 

x batz'i jol koy 

unen mu tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

bero 

bero 

k'anal roxa 

sakil roxa 

batz'i tzajal roxa 

ik"ik'-lo'an roxa 

sak-pak'an roxa 

sak-vayan roxa 

sak-vayan tzajal roxa 

sak-vilan tz'unbalal roxa 

roxa 

roxa 

k'ox tzajal roxa 

makom roxa 

batz'i makom 

tuxum makom 

xoto-chak 

ch'ail makom 

tzajal makom 

LATIN NAME 

Rubus irasuensis 

Rubus sapidus 

Rubus trilobus 

Ruellia hookeriana 

Ruellia inundata 

Ruellia ladea 

Ruellia nudiflora 

Ruellia nudiflora 

Ruellia nudiflora 

Ruellia parva 

Rumex crispus 

Rumex crispus 

Rumex obtusifolius 

Russellia sarmentosa 

Russellia sarmentosa 

Ruta graveolens 

Sabal mexicana 

Sabazia sarmentosa 

Sabazia sarmentosa 

Sabazia sarmentosa 

Saccharum officinarum 

Sageretia elegans 

Salix babylonica 

Salix bonplandiana 

Salix chilensis 

Salix humboldtiana 

Salix taxifolia 

Salmea scandens 

Salvia cacaliaefolia 

Salvia chiapensis 

Salvia cinnabarina 

Salvia coccinea 

Salvia excelsa 

Salvia holwayi 

Salvia karwinskii 

Salvia lasiantha 

Salvia lavanduloides 

Salvia leucantha 

Salvia longispicata 

Salvia mexicana 

Salvia microphylla 

Salvia misella 

Salvia misella 

Salvia misella 

Salvia polystachya 

Salvia purpurea 

Salvia reptans 

Salvia reptans 

Salvia rubiginosa 

Salvia tiliifolia 

Salvia tiliifolia var. albiflora 

Salvia urica 

Salvia urica 

Salvia urica 

TZOTZIL NAME 

batz'i makom 

tuxum makom 

nuk' chij 

yaxal kampana tz'i'lel 

tentzun 

x yich joj 

yaxal karnpana tz'i'lel 

x tentzun 

x yok' tz'i' 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

yail tz'i'lel 

nich nab 

yail tz'i'lel 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

x poxil k'ok' 

lula 

palma 

markarita tz'i'lel 

x chichik'uy 

x sakil matas 

vale' 

ox-'u 

kilajtik tok'oy 

batz'i tok'oy 

kilajtik tok'oy 

kilajtik tok'oy 

k'ox tok'oy 

x batz'i k'an-'ich 

x yax-'ulan pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

latzbil tonal pox 

poxil obal 

x poxil obal 

x k'ox yax-chel 

batz'i ch'ulelal nichim 

mixto 

k'ox nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

alavena tz'i'lel 

x batz'i pern k'ulub 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

x batzi pern k'ulub 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

nochleb buluk' sat 

x poxil obal 

x batz'i boraja 

x poxil obal 

yax-'ulan pom tz'unun 
378 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

LATIN NAME 

Salvia urica 

Sambucus canadensis 

Sambucus mexicana 

Sanvitalia procumbens 

Sanvitalia procumbens 

Sarcostemma bilobum 

Sarcostemma bilobum 

Sarcostemma bilobum 

Sarcostemma bilobum 

Satureja brownei 

Satureja mexicana 

Saurauia oreophila 

Saurauia scabrida 

Schizocarpum attenuatum 

Schkuhria pinnata 

Schoenocaulon officinale 

Schoenocaulon officinale 

Schoenocaulon officinale 

Schoepfia vacciniiflora 

Schrankia leptocarpa 

Scirpus californicus 

Scirpus validus 

Scleria bourgeaui 

Scleria hirtella 

Scleria pterota 

Sclerocarpus uniserialis 

Sclerocarpus uniserialis 

Scutellaria dumetorum 

Scutellaria dumetorum 

Sechium edule 

Sechium edule 

Sechium edule 

Sechium edule 

Sechium edule 

Sechium edule 

Sechium edule 

Sechium edule 

Sechium edule 

Sechium edule 

Sechium edule 

Sechium edule 

Sechium edule 

Sedum guatemalense 

Sedum praealtum 

Selaginella pallescens 

Selenicereus grandiflorus 

Senecio chenopodioides 

Senecio salignus 

Senecio schaffneri 

Senecio sp. 

Senecio thomasii 

Senecio uspantanensis 

TZOTZIL NAME 

x yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

xutax chijil te' 

batz'i chijil te' 

x batz'i saju' 

k'anal nich 

x kururin 

x batz'i k'an-ak' 

tz'itesob jolol ak' 

pojov ak' 

k'ox yax-chel 

alajebal pox 

ajo' te' 

ajo' te' 

xenebal pox 

vo'tus tz'i'lel 

sakil pech'e-'ok jobel 

x yaxux ka' 

x ch'upak' 

tzajal ch'it 

leb sotz' 

vinik puj 

vinik puj 

k'ox limon jobel 

k'ox limon jobel 

k'ox limon jobel 

x batz'i saju' 

k'anal nich 

x chak'ak' 

alavena tz'i'lel 

ch'um-te' 

sakil ch'um-te' 

k'ox sakil ch'um-te' 

muk'ta sakil ch'um-te' 

t'arax ch'um-te' 

sakil t'arax ch'um-te' 

yaxal t'arax ch'um-te' 

tzop ch'um-te' 

sakil tzop ch'um-te' 

yaxal tzop ch'um-te' 

yaxal ch'um-te' 

k'ox yaxal ch'um-te' 

muk'ta yaxal ch'um-te' 

k'ox pimil anal 

batz'i pimil anal 

xanxanil ton 

ne bolom 

x batz'i k'an-'ich 

batz'i chilkat 

x batz'i suil itaj 

x k'am-xoch' 

x batz'i suil itaj 

x sakil k'os 

LATIN NAME 

Senna atomeria 

Senna atomeria 

Senna atomeria 

Senna cobanensis 

Senna cobanensis 

Senna foetidissima 

var. grandiflora 

Senna foetidissima 

var. grandiflora 

Senna hirsuta var. hirta 

Senna nicaraguensis 

Senna nicaraguensis 

Senna occidentalis 

Senna pallida 

Senna pallida 

Senna pallida 

Senna pallida 

var. brachyrrhachis 

Senna polyantha 

Senna skinneri 

Senna skinneri 

Senna tonduzii 

Senna unifiora 

Senna unifiora 

Serjania psilophylla 

Serjania punctata 

Serjania triquetra 

Sesamum indicum 

Sesbania emerus 

Sesbania emerus 

Setaria gracilis 

Setaria gracilis 

Setariopsis auriculata 

Sicyos microphyllus 

Sicyos microphyllus 

Sida acuta 

Sida barclayi 

Sida rhombifolia 

Sida rhombifolia 

Siegesbeckia jorullensis 

Siegesbeckia jorullensis 

Simsia amplexicaulis 

Simsia grandiflora 

Simsia sanguinea 

Sisyrinchium angustissimum 

Sisyrinchium convolutum 

Sisyrinchium scabrum 

Sisyrinchium scabrum 

Sisyrinchium scabrum 

Sisyrinchium tindorium 

Smallanthus maculatus 

Smallanthus oaxacanus 

Smilacina scilloides 

TZOTZIL NAME 

x mlchita te' 

x tzo' xulem te' 

chenek' chij te' 

x tz'erel 

yax-'ib te' 

x kamaron te' 

x putzul chij 

chenek' te' 

x jabnal 

x voy chij te' 

yolnob ch'o 

chenek' te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yolnob ch'o 

x putzul chij 

x putzul chij 

yax-'ib te' 

yolnob ch'o 

yax-'ib te' 

x batz'i ch'aben 

chenek' tz'i'lel 

te' ak' 

x pek' me'el 

sakil tz'usub 

jonjolin 

x ch'aben te' 

tut nab 

tzukum jobel 

yisim be 

tzukum jobel 

xenebal pox 

ch'ix ch'um-te' ch'o 

sakil sat mes 

k'anal sat mes 

k'anal sat mes 

x k'ox pak' chak 

batz'i nap'ap' tz'i 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

batz'i saju' 

ch'ix saju' 

k'ox pilix 

k'anal pech'e-'ok 

k'anal pech'e-'ok 

k'anal pech'e-'ok 

nich nab 

'lei 

jobel 

jobel 

jobel 

pech'e-'ok nich nab 

k'anal pech'e-'ok 

k'ail 

k'ail 

x muk'ta uch'ul vo' 

jobel 
NUMBER 35 

LATIN NAME 

Smilacina scilloides 

Smilax bona-nox 

Smilax domingensis 

Smilax jalapensis 

Smilax mollis 

Smilax subpubescens 

Sobralia decora 

Solanum acerifolium 

Solanum aligerum 

Solanum aligerum 

Solanum americanum 

Solanum americanum 

Solanum angustifolium 

Solanum angustifolium 

Solanum brachystachys 

Solanum brachystachys 

Solanum candidum 

Solanum candidum 

Solanum cervantesii 

Solanum cervantesii 

Solanum chrysotrichum 

Solanum dulcamaroides 

Solanum erianthum 

Solanum lanceolatum 

Solanum lanceolatum 

Solanum mammosum 

Solanum morelliforme 

Solanum morelliforme 

Solanum muricatum 

Solanum nudum 

Solanum oaxacanum 

Solanum torvum 

Solanum torvum 

Solanum tuberosum 

Solanum tuberosum 

Solanum tuberosum 

Solanum tuberosum 

Solanum tuberosum 

Solanum tuberosum 

Sonchus asper 

Sonchus oleraceus 

Sorghum bicolor 

Sorghum halepense 

Spartium junceum 

Spathiphyllum phryniifolium 

Spigelia humboldtiana 

Spigelia nicotianaeflora 

Spigelia splendens 

Spilanthes americana 

Spilanthes americana 

Spiraea cantoniensis 

Spiranthes aurantiaca 

Spiranthes aurantiaca 

TZOTZIL NAME 

x yat tz'i' ak' 

karos ak' 

sik'ol ak' 

karos ak' 

k'ox t'ut' ak' 

batz'i t'ut' ak' 

me' putzul 

x chuchu' 

sat pukuj 

x ajval te' 

sakil unen mu 

tzajal unen mu 

x chuchu' 

ye aja chon 

sat pukuj 

tuil te' 

x k'ux pevul 

x chichol ch'o 

sat pukuj 

x tuil te' 

k'ux-pevul 

x pek' me'el 

moy te' 

x sak-nich te' 

k'ux-pevul 

chuchu' 

x chichol ch'o 

is-ak' tz'i'lel 

pepino 

tuil te' 

x yich'ak mis 

x chuchu' 

k'ux-pevul 

batz'i is-ak' 

sakil batz'i is-ak' 

tzajal batz'i is-ak' 

tranjero is-ak' 

sakil tranjero is-ak' 

tzajal tranjero is-ak' 

ch'ix chikaryo 

batz'i chikaryo 

tukum j'ik'al 

tzajal sakaton 

x ch'aben te' 

x pamal jabnal 

sat pukuj tz'i'lel 

poxil chu'ul 

x tzajal nichim 

x batz'i saju' 

chak'ak' 

x tzajal pomos 

yok' vakax 

x ch'upak' 

LATIN NAME 

Spiranthes cinnabarina 

Spondias mombin 

Spondias mombin 

Spondias purpurea 

Spondias purpurea 

Sporobolus indicus 

Sporobolus indicus 

Sporobolus indicus 

Sprekelia formosissima 

Stachys agraria 

Stachys coccinea 

Stachys coccinea 

Stachys coccinea 

Stachys radicans 

Stachys rotundifolia 

Stachytarpheta cayennensis 

Stachytarpheta frantzii 

Stanhopia ssp. 

Stelis sp. 

Stemmadenia eubradeata 

Stemmadenia obovata 

Stenocereus eichlamii 

Stenocereus eichlamii 

Sterculia apetala 

Stevia caracasana 

Stevia connata 

Stevia lucida 

Stevia lucida 

Stevia ovata 

Stevia ovata 

Stevia polycephala 

Stevia polycephala 

Stevia polycephala 

Stevia serrata 

Stevia serrata 

Stigmaphyllon humboldtianum 

Stigmaphyllon puberum 

Stillingia acutifolia 

Stipa ichu 

Struthanthus deppeanus 

Struthanthus intermedius 

Struthanthus tacanensis 

Styrax argentum 

Styrax argentum 

Styrax argentum 

Swietenia humilis 

Symphoricarpos microphyllus 

Symplocos limoncillo 

Symplocos vernicosa 

Synardisia venosa 

Syngonium negledum 

Syngonium podophyllum 

Syngonium salvadorense 

Syzygium jambos 

TZOTZIL NAME 

yok' vakax 

batz'i jovos 

te'tikal po'on 

batz'i po'on 

te'tikal po'on 

x akan jobel 

x tzukum jobel 

yisim be 

tzajal asasena 

x tzotzil jabnal 

x tzajal pom tz'unun 

sten uch 

x tzotzil jabnal 

tzotzil jabnal 

x tzotzil jabnal 

yarvajaka me'on 

yarvajlka me'on 

yuch'ul vo' bolom 

x sakil uch'ul vo' 

bik'it choch 

bik'it choch 

yoyal vinajel 

x chorisyo ch'ix 

kastanya 

yak'ubal us 

yak'ubal us 

ch'a-te' pox 

poxil ik' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

yak'ubal us 

poxil ik' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

nap'ap tz'i'lel 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

yak'ubal us 

pepen ak' 

x kranata 

ajval te' 

ne chuch 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

tzitz te' 

x bak te' 

ja'as te' 

kova'na te' 

poxil t'ajel 

muk'ta paxamum 

muk'ta paxamum 

sakil k'os 

noch'och' 

noch'och' 

noch'och' 

tzajal potov 

379 
380 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME 

Tabebuia rosea 

Tagetes elongata 

Tagetes erecta 

Tagetes erecta 

Tagetes erecta 

Tagetes filifolia 

Tagetes foetidissima 

Tagetes lucida 

Tagetes nelsonii 

Tagetes nelsonii 

Tagetes tenuifolia 

Talinum paniculatum 

Talinum triangulare 

Talinum triangulare 

Tamarindus indica 

Tanacetum parthenium 

Tanacetum parthenium 

Taraxacum officinale 

Taxodium mucronatum 

Tecoma stans 

Tecoma stans 

Tephrosia cinerea 

Tephrosia lanata 

Ternstroemia lineata 

ssp. chalicophila 

Ternstroemia lineata 

ssp. chalicophila 

Ternstroemia oocarpa 

Ternstroemia oocarpa 

Tetragonia expansa 

Thalidrum guatemalense 

Thalictrum guatemalense 

Thelypteris deflexa 

Thelypteris oligocarpa 

Thelypteris resinifera 

Thelypteris rudis 

Theobroma bicolor 

Thevetia ovata 

Thevetia peruviana 

Thevetia plumeriaefolia 

Thuidium delicatulum 

Thymus vulgaris 

Tigridia chiapensis 

Tigridia hallbergii 

Tigridia pavonia 

Tillandsia butzii 

Tillandsia butzii 

Tillandsia capitata 

Tillandsia capitata 

Tillandsia caput-medusae 

Tillandsia caput-medusae 

Tillandsia dasyliriifolia 

aj-te' te' 

k'ox vo'tus 

antzil vo'tus 

kelem vo'tus 

kaxlan vo'tus 

tzitz tz'i'lel 

x k'ox vo'tus 

tzitz 

x k'anal matas 

tzis chauk 

k'ox vo'tus 

yaxal bertulaka 

bilil itaj 

x bilil itaj 

tamarin 

volita 

jjaral-me'tik 

tontikil putzul 

k'isis 

x k'an-te' 

putzul chij 

yolnob ch'o 

x chenek' chij te' 

batz'i k'oxox te' 

x tilil 

batz'i k'oxox te' 

x tilil 

espinaka 

tuturu 

yama chauk 

k'ox tzib 

k'ox tzib 

k'ox tzib 

k'ox tzib 

kokov 

choch 

x choch 

choch 

tzon-te'al balamil 

tomyo 

sakil jol koy 

te'tikal jol koy 

batz'i jol koy 

uma' ech' 

kilon uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

vojton uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

kilon uma' ech' 

krus uma' ech' 

LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME 

Tillandsia dasyliriifolia 

Tillandsia fasciculata 

Tillandsia fasciculata 

Tillandsia flabellata 

Tillandsia flabellata 

Tillandsia guatemalensis 

Tillandsia plumosa 

Tillandsia plumosa 

Tillandsia ponderosa 

Tillandsia rodrigueziana 

Tillandsia seleriana 

Tillandsia seleriana 

Tillandsia usneoides 

Tillandsia vicentina 

Tillandsia vicentina 

Tillandsia violacea 

Tillandsia violacea 

Tillandsia violacea 

Tinantia erecta 

Tithonia diversifolia 

Tithonia longiradiata 

Tithonia rotundifolia 

Tithonia tubaeformis 

Tournefortia densiflora 

Tournefortia densiflora 

Toxicodendron radicans 

Toxicodendron striatum 

Tradescantia crassifolia 

Tradescantia guatemalensis 

Tragia nepetifolia 

Trema micrantha 

Trichilia hirta 

Trichilia hirta 

Trichilia hirta 

Trichilia hirta 

Trichilia martiana 

Tridax procumbens 

Trifolium amabile 

Trifolium repens 

Tripogandra angustifolia 

Tripogandra disgrega 

Tripogandra grandiflora 

Tripogandra montana 

Tripsacum laxum 

Tripsacum maizar 

Tripsacum manisuroides 

Triticum aestivum 

Triumfetta dumetorum 

Triumfetta grandiflora 

Triumfetta polyandra 

Triumfetta semitriloba 

Triumfetta speciosa 

Trixis inula 

uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

tzajal uma' ech' 

x krus ech' 

uma' ech' 

krus ech' 

tzajal uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

vojton ech' 

ch'ix ech' 

x vojton ech' 

yech'joj 

tzon-te'al krus 

uma' ech' 

tzajal uma' ech' 

kilon ech' 

sakil kilon ech' 

tzajal kilon ech' 

batz'i tz'emeni' 

sun 

sun 

sun 

sun 

x ik'al vinik 

x tuil te' 

matal ak' 

ich te' 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

k'ox la 

vax te' 

x batz'i po'on 

x batz'i jovos 

x tempix 

x tzajal sal-te' 

x tzajal sal-te' 

x chak'ak' 

batz'i pitzak' 

muk'ta pitzak' 

k'ox tz'emeni' 

batz'i tz'emeni' 

batz'i tz'emeni' 

batz'i tz'emeni' 

batz'i ximo' 

batz'i ximo' 

bik'it ximo' 

triko 

k'ox yuch' max 

batz'i yuch' max 

tzotzin yuch' max 

batz'i yuch' max 

batz'i yuch' max 

te'tikal chilkat 
NUMBER 35 

LATIN NAME 

Turbina corymbosa 

Turnera diffusa 

Turnera ulmifolia 

Turpinia occidentalis 

Typha domingensis 

Typha latifolia 

Ulmus mexicana 

Urera caracasana 

Urera caracasana 

Urtica chamaedryoides 

Urvillea ulmacea 

Vaccinium confertum 

Valeriana densiflora 

Valeriana scandens 

Valeriana sorbifolia 

Valeriana sorbifolia 

Valeriana urticaefolia 

Verbena Carolina 

Verbena Carolina 

Verbena litoralis 

Verbesina crocata 

Verbesina crocata 

Verbesina crocata 

Verbesina hypsela 

Verbesina neriifolia 

Verbesina perymenioides 

Verbesina punctata 

Verbesina steyermarkii 

Verbesina turbascensis 

Vernonia deppeana 

Vernonia leiocarpa 

Vernonia leiocarpa 

Vernonia oaxacana 

Viburnum acutifolium 

ssp. blandum 

Viburnum acutifolium 

ssp. lautum 

Viburnum acutifolium 

ssp. lautum 

Viburnum elatum 

Viburnum elatum 

Viburnum elatum 

Viburnum hartwegii 

Viburnum hartwegii 

Viburnum hartwegii 

Viburnum hartwegii 

Viburnum jucundum 

Viburnum jucundum x V. 

acutifolium subsp. lautum 

Viciafaba 

Viciafaba 

Viciafaba 

Viciafaba 

TZOTZIL NAME 

x pek' me'el 

poxil lukum 

sakil sat mes 

x yax-'ib te' 

antzil puj 

antzil puj 

tz'utuj te' te' 

x jabnal 

muk'tik la 

batz'i la 

sakil tz'usub 

k'ox aja-te'es 

voy mula 

x tzajal puyu' 

voy mula 

yama chauk 

voy mula 

alavena tz'i'lel 

batz'i pern k'ulub 

batz'i pern k'ulub 

x batz'i k'an-'ich 

x ch'ix ch'il vet 

x nam-te' mol 

nam-te' mol 

x batz'i k'an-'ich 

nam-te' mol 

nam-te' mol 

nam-te' mol 

nam-te' mol 

sakil sitit 

x batz'i tzelo-pat 

xolom 

sakil sitit 

x mantzana te' 

x k'ol-k'ox 

x tzotz-ni' te' 

x kajve te' 

x ajate'es 

x muk'ta paxamum 

atz'am te' 

x sak-nich te' 

x tzotz-ni' te' 

x k'anal konkon 

tzotz-ni' te' 

x tzotz-ni' te' 

sakil javas 

tzeb javas 

tzajal javas 

k'anal javas 

LATIN NAME 

Viciafaba 

Vigna umbellata 

Vigna umbellata 

Vigna umbellata 

Vigna unguiculata 

Vigna unguiculata 

Vigna vexillata 

Viguiera dentata 

Viguiera longifolia 

Villadia albiflora 

Villadia albiflora 

Vinca major 

Viola nannei 

Viola odorata 

Vitis bourgeana 

Vitis tiliifolia 

Vitis tiliifolia 

Vitis vinifera 

Vriesea werckleana 

Waltheria americana 

Wedelia fertilis 

Wigandia urens 

Wigandia urens var. caracasana 

Wimmeria acuminata 

Wimmeria pubescens 

Wimmeria pubescens 

Wimmeria pubescens 

Woodwardia spinulosa 

Xanthosoma robustum 

Xanthosoma violaceum 

Xanthosoma violaceum 

Ximenia americana 

Xylosma flexuosum 

Xylosma intermedium 

Xylosma intermedium 

Xylosma intermedium 

Xylosma quichense 

Yucca elephantipes 

Zantedeschia aethiopica 

Zanthoxylum culantrillo 

Zanthoxylum foliolosum 

Zanthoxylum mayanum 

Zanthoxylum mayanum 

Zanthoxylum mayanum 

Zanthoxylum sp. 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

381 

TZOTZIL NAME 

krem javas 

ik'al aros chenek' 

sakil aros chenek' 

tzajal aros chenek' 

ik'al kantela chenek' 

k'anal karitela chenek' 

te'tikal kantela chenek' 

sakil pilix 

x k'anal matas 

poxil chin 

x batz'i vixobtakil 

bioleta 

bioleta 

bioleta 

batz'i tz'usub 

sakil tz'usub 

x ve'el inatab 

uva 

antzil ech' 

sakil sat mes 

x batz'i saju' 

chon la 

chon la 

jich'il anal ch'it 

x brasil 

pinto te' 

x tzajal kanela te' 

muk'ta tzib 

pok'ok' 

sakil pi 

tzajal pi 

po'on ch'ix 

yisim bolom 

x akit 

yaxal ch'it 

yisim bolom 

yisim bolom 

kaxlan tok'oy 

kartucho 

yich'ak mis 

yich'ak mis 

x batz'i jovos 

x batz'i pom 

x tzajal sal-te' 

x po'on ch'ix 

bik'it ivriro 

bik'it sak 

chix te' 

enario 

ik'al ixim 

ik'al pinto isim 

ivriro 

krema 
382 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

LATIN NAME TZOTZI

L NAME 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

kvarentano 

k'anal chix te' 

k'anal ivriro 

k'anal napalu 

k'ox k'anal napalu 

muk'ta ivriro 

muk'ta k'on 

muk'ta sak 

pinto ixim 

rokame 

sakil napalu 

sakil pinto ixim 

sakramentual ixim 

teralenyo 

LATIN NAME TZOTZI

L NAME 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zea mays 

Zephyranthes brevipes 

Zephyranthes carinata 

Zeugites americana var. mexicana 

Zeugites munroana 

Zingiber officinale 

Zinnia elegans 

Zinnia peruviana x 

tuspenyo 

tzajal napalu 

vitztikal bik'it k'on 

vitztikal bik'it sak 

vitztikal muk'ta k'on 

vitztikal muk'ta sak 

nichim joj 

nichim joj 

k'otox jobel 

konejo jobel 

xenxerva 

snichim san-lukax 

snichim san-lukax 
Appendix 5 

Tzotzil Plant Name Synonymy 

Common terms not normally translated in the synonymy 

Tzotzil 

term 

ak' 

batz'i 

bik'it 

bik'tal 

ik'al 

itaj 

jobel 

k'anal 

k'ox 

English 

equivalent 

vine 

real 

small 

small 

black 

greens 

grass 

yellow 

small 

Tzotzil 

term 

muk'ta 

muk'tik 

nich 

nichim 

te' 

tzajal 

tz'i'lel 

yax*al 

English 

equivalent 

large 

large 

flower 

flower 

tree 

red 

plant 

blue, green 

Synonymy 

(* = appears in Colonial dictionary) 

Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym 

aja-te'is 

ajan te' 

ajan tz'i'lel 

ajo' 

ajoj 

ajoj te' 

ajval te' 

akan aj 

akan tz'i'lel 

akux tz'i'lel 

akuxa 

akuxa jabnal 

akuxa tz'i'lel 

ak'jobel 

ak'il chenek' 

ak'il tzib 

ak'ubal us 

alavanux 

alavena tzi'lel 

aleli 

alfajo 

amalyo 

amarin 

anima nichim 

ear of corn tree 

ear of corn plant 

lord tree 

stem reed 

stem plant 

needle plant 

needle 

needle leaf 

needle plant 

vine grass 

vine 

vine 

night gnat 

mint plant 

ghost flower 

383 

aja-te'es 

mojan 

batz'i yajan chuch 

ajo' te' 

ajo' te' 

ajo' te' 

ve'el kulajte' 

(Rauvolfia tetraphylla) 

tut 

yat nab 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

muk'ta akuxa tz'i'lel 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

akan jobel 

x'ak'il chenek' 

tzib ak' 

yak'ubal us 

ch'ix alavanux 

arvajdka tz'i'lel 

tz'i' nichim 

alpajo 

amolyo 

tzajal asasena 

mukumu 
384 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term 

arveja 

arvensa 

asusena 

avrajaka 

axux ka' 

axux tzis uch 

ba'yi k'on 

ba'yi tz'unubil 

bak ak' 

bak-julan te' 

bak ni' te' 

bak te' 

bak tz'i'lel 

bak xul 

bakal tz'i'lel 

bakel amuch te' 

balajtik xanxanil te' 

bankilal 

bankilal jol olol 

bantera espanyol 

bantera nichim 

barbaskova te' 

baroso manko 

barsin ak' 

barsin te' 

batz'i chenek' 

batz'i chi 

batz'i chichol 

batz'i ech' 

batz'i met 

batz'i nichim 

batz'i paxak' 

batz'i sakil turasnu 

batz'i tulan 

be xinich ak' 

be xinich te' 

belakrus chenek' 

beltura tz'i'lel 

beltoraka 

belturaka 

bero 

bero' 

berol 

berturaka 

bik'it choch te' 

bik'it ch'aben 

bik'it k'on 

bik'it k'os 

English equivalent 

horse 

garlic opossum fart 

early yellow 

first seed 

bone vine 

skinny tree 

thin-topped tree 

skinny tree 

corncob plant 

thin wattle 

corncob plant 

toad bone tree 

tubular arboreal tree 

elder brother (or) chief 

senior child's head 

Spanish flag 

flag flower 

pimpled 

spotted vine 

spotted tree 

ant path vine 

ant path tree 

Veracruz 

small yellow 

Synonym 

karvensa 

karvensa 

asasena 

arvajaka 

yaxux ka' 

tzis uch 

muk'ta k'on 

napalu 

pacha 

ch'uxuv ak' 

bak te' 

bak te' 

jom akan 

poxil tza'nel 

bak te' 

poxil obal 

tzajal k'os 

xanxanil te' 

(Lycopodium tuerkheimii) 

moy 

jol olol 

asasena vola 

asasena vola 

barsin te' 

chitom manko 

pek' me'el 

ve'el kulajte' 

ik'al x'ak'il 

pino chi 

batz'i putzul chichol 

krus ech' 

lo'balal met 

tzajal nichim 

muk'ta paxak' 

batz'i turasnu 

sakil tulan 

tzajal tulan 

ich ak' 

k'orok' te' 

ik'al xlumil 

batz'i belturaka 

bertulaka 

bertulaka 

bero 

bero 

bero 

bertulaka 

bik'it choch 

tontikil ch'aben 

k'anal chix te' 

kajanab te' 
NUMBER 35 

Tzotzil term 

bik'it met 

bik'it pem-k'ulub 

bik'it puj 

bik'it sakaton 

bik'it sun 

bik'it tubajtik lima 

bik'tal aj 

bik'tal anal te' 

bik'tal la 

bik'tal pom tz'unun 

bik'tal tzajal roxa 

bik'tal tz'emeni' 

bik'tal xinal te' 

boch jay te' 

boka itaj 

bolita 

bot ak' 

bot'-jol nichim 

bot'-jol tz'i'lel 

brokame 

bugambilya 

bukero 

buluk' sat tz'i'lel 

castillan chenek'* 

castillan ch'um* 

castillan ich* 

castillan ixim* 

castillan makum* 

castillan potov* 

castillan tuil nichim* 

castillan tzitz* 

cha'-lamal yanal toj 

chachi' ak' 

chak-lakan te' 

chak-te'* 

chak tojal ixim 

chak'ak' 

chak'ak' tz'i'lel 

chame-'at ch'ix 

chan-tzelav ak' 

chan-tzelav kinya 

chayna nichim 

chenek' aja-chon 

chenek' chon 

English equivalent 

small protuberant lemon 

small-leaved tree 

little stinky tree 

gourd gourd tree 

little ball 

protuberant-topped flower 

protuberant-topped plant 

hornworm plant 

castilian 

castilian 

castilian 

castilian 

castilian 

castilian 

smelly castilian flower 

castilian 

two thickness-leaved 

wasp's flower 

red tree 

pine stump 

centipede thorn 

winged vine 

four-ridged 

rattlesnake bean 

snake bean 

Synonym 

lo'balal met 

batz'i pem-k'ulub 

antzil puj 

batz'i sakaton 

sakil pilix 

pimil pat lima 

ik'ob chij 

tzajal ch'it 

k'ox la 

yax-'ulan pom tz'unun 

k'ox tzajal roxa 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

tuil te' 

batz'i te' 

mikulax itaj 

volita 

bot 

arvajaka tz'i'lel 

asasena vola 

j'ak'-'uch 

arvajaka tz'i'lel 

j'ak'-'uch 

ten-jol pox 

rokame 

asasena vola 

bukaro 

nochleb buluk' sat 

javas 

batz'i melon 

pimenta 

triko 

kranata lo'bol 

mantzana 

alavena 

inojo 

sakil k'uk' toj 

ne inatab 

k'ox bukaro nichim 

brasil 

chix te' 

bik'it ximo' 

chak'ak' 

k'ox k'an-'ich 

lotz'om chij 

barsin ak' 

yat vakax ak' 

chan-tzelav lo'bol 

muk'ta ch'ib 

poxil aja-chon 

poxil aja-chon 

385 
386 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term Englis

h equivalent Synonym 

chenek' ch'o 

chenek' ch'o ak' 

chi ak' 

chi met 

chi uch'ul vo' 

chi vet 

chi' 

chich te' 

chichik'u' 

chichik'ul 

chichilk'un 

chichol moletik 

chichol tz'i'lel 

chikaro 

chikeryo 

chikin ba 

chikin chij 

chikin chij ak' 

chikin ch'o pox 

chikin t'ul ak' 

chikin t'ul jobel 

chikorya 

chikoryo 

chilkan 

chilkat 

chilkat te' 

chimpo 

chimpo kinya 

chimpu 

chimpu javas 

chinkul k'evex 

chinkuya 

chitom lima 

chitom po'on 

chivo pox 

chivo te' 

chix te' ak' 

chix te' k'on 

chix te' mut 

chobtikal chenek' 

choch te' 

cholchol nich 

chu' lima 

chu' ninyo 

mouse bean 

mouse bean 

fox's chi 

sweet 

elders' 

gopher's ear 

deer's ear 

deer's ear vine 

mouse's ear medicine 

rabbit's ear vine 

rabbit's ear grass 

small 

small 

small 

small 

spiked 

Pig 

Pig 

goat medicine 

goat 

cherry vine 

cherry yellow 

bird's cherry 

com field 

string of flowers 

breast lime 

Christ Child's breast 

chenek' chij 

chenek' tz'i'lel 

chenek' ak' 

yak'il vob 

ch'ix ak' 

kaxlan tok'oy 

te'tikal chi 

kilajtik uch'ul vo' 

kaxlan tok'oy 

nantzi' 

batz'i chix te' 

chichik'uy 

chichik'uy 

chichik'uy 

chichol ch'o 

chichol ch'o 

chikaryo 

chikaryo 

tzitz pox 

yok' tz'i' 

chikin chij 

chikin ch'o 

pojov ak' 

krus jobel 

(Cyperus spedabilis) 

chikaryo 

chikaryo 

batz'i chilkat 

k'ox chilkat 

tzajal chii jabnal 

kvarentano 

chimpo lo'bol 

kvarentano 

krem javas 

chin-jol k'evex 

chin-jol k'evex 

ch'ulul lima 

batz'i jovos 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

(Ageratum echinoides) 

sakil pom tz'unun 

ch'ix ak' 

makulixkuat 

vax te' 

k'anal chix te' 

makulixkuat 

x'ak'il chenek' 

choch 

batz'i pojov tz'i'lel 

yalem bek'et 

pimil pat lima 

chuchu' 
NUMBER 35 

Tzotzil term 

chu' ryox 

ch'a-'itaj 

ch'a-te' ka' 

ch'a-te' te' 

ch'a-te' tz'i'lel 

ch'aben antivo 

ch'aben chij 

ch'aben ch'o 

ch'aben ka' 

ch'aben tz'i'lel 

ch'aben vet 

ch'ail jobel 

ch'ail pox 

ch'ail tz'i'lel 

ch'akil tz'i'lel 

ch'ako ak' 

ch'elop vet 

ch'ib tzib 

ch'ich' ni' te' 

ch'ieb ch'uj* 

ch'il-te' vet 

ch'ili vet 

ch'ilim vet 

ch'in te' 

ch'it te' 

ch'ix 

ch'ix ak' 

ch'ix alavena 

ch'ix bolom 

ch'ix ixim 

ch'ix napux 

ch'ix pom tz'unun 

ch'ix pox 

ch'ix te' 

ch'ix tzib 

ch'ix tz'i'lel 

ch'ix vo tz'i'lel 

ch'ix xan 

ch'ixal itaj* 

English equivalent 

god's breast 

bitter greens 

horse's 

ancestor's 

deer's 

mouse's 

horse's 

fox's 

bitter grass 

bitter medicine 

bitter plant 

flea plant 

fox rib 

breeding place of cochineal bug 

fox rib 

fox rib 

fox pinole 

itchy tree 

thorn 

spiny vine 

prickly 

jaguar thorn 

spiny com 

rough 

spiny hummingbird nectar 

thorny medicine 

thorny tree 

spiny 

thorny plant 

bristly fly (deer fly) plant 

thorny 

prickly greens 

Synonym 

ch'ail pox 

chuchu' 

pa' itaj 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

yak'ubal us 

ch'ail pox 

ch'ail pox 

chenek' chij 

tontikil ch'aben 

chenek' chij 

ch'aben ka' 

tontikil ch'aben 

chenek' chij 

chenek' chij 

ch'aben ka' 

muk'ta pitzak' 

poxil sep' 

poxil obal 

poxil obal 

poxil pat ka' 

chilchil tz'i'lel 

ch'um-te' ch'o 

ch'il vet 

muk'ta tzib 

(Cyrtomium remotisporum) 

ch'ich' ni' 

tzajal petok 

ch'il vet 

ch'il vet 

ch'il vet 

kachimpa te' 

sakil ch'it 

k'at'ix 

karos ak' 

yat vakax ak' 

batz'i alavena 

yisim bolom 

sakramentual ixim 

ye tz'i' 

batz'i napux 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

(Salvia polystachya) 

poxil tza'nel 

boch te' 

ch'ix ak' 

kevrajacha 

tzajal ch'ulelal nichim 

keb chij 

tzajal pitz'ak 

keb chij 

batz'i xan 

batz'i boraja 

387 
388 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term 

ch'ixal nichim* 

ch'ixal toj tz'i'lel 

ch'oliv chij 

ch'oliv nichim 

ch'oliv tz'i'lel 

ch'uch' tz'i'lel 

ch'ulelal 

ch'ulelal pox 

ch'ulul ak' 

ch'ulul anal chikin-ib 

ch'ulul anal k'oxox te' 

ch'ulul mustisya 

ch'ulul napux 

ch'ulul on 

ch'ulul pat naranja 

ch'ulul te' 

ch'um-te' ak' 

ch'upak' 

ch'upak' ak' 

ch'upak' ch'o 

ch'upak' mut 

ch'upak' tz'i'lel 

coles* 

duranko 

durasnos* 

elomonix 

especies* 

espuma delmar 

florejvana 

frasil 

fresno 

granada* 

granadiya 

English equivalent 

thorny flower 

pine thorn (a poisonous caterpillar) 

plant 

deer's 

ghost 

ghost medicine 

smooth vine 

smooth-leafed armadillo ear 

smooth-leaved 

smooth 

smooth 

smooth 

smooth-skinned 

smooth 

chayote vine 

mouse's 

bird's 

sea spray 

Synonym 

lo'balal ch'ix 

roxa 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzajal ch'oliv 

k'anal matas 

(Bidens ostruthioides) 

k'ox ch'oliv 

k'ox ch'uch' 

batz'i ch'ulelal 

nichim 

batz'i ch'ulelal 

nichim 

tz'usub ak' 

t'ut' ak' 

sakil chikin-ib 

ik'al k'oxox te' 

k'ox mustisya 

kaxlan napux 

yax-'on 

jayal pat naranja 

atz'am te' 

lo'bol kotom 

xenebal pox 

polotz' 

juxob-bail ak' 

xavon ak' 

chak'ak' 

k'ojom 

jol itaj 

luranko turasnu 

turasnu 

elamonix 

pimenta 

muk'ta pompom 

krisantema 

brasil 

presa 

kranata lo'bol 

kranata lo'bol 

higos* ik'ux 

ichi ak' 

ichil ak' 

ik'-lo'an puyu' 

ik'-soman ibes 

ik'al chikin-ib 

purple _ 

blackish 

ich ak' 

ich ak' 

tzajal puyu' 

ik'al ibes 

batz'i chikin-ib 
NUMBER 35 389 

Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym 

ik'al k'oxox te' 

ik'al lo'bol 

ik'al mustisya 

ik'al makom 

ik'al nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

ik'al nich puyu' 

ik'al nok 

ik'al pat chikin-ib 

ik'al pojov tz'i'lel 

ik'al pom tz'unun 

black toasted tortilla tree 

black sticky plant 

black flowered 

black barked 

black latex plant 

black hummingbird nectar 

ik'al sat tz'i'lel 

ik'al te' 

ik'al tulan 

ik'al tzelo-pat 

ik'al tzitz 

ik'al tz'emeni' 

ik'al tz'i'lel 

ik'al tz'usub 

inajo 

inejo 

inejo te' 

ivriro 250 

ivriro 580 

jabnal 

jabnal te' 

jamapa chenek' 

japob kantela me 

japob kantela tz'i 

jax-chu' lima 

jayal pat tulan 

j'ak'-tzeluel 

j'alnom sevulya 

jetav ch'ib 

jich'il akuxal 

tz'i'lel 

'eletik 

'lei 

jich'il anal chikin-ib 

black-fruited plant 

black plated-bark 

hybrid 250 

hybrid 580 

leaf 

women's candle holder 

candle holder plant 

flat-breasted 

thin-barked 

giver of cramps 

postpartum mother 

fork 

narrow needle plant 

narrow-leaved 

yaxal mol 

batz'i lo'bol 

muk'ta mustisya 

tuxum makom 

tzajal makom 

yaxal nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

yaxal puyu' ak' 

tzajal nok 

batz'i chikin-ib 

muk'ta on te' pox 

nochleb buluk' sat 

puj-'akan pom tz'unun 

sakil pom tz'unun 

(Hyptis urticoides) 

sten uch 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

(Salvia purpurea) 

sakil ch'il vet 

ve'el kulajte' 

ik'al vinik 

treno 

tuil te' 

k'an-tulan 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

tzitz 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

(Commelina coelestis, 

Cymbispatha commelinoides) 

nochleb buluk' sat 

yax-'ulan pom tz'unun 

yaxal nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

t'ut' ak' 

inojo 

inojo 

tut nab 

bikit ivriro 

muk'ta ivriro 

tzajal chii jabnal 

ajo' te' 

muk'ta ik' 

pamal jabnal 

pamal jabnal 

ch'ulul lima 

tzajal tulan 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

j'alnom tuix 

palma ch'ib 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

jayal pat chikin-ib 
390 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term 

jich'il anal 

tzelo-pat 

jikamu 

jik'ik' te' 

jipleb vonon 

jisan-tzotz 

jit'ob na 

jjalal-me'tik 

jjaral-me'tik 

jjaral-me'tik saju' 

volita 

jobelal avarto 

jobelal na 

joj 

joj tz'i'lel 

jok'leb vonon 

jol choy tz'i'lel 

jol itajil paxak' 

jol koy ch'o 

jol tuk' te' 

jolinom itaj 

jolom paxak'* 

jom akan 

juljul nabo* 

juxob ek'en 

jvanita 

kachimpa tz'i'lel 

kachumpa te' 

kajtzanob bek'et 

kajvel 

kamaba ak' 

kampana 

kampana ch'o tz'i'lel 

kampana ch'ulelal 

kampana nichim 

kampana pox 

kampana tz'i'lel 

kantela ak' 

kape 

kapulin 

kapulin ak' 

karera 

karida 

karmenita 

karolina nichim 

kartucho nichim 

kastansya 

kaxlan kajve 

English equivalent 

narrow-leaved 

acrid tree 

bumblebee perch 

house lashing 

our Holy Lady 

our Holy Lady 

our Holy Lady 

packsaddle grass 

house thatch 

raven plant 

bumblebee perch 

fish head plant 

cabbage-head 

mouse 

gunstock tree 

head greens 

head 

hollow stem 

long 

metate platform smoother 

meat shelf 

bell 

mouse's bell plant 

ghost bell 

bell flower 

bell medicine 

bell plant 

candle vine 

cherry vine 

Caroline flower 

castilian 

Synonym 

bak tzelo-pat 

jikamo 

moy te' 

nochleb vonon 

itzompi 

sakil ak' 

altamixa 

altamixa 

k'anal matas 

bik'it ximo' 

ch'ix jobel 

tzojoj 

natz' amuch 

te'tikal jol koy 

jol choy 

chimpo paxak' 

te'tikal jol ch'oy 

mora 

jol itaj 

muk'ta paxak' 

puj-'akan pom tz'unun 

jolinom napux 

tut 

yat vakax ak' 

k'ok' sat nichim 

k'anal kampana 

tz'i'lel 

kachimpa te' 

sakil akuxa tz'i'lel 

kajve 

kdnava ak' 

batz'i kampana nichim 

primon 

bik'tal kampana nichim 

malva 

tzajal ch'ulelal nichim 

bik'tal kampana nichim 

te'tikal karitela 

chenek' 

kajve 

batz'i chix te' 

makulixkuat 

karirat turasnu 

karirat turasnu 

liryo 

asasena vola 

kartucho 

kastanya 

javas kajve 
NUMBE

R 35 

Tzotzil term 

kaxlan makom 

kaxlan mantzana 

kaxlan napux 

kaxlan tz'ol 

keb chij 

keb vakax ak' 

kebrajacha 

kekex 

kelem jabnal 

kervajacha 

kervejacha 

kilajkik uch'ul vo' 

kiletel ech' 

kilkil ech' 

kilkil la 

kilkil tz'i'lel 

kilon ak' 

kinya lo'bol 

klavelito 

kok 

koko'on nich nab 

kokov te' 

kola lakarto 

kola tz'i'lel 

kola venaro 

kolail vob 

komenal met 

konchiyerva 

kometa 

koryo tzukum jobel 

koryon ch'ix 

kotom 

kovana te' 

koxo mol 

kovario te' 

koykoy 

koyoy 

krafiata chuch 

kranate' 

krem vo'tus 

krisante 

krus ch'ix 

kulantu tz'i'lel 

kulix itaj 

English equivalent 

castilian 

castilian 

castilian 

castilian 

deer burp 

cow burp vine 

boy leaf 

pendulous water-drinking 

receptacle 

pendulous 

pendulous 

pendulous 

pendulous plant 

pendulous vine 

cocoa tree 

crocodile tail 

glue plant 

deer's tail 

fiddle glue 

inflorescence 

horn 

running caterpillar grass 

accordion spine 

lame old man 

squirrel's 

boy 

cross thorn 

cabbage 

Synonym 

tuxum makom 

tranjero mantzana 

jolinom napux 

kvarentano tz'ol 

chikin chij 

chikin chij 

kevrajacha 

pok'ok' 

jabnal 

kevrajacha 

kevrajacha 

tzajal tz'emeni' 

kilon ech' 

kilon ech' 

batz'i la 

bik'it nap'ap' 

tz'i'lel 

ne inatab 

p'uk 

chan-tzelav kinya 

klavelina 

koko 

yat nab 

ch'ilim te' 

vux te' 

ch'ixal amuch 

muk'ta chikin ton 

ne bolom 

kola 

tzajal kampana nichim 

kola 

lo'balal met 

kontiyerva 

jok'leb tzo'op tz'unun 

tzukum jobel 

chorisyo ch'ix 

merokotom 

kanela te' 

tzajal xlumil 

kovana te' 

jol koy 

chinin 

jol koy 

kranata ak' 

kranata 

kelem vo'tus 

krisantema 

boch te' 

kuchara nich nab 

kulantu ch'o 

tzajal tzukum jol itaj 

391 
392 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym 

kurarina 

kuruch' itaj 

kururin ak' 

kururina 

kuskun-te' 

kvarentanyo 

k'a'esob nukul 

k'ajbenal chenek' 

k'ak'al mach'ul 

k'ak'al yuch' max 

k'an-'ich la 

k'an-tzu mail 

k'anal chak toj 

k'anal ch'ix 

k'anal ch'oliv 

k'anal kaxlan potov 

k'anal nich 

k'anal nich poxil k'ok' 

k'anal nich primon 

k'anal nich tz'i'lel 

k'anal nok'ol sik'ol 

k'anal pak' chak 

k'anal pech'e-'ok 

k'anal pik'ok' ak' 

k'anal pitzak' 

k'anal po'on 

k'anal potzan te' 

k'anal saju' 

k'anal te' 

k'anal tub chii 

k'anal tulan 

k'anal tz'irin x'ak'il 

k'anal uch'ul vo' 

k'anal yich'ak mut 

k'anas te' 

k'asal ak' 

k'ask'as nichim 

k'axib jobel 

k'ayil 

k'ib te' 

k'ik'i jobel 

k'ob tz'i' 

k'ojom jobel 

k'ol-k'ox moletik 

k'ol-pat naranja 

k'olo-max te' 

k'oro te' 

k'otox 

k'ox chak'ak' 

kinky 

hide tanner 

hot 

hot monkey's louse 

tan 

yellow thorn 

yellow-flowered fever medicine 

yellow-flowered 

yellow bottom patch 

yellow flat stem 

yellow showy tree 

yellow cricket spit 

yellow-spotted 

yellow bird's claw 

brittle vine 

brittle flower 

waterjug tree 

spreading grass 

dog's paw 

elder's child rattle 

rattling rind 

monkey-rattle tree 

kururin 

tzukum jol itaj 

kururin 

kururin 

uskun-te' 

kvarentano 

batz'i xaxib 

muk'ta xaxib 

x'ak'il chenek' 

sakil matas 

k'anal matas 

chon la 

sak-vayan mail 

k'anal chix te' 

ye aja chon 

tzajal ch'oliv 

sakil kaxlan potov 

chak'ak' 

xinal pox 

chak'ak' 

yalem bek'et 

mexa tz'i'lel 

yikatz toj 

k'anal sat mes 

yok' vakax 

k'anal puyu' 

tzajal pitzak' 

batz'i jovos 

nam-te' mol 

ch'ix saju' 

mora 

ch'upak' joj 

k'an-tulan 

tz'ibal x'ak'il 

yuch'ul vo' bolom 

k'anal konkon 

no'chi' 

ne saben 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

sakil pech'e-'ok jobel 

k'ail 

boch te' 

tzuntzun jobel 

pinto ixim 

k'ojom 

batz'i sakaton 

k'ol-k'ox 

k'ol-pat mantarina 

k'olo-max 

k'orok' te' 

krus jobel 

chak'ak' 
35 

Tzotzil term 

k'ox chichol 

k'ox ch'ilim vet 

k'ox ech' 

k'ox ik'al te' 

k'ox jabnal 

k'ox j'alnom met 

k'ox kampana nichim 

k'ox kaxlan alavanux 

k'ox klavel 

k'ox k'anal roxa 

k'ox k'os 

k'ox la 

k'ox machita te' 

k'ox makom 

k'ox matas 

k'ox nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

k'ox on te' 

k'ox palma 

k'ox papaya 

k'ox pik'ok' ak' 

k'ox pitzak' 

k'ox pomos 

k'ox potov 

k'ox sak-nich te' 

k'ox sak-vayan roxa 

k'ox sat mes 

k'ox tub chii 

k'ox tuix 

k'ox tzelo-pat 

k'ox tzu 

k'ox xaxib 

k'ox yax-'ib 

k'ox yaxal pom tz'unun 

k'ox yaxal puyu' 

k'un-tz'i'lel 

k'unil ok te' 

k'ux-pevul ich 

k'ux-pevul te' 

la ak' 

la ka' 

late' 

lalya 

Ian te' 

Ian te' tz'i'lel 

lansa vitzal chenek' 

latz 

lechuga* 

English equivalent 

small leaf 

small postpartum mother 

small carnation 

small machete tree 

small sticky plant 

small white-flowered tree 

small pink 

small cricket spit 

small blue hummingbird nectar 

soft plant 

soft-trunked tree 

horse's 

Lance Mt. bean 

flat 

Synonym 

k'ox tzajal chichol 

sakil ch'il vet 

krus ech' 

ik'al vinik 

k'ox yax-chel 

sakil pem-k'ulub 

chi met 

sakil kampana nichim 

kaxlan alavanux 

poxil sep' 

k'anal roxa 

tzajal k'os 

kilajtik la 

nichim te' 

makom tz'i'lel 

sakil matas 

poxil k'ok' 

yaxal nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

aja-te'es 

batz'i pech'e-'ok jobel 

papaya mut 

yaxal puyu' 

batz'i pitzak' 

tzajal pomos 

batz'i potov 

latzbil tonal pox 

k'ox tzajal roxa 

k'anal sat mes 

ch'upak' joj 

te'tikil tuix 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

ik'ob-bail tzu 

nene' tzu 

batz'i xaxib 

ch'aben te' 

nochleb buluk' sat 

k'ox puyu' 

tontikil pimil anal 

k'unil te' 

volajtik ich 

moy te' 

kilajtik la 

chon la 

sakil la 

chon la 

dalya 

yax-'ib te' 

yok' tz'i' 

muk'ta ik' 

pacha 

lechuka 

393 
394 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term 

lima chinchina 

lima jmalalena 

limas* 

limon 

limon ch'ix 

limones* 

liryo 

lixton verte 

lo'balal chix te' 

lo'balal met 

lo'balal on* 

lo'balal petok 

lo'bol ak' 

lo'bol chij 

lo'bol chitom 

lo'bol chuch 

lo'bol ch'ix 

lo'bol joj 

lo'bol jti'-sip 

lo'bol k'ux kumum 

lo'bol mut 

lo'bol sat vet 

loj-'at pox 

lok'esob-bail tzu 

lok'esob jolobil 

lot'om ch'il 

lotz'om chij ch'ix 

lotz'om chij tz'i'lel 

luchleb tz'unun 

luchleb vet 

luchleb vonon 

lumpijera 

luranko 

machita ak' 

machita te' 

mach'ul 

majob ik'al te' 

mail ak' 

makom ak' 

makom mut 

makom vet 

makom xoto-chak 

makum* 

makum saya-Hun* 

malok 

malvarisko 

English equivalent 

orange lima 

Magdalenas' 

lemon thorn 

green ribbon 

edible 

edible 

edible 

edible 

edible vine 

deer's fruit 

pig's fruit 

squirrel's fruit 

edible thorn 

raven's fruit 

tick eater's (groove-billed ani's) 

fruit 

(white-tipped) dove's 

fruit 

bird's fruit 

fox's fruit 

dangling testicle medicine 

bringer out 

loom cloth remover 

cramp 

thorny deer cramp 

hummingbird perch 

fox perch 

bumblebee perch 

machete vine 

machete tree 

wind beater tree 

bird's 

fox's 

Synonym 

ch'ulul lima 

chu' lima 

lima 

elamonix 

boch te' 

elamonix 

sakil asasena 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

batz'i chix te' 

chi met 

on 

batz'i petok 

yat kotom ak' 

yat tz'i' ak' 

chan-tzelav lo'bol 

lo'bol ak' 

yat kotom ak' 

lo'balal ch'ix 

yich joj 

ch'ix ak' 

kajve te' 

pitz'otz' 

lo'bol vet 

krem pox 

ik'ob-bail tzu 

tzutzub 

lotz'om chij 

lotz'om chij 

lotz'om chij 

tzajal kampana 

chin te' 

nochleb vonon 

lumpisera 

luranko turasnu 

chenek' ak' 

pek' me'el 

chenek' chij te' 

yaxal kachu toro te' 

sakil matas 

majob ik'al 

xantiya ak' 

makom ch'ix 

batz'i makom 

batz'i makom 

xoto-chak 

makom 

saya-vun 

maluk 

malva 
NUMBER 35 395 

Tzotzil term Englis

h equivalent Synonym 

mantzana ulo' 

maritzana ka' 

maritzana kinya 

mantzana naranja 

mantzaninya 

mantzaniya 

manya chenek' tz'i'lel 

margarita 

marimpa te' 

marivano tz'i'lel 

maruch itaj 

matabey 

matapalo 

mataraton 

matas sajo' 

matas tz'i'lel 

matz'an-tzotz 

mayil 

melon* 

melon ak' 

membrillo* 

memela tz'i'lel 

meryo pox 

meryo tz'i'lel 

mes te' 

mesjob tz'i'lel 

meskero 

milob tz'i' 

mis tz'i' 

mis tz'i' ak' 

mixtu' 

mol ech' 

mol pak' chak 

mol tzib 

molinyo 

mololinyo 

mora te' 

moraro nichim 

mosote jobel 

mostasa 

mostaza* 

moy ka' 

moy pox 

muil pom tz'unun 

muil te' 

mujan 

muk'ta aja-te'es 

muk'ta chikin-ib 

Chamulan apple 

horse's apple 

apple 

apple 

peanut plant 

marimba tree 

Mary's greens 

ox killer 

tree killer 

rat killer 

melon vine 

media 0/2 real) 

medicine 

media O/2 real) 

medicine plant 

broom plant 

dog killer 

dog's vagina 

dog's vagina vine 

big 

big patch 

big fern 

moll 

purple flower 

horse tobacco 

tobacco medicine 

fragrant 

fragrant tree 

batz'i maritzana 

maritzana te' 

mantzana lo'bol 

batz'i mantarina 

mantzanilya 

mantzanilya 

mexa tz'i'lel 

markarita 

kovana te' 

marivana ob 

tzo' xulem te' 

kajanab te' 

milob ch'o te' 

sakil matas 

sakil matas 

itzompi 

mail 

batz'i melon 

xantiya ak' 

nimpronix 

krem pox 

chikin ch'o 

sentavo tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

yak'ubal us 

(Stevia connata) 

meno 

ch'upak' te' 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

(Commelina erecta) 

tzajal puyu' 

mixto 

antzil ech' 

muk'ta pak chak 

muk'ta tzibe 

tzatzal ok tzib 

molino te' 

moh'no te' 

mora 

yax-'ulan pom tz'unun 

mosote 

mustisya 

mustisya 

moy te' 

moy 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

k'anal konkon 

mojan 

aja-te'es 

sakil chikin-ib 
396 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term 

muk'ta choch te' 

muk'ta ch'il vet 

muk'ta ch'it 

muk'ta elamonix 

muk'ta ik' k'ajbenal 

chenek' 

muk'ta ik'al te' 

muk'ta j'alnom met 

muk'ta jol choy tz'i'lel 

muk'ta kaxlan alavanux 

muk'ta kaxlan napux 

muk'ta k'oxox te' 

muk'ta la 

muk'ta makom 

muk'ta markarita 

muk'ta nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

muk'ta pelex 

muk'ta pom 

muk'ta pom tz'unun 

muk'ta pomos 

muk'ta potov 

muk'ta poxil k'ok' 

muk'ta primon 

muk'ta puyu' 

muk'ta rabano 

muk'ta saju' 

muk'ta sakaton 

muk'ta sakil roxa 

muk'ta sal-te' 

muk'ta sat mes 

muk'ta top'ol 

muk'ta tulan 

muk'ta tz'usub 

muk'ta xan 

muk'ta xanxan 

muk'ta yalem bek'et 

muk'tik chichol 

muk'tik javas 

muk'tik k'ail 

muk'tik makom 

muk'tik sat mes 

muk'tik tuix 

mum 

muruch' itaj 

muruch' potzil nichim 

mustesya 

English equivalent 

large black com stubble 

bean 

large postpartum mother 

large fish head plant 

large castilian 

large castilian 

large fever medicine 

large fallen flesh 

large sat broom 

kinky 

kinky thick 

Synonym 

choch 

ch'ix ch'il vet 

ik'al te' 

limon 

muk'ta ik' 

ik'al te' 

muk'ta met 

yarvajaka me'on 

muk'ta alavanux 

jolinom napux 

ik'al k'oxox te' 

tzajal k'os 

chon la 

sakil la 

tuxum makom 

tz'unbalal makom 

markariton 

k'anal nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

kaxlan pelex 

batz'i pom 

puj-'akan pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

ik'al pomos 

kaxlan potov 

chak'ak' 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

muk'ta on te' pox 

tzajal puyu' 

natikil alavanux 

batz'i saju' 

batz'i sakaton 

sakil roxa 

tzajal sal-te' 

sakil sat mes 

k'analtop'ol 

tzajal tulan 

ich ak' 

palma 

xanxanil balamil 

xanxanil ton 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

muk'tik tzajal chichol 

tzeb javas 

ton k'ail 

tz'unbalal makom 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

sakil tuix 

mumun 

tzukum jol itaj 

kaxlan vo'tus 

mustisya 
NUMBER 35 

Tzotzil term 

na p'ilix 

na vonon te' 

na xinich te' 

nabo* 

nakleb vonon 

nak'ubal us 

nanchi' 

nankeo 

nankipo 

nankipu te' 

nankipu' 

nankito 

nanta' 

nantzi bejuko 

napalu' 

nap'-'us tz'i'lel 

nap'ap' nich 

nap'ap' poxil ik' 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

nap'ux te' 

naranja ich 

naranja lima 

naranja te' 

naranjas* 

natikil kinya 

natz' alperes 

natz'il te' 

natz'il tz'i'lel 

ne chuch jobel 

ne ch'o tz'i'lel 

ne kotom nichim 

ne tz'i' tz'i'lel 

nekebal pox 

nes-kajve 

nich joj 

nich rosa* 

nichim anima 

nichim chak-lakan te' 

nichim chij 

nichim ch'ulelal 

nichim jch'ul-me'tik valalupa 

nichim jjaral-me'tik 

nichim jobel 

nichim joj 

nichim ninyo 

English equivalent 

grasshopper house 

carpenter bee nest tree 

ant nest tree 

bumblebee home 

gnat's shadow 

nantzi vine 

gnat sticking plant 

sticky flower 

sticky "wind" medicine 

sticky plant 

orange 

orange 

orange 

long 

ensign-bearer's necklace 

necklace tree 

necklace plant 

squirrel tail grass 

rat tail plant 

coati's tail flower 

dog's tail plant 

shoulder medicine 

raven's flower 

rose flower 

dead person's flower 

wasp's flower 

(deer or sheep's) flower 

ghost flower 

Our Lady of Guadalupe's flower 

Our Holy Lady's flower 

raven's flower 

Christ-Child flower 

Synonym 

chilchil tz'i'lel 

yax-'ib te' 

be xinich te' 

napux 

nochleb vonon 

yak'ubal us 

nantzi' 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nankipu 

mojan 

nankipu 

ch'ix ak' 

napalu 

va'ajtik nex 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

ch'a-te' pox 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

poxil ik' 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

(Ageratum houstonianum) 

nok'ol sik'ol 

yikatz toj 

k'anal ich 

ch'ulul lima 

batz'i k'oxox te' 

naranja 

natikil lo'bol 

malva 

tzajal ch'ulelal nichim 

yich'ak ch'o 

ne chuch 

yarvajaka me'on 

tzajal kilkil nichim 

xanxanil te' 

(Lycopodium taxifolium) 

tzotz-ni' tx'i'lel 

javas kajve 

nichim joj 

roxa 

barsin ak' 

k'ox bukaro 

mukumu 

tzajal pojov tz'i'lel 

koko'on chij 

jjaral-me'tik 

ik'al jobel 

sakil pech'e-'ok jobel 

yok' vakax 

mukumu 

397 
398 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term 

nichim te' 

nichim uch 

nichim valalupa 

nichimal k'in valalupa 

nixto 

nochi 

nochleb buluk' sat 

nochleb p'ilix 

nochleb tz'unun 

nochleb tz'unun tz'i'lel 

noch'och' tz'i'lel 

nok'ol sik'ol ak' 

nok'ol sik'ol te' 

nop'ol sik'ol 

nuez* 

nukul pat te' 

nukul te' 

nuk' xchil ulo' 

o'lol markarita 

o'lol sakaton 

o'lol tzo' mut ich 

ojov ak' 

olnob te' 

olotiyo 

onob 

orkana 

orkiya 

orkiya nichim 

oven on 

oven te' 

ovos 

paj-'ul ak' 

pajajtik on 

pajal chichol 

pajal makom 

pajal mantzana 

pajal potov 

pak' chak abnal* 

palma ch'ib 

palma nichim 

palma tzib 

palopfnto 

pansuro te' 

papausa 

papayusa 

paskva chenek' 

patax chenek' 

English equivalent 

flower tree 

opossum's flower 

Guadalupe flower 

flower of the fiesta of Guadalupe 

homworm perch 

grasshopper perch 

hummingbird perch 

hummingbird perch plant 

leather-barked tree 

leather tree 

the neck of a Chamulas robe 

medium 

medium 

medium bird shit 

lord vine 

orchid flower 

sour com gruel vine 

long 

sour 

sour 

sour 

sour 

bottom patch leaf 

palm 

palm flower 

palm 

spotted tree 

pot-bellied tree 

Christmas 

Synonym 

poxil yayijemal 

k'ox patax 

batz'i pech'e-'ok 

jobel 

koko'on chij 

koko'on chij 

mixto 

no'chi' 

yak'ubal us 

chilchil tz'i'lel 

yax-'ulan pom tz'unun 

nochleb vonon 

k'anal nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

sik'ol ak' 

sik'ol te' 

nok'ol sik'ol 

ton bek' 

vax te' 

yak'jnibak 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

ch'ulul markarita 

tzotziron markarita 

batz'i sakaton 

jlok'ol-chak ich 

p'uk 

yolnob ch'o 

pacha 

olnob 

yoyal vinajel 

jutuju 

me' putzul 

oven 

oven 

batz'i jovos 

k'ox paj-'ul 

yax-'on 

batz'i putzul chichol 

batz'i makom 

batz'i mantzana 

batz'i potov 

pak' chak 

muk'ta ch'ib 

kola 

muk'ta tzib 

pinto te' 

inop 

papausa k'evex 

papausa k'evex 

ik'al x'ak'il 

xvet' chenek' 
NUMBER 35 399 

Tzotzil term 

pataxet chenek' 

pataxete nichim 

paxak' ch'o 

paxamum te' 

paxamun 

paxku'al chenek' 

payliyo 

pech'-ok 

pech'ajtik jobel 

pech'ajtik tzajal jobel 

pech'e-'ok 

pech'e-'ok castillan nichim* 

pech'e-'ok chon 

peche-'ok nichim* 

pech'e-'ok tz'i'lel 

pera 

peras* 

peron 

petet 

petet te' 

pich' itaj 

pich' tuluk' 

pich' tz'i'lel 

pik'in te' 

pimenta te' 

pimenta tz'i'lel 

pimentail ul 

pimil anal 

pimil anal chikin-ib 

pimil anal tz'i'lel 

pimil pat chikin-ib 

pimil pat on 

pimilta 

piminta 

piminta tz'i'lel 

pimyenta te' 

pimyenta tz'i'lel 

pinto botii 

pinto x'ak'il 

pinto xvet' 

pinyon 

pirik' botii 

pirik' nichim 

pirik' x'ak'il 

pirik' xvet' 

pisis boch te' 

pitzak 

pitzak' chitom 

po'on chitom 

po'on ich 

English equivalent 

mouse's 

Christmas 

flat-stem 

flat grass 

flat stem 

flat-stemmed castilian flower 

flat-stemmed snake 

flat-stemmed flower 

flat-stemmed plant 

large pear 

spindle 

turkey's 

pepper tree 

com gruel pepper 

thick leaf 

thick leaf plant 

thick-barked 

thick rind 

pepper plant 

pepper tree 

pepper plant 

spotted 

spotted 

spotted 

speckled 

speckled flower 

spotted 

spotted 

round gourd tree 

pig's 

pig's 

hog plum 

Synonym 

xvet' chenek' 

patax nichim 

chimpo paxak' 

muk'ta paxamum 

paxamum 

ik'al x'ak'il 

moraro espayder 

pech'e-'ok jobel 

batz'i pech'e-'ok jobel 

tzukum jobel 

batz'i pech'e-'ok jobel 

asasena 

k'anal pech'e-'ok 

jobel 

asasena 

batz'i pech'e-'ok jobel 

kaxlan pelex 

pelex 

kaxlan pelex 

k'anal top'ol 

k'anal top'ol 

pich' 

pich' 

pich' 

memela te' 

poxil poslom 

tzajal k'os 

poxil pat ka' 

batz'i pimenta 

poxil eal 

batz'i chikin-ib 

poxil eal 

batz'i chikin-ib 

batz'i on 

pimenta 

pimenta 

sentavo tz'i'lel 

tzajal k'os 

sakil ch'il vet 

tz'ibal botii 

tz'ibal x'ak'il 

tz'ibal xvet' 

sakil sal-te' 

tz'ibal botii 

k'ok' sat nichim 

tz'ibal x'ak'il 

tz'ibal xvet' 

boch 

pitzak' 

batz'i pitzak' 

batz'i jovos 

k'anal ich 
400 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term Englis

h equivalent Synonym 

po'on te' 

pochajtik anal tz'i'lel 

pojov ak' 

pojov choch 

pojov te' 

pokok 

pom akan 

pom ch'a-te' 

pom ryox 

potom paxak' 

potov te' 

potosoara 

potz-nich jobel 

potzalal nichim 

potzan 

pox jnibak 

pox ka' 

poxil antz tz'i'lel 

poxil balamil 

poxil chakal 

poxil chin 

poxil chuvaj 

poxil ch'ich' 

poxil ch'ich' tza'nel 

poxil ch'ulelal 

poxil eal 

poxil ik' 

poxil jabnal 

poxil javal okol 

poxil jik'ik'ul obal 

poxil k'ak'al sik 

posil k'ak'et 

poxil k'ok' 

poxil k'ux k'abil 

poxil k'uxben chon 

poxil lukum 

poxil majbenal 

poxil makel 

poxil mako' chon 

poxil nuk'ul 

wide-leaved plant 

milky-sap vine 

milky-sap 

milky-sap tree 

incense stem 

incense bitter tree 

God's incense 

clustered 

thick flower grass 

thick flower 

Ixtapanec's medicine 

horse medicine 

woman's medicine plant 

earth medicine 

boil medicine 

mange medicine 

madness medicine 

blood medicine 

bloody dysentery medicine 

ghost medicine 

mouth (fever sore) medicine 

wind medicine 

leaf medicine 

cracked foot medicine 

whooping cough medicine 

hot cold (malaria) medicine 

bum medicine 

fever medicine 

painful urine medicine 

toothache medicine 

worm medicine 

breathing medicine 

constipation medicine 

cockroach poison 

neck (mumps) medicine 

batz'i jovos 

yail tz'i'lel 

sakil ak' 

choch 

te'el uli' 

pok'ok' 

jom akan 

muk'ta ch'a-te' 

batz'i pom 

potpot paxak' 

boch te' 

pinto te' 

kakaxon jobel 

(Chloris virgata) 

tzajal nichim 

antzil vo'tus 

ch'ail pox 

poxil pat ka' 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

j'ak'-'uch 

poxil chin 

keb chij 

koko'on chij 

poxil sep' 

k'ox k'an-'ich 

k'ojom 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

k'ox paj-'ul 

muk'ta vala-pojov 

ch'a-te' pox 

k'ox yax-chel 

kafnusa te' 

poxil obal 

xanxanil ton 

sakil ch'il vet 

batz'i chikin ton 

malva 

chikin ch'o 

k'ox nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

k'ox yax-chel 

poxil apon 

yok' tz'i' 

sakil pem-k'ulub 

chilchil tz'i'lel 

batz'i pojov tz'i'lel 

tzutzub 

yok' tz'i' 

sakil pem-k'ulub 

poxil mako' 

bik'it on te' pox 
35 

Tzotzil term 

poxil poslom 

poxil sal-tz'i' 

poxil sal-tz'i' ak' 

poxil sarampyo 

poxil sep' 

poxil sim-nak'al 

poxil tanal eal 

poxil tza'nel 

poxil tz'akob-bail 

poxil vo'an 

poxil yayijel 

poxil yayijemal 

prasil 

preno te' 

primon 

puj yoyal balamil 

puj-'ut ich 

puj-'ut jobel 

pujan tzajal ich 

pujkin ich 

pulin vo' 

pulun vo' 

punyal tz'i'lel 

putzul chichol ak' 

putzul chij tz'i'lel 

putzul nichim 

putzul pepen 

putzul t'en 

putzul unetik 

puyu'al chobtik 

puyu'al vitztik 

p'ilix 

p'uk 

rabano 

rabanos* 

radidla 

rais 

English equivalent 

poslom medicine 

mange medicine 

measles medicine 

mange medicine 

dysentery medicine 

tooth medicine 

diarrhea medicine 

mending medicine 

tumor medicine 

wound medicine 

wound medicine 

world pillar 

hollow inside 

hollow inside 

hollow red 

hollow 

water drawer 

water drawer 

dagger plant 

hollow chichol vine 

hollow sheep (or) deer plant 

hollow flower 

butterfly's hollow flower 

fluffy runt or hollow runt 

children's hollow (flower) 

cornfield 

temperate 

root 

Synonym 

poxil chin 

koko'on chij 

sat vet 

chak'ak' 

ich ak' 

yat tz'i' ak' 

ik'al ok tzib 

k'ojom 

k'ox la 

nap'-'us tz'i'lel 

yok' tz'i' 

bot'-jol tz'i'lel 

krus jobel 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

poxil pat ka' 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

yich'ak ch'o 

boch te' 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

sakil pom tz'unun 

koko'on chij 

poxil yayijemal 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel 

brasil 

treno 

tzajal kampana 

vinik puj 

sakil pem-k'ulub 

pujkan ich 

paj-'akan jobel 

pujkan ich 

pujkan ich 

pulum vo' 

pulum vo' 

tut nab 

chichol ak' 

sakil sat mes 

va'ajtik nex 

sakil akuxa tz'i'lel 

orisyon tz'i'lel 

sakil ak' 

yax-'ib te' 

orisyon 

sakil puyu' 

yaxal puyu' 

pilix 

kola tz'i'lel 

alavanux 

alavanux 

bukaro 

krisantema nichim 

401 
402 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term 

rais ta komitan 

ratonero 

ravanito 

ravano 

rimponix 

romero 

rosa* 

rosaryo roxa 

ruda* 

sajo' 

saju' 

sak-morte ich 

sak-nich te' 

sak-paran te' 

sak-tanan pox 

sakil boton 

sakil chii jabnal 

sakil ch'ix 

sakil ch'ix te' 

sakil ch'uch' 

sakil ech' 

sakil itaj 

sakil ik'al te' 

sakil jach'ub te' 

sakil jobel 

sakil kachu toro te' 

sakil karitela chenek' 

sakil karnero te' 

sakil kevrajacha 

sakil k'evex tulan 

sakil kinya 

sakil k'evex 

sakil k'oxox te' 

sakil mes te' 

sakil mustisya 

sakil mutut 

sakil nap'ap' 

sakil nich nab 

sakil nich pech'-'ok 

sakil nich puyu' 

sakil nichim 

sakil ok tzib 

sakil olnob 

sakil pak' chak 

English equivalent 

Comitan root 

mouser 

rosary rose 

white mould 

white flowered tree 

whitish medicine 

white bud 

white-thomed tree 

white greens 

white toasted tortilla tree 

white broom tree 

white sticky 

white-flowered 

white-flowered 

white-stemmed 

white bottom patch 

Synonym 

krisantema nichim 

milob ch'o te' 

kaxlan alavanux 

alavanux 

nimpronix 

sakil k'uk' toj 

roxa 

tzajal kampana 

lula 

saju' 

k'anal matas 

morte ich 

ton k'ail 

treno 

nam-te' mol 

ve'el kulajte' 

asasena vola 

nube 

batz'i chii jabnal 

keb chij 

krus ch'ix 

lo'balal ch'ix 

tomal ch'ix 

kevrajacha 

k'ox ch'uch' 

antzil ech' 

batz'i itaj 

muk'ta paxamum 

sat pukuj 

jach'ub te' 

kakaxon jobel 

(Dactyloctenium aegyptium) 

yaxal kachu toro te' 

k'anal karitela chenek' 

karnero te' 

sakil ch'ix 

k'an-tulan 

sakil lo'bol 

k'anal k'evex 

yaj-te' kotom 

poxil tza'nel 

k'ox mustisya 

kajanab te' 

kilajtik nex 

bero nich nab 

sakil pech'e-'ok jobel 

sakil puyu' 

mukumu 

tzatzal ok tzib 

batz'i olnob 

batz'i pern k'ulub 
NUMBER 35 

Tzotzil term 

sakil pom tz'unun 

sakil saju' 

sakil sakaton 

sakil sevulya 

sakil sun 

sakil tok'oy 

sakil tzelo-pat 

sakil tzib 

sakil tz'emeni' 

sakil yich'ak mut 

saksak-vilan klavel 

sal-tz'i' ak' 

salya jobel 

salya-vun 

sanaorya 

santa lusfya 

santa roxa te' 

santa roxail te' 

santo nichim 

santo te' 

santoal turasnu 

sat mes poxil ka' 

sat ob 

sat toj 

sat vet 

saus 

savus 

saya-Hun* 

sboch pukuj 

sekaro 

sekarovel 

sera kinya 

sera tz'i'lel 

setom paxak' 

setomal paxak' 

sevulya 

silo 

sim tuluk' nichim 

simaron po'on 

sipres 

skolail svob antivo 

skventa jtaleltik 

sne ba 

sne bolom 

sne lakarto 

snich pok' ulo' 

snichim jch'ul-me'tik 

snichim jsoktom 

snichim me'eletik 

English equivalent 

white onion 

white bird's claw 

pink 

mange vine 

packsaddle grass 

Saint Lucy 

Saint Rose tree 

Saint Rose tree 

All Saints' Day flower 

saint tree 

All Saints' Day 

sat broom horse medicine 

ob berry 

pine fruit 

fox's berry 

soya paper 

devil's gourd 

wax 

wax plant 

round 

round 

turkey wattle flower 

wild 

glue for the ancient people's 

fiddles 

concerning our customs 

gopher's tail 

jaguar's tail 

crocodile's tail 

Chamul&s tunic tassle 

Our Holy Lady's flower 

Chiapanec's flower 

ladies' flower 

Synonym 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

batz'i saju' 

batz'i sakaton 

sakil tuix 

tzojoj 

batz'i tok'oy 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

tzatzal ok tzib 

batz'i tz'emeni' 

jabnal te' 

sak-vayan klavel 

yat tz'i' ak' 

kakaxon jobel 

saya-vun 

sanorya 

k'ox bukaro 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

mukumu 

ch'u-te' 

karirat turasnu 

poxil jolol 

ob 

asasena vola 

poxil poslom 

k'isis 

k'isis 

saya-vun 

boch te' 

lo'bol vet 

lo'bol vet 

sera lo'bol 

kola 

potpot paxak' 

potpot paxak' 

tuix 

sila 

tzajal kilkil nichim 

batz'i jovos 

ok'il te' 

kola tz'i'lel 

tzutzub 

(Lythrum 

lanceolatum) 

karnero te' 

ne bolom ne bolom 

tzajal kampana 

jjaral-me'tik 

k'anal konkon mukumu 

pamal jabnal 

403 
404 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term 

snichim ninyo 

snichim san-tukax 

snichim xan-lukax 

soj 

soktomal sevulya 

soltaro pox 

sonso ech' 

soro pox 

soro te' 

sot' ech' 

sotz' te' 

spox jnibak 

spoxil kaxlan 

spoxil yul j'alnom 

sputz'taob xavon k'oxetik 

stubtaob xavon k'oxetik 

stz'itesob at 

suk mok 

suspenyo 

suyul itaj 

sve'el tuch'ich' 

talesob chu'ul tz'i'lel 

tamarin te' 

tan ok tz'i'lel 

tan makom 

tan-mukan tz'i'lel 

tan sat makom 

tan tz'i'lel 

tanal makom 

tanjero is-ak' 

tanjero mantzana 

taro 

te' la 

te' limon 

te'el marimpa 

te'el petet 

te'tikal ch'oliv 

te'tikal k'evex 

te'tikal petok 

te'tikal po'on 

te'tikal xut 

te'tikil papaya 

te'tikil sevulya 

telajtik ch'um 

tempich 

tempich ich 

tempran ich 

tenpich ich 

English equivalent 

Christ Child's flower 

San Lucas' flower 

San Lucas' flower 

Chiapan onion 

soldier medicine 

dumb 

skunk medicine 

skunk tree 

rattle ech' 

bat tree 

Ixtapanec's medicine 

chicken seasoning 

seasoning for a post-partum 

mother's com gruel 

children's soap blower 

children's soap spitter 

penis enlarger 

fence plug 

oriole's food 

milk-inducing plant 

tamarind tree 

gray-stemmed plant 

scruffy 

scruffy plant 

scruffy-fruited 

scruffy plant 

scruffy 

foreign 

foreign 

lemon tea 

marimba tree 

bodkin tree 

wild 

wild 

wild 

wild 

wild 

wild 

wild 

long 

Synonym 

tzon-te'al balamil 

snichim san-lukax 

snichim san-lukax 

tzojoj 

sakil tuix 

j'ak'-'uch 

uma' ech' 

soro te' 

xinal te' 

vojton ech' 

pom ka' 

ch'ail pox 

tomyo 

tzitz pox 

tontikil putzul 

tontikil putzul 

p'uk 

yat kotom 

latzbil tonal pox 

tuspenyo 

suil itaj 

k'ox arvajaka 

poxil yayijemal 

tamarin 

jok'leb tzo'op tz'unun 

xoto-chak 

k'ox top'ol 

xoto-chak 

tan tz'ul itaj 

batz'i makom 

tranjero is-ak' 

kaxlan mantzana 

otot 

ajo' te' 

batz'i limon jobel 

be xinich te' 

k'analtop'ol 

tzajal ch'oliv 

batz'i k'evex 

tzajal petok 

batz'i jovos 

xut 

papaya mut 

te'tikil tuix 

mail ch'um 

tempix 

tzo' mut ich 

tzo' mut ich 

tzo' mut ich 

tzo' mut ich 
NUMBE

R 35 405 

Tzotzil term Englis

h equivalent Synonym 

tentzun pox 

tentzun tz'i'lel 

ti' ba vakax 

timbre 

timpre 

tinpich ich 

toj-cho' te' 

tok'ol 

tok'oy 

tok'oy chi 

tok'oy te' 

ton ak' 

tontikil ch'aben 

tontikil ech' 

top'ol te' 

tranjero javas 

trebol* 

trejo 

trigo jobel 

tub pilix 

tuil chijil te' 

tuil te' 

tuil yisim jobel 

tuix jobel 

tuix ka' 

tulan te' 

turanku 

turasno 

turesno 

turesnu 

turisnu 

tut nichim 

tut tz'i'lel 

tutal vo' 

tuvix 

tux-nok'* 

tux-nuk' tz'i'lel 

tuxta kinya 

t'an-'ak' 

t'an ch'um-te' 

t'ant'an ak' 

t'ax ch'um-te' 

t'erel te' 

t'oskin chenek' 

goat medicine 

goat plant 

cow's forehead 

bell 

hard vine 

stony 

rock 

foreign 

spit 

stinky 

stinky tree 

stinky-rooted grass 

onion grass 

horse 

Tuxtla _ 

bald vine 

bald 

bald vine 

bald 

tentzun 

tentzun 

kakaxon jobel 

(Dactylodenium aegyptium) 

batz'i xaxib 

batz'i xaxib 

tzo' mut ich 

bak amuch te' 

k'anal top'ol 

kaxlan tok'oy 

kaxlan tok'oy 

kaxlan tok'oy 

k'ox tok'oy 

ne saben 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

antzil ech' 

k'analtop'ol 

tzeb javas 

pitzak' 

tzajal pitzak' 

avena 

chilchil tz'i'lel 

xutax chijil te' 

chichol te' 

ch'u-te' 

xinal te' 

krus jobel 

(Cyperus flavus) 

sakil pech'e-'ok jobel 

yaxux ka' 

muk'ta kachu toro te' 

luranko turasnu 

turasnu 

turasnu 

turasnu 

turasnu 

k'ask'as tz'i'lel 

(Rondeletia sp.) 

tontikil putzul 

vinik puj 

tuix 

tux-nuk' 

poxil yayijemal 

batz'i lo'bol 

ve'el inatab 

t'arax ch'um-te' 

ve'el inatab 

t'arax ch'um-te' 

tz'erel 

k'anal x'ak'il t'ut' ak' 

karos ak' 
406 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term 

t'ut'ak ak' 

tzajal ak' 

tzajal belturaka 

tzajal chix te' 

tzajal ch'ili vet 

tzajal ch'ix 

tzajal ch'ix nichim 

tzajal ech' 

tzajal ixim 

tzajal jach'ub te' 

tzajal kachu toro te' 

tzajal kampana 

tzajal kinya 

tzajal koko'on tz'i'lel 

tzajal k'oxox te' 

tzajal la 

tzajal majava ak' 

tzajal nich jobel 

tzajal nich nab 

tzajal nichim ta olon osil 

tzajal olonal nichim 

tzajal pek' me'el 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

tzajal pox 

tzajal saju' 

tzajal sevulya 

tzajal suk 

tzajal te' 

tzajal te'-'ak' 

tzajal tuix 

tzajal tzib 

tzajal tzotz-ni' te' 

tzajal tz'i'lel 

tzajal tz'usub 

tzajal uch'ul vo' 

tzajal vixobtakil 

tzajal xaxib 

tzalub kelem 

tzan tzelo-pat 

English equivalent 

red 

red 

red fox rib 

red nettle 

red thorny flower 

red comb tree 

red bell 

lowland red flower 

red lowland flower 

red woman's tumpline 

red hummingbird nectar 

tree 

red medicine 

red onion 

red tree 

red stiff vine 

red downy-tipped tree 

cockscomb 

Synonym 

t'ut' ak' 

k'anal ak' 

majaVa ak' 

batz'i pik'ok' 

vax te' 

ve'el inatab 

batz'i belturaka 

chix te' mut 

ch'ix ch'il vet 

lo'balal ch'ix 

snichim san-lukax 

vojton ech' 

chix te' 

kamaron te' 

muk'ta kachu toro te' 

tzajal kampana nichim 

tzajal lo'bol 

koko'on chij 

batz'i k'oxox te' 

chon la 

majaVa ak' 

tzajal jobel 

koko'on nich nab 

snichim san-lukax 

snichim san-lukax nichim 

ne saben 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

puj-'akan pom tz'unun 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

(Salvia purpurea) 

tzajal ch'ulelal te' 

nichim 

muk'ta akuxa tz'i'lel 

ch'ix saju' 

batz'i tuix 

ik'al suk 

poxil chin 

ne saben 

batz'i tuix 

batz'i tzib 

yich'ak ch'o 

ajo' te' 

sakil akuxa tz'i'lel 

yich'ak ch'o 

batz'i tz'usub 

sakil uch'ul vo' 

muk'ta vixobtakil 

setajtik vixobtakil 

ch'ich' ni' 

yalem bek'et 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 
NUMBE

R 35 407 

Tzotzil term Englis

h equivalent Synonym 

tzatzal t'ul jobel 

tzav ch'um-te' 

tzeb tz'i'lel 

tzeb vo'tus 

tzebal vo'tus 

tzele-pat 

tzib nab 

tzibal k'a'-te' 

tzibal ton 

tzima 

tzima' boch 

tzima' ch'ix 

tzis chauk 

tzis chauk* 

tzis chitom 

tzis chitom te' 

tzisan kotz 

tzitz jobel 

tzitz saju' 

tzitz te' 

tzitz tzoj tob 

tzitzal ul 

tzitzil ul 

tzo' ka' pom 

tzo' olol 

tzo' unen 

tzon-te' 

tzon-te'al toj 

tzop ch'um-te' ch'o 

tzopin ch'um-te' 

tzotz-ni' ak' 

tzotzil ak' 

tzotzil tzib 

tzotzin ak' 

tzotzin matas 

tzotzin sat mes 

tzotzin te' 

tzotzin tz'i'lel 

tzotziron ch'um-te' 

tzotziron pik'ok' 

tzual bankilal 

tzukum ch'ix 

tzukum nich tz'i'lel 

tzukum te' 

tzuk' ch'en 

tzun-jol tz'i'lel 

tzun te' jol 

rabbit fur grass 

prickly 

girl plant 

girl 

girl 

plated-bark 

pond fern 

rotten tree fern 

rock fem 

calabash gourd 

thorny calabash 

thunderbolt fart 

pig fart 

pig fart tree 

rooster bristle 

grass 

com gruel tzitz 

com gruel tzitz 

horse shit 

child shit 

baby shit 

tree beard 

pine tree beard 

furry mouse's chayote 

furry 

downy-tipped vine 

downy vine 

downy fem 

downy vine 

downy 

downy 

downy tree 

downy plant 

downy 

downy 

chief's gourd 

caterpillar thorn 

caterpillar flower plant 

caterpillar tree 

cliff's forelock 

messy-haired plant 

messy stiff hair 

tzuntzun jobel 

tzop ch'um-te' 

k'anal nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

antzil vo'tus 

antzil vo'tus 

tzelo-pat 

kuchara nich nab 

kilajtik tzib 

muruch' tzib 

tzima' 

tzima' 

boch te' 

tuturu 

tzis uch 

tzis chauk 

yax-'ib te' 

krus jobel 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

(Salvia reptans) 

k'anal matas 

tzutzub 

tzitz tz'i'lel 

tzitz 

tzitz 

ach'el pom 

no'chi' 

no'chi' 

tzon-te'al krus 

yikatz toj 

ch'ix ch'um-te' ch'o 

tzop ch'um-te' 

vako' ak' 

k'ox puyu' 

tzajal tzib 

k'ox puyu' 

k'anal matas 

chichol ak' 

ajo' te' 

nap'-'us tz'i'lel 

chichol ak' 

k'ox boraja 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel 

tzop ch'um-te' 

batz'i pik'ok' 

tzual moy 

chorisyo ch'ix 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

poxil sep' 

tentzun 

poxil ti'ben lukum 
408 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym 

tzuntzun tz'i'lel 

tz'akal k'on 

tz'akob-bail 

tz'akob-bail pox 

tz'am-te'al na 

tz'elel te' 

tz'emeni 

tz'emeni'al ba ton 

tz'emeni'al ch'en 

tz'ibaltik ibes 

tz'ibaron x'ak'il 

tz'ibaron xlumil 

tz'ibirin x'ak'il 

tz'ibirin xlumil 

tz'ibirin xvet' 

tz'ibkun botii 

tz'ibkun x'ak'il 

tz'ibkuron botii 

tz'ibkuron xvet' 

tz'ibom tz'i'lel 

tz'ipak ak' 

tz'itesob at 

tz'itesob jolol 

tz'itz'op nich 

tz'ob 

tz'oban ak' 

tz'oban te' 

tz'oban tz'i'lel 

tz'ol ka' 

tz'omol tz'i'lel 

tz'ubal nich 

tz'uil itaj 

tz'un te' jol 

tz'unbalal bik'tal tzajal roxa 

tz'unbalal chi 

tz'unbalal ch'aben 

tz'unbalal sakil roxa 

tz'unbalal te' 

tz'unbalal tzajal roxa 

tz'unub potov 

tz'usub* 

tz'usub ak' 

tz'usum 

tz'usum ak' 

tz'utuj jobel 

tz'utz'un tz'unun 

tz'uxub 

messy plant 

late yellow 

mender 

mender medicine 

house rafter 

rock top 

cliff 

striped 

striped 

striped 

striped 

striped 

striped 

striped 

striped 

striped 

striped 

writer plant 

penis enlarger 

hair grower 

vine 

plant 

horse 

stool plant 

pointed flower 

greens 

planted tree hair 

cultivated 

cultivated 

cultivated 

cultivated 

cultivated 

cultivated 

cultivated 

com flower 

sipping hummingbird 

nap'-'us tz'i'lel 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

k'anal chix te' 

ch'a-te' pox 

poxil ik' 

ch'a-te' pox 

poxil ik' 

bot 

tz'erel 

tz'emeni' 

o'lol tz'emeni' 

(Cranichis trilobata) 

tzajal tz'emeni' 

k'analibes 

tz'ibal x'ak'il 

tz'ibal xlumil 

tz'ibal x'ak'il 

tz'ibal xlumil 

tz'ibal xvet' 

tz'ibal botii 

tz'ibal x'ak'il 

tz'ibal botii 

tz'ibal xvet' 

tzajal pojov tz'i'lel 

jikamo ak' 

p'uk 

poxil jolol 

tzutzub 

ob 

k'ox tz'oban 

k'ox tz'oban 

k'ox pak' chak 

kvarentano tz'ol 

mail tz'i'lel 

yaxal kampana tz'i'lel 

tz'ul itaj 

poxil ti'ben lukum 

k'ox tzajal roxa 

pino chi 

batz'i ch'aben 

sakil roxa 

presa 

batz'i tzajal roxa 

kaxlan potov 

uva 

tz'usub 

tz'usub 

tz'usub 

ik'ob chij 

yax-'ulan pom tz'unun 

tz'usub 
NUMBER 35 409 

Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym 

uch'ob vo' 

uch'ul vo' tz'i'lel 

uch'ul vo'al ton 

uli' te' 

unen mu tz'i'lel 

uskun tz'i'lel 

va'ajtik on 

va'ajtik tok'oy 

va'al nich 

vach' nichim 

vach' t'ul 

vakax itaj 

vako ak' 

vale' tz'i'lel 

vanal pojov 

vamoch 

vara chenek' 

vax 

vax ak' 

vax tz'i'lel 

vayu' chenek' 

ve'el chij 

ve'el chitom 

ve'el chuch 

ve'el ka' 

ve'el ka' jobel 

ve'el k'ovix 

ve'el mut 

ve'el sak-ch'ut mut 

ve'el t'ul 

ve'el vakax 

ve'el vokoto 

vega chenek' 

veltura itaj 

ventex 

ventex chij 

ventex mamal 

verakrusano chenek' 

vinik aj 

vok vo' 

vol-jol makom 

vola nichim 

vo'tus ch'o 

drinking water receptacle 

drinking water receptacle plant 

rock-growing drinking water 

receptacle 

little delicious plant 

long 

long 

upright flower 

twig flower 

rabbit twig 

cow greens 

milky sap 

grayish 

sheep food 

pig food 

squirrel food 

horse food 

horse food grass 

towhee food 

bird food 

white-bellied bird (mockingbird) 

food 

rabbit food 

cow food 

chachalaca food 

chaplet 

deer's chaplet 

dude's chaplet 

Veracruz 

man reed 

foam 

round-ended 

round flower 

mouse's 

uch'ul vo' 

yaxal tz'emeni' 

(Commelina diffusa) 

yok' vakax 

te'el uli' 

chichol te' 

uskun-te' 

yax-'on 

batz'i tok'oy 

k'anal konkon 

k'ox bukaro 

tzitz pox 

chikin chij 

vako' ak' 

konejo jobel 

yat kotom 

batz'i vala-pojov 

vamuch te' 

muk'ta ik' 

tzo' bail xlumil 

vax te' 

vax te' 

yolnob ch'o 

sakil ibes 

pitz'otz' 

chan-tzelav lo'bol 

ve'el kulajte' 

tan ka' 

krus jobel 

(Cyperus melanostachyus) 

puj-'akan pom tz'unun 

ve'el kulajte' 

poxil chin 

akan jobel 

(Polypogon semiverticillata) 

alpajo 

sakil tz'usub 

muk'ta ik' 

batz'i bertulaka 

ventex mol 

tzajal ch'ulelal nichim 

kajve te' 

ventex mol 

ik'al xlumil 

yajil ama 

bero 

tuxum makom 

asasena vola 

k'ox vo'tus 
410 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTION

S TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term 

vo'tus ulo' 

vola x'ak'il 

volajtik uch'ul vo' 

volajtik ch'um 

volita nichim 

volvol ich 

volvol nabo* 

votzvotz pox 

voy ch'ix te' 

English equivalent 

Chamulan's 

round 

round 

round 

little ball flower 

round 

round 

clumpy medicine 

thorn hoof tree 

Synonym 

k'ox vo'tus 

tzo' t'ul x'ak'il 

kilajtik uch'ul vo' 

k'ox uch'ul vo' 

baril ch'um 

volita 

volajtik ich 

jolinom napux 

yuch' max pox 

voy chij te' 

wapo ak' 

xam-pelfpe te' 

xam-pflpe te' 

xanchiya 

xanil ixim 

xantiya antivo 

xantiya ch'o 

xanxan 

xanxan jobel 

xanxan tz'i'lel 

xanxanil be 

xavon ak' 

xavon te' 

xaxib ch'o 

xaxib te' 

xchob antivo 

xchu' jch'ul-me'tik 

xela nichim 

xelajtik krisantema 

xelajtik la 

xenobal 

xik' kukay 

ximo 

xinal te' 

xinal tz'i'lel 

xmatal ak' 

xnok 

xojob xoto-chak 

xotajtik ch'um 

xpoko' 

San Felipe tree 

San Felipe tree 

xan for com 

ancestor's 

mouse's 

roadside 

soap vine 

soap tree 

mouse's 

ancestors' com 

our lady's breast 

ribbon flower 

runcinate 

runcinate 

vomiting 

firefly's wing 

stinky tree 

stinky plant 

ant tree 

magdalen vine 

coiled bottom ra; 

twisted to one sii 

vako' ak' 

putzkuy 

xinal te' 

xantiya 

pik' xan 

xantiya ak' 

ch'um-te' pox 

sakil pem-k'ulub 

batz'i pech'e-'ok 

jobel 

krus jobel 

(Cyperus hermaphroditicus) 

sakil pem-k'ulub 

juxob-bail ak' 

tuil te' 

ch'aben tz'i'lel 

muk'ta xaxib 

yolnob ch'o 

batz'i ximo' 

chuchu' 

nichim ninyo 

patax nichim 

esp&yder 

kilajtik la 

xenebal pox 

k'anal pech'e-'ok 

jobel 

ximo' 

chin te' 

yax-'ib te' 

chenek' tz'i'lel 

tzajal pom tz'unun 

be xinich te' 

matal ak' 

nok 

krus jobel 

(Cyperus hermaphroditicus) 

kometa ch'um 

pok'ok' 
NUMBER 35 

Tzotzil term 

xpokok 

xpok'ok' 

xuch'al on te' 

xul 

xul te' 

xulal na 

xulub tuix 

xulub vakax 

xulub vakax ch'ix 

yail tz'i'lel 

yaj kotom 

yajan joj 

yak' ch'o 

yak' moletik 

yak' uch 

yak'il vob ak' 

yama chij 

yanal moy 

yanal pojov 

yat chitom paxak' 

yat chitom po'on 

yat karnero ak' 

yat nab 

yat tz'i' te' 

yax-'on ak' 

yax-'ulan puyu' 

yax-chelul 

yax-met 

yaxal ak' 

yaxal barsin ak' 

yaxal bot te' 

yaxal ch'ix 

yaxal kinya 

yaxal nich asasena 

yaxal nich tz'i'lel 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

yaxal pomos 

yaxal tzib 

yech' antivo 

yech' j'ik'al 

yich koyote 

yich kulajtik 

yich k'ank'uk' 

yich mut 

yich ulo' 

English equivalent 

resinous 

wattle 

wattle tree 

house wattle 

horn 

cow horn 

cow horn thorn 

hot plant 

coatimundi's reed 

raven's ear of com 

mouse's vine 

elder's vine 

it causes yellowing 

fiddle string vine 

(deer's or sheep's) flute 

moy leaf 

pojov leaf 

pig penis 

pig penis 

sheep penis vine 

lake penis 

dog penis tree 

green avocado vine 

purple 

green spotty vine 

green thorn 

green 

ancients' 

spook's 

coyote's chili 

Tenejapans' chili 

Cancuc's chili 

bird's chili 

Chamulas chili 

Synonym 

pok'ok' 

pok'ok' 

nap'ap' on te' 

bak te' 

bak te' 

bak te' 

te'tikil tuix 

yaxal kachu toro te' 

chojchoj 

yat nab 

ik'ob chij 

batz'i yajan chuch 

batz'i yuch' max 

ne saben 

j'ak'-'uch' 

yak'il vob 

ik'ob chij 

moy 

batz'i vala-pojov 

kinya paxak' 

batz'i jovos 

vako' ak' 

yail tz'i'lel 

muk'ta on te' pox 

lo'bol kotom 

yaxal puyu' 

muk'ta yax-chel 

muk'ta met 

pek' me'el 

pepen ak' 

kanava ak' 

kajanab te' 

nichim te' 

chimpo lo'bol 

yaxal asasena 

poxil chuvaj 

(Polygala costaricensis) 

sakil pom tz'unun 

ik'al pomos 

muk'ta tzib 

(Notholaena sinuata) 

uma' ech' 

(Tillandsia fasciculata) 

antzil ech' 

(Vriesea breedlovei) 

ve'el kulajte' 

yich kurik 

yich kurik 

tzo' mut ich 

yich kurik 

411 
412 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzotzil term 

yich xulem 

yich'ak katu' 

yich'ak maxu' 

yich'ak mut 

yich'ak mut ak' 

yisim be jobel 

yisim uch 

yitaj jsoktom 

yitaj pale 

yixtol ch'o 

yok ne sibak 

yok' tz'i' tz'i'lel 

yol lum 

yolnob chij 

yolnob ka' 

yolnob vakax 

yolnob vet 

yoven chuch 

yu mamal 

yuch'ul vo' antivo 

yuch'ul vo' bolom 

yuch'ul vo' chuch 

yuka 

yuka te' 

yuka' 

yuka' ak' 

yut mokal chenek' 

English equivalent 

buzzard's chili 

cat's claw 

cat's claw 

bird's claw 

bird's claw vine 

road whisker grass 

opossum's whiskers 

Chiapanecs' greens 

priest's greens 

mouse's toy 

rocket stem 

dog's tongue plant 

earth's child 

deer's 

horse's 

cow's 

fox's 

squirrel's 

elder's moon 

ancestor's drinking water 

receptacle 

jaguar's drinking water 

receptacle 

squirrel's drinking water 

receptacle 

yucca vine 

yard 

Synonym 

ve'el kulajte' 

yich'ak mis 

yich'ak mis 

jabnal 

jabnal te' 

k'anal puyu' 

tzukum jobel 

yisim be 

chilchil tz'i'lel 

muk'ta bertulaka 

yat nab 

tzukum tz'i'lel 

pilix 

yok' tz'i' 

chenek' tz'i'lel 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

oven 

ventex mol 

yuch'ul vo' j'ik'al 

uch'ul vo'al baton 

yuch'ul vo' j'ik'al 

tz'in-te' 

tz'in-te' 

tz'in-te' 

jikamo ak' 

ik'al x'ak'il 
Appendix 6 

Plant Use 

House Construction 

ADOBE MOLD 

Pinus spp. 

DAUB FIXER 

Lycopodium taxifolium 

L. tuerkheimii 

Pinus spp. 

Cedrela oaxacana 

C. odorata 

C. salvadorena 

Chlorophora tindoria 

Cordia alliodora 

Cupressus benthamii var. 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Juniperus gamboana 

Pinus ayacahuite 

Pinus spp. 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Antigonon flavescens 

A. guatemalense 

Canavalia glabra 

C. hirsutissima 

C. villosa 

Celtis iguanaea 

DOOR 

lindleyi 

LASHING 

Chiranthodendron pentadactylon 

Clematis dioica 

C. grossa 

Cucumis anguria 

Cydista diversifolia 

Dalbergia glabra 

Didymaea alsinoides 

Furcraea guatemalensis 

Heliocarpus donnell-smithii 

H. mexicanus 

Heteropteris beecheyana 

Ipomoea pauciflora 

I. signata 

I. sp. 

/. triloba 

I. tyrianthina 

toj 

xanxanil te' 

xanxanil te' 

toj 

bik'it ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

mora 

be xinich te' 

nukul pat 

yax-te' 

ok'il te' 

tzajal k'uk' toj 

toj 

vamuch te' 

tz'usub 

kanava ak' 

pek' me'el 

pek' me'el 

pek' me'el 

ch'ix ak' 

k'am-xoch' 

ich ak' 

ich ak' 

ch'um-te' pox 

barsin ak' 

majava ak' 

tz'usub ak' 

te'tikal chi 

bot 

bot 

tzajal pek' me' 

sakil ak' 

batz'i pik'ok' 

k'ox puyu' 

bikil tz'i' ak' 

batz'i pik'ok' 

Jacquemontia pentantha 

Malvaviscus arboreus 

var. mexicanums 

Muntingia calabura 

Piptochaetia virescens 

Pithecodenium crucigerum 

Rhynchosia discolor 

Smilax subpubescens 

St ipa ichu 

Styrax argentum 

Trema micrantha 

Triumfetta grandiflora 

T. semitriloba 

T. speciosa 

LINTEL 

Chlorophora tindoria 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Pinus spp. 

MAINPOST 

Acalypha macrostachya 

A. mollis 

Acer negundo var. mexicanum 

Alvaradoa amorphoides 

Ardisia escallonioides 

Bambusa vulgaris 

Buddleia skutchii 

Calycophyllum candidissimum 

Carpinus caroliniana 

Chlorophora tindoria 

Comocladia guatemalensis 

Cordia alliodora 

Crataegus pubescens 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Dendropanax arboreus 

Diphysa floribunda 

Eugenia acapulcensis 

E. amatenangensis 

E. carranzae 

E. laughlinii 

E. yunckeri 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Godmania aesculifolia 

Hauya elegans 

k'ox puyu' 

batz'i yuch' max 

makulixkuat 

ne chuch 

yat vakax ak' 

pek' me'el 

t'ut' ak' 

ne chuch 

ja'as te' 

vax te' 

batz'i yuch' max 

batz'i yuch' max 

batz'i yuch' max 

mora 

nukul pat 

yax-te' 

toj 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

sakil te' 

kamaron te' 

tzajal ch'it 

otot 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

tzajal tzelo-pat 

tz'utuj te' 

mora 

kachimpa te' 

be xinich te' 

k'at'ix 

nukul pat 

tempix 

k'an-te' 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

yax-te' 

yaxal kachu toro te 

sakil kanela te' 

413 
414 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Inga vera ssp. spuria chalon 

/. xalapensis chalon 

Juniperus gamboana ok'il te' 

Leucaena collinsii paka' olnob 

L. diversifolia tzajal olnob 

Luehea Candida tux-nuk' te' 

Lysiloma acapulcense ik'al suk 

L. auritum sakil suk 

L. divaricatum ik'al suk 

Morus celtidifolia saya-vun 

Myriocarpa heterostachya linkon te' 

M. longipes linkon te' 

M. yzabalense linkon te' 

Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis tz'utuj te' 

Parathesis chiapensis tzajal k'os 

P. leptopa tzajal k'os 

Perymenium grande var. nelsonii k'anal top'ol 

Pinus spp. toj 

Prunus serotina batz'i chix te' 

Quercus corrugata k'evex tulan 

Q. peduncularis batz'i tulan 

Q. polymorpha k'evex tulan 

Q. rugosa batz'i tulan 

Q. segoviensis batz'i tulan 

Rhus schiedeana muk'ta paj-'ul 

Schoepfia vacciniiflora tzajal ch'it 

Senna cobanensis yax-'ib te' 

S. pallida yax-'ib te' 

S. skinneri yax-'ib te' 

S. tonduzii yax-'ib te' 

Verbesina perymenioides nam-te' mol 

Vernonia leiocarpa xolom 

Wimmeria pubescens tzajal kanela te' 

PURLIN, RAFTER 

Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta sakil nok 

A. jorullensis tzajal nok 

Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata k'anal otot 

B. vulgaris var. vulgaris yaxal otot 

Buddleia nitida bak tzelo-pat 

B. skutchii batz'i tzelo-pat 

Calycophyllum candidissimum tzajal kanela te' 

Car pinus caroliniana tz'utuj te' 

Cleyera theaeoides ik'al k'oxox te' 

Hauya elegans sakil kanela te' 

Heliocarpus donnell-smithii bot 

H. mexicanus bot 

Juniperus gamboana ok'il te' 

Leucaena collinsii paka' olnob 

L. diversifolia tzajal olnob 

L. leucocephala batz'i olnob 

Lysiloma auritum sakil suk 

Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis tz'utuj te' 

Platanus mexicana jach'ub te' 

Quercus peduncularis 

Q. rugosa 

Q. segoviensis 

Senna cobanensis 

S. pallida 

S. skinneri 

S. tonduzii 

Viburnum hartwegii 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

atz'am te' 

RIDGE POLE, ROOF POLE, ROOF ROD 

Acacia pennatula 

Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta 

A. jorullensis 

Bauhinia divaricata 

B. pauletia 

B. ungulata 

Buddleia nitida 

B. skutchii 

Calycophyllum candidissimum 

Carpinus caroliniana 

Cleyera theaeoides 

Dodonaea viscosa 

Garrya laurifolia 

Hauya elegans 

Heliocarpus donnell-smithii 

H. mexicanus 

Leucaena collinsii 

L. diversifolia 

L. leucocephala 

Lippia cardiostegia 

L. chiapasensis 

L. myriocephala 

L. substrigosa 

Luehea Candida 

Montanoa hexagona 

Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis 

Phragmites australis 

Pinus spp. 

Platymiscium dimorphandrum 

Quercus crassifolia 

Q. peduncularis 

Q. rugosa 

Q. segoviensis 

Styrax argentum 

Swietenia humilis 

Viburnum hartwegii 

STEAMBATH 

Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta 

A. jorullensis 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Juniperus gamboana 

Quercus peduncularis 

Q. rugosa 

kevrajacha 

sakil nok 

tzajal nok 

voy chij te' 

voy chij te' 

voy chij te' 

bak tzelo-pat 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

tzajal kanela te' 

tz'utuj te' 

ik'al k'oxox te' 

bak te' 

ik'al vinik 

sakil kanela te' 

bot 

bot 

paka' olnob 

tzajal olnob 

batz'i olnob 

muk'ta sak-nich te' 

sak-nich te' 

muk'ta sak-nich te' 

sak-nich te' 

tux-nuk' te' 

ton k'ail 

tz'utuj te' 

antzil aj 

toj 

lumpisera 

batz'i te' 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

ja'as te' 

kovaria te' 

atz'am te' 

sakil nok 

tzajal nok 

yax-te' 

ok'il te' 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 
NUMBER 35 415 

Q. segoviensis 

Senna cobanensis 

S. pallida 

S. skinneri 

S. tonduzii 

THATCH 

Andropogon bicornis 

A. glomeratus 

Aristida schiedeana 

Brahea nitida 

Bouteloua media 

Chloris virgata 

Cynodon dactylon 

Dactylodenium aegyptium 

Eleusine indica 

Festuca amplissima 

Lycopodium taxifolium 

L. tuerkheimii 

Muhlenbergia cf. emersleyi 

M. macroura 

M. robusta 

M. spiciformis 

M. strida 

Panicum bulbosum 

P. maximum 

Phragmites australis 

Piptochaetium virescens 

Sabal mexicana 

Saccharum officinarum 

St ipa ichu 

TIE BEAM 

Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta 

A. jorullensis 

Buddleia skutchii 

Calycophyllum candidissimum 

Carpinus caroliniana 

Chlorophora tindoria 

Clethra mexicana 

Cleyera theaeoides 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Hauya elegans 

Heliocarpus donnell-smithii 

H. mexicanus 

Juniperus gamboana 

Leucaena collinsii 

L. diversifolia 

L. leucocephala 

Licania arborea 

Lysiloma auritum 

Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis 

Pinus spp. 

batz'i tulan 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

jobelal xalma 

jobelal xalma 

tzajal jobel 

pik' xan 

tzajal jobel 

kakaxon jobel 

kakaxon jobel 

kakaxon jobel 

kakaxon jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

xanxanil te' 

xanxanil te' 

ch'ix jobel 

ana-jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

ch'ix jobel 

batz'i sakaton 

batz'i sakaton 

antzil aj 

ne chuch 

palma 

vale' 

ne chuch 

sakil nok 

tzajal nok 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

tzajal kanela te' 

tz'utuj te' 

mora 

bak amuch te' 

ik'al k'oxox te' 

nukul pat 

sakil kanela te' 

bot 

bot 

ok'il te' 

paka' olnob 

tzajal olnob 

batz'i olnob 

yaxal mol 

sakil suk 

tz'utuj te' 

toj 

Platanus mexicana 

Wimmeria pubescens 

WALL POLE 

Buddleia skutchii 

Pinus spp. 

Saurauia scabrida 

Swietenia humilis 

Tecoma stans 

Tithonia diversifolia 

T. longiradiata 

T rotundifolia 

T tubaeformis 

Verbesina hypsela 

WATTLE 

Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta 

A. jorullensis 

Ceanothus coeruleus 

Chusquea foliosa 

Cornus excelsa 

Dodonaea viscosa 

Garrya laurifolia 

Holodiscus argenteus 

Lippia cardiostegia 

L. chiapasensis 

L. myriocephala 

L. substrigosa 

Muntingia calabura 

Otatea fimbriata 

Perymenium grande var. nelsonii 

Phragmites australis 

Quercus peduncularis 

Q. rugosa 

Q. segoviensis 

Styrax argentum 

Verbesina hypsela 

Viburnum hartwegii 

V. jucundum 

jach'ub te' 

pinto te' 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

toj 

ajo' te' 

kovana te' 

putzul chij 

sun 

sun 

sun 

sun 

nam-te' mol 

sakil nok 

tzajal nok 

ik'al pomos 

muk'ta ne kotom 

isbon 

bak te' 

ik'al vinik 

tzajal pomos 

muk'ta sak-nich te 

sak-nich te' 

muk'ta sak-nich te 

sak-nich te' 

makulixkuat 

ton bix 

k'anal top'ol 

antzil aj 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

ja'as te' 

tzitz te' 

nam-te' mol 

atz'am te' 

tzotz-ni' te' 

WHITEWASH FIXATIVE 

Opuntia ficus-indica batz'i petok 

Cornus excelsa 

Crataegus pubescens 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Pinus spp. 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Quercus peduncularis 

Furniture 

BED 

isbon 

k'at'ix 

yax-te' 

toj 

vamuch te' 

batz'i tulan 
416 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Q. rugosa 

Q. segoviensis 

Senna cobanensis 

S. pallida 

S. skinneri 

S. tonduzii 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

BENCH 

Cedrela oaxacensis bik'it ch'u-te' 

C. odorata sakil ch'u-te' 

C. salvadorensis sakil ch'u-te' 

Ceiba aesculifolia mojan 

Chlorophora tindoria mora 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi nukul pat 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis yax-te' 

Ficus glabrata amat 

F. glaucescens amat 

Lysiloma acapulcense ik'al suk 

L. divaricatum ik'al suk 

Pinus spp. toj 

Pithecellobium dulce vamuch te' 

Senna cobanensis yax-'ib te' 

S. pallida yax-'ib te' 

S. skinneri yax-'ib te' 

S. tonduzii yax-'ib te' 

Spondias mombin batz'i jovos 

BOARD, SHELF 

Cedrela oaxacensis 

C. odorata 

C. salvadorensis 

Chlorophora tindoria 

Cordia dentata 

C. dodecandra 

C. sebestena 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Ficus glabrata 

F. glaucescens 

Juniperus gamboana 

Pinus spp. 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Quercus crispipilis 

Q. laurina 

BROOM 

Baccharis vaccinioides 

Brahea dulcis 

Marina scopa 

Sida acuta 

S. barclayi 

S. rhombifolia 

Turnera ulmifolia 

Waltheria americana 

bik'it ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

mora 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nukul pat 

amat 

amat 

ok'il te' 

toj 

vamuch te' 

batz'i chikin-ib 

jayal pat chikin-ib 

mes te' 

batz'i xan 

mesob jol bakal 

sakil sat mes 

k'anal sat mes 

k'anal sat mes 

sakil sat mes 

sakil sat mes 

CHAIR, TABLE 

Cedrela oaxacensis bik'it ch'u-te' 

C. odorata sakil ch'u-te' 

C. salvadorensis sakil ch'u-te' 

Chlorophora tinctoria mora 

Cordia alliodora be xinich te' 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi nukul pat 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis yax-te' 

Juniperus gamboana ok'il tel' 

Pinus spp. toj 

Pithecellobium dulce vamuch te' 

CHARCOAL 

Quercus castanea 

Q. crispipilis 

Q. laurina 

batz'i chikin-ib 

batz'i chikin-ib 

jayal pat chikin-ib 

CHEST, COFFER 

Cedrela oaxacensis 

C. odorata 

C. salvadorensis 

Chlorophora tinctoria 

Cordia alliodora 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Pinus spp. 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Alvaradoa amorphoides 

Platanus mexicana 

COMB 

CORN BIN 

Buddleia nitida 

B. skutchii 

Cordia alliodora 

Crataegus pubescens 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Juniperus gamboana 

Perymenium grande var. nelsonii 

Pinus ssp. 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Quercus peduncularis 

Q. rugosa 

Q. segoviensis 

Senna cobanensis 

S. pallida 

S. skinneri 

S. tonduzii 

bik'it ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

mora 

be xinich te' 

nukul pat 

toj 

vamuch te' 

kamaron te' 

jach'ub te' 

bak tzelo-pat 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

be xinich te' 

k'at'ix 

nukul pat 

yax-te' 

ok'il te' 

k'anal top'ol 

toj 

vamuch te' 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

GOURDS, SCOOP, STRAINER 

Crescentia alata tzima' 
NUMBER 35 

C. cujete 

Lagenaria siceraria 

boch 

jay 

pulum vo' 

tzu 

GRIDDLE BROOM 

Brahea nitida 

HOOK 

Cornus excelsa 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Pinus spp. 

Quercus peduncularis 

Q. rugosa 

Q. segoviensis 

pik' xan 

isbon 

yax-te' 

toj 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

LAMP STAND 

Cedrela oaxacensis 

C. odorata 

C. salvadorensis 

Cordia alliodora 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Ficus glabrata 

F. glaucescens 

Pinus spp. 

MAT 

Brahea dulcis 

bik'it ch'u-te 

sakil ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

be xinich te' 

yax-te' 

amat 

amat 

toj 

batz'i xan 

METATE PLATFORM 

Chlorophora tinctoria 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Ficus glabrata 

Pinus spp. 

Pithecellobium dulce 

POT STAND 

Quercus peduncularis 

Q. rugosa 

Q. segoviensis 

SPOON 

Erythrina chiapasana 

E. goldmanii 

Pinus spp. 

mora 

nukul pat 

amat 

toj 

vamuch te' 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

x'ukun 

x'ukun 

toj 

STEAMBATH FAN 

Brahea dulcis batz'i xan 

STIRRING ROD 

Ceanothus coeruleus 

Cornus excelsa 

Holodiscus argenteus 

Quercus peduncularis 

ik'al pomos 

isbon 

tzajal pomos 

batz'i tulan 

417 

Q. rugosa 

Q. segoviensis 

Viburnum jucundum 

Casimiroa edulis 

Cochlospermum vitifolium 

Erythrina chiapasana 

E. goldmanii 

Persea americana 

Pinus spp. 

STOOL 

STOPPER 

Salix bonplandiana 

S. chilensis 

Spondias mombin 

Zea mays 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

tzotz-ni' te' 

aj-te' 

putzkuy 

x'ukun 

x'ukun 

batz'i on 

toj 

batz'i tok'oy 

kilajtik tok'oy 

batz'i jovos 

ixim 

TAMALE PLATFORM 

Acacia angustissima sakil xaxib 

Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta tzajal nok 

Cornus excelsa isbon 

Cydonia oblonga nimpronix 

Quercus crassifolia batz'i te' 

Q. peduncularis batz'i tulan 

Q. rugosa batz'i tulan 

Q. segoviensis batz'i tulan 

Pinus spp. 

TORTILLA PRESS 

toj 

Fencing 

ARBOR 

Baccharis glutinosa 

Dodonaea viscosa 

Lippia cardiostegia 

L. myriocephala 

Quercus candicans 

k'ox chilkat 

bak te' 

muk'ta sak-nich te' 

muk'ta sak-nich te' 

sap-yok 

BRUSH FENCE 

Acacia angustissima 

A. cornigera 

A. fames iana 

A. pennatula 

Aeschynomene compada 

A. purpusii 

Bourreria huanita 

Calliandra confusa 

C. grandiflora 

C. houstoniana 

Ceanothus coeruleus 

Cestrum aurantiacum 

batz'i xaxib 

chojchoj 

sakil ch'ix 

kevrajacha 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

ik'al te' 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

ik'al pomos 

tuil te' 
418 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

C. guatemalense 

Chamaecrista nictitans 

ssp. disdena var. pilosa 

Cornus excelsa 

Crataegus pubescens 

Desmanthus virgatus 

Ehretia latifolia 

Indigofera thibaudiana 

Lasiacis divaricata 

Luehea Candida 

Lysiloma acapulcense 

L. aurita 

L. divaricata 

L. aurita 

L. divaricata 

L. aurita 

Machaerium chiapense 

Prunus persica 

Quercus spp. 

Salvia lasiantha 

Senna occidentalis 

Senna pallida 

Senna skinneri 

Solanum brachystachys 

Tephrosia cinerea 

CORRAL POST 

Acer negundo ssp. mexicanum 

Agave americana 

A. chiapensis 

Bucida macrostachya 

Clethra mexicana 

Cornus excelsa 

Crataegus pubescens 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Dendropanax arboreus 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 

Luehia Candida 

Perymenium grande var. nelsonii 

Pinus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

FENCE POST, RAIL, 

Acacia angustissima 

A. pennatula 

Acer negundo ssp. mexicanum 

Agave americana 

Alvaradoa amorphoides 

Annona cherimola 

tuil te' 

yolnob ch'o 

isbon 

k'at'ix 

yolnob ch'o 

ik'al te' 

yolnob ch'o 

ik'ob chij 

tux-nuk' te' 

ik'al suk 

tzajal suk 

ik'al suk 

tzajal suk 

ik'al suk 

sakil suk 

yolnob ch'o 

prixku' 

turasnu 

batz'i te' 

chikin-ib 

tulan 

latzbil tonal pox 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

yolnob ch'o 

tuil te' 

yolnob ch'o 

RAIL 

sakil te' 

muk'ta met 

lo'balal met 

muk'ta kachu toro te' 

bak amuch te' 

isbon 

k'at'ix 

nukul pat 

tempix 

pit 

tux-nuk' te' 

k'anal top'ol 

toj 

batz'i te' 

chikin-ib 

tulan 

FENCEROW 

sakil xaxib 

kevrajacha 

sakil te' 

muk'ta met 

kamaron te' 

batz'i k'evex 

Ardisia escallonoiides 

Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata 

B. vulgaris var. vulgaris 

Bauhinia divaricata 

B. pauletia 

Bucida macrostachya 

Buddleia americana 

B. crotonoides 

B. crotonoides ssp. amplexicaulis 

B. skutchii 

Bursera excelsa 

Byrsonima crassifolia 

Calliandra confusa 

C. grandiflora 

C. houstoniana 

C. portoricensis 

Casimiroa edulis 

Ceiba aesculifolia 

Cestrum aurantiacum 

C. guatemalense 

Chlorophora tinctoria 

Cleyera theaeoides 

Coccoloba barbadensis 

C. liebmannii 

C. mayana 

Cochlospermum vitifolium 

Cordia alliodora 

C. dentata 

C. dodecandra 

C. sebestena 

Cornus excelsa 

Crataegus pubescens 

Crescentia alata 

C. cujete 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Dendropanax arboreus 

Diospyros digyna 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 

Erythrina chiapasana 

E. goldmanii 

Eugenia acapulcensis 

E. amatenangensis 

E. carranzae 

E. laughlinii 

E. yunckeri 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Ficus cookii 

F. glabrata 

F. glaucescens 

Genipa caruto 

Gliricidia sepium 

Godmania aesculifolia 

Guazuma ulmifolia 

Gyrocarpus americanus 

tzajal ch'it 

k'anal otot 

yaxal otot 

voy chij te' 

voy chij te' 

muk'ta kachu toro te 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

batz'i pom 

nantzi' 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

muk'ta xaxib 

aj-te' 

mojan 

tuil te' 

tuil te' 

mora 

ik'al k'oxox te' 

karnero te' 

karnero te' 

karnero te' 

putzkuy 

be xinich te' 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nankipu 

isbon 

k'at'ix 

tzima' 

boch 

nukul pat 

tempix 

uch 

pit 

x'ukun 

x'ukun 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

yax-te' 

mutut 

amat 

amat 

maluk 

milob ch'o te' 

yaxal kachu toro te' 

akit 

xinal te' 
NUMBER 35 419 

Haemotoxylum brasiletto 

Hauya elegans 

Holodiscus argenteus 

Inga vera 

I. vera ssp. spuria 

I. xalapensis 

Jatropha curcas 

Juniperus gamboana 

Lasianathaea fruticosa 

Leucaena collinsii 

L. diversifolia 

L. leucocephala 

Licania arborea 

Lonchocarpus minimifiorus 

L. rugosus 

Luehea Candida 

Lysiloma acapulcense 

L. auritum 

L. divaricatum 

Manilkara achras 

Parathesis chiapensis 

P. leptopa 

Pinus spp. 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Platanus mexicana 

Platymiscium dimorphandrum 

Poeppigia procera 

Pouteria mammosa 

Prunus persica 

P. serotina 

Quercus spp. 

Randia aculeata 

Rhus schiedeana 

Sabal mexicana 

Salix bonplandiana 

S. humboldtiana 

Sambucus mexicana 

Saurauia scabrida 

Schoepfia vacciniiflora 

Senna atomeria 

S. cobanensis 

S. nicaraguensis 

Senna pallida 

S. tonduzii 

Solanum brachystachys 

Swietenia humilis 

Symplocos limoncillo 

brasil 

sakil kanela te' 

tzajal pomos 

chalon 

chalon 

chalon 

sakil sal te' 

ok'il te' 

k'ox top'ol 

paka' olnob 

tzajal olnob 

batz'i olnob 

yaxal mol 

tzo' xulem te' 

tzo' xulem te' 

tux-nuk' te' 

ik'al suk 

sakil suk 

ik'al suk 

muy 

pimenta te' 

pimerita te' 

toj 

vamuch te' 

jach'ub te' 

lumpisera 

molino te' 

ja'as 

prixku' 

turasnu 

batz'i chix te' 

chix te' mut 

batz'i te' 

batz'i tulan 

chikin-ib 

k'an-tulan 

k'evex tulan 

sap yok 

tz'otz'op 

boch te' 

muk'ta paj-'ul 

palma 

batz'i tok'oy 

kilajtik tok'oy 

batz'i chijil te' 

ajo' te' 

tzajal ch'it 

tzo' xulem te' 

yax-'ib te' 

voy chij te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

tuil te' 

kovana te' 

muk'ta paxamum 

S. vernicosa 

Tecoma stans 

Ternstroemia lineata ssp. 

chalicophylla 

T. oocarpa 

Trichilia martiana 

Vernonia leiocarpa 

Viburnum elatum 

V. jucundum 

Wimmeria pubescens 

Xylosma intermedium 

Zea mays 

muk'ta paxamum 

putzul chij 

batz'i i k'oxox te' 

batz'i k'oxox te' 

tzajal sal-te' 

xolom 

kajve te' 

tzotz-ni' te' 

pinto te' 

yaxal ch'it 

ixim 

GATE, STILE 

Buddleia nitida 

B. skutchii 

Chlorophora tinctoria 

Cordia alliodora 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Ficus glabrata 

F. glaucescens 

Juniperus gamboana 

Pinus spp. 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Poeppigia procera 

Quercus spp. 

Rhus schiedeana 

Sabal mexicana 

Senna tonduzii 

Styrax argentum 

bak tzelo-pat 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

mora 

be xinich te' 

nukul pat 

amat 

amat 

ok'il te' 

toj 

vamuch te' 

molino te' 

tulan 

muk'ta paj-'ul 

palma 

yax-'ib te' 

tzitz te' 

LASHING FOR CORRAL, FENCE 

Antigonon flavescens 

A. guatemalense 

Canavalia glabra 

C. hirsutissima 

C. villosa 

Clematis dioica 

C. grossa 

Cydista diversifolia 

Didymaea alsinoides 

Heliocarpus donnell-smithii 

Heteropteris beecheyana 

Ipomoea sp. 

/. pauciflora 

I. purpurea 

I. signata 

I. tyrianthina 

Jacquemontia pentantha 

Matelea aspera 

Muntingia calabura 

Pithecodenium crucigerum 

Smilax subpubescens 

Triumfetta grandiflora 

sakil tz'usub 

kanava ak' 

pek' me'el 

pek' me'el 

pek' me'el 

ich ak' 

mikulax itaj 

mikulax itaj 

tz'usub ak' 

bot 

ne saben 

k'ox puyu' 

sakil ak' 

k'ox pik'ok' 

batz'i pik'ok' 

batz'i pik'ok' 

k'ox puyu' 

mikulax itaj 

makulixkuat 

yat vakax ak' 

batz'i t'ut' ak' 

batz'i yuch' ax 
420 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

T semitriloba 

T speciosa 

batz'i yuch' max 

batz'i yuch' max 

Agriculture 

CULTIVATED PLANT 

Brassica campestris 

B. juncea 

B. nigra 

B. oleracea var. achephala 

B. oleracea var. capitata 

B. oleracea var. acephala 

Bursera excelsa 

Capsicum annuum 

Chamomilla recutita 

Chenopodium ambrosioides 

Chrysanthemum coronarium 

Citrus aurantifolia 

C. limonia 

Coffea arabica 

Coriandrum sativum 

Crataegus pubescens 

Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

C. mixta 

C. moschata 

C. pepo var. melopepo 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Gladiolus hortulanus 

Gypsophila elegans 

G. paniculata 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Leucaena leucocephala 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Lycopersicum esculentum 

var. cerasiforme 

Malus pumila 

Mangifera indica 

Mentha citrata 

M. pulegium 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Passiflora ligularis 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Persea americana 

Phaseolus coccineus 

batz'i napux 

k'ox mustisya 

muk'ta mustisya 

batz'i itaj 

jol itaj 

tzukum jol itaj 

batz'i pom 

bak ich 

sakil ich 

mantzanilya 

koko'on 

krisantema 

elamonix 

chu' lima 

kajve 

kulantu 

k'at'ix 

k'ox bukaro 

mail 

sakil 

ch'um 

tz'ol 

espayder 

kartolina 

krisantema nichim 

muk'ta pompom 

pompom 

klavel 

klavelina 

batz'i bukaro 

nube 

nube 

tzu 

batz'i olnob 

markarita 

markarition 

k'ox tzajal chichol 

mantzana 

xok manko 

ch'ulul alavena 

batz'i alavena 

moy 

kranata 

tzajal nichim 

on 

botii 

P. coccineus ssp. darwinianus 

P. lunatus 

P. vulgaris 

Piper auritum 

Prunus domestica 

P. persica 

Psidium guineense 

Pyrus communis 

Raphanus sativus 

Rosa chinensis 

Salix bonplandiana 

S. humboldtiana 

Sambucus canadensis 

S. mexicana 

Sechium edule 

Solanum americanum 

S. tuberosum 

Tagetes erecta 

Tanacetum parthenium 

Viciafaba 

Vigna unguiculata 

Zantedeschia aethiopica 

Zea mays 

ibes 

xvet' 

x'akil chenek' 

xlumil chenek' 

mumun 

sirvela 

prixku' 

turasnu 

batz'i potov 

kaxlan pelex 

alavanux 

sakil roxa 

batz'i tok'oy 

kilajtik tok'oy 

xutax chijil te' 

batz'i chijil te' 

ch'um-te' 

unen mu 

batz'i is-ak' 

tranjero is-ak' 

vo'tus 

volita 

javas 

kantela chenek' 

kartucho 

ixim 

CULTIVATED PLANT 

(occasional) 

Acer negundo ssp. mexicanum 

Agave americana 

A. brachystachys 

Allium ascalonicum 

A. cepa 

A. sativum 

Amaranthus hybridus 

Amaryllis belladonna 

Ammi majus 

Annona cherimola 

A. diversifolia 

Arundo donax 

Beta vulgaris var. cicla 

Bougainvillea glabra 

Brassica oleracea 

B. rapa 

Bursera bipinnata 

B. simaruba 

Canna edulis 

Cannabis sativa 

Capsicum annuum 

sakil te' 

muk'ta met 

ch'upak' 

j'alnom tuix 

batz'i tuix 

yaxux ka' 

batz'i tz'ul itaj 

liryo 

enkaje 

batz'i k'evex 

papausa k'evex 

yajil ama 

aselka 

yaxyax-'ulan kilkil 

nichim 

kolinabo 

jolinom napux 

ach'el pom 

tzajal sal-te' 

tzajal ch'uch' 

marivana 

morte ich 

natikil ich 

pujkan ich 
NUMBER 35 421 

C. pubescens 

Carica papaya 

Chamomilla recutita 

Citrus aurantium 

C. sinensis 

Cleome magnifica 

Cochlospermum vitifolium 

Conium maculatum 

Crescentia cujete 

Crinum amabile 

Crotolaria incana 

C. mucronata 

C. pumila 

C. quercetorum 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Cydonia oblonga 

Cymbopogon citratus 

Dahlia pinnata 

Datura Candida 

Daucus carota var. sativa 

Dianthus barbatus 

Erythrina chiapasana 

E. goldmanii 

Ficus carica 

Foeniculum vulgare 

Gaultheria odorata 

Heliocarpus donnell-smithii 

Hemerocallis fulva 

Hippeastrum solandriflorum 

H. vittatum 

Hylocereus undatus 

Iberis simplex 

Ipomoea batatas 

I. microstida 

Juglans regia 

Juniperus gamboana 

Kniphofia uvaria 

Lactuca sativa 

Leucaena collinsii 

Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum 

Lilium candidum 

Litsea glaucescens 

Lycopersicon esculentum var. 

commune 

Mangifera indica 

Manihot esculenta 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

M. textilis 

Nopalea cochenillifera 

Opuntia ficus-indica 

Papaver somniferum 

Parmentiera aculeata 

Phragmites australis 

Phymosia rosea 

k'anal ich 

papaya 

mantzanilya 

alaxax 

naranja 

pa' itaj 

putzkuy 

enkaje 

boch 

snichim koyta 

tontikil ch'aben 

batz'i ch'aben 

tontikil ch'aben 

tontikil ch'aben 

nukul pat 

nimpronix 

batz'i limon jobel 

dalya 

batz'i kampana nichim 

sanorya 

k'ok' sat nichim 

x'ukun 

x'ukun 

ik'ux 

inojo 

aja-te'es 

bot 

k'anal asasena 

sakil asasena 

nichim ninyo 

muk'ta chikin ton 

kopita 

tzajal is-ak' 

amolyo 

ton bek' 

ok'il te' 

asasena vola 

lechuka 

paka' olnob 

batz'i suil itaj 

batz'i asasena 

tzis uch 

muk'ta tzajal chichol 

manko 

tz'in-te' 

chan-tzelav lo'bol 

mol lo'bol 

tzajal petok 

batz'i petok 

amapola 

chachi' 

antzil aj 

batz'i tz'oban 

Plumeria alba 

P. rubra 

Prunus armeniaca 

P. serotina 

Psidium guajava 

Pyrus communis 

Rapanaea juergensenii 

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum 

R. x sterilis 

Rosa banks iae 

R. multiflora 

Ruta graveolens 

Saccharum officinarum 

Salvia cacaliaefolia 

S. microphylla 

Sedum praealtum 

Solanum mammosum 

Spondias purpurea 

Synardisia venosa 

Tagetes lucida 

Thymus vulgaris 

Tigridia pavonia 

Xanthosoma violaceum 

TOOLS: 

Ax Handle 

Agonandra racemosa 

Ardisia escallonioides 

Bauhinia divaricata 

B. pauletia 

Chlorophora tinctoria 

Coffea arabica 

Crataegus pubescens 

Diphysa floribunda 

Eugenia acapulcensis 

E. amatenangensis 

E. carranzae 

E. laughlinii 

E. yunckeri 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Leucaena collinsii 

L. diversifolia 

Lysiloma acapulcense 

L. auritum 

L. divaricatum 

Platanus mexicana 

Prunus serotina 

Psidium guajava 

Quercus castanea 

Q. crispipilis 

Q. laurina 

patax nichim 

patax nichim 

kaxlan turasnu 

batz'i chix te' 

kaxlan potov 

batz'i pelex 

tilil 

bero 

bero 

k'anal roxa 

k'ox tzajal roxa 

lula 

vale' 

yax-'ulan pom tz'unun 

mixto 

batz'i pimil anal 

chuchu' 

po'on 

sakil k'os 

tzitz 

tomyo 

batz'i jol koy 

Pi 

turasnu te' 

tzajal ch'it 

voy chij te' 

voy chij te' 

mora 

kajve 

k'at'ix 

k'an-te' 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

yax-te' 

paka' olnob 

tzajal olnob 

ik'al suk 

sakil suk 

ik'al suk 

jach'ub te' 

batz'i chix te' 

chix te' mut 

kaxlan potov 

batz'i chikin-ib 

batz'i chikin-ib 

jayal pat chikin-ib 
422 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Q. oleoides 

Q. peduncularis 

Q. rugosa 

Q. segoviensis 

Schoepfia vacciniiflora 

Xylosma intermedium 

batz'i chikin-ib 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

tzajal ch'it 

yaxal ch'it 

Billhook Handle 

Ardisia escallonioides 

Chlorophora tinctoria 

Coccoloba barbadensis 

C. diversifolia 

C. liebmannii 

C. mayana 

Coffea arabica 

Cordia dentata 

C. dodecandra 

C. sebestena 

Cornus excelsa 

Crataegus pubescens 

Diphysa floribunda 

Eugenia acapulcensis 

E. amatenangensis 

E. carranzae 

E. laughlinii 

E. yunckeri 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Guazuma ulmifolia 

Leucaena diversifolia 

Luehea Candida 

Mahonia berriozabalensis 

Rhus schiedeana 

Schoepfia vacciniiflora 

Symplocos limoncillo 

S. vernicosa 

Tecoma stans 

Wimmeria pubescens 

tzajal ch'it 

mora 

karnero te' 

karnero te' 

karnero te' 

karnero te' 

kajve 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nankipu 

isbon 

k'at'ix 

k'an-te' 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

yax-te' 

akit 

tzajal olnob 

tux-nuk' te' 

k'an-te' 

muk'ta paj-'ul 

tzajal ch'it 

muk'ta paxamum 

muk'ta paxamum 

putzul chij 

pinto te' 

CORN SHUCKER 

Haemotoxylon brasiletto 

Leucaena collinsii 

L. diversifolia 

L. leucocephala 

brasil 

paka' olnob 

tzajal olnob 

batz'i olnob 

CORN STUBBLE RAKE 

Buddleia nitida 

B. skutchii 

Crataegus pubescens 

bak tzelo-pat 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

k'at'ix 

DIGGING STICK 

Acacia angustissima 

Acalypha macrostachya 

A. mollis 

Agonandra racemosa 

batz'i xaxib 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

turasnu te' 

Amelanchier denticulata 

Ardisia escallonioides 

Bauhinia divaricata 

B. pauletia 

Buddleia nitida 

B. skutchii 

Calliandra portoricensis 

Carpinus caroliniana 

Ceanothus coeruleus 

Coccoloba barbadensis 

C. mayana 

Cordia alliodora 

C. dentata 

C. dodecandra 

C. sebestena 

Cornus excelsa 

Crataegus pubescens 

Diphysa floribunda 

Eugenia acapulcensis 

E. amatenangensis 

E. carranzae 

E. laughlinii 

E. yunckeri 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Guazuma ulmifolia 

Guettarda macrosperma 

Hauya elegans 

Leucaena collinsii 

L. diversifolia 

Lippia cardiostegia 

L. myriocephala 

Luehea Candida 

Mahonia berriozabalensis 

Myricocarpa heterostachya 

M. longipes 

M. yzabalensis 

Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis 

Prunus serotina 

Rhus schiedeana 

Schoepfia vacciniiflora 

Symplocos limoncillo 

S. vernicosa 

Tecoma stans 

Viburnum hartwegii 

Wimmeria pubescens 

FLAIL 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Luehea Candida 

Wimmeria pubescens 

mantzana te' 

tzajal ch'it 

voy chij te' 

voy chij te' 

bak tzelo-pat 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

muk'ta xaxib 

tz'utuj te' 

ik'al pomos 

kam6ro te' 

kamdro te' 

be xinich te' 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nankipu 

isbon 

k'at'ix 

k'an-te' 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

yax-te' 

akit 

barsin te' 

sakil kanela te' 

paka' olnob 

tzajal olnob 

muk'ta sak-nich te 

muk'ta sak-nich te 

tux-nuk' te' 

k'an-te' 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

tz'utuj te' 

batz'i chix te' 

chix te' mut 

muk'ta paj-'ul 

tzajal ch'it 

muk'ta paxamum 

muk'ta paxamum 

putzul chij 

atz'am te' 

pinto te' 

yax-te' 

tux-nuk' te' 

pinto te' 

HOE (MATTOCK) HANDLE 

Acacia pennatula kevrajacha 
NUMBER 35 423 

Acalypha macrostachya 

A. mollis 

Agonandra racemosa 

Amelanchier denticulata 

Ardisia escallonioides 

Bauhinia divaricata 

B. pauletia 

Buddleia nitida 

B. skutchii 

Carpinus caroliniana 

Ceanothus coerulens 

Coccoloba barbadensis 

C. diversifolia 

C. liebmannii 

C. mayana 

Coffea arabica 

Cordia alliodora 

C. dentata 

C. dodecandra 

C. sebestena 

Cornus excelsa 

Crataegus pubescens 

Diphysa floribunda 

Eugenia acapulcensis 

E. amatenangensis 

E. carranzae 

E. laughlinii 

E. yunckeri 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Guazuma ulmifolia 

Guettarda macrosperma 

Hauya elegans 

Leucaena diversifolia 

Lippia cardiostegia 

L. chiapasensis 

L. myriocephala 

L. substrigosa 

Luehia Candida 

Mahonia berriozabalensis 

Myriocarpa heterostachya 

M. longipes 

M. yzabalensis 

Ostrya virginiana 

var. guatemalensis 

Prunus serotina 

Rhamnus capraeifolia 

var. grandifolia 

Rhus schiedeana 

Schoepfia vacciniiflora 

Symplocos limoncillo 

S. vernicosa 

Tecoma stans 

Verbesina perymenioides 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

turasnu te' 

mantzaria te' 

tzajal ch'it 

voy chij te' 

voy chij te' 

bak tzelo-pat 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

tz'utuj te' 

ik'al pomos 

karnero te' 

karnero te' 

karnero te' 

karn6ro te' 

kajve 

be xinich te' 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nankipu 

isbon 

k'at'ix 

k'an-te' 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

yax-te' 

akit 

barsin te' 

sakil kanela te' 

tzajal olnob 

muk'ta sak-nich te' 

sak-nich te' 

muk'ta sak-nich te' 

sak-nich te' 

tux-nuk' te' 

k'an-te' 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

linkon te' 

tz'utuj te' 

batz'i chix te' 

bak te' 

muk'ta paj-'ul 

tzajal ch'it 

muk'ta paxamum 

muk'ta paxamum 

putzul chij 

nam-te'mol 

Viburnum hartwegii 

Wimmeria pubescens 

Xylosma intermedium 

atz'am te' 

pinto te' 

yaxal ch'it 

Cornus excelsa 

MACHETE HOOK 

isbon 

PICK HANDLE 

Bauhinia divaricata 

B. pauletia 

B. ungulata 

Coffea arabica 

Cordia dentata 

C. dodecandra 

C. sebestena 

Leucaena collinsii 

L. diversifolia 

Quercus castanea 

Q. crispipilis 

Q. laurina 

Q. oleoides 

Tecoma stans 

Acacia angustissima 

Arbutus xalapensis 

Baccharis vaccinioides 

Ceanothus coeruleus 

Holodiscus argenteus 

Myrica cerifera 

Prunus persica 

Quercus crassifolia 

Sambucus canadensis 

S. mexicana 

OTHER: 

Bean Pole 

voy chij te' 

voy chij te' 

voy chij te' 

kajve 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nankipu 

paka' olnob 

tzajal olnob 

batz'i chikin-ib 

batz'i chikin-ib 

jayal pat chikin-ib 

batz'i chikin-ib 

putzul chij 

batz'i xaxib 

on te' 

mes te' 

ik'al pomos 

tzajal pomos 

satin 

prixku' 

turasnu 

batz'i te' 

xutax chijil te' 

batz'i chijil te' 

Flower Wrapper 

Acer negundo ssp. mexicanum 

Baccharis vaccinioides 

Buddleia skutchii 

Myrica cerifera 

Piqueria pilosa 

P. trinervia 

Stillingia acutifolia 

sakil te' 

mes te' 

batz'i tzelo-pat 

satin 

chichik'uy 

chichik'uy 

ajval te' 

Grain Measure 

Cedrela oaxacensis 

C. odorata 

C. salvadorensis 

Pinus spp. 

bik'it ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

toj 
424 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Sandpaper 

(for tool handles) 

Curatella americana vux te' 

Davilla nitida vux te' 

Equisetum hymale var. affine tut 

E. myriochaetum tut 

Threshing Platform 

Cecropia peltata k'orok'te' 

Cochlospermum vitifolium putzkuy 

Luehea Candida tux-nuk' te' 

Animal Husbandry 

DOG HOBBLE 

Cornus excelsa isbon 

DOG LEASH 

Ipomoea signata pik'ok' 

/. tyrianthina pik'ok' 

HORSE WHIP 

Baccharis trinervis arsyal te' 

Prunus serotina batz'i chix te' 

PACK ROPE CLEAT 

Rhus schiedeana muk'ta paj-'ul 

PACK SADDLE 

Andropogon bicornis jobelal xalma (ladino) 

A. glomeratus jobelal xalma (ladino) 

Festuca amplissima ch'ix jobel 

Muhlenbergia breviligula ch'ix jobel 

M. cf. emersleyi ch'ix jobel 

M. robusta ch'ix jobel 

M. strida ch'ix jobel 

Tripsacum manisuroides bik'it ximo' 

TETHERING POST 

Cornus excelsa isbon 

SHEPHERD SWITCH 

Cornus excelsa isbon 

Prunus persica prixku' 

turasnu 

Rubus trilobus nuk' chij 

CAT, DOG, CHICKEN, TURKEY FOOD 

Zea mays ixim 

PIG FOOD 

Bidens pilosa sakil matas 

Cucurbita moschata ch'um 

Cyclanthera bourgeana 

Kallstroemia rosei 

Musa acuminata x M. 

Simsia amplexicaulis 

Zea mays 

Bidens pilosa 

Calliandra confusa 

C. grandiflora 

C. houstoniana 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

C. moschata 

Iresine angustifolia 

I. nigra 

Panicum hirticaule 

Paspalum botterii 

P. plicatulum 

Polypogon elongatus 

P. viridis 

balbisiana 

batz'i ch'um-te' ch'o 

mexa tzY'el 

chan-tzelav lo'bol 

batz'i saju' 

ixim 

HORSE FODDER 

Saccharum officinarum 

Simsia amplexicaulis 

Zea mays 

Calliandra confusa 

C. grandiflora 

C. houstoniana 

Iresine angustifolia 

I. nigra 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Salix bonplandiana 

Sambucus mexicana 

Sonchus oleraceus 

sakil matas 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

mail 

ch'um 

k'ask'as te' 

k'ask'as te' 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

akan jobel 

vale' 

batz'i saju' 

ixim 

SHEEP FODDER 

REMEDIES: 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

k'ask'as te' 

chenek' 

batz'i tok'oy 

batz'i chijil te' 

batz'i chikaryo 

Chickens' Disease 

Citrus aurantifolia elamonix 

Cucumis melo var. conomon 

C. melo var. reticulata 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Opuntia ficus-indica 

Parietaria debilis 

Sambucus mexicana 

Thalidrum guatemalense 

Arachis hypogaea 

Corchorus siliquosus 

Aphrodisiac 

(horses) 

Diarrhea 

(horses) 

batz'i melon 

chi'il melon 

yax-te' 

batz'i petok "cold" 

sikil ton 

batz'i chijil te' "cold" 

tuturu 

manya chenek' 

sakil sat mes "hot" 
NUMBER 35 425 

Sida acuta 

Turnera ulmifolia 

Waltheria americana 

sakil sat mes "hot' 

sakil sat mes "hot' 

sakil sat mes "hot' 

Diarrhea 

(sheep) 

Baccharis serraefolia poxil tza'nel "hot" 

Dog Poison Antidote 

Borreria laevis 

Citrus aurantifolia 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Piqueria pilosa 

P. trinervia 

Sambucus mexicana 

Vaccinium confertum 

Pack Sores 

Nama jamaicense 

Psychotria erythrocarpa 

Solanum chrysotrichum 

S. lanceolatum 

S. torvum 

sakil pem-k'ulub 

elamonix "cold" 

botii 

chichik'uy "cold" 

chichik'uy "cold" 

batz'i chijil te' "cold" 

k'ox aja-te'es "cold" 

tzun-jol tz'i'lel 

poxil pat ka' "hot" 

k'ux-pevul "hot" 

k'ux-pevul "hot" 

k'ux-pevul "hot" 

Rabies 

(for dogs) 

Cyclanthera langaei 

Piqueria pilosa 

P. trinervia 

Swellhead 

(sheep) 

Anthericum eleutherandrum 

A. vestitum 

Echeandia macrocarpa 

E. macrophylla var. longifolia 

E. parviflora 

Prunella vulgaris 

Ranunculus petiolaris 

Zea mays 

Tarantula Bite 

(horses) 

Anthericum eleutherandrum 

A. vestitum 

Bourreria laevis 

Cissampelos pareira 

Echeandia macrocarpa 

E. macrophylla var. longifolia 

E. parviflora 

Elytraria imbricata 

Lisianthius nigrescens 

var. chiapensis 

polotz' 

chichik'uy "cold' 

chichik'uy "cold' 

ch'upak'joj 

ch'upak' joj 

ch'upak' joj 

ch'upak' joj 

ch'upak' joj 

arvajaka tz'i'lel 

k'ojom 

ixim 

ch'upak' joj 

ch'upak' joj 

alavena tz'i'lel 

kururin "hot" 

ch'upak' joj 

ch'upak' joj 

ch'upak' joj 

poxil yerva "hot" 

natz' amuch "cold' 

Ranunculus petiolaris 

Solanum angustifolium 

Allium sativum 

Baccharis vaccinioides 

Cissampelos pareira 

Myrica cerifera 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Schoenocaulon officinale 

Adiantum andicola 

Baccharis vaccinioides 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Phaseolus coccineus ssp. 

darwinianus 

Piqueria pilosa 

P. trinervia 

Polypodium adelphum 

"Wind" 

(horses) 

"Wind" 

(sheep) 

k'ojom 

ye aja chon 

yaxux ka' 

mes te' te' 

kururin "hot' 

satin 

moy 

yaxux ka' 

ik'al ok tzib 

mes te' 

moy 

ik'al ibes 

chichik'uy 

chichik'uy 

kilajtik tzib 

Hunting 

Lasiacis divaricata 

Brahea nitida 

Cedrela oaxacensis 

C. odorata 

C. salvadorensis 

Chlorophora tinctoria 

Cordia alliodora 

C. dentata 

C. dodecandra 

C. sebestena 

Persea donnell-smithii 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Prunus serotina 

Senna cobanensis 

S. pallida 

S. skinneri 

S. tonduzii 

Muhlenbergia macroura 

Piptochaetium virescens 

Stipa ichu 

DEER CALL 

GUN WAD 

GUNSTOCK 

SLING 

ik'ob chij 

pik' xan 

bik'it ch'u-te 

sakil ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

mora 

be xinich te' 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nankipu 

oven 

vamuch te' 

batz'i chix te 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

ana-jobel 

ne chuch 
426 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

SLINGSHOT 

Chlorophora tinctoria 

Coffea arabica 

Cordia alliodora 

C. dentata 

C. dodecandra 

C. sebestena 

Cornus excelsa 

Crataegus pubescens 

Luehea Candida 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Senna cobanensis 

S. pallida 

S. skinneri 

S. tonduzii 

Stemmadenia obovata 

Stillingia acutifolia 

Thevetia ovata 

T. plumeriaefolia 

TRAP 

Cornus excelsa 

Furcraea guatemalensis 

Kearnemalvastrum lacteum 

Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus 

Triumfetta grandiflora 

T. semitriloba 

T. speciosa 

mora 

kajve 

be xinich te 

nankipu 

nankipu 

nankipu 

isbon 

k'at'ix 

tux-nuk' te' 

vamuch te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

choch 

ajval te' 

choch 

choch 

isbon 

te'tikal chi 

muk'ta pak' 

batz'i yuch' 

batz'i yuch' 

batz'i yuch' 

batz'i yuch' 

chak 

max 

max 

max 

max 

Food 

CANDY 

Cydonia oblonga 

Ficus carica 

Manihot esculenta 

Saccharum officinarum 

Sorghum bicolor 

nimpronix 

ik'ux 

tz'in-te' 

vale' 

tukum j'ik'al 

DRINK: TEA, COFFEE 

Acrocomia mexicana 

Citrus aurantium 

C. sinensis 

Coffea arabica 

Cymbopogon citratus 

Dahlia imperialis 

Encyclia ochracea 

Saccharum officinarum 

Satureja mexicana 

Tagetes lucida 

Tamarindus indica 

Theobroma bicolor 

Vaccinium confertum 

Zea mays 

nap 

alaxax 

naranja 

kajve 

batz'i limon jobel 

batz'i ch'oliv 

k'ox uch'ul vo' 

vale' 

batz'i ch'ulelal nichim 

tzitz 

tamarin 

kokov 

k'ox aja-te'es 

ixim 

FOOD WRAPPER 

Canna edulis 

Chiranthodendron pentadactylon 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Oreopanax peltatus 

Piper auritum 

Pitcairnia breedlovei 

Quercus candicans 

Rumex crispus 

R. obtusifolius 

Vriesea werckleana 

Zea mays 

FRUIT 

Ananas comosus 

Annona cherimola 

A. diversifolia 

Carica papaya 

Casimiroa edulis 

Citrullus vulgaris 

Citrus aurantifolia 

C. limetta 

C. limonia 

C. retriculata 

C. sinensis 

Crataegus pubescens 

Cucumis melo var. conomon 

C. melo var. reticulata 

Diospyros digyna 

Licania platypus 

Malus pumila 

Mangifera indica 

Manilkara achras 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Passiflora ligularis 

Persea americana 

Pouteria campechiana 

P. mammosa 

Prunus domestica 

P. persica 

Psidium guajava 

P. guineense 

Pyrus communis 

Rubus adenotrichus 

tzajal ch'uch' 

k'am-xoch' 

batz'i lo'bol 

jabnal 

mumun 

antzil ech' 

sap yok 

yail tz'i'lel 

yail tz'i'lel 

antzil ech' 

ixim 

muk'ta paxak' 

batz'i k'evex 

papausa k'evex 

papaya 

aj-te' 

xantiya 

elamonix 

ch'ulul lima 

chu' lima 

mantarina 

naranja 

k'at'ix 

batz'imelon 

chi'il melon 

uch 

itzompi 

mantzana 

manko 

muy 

batz'i lo'bol 

chan-tzelav lo'bol 

chimpo lo'bol 

maritzana lo'bol 

natikil lo'bol 

sakil lo'bol 

sera lo'bol 

tzajal lo'bol 

kranata 

batz'i on 

yax-'on 

no'chi 

ja'as 

sirvela 

prixku' 

turasnu 

kaxlan potov 

batz'i potov 

pelex 

batz'i makom 
NUMBER 35 

R. irasuensis 

Sechium edule 

Spondias purpurea 

FRUIT 

(occasional) 

Acrocomia mexicana 

Adenocalymna apurense 

Amelanchier denticulata 

Annona purpurea 

A. reticulata 

Arbutus xalapensis 

Bromelia hemisphaerica 

B. pinguin 

B. plumieri 

Byrsonima crassifolia 

Carica cauliflora 

Celtis iguanaea 

Chlorophora tinctoria 

Citrus medica 

Cocos nucifera 

Coriaria ruscifolia 

Cydonia oblonga 

Duchesnia indica 

Ehretia latifolia 

E. tinifolia 

Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii 

Ficus carica 

F. glabrata 

F. glaucescens 

Gaultheria odorata 

Genipa caruto 

Gonolobus uniflorus 

Guazuma ulmifolia 

Hylocereus undatus 

Hymenea courbaril 

Inga fagifolia 

I. jinicuil 

I. punctata 

I. vera ssp. spuria 

I. xalapensis 

Jaltomata procumbens 

Lantana camara 

L. hispida 

Lepechinia schiedeana 

Lycianthes ciliolata 

L. lenta 

Malpighia mexicana 

Melothria pendula 

Morus celtidifolia 

Muntingia calabura 

Opuntia ficus-indica 

Parmentiera aculeata 

batz'i makom 

ch'um-te' 

po'on 

nap 

te' ak' 

maritzana te' 

chin-jol k'evex 

k'anal k'evex 

on te' 

chimpo paxak' 

kinya paxak' 

potpot paxak' 

nantzi' 

paplya mut 

ch'ix ak' 

mora 

sila 

koko 

lo'bol vet 

nimpronix 

makom tz'i'lel 

ik'al te' 

nampivo 

batz'i chikin ton 

ik'ux 

amat 

amat 

aja-te'es 

maluk 

lo'bol ak' 

akit 

muk'ta chikin ton 

ch'ilim te' 

tz'erel 

tz'erel 

tz'erel 

chalon 

chalon 

chichol ch'o 

ch'ix ch'il vet 

ch'ix ch'il vet 

chilchil tz'i'lel 

yich joj 

chichol te' 

batz'i paxamum 

xantiya ak' 

saya-vun 

makulixkuat 

batz'i petok 

chachi' 

Persea scheideana 

Philodendron hederaceum 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Prunus armeniaca 

P. serotina 

Rheedia edulis 

Rhus schiedeana 

Rubus coriifolius 

R. eriocarpus 

R. sapidus 

R. trilobus 

Sageretia elegans 

Saurauia scabrida 

Spondias mombin 

Styrax argentum 

Symplocos limoncillo 

S. vernicosa 

Tabebuia rosea 

Tamarindus indica 

Vaccinium confertum 

Vitis bourgeana 

Ximenia americana 

GRAIN, NUT, 

Acrocomia mexicana 

Arachis hypogea 

Leucaena collinsii 

L. diversifolia 

L. leucocephala 

Oryza sativa 

Triticum aestivum 

Zea mays 

GRAIN, NUT, 

chinin 

yat kotom ak' 

vamuch te' 

kaxlan turasnu 

batz'i chix te' 

luchamaryia 

muk'ta paj-'ul 

tuxum makom 

xoto-chak 

tuxum makom 

nuk' chij 

ox-'u 

ajo' te' 

batz'i jovos 

ja'as te' 

muk'ta paxamum 

muk'ta paxamum 

aj-te' te' 

tamarin 

k'ox aja-te'es 

batz'i tz'usub 

po'on ch'ix 

SEED 

nap 

manya chenek' 

paka' olnob 

tzajal olnob 

batz'i olnob 

aros 

triko 

ixim 

SEED 

(occasional) 

Arbutus xalapensis 

Ceiba aesculifolia 

Cocos nucifera 

Cordia dodecandra 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 

Juglans regia 

Oecopetalum mexicanum 

Phyllanthus grandifolius 

Saurauia scabrida 

Sorghum bicolor 

Sterculia apetala 

muk'ta on te' 

mojan 

koko 

nankipu 

pit 

ton bek' 

kakav te' 

k'ol-k'ox 

ajo' te' 

tukum j'ik'al 

kastanya 

riorEMr 

VjKEblN: 

Brassica campestris 

B. juncea 

B. nigra 

B. oleracea var. acephala 

B. oleracea var. capitata 

batz'i napux 

k'ox mustisya 

muk'ta mustisya 

batz'i itaj 

jol itaj 

427 
428 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

B. oleraceus var. acephala 

Crotalaria mucronata 

Raphanus sativus 

Solanum americanum 

GREENS 

(occasional; 

Amaranthus hybridus 

A. scariosus 

Boerhaavia diffusa 

Boldoa purpurascens 

Capsicum annuum 

Chenopodium murale 

C. nuttalliae 

Cleome magnifica 

Crotolaria incana 

C. pumila 

C. quercetorum 

Fernaldia pandurata 

Galinsoga quadriradiata 

Jaltomata procumbens 

Lepidium virginicum var. pubescens 

Leucaena collinsii 

L. diversifolia 

L. leucocephala 

Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum 

Matelea aspera 

Phyllanthus grandifolius 

Phytolacca icosandra 

P. rugosa 

Piper auritum 

Portulacca oleracea 

Raphanus sativus 

Rivina humilis 

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum 

R. x sterilis 

Sonchus oleraceus 

Talinum triangulare 

Tetragona expansa 

Tigridia pavonia 

tzukum jol itaj 

batz'i ch'aben 

muk'ta alavanux 

sakil alavanux 

unen mu 

batz'i tz'ul itaj 

batz'i tz'ul itaj 

kilajtik nex 

muk'ta bertulaka 

ich 

tan tz'ul itaj 

tan tz'ul itaj 

pa' itaj 

tontikil ch'aben 

tontikil ch'aben 

tontikil ch'aben 

chikin chij 

uskun-te' 

chichol ch'o 

pich' 

paka' olnob 

tzajal olnob 

batz'i olnob 

batz'i suil itaj 

mikulax itaj 

k'olk'ox 

sakil ob 

tzajal ob 

mumun 

batz'i bertulaka 

kaxlan alavanux 

muk'ta alavanux 

natikil alavanux 

unen mu tz'i' lei 

bero 

bero 

batz'i chikaryo 

bilil itaj 

espinaka 

batz'i jol koy 

OTHER COOKED FOOD 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

C. mixta 

C. moschata 

C. pepo var. melopepo 

Ipomoea batata 

Lycopersicon esculentum 

Phaseolus lunatus 

mail 

sakil 

ch'um 

tz'ol 

tzajal is-ak' 

k'ox tzajal chichol 

tzajal chichol 

xvet' chenek' 

P. vulgaris 

Physalis var. parviflora 

Sechium edule 

Solanum tuberosum 

Viciafaba 

Vigna unguiculata 

Zea mays 

x'ak'il chenek' 

xlumil chenek' 

batz'i putzul chichol 

ch'um-te' 

is-ak' 

javas 

kantela chenek' 

ixim 

OTHER COOKED FOOD 

(occasional) 

Acrocomia mexicana 

Agave americana 

A. chiapensis 

A. kewensis 

Brahea dulcis 

B. nitida 

Brassica oleracea var. gongyloides 

B. rapa 

Cirsium horridulum 

C. mexicanum 

C. nigriceps 

C. subcoriaceum 

Dioscorea cf. dugesii 

D. cymosula var. cinerea 

D. nelsonii 

Erythrina chiapasana 

E. goldmanii 

Marattia weinmanniifolia 

Phaseolus coccineus 

P. coccineus ssp. darwinianus 

Physalis philadelphica 

Raphanus sativus 

Sabal mexicana 

Saccharum officinarum 

Tigridia pavonia 

Xanthosoma robustum 

X. violaceum 

nap 

muk'ta met 

lo'balal met 

chi met 

batz'i xan 

pik' xan 

kolinabo 

jolinom napux 

lo'balal ch'ix 

tomal ch'ix 

tomal ch'ix 

tomal ch'ix 

p'uk 

p'uk 

p'uk 

x'ukun 

x'ukun 

muk'ta tzib 

botii 

xut 

ibes 

muk'ta putzul chichol 

kaxlan alavanux 

muk'ta alavanux 

natikil alavanux 

sakil alavanux 

palma 

vale' 

batz'i jol koy 

pik'ok' 

Pi 

OTHER RAW FOOD 

(occasional) 

Allium ascalonicum j'alnom tuix 

A. cepa batz'i tuix 

A. kunthii te'tikil tuix 

Brassica oleracea var. acephala batz'i itaj 

Dalembertia triangularis jol olol 

Daucus carota var. sativa sanorya 

Encyclia ochracea k'ox uch'ul vo' 

Oxalis galeottii batz'i vala-pojov 
NUMBER 35 

0. latifolia 

Pachyrrhizus erosus 

Raphanus sativus 

Saccharum officinarum 

Sonchus oleraceus 

Tripsacum laxum 

Zea mays 

SEASONING 

Allium ascalonicum 

A. cepa 

A. kunthii 

Ananas comosus 

Bixa ore liana 

Capsicum annuum 

C. annuum var. aviculare 

C. pubescens 

Chenopodium ambrosioides 

Cinnamomum zeylanicum 

Citrus aurantifolia 

C. aurantium 

C. sinensis 

Coriandrum sativum 

Litsea glaucescens 

Mentha citrata 

M. pulegium 

Persea americana 

Pimenta dioica 

Piper auritum 

P. nigrum 

Pouteria mammosa 

Saccharum officinarum 

Tagetes lucida 

Thymus vulgaris 

Zingiber officinale 

Weaving 

BOBBIN 

Chlorophora tinctoria 

Diphysa floribunda 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Leucaena diversifolia 

L. leucocephala 

BODKIN 

Brickellia scoparia 

Licaria peckii 

Linum mexicanum 

Lythrum lanceolatum 

Nectandra coriacea 

Stipa ichu 

batz'i vala-pojov 

jikamo 

ch'ix alavanux 

kaxlan alavanux 

vale' 

batz'i chikaryo 

muk'ta ximo' 

ixim 

j'alnom tuix 

batz'i tuix 

te'tikil tuix 

muk'ta paxak' 

vo'ox 

ich 

tempich ich 

k'anal ich 

koko'on 

kanelo 

elamonix 

alaxax 

naranja 

kulantu 

tzis uch 

ch'ulul alavena 

batz'i alavena 

tzitz 

batz'i pimenta 

mumun 

kaxlan pimenta 

ja'as 

vale' 

tzitz 

tomyo 

xenxerva 

mora 

k'an-te' 

yax-te' 

tzajal olnob 

batz'i olnob 

tzutzub 

tzitz te' 

tzutzub 

tzutzub 

tzitz te' 

ne chuch 

429 

CARDING BRUSH 

Pinus spp. toj 

CLOTHING MATERIAL, FIBERS 

Agave sisalana 

Brahea dulcis 

Furcraea guatemalensis 

Musa textilis 

Sabal mexicana 

pino chi (hats, nets, 

shoulder bags, tumplines) 

batz'i xan (hats) 

te'tikal chi (nets, ropes) 

mol lo'bol (strings) 

palma (hats) 

DYE, MORDENT 

Ageratina bustamenta 

A. ligustrina 

A. mairetiana 

A. pringlei 

Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta 

A. jorullensis 

Bixa orellana 

Chromolaena collina 

Coriaria ruscifolia 

Cuscuta corymbosa var. grandifolia 

C. tinctoria 

Haematoxylon brasiletto 

Leandra subseriata 

Miconia guatemalensis 

M. mexicana 

M. oligotricha 

Pachythamnus crassirameus 

Stevia ovata 

S. polycphala 

S. serrata 

LOOM BAR 

Acalypha unibradeata 

Ardisia escallonioides 

Ceanothus coeruleus 

Chusquea foliosa 

Eugenia acapulcensis 

E. amatenangensis 

E. carranzae 

E. laughlinii 

E. yunckeri 

Holodiscus argenteus 

Otatea fimbriata 

Rubus trilobus 

Schoepfia vacciniiflora 

Phragmites australis 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

muk'ta ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

sakil nok 

tzajal nok 

vo'ox 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

lo'bol vet 

k'an-ak' 

k'an-ak' 

brasil (Chamulans) 

tzajal chii jabnal 

batz'i chii jabnal 

tzajal chii jabnal 

batz'i chii jabnal 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

tzajal te' 

tzajal ch'it 

ik'al pomos 

muk'ta ne kotom 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

sakil ch'it 

tzajal pomos 

ton bix 

nuk' chij 

tzajal ch'it 

SHED ROD 

antzil aj 
430 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

SHUTTLE 

Coreopsis mutica var. microcephala batz'i k'an-'ich 

Rubus trilobus nuk' chij 

SPINDLE 

Perymenium grande var. nelsonii k'anal top'ol 

Xylosma intermedium yaxal ch'it 

TANNING AGENT 

Acacia angustissima batz'i xaxib 

Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta 

A. jorullensis 

Bocconia arborea 

B. frutescens 

Calliandra portoricensis 

Citrus sinensis 

Crataegus pubescens 

Cupressus benthamii 

Juniperus gamboana 

Pinus ayacahuite 

Pinus spp. 

Prunus serotina 

Quercus crassifolia 

sakil nok 

tzajal nok 

kamusa te' 

kamusa te' 

muk'ta xaxib 

TENTERHOOK 

naranja 

k'at'ix 

WARPING BAR 

var. lindleyi nukul pat 

ok'il te' 

tzajal k'uk' toj 

toj 

batz'i chix te' 

batz'i te' 

WARPING BAR POLE 

Cornus excelsa 

Otatea fimbriata 

isbon 

ton bix 

Music 

BELL STOCK 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi nukul pat 

DRUM 

Cedrela oaxacensis 

C. odorata 

C. salvadorensis 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 

Licaria peckii 

Nectandra coriacea 

bik'it ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

pit 

tzitz te' 

tzitz te' 

DRUM COLLAR 

Cornus excelsa isbon 

Rhus terebinthifolia k'ox paj-'ul 

DRUMSTICK 

Cornus excelsa isbon 

FIDDLE, GUITAR, HARP 

Cedrela oaxacensis bik'it ch'u-te' 

C. odorata sakil ch'u-te' 

C. salvadorensis sakil ch'u-te' 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi nukul pat 

Leucaena collinsii paka' olnob 

Pinus ayacahuite tzajal k'uk' toj 

Pinus spp. toj 

Prunus serotina batz'i chix te' 

FIDDLE, GUITAR 

(glue) 

Govenia liliacea kola 

G. superba kola tz'i'lel 

FIDDLE Bow 

Cedrela oaxacensis 

C. odorata 

C. salvadorensis 

Coffea arabica 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis 

Leucaena diversifolia 

L. leucocephala 

Morus celtidifolia 

Prunus serotina 

bik'it ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

kajve 

yax-te' 

tzajal olnob 

batz'i olnob 

saya-vun 

batz'i chix te' 

FIDDLE STRING 

(resin) 

Bursera bipinnata 

Arundo donax 

Gynerium sagittatum 

Phragmites australis 

Cordia alliodora 

Swietenia humilis 

Canna edulis 

Crescentia alata 

FLUTE 

MARIMBA 

RATTLE 

ach'el pom 

yajil ama 

vinik aj 

antzil aj 

be xinich te' 

kovaria te' 

tzajal ch'uch' 

tzima' 

Toys 

FLOWER 

Canna edulis 

Castilleja arvensis 

Cypripedium irapaneum 

Datura Candida 

Epidendrum arbuscula 

tzajal ch'uch' 

j'ak'-'uch 

putzul 

batz'i kariipana nichim 

muk'ta uch'ul vo' 
NUMBER 35 

Ipomoea spp. 

Smilacina scilloides 

Taraxacum officinale 

Thalidrum guatemalense 

Tigridia pavonia 

Zephyranthes brevipes 

Z. carinata 

Crescentia alata 

Cucurbita galeottii 

Gonolobus uniform 

Houstonia serpyllacea 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Passiflora filipes 

P. foetida 

P. pavonis 

P. subpeltata 

Phyllanthus grandifolius 

Picramnia tetramera 

Sabal mexicana 

Trifolium amabile 

T. repens 

Zea mays 

Agave americana 

Pinus spp. 

Trifolium amabile 

T. repens 

Encyclia varicosa 

Govenia liliacea 

431 

FRUIT 

LEAF 

ROOT 

SAP 

(glue) 

STEM 

Epidendrum radicans 

Equisetum hymale var. affine 

E. myriochaetum 

Ipomoea signata 

I. tyrianthina 

Lasiacis divaricata 

Sambucus canadensis 

S. mexicana 

Smilax bona-nox 

S. jalapensis 

pik'ok' 

puyu' 

muk'ta uch'ul vo' 

tontikil putzul 

tuturu 

jol koy 

nichim joj 

nichim joj 

tzima' 

ch'ako' 

lo'bol ak' 

mail tz'i'lel 

suy tzu 

krariata ak' 

Kranata ak' 

kranata ak' 

krariata ak' 

k'ol-k'ox 

ventex mol 

palma 

batz'i pitzak' 

muk'ta pitzak' 

ixim 

muk'ta met 

toj 

TIP 

Thalidrum guatemalense 

pitzak' 

pitzak' 

sakil uch'ul vo' 

kola 

tzajal tz'emeni' 

tut 

tut 

pik'ok' 

pik'ok' 

ik'ob chij 

xutax chijil te' 

batz'i chijil te' 

karos ak' 

karos ak' 

tuturu 

Religious Use 

ALTAR FLOWERS 

(ladino) 

Acalypha hispida 

Acrocomia mexicana 

Asparagus setaceus 

Bidens ostruthioides 

Bougainvillea buttiana 

B. glabra 

Caesalpinia exostema 

C. pulcherrima 

Cavendishia crassifolia 

Chrysanthemum coronarium 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Cynoglossum amabile 

Cypripedium irapaneum 

Datura Candida 

Dendranthema morifolium 

Dendropanax arboreus 

Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii 

Euphorbia leucocephala 

Fleischmanniopsis leucocephalum 

Fuchsia microphylla 

ssp. quercetorum 

Gaillardia pulchella 

Galphimia glauca 

Gnaphalium attenuatum 

G. brachypterum 

G. roseum 

G. viscosum 

Gomphrena decumbens 

Hemerocallis fulva 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 

Hippeastrum solandriflorum 

Iresine celosia 

Jasminum mesnyi 

J. sambac 

Lycopodium thyoides 

Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus 

Matthiola incana 

Montanoa speciosa 

Moringa oleifera 

Nerium oleander 

Nissolia fruticosa 

Ocimum basilicum 

Peter avenia phoenicolepis 

Plumeria alba 

P. rubra 

tzajal kilkil nichim 

nap 

sakil kilkil nichim 

k'anal matas 

yaxyax-'ulan kilkil 

nichim 

yaxyax-'ulan kilkil 

nichim 

nichim te' 

nichim te' 

konkon 

krisantema 

nukul pat 

k'ox boraja 

putzul 

batz'i kampana nichim 

cha'-koj kampana 

nichim 

krisantema 

tempix 

chikin ton 

mukumu 

sakil nichim 

tzajal ch'ulelal nichim 

tzajal markarita 

k'anal konkon 

poxil yayijemal 

poxil yayijemal 

poxil yayijemal 

poxil yayijemal 

bot'-jol tz'i'lel 

k'anal asasena 

tzajal kampana nichim 

sakil asasena 

koko'on chij 

sakil nichim te' 

sakil nichim te' 

xanxanil balamil 

k'ox tz'oban 

tz'i' nichim 

sakil nichim 

jasinto te' 

k'ox patax 

epal nich 

batz'i arvajaka 

yak'ubal us 

patax nichim 

patax nichim 
432 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Senna cobanensis 

S. pallida 

S. skinneri 

S. tonduzii 

Stevia ovata 

Thelypteris sp. 

Tillandsia butzii 

T capitata 

T. caput-medusae 

T. dasyliriifolia 

T fasciculata 

T plumosa 

T. vicentina 

Zinnia elegans 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yak'ubal us 

k'ox tzib 

uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

uma' ech' 

snichim san-lukax 

RELIGIOUS DECORATION 

Acrostidum danaeifolium 

Agave americana 

Amaryllis belladonna 

Ammi majus 

Anthurium schlechtendalii 

Bougainvillea buttiana 

B. glabra 

Brahea nitida 

Calliandra confusa 

C. grandiflora 

C. houstoniana 

Cavendishia crassifolia 

Chamaedorea elatior 

C. ernesti-augustii 

C. nubium 

Chamomilla recutita 

Chrysanthemum coronarium 

Citrus aurantium 

C. limonia 

C. medica 

C. sinensis 

Conium maculatum 

Cornus excelsa 

Cosmos bipinnatus 

Crataegus pubescens 

Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora 

Ctenitis equestris 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Dahlia coccinea 

D. imperial is 

D. pinnata 

Daucus carota 

Dendranthema morifolium 

muk'ta tzib 

muk'ta met 

liryo 

enkaje 

pamal jabnal 

yaxyax-'ulan kilkil 

nichim 

pik' xan 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

ch'ich' ni' 

konkon 

batz'i ch'ib 

muk'ta ch'ib 

muk'ta ch'ib 

mantzanilya 

krisantema 

alaxax 

chu' lima 

sila 

naranja 

enkaje 

isbon 

kampray 

k'at'ix 

k'ox bukaro 

muk'ta tzib 

nukul pat 

tzajal ch'oliv 

batz'i ch'oliv 

dalya 

enkaje 

espayder 

kartolina 

krisantema nichim 

muk'ta pompom 

pompom 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Dryopteris nubigena 

Escobedia laevis 

Gaultheria odorata 

Gladiolus hortulanus 

Gypsophila elegans 

G. paniculata 

Helenium scorzoneraefolia 

Hemerocallis fulva 

Heteropteris beecheyana 

Hippeastrum solandriflorum 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Lilium candidum 

Litsea glaucescens 

Lycopodium thyoides 

Marattia weinmanniifolia 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana 

Myrica cerifera 

Ocimum basilicum 

O. micranthum 

Passiflora ligularis 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Peperomia galioides 

Peteravenia phoenicolepis 

Phanerophlebia remotisporum 

Phragmites australis 

Phymosia rosea 

Pilea microphylla 

Pinguicula moranensis 

Pinus ayacahuite 

Pinus spp. 

Pitcairnia breedlovei 

Polystichum distans 

Rapanaea juergensenii 

Rosa banksiae 

R. chinensis 

R. multiflora 

Rubus trilobus 

Saccharum officinarum 

Salvia microphylla 

Sambucus mexicana 

Sedum praealtum 

Senecio salignus 

Sisyrinchium convolutum 

Smallanthus maculatus 

S. oaxacanus 

Sobralia decora 

Solanum mammosum 

Spiraea cantoniensis 

Sprekelia formosissima 

Stevia ovata 

klavel 

klavelina 

muk'ta tzib 

batz'i asasena 

aja-te'es 

batz'i bukaro 

nube 

nube 

sakramentual nichim 

k'anal asasena 

ne saben 

sakil asasena 

markarita 

markariton 

batz'i asasena 

tzis uch 

xanxanil balamil 

muk'ta tzib 

chan-tzelav lo'bol 

satin 

batz'i arvajaka 

k'ox arvajaka 

kranata 

batz'i tzajal nichim 

batz'i vixobtakil 

yak'ubal us 

muk'ta tzib 

antzil aj 

batz'i tz'oban 

tontikil pimil anal 

poxil eal 

tzajal k'uk' toj 

toj 

antzil ech' 

tzajal tzib 

tilil 

k'anal roxa 

batz'i tzajal roxa 

sakil roxa 

k'ox tzajal roxa 

nuk' chij 

vale' 

mixto 

batz'i chijil te' 

batz'i pimil anal 

batz'i chilkat 

k'anal pech'e-'ok jobel 

k'ail 

k'ail 

me' putzul 

chuchu' 

tzajal pomos 

tzajal asasena 

yak'ubal us 
NUMBER 35 433 

Synardisia venosa 

Tagetes erecta 

Tanecetum parthenium 

Ternstroemia lineata ssp. 

chalicophylla 

T. oocarpa 

Thuidium delicatulum 

Tillandsia guatemalensis 

T. ponderosa 

T. seleriana 

T. usneoides 

T. violacea 

Vaccinium confertum 

Vriesia werckleana 

Woodwardia spinulosa 

Zantedeschia aethiopica 

Zinnia elegans 

CROSS 

Cedrela oaxacensis 

C. odorata 

C. salvadorensis 

Chlorophora tinctoria 

Cordia alliodora 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Juniperus gamboana 

Pinus ayacahuite 

Pinus spp. 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Sambucus canadensis 

Senna cobanensis 

S. pallida 

S. skinneri 

S. tonduzii 

sakil k'os 

antzil vo'tus 

kaxlan vo'tus 

kelem vo'tus 

jjaral-me'tik 

volita 

batz'i k'oxox te' 

batz'i k'oxox te' 

tzon-te'al balamil 

krus ech' 

vojton ech' 

yech'joj 

tzon-te'al krus 

kilon ech' 

k'ox aja-te'es 

antzil ech' 

muk'ta tzib 

kartucho 

snichim san-lukax 

bik'it ch'u te' 

sakil ch'u te' 

sakil ch'u te' 

mora 

be xinich te' 

nukul pat 

ok'il te' 

tzajal k'uk' toj 

toj 

vamuch te' 

xutax chijil te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

yax-'ib te' 

GUNPOWDER 

Arbutus xalapensis 

Litsea glaucescens 

Salix bonplandiana 

S. humboldtiana 

muk'ta on te' 

tzis uch 

batz'i tok'oy 

kilajtik tok'oy 

Quercus spp. 

Rhus schiedeana 

MORTARMEN'S MALLET 

tulan 

muk'ta paj-'ul 

SAINT 

Cedrela oaxacensis 

C. odorata 

C. salvadorensis 

Olmeca reflexa 

Otatea fimbriata 

bik'it ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

sakil ch'u-te' 

SHAMAN'S STAFF 

antzil bix 

ton bix 

STAVE 

Cornus excelsa 

Cupressus benthamii 

Cydonia oblonga 

var. lindleyi 

isbon 

nukul pat 

nimpronix 

OTHER RELIGIOUS USE 

Agave sisalana 

Aldama dentata 

(excluding food) 

Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta 

Brahea dulcis 

Bursera bipinnata 

B. excelsa 

Canna edulis 

Cornus excelsa 

Crescentia alata 

C. cujete 

Cucurbita galeottii 

Cydonia oblonga 

Erythrina chiapasana 

E. goldmanii 

Gossypium hirsutum 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Pinus spp. 

Quercus crassifolia 

Saccharum officinarum 

Tillandsia usneoides 

Viguiera dentata 

Zea mays 

Alnus acuminata ssp. 

A. jorullensis 

Ambrosia cumanensis 

Helenium scorzonerat 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Valeriana densiflora 

V. sorbifolia 

V. urticaefolia 

Erodium cicutarium 

E. moschatum 

Geranium goldmanii 

G. seemannii 

Foeniculum vulgare 

Peperomia galioides 

Vaccinium confertum 

Remedies 

ABORTIVE 

arguta 

folia 

ACHES 

(k'asel) 

ANGER 

(tranquilizer 

pino chi 

sakil pilix 

tzajal nok 

batz'i xan 

ach'el pom 

batz'i pom 

tzajal ch'uch' 

isbon 

tz'ima' 

boch 

ch'ako' 

nimpronix 

x'ukun 

x'ukun 

sakil tux-nuk' 

jay 

tzu 

toj 

batz'i te' 

vale' 

tzon-te'al krus 

sakil pilix 

ixim 

sakil nok 

tzajal nok "cold" 

altamixa "hot" 

sakramentual nichim 

moy 

voy mula "hot, cold" 

voy mula 

voy mula 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

muk'ta akuxa tz'i'lel 

sakil akuxa tz'i'lel 

) 

inojo 

batz'i vixobtakil 

k'ox aja-te'es 
434 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Verbena Carolina 

V. litoralis 

batz'i pem-k'ulub 

batz'i pem-k'ulub 

ANGRY REBELLIOUSNESS 

(toyob-bail-purge) 

Calea urticifolia ch'ail pox 

Polyclathra cucumerina xenebal pox "hot" 

Schizocarpon attenuatum xenebal pox 

Sicyos microphylla xenebal pox 

Verbena Carolina batz'i pem-k'ulub 

"cold" 

V. litoralis batz'i pem-k'ulub 

ATHLETE'S FOOT 

Osbertia stoloniferus 

Piqueria pilosa 

P. trinervia 

Zea mays 

Litsea glaucescens 

Geranium goldmanii 

Hieracium abscissum 

H. stuposum 

Osbertia stoloniferus 

Salvia cacaliaefolia 

tenten pox 

chichik'uy "cold" 

chichik'uy "cold" 

ixim 

ANT STING 

tzis uch 

BARRENNESS 

muk'ta akuxa tz'i'lel 

"hot" 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel 

tenten pox 

yax-'ulan pom tz'unun 

BLACK EYE 

Mirabilis jalapa malva 

BLOOD CLOTTING 

Adenocaulon lyratum 

Coffea arabica 

Erodium cicutarium 

E. moschatum 

Ficus cookii 

F. cotinifolia 

Geranium seemannii 

Hieracium abscissum 

H. stuposum 

Lobelia laxiflora 

Malva nicaeensis 

M. parviflora 

Micropleura renifolia 

Pedilanthus tithymaloides 

Plantago australis ssp. hirtella 

P. major 

Stevia serrata 

keb chij 

kajve 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

"hot" 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

"hot" 

mutut 

mutut 

sakil akuxa tz'i'lel 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel 

primon 

k'ox pak' chak 

k'ox pak' chak 

krem pox 

piyon te' 

yok' tz'i' 

yok' tz'i' 

bik'it ch'a-te' 

Verbena Carolina 

V. litoralis 

batz'i pem-k'ulub 

batz'i pem-k'ulub 

BLOOD FORTIFIER 

Solanum chrysotrichum 

S. lanceolatum 

S. torvum 

BOILS 

(chakal, vo 

Casimiroa edulis 

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius 

C. multilobatus 

C. tubulosus 

Erodium cicutarium 

E. moschatum 

Eryngium ghiesbreghtii 

Malaxis fastigiata 

Plantago australis ssp. hirtella 

P. major 

Sida barclayi 

S. rhombifolia 

k'ux-pevul 

k'ux-pevul 

k'ux-pevul 

'an) 

aj-te' "cold" 

sakil la "hot" 

sakil la "hot" 

sakil la "hot" 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

"hot" 

k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel 

"hot" 

keb chij "hot" 

jutuju 

yok' tz'i' 

yok' tz'i' 

k'anal sat mes "hot' 

k'anal sat mes "hot' 

BONE BREAK 

Ambrosia cumanensis 

Arbutus xalapensis 

Datura Candida 

Malva nicaeensis 

M. parviflora 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Parathesis chiapensis 

P. leptopa 

Petiveria alliacea 

Phoradendron nervosum 

P. quadrangulare 

P. robustissimum 

Pinus spp. 

Piqueria pilosa 

P. trinervia 

Prunus persica 

Ricinus communis 

Rumex crispus 

R. obtusifolius 

Stevia lucida 

S. polycephala 

Struthanthus intermedius 

S. tacanensis 

Tabebuia rosea 

Tillandsia usneoides 

Verbena Carolina 

altamixa 

nap'ap' on te' 

batz'i kampana nichim 

k'ox pak' chak 

k'ox pak' chak 

moy 

tzajal k'os 

tzajal k'os 

soro te' 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

toj 

chichik'uy 

chichik'uy 

prixku' 

turasnu 

ch'upak' te' 

yail tz'i'lel "hot" 

yail tz'i'lel "hot" 

ch'a-te' pox "hot" 

poxil ik' 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

aj-te' te' 

tzon-te'al krus 

batz'i pem-k'ulub 
NUMBER 35 435 

V. litoralis 

BURNS 

Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii 

Euphorbia macropus 

Justicia sp. 

Mirabilis jalapa 

Viciafaba 

batz'i pem-k'ulub 

chikin ton "cold" 

batz'i pojov tz'i'lel 

"cold" 

malva "cold" 

malva "cold" 

javas 

CATARACT 

(jch'ul-me'tik ta ssat) 

Phaseolus vulgaris ik'al chenek' "cold" 

CATERPILLAR STING 

Opuntia pubescens chorisyo ch'ix 

CAVITIES 

Bursera bipinnata 

B. excelsa 

Lepechinia schiedeana 

Nicotiana tabacum 

ach'el pom 

batz'i pom "hot" 

chilchil tz'i'lel 

moy "hot" 

CHAFED LEGS 

Symphoricarpus microphyllus poxil t'ajel "hot' 

CHEST PAIN, HEARTBURN, 

(me'-vinik) 

Chamaecrista desvauxii 

Chamomilla recutita 

Citrus aurantifolia 

Foeniculum vulgare 

Hamelia patens 

Ocimum basilicum 

Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia 

Peperomia galioides 

Plantago australis ssp. hirtella 

P. major 

Rosa chinensis 

Rubus coriifolius 

R. sapidus 

Vaccinium confertum 

GALL STONES 

poxil me'-vinik "cold" 

mantzanilya "hot" 

elamonix 

inojo "cold" 

yich'ak ch'o "cold' 

batz'i arvajaka 

poxil me'-vinik "cold" 

batz'i vixobtakil 

yok' tz'i' "cold" 

yok' tz'i' "cold" 

batz'i tzajal roxa "cold' 

tuxum makom 

tuxum makom 

k'ox aja-te'es "cold" 

CHILLS AND FEVER 

Dichondra argentea 

Salix bonplandiana 

Salvia lavanduloides 

Stachys radicans 

Prunus persica 

COLIC 

chikin ch'o 

batz'i tok'oy 

poxil obal 

tzotzil jabnal 

k'anal prixku' "cold' 

merokotom "cold" 

CONSTIPATION AND URINARY BLOCKAGE 

Allium sativum 

Borreria laevis 

Crescentia cujete 

Cucumis anguria 

Equisetum hymale var. affine 

E. myriochaetum 

Malva nicaeensis 

M. parviflora 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Piper spp. 

Rosa chinensis 

axux "hot" 

sakil pem-k'ulub "hot' 

boch "hot" 

ch'um-te' pox "hot" 

tut "cold" 

tut "cold" 

k'ox pak' chak "hot" 

k'ox pak' chak "hot" 

moy "hot" 

mumun te' "hot" 

sakil roxa "cold" 

COOLING AGENT 

(for head) 

Smilax jalapensis t'ut' ak' "cold" 

Vaccinium confertum k'ox aja-te'es "cold" 

COUGH 

Borago officinalis 

Chamomilla recutita 

Citrus sinensis 

Cordia dodecandra 

Crataegus pubescens 

Cymbopogon citratus 

Guazuma ulmifolia 

Haematoxylon brasiletto 

Jatropha curcas 

Malvaviscus arboreus vai 

Ocimum basilicum 

Salvia lavanduloides 

Sambucus mexicana 

Tagetes erecta 

Aristolochia sericea 

Calea urticifolia 

Cissampelos pareira 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Petiveria alliacea 

Pouteria mammosa 

Ruellia inundata 

: arboreus 

CRAMPS 

(tzeluel) 

DANDRUFF 

batz'i boraja "hot" 

mantzanilya "hot" 

pimil pat naranja 

nankipu 

k'at'ix 

batz'i limon jobel "hot' 

akit "hot" 

brasil 

sakil sal-te' "hot" 

k'ox tz'oban "cold" 

batz'i arvajaka 

poxil obal "hot" 

batz'i chijil te' "hot" 

kelem vo'tus 

vako' ak' "hot" 

ch'ail pox "hot" 

kurarin "hot" 

moy "hot" 

soro te' "hot" 

ja'as "hot" 

tentzun "hot" 

Agave brachystachys 

Chamomilla recutita 

Satureja mexicana 

Sedum praealtum 

Yucca elephantipes 

DEAFNESS 

tub chii 

mantzanilya "hot" 

batz'i ch'ulelal nichim 

"hot" 

batz'i pimil anal "cold' 

kaxlan tok'oy 
436 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

DEPRESSIO> 

(ti'ol) 

Sambucus mexicana 

DIARRHEA 

Acaena elongata 

Aloysia chiapensis 

Baccharis serraefolia 

Borreria laevis 

Calea urticifolia 

Chamomilla recutita 

Cuphea aequipetala 

C. cyanea 

Dorstenia contrajerva 

Equisetum hymale var. affine 

E. myriochaetum 

Eucalyptus camaldulensis 

E. globulus 

Guazuma ulmifolia 

Helianthemum glomeratum 

Hyptis tomentosa 

Justicia clinopodium 

Kniphofia uvaria 

Lantana achyranthifolia 

L. camara 

L. hispida 

Melampodium montanum 

Satureja mexicana 

Verbena Carolina 

V. litoralis 

DYSENTERY 

Acaena elongata 

Bursera simaruba 

Byrsonima crassifolia 

Citrus aurantifolia 

Crossopetalum parvifolium 

Cuphea aequipetala 

C. cyanea 

C. pinetorum 

Cyperus hermaphroditicus 

Dalea versicolor 

Dianthus caryophyllus 

Equisetum hymale var. affine 

E. myriochaetum 

Gomphrena decumbens 

Guazuma ulmifolia 

Hamelia patens 

Helianthemum glomeratum 

Licania platypus 

Melampodium montanum 

J 

batz'i chijil te' 

yuch' max pox 

chivo te' 

poxil tza'nel "hot" 

sakil pem-k'ulub "hot' 

ch'ail pox 

mantzanilya "hot" 

nochleb vonon "hot" 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

"hot" 

kontiyerva "hot" 

tut "cold" 

tut "cold" 

kampor 

kampor 

akit 

tan pox "hot" 

sakil pom tz'unun "hot' 

nochleb vonon "hot" 

asasena vola "hot" 

ten-jol pox "medium" 

ch'ix ch'il vet 

ch'ix ch'il vet 

xinal pox "hot" 

batz'i ch'ulelal nichim 

batz'i pem-k'ulub "hot' 

batz'i pem-k'ulub "hot' 

yuch' max pox "hot" 

tzajal sal-te' "medium" 

nantzi' "medium" 

elamonix 

poxil sim-nak'al "hot" 

nochleb vonon "hot" 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

"hot" 

poxil majbenal "hot" 

krus jobel 

tzukum tz'i'lel "cold" 

tzajal klavel "hot, cold' 

tut "cold" 

tut "cold" 

bot'-jol tz'i'lel "hot" 

akit "hot, medium" 

yich'ak ch'o "medium' 

tan pox "medium" 

itzompi 

xinal pox 

Persea americana 

Prunus persica 

P. serotina 

Psidium guineense 

Psychotria erythrocarpa 

Rubus adenotrichus 

R. coriifolius 

R. irasuensis 

R. sapidus 

Satureja mexicana 

Solanum americanum 

S. erianthum 

Tamarindus indica 

Ocimum basilicum 

Satureja brownei 

Stachytarpheta frantzii 

Yucca elephantipes 

EARACHE 

batz'i on "cold" 

prixku' turasnu 

batz'i chix te' "cold" 

batz'i potov 

poxil pat ka' "hot" 

batz'i makom "cold" 

tuxum makom 

batz'i makom "cold" 

tuxum makom 

batz'i ch'ulelal nichim 

unen mu 

moy te' 

tamarin "medium" 

batz'i arvajaka 

k'ox yax-chel 

yarvajaka me'on "hot' 

kaxlan tok'oy 

Castilleja arvensis 

Didymaea alsinoides 

Gyrocarpus americanus 

Helianthemum glomeratum 

Justicia clinopodium 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Licania platypus 

Oenothera rosea 

Prunella vulgaris 

Sambucus canadensis 

S. mexicana 

Thevetia ovata 

T plumeriaefolia 

EVIL EYE, EMBARRASSMENT 

(apon) 

j'ak'-'uch 

tz'usub ak' 

xinal te' 

tan pox 

nochleb vonon "hot" 

nene' tzu 

itzompi 

poxil apon "cold" 

arvajaka tz'i'lel "hot" 

xutax chijil te' "cold" 

batz'i chijil te' "cold" 

choch "medium" 

choch "medium" 

EYE DISTRESS 

Cissus cacuminis 

C. sicyoides 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Vitis bourgaeana 

ve'el inatab 

ve'el inatab 

moy "hot" 

tz'usub "hot' 

FEMALE PROGENY STIMULANT 

Iostephane trilobata tzeb nekeb pox 

FEVER 

Chamomilla recutita 

Citrus aurantifolia 

Cucumis melo var. conomon 

C. melo var. reticulata 

Dichondra argentea 

Digiticalia chiapensis 

mantzanilya 

elamonix 

batz'i melon "medium' 

chi'il melon 

chikin ch'o "cold" 

jok'leb tzo'op tz'unun 

"cold" 
NUMBER 35 437 

Foeniculum vulgare 

Loeselia mexicana 

Lygodium venustum 

Oenothera rosea 

Oxalis albicans 

O. corniculata 

O. frutescens ssp. angustifolia 

Parietaria debilis 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Peperomia galioides 

Rubus eriocarpus 

Salvia misella 

Spilanthes americana 

Stevia ovata 

Tamarindus indica 

Thalidrum guatemalense 

Zea mays 

inojo "cold" 

poxil k'ok' "medium" 

tzib ak' "cold" 

poxil apon "cold" 

k'ox vala-pojov "cold" 

k'ox vala-pojov "cold" 

k'ox vala-pojov "cold" 

sikil ton 

batz'i tzajal nichim 

"cold" 

batz'i vixobtakil "cold" 

xoto-chak "cold" 

k'ox nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

"cold" 

chak'ak' "cold" 

bik'it ch'a-te' "cold" 

tamarin "cold" 

tuturu "cold" 

tzajal ixim "cold" 

FEVER, ACHES 

(majbenal) 

Cuphea cyanea 

C. pinetorum 

Dichondra argentea 

Foeniculum vulgare 

Gaultheria odorata 

Lythrum lanceolatum 

Ocimum americanum 

O. micranthum 

Parietaria debilis 

Peperomia deppeana 

P. quadrifolia 

Plantago australis ssp. hirtella 

P. major 

Rosa chinensis 

Ruta graveolens 

Sambucus mexicana 

Satureja brownei 

S. mexicana 

Stachys radicans 

Vaccinium confertum 

k'anal pom tz'unun 

"hot, cold" 

poxil majbenal "hot" 

chikin ch'o "cold" 

inojo "medium, cold" 

batz'i aja-te'es "cold" 

tzutzub "cold" 

k'ox arvajaka "hot" 

k'ox arvajaka "hot" 

sikil ton "cold, 

medium" 

setajtik vixobtakil 

"cold" 

setajtik vixobtakil 

"cold" 

yok' tz'i' "cold" 

yok' tz'i' "cold" 

batz'i tzajal roxa "cold' 

lula "hot" 

batz'i chijil tel' "cold" 

k'ox yax-chel "hot" 

batz'i ch'ulelal nichim 

"hot" 

tzotzil jabnal "cold, 

medium" 

k'ox aja-te'es "cold" 

FEVER SORE 

Begonia biserrata 

B.fischeri var. tovarensis 

B. oaxacana 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Oxalis galeottii 

0. latifolia 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Peperomia deppeana 

P. galioides 

P. quadrifolia 

Pinguicula moranensis 

Psidium guineense 

Rhus schiedeana 

R. terebinthifolia 

Rosa chinensis 

Sedum praealtum 

Solanum americanum 

muk'ta vala-pojov 

"cold" 

muk'ta vala-pojov 

"cold" 

muk'ta vala-pojov 

"cold" 

mail "cold" 

batz'i vala-pojov "cold' 

batz'i vala-pojov "cold' 

batz'i tzajal nichim 

"medium" 

setajtik vixobtakil 

"cold" 

batz'i vixobtakil "cold" 

setajtik vixobtakil 

"cold" 

poxil eal "cold" 

batz'i potov 

muk'ta paj-'ul "cold" 

k'ox paj-'ul "cold" 

batz'i tzajal roxa "cold" 

batz'i pimil anal "cold" 

unen mu 

FINGERNAIL INFECTION 

(unen k'obol) 

Monnina chiapensis 

Pinaropappus spathulatus 

var. chiapensis 

Prunus persica 

pitz'otz' 

poxil sep' "cold" 

prixku' 

turasnu 

"FLOWER WATER" 

(for bathir 

Bursera bipinnata 

B. excelsa 

Gaultheria odorata 

Litsea glaucescens 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Peperomia galioides 

Pinus michoacana 

P. oaxacana 

Pitcairnea breedlovei 

Rapanaea juergensii 

Synardisia venosa 

Tillandsia guatemalensis 

T ponderosa 

Vaccinium confertum 

Vriesea werckleana 

ig patient) 

ach'el pom 

batz'i pom 

batz'i aja-te'es 

tzis uch 

batz'i tzajal nichim 

batz'i vixobtakil 

ajan toj 

ik'al toj 

antzil ech' 

tilil 

sakil k'os "cold, 

medium" 

krus ech' "cold" 

vojton ech' 

k'ox aja-te'es 

antzil ech' 
438 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

"FLOWER WATER" 

(for bathing newborn baby) 

HAIR SOFTENER 

Pouteria mammosa ja'as 

Adiantum andicola 

A. concinnum 

A. poirettii 

Bursera bipinnata 

Fuchsia paniculata 

Gaultheria odorata 

Litsea glaucescens 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Phragmites australis 

Pinus michoacana 

P. oaxacana 

Satureja mexicana 

Synardisia venosa 

Tillandsia guatemalensis 

Vaccinium confertum 

Zea mays 

Euphorbia hyssopifolia 

Adenocaulon lyratum 

Allium sativum 

Nicotiana tabacum 

FOOT SORE 

ik'al ok tzib 

ik'al ok tzib 

ik'al ok tzib 

ach'el pom 

yich'ak mut 

batz'i aja-te'es 

tzis uch 

batz'i tzajal nichim 

antzil aj "cold" 

ajan toj 

ik'al toj 

batz'i ch'ulelal nichim 

sakil k'os 

krus ech' 

k'ox aja-te'es 

k'anal ixim 

(ti'ben lukum) 

GANGRENE 

(mos) 

poxil ti'ben lukum 

keb chij 

yaxux ka 

moy 

HAIR GROWTH STIMULANT 

Ampelocissus acapulcensis 

Ampelopsis mexicana 

Anoda cristata 

Cissus cacuminis 

C. sicyoides 

Coriaria ruscifolia 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia 

Sarcostemma bilobum 

Scirpus californicus 

S. validus 

Smilax subpubescens 

Typha domingensis 

T latifolia 

Scirpus californicus 

S. validus 

Sida barclayi 

S. rhombifolia 

Tinantia erecta 

Typha dominguensis 

T. latifolia 

HAIR LOSS 

ve'el inatab 

tz'itesob jolol "cold" 

poxil jolol "cold" 

ve'el inatab 

ve'el inatab 

lo'bol vet 

ve'el inatab 

tz'itesob jolol ak' 

vinik puj 

vinik puj 

batz'i t'ut' ak' 

antzil puj "cold" 

antzil puj "cold" 

vinik puj 

vinik puj 

k'anal sat mes 

k'anal sat mes 

batz'i tz'emeni' 

antzil puj 

antzil puj 

Chamomilla recutita 

Citrus aurantifolia 

Rubus adenotrichus 

R. irasuensis 

Saccharum officinarum 

HANGOVER 

HEAD COLD 

Chamaesyce hyssopifolia 

Sambucus mexicana 

Catoferia chiapensis 

Lithospermum distichum 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Peperomia galioides 

Satureja brownei 

Sedum praealtum 

Bursera steyermarkii 

Cissampelos pareira 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Licania platypus 

Oxalis galeotti 

0. latifolia 

HEADACHE 

HEART PAIN 

(k'ak' nuk') 

HERNIA 

HICCUP 

INFECTION 

mantzanilya 

elamonix "cold" 

batz'i makom 

batz'i makom 

vale' 

poxil ti'ben lukum 

"hot" 

batz'i chijil te' 

muk'ta yax-chel "hot" 

tan pox "hot" 

batz'i tzajal nichim 

"hot" 

batz'i vixobtakil 

k'ox yax-chel "hot" 

batz'i pimil anal 

pom ka' 

kururin "cold" 

nene' tzu "hot" 

itzompi "hot" 

batz'i vala-pojov 

batz'i vala-pojov 

(embedded thorn) 

Centropogon grandidentatus 

Lobelia laxiflora 

Senecio salignus 

INFECTION 

primon 

primon 

batz'i chilkat 

(wounds and cuts) 

Asclepias contrayerba 

Centropogon grandidentatus 

Chamaesyce hypericifolia 

Desmodium skinneri 

Gnaphalium attenuatum 

G. brachypterum 

G. roseum 

G. viscosum 

bik'it on te' pox "hot' 

primon 

poxil ti'ben lukum 

tan ka' "medium" 

poxil yayijemal "hot" 

poxil yayijemal "hot" 

poxil yayijemal "hot" 

poxil yayijemal "hot" 
NUMBER 35 439 

Ipomoea pauciflora 

Malva nicaeensis 

M. parviflora 

Verbena Carolina 

V. litoralis 

Catoferia chiapensis 

INSOMNIA 

sakil ak' "cold" 

k'ox pak' chak 

k'ox pak' chak 

batz'i pem-k'ulub 

batz'i pem-k'ulub 

muk'ta yax-chel 

"medium" 

Catoferia chiapensis 

Cyperus hermaphroditicus 

Eucalyptus camaldulensis 

E. globulus 

Saccharum officinarum 

Salvia mexicana 

S. microphylla 

Satureja mexicana 

LABOR DIFFICULTY 

muk'ta yax-chel "hot" 

krus jobel 

kampor 

kampor 

vale' 

alajebal pox 

mixto 

batz'i ch'ulelal nichim 

LACTOGENIC 

Commelina diffusa 

Hieracium abscissum 

H. stuposum 

Ruta graveolens 

Spigelia nicotianaeflora 

yaxal tz'emeni' "cold' 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel "hot" 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel "hot" 

lula "hot" 

poxil chu'ul "hot" 

LARYNGITIS 

(makal jnuk' tik ta sik) 

Chamomilla recutita 

Oryza sativa 

Ruta graveolens 

Saccharum officinarum 

Zingiber officinale 

mantzanilya "hot' 

aros 

lula "hot" 

vale' 

xenxerva "hot" 

Clematis dioica 

C. grossa 

Monnina chiapensis 

LAUNDRY HANDS 

ich ak' 

ich ak' 

pitz'otz' "hof 

Clusia rosea 

LAZINESS 

(of tortilla-making girl) 

memela te' 

LEG PAIN 

Elytraria imbricata 

Salix bonplandiana 

Tagetes nelsonii 

poxil yerva 

batz'i tok'oy 

tzis chauk "hot' 

LIVER DAMAGE 

(from excessive drinking) 

Medicago sativa alpajo 

Solanum chrysotrichum k'ux-pevul 

S. lanceolatum 

S. torvum 

Bursera bipinnata 

B. simaruba 

Byrsonima crassifolia 

Pinus oocarpa 

P. teocote 

Quercus peduncularis 

Q. rugosa 

Q. segoviensis 

k'ux-pevul 

k'ux-pevul 

LOOSE TOOTH 

ach'el pom "hot" 

tzajal sal-te' "hot" 

nantzi' "hot" 

tzajal toj "hot" 

tzajal toj "hot" 

batz'i tulan "hot" 

batz'i tulan "hot" 

batz'i tulan "hot" 

LOVE POTION, ETC. 

Ipomoea pedicellaris 

Mentzelia aspera 

Zanthoxylum culantrillo 

Z. foliolosum 

Solanum chrysotrichum 

S. lanceolatum 

S. torvum 

Allium sativum 

Anagalis arvensis 

Polygala chiapensis 

P. costaricensis 

Satureja brownei 

Verbena Carolina 

V. litoralis 

Calea urticifolia 

Cissampelos pareira 

Coffea arabica 

Hypericum uliginosum 

Lantana achyranthifolia 

L. cardiostegia 

L. hispida 

Ocimum americanum 

O. micranthum 

Prunella vulgaris 

Quercus peduncularis 

Q. rugosa 

Q. segoviensis 

Verbena Carolina 

V. litoralis 

LUNGS 

MADNESS 

MALARIA 

tzajal puyu' 

k'anal nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

yich'ak mis 

yich'ak mis 

k'ux-pevul 

k'ux-pevul 

k'ux-pevul 

yaxux ka' 

poxil chuvaj "hot" 

poxil chuvaj "hot" 

poxil chuvaj "hot" 

k'ox yax-chel "cold" 

batz'i pem-k'ulub "hot' 

batz'i pem-k'ulub "hot' 

ch'ail pox "hot" 

kururin "hot" 

kajve 

tzitz pox "hot" 

sakil ch'il vet "medium 

hot" 

sakil ch'il vet "medium, 

hot" 

sakil chiil vet "medium, 

hot" 

k'ox arvajaka "hot" 

k'ox arvajaka "hot" 

arvajaka tz'i'lel "hot" 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i tulan 

batz'i pem-k'ulub "hot" 

batz'i pem-k'ulub "hot" 
440 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

MALE PROGENY STIMULANT 

Acourtia nudicaulis krem nekeb pox 

Capsicum annuum ich 

Micropleura renifolia krem pox "hot" 

MANGE 

(sep') 

Eryngium carlinae 

E. ghiesbreghtii 

E. longirameum 

Nicotiana tabaccum 

Nothoscordum bivalve 

Malva nicaeensis 

M. parviflora 

Pinaropappus spathulatus 

var. chiapensis 

Plantago australis ssp. hirtella 

P. major 

Ranunculus petiolaris 

Tragia nepetifolia 

MEASLES 

Adiantum andicola 

A. concinnum 

A. poirettii 

Bixa ore liana 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Plantago australis ssp. hirtella 

P. major 

Ruta graveolens 

Satureja brownei 

Zea mays 

keb chij 

keb chij 

keb chij 

moy 

tuix jobel "hot" 

k'ox pak' chak 

k'ox pak' chak 

poxil sep' "cold' 

yok' tz'i' "cold" 

yok' tz'i' "cold" 

k'ojom "hot" 

k'ox la 

ik'al ok tzib "cold" 

ik'al ok tzib "cold" 

ik'al ok tzib "cold" 

vo'ox "medium" 

mail "hot" 

yok' tz'i' "cold" 

yok' tz'i' "cold" 

lula "hot" 

k'ox yax-chel "hot' 

ixim "medium" 

MENSTRUAL FAILURE 

Baccharis vaccinioides mes te' "hot" 

Hiraea aff. fagifolia yak' xulem "hot' 

Juglans regia ton bek' "hot" 

Myrica cerifera satin "hot" 

MUMPS 

Asclepias oenotherioides 

Echeveria acutifolia 

E. mucronata 

E. sessiliflora 

Lycopersicum esculentum 

var. cerasiforme 

L. esculentum var. commune 

Physalis philadelphica 

Plantago australis ssp. hirtella 

P. major 

Sedum praealtum 

bik'it on te' pox "cold' 

poxil chin "cold" 

poxil chin "cold" 

poxil chin "cold" 

k'ox tzajal chichol 

"cold" 

muk'tik tzajal chichol 

"cold" 

batz'i putzul chichol 

yok' tz'i' "cold" 

yok' tz'i' "cold" 

batz'i pimil anal "cold' 

MUSCULAR PAIN 

(nelub) 

Plantago australis ssp. hirtella yok' tz'i' 

P. major yok' tz'i' 

Zea mays ixim 

NAUSEA AND DIARRHEA 

(xenel ch'utul) 

Justicia clinopodium nochleb vonon "hot" 

Satureja mexicana batz'i ch'ulelal nichim 

NIGHT SWEATS 

Tagetes erecta k'anal antzil vo'tus 

NIGHTMARES 

Crotalaria sagittalis 

Cuphea aequipetala 

Psychotria erythrocarpa 

Ruta graveolens 

poxil vayichil 

nochleb vonon "hot' 

ch'ail pox "hot" 

lula "hot" 

NIPPLE PAIN 

Euphorbia anychioides 

Solanum chrysotrichum 

S. mitlense 

S. torvum 

Calliandra confusa 

C. grandiflora 

C. houstoniana 

NOSEBLEED 

poxil chu'ul 

k'ux-pevul 

k'ux-pevul 

k'ux-pevul 

ch'ich' ni' "cold' 

ch'ich' ni' "cold' 

ch'ich' ni' "cold' 

NURSING STIMULANT 

Commelina diffusa yaxal tz'emeni' "cold' 

PARALYSIS 

Leonurus sibericus marivana 

PENIS GROWTH STIMULANT 

Cecropia peltata k'orok' te' 

Cyrtopodium punctatum yat kotom 

Dioscorea cf. dugesii p'uk "cold" 

D. cymosula var. cinerea p'uk "cold" 

D. nelsonii p'uk "cold" 

PINK EYE 

Ampelocissus acapulcensis 

Cissus cacuminis 

C. sicyoides 

Diastatea micrantha 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia 

Vitis bourgeana 

ve'el inatab 

ve'el inatab 

ve'el inatab 

poxil satil "cold' 

ve'el inatab 

batz'i tz'usub 
NUMBER 35 441 

POSTPARTUM COLD 

Capsicum annuum ich 

Cissampelos pareira kururin 

Helenium scorzoneraefolia sakramentual nichim 

Piper nigrum kaxlan pimenta 

Saccharum officinarum vale' 

POST-PARTUM EYE-DIMMING 

(yax-chel) 

Catoferia chiapensis 

Cuphea aequipetala 

Satureja brownei 

muk'ta yax-chel 

nochleb vonon 

k'ox yax-chel 

Ambrosia cumanensis 

Helenium scorzoneraefolia 

Hypericum uliginosum 

Senecio salignus 

Smallanthus maculata 

POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGING 

altamixa 

sakramentual nichim 

tzitz pox 

batz'i chilkat 

k'ail 

S. oaxacana 

Tanacetum parthenium 

k'ail 

jjaral-me'tik 

POSTPARTUM PURGATIVE TEA 

Rosa chinensis sakil roxa "cold" 

POSTPARTUM SWEATBATH 

Litsea glaucescens tzis uch "cold" 

Cucumis anguria 

Cucurbita moschata 

Piqueria pilosa 

P. trinervia 

PURGATIVE 

RABIES 

ch'um-te'pox 

ch'um 

chichik'uy "cold' 

chichik'uy "cold' 

SCARS AND BLEMISHES 

Cuphea aequipetala nochleb vonon 

"medium" 

SKIN DISEASE 

(chin) 

Echeveria acutifolia 

E. bella 

E. mucronata 

E. sessiliflora 

Galium uncinulatum 

Perymenium ghiesbreghtii 

Tecoma stans 

Villadia albiflora 

poxil chin "cold" 

poxil yat chij "cold" 

poxil chin "cold" 

poxil chin "cold" 

bik'it nap'ap' tz'i'lel 

"cold" 

k'ox k'an-'ich "hot" 

putzul chij "cold" 

poxil chin 

SKIN DISEASE 

(jak'ob ik') 

Citrus aurantifolia 

Lagenaria siceraria 

elamonix 

tzu 

SKIN DISEASE 

(sal-tz'i') 

Aster bullatus 

Bomarea acutifolia 

B. hirtella 

Clematis dioica 

C. grossa 

Erigeron karwinskianus 

Spilanthes americana 

poxil sal-tz'i' 

yat tz'i' ak' "medium" 

yat tz'i' ak' "medium" 

ich ak' "hot" 

ich ak' "hot" 

poxil sal-tz'i' "cold, 

medium" 

chak'ak' "cold" 

SMALLPOX 

(muk'ta kuyel) 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

SNAKEBITE 

Borreria laevis 

Chenopodium ambrosioides 

Cissampelos pareira 

Elytraria imbricata 

Hybanthus verbenaceus 

Martynia annua 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Pinus spp. 

Salvia tiliifolia var. albiflora 

Sisyrinchium convolutum 

chenek' "cold" 

alavena tz'i'lel 

koko'on 

kururin "hot" 

poxil yerva "hot" 

poxil chon 

poxil aja-chon 

moy 

toj 

nochleb buluk' sat 

"hot" 

k'anal pech'e-'ok jobel 

"hot" 

SORE THROAT 

Cymbopogon citratus 

SOUL LOSS 

Allium sativum 

Castilleja arvensis 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Pelargonium hortorum 

Pinus spp. 

Quercus rugosa 

Ruta graveolens 

Salvia lasiantha 

Tagetes nelsonii 

Villadia albiflora 

Zea mays 

limon jobel 

batz'i axux 

j'ak'-'uch "hot" 

moy 

batz'i tzajal nichim 

toj 

tzajal tulan 

lula "hot" 

latzbil tonal pox 

tzis chauk "hot" 

poxil chin 

ixim 
442 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

SPIDER BITE 

(black widow spider or tarantula) 

Capsicum annuum bak ich "hot" 

Cissampelos pareira kururin 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum pit 

Pinus spp. toj 

Rhynchosia pyramidalis xchenek' tzajal om 

SPLIT HEELS 

Bocconia arborea 

B. frutescens 

STEAM CURE 

(pus ton) 

Ageratina ligustrinum 

Allium sativum 

Arbutus xalapensis 

Arceuthobium globosum 

Arracacia bradeata 

Baccharis vaccinioides 

Bassovia foliosa 

Buddleia americana 

B. crotonoides ssp. amplexicaulis 

Bursera steyermarkii 

Capsicum annuum 

Comarostaphylus arbutoides 

C. discolor 

Gyrocarpus americanus 

Myrica cerifera 

Phoradendron annulatum 

P. falcatum 

P. nervosum 

P quadrangulare 

Prunus serotina 

Quercus spp. 

Salvia cacaliaefolia 

S. rubiginosa 

Sambucus canadensis 

S. mexicanus 

Solanum aligerum 

S. brachystachys 

S. cervantesii 

Stachys coccinea 

Stillingia acutifolia 

Struthanthus intermedius 

S. tacanensis 

kamusa te' "hot" 

kamusa te' "hot" 

muk'ta ch'a-te' 

batz'i axux 

nap'ap' on te' 

yikatz toj 

yama chauk 

mes te' 

sat pukuj 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

pom ka' 

ich 

k'ox on te' 

k'ox on te' 

xinal te' 

satin 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

batz'i chix te' 

tulan 

yax-'ulan pom tz'unun 

yaxal pom tz'unun 

xutax chijil te' 

batz'i chijil te' 

sat pukuj 

sat pukuj 

sat pukuj 

sten uch 

ajval te' 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

STOMACHACHE 

Aloysia chiapensis 

Aristolochia sericea 

Bucida macrostachya 

Calea urticifolia 

chivo te' "hot" 

vako' ak' "hot" 

muk'ta kachu toro te' 

"hot" 

ch'ail pox "hot" 

Cirsium horridulum 

Cissampelos pareira 

Citrus medica 

Crusea diversifolia 

Cuphea aequipetala 

Dorstenia contrajerva 

Kallstroemia rosei 

Lantana hispida 

Licania platypus 

Pinus spp. 

Pitcairnia spp. 

Plantago linearis 

Psychotria erythrocarpa 

Quercus spp. 

Ruta graveolens 

Sambucus mexicana 

Satureja mexicana 

Tanecetum parthenium 

Aristolochia sericea 

Bursera bipinnata 

B. excelsa 

Calea urticifolia 

Cissampelos pareira 

Dorstenia contrajerva 

Geranium seemannii 

Hypericum uliginosum 

Micropleura renifolia 

Mirabilis jalapa 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Ocimum americanum 

O. basilicum 

O. micranthum 

Petiveria alliacea 

Psychotria erythrocarpa 

Quercus spp. 

Ruellia inundata 

Satureja brownei 

SWELLING 

SWELLING 

(poslom) 

Allium sativum 

Ambrosia cumanensis 

Epiphyllum var. kimnachii 

Iresine celosia 

Lisianthius nigrescens 

var. chiapensis 

Myrica cerifera 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Ranunculus petiolaris 

lo'balal ch'ix 

kururin "hot" 

sila 

tzitz tz'i'lel "hot" 

nochleb vonon "hot" 

kontiyerva 

mexa tz'i'lel "medium' 

sakil ch'il vet 

itzompi "hot" 

toj 

ch'ix ech' "hot" 

chintuli' jobel "hot" 

ch'ail pox "hot" 

tulan "hot" 

lula 

batz'i chijil te' "cold" 

batz'i ch'ulelal nichim 

"medium" 

volita "hot" 

vako' ak' 

ach'el pom "hot" 

batz'i pom "hot" 

ch'ail pox "hot" 

kururin "hot" 

kontiyerva "hot" 

sakil akuxa tz'i'lel 

"hot" 

tzitz pox "hot" 

krem pox "hot" 

malva "hot" 

moy 

k'ox arvajaka "hot" 

batz'i arvajaka "hot" 

k'ox arvajaka "hot" 

soro te' "hot" 

ch'ail pox "hot" 

tulan "hot" 

tentzun "hot" 

k'ox yax-chel "hot" 

batz'i axux "hot" 

altamixa "hot" 

batz'i chikin ton "cold' 

poxil poslom "cold" 

natz' amuch "cold" 

satin "hot" 

moy "hot" 

k'ojom 
NUMBER 35 443 

Rhamnus mucronata poxil poslom "hot" 

TOE INFECTION 

(spojoval koktik) 

Peteravenia phoenicolepsis 

Prunus persica 

yak'ubal us 

prixku' turasnu 

TOOTHACHE 

Houstonia serpyllacea 

Lepechinia schiedeana 

Myrica cerifera 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Petiveria alliacea 

Solanum chrysotrichum 

S. lanceolatum 

S. torvum 

Stemmadenia obovata 

Thevetia ovata 

T. plumeriaefolia 

mail tz'i'lel 

chilchil tz'i'lel 

satin 

moy 

soro te' 

k'ux-pevul 

k'ux-pevul 

k'ux-pevul 

choch "hot" 

choch "hot" 

choch "hot" 

TUBERCULOSIS 

Acacia farnesiana 

Polyclathra cucumerina 

Tithonia diversifolia 

T. longiradiata 

T. rotundifolia 

T. tubaeformis 

sakil ch'ix "hot" 

xenebal pox "hot' 

sun "hot" 

sun "hot" 

sun "hot" 

sun "hot" 

Dahlia imperialis 

URINARY EXCESS 

batz'i ch'oliv 

URINARY PAIN 

Cissampelos pareira 

Crusea sp. 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Solanum chrysotrichum 

S. mitlense 

S. torvum 

kururin "hot" 

sakil pern k'ulub "hof 

moy "hot" 

k'ux-pevul "hot" 

k'ux-pevul "hot" 

k'ux-pevul "hot" 

VAGINAL WORMS 

Crataegus pubescens k'at'ix 

VENEREAL DISEASE 

Arracacia bracteata 

Equisetum hymale var. affine 

E. myriochaetum 

WARTS 

Agave chiapensis 

Stillingia acutifolia 

yama chauk "medium' 

tut "cold" 

tut "cold" 

lo'balal met 

ajval te' "hot" 

WASP STING 

Dorstenia contrayerva kontiyerva 

Solanum chrysotrichum 

S. lanceolatum 

S. torvum 

WEANING MEDICINE 

k'ux-pevul "hot" 

k'ux-pevul "hot" 

k'ux-pevul "hot" 

Ceiba pentandra 

WEIGHT INDUCER 

inop 

WHOOPING COUGH 

Arceuthobium globosum 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 

Eucalyptus camaldulensis 

E. globulus 

Kniphofia uvaria 

Licania platypus 

Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus 

Parmentiera aculeata 

Phoradendron nervosum 

P. quadrangulare 

P. robustissimum 

Phymosia rosea 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Salvia lavanduloides 

Selaginella pallescens 

Stemmadenia obovata 

Struthanthus intermedius 

S. tacanensis 

Thevetia ovata 

T. plumeriaefolia 

Tillandsia usneoides 

yikatz toj "hot" 

pit 

kampor 

kampor 

asasena vola "hot" 

itzompi 

k'ox tz'oban "medium' 

chachi' "hot" 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

batz'i tz'oban "hot" 

vamuch te' "hot" 

poxil obal "hot" 

xanxanil ton 

choch "medium" 

nok'ol sik'ol 

nok'ol sik'ol 

choch "medium" 

choch "medium" 

tzon-te'al krus 

"WIND" 

(chills and fever, swelling) 

Acaena elongata yuch' max pox "hot" 

Allium sativum yaxux ka' 

Ambrosia cumanensis altamixa "hot" 

Aristolochia maxima vako' ak' "hot" 

A. sericea vako' ak' "hot" 

Asclepias similis muk'ta on te' pox "hot' 

Baccharis vaccinioides mes te' 

Bocconia frutescens kamusa te' 

Buddleia americana chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

"hot" 

B. crotonoides ssp. amplexicaulis 

Bursera steyermarkii 

Chamomilla recutita 

Cissampelos pareira 

Dorstenia contrajerva 

Eucalyptus camaldulensis 

E. globulus 

Helenium scorzoneraefolia 

Helianthemum glomeratum 

Hieracium abscissum 

chan-tzelav tzelo-pat 

"hot" 

pom ka' 

mantzanilya "hot" 

kururin 

kontiyerva "hot" 

kampor 

kampor 

sakramentual nichim 

tan pox "hot" 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel "hot" 
444 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

H. stuposum 

Hypericum uliginosum 

Jacquinia macrocarpa 

Lantana hispida 

Melampodium montanum 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Ocimum basilicum 

Pachyptera hymenaea 

Petiveria alliacea 

Picramnia tetramera 

Pinus spp. 

Polyclathra cucumerina 

Porophyllum ruderale 

ssp. macrocephalum 

Quercus spp. 

Ruta graveolens 

Satureja brownei 

S. mexicana 

Smallanthus maculata 

S. oaxacanus 

Solanum aligerum 

Stevia lucida 

S. polycephala 

Stillingia acutifolia 

Tanacetum parthenium 

Tragia nepetifolia 

Urtica chamaedryoides 

Vernonia deppeana 

V oaxacana 

Wigandia urens 

W. urens var. caracasana 

Leucaena collinsii 

Malva nicaeensis 

M. parviflora 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Prunus persica 

Turnera diffusa 

Verbena Carolina 

V. litoralis 

WORMS 

tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel "hot" 

tzitz pox "hot" 

majob ik'al "hot" 

sakil ch'il vet 

xinal pox "hot" 

moy "hot" 

batz'i arvajaka 

axux ak' 

soro te' "hot" 

ventex mol 

toj 

xenebal pox "hot" 

xinal tz'i'lel 

batz'i tulan 

lula "hot" 

k'ox yax-chel "hot" 

batz'i ch'ulelal nichim 

"hot" 

k'ail 

k'ail 

sat pukuj 

ch'a-te' pox "hot" 

poxil ik' "hot" 

ajval te' "hot" 

jjaral-me'tik "hot" 

k'ox la 

batz'i la "hot" 

sakil sitit 

sakil sitit 

chon la "hot" 

chon la "hot" 

paka' olnob 

k'ox pak' chak "hot" 

k'ox pak' chak "hot" 

moy 

prixku' "medium, hot" 

turasnu 

poxil lukum "cold" 

batz'i pem-k'ulub 

batz'i pem-k'ulub 

Quercus spp. 

Casimiroa edulis 

Platanus mexicana 

Quercus spp. 

Other 

BARREL STAVES 

chikin-ib 

BRIDGE 

aj-te' 

jach'ub te' 

chikin-ib 

tulan 

Sabal mexicana 

COFFIN 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi 

Pinus spp. 

DUGOUT 

(ladino) 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 

GLUE 

Encyclia varicosa 

E. sp. 

Govenia liliacea 

G. superba 

POISON 

Acacia angustissima 

Annona cherimola 

A. purpurea 

Aster bullatus 

Calliandra portoricensis 

Cardamine flaccida 

Comocladia guatemalensis 

Crotolaria acapulcensis 

Dioscorea cf. dugesii 

D. cymosula var. cinerea 

D. nelsonii 

Eryngium carlinae 

E. ghiesbreghtii 

E. guatemalense 

E. longirameum 

Garrya laurifolia 

Gliricidia sepium 

Guettarda macrosperma 

Haplophyton cinereum 

Hura polyandra 

Mahonia berriozabalensis 

M. volcania 

Mimulus glabratus 

Pedilanthus tithymaloides 

Phaseolus lunatus 

Polygonum portoricense 

P. punctatum 

Prunus serotina 

Ricinus communis 

Senecio salignus 

Stillingia acutifolia 

Thevetia ovata 

T. plumeriaefolia 

Toxicodendron radicans 

T. striatum 

Zantedeschia aethiopica 

palma 

nukul pat 

toj 

pit 

sakil uch'ul vo' 

sakil uch'ul vo' 

kola 

kola tz'i'lel 

batz'i xaxib 

batz'i k'evex 

chin-jol k'evex 

koko'on nich nab 

muk'ta xaxib 

bero nich nab 

kachimpa te' 

ch'aben ka' 

p'uk 

p'uk 

p'uk 

keb chij 

ch'ix nich nab 

ch'ix nich nab 

ch'ix nich nab 

ik'al vinik 

milob ch'o te' 

barsin te' 

poxil mako' 

chin te' 

k'anal te' 

k'anal te' 

koko'on nich nab 

piyon te' 

xvet' 

yat nab 

koko'on nich nab 

yat nab 

batz'i chix te' 

ch'upak' te' 

batz'i chilkat 

ajval te' 

choch 

choch 

matal ak' 

ich te' 

kartucho 
Appendix 7 

Cultural Omnibus 

CONTENTS 

Cultural Glossary 445 

Root 447 

Stem, Trunk 447 

Plant Emotions 463 

Bark 464 

Leaf 464 

Flower 469 

Fruit 474 

Com Root 485 

Cornstalk 485 

Com Leaf 489 

Com Flower 490 

Ear of Com 490 

Stages of Growth 496 

Land and Forest 500 

Climate 504 

Season 505 

Tools, etc ... . 505 

Agricultural Activities 517 

Agricultural Techniques 527 

Work and Attitudes towards Com 527 

Plant Pests and Diseases 528 

Corral and Yard 529 

Gathering 530 

Woodcutting 531 

Charcoal 531 

Fencing 532 

House Construction ... . 535 

Weaving 544 

Food Preparation 544 

Seasoning 550 

Com Food 551 

All Souls' Day Cemetery Food 556 

Flowers 556 

Marketing 557 

Measures . . 560 

Ceremonial Activities and Tools 562 

Fiesta Calendar 564 

Religious Decoration 565 

Curing 580 

Curing Activities 581 

Curing Tools and Remedies 582 

Plants in Place Names 583 

Indexes . . . 675 

almud, 1.5 metric liters. 

almul, cf. almud. 

annual community ceremony, each of three meetings held in 

the Center for the new year, mid-year, and end of year, 

attended by shamans from the entire township, to pray for 

divine protection for the community. Visits are made to the 

Center churches and to many mountain shrines. 

cantor, paxyon, official of the first level of the religious 

hierarchy who is active during Carnival, Lent, and Easter. 

Chapel of the Lord of Esquipulas, Iskipula, chapel at the west 

end of the churchyard in the Center, where the members of 

the religious hierarchy are sworn into office, where the 

stewards-royal and publicans meet every weekend and 

where they receive the offering of salt from the tithing man 

of Atz'am on his biweekly visits. 

Charcoal Cruncher, jk'ux-'ak'al, demonic person, usually 

female, whose head becomes disattached from its body at 

night to bounce out and crunch red hot coals at people's 

hearths. 

Church of St. Lawrence, San Torenso, principal church in 

Zinacantan Center. 

Church of St. Sebastian, Ch'ul Martil, church in Zinacantari 

Center, 

constable, mayol, official of the first level of the religious 

hierarchy who acts as errand boy and policeman for the civil 

authorities, 

deputy, ajensya, hamlet civil official, 

dude, mamal, each of two horsemen, impersonated by the 

senior stewards during the Christmas season. 

Earth, Ch'ul Balamil, the terrestrial and aquatic world presided 

over by the Earth Lord. 

Earth Lord, Yajval Balamil, god who controls water, winds, 

earth, flora, and fauna. He may take the form of a wealthy 

ladino rancher, a thunderbolt, or a serpent. He is addressed 

in agricultural, rain, and new house ceremonies, and in 

witchcraft or soul-loss prayers, 

elders, moletik, the six officials at the top two levels of the 

religious hierarchy: grand alcalde, petty alcalde, and the four 

prefects, 

"embarrassment," apon, fever, nausea, and diarrhea suffered 

by babies who have been stared at by pregnant women, or 

fever of grown person caused by shame. 

445 
446 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

ensign-bearer, alperes, official of the second level of the 

religious hierarchy, 

entertainer, jtoy-k'in, religious officials of the previous year 

who impersonate a variety of characters at the Fiesta of St. 

Sebastian, 

"evil eye," cf. "embarrassment." 

fanega, cf. janika. 

flower change, bal-te', periodic renewal of floral decorations in 

the churches and chapels, and at the house altars of the 

elders, stewards, and stewards-royal, 

"flower water," nichim, water from sacred waterholes, in 

which a variety of fragrant plants are boiled. It is used to 

bathe patients, the occupants of a new house, sacrificial 

chickens, and stewards' coffers, 

godfathers of the Christ Children, pagrinoetik, 12 officials, 

including the 6 elders, the magistrate, syndic, and four 

justices of the peace, who take turns bearing the images of 

the Christ Children, Joseph, and Mary during the Christmas 

Eve procession, 

grand alcalde, muk'ta alkalte, top official of the fourth level of 

the religious hierarchy, 

grand Spanish lord, muk'ta jkaxlan, grand alcalde of the 

previous year, who impersonates a Spanish lord at the Fiesta 

of St. Sebastian, 

holy elder, ch'ul mol, each of 6 retired religious officials who 

are in charge of the crucifixion of Christ in the Center. A 

second teen is in charge in Naben Chauk. 

jaguar, bolom, each of two junior entertainers at the Fiesta of 

St. Sebastian, who were the previous year's ensign-bearers 

of the Holy Trinity and St. Anthony. 

Jaguar Rock, Bolom Ton, large rock near the Church of St. 

Sebastian that serves as a stage for action for the junior 

entertainers at the fiesta. 

Jaguar Tree, bolom te', alder tree erected next to the Church of 

St. Sebastian, that is climbed by the jaguars and the spooks 

at the fiesta. 

janika, 180 metric liters. 

Judas, xutax, Judas effigy hung on the bell tower of the Church 

of St. Lawrence and on the church tower in Naben Chauk on 

Maundy Thursday and burnt at midnight on Holy Saturday, 

judge ordinary, alkalte xuves, terminal official of the religious 

hierarchy who is active during Carnival. 

ka'benal, each of two of the junior entertainers for the Fiesta of 

St. Sebastian who were the previous year's third and fourth 

prefects. 

Kalvaryo, principal mountain shrine in the Center, seat of the 

tutelary gods. 

kvarto, 5 metric liters. 

ladina, non-Indian Mexican woman. 

ladino, non-Indian Mexican man. 

lona, large burlap bag. 

majbenal, aches and pains, weakness and fever caused by 

blows given by the tutelary gods. 

metate, grinding stone. 

milpa, field of corn, beans, and sometimes squashes and 

gourds, 

mortarman, jten-kamaro, one of the men who detonates the 

gunpowder mortars at fiestas. 

Our Lord, Kajvaltik, Christ, 

petty Spanish Lord, bik'it jkaxlan, petty alcalde for the 

previous year who impersonates a Spanish lord at the Fiesta 

of St. Sebastian. 

poslom, serious lesion usually on legs or arms, caused by 

demons, 

prefect, rejirol, each of four officials of the third level of the 

religious hierarchy, 

publican, mexon, each of two officials of the first level of the 

religious hierarchy dedicated to the care of Our Lord of 

Esquipulas in the Center. A second pair is in charge in Apas. 

sak-jol, each of two members of the senior entertainers for the 

Fiesta of St. Sebastian, who were the first and second 

prefects of the previous year, 

shaman, j'ilol, male or female curer who acts a defense counsel 

before the gods. 

Sir Spook, tot j'ik'al, leader of the spooks during Carnival in 

the Center, 

"soul-loss," komel or balamil, loss of the soul to the Earth 

Lord. This may occur to a child if startled or to an adult 

whose soul has been sold by a witch, 

spook, j'ik'al, young man who cavorts during Carnival, and 

each of the six to eight constables of the previous year who 

are members of the junior entertainers at the Fiesta of St. 

Sebastian, 

"steam cure," pus ton, method to reduce swelling, also 

prescribed following bloodletting. Thirteen brown river 

pebbles are heated red hot. On top of these are placed a 

variety of plants over which is poured a large gourd of the 

assistants' urine, 

steward, martomo, each of 24 officials of the first level of the 

religious hierarchy dedicated to the care of the saints in the 

Center, also hamlet religious officials, 

steward-royal, martomo rey, each of two officials of the first 

level of the religious hierarchy dedicated to the care of Our 

Lord of Esquipulas in the Center. A second pair is in charge 

in Apas. 

Thunderbolt, Chauk, aspect of the Earth Lord, 

tithing man, mayol, official of the first level of the religious 

hierarchy in charge of bringing salt from Atz'am to the 

Chapel of Our Lord of Esquipulas in the Center, 

tutelary gods, Totil Me'iletik, the ancestor gods who reside in 

the mountain shrines and meet at Kalvaryo to judge their 

progeny. 

tzon te', each of two members of the junior entertainers at the 

Fiesta of St. Sebastian, who were the previous year's 

publicans, 

"white" dysentery, sakil sim-nak'al, dysentery with a white 

rather than a bloody discharge, 

"wind," ik', cause of stomach aches and painful swelling of the 

extremities. 
NUMBER 35 447 

yajnul 

sbik'tal isim 

xchu' 

yexpulal yok 

yibel 

yisim 

sjol 

ko'san 

sk'ox isim 

spitzak'il 

ssat 

stzek 

Root 

bump in grass root caused by worm inside, "its ear of 

com" 

secondary root, "its little whisker" 

eye of a potato, "its nipple" 

prop root (sugarcane), "its foot's spur" 

perennial root (scarlet runner bean, chayote, pik'ok', 

jicama, sweet potato, fem, orchid, chikin ton, root of 

watermelon squash that is sent out from runner when 

it grows along surface of ground) 

foot (tree), fibrous root, (not tuber, bulb or corm), 

buttress (wild fig), "its whisker" 

tuber, bulb, "its head" 

edible chayote root 

secondary root, "its little whisker" 

rhizome (scarlet runner bean), stringy, starchy, swollen 

root part (ch'upak') 

clove (garlic), "its eye" 

skin (gladiolus, onion, ch'upak'), "its skirt" 

SHAPE AND SIZE 

xchujal 

k'ak'al butajtik 

k'ak'al pitajtik 

sk'oxil 

xliklon 

netel 

tumul 

k'an-chajan 

runt (potato) 

roundly visible (potato or other tuber protruding from 

ground) 

cf. k'ak'al butajtik 

runt (potato) 

dangling 

twisted (chayote root) 

long (root exposed on bank or cliff) 

COLOR 

brown (potatoes in net) 

OTHER 

sjech 

sjech'benal 

smukoj yalel 

spitzpon 

xxet'elul 

bite a piece out of (potato, chayote root, lily tuber, 

gladiolus) (with one's hoe) 

chunk cut out of tuber by hoe 

deeply buried 

uprooting (potatoes) (pig) 

cf. sjech'benal 

ach' te' 

yak'il 

bate' 

sbek'tal 

Stem, Trunk 

young fruit tree that has not yet produced fruit or young 

pine tree that has not yet produced pine cones, "new 

tree" 

stem (all vines) 

tree top cut off and lying on ground, "tree top" 

pith (elderberry, dahlia, sun), soft wood surrounding 
448 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

xcha'-kojol yok 

chak te' 

xchikin yok 

xchilopal 

chuman te' 

xchumanil 

xch'iomal 

yibel 

sjam 

sjol 

ska'av 

sjomal yok yanal 

sk'ololk'olol ssat 

ni' te' 

snuk' 

yok 

yol 

spochbenal 

spolav 

p'ajlep 

sp'ejlej 

ssakil 

ssakil pat 

ssat 

ste'el 

stek'lej 

stomal 

tzajal toj 

tz'etob 

syol 

yunenal 

yunenal sni' 

heartwood, "its flesh" 

second segment of seedling, "its second level's leg" 

large log, "tree ass" 

wing (rachis and stem, petiole), "the ear of its leg" 

splinters of wood attached to trunk, tendril, skin of 

stripped stem (chayote, watermelon squash), "its 

splinter" 

stump 

bottom part (plant) 

young sprout, seedling (beans, watermelon squash, 

gladiolus) 

foot of tree, "its root" 

soft wood surrounding heartwood, "its opening" 

heart (palm), edible stump (maguey), "its head" 

node (reed, sugarcane, bamboo) 

channeled petiole (banana, pok'ok') "the depression of 

its leaf stem" 

tree rings (if layers can be pulled off), "the steps of its 

face" 

tree top of standing tree, "tree tip" 

tree top of standing tree, "tree tip" 

section of trunk that has been chopped all the way 

around, "its neck" 

standing tree trunk, stem, "its leg" 

sport (young trees sprouting from roots: pear, apple, 

quince), any seedling sprouting near parent plant or 

tree, "its child" 

soft wood surrounding heartwood, "its chipping place" 

tree ring, "its line" 

sprout produced by seed that has fallen (watermelon 

squash, gourd, scarlet runner bean), "fallen" 

entire trunk with branches removed 

soft wood surrounding heartwood, "its whiteness" 

soft wood surrounding heartwood, "its white bark" 

grain of wood, "its face" 

trunk "its wood" 

entire trunk with branches 

heart (palm), edible stump (maguey), "its conical part" 

heart (pine), resinous pine wood, "red pine" 

medium-sized to large tree being felled or having been 

felled when land is cleared 

heartwood, center of pith, "its heart" 

apical meristem of rosetted plants (maguey, bromeliad, 

pineapple), early stage of plant (that has not yet 

flowered), "its babyhood" 

apical meristem, "the babyhood of its tip" 

ROUGHNESS OR FLAKINESS 

kajajtik 

skajalkajal 

ocholik 

pochajtik 

with prominent nodes and appearing segments (bamboo, 

horsetail) 

segmented or with nodes, "its steps" 

rough (oak), "flaky" 

rough (oak), "flaky" 
NUMBER 35 449 

pochajtik ssolilal 

polajtik 

t'elajtik 

tzelajtik 

tz'aramtik 

varkuxtik 

flaky (madrone, cherry, alder, tzajal sal te'), "its chaff is 

flaky" 

ridged (brasilwood, tree clasped by strangler fig), 

"ridged" 

ridged (brasilwood, tree clasped by strangler fig) 

ridged (brasilwood, tree clasped by strangler fig) 

segmented or with prominent nodes (mumun, bamboo, 

horsetail), "ridged" 

rough (oak), "scaly" 

mu'yuk yelav 

tech'ech' ssat 

tik'ajtik ssat 

tik'anajtik ssat 

tuk' ssat 

tzukuktik ssat 

tz'otajtik ssat 

tz'otanajtik ssat 

tz'otanik ssat 

GRAIN QUALITY 

lacking a straight grain, "it has no face" 

crooked grain (madrone), "its face is snarled" 

in-curving grain (eucalyptus, cedar, ceiba, pit, ch'ilim 

te'), "its inward face" 

in-curving grain, "its inward face" 

straight grain, "its face is straight" 

crooked grain (madrone), "its face is shriveled," 

crooked grain, "its face is crooked" 

crooked grain, "its face is crooked" 

crooked grain, "its face is crooked" 

xbakub 

k'unil te' 

sputzpon 

ssot'son 

xtech'ton 

ton toj 

xt'ajt'on 

tzatzal te' 

stzin sba 

stzuktzon 

HARDNESS OF WOOD 

become hard 

soft wood 

wood that makes ax bounce off (x'ukun) 

(lowland kachimpa te', kachu toro te' that makes ax 

bounce off)1 

(hard wood that does not chip easily) 

pine that breaks off in chunks, not splitting properly, 

"rock pine" 

resounding of dull blade striking hard wood 

(hardwood tree), "strong tree" 

become hard 

(wood that makes ax bounce off) 

jom te' 

puj-'ut te' 

pujul 

vomol 

HOLLO WN ESS 

hollow tree or log (k'orok' te') 

hollow tree or log 

hollow 

hollow, "perforated" 

mu xuch' vo' 

ssit' 

taki-te' 

stz'ap 

xyaxub 

yox 

WOOD QUALITY 

not absorb moisture (catbriar lashing in rainy season) 

swell (wood in rainy season) 

dry wood 

shrink (wood, vine, thatch) 

become moist (rainy season) 

green 

'Entries totally within parentheses are examples of the Tzotzil word, not translations. 
450 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

banal 

puch'ul 

spuman 

pumul 

vanal 

vatal 

MASSIVENESS 

(large log) 

lying (large log) 

set down (log) 

(large log) 

(very large log) 

(large log or stump standing up) 

ya'lel 

xchu' 

xch'ich'el 

spojoval 

tzonok' 

xxuch'al 

xuch'ulik 

RESIN AND SAP 

sap, raindrops falling from tree, "its water" 

milky sap (ajval te', mutut, amat, pinyon, muk'ta 

choch), "its milk" 

red sap (tzajal tulan, sal te', pinyon) "its blood" 

milky sap (ajval te'), "its pus" 

resin (batz'i toj, pit used to plug leaks in water jugs and 

splits in soles of feet, incense) 

resin, incense, sap (wild fig, gumbolimbo) 

resinous (pine) 

yakan 

cha'-jetav te' 

xch'ixal 

yich'ak 

jet te' 

sjetav 

jetjet 

ska"alka'al 

ka'avil 

k'al te' 

sk'elom 

sk'ob 

ni' ich'akil 

stek'el 

tek'el toj 

stzatzal 

stzek 

tz'akavil 

tz'akavul 

stz'akleb 

yuxub 

svex 

TRUNK PROJECTIONS 

inter node (sugarcane, reed, bamboo), "its leg" 

fork 

thorn, spine, "its thorn" 

tendril, "its claw" 

fork with one branch just a nub 

fork 

forked 

with many nodes 

node (bamboo, cane, reed) 

split in middle (tree trunk), space between forking 

branches or two trunks emerging from same base 

sprout, sucker 

branch, "its arm" 

tendril, "claw nail" 

cut pine bough to be stood up for decoration 

cf. stek'el 

down 

sheath (sugarcane, palm, bamboo, reed, holly fem, 

banana), "its skirt" 

with many nodes 

with many nodes 

branch node, "its joint" 

branch node, knot, red wood (pine), "its joint" 

sheath (sugarcane, palm, bamboo, reed, holly fem, 

banana) 

SHAPE OF CREEPER-LIKE STEMS 

jalajtik 

kujkuj 

interwoven 

bent over 
NUMBER 35 451 

k'amal 

lukul k'amal 

smey yok te' 

tzunajtik 

tz'otanajtik 

stz'ototet 

tz'otol 

vomoch'tik 

vuvu spat 

xotajtik 

xotanajtik 

xxototet 

xotxot 

spiral ing 

spiraling twistedly 

wrap around tree (vine), "it embraces the tree trunk' 

thickly clustered 

spiraling 

spiraling 

spiraling 

interwoven 

bent over 

spiraling 

spiraling slightly 

spiraling 

bent over 

chinajtik 

chinaltik 

chinil vatal 

chinkultik 

sjol 

ot'omtik 

p'o'ol 

p'okav 

p'okp'ok 

t'omt'om sjol 

uxkuntik 

KNOBBY, KNOTTY 

with small knobs (log with branches lopped off), 

"bumpy" 

with burls (oak) 

bumpy (ceiba, oak, nankipu) 

bumpy (ceiba), "pointed" 

cabbage head, "its head" 

bumpy (ceiba), "protuberant" 

knobby (stump of branch) 

knotty section of tree trunk 

knotty (tree trunk) 

with knobbed or protuberant end (stick) 

bumpy (ceiba), scaly 

ja'al t'omol 

t'omol 

yu 

THICK-STEMMED 

thick and healthy (stem of squashes, chayote, turnip or 

water gourd, reed, sugarcane, lily) 

thick and conical (columnar cactus) 

thick (tree, post) 

sayal 

ssayson 

sipil 

ssipson 

WEIGHTLESS 

(wood) 

(tree, maguey inflorescence stalk) 

(wood) 

(tree, maguey inflorescence stalk) 

-lot 

xloti 

PAIREDNESS 

(two trees growing from single base) 

lie together (logs) 

ch'ulul yok 

stzatzal yok 

tzotziltik 

DOWNY, FUZZY, SMOOTH 

smooth-stemmed (daisy) 

smooth with downy stem (daisy) 

downy, fuzzy, smooth 
452 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tzotzin 

tzotzintik 

downy, fuzzy, smooth 

chan-tzelav 

ox-tzelav 

vexajtik yok 

WINGED 

four-sided (faba bean, chan-tzelav tzelo-pat) 

three-sided (amat) 

winged, "its stem is split open" 

chotol 

p'ejel 

setel 

CIRCULAR FORM 

sitting (maguey) 

sitting (maguey) 

sitting (pineapple or maguey plant) 

-k'os 

smetzan 

ta'al ikom 

sta'an komel 

-tel 

telajtik 

LENGTH 

sugarcane 

set down long object (wood, sugarcane, pine tip) 

lying (long log) 

leave lying long object (log) 

firewood, sugarcane 

stretched out (lumber, fallen trees) 

ch'och'omtik 

xjoch'in 

jomoch'tik 

vomoch'tik 

RIDDLED 

(wood, tree) 

become wormeaten 

(wood, tree) 

punched full of holes (by woodpecker) 

xchaj 

chavajtik 

chaval 

chavchav 

-chiv 

chivajtik 

xchivan 

xchivivet 

vichil 

LEAFLESS 

become leafless (forest in dry season) 

lying with uncut branches (trees, undergrowth, branches 

that have not burned) 

lying with uncut branches (trees, undergrowth) 

lying with uncut branches (whether leafy or not) 

leafless branch 

bare (trees) 

put leafless branches in fence or fire 

dragging (bare branches) 

defoliated (with only a few leaves at end of branch, or one 

branch left on tree, or one tree left standing in a cleared 

field with or without leaves) 

-chev 

chevajtik 

xchevekil 

chevel 

xchex 

LEAFINESS 

leafy branch (kale) 

stalky, (cabbage that has not yet headed) 

with many stalks 

lying on ground (leafy branch, frond) 

drag (leafy branch) 
NUMBER 35 453 

-chex 

chexel 

xchexekil 

ch'etel 

jetzel 

vochol 

vochvoch 

yech kotol chaval 

leafy branch, frond, leaf (kale,turnip) 

lying on ground (leafy branch, frond) 

with many stalks (cabbage that fails to head), with both 

short and long fronds 

stalky (cabbage that does not grow) 

not yet headed (cabbage), in clump (zucchini), with 

second level of leaves (beans, squash, dahlia) 

beginning to head (cabbage) 

stalky (cabbage head that did not head properly) 

lying uncut (branches), not neatly stacked (firewood) 

sk'i sba 

k'iil 

slin sba 

pak'al 

pirn 

mu stak' snet' sba 

tzonol 

svol 

tz'akal ta j-mek 

votzvotz 

CARPETING, THICK 

blanket (squash vine, spiderwort, chak'ak', akan jobel, 

chayote, popapple) 

blanketing (bean, popapple) 

drape heavily (chayote vine, climbing rose, bindweed) 

closely spaced (leaves of ibes, scarlet runner bean, seiva 

bean, impenetrable forest) 

heavy (undergrowth, forest) 

they shouldn't touch (melon, watermelon vines) 

thick (moss, bromeliads, vines, beans) 

wrap around (pole bean plants, muk'ta ik' bush bean) 

very thick (weed) 

closely spaced (leaves of ibes, scarlet runner bean, seiva 

bean) 

xchojan 

sje' sba 

slin sba 

linlin 

xlinp'uj 

slisan 

lisil 

petzpetz 

HEAVILY FOLIAGED, BRANCHED OR FRUITED 

become laden with fruit (branch), cf. slisan 

produce many branches 

become laden with fruit (peach, avocado) 

heavily foliaged, heavily branched 

become heavily foliaged 

heavily fruited (fruit tree, beans) 

heavily fruited (long fruits or long effect of fruit on 

branch) 

low 

BENT DOWN, BOWED DOWN, GROWING DOWNWARDS 

je'el bowed down (heavily-laden branch) 

jekel yalel with branch growing downwards 

kujkuj bent over 

sla'an bend down (coffee branch, trees in live fence) 

xla'p'uj grow crookedly (plant, tree) 

likil overhanging (tree), hanging by a thread (branch) 

xliklon dangling (vine) 

linlin te' tree with arching or pendulous branches (willow, bald 

cypress) 

slu'an bend down (coffee branches) 

lu'ul bent over very sharply (slender tree in wind, heavily 

laden branch) 
454 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

xm p UJ 

xni'tzaj yalel 

spux 

tz'uyul 

svutz' sba 

vutz'ul 

bend down (heavily laden branch) 

bend down (heavily laden branch) 

bend (stalk) 

bowed down (heavily laden tree) 

bend low (heavily laden plum tree) 

bowed down (small, heavily laden tree) 

BENT DOWN AND SWAYING 

xje'et 

xka'a'et 

xla'a'et 

xliklajet 

xni'i'et 

stz'uyuyet 

swaying (branch) 

swaying (heavily laden branch) 

bouncing up and down (branch, tree under weight) 

dangling and swaying (Spanish moss, torn banana leaves) 

sagging greatly and swaying (heavy-laden branch on the 

point of breaking) 

swaying (heavily laden branch) 

SWAYING, SWISHING, RUSTLING, TREMBLING, SQUEAKING 

x'ap'ap'et crashing (big tree) 

xchajchon swishing (underbrush being cut) 

xchajlajet swishing (palm fronds in steam bath) 

xchak'ak'et rustling (reeds) 

xchak'et rustling (reeds) 

xchijlajet rustling (fruit tree being shaken, dry coffee beans on tree 

in wind) 

xch'ejlajet rustling (branches of tree being chopped when it sways 

into other trees) 

xjapjon swaying (tall and slender tree) 

xjipjon swaying (branches, bromeliad flowers) 

xkikiket swaying back and forth in unison (high weeds, sugarcane, reeds in wind) 

xla'lajet swaying (trees in wind, young sugarcane) 

xlap'ap'et rustling (seeds in wind) 

xlininet rustling (leaves, fruit) 

xlinlajet rustling (when branch is shaken) 

slinulan shake up and down (branch) or back and forth (tree) 

causing rustling sound 

xlip'ip' toppling over (tree into ravine) 

xlip'ip'et swaying precariously (tall tree in wind or on edge of 

ravine) 

xlu'lajet trembling (slender trees in wind, leaves in wind) 

xni'lajet swaying (trees in wind) 

xnikiket trembling (grass or weeds in wind) 

ssokoket rustling (sugarcane or weeds) 

xt'irluj rebounding (thin tree, bean jumping out of pod) 

xt'omlajet popping (green wood on fire) 

tz'o'ilin te' squeaking tree 

stz'o'lajet squeaking (trees) 

xvak'ak'et rustling (seeds in wind) 

xvechlajet wiggling (fence posts, tree in wind) 

xvereret rustling (sugarcane in wind) 

xvoch'och'et crashing (big tree), crackling (bean pods when stepped 

on) 
NUMBER 35 455 

voch'olvoch'olvoch'ol 

xvuk'uk'et 

xvuyuyet 

xyoet 

crash (tree) 

windswept (reeds, sugarcane, trees) 

swaying precariously (tree in wind, tree being climbed or 

chopped) 

waving back and forth (wheat, oats) 

chijil 

chivil 

ch'etel 

lajal 

tzaval 

vatzal 

SPINY 

with prominent spines (kevrajacha) 

with prominent spines (bullhorn acacia, kevrajacha), 

"bared" 

with prominent spines (hawthorn, kevrajacha) 

with prominent stinging spines (nettle) 

with prominent spines (hawthorn, kevrajacha) "prickly" 

with prominent spines 

balajtik 

pach'pach' 

tuk' 

xotxot 

SPINE SHAPE 

dowel-shaped (hawthorn) 

flat (bullhorn acacia, kevrajacha) 

straight (hawthorn, kevrajacha) 

curved (bullhorn acacia, lotz'om chij, ox-'u, yich'ak 

mis) 

bix-'akan 

bixajtik 

jich'il 

joy 

xnatub 

xt'ilt'on yok 

SLENDER, SPINDLY, TALL, THIN 

long-stemmed 

tall (reeds) 

slender (stick), narrow (palm strip) 

thin (weeds, palm frond) 

grow spindly (unweeded beans, potatoes) 

overly springy or flexible (hoe handle) 

CROOKEDNESS, WARPING 

xluktzaj 

lukul 

mechel 

smechtzan sba 

mekajtik 

xotajtik 

xxotk'ij 

xotol 

xxototet 

xotxotcrooked (stick) 

warp or twist (wood) 

crooked (tree) 

crooked (stick) 

twist (tree) 

crooked (sticks) 

crooked (sticks) 

warp 

crooked (stick, karavato te') 

twisted (vine with twisted grain) 

sk'am 

xloch'etaj 

sluk sba 

snitan sba 

nitil 

-setel 

stz'ot 

COIL, TWINE, CLING, ROLL 

coil (grass that is coiled by horse's or cow's tongue to 

facilitate chewing) 

climb and cling to branches 

loop (vine) 

cling (bean vine) 

clinging (vines, bean vine) 

roll of vines, woven palm 

twine (grass to make lashing) 
456 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

x'alaj 

xcha'-kremaj 

xcham 

chib u yip 

xch'ajp'uj 

xch'i 

xch'i stuk 

xch'ich'i balamil 

xjav tal 

sje' sba 

slin sba 

sjip xa yisim 

jun u yip 

xk'a' 

xk'obin 

xk'oxp'ij 

k'un xch'i 

xlintzaj 

xmolib 

mu jaluk yip, jabil nox 

xmuk'ib 

oxib u yip 

petzel to 

xp'ol 

sujom xch'i 

ta yav ta yav 

sta sbaik ta be 

xtakij 

stzak lum 

xvok' 

xvok' tal stuk 

GROWTH AND DEATH 

have new tubers appear (onion), "be born" 

put forth new growth after being felled, "rejuvenate" 

die (plant, tree) 

it flowers for 2 months (sage) or fruits for 2 months 

(prickly pear, peach), it has strength for 2 months 

remain stunted in growth (any cultivated plant, tree), 

"become lazy" 

grow 

come up by itself 

have vegetation grow a little, "the world grows a little" 

have seed split and send up sprout (bean, peach) 

grow healthily (plant, tree) 

grow healthily (plant, tree) 

take root 

it lasts for one month (flowering season of calla lily, 

fruiting season of itzompi) 

rot 

put forth branches or stems 

remain stunted in growth (any cultivated plant, tree) 

be slow-growing 

mature (tree) 

grow old (plant, tree) 

annual 

grow big (plant, tree) 

it lasts three months (flowering season of geranium, 

feverfew /volita/) 

be still unharvested (beans, squashes, flowers), "still 

standing" 

multiply 

be fast-growing 

grow only in certain places, "in its place, in its place" 

catch up 

die (tree), "dry up" 

take root, grow (young plant), "grab the ground" 

emerge (young weeds, flower plants, coriander, field 

mustard, cabbages) 

come up by itself 

SPROUTING 

bichilik 

xch'iomaj 

jumul 

jusul 

kusul 

kutzul 

xk'elomaj 

laxal 

musul 

potol sk'elom 

xpul 

tzonol sk'elom 

sprouting 

sprout 

sprouting 

cf. jumul 

sprouting thickly 

cf. kusul 

sprout 

barely visible, sprouting 

cf. jumul 

with many sprouts in clump, "its sprouts are clustered' 

sprout thickly (weeds, underbrush, beans) 

with many sprouts in clump, "its sprouts are thick" 
NUMBER 35 457 

-kil 

-nit 

-petz 

-set 

-tek' 

CLASSIFIERS FOR PLANTS 

vine 

vine 

tree, plant, grass clump 

maguey, roll of vines or woven palm 

tree, plant, grass clump 

petzantik 

taman 

tek'antik 

st6k'elt6k'el 

tzopantik 

vichantik 

votzantik 

WIDELY SPACED, SPARSE 

too widely spaced (plants, trees) 

very widely spaced (plants), sparse (trees) 

cf. petzantik 

sparse (flower plants) 

with widely spaced clumps (weeds cut unevenly) 

cf. taman 

cf. tzopantik 

potol 

tzopol 

tzunul 

CLUMPED 

(bush bean plants that have been pulled up, bean plants 

next to threshing floor) 

(grass) 

(low-growing plant) 

k'echel 

latzal 

PILE 

small pile, evenly piled 

evenly piled 

-ch'et 

ch'etel 

xch'etan 

tzaval 

stzavan 

tzelel 

yemel 

xyemi 

yomol 

MESSY PILE 

(cabbage, stubble, twigs, pine needles, thatch) 

large pile 

carry or place in pile (pine needles, thatch) 

large messy pile 

set down (pile of weeds) 

big, messy pile (logs) 

very large messy pile (firewood) 

be in large pile (firewood) 

in small pile or bunch (greens, weeds, pine tips, thatch, 

mexican coyote brush on path) 

chepel 

pech'el 

stz'al 

tz'alal 

TIED BUNDLE OR PILE 

tied pile (firewood), tied bag (beans) 

cf. chepel 

tie in bundle (firewood, grass, stubble, pine boughs) 

tied bundle (firewood, grass, stubble, pine boughs) 
458 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

xlakaket 

xlaklon 

sputzutzet 

xputz'utz'et 

ssomson 

xvutzutzet 

SPRINGY UNDERFOOT 

springy 

springy 

springy (weeds that one's feet go through, rotten tree that 

cannot be cut) 

cf. sputzutzet 

sinking down underfoot (weeds) 

cf. sputzutzet 

slik sba 

xliktzaj yok 

xvuk' 

svuk'sba 

UNDERMINED, UPROOTED 

be uprooted (tree) 

become undermined (tree roots) 

be uprooted (tree) 

be uprooted 

kajal 

xk'ik'on 

smaslajet 

xmaxlajet 

FLOATING 

floating on top of water (leaves) 

waving back and forth on surface of water (leaves) 

floating in water (trees, branches) 

floating on top of water (trees, branches) 

-jav 

xjek 

-jek 

sjep 

-jep 

xk'as ta be 

xk'aslajet 

k'av 

xk'avlajet 

-k'os 

xli'et 

xlfvluj 

xtomlajet 

stotzlajet 

xt'aj 

xt'il 

BREAKING, CRACKING, SPLITTING 

split section (firewood, pine) 

split off (branch) 

branch whether attached or not 

split off (shoot), chop off (branch) 

small chip that has been chopped off (wood, incense, 

pine), strip (palm frond) 

break off in the middle (wood being split) 

cracking repeatedly (underbrush, kindling being broken 

into short lengths) 

crack (breaking branch) 

cracking (branches in wind) 

piece broken off (sugarcane) 

stretching apart and tearing (straight-grained wood) 

cracking or splitting open suddenly (wood) 

cracking (fence when robber breaks through) 

cracking (branches in wind) 

split (wood) 

split (wood) 

xchilopal 

xchiulal 

xchivulal 

xch'uch'ulil 

CHIP, CUT SECTION, SLAB 

chip, splinter still attached to tree 

chip, splinter, fibers (pumpkin squash, summer squash, 

watermelon squash) 

fibers, tips that are pulled off 

small chip, shred 
NUMBER 35 459 

-jam 

sjam 

jepelte' 

k'albil te' 

slok' 

-poch 

spolvoal 

-pum 

p'asal te' 

p'asp'as te' 

-p'os 

p'osp'os te' 

ssepelul 

ssesben 

ssilbenal 

voch'ol te' 

vok'ol te' 

sok'olil 

votzvotz 

xxet'ulan 

split section (firewood, pine) 

slab, large chip, tailing of pine tree 

kindling, splinter, "split wood" 

shingle, "split wood" 

cut out or chip off (pine or incense from living tree) 

large chip (pine, incense) 

sawdust 

section of thick log 

shim, short log 

short log, log stool 

section of log 

section of log 

chip broken off (wood) 

sawdust produced by wood grubs or saw 

splinter (pine), "its splitting" 

badly splintered tree standing or fallen, "broken wood' 

cf. voch'ol te' 

chip broken off (wood) 

runty (tree that will not grow) 

chip off (bits of wood from trunk that does not split) 

TRUNK PREPARATION 

balbil 

cho'bil ta machita 

ch'ulbil lek sk'ob 

ch'ulbil ta machita 

jaxbil 

jaxlubil 

mu stak' ch'ulel 

p'otbil ta k'ok' 

tz'otbil 

twined (grass) 

with bark removed 

with branches lopped off neatly 

with bark removed 

cut through at an angle (elderberry for planting) 

cut through at opposite angles (hawthorn slip) 

it cannot be dressed properly 

with bark removed by fire 

twined (vine, grass for lashing) 

CUTTING, PIERCING, CRUSHING 

xjap'luj 

skitz 

skup 

slutz' 

ssep'van 

ssijson 

xt'omomet 

sudden tearing (thorn in flesh) 

gash or scratch (arm, leg) (grass, thorns, sharp leaves) 

cut self (with grass) 

pin hand or foot (tree) 

crush person or person's hand or foot (tree) 

feeling slight pain (from thorn) 

feeling slight pain (from thorn) 

PRICKLE, STING, CAUSE ITCHING OR SWELLING 

chak' chin 

kolo'al tz'i'lel 

slajbe 

xlajlon 

xlaxlon 

xlaxluj 

xmilvan 

cause bumps (chin te', kachimpa te', poison ivy), "give 

bump" 

plant that stings (ajval te'), "evil plant" 

strike with prickly plant (la, majob ik'al) 

prickling (cactus, etc., in skin) 

cf. xlajlon 

stinging suddenly (nettle) 

kill person (chin te', poison ivy) 
460 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

xpujtzanvan 

sak-juch'an 

ssit'esvan 

xti'van 

xvuchesvan 

cause swelling (yaw root, ajval te') 

white (pus caused by contact with xinal te') 

cause swelling (poison ivy) 

cause prick or sting person (thorn, poison ivy), "bite 

person" 

blister (ajval te', chin te', kachimpa te', mutut, poison 

ivy) 

yik' 

jik'ik' 

jomjom 

k'ojoj 

mu 

ODOR 

odor 

acrid (burnt ajval te', sat pukuj) 

musty (weeds, cut grass) 

acrid (burnt ajval te', sat pukuj) 

fragrant (pine, laurel, ajate'es, vixobtakil, basil, mint, 

coriander, mexican tea, piper, geranium) 

COLOR 

chak-ch'ulan 

chak-kuxan 

chak-saran 

chak-silan 

'-bal an 

'-bichan 

-busan 

-jul an 

-kuxan 

'-k'uchan 

-latzan 

-lusan 

-matz'an 

-metzan 

'-mok'an 

-paran 

'-petzan 

-p'osan 

-saran 

-sijan 

-te'an 

-telan 

-tutz'an 

-tz'apan 

-va'an 

ik'-yi'an 

k'an-chapan 

k'an-ch'ulan 

k'an-julan 

k'an-metzan 

k'an-paran 

k'an-silan 

k'an-telan 

k'an-tilan 

brown (smooth board) 

red (glowing branch on tree) 

red (madrone, cherry, sal te', pine) 

red (split pine) 

black (telephone post) 

black (stump, branch) 

black (charcoal) 

black (roof poles blackened by smoke) 

black (burnt tree) 

black (thorn in skin) 

black (piled logs) 

black (frost-bitten and wilted plants) 

black (old firewood) 

black (burnt tree lying on ground) 

black (burned trees) 

black (large tree) 

black (forked stump) 

black (burnt log) 

black (pine) 

black (thorn in foot) 

black (large standing tree partially consumed by fire) 

black (fallen burned trees, standing tree, stem) 

black (burnt, fallen tree) 

black (thorn in foot) 

black (stump) 

black (pile of charcoal) 

brown (roll of ne saben) 

brown (smooth board) 

yellow (tip of fence post) 

brown (rafter) 

brown (dead branch on tree) 

yellow (split pine) 

yellow (pine log) 

yellow (fruit, sugarcane) 
NUMBER 35 461 

k'an-tz'apan 

k'an-tz'uban 

sak-chexan 

sak-ch'alan 

sak-ch'ulan 

sak-julan 

sak-la'an 

sak-li'an 

sak-metzan 

sak-paran 

sak-pitan 

sak-silan 

sak-taran 

sak-telan 

sak-tzonan 

sak-tz'apan 

sak-tz'uban 

sak-yoman 

tan-salan 

tan-saran 

yax-'op'an 

yax-botzan 

yax-busan 

yax-ch'alan 

yax-ch'etan 

yax-jotzan 

yax-junan 

yax-k'otzan 

yax-k'uchan y ax-petzan 

yax-p'osan 

yax-telan 

yax-tinan 

yax-toman 

yax-tzonan 

yax-tzunan 

yax-tz'apan 

yax-tz'uban 

yax-va'an 

yellow (point of fence post) 

brown (point of fence post) 

white (fallen tree at night) 

pale (bamboo) 

white (smooth board, handle) 

white (barkless trunk) 

white (split wood) 

white (split wood) 

white (lumber) 

white (lumber) 

white (cabbage head) 

white (split pine) 

white (large tree trunk) 

white (lumber) 

white (spanish moss) 

white (point of fence post, digging stick, stake) 

white (tip of post or digging stick) 

white (dried weeds) 

gray (bark) 

gray (bark) 

green (moss-covered rock) 

green (amaranth) 

green (ch'aben) 

green (trunk of tux-nuk' te') 

green (expanse of cabbage, pile of ch'a-te') 

green (sprouts) 

green (sprouts) 

green (sprouting weeds) 

green (sprout) 

green (cabbage) 

green (tree trunk) 

green (fallen maguey inflorescence) 

green or gray (Spanish moss) 

green (maguey stalk that has not yet flowered) 

green or gray (spanish moss) 

green (low weeds, tan pox) 

gray (tip of flagpole) 

green (tip of fence post) 

green (trunk of cotton tree) 

OTHER 

xnap van 

balbal 

x'isiset 

juljul 

kajajtik 

skojolkojol 

kotolik 

xk'alet 

mokajtik 

pechajtik 

stick (to person's clothes) 

dowel-shaped (trunk, pole) 

hissing (green wood) 

branchless (standing tree) 

lying on top of (well-hoed weeds lying on ground) 

regular spacing of branches (yijil anal toj, alder) 

curved (thorns of bullhorn acacia or ox-'u) 

peeling off when pulled apart (firewood nearly cut 

through) 

with tops cut off (grass eaten by horse or cow) 

sitting (improperly hoed weeds) 
462 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

pek'el 

pik'pik' xch'ut 

potz'potz' xch'ut 

p'osol 

sovra te' 

taniltik 

tek'el 

xtixk'uj 

tomol 

stuchan j-p'ej ssat 

tuk' 

tumul 

tz'al 

tz'altz'al 

tz'aram 

vach' 

tey to xvay jutuk 

chvula'aj 

animal xxanav 

yaxib 

low 

(pine trunk with chips cut out, watermelon squash with 

rotten spot), "its belly is toothless" 

(pine trunk with chips cut out) 

lying (short log) 

leftover wood or tree that is not needed 

scattered (weeds that have been hoed) 

standing (plant, trees, vine, grass, etc.) 

roll (log) 

protruding (sprout, saguaro cactus) 

produce single fruit (young tree) 

straight 

protruding (vine) 

ridged (sugarcane or bamboo when nodes are too close 

together) 

ridged (sugarcane or bamboo when nodes are too close 

together) 

ridged (sugarcane when nodes are too close) 

twig, switch (for mule, sheep, disobedient child) 

(felled tree that will be chopped the next day), "it will 

sleep a little still" 

mix strains (when red and red striped scarlet runner beans 

or ear of com with a few kernels of another color, or 

red and yellow ibes beans occur on the same vine), "it 

visits" 

to spread (reeds, watermelon squash, chayote), "it walks 

a lot" 

cover (coffee shade tree; avocado, mango, chalon) 

sk'asan 

sk'asank asan 

k'asbentik 

xk'iet 

k'iil 

FLATTENED 

flattened 

swept (grass by wind) 

(forest that has been cut down) 

DRAGGING 

xchech 

xch'ejlajet 

sjochan 

xjochochet 

xkililet 

(tree) 

crackling (poles dragged through forest) 

drag with difficulty (branches, trees) 

scraping (branches dragged on ground) 

dragging along (branches, logs) 

PULL OUT 

xchechan 

stas 

(branches from fence) 

(branches from fence) 

POKE INTO FIRE 

xchuch 

smul 

stijan 

(firewood farther into fire) 

(pine) 

(logs) 
NUMBE

R 35 463 

Plant Emotions 

abol sba 

chak' sk'ak'al yo'on 

xbaxbolaj 

bik'it yo'on 

cha'-tos sna' 

xchan talel 

chib yo'on 

chopoltik sjol bak'intik 

ch'abal lek xch'ulel 

xch'ajub 

xch'ay yo'on ta korixmatik 

muk' xch'ulel lek 

ch'ilin 

ch'it'ixaj 

jun yo'on 

chkap 

chkap sjol 

xkuch yu'un 

sk'elbe yo'on buch'u sk'uxubin 

k'un yo'on 

slok'ta mu xa'

i asaluna stoyoj sba 

li kobele 

ma'uk slumal cha'i 

mu sna' spaj mantal mu chnopvan mu spaj mantal 

ch'ok' 

sonso te' 

xti'olaj 

toj tzotz yo'on 

jtoy-bail ta j-mek 

stoy sba 

stze'in 

"it suffers" (weeds waiting to be cut, unpicked bean 

plants, beans that are spilled and stepped on) 

"it gets angry" (weeds that are weeded, trees that are cut) 

"it is industrious" (plant that grows well, fast) 

"it is small-hearted" (white bush bean that may produce 

well or not regardless of the planter) 

"it knows two ways (plant that is a remedy for two kinds 

of sickness, or that is prepared in two different ways) 

"it learns" (squashes learning from stars to produce many 

fruits) 

"it is unhappy" (if it doesn't grow well or is not cared for) 

"it is uncooperative sometimes" (wild nightshade, which 

is always bitter when cooked by some people, fruit 

tree that doesn't fruit) 

"it doesn't have a good soul" (weed) 

"it grows lazy" (plant that stops growing) 

"it is distracted in Lent" (plant that doesn't grow in the 

dry season) 

"it doesn't have a good soul" (weed) 

"it scolds" (tzajal tulan that sparks in fire) 

"it is jealous" (weeds that have been weeded next to 

weeds that haven't) 

"it is happy" (if it grows well and is well cared for) 

"it gets angry" (weeds that are weeded, trees that are cut) 

"it gets angry" (tzajal tulan that sparks in fire) 

"it endures" (herb that is kept inside and retains flavor 

when dry) 

"it sees who will treat it well" (tobacco that will not grow 

in everyone's yard) 

"it is weak-hearted" (white bush bean that may or may 

not produce well regardless of the planter) 

"it pictures" (squashes learning from stars to produce 

many fruits) 

"it doesn't feel the hoe, the fucker" 

"rebelled" (weeds that survive weeding) 

"it does not feel like home" (crop that does not grow well 

in region) 

"it doesn't know how to disobey" (sedum) 

"it doesn't grow accustomed" (crop that does not produce 

in particular areas, as beans or pumpkin squash near 

Tuxtla, beans near Ocozocuatla where it is too rainy) 

"it doesn't disobey" (plant that usually grows well fast) 

"it cries" (unweeded plant, weed that has been cut) 

"stupid tree" (useless) 

"it is depressed" (plant on unproductive land, unweeded 

plant) 

"it is very strong-hearted" (tzajal kachimpa te') (hard to 

cut) 

"very rebellious" (tzajal unen mu that is often bitter 

when cooked) 

"it is rebellious" (mexican tea that won't grow again after 

it is pulled up) 

"it laughs" (weeds that overcome cornfield) 
464 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Bark 

spat 

p'alp'ax 

sp'alp'axil 

ssolilal 

(both inner and outer), "its back" 

thick corrugated bark (some pines, juniper, pear, walnut, 

old oak or willow, suk) 

cf. p'alp'ax 

bark flakes (eucalyptus, madrone, sal te') 

chinaltik 

chinkultik 

ch'ulul 

jayal 

joy 

pirn 

pimil 

p'alp'axtik 

uxkuntik 

TEXTURE 

bumpy (juniper, stot inop, nankipu) 

bumpy (juniper, stot inop, nankipu) 

smooth 

thin 

thin 

thick 

thick 

flaky (madrone, cherry, eucalyptus) 

lumpy (bark of sick tree, x'ukun, ach'el pom) 

COLOR 

tan-salan 

tan-saran 

gray 

gray 

PEEL OR FLAKE OFF 

xpoch 

pochajtik 

xkoch 

kocholik 

xk'alet 

slok' 

stotz 

spoch lok'el 

flake off 

partly flaked off 

flake off 

partly flaked off 

peeling off by pulling it (vine bark) 

peel off (bark of pine or incense tree) 

peel off (bark of pine or incense tree) 

chip off (pine chips) 

CLASSIFIER 

-poch (bark) 

Leaf 

yanal 

yanal xak toj 

sbatz'i anal 

cha'-lamal anal 

yolon anal 

staki-'anal 

yunen anal 

svok'ebal anal 

xak toj 

syijil anal 

pine needle 

true leaf (bean), "its real leaf 

new needle (pine), "second stage leaf 

lower leaf, "its underneath leaf 

dead leaf, "its dry leaf 

cotyledon, "its baby leaf 

cotyledon, "its emerging leaf 

pine needles 

old dead leaf on tree or plant, "its old leaf 
NUMBER 35 465 

sba 

yelav 

smeriax 

sni' 

yok 

spat 

spat 

sti'il 

stzakleb yanal 

stzek 

yut 

svex 

LEAF PARTS 

upper surface, "its top" 

upper surface, "its face" 

large, leafy stipules, "its stockings" 

tip, "its nose" 

stem, "its leg" 

upper surface (for those who call undersurface yut), "its 

back" 

undersurface, "its back" 

edge, "its mouth" 

leaf base at stem, "leaf's joint" 

clasping leaf base, leaf sheath (banana, palm, fem, 

yucca), "its skirt" 

undersurface, "its inside" 

clasping leaf base, leaf sheath (banana, palm, fem, 

yucca), "its pants" 

ch'ululik 

skajalkajal 

krusaltik 

k'atajtik 

nichimtik 

pintotik 

polajtik 

spolav 

spololpolol 

ssflilsflil 

t'elajtik 

tzukumtik 

stz'alaltz'alal 

stz'aramul 

stz'ibal yanal 

tz'ibaltik 

VEINING 

veins barely perceptible, shiny, as in thick leathery leaves 

with immersed veins, "smooth" 

secondary veins at right angles to primary vein, "its 

raised part" 

secondary veins at right angles, "cross-like" 

secondary veins at right angles, "crosswise" 

tertiary veins visible on under surface, "flowery" 

variegated leaves or secondary erosion by outside forces, 

"spotted" 

prominent primary veins, "striped" 

primary vein, "its line" 

secondary veins at right angles to primary vein, "its 

lines" 

secondary veins at right angles to primary vein, "its 

strips" 

prominent primary veins, "raised" 

tertiary veins visible on upper surface, "caterpillar-like" 

secondary veins at right angles to primary vein, "its 

ridges" 

secondary vein not at right angles to primary vein, "its 

ribbing" 

leaf veins, "the leafs writing" 

variegated leaves or secondary erosion by outside forces, 

"striped" 

ch'ixaltik 

ch'ululik sti'il 

pulajtik 

set'ajtik 

xelajtik 

xetajtik 

EDGE 

finely to coarsely serrate, "spiny" 

entire, "smooth-edged" 

crenate (division not ending in spine), "depressed" 

incised, cleft, "pinched" 

finely to coarsely serrate, "chipped" 

lobed and parted, "chipped" 
466 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

xetajtik jutuk 

xulajtik 

tri-lobed, "slightly chipped" 

crenate (division not ending in spine), "uneven" 

balajtik 

chivajtik 

jamalik 

jetajtik 

jich'ilik 

kilajtik 

lichajtik 

linajtik 

lisajtik 

mit'ajtik 

pajajtik 

palma 

pech'ajtik 

pochajtik 

sepajtik 

setajtik 

suk'ajtik 

telajtik 

tz'upajtik sni' 

va'ajtik 

xel-chikin 

xelajtik 

xelxel 

SHAPE 

awl-shaped (grass, wild onion), "tubular" 

pinnately or palmately divided (zucchini), "toothed" 

large, simple lance-ovate (banana, canna watermelon 

squash, sun, pamal jabnal), "wide" 

bilobed or cleft, "forked" 

linear lanceolate (pine, grass, eucalyptus), "narrow" 

narrow and downward pointing (willow, peach, grass, 

fennel) 

large, simple lance-ovate (banana, canna, watermelon 

squash, sun, pamal jabnal), "wide" 

pinnately or palmately divided (lead tree) "loose and 

flowing abundantly" 

finely divided into leaflets (legumes, ferns), "abundantly 

pendulous" 

with winged rachis, lyrate (chalon, tz'erel, sap yok), 

"constricted" 

linear lanceolate (pine, grass, eucalyptus), "long and 

pointed" 

long, thin, fibrous, parallel-veined, "palm-like" 

flat (lily, orchid), "flat" 

large, simple lance-ovate (banana, canna, watermelon 

squash, sun, pamal jabnal), "big" 

round (geranium, vixobtakil), "round" 

round (vixobtakil), "round" 

crenately lobed, "uneven" 

linear lanceolate (pine, grass, eucalyptus), "long" 

pointed (maguey), "its tip is pointed" 

narrow and upright (daisy), "standing" 

sagittate or hastate leaf base (pamal jabnal), "chipped 

ear" 

lobed, palmately or pinnately deeply lobed (jabnal), 

"chipped" 

sagittate or hastate leaf base (pamal jabnal), "chipped" 

chinkultik 

chivil xa svach'il 

chivil xa yanal 

ch'enaltik 

ch'ixtik 

ch'och'omtik 

ch'ulul 

x'el'elet 

julajtik 

xk'oxet 

xk'oxoxet 

k'un 

TEXTURE 

bumpy (leaves covered with wasp galls) 

with just the primary vein, "now its twig is bare" 

with just the primary vein, "now its leaf is bare" 

pitted (batz'i te'), "with holes" 

rough (mint) 

riddled, lacy, "riddled" 

smooth 

glossy, "greasy" 

with just the primary vein, "branchless" 

brittle 

brittle, crackling 

soft 
NUMBER 35 467 

lajal xch'ixal 

xlap'ap'et 

xlebebet 

lisajtik 

nap'ap' 

pimik 

tulajtik 

tzotz 

tzotzintik 

stz'ayayet 

ujkintik 

ujkumtik 

xvoch'och'et 

xelantik 

prickly (nettle) 

glistening (fem spores, jamal anal tzib) 

glossy, "glistening" 

shredded (by hail), "abundantly pendulous" 

sticky 

thick, succulent, "thick" 

with just primary and secondary veins, "fallen out" 

tough 

downy, fuzzy, densely tomentose 

glossy, glistening (fem spores, jamal anal tzib), "shimmering" 

bumpy (leaves covered with wasp galls) 

bumpy (leaves covered with wasp galls) 

brittle, crackling 

shredded (by hail), "badly chipped" 

cha'-jetav 

cha'-p'ej 

cholajtik 

jit'ajtik 

ju-koj 

skajalkajal 

lechajtik 

lechelik 

nap'aj tik 

noch'ajtik 

ox-p'ej 

pechajtik 

potol 

vojol 

votzol 

POSITION 

opposite, "two-forked" 

divided into two leaflets, "two-leaved" 

(fem), "in row" 

(fem), "in long line" 

alternate, "each step" 

leaves arranged in layers on a stem (bamboo), "its steps" 

opposite-leaved, "paired" 

two cotyledons (squash, gourd, beans, faba bean, 

cabbage), "paired" 

sessile, "adherent" 

sessile, "clinging" 

divided into three leaflets (clover), "three-leaved" 

opposite-leaved, "wide" 

whorled, clump (grass), rosette, "clustered" 

whorled, clump (grass), rosette, "clustered" 

caespitose (tufted bromeliads), "ruffled" 

pach'ajtik 

pech'ajtik 

FLATNESS 

equitant, "flat" 

equitant, "flat" 

LEAF PRESENTATION 

telajtik yok yanal 

xelajtik yok yanal 

xuk'ajtik yok yanal 

truncate, "its leaf stem is long" 

cordate, "its leaf stem is chipped" 

leaves presented at right angles to stem, "its leaf stem is 

bent" 

DROOP 

xak' sk'ak'alil 

slusan sba 

xmatzaj 

cause to wither (frost), "it gives its heat" 

droop, wilt 

slightly wilted (leaves in strong sun or frost) 
468 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

kuruch'tik 

smoch' sba 

moch'ol 

moro 

morotik 

muchul 

smuch' sba 

xmuruch'ib 

muruch'tik 

taki-moch'an 

umul 

yobol 

yubul 

CURL UP 

curly 

curl up 

curled up (dead leaf) 

curled (leaves of diseased peach tree, bean plants, kale) 

curly 

curled up (leaf) 

curl up 

curl up (leaves of diseased bean or cabbage plants) 

curly 

dry and curled up 

curled (young aroid) 

curled up 

curled up 

SPINNING 

xvelelet 

xvereret 

xviriret 

spinning 

spinning 

(leaves in wind that are still attached) 

jataltik 

sjek 

sjis 

xkokoj 

xkokoj ta ora 

xlilij 

xxiriktaj 

xxirkataj 

xirkatik 

TEAR, FALL OFF ENTIRELY, STRIP 

torn 

strip off (cabbage leaf) 

strip off (leaves, pine needles) (rain and wind), (pine 

needles) (person), tear (leaves) (wind) 

fall off entirely 

they fall off right away (ana-jobel leaves) 

fall off entirely 

fray or shred 

fray or shred 

torn 

CLASSIFIER 

-pej (leaf) 

chijal yanal te' 

putzulal tulan 

HEDGEHOG GALL 

"tree leaf's sheep" 

"oak puff 

ch'a 

k'ojoj 

mu 

xin 

xinxin 

ya 

ODOR, TASTE 

bitter (marigold, peach) 

pungent (marigold) 

fragrant (basil, bergamont mint, chamomile, coriander, 

fennel, geranium, laurel, penny royal, tzitz) 

stinky (ajval te', tzis chauk, xinal te') 

pungent (tzitz) 

hot (watercress), bitter (tobacco) 
NUMBER 35 469 

chak-t'aran 

ik'-chevan 

ik'-chexan 

ik'-lo'an 

ik'-pochan 

ik'-tz'uyan 

ik'-vak'an 

k'an-nuxan 

k'an-poman 

k'an-setan 

k'an-tzaman 

sak-chexan 

sak-ch'etan 

sak-pochan 

yax-chexan 

yax-ch'etan 

yax-t'otzan 

COLOR 

purplish (leaf) 

black (improperly dyed palm) 

black (black palm for hat) 

blackish (dead leaf) 

black (old leaves on tree) 

glossy black (dyed palm) 

black (dyed palm frond) 

yellow (leaves floating on water) 

yellow (dead leaves) 

yellow (roll of woven palm strip) 

brown (dead leaf) 

white (dry palm frond) 

white (person wearing palm raincoat) 

white (frost-bitten leaves) 

green (leaves of field mustard, cabbage, potatoes) 

green (fresh thatched roof of brahea palm) 

green (leaf applied to wound) 

OTHER 

yanal te' 

sk'a'al 

xk'anub 

xnu'llij 

xmuy yuchal 

xnululij 

ssom 

tzopol 

leafy branch (for fence) 

dead leaves, "its rottenness" 

yellow 

slipping suddenly (on dry leaves) 

yellow (beans, potato plants from excess humidity) 

slide (child using maguey leaf as sled) 

pine needles for ripening fruit, spread on floor of 

steward's house, leaves slipped between firewood and 

person's back to protect him from chafing 

in a small pile (pine needles) 

Flower 

snich 

nichim 

ssual 

stomal 

stz'utujal 

flower, including grass and wheat flower, "its flower" 

flower 

squash or gourd flower 

inflorescence (thistle, ch'upak', banana) 

inflorescence (ximo') 

FLOWER PARTS 

yat snich 

sbek' 

boton 

sbotonal 

sbotonalil 

xchikin 

yik' 

yibel 

sjol 

stamens and pistil (solanum, calla lily), "its flower's 

penis" 

anthers if mature and turning to seed, "its seed" 

bud 

bud 

bud 

tepal (mexican shell flower), "its ear" 

odor, "its air" 

phyllaries (daisies), "its root" 

disk florets, stamens and pistil, "its head" 
470 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

skomenal 

snich 

o'lol 

yok 

yolon anal 

spoketal snich 

sputzulal 

stand 

sti'il 

stzakelul snich 

stzakleb 

stzitzop'al 

yumulal snich 

yunen anal 

yunen ibel 

syol 

inflorescence stalk (maguey) 

petal and ray florets, "its flower" 

disk florets, stamens and pistil, "center" 

pedicel; individual and cluster, "its leg" 

phyllaries, "its lower leaf 

petals (solanum), "its flower's bowl" 

anthers not held together, "its fluff 

pollen (all flowers, pine), "its ashes" 

edge of flat flower parts 

phyllaries, "its flower's holder" 

pedicel; individual and clusters, "its joint" 

stalk (tall grass flower) 

small flowers not clearly differentiated into sexual and 

non-sexual parts, "its flower's bud" 

petal and ray florets, phyllaries, "its baby leaf 

anthers, "its baby root" 

disk florets, stamens and pistil, "its heart" 

balajtik snich 

bichajtik snich 

bot'-jol 

bot'ajtik snich 

butajtik snich 

cha'-lom 

cholajtik snich 

cholol muyel snich 

ch'itajtik snich 

jipajtik snich 

kajajtik snich 

skajalkajal snich 

kakal 

kakaxon snich 

kejajtik snich 

kotkot snich 

krusal snich 

k'iajtik snich 

lichajtik snich 

likajtik snich 

linajtik snich 

lisajtik snich 

nap'ajtik snich 

FLOWER SHAPE AND POSITION 

tubular (spadix of anthuriums, sage flower, lily bud), "its 

tubular flower" 

with flowers projecting above plant (lily), "its flower is 

poking out or up" 

capitate, cone-shaped composite receptacle (onion flower), "protuberant-headed" 

capitate, cone-shaped composite receptacle, "its protuberant flower" 

capitate inflorescence, "its protuberant flower" 

semi-double ray florets (daisy), "two-tiered" 

composite head, interrupted spike, "its flower in rows" 

sessile, "its flowers lined up on top of each other" 

with long, erect tail-like spike of female flowers 

(acalypha flower), "its bristling flower" 

pendulous, "its down-hanging flower" 

interrupted spike, "its flowers on top of one another" 

capitate, clustered flowers (marigold, onion), "its stepped 

flowers" 

in middle of fork (orchid, bromeliad) 

tight-clustered flowers (krus jobel), "its cross-like 

flower" 

reflexed, "its bent flower" 

reflexed (sakil k'os), "its arched flower" 

tight-clustered flowers (krus jobel), "its cross-like 

flower" 

sessile, "its blanketing flower" 

pendulous, "its down-hanging flower" 

pendulous (datura), "its down-hanging flower" 

flowers with prominent filamentous anthers, "its loose 

and abundantly flowing flower" 

flowers with prominent filamentous anthers, "its abundantly pendulous flower" 

sessile, "its adherent flower" 
NUMBER 35 471 

ni'ajtik snich 

noch'ajtik snich 

nup'ajtik snich 

ox-koj snich 

ox-lom snich 

pajajtik snich 

pich'ajtik snich 

potajtik snich 

potzajtik snich 

pulajtik snich 

se'ajtik snich 

setajtik snich 

telajtik snich 

tobajtik snich 

torn-jol 

tuch'uch'tik snich 

tzukumtik snich 

tz'e'ajtik snich 

tz'ukajtik snich 

tz'upajtik snich 

va'ajtik snich 

vol-nich 

volajtik snich 

votzajtik snich 

xelajtik snich 

xelajtik yuxub 

pendulous, "its down-bent flower" 

sessile, "its clinging flower" 

boat-shaped spathe (wandering jew), "its folded flower" 

flat-topped corymbs and umbels, "its three-layered 

flower" 

flat-topped corymbs and umbels, "its three-layered 

flower" 

tight racemes or spikes, small-flowered, "its long and 

pointed flower" 

corymb of rayless composite heads, tight-clustered 

inflorescence, "its lumpy flower" 

tight-clustered inflorescence, "its clustered flower" 

capitate, tight-clustered inflorescence, double, "its thick 

flower" 

campanulate, tubular campanulate, "its depressed flower" 

bilabiate, "its crooked flower" 

composite head, "its round flower" 

tubular (spadix of anthuriums, sage flower, lily bud), "its 

long flower" 

capitate inflorescence, "its cone-shaped flower" 

capitate, cone-shaped composite receptacle (onion flower), "protuberant-headed" 

laciniate (begonia flower), "its cut flower" 

with short dense racemes (amaranth), "caterpillar-like)" 

bilabiate, "its tilted flower" 

reflexed, "its upside down flower" 

tight racemes or spikes (grass spikes), "its pointed 

flower" 

tight racemes or spikes, small-flowered, "its erect flower" 

budded (bean flower, chayote flower before it has 

opened), "wrapped flower" 

capitate, small round-shaped single or clustered flowers 

(marigold, onion), "its round flower" 

in thick clusters (grass flowers, sweet william), "its 

ruffled flower" 

lobed corolla or series of corollas (see leaf), "its chipped 

flower" 

scalloped flower parts, "its chipped joint" 

xjulav 

xkux 

xpotztzaj 

xtuk 

umul 

sxet sba 

xxettzaj 

OPEN 

open (evening primrose, cut flower after it is watered), "it 

wakes up" 

cut flower after it is watered, "it revives" 

grow in thick cluster 

open 

partially opened 

open 

spread or open wide (bunch of flowers in hand) 
472 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FLOWERING 

sba snich 

jabil jabil snichin 

snichin 

mu sna' chpaj 

ssepal 

ssipal 

xtomi 

stz'akal nich 

ibes) 

xyal snich 

first flowering 

flower every year (fruit trees) 

flower first time 

continuous (flowering), "it doesn't know to stop" 

autumn flower that never develops into fruit (peach, pear, 

apple), "its disk" 

cf. ssepal 

(bud) 

second flowering (papaya, mango, lead tree, seiva bean, 

flower (watermelon squash, pumpkin squash, chayote) 

WILT 

slusan sba 

lusul 

moch'ol 

xtup' 

xyubtzaj 

droop or wilt 

down-hanging and withered 

closing 

wilt, "extinguish" 

close 

TORN, FALL, STRIP 

jataltik 

sjis 

xkokoj 

xlilij 

xtukp'ij 

x'unen-p'aj 

xirkatik 

torn (calla lily) 

strip off (rain and wind) 

fall 

fall 

fall 

fall before setting fruit 

torn (calla lily) 

ASPECT 

xja'lajet 

k'echel 

xni'lajet 

pirn 

tamantik snich 

moving back and forth in cluster (flowers at tip of plant) 

lying in large messy pile (calla lilies) 

moving up and down (roses in wind) 

covered with flowers, "thick" 

with few flowers, "its flowers are widely spaced" 

ODOR 

ch'a 

jik'ik' 

k'ojoj 

mu 

pajpaj-'umantik 

xpaket smuil 

bitter (marigold) 

acrid (chilkat) 

pungent (marigold) 

fragrant 

fermented odor (mango flower) 

it is fragrant 

COLOR 

chak-'och'an 

chak-'ulan 

red (expanse of flowers) 

purple (flower) 
NUMBER 35 473 

chak-bukan 

chak-loman 

chak-nichan 

chak-nikan 

chak-petzan 

chak-potzan 

chak-tukan 

chak-vak'an 

chak-voch'an 

chak-yoman 

chaka-nich 

k'an-'ulan 

k'an-bukan 

k'an-chevan 

k'an-kunan 

k'an-laman 

k'an-loman 

k'an-nichan 

k'an-nikan 

k'an-nulan 

k'an-petzan 

k'an-set'an 

k'an-tukan 

k'an-vajan 

k'an-yoman 

sk'anubtas 

sak-'och'an 

sak-'ulan 

sak-bukan 

sak-loman 

sak-lusan 

sak-nikan 

sak-petzan 

sak-potzan 

sak-tukan 

sak-vajan 

sak-vilan 

sak-yoman 

yax-'ulan 

yax-'uman 

yax-toman 

yax-tukan y ax-y oman 

red (expanse of gladiolus), yellow (expanse of marigolds 

or bush sunflowers) 

red (many scarlet runner bean flowers, geraniums, 

gladiolus) 

red (expanse of scarlet runner bean, geranium or 

gladiolus flowers) 

red (scarlet runner bean, xut, gladiolus or geranium 

flowers in profusion) 

red (many blossoms on gladiolus plants) 

red (marigold blooms on plant) 

red (many geraniums), orange (many marigolds) 

red (peach blossoms) 

red (scarlet runner beans, flowers, geraniums, red-

flowered trees) 

red (nochleb vonon flowers) 

red-flowered (scarlet runner bean) 

yellow (many marigold flowers on plant) 

yellow (expanse of marigolds) 

yellow (many field mustard flowers) 

yellow (many flowers of putzkuy, agave) 

yellow (expanse of yellow flowers which blanket 

ground) 

yellow (field mustard, marigold, chilkat or sakramen-

tual nichim flowers) 

yellow (expanse of chilkat, sakramentual nichim) 

yellow (many flowers of chilkat) orange (many marigold 

flowers) 

yellow (many field mustard flowers) 

yellow (many lady slipper flowers) 

light orange (flowers) 

yellow (many marigold blooms) 

yellow (many flowers) 

yellow (many marigolds, field mustard flowers) 

make yellow (field mustard in com field) 

white (expanse of daisies) 

pale blue, white (flower) 

white (expanse of daisies) 

white (expanse of flowers) 

white (wilted and faded flowers) 

white (many white flowers) 

white (many flowering daisy, calla lily or amaryllis 

plants) 

white (double roses) 

white (many daisies) 

white (many daisies) 

pale (flowers) 

white (flowers) 

lavender (flower) 

green, blue (bud) 

green (flower stalk) 

blue (many ik'al pomos flowers) 

green (handful of ch'aben or chayote flowers) 
474 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

-pej 

CLASSIFIER 

(flower) 

xak' simal 

xputzulaj 

OTHER 

cause hay fever (chilkat) "it gives mucous" 

inflate putzul flower (child) 

chitom 

chochob 

lo'bol 

ssat 

tuluk'al toj 

stz'unbal 

oy stz'unbal yech 

Fruit 

fruit (polotz'), "pig" 

acom 

edible fruit (not including chilis, tomatoes, squashes, 

avocados) 

bean, berry, burr, fruit, nut, pod (with beans; beans, lead 

tree), bulbil (maguey), "its face" 

pine cone, "its turkey" 

seed for planting 

to be developed from a particular seed (as gourds that 

necessarily produce small or large fruits), "it has a 

seed for that" 

ya'lel 

yat 

yav sbek' 

yav snich 

yav ssual 

sbek' 

sbek'tal 

bichajtik xchu' 

sbikil 

xchak 

xchabil 

xchilopal 

xchiulal 

xchu' 

xchuival 

xch'iomal 

sk'a'epal 

sk'elom 

-k'ol 

slaxlejikil 

smachal 

smachitail 

FRUIT PARTS 

juice, "its water" 

core or placenta (chili), "its penis" 

core (apple, pear), "place of its seed" 

calyx (apple, tangerine), "place of its flower" 

calyx (squashes, gourds), "place of its flower" 

seed, bean, "its seed" 

nut meat, edible part of fruit (avocado, peach), "its flesh" 

persistent tubular calyx on end of round fruit, protrusion 

at end of fruit, warty protrusion (lemon), "its breast is 

poking out" 

stringy pulp (squashes, gourds), "its intestines" 

basal end (chayote), "its ass" 

sap (sick peach, bruised mango), "its wax" 

chaff (flailed bean pods and plants), "its splinters" 

string (bean pod), fiber (chinin), "its fiber" 

nipple-like extension (some citrus fruits), milky sap (fig, 

papaya), "its breast" 

seed membrane (chayote), "its purse" 

sprout (often referring to sprout that develops within or 

projects from unplanted fruit; beans, squashes, orange, 

peach), "its growth" 

chaff (flailed bean pods and plants), "its splinters" 

sprout, "its sprout" 

layer of seeds in pine cone 

exudation (droplets appearing where squash or chayote is 

scratched), "its eruption" 

fibrous pith (dishrag gourd), "its basket" 

seed pod (kale, cauliflower, field mustard, jack bean, 
NUMBER 35 475 

smach'ach'ul 

smach'opal 

smach'ul 

smixik' 

sni' 

snukulal 

snuk' 

pajayom 

spat 

spojoval 

spolav 

spulpulil yut 

sputzulal 

sp'al 

ssolepal 

ssolilal 

ssolipal 

stand 

tuchajtik xchu' 

st'elav 

stzakleb sbek' 

stzakleb snich 

stzakleb ssat 

stzakleb svorxail 

stzakleb svuntoal 

stzatzal 

stzek 

stzelav 

stzis 

stzotzil 

stzual 

yuxub 

svileb 

svilopal 

svorxail 

svorxail sbek' 

olnob tree), "its machete" 

empty sterile bean pod or squash seed (archaic), "its 

shriveling" 

empty sterile bean pod or squash seed (archaic), "its 

shriveling" 

empty sterile bean pod or squash seed (archaic), "its 

shriveling" 

calyx (apple, tangerine), "its belly button" 

tip (long fruit; banana, chili), end (fruit that is not 

spherical; avocado), sprout (chayote), "its nose" 

skin (avocado pit, peanut), "its skin" 

neck (squashes, gourd, avocado), "its neck" 

bean pod with undeveloped kernels 

shell, skin, skin of avocado pit, pith (orange), "its back" 

milky sap (fig, papaya), "its pus" 

line separating ribs (pumpkin squash), rib (green fig), "its 

line" 

cavity, "its hollow insides" 

swollen calyx (husk tomato), "its puffiness" 

husk (beans) 

chaff (flailed bean pods and plants), skin (peanut), "its 

dropping" 

chaff (flailed bean pods and plants), skin (peanut), "its 

dropping" 

chaff (flailed bean pods and plants), skin (peanut), "its 

dropping" 

powder (ch'ilim te'), "its ashes" 

persistent tubular calyx on end of round fruit, protrusion 

at end of fruit, warty protrusion (lemon), "its breast is 

clinging" 

prominent rib or wing (some bananas, lo'bol ak'), "its 

scar" 

core (apple, pear), "joint of its seed" 

calyx (apple, tangerine), "its flower joint" 

fruit stem (banana), end of stem or attachment point of 

stem on branch, "fruit joint" 

core (citrus), "joint of its bag" 

core (citrus), "joint of its fat" 

fiber (pit of itzompi), "its hair" 

fruiting stalk after all the fruit has been removed 

(banana), "its skirt" 

prominent rib or wing (some bananas, lo'bol ak'), "its 

ridge" 

citrus rind oil, "its fart" 

fiber (pit of itzompi), "its hair" 

acom cap, "its gourd" 

fruit stalk (squashes, gourd, chayote), fruit stem, pith 

(center of banana), "its joint" 

tufts of apical hair (seed of milkweed), "its flying 

apparatus" 

sterile squash seed, "its flying quality" 

inner skin (citrus), "its bag" 

membrane dividing segments (citrus), fleshy covering of 

seed (squashes), "its seed's bag" 
476 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

svuntoal 

svuntoal sbek' 

xxuch'al 

syol 

inner skin (citrus), "its fat" 

membrane dividing segments (citrus), fleshy covering of 

seed (squashes), "its seed's bag" 

sap (sick peach, bruised mango), "its resin" 

pit (avocado), hilum (bean), basal scar area (nut, pit), core 

(citrus, pineapple), "its heart" 

bikiltik 

bilil 

chi'-muan 

yik' 

jomjom 

jomom 

xlaxaxet 

mu 

sno'p'lij 

poj 

sapap 

sik-laman 

sik-lojan 

voch'voch' 

xakak 

ya 

ya-jat'an 

ODOR, FLAVOR, TASTE 

fibrous (chinin, chin-jol k'evex) 

unpleasantly slippery (pokeberry) 

delicate sweetness (fragrance of quince) 

grainy and dry (avocado, peach, black, white and yellow 

sapotes, plantain, pippin, mantzana kinya), "corny" 

musty (chili, overripe banana) 

cf. jomjom 

slightly hot (chili) 

fragrant, delicious (avocado, banana, coyol, pear) 

burning (chili) 

sour (lime, lemon) 

acid (apple, nance, son sapote, mamey sapote, chico 

sapote, quince) 

tasteless (apple, melon, peach, pear, watermelon) 

cf. sik-laman 

grainy (apple, pear, white sapote) 

acid (unripe fruit, quince, tranjero manko) 

hot (chili, garlic, onion, radish, paka' olnob seeds) 

bad-tasting (unknown fruits, black sapote) 

COLOR 

chak-bojan 

chak-k'uyan 

chak-lisan 

chak-pok'an 

chak-tz'uyan 

chak-voch'an 

chak-vojan 

ik'-busan 

ik'-chajan 

ik'-chojan 

ik'-let'an 

ik'-lojan 

ik'-loman 

ik'-nikan 

ik'-pitan 

ik'-pok'an 

ik'-p'atan 

ik'-p'uyan 

ik'-tz'uyan 

ik'-voch'an 

red (inside of watermelon) 

purple (expanse of blackberries) 

red (cherries or blackberries in clusters), orange (oranges 

in clusters) 

red (fruit of lo'bol vet) 

red (many wild raspberries on plant) 

red (chilis on plant, red-podded beans), orange (many 

oranges or hawthorn apples on tree) 

red (banana on tree) 

black (beans in pile) 

black (beans in net or basket) 

black (clusters of fruit) 

black (small number of beans on bottom of bowl or 

basket) 

black (clusters of fruit) 

black (many ripe cherries) 

black (fruit on tree) 

black (gourd) 

black (blackberries and cherries) 

black (beans in pods) 

black (many cherries on tree) 

glossy black (cherries in cluster) 

black (many cherries, dogwood or lo'bol vet berries on 

tree) 
NUMBER 35 477 

ik'-vojan 

k'an-bet'an 

k'an-chepan 

k'an-chijan 

k'an-chivan 

k'an-ch'ijan 

k'an-kepan 

k'an-k'uyan 

k'an-likan 

k'an-lisan 

k'an-mulan 

k'an-nikan 

sak-tzopan 

sak'-tz'uyan 

sak-vayan 

sak-voch'an 

sak-vojan 

vayu' 

yax-bajan 

yax-busan 

yax-jap'an 

yax-jet'an 

yax-kepan 

yax-k'otzan 

yax-nikan 

yax-pitan 

yax-p'atan 

yax-p'uyan 

yax-setan 

yax-t'ijan 

yax-tzitzan 

yax-tzopan 

yax-tzu'an 

yax-tzukan 

yax-tz'uyan 

yax-voch'an 

yax-vojan 

yax-volan 

yax-yeman 

ik'al chij chon 

pinto 

pirik' 

piruk' 

tz'ibaron 

tz'ibin 

tz'ibirin 

black (grapes, cherries) 

yellow (pumpkin squash on ground) 

yellow (oranges in net) 

yellow (many mangoes, nankipu fruit, hog plums, 

plums) 

brown (fruit stems on tree after fruit has fallen) 

yellow (many pumpkin squashes on ground) 

yellow (bunch of bananas) 

yellow (many hog plums on tree) 

yellow (many citrons on tree) 

yellow (many apples, hawthorn apples, quinces, oranges 

on tree) 

yellow (apples, peaches, oranges, hawthorn apples on 

tree) 

yellow (many oranges on tree) 

white (cotton) 

white (many fruit of treno) 

tan (beans) 

white (many chilis on plant) 

white (clusters of fruit) 

tan (beans) 

green (unripe peaches or hawthorn apples, white sapote 

fruit on tree, watermelon or watermelon squash either 

on plant or ground) 

green (pile of lead tree pods) 

green (piles of chayotes or watermelon 

squashes) 

green (pile of unripe mangoes) 

green (bunch of unripe bananas) 

green (sprouting weeds, field mustard or carnation seeds 

sown on ground) 

blue (expanse of dogwood fruit, fruit and flowers of yich 

joj) 

intense green (unripe fruit) 

gTeen (many coffee berries on tree) 

green (many fruits on wild chili plant) 

green (unripe pineapple) 

green (ripe avocado, watermelon squash, fruit of k'olo-

max te') 

green (nearly ripe tzitz avocado) 

green (olnob pods or unripe chilis in small piles) 

green (many cherimoya fruits on tree) 

green (wrinkled unripe cherries) 

green (unripe mangoes, avocados or wild figs on tree) 

green (unripe chilis on plant) 

green (many unripe fruits, avocados on tree) 

green avocado (yax-'on) 

green (pile of limes or avocados) 

heavily spotted (scarlet runner beans) 

striped, spotted (beans) 

striped, spotted (beans) 

striped, spotted (beans) 

striped, spotted (beans) 

striped, spotted (beans) 

striped, spotted (beans) 
478 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tz'ibkuron 

xok 

striped, spotted (beans) 

spotted (mango) 

FRUITING AND STAGES OF FRUIT 

banajtik ssat 

ech'om chenek' 

ech'om ch'um 

ech'om mail 

yich'ak mut 

jabil ch'um 

jabil mail 

jun-abi chenek' 

kavajtik xchak 

xkux jabil 

k'ex o oy ssat 

milajtik snuk' 

mol chenek' 

sna'oj yorail 

pak'ayom 

spak'ayomal 

ssatin 

ssepal 

ssipal 

sit'ilik sbek' 

tuchulik ssat 

stutzan 

tutzulik ssat 

xach'alik ssat 

xotolik snuk' 

stz'unbal 

tz'unubil 

yuchal 

xyal ssat 

large (squashes) 

last year's beans, "past bean" 

last year's pumpkin squash, "past pumpkin squash" 

last year's watermelon squash, "past watermelon squash" 

young bean pod, "bird claw" 

last year's pumpkin squash, "year pumpkin squash" 

last year's watermelon squash, "year watermelon squash" 

last year's beans 

with its bottom split (chayote) 

it rests a year (fruit tree) 

it fruits constantly 

with its neck constricted (gourd) 

last year's beans, "old beans" 

to produce at one time, "it knows its time" 

young bean pod, "bird claw" 

young bean, "its bird's claw" 

fruit 

tiny fruit that never develops (squash, mango, citrus, 

gourd), "its disk" 

tiny fruit that never develops (squash, mango, citrus, 

gourd), inedible inner skin of sweet lemon, "its disk" 

with its beans swollen (bean) 

just beginning to appear (fruit) 

beginning to form (pumpkin squash, chayote, peach) 

with stubby fruit (gourd) 

with its fruit stretched out (pumpkin squash) 

with its neck twisted (pumpkin squash) 

seed for planting 

seed for planting 

tiny fruit that never develops or fruit that is half-rotten on 

branch (peach) 

begin to fruit (pumpkin squash, watermelon squash, 

summer squash, zucchini, gourd, chayote), "its fruit 

drop" 

LONG 

buchbuch 

kilajtik 

nattik 

pajpaj 

telajtik 

va'ajtik 

long and pointed (top of gourd) 

long and slender (bean) 

long and slender (bean) 

long and pointed (avocado, pear) 

long and slender (bean, peanut, peach, pear and hawthorn 

seed) 

long (avocado, pumpkin squash) 
NUMBER 35 479 

k'ak'al butajtik 

p'ejajtik 

volajtik 

ROUND 

roundly visible (squashes, gourds lying on ground) 

(orange, bean) 

(bean, orange, radish and cabbage seed) 

mach'optik 

ssot' sba 

ssot'ot'et 

stzap' 

stzuk sba 

tzukajtik 

tzukuktik 

SHRIVEL 

shriveled up (bean pods, beans) 

shrivel up and harden (sugarcane, apple, peach, watermelon squash, pumpkin squash, summer squash) 

soft and shriveled (pear) 

shrink (beans) 

shrivel up and harden 

shriveled and hardened (watermelon squash, pumpkin 

squash) 

shriveled and hardened (watermelon squash, pumpkin 

squash) 

patz'al 

xpatz'tzaj 

xpitz'itz'et 

pok'ol 

xpok'tzaj 

st'us 

xamal 

xxamtzaj 

SQUASHED 

squashed 

squash 

squishing underfoot 

squashed 

squash 

squash 

squashed 

squash (ripe fruit) 

xnik 

lek xpukpon ta lo'el 

sputzutzet 

SOFT 

have soft skin (ripe avocado, peach, mamey sapote) 

properly soft for eating (mango, melon) 

springy (undeveloped squash seeds) 

HARD 

xjet'jon 

lich'ich' 

nukultik 

te'-pat 

te'-tzinan 

tech'ech' 

ston sba 

tontontik 

tzotz 

hard (pear, perote apple, white sapote) 

hard-skinned (nearly full grown squash that does not 

ripen properly) 

hard (pear, perote apple, white sapote) 

hard-skinned (pumpkin squash, beans) 

(banana that will not ripen, mamey sapote, son sapote, 

avocado) 

hard (pear, perote apple, white sapote, avocado) 

harden (banana, mamey sapote, avocado, mango) 

hard and lumpy (flesh of avocado, white sapote when 

partly ripe), "rocky" 

hard (good squash seeds) 
480 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

puj-'ik' 

tuchulik 

tutzulik 

tuxumtik 

tze 

unen 

UNRIPE 

hollow (bean pod) 

young (peaches, chayotes, avocados, pumpkin squashes) 

young (peaches, chayotes, avocados, pumpkin squashes) 

with few beans (bean pod) 

unripe 

young, unripe, "baby" 

xbiet 

xchik'inaj 

xk'anub 

lo'ajtik 

xnik 

noyol 

span sba 

lek nin ta lo'el 

xpaninaj 

xpusinaj 

somtabil 

xta'aj 

tok'on 

t'ijil 

xtzajub 

xijilik 

xit'ilik 

yij 

RIPE 

soft 

sweat (beans) 

ripen, turn yellow 

gelatinous (popapple) 

be ripe to the touch (avocado, melon, mango, peach, 

itzompi, papausa, chico sapote, mamey sapote, 

banana), sweat and be weevil-eaten (beans stored in 

house), "it moves" 

ripe 

ripen (mangoes, mamey sapotes, black sapotes, chinin, 

yax-'on buried in pine needles and set in sun) 

soft and ripe (peach, apple, white sapote, banana), "fine 

to eat" 

cf. span sba 

ripen (beans, fruit buried in pine needles), "sweat" 

ripened in pine needles (mango, mamey sapote, banana) 

ripen 

ripe 

large and ripe (watermelon squash, pumpkin squash, 

summer squash) 

ripen (chili), "redden" 

bulging (bean pod) 

bulging fully ripe (bean pod) 

ripe (chayote, beans, fruit) 

x'ech'omaj 

ech'om tok'on 

xjomjom-ta'aj 

sk'a'al 

k'o' 

lo'ajtik 

xlo'et 

xpuk'tzaj 

OVERRIPE, ROTTEN 

spoil (beans stored too long) 

overripe, "past ripe" 

sweat and go bad 

rottenness 

rotten 

mushy 

rotting 

become mushy 

-choj 

chojol 

lisil 

pich'il 

potol 

CLUSTER, RACEME 

raceme (bananas) 

popapples, grapes or chayotes hanging from vine, 

"clustered" 

abundant (bean pods on vine), in strings, fruit of sessile, 

round berries 

in thick clusters, "hanging down abundantly" 

clustered (coyol fruit) 
NUMBER 35 481 

voj 

vojol 

cluster (cherries), raceme 

in cluster (grapes, bananas) 

chan-tzelav 

chinaltik 

chinil bujul 

chinil vatal 

chinkul 

chinkultik 

ch'itil 

ch'ulul 

moroch'tik spat 

ox-tzelav 

polajtik 

p'alp'axtik 

oy stzelavtak 

oy xxulub 

pach'ajtik 

stz'ayayet 

ujkumtik 

votol 

SURFACE 

four-sided (ch'ilim te', spotted scarlet runner bean) 

bumpy, rugose 

rugose (negrohead soncoya, quince) 

bumpy, rugose (negrohead soncoya, quince) 

bumpy, rugose (negrohead soncoya, pineapple, orange, 

sweet lime, cherimoya) 

bumpy, rugose 

bristly (castor bean, yuch' max) 

smooth (apple, papausa) 

with rough surface (xk'un bean pod) 

three-sided 

ribbed (pumpkin squash, green fig) 

bumpy 

with ridges (banana) 

with two projections (cosmos seed) 

flat (melon, gourd, squash and marigold seed, scarlet 

runner bean) 

glossy (muk'ta ik' x'ak'il) 

rough (mandarin, orange, avocado, mamey sapote, 

blackberry) 

bristly (pine cone, negrohead soncoya) 

pis-tonan 

taki-moch'an 

taki-sot'an 

taki-tzinan 

stzin sba 

stzotz sba 

DRY 

dried up (if doesn't ripen or is picked too young) 

dry and curled up (bean pod) 

dried up 

dried up (if doesn't ripen or is picked too young) 

dry up. cf. taki-tzinan 

dry up. cf. taki-tzinan 

lukluk 

milmil 

milajtik 

mit'-jol 

mit'mit' 

CONSTRICTED 

constricted (banana) 

constricted 

(water gourd or pumpkin squash neck) 

constricted in the middle or with tapering top (pumpkin 

squash, water gourd), "constricted head" 

constricted 

BENT 

moch'ol 

netel 

xot-jol 

xot-nuk' 

xotxot 

curled up (bean pod) 

(neck of gourd) 

with top twisted to side (gourd, pumpkin squash), 

"twisted head" 

with top twisted to side (gourd, pumpkin squash), 

"twisted neck" 

with top twisted to side (gourd, pumpkin squash), 

"twisted neck" 
482 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tu'ul 

tubtub 

tubul 

PEAR-SHAPED 

(avocado) 

(pear, avocado) 

thick-necked (water gourd) 

k'ol-bek' 

k'olol 

LOOSELY ENCLOSED IN CAVITY 

(avocado pit) 

(avocado pit) 

xchujal 

chujil 

sk'oxil 

tuch'ajtik 

STUNTED 

(apple, mango, pear, peach) 

(apple, mango, pear, peach) 

(apple, mango, pear, peach) 

barely appearing, then dying 

ch'och'omtik 

xjoch'in 

naka xa spat li'i 

RIDDLED 

riddled with holes (gourd) 

become worm-eaten 

worm-eaten (beans), "this is just the skin' 

DENTED, BITTEN, BROKEN, SLICED, SPLIT 

sbi sba be skinned 

sjav split in two (orange, melon, mamey sapote) 

javemik sbek' bean that has split and emerged, "its seeds are split" 

sjech' bite a piece out of (fruit, squash) 

sjech'benal chunk cut out of fruit inadvertently (chayote struck by 

machete) 

sjis cut in chunks (squash) 

xkachluj splitting open suddenly (papausa) 

kaval split open (end of chayote, overripe papausa) 

sk'aslajet cracking repeatedly (young bean pods) 

-k'os piece broken off (banana) 

xlaj ta sotz' be bitten by bat (white sapote, banana, peach), "be 

finished by a bat" 

majbil bruised, "beaten" 

xpotz'k'ij dent (gourd, any fruit) 

xputz'k'ij dent (gourd, any fruit) 

xp'at split open (bean or olnob pod) 

ssep' cut in two (squashes) 

-set slice (pineapple) 

sset slice (pineapple, squashes, radish) 

ssil slice (melon, watermelon), break into sections (citrus 

fruit) 

xt'il split (bean pods) 

svoch'be spat break open (nut, peanut, peach pit, mamey sapote) 

svok'olil damage, "its broken part" 

xxet' break or cut in two 

-xet' chunk (squash), half (fruit) 
NUMBER 35 483 

xyayij 

syayijel 

xlikp'uj yalel 

linlin 

slisanlisan 

t'uyajtik 

xt'uykin sba yalel 

vitil 

xchajajet 

xchijijet 

xchararet 

xcherchon 

xchilchon 

xk'olk'on 

be damaged (fruit), "be wounded" 

damage, "its wound" 

HANG, DRAPE 

stretch downwards (watermelon squash on vine) 

heavy with fruit 

drape heavily here and there (beans on plants, peaches or 

avocados on tree) 

hanging on long stem (chayote) 

hang down lower (squash) 

hanging (single fruit) 

SWISHING 

(beans being poured) 

(beans being poured) 

RATTLING 

(dry bean pods) 

(cracked gourd) 

(seeds of field mustard, marigold) 

(pit of avocado, or mamey sapote when picked too 

young) 

sjis 

xkokoj 

xlilij 

xlinp'uj 

slisp'un yalel 

x'uchib 

x'unen-p'aj 

st'ulajet 

st'iislij 

xyal yuchal 

DROP 

strip off (rain and wind) 

drop off (all peaches when knocked down by hail, all fruit 

when ripe) 

drop off (all peaches when knocked down by hail, all fruit 

when ripe) 

drop off (all fruit before ripe, knocked down by wind or 

hail) 

cause to drop (opossum) 

yellow (peaches, apples, white sapotes that drop before 

developing) 

drop before developing (peach), "fall young" 

fall by themselves (many fruit) 

fall by itself 

yellow (peaches that drop before developing) 

xbajluj 

sputzlij 

sputz'lajet 

ssomlij 

xt'uslajet 

THUDDING 

plopping (hawthorn apple) 

thudding suddenly (chayote) 

thudding 

thudding softly (chayote falling in high weeds) 

plopping 

ABUNDANT 

lisil 

nikil 

(fruit on Christmas tree) 

(fruit on tree) 
484 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

nitil 

pirn 

tz'uyul 

(fruit on tree) 

abundant 

(fruit on tree) 

kajajtik ssat 

yalal matzal 

VISIBLE 

with its fruit lying visibly (young squash on vine) 

peeping forth (young squashes, gourds, chayotes) 

xbusk'ij 

busul 

xji'jon 

k'echel 

tokol 

tzelel 

tzopol 

xyemyon 

yomol 

PILE 

pile up (fallen fruits) 

in large pile 

piled on ground (rotting fruit) 

in pile (greens, flowers) 

in large pile 

in large mound 

in large pile (fruit, chilis) 

piled on ground (rotting fruit) 

in pile (lead tree pods, flowers, firewood) 

-kot 

-P'ej 

-set 

CLASSIFIERS FOR FRUIT 

(chili) 

(most fruit including peanut, seeds) 

(pineapple, potpot paxak') 

OTHER 

banajtik 

jalajtik 

sjotz' 

joy 

kotol 

xk'ask'on 

latzal 

lek ve'elil ssat 

lo'bajel 

lo'balal 

mu xjav ta javel 

oy xxulub 

pach'ajtik 

xpaninaj 

pech'ajtik 

pek'el 

pirn 

pitajtik 

xpuklij 

sp'ejan 

xp'ol ta pikel 

large (squashes) 

(chon la), "woven" 

pull out (squash seeds) 

thin (rind) 

lying (chili) 

tearing off readily (string of bean pod) 

lined up close together (beans in pods of cow pea or 

scarlet runner bean) 

be good to eat (unfamiliar fruit), "its fruit is a good meal" 

edible fruit 

edible 

it doesn't split apart (batz'i turasnu) 

with two projections (cosmos seed) 

flat (melon, gourd, squash and marigold seed, scarlet 

runner bean) 

sweat (fruit ripened in pine needles) 

flat (chon la), "flat" 

low 

thick (rind) 

swollen (healthy ibes pod) 

be grabbed up 

set down 

multiply (beans that seem to multiply after being flailed 

or that swell after being cooked or that do not run out), 

"it multiplies at the touch" 
NUMBER 35 485 

p'osajtik 

ssayson 

tan pukuk 

toyol 

uinbil 

vach 

vuchul 

yalel toyol smuk'tikil 

short and hollow (bean pod) 

weightless (wormeaten beans) 

beans scattered around the house (by chickens or people) 

or mixed with dirt, "ashes, dust" 

high 

strung on a necklace (choch, eucalyptus, hawthorn 

apples) 

fruit joined together, "twin" 

sitting (gourd) 

some little, some big (fruits on tree) 

xlajajet 

xlememet 

xte'ubtasvan 

xmakesvan 

ssit'esvan 

ACTION UPON MAN 

Stinging, Prickling, Cause Swelling 

prickly sensation (caused by touching chayote, ch'umte' ch'o fruit) 

stinging or smarting (pain caused by chili in eyes) 

stiffen person's penis (peanuts) 

cause constipation (pumpkin squash that is too "hot," 

many potatoes, tobacco, highland black beans) 

cause swelling (too much chicha, tobacco when thanks 

are said for it, highland black beans) 

Corn Root 

sba yisim 

sbaj yisim 

yexpulal yok 

yibel 

yisim 

yixkulal 

stz'un sba 

prop root, "its first whisker" 

take root, "nail its roots" 

prop root, "the spurs of its foot" 

root 

root sprout, "its whisker" 

prop root 

take root firmly, "plant itself 

ch'ulul yok 

k'ajben 

sk'ajbenal 

lokom 

pek'ex yok 

p'ajlep 

p'osajtik 

stzatzal yok 

sva'leal 

Cornstalk 

smooth-stemmed (lowland com, black com, sakramentual ixim, ye tz'i') 

stubble 

stalk of mature plant 

stunted 

"short-stemmed" (dwarf com) 

com plant that sprouts from fallen kernel 

thick (young cornstalks), "chubby" 

with down on stem (highland com) 

cornstalk, "its sugarcane" 

CORNSTALK PARTS 

yakan 

yav syial 

ska'av 

spolav k' 

stzek 

ajben 

intemode 

furrowed intemode where com ear rests, "place of young 

com ear" 

node 

furrowed intemode where com ear rests, "stubble's line" 

sheath 
486 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

chak-pujan 

k'an-ch'etan 

k'an-loman 

k'an-petzan 

k'an-poman 

sak-valan 

sak-vayan 

yax-balan 

yax-chajan 

yax-ju'an 

yax-k'utan 

COLOR 

brown (stunted com plants) 

yellow (cornfield ruined by rain) 

yellow (seared cornfield) 

yellow (com plants with roots that have been eaten by 

grubs) 

yellow (cornfield covered with weeds) 

white (seared com plants) 

white (seared com plants) 

green (cornfield) 

green (well-weeded cornfield) 

green (cornfield) 

intense green (cornfield) 

CORNSTALK STAGES 

stzo' koktik ech'el 

sjoloval kakantik ech'el 

jchukbenaltik ech'el 

jlotz'optik ech'el 

jnekebtik ech'el 

xjaxet ta jjoltik 

ximuketotik o 

jpajtzajel 

'at our calves" 

'at our knees" 

'at our waist" 

'at our armpits" 

'at our shoulders" 

'rustling at our heads" 

'we are buried in it" 

'full-grown" 

TINY, RUNTY 

ulajtik 

x'ultzaj 

ch'etajtik 

t'enajtik 

votzvotz 

tiny, but may still grow 

become runty 

runty 

runty 

runty 

GROW UPWARDS CROOKEDLY 

ka'-ni' 

ske'an yok 

skejan sba 

xkejk'uj 

smech sba 

smechan sba 

(com that has been broken and resumes growth), "bent 

tip" 

(flattened com), "bend its stem" 

(flattened com), "kneel" 

(flattened com) 

(com beaten down by wind) 

cf. smech sba 

Bow DOWN, FLATTEN, BREAK 

je'el 

ska' 

xk'as lok'el xchi'uk yajnul 

k'asaltik 

sk'asan 

sk'asank'asan 

k'asbentik 

bowed down (heavy-laden stalk) 

double over (wind) 

break together with ear (com being doubled) 

broken 

break many (com plants) (wind) 

break (com plants) here and there 

with some (com plants) flattened and others standing 
NUMBE

R 35 487 

xk'iet 

sloman ta tek'el 

mokajtik 

sne'an sba muyel 

snel 

nijantik 

spak 

pak'al 

spuchk'inan 

spux 

stek'an 

xtomk'ij 

xtomlajet 

stusan komel 

svayebin 

svoch'ilan 

voch'ol te' 

vok'ol te' 

xvuk' 

xvuk'uk'et 

vuk'ul chevel 

swept (com by wind) 

step on (horse or cow flattening com plants) 

with tips cut off (com eaten by horse or cow) 

(flattened com that seeks light), "go crooked and 

upward" 

flatten (cornfield) 

bowed over here and there 

double over (wind) 

flattened (cornfield) 

push down (com plants) (wind) 

double over (wind) 

step on (mule flattening cornfield) 

break (cornstalk in wind or when being doubled) 

cracking (weak cornstalks in wind) 

leave stretched out in pile (cornfield flattened by wind) 

knock down (cornfield by wind or animal), "make into a 

sleeping place" 

break down (cornfield by wind or cows) 

broken (cornfield when plants are knocked down in every 

direction), "broken wood" 

cf. voch'ol te' 

be leaning over (cornfield) 

windswept (cornfield) 

pointing in every direction (wind-damaged com), "flat-

tened and lying" 

SOUND AND MOTION 

xchajchon 

xchajlajet 

xchak'ak'et 

xjochochet 

xkikiket 

xla'lajet 

xlap'ap'et 

xlininet 

xpaVluj 

ssokoket 

ssukuket 

xtal xbat 

xvak'ak'et 

xvereret 

svoch'och'et 

xvuyuyet 

xxiket 

swishing (com being carried, dry com plants) 

swishing (com when person walks through field) 

rustling (com planted too close together so the plants 

strike each other) 

scraping (com stubble dragged on ground) 

swaying back and forth in unison (healthy com in wind) 

swaying (com plants) 

rustling (young com plants) 

rustling (falling com tassels) 

exploding (young cornstalk heated under fire, also when 

taken out and struck with rock) (child's game) 

rustling (seared com plants) 

rustling (com plants in wind, when all move together) 

moving back and forth (com stubble in wind) 

rustling (young com plants) 

rustling (one or two leaves of com, com stubble in wind) 

crackling (dry com husk or leaves when stepped on) 

swaying precariously (cornfield in wind) 

moving back and forth (com stubble in wind) 

kayantik 

kaybentik 

xkayet 

WITH GAPS 

(planted row where plants have died) 

(row of com) 

(row of com) 
488 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

petzantik 

pich'antik 

p'ejantik 

taman 

tamkan 

tek'antik 

stek'eltek'el 

vichajtik 

vichil 

svotzolvotzol 

Too WIDELY SPACED, SPARSE 

sparse 

(sprouts) 

sparse 

sparse 

sparse 

sparse 

sparse 

sparse 

solitary 

(sprouts) 

pak'al 

sukul 

Too CLOSELY SPACED 

too closely spaced 

too closely spaced 

xnatub 

pak'al ta tz'i'lel 

xpimij tz'i'lel 

somol ta tz'i'lel 

sukul ta tz'i'lel 

WEED-CLOGGED 

grow spindly (unweeded com) 

weed-clogged 

have weeds grow thick 

"buried in weeds" 

weed-clogged 

abol sba 

chak' sk'ak'al yo'on 

xch'ajub 

chkap 

xkuch yu'un 

mas lek xa'i 

ch'ok' 

xtavan xa'i 

stoy sba 

EMOTIONS 

'it suffers (unweeded cornfield, com that is spilled and 

stepped on) 

'it gets angry" (com that stops growing) 

'it grows lazy" (com that stops growing) 

'it gets angry" (com that is not weeded) 

'it endures" (com that grows even when it is only weeded 

once) 

'it feels better" (com plant that is well-weeded) 

'it cries" (unweeded com, com that is sold to a 

government warehouse) 

'it is tired of it" (com yellowing on steep slope) 

'it is rebellious" (com that is not weeded) 

sbek'in 

chopol kiximtik 

ch'abal yikatz chobtik 

xch'ay sba 

ja'al t'omol 

sjip ssat 

lek kiximtik 

snach'an sba 

xpajtzaj 

LIFE AND DEATH 

provide good yield 

our com is bad (when there are few ears) 

fail to produce ears, "the com field has no burden" 

fail (com farming) 

thick and healthy (cornstalk) 

produce mature kernels 

our com is good (when the kernels are developed) 

sprout and wither, "peep out" 

stop growing (mature plant) 
NUMBER 35 489 

pero mi ja'uk j-ch'ix ajan 

muk' bu iyak' ta yeik ti 

xchobike 

xp'ich lok'el tal 

sp'ichan sba 

xp'ol 

xp'ol ta pikel 

totzol 

xt'inlajet tajpattik 

st'uj sba 

st'uslajet tajpattik 

xve'baj 

fail to produce ears, "but not even an ear of com was 

given to their mouths by their cornfields" 

emerge from ground 

sprout and wither 

proliferate 

multiply (com or beans that seems to multiply after being 

flailed or that swells after being cooked or that does 

not run out), "it multiplies at the touch" 

flourishing (cornfield with ears), "crested" 

thumping our backs (ears of com in flourishing field) 

be selected out (com that grows or fails to grow because 

of poor land) 

thumping our backs (ears of com in flourishing field) 

consume souls of com (jjuch'nom com) 

xchololet 

juljul 

xkayet 

korixmatikil chobtik 

sk'am 

slomollomol 

petzel to 

ssayson 

sujom 

potol 

xpul 

vo'tikal chobtik 

xulul 

yech kotol chaval 

OTHER 

standing in rows of equal height (young com) 

poking upward (com plant stripped of leaves by sheep, 

cow) 

with irregularly-sized clumps 

dry season com (irrigated) 

coil (stubble that is coiled by horse's or cow's tongue to 

facilitate chewing) 

each of many plots (of growing com) 

still unharvested, "still standing" 

wormeaten 

fast-growing (kvarentano ixim, sakramentual ixim) 

clumped (plants that have sprouted from buried corncob) 

sprout thickly 

rainy season cornfield 

cf. juljul 

with irregular growth (cornfield) 

xch'iomal 

lek jamalik 

lek pocholik 

lek xekelik 

Corn Leaf 

first foliage leaf 

wide (healthy com plant growing in fertile ground) 

wide (healthy com plant growing in fertile ground) 

wide (healthy com plant growing in fertile ground) 

CORN LEAF STAGES 

bichilik 

lavuxtik 

pichilik 

potzolik 

xlap'ap'et 

xkunlajet 

'poking up" 

'nail-like" 

'poking up" 

'clumped" 

'gleaming" 

'unfurled" 
490 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

muchul 

xmuruch'ib 

snup' sba 

valalik 

svaltzan 

CURL UP 

curled up (leaf of a seared com plant) 

curl up (leaves affected by uch) 

curl up (seared leaf) 

curled (leaves of plants just beginning to be seared) 

curl up 

xk'anub yanal 

xmuy yuchal 

sak-vaytaj 

stzajub yanal 

COLOR 

have leaves yellow (com that matures and dries) 

yellow (from excess humidity) 

turn white (seared com plants) 

have leaves redden (leaves of com that stops growing in 

mid-course) 

sjek 

stzekin komel 

stz'al sba 

OTHER 

strip off 

strip down to the sheath (hail, caterpillars) 

become ridged (lowland com leaves in the sun) 

stz'utujal 

Corn Flower 

com flower 

CORN FLOWER STAGES 

sbal sba 

x bal tzaj 

stz'utujin 

chbik'taj sni' 

lansatik 

balalik 

chlilij 

jlilijel 

chtitij 

jtitijel 

flower 

flower 

flower 

"its tip is getting smaller" 

"spear-shaped" 

"tubular" 

"it is bursting open" 

"it is bursting open" (same stage as above) 

"it is bursting open" 

"it is bursting open" (same stage as above) 

ch'ixil ixim 

snak'obal ryox 

xojobal ryox 

Ear of Corn 

"handspan com,' com that is not going to be flailed 

"god's shadow" 

"god's sunbeam" 

altal 

xcha'al 

chib sjol 

chib lotol 

chikin t'ul 

TYPES 

com with two ears inside on husk, "altar" 

ear of com lacking kernels on one row, "its metate" 

ear with two tips, "two headed" 

two ears of com with separate husks emerging from the 

same node, "two paired" 

very large ear of com in ajan stage with upper leaf sheath 
NUMBER 35 491 

ch'o ixim 

joj 

jov ch'ut 

jjuch'nom 

mayol 

me' ixim 

sme' 

oxib sjol 

pich' jojoch' 

pik' -ch'ut 

tot ixim 

spreading open to suggest rabbit's ears, "rabbit ear" 

ear with silk wrapped entirely around it or with silk 

emerging from each kernel, "mouse com" 

ear of com split in two, "raven" 

ear of com with several rows lacking kernels, "split 

belly" 

split corncob or ear with no kernels on upper end, 

"grinder" 

ear of com lacking its cob in the "neck" of the ear 

ear of com with 2 or 3 tips, "mother com" 

cf. me' ixim 

ear with three tips, "three-headed" 

tiny ear of com devoid of kernels, in long husk, "lumpy 

com husk" 

ear lacking kernels in the center of the row, "toothless 

belly" 

2 or 3 ears with separate husks growing from same node, 

"father com" 

yaseroal 

bakal 

sbaklel 

xchak 

xchilopal 

xcholav 

xchu' 

xch'ut 

yibel jojoch' 

jarina 

sjoch'al 

sjoch'il 

jojoch' 

sjol 

sjol 

sjuxal 

sk'a'al 

sk'a'epal 

slokomal 

smach'ach'ul 

matz' 

snexal 

snuk' 

yok jojoch' 

pajayom 

spat xa 

spolav 

ssat 

ssolepal 

PARTS OF CORNCOB, KERNEL, ETC. 

very starchy, nearly transparent edge of kernel, better, 

heavier, "its steel" 

corncob 

corncob 

bottom of corncob, "its ass" 

hollowness (wormeaten com), chaff "its splinter" 

row of com kernels, "its row" 

milk, "its milk" 

middle of corncob, "its belly" 

attachment stem, "root of com husk" 

dust (wormeaten com), "flour" 

dust (wormeaten com) 

dust (wormeaten com) 

com husk 

com silk, "its hair" 

tip of corncob kernel, "its head" 

skin of com kernel enclosing kernel 

com chaff, rotten kernels, "its rubbish" 

com chaff, "its rubbish" 

ear of com with very thin undeveloped kernels 

poorly developed kernels 

skin of com kernel after it has been ground 

com silk 

section of ear towards the far end if lacking its cob there, 

"its neck" 

attachment stem, "leg of com husk" 

partially developed kernels 

com that has had the insides of the kernel eaten by 

weevils, "its skin now" 

furrow between rows of kernels, "its row" 

kernel, "its face" 

chaff, white matter, "its chaff 
492 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

ssolilal 

ssolipal 

stokal 

tuxum 

stzakleb ixim 

stzuk'al 

unenal 

xxik' 

syol 

chaff, white matter, "its chaff 

chaff, white matter, "its chaff 

mixture of red and white kernels, white at end of kernel, 

"its cloud" 

ear of com with few kernels 

attachment stem, "com joint" 

com chaff, "its forelock" 

center of young com, sprouts of com that appear after 

mouse has eaten plant 

skin of com kernel, "its scale" 

embryo of kernel, "its heart" 

chak-ch'etan 

chak-nexan 

chak-sulan 

chak-tzopan 

chak-vitan 

chak-yeman 

ik'-chunan 

ik'-jeman 

ik'-majan 

ik'-tukan 

ik'-yeman 

k'an-bek'an 

k'an-busan 

k'an-butan 

k'an-jeman 

k'an-ji'an 

k'an-jochan 

k'an-k'ian 

k'an-pochan 

k'an-soyan 

k'an-tzopan 

k'an-xojan 

k'an-yeman 

pinto 

sak-bek'an 

sak-busan 

sak-butzan 

sak-chajan 

sak-jeman 

sak-ji'an 

sak-kunan 

sak-k'ian 

sak-laman 

sak-tzopan 

sak-yeman 

COLOR 

red (com silk) 

brown (com silk) 

red (com silk of young com) 

red (com in pile) 

brown (com silk) 

red (pile of com ears) 

black (com silk) 

black (com in large piles) 

black (ear of com hanging downwards) 

black (com silk) 

black (com in pile) 

yellow (com kernels) 

yellow (com kernels in pile) 

yellow (com ears in pile) 

yellow (com in large piles) 

yellow (com kernels or ears spread out) 

yellow (com husk) 

yellow (com spread out) 

yellow (com husk) 

yellow (hanging seed com) 

yellow (com in pile) 

yellow (com husks) 

yellow (com in piles) 

striped, spotted (com ears) 

white (com kernels) 

white (piled com) 

white (com silk) 

white (com in net) 

white (com in large piles) 

white (com kernels, ears or cobs) 

white (com) 

gleaming white (expanse of com) 

white (expanse of com kernels) 

white (com in small pile) 

white (com kernels or ears in piles) 

ik'al jol 

chu' ixim 

CORN SMUT 

com smut, some say it is inedible, "black head" 

com smut, "com breast" 
NUMBER 35 493 

xchu' 

stokal 

cf. chu' ixim 

com smut, "its cloud" 

EAR OF CORN STAGES 

y> 

tzajal jol 

muk'tik yi 

me' yi 

cham-jol 

muk'tik me' yi 

chu' ixim 

jayal ajan 

jayel ajan 

ik'-chunan 

ch'ix-majan 

ajan 

yikatz 

och k'on 

k'an-pochan 

vojton 

immature ear 

red silk 

larger immature ear 

half-grown 

dried silk, "dead hair" 

larger half-grown ear 

milky com (can't be shelled) 

thin-kernelled ear (that still will mature) (same stage as 

ch'ix-majan) 

cf. jayal ajan 

black (silk) (same stage as ch'ix-majan) 

"standing up" 

(yajnul) soft mature ear 

when plant has ajan, "its burden" 

beginning to yellow (husk) 

yellow-husked 

dry mature ear 

but'-jol 

xchujal 

chujil 

jich'il 

jol mut 

sk'oxil 

t'enajtik 

t'uchajtik 

yijil 

KINDS OF EARS 

with kernels to the very tip (580 hybrid) 

runty 

runty 

slender 

runt when ear has dried, "bird head" 

runty 

runty 

runty, barely appearing, then dying 

thick 

chijil 

chojol 

je'elik 

je'je' 

jechelik 

xjipjon 

leklek sba 

slisan 

lisil 

mach'optik 

majmaj 

milmil snuk' 

mit'mit' snuk' 

pik'pik' xch'ut 

soyol 

tz'uytz'uy 

ASPECT 

with many ears in cornfield 

hanging down (seed com hung on rafters), "clustered" 

large ears, leaning far to side at 45 degree angle upwards 

leaning far to side at 45 degree angle upwards 

leaning far to side at right angles 

swaying (com ear hanging down) 

beautiful (long ears) 

be heavily-fruited 

hanging down in abundance (com from rafter) 

shriveled up (ear with shrunken, tiny kernels) 

leaning downwards at 45 degree angle 

lacking cob towards the far end, "constricted neck" 

lacking cob towards the far end, "constricted neck" 

ear with com smut, "its belly is toothless" 

with com husk spread open (ear of com on stalk that has 

not been doubted) 

leaning downwards at 45 degree angle 
494 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

vava 

yalal matzal 

ye'elik 

ye'ye' 

upright 

beautiful (young com ears) 

large ears, leaning far to side at 45 degree angle upwards 

leaning far to side at 45 degree angle upwards 

-chol 

-ch'ix 

-k'os 

-petz 

-poch 

-P'ej 

-tek' 

-tel 

CLASSIFIERS 

(row of kernels on cob) 

(ear) 

(piece broken off) 

(plant, including when stubble) 

(com husk) 

(kernel, stalk) 

(plant, clump of plants) 

(stalk) 

yikatz 

cha'-koj 

cha'-tz'ol 

j-koj 

j-tz'ol 

juljul te' 

yolon yi 

ox-koj 

ox-tz'ol 

tuk'il te' 

yuchal 

xokol k'ajben 

xokol te' 

EARS ON STALK 

soft or dry ear of com on stalk, "its burden" 

com stalk with two ears, "two levels" 

com stalk with two ears, "two levels" 

com stalk with one ear, "one level" 

com stalk with one ear, "one level" 

barren com stalk, "branchless tree" 

lower and younger immature ear of com on stalk, "low" 

y« 

com stalk with three ears, "three levels" 

com stalk with three ears, "three levels" 

barren com stalk, "straight tree" 

stalk that never develops yi 

barren com stalk, or stalk that has had ears stolen, "empty 

stubble" 

barren com stalk, "empty tree" 

ach' ixim 

ech'om ixim 

jabil ixim 

jun-abi ixim 

mol ixim 

poko' ixim 

xchibal jabil ixim 

SHELLED CORN 

first year com or com whose husk is still yellow and can't 

be husked yet, "new com" 

second year com, "past com" 

second year com, "year com" 

second year com, "last year's com" 

second year com, "old com" 

second year com, "old com" 

third year com, "second year's com" 

SEED CORN 

aven 

yavenil 

jun-abi tz'unubil 

ovol 

soy 

tz'unubil 

replanted com 

com for replanting 

second year seed com, 

newly planted com 

highland seed com 

seed com 

"last year's seed" 
NUMBER 35 495 

joy 

latz 

pacha 

pajal 

pejajtik 

ton 

volajtik 

KERNEL SHAPE 

thin 

flat 

very thin and wider than long 

long and pointed 

large and thin 

round, "stone" 

round 

xchik'inaj 

x'ech'omaj 

xpusinaj 

takin 

yU 

RIPENESS 

sweet (ripe com) 

spoil (com stored too long) 

sweet (ripe com) 

ripe 

ripe (too old or dry to eat on cob) 

mach'optik 

ssut ssat 

SHRINK 

shriveled 

(drought, excess humidity) 

xkajtzaj ssat 

GROW 

mature, "its kernels rise' 

xchajajet 

xchijet 

xchijijet 

sji' sba 

xjininet 

xjoch'jon 

skap sba 

xpukij 

xpukuket 

tan pukuk 

xtananet 

xtanij 

xyemet 

syi' sba 

syuk'sba 

CORN KERNELS OR COBS IN MOTION 

whishing (com kernels falling) 

whishing (falling com kernels) 

whishing (falling com kernels) 

slide down (corncob) 

thudding (ears of com being poured into bag or falling by 

themselves), swooshing (kernels) 

scratching (rat dragging com husk, wind moving husk) 

get mixed together (different kinds) 

scatter, spill 

sliding, scattering 

com scattered around the house (by chickens, people) or 

mixed with dirt, "ashes, dust" 

scattering 

spill, scatter 

sliding 

slide down (corncob) 

spread level (com in bin) 

tey t'enel t'uchul yikatz 

stuchan 

st'enant'enan 

st'uchan 

PRODUCE SMALL EARS 

have produced many small ears, "its burden is small' 

produce small ears which still may grow 

produce one short ear after another 

produce small ears 
496 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

OTHER 

chepel 

jal snitvan ech'el 

mas sjayillighter 

xjech'jon 

jomoch' 

jomjom 

jomom 

xnik 

pech'el 

j-p'ej panin 

tijtij 

xve'baj 

ve'bal ixim 

mas yalalheavier 

ovol 

sit'ilik xa, xjip xa yisim 

tied bag 

last for a long time, "pull person far" 

(com kernels) 

crunching (weevils) 

riddled 

musty 

cf. jomjom 

sweat and be weevil-eaten (com stored in house), "it 

moves" 

cf. chepel 

one kernel, one bag of com dough, i.e., bag of com that 

is destined for immediate consumption rather than for 

sale 

exhausted (com supply) 

be eaten (by weevils) 

com to be eaten (as opposed to seed com) 

(com kernels) 

Stages of Growth 

CORN 

planting 

now (the kernels) are swollen, now it has put forth roots, 

xlok' xch'iomal 

bichilik, lavuxtik, pich'ilik 

xatal 

potzolik xa, xchololet xa, 

xlap'ap'et xa, lek xa xvinaj 

lek xa xkunlaje 

stzo' koktik ech'el 

po'ot xa sjoloval kakantik 

ta sta sjoloval kakantik, 

sjoloval kakantik ech'el, 

sjoloval kakantik xa 

smuk'ul ko'tik ech'el 

po'ot jchukbenaltik 

jchukbenaltik ech'el, ta sta 

jchukbenaltik, 

jchukbenaltik xa 

jlotz'optik ech'el 

jnekebtik ech'el, jnekebtik 

xa ech'el 

ximuketotik o, ximuketotik 

xa o, ximuketotik o xa, lek 

2 days lowland, 4 temperate, 8 highland 

its growth appears 

now they are nail-like (1") 5 lowland, 10 temperate, 15 

highland 

they are clumped now, they form a row now, they are 

gleaming now, they are easily visible now (when 2nd 

level leaves) (reseeding time), 8 days lowland, 15 

temperate, 20 highland 

now they are unfurled (when 3-4 levels of leaves which 

touch ground) (first weeding), 20 days lowland, \l/2 

temperate, 2 highland 

at our calves (seldom said) 

they are almost at our knees (first weeding), 1 day(s) 

lowland, 2 temperate, 2'/2 highland 

it reaches our knees, now it is at our knees (second 

weeding) 

it is at our thighs 3-4 days 

it is almost at our waist (second weeding), 2 days 

lowland, 3 temperate, 3'/2 highland 

it is at our waist, it reaches our waist, it is now at our 

waist 

it is at our armpits (seldom said) 

it is at our shoulders, 4-5 days 

we are buried by it, we are buried by it now, we are 

well-buried by it, 4-5 days 
NUMBER 35 497 

ximuketotik o xjaxet ta jjoltik 

jpajtzajel xa, xbik'taj xa sni', 

lansatik xa 

balalik xa, xlilij xa, xtitij xa, 

jlilijel xa, jtitijel xa, 

jtz'utujinel xa 

jyianel xa, vajal ta yi, 

nap'ajtik xa syial 

tzajal joltik xa 

muk'tik xa syial me' 

yitik xa, cham joltik xa 

muk'tik me' yi xa 

ik'-chunanik xa, ch'ix-majan, 

o xa jayal ajan 

lek xa ajan, yu'un xa ajan, 

chapal ta ajan 

yijil ajan xa 

och k'on, k'onik xa jujuntik 

xk'anub xa 

k'an-pochanik xa, o xa vaj, 

lek xa ta pakel, ch'abal xa 

ajan 

takinik xa, stak' xa k'ajel 

k'ajoj, maj-'ixim 

it rustles at our heads, 4-5 days 

it has stopped growing now, its tip is getting smaller, (its 

tip) is like a lance now, 4-5 days 

(its tassel) is tubular now, it is bursting open now, it is 

floweing now, 4-5 days 

now it has young ears, it is studded with young ears, its 

young ears are sticking on, 4-5 days 

now its hair is red, 4-5 days 

its young ears are big now, 8 days 

it has big half-grown ears now 

now (the silk) is black, now it has thin kernels, 8 days 

now its ears are fine, now it has ears, its ears are ready 

now, 8 days 

now its ears are old, 4-5 days 

the yellow is beginning, a few are yellow now 

now they are yellowing, 8 days 

now they are yellow, now there are tortillas, 

now it is good for doubling, now there are no ears 

they are dry now, now they can be harvested 

harvest, flailing 

lechelik xa slekikil, 

lek sepelik 

chak' xa sni' 

nat xa batem sni' 

tzakal ta j-mek sni' 

lekik xa ssual, ta xnichin 

chyal xa p'ejantik ssat, ta 

xyal ssat 

xach'alik xa yunen sat, 

ichil ch'um 

ch'um xa 

busul ta j-mek yak'oj 

xotolik xa snuk' 

banajtik no ox 

PUMPKIN SQUASH 

now (the leaves) are paired well, they are well-rounded 

now it has produced sprouts 

now their sprouts have gone far 

their sprouts have grown together (the ends of the vines 

overlap) 

now it has many flowers, it flowers 

now a few fruits are lowering, its fruits are coming down 

now their little fruits are stretched out, young pumpkin 

squash 

now there are (mature) pumpkin squashes 

it has produced piles (of fruit) 

now their necks are twisted 

they are just lying prominently 

SUMMER SQUASH, WATERMELON SQUASH 

lechelik xa slekikil, lek xa 

sepelik 

chak' xa sni' 

lekik xa sni' 

tzakal ta j-mek sni' 

chak' xa ssual, xyal snich 

o xa ssual 

chyal xa ssat 

lekik xa ssat, ichil mail 

now (the leaves) are paired well, 

now they are well-rounded 

now it has produced sprouts 

now it has many sprouts 

their sprouts have grown together 

now it is budding, its flowers are lowering 

now it has flowers 

now its fruits are lowering 

now it has many fruit, young watermelon squash 
498 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

banal ik xa slekikil 

yolel to ta xyal ta j-mek ssat 

lek islaman ta j-mek ssat 

now many (fruits) are lying prominently 

now many of its fruits are still lowering 

it has scattered many fruit 

lechelik xa slekikil 

chak' xa sni' 

lekik xa sni' 

chnichin xa 

o xa snich 

GOURDS 

now (the leaves) are paired well 

now it has produced sprouts 

now it has many sprouts 

now it is budding 

now it has flowers 

tutzulik xa yunen sat, xyal ssat now its little fruits are stubby, its fruits are coming down 

milajtik no ox snuk', unen tzu their necks are just constricted, little gourds 

lamal no ox they are just scattered 

melel slekikil, tzu xa they are wonderful, now (there are) gourds 

lechelik xa slekikil 

o xa sni' 

chnichin xa 

o xa p'ejantik ssat 

lek isatin 

lamal no ox sjay (or) spulon 

vo' 

TORTILLA AND DEEP GOURDS 

now (the leaves) are paired well 

now it has sprouts 

now it is budding 

now it has a few fruits 

it fruited well 

its gourds are just scattered 

istzak lum 

lekik xa sni', lek xa unenik 

sni' 

sk'an xa ste'el natik xa sni' 

ibat xa ta j-mek sni' 

chyal xa snich 

vol-nich xa 

lekik xa snich 

kavajtik xa yunen chak, unen 

ch'um te' 

lisil ta j-mek 

lek pirn ssatin 

mu to xti'van 

iyijub xa 

xti'van xa 

lek xa ta lo'el 

CHAYOTES 

it has taken root 

now it has many sprouts, now it has many little sprouts 

now it needs its tree (support), now its sprouts are long 

now its sprouts have gone far 

now its flowers are lowering 

now it is budding 

now it has many flowers 

now the little bottoms (of the fruits) are split, little 

chayotes 

it is hanging down now in abundance 

it is fruiting well 

it does not prick yet 

it is mature now 

it pricks now 

now it is good to eat 

BEANS 

ta ssit' 

sit'ilik xa 

isbaj xa yisim, ta xch'iomal 

kotolik xa tal, lek xa xvinaj 

lechelik xa 

xchololet xa 

(the beans) are swelling 

now (the beans) are swollen 

now it has taken root, its sprouts are growing 

now they have come up (with the beans) curled over, now 

it is fully visible 

now (the leaves) are paired 

now (the plants) are in a row 
NUMBER 35 499 

yak' xa xcha'-kojol yanal 

yak' xa yox-kojol yanal 

yak' xa xchan-kojol yanal, 

chak' xa sni' 

tztzak xa sba likel 

stzakoj xa sba 

vol-nichtik xa lekik xa snich, 

jnichinel xa 

o xa jutuk pak'ayom, 

yunen pak'ayomal 

lekik xa spak'ayomal, unen 

chenek' 

sit'ilik xa sbek' 

yijik xa 

chlik xa k'anubuk 

k'onik xa 

takinik xa 

now it has produced the second level of leaves 

now it has produced the third level of leaves 

now it has produced the fourth level of leaves, now it has 

tips 

now (the plants) are beginning to grow together, now it 

has produced sprouts 

now (the plants) have grown together 

now they are in bud now they are flowering well, now it 

is a flowering plant 

now there are a few young beans, it has young beans 

now they have many young beans, 

little beans 

now their beans are swollen 

now they are mature 

now they are beginning to yellow 

now they are yellow 

now they are dried out 

o xa sk'elom, lek xa ta 

tz'unel 

chlok' xa tal 

lek xa xchololet 

lek xa ta lumtabel yok, 

lumtael 

vol-nich xa 

o xa snich 

tzsatin xa 

yijik xa, o xa ssat 

iyijub xa ssat, lek xa ta jok'el 

o xa sjol 

POTATOES 

now it has sprouts, now it is good for planting 

now it is coming up 

now they are in rows 

now they are ready for hilling, hilling 

now it is budding 

now it has flowers 

now it is fruiting 

now they are mature, now it has fruit 

now its fruit are mature, ready now to dig 

now it has tubers 

CALLA LILIES, LILIES, DAHLIAS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS, DAISIES 

istzak xa lum 

xchololet xa slekil 

batz'i potolik xa tal sni' 

batz'i lekik xa ta j-mek 

sk'an xa ak'intael 

o xa sbotonal 

lekik xa snich 

now it has taken root 

now it is in rows 

now it is sprouting in clusters 

now there are many 

now it needs weeding 

now it has buds 

now it has many flowers 
500 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

lekik xa, istzak xa lum 

o xa p'ejantik snich 

pirn xa ta j-mek snich 

GERANIUMS, STONE CROP 

now they are fine, now they have taken root 

now they have a few flowers 

now it has many flowers 

GLADIOLUS, CARNATIONS, FEVERFEW (volita) 

lekik xa, istzak xa lum 

lek xa ta ak'intael 

yax-ju'an xa slekil 

lek xa ta lumtabel yok 

istzak xa sba lek 

o xa sbotonal 

lekik xa snich 

ijtuch'be xa j-tuch'el snich 

now they are fine, now they have taken root 

now it is ready for weeding 

now they are green 

now it is ready for hilling 

now they are growing together 

now it has buds 

now it has many flowers 

now I have cut the first cutting of flowers 

ik'al lum 

xk'a'-satij 

k'a'al balamil 

sk'a'epal yanal te' 

k'o' balamil 

oyyip 

Land and Forest 

FERTILITY 

"black earth" 

become fertile, "get rotten grain" 

fertilized ground 

compost, "garbage of tree leaves" 

fertile land 

be productive, "it has strength" 

javaltik 

juxjux 

kankan 

salal 

t'ant'an 

t'axt'ax 

vuxvux 

DENUDED 

eroded land (split) 

(dry season only), eroded 

"bald" 

deforested (mountain), bare of weeds 

"naked" 

denuded 

(dry season only), eroded 

ch'aj 

ch'aj balamil 

ch'ajil balamil 

k'anal lum 

mol balamil 

sovra osil 

t'int'in balamil 

tzajal lum 

UNPRODUCTIVE 

"lazy" 

unproductive land, "lazy land" (xolom, jom akan, mol 

tzib, pom tz'unun, ik'al te', te'el petet, poxil ik') 

cf. ch'aj balamil 

unproductive land, "yellow earth" 

unproductive land that has been planted for 3-4 years, 

"old land" 

unproductive land, "leftover land" 

useless land 

unproductive land, "red earth" 
NUMBER 35 501 

pukuktik 

taki -balamil 

stakinal 

DRYNESS 

dusty stretch 

dry land 

dryness 

ach'eltik 

xak' syaxal 

nail vo' 

xyal syaxal 

yox 

HUMIDITY 

muddy stretch 

keep humid (by weeding with hoe), "give its greenness" 

rainy region, "house of rain" 

become humid, "have its greenness fall" 

humid, "green" 

chab-lum 

k'un-sat balamil 

puk-sat balamil 

xtuk 

tzatzal balamil 

yi' 

yij-sat 

yijil sat balamil 

SOIL QUALITY 

clay, "wax earth' (good, but hard to work, and if rains are 

heavy, crop will yellow) 

soft ground 

crumbly soil, "spreading-grained land" 

be crumbly 

hard ground 

sand 

hard ground, "thick grain" 

hard ground, "thick-grained land" 

bajiotik 

xchak osil 

chinkan tontik 

ch'ijil tontik 

ch'il tontik 

jamaltik 

jav osil 

jobeltik 

jutuk sbek'tal 

muk'tik ste'tikal 

yok osil 

osiltik 

pach'altik 

pimil vach'tik 

potrerotik 

stenlej 

stentej 

ti' nab 

ti * ti' be 

ti'ilti'il be 

t'inav osil 

t'int'in balamil 

tzellejtik 

tz'i'lelaltik 

tz'i'leltik 

LAND 

flood plain 

foot of slope, "land's ass" 

field littered with boulders 

rocky field 

pebbly place 

open country 

gentle slope 

grass land 

rocky land, "little flesh" 

with large trees 

foot of slope 

forest, open land 

plains, flat land 

thick low second growth 

pasture land 

flat meadow 

cf. stenlej 

river edge, pond edge 

trailside 

cf. ti'ti' be 

mound in flat land, "swollen land' 

cf. t'inav osil 

slope 

large expanse of weeds 

expanse of weeds 
502 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

uk'umaltik 

unen 'osil 

unen vach'tik 

unenajeb 

unenal 

unenaltik 

vach'tik 

ve'eb vakaxtik 

yaxaltik 

river edge 

second growth, "baby forests" (pines, tz'utuj te', k'oxox 

te') 

young low second growth 

second growth 

cf. unenajeb 

cf. unenajeb 

low second growth, undergrowth, "twigs" (k'ol-k'ox, 

k'an-'ich, chii jabnal) 

pasture land, "cow eating place" 

meadow, humid stretch of land, "green expanse" 

ach' balamil 

yav chob 

bojbalal 'osil 

chavit 

chik'balal 'osil 

chobtik 

chukul sjiloal 

chuman te'tik 

iximaltik 

xjam balamil 

jamal sjiloal 

jap chobtik 

sjiloal 

kolem balamil 

sk'al 

xlebet 

lep'el yav chobtik 

slikbenal 

mol k'ajben 

livilik 

nichimaltik 

nichimtik 

yolon chobtik 

te'elal 

te'lalcf. te'elal 

te'lal k'ajben 

st'ab 

tzeil osil 

tz'unbaltik 

tz'utujtik 

xekajtik 

WORKED LAND, CORNFIELD 

virgin land, "new land" 

unplanted cornfield, "cornfield's place" 

felled forest 

irrigated cornfield 

burnt land 

cornfield 

with rows too close together 

expanse of stumps 

cornfield 

become open (land in dry season), "open land" 

with rows too far apart 

space between rows 

distance between rows 

communal land, all land during dry season when animals 

may roam freely, "free land" 

space between holes or clumps in same row (com, beans) 

forming broad swatch (land being cleared, weeded or 

hoed) 

the cornfield makes an open space (in the woods), 

"stained by the cornfield" 

space between holes or clumps in same row (com, beans) 

field planted for five or more years, "old stubble" 

too wide apart (rows of com) 

large expanse of cultivated flowers 

expanse of cultivated flowers 

space under the growing com plants, 'underneath the 

cornfield" 

felled trees, cleared field (before or after burning) 

field that has been cleared the previous year 

forming broad swatch (land being cleared, weeded or 

hoed) 

fallow land, "unripe land" 

orchard 

com field with tassels 

too wide apart (rows) 
NUMBER 35 503 

sba osil 

kayejon 

-makel 

-nit 

-set 

yok osil 

tavlon 

PLOT 

top of plot 

fire lane 

stretch of land to be cleared or hoed simultaneously by 

row of workers 

patch of sloppy weeding 

large plot of land, cornfield 

foot of plot 

plot of land 100 x 25 armspans or 50 x 50 armspans, or 

land on which 1 liter of seed com can be planted 

bik'it ste'tikal 

chajal te'tik 

ch'ixtik 

ik'-kujan yolon 

jabnal osil 

mol osil 

mol te'tik 

montanya 

muk'tik ste'tikal 

petzantik xch'ixal 

pirn te'tik 

pimil yolon 

pimilaltik 

tojtik 

toyol osil 

tz'etobtik 

FOREST 

have small trees 

thin forest 

expanse of thorny trees (hawthorn, kevrajacha) 

heavy forest, "black underneath" 

heavy forest, "leaf forest" 

heavy forest, "old forest" 

heavy forest, "old forest" 

heavy forest, rain forest 

have large trees 

scattered thorn trees 

heavy forest 

heavy undergrowth, "thick underneath" 

heavy growth (forest or second growth) 

pine forest 

heavy forest, "tall forest" 

expanse of forest in area suitable for farming 

ik'-bujan 

ik'-butan 

ik'-juxan 

ik'-mit'an 

ik'-polan 

ik'-tanan 

k'an-bujan 

k'an-juxan 

sak-chapan 

sak-juxan 

sak-loman 

yax-ju'an 

yax-kilan 

yax-k'utan 

yax-t'aban 

yax-t'axan 

COLOR 

black (fire-burnt hill) 

black (fire-bumt hill) 

black (well-burnt field) 

black (ground) 

black (strips of burned land not uniformly burned) 

black (uniformly burned land) 

brown (eroded hill) 

brown (earth washed bare) 

cleared (weeded land) 

bare (land) 

white (expanse of flowering trees) 

green (meadow, forest) 

green (strip of land) 

intense green (fields) 

green (field) 

green (cleared piece of forest) 
504 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

LAND USE 

Pathside plants are like second growth, but grow higher because the trails are like water 

drains. 

Pine forest after burning only becomes pine forest. 

Flowers shouldn't be planted in old corn fields as they're unproductive. 

Houseowners may say to a person borrowing their house, "bal xavak' ak'a'alik," "it is a 

help that you leave your fertilizer," i.e., his rubbish, his excrement to enrich the land. 

Climate 

MOON 

Stages: 1. ch'abal jch'ul-me'tik, "no our holy mother" 

ta lum to jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is still on 

the ground" 

2. yunenal jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother's infancy" 

3. o'lol jch'ul-me'tik, "half our holy mother" 

4. xetxet to jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is still 

chipped" 

po'ot xa chnoj jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is 

about to fill" 

5. sset xa sba jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is round 

now" 

lek xa xp'ejet jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is 

good and round" 

6. ssutp'ij xa jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is 

returning now" 

xetxet xa jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is 

chipped now" 

ssut xa jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is returning 

now" 

7. o'lol jch'ul-me'tik, "half our holy mother" 

Stages 3-7 are considered sufficiently yij or full to permit planting, harvesting and 

wood-cutting. 

If the crescent or gibbous moon is pachal, "horizontal"—no rain. 

If the crescent or gibbous moon is tz'e'el, "vertical"—rain. When the moon is tz'e'el 

it looks to the ocean (nab sk'el). 

Hail is a punishment. 

Dew (yov osil) will cause a tool to rust or the blade to soften if left outside overnight 

(chmajvan) 

DRYNESS 

chk'ep stop raining, clear 

chlaj ta k'ak'al be damaged, "by drought, "die from the sun" 

chva'i k'ak'al have severe dry spell in rainy season, "the sun stands up" 
NUMBER 35 505 

sjis 

chlaj ta ach'el 

chlaj ta k'onom 

chlaj ta uch 

lek chak' vo' 

toj mas chak' ch'ul-vo' 

WETNESS 

strip (leaves, flowers, fruit) 

be too wet, "die from the mud" 

be killed by June bug grubs 

be killed by yellowing 

be rainy, "it gives rain properly" 

be too rainy, "it gives too much holy rain' 

sjis 

sk'as 

ska' 

chlaj ta ik' 

taki-"h' 

svuk'es 

WIND 

strip (leaves, flowers, fruit) 

break 

double over 

wind damage, "die from the wind" 

drying wind 

flatten 

xak' skak'alil 

ik'al taiv 

chlaj ta taiv 

jmilvanej 

xmuy ta te'etik 

FROST 

cause to wither, "it gives its heat" 

invisible killing frost, "black frost" 

be frostbitten, "die from the frost" 

killer 

to affect the trees (heavy frost), "it climbs up the trees" 

chik'-'osilik 

korixma 

k'ajojtik 

k'epelaltik 

ovoltik 

pak'-chobtik 

tz'un-chenek'tik 

vo'tik 

Season 

burning season (April) 

dry season 

harvesting season (November-February) 

dry season 

planting season (March-July) 

doubling season (8 September, Natividad-mid October) 

bean-planting (30 August, St. Rose-21 December, St. 

Matthew) 

rainy season 

akapulko 

alku' moch 

almasiko 

abono 

anob 

amero 

asaluna 

avolajebal 

avono 

bauobil 

Tools, etc. 

double-bladed machete 

basket with handle, "arch basket" 

seed bed 1 m square, handspan high of black earth with 

sheep manure, may be edged by rocks or occasionally 

logs 

fertilizer 

hewing or carving instrument (axe, chisel) 

leather or net com threshing sieve 1 m square, 40 cm deep 

hoe 

gourd net or shoulder bag for seed com and beans 

cf. abono 

whisk broom to clean foreign particles from com, gourd 

to skim off foreign matter from food, "skimmer" 
506 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

••••: •:<-S.'^ ; 

\ B 

FIGURE 23.—Tools: A, ax, ek'el; B, machete, machita; C, weed-clearing hook, karavato; D, billhook, luk. 

bantera 

bareta 

bareta tak'in 

bek'ob k'a'ep 

bote 

busanobil 

xchajobil 

chaka' asaluna 

chichinobil 

chijobil 

chikin te' 

chik'ob ak'al 

chik'ob met 

strip of cloth to scare marauding birds 

digging stick, length depends on height of user, used 2-3 

years 

crowbar for digging up rocks in cornfield 

branches used to sweep up rubbish, forked stick to rake 

up com stubble 

3-5 liter com measuring can 

mat or bag for piling com and beans on, "piler" 

closely knit net or metal strainer for winnowing com or 

beans 

weeding hoe 

stick for knocking down peaches, wire strainer for 

separating chaff from flailed com, gourd strainer or 

plastic mesh bag for com gruel, vokol ich 

stick for knocking down peaches 

stake with branches (used to set or hang pots on), "ear 

tree" 

wood for making charcoal, "charcoal burner" 

wood for roasting maguey, "maguey burner" 
NUMBER 35 507 

FIGURE 24.—Tools: A, planting stick, bareta; B, rake, moch te'; C, pick, piko. 

chik'ob tan 

chik'ob volol 

ch'ulob te' 

ek'el 

esteron 47 

gramoksone 

j at obal 

jik'aobil 

jimich' 

jimich' te' 

jit'ob 

joch'ob 

jok'anob ve'lil 

jorkata 

sju'obil 

juch'ob 

kalax 

karavato 

wood for burning lime, "lime burner" 

pine bark for firing clay whistles, "whistle burner" 

instrument for planing or smoothing (ax, machete) 

ax 

broad leaf herbicide brand 

broad leaf herbicide brand 

deer bone or wire com shucker 

closely knit net or metal strainer for winnowing com or 

beans, "winnower" 

sling made of woven grass for throwing stones 

throwing stick (for knocking down mangoes, avocados, 

wasp nests) 

vine or twilled grass for house, fence, etc., "lashing" 

piece of metal used to scrape up weeds, "scraper" 

tripod for cooking in fields, "food hanger" 

forked pole used to lower fruit-laden branch 

bowl in which herbs are crushed, stick or bowl used to 

crush dried chili, "crusher" 

mill (for removing com husk, for com, for sugarcane) 

card (for wool) 

forked stick used when clearing weeds with machete, or 

for picking fruit 
508 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FIGURE 25.—Tools: A, weeding hoe, chaka' asaluna; B, cultivating hoe, asaluna. 

karavato te' 

kayejon 

koyin 

kriva 

k'ajavebal 

k'atal te' 

k'ebob 

k'etanobil 

sk'okobil 

k'ox machita 

sla'obil 

lavux te' 

cf. karavato 

2-3 armspans wide fire lane 

long, single-bladed machete, "Collins" 

screen for winnowing com and beans 

net or plastic bag for holding ears of com, com shucker, 

"harvester" 

horizontal rail of corral or fence, pole of bottom of bed or 

of com bin 

bin or bag that com is poured into, mat that com is poured 

onto, "pourer" 

mat or bag on which com or beans are piled, "piler" 

forked stick for picking peaches, pole with wire bag at 

end for picking pears, "picker" 

short single-bladed machete, "small machete" 

fork of tree used to secure object for bending or 

straightening, "bender" 

stakes used in brush fence or in fence against which dirt 
NUMBER 35 

509 

FIGURE 26.—Sling, jimich'. 

:^r:y^. ^x^jrx 

FIGURE 27.—Mouse trap, petz'. 
510 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FIGURE 28.—Dove trap, syakobil. 

lebal nuti' 

lechanobil 

likbil moch 

lfkido 

livra 

lona 

luk 

ma'ltaob 

mach-te' 

machita 

majob 

majob chenek' 

mak mok 

makob sat ixim 

mankera 

is piled to reduce erosion, wooden peg for shingleroofed house, "nail tree" 

wide-meshed net in which com is flailed 

bowl for beans, etc. 

basket with handle 

herbicide 

scales; 3 gourds on string for measuring butchered meat 

when bought by many for All Souls' Day 

canvas sheet 

billhook 

watering can, "waterer" 

rake (for com stubble, weeds, underbrush) 

machete 

flail, threshing net, "beater" 

bean flail (1 armspan long) 

branches used to make fence impassible, "fence shield" 

plastic sheet or blanket hung around threshing sieve, 

"com kernel cover" 

water hose 
NUMBER 35 511 

FIGURE 29.—Water gourd, tzu. 

mastiko 

max-te' 

me' yakil vo' 

mes semet 

seed bed 

cf. mach-te' 

starter for chicha (roasted dry com on the cob or charred 

piece of sugarcane), "mother of entangling water" 

griddle broom 
512 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

A B 

FIGURE 30.—Gourds: A, soul-recalling gourd, ik'ob bail tzu; B, rattle gourd, tzu skventa sot. 

FIGURE 31.—Ceremonial rattle, sot. 
NUMBER 35 

513 

FIGURE 32.—Tobacco gourd, tzual moy (stot). 

FIGURE 33.—Tortilla gourd, k'ox jay. 

mesob jol bakal 

mixobil 

moraleta 

mulino 

nail chobtik 

broom used to sweep bits of corncob off com that has 

fallen through sieve during flailing, "sweeper of 

corncob heads" 

gourd or cup from which dregs are removed from posol 

and formerly from com gruel or in which posol 

and com gruel are mixed, "mixer" 

plastic net handbag 

com grinder, gasoline-driven com grinder 

sleeping hut near cornfield, "cornfield house" 
514 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FIGURE 34.—Basket, moch. 
NUMBER 35 515 

naylo 

net'ob vaj 

sni'obil 

yoyal arnero 

pak'anob 

parto 

pasob kanal 

pasob sibak 

patob vaj 

pertilisarite 

petz' 

pitzob ton 

polvo 

potob nichim 

poxil 

pulatu 

pulob ul 

pulob vo' 

pulobil 

spuntal chobtik 

p'ilom te' 

p'isob 

sp'uyobil 

senya yosil 

sinta 

ssuk 

tanke 

tasa 

tasob 

te' kaxlan 

te'el alampre 

ste'el chenek' 

te'el chenek'ul vaj 

ste'el chobtik 

plastic sheeting 

tortilla press 

forked pole used to pull down branches to reach fruit 

each of 4 threshing platform posts, 1

l/2 m shoul

d not be 

too high lest all the chaff and corn's soul be lost. 

banana leaf on which tortilla is patted 

straw mat (folded and sewn to make bag for storing com 

or beans) 

hoe, "profit maker" 

half gourd used for making gunpowder, "gunpowder 

maker" 

cloth on which bean tamales are prepared, "tortilla mold" 

fertilizer to trap a rat

, a rock a handspan and a half in length, and 

a handspan and four fingers in width is rubbed on the 

ground to smooth it. A stake is planted at one end of 

the rock. False mallow bark is tied to the top of the 

stake and to a bunch of weeds at the far end of the 

rock. Com kernels that have been roasted to add 

fragrance are tied to the bark. The rock is rested on the 

bark, and, if necessary, a second rock is placed on top 

of it. More com and com kernels are blown under the 

rock. When the rat cuts the bark, the rocks fall on top 

of it. 

crowbar, "rock digger" 

insecticide, fungicide 

circle of stakes for supporting cultivated flowers 

fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, "medicine" 

clay soup bowl, bowl for displaying produce 

gourd for dishing out com gruel, "com gruel scooper" 

old gourd used by women washing at stream, "water 

scooper" 

oak leaf used to scoop up water to drink, "scooper" 

stick to prop up fallen com plant 

snare (for rabbits, dogs, doves or quails) (dogwood). The 

snare many hang in the air so as to catch the animal 

around the neck and strangle it, or be laid on the 

ground to catch the animal live by the feet 

measure for com or beans 

stick or bowl used to crush dried chili, "crusher" 

mark on trees to show boundaries of plot to be cleared 

double-bladed machete 

stopper (traditionally made of com husk), branches to 

plug hole in fence 

water tank 

enamel bowl for washing hands, for pozol 

spoon used to lift food out of boiling water so that it can 

be picked up in the hand 

chicken roost 

barbed wire fence post 

bean pole (batz'i te', dogwood) 

pieces of wood placed in pot to separate layer of tamales 

stick to prop up fallen com plants 
516 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

te'el ch'ojon tak'in 

te'el pisil vaj 

te'el pixalal 

tek'obal 

sternal te' 

ti' be 

tileb k'ok' 

transkwat 

tul 

t'ujob 

tzalobil 

tzobob chenek' 

tzobob k'ajben 

tzobob tzo' ka' 

tzual moy 

tzual vo' 

tz'abuobil 

tz'ajob 

stz'ajobil 

tz'etob te' 

yual te' 

uch'obil 

va'anob 

vajob 

vakax te' 

vara 

vok'ob osil 

vol ak'al 

volob 

vompa 

vutz'ob 

vux ton 

xach'ob 

xxijobil 

xik' 

xik'-te'ob 

xonjolil te' 

xotob 

xulob 

telephone post 

pieces of wood placed in pot to separate layer of tamales 

palm woven into hat for reinforcement 

ladder 

arbor, 1 m high, covered with leafy branches for the rainy 

season so earth does not wash away from seed bed. 

Also used for chayotes, watermelon squash, and 

popapples "tree bed", 

gate, "path door" 

kindling, "fire burner" 

narrow leaf herbicide brand 

stirring rod, 2 handspans longer than depth of pot 

basket in which cobs are kept after being flailed to be 

checked to see whether they have any kernels still 

attached, "chooser" 

hoe for leveling ground, ax for dressing log, "leveler" 

cup or basket for holding beans when harvested, "bean 

collector" 

rake, "com stubble collector" 

basket for holding horse manure, "horse manure collector" 

tobacco gourd 

water gourd 

gourd for skimming up clean water or tasting com gruel 

com starch for breaking in pot 

pot used to soak vines prior to use as lashing, "soaker" 

ax, "cutter" 

stick fastened to dog's neck to prevent it from chewing 

the rope which ties it to a tree and keeps it from 

marauding the cornfield 

oak leaf used to scoop up water to drink 

place against which firewood is leaned, prop for 

fruit-laden branch, "leaner" 

old pot or box used as seedbed and kept under the roof 

overhang (for mint, carnation, yellow chili), raised 

plot of ground used as seedbed, palm frond used to 

spread steam in steambath), "sow" 

tripod for cooking in fields, "cow tree" 

stick used to level com in kvarcha te4, kvarto almul 

large-bladed hoe for preparing soil for planting 

charcoal wrapper (oak leaves) 

wrapper, (mexican coyote brush, tzelo-pat, wax myrtle, 

ajval te' branches to wrap flowers) 

weed sprayer 

rope, forked stick or rock used to bend down 

whetstone 

tree or post to which rope or wire is tied while being 

stretched or straightened, "stretcher" 

flail used to tamp down com in bag 

prop for house or for heavily laden branch 

cf. xik' 

wooden pillow long enough for two, formerly used 

forked stick on which vine is rolled, "roller" 

thorn (hawthorn, kevrajacha) used to extract snail from 

shell 
NUMBER 35 517 

yakob mut 

syakol 

syakobil 

yat 

yavlito 

trap (to catch doves alive) 

trap (to capture doves alive) 

cage the size of a large almud measure is made of com 

stubble and propped up with a stick or held up by a 

string, when white-winged dove touches stick or 

string the cage falls. The dove is killed or raised. 

stick or string of bird trap, "its penis" 

hand truck (for transporting firewood, etc.), "little devil" 

sboj 

boj-'osil 

xkankon 

snul 

ssesulan 

xt'ajluj 

xt'ajt'on 

tz'etob 

xxaxulan 

Agricultural Activities 

CHOP 

chop 

chopping 

ringing in the distance (ax) 

chew (with dull ax that does not bite), "gnaw' 

chew (with blunt ax) 

resounding suddenly (ax striking hard wood) 

resounding suddenly (ax striking hard wood) 

chopping 

chew (with blunt ax) 

xlom ta ek'el 

xlom ta luk 

slomes 

stijbe yalel 

FELL 

fell with ax 

fell with billhook 

fell 

fell 

spaklu 

spuxli 

FELL FOR FENCE 

(by cutting trunk only partially), "fold" 

(by cutting trunk only partially), "fold" 

xchajchon 

sjaxlu 

sjis 

skech 

skup 

sk'as 

sk'asbe sni' 

smatz'ulan 

smiltzanbe snuk' 

mu xak' skamul 

pasbil ta kapon 

sp'asulan 

ssep'ulan 

ssoka 

CUT, BREAK, TEAR 

swishing (billhook, machete) 

cut at an angle (slip) 

strip off (fruit, flowers, leaves, pine needles), tear in strips 

(palm) 

slice off (with hoe or knife), taper (log) 

saw 

break (cornstalk, banana), tear (palm strip) 

break tips by mistake (watermelon squash, beans) 

stick (ax) 

cut all the way around trunk, "constrict its neck" 

difficult to chop, "it doesn't give chips" 

cut back (watermelon squash and chayote first sprouts), 

"castrated" 

cut into short pieces (felled branches) 

cut into many pieces (felled branches) 

cut down undergrowth (with billhook or machete before 

felling large trees) 
518 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

stzeptzon 

stzuktzon 

svel 

vel -k'ajben 

vel-vach' 

hacking (ax cutting grass, or machete) 

pliable (soft wood being cut; x'ukun) 

cut (weeds, underbrush) 

cutting of com stubble 

cutting of underbrush 

xch'ul 

sk'aba 

svel 

LOP OFF BRANCHES 

cut off cleanly 

cut off leaving spikes 

cut off, leaving tree standing 

sk'al 

slok'be xch'ut 

spoch lok'el 

stotz 

st'ol 

FLAKE OFF, CHOP OUT 

peel off (lead tree pod, bark), cut (pine shingle) 

(pine chips from standing tree) 

(pine chips from standing tree, bark) 

flake off 

(section from pine tree), peel off (bark) 

sp as 

ssep' 

stuch' 

CUT IN LENGTH 

short lengths (tree, sugarcane) 

(small tree cut with a machete) 

(medium to large trunk) 

sjav 

sli' tajavel 

ssil 

st'ox 

SPLIT 

(wood) 

split apart (wood) 

split in wide strips (palm strips for tying branches or 

flowers), splinter (pine) 

split 

xak' yelav 

aven 

xch'amun yolon xchob 

xch'ol 

'ech'el 

-koj 

-k'ex 

-lorn 

-moj 

smuk 

smukilan 

ovol 

spetzan 

ssalbe ovol 

PLANT 

when land is flat enough to permit planting, "give face" 

replanting of com, cabbage, kale, carnation, feverfew 

(volita), one week after initial planting 

plant one's bush beans in another's lowland cornfield, 

"borrow underneath his cornfield" 

(beans) 

(1-2) plantings 

(1-2) plantings 

(1-2) plantings 

(1-2) plantings 

(1-2) plantings 

(potato, pit), "bury" 

plant slips (apple, elderberry, sakil k'os), "keep burying" 

com planting 

replant (com; if too many shoots in clump one is pulled 

up and replanted when xkunlajet) 

finish com planting hurriedly 
NUMBER 35 519 

ssom ta avel 

stani 

stek'an 

stz'apbe ovol 

stz'un 

-tz'unel 

svaj 

xxijbe ovol 

xxojbe ovol 

plant without weeding or clearing com stubble (com, 

beans), "bury" 

plant carelessly (com, beans), "scatter" 

cf. spetzan 

plant, "pierce with com" 

plant 

planting (com, flowers, peaches) 

sow (coriander, chili, flowers, cabbage, field mustard 

seeds) 

plant, "ram in seed com" 

plant, "insert seed com" 

TRANSPLANT 

xch'ak 

sk'extabe yav 

stzopan 

transplant 

transplant 

transplant 

PLANE 

xch'ul 

spas ta parejo 

xan 

remove bark and branches, 

plane, "make even" 

hew 

"smootheri 

BREAK GROUND AND WEED 

xakinaj 

sbal 

xch'oj 

xjoch'jon 

sjos 

josiav chenek' 

sjoy-sati 

sjur ta majel 

skomtzan taak'in 

skul ta majel 

sk'al 

slech 

slilin 

lilinbil 

-lorn 

smel-vok' 

melbil 

xpak'pon 

spas ta parejo 

pechajtik 

pol-sat 

potbil ta o'lol 

spuch' ta majel 

weed 

make tubular pile of weeds 

dig each hole only (for calla lilies) 

clanking (hoe on rock) 

weed before planting beans 

weeding before planting beans, "bean scraping" 

weed around each plant (leaving the rest unweeded) 

hack at sloppily (weeding with hoe, machete or billhook) 

leave undisturbed at weeding (tontikil ch'aben, batz'i 

ch'aben, amaranth, bean, watermelon squash, pumpkin squash, gourd, field mustard, kale, chikin chij, 

mikulax itaj, marigold) 

hack at sloppily (weeding with hoe, machete or billhook) 

weed alternate rows (lazy person) 

hoe up without shaking out dirt 

hoe, shaking out dirt 

weeds shaken out of dirt 

(1-3) weedings 

hoe (leaving no rows unfilled), "break evenly" 

hoed (leaving no rows unfilled), "break evenly" 

hoeing ineffectually when ground is very wet, "patting" 

level, "make even" 

left lying on ground without being shaken out (weeds) 

have just the row hoed, "lined face" 

well piled in middle, between rows (weeds) 

hack at sloppily (weeds or grass with hoe, machete or 

billhook) 
520 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

sputz pon 

ssalbe ak'in 

ssujilanbe sk'ak'al 

tanultik 

xtek'van 

stotz 

st'ab balamil 

st'ust'on 

stzeptzon 

svalk'un 

svok' osil 

yech istek'an xchob 

hoeing ineffectually when ground is very wet, "patting" 

finish weeding hurriedly 

cut weeds quickly so they will dry out, "speed its heat" 

scattered (weeds) 

have weeds grow too high to be cut, "step on person" 

dig up (weeds without knocking out dirt) 

rake even (seed bed or field for radishes, cabbage, kale, 

flowers) 

hoeing 

hoeing 

turn over (weeds without knocking out dirt) 

"break ground" 

fail to weed cornfield, "he just stood up his cornfield" 

DOUBLE 

sbek' 

xcha'-jok'an 

xchik' 

ska' 

sk'ej 

spak 

spux 

ssalbe ka'el 

ssalbe pakel 

ssalbe puxel 

brush together and insert (leaves of com plant being 

doubled) 

hang up again (cornstalk that has snapped when doubled) 

insert (leaves of com plant being doubled) 

double over (stalks, com) 

push aside (leaves of com plant being doubled) 

cf. ska' 

cf. ska' 

finish doubling hurriedly 

finish doubling hurriedly 

finish doubling hurriedly 

SPREAD OUT 

sk'i 

syi' 

spread flat (beans, com, chili, coffee beans, squash or 

gourd seeds) 

spread flat (beans, com, chili, coffee beans, squash or 

gourd seeds) 

cf. sji' 

CROOKED 

sjam sba sjol 

xluktzaj 

xmechtzaj 

sne' sba sjol 

snup sba sjol 

sse'ub 

ssokilan 'abtel 

xxekp'uj 

xxotk'ij 

syub sba sjol 

go apart (end of rows during planting), "its head is 

opening" 

go crooked (planting, hoeing) 

go crooked (end of row during planting) 

go apart (end of rows during planting), "its head is 

crooked" 

go together (end of rows when planting), 

"its head meets" 

go very crooked (planting, hoeing) 

hoe or plant very crooked rows, "keep wrecking work" 

diverge (rows of com) 

go slightly crooked (row) 

go together (end of rows when planting), "its head closes 

up" 
NUMBER 35 521 

xkajtzaj 

xti'ilaj 

COMPLETE Row 

reach end of row 

"go to the edge" 

spej lok'el 

spetz lok'el 

spitz 

-pitzel 

sp'ichulan 

DIG UP 

dislodge (stump, com stubble, stone, tethering post with 

hoe or ax head) 

(tree, plant) 

(tree, plant) 

(to transplant) 

dig up (grubs eating com roots) 

sjotz' ovol 

sjotz' k'ajben 

sp'ichu 

stok' 

SCRATCH UP, PULL UP 

scratch up com (birds, raccoon) 

pull up com stubble 

pluck out (seed com, young com) (birds) 

pull out by the roots (radish, field mustard, young com, 

bush bean plants) 

sbul 

cha'-tuch'el 

chan-tuch'el 

j-tuch'el 

sjech 

sjek 

sjotzanjotzan 

sjok' 

sjos 

sk'aj xchob 

sk'as 

sk'asbe sni' 

sk'ok 

xk'uxk'ulaj 

slilin 

slok' jobel 

slok' trigo 

smeltzan yixim 

ox-tuch'el 

-poj 

xp'ajesvan 

ssalbe k'ajel 

sset 

xtitetite 

HARVEST, PICK 

(kidney beans, bush beans, coriander, calla lily, baby's 

breath, radish, shallot, field mustard, cotton), "pull 

out" 

two pickings (gladiolus, feverfew /volita/) 

four pickings (lily) 

one picking (baby's breath) 

(yolon yi, com ear), "rip off 

(young unen mu), "rip off 

pull up one after another (bean plants) 

(potatoes, chayote root, soaproot), "dig up" 

(kale, cabbage) 

(com, com on the cob) 

(coriander, mexican tea, ch'aben, carnation, lily, feverfew (volita), squash flowers and tips when stolen), 

"break" 

(wild nightshade) 

cut (flowers), pull off (fruit, cabbage leaf) 

glean (com, beans, coffee, gourds, pumpkin squash, 

watermelon squash) 

shake down (peaches, beans) 

cut thatch 

reap wheat 

harvest one's com, "make one's com" 

three pickings (lily) 

picking (flowers) 

drop (fruit for person standing beneath tree) 

finish harvesting com hurriedly 

cut off level with ground (pineapple, chayote or 

watermelon squash tips, maguey, cabbage) 

walking about picking (large ears of com) 
522 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

stok' 

stuch' 

stuch' ta kuchilu 

stul 

pick (cotton) 

(flowers, pole beans, faba beans, mint, piper, coriander, 

cotton, mexican tea, squash flowers and tips, ch'aben, 

chayote, chili, tomatoes, squashes, gourds, peaches, 

beans, greens) 

cut with a knife (gladiolus) 

pick (fruit, nut) 

slok' ssi' 

ssa' 

stzob 

GATHER 

firewood (religious official) 

gather (firewood, pine needles, greens, fruit or flowers, 

plants, pine boughs for curing ceremony or religous 

decoration) 

gather (fruits fallen to ground, many tomatoes, squashes, 

scarlet runner beans, gourds, or potatoes and chayote 

roots that have been dug up, firewood) 

sbul 

sjech 

sjek 

skay 

slatz' 

spul 

ssoles 

ssoy-pati 

stok' 

STEAL 

pull up (cabbage) 

rip off (ear of com, flowers, kale, cabbage, beans, fruit) 

rip off (ear of com, flowers, kale, cabbage, beans, fruit) 

filch (com, beans from bag), pull off a few (ears of com, 

beans) 

stick in between (stolen com ears hidden in bundles of 

firewood) 

filch (com, beans from bag) 

remove (ear of com from husk leaving husk almost 

intact), "drop" 

cf. ssoles 

pull out of the ground (potatoes) 

xchuk'ilan ta majel 

svej ta majel 

svit ta majel 

xxul ta te' 

STRIKE FRUIT 

keep knocking on ground or rock (child with apple, adult 

with watermelon squash or pumpkin squash) 

strike hanging pair of fruit or many fruits 

strike hanging fruit 

poke upwards with a stick (fruit on branch, chayote, 

young watermelon squash so it will fall) 

xcham ta majel 

xchamcham ta majel 

chamem 

xchep ta majel ta anil 

xch'ej ta majel ta anil 

xch'oti 

x'ixin 

sk'ut 

smaj 

SHUCK, FLAIL, SHELL 

shell easily (com being flailed), "it dies from a beating" 

shell with difficulty (com being flailed), "it barely dies 

from a beating" 

well-flailed 

flail quickly (a few ears of com or beans in a net or bag) 

flail quickly (a few ears of com or beans in a net or bag) 

shell (fresh com with one's fingers) 

shell (picking out kernels with one's fingers) 

shell by turning the ear with both hands 

flail 
NUMBER 35 523 

snib 

spoch lok'el 

sputz' ta majel 

sp'itesanbe ssat 

st'ab 

st'ech ta majel ta anil 

st'ex ta majel 

st'us ta majel 

wet and smooth (ground on which flailed com is to fall) 

shuck 

flail with difficulty (beans, com) 

make a lot jump (com or beans being flailed) 

wet and smooth (ground on which flailed com is to fall) 

cf. xchep ta majel ta anil 

cf. xchep ta majel ta anil 

flail (com, horse, cow or sheep manure) 

WINNOW 

xchaj 

xji'jon 

sjik'a 

svel 

winnow to remove dirt by shaking in net (leftover com, 

beans of poor quality) 

lying unwinnowed (com, beans) 

winnow by shaking in basket, shovel or screen (com, 

beans) 

fan (chaff) 

WATERING 

ma'ltaej-'itaj 

ma'ltaej-nichim 

stik'be ya'lel 

watering of cabbage 

watering of flowers 

irrigate, "put its water in" 

SOAK 

ssit'es 

st'ub 

(seed com, beans) 

(yam in dye, barrel, leather in water) 

sjit' 

sset 

xxot 

COIL, ROLL 

lash with vines (house and walls, corral, fence) 

(woven palm strip) 

(vine) 

PALM WEAVING 

sjal 

jich'il 

sjitz'jon 

skitz'be 

skitz'kon 

sp'ichbe 

xp'ichp'on 

ssol 

xtilet 

yij 

weave 

thin (14 armspans) 

squeaking (when being pulled) 

make squeak 

squeaking (when being pulled) 

flick 

flicking 

come unrolled (woven palm) 

come unrolled (woven palm) 

thick (woven palm strip sewn so that much is hidden; 

11-12 armspans) 

xch'etetet 

sjop 

CARRY 

carry on back with net or with one arm bent over shoulder 

supporting load (thatch, com stubble, twigs) 

carry armfuls (weeds, bush bean plants, stubble) 
524 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

skuch 

sk'ech 

slatz' 

spet 

spoy ech'el 

stin ta kuchel 

carry with tumpline (firewood) 

carry crosswise in arms (weeds) or with one arm flexed 

carry under one arm (short sticks interspersed with long 

ones) 

carry in both arms (bag) 

carry off on shoulder (tree) 

carry on back with net or with one arm bent over shoulder 

supporting load (thatch, com stubble, twigs) 

xch'ol 

skokon 

sk'eb 

POUR 

pour into bag, basket, storage pot or bin, on mat (com, 

beans) 

empty onto or into (com, ears of com, fruit, beans) 

pour widely into bag, bin, basket, on mat (grain, fruit) 

sk'et 

slup 

spul 

SCOOP UP 

scoop up in hand 

(com, beans with gourd, basket, spoon or shovel) cf. spul 

(com, beans) (often to exchange secretly for cane liquor, 

etc.) 

TIE 

xchep 

-chep 

xchuk 

-chuk 

spech' 

stz'al 

-tz'al 

tie in bundle (firewood, pine tips), tie (bag of com) 

bundle, bag 

tie in bunches (flowers, thatch, pine boughs, stubble) 

bunch 

tie in large bundle (thatch, flowers, firewood), tie (bag of 

com) 

tie in bundle (heavy firewood, flowers) 

bundle 

slatz 

slotz 

STACK 

(boards, ears of com in pot or bag, firewood) 

(boards) 

sjop 

-jop 

sk'et 

-k'et 

smich' 

-mich' 

syom 

-yom 

HANDFUL 

hold cupped in both hands 

handful (2 hands) 

hold (handful), cup in hand 

(tobacco, beans, com) 

hold in two hands that meet or in fist 

(greens, flowers, sticks, lead tree pods, thatch, stubble, 

pine kindling) 

hold in both hands, but that don't meet (flowers, weeds, 

pine tips, stubble, thatch) 

bunch, bouquet 
NUMBER 35 525 

-bus 

sbusan 

-kun 

skunan 

xkuni 

-k'ech 

sk'echan 

-k'et 

sk'etan 

-pot 

spot 

spotan 

stokan 

-tus 

stusan 

-tzop 

stzopan 

tzopol 

syoman 

yomol 

SMALL PILE, NEAT PILE 

pile 

pile (com, beans, pine needles) 

pile 

pile (com, beans, pine needles) 

be piled (com, beans) 

neat pile 

set down in neat pile (firewood, flowers) 

(com, beans) 

set down in neat pile (gourdful of com, beans) 

pile 

gather together in pile (wood, stubble, pine needles) 

pile up (ears of com, firewood, beans) 

set down pile (firewood, com, fruit) 

(twigs, stubble) 

set in neat pile (firewood, flowers) 

(com) 

set down in pile 

in a small pile (com) 

set down in neat pile (flowers, weeds, pine tips, stubble, 

thatch) 

in small pile (stubble) 

spak'tzan yalel 

steman 

stzelan 

tzelel 

xvak'luj 

svatzan 

svotzan 

syeman 

LARGE PILE, MESSY PILE 

stamp down (pile of com stubble) 

make large messy pile of (com stubble, weeds) 

make large messy pile of (com stubble, weeds) 

large pile (stubble) 

clattering suddenly (wood being piled up) 

set down large pile (com stubble, twigs) 

set down large pile (stubble, leaves, pine needles) 

set down large messy pile (firewood, com, fruit) 

slok'es 

smanulan sba 

xnopvan 

snupin 

spas kanal 

SUITABILITY, PROFIT 

make produce well (com, beans, chili, cabbage, radish, 

flowers) 

keep being lucrative (com, beans, flowers) 

grow well under one's care (plants) 

be suitable (land for crop), "fit" 

render good harvest (any crop; lowland com and kidney 

bean), "make a profit" 

MOVING CONCEALED 

ssomson 

ssukson 

(in weeds or underbrush) 

(in weeds or underbrush) 

sluchan sba 

CLIMB 

perch, sit in tree 
526 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

xnochlajet 

xt'ochlaj 

st'okan sba 

shinnying up (children in tree) 

scrambling up (children in tree) 

cling to tree top 

stakijes 

stakijes ta k'ak'al 

stakijes ta k'ok' 

DRY 

dry (wood, com, beans) 

dry in the sun (com, beans, chili, pumpkin squash seeds, 

gladiolus bulbs) 

dry by the fire (wood) 

xchik' osil 

snop' k'ok' 

xjatav 

xk'ak' 

kayejon k'ok' 

BURN 

bum forest 

light the fire 

run away 

bum 

fire lane fire 

balajtik si' 

t'oxbil si' 

vach' 

FIREWOOD 

small sticks 

split wood 

faggots 

jilo 

sjoy ta te' 

sjoyin ta ton 

skay lok'el 

sk'a'es 

sk'ej 

sk'ex 

sle' 

slilin 

slok'es li bik'ite 

sluch 

slumta 

slumtabe yok 

snet' 

snet' ta lum 

snitulan 

x'olin 

spas xchob 

spimubtas 

spoxta 

sset' 

ssomi 

OTHER 

row (com, beans, chili, coffee, sugarcane, flowers) 

corral (cabbage, lettuce, swiss chard), surround with 

stakes (coriander, mexican tea) 

surround with rocks (chuchu') 

thin (com, radishes, carrots) 

fertilize (sheep), cure (leather) 

store in small quantity (com, beans, chili) 

borrow (com, chili formerly, lowland beans, to be 

replaced later) 

pry open (com husk to see if ripe) 

shake down (leaves), shake out (bag) 

thin (radishes), "take out the little ones" 

prick out thorn with needle 

hill (potatoes, cabbage, kale, highland com by Chamulas 

and San Feliperos, carnation) 

hill (gladiolus, feverfew /volita/) 

push (avocado skin to see if ripe) 

push to the ground (felled trees, branches) 

tug (vine) 

camp by cornfield 

work in cornfield (clear, plant, weed, double, harvest) 

make thick or impenetrable (fence) 

cure (piss on chili plants), apply herbicide 

stick fingernail into (pumpkin squash, summer squash, 

watermelon squash to test ripeness) 

bury (mangoes or mamey sapotes in pine needles and set 

in sun to ripen) 
NUMBER 35 527 

ssomta 

surko 

xtanij 

stiman 

stz'ak 

sva'an 

svaltzan 

sves 

svom 

xxij 

xxuj 

cf. ssomi 

row (com, beans, chili, coffee, sugarcane, flowers) 

spill (beans, potatoes, nixtamal) 

tie (loom to post), tether 

graft (peach trees) 

stand up (log) 

cause to splay (butt or stick) 

sweep up (logs in current), rake (weeds), toss off field 

(weeds, trees) 

perforate (wood) 

stamp down (com in bag) 

push (leaning tree) 

Grafting 

Hoeing 

Ripening 

Agricultural Techniques 

The slip to be grafted should not have leafed, the tree to 

be grafted onto should not yet be in flower. The graft 

is made 2 handspans from the ground. The tree is cut 

evenly across and a slice made down through the 

center. The slip is cut leaving just a thin section V2 

inch long that is inserted at the edge of the trunk. The 

slip is 4 buds long. The top is cut at an angle. All cut 

areas are covered with beeswax and the trunk wrapped 

with a cloth "turban." 

flowers, cabbage, field mustard, coriander, radishes after 

All Soul's Day. 

Mangoes, mamey sapotes, bananas, avocados and chinin 

are placed in a hole lined with banana leaves, and the 

fruit then covered with leaves. This is done by a ladino 

owner. If fruit are brought to the highlands they are 

spat upon to ripen and placed in a bag or basket, 

covered with pine needles and set on the tile roof so 

the smoke will speed the process. 

Work and Attitudes towards Corn 

sba abtel 

xchak abtel 

te to xchik'inaj bek' at un 

bia! 

ich'ay-k'obij li j'ovole ep ibat 

yu'un sat ixim 

mu xich' ta k'ux yixim naka 

xchonel 

nom xkilet 

xkiltekflte 

mu xa sk'uxubinik, yech 

te xji'jon 

lek ve'bajel mi xana' xa'abtej 

kere! 

makbil 

the top of the field, "the work's top" 

the bottom of the field, where work begins "the work's 

bottom" 

"then the balls will certainly sweat!" (said to com farmers 

going to the lowlands to work) 

"the planter lost his touch, he let many kernels fall" 

"he doesn't care about his com, he sells it right off 

falling far behind 

work here and there haphazardly (planting, weeding, 

harvesting) 

"they don't care for (their com or beans) it just lies 

scattered" 

"there is good food if you know how to work, son!" 

(where the ground is fertile) 

harvested not by rows, "closed" 
528 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

smeltzan chob prepare the com field 

snit lead 

o'lol k'obol boy who can only do half a man's share of work, "half a 

hand" 

laj spulanan lok'el yixim "he finished scooping out all his com" (he spent 

everything on cane liquor) 

isp'is sba ta vinik ismeltzan ep "he thought he was a man, he planted a lot of com, but he 

xchob pero muk' xlok' yu'un couldn't weed it all" 

ta sk'in 

ssuj sba "hurry 

mu sta li k'obole not keep up with, "not reach the hand" 

mu stabe sk'ob not keep up with, "not reach his hand" 

xtitetate work here and there haphazardly (planting, weeding, 

harvesting) 

stzak yabtel begin work, "grab one's work" 

Plant Pests and Diseases 

SCRATCHERS AND EATERS 

Com 

paca 

coati 

raccoon 

collared peccary 

white-lipped peccary 

deppe's squirrel 

boat-tailed grackle 

unicolored jay 

steller's jay 

green jay 

red-shafted flicker 

magpie jay 

orange-fronted parakeet 

red-eyed towhee 

yellow-throated brush finch 

black robin 

common bobwhite 

armyworm (xuvit) 

com earworm (tusino) 

com rootworm (xk'unuk') 

june bug grub 

leafcutter ant 

locust 

Chili 

Beans 

Tomato 

Pumpkin squash 

Chayote 

Banana 

Popapple 

young com 

ripe com 

young com, ripe com (near streams) 

young com, ripe com (near streams) 

" (most destructive) 

ripe com 

young com (most destructive) 

young com 

young com, seed com 

young com 

young com 

com ears 

young com 

young com 

iguana, (skin of fruit) green jay, oriole, boat-tailed 

grackle, deer (leaves), leafcutter ants (leaves and fruit) 

deer (leaves) (especially kantela chenek'), bean beetle 

(leaves) (especially kantela chenek') 

leafcutter ants (fruit) 

deer (leaves) 

gopher (root) 

gopher (root) 

gopher (root) 
NUMBER 35 529 

Corral and Yard 

JTEK LUM 

Corral (yut koral, yut itajtik) 

Vines: 

watermelon squash 

Plants: 

cabbage 

carnation 

coriander 

field mustard 

garlic 

geranium 

goosefoot 

mint 

mustard 

onion 

radish 

Yard (yut mok) 

Vines: 

black pole bean (yut mokal chenek') 

blackberry (ik'al makom) 

chayote 

raspberry 

scarlet runner bean 

summer squash 

watermelon squash 

Trees: 

apple 

cherry 

hawthorn 

maguey 

peach (luranko, batz'i turasnu, 

sakil prixku', tzajal prixku') 

plum (tzajal and sakil sirvela) 

pokeberry 

prickly pear 

white sapote 

Plants: 

amaranth 

black mustard 

cabbage 

coriander 

com 

curly kale 

faba bean 

field mustard (kaxlan and ch'ix napux) 

husk tomato 

mexican tea 

marsh marigold 

mint 

onion 

potato 

radish 

swiss chard 

wild nightshade 

wild onion 

ELAN VO' 

Plants: 

coriander 

field mustard 

ground cherry 

mint 

wild nightshade 

JOK' CH'ENOM 

Vines: 

watermelon squash 

Plants: 

cabbage 

coriander 

field mustard 

NABEN CHAUK 

Corral 

Plants: 

amaranth 

cabbage 

chamomile 

fennel 

field mustard (ch'ix and ch'ulul) 

goosefoot 

kale (kulix itaj, sakil and tzajal 

kuruch' itaj) 

lemon grass 

marigold 

mint (batz'i alavena) 

radish (rabano, natikil rabano) 

rue 

tobacco 

turnip 

wild nightshade 
530 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Yard 

Vines: 

rose (red, white) 

Plants: 

blue lily of the Nile 

calla lily 

carnation 

chrysanthemum 

daisy 

feverfew (volita) 

geranium 

gladiolus (red, yellow) 

lily (sakil and tzajal asasena) 

SEK'EMTIK 

Vines: 

chayote 

ibes 

popapple 

rose 

scarlet runner bean 

summer squash and zucchini 

watermelon squash 

white pole bean 

Plants: 

amaranth 

mexican shell flower 

batz'i kampana nichim 

calla lily 

canna lily 

chamomile 

cherry tomato 

chili (k'anal and morte) 

ch'upak' 

coriander 

fennel 

field mustard 

geranium 

gladiolus (red, white) 

husk tomato 

lemon grass 

marigold 

mexican tea 

mint and penny royal 

P» 

pokeberry 

prickly pear (batz'i) 

me 

tobacco 

vixobtakil 

white lily 

wild nightshade 

wild onion 

Trees: 

avocado (batz'i on, tzitz on, tzitz) 

batz'i k'evex 

batz'i suil itaj 

castor bean 

cherry 

elderberry (batz'i and xutax) 

hawthorn 

juniper 

laurel 

peach (batz'i, prixku', luranko) 

piper 

reed 

sakil k'os 

tilil 

wax myrtle 

white sapote 

wild wintergreen 

Gathering 

The following wild foods must be bought from neighbors who themselves pick them: 

field mustard, black mustard, amaranth, coriander, mint, wild nightshade, husk tomato, 

cherry, x'ukun flowers. 

Trailside 

Shepherding 

Wood gathering 

cherry, blackberry, raspberry, hawthorn apples, pokeberry, sow thistle (chikaryo), pepper grass (pich'), 

uskun te', mexican shell flower 

Shepherds take pot, salt, chilis, tortillas and gather 

pokeberry or wild nightshade. 

maguey stalk (eaten raw in rainy season), lo'bol joj 

(fruits in January, arboreal orchid (in rainy season), 

madrone (in September), wild wintergreen (rainy 

season) 
NUMBER 35 531 

Clearing 

Planting 

Weeding, Doubling 

Harvest 

chimpo paxak', potpot paxak', xantiya ak', lime (few) 

paxak' (fewer), lime (few) 

wild nightshade, chikin chij, mikulax itaj, ch'aben, 

mango, wild guava, ch'ilim te', nance, lime 

paxak' (fewer), wild nightshade, chikin chij and 

ch'aben (all fewer), maluk, paka' olnob, 

Woodcutting 

One man has motor saw. He cuts pine into 3 or 5 meter lengths then saws them into 

rafters, boards, two-by-fours, which he sells by the dozen. The motor saw may also be used 

for firewood and charcoal. 

Owner of finca rents motor saw. Charges $25 a tree. 

Charcoal 

Wood burns for 7-8 days. Then uncovered (sjotz'es) and put in (1) net, (2) basket, (3) 

bag. Sold the next day in San Cristobal, in street, at houses, in market. 

If charcoal seller goes on foot he carries charcoal in net. He may rent 1-3 mules. If he 

pays for truck he will take 6-9 nets. 

One bag charcoal sold for $60-$70. 

One net charcoal sold for $65-$80. 

One basket charcoal sold for $120-$ 150. 

Length of wood is 1 m 20 cm. 

Mule rent is $7 per net, $3 per bag. 

Truck fee is $14 per basket, $7 per net, $3 per bag. 

If net is carried on trail it takes 3 hours. 

Trees used are batz'i te', tulan, sap yok, chikin-ib. Wood is cut 1 m + 1 handspan long. 

If ground is even the charcoal-making spot is not dug up, otherwise it is evened out. The 

wood is piled up to a height of possibly 2 m with a hole left in the middle for the charcoal. 

The pile is covered with pine needles. On three sides logs are stacked up one deep and dirt 

is tossed into the crack between the pine needles and the wall. The top is covered with dirt 

one inch built up. A passageway for the smoke is dug under the bottom logs on all four 

sides, either in the center or at the corners. It takes from 1 to 2 weeks depending on the size 

of the pile. 

Charcoal is made by people of Elan Vo' and Chak Toj. A plot of forest may be "rented" 

or a tree ($40-$80) or a pile of wood (j-p'ej mukel ak'al—$50). A big tree can produce 

two piles. Batz'i te' and sap yok are softer. On te' may be added to the pile, but is not 

normally used. The wood is cut into logs 2 ax lengths long. 

The charcoal is usually made on a slope. The ground at the upper end is dug 3 handspans 

deep. A large pine log is left at the upper end and on the 2 sides (smak). The old dirt and 

ash are cleaned away with a shovel. Then the floor is covered with one level of straight logs 

4" in diameter. Smaller logs are placed on the bottom because they bum faster. Before the 

logs are placed, 2 stakes with pointed ends (xiktaobil) are hammered into the ground at the 

lower end. They are elbow height. Three small stakes are placed at the upper end so the 

next levels of logs won't be flush with earth, and the smoke can escape. Little sticks 2 

handspans long (sk'ux) are used to fill in the holes where the logs are not straight. The next 

level is of larger logs, but a space the size of one log in the very middle is left for the place 

where the fire will be lit. This is filled one level deep with little sticks, then charcoal 

(stileb) is piled 1 level deep, then 2 more levels of little sticks topped by a large log (smak 

k'ok'). Before the first level of little sticks is put in, a stick is stuck in at right angles to the 

logs on either side so they won't fall into the crevice. The logs on both sides of the crevice 

are increasingly large. The largest logs are rolled onto the top of the pile with the aid of 2 
532 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

logs that are placed perpendicular to the upper end of the pile and serve as sleds 

(sbalalinobil). Two stakes are propped against the lower end of the pile, too, so the pile 

won't collapse when the large logs are rolled on. They are covered with 1 level of small 

logs (as on the bottom), topped by little sticks. The pile is now at about breast height, but 

the wood may be piled as tall as a man. Skinny logs 1 deep are piled 2 levels high at both 

ends. A log is placed against the 2 stakes at the lower end. A rock is placed in each comer. 

A rock is also placed at the center of the upper side so the logs wouldn't touch the earth. 

Mexican coyote brush and batz'i te' branches (with leaves) are stuck in between the pile 

and the enclosing logs up to the top of them, on all four sides. These sob prevent the layer 

of dirt from putting out the fire. Dry pine needles (svol) are piled on the top and sides and 

inserted in the holes at the ends. 

Then the charcoal is lighted at the end with a match and pine needles. Dirt (stenobil) is 

piled up to the height of the first enclosing log. Then a second level of enclosing logs is 

made and propped up with a stake at the middle of each log. A rock surrounded by sob is 

placed in each comer. Then a third level of enclosing logs. Dirt is piled in as each level is 

reached and then piled a handspan deep on the top, but deeper in the center. 

A smoke hole is dug under the center of each bottom enclosing log on each side. 

The pile is checked every morning and every afternoon to make sure that the sides 

haven't collapsed and that the center hasn't fallen in. If the wood is green it takes a week, 

if dry, 5 days. The charcoal is ready when the smoke stops. Charcoal is made throughout 

the year except in September and October when the rains may put out the fire. 

Charcoal used to be taken to San Cristobal by mule at the cost of $10 a mule. But now 

most people hire a truck for $400. The charcoal is usually unloaded at San Ramdn. 

Young girls clean away the pile of dirt, chop the small sticks, bring the branches and 

pine needles, and help the man place the large logs correctly. His wife lights the fire. 

Fencing 

akoja 

alampre mok 

chevanbil mok 

cholbil met 

jit'bil mok 

koral mok 

k'atal te' mok 

latzbil lum 

latzbil ton 

paklubil mok 

sukbil mok 

tz'unbalal te' ta mok 

yanal te'al mok 

gate with 5 rails and 2 perforated gate posts 

barbed wire fence 

brush fence lacking poles 

maguey fence 

pine slab, pole or stubble fence (lashed together) 

fence with just rails placed transversely 

fence with single rail set on forked posts 

sod wall 

stone wall 

fence with trees chopped part-way through and pushed 

over 

brush fence with posts 

elderberry fence, "planted trees in fence" 

brush fence 

FIGURE 35.—Elderberry fence, tz'unbalal te' ta mok. 
533 

NUMBER 35 

FIGURE 36.—Felled tree fence, paklubil mok. 

FIGURE 37.—Brush fence, sukbil mok. 

FIGURE 38.—Maguey fence, cholbil met 
534 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

^L>-: 

FIGURE 39.—Sod fence, latzbil lum. 

FIGURE 40.—Fences: A, stone fence, latzbil ton; B, barbed wire fence, alampre mok. 
NUMBER 35 535 

§^0^^p^f0^ 

--...-ttst-fc--' 'iXfn x-x-^^K w^-~~-^'-*'*~ 

-'.'X'X''-:/'

r^'^ 

B 

FIGURE 41.—Gate and fence: A, gate, akoja; B, plank fence, jit'bil mok. 

FIGURE 42.—Stile, moch te'. 

For a long-lasting wooden fence only heartwood should be used. In the Center and in 

densely populated hamlets, the fence type often varies every few feet with oil drums or 

whatever convenient piece of wood or junk interposed. 

House Construction 

10-12 roof rods for hip-roofed house 

16 tie beams for large house, 12 for small house (8-10) 

wattle 25 dozen poles for large house, 16 dozen for small house (7-12 doz) 

main roof beams—6.4 m long 

roof crest pole—fieldhouse—2 

roof rods—4-8 (6-8), fieldhouse—8-10 each side 
536 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FIGURE 43.—Weaver in house yard: A, warping bar, komen; B, pole fence, jit'bil mok; C, loom post, jalavebal; 

D, pot stand, chikin te'. 

roof poles—8-10 dozen, fieldhouse—2 dozen each side 

lashing—10-15 rolls 

tie beams—4v (vara or yard long house)—4, 6v—6, 8v—8, fieldhouse—3 

roof rods—4v—3 doz, 6v—4 doz, 8v—6 doz 

wattle—4v—3 doz, 6v—4 doz, 8v—6 doz (5 doz, 7 doz) 

mainposts—8, 12.272 m (3-5 m), fieldhouse—3 tall, 6 short 

thatch-^v—1200, 6v—1600, 8v—2400 (8 bok' or 3200) 

Green wood rots sooner (tulan heartwood better if green, won't rot in rainy season). 

Tulan lasts 15-20 years (only 8-10 years). If whole trunk is used it only lasts 2-3 years. 

Fieldhouse wood may be any as there is no assurance that land can be rented the next year. 

Mainpost is sunk 1 yard, wall pole is sunk 1 handspan. 

Lashing—dry vines are soaked in water. 

pech'-jobel 

pech'-mok 

pech'-na 

thatch lashing 

fence lashing 

house lashing 
NUMBER 35 537 

FIGURE 44.—Roof plan of traditional house: plan of tie beams. 

HOUSE TYPE 

blokal na 

chukal na 

jit'bil na 

jit'bil te'al na 

jobelal na 

kuchomal na 

k'albil te'al na 

lagriyoal na 

pak'bal na 

tenel te'al na 

vakax na 

xamital na 

concrete block house 

hip-roofed square house 

house with pole or board walls lashed with vines 

cf. jit'bil na 

thatch-roofed house 

lean-to, shed 

shingle-roofed house 

brick house 

mud and wattle walled house 

plank-walled house 

hip-roofed rectangular house 

adobe-walled house 

chotleb chuk 

HOUSE PARTS 

roof beam plate 
538 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FIGURE 45.—Elevation of house frame: A, posts, yoyal na; B, tie beam, tz'am te'; C, roof beam plate, chotleb 

chuk; D, main roof beam, chuk. Posts delineate a front porch area. 

chotleb legra 

chotleb regla 

chuk 

eskina te' 

jit' na 

sjit'benal 

jit'ob na 

jol chuk 

rafter plate 

cf. chotleb legra 

main roof beam 

comer rafter 

lashing 

lashing 

lashing 

roof crest 
NUMBER 35 539 

FIGURE 46.—Elevation of house frame: A, purlin, moriyo, B, cross piece, ka'. Four purlins are bound midway up 

the roof beams. The cross piece is tied to the apex of the A-frame. 

ka' 

skajleb 

k'albil te' 

lamina karton 

lamina tak'in 

lavux te' 

legra 

moriyo 

jol tzel 

oy 

regla 

inside pole of roof crest 

lintel 

shingle 

cardboard sheet 

tin sheet 

shingle peg 

tie beam of tile-roofed house 

purlin 

ridge pole 

mainpost 

cf. legra 
540 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FIGURE 47.—Roof plan of traditional house, A-frame and roof purlins in place: A, main roof beam; B, purlin; C, 

roof beam plate. 

sak-te' 

stenobil sjol 

tzakanob malku' 

tz'am te' 

umpral 

xul 

rafter of thatch-roofed house 

outside pole of roof crest (2) 

lintel 

tie beam 

lintel 

horizontal wattle on roof or wall 
NUMBER 35 541 

FIGURE 48.—Roof plan with rafters in place: arrows point to rafter, sak-te' 
542 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FIGURE 49.—Roof plan with wattle in place: arrow points to watUe, xul. 
nsftfi 

FIGURE 50.—Elevation of traditional house in construction. Note how the construction of the smoke hole forms 

an even steeper pitched roof over the apex of the main roof. The lowest course of thatch has been partially 

trimmed. The pit on the side of the house provides the plaster of mud, pine needles and water. 

FIGURE 51.—Block house in construction: A, tie beam, legra; B, roof beam plate, chotleb chuk; C, rafter plate, 

chotleb legra; D, main roof beam, chuk; E, corner rafter, eskina te'; F, purlin, moriyo; G, ridge pole, jol tzel. 
544 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FIGURE 52.—Modern house and yard. 

bonobil 

u l • 

Weaving 

dye 

com that has been ground once and boiled without lime, 

for starching and strengthening thread 

k'asbil chenek' 

pajal vo' 

pox 

ta'ajesbil met 

trago 

voy 

xekem ch'um 

xekem mail 

xekomal ch'um 

Food Preparation 

FOOD AND DRINK 

(other than com) 

string beans (pole bean and runner bean young pods), 

"broken bean" 

chicha, "sour water" 

cane liquor 

cooked maguey root 

cane liquor 

mamey sapote pit, toasted and ground and mixed with 

pamal ul 

small chunks of cooked pumpkin squash rind 

small chunks of cooked watermelon squash rind 

large chunks of cooked pumpkin squash rind 
NUMBER 35 545 

xekomal mail 

yakil vo' 

yax-'ich 

large chunks of cooked watermelon squash rind 

chic ha 

fresh chili, "green chili" 

xbi 

bikiltik 

xbilet 

bilil 

chi' 

chi'-matz'an 

chi'-muan 

ch'a 

isis 

lek iximtik 

jik'ik' 

jomjom 

jomom 

juyul 

sk'aslajet 

k'ojoj 

xlaxet 

lo'ol mu 

xnap'non 

xnititet 

xnochochet 

xnop'lij 

nukultik 

xpajetaj 

pajpaj-'uman 

spaset 

poj 

pojpoj smuil 

putzul 

sapap 

sik-laman 

sik-lojan 

sik-t'ojan 

sitilik 

ta'aj xa 

TASTE, SMELL, AND TEXTURE 

become soft (com kernel when boiled in lime water) 

fibrous (pumpkin squash, watermelon squash when 

fleshy covering of seeds is still stuck on) 

slippery (com gruel that is not as sour as it should be) 

unpleasantly slippery (bertulaka) 

sweet, salty 

very slightly sweet or salty 

with delicate sweetness (yi) 

bitter (coffee, peach and cherry bark) 

not properly sour (com gruel) 

sticky (not too wet) (chayote, watermelon squash), "good 

and corny" 

acrid, suffocating (burnt com gruel or chili) 

musty (tortillas, beans) 

cf. jomjom 

soft (beans, watermelon squash, pumpkin squash, boiled 

peaches) 

crumbly (tortilla of highland com) 

acrid, suffocating (cane liquor, burnt com gruel or chili), 

sharp (garlic) 

slightly sour (com gruel) 

soft (sufficiently cooked beans) 

fragrant, delicious (coffee, orange leaf) 

sticky 

curdling (com gruel, squash, beans), "pulling" 

going sour (com dough), "sticking" 

burning (strong cane liquor) 

leathery (batz'i suil itaj, mikulax itaj, chikin chij) 

ferment, go sour (com dough, com gruel, chicha, cane 

liquor) 

fermented, sour (com dough, com gruel, chicha, cane 

liquor) 

fermenting (too much) 

sour 

spicy (ginger), "its flavor (or fragrance) is rather sour" 

hollow (tortilla), fluffy (bread) 

acid (oak and satin bark) 

tasteless (peach, apple, melon, watermelon, watermelon 

squash, pear, chayote, com on the cob) 

cf. sik-laman 

tasteless (com gruel) 

puffed up (bread) 

cooked (ready to eat) 
546 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

taki-chivan 

taki-ch'ilan 

xtech'ech'ub 

xtech'ton 

tok'on 

xtonlajet 

tu 

stzajajet 

tze 

tze to 

stzeub 

tzij 

stzuktzon 

tz'ajbil 

svitikil 

volajtik 

vosajtik 

xvuch 

xvuk 

mu xvuklij xch'utit 

xakak 

xin 

xit'ilik 

yoxo' 

dried up (food whose juice has been evaporated by 

over-cooking) 

dried up (food whose juice has been evaporated by 

over-cooking) 

become tough (kale that does not cook properly) 

tough (kale that does not cook properly, watermelon 

squash and chayotes that don't soften, com that can't 

be ground because it hasn't split) 

cooked (ready to eat) 

hardening (beans that do not become soft when boiled, 

faba bean, young watermelon squash) 

stinky (bad food) 

beginning to ferment (com gruel, chicha) 

raw 

undercooked 

become inedible (beans that harden or cabbage that 

becomes bitter when boiled, com gruel that does not 

cook properly), "become unripe" 

rank 

rubbery (tortilla of highland com) 

brandied (peach, nance, apple, quince) 

stems of greens, some cooked and some not 

wrapped up (tamale) 

soggy (tortillas, toasted tortillas) 

puff up (tortilla) 

puff up (tortilla) 

doesn't puff up (tortilla of highland com) 

acid (maguey heart) 

sour (dough), acid flavor given to food by metal pot 

puffed up (bread) 

thin (posol, com gruel, vokol ich) 

SPLIT 

x'ex 

xjavlajet 

xp'at 

p'olox 

xtuk 

split open (com when boiled twice for posol, com dough) 

splitting (beans that do not become soft when cooked) 

split open (improperly ground com) 

with skin coming off (boiled com) 

split open (com for posol or jux, toasted tortilla, rice) 

split open (com for posol) 

SWELL 

xpuj-'ik'ij 

xp'olp'oltik 

ssit' 

xvoktzaj 

(weevil-eaten beans when cooking) 

proliferate slightly (dry com that swells when cooked) 

(beans or nixtamal in water) 

(weevil-eaten beans or com) 

COLOR 

chak-kavan 

chak-p'uyan 

chak-t'ojan 

red (sliced watermelon) 

red (chili water) 

brown (coffee or coca cola being poured) 
NUMBER 35 547 

chak-voch'an 

chak-xet'an 

ik'-p'oxan 

ik'-sut'an 

ik'-t'ojan 

ik'-xet'an 

k'an-chavan 

k'an-jatan 

k'an-k'olan 

k'an-la'an 

k'an-nikan 

k'an-puk'an 

k'an-p'osan 

k'an-p'oxan 

k'an-sepan 

k'an-silan 

k'an-t'ojan 

k'an-xet'an 

sak-chak'an 

sak-let'an 

sak-pak'an 

sak-pisan 

sak-silan 

sak-t'uban 

sak-tzu'an 

sak-t'ojan 

sak-xet'an 

yax-bikan 

yax-butz'an 

yax-jet'an 

yax-set'an 

yax-t'ojan 

red (chilis in sauce) 

red (sliced watermelon) 

black (toasted tortilla) 

black (tamale wrapper) 

black (coffee or coca-cola being poured) 

black (sliced black sapote) 

yellow (sliced pineapple) 

yellow (melon slices) 

yellow (powder of achiote seed mixed with posol) 

yellow (tortilla) 

yellow (many toasted tortillas) 

brown (coffee or coca cola being poured) 

yellow (roasting ear of com) 

yellow (toasted tortilla, roasted ear of com) 

brown (sugar loaf) 

yellow (sliced melon) 

yellow (coffee, coca cola, or chicha being poured) 

yellow (sliced melon) 

white (com left in bottom of pot) 

white (spilt com gruel) 

white (inside of unripe watermelon) 

white (potato, cabbage) 

white (sliced melon) 

dirty white (chicha) 

white (shriveled chayote) 

white (com gruel still lacking sugar) 

white (sliced potato or cabbage) 

gray (overly thin com gruel being poured) 

gray (pile of washed potatoes) 

green (insufficiently cooked cabbage) 

green (sliced white sapote) 

greenish (com gruel flavored with marsh marigold) 

NUMERAL CLASSIFIERS 

-ulel 

-xet' 

-xut 

evaporation (water in bean pot, fast-cooking beans take 

2-3, but slow-cooking beans, as muk'ta ik' 

bush bean, may take 6 potfuls of water) 

piece (bread) 

piece (bread, tortilla) 

xcho'benal 

sleslon 

let'el 

snap' sba 

xpok'tzaj 

OTHER QUALITIES 

peeled section (sugarcane, com stalk) 

bubbling (com gruel, nixtamal) 

spilled (small blob of com gruel, boiled squash) 

stick (to the griddle, as tortilla) 

sink to bottom of pot (cooked greens) 

slok'es 

smeltzan 

spas k'oxox 

spas vaj 

MAKE 

(tortillas, cane liquor) 

(bread) 

(toasted tortilla) 

(toasted tortilla) 
548 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

spok 

ssap 

WASH 

wipe off, wash (squashes) 

(beans, nixtamal, potatoes, greens, tomatoes, tubers) 

sju 

snib 

sp'uy 

MASH, SMEAR 

crush in one's hands (medicinal herb), mash with spoon 

(chili) 

smear (beans and com with hands to make bean tamales) 

mash with back of spoon (chili, beans, tomatoes, 

potatoes), or if in lowlands with stick or butt of 

corncob 

PAT 

spak'an 

xt'axt'on 

(tortilla) 

patting 

xchik' ve'el 

sluch 

slup 

spul 

xxul ta vaj 

SCOOP UP 

dunk (tortilla in broth) 

scoop with rind (squash) 

(com gruel or cooked squash scooped up with gourd or 

spoon) 

com gruel or cooked squash scooped up with gourd or 

spoon 

(with a tortilla or toasted tortilla) 

sk'ut 

xxixin 

SHELL 

twist (corncob when shelling it) 

(com) 

sjuch' 

xketkon 

sketzbe 

skev 

slatz 

snoy 

spitz' 

sp'at 

xvesvon 

svoch' 

GRIND 

grind (a lot of dried chili for a large meal of potatoes, 

beans, watermelon squash, summer squash, pumpkin 

squash, chayote root or snails) 

grinding (com) slowly second time 

grind (com) second time ineffectually (young girl) 

grind (com) slowly first time (child, sick person) 

grind (com) a third time 

grind (com) a second time 

(sugarcane) 

grind (com) hurriedly first time 

grinding (com) second time slowly and ineffectually 

grind (com) first time, "break" 

sbakubtas 

xch'il 

COOK 

toast (toasted tortilla) 

fry or toast while stirring 
NUMBER 35 549 

xch'ili 

sk'oxibtas 

slakan 

span 

sta'ajes 

svo 

toast on the griddle 

toast (toasted tortilla) 

boil, steam 

boil (squash, com on the cob) 

cook, bake 

toast on the coals 

sbutz' 

xjech'jon 

xk'avk'on 

sk'ux 

sk'uxbe xchob 

sliset ta ich 

slo' 

slo'be xchob 

slop ta uch'el 

sluch ta vaj 

smatz' 

snul 

sti' 

st'um ta ti'el 

stz'utz' 

xuch' 

sve' 

svinkil-lo' 

svinkil-ti' 

xxax 

xp'uvp'on ye 

xp'uvtp'uvte ye 

EAT 

suck (mango, mamey sapote, itzompi) 

gnawing (dog eating corncob), biting (person biting tiny 

stone mixed with beans or uncooked food) 

chomping (dog eating dried ear of com) 

(nuts, peanuts, toasted tortillas, boiled or roasted yi, 

green chili, com on the cob, seeds, sugarcane) 

eat one's com (dog in cornfield) 

sucking breath in and out after eating hot chili 

(fruit, squash, potatoes, greens) 

eat one's com (mule or dog in cornfield eating young 

com) 

slurp (cane liquor, posol, com gruel, squash, beans eaten 

by Chamulan laborers) 

scoop up food with tortilla or toasted tortilla 

chew (maguey, sugarcane, com stalk, guajilote, matz', 

ginger) 

eat clean (corncob, itzompi, mango pit, mamey sapote), 

"gnaw" 

(beans, chili, tomato, fried rice) 

crunch (green chili) 

suck (popapple, com on the cob) 

drink (rice porridge, coffee) 

(tortillas, bread, meal with tortilla) 

gulp down without a tortilla (greens, potatoes, watermelon squash, pumpkin squash) 

gulp down without a tortilla (meat) 

chew (vegetables, tortillas), pre-chew (tortilla for infant) 

chomping (horse, pig, or dog eating dry corncob) 

walking about chomping (pig eating peach pits) 

cha'-p'ej ta ak'el 

xchichin 

xchivu 

xcho' 

sk'aslajet 

sk'ok 

sk'ut 

slotz 

smas 

spajubtas 

spich' 

-pich' 

OTHER ACTIONS 

half fill (pot with dry beans) 

strain 

strip stem (chayote, watermelon squash) 

peel, husk, skin 

snapping (young beans, toasted tortillas) 

pull off (lump of com dough to be ground) 

twist into small sections (greens so they will fit into pot) 

stack (tortillas) 

remove from liquid (cabbage, com dough, ear of com) 

ferment 

make lump (com dough, com and bean tamales, beans) 

lump 
550 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

spitz' 

spix 

spotz 

xpuki 

spuk'ilan 

sp'al lok'el 

ssut' 

xtani 

stas 

stotz 

st'ax an 

st'oj 

stzeubtas 

svok' 

squeeze (orange, lime, amaranth, pa'-'itaj) 

wrap (tamale) 

hold with pot holder (com husk) 

be served (com gruel, tortillas given to people by 

stewards) 

test ripeness by squeezing (mango, mamey, avocado, 

white sapote), test if cooked by squeezing (chayote) 

scrape off (tortilla stuck to griddle) 

put in bag (tortillas, posol) 

cf. xpuki 

take off (tortilla from griddle), remove from container 

(ear of com, chayote, stopper that has fallen in) 

lift up (tortilla to turn it over) 

slap (thick tortillas, isis vaj onto griddle) 

pour back and forth to cool (bowl of com gruel, coffee) 

make inedible (pregnant woman who cooks chenek'ul 

vaj, pisil vaj), "make unripe" 

open (squash, with machete), "break" 

Seasoning 

smueb 

mu snupin 

spoxil 

Seasoning: 

Achiote 

Allspice 

Cinnamon 

Clove 

Coriander 

Ginger 

Ground squash and 

pumpkin seeds 

Husk tomato 

Lime 

Lime, coriander 

Marsh marigold 

Mexican tea 

Mint 

Mint and coriander 

Onion 

Orange 

Pepper 

Pineapple 

Piper 

Sour orange 

Sugar 

herb, orange rind used to flavor cane liquor 

"it doesn't go with it" (seasoning) 

herb 

chicken, red com chowder, chitlings 

com gruel (sakil ul) 

com gruel, pork, rice, red soft drink (ladinos) 

chicken, turkey 

beef, snails, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, chayote root, 

young chayotes, fresh kantela chenek', summer 

squash 

com gruel 

snails, beans, occasionally potatoes, com chowder and 

tomatoes 

greens,jerked beef 

curly kale, cabbage, amaranth, rattle-box, wild nightshade 

beef broth and mint 

com gruel 

chicken, broad beans, tomato com chowder, scarlet 

runner bean, ibes, young pumpkin squash, young 

summer squash 

cabbage, beef, pork, snails, pork com chowder, chakat'ob, bililux 

curly kale, beef, cabbage 

yo'on tuluk', fried beans 

cane liquor 

chicken, com gruel (pamal ul) 

chicha 

snails, beans 

cabbage, kale 

coffee, pinole, com gruel, watermelon squash, pumpkin 

squash 
NUMBER 35 551 

Tzitz (avocado) 

Wild onion 

Mexican tea and chili 

Mexican tea and chili 

with the following 

mushrooms 

Mint, chili and coriander 

Mexican tea, chili, and mint 

Coriander and chili 

Coriander and chili 

Mint and chili 

Chili: 

p'uyum 

p'uyum taxux 

p'uyum ton kaxlan 

ichil ch'um 

ichil tz'ol 

ichil mail 

com gruel 

beef, pork, chicken, eggs, beans, cushaw and pumpkin 

squash seeds, chili sauce, potatoes, tomatoes, chayote 

root 

snails, iguana, chicken, common bobwhite, red-billed 

pigeon, plain chachalaca, band-tailed pigeon, rufescent tinamou, mourning dove, magpie jay, whitetipped dove, spotted sandpiper, yellow-backed oriole, 

inca dove, bar-winged oriole, ground dove, steller's 

jay, black robin, unicolored jay, towhee, brush finch, 

armadillo, skunk, rat, opossum, large pocket gopher, 

hispid pocket gopher 

yo'on tuluk' (Lycoperdon sp.), bililux (Collybia sp.), 

chakat'ob (Hypomyces ladifluorum), chechev (many 

genera), tzajal chikin (Lactarus volemus), k'abix toj 

(Marasmius sp.), mana yok (Cantharellus sp., Hydnum repandum, Clitocybe aurantiaca, Ladarius volemus), moni' (Agaricus campestris), sak-'itaj (Pleurotus sp.), sak-balon (Collybia dryophila, Cantharellus 

sp., Clitocybe sp.), sekub t'ul (Boletus sp.), tajchuch 

(Lentinus lepideus), k'anal yuy (Amanita caesaria) 

deer, snails 

crab 

raccoon, opossum, peccary, rabbit, deer mouse, hispid 

cotton rat, chiapan climbing rat, red brocket, whitetailed deer, deepe's squirrel, guatemalan gray squirrel, 

flying squirrel, hog-nosed skunk, hooded skunk, 

southern spotted skunk, coatimundi 

beans and chikin j'ik'al (Auricularia auricularis) 

peccary, raccoon, squirrel, coati, opossum, armadillo, 

snails, young watermelon squash, young pumpkin 

squash, young summer squash 

chili sauce 

jerked meat dipped in chili sauce 

hard-boiled eggs dipped in chili sauce 

young pumpkin squash with chili 

young summer squash with chili 

young watermelon squash with chili 

lakanbil ajan 

lakanbil xchi'uk spat 

panbil ajan 

tok'on ajan 

vobil ajan 

vobil xchi'uk spat 

vobil vojton 

yolon yi 

Corn Food 

CORN ON THE COB 

boiled com on the cob 

boiled with husk 

boiled com on the cob 

boiled com on the cob 

roasted com on the cob 

roasted with husk 

roasted dry com on the cob 

boiled, roasted, occasionally eaten raw. If sheath is 

young, eaten with sheath. Roasted with sheath. 
552 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

ach' vaj 

isis vaj 

k'oxox 

k'unil vaj 

memela 

nup'em chenek' 

t'aja-sat 

t'ajal sat 

xopa 

TORTILLAS 

tortilla made of fresh com, "new tortilla" 

young com tortilla. Ripe com is ground only, not boiled. 

It is thick but the size of a soft tortilla. In times of 

famine the undeveloped kernels of chu' ixim are 

scraped off and used for this, 

toasted tortilla. Com ground twice, tortilla left on griddle 

until it splits, then it is turned over, then it is leaned 

against hearthstone, waterpot, etc. to yellow. When 

eaten with squash at the Posadas it is salted, 

untoasted tortilla, "soft tortilla" 

tortilla with hole in center. Thick with a hole in the center 

or with 1-4 holes made by sticking one's finger 

through; 2-4 inches across. Fed to child learning to 

talk. Water and salt spread on top. 

bean turnover, "folded beans." Smaller than soft tortilla. 

Dry beans are boiled and rubbed on com. 

small toasted, salted tortilla, "cracked face." Same as 

k'oxox, but set at fireside for just a short time so it will 

still be soft. It is taken to the lowlands for only a few 

days because it mildews, 

cf. t'aja-sat 

tortilla soaked in vegetable or meat broth, tortilla or bread 

soaked in coffee, dry toasted tortilla dust soaked in 

beans. 

k'ak'et vaj 

taki-vaj 

vayem vaj 

volje vaj 

BURNT OR STALE TORTILLAS 

burnt tortilla 

two day old tortilla, "dry tortilla" 

one day old tortilla, "tortilla that has slept" 

one day old tortilla, "yesterday tortilla" 

chenek'ul vaj 

TAMALES 

bean tamale. Com and beans are measured out. Round of 

cane liquor at beginning, middle, end. When cooked, 

com is taken to mill. First the com, then the beans are 

kneaded on a large cloth. Three rounds of cane liquor 

for kneading. The mixture is cut into sections with a 

thread and wrapped in jabnal leaves. Sections are 

boiled. Three rounds of cane liquor in big jigger as 

before. When one batch is ready it is taken out and put 

in a basket. By the last round the cooks are pretty 

drunk. Two jpat vaj who know how much firewood to 

use, how thick the beans, are chosen when the com 

and beans are measured. The ritual tutor gives them 

the thread measure. A stick a handspan long or a 

handspan and 3 fingers is used to measure the depth of 

the water so it won't reach the platform. Only red 

beans are used, especially the scarlet runner bean, but 

although it is considered the best quality, it is harder to 

grind and thus often avoided. This is eaten at 
NUMBE

R 35 553 

chenk'ul vaj 

mumun 

patz' 

pisil vaj 

pitavul 

tamali' 

xojem vaj 

weddings (a custom rapidly disappearing), on Cross 

Day, by the cantors on Carnival monday and tuesday. 

To prevent a cook's pregnancy from spoiling the 

tamales, a pregnant cook must put the first 3 tamales 

in the pot. If she forgot to do so and the tamales do not 

cook properly she must stick her tortilla cloth or table 

cloth in the pot. 

bean tamale 

piper tamale. When a fanner finds pipers growing near 

his lowland cornfield he may collect 50-100 leaves. 

He rolls them up, ties them in the center with a vine 

and sticks them in his net. When he reaches home he 

tells his wife, "I've brought two (cha'-p'ej) pipers. 

Fix them for us to eat." She boils whatever kind of 

bean she has. The next morning she makes lumps of 

com dough and grinds the beans. She unrolls the 

leaves, selecting the ones that are not torn, and rubs a 

thin layer of dough on top, then a layer of beans. Both 

ends are closed. She piles them on the wooden 

platform in the pot and steams them. When ready they 

are eaten hot. If they are allowed to cool they must be 

warmed and the person who is to eat them is struck 

three times on the back and told, "kok Nixyo!" (deaf 

Dennis) each time by the person offering pipers. 

Otherwise it is believed that the person's tumpline or 

ax handle will break. The beans may be substituted by 

offering tomatoes or watermelon squash. 

prepared like pitavul, but without beans, wrapped and 

divided in middle by young com leaf to add flavor. 

com is rolled into small balls the size of a hog plum. 

Three balls 2 layers deep are wrapped in com leaf or 

k'am xoch' leaves and steamed. Used by stewards 

when they enter or leave office, when they venerate 

coffer, by elders on St. Sebastian, Carnival, St. John's 

Day, cantor, at a wedding, or by anyone who wishes. 

When prepared for ritual meal cane liquor is served as 

for chenek'ul vaj, and same precautions taken for 

pregnancy. 

com and fresh bean tamale. Fresh beans are shelled and 

the beans poured on top of com dough that has been 

mixed with water. The beans are mixed in and boiled 

with com. The dough is then rolled in com leaf, the 

size of a roll and steamed. Any fresh bean will do 

except faba bean. Used by anyone. 

pork tamale (presented by the stewards to the sacristans 

on Pentecost) 

fresh com tamale, "inserted tortilla." Young com is cut 

off with knife, ground, made into ball the size of a roll, 

wrapped well in com husk, steamed. Very sweet. 

vokol ich 

CORN CHOWDER 

com chowder. Com boiled without lime, ground, mixed 
554 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tzajal vokol ich 

vokol ich chichol 

vokol ich chitom 

vokol ich choy 

vokol ich is-ak' 

vokol ich kamaron 

vokol ich ko'san 

vokol ich ta koko'on 

vokol ich taxux 

vokol ich ton kaxlan 

with water in bowl or bucket, strained, boiled. 

"red com chowder." Com prepared as above, tomato, 

wild onion, and achiote added. Chicken and eggs 

boiled separately, then vokol ich poured on top. Used 

for banquet at Fiesta of St. Sebastian, Carnival, Saint 

John's Day by elders, scribes, stewards-royal, publican, constable and civil officials. Ensign-bearers eat it 

at Fiesta of St. Sebastian and Carnival. 

"tomato com chowder." Com prepared as above. 

Tomatoes ground on metate, wild onion, salt, chili 

added. Not eaten by many people. 

"pork com chowder." Com prepared as above. Another 

cook fries pork when com is mixed with water. Mint, 

chili, wild onion, salt are added to com, when cooked, 

pork is added and boiled briefly. Used by religious 

officials, by person having small curing ceremony as 

substitute for chicken, or by anyone who wishes 

during Lent or by those who don't eat fish. Served at 

3 annual shamans' meetings. 

"fish com chowder." Com prepared as above. Fish is 

singed on fire to help remove the scales, scales are 

pulled off. Skin and flesh are added to com and boiled 

briefly. Used rarely for curing ceremony, mostly 

during Lent by those who eat fish, or at other times by 

anyone. Tomatoes or potatoes may be added. 

"potato com chowder." Com prepared as above. Potatoes 

cooked together with com, wild onion. Tomato may 

be added. 

"shrimp com chowder." After com is cooked, shrimp, 

tomato and wild onion added. 

"chayote root com chowder." Same preparation as for 

potato chowder. 

com chowder flavored with wild onion, mexican tea and 

chili, "mexican tea com chowder" 

"jerked beef com chowder." Jerked beef is boiled in a 

little water. When nearly cooked, com is added and 

cooked together briefly. Rarely used for curing 

ceremony. 

"egg com chowder." Com prepared as above, raw eggs 

added. Given to those who adorn crosses in curing 

ceremony, eaten by anyone. 

CORN GRUEL 

ul 

pajal ul 

com gruel. To ensure that com gruel for a ritual meal not 

be spoiled by a pregnant cook all cooks must bite a 

piece of the brown sugar that is added to the gruel. 

"sour com gruel." One to two quarts of com are poured 

into a pot, water is added and the com is soaked for 

8-10 days or 2 weeks. Then the com is boiled, stirred, 

and sugar is added as with pamal ul. Some people use 

com boiled without lime rather than soaked com 

because the com sometimes turns bad. It is served by 
NUMBE

R 35 555 

pamal ul 

paninal ul 

pimentail ul 

pit-sat ul 

p'atbil ul 

tzitzal ul 

xenxervail ul 

voch' ul 

everyone with com on the cob on All Souls' Day and 

also then by the Stewards of Saint Anthony. It is 

served by some on Holy Cross Day together with 

chenek'ul vaj. Com is ground twice, mixed with 

water, strained, put in pot, kept for 2 nights, next to the 

fire, then boiled. 

"sweet com gruel." The com is boiled without lime, 

ground twice, mixed with water in a bowl, strained, 

poured in a pot, boiled and stirred until sticky and 

slippery (xbililub). Then brown sugar is added, 2-3 

sections (sep) or a whole package (tel) depending on 

the amount prepared. When served by office holders 

the com is soaked first, otherwise it is boiled without 

lime. It is drunk by everyone during Holy Week, by 

some people at any time, and during a major curing 

ceremony. It is offered by compadres after a baptism, 

by stewards when their chaplets are counted, by 

stewards-royal, publicans, ensign-bearers, and elders 

when entering and leaving office. 

"nixtamal com gruel." The com is ground once and 

mixed with water. Sometimes it is flavored with 

marsh marigold or cinnamon. 

"allspice com gruel." This is pit-sat ul or pamal ul 

flavored with brown sugar, black pepper (kaxlan 

pimenta) and chili (3-4). It may be drunk by anyone, 

but is prepared especially for post-partum mothers to 

induce lactation. 

"lumpy com gruel." The com is boiled without lime and 

ground once, then mixed with water in a cup or a small 

pot. If it is put in a pot it is boiled again in that pot. 

Enough is made for a gourdful apiece. 

"hurriedly ground com gruel." cf. pit-sat ul. 

"marsh marigold com gruel." This is pit-sat ul flavored 

with marsh marigold. 

"ginger com gruel." This is pit-sat ul flavored with 

ginger. 

"hurriedly ground com gruel." cf. pit-sat ul. 

POZOL AND PINOLE 

jojoch'al uch'imo' 

matz' 

uch'imo' 

ch'ilim 

pozol wrapped in com husk 

pozol 

pozol. Com is boiled first with lime, then rinsed and 

boiled without lime, then the kernels are ground once. 

The dough is taken to the lowlands, wrapped in canna 

leaves, or com husks, and mixed with cold water and 

drunk at 10 A.M. when working in the lowland fields. 

It is mixed with hot water and drunk by patients. Three 

bowls are offered to everyone at a burial. It is "hot" 

(with hot water). 

pinole. White or yellow com kernels roasted on griddle, 

ground twice and added to boiling sweetened water. 

Drunk at home or taken to work in lowland fields or 
556 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tzajal ve'lil 

roadwork. It used to be used in ochel ta na. Three 

rounds were served: (1) for establishing cofathership, 

(2) for deciding on wedding godfather, (3) for hearing 

where wedding godfather lives. One almud or 2 quarts 

were used depending on number of relatives of bride's 

father. For ochel ta na 2 large water jugs full were 

taken, 

"red meal," chitlings and pig's feet with pinole, tomatoes, 

achiote, and chili. It is prepared when a pig is 

slaughtered. It is also eaten by the elders at the 3 

annual meetings of the shamans. 

xch'il ta tontik 

ch'ilbil sat ixim 

juch'bil ixim 

pich'bil ixim 

p'otbil vojton 

tukum 

voch' vivich 

MISCELLANEOUS 

com kernels stirred on hot ground where ashes have been 

brushed off 

popcorn, com for pinole, "toasted com kernel" 

ground com, can be voch'bil, noybil, or latzbil, but 

juch'o ta anil means voch'o ta anil 

lump of com dough 

dry com on the cob roasted quickly (for chicha starter) 

popcorn 

chick food 

Olon Jtek-lum 

Jok' Ch'enom 

Elan Vo' 

All Souls' Day Cemetery Food 

chayote, sugarcane, com ears, oranges, apples (1). 

bananas, oranges, sweet lemons, sugarcane, apples, 

chayotes. 

plantains, oranges, sweet lemons, sugarcane, pears, com 

on the cob, chayotes. (Underlined items must be 

offered. If not owned, they must be bought.) 

Elan Vo' 

Jok' Ch'enom 

Jtek Lum 

Naben Chauk 

Paste' 

Pat Osil 

DECORATIONS 

bamboo palm, tilil, wax myrtle, cypress, carnation, 

geranium, marigold, ch'oliv 

Flowers 

COMMERCIAL FLOWERS 

(1) gladiolus, (2) geraniums, marigolds, (3) calla lilies, 

(4) carnations (2 families) 

gladiolus 

(1) pompoms, (2) carnations, (3) calla lilies, (4) lilies 

(liryo), (5) feverfew (volita), (6) daisies 

(1) feverfew (volita), fine carnations, (2) calla lilies, 

geraniums, (3) daisies, (4) marigolds. Very few 

gladiolus, all new varieties brought from afar. 

(1) gladiolus, (2) daisies (markarita, muk'ta 

markarita), (3) carnations, lilies (asasena), pinks 

(1) pompoms, (2) carnations, (3) daisies. Very few 

daisies now. 
NUMBER 35 557 

P'ij (1) daisies, (2) calla lilies, (3) gladiolus, carnations, (4) 

chrysanthemums (florejvana) 

Stzellejtik (1) calla lilies, (2) daisies, (3) blue lilies of the Nile. Few 

feverfew (volita), gladiolus, carnations, lilies (liryo). 

Flowers were first sold commercially 3 years before Petul Vaskis was an ensign-bearer, 

ca. 1950. Neither the buyers nor the sellers knew the names of the flowers. They were sold 

only in San Crist6bal. Two bunches were sold for 5. When they were first sold in Tuxtla 

the flowers wilted very fast until the sellers were told to wet the stems before shipping, 

after untying them and at night. The first plants to be grown for sale were daisies and 

gladiolus. 

The primary commercial flowers used to be daisies (markarita, markariton) and calla 

lilies. Now they are carnations and feverfew (volita). 

Other commercial flowers are enkaje, lilies (liryo), marigolds, geraniums, roses, 

kampray (Jtek Lum), dahlias (dalya) (few), k'ox bukaro (very few), batz'i asasena (very 

few). 

Naben Chauk flowers sold in Tuxtla, Arriaga, Tonala, Magon, Pijijiapan, and Acala. 

Apas flowers sold in Villa Flores, Concordia. 

Jtek Lum, Na Chij, Pat Osil flowers sold in Chiapa, Tuxtla. 

PEACHES, ETC. 

Peaches, chayotes, watermelon squashes, and potatoes sold in Chiapa in Xun Vaskes' 

boyhood; 35 years ago were sold in Arriaga. 

FLOWERS 

People who go to fiesta may bring home flowers they have rubbed on saint, or basil from 

San Lucas or Ixtapa and divide them up among family members or neighbors or just let 

them sniff them, saying, "Nupo ava'i nichim, li'ay ta k'in." 

Flowers picked one day before they are sold. They last one day except for calla lilies that 

last 2 days. They are put in water overnight. The ends of the stems of calla lilies lilies 

(liryo), gladiolus are skinned with a knife so that they will absorb more water. The next 

morning 4-5 aspirin are put in the water. The flowers are wrapped in mes te' then with 

elderberry, canvas or plastic sheeting. If flowers are sold in the street they wilt in the wind. 

Marketing 

San Cristobal 

January Men—beans, lead tree 

Women—beans, scarlet runner beans, chayote, coffee, 

x'ukun 

February Men—scarlet runner beans, oranges, bak ich, avocados, 

watermelon 

Women—radishes, beans, lead tree, curly kale 

March Men— 

Women—watercress, string beans, swiss chard 

April Men—mangoes 

Women—radishes, swiss chard 

May Men—mangoes, com on the cob 

Women—radishes 

July Men—beans, chayotes, peaches, chilies, itzompi 

Women—apples, peaches, white sapotes, mustard, watercress, coriander, chili, com 

September Men—pears, beans 
558 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

October 

November 

Women—pears, coffee beans, radishes, beans, string 

beans, bak ich 

Men—pears, apples, oranges, bananas, scarlet runner 

beans, lead tree, chayote, potato, bak and sakil ich, 

com on the cob, summer squash, pitch pine, brown 

sugar 

Women—apples, com, com on the cob, chayotes, bak 

ich, pears, scarlet runner beans, ch'ulelal, hawthorn, 

bamboo palm 

Men—bak ich, chayote, pumpkin squash, cantaloupes, 

beans 

Women—radishes, chayotes, summer squash, watermelon squash, string beans, bak ich, beans, scarlet 

runner bean 

MARKET FRUIT 

pumpkin 

squash 

cushaw 

watermelon 

squash 

summer squash 

zucchini 

musk melon 

watermelon 

chayote 

chayote 

blackberry 

blackberry 

wild raspberry 

jicama 

popapple 

chili 

chili 

chili 

yellow chili 

hawthorn 

avocado 

avocado 

avocado 

avocado 

avocado 

black sapote 

chico sapote 

white sapote 

son sapote 

yellow sapote 

mamey sapote 

mango 

ch'um 

sakil 

mail 

tz'ol 

kvarentano tz'ol 

batz'i melon 

xantiya 

ch'um-te' 

t'arax ch'um-te' 

batz'i makom 

tuxum makom 

xoto-chak 

jikamo 

kranata 

sakil ich 

pujkin ich 

bak ich 

k'anal ich 

k'at'ix 

yax-'on 

chinin 

tzitz on 

tzitz 

batz'i on 

uch 

muy 

aj-te' 

itzompi 

no'chi' 

ja'as 

manko 

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 

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NUMBER 35 

nance 

guajilote 

locust tree 

cherry 

sweet lemon 

sweet lime 

lime 

Valencia orange 

navel orange 

mandarin orange 

mandarin orange 

coffee 

wild hog plum 

hog plum 

apple 

pippin 

small pear 

pear 

quince 

peach 

peach 

peach 

peach 

apricot 

freestone peach 

plum 

coconut 

coyol 

lead tree 

lead tree 

lead tree 

tamarind 

prickly pear 

chirimoya 

papaya 

guava 

guava 

sugarcane 

pineapple 

pineapple 

plantain 

banana 

banana 

banana 

banana 

banana 

banana 

banana 

nantzi' 

chachi' 

ch'ilim te' 

chix te' 

chu'-lima 

ch'ulul lima 

elamonix 

jayal pat naranja 

pimil pat naranja 

mantarina 

k'ol-pat mantarina 

kajve 

jovos 

po'on 

batz'i mantzana 

kamosa mantzana 

batz'i pelex 

kaxlan pelex 

nimpronix 

chalon 

batz'i turasnu 

karirat turasnu 

luranko turasnu 

merokotom 

kaxlan turasnu 

prixku' 

sirvela 

koko 

nap 

batz'i olnob 

tzajal olnob 

paka' olnob 

tamarin 

petok 

batz'i k'evex 

papausa 

chin-jol k'evex 

papaya 

kaxlan potov 

batz'i potov 

vale' 

paxak' 

kinya paxak' 

batz'i lo'bol 

chan-tzelav 

lo'bol 

mantzana lo'bol 

natil lo'bol 

sera lo'bol 

tzajal lo'bol 

chimpo lo'bol 

sakil lo'bol 

559 

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 

Z3 

ZU 
560 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

ta bolsa 

busanbil 

cholbil 

ta kaltera 

ta kvarto 

k'echanbil 

latzanbil 

latzbil 

lotol 

mich'bil 

mich'il 

potol 

ta pulatu 

ta syen 

votzol 

yombil 

FORM IN WHICH FOOD IS SOLD 

by the bag (plum, potato, peach, tomato) 

piled in large piles (cantaloupe, watermelon, orange, 

popapple, chayote, pineapple, papaya, watermelon 

squash, pumpkin squash, avocado, ear of com, jicama, 

papausa, short-stemmed flowers) in Tuxtla 

in row (beet, mamey sapote, yellow sapote) 

in a measuring can (lemons, beans, faba bean, pea, scarlet 

runner bean, coffee, plum) 

in 5-liter measure (com, beans, fig) 

piled in large piles (sugarcane, long chayote tubers, 

papayas in the warehouse) 

piled in large piles (sugarcane, long-stemmed flowers) 

stacked (swiss chard) 

in pairs (morte ich), piled one on top of the other 

(tomato, orange) 

in bunches (flowers) 

in small pile (swiss chard, radish, lettuce, lead tree pod) 

in pyramid (tomato, orange, tangerine, potato), in small 

pile (fresh beans, chili, banana, sweet potato, chayote 

tuber, summer squash, mango, guava, black sapote, 

chico sapote) 

in a bowl (fresh beans, scarlet runner bean, hog plum, 

coffee, walnut, blackberry, cherry, plum, peanut) 

by the hundred (peach, pear, apple, quince, popapple, 

walnut) 

in messy pile (beans in pods) 

in bunches (flowers) 

FOOD, ETC. RESOLD BY ZINACANTECS 

1. com, salt, flowers 

2. sugar, sugarcane, bananas, oranges, mamey sapotes, mangoes, hog 

plums, peaches, pears, apples, avocados, pineapples, chayotes, 

potatoes, cabbages, radishes, com ears, coriander, melons, 

watermelons 

3. beans 

Measures 

VOLUME MEASURES 

pulatu 

bote 

kaltera 

litro 

o'lol tasa 

almul 

almul moch 

bik'it almul 

muk'ta moch 

tasa 

(72 metric liter) earthen soup bowl com measure 

(1 metric liter) enamel bowl com measure 

(1 metric liter) tin can com and bean measure 

(1 metric liter) 

(1 metric liter) enamel bowl com measure, "half cup" 

(1.5 metric liters) 

(1.5 metric liters) bread basket for engagement gifts 

(1.5 metric liters) wooden com and bean measure, "small 

almud" 

(1.5 metric liters) large basket, "large basket" 

(1.67 metric liters) enamel bowl com and bean measure 
NUMBER 35 561 

kvartiya 

muk'ta tasa 

kvarcha te' 

kvarto 

-te' 

bik'it moch 

kvarto moch 

muk'ta almul 

o'lol almul moch 

o'lol moch 

litro 

litro moch 

mol moch 

vorsa pok' 

vorsa plastiko 

k'ox brin 

k'ox lona 

lona 

reja 

-te'el 

tersyo 

mol brin 

mol lona 

janika 

janika litro 

(2V2 metric liters) wooden com measure 

(2'/2 metric liters) enamel bowl com measure, "large 

cup" 

(5 metric liters) wooden bowl measure 

(5 metric liters) wooden bowl measure 

(5 metric liters) wooden bowl measure 

(5 metric liters) small basket, "small basket" 

(5 metric liters) small basket, "quart basket" 

(20 metric liters) wooden com and bean measure, "large 

almud" 

(10 metric liters) medium-sized basket, "half almud 

basket" 

(10 metric liters) medium-sized basket "half basket" 

(20 metric liters) 

(20 metric liters) largest size basket, "liter basket" 

(20 metric liters) largest size basket, "grand basket" 

(60 metric liters) cloth sugar bag, "cloth bag" 

(75 metric liters) plastic sugar bag 

(90 metric liters) small burlap bag formerly used for 

storing com and beans, "small brin" 

(90 metric liters) small burlap bag, "small lona" 

(90 metric liters) burlap bag 

wooden crate (chayotes, peaches) 

(90 metric liters) wooden com measure 

(90 metric liters) 

(120 metric liters) large burlap bag formerly used for 

storing com and beans, "large brin" 

(150-165 metric liters) burlap bag, "large lona" 

(180 metric liters) 

(240 metric liters) 

MISCELLANEOUS VOLUME MEASURES 

bulto 

-chep 

tarea 

tersyo 

cf. -chep 

load (firewood, flowers, charcoal) 

pile of firewood 1 armspan long and 1 high 

large amount, load (firewood, charcoal) 

SEED CORN MEASURES 

15 liters of seed com planted to a tavlon 

20 liters of seed com planted to a tavlon if choice land 

60 liters of seed com planted to a hectare 

5 liters of seed com produces 270 liters in a fair harvest 

5 liters of seed com produces 450 liters in a good harvest 

LINEAR MEASURES 

-JOV 

-set 

tavlon 

armspan 

plot of land, cornfield 

plot 25-30 x 100-120 armspans square 
562 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

k'u snamakil xil sba? 

ju-p'ej k'ob 

-ch'utub (10 cm) 

jch'utub 

-ch'ix (20 cm) 

trenta (30 cm) 

kvarenta (40 cm) 

sesenta (60 cm) 

chanib okol 

metro (1 meter) 

PLANTING DISTANCE 

How far apart are they? 

finger's width (gladiolus) 

span of thumb and forefinger 

1 thumb and forefinger span (feverfew) 

handspan 

(carnation, cabbage) 

(daisy) 

(calla lily) 

(com), "four feet" 

(5 handspans) 

lajcha-p'ej yok 

losina 

bresa 

gruesa 

NUMERICAL MEASURES 

1 dozen (lilies, calla lilies, gladiolus), "12 stems" 

dozen 

12 dozen (flowers, rockets) 

cf. bresa 

ak'-kantelail chobtik 

yak'obil 

yav ak'al 

bal-te' 

bal-te' ta na 

ch'akob nichim 

jop-k'a'ep 

kantelail chobtik 

kavilto 

krusal ixim 

skuxanbe skantela ta xchob 

sk'ebbe 

k'echob te' 

k'ixin vo' 

k'oltixyo 

sla'an 

jlaklej 

sluktzan 

smakbe ssat balamil 

makob ik' 

Ceremonial Activities and Tools 

cornfield ceremony, the clearing, primarily in the 

lowland cornfields at the planting, the second weeding 

and the harvest (requesting rain and protection from 

wind and snakes, address to Earth Lord and tutelary 

gods), "the cornfield's alms enter" 

place where candles are offered 

censer, "charcoal place" 

change of floral decorations 

change of floral decorations in religious official's house 

small basket for the flowers used by a religious official to 

decorate his house altar, "flower divider." 

gathering up of rubbish (assistants of stewards when they 

entrust coffer to their successors) 

candles or ceremony for com fields 

banquet arbor at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, "courthouse" 

cross placed on pile of ears of com in lowlands, or in com 

bin 

hold cornfield ceremony 

pour on (cane liquor or broth offering) 

poles used to carry jaguar tree 

ritual speech; coffee, "hot water" 

jousting target 

make into arch (floral arch, frame of straw bull) 

pot used for boiling "flowers," "flowers" to be boiled in 

curing ceremony, "boiler" 

make into arch (floral arch, frame of straw bull) 

make offering to Earth Lord for house or field ceremony, 

"close the Earth's eyes" 

ceremony to prevent wind from destroying cornfield, 

"wind shutter" 
NUMBER 35 563 

mixail mail 

x'och slimuxnail chob 

x'och slimuxnail na 

x'och slimuxnail vo' 

pakpak-bail 

pakpak vo' 

span 

papal atz'am 

papal ual 

pasob kompixyon 

pasob proxixyon 

potzob 

spuk 

p'ajesob 

jsa'-kantela 

jsa'-nichim 

jsa'-pox 

jsa'-ve'elil 

sikil vo' 

sukbil yanal te' 

stenobil kamaro 

ste'el kamaro 

te' bolom 

te'el kantela 

te'el pom 

te'el trampol 

te'el vob 

ste'el yut 

stz'akiel 

tz'unbal te' 

xalu' 

xxij 

xxot 

Christ is clothed with a 3-

tinsel flowers are tied to the 

Christmas season watermelon squash eaten by the 

stewards, "Mass watermelon squash" 

hold agricultural ceremony 

dedicate new house (offerings to Earth Lord), "the 

house's alms enter." The owners and their children are 

bathed with "flower water." 

hold well ceremony, offerings to Earth Lord annually or 

bianually, "the well's alms enter" 

reciprocal offering of cane liquor by the cupbearers of 

each ensign-bearer on Fiesta of St. Sebastian, "reciprocation" 

cane liquor offered reciprocally by ensign-bearers and 

their cooks on the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, Carnival, 

and St. John's Day, "reciprocal water" 

boil ("flowers") 

straw mat in which salt is wrapped 

straw mat in which chaplet is wrapped 

white flowers taken to confession, "confession maker" 

flower petals strewn on processional path, processional 

trees, "procession maker" 

anthurium leaf to wrap candle 

distribute evenly to everyone (com gruel, food, liquor, 

cigarettes, palm fronds, saints' flowers), (coffee, 

bread, tamales, mangoes, and cane liquor on Corpus) 

geranium bloom used to sprinkle water in mouth of 

corpse on way to cemetery, "dropper" 

person in charge of bringing candles to cornfield 

person in charge of bringing cross decorations to 

cornfield 

person in charge of bringing liquor to cornfield 

person in charge of bringing food to cornfield 

ritual speech; cane liquor, "cold water" 

kitchen arbor for stewards-royal and publicans at the 

Fiesta of St. Sebastian, "plugged tree leaves" 

mallet for striking peg into mortar 

mortar peg 

jaguar tree 

stick to which new candles are bound to keep them from 

breaking when being transported 

wood incense 

drumstick (paka' olnob, dogwood) 

peg of stringed instrument 

sounding post (fiddle), "inside post" 

cross decorations, "dressing up" 

tree planted on both sides of processional path of saint 

(yellow or moctezuma pine, tilil, wax myrtle), 

"planting tree" 

flower vase for officials' banquet table, "pitcher." 

thread (hawthorn apples) 

make into arch (floral arch, frame of straw bull) 

, 5-, or 6-petaled flower on the cross. When he is taken down, 

"head" and the "heart" of the cross. 
564 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Fiesta Calendar 

STATIONARY FIESTAS 

New Year's Day, K'exel January 1 

Epiphany, Rey 6 

Our Lord of Esquipulas, K'in Iskipula 15 

St. Sebastian, K'in Xan Chavaxchan 18-22 

Our Lady of Candelaria, Sk'in Jch'ul-me'tik Kantelarya February 22 

St. Joseph, K'in San Jose March 19 

St. Peter, Martyr, K'in Samporo Martil April 29 

Holy Cross Day, K'in Krus May 3 

Mary, Help of Christians, Sk'in Jch'ul-me'tik Auksiliyadora 24 

St. Anthony, K'in San Antonyo June 13 

St. John, K'in San Jvan 24 

St. Peter, K'in San Pegro 29 

St. Ignatius, K'in San Inasyo July 31 

St. Dominic, K'in Santo Rominko August 4 

St. Lawrence, K'in San Torenso (Jk'intik) 10 

St. Rose, K'in Santa Roxa 29 

Our Lady of the Nativity, K'in Nativirat September 8 

St. Nicholas, K'in San Mikulax Sk'in Jtotik Apuxtol 3 

The Immaculate Conception, Sk'in Jch'ul-me'tik Konsepsyon (or) December 8 

The Most Pure Virgin, Sk'in Jch'ul-me'tik Purisima 

Our Lady of Guadalupe, K'in Valalupa 16 

Posadas, Mixatik 16-24 

First Christmas Mass, Ba Mixa 16 

Seventh Christmas Mass, Vukub Mixa 22 

Eighth Christmas Mass, Vaxakib Mixa, Xoj K'at'ix, Ventex Mamal 23 

Ninth Christmas Mass, Baluneb Mixa 24 

Christmas Eve, Ch-ayan Ninyo 24 

Christmas, Paskva 25 

MOVABLE FIESTAS 

Carnival, K'in Tajimoltik 

Saturday before Ash Wednesday, Savaro K'ak'al, Xlok' Penton 

Sunday before Ash Wednesday, Rominko K'ak'al 

Monday before Ash Wednesday, Lunex K'ak'al 

Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, Martex K'ak'al 

Lenten Fridays, Vyernextix 

First Friday of Lent, Ba Vyernex 

Second Friday of Lent, Chib Vyernex 

Third Friday of Lent, Oxib Vyernex 

Fourth Friday of Lent, Chanib Vyernex 

Fifth Friday of Lent, Vo'ob Vyernex 

Sixth Friday of Lent, Vakib Vyernex 

Our Lady of Sorrows, Sk'in Jch'ul-me'tik Lorol 

Palm Sunday, Rominko Ramox 
NUMBER 35 565 

Holy Week, Kuxel 

Monday of Holy Week, Lunex Kuxe (Santo) 

Tuesday of Holy Week, Martex Kuxel (Santo) 

Wednesday of Holy Week, Melkulex Kuxel (Santo) 

Maundy Thursday, Jveves Kuxel (Santo) 

Good Friday, Vyernex Santo 

Holy Saturday, Savaro Kuxel (Santo) 

Corpus Christi, K'in Sakramentu 

Sacred Heart, K'in Korason 

ANNUAL COMMUNITY CEREMONIES 

New Year's, Ach' Jabil (3rd Sunday, Monday, Tuesday after January 21) 

Mid-year's, O'lol Jabil (3rd Sunday, Monday, Tuesday after 24 June) 

Year-end's, Slajeb Jabil (3rd Sunday, Monday, Tuesday after 31 October) 

Religious Decoration (1982-1983) 

APAS 

Flower change 

steward-royal's house: 

Sixth Lenten Friday 

St. Peter, Martyr Day 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

Ninth Posada 

bamboo palm (25 dozen) 

geraniums (1 large basket) 

feverfew (volita) (1 large basket) 

chrysanthemums (krisantema) (1 load) 

calla lilies (18) 

pine needles (2 large bags) 

pine boughs (2) 

mixed flowers (1 load) 

bamboo palm (3 dozen) 

geraniums (1 small basket) 

feverfew (volita) (1 armful) 

chrysanthemums (krisantema) (2 bunches) 

gladiolus (2 dozen) 

pine needles (1 small bag) 

pine boughs (5: 2 for coffer, 3 for cross) 

chilkat (1 large basket) 

pine boughs (1 dozen) 

pine needles (2 large bags) 

fan palms (pik' xan) (3 dozen) 

maguey (muk'ta met) (15) 

roses (1 large basket) 

fan palms (batz'i xan) (6 dozen) 

yellow marigolds (1 large basket) 

tangerines (1 crate) 

popapple (300) 

sweet lemons (chu' lima) (150) 

chuchu' (3 dozen) 

red hawthorn (1 small basket) 

yellow hawthorn (1 small basket) 

bamboo palm (25 dozen) 

publican 

steward-royal 

between stewards 

royal and publicans 

publican 

between stewards 

royal and publicans 
566 

Ninth Posada 

creche in mountains: 

Spanish moss (2 large bags) 

bananas (kinya lo'bol) (4 trees) 

sugarcane (4 stalks) 

sedum (1 small basket) 

geraniums (1 large basket) 

bromeliad (krus ech') (3 dozen) 

bromeliad (kilon ech') (18) 

moss (1 small bag) 

pumpkin squash (4) 

gourd (jay) (5) 

white pine (4) 

pine boughs (4) 

pine needles (2 large bags) 

chamomile (15 bunches) 

nuk' chij (4 dozen) (for creche) 

spanish moss (1 large bag) 

bananas (kinya lo'bol) (2 trees) 

sugarcane (2 stalks) 

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

between stewards 

royal and publicans 

Flower Change 

coffer: 

Monday of Holy Week 

coffer: 

St. Peter, Martyr Day 

Our Lady of the Rosary Day 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

coffer: 

Ninth Posada 

ATZ'AM 

bamboo palm (20 dozen) steward 

geraniums (2 large baskets) " 

pine boughs (9; 2 for church door, 3 for cross, 2 for each well) " 

pine needles (2 large bags) " 

calla lilies (25 dozen) " 

bromeliad (krus ech') (not counted, sometimes used) " 

chrysanthemums (krisantema) (yellow chrysanthemums 

may be added to arches, alternating with geraniums) 

lilies (sakil asasena), carnations, gladiolus, feverfew (volita) tithing man 

baby's breath, daisies for vases (not counted) " 

bamboo palm (5 dozen) steward 

geraniums (1 small basket) " 

pine boughs (7; 4 inside, 3 for cross) " 

pine needles ('/2 bag) " 

calla lilies (3-4 dozen) " 

sedum (2 large baskets) " 

(substitute for geranium) 

sedum (1 small basket) 

roses (not counted) " 

fan palms (batz'i xan) 

red marigolds (4 large baskets) Jtek Lum 

white roses (scattered in well) " 

fan palms (pik' xan) (not counted) fiesta committee 

many flowers brought from all hamlets voluntarily 

yellow marigold (2 large baskets) (substitute for geranium) steward 

yellow marigold (1 small basket) " 

dogwood (not counted) anyone 

bamboo palm (not counted) 

Spanish moss 

pine (jich'il anal toj) (4) " 

sugarcane (2) 

bananas (lo'bol) (2) 
NUMBER 35 

Ninth Posada 

567 

creche in woods: 

citron 

sweet limes 

pumpkin squash 

popapple 

chuchu' 

oranges 

bromeliad (kilon ech') (if available) 

geraniums 

pine needles (2 large bags) 

wax myrtle (for procession) 

pine boughs (for procession) 

k'oxox te' (for procession) 

hawthorn (to hang on creche) 

fem (tzajal tzib) (to cover creche) 

elderberry (flowers for procession path) 

madrone (flowers for procession path) 

dogwood 

virgin's bower 

anyone 

steward, tithing man 

Flower change 

house: pine boughs (5) 

St. Peter, Martyr Day 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

Day of the Immaculate 

Conception 

BIK'IT JOYIJEL 

bamboo palm (14 dozen) 

red carnations (40 bunches) 

white carnations (40 bunches) 

calla lilies (10 dozen) 

daisies (30 bunches) 

feverfew (volita) (10 dozen) 

white gladiolus (6 dozen) 

pine boughs (6: 2 for door, 3 for outside cross, 1 for inside cross) 

basil (4 bunches) 

pine needles (1 small bag) 

red carnations (10 bunches) 

flowers for vases 

fan palms (batz'i xan) 

yellow marigolds (1 small basket) 

bamboo palm (14 dozen) 

red carnations (70 bunches) 

white carnations (70 bunches) 

calla lilies (20 dozen) 

red gladiolus (20 dozen) 

white gladiolus (20 dozen) 

feverfew (volita) (15 bunches) 

daisies (60 bunches) 

basil (40 bunches) 

steward 
568 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

CHAK TOJ 

Flower change 

Good Friday 

St. Josephs' Day 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

Our Lady of Guadalupe Day 

Ninth Posada 

creche in woods: 

geraniums (1 bunch) anyone 

pine needles (2 large bags) 

lilies (sakil asasena) (1-2 bunches) (may be substituted by 

gladiolus, red hot pokers daisies, pinks 

chilkat (1 large basket) 

white roses (not counted) " 

bromeliad (kilon ech') (not counted) " 

wax myrtle (not counted) 

tilil (not counted) " 

fan palms (pik' xan) (not counted) " 

yellow marigold mixed with geraniumsif there is any of latter available " 

fan palms (pik' xan) 

dogwood or xaxib (none counted) 

juniper 

bromeliad (tzajal ech') " 

sedum 

geraniums 

hawthorn 

Spanish moss 

moss 

chuchu' (if found) " 

oranges 

tangerines 

fem (muk'ta tzib) 

maguey (lo'balal met) (small plants) 

roses " 

juniper 

bromeliad (tzajal ech') 

sedum 

geraniums 

hawthorn 

Spanish moss 

moss 

dogwood or xaxib 

ELAN VO' 

Flower change 

each steward's house: 

New Years' Day 

each steward's house: 

pine boughs (6) steward pair 

bamboo palm (3 dozen) junior steward 

bromeliad (krus ech') (40) senior steward 

geraniums (1 large basket) steward pair 

gladiolus or calla lilies or lilies (sakil asasena) (10-12 dozen) each steward 

carnations (10 bunches when available) 

pine boughs (5) 

bamboo palm (2 dozen) 

bromeliad (krus ech') (40) 

geraniums (1 large basket) 

pine needles (1 small bag) 

feverfew (volita) (1 large basket if available) 

geraniums (1 large basket) steward pair 

sedum (1 large basket) 

geraniums (1 large basket) 
NUMBER 35 569 

each steward's house: 

St. Sebastian's Day (24 Jan) 

Fourth Lenten Friday 

each steward's house: 

Palm Sunday the same 

Good Friday 

St. Peter, Martyrs' Day 

Corpus Christi 

each steward's house: 

Our Lady of the Rosary Day 

each steward's house: 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

each steward's house: 

First Posada 

each steward's house: 

sedum (1 large basket) 

pine boughs (6 large) 

fan palms (pik' xan) (1 load) 

chamomile (10 bunches) 

chamomile (10 bunches) 

pine (jich'il anal toj) (2 trees) 

bromeliad (kilon ech') (8) 

pine needles (1 large bag) 

fan palms (batz'i xan) (80) 

sakramentual nichim (1 armful) 

sakramentual nichim (1 armful) 

red marigolds (1 large basket) 

red marigolds (1 large basket) 

yellow marigolds (1 large basket) 

yellow marigolds (1 large basket) 

sedum (1 large basket) 

sedum (1 large basket) 

steward pair 

deputy assigns palm 

man for year 

each steward 

anyone who offers 

steward pair 

palm man 

steward pair 

each steward 

steward pair 

Flower change 

Our Lord of Esquipulas Day 

Our Lady of Sorrows Day 

St. Lawrence's Day 

New Year's Day 

Holy Cross Day 

KELEM TON 

red carnations (50 bunches) 

feverfew (volita) (30 bunches) 

daisies (20 bunches) 

calla lilies (40 dozen) 

bamboo palm (8 dozen) 

pine boughs (2 dozen) 

pine needles (2 large bags) 

red carnations (70 bunches) 

feverfew (volita) (50 bunches) 

daisies (20 bunches) 

calla lilies (40 dozen) 

bamboo palm (8 dozen) 

pine boughs (23: 6 crosses and steward's cross) (3 apiece, 

2 for church) 

communal 

Flower change 

Flower change 

house of senior steward: 

MUK'TA JOK' 

bamboo palm (10 dozen) 

geranium (1 large basket) 

pine boughs (4: 2 for door, 1 for entrance cross, 

1 for cross inside) 

calla lilies (8 dozen) 

red carnations (6-7 dozen) 

daisies (2-3 bunches) 

pine needles (4 large bags) 

pine boughs (5) 

pine needles (1 large bag) 

all other decorations taken from above 

4 stewards (1 

senior, 3 junior) 

4 stewards (1 

senior, 3 junior) 

senior steward 
570 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

St. Ignatius' Day 

Ninth Posada creche: 

house of senior steward: 

same as bal te', but people give flowers 

spanish moss (2 small bags) 

ox-'u (3-4 dozen for frames) 

chuchu' (2-3 crates) 

moss (l/2 small bag) 

taken from above 

senior steward 

4 stewards 

Flower change 

each steward's house: 

Our Lord of Esquipulas Day 

Flower change (Lent) 

Palm Sunday 

St. Peter, Martyr Day 

St. Anthony's Day 

Our Lady of the Rosary Day 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

Day of the Immaculate 

Conception 

Christmas (26 Dec) 

creche in woods: 

NA CHIJ 

bamboo palm (12 dozen) 

bromeliad (krus ech') (40) 

tilil (5: 2 for door, 3 for cross) 

geraniums (1 large basket) 

calla lilies (25 dozen) may be substituted by gladiolus, 

lilies (sakil asasena), blue lily of the Nile 

bamboo palm (6 dozen) 

pine boughs (3 inside) 

tilil (3 for door cross) 

pine needles (1 small bag) 

geraniums (1 small basket) 

calla lilies, etc. (1 dozen) 

bromeliad (krus ech') (25) 

fan palms (pik' xan) (100 bunches) 

sedum replaces geraniums 

fan palms (pik' xan) (125) 

fan palms (batz'i xan) (250) 

fan palms (pik' xan) (100 bunches) 

red marigolds replace geraniums 

yellow marigolds replace geraniums 

blue lily of the Nile (25 dozen) 

bamboo palm (125 bunches) 

bromeliad (krus ech') (75) 

sedum (1 big basket) 

moss (1 small bag) 

popapple (50) 

chuchu'(50) 

hawthorn (1 quart) 

sweet lemons (chu' lima) (250) 

oranges(2) 

pumpkin squash (3-4) 

spanish moss (1 large bag) 

pine (jich'il anal toj) (2 trees) 

juniper (10 branches) 

sedum (taken from above) 

moss (taken from above) 

spanish moss (taken from above) 

hawthorn (taken from above) 

alternating steward 

steward pair 

each steward 

deputy 

steward pair 

each steward 

deputy 

steward pair 

each steward 

steward pair 

deputy 

steward pair 

Flower change 

NABEN CHAUK 

bamboo palm (60 dozen) both steward pairs 

alternate 
NUMBER 35 571 

steward's house: 

Epiphany 

Lenten Fridays (except 4th 

Friday 

Fourth Friday 

Wednesday of Holy Week 

Good Friday 

St. Peter, Martyr Day 

Mary, Help of Christians 

Day (21-24 May) 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

Our Lady of Guadalupe Day 

First Posada 

Ninth Posada 

Ninth Posada 

geraniums (1 small basket) 

pine boughs (7: 2 per door and 3 for cross) 

gladiolus, lilies (asasena), calla lilies (15 dozen) 

feverfew (volita) (30 bunches) 

pine boughs (5) 

pine needles (1 small bag) 

geraniums (1 small basket) 

bamboo palm (4 dozen) 

flowers for vases 

sedum ('/2 basket) 

geraniums (l/2 basket) 

geraniums (1 basket) 

chamomile (50 bunches) 

chamomile (30 bunches) 

geraniums (1 large basket) 

chilkat (1 large basket) 

maguey (1 dozen) 

fan palms (pik' xan) (2 bundles) 

tilil (2 loads) 

wax myrtle (2 loads) 

bromeliad (kilon ech') (1 dozen) 

geraniums (1 large basket) 

chamomile (30 bunches) 

roses (1 large basket) 

tilil (2 loads) 

wax myrtle (2 loads) 

pine (pimil anal toj) (20) 

fan palms (batz'i xan) (60 fronds) 

gladiolus and other fancy flowers 

geraniums (72 small basket) 

yellow marigolds (72 small basket) 

geraniums (1 large basket) 

calla lilies (5 dozen) 

gladiolus and other fancy flowers 

sedum (1 bunch) 

geraniums (1 bunch) 

bromeliad (vojton ech') (2) 

sedum (72 small basket) 

geraniums (72 small basket) 

bamboo palm (45 dozen) 

Spanish moss (1 bundle) 

pine needles (1 bag) 

bromeliad (krus ech') (1 dozen) 

hawthorn (2 armspans) 

chuchu' (25) 

popapple (25) 

sweet lemons (chu' lima) (25) 

oranges (pimil pat naranja) (25) 

white pine (4) 

each steward 

junior stewards alternate 

each steward 

pairs alternate 

each steward 

pairs alternate 

each steward 

each pair 

fiesta committee 

deputy 

each pair 

each steward 

deputy 

reforestation 

department 

each steward 

flower merchants 

each steward 

flower merchants 

each steward 

stewards of Our Holy 

Lady of Guadalupe 

each steward 

each steward 

each pair 

each steward 

each pair 

each steward 

godparents 
572 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PASTE' 

Flower change 

stewards' houses: 

Holy Week 

Good Friday 

St. Peter, Martyr Day 

Corpus Christi 

St. Peter's Day 

Our Lady of the Rosary Day 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

Ninth Posada 

bamboo palm (5 dozen) 

bromeliad (krus ech') (3 dozen) 

pine boughs (5) 

geraniums (1 small basket) 

gladiolus (7 dozen) 

calla lilies (3 dozen) 

daisies (4 bunches) 

lilies (liryo) (3-4 dozen) 

k'ox bukaro (3 dozen) 

red carnations (6 dozen; may substitute for geraniums) 

yellow day lilies, feverfew (volita), chrysanthemums (krisantema) 

(may substitute for other flowers) 

bamboo palm (4 dozen) 

bromeliad (krus ech') (3 dozen) 

pine needles (1 small bag) 

pine boughs (5) 

flowers taken from above 

chamomile (1 large basket) 

roses (1 small basket) 

palm fronds (batz'i xan) (400) 

sakramentual nichim (1 large basket for each home and church) 

fan palms (pik' xan) (100) 

fan palms (pik' xan) (100) 

red marigolds (1 large basket) 

yellow marigolds (1 large basket) 

sedum (1 large bag) 

pine boughs (2 for church) 

pine needles (1 small bag) 

chuchu' (2 dozen) 

popapple (1 dozen) 

hawthorn (1 large basket) 

tangerines (2 dozen) 

pumpkin squash (1) 

Spanish moss (1 small bag) 

bromeliad (krus ech') (3 dozen) 

shared by steward pair 

each steward 

each steward 

shared 

each steward 

shared 

each steward 

SAK LUM 

Flower change 

Flower change 

steward-royal's house: 

geraniums (2 large baskets) 

bromeliad (krus ech') (1 large bag may be substituted by 

32 dozen bamboo palm fronds) 

pine boughs (6) 

pine needles (3 large bags) 

feverfew (volita) (100 or so) 

carnations (50) 

lilies (sakil asasena) (50) 

calla lilies (5-6 dozen) 

geraniums (1 small basket) 

bromeliad (krus ech') (1 small basket) 

bamboo palm (8 dozen) 

pine boughs (5) 

pine needles (1 large bag) 

steward-royal 

steward-royal 
NUMBER 35 573 

Fifth Lenten Friday 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

Ninth Posada 

creche in woods: 

creche in church: 

feverfew (volita) (1-2 dozen) 

carnations (50) 

lilies (sakil asasena) (50) 

calla lilies (2 dozen) 

flowers as above 

spanish moss (2 large bags) 

bromeliad (kilon ech') (2 dozen) 

pine (jich'il anal toj) (6 trees) 

bananas (kinya lo'bol) (2 trees) 

sugarcane (2 stalks) 

fan palms (pik' xan) (2 loads) 

k'oxox te' (5 loads) 

roses (1 large bag) 

yellow marigolds (3 loads substituting for geraniums) 

baby's breath (2 bunches) 

carnations (2 bunches) 

pine needles (1 small bag) 

dogwood (2) 

sweet lemons (chu' lima) (200) 

oranges (pimil pat naranja) (200) 

citron (10) 

Spanish moss (1 large bag) 

pine boughs (2 trees) 

bananas (kinya lo'bol) (4 trees) 

sugarcane (4 stalks) 

hawthorn (1 small basket) 

sedum (1 small basket) 

ferns (tzajal tzib) (1 load) 

moss (1 large basket) ° 

pumpkin squash (2) 

dogwood (1 dozen) 

baby's breath 

geraniums, carnations (given by people to decorate inside of creche) 

steward royal 

among community 

SAN MIKULAX 

Flower change 

Flower change 

New Year's Day 

Fourth Lenten Friday 

Maundy Thursday 

Holy Cross Day 

Corpus Christi 

bamboo palm (20 dozen) 

bromeliad (krus ech') (100) 

geraniums (1 large basket) 

pine needles (72 large bag) (at crosses) 

pine boughs (5: 2 for door, 3 for cross) (6: 3 apiece for 2 crosses) 

calla lilies (32 dozen) or gladiolus, lilies (sakil asasena), blue 

lily of the Nile, feverfew (volita), baby's breath (dry season), or 

chrysanthemums (pompom) (expensive) 

sedum (1 small basket) 

chamomile (1 small basket) 

chamomile (1 small basket) 

roses (2 large baskets) 

sakramentual nichim (1 large basket) 

red carnations (1 large basket) (substitute for geraniums, which 

rot in rainy season) 

4 of 90 members 

4 of 90 members 
574 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

St. Nicholas' Day (8-10 Sep) 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

Ninth Posada 

creche outside: 

red carnations (1 large basket) 

yellow marigolds (1 large bunch) 

bromeliad (krus ech') (3 dozen) 

dogwood 

juniper 

moss 

ferns (tzajal tzib) (4) 

hawthorn 

oranges 

tangerines 

popapple 

watermelon squash (small fruits) 

dogwood 

juniper 

hawthorn 

moss 

4 of 90 members 

Flower change 

SEK'EMTIK 

bamboo palm (16 dozen) 

geraniums (one large basket) 

pine boughs (22) (church and 6 crosses) 

calla lilies (13 dozen) 

red carnations (10 bunches) 

feverfew (volita) (70 bunches) 

pine needles (2 large bags) 

white carnations or daisies may be substituted for volita so that 

red and white flowers alternate on arch 

steward 

steward's house: 

Of the flowers for the flower 

change, the following are 

taken out for the steward's 

house 

Our Lady of Sorrows Day (sixth 

Lenten Friday) 

St. Peter, Martyr Day 

St. Lawrence's Day (5-6 August) 

Our Lady of the Rosary Day 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

Ninth Posada 

pine needles (72 small bag) 

pine boughs (5: 3 for cross, 1 for each side of table) 

calla lilies (2 dozen) 

red carnations (2 bunches) 

bamboo palm (2 dozen) 

geraniums (1 small basket) 

pine boughs (5) 

calla lilies (1 bunch) 

red carnations (1 bunch) 

feverfew (volita) (19 bunches) 

red gladiolus (1 bunch) 

chamomile 

fan palms (batz'i xan) (200-250) 

red marigolds (1 large basket) 

yellow marigolds (1 large basket) 

pine (jich'il anal toj) (2) 

juniper (2 loads) (creche at roadside and in church) 

(1 large basket) 

bananas (kinya lo'bol) trees (2) 

pine needles (2 bags) 

moss (1 bag) 

sedum (1 bunch) 

anyone 

same as Flower 

change 

steward 
NUMBER 35 575 

roadside creche: 

chuchu' (50) 

popapple (50) 

sweet lemon (chu' lima) (50) 

juniper (6-8 branches) 

spanish moss 

anyone 

steward 

Flower change 

churches 

steward's house 

ZINACANTAN CENTER 

geraniums (1 large basket) 

calla lilies (6 dozen) 

bromeliads (krus ech') (150) 

bamboo palm (300) 

geraniums (1 small basket) 

calla lilies (3 dozen) 

bromeliads (krus ech') (60) 

bamboo palm (4 dozen) 

pine boughs (3 for altar, 3 for cross) 

pine needles (1 bag) 

each steward 

New Year's Day 

churches 

courthouse pillars 

Epiphany 

churches 

"bull's blood" 

St. Sebastian's Day 

Church of St. Lawrence 

Church of St. Sebastian 

banquet vases 

jaguar tree 

jousting target 

jousting runway 

banquet arbor 

kitchen houses 

food 

chicha 

Saturday before Ash Wednesday 

chicha 

food 

Sunday, Monday, Tuesday before 

Ash Wednesday 

banquet vases 

calla lilies (4 dozen) 

tilil (2 small bundles) 

calla lilies (4 dozen) 

calla lilies (2 dozen) 

onion 

mint 

chili 

fancy flowers (3 dozen) 

fancy flowers ($50) 

fancy flowers ($100) 

calla lilies (2 dozen) 

calla lilies (2 dozen) 

chrysanthemums (pompom) (1 dozen) 

chrysanthemums (pompom) (1 dozen) 

alder (1) 

pine (jich'il anal toj) (2) 

oak branches (tulan) 

oak branches (tulan) 

oak branches (tulan) 

quince jam 

pineapples 

sugarcane 

brown sugar 

pineapples 

sugarcane 

brown sugar 

jabnal leaves (400-500) 

calla lilies (2 dozen) 

each senior steward 

each junior steward 

each steward 

constables 

each steward 

each ensign-bearer 

Stewards of Our Lady 

of the Rosary 

each steward 

each ensign-bearer 

senior stewards 

junior stewards 

senior stewards 

junior stewards 

jaguars, spooks 

Spanish lords 

grand Spanish lord 

grand alcalde 

stewards royal 

Spanish lords 

entertainers 

cantors 

each cantor 

sacristans 
576 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

First, second, third Lenten Fridays 

Church of St. Lawrence 

Fourth Lenten Friday 

Church of St. Lawrence 

procession path 

house altars of Stewards of 

the Holy Cross 

Fifth, sixth Lenten Fridays, 

Monday and Tuesday of 

Holy Week 

Church of St. Lawrence 

chrysanthemums (pompom) (1 dozen) 

red beans (tzajal xlumil) (172 bushels) 

geraniums (72 small basket) 

chamomile (4 bunches) 

chamomile (5 bunches) 

white rose petals (1 large bowl) 

white rose petals (72 small basket) 

geraniums (72 small basket) 

geraniums (1 bunch) 

chamomile (7 bunches) 

chamomile (6 bunches) 

white rose petals (2 large bowls) 

white rose petals (1 large bowl) 

calla lilies (2 dozen) 

calla lilies (4 dozen) 

chilkat (1 small basket) 

tilil (1 bundle) 

wax myrtle (1 bundle) 

k'oxox te' (1 bundle) 

fan palm (pik' xan) (1 bundle) 

maguey (muk'ta met) (6 leaves) 

calla lilies (6 bunches) 

palm fronds (batz'i xan) (300) 

Fifth, sixth Lenten Fridays, 

Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday 

of Holy Week 

Church of St. Lawrence 

procession path 

procession path 

Maundy Thursday 

Church of St. Lawrence 

Good Friday 

Church of St. Lawrence 

white rose petals (1 basket) 

chilkat (1 basket) 

tilil (1 bundle) 

wax myrtle (1 bundle) 

k'oxox te' (1 bundle) 

white rose petals (1 large basket) 

bromeliads (kilon ech') (2) 

pine tree (1) 

pine tree (1) 

pine needles (1 small bag) 

white rose petals (1 large basket) 

chilkat (1 large basket) 

sacristans 

each steward 

each ensign-bearer 

each steward and cantor 

each steward 

each ensign-bearer 

each steward 

each ensign-bearer 

each steward 

each ensign-bearer 

each steward 

constables 

people of Elan Vo' 

each Steward of the 

Holy Cross 

each steward 

Junior Steward of St. 

Dominic, Junior 

Steward of the Holy 

Sacrament 

each steward and cantor 

constables 

constables 

each steward 

junior stewards 

senior stewards 

Stewards of the Holy 

Cross 

each cantor and Steward of the Holy 

Cross 
NUMBER 35 577 

procession path 

St. Peter, Martyr Day 

Church of St. Lawrence 

Holy Cross Day 

crosses 

Corpus Christi 

Church of St. Lawrence 

food 

Sacred Heart Day 

St. Peter's Day 

St. Dominic's Day 

St. Lawrence's Day 

Independence Day 

courthouse 

St. Rose's Day 

necklace 

Our Lady of the Nativity Day 

Our Lady of the Rosary Day 

Church of St. Lawrence 

to Atz'am 

to Atz'am 

banquet vases 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

Day of the Immaculate 

Conception 

geraniums (72 small basket) 

chamomile (72 small basket) 

tilil (1 bundle) 

wax myrtle (1 bundle) 

k'oxox te' (1 bundle) 

palm fronds (batz'i xan) (250) 

geraniums (1 large basket) 

tilil (3 for each of 11 crosses) 

pine needles (2 bunches for each of 11 crosses) 

white rose petals (72 small basket) 

geraniums (72 small basket) 

sakramentual nichim (72 small basket) 

mangoes (10 for sacristans and musicians) 

calla lilies (3 dozen) 

gladiolas($100) 

calla lilies (6 dozen) 

calla lilies (6 dozen) 

fine flowers ($100) 

fan palm (pik' xan) (1 load) 

red carnations (5 bunches) 

white carnations (5 bunches) 

calla lilies (4 dozen) 

calla lilies (2 dozen) 

calla lilies (2 dozen) 

calla lilies (2 dozen) 

geraniums (72 large basket) 

red marigolds (72 large basket) 

calla lilies (2 dozen) 

geraniums (72 small basket) 

red marigolds (72 small basket) 

pine (5 boughs: 3 for cross, 2 for door) 

bromeliads (vojton ech') (200) 

bamboo palm (200) 

calla lilies (2 dozen) 

chrysanthemums (pompom) (1 dozen) 

calla lilies (6 dozen) 

geraniums (72 large basket) 

yellow marigolds (72 large basket) 

calla lilies (4 dozen) 

each steward 

constables 

each of the Stewards 

of St. Anthony and 

the Holy Cross 

each of the Stewards 

of the Holy Cross 

each steward 

each steward and 

ensign-bearer 

people of Elan Vo' 

Stewards of the Holy 

Rosary 

each steward 

each ensign-bearer 

each steward 

each ensign-bearer 

each steward 

each steward and elder 

each steward and elder 

Stewards of St. Sebastian 

each steward 

Stewards of St. Anthony and St. Sebastian 

each steward 

each of the Stewards 

of St. Dominic, the 
578 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

procession path 

Our Lady of Guadalupe Day 

procession path 

The Posadas 

food 

First Posada 

stewards' altar 

Seventh Posada 

Church of St. Lawrence 

Eighth Posada 

Church of St. Lawrence 

Church of St. Lawrence 

tilil (2 bundles) 

wax myrtle (2 bundles) 

k'oxox te' (2 bundles) 

pine needles ( 1 bag) 

calla lilies (4 dozen) 

pine needles (1 bag) 

tilil (2 bundles) 

wax myrtle (2 bundles) 

k'oxox te' (2 bundles) 

watermelon squash and pumpkin squash (2 dozen) 

geraniums (72 large basket) 

sedum (72 large basket) 

geraniums (72 small basket) 

sedum (72 small basket) 

white pine (tzajal k'uk' toj) (2) 

white pine (1) 

white pine (1) 

geraniums (72 large basket) 

sedum (72 large basket) 

bromeliads (krus ech') (40) 

bromeliads (vojton ech') (3) 

lilies (batz'i asasena) (3) 

moss (tzon-te'al balamil) (2 bags) 

chuchu' (2 dozen) 

chuchu' (1 dozen) 

sugarcane (2) 

reed (antzil aj) (4 dozen) 

banana tree (chan-tzelav lo'bol) (2) 

popapple (2 dozen) 

popapple (1 dozen) 

sweet lemon (chu' lima) (2 dozen) 

sweet lemon (1 dozen) 

navel orange (2 dozen) 

Holy Cross, the 

Holy Sacrament 

Junior Steward of St. 

Dominic, Junior 

Steward of the Holy 

Cross 

each Steward of Our 

Lady of the Rosary, 

St. Anthony, St. Sebastian 

Junior Steward of Our 

Lady of the Rosary 

Senior Steward of Our 

Lady of the Rosary 

each steward 

Steward of Our Lady 

of the Rosary 

other senior stewards 

other junior stewards 

each steward 

stewards 

each steward 

Stewards of Our 

Lady of the Rosary 

Junior Steward of St. 

Dominic 

Stewards of Our Lady 

of the Rosary 

Junior Steward of St. 

Anthony 

Stewards of Our Lady 

of the Rosary 

Senior Steward of St. 

Dominic 

Stewards of Our Lady 

of the Rosary 
NUMBER 35 579 

Ninth Posada 

Church of St. Sebastian 

navel orange (1 dozen) 

hawthorn apples (13 armspans) 

fan palm (pik' xan) (1 tree) 

fan palm (1 tree) 

bamboo palm (570) 

pine boughs (36) 

dogwood (2 dozen) 

pine needles (1 bag) 

bromeliads (2 dozen left over from above) 

moss (tzon-te'al balamil) 

dogwood (2 dozen) 

hawthorn apples (3 armspans) 

bamboo palm (2 dozen) 

bamboo palm (2 dozen) 

Senior Steward of St. 

Anthony 

Stewards of Our Lady 

of the Rosary 

Junior Steward of St. 

Dominic 

Junior Steward of the 

Holy Sacrament 

Junior Steward of Our 

Lady of the Rosary 

Stewards of Our Lady 

of the Rosary 

each steward 

godfathers 

Stewards of Our Lady 

of the Rosary 

Junior Steward of St. 

Sebastian 

Junior Steward of the 

Holy Sacrament 

Flower change 

stewards royal houses: 

New Years' Day 

Our Lord of Esquipulas Day 

Lenten Fridays 

Corpus Christi 

St. Lawrence's Day 

Our Lady of the Rosary Day 

ZINACANTAN CENTER (ISKIPULA) 

bamboo palm (50 dozen; 25 for doorways, 25 inside) 

geraniums (2 small baskets) 

calla lilies (25 dozen) or gladiolus, lilies (sakil asasena, liryo 

red hot poker 

chrysanthemums (krisantema) (2 vases) or blue lily of the Nile 

(expensive) or feverfew (volita) or daisies 

carnations (25 bunches) 

pine needles (4 small bags) 

bamboo palm (5 dozen) 

geraniums (1 small basket) 

calla lilies (5 dozen) 

carnations (4 bunches) 

pine boughs (6: 3 for cross, 3 for altar) 

pine needles (1 small bag) 

carnations (30 dozen) 

pine needles (4 small bags) 

fine red gladiolus (1 gross) 

pine boughs (12) 

all paper flowers changed 

chamomile (2 small baskets) 

sakramentual nichim substituted for carnation 

fine red gladiolus (1 gross) 

red marigolds (2 small baskets) 

publican pair 

stewards royal and 

publicans (removed 

after a week) 

publican pair 

incoming publicans 

incoming stewards 

royal and publicans 

publican pair 

highland hamlets 

publican pair 
580 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

First Posada 

Christmas (28 Dec) 

New Year's 

Mid-year's 

Year-end's 

yellow marigolds (2 small baskets) 

sedum (2 small baskets) 

calla lilies (30 dozen) 

juniper (5; 4 for doors, 1 for cross) 

juniper (5) 

Spanish moss (2 large bags) 

all paper flowers changed 

juniper (5) 

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

publican pair 

» 

outgoing publicans 

publicans 

Flower change 

St. Sebastian's Day 

First Lenten Friday 

Fourth Lenten Friday 

Fifth, Sixth Lenten Fridays 

Maundy Thursday 

Good Friday 

Corpus Christi 

Our Lady of the Rosary Day 

All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day 

Christmas 

ZINACANTAN CENTER (MOLETIK) 

bamboo palm (5 dozen) 

pine boughs (7: 3 for cross, 4 for altar) 

pine needles (2 small bags) 

geraniums (1 small basket) 

9 vases in which may be put daisies, carnations, feverfew 

(volita), lilies (bantera nichim, sakil asasena, liryo), gladiolus, 

chrysanthemums (krisantema, pompom), blue lily of the Nile 

"Shared" means that the first flower change is borne by the grand 

alcalde, then the petty alcalde, then the prefects in descending 

order until the cycle is repeated, 

oak (tulan) (enough to cover 6 x 3 m shelter) 

pine (2 to hang jousting target) 

chamomile (12 bunches) 

roses (1 large basket) 

chamomile (24 bunches) 

roses (2 large baskets) 

roses (2 large baskets to bury Christ) 

roses (2 large baskets for procession) 

sakramentual nichim (1 small basket) 

red marigolds (1 small basket) 

yellow marigolds (1 small basket) 

(flower change) sedum (1 small basket) 

senior publican 

petty alcalde 

shared 

grand alcalde 

grand alcalde, 

petty alcalde 

grand alcalde 

Curing 

Divination—13 grains of corn of each color used, chosen from big corn ears, may be 

highland or lowland, but usually highland. Kernels lying on side (tz'e'el) mean kuxul 

balamil, the earth is dangerous. Kernels tip down (nujul) mean the soul is tz'ajal ta vo', 

submerged in water. Kernels tip up (chotol) or rising to surface of water mean xi'em ta 

chon, frightened by a snake, or ta stot, ta sme', by the tutelary gods. Each of the four ears 

of com from which the kernels have been taken are put at the head of the bed for three days 

when the flowers are removed. The kernels used in the divination are placed in a 

soul-calling gourd. After three days the kernels are toasted or ground and prepared as the 

patient desires and eaten. 
NUMBER 35 581 

Shaman required: 

chakal (vo'an) 

jak'ob ik' 

jik'ik'ul obal 

komel ta balamil 

k'asel ta jch'uleltik 

k'elel (satil) 

k'ux o'onil 

majben k'ak'al 

majben skventa kajvaltik 

majben utz kolo' 

poslom 

sak-'obal 

sarampyo 

sik k'ok' 

sikil kolo'al ik' 

simal obal 

situbel 

ti'ol 

tup'-'ik' 

tzeluel 

tz'akob bak 

xenel ch'utul 

x'atiltasvan 

bakubtasbil 

mi xbik'taj 

chabibil 

chichinbil 

ch'ilbil 

ju'bil ta tze 

juch'bil 

k'ixnabil 

slajbe 

slakan 

boil 

rash 

whooping 

soul-loss 

aches and 

evil eye 

chest pain 

aches and 

aches and 

aches and 

ILLNESSES 

cough 

pains 

pains 

pains 

pains 

lesion in leg or arm 

tuberculosis 

measles 

chills and fever 

chills and fever 

head cold 

swelling 

depression 

epilepsy 

cramp 

i 

broken bone 

nausea, diarrhea 

nichim? 

lakanbil xchevel 

lambil 

smes 

xmuet ta nichim 

sna' spikel 

snib 

x'och ta nichim 

x'och ta volim 

pak'bil 

Shaman not required: 

eal 

kojon (solem kattik) 

xk'a' sk'al koktik 

k'a'el 

k'ak'al sik 

k'ux k'abil 

k'uxben chon 

lesel k'obol 

makel 

me'-vinik 

nelub 

nuk'ul 

pumel 

sal-tz'i' 

satil 

sep' 

sim-nak'al 

ti'ben chon 

toyob-bail 

Curing Activities 

bathe person 

toasted 

should the leaves be removed, "should the flower 

when only "hot" foods can be eaten, "cared for" 

strained 

toasted 

fever sore 

hernia 

athletes' foot 

venereal disease 

malaria 

painful urination 

toothache 

chilblain 

constipation, urinary blockage 

heartburn 

reflex pain in thigh or armpit 

mumps 

swollen stomach 

blemish 

pinkeye 

mange 

dysentery 

snakebite 

rebelliousness 

get smaller" 

mashed raw (rubbed between the palms of the hands) 

ground on metate 

wilted on the fire 

muscular aches) 

strike with nettle 

or griddle (leaves used for bone break, 

boil (curative plants; sakil k'os, bromeliad, geranium, laurel, 

peperomia, incense, pine) 

stem boiled 

placed on wound oi break (like bandage or compress) 

change floral decorations at mountain shrines in preparation for visit, "sweep" 

be fragrant in the flowers (patient who 

ceremonial bed) 

use tobacco for curing, "know how to touch" 

massage 

has entered 

enter ceremonial bed (patient), "enter into the flowers" 

enter ceremonial bed (patient) 

cf. lambil 
582 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

xpamtavan 

spech' 

pech'bil 

p'up'unbil 

tenbil 

tz'ajbil 

svuch'ta 

cense person 

tie floral decorations (sakil k'os, bromeliad, laurel, geranium 

pine) 

bound (bandage, compress) 

ground to powder 

mashed with rocks 

soaked 

blow (cane liquor) on 

aptaobil 

atinajebal 

bajob-bail 

bajobil 

bolibtasobil 

ik'ob-bail 

kolo'al chamel 

-lajel 

slok'esobil ta balamil 

majob-bail 

mak kantela 

makob j'ak'-chamel 

makob k'ak'al satil 

makob utz kolo' 

smakobil ik' 

smakobil ssat balamil 

smes 

mesob-bail 

-mok 

muk'ta mol 

ojov 

papal nichim 

pich'ob-bail 

pokob 

potzob-bail 

potzol 

spoxilin 

ssikubtasob 

ta'ajesob chakal 

Curing Tools and Remedies 

gourd for recalling soul, "shouter" 

holy gourd for "flower water," "bathing place" 

branch used to remove "wind" in body, "self-beater" 

branch used to remove "wind" 

chewing tobacco, "stupefier" 

gourd for recalling soul, "self-caller" 

sickness transferred to person on trail, "evil sickness" 

blow of prickly plant (to remove "wind" in limbs) 

gourd used in divination at curing ceremony, "remover from the 

earth" 

branches used to strike earth to bring back lost soul (oak, yellow 

or montezuma pine), "self-beater" 

each of 3 tips of pine placed at foot of candles at shrine (yellow 

or montezuma pine), "candle shield" 

tobacco or garlic used to blind witches, "good, evil stopper" 

tiny gourd worn on baby's bracelet, "hot eye stopper" 

tobacco, garlic, rue used to blind witches, "good, evil stopper" 

branches or straw mat set up to shield candles from wind, "wind 

shutter" 

garlic or tobacco buried where person has fright and rubbed on 

body at bedtime, camphor placed in bag and hung around 

neck at bedtime, "closer of the earth's eyes' 

rub with elderberry branches or eggs (child suffering from 

effects of evil eye), "sweep" 

absorbent (elderberry branches used to "sweep" patient), 

"self-sweeper" 

bunch of mexican coyote brush left on trail or blow (with 

mexican coyote brush to remove "wind" from leg) 

chewing tobacco, "big old man" 

mixture of chewing tobacco, garlic, and urine rubbed on leg to 

cure poslom, "lord" 

straw mat on which "flowers" for curing ceremony are 

placed, "flower mat" 

tobacco leaves and hawthorn leaves used to bandage broken 

bones 

"flower" water, "bather" 

leaf for wrapping broken bone, "folder" 

enveloped (patient in bed surrounded with flowers) 

medicinal herb 

gourd used to cool water in which "flowers" have been 

boiled, "cooler" 

herb used to dry out boil 
NUMBER 35 583 

stalesobil ya'lel xchu' 

tek'el toj 

tuch'ob k'ok' 

jtunel 

tup'ob k'ak'al satil 

tup'ob majbenal 

tzebiltasobil 

tzebinajebal 

tzo' ek'en 

tzobob vo' 

tz'akob-bail 

vesob ch'ich' 

syaluobil 

rue tea drunk to cause woman's milk to flow 

pine tips (used to decorate crosses or erected on both sides of 

procession route) 

fever reducer 

medicinal herb, "useful object" 

elderberry used to relieve effects of evil eye, "extinguisher of 

hot eye" 

herbs used to cure majbenal, "extinguisher of beating" 

"flower water," "shampoo" 

half gourd for "flower water," "shampooing place" 

scraps of dough that have fallen onto metate platform. They are 

rubbed on a bum to soothe it, "metate platform shit." 

gourd for holy water, "water collecter" 

leaves used to speed mending of bones, "mender" 

herb used to reduce hemorrhage 

object used magically to incapacitate or cure (tobacco, garlic, 

white sapote pit, avocado) 

Plants in Place Names 

([p] indicates that in the place name the plant has the pluralizing marker -tik, "expanse of," e.g., botiltik, scarlet 

runner bean field, naranjatik, orange grove.) 

VINES 

botii [p] 

botii chenek' [p] 

chenek'[p] 

ibes [p] 

kranata [p] 

mail [p] 

sakil roxa 

suy [p] 

PLANTS 

alavena [p] 

ana-jobel [p] 

chichol [p] 

ch'aben [p] 

ch'ail pox [p] 

ch'oliv [p] 

ch'uch' [p] 

is-ak' [p] 

k'anal ixim [p] 

jobel [p] 

koko'on [p] 

matas [p] 

nich nab [p] 

puj [p] 

tut [p] 

tzib [p] 

tzis chauk [p] 

tzon-te' tz'i'lel [p] 

vale' [p] 

ximo' [p] 

TREES 

aj [p] 

aj-te' [p] 

batz'i te' 

bix [p] 

chachi' 

chi [p] 

chijil te' [p] 

chikin-ib [p] 

chix te' [p] 

pajal chix te' 

-ch'a-te' [p] 

ch'ib [p] 

ch'ix [p] 

isbon [p] 

ja'as [p] 

jabnal 

kajve [p] 

kampor 

k'ail [p] 

k'am-xoch' 

k'an-te' 

k'at'ix [p] 

tzajal k'at'ix 

k'evex 

k'ol-k'ox [p] 

k'olo-max [p] 

lima [p] 

limon [p] 

lo'bol [p] 

manko [p] 

mes te' [p] 

mutut 

tzajal mutut 

naranja [p] 

ne kotom [p] 

nok [p] 

ok'il te' [p] 

on[p] 

on te' [p] 

oven 

oven on 

paj-'ul 

pera 

petok [p] 

pit 

pom 

potov [p] 

p'ilix 

sap yok [p] 

satin [p] 

toj [p] 

ajan toj [p] 

tok'oy 

ton k'ail 

top'ol 

tulan 

turasnu [p] 

tux-nuk' te' [p] 

tzajal te' 

tzitz 

uch [p] 

xan [p] 

x'ukun 

yaj-te' 

Appendix 8 

Tzotzil Original of Holy Cross Day Prayer 

(As told to Robert M. Laughlin by Antzelmo Peres Peres) 

(See "For a Handful, a Fistful") 

En el ch'ul nompre li ch'ul ryox, 

Jesukristo kajva'l, 

K'u yepal tana jtot, 

K'u yepal tana kajva'l? 

Yul tal yo jlumal, 

Yul tal yo kach'elal, 

Ti li' ta yo latz'elike, 

Ti li' ta yo lavichonike. 

K'u yepal ta jchapa tana, 

K'u yepal ta jmeltzan tana, 

Ti jset'e, 

Ti jutebe, 

Ti yo laxi'elike, 

Ti yo lak'exelike. 

Ikajtzaj tal li ch'ul k'ak'ale, 

Dcajtzaj tal li ch'ul orae, 

Yu'un ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, 

Yu'un ti yo lamuk'ta paskoike, 

Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul balamil, ch'ul vinajel, 

Ch'ul lum, ch'ul osil, 

Ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel, 

Ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk une, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. 

K'u yepal tana un, jtot, 

K'u yepal tana un, kajval? 

Mi lekil ch'ambil tana, 

Mi lekil ich'bil tana, 

K'u yepal ti jset' talele, 

K'u yepal ti juteb talele? 

Yat o tal yo sjol, 

Yat o tal yo yo'on, 

Yo lavalabik un, 

Yo lanich'nabik un. 

Mi chalekil k'elbekon to ta yo spat, 

Yo xokon? 

Mi mu to k'u spasik, 

Mi mu to k'u snuptanik, 

K'u yepal ti buy ta xanavike, 

Ti bu ta xbeinike, 

Ti buy ta xyalike, 

Ti buy ta xmuyike, 

Ta xmal, 

Ta sakub, 

Ti yo lanichim baike, 

Ti yo lanichim satike, 

Ti buy staike, 

Ti buy xich'ike, 

Ti jset'e, 

Ti jutebe, 

Ti yo laxi'elik une, 

Ti yo lak'exelik une? 

Ch'ul nompre li ch'ul ryox, 

Jesukristo kajval, 

Ja' me yul o tal yo jlumal, 

Yo kach'elal tana, 

Ta yo latz'elik un, 

Ta yo lavichonik un, 

Kajval. 

En el ch'ul nompre ch'ul ryox, 

Jesukristo kajval, 

Tzauk une ch'ul ba mexa, 

Tzauk une ch'ul ba sovrero, 

K'u yepal un ch'ul toj, 

K'u yepal un ch'ul kantela, 

K'u yepal i'och tal yo jlumal, 

Yo kach'elal, 

K'u yepal ti jset'e, 

K'u yepal ti juteboxuk une, 

K'u yepal yo jtotoxuk un, 

Yo jme'oxuk un, 

K'u yepal ta jchapaoxuk tana, 

Ta jmeltzanoxuk tana, 

Me lekil chapaloxuk tana, 

Me lekil meltzanoxuk tana, 

Me lekil ch'ambiloxuk tana, 

Me lekil ich'biloxuk tana, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul balamile, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul vinajele, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul lume, ti ch'ul osile, 

Ti ch'ul reye, ti ch'ul anjele, 

Ti ch'ul chone, ti ch'ul chavuke? 

K'u yepal ta jk'anbe ch'ul pertonal tana, 

Ta jk'anbe ch'ul lisensya tana, 

Yu'un ti spate, 

Yu'un ti xokone, 

Yo lavalabik un, 

Yo lanich'nabik un. 

Ijtabetik o yorail, 

585 
586 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Ijtabetik o sk'ak'alil, 

Ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, 

Ti yo lamuk'ta paskoike, 

Xchi'uk li santa krus de mayo. 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval, 

K'u yepal yo lamuk'ta k'inike, 

Yo lamuk'ta paskoik, 

Nichimal ch'ul balamil, ch'ul vinajel, 

Ch'ul lum, ch'ul osil, 

Ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel, 

Ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk. 

Mi chalekil k'elbekon to, 

Mi chalekil ilbekon to, 

K'u yepal yo spatik un, 

Yo xokonik un, 

Ti yo lavalabik une, 

Ti yo lanich'nabik une? 

Mi mu to k'u spas un, 

Mi mu to k'u snuptan un, 

Mi mu to majbiluk li yo spate, 

Mi mu to majbiluk li yo xokone, 

Mu to sibtasbiluk li yo spate, 

Mu to sibtasbiluk li yo xokone, 

Ti buy ta xanavike, 

Ti buy ta xbeinike, 

Ti buy ta xch'amunike, 

Ti buy ta smakiike, 

Ti yo lapanaike, 

Ti yo laxokon naike, 

Ti yo lakevualike, 

Ti yo lavaxinalike, 

Ti buy chak' ti yo yik'ubalike, 

Ti buy chak' ti yo sk'a'epalike, 

Ti ta xmale, 

Ti ta sakub, 

Ti ta yo lanichim baik une, 

Ti ta yo lanichim satik une, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. 

Mi ta komon li ch'ul k'op tanae, 

Mi ta komon li ch'ul ti' tanae, 

Xchi'uk li muk'ta ch'ul totiletike, 

Li muk'ta ch'ul me'iletike? 

Mi komon ch'ambiloxuk, 

Mi komon ich'biloxuk, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval? 

Tzauk une, jtot, 

Tzauk une, kajval! 

Ja' me yul o tal yo jlumal, 

Yo kach'elal un, 

Ta yo latz'elik, 

Ta yo lavichonik un, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. 

En el ch'ul nompre ch'ul ryox, 

Jesukristo kajval, 

Tzauk une ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, 

Tzauk une ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval! 

K'u yepal tana un ch'ul tot, 

K'u yepal tana un ch'ul kajval, 

Ta yo labaik tana, 

Ta yo lasatik tana, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul totiletik, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul me'iletik 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul maretik, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul ajvetik. 

K'u yepal ta jchapa ti jset'e, 

Ta jchapa ti jutebe, 

K'u yepal yo laxi'elik un, 

Yo lak'exelik un, 

K'u yepal jsil yo stoj, 

K'u yepal jsil yo skantela, 

Jp'ej yo spom, 

Jp'ej yo xch'ail, 

Jp'ej yo snichim, 

Jp'ej yo syanal te', 

Li yo lavalabike, 

Li yo lanich'nabike. 

K'u yepal ta jk'anbe ti ch'ul pertonale, 

Ta jk'anbe ti ch'ul lisensyae. 

Ikajtzaj tal ti ch'ul k'ak'ale, 

Ikajtzaj tal ti ch'ul orae, 

Yu'un ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, 

Yu'un ti yo lamuk'ta paskoike, 

Xchi'uk li santa krus de mayo, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. 

Tzauk une jtot, 

Tzauk une kajval! 

Mi ta komon k'op tana, 

Mi ta komon ti' tana, 

Mi komon ch'ul ch'ambil tana, 

Mi komon ch'ul ich'bil tana, 

K'u yepal ti jset'e, 

K'u yepal ti jutebe? 

Mi ch'ul lekil ba mexa k'otel tana, 

Mi ch'ul lekil ba sovrero k'otel tana, 

Mi ch'ul lekil lavalena k'otel tana, 

Mi ch'ul asasena k'otel tana, 

Ti ta yo latz'elike, 

Ti ta yo lavichonik une? 

Oyuk ti yo lavokolike, 

Oyuk ti yo lavik'ti'ike, 

Chalekil k'elbekon tana, 

Chalekil ilbekon tana, 
NUMBER 35 587 

K'u yepal yo spat, 

K'u yepal yo xokon, 

Ti yo lavalabik une, 

Ti yo lanich'nabik une. 

Mu to me k'u spasik un, 

Mu to ma k'u snuptanik un, 

Ti buy ta xak' ti yo yik'ubalike, 

Ti buy ta xak' ti yo sk'a'epalike, 

Ti buy ta xch'amunike, 

Ti buy ta smakiike, 

Ti yo lapanaik une, 

Ti yo laxokon naik une, 

Ti yo lakevualik une, 

Ti yo lavaxinalik une, 

Ch'ul muk'ta tot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval! 

K'u yepal un, jtot, 

K'u yepal un, kajval, 

K'u yepal tana un, jtot, 

K'u yepal tana un, kajval, 

Xatabekon to me ta yo k'elel, 

Xatabekon to me ta ilel, 

Ti mu to me asibtasbekon li yo spatike, 

Ti mu to me asibtasbekon li yo xokonike? 

Mu to mo majbiluk yo spatik, 

Mu to me majbiluk yo xokonike, 

K'u yepal ti ta yo latz'elike, 

K'u yepal ti ta yo lavichonike, 

K'u yepal ti li' ta xanavike. 

Ti li' ta xbeinike, 

Ti ta jun xmale, 

Ti ta sakube, 

Ti ta yo lanichim baike, 

Ti ta yo lanichim satik une, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. 

Tzauk une, ch'ul tot, 

Tzauk une, ch'ul kajval! 

Komon me xach'ul k'opon yo labaik tana, 

Komon mo xach'ul ti'in yo labaik tana, 

Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul balamil, 

Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul vinajel, 

Nichimal ch'ul lum, ch'ul osil, 

Ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel, 

Ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk une, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. 

K'u yepal tana jtot, 

K'u yepal tana, kajval, 

Ja' me chba kikta o tana, 

Ja' me chba jkomtzan o tana, 

Ti jset'e, Ti jutebe, Ta yo latz'eli

k une, 

Ta yo lavichonik une, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul jtotoxuk un, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul jme'oxuk un. 

Tzauk une, ch'ul vakib ch'ul totiletik, 

Tzauk une, ch'ul vakib ch'ul me'iletik! 

Mi chakomon yo lak'opon baik tana, 

Mi chakomon ti'in yo labaik tana, 

Xchi'uk ti ba ninab ch'ul vo'e, 

Xchi'uk ti ba ninab ch'ul nabe, 

Ti yo lavatinajebike, 

Yu'un ti yo latzebinajebike, 

Ti buy ta stunike, 

Ti buy ta slajesike, 

Ti yo lavalabike, 

Ti yo lanich'nabike, 

Ti buy ta xch'amunike, 

Ti buy ta smakiike, 

Ti buy ta sap o ti yo yik'ubalike, 

Ti buy ta sap o ti sk'a'epalike, 

Ti ta xmale, Ti ta sakube, 

Ti ta yo lanichim baik une, 

Ti ta yo lanichim satik une? 

Xakomon k'opon me yo labaik tana, 

Xakomon ti'in me yo labaik tana, 

Mu to me kapuk ti yo lajolike, 

Mu to me kapuk ti yo lavo'onike, 

Ti k'u yepal tey ta xanavike, 

Ti k'u yepal tey ta xbeinike, 

Ti yo lavalabike, 

Ti yo lanich'nabike, 

Ti x'avlajet ti bik'ite, 

Ti x'avlajet ti muk'e, 

Tey ta yo latz'elike, 

Ti tey ta yo lavichonik une, 

Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul balamil, 

Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul vinajel, 

Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul lum, ch'ul osil, 

Li ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel une, 

Li ch'ul chon, ch'ul chavuk une, 

Kajval. 

Tzauk une, ch'ul tot, 

Tzauk une, ch'ul kajval! 

Xakomon lekil ch'ambekon me tana, 

Xakomon lekil ich'bekon me tana, 

K'u yepal ti jset'e, 

K'u yepal ti jutebe, 

Ti yo laxi'elik une. 

Ti yo lak'exelik une. 

Mu me k'u temel k'otel tana, 

Mu me k'u but'ul k'otel tana, 

Tajset' xame k'otel, 

Ta juteb xa me k'otel. 

Ti yo lavalabik une, 
588 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Ti yo lanich'nabik une, 

Iyat ti sjolike, 

Iyat ti yo'onike, 

K'u yepal ta x'ech' o, 

K'u yepal ta xjelav o, 

Ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, 

Ti yo lamuk'ta paskoike, 

Ti ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul jtotoxuk une, 

Ti ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul jme'oxuk une. 

Mi ja' to la yech xil ta yo sba, 

Mi ja' to la yech xil ta yo sat, 

Ti k'al junab yo lanichim baike, 

Ti k'al junab yo lanichim satik une? 

Mi ja' to la yech sk'anik li ch'ul pertonale, 

Sk'anik li ch'ul lisensyae, 

Yu'un ti yo spatike, 

Yu'un ti yo xokonike? 

Mi xalekil va'an to la ti yo labaike, 

Mi xalekil tek'an to la ti yo labaike? 

Ch'ul nompre ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. 

Tzauk une, jtot, 

Tzauk une, kajval! 

Komon me xak'opon yo labaik tana, 

Komon me xati'in yo labaik tana, 

Chi'uk li Senyor Iskipula, muk'ta ch'ul vinik, 

Chi'uk li Senyor Iskipula, muk'ta ch'ul jkaxlan! 

Tzauk une, jtot, 

Tzauk une, kajval! 

K'u yepal tana un, jtot, 

K'u yepal tana un, kajval, 

Ta jta ta tijel ti yo lani'ike, 

Ta jta ta tijel ti yo lachikinike tanae, 

K'u yepal yu'un ti jset'e, 

K'u yepal yu'un ti jutebe, 

Ti jsil yo stoje, 

Ti jsil yo skantelae, 

Yo lavalabik un, 

Yo lanich'nabik un? 

Ta jk'an o ch'ul pertonal, 

Ta jk'an o ch'ul lisensya, 

Yu'un yo spat. 

Yu'un yo xokon, 

Ti yo lavalabik une, 

Ti yo lanich'nabik une. 

K'u yepal ta x'ech' o, 

K'u yepal ta xjelav o, 

Ti yo lamuk'ta k'inik une, 

Ti yo lamuk'ta paskoik une, 

Xchi'uk li ch'ul Santa Krus de Mayo, 

Ch'ul muk'ta tot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta kajval. 

Tzauk, jtot, 

Tzauk une, kajval! 

Komon me xach'ambekon li jset'e, 

Komon me xach'ambekon li jutebe! 

Mu me k'u temel, 

Mu me k'u but'ul, 

Ja' no me ta yo lamuk'ta k'inike, 

Ja' no me ta yo lamuk'ta paskoike. 

Tzauk une, ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul jtotoxuk, 

Tzauk une, ch'ul jme'oxuk, 

Mi chakomon k'elbekon to, 

Mi chakomon ilbekon to, 

K'u yepal yo spat, 

Yo xokon, 

Yo lavalabik un, 

Yo lanich'nabik un? 

Mu to la me ach'aybekon, 

Mu to la me atenbekon. 

Xavak'bekon to la me ta sba ti yo lavokike. 

Ti ta sba ti yo lak'obike, 

Mu to la me k'u spas ti yo spatike, 

Mu to la me k'u spas ti yo xokonike, 

Ti mu to la me majbiluk ti yo spatike, 

Ti mu to la majbiluk ti yo xokonike, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul reyetike, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul anjeletike, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul chonetike, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul chauketike, 

Ti mu to la sibtasbiluk ti yo spatike, 

Ti mu to la sibtasbiluk ti yo xokonike, 

Yu'un ti jkot yo latz'unubike, 

Yu'un ti jkot yo lavovolike, 

Xchi'uk li ch'ul nichimal ch'ul balamil, 

Xchi'uk li ch'ul nichimal ch'ul vinajel. 

Tzauk un, ch'ul jtot, 

Tzauk un, ch'ul kajval! 

Xakomon k'opon yo labaik, 

Xakomon ti'in yo labaik, 

Xakomon k'ejbekon to, 

Xakomon vetz'bekon to, 

Ti jkot yo latz'unubike, 

Ti jkot yo lavovolike. 

Ma'uk asibtasbekon o yo spat, 

Ma'uk asibtasbekon o yo xokon, 

Yo lavalabik, 

Yo lanich'nabik, 

K'u yepal tey ta xanav, 

K'u yepal tey ta xbein, 

Ti ta xmale, 

Ti ta sakube, 

Ti ta yo lanichim baik, 

Ti ta yo lanichim satik, 

Ti buy ta xch'amunike, 

Ti buy ta smakiike, 

Ti yo lapanaike, 

Ti yo laxokon naike, 
NUMBER 35 589 Ti yo lakevualike, Ti yo lavaxinalike, Ti buy ta xak' ti yo yik'ubalike, Ti buy ta xak' ti yo sk'a'epalike, Ti buy yalelike, Ti buy muyelike, Li ta xmale, Li ta sakube, Ti ta yo lanichim baike, Ti ta yo lanichim satike. 

Ma'uk to me k'u spas ti yo spatike, 

Ma'uk to me k'u spas ti yo xokonike, 

Ti buy chanavik une, 

Ti buy chbeinik une, 

Ti buy chyalik une, 

Ti buy chmuyik une, 

Ti buy chpich' ti lajuneb yo yokike, 

Ti buy chpich' ti lajuneb yo sk'obike, 

Ti buy ta staniike, 

Ti buy ta spukiike, 

Ti yo laxojobalike, 

Ti yo lanak'obalik une, 

Kajval. 

Me komon k'op to tana, 

Me komon ti' to tana, 

Me chakomon ma'ltabekon tal, 

Me chakomon at'esbekon tal, 

Ti jpetz yo laxojobalike, 

Ti jpetz yo lanak'obal ike? 

Mi jch'amuntik tal, 

Mi jmakitik tal, 

Ya'lel yo labaik, 

Ya'lel yo lasatik. 

Yo lavatinajebik. Yo latzebinajebi

k un, 

Kajval? 

Komonuk me ch'ul malbiluk tal, 

Komonuk me ch'ul k'ebbiluk tal tana, 

K'u yepal ti jset'e, 

K'u yepal ti jutebe, 

K'u yepal un, jtot, 

K'u yepal un, kajval, 

Ti ya'lel yo labaike, 

Ti ya'lel yo lasatik une, 

Kajval. 

Komonuk me xach'ul k'elbekon to, 

Komonuk me xach'ul ilbekon to, 

Mi tey to la staik un, 

Mi tey to la xich'ik un, 

Ti jset'e. Ti jutebe, Ti yo laxi'elike, Ti yo lak'exelike, Ti yo laxojobalike, 

Ti yo lanak'obalik une, 

Kajval. 

Komonuk me ch'ul k'elbekon un, 

Komonuk me ch'ul ilbekon un, 

Tzauk une, jtot, 

Tzauk une, kajval! 

Komonuk me ch'ul k'opon abaik tana, 

Komonuk me ch'ul ti'in abaik tana, 

Chi'uk li ch'ul pagre San Torenso, 

Pagre Santo Rominko, 

Vinajelal antz, 

Vinajelal sinyora, 

Nichimal ch'ul man vinajel, 

Ch'ul man lorya, 

Kajval. 

K'u yepal un, ch'ul jtot, 

K'u yepal un, ch'ul kajval. 

Mi komon k'op tana, 

Mi komon ti' tana, 

Mi komon li ch'ul ch'ambil tanae, 

Mi komon li ch'ul ich'bil tanae, 

K'u yepal ti jset' talele, 

K'u yepal ti juteb talele, 

Ti jsil yo stojike, 

Ti jsil yo skantelaike, 

Ti yo lavalabike, 

Ti yo lanich'nabike? 

Mi ch'ul lekil ba mexa tana, 

Mi ch'ul lekil ba sovrero tana, 

Ti ta yo latz'elike, 

Ti ta yo lavichonike. 

Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul balamile. 

Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul vinajele, 

Xchi'uk li ch'ul lum, ch'ul osil, 

Ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel, 

Ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk? 

K'u yepal un, ch'ul tot, 

K'u yepal un, ch'ul kajval, 

Mi chalekil k'elbekon to, 

Mi cha'ilbekon to, 

K'u yepal yo spatik, 

K'u yepal yo xokonik, 

Yo lavalabik un, 

Yo lanich'nabik un? 

Mu to me ch'aybiluk li spatike, 

Mu to me ch'aybiluk li xokonike, 

Xalekil va'an to me ti yo labaike, 

Xalekil tek'an to me ti yo labaike, 

Mu me majbiluk yo spat, 

Mu me majbiluk yo xokon, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul reye, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul anjele, 

Yu'un ch'ul chon, 

Yu'un ch'ul chauk. 
590 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Tzauk une, ch'ul tot, 

Tzauk une, ch'ul kajval! 

Mu me sibtasbiluk ti yo spatike, 

Mu me sibtasbiluk ti yo xokonike, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul balamile, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul vinajele, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajvel. 

Komonuk to xach'ul k'elbekon, 

Komonuk to xach'ul ilbekon, 

Yo spatik un, 

Yo xokonik un, 

K'u yepal ti li' ta xanavike, 

K'u yepal ti li' ta xbeinike, 

Ti yo lavalabike, 

Ti yo lanich'nabik une. 

K'u yepal li ta xmale, 

K'u yepal li ta sakube, 

Ti yo lanichim baik un, 

Ti yo lanichim satik un, 

Ch'ul jtotoxuk un, 

Ch'ul jme'oxuk un. 

Tzauk une, jtot, 

Tzauk une, kajval! 

Komon me xak'opon yo labaik tana, 

Xati'in yo labaik tana, 

Chi'uk li ch'ul nichimal ch'ul Martil jtot, 

Ch'ul nichimal ch'ul Martil ch'ul kajval! 

Tzauk une, jtot, 

Tzauk une, kajval! 

Me lekil k'elbil tana, 

Me lekil ilbil tana, 

K'u yepal yo spatik un, 

K'u yepal yo xokonik un, 

Yo lanich'nabik un? 

Ja' me yat o yo sjolik, 

Ja' me yat o yo yo'onik, 

Ja' me ta jset' o, 

Ja' me ta juteb o, 

K'u yepal ti jsil yo stojike, 

Ti jsil yo skantelaike, 

Ta jk'anbe ti ch'ul pertonale, 

Ta jk'anbe ti ch'ul lisensyae, 

Yu'un ti yo spatike, 

Yu'un ti yo xokonike, 

K'u yepal ta x'ech' o, 

K'u yepal ta xjelav o, 

Ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, 

Ti yo lamuk'ta paskoike? 

Junab to nan ti yo lanichim baike, 

Junab to nan ti yo lanichim satike, 

Mi ja' to la yech ta tzobolik, 

Me ja' to la yech ta lotolik, 

Mi ja' to la yech xil ta yo sbaik, 

Mi ja' to la yech xil ta yo satik, 

Sk'anik ti ch'ul pertonale, 

Sk'anik ti ch'ul lisensyae, 

Yu'un ti yo spatike, 

Yu'un ti yo xokonik une, 

Ch'ul jtotoxuk un, 

Ch'ul jme'oxuk un. 

Tzauk une, ch'ul tot, 

Tzauk une, ch'ul kajval! 

Oyuk yo lavokolik tana, 

Oyuk yo lavik'ti'ik tana, 

Lekil ch'ul komon k'opon yo labaik tana, 

Xach'ul komon ti'in yo labaik tana, 

Xchi'uk li ch'ul senyor, 

San Salvador ta o'lol ch'ul vinajel, 

Ta o'lol ch'ul lorya. 

K'u yepal un, ch'ul tot, 

K'u yepal un, ch'ul kajval, 

K'u yepal tana un, jtot, 

K'u yepal tana un, kajval, 

Mi komon k'op tana, 

Mi komon ti' tana, 

Xchi'uk li Senyor San Migel Anjel jtot, 

Xchi'uk li Senyor San Migel Anjel kajval. 

K'u yepal un, ch'ul jtotoxuk, 

K'u yepal un, ch'ul jme'oxuk un, 

Mi chach'ul lekil ch'ul ch'ambekon tana, 

Mi chach'ul lekil ch'ul ich'bekon tana, 

K'u yepal ti jset'e, 

K'u yepal ti jutebe, 

Ti ta yo latz'elik k'otel, 

Ti ta yo lavichonik k'otel, 

Chi'uk li nichimal ch'ul balamil, 

Chi'uk li nichimal ch'ul vinajel, 

Chi'uk li nichimal ch'ul lum, ch'ul osil, 

Ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel, 

Ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk? 

K'u yepal ta x'ech' o, 

K'u yepal ta xjelav o, 

Ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, 

Ti yo lamuk'ta paskoik une, 

Kajval? 

Chakomon va'an to yo labaik, 

Chakomon tek'an to yo labaik. 

Mi mu to la me k'u spas ti yo spate, 

Mi mu to la me k'u spas ti yo xokone, 

Ti yo lavalabik une, 

Ti yo lanich'nabik une, 

K'u yepal ti ta xanavike, 

K'u yepal ti ta xbeinike, 

K'u yepal ta xmal, 

K'u yepal ta sakub, 

Ti yo lanichim baike, 

Ti yo lanichim satike, 
NUMBE

R 35 591 

Ti buy ta xch'amunike, 

Ti buy ta smakiike, 

Ti yo lapanaik une, 

Ti yo laxokon naik une, 

Ti buy ta xak' ti yo yik'ubalike, 

Ti buy ta xak' ti yo sk'a'epalike, 

Ti buy ta stunike, 

Ti buy ta slajesike, 

Ti ya'lel yo labaike, 

Ti ya'lel yo lasatike, 

Ti yo lavatinajebik une, 

Ti yo latzebinajebik une, 

Ch'ul nichimal ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel, 

Ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk. 

K'u yepal un, ch'ul jtot, 

K'u yepal un, ch'ul kajval? 

Komon me ch'ul k'opono yo labaik tana, 

Komon me ch'ul ti'ino yo labaik tana. 

Komon me ch'ul ch'ambiluk un, 

Komon me ch'ul ich'biluk, 

Ti jset'e, Ti jutebe, 

Chi'uk li ch'ul reyetike, 

Chi'uk li ch'ul anjeletike, 

Chi'uk li ch'ul chonetike, 

Chi'uk li ch'ul chauketike, 

Chi'uk li nichimal ch'ul balamil, ch'ul vinajel. 

Tzauk une, ch'ul ba ninab vo', 

Ch'ul ba ninab nab, 

Kajval! 

Komonuk me xach'ul ch'ambekon li jset'e, 

Li jutebe, 

Mu me k'u temel k'otel, 

Mu me k'u but'ul komel, 

Ti ta yo latz'elike, 

Ti ta yo lavichonike, 

Ta jset' xa me, 

Ta juteb xa me, 

Jp'ajel xa me ta yo laveik tana, 

Jp'ajel xa me ta yo lati'ik tana, 

Xal ti yo lavalabike, 

Xal ti yo lanich'nabike, 

Ta yo latz'ele, 

Ta yo lavichone, 

Ch'ul muk'ta jtot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta kajval. 

K'u yepal ilaj o me ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, 

Ti yo lamuk'ta paskoike. 

Tzauk une, ch'ul jtot, 

Tzauk une, ch'ul kajval! 

K'u yepal tana un, jtot, 

K'u yepal tana un, kajval? 

Mi komon li k'ope, 

Mi komon li ti'e, 

Ch'ul muk'ta jtot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta kajval? 

Jelavkon ta yo labaik tana, 

Jelavkon ta yo lasatik tana, 

Naka no me laj jta ta tijel ti yo lani'ike, 

Ti yo lachikinik une, 

Ch'ul jtot, 

Ch'ul kajval. 

Tzauk une, jtot, 

Tzauk une, kajval! 

K'usi yepal tana un, jtot, 

K'usi yepal tana un, kajval, 

Tzauk une, ch'ul toj, 

Tzauk une, ch'ul kantela! 

K'u yepal une, jtot, 

Kajval. 

Ijoyp'ij tal yo ke, 

Yojti', 

Yu'un ti yo lak'oponobilike, 

Yu'un ti yo lati'inobilike. 

Me komon ch'ul k'op tana, 

Me komon ch'ul ti' tana, 

Me komon li ch'ambiloxuke, 

Me komon li ich'biloxuke, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul vinajele, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul lume, 

Yu'un ti ch'ul osile, 

Ti ch'ul reye, ti ch'ul anjele, 

Ti ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk, 

Chi'uk li ch'ul ba ninab vo', 

Chi'uk li ch'ul ba ninab nab? 

K'u yepal ba kikta tana, 

K'u yepal ba jkomtzan tana? 

Mi chalekil k'elbekon to, 

Mi chalekil ilbekon to, 

K'u yepal ti spate, 

K'u yepal ti xokone, 

Ti yo lavalabike, 

Ti yo lanich'nabike, 

Ti mu to la me ti ch'aybiluke, 

Ti mu to me ti tenbiluke, 

Ti mu to la me majbiluk ti yo spate, 

Ti mu to la me majbiluk ti yo xokone, 

Ti mu to la me asibtasbekon li yo spate, 

Ti mu to la me asibtasbekon li yo xokone, 

Yu'un ti jkot yo latz'unubike, 

Yu'un ti jkot yo lavovolike. 

Xalekil k'elbekon me tana, 

Xalekil ilbekon me tana, 

Ma'uk me asibtasbokon o yo spat, 

Yo xokon, 

Ti bik'ite, Ti muk'e, 
592 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Ti p'ejele, 

Ti luchule, 

K'u yepal tey ta xanavike, 

K'u yepal tey ta xbeinike, 

Ti tey x'avlajet ta xmale, 

Ti tey x'avlajet ta sakube, 

Li ta yo latz'elike, 

Li ta yo lavichonike, 

Ti tey ta xch'amunike, 

Ti tey ta smakiike, 

Ya'lel yo lasatik, 

Ya'lel yo labaik, 

Yo lavatinajebik un. 

Yo latzebinajebik une, 

Ch'ul kajval. 

Komon me ch'ul k'opono yo labaik tana un, 

Komonuk me ch'ul ti'ino yo labaik tana un, 

Komon me xach'ul k'elbekon to tal, 

Xach'ul ilbekon to tal, 

K'u yepal yo spat, 

Yo xokon, 

Yo lavalabik un, 

Yo lanich'nabik un. 

Tzauk une, jtot, 

Tzauk une, kajval! 

Jelavkon ta yo laba un, 

Jelavkon ta yo lasat un, 

Xavak'ikon li ta ch'ul pertonale, 

Xavak'ikon li ta ch'ul lisensyae, 

Buy xa k'alal yechon, 

Buy xa k'alal mu yechikon, 

Bu xa k'alal jta, 

Mu jta, 

Ti yo lak'oponobilike, 

Ti yo lati'inobilike, 

Ti yo tz'akal tz'i'one, 

Ti yo tz'akal chitomone, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, 

Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. 

Tzauk une, jtot, 

Tzauk une, kajval! 

Jelavkon ta yo labaik un, 

Jelavkon ta yo lasatik un, 

Ch'ul nompre li ch'ul ryox. 

Jesukristo kajval. 
Appendix 9 

Colonial Dictionary 

(The spelling of a plant name marked with an asterisk (*) is dubious.) 

WILD PLANTS, TREES, VINES 

acom 

amaranth 

artichoke 

blackberry 

borage 

brasilwood 

cedar 

(with bigger leaf, lighter 

wood and reddish) 

small-leaved cedar 

clover 

cochineal 

cochineal cactus 

cypress 

fennel 

wild fennel 

grass 

juniper 

laurel 

magnolia 

very fragrant heart-shaped 

flower 

mallow 

moss 

spanish moss 

oak 

evergreen oak 

large-leaved oak 

small-leaved oak 

palm 

palm grove 

palm with round fruit 

palmetto 

pepper 

pepper weed 

pine 

pinon 

pinon nut 

reed 

(with which they make 

petates) 

chochob. 

tz'ul itaj. 

yaxal jobel, yaxal lo'bol chij. 

makum. 

ch'ixal itaj. 

chak-te'. 

ch'u te'. 

k'isis. 

trebol. 

xch'ieb ch'uj, ste'el ch'uj. 

ok'il te', nukul pat. 

batz'i tzitz, tzitz. 

jobel, si'vilon. 

k'uk' toj. 

tzis chauk. 

olonton nichim. 

pak' chak abnal. 

tzon te'. 

chikin ib, tulan. 

tulan. 

boch *ji tulan, boch jay tulan. 

tzo' tulan. 

xan. 

xantik. 

nap. 

xan. 

pich'. 

tel toj, ten toj, toj. 

castillan toj. 

lo'balal castillan toj, lo'balal 

aj, chanib. 

puj593 
594 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

rope 

rope made of tree bark 

rush 

(with which they make 

petates) 

seaweed 

soapweed 

thistle 

thorn 

vine 

round vine 

willow 

k'am-xoch. 

*Hi'it. 

slam Ho'. 

ch'upak'. 

ch'ix, ch'ixal itaj 

sak-ch'ix. 

t'ut' ak'. 

tok'oy. 

CULTIVATED PLANTS, TREES, AND VINES 

apple 

avocado 

avocado tree 

bean 

broad bean 

bunch 

(bananas, dates, grapes) 

cabbage 

cherry 

chili 

cocoa 

cocoa pod 

com 

cotton 

dill 

fennel 

fig 

garlic 

gourd 

grape 

henequen 

henequen fiber 

jasmine 

leek 

lentil 

lettuce 

lily 

lime 

lime tree 

maguey 

melon 

mint 

mulberry 

mulberry tree 

mustard 

castillan potov. 

on, lo'balal on. 

ste'el on. 

chenek'. 

castillan chenek'. 

j-choj,j-lik. 

coles. 

chix-te'. 

ich. 

spat kokov. 

ixim 

tux-nok'. 

tzitz. 

castillan tzitz. 

higos. 

ajos. 

tzu. 

tz'usub. 

chi. 

jazmin, nichim. 

castillan tuix, puerro, tuix. 

bik'tal chenek', castillan chenek', 

castillan pech'pech'. 

lechuga. 

pech'e-'ok castillan nichim, pech'e-'ok 

nichim. 

ste'el limones. 

chi. 

castillan ch'um, melon. 

castillan tuil nichim. 

castillan makum, makum saya-Hun, sat saya-Hun 

saya-Hun, ste'el makum. 

mostaza. 
NUMBER 35 

olive 

olive tree 

onion 

string of onions 

orange 

orange tree 

parsley 

peach 

pear 

pear tree 

pepper 

pineapple 

plum 

plum tree 

pomegranate 

pomegranate 

potato 

quince 

quince tree 

radish 

rhubarb 

rose 

rosemary 

rue 

squash (a kin

d like a 

tree 

melon) 

(large and long) 

sugarcane 

turnip 

long turnip 

round turnip 

vegetable 

walnut 

wheat 

aceituna. 

ste'el aceite. 

tz'isbil tuix. 

naranjas. 

naranjo, ste'el naranjas. 

perejil. 

durasnos. 

peras. 

peras, ste'el peras. 

castillan ich, especies. 

jolom paxak'. 

po'on. 

po'on. 

castillan makum, granada. 

granado. 

is-ak'. 

membrillo. 

ste'el membrillo. 

rabanos. 

ruibarbo. 

ch'ixal nichim, snich rosa, rosa. 

romero. 

ruda. 

ch'um. 

mail. 

vale'. 

nabo. 

juljul nabo. 

volvol nabo. 

itaj. 

nuez, ton bek'. 

castillan ixim. 

595 

apple 

apple orchard 

bean 

broad bean field 

bum 

bum beneath the trees as 

when they bum thickets 

for cornfields, leaving 

large trees standing 

burning of underbrush 

burnt 

burnt field 

cane 

canefield 

AGRICULTURE 

castillan potovtik. 

chabal castillan chenek'. 

tokal-te'. 

tokal te', 

tokal-te'ivanej, tokavej 

k'ak'etal, k'ak'etaltik. 

xch'ieb vale', vale'tik. 
596 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

chop 

com 

be threshed (com) 

com field laborer 

com field weeder 

com stubble 

com that matures in 60 

days 

dry ear of com 

ear of com (when the kernels are large and soft) 

ear of young com (milky 

with undeveloped kernels) 

painted com 

person who spends many 

days in the cornfield 

rainy season com 

summer com 

thresh com 

white com 

cotton 

clean and pick cotton 

cultivate 

cultivated 

cultivated field 

cultivated ground 

cultivation 

cut 

(upright object as a tree) 

cut or pick melon or 

mushroom cap 

dig 

dig up (jicama, potato) 

dig with blows as with a 

hoe 

double 

(border, cornstalk, hem, 

sugarcane) 

double over (cornstalk, 

sugarcane) 

early 

be early (fruiting) 

early-fruiting 

(figs, quinces, etc.) 

fell 

fell trees 

felled 

felled tree 

felling 

be engaged in felling trees 

felling of trees 

fertilize 

field 

bajbonet, baj, boj, p'as. 

ixim. 

tek'ey ixim. 

jchob-'abtel. 

jtukesel-lum, jtukiej -chobtik, 

jtukiej-lum. 

k'ajben. 

ox-vinik k'in ixim. 

vojton. 

ajan. 

yi-

( 

tz'ibal ixim. 

jk'ulej ta chobtik. 

Ho'tikil ixim. 

k'ak'altikil ixim, k'ak'altikil osil ixim. 

tek' ixim. 

sakil ixim. 

sivuj. 

chabaj, chaban, chaban chob. 

chabajeb, chob. 

chabanbil osil, chabanbil lum. 

chabajel, chabjomal. 

tz'et. 

k'ok. 

jotz'. 

vok'. 

pux. 

pak. 

ba'yi 

ba'yi nach'el, ba'yitajel. 

tz'et te'. 

tz'etbil. 

tz'etob. 

tz'etav. 

tz'etob. 

ak' stzo' caballo, och yu'un stzo' caballo, 

jobel, stenlej jobel. 

lumtay ta tzo 
NUMBER 35 

furrow 

(either plowed or as in the 

Mexican's cornfields or 

as we do when we plant 

radishes 

(not plowing, but as the 

Mexicans prepare their 

cornfield 

plow a furrow 

plowed furrow 

garden 

flower garden 

glean 

com 

gleaning 

gleaning of com after 

harvest 

gleanings 

com gleanings 

graft 

(tree) 

grafted 

shoot grafted onto a tree 

grape 

grapevine prop 

green 

grub 

com grub 

harvest 

(com, etc., that is not dry 

or well-cured) 

com harvest 

harvest com 

harvest time 

hatchet 

weeding hatchet 

hoe 

hoeing 

hook 

irrigated 

land 

level 

become level (cleared 

field) 

measure 

measure of seed to be 

planted 

melon 

melon patch 

net 

net for carrying com 

orchard 

pasture 

vok'. 

tz'alav. 

tz'al. 

xoj ta vok'el, xoj vok'el. 

xojbenal, xojbenal ta vok'el. 

yav itaj, yav tz'unbaltik, yav 

slumal nichim. 

yav nichim, nichimtik. 

k'uxk'ultay. 

k'uxk'ulaj. 

k'uxk'ulajel. 

k'uxk'ul. 

stzo' vojton. 

unen k'exbon. 

unen ni'. 

yipajebal. 

tze, tzeel. 

xchanul ixim. 

yox to. 

k'ajoj. 

k'aj. 

vojtontik. 

ak'inajebal 

boj osil, tukesbey, tuki lum. 

bojel osil. 

lukbay, lukuchtay. 

ulbaybil. 

ulbal osil, ulbaltik. 

pach'tzaj. 

j-te'el. 

castillan ch'umtik, chabal castilh 

nuti'. 

yav tz'unbaltik, yav tz'unubil. 

abnaltik, jobeltik, slo'bajeb chij, 

597 

tz'unubil, tz'unbaltik, 
598 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

pick 

(beans, chilis, cotton, 

flowers, fruit) 

(flowers, fruit) 

pick out or up (as when 

they pick up grains on 

the ground 

picked 

plant 

(as when they plant com or 

we plant radishes) 

appearance of plants 

plant a vineyard 

planting 

plow 

plowed 

extent of ground plowed by 

one yoke of oxen in a day 

plowing 

produce 

produce with (com, fruit) 

prop 

prop up (grapevine) 

prune 

pruned 

pruned part 

pull 

pull out by the roots 

(as radishes, carrots, 

without digging) 

pull up easily (as when 

they weed the garden) 

purchase 

com purchase 

reap 

reap wheat 

reseed 

ridge 

ridge between furrows 

ripe 

become ripe 

ripen 

on the tree (figs or other 

fruit) 

root 

take root 

scarecrow 

seed 

seed bed 

seedling 

transplanted seedling 

sickle 

slip 

chij, voymoltik. 

tul. 

tuch'. 

tarn. 

tuch'ul, tulbil. 

tz'un, tz'unbaj. 

av. 

ch'iel. 

tz'un tz'usub. 

ovol, tz'unbajel. 

boj osil, chabej, chaban, chaban chob, pitz osil 

chabajeb j-choj vacas ta jun k'ak'al. 

bojel osil, pitzel osil. 

utz ayan. 

ipajes, xok'i. 

k'abay, lok'esbey sk'ob. 

k'okbenal. 

bul. 

jotzan, jotz'. 

ekel, man-'ixim. 

luk. 

cha'-lom av, cha'-lom vaj, cha'-'av, cha'-tz'un 

tz'alal. 

tok'on. 

tata'ajel. 

matz'ub, ta'aj. 

matz'ub ta te', matz'ub ta ste'el. 

ibelub, iben, isimay, tzak lum. 

sibtasabil, sibtasan-vinik. 

tz'unbal, tz'unubil. 

j-t'abal, j-t'ob. 

yol tz'unubil, tz'unubil. 

j-tek tz'unubil. 

slukbayabil ixim. 

tz'unbal te', tz'unubil yol te'. 
NUMBER 35 

sluice 

sow 

(wheat) 

sown 

spade 

spading 

sprout 

(plant) 

(when partly grown) 

sprouted 

sprouting 

(seedling) 

stick 

stick on (graft) 

thin 

thin out 

thin out (lettuce, trees) 

thinned 

be thinned out 

threshing 

threshing floor 

threshing floor (where the 

grain is stirred) 

transplant 

vegetable 

vegetable patch 

vineyard 

watered 

weed 

(weedy place) 

weed a second time 

weed cornfield 

weed too early while the 

plants are still young 

weeded 

weeding 

plants removed by weeding 

weeding season 

weight 

half a hundred weight (half 

a fanega) 

hundred weight (seed) 

winnow 

winnowing 

winnowing floor 

ocheb ya'lel, ocheb Ho', be ya'lel, be-o'. 

p'up'un, vaj. 

p'up'unbil, vajbil. 

pitzel osil. 

yunenal, yunenal snich, sk'exbon, k'exbonaj, k'exlomaj 

lok', lup, sni', ni'in, tuk, yijub. 

lok' sk'exbon. 

lok' ste'el. 

tzakal, yijil. 

ch'ixil. 

buchul. 

tz'ak tz'ak ba. 

tek'eltek'el lok'es. 

tek'ek'tik lok'es. 

tek'ek'tik lok'esbil, tek'eltek'el lok'esbil. 

tek'eltek'el lok'. 

stek'obil ixim. 

juyobil ixim. 

k'ex slumal yu'un, Iik yu'un, pet. 

j-t'abal, j-t'ob, t'abal itaj. 

tz'usubtik, chabal tz'usub, chabal chi'. 

malatayabil. 

ak'inaj, ak'intay. 

tz'i'lel osil, tz'i'leltik. 

cho'ilan, josilan. 

ak'intay ixim, tukesbey lum, tuki lum, tukibey lum. 

yax-maj. 

tukibil. 

ak'in, tukesey-lum, tukiej-lum. 

ak'in. 

sk'inal ak'in. 

j-te'el, te'el ta muk'ta te'. 

te'el. 

jik'ay, veluy, vuch'. 

jik'ayabil ixim, svuch'iabil ixim. 

599 

FOOD AND EATING: GRAIN, VEGETABLES, FRUIT 

bean 

bean flour 

biscuit 

(bread cooked twice) 

ch'ilbil chenek'. 

takes vaj. 
600 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

bran 

bread 

a quarter of bread, etc. 

be scarce (bread) 

barley bread 

bran bread 

bread baked under the ashes 

bread cooked in a pit 

bread crumbs 

bread roasted on the coals 

bread soaked in wine 

broken piece of bread 

broken piece of bread given 

to beggars 

hard bread (biscuit, hardtack) 

ring-shaped bread 

small ring-shaped bread 

sour bread 

stale bread 

wheat bread 

breadcrumb 

cabbage 

cabbage broth 

cake 

Easter Cake 

chili 

chili sauce 

chocolate 

pure chocolate 

crumb 

tiny crumb 

dough 

com dough 

wheat dough 

eat 

(eggs and fruit without pits) 

(eggs or fruit) 

(fresh com, greens) 

(meat fish, mushrooms, or 

beans) 

fig 

candied fig 

flour 

wheat flour 

food 

(eggs or fruit) 

(fresh com, greens) 

(meat, fish, mushrooms, 

beans) 

baby food 

molasses 

mustard 

sol, sol castillan ixim. 

j-xut vaj. 

toj pojel. 

cebada vaj. 

stzo' vaj, smatz'il vaj. 

muk-tanibil vaj. 

bontaybil vaj. 

xutul vaj. 

leb-tanibil vaj. 

tz'ajbil ta chi' vaj, vaj tz'ajbil ta chi' 

xut. 

xut, xutulil vaj. 

*naitzil. 

xotbil vaj, xotol vaj, xotxot vaj. 

bik'tal xotxot vaj. 

pajal vaj. 

takes vaj. 

castillan vaj. 

ch'uch'ul vaj. 

ya'lel itaj. 

ston tuluk'il vaj. 

p'uyum 'ich. 

tzeel kokov. 

p'uyulil, p'uyulil vaj, xut. 

sesenbil vaj. 

patax. 

uch'omo', juch'bil ixim. 

tzeel castillan vaj. 

lo'. 

lo'baj. 

k'ux, k'uxbaj. 

ti', ti'baj. 

matz'ubtasbil higo, panbil higo, poxtaybil higo, takijesbil 

higo. 

castillan ch'ilim. 

lo'bol. 

k'uxbol. 

ti'bol. 

ulil vaj, vajil ul. 

ya'lel vale'. 
NUMBE

R 35 

mustard sauce 

nougat 

oil 

orange 

orange peel or rind 

pancake 

parsley 

parsley sauce 

peach 

peach preserves 

pinol 

quince 

quince preserve 

raisin 

rind 

roll 

French roll 

spice 

taffy 

tamale 

bean tamale 

tortilla 

juch'bil mostaza. 

pamal sakil. 

aceite. 

spat naranja. 

pamal lo'bol, pamal vaj. 

juch'bil perejil. 

pamal durasnos. 

ch'ilim. 

pamal membrillos. 

k'ibil tz'usub, takin tz'usub 

patil. 

volbil vaj. 

putzet vaj. 

castillan ich. 

melcocha, panbil pom. 

chenk'ul vaj. 

batz'i vaj. 

601 

DRINK 

posol 

pulque 

whiskey 

com whiskey 

wine 

plum wine 

red wine 

white wine 

uch'om-o'. 

ya'lel chi', pamal chi'. 

ya'lel ixim. 

chi', vino. 

ya'lel po'on. 

tzajal chi', chak-juban chi 

sakil chi'. 

Appendix 10 

Glossary of Botanical Terms 

acaulescent 

accrescent 

achene 

acuminate 

acute 

aggregate 

aggregate fruit 

alternate 

amplexicaul 

annual 

anther 

apetalous 

apex 

apical 

apiculate 

appendage 

appressed 

areole 

aril 

arillate 

attenuate 

awn 

axil 

axillary 

axis 

basal 

berry 

bilabiate 

bilocular 

bract 

bulb 

stemless or apparently so. 

enlarging with age; inflated; usually pertaining to the 

calyx, 

a small, dry, hard, unopening, 1-seeded fruit, 

gradually tapering to a sharp point, the sides more or less 

pinched in before reaching the tip. 

sharp pointed, less tapering than acuminate, 

collected into dense clusters but not united, 

a fleshy fruit formed from the clustering together of 

pistils that were distinct in the flower; example: 

raspberry, 

having one leaf or branch at a given level on the stem; 

having one part of a flower between or alternating 

with other parts, 

clasping the stem. 

completing the life cycle in one growing season, 

the part of the stamen containing the pollen, 

without petals. 

tip, the extreme end, the growing point of a root or stem, 

situated at the tip. 

having a small sharp point, 

a secondary part attached to a main structure, 

lying flat or close against something; often refers to hairs, 

a small, clearly marked space; a term frequently used to 

denote small spine-bearing areas on the stem of a 

cactus, 

an appendage growing at or about the hilum, or point of 

attachment, of a seed, 

with an aril, 

gradually narrowed, 

a terminal bristle-like appendage, 

upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem, 

in an axil, 

the central stem or supporting structure along which parts 

or organs are arranged, 

relating to or situated at the base, 

a pulpy fruit with immersed seeds and no true stone, 

two-lipped, 

two-celled, 

a modified or reduced leaf situated near a flower or 

inflorescence (adj. bracteate). 

a leaf bud with fleshy scales or leaf bases, frequently 

underground. 

603 
604 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

bulbil 

bur 

burl 

bush 

caespitose 

calyx 

campanulate 

capitate 

capsule 

carpel 

catkin 

caudex 

clavate 

cleft 

connate 

cordate 

corm 

coriaceous 

corolla 

corymb 

cotyledon 

crenate 

crenulate 

crown 

culm 

cyme 

decompound 

decumbent 

decurrent 

dense 

dentate 

digitate 

disk flowers (disk floret) 

distichous 

distinct 

divaricate 

drupe 

ellipsoid 

elliptic 

elongate 

entire 

small bulbs arising around the main bulb. 

a seed or fruit bearing spines or prickles. 

an overgrown knot or an excrescence on a tree often 

formed at the juncture of the trunk with the root, 

a low thick shrub without a distinct trunk, 

growing in dense clumps or tufts, 

the outer series of the floral envelopes, usually green, 

bell-shaped or cup-shaped with a flaring rim. 

head-shaped, aggregated into into very dense clusters, 

a dry fruit opening by definite pores or slits and made up 

of more than one pistil, 

a simple pistil or element of a compound pistil, 

a spike or spike-like, usually pendulous inflorescence of 

unisexual flowers, 

the woody base of an otherwise herbaceous perennial (pi. 

caudices). 

club-shaped, thickened towards the apex, 

cut about to the middle, 

the union of like structures, 

of a conventional heart shape, usually with a notch at 

base and pointed tip. 

a bulb-like, fleshy, underground stem, 

texture of leather, 

the inner series of the floral envelope; collective name for 

petals, 

a flat-topped flower cluster in which the outermost 

flowers bloom first, 

the seed leaves or first leaves of the embryo, often 

functions as the first leaf of a seedling, 

toothed with teeth rounded at apex, 

crenate with small teeth. 

an inner appendage to a petal or the throat of a corolla, 

a hollow or pithy stem found in grasses and sedges, 

a convex or flat-topped flower cluster with central 

flowers opening first, 

more than once divided or compound, 

reaching out with the tip ascending, 

running down the stem, below the insertion; usually said 

of leaves, 

said of inflorescences where the flowers are crowded, 

toothed with teeth directed outward, not forward, 

fingered; shaped like an open hand; compound wim parts 

radiating out from a common point like fingers on a 

hand, 

the regular tubular flowers on the heads of Asteraceae. 

in two vertical rows, 

separate; like parts not at all united, 

widely divergent. 

a fleshy, unopening, one-seeded fruit (drupaceous), 

an elliptic solid, 

shaped like an ellipse; in the form of a flattened circle 

more than twice as long as broad, 

drawn out in length, 

with an even margin. 
NUMBER 35 605 

ephemeral 

epiphyte 

epiphytic 

equitant 

everted 

fascicle 

fertile 

filament 

filamentous 

filiform 

fistulous 

flabellate 

foliate 

follicle 

fourmerous 

fruit 

fusiform 

glabrous 

globose 

glomerule 

glumes 

hastate 

heartwood 

herb 

herbaceous 

hilum 

hispid 

imbricate 

incised 

incurved 

indehiscent 

indigenous 

inflorescences 

insectivorous 

intemode 

involucre 

laciniate 

lanceolate 

lance-ovate 

leaflets 

legume 

linear 

lasting for one day or less. 

a plant that grows on other plants, but not parasitically. 

relating to epiphytes. 

folded over as if astride. 

turned outward. 

a close cluster (adj. fasciculate). 

capable of producing fruit and seeds. 

any thread-like body. 

composed of threads. 

very fine and narrow; thread-like. 

hollow and cylindrical throughout, like onion leaves. 

fan or wedge-shaped. 

having leaves. 

a dry fruit with one pistil and splitting down one side 

only, 

having four like parts. 

the ripened pistil with all its accessory parts, 

spindle-shaped; thickest near the middle and tapering 

toward each end. 

without hairs. 

spherical, rounded, shaped like a globe, 

a dense crowded cluster, usually of flowers, 

a pair of bracts at the base of a grass spikelet. 

shaped like an arrowhead but with the basal lobes 

pointing outward (compare sagittate), 

the innermost and oldest wood next to the pith, 

a plant with no persistent woody stem above the ground, 

with the texture, color, and properties of an herb, 

the scar or point of attachment of a seed, 

with stiff and rigid bristles or bristle like hairs, 

overlapping, as shingles on a roof, 

cut sharply and usually irregularly, commonly describes 

leaf margins, 

bending inwards towards the axis or attachment, 

remaining persistently closed; not opening by definite 

lines or pores, 

native to the area, 

the flowering part of a plant, almost always used for a 

flower cluster; the arrangement of the flowers on the 

axis, 

consuming insects; used of those plants which capture 

insects and absorb nutriment from them, 

the part of the stem between two nodes or joints, 

a whorl of distinct or united leaves or bracts subtending 

a flower cluster, 

narrowly incised or slashed; leaf margins cut in narrow 

and usually pointed lobes, 

lance-shaped; much longer than broad; broadest toward 

the base and tapering to the tip. 

a shape between lanceolate and ovate, 

a segment of a compound leaf, 

the fruit in the pea family which is a simple pod opening 

in two pieces, 

long and narrow, of uniform width. 
606 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

lobe 

lobed 

lyrate 

meristem 

monecious 

monocot 

mucilaginous 

multifid 

node 

nut 

nutlet 

oblanceolate 

oblong-oval 

obovate 

obpyramidal 

opposite 

orbicular 

oval 

ovate 

ovoid 

palmate 

panicle 

pappilate 

pedicel 

peduncle 

pedunculate 

perennial 

perianth 

petal 

petiolate 

petiole 

peltate 

phyllary 

pinnate 

pinnatifid 

pistil 

pit 

pith 

plicate 

prop roots 

pubescent 

raceme 

a division or segment of an organ, usually rounded. 

bearing lobes. 

describes leaves parted with the terminal segment large 

and rounded an the lower lobes small, 

a region of growth or actively dividing cell tissue, 

unisexual flowers with the male and female elements in 

the same individual, 

a plant having only one cotyledon or seed leaf, 

slimy or mucilage-like, 

divided into many segments. 

the place on a stem where leaves or branches originate, 

a hard, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, 

a small nut. 

inversely lanceolate, attached at the tapered end. 

oval, but much lengthened, with the sides parallel, 

inversely ovate, attached at the narrow end. 

inversely pyramidal, with the point of attachment at the 

small end. 

having two leaves or branches at a node; having one part 

placed before another in a flower, 

a two-dimensional figure circular in outline, 

broadly elliptic, 

shaped like the longitudinal section of an egg with the 

broader end downwards, 

an egg-shaped solid, 

the lobes or divisions attached or running down toward 

one place at the base (compare pinnate), 

a loose, branched flower cluster (adj. paniculate), 

bearing minute conical projections, 

the stalk of a flower in a flower cluster (adj. pedicellate), 

the stalk of a single flower or flower cluster, 

borne upon a peduncle, 

a plant lasting for three years or more; a stem not dying 

back over the winter, 

the floral envelopes, the calyx or corolla or both, 

a division of the corolla, 

with a petiole. 

the stalk to a leaf blade or to a compound leaf, 

shield-shaped, attached to a stalk by the lower surface 

and not by the margin, 

one bract of an involucre. 

with the leaflets arranged on each side of a common axis, 

pinnately divided into lobes, but not cut to the midrib, 

the female or seed-bearing structure of a flower, when 

complete consisting of ovary, style, and stigma, 

a small depression, 

the spongy center of a stem, surrounding or joining to the 

inner part of the vascular bundles, 

folded in plaits, usually lengthwise on the order of a 

folding fan. 

aerial roots arising at the base of a plant and providing 

extra support for the plant, 

clothed with hair, the hair usually fine and soft, 

a simple flower cluster in which pedicellate flowers are 

borne on a common and usually elongate axis. 
NUMBER 35 607 

rachis 

rank 

receptacle 

recurved 

reflexed 

reniform 

reticulate 

rhizomatous 

rhizome 

root 

rootstock 

rosette 

rosulate 

rotate 

rugose 

runner 

sagittate 

salverform 

samara 

saxicolous 

scabrous 

scape 

scapose 

scorpioid 

scurf 

secund 

serrate 

serrulate 

sessile 

sheath 

shrub 

silique 

sinuate 

sori 

spadix 

spathe 

spatulate 

spine 

spinescent 

the axis of an inflorescence or a compound leaf. 

a vertical row. 

the part of the flower that bears the organs of the flower 

such as the petals, stamens, and sepals; the expanded 

portion of the flower stalk that bears the collected 

flowers of a head as in Asteraceae. 

curved outward, downward or backward, 

abruptly bent or turned backward or downward, 

shaped like a kidney bean, 

netted; with a network, 

having the characters of a rhizome, 

any prostrate more or less elongated stem growing partly 

or completely beneath the surface of the ground, 

the descending axis of the plant without nodes and 

absorbing moisture from the ground, 

a rhizome. a circular cluste

r of leaves, 

in the form of a rosette, 

wheel-shaped, flat and circular in outline, 

with wrinkled or creased surface, 

a very slender stolon-like stem rooting at the apex, 

shaped like an arrowhead, with the basal lobes directed 

backward; refers to leaves, 

a corolla with a slender tube abruptly expanding into a 

flat limb, 

an indehiscent winged fruit, 

growing on rock, 

rough to the touch. 

a leafless flower stalk arising from the ground, 

bearing a scape or resembling one. 

coiled at the apex like the tail of a scorpion, 

small, bran-like scales on the stem and leaves (adj. 

scurfy), 

arranged on one side only; unilateral, 

with sharp teeth directed forward, 

diminutive of serrate, 

without a stalk. 

a tubular structure, as the lower part of a grass leaf, 

a woody perennial plant smaller than a tree and usually 

with several basal stems, 

a narrow, many-seeded capsule characterstic of the 

mustard family in which the valves split from the 

bottom and leave the placenta and false partition on 

which the seeds grow, 

strongly wavy-margined, 

the aggregation of sporangia or spore-bearing organs on 

the underside of a fem frond, 

a spike with a thick and fleshy axis, usually densely 

flowered with imperfect flowers, 

a broad sheathing bract enclosing a spadix. 

broad and rounded at the apex and tapering at the base; 

flattened, spoon-shaped, 

a sharp-pointed, rigid, deep-seated outgrowth from the 

stem, 

bearing a spine or ending in a spine-like sharp point. 
608 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

spinulose 

stamen 

stipitate 

stolon 

subcordate 

subglobose 

subsessile 

suffrutescent 

tap root 

tendril 

tepal 

terete 

thorn 

tomentose 

tomentum 

trifoliate 

trimerous 

tripinnate 

truncate 

tuber 

tubercule 

tuberculate 

tuberous 

umbel 

umbellate 

unifoliate 

uricating 

valvate 

vernation 

verticillate 

villous 

viscid 

whorl 

wing 

beset with small spines. 

the male organ of a flower, consisting of filament, anther, 

and pollen, 

provided with a stipe or with a slender stalk-like base, 

a horizontal stem, creeping a rooting at the nodes, giving 

rise to a new plant at its tips, 

somewhat or almost cordate or heart-shaped, 

somewhat or almost globe-shaped, 

having a very short petiole, pedicel, peduncle, or stalk; 

almost sessile, 

somewhat shrubby, a root with a stout taperin

g body, 

a slender structure derived from the stems or leaves by 

means of which a plant may make itself secure, 

a term used to denote perianth parts when petals and 

sepals can not be differentiated, 

round in cross section, cylindrical, 

a stiff, hard, sharp-pointed emergence more deeply seated 

than a prickle, 

clothed with dense, matted woolly hairs, 

the covering of closely interwoven and tangled hairs in a 

tomentose surface, 

a compound leaf with three leaflets, 

having three like parts, 

pinnate three times, 

squared off at the tip or base as if cut off with a straight 

blade; usually describes leaves, 

a short thickened underground stem, 

a small, rounded structure, 

bearing small processes or tubercules. 

having or resembling a tuber, 

an inflorescence in which the branches arise from the 

same point like the ribs of an umbrella, 

in or like an umbel, 

having only one leaf or leaflet, 

stinging, 

opening by valves; splitting open along a suture line; 

having edges which do not overlap, 

the arrangement of leaves in a bud. 

with three or more leaves or other structures arranged in 

a circle about a stem or other common axis, 

bearing long weak hairs, 

having a sticky surface, 

the arrangement of similiar parts, such as leaves, in a 

circle around an axis (adj. whorled). 

a thin and usually dry extension bordering and organ. 
NUMBER 35 609 

to oi 

A A 

PLATE 1.—Chenek': A, tzajal botii (Phaseolus coccineus); B, sakil tz'ibal botii (Phaseolus coccineus); C, tzajal 

tz'ibal botii (Phaseolus coccineus); D, xut (Phaseolus coccineus); E, k'anal ibes (Phaseolus coccineus ssp. 

darwinianus); F, sakil xvet' (Phaseolus lunatus); G, tzajal xvet' (Phaseolus lunatus); H, tz'ibal xvet' (Phaseolus 

lunatus); I, tzajal xlumil (Phaseolus vulgaris); J, batz'i ik'al xlumil (Phaseolus vulgaris); K, muk'ta ik'al xlumil 

(Phaseolus vulgaris); L, sak-vayan xlumil (Phaseolus vulgaris); M, tzajal xk'un xlumil (Phaseolus vulgaris); N, 

ik'al x'ak'il (Phaseolus vulgaris); O, chana x'ak'il (Phaseolus vulgaris); P, k'anal x'ak'il (Phaseolus vulgaris); 

Q, tz'ibal x'ak'il (Phaseolus vulgaris); R, muk'ta ik' (Phaseolus vulgaris); S, tzo' t'ul (Phaseolus vulgaris); T, 

tzajal xlumil (Phaseolus vulgaris); U, tzajal xlumil (Phaseolus vulgaris); V, tzajal aros chenek' (Vigna 

umbellata); w, sakil javas (Viciafaba); X, ik'al kdntela chenek' (Vigna unguiculata); Y, k'anal kantela chenek' 

(Vigna unguiculata); Z, sakil karvensa (Pisum sativum); A A, manya chenek' (Arachis hypogaea); BB, javas kajve 

(Mucuna puriens var. utilis). 
610 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 2.—Ch'um-te': A, polotz' (Cyclanthera langaei); B, ch'um-te' (Cucumis anguria); C, xantiya ak' 

(Melothria pendula); D, xavon ak' (Cayaponia attenuata); E, ch'ix ch'um-te' ch'o, xenebal pox (Sicyos 

microphyllus). 
NUMBER 35 611 

PLATE 3.—Makom: A, batz'i makom (Rubus adenotrichus); B, tzajal makom (Rubus humistratus); C, tuxum 

makom (Rubus coriifolius); D, ch'ail makom (Rubusfagifolius); E, makom tz'i'lel (Duchesnea indica); F, makom 

ch'ix (Buettneria aculeata); G, xoto-chak (Rubus eriocarpus). 
612 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 4.—Pek' me'el: A, ne saben (Heteropteris beecheyana); B, chenek' ak', pek' me'el, yok'tz'i'ak' 

(Canavalia hirsutissima). 
NUMBER 35 613 

PLATE 5.—Tz'usub: A, batz'i tz'usub (Vitis bourgeana); B, ve'el inatab (Ampelocissus acapulcensis); C, sakil 

tz'usub, ve'el inatab (Cissus cacuminis); D, sakil tz'usub (Antigonon flavescens). 
614 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 6.—Tz'usub: A, (x) k'ox puyu', (x) kranata ak' (Gonolobus barbatus); B, vako ak' (Aristolochia sericea); 

C, lo'bol ak' (Gonolobus uniflorus); D, ch'uxuv ak' (Mandevilla tubiflora); E, ch'uxuv ak' (Mandevilla 

subsagittata); F, pojov ak' (Matelea sp.). ((x) = extended range.) 
NUMBER 35 615 

PLATE 7.—Aja-te'es: A, aja-te'es (Gaultheria odorata); B, k'ox aja-te'es (Vaccinium confertum); C, tzis uch 

(Litsea glaucescens). 
616 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 8.—Bak te': A, ventex mol (Picramnia tetramera); B, bak te' (Dodonea viscosa); C, ajval te' (Stillingia 

acutifolia); D, majob ik'al (Jacquinea macrocarpa). 
NUMBER 35 617 

PLATE 9.—Bix: A, antzil aj (Phragmites australis); B, vinik aj (Gynerium sagittatum); C, meno (Pennisetum 

purpureum); D, ik'ob chij (Lasiacis divaricata). 
618 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 10.—Bix: A, muk'ta ne kotom (Chusquea foliosa); B, yaxal otot (Bambusa vulgaris); C, antzil bix (Olmeca 

reflexa); D, ton bix (Otatea fimbriata); E, chanib (Rhipidocladum pittieri); F, k'ox ne kotom (Chusquea 

liebmannii). 
NUMBER 35 619 

PLATE 11.—Bot: A, bot (Heliocarpus donnell-smithii); B, be xinich te' (Cordia alliodora); C, sakil sal-te' 

(Jatropha curcas); D, tzajal sal-te' (Bursera simaruba). 
620 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 12.—Bot: A, mail te' (Pseudobombax ellipticum); B, putzkuy (Cochlospermum vitifolium); C, ch'ilim te' 

(Hymenaea courbarit); D, jasinto te' (Morus celtidifolia) (isolate). 
NUMBER 35 621 

PLATE 13.—Bot: A, akit (Guazuma ulmifolia); B, (x) akit (Neopringlea viscosa); C, bik'it choch (Stemmadenia 

obovata); D, tux-nuk' te' (Luehea Candida), ((x) = extended range.) 
622 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 14.—Chalon: A, tz'erel (Inga punctata); B, chalon (Inga vera ssp. spuria). 
NUMBER 35 623 

PLATE 15.—Chijil te': A, ch'ix ak' (Celtis iguanaea); B, batz'i chijil te' (Sambucus mexicana); C, batz'i chix te' 

(Prunus serotina). 
624 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 16.—Chijil te': A, batz'i paxamum (Malpighia mexicana); B, muk'ta paxamum (Symplocos vernicosa); C, 

yaxal ch'it (Xylosma intermedium); D, sakil ch'it (Eugenia laughlinii); E, tzajal ch'it (Schoepfia vacciniiflora); F, 

yisim bolom (Xylosma flexuosum). 
NUMBER 35 625 

f1f% 

PLATE 17.—Chijil te': A, makulixkuat (Muntingia calabura); B, ik'al vinik (Garrya laurifolia); c, treno 

(Ligustrum lucidum); D, vax te' (Trema micrantha); E, nampivo (Ehretia tinifolia); F, ik'al te' (Ehretia latifolia). 
626 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 18.—Chilkat: A, arsyal te' (Baccharis trinervis); B, bik'it ch'a-te' (Ageratina ligustrinum); C, ch'ail pox 

(Calea urticifolia); D, batz'i chilkat (Senecio salignus); E, poxil ik' (Stevia polycephala). 
NUMBER 35 627 

PLATE 19.—Jabnal: A, jabnal (Oreopanax peltatus); B, k'am-xoch' (Chiranthodendron pentadactylon); C, 

k'orok' te' (Cecropia peltata). 
628 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 20.—Jabnal: A, mumun (Piper auritum); B, mumun te' (Piper jaquemontianum). 
NUMBER 35 629 

PLATE 21.—K'an-te': A, k'an-te' (Diphysa floribunda); B, yax-te' (Eysenhardtia adenostylis); C, milob ch'o te' 

(Gliricidia sepium); D, yax-'ib te' (Senna tonduzii); E, brasil (Haematoxylon brasiletto). 
630 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 22.—K'an-te': A, sakil kanela te' (Hauya elegans); B, tzajal kanela te' (Calycophyllum candidissimum). 
NUMBER 35 631 

PLATE 23.—K'an-te': A, pinto te' (Wimmeria pubescens); B, jach'ub te' (Platanus mexicana); C, putzul chij 

(Tecoma stans); D, kamaron te' (Alvaradoa amorphoides). 
632 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 24.—K'at'ix: A, k'at'ix (Crataeguspubescens); B, isbon (Cornus excelsa). 
NUMBER 35 633 

PLATE 25.—Olnob: A, sakil ch'ix (Acacia farnesiana); B, kevrajacha (Acacia pennatula); C, batz'i xaxib (Acacia 

angustissima); D, chojchoj (Acacia cornigera); E, muk'ta xaxib (Calliandra portoricense); F, ch'ich' ni' 

(Calliandra grandiflora). 
634 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 26.—Olnob: A, batz'i olnob (Leucaena leucocephala); B, tzajal olnob (Leucaena diversifolia); C, paka' 

olnob (Leucaena collinsii). 
NUMBER 35 635 

PLATE 27.—Olnob: A, pit (Enterolobium cyclocarpum); B, molino te' (Poeppigia procera); C, vamuch te' 

(Pithecellobium dulce); D, voy chij te' (Bauhinia divaricata). 
636 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 28.—Olnob: A, ik'al suk (Lysiloma divaricatum); B, ik'al suk (Lysiloma acapulcensis); C, sakil suk 

(Lysiloma auritum). 
NUMBER 35 637 

PLATE 29.—On: A, itzompi (Licania platypus); B, no'chi' (Pouteria campechiana); C, ch'ulul aj-te' (Casimiroa 

edulis); D, uch (Diospyros digyna); E, muy (Manilikara achras); F, ja'as (Pouteria mammosa). 
638 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 30.—On: A, yax-'on (Persea americana); B, yax-'on (Persea americana); C, ch'ail on (Persea 

americana); D, batz'i on (Persea americana); E, tzitz (Persea americana var. drymifolia); F, chinin (Persea 

schiedeana). 
NUMBER 35 639 

PLATE 31.—Pitz'otz': A, pitz'otz' (Monnina xalapensis); B, sat pukuj (Solanum aligerum); C, ve'el kulajte' 

(Cordia spinescens). 
640 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 32.—Po'on: A, mojan (Ceiba aesculifolia); B, inop (Ceiba pentandra); C, bik'it ch'u te' (Cedrela 

oaxacensis); D, batz'i jovos (Spondias mombin); E, po'on ch'ix (Ximenia americana). 
NUMBER 35 641 

PLATE 33.—Po'on: A, maluk (Genipa caruto); B, amat (Ficus glabrata); C, mutut (Ficus cookii); D, kajanab te' 

(Oreopanax capitatus); E, yaxal jovos (Mastichodendron capiri var. tempisque). 
642 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 34.—Sun: A, k'ail (Smallanthus maculatus); B, sun (Tithonia tubaeformis); C, ton k'ail (Montanoa 

hexagona); D, tzojoj (Lagascea helianthifolia). 
NUMBER 35 643 

PLATE 35.—Tilil: A, batz'i k'oxox te' (Ternstroemia oocarpa); B, k'ol-k'ox (Phyllanthus grandifolius); C, yaxal 

mol (Licania arborea). 
644 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 36.—Tilil: A, tzajal k'os (Parathesis chiapensis); B, karnero te' (Coccoloba barbadensis); C, bak amuch 

te' (Clethra mexicana); D, k'ojom (Rapanea juergensenii). 
NUMBER 35 645 

PLATE 37.—Tulan: A, batz'i chikin-ib (Quercus crispipilis); B, jayal pat chikin-ib (Quercus laurina); C, sakil 

chikin-ib (Quercus elliptica); D, tz'otz'op (Quercus acutifolia). 
646 

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 38.—Tulan: A, muk'ta kachu toro te' (Bucida macrostachya); B, yaxal kachu toro te' (Godmar, 

aesculifolia). 
NUMBER 35 647 

PLATE 39.—Tulan: A, sakil tulan (Quercus peduncularis); B, k'an-tulan (Quercus segoviensis); C, batz'i te' 

(Quercus crassifolia); D, k'evex tulan (Quercus polymorpha); E, sap yok (Quercus candicans). 
648 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 40.—Tulan: A, tz'utuj te' (Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis); B, sakil nok (Alnus acuminata ssp. 

arguta); C, k'ox paj-'ul (Rhus terebinthifolia); D, muk'ta paj-'ul (Rhus schiedeana). 
NUMBER 35 649 

PLATE 41.—Tzelo-pat: A, sakil sitit (Vernonia deppeana); B, tzajal sitit (Pluchea odorata); C, batz'i suil itaj 

(Sinclairia glabrum var. hypoleucum); D, k'ox suil itaj (Sinclairia andrieuxii). 
650 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 42.—Tzelo-pat: A, batz'i tzelo-pat (Buddleia skutchii); B, chan-tzelav tzelo-pat (Buddleia crotonoides). 
NUMBER 35 651 

PLATE 43.—Tzotz-ni' te': A, ajo' te' (Saurauia scabrida); B, kastanya (Sterculia apetala). 
652 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

<#&M 

PLATE 44.—Tzotz-ni' te': A, tzotz-ni' te' (Viburnum jucundum); B, sak-nich te' (Lippia chiapensis); C, 

k'ux-pevul (Solanum chrysotrichum). 
NUMBER 35 653 

""227 

^ms= 

7 \ 

PLATE 45.—Te' (isolates): A, papausa k'evex (Annona diversifolia); B, batz'i k'evex (Annona cherimola); C, 

k'anal k'evex (Annona reticulata); D, chin-jol k'evex (Annona purpurea). 
654 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 46.—Ch'aben: A, batz'i ch'aben (Crotalaria mucronata); B, chenek' chij (Lupinus elegans); C, ch'aben 

ka' (Crotalaria acapulcensis); D, tzukum tz'i'lel (Dalea lutea var. gigantea); E, poxil mako' (Haplophyton 

cinereum); F, mesob jol bakal (Marina scopa). 
NUMBER 35 655 

W D 

PLATE 47.—Ich: A, k'anal ich (Capsicum pubescens); B, jlok'ol-chak ich (Capsicum annuum); C, morte ich 

(Capsicum annuum); D, yich kurik (Capsicum annuum); E, bak ich (Capsicum annuum); F, natikil ich (Capsicum 

annuum); G, tzo' mut ich (Capsicum annuum var. aviculare); H, sakil ich (Capsicum annuum); I, pujkan ich 

(Capsicum pubescens); J, chileancho (Capsicum annuum). 
656 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 48.—Ich: A, unen mu (Solanum americanum); B, ye aja chon (Solanum angustifolium); C, yich joj 

(Lycianthes ciliolata); D, chuchu' (Solanum mammosum); E, tzo' mut ich (Capsicum annuum var. aviculare). 
NUMBER 35 657 

PLATE 49.—K'ojom: A, poxil chuvaj (Polygala costaricensis); B, poxil pat ka' (Psychotria erythrocarpa); C, 

muk'ta akuxa tz'i'lel (Geranium goldmanii); D, k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel (Erodium cicutarium); E, sakil akuxa tz'i'lel 

(Geranium seemanii); F, yok' tz'i' (Plantago australis ssp. hirtella); G, chintuli' jobel (Plantago linearis); H, 

poxil yerva (Elytraria imbricata); I, poxil sep' (Pinaropappus spathulatus var. chiapensis); J, k'ojom 

(Ranunculus petiolaris). 
658 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 50.—Moy: A, sakil kampana nichim (Bouvardia longiflora); B, tzajal kampana nichim (Hibiscus 

rosa-sinensis); C, moy (Nicotiana tabacum); D, bik'tal kaVnpana nichim (Escobedia guatemalensis); E, batz'i 

kcimpana nichim (Datura Candida). 
NUMBER 35 659 

PLATE 51.—Moy: A, yaxal k&npana tz'i'lel (Achimenes grandiflora); B, tzajal k&mpana tz'i'lel (Lonicera 

pilosa); C, k'anal kimpana tz'i'lel (Ludwigia octovalvis); D, poxil aja-chon (Martynia annua). 
660 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

pa£ # 

TI ^ i / 

PLATE 52.—Pak' chak: A, muk'ta pak' chak (Kearnemalvastrum lacteum); B, k'anal sat mes (Sida rhombifolia); 

C, sakil sat mes (Waltheria americana); D, sakil sat mes (Melochia tomentosa); E, sakil pern k'ulub (Borreria 

laevis); F, batz'i pern k'ulub (Verbena Carolina). 
NUMBER 35 661 

• \ 

A 

i / 

w 

PLATE 53.—Petok: A, batz'i chikin ton (Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii); B, muk'ta chikin ton (Hylocereus 

undatus); C, ch'ixal amuch (Acanthocereus horridus); D, ne bolom (Selenicereus grandiflorus). 
662 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 54.—Pimil anal: A, tontikil pimil anal (Pilea microphylla); B, batz'i pimil anal (Sedum praealtum); C, k'ox 

pimil anal (Sedum guatemalensis); D, poxil yat chij (Echeveria bella); E, poxil chin (Echeveria mucronata); F, 

poxil eal (Pinguicula moranensis). 
NUMBER 35 663 

PLATE 55.—Pimil anal: A, sentavo tz'i'lel (Peperomia campylotropa); B, setajtik vixobtakil (Peperomia 

deppeana); C, vixobtakil chon (Peperomia heterodoxa); D, muk'ta vixobtakil (Peperomia humilis); E, batz'i 

vixobtakil (Peperomia galeoides). 
664 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 56.—Pitzak': A, alpajo (Medicago sativa); B, tzajal pitzak' (Melilotus indica); C, batz'i pitzak' (Trifolium 

amabile); D, muk'ta pitzak' (Trifolium repens); E, muk'ta vala-pojov (Begonia fischeri); F, tzajal pitzak' 

(Medicago polymorpha); G, mail tz'i'lel (Houstonia serpyllacea); H, k'ox vala-pojov (Oxalis corniculata); I, 

batz'i vala-pojov (Oxalis galeottii); J, poxil me'-vinik (Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia); K, chak'ak' 

(Spilanthes americana); L, chikin ch'o (Dichondra argentea); M, poxil chuvaj (Anagallis arvensis); N, tzotz-ni' 

tz'i'lel (Hieracium stuposum). 
NUMBER 35 665 

PLATE 57.—Pom tz'unun: A, k'ox nap'ap* tz'i'lel (Salvia misella); B, k'anal nap'ap' tz'i'lel (Mentzelia aspera); 

C, bik'it nap'ap' tz'i'lel (Galium uncinulatum); D, batz'i nap'ap' tz'i'lel (Siegesbeckia jorulensis); E, yaxal 

nap'ap' tz'i'lel (Priva lappulacea). 
666 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 58.—Pom tz'unun: A, yax-'ulan pom tz'unun (Salvia urica); B, puj-'akan pom tz'unun (Priva aspera); C, 

k'anal pom tz'unun (Cuphea cyanea); D, yaxal pom tz'unun (Salvia polystachya); E, tzajal pom tz'unun (Salvia 

excelsa); F, sakil pom tz'unun (Hyptis urticoides); G, muk'ta pom tz'unun (Hemichaena rugosa). 
NUMBER 35 667 

PLATE 59.—Pom tz'unun: A, poxil k'ok' (Loeselia mexicana); B, tentzun (Ruellia inundata); C, yich'ak ch'o 

(Hamelia patens); D, ba ikatzil (Fuchsia splendens); E, primon (Lobelia laxiflora); F, poxil majbenal (Cuphea 

pinetorum). 
668 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

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PLATE 60.—Pom tz'unun: A, yalem bek'et (Castilleja integrifolia); B, j'ak'-'uch (Castilleja arvensis); C, tzajal 

kampana (Lamourouxia viscosa); D, latzbil tonal pox (Salvia lasiantha); E, sten uch (Stachys coccinea); F, 

nochleb buluk' sat (Salvia tilliifolia). 
NUMBER 35 669 

PLATE 61.—Vo'tus: A, vo'tus (Tagetes erecta); B, tzitz tz'i'lel (Tagetesfilifolia); C, tzitz (Tagetes lucida); D, k'ox 

vo'tus (Tagetes tenuifolia). 
670 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 62.—Vo'tus: A, vo'tus tz'i'lel (Schkuhria anthemoidea); B, tzutzub (Linum mexicanum); C, tzitz pox 

(Hypericum uliginosum); D, nochleb vonon (Cuphea aequipetala). 
NUMBER 35 671 

PLATE 63.—Yama chauk: A, inojo (Foeniculum vulgare); B, krem pox (Micropleura renifolia); C, keb chij 

(Eryngium ghiesbreghtii); D, enkaje (Ammi majus); E, perejil (Petroselinum crispum); F, keb chij (Eryngium 

carlinae); G, kulantu (Coriandrum sativum). 
672 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 64.—Yama chauk: A, kulantu ch'o (Donnellsmithia juncea); B, kulantu ch'o (Apium leptophyllum); C, 

kulantu ch'o (Berula erecta); D, kulantu ch'o (Daucus montanus); E, kulantu ch'o (Parthenium hysterophorus). 
NUMBER 35 673 

PLATE 65.—Yama chauk: A, tuturu (Thalidrum guatemalense); B, tzis chauk (Tagetes nelsonii); C, jok'leb tzo'op 

tz'unun (Digiticalia chiapensis); D, sakil nichim te' (Jasminum mesneyi); E, chichik'uy (Piqueria trinervia). 
674 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

PLATE 66.—Yama chauk: A, tut (Equisetum myriochaetum); B, yama chauk (Arracacia bracteata); C, yama chauk 

(Prionosriadium nelsonii); D, voy mula (Valeriana sorbifolia); E, yama chauk (Aralia humilis); F, yama chauk 

(Arracacia nelsonii); G, k£musa te' (Bocconia arborea). 
Index 1 

Cultural Omnibus Index (Tzotzil) 

aj, antzil, 576 

aj-te', 558 

ajval te', 450, 459-460, 468, 516 

amat, 450, 452 

asasena, 556, 571 

asasena, batz'i, 557, 578 

asasena, sakil, 566, 568, 570, 572-573, 

579-580 

bantera nichim, 580 

batz'i te', 466, 515, 531-532 

bertulaka, 545 

bukaro, k'ox, 557 

chachi', 559 

chak'ak', 453 

chalon, 462, 466, 559 

chenek', ibes, 103, 453 

chenek', kantela, 528, 550 

chenek', muk'ta ik', 453, 547 

chenek', muk'ta ik' x'ak'il, 481 

chenek', tzajal xlumil, 576 

chenek', xk'un, 481 

chenek', xut, 473 

chenek', yut mokal, 529 

chijil te', batz'i, 530 

chijil te', xutax, 530 

chikin chij, 519, 531, 545 

chikin ton, 447 

chii jabnal, 502 

chilkat, 472-474, 565, 568, 574, 576 

chin te', 459-460 

chinin, 474, 476, 480, 527, 558 

chix te', 559 

choch, 485 

choch, muk'ta, 450 

chuchu', 526, 565, 568, 570-572, 575, 578 

ch'a-te', 461 

ch'aben, 461, 473, 521-522, 531 

ch'aben, batz'i, 519 

ch'aben, tontikil, 519 

ch'ilim te', 449, 475, 481, 559 

ch'oliv, 556 

ch'um, 558 

ch'um-te', 558 

ch'um te', t'arax, 558 

ch'um te' ch'o, 485 

ch'upak', 447, 469, 530 

dalya, 557 

ech', kilon, 566-567, 569, 571, 573, 576 

ech', krus, 566, 568, 570-575, 578 

ech', tzajal, 568 

ech', vojton, 571,577-578 

florejvana, 557 

ich, bak, 557-558 

ich, k'anal, 530 

ich, m6rte, 530, 560 

ich, pujkin, 558 

ich, sakil, 558 

itaj, kulix, 529 

itaj, sakil kuruch', 529 

itaj, tzajal kuruch', 529 

ixim, kvarentano, 489 

ixim, sakramentual, 485, 489 

ixim, ye tz'i', 485 

ja'as, 558 

jabnal, 466, 552, 575 

jay, 566 

jikamo, 558 

jobel, akan, 453 

jobel, ana-, 468 

jobel, krus, 470 

jol koy, batz'i, 530 

jom akan, 500 

jovos, 559 

kachimpa te', 449, 459-460 

kachimpa te', tzajal, 463 

kachu t6ro te', 449 

kajve, 559 

kampana nichim, batz'i, 530 

kampray, 557 

kevrajacha, 455, 503, 516 

kinya, mantzana, 476 

koko, 559 

kranata, 558 

krisantema, 565-566, 572, 579-580 

k'am-xoch', 553 

k'an-'ich, 502 

k'at'ix, 558 

k'evex, batz'i, 530, 559 

k'evex, chin-jol, 476, 559 

k'ol-k'ox, 502 

k'olo-max te', 477 

k'orok'te', 449 

k'os, sakil, 518, 530 

k'oxox te', 571, 573, 576-578 

la, 459 

la, chon, 484 

lima, chu', 559, 565, 570-571, 573, 575, 578 

lima, ch'ulul, 559 

liryo, 572, 579 

lo'bol, 566 

lo'bol, batz'i, 559 

lo'bol, chan-tzelav, 559 

lo'bol, chimpo, 559 

lo'bol, kinya, 566, 573-574 

lo'bol, mantzana, 559 

lo'bol, natil, 559 

lo'bol, sakil 559 

lo'bol, sera, 559 

lo'bol, tzajal, 559 

lo'bol ak', 475 

lo'bol joj, 530 

lo'bol vet, 476 

lotz'om chij, 455 

mail, 559 

majob ik'al, 459 

makom, batz'i, 558 

makom, ik'al, 529 

makom, tuxum, 558 

maluk, 531 

mantarina, k'ol-pat, 559 

mantzana, batz'i, 559 

mantzana, kamosa, 559 

melon, batz'i, 559 

merokotom, 559 

met, lo'balal, 568 

met, muk'ta, 565, 576 

mikulax itaj, 519, 531,545 

mutut, 450 

muy, 558 

nankipu, 251 

nantzi', 559 

nap, 559 

napux, ch'ix, 529 

napux, ch'ulul, 529 

napux, kaxlan, 529 

naranja, jayal pat, 559 

675 
676 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

naranja, pimil pat, 559, 571, 573 

nimpronix, 559 

no'chi', 559 

nochleb vonon, 473 

nuk' chij, 566 

olnob, batz'i, 530, 558 

olnob, paka', 476, 531, 559, 563 

olnob, tzajal, 559 

on, batz'i, 559 

on, tzajal, 559 

on, yax-, 479, 558 

ox-'u, 455, 461, 568 

pamal jabnal, 466 

papausa, 480-482, 559 

papaya, 559 

paxak', 559 

paxak', chimpo, 531 

paxak', kinya, 559 

paxak', potpot, 484, 531 

pelex, batz'i, 559 

pelex, kaxlan, 559 

petok, 559 

petok, batz'i, 530 

pi, 530 

pik'ok', 447 

pimenta, kaxlan, 555 

pinyon, 450 

pit, 449 

po'on, 559 

polotz', 474 

pom, ach'el, 464 

pom tz'unun, 500 

pomos, ik'al, 473 

pompom, 573, 575-577, 580 

potov, batz'i, 559 

potov, kaxlan, 559 

prixku', 530, 559 

putzkuy, 473 

putzul, 474 

rabano, 529 

rabano, natikil, 529 

sakil, 558 

sakramentual nichim, 473, 569, 572-573, 

577, 579-580 

sal te', 450, 460, 464 

sal te', tzajal, 449 

sap yok, 466,531 

sirvela, 559 

sirvela, sakil, 529 

sirvela, tzajal, 529 

suil itaj, batz'i, 530, 545 

sun, 466 

tamarin, 559 

tan pox, 461 

te'el petet, 500 

tilil, 530, 556, 568, 570-571, 575-578 

toj, batz'i, 450 

toj, jich'il anal, 566, 568, 571-573 

toj, pimil anal, 569 

toj, tzajal k'uk', 576 

toj, yijil anal, 461 

treno, 477 

tulan, 531,536, 575, 580 

tulan, tzajal, 450, 463 

turasnu, batz'i, 484, 529-530, 559 

turasnu, karirat, 559 

turasnu, kaxlan, 559 

turasnu, luranko, 529-530, 559 

tuxnuk' te', 461 

tzelo-pat, 516 

tzelo-pat, chan-tzelav, 452 

tzib, jamal anal, 467 

tzib, mol, 500 

tzib, muk'ta, 568 

tzib, tzajal, 567, 573-574 

tzis chauk, 468 

tzit, 468, 477, 530, 558 

tzon-te'al balamil, 578-579 

tz'erel, 466 

tz'ol, 558 

tz'ol, kvarentano, 558 

tz'utuj te', 502 

uch, 558 

unen mu, tzajal, 463 

vale', 559 

vixobtakil, 460, 466, 530 

volita, 456, 518, 556-557, 565-567, 

571-574, 579-580 

xan, batz'i, 565-567, 570, 572, 576-577 

xan, pik', 565-566, 570-573, 576-577, 579 

xantiya, 558 

xantiya ak', 531 

xaxib, 568 

x'ukun, 449, 464, 518, 557 

ximo', 469 

xinal te', 460, 468 

xolom, 500 

xoto-chak, 559 

yich joj, 477 

yich'ak mis, 455 

yuch' max, 481 
Index 2 

Cultural Omnibus Index (English) 

acacia 

bullhorn acacia, 461 

achiote, 547, 550, 554, 556 

acalypha, 470 

alder, 446, 449, 461, 575 

allspice, 550, 555 

amaranth, 461, 471, 519, 529-530, 549-550 

amaryllis, 473 

anthurium, 470-471, 563 

apple, 448, 472, 474-477, 479-483, 518, 522, 529, 545-546, 

556-560 

perote apple, 429 

apricot, 559 

avocado, 453, 462, 474-483, 507, 526-527, 530, 550-551, 557-558, 

560 

baby's breath, 566, 573 

bamboo, 448-450, 461-462, 467 

banana, 448, 450, 454, 465-466, 469, 475-482, 515, 517, 527-528, 

556, 558-560 

basil, 557, 567 

bean, 446, 448, 453-457, 462-464, 467-469, 471, 474-485, 489, 

498-499, 502, 505-508, 510, 515-526, 527-528, 544-553, 

557-558,560-561,576 

bush bean, 453, 457, 463, 521, 523, 547 

castor bean, 481, 530 

coffee bean, see coffee 

faba bean, 452, 467, 522, 529, 546, 550, 553, 560 

jack bean, 474 

kidney bean, 521, 525 

pole bean, 453, 522, 529-530, 544 

scarlet runner bean, 447-448, 453, 462, 473, 477, 481, 484, 522, 

529-530, 550, 552, 557-558, 560 

seiva bean, 453, 472 

string bean, 544, 558 

yam bean, 558 

begonia, 471 

bindweed, 453 

blackberry, 476, 481, 529-530, 558, 560 

brasilwood, 449 

bromeliad, 448, 453-454, 467, 470, 566-579, 581-582 

cabbage, 452, 456-457, 461, 467-469, 479, 518-523, 526-527, 529, 

546-547, 549-550, 560, 562 

cactus, 459 

columnar cactus, 451 

saguaro cactus, 462 

canna, see lily 

cantaloupe, 558, 560 

carnation, 477, 500, 516, 518, 521, 526, 529-530, 556-557, 562, 

566-569, 572-574, 577, 579-580 

catbriar, 449 

cauliflower, 474 

cedar, 449 

ceiba, 449, 451 

chamomile, 468, 529-530, 566, 569, 571-574, 576-577, 579-580 

chayote, 447-448, 451, 453, 462, 471-475, 477-478, 480, 482-485, 

498, 516-517, 521-522, 528-530, 545-551, 554, 556-558, 

560-561 

cherimoya, 477, 481 

cherry, 449, 460, 464, 476-477, 481, 529-530, 545, 559-560 

chili, 474-477, 480, 484-485, 507, 515-516, 519-520, 522, 

525-526, 528, 530, 545-549, 551, 554-558, 560 

chrysanthemum, 499, 530, 557, 565-566, 572-573, 575-577, 

579-580 

pompom, 556, 573-577, 580 

citron, 477, 567, 573 

citrus, 474-476, 478, 482 

clove, 550 

coffee, 453-454, 462, 477, 520-521, 526-527, 545-546, 549-550, 

552,557-560 

coriander, 456, 460, 468, 519, 521-522, 526-527, 529-530, 

550-551,557,560 

corn, see: 

Agricultural Activities 

All Souls' Day Cemetery Food 

Ceremonial 

Activities and Tools 

Corn Flower 

Corn Food 

Corn Leaf 

Corn Root 

Cornstalk 

Curing 

Ear of corn 

Food preparation 

Marketing 

Measures 

Stages of growth 

Tools 

Work and Attitudes towards Corn 

also, 446, 462, 502, 505 

cosmos, 481, 484 

cotton tree, 461 

coyol, 476, 480, 559 

cypress, 556 

bald cypress, 453 

dahlia, 447, 453, 499, 557 

daisy, 451, 466, 469-470, 473, 499, 530, 556-557, 562, 566-569, 

572, 574, 579-580 

datura, 470 

677 
678 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

dishrag gourd, 474 

dogwood, 476-477, 515, 563, 566-568, 573-574, 579 

elderberry, 447, 459, 518, 530, 532, 557, 567, 582-583 

eucalyptus, 449, 464, 466, 485 

fennel, 466, 468, 529-530 

fern, 447, 465-467, 567-568, 573-574 

holly fern, 450 

feverfew, 456, 500, 518, 521, 526, 530, 556-557, 562, 565-569, 

571-574, 579-580 

fig, 474-475, 481, 560 

wild fig, 447, 449-450, 477 

garlic, 447, 476, 529, 545, 582-583 

geranium, 456, 460, 466, 468, 473, 499, 529-530, 556-557, 563, 

565-582 

ginger, 545, 549-550, 555 

gladiolus, 447-448, 473, 499, 521-522, 526, 530, 556-557, 562, 

565-568, 570-574, 577, 579-580 

goosefoot, 529 

gourd, 446, 448, 451, 467, 469, 474-476, 478-479, 481-484, 498, 

505-506, 519-522, 524-525, 548, 555, 566, 580, 582-583 

grape, 477, 480-481 

grass, 447, 454-455, 457, 459-462, 466-467, 469-471, 501, 507, 

518-519 

lemon grass, 529-530 

pepper grass, 530 

ground cherry, 529 

guajilote, 549, 559 

guava, 531,559-560 

gumbolimbo, 450 

hawthorn, 455, 459, 476-478, 483, 485, 503, 516, 529-530, 558, 563, 

565, 567-568, 570-574, 579, 582 

hog plum, 477, 553, 559-560 

wild hog plum, 559 

horsetail, 448-449 

incense, 450, 458-459, 464, 563, 581 

jicama, 447, 560 

juniper, 464, 530, 568, 570, 574-575, 579 

kale, 452-453, 474, 518-522, 526, 529, 546, 551 

curly kale, 529, 550, 557 

lady slipper, 473 

laurel, 460, 468, 530, 581-582 

lead tree, 466, 472, 474, 477, 484, 518, 524, 557-560 

lemon, 474-476, 560 

sweet lemon, 478, 556, 559, 565, 570-571, 573, 575, 578 

lily, 447, 466, 470-471, 499, 521, 530, 556-557, 562, 566, 568, 

570-573, 578-580 

blue lily of the Nile, 530, 557, 570, 573, 579-580 

calla lily, 456, 469, 472-473, 499, 521, 530, 556-557, 562-579 

canna lily, 466, 530, 555 

yellow day lily, 572 

lime, 476-477, 550, 559 

sweet lime, 481,559, 567 

locust tree, 559 

madrone, 449, 460, 464, 530, 567 

maguey, 448, 451-452, 457, 461, 466, 469-470, 474, 506, 521, 

529-532, 544, 546, 549, 565, 568, 571, 576 

mandarin, see orange 

mango, 462, 472, 474, 476-480, 482, 507, 526-527, 531, 549-550, 

557-558, 560, 563, 577 

marigold, 468, 470-473, 481, 483-484, 519, 529-530, 556-557, 

565-574, 577, 579-580 

marsh marigold, 529, 547, 550, 555 

melon, 452, 476, 479-482, 484, 545, 547, 560 

musk melon, 558 

watermelon, 452, 476, 482, 545-547, 557-558, 560 

mexican coyote brush, 457, 516, 532, 582 

mexican shell flower, 469, 527, 530 

mexican tea, 460, 463, 521-522, 526, 529-530, 550-551, 554 

milkweed, 475 

mint, 460, 466, 516, 522, 529-530, 550-551, 554, 575 

bergamont mint, 468 

moss, 453, 461, 566, 568, 570, 573-574, 578-579 

spanish moss, 454, 461, 566, 568, 570-573, 575, 579 

mustard, 529, 557 

black mustard, 529-530 

field mustard, 469, 473-474, 477, 483, 519, 521, 527, 529-530 

nance, 476, 531,559 

negrohead soncoya, 481 

nettle, 455, 459, 467, 581 

nightshade 

wild nightshade, 463, 521, 529-531, 550 

oak, 448-449, 451, 464, 468, 515-516, 545, 575, 580, 582 

oat, 455 

onion, 447, 456, 470-471, 476, 529, 550, 575 

wild onion, 466, 529-530, 551, 554 

orange, 474-477, 481-482, 545, 550, 556-560, 567-568, 570-571, 

573-574 

mandarin orange, 481, 559 

navel orange, 559, 579 

Valencia orange, 559 

orchid, 447, 466, 470, 530 

palm, 448, 450, 454-455, 457-458, 465, 467, 516-518, 523, 563, 

576-577 

bamboo palm, 556, 558, 565-575, 577, 579-580 

brahea palm, 469 

fan palm, 565-574, 576-577, 579 

papaya, 472, 474-475, 559-560 

peach, 453, 456, 466, 468, 472-474, 476-479, 481-483, 506, 508, 

519, 522, 527, 529-530, 545-546, 549, 557, 559-561 

peanut, 475, 478, 482, 484-485, 549, 560 

pear, 448, 464, 472, 474-476, 478, 482, 508, 545, 556, 558-560 

penny royal, 468, 530 

pine, 447-450, 452, 457-462, 464, 466, 468-470, 474, 480-481, 

484, 502-504, 507, 517-518, 522, 524-527, 531-532, 558, 563, 

565-583 

pineapple, 448, 452, 476-477, 481-482, 484, 521, 547, 550, 
NUMBER 35 679 

559-560,575 

pink, 556, 558 

piper, 460, 522, 530, 550, 553 

pippin, 476, 559 

plantain, 476, 556, 559 

plum, 454, 477, 529, 559-560 

poison ivy, 459-460 

pokeberry, 476, 529-530 

popapple, 453, 480, 516, 528, 530, 549, 558, 560, 565, 567, 570-572, 

574-575, 578 

potato, 447, 455, 469, 485, 499, 518, 521-522, 526-527, 529, 

547-551,554,557-558,560 

prickly pear, 456, 529-530, 559 

quince, 448, 476-477, 481, 546, 559-560, 575 

radish, 476, 479, 482, 520-521, 525-527, 529, 557-558, 560 

raspberry, 529-530 

wild raspberry, 476, 558 

rattle-box, 550 

reed, 447, 450-451, 454-455, 462, 530, 578 

rice, 546, 549-550 

rose, 453, 472-473, 530, 557, 565-566, 568, 571-573, 576-577, 580 

rue, 529-530, 582-583 

sage, 456, 470-471 

sapote 

black sapote, 476, 480, 547, 558, 560 

chico sapote, 476, 480, 558, 560 

mamey sapote, 476, 479-483, 526-527, 544, 549, 558, 560 

son sapote, 476, 479, 558 

white sapote, 476-477, 479-480, 482, 529-530, 547, 550, 

557-558, 583 

yellow sapote, 476, 558, 560 

sedum, 463, 566, 568-574, 578-580 

shallot, 521 

soaproot, 521 

solanum, 469-470 

sow thistle, 530 

spiderwort, 453 

squash, 446, 451, 453, 456, 463, 467, 469, 474-476, 478-479, 

481-484, 520-522, 545, 547-550, 552 

pumpkin squash, 458, 463, 472, 475, 477-482, 485, 497, 519, 

521-522, 526-528, 544-545, 548-551, 558, 560, 566-567, 570, 

572-573, 578 

summer squash, 458, 478-480, 497-498, 529-530, 548, 550, 558, 

560 

watermelon squash, 447-448, 458, 462, 466, 472, 477-481, 483, 

497-498, 516-517, 519, 521-522, 526, 529-530, 544-546, 

548-551, 557-558, 560, 563, 574, 578 

stone crop, 500 

sugarcane, 447, 450-452, 454-455, 458, 460, 462, 479, 511, 518, 

526-527, 547-549, 556, 559-560, 566, 573, 575, 578 

sunflower 

bush sunflower, 473 

sweet potato, 447, 560 

sweet william, 471 

swiss chard, 527, 529, 557, 560 

tamarind, 559 

tangerine, 474-475, 560, 565, 568, 572, 574 

thistle, 469 

tobacco, 463, 468, 485, 516, 524, 529-530, 581-583 

tomato, 474, 522, 548, 550-551, 553-554, 556, 560 

cherry tomato, 530 

husk tomato, 475, 529-530, 550 

turnip, 451, 453, 529 

virgin's bower, 567 

walnut, 464, 560 

wandering jew, 471 

watercress, 468, 557 

wax myrtle, 516, 530, 556, 563, 567-568, 571, 576-578 

wheat, 455, 469, 521 

willow, 453, 464, 466 

wintergreen 

wild wintergreen, 530 

yaw root, 460 

yucca, 465 

zucchini, 453, 466, 478, 530, 558 

Index 3 

Plant Index (Latin) 

(Boldface = page(s) of principal entry) 

Abies guatemalensis, 15, 16, 146,184 

Abutilon purpusii, 147,193 

Acacia angustissima, 15, 145,172, 417-418, 422-423, 430, 444 

Acacia cochliacantha, 14 

Acacia comigera, 14, 144, 169, 417 

Acacia farnesiana, 14, 144, 171, 417, 443 

Acacia pennatula, 14, 144,170, 414, 417-418, 422 

Acacia pringlei, 14, 171 

Acaena elongata, 16, 147,194, 436, 443 

Acalypha arvensis, 204, 221 

Acalypha botteriana, 204, 221, 250 

Acalypha hispida, 147,195, 431 

Acalypha langiana, 250 

Acalypha macrostachya, 15, 148,197, 413, 422-423 

Acalypha mollis, 148,197, 413, 422-423 

Acalypha setosa, 204, 221 

Acalypha sp., 204, 221 

Acalypha unibracteata, 15, 148, 201 

Acalypha vagans, 250 

Acanthocereus horridus, 206, 245-246 

Acer negundo ssp. mexicanum, 17, 145,176, 413, 418, 420, 423 

Achimenes Candida, 131 

Achimenes cettoana, 206, 241 

Achimenes grandiflora, 206, 241, 273 

Achimenes longiflora, 206, 241 

Acourtia nudicaulis, 213, 277, 440 

Acrocomia mexicana, 147, 192, 426-428, 431-432 

Acrostichum danaeifolium, 210, 432 

Adenocalyma apurense, 120, 141, 427 

Adenocaulon lyratum, 270, 434, 438 

Adiantum andicola, 209, 262, 425, 438, 440 

Adiantum concinnum, 209, 262, 438, 440 

Adiantum poirettii, 209, 262, 438, 440 

Aegopogon cenchroides, 210, 264 

Aeschynomene compacta, 145,172, 417 

Aeschynomene purpusii, 145,172, 417 

Agapanthus africanus, 204, 224 

Agave americana, 144,166, 418, 420, 428, 431-432 

Agave brachystachys, 208, 256-257 

Agave chiapensis, 144, 166, 418, 428, 443 

Agave kewensis, 144,166, 428 

Agave sisalana, 144,165-166, 429, 433 

Ageratina aschenborniana, 220 

Ageratina bustamenta, 143,157, 214, 282, 429 

Ageratina chiapense, 180 

Ageratina ligustrina, 143, 157, 429 

Ageratina mairetiana, 143,157, 429 

Ageratina muelleri, 281 

Ageratina petiolaris, 214, 282 

Ageratina pringlei, 15, 143, 214, 282, 429 

Ageratum corymbosum, 212, 273 

Ageratum echioides, 212, 273 

Ageratum houstonianum, 207, 212, 252, 273 

Ageratum paleaceum, 212, 273 

Agonandra racemosa, 148, 201, 421-423 

Albizzia caribaea, 13 

Alchemilla pectinata, 239, 247 

Alchemilla sibbaldiaefolia, 239, 255-256 

Aldama dentata, 209, 260, 433 

Alfaroa mexicana, 15 

Allium ascalonicum, 208, 257, 420, 428-429 

Allium cepa, 208, 257, 420, 428-429 

Allium kunthii, 208, 257-258, 428-429 

Allium sativum, 208, 256, 420, 425, 435, 438-439, 441-443 

Allium scorodoprasum, 208, 256 

Alloispermum scabrum, 213, 276 

Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta, 17, 146, 186-187, 414, 415, 417, 

429-430, 433 

Alnus jorullensis, 17, 146,187, 414, 415, 429-430, 433 

Alonsoa meridionalis, 212, 274 

Aloysia chiapensis, 147,191, 436, 442 

Altemanthera laguroides, 213, 276 

Alvaradoa amorphoides, 143, 161, 413, 418 

Amaranthus hybridus, 203, 219, 420, 428 

Amaranthus scariosus, 203, 219, 428 

Amaranthus spinosus, 203, 219 

Amaryllis belladonna, 204, 225, 420, 432 

Ambrosia cumanensis, 15, 209, 258, 433-434, 441-443 

Amelanchier denticulata, 144,165, 422-423, 427 

Amelanchier nervosa, 15 

Ammi majus, 211, 270, 420, 432 

Ampelocissus acapulcencis, 120, 139, 438, 440 

Ampelopsis mexicana, 119, 138, 438 

Amyris chiapensis, 14 

Anagallis arvensis, 207, 248-249, 273, 439 

Ananas comosus, 144,167, 426, 429 

Andropogon bicomis, 208, 255, 415, 424 

Andropogon glomeratus, 208, 255, 263, 415, 424 

Anemia adiantifolia, 209, 262 

Anemia phyllitidis, 209, 262 

Anemopaegma puberulum, 119-120, 137,141 

Annona cherimola, 147, 196, 418, 420, 426, 444 

Annona diversifolia, 148,196, 420, 426 

Annona purpurea, 147, 196, 427, 444 

Annona reticulata, 148,196, 427 

Anoda cristata, 132, 206, 223, 241-242, 244-245, 250, 280, 438 

681 
682 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Anogramma leptophylla, 209, 262 

Anthericum eleutherandrum, 208, 256, 425 

Anthericum vestitum, 208, 256, 425 

Anthurium chamulense, 251 

Anthurium huixtlense, 251 

Anthurium schlechtendalii, 207, 251, 432 

Anthurium seleri, 251 

Antigonon flavescens, 119-120,138,141, 413, 419 

Antigonon guatemalense, 119,137, 413, 419 

Aphelandra deppeana, 273 

Apium leptophyllum, 211, 271 

Aploleia multiflora, 211, 266 

Arachis hypogaea, 117, 123, 424 

Aralia humilis, 212, 271 

Arbutus xalapensis, 14, 145,176, 423, 427, 433-434, 442 

Arceuthobium globosum, 206, 243, 442-443 

Archibaccharis androgyna, 15 

Ardisia densiflora, 15 

Ardisia escallonioides, 14, 142,155-156, 413, 418, 421-423, 429 

Argemone mexicana, 222 

Aristida schiedeana, 210, 264, 415 

Aristolochia maxima, 120, 138-139, 243, 443 

Aristolochia sericea, 120, 138-139, 435, 442-443 

Arracacia bracteata, 212, 271, 442-443 

Arracacia nelsonii, 212, 271 

Arthraxon quartinianus, 210, 264 

Arundinella deppeana, 210, 263-264 

Arundo donax, 142, 150, 420, 430 

Asclepias contrayerba, 207, 250, 438 

Asclepias curassavica, 207, 250 

Asclepias oenotherioides, 207, 250, 440 

Asclepias similis, 207, 250, 443 

Asclepias sp., 141 

Asparagus setaceus, 147, 195, 431 

Aspilia purpurea, 223 

Asplenium monanthes, 210, 263 

Aster bullatus, 209, 213, 226, 278, 441, 444 

Aster exilis, 213, 219, 226, 278 

Astranthium purpurascens, 260 

Ateleia tomentosa, 14 

Avena fatua, 205, 230-231 

Avena sativa, 205, 231 

Ayenia mexicana, 147, 193-194 

Ayenia micrantha, 194 

Baccharis glutinosa, 143, 157, 417 

Baccharis salicifolia, 201 

Baccharis serraefolia, 15, 143, 158, 425, 436 

Baccharis trinervis, 15, 143, 157, 424 

Baccharis vaccinioides, 15, 143, 158, 416, 423, 425, 440, 443 

Bacopa monnieri, 203, 216 

Bacopa repens, 216 

Bakeridesia sp., 159 

Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata, 142, 151, 413-414, 418 

Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris, 142, 151, 413-414, 418 

Barleria micans, 204, 221, 273 

Bartletina hylobia, 273 

Bastardia viscosa, 207, 252 

Bauhinia divaricata, 145, 171-172, 414, 418, 421-423 

Bauhinia pauletia, 14, 145,164,171-172, 414, 418, 421-423 

Bauhinia ungulata, 145,171-172, 414, 423 

Beaucarnea goldmanii, 166 

Begonia biserrata, 207, 249, 437 

Begonia fischeri var. tovarensis, 207, 249, 437 

Begonia oaxacana, 207, 249, 262, 437 

Begonia plebeja, 250 

Beilschmiedia riparia, 145, 175 

Berchemia scandens, 17 

Bernoullia flammea, 14 

Berula erecta, 211, 213, 271, 278 

Beta vulgaris, 203, 215 

Beta vulgaris var. cicla, 212, 274 

Bidens aurea, 204, 223 

Bidens bicolor, 194, 204, 213, 223, 276 

Bidens humilis, 204, 223 

Bidens laevis, 271 

Bidens ostruthioides, 204, 213, 223, 276, 431 

Bidens pilosa, 204, 223, 424 

Bidens squarrosa, 15, 271 

Bidens triplinervia, 204, 223, 258 

Billbergia pallidiflora, 213, 276 

Bixa orellana, 148, 201, 429, 440 

Blechum brownei, 213, 276 

Blepharodon mucronatum, 119, 138 

Bletia reflexa, 240 

Bletia sp., 265, 267 

Bocconia arborea, 147, 195, 212, 271, 430 

Bocconia frutescens, 147, 195, 212, 271, 430, 443 

Boerhaavia diffusa, 203, 216, 428 

Boerhaavia erecta, 203, 216 

Boldoa purpurascens, 203, 216, 428 

Bomarea acutifolia, 120, 141, 441 

Bomarea hirtella, 120, 141, 441 

Bonamia sulphurea, 119, 133 

Bonplandia geminiflora, 253-254, 273 

Borago officinalis, 203, 216-217, 435 

Borreria laevis, 206, 212, 244, 272, 425, 435-436, 441 

Bouchea prismatica, 253-254, 273 

Bougainvillea buttiana, 147, 195, 431-432 

Bougainvillea glabra, 147, 195, 431-432 

Bourreria huanita, 14, 143,156, 417 

Bouteloua media, 210, 264, 415 

Bouvardia leiantha, 241-242 

Bouvardia longiflora, 15, 206, 241 

Brachiaria reptans, 210, 264 

Brahea dulcis, 147, 192-193, 417, 428-429, 433 

Brahea nitida, 147,193, 415, 417, 425, 428, 432 

Brassica campestris, 203, 215, 420, 427 

Brassica juncea, 203, 215, 420, 427 

Brassica nigra, 203, 215, 420, 427 

Brassica oleracea var. acephala, 205, 230, 420, 427-428 

Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, 205, 230 

Brassica oleracea var. capitata, 205, 230, 420, 427 

Brassica oleracea var. gongyloides, 205, 230, 428 

Brassica rapa, 203, 215, 420, 428 

Brickellia diffusa, 221 

Brickellia scoparia, 211, 269, 429 
NUMBER 35 683 

Bromelia hemisphaerica, 144, 167, 427 

Bromelia pinguin, 144, 167, 427 

Bromelia plumieri, 144,167, 427 

Brosimum alicastrum, 14 

Buchnera pusilla, 244, 267-268 

Bucida buceras, 13 

Bucida macrostachya, 13, 146,186, 418, 442 

Buddleia americana, 147,190-191, 418, 442-443 

Buddleia crotonoides, 15, 147, 190-191, 418 

Buddleia crotonoides ssp. amplexicaulis, 147, 190-191, 418, 442-

443 

Buddleia nitida, 147,190, 416, 419, 422-423 

Buddleia skutchii, 14, 147,190, 415-416, 418-419, 422-423 

Buettneria aculeata, 118, 131 

Bumelia obtusifolia var. buxifolia, 148, 202 

Bumelia pleistochasia, 14 

Bunchosia lanceolata, 150, 180 

Bunchosia montana, 120, 141, 185 

Bursera bipinnata, 145,179, 420, 430, 433, 435, 438-439, 442 

Bursera diversifolia, 14 

Bursera excelsa, 145,179, 418, 420, 433, 435, 442 

Bursera simaruba, 13, 142, 153, 420, 436, 439 

Bursera steyermarkii, 145, 179, 438, 442-443 

Byrsonima crassifolia, 14, 142,151-152, 418, 436 

Caesalpinia exostema, 144, 164, 431 

Caesalpinia pulcherrima, 144, 164, 431 

Caesaria nitida, 313 

Calathea soconuscum, 204, 224-225 

Calceolaria tripartita, 265 

Calea ternifolia, 158 

Calea trichotoma, 15 

Calea urticifolia, 15, 143,158, 434-436, 439, 442 

Calliandra caeciliae, 169-170 

Calliandra confusa, 144, 169-170, 417-418, 424, 432, 440 

Calliandra emarginata, 171-172 

Calliandra grandiflora, 15, 144, 169-170, 417-418, 424, 432, 440 

Calliandra houstoniana, 15, 144, 169-170, 417-418, 424, 432, 440 

Calliandra portoricensis, 145,172, 418, 422, 430, 444 

Calliandra spp., 313 

Calliandra tetragona, 145,172 

Calochortus ghiesbreghtii, 208, 256, 258 

Calonyction aculeatum, 119,134 

Calopogonium coeruleum, 118,132 

Calycophyllum candidissimum, 14, 143, 161, 413-415 

Calyptocarpus wendlandii, 213, 276 

Calyptranthes chiapensis, 14, 146,180 

Campelia zanonia, 211, 266 

Campyloneurum angustifolium, 210, 263 

Campyloneurum xalapense, 210, 263 

Canavalia glabra, 118, 120,133, 141, 413, 419 

Canavalia hirsutissima, 118, 132-133, 413, 419 

Canavalia villosa, 118,132, 413, 419 

Canna edulis, 204, 225, 420, 426, 430, 433 

Cannabis sativa, 213, 277 

Capparis flexuosa, 132 

Capraria biflora var. pilosa, 253 

Capsella bursapastoris, 219 

Capsicum annuum, 204-205, 227-228, 420, 428-429, 440-442 

Capsicum annuum var. aviculare, 205, 228, 429 

Capsicum pubescens, 205, 227, 420, 429 

Cardamine flaccida, 213, 278, 444 

Carex donnell-smithii, 257 

Carex jamesonii, 264 

Carex polystachya, 210, 264 

Carex spp., 16 

Carica cauliflora, 148, 198, 427 

Carica papaya, 148, 198, 420, 426 

Carlowrightia sp., 253-254 

Carpinus caroliniana, 146,188, 413-415, 422-423 

Casearia commersoniana, 144, 168 

Casearia corymbosa, 144, 168 

Casimiroa edulis, 145, 172-173, 417-418, 426, 434, 444 

Cassytha filiformis, 140 

Castilleja arvensis, 207, 251, 430, 436, 441 

Castilleja elastica, 179 

Castilleja integrifolia, 208, 251, 254, 267-268 

Catoferia chiapensis, 14, 212, 273, 438-439, 441 

Catopsis nutans, 274 

Cavendishia crassifolia, 16, 144,168, 431-432 

Cayaponia attenuata, 118,127 

Cayaponia racemosa, 118,127 

Ceanothus coeruleus, 15, 148, 199, 415, 417, 422-423, 429 

Cecropia peltata, 13, 143,159, 413, 416-417, 424, 440 

Cedrela oaxacensis, 13, 145,177, 413, 416-417, 423, 425, 430, 433 

Cedrela odorata, 145,177, 413, 416-417, 423, 425, 430, 433 

Cedrela salvadorensis, 145, 177, 413, 416-417, 423, 425, 430, 433 

Ceiba aesculifolia, 13, 145,178, 416, 418, 427 

Ceiba pentandra, 14, 145,177-178, 443 

Celastrus vulcanicola, 16, 168 

Celtis iguanaea, 142,156, 413, 427 

Cenchrus brownii, 210, 264 

Cenchrus pilosus, 210, 264 

Centauria cyanus, 213, 278 

Centaurium brachycalyx, 268 

Centropogon grandidentatus, 208, 253, 438 

Centrosema plumieri, 118, 133 

Centrosema pubescens, 118,132-133 

Cephalocereus maxonii, 206, 246 

Cerastium nutans, 242-243 

Cestrum aurantiacum, 145,155,177, 417 

Cestrum guatemalense, 145,177, 418 

Cestrum nocturnum, 177 

Chamaecrista desvauxii, 213, 279, 435 

Chamaecrista nictitans ssp. disdena var. pilosa, 145,172, 245,418 

Chamaecrista rufa, 245 

Chamaedorea concolor, 15, 147,195 

Chamaedorea elatior, 147,194-195, 432 

Chamaedorea ernesti-augustii, 147,195, 432 

Chamaedorea nubium, 147,195, 432 

Chamaesyce densiflora, 207, 250 

Chamaesyce hirta, 198, 207, 250 

Chamaesyce hypericifolia, 198, 207, 250-251 

Chamaesyce hyssopifolia, 207, 250-251 

Chamomilla recutita, 209, 259-260, 420-421, 432, 435-436, 

438-439, 443 

Chamomilla suaveolens, 259-260 
684 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Cheilanthes farinosa, 210, 263 

Cheilanthes hirsuta, 210, 262 

Cheilanthes lendigera, 210, 263 

Cheiloplecton rigidum, 210, 263 

Chenopodium ambrosioides, 203, 218, 420, 429, 441 

Chenopodium murale, 203, 219-220, 428 

Chenopodium nuttalliae, 203, 219-220, 428 

Chimaphila umbellata, 214, 279 

Chiococca alba, 189-190 

Chiococca phaenostemon, 15 

Chiococca sessilifolia, 14 

Chiranthodendron pentadactylon, 16, 143, 159, 413 

Chloris virgata, 210, 263, 415 

Chlorophora tinctoria, 148, 198, 413, 415-419, 426-427, 429 

Chromolaena collina, 15, 143, 157, 429 

Chromolaena odorata, 213, 276 

Chrysanthemum coronarium, 209, 259, 420, 431-432 

Chrysophyllum cainito, 142, 155 

Chrysophyllum mexicanum, 14, 142, 155 

Chusquea foliosa, 16, 142,151 

Chusquea liebmanni, 142, 151 

Cicer arietinum, 117, 122 

Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 143,161,429 

Cirsium horridulum, 204, 222, 428, 442 

Cirsium mexicanum, 204, 222, 428 

Cirsium nigriceps, 204, 222, 428 

Cirsium pinetorum, 313 

Cirsium subcoriaceum, 191, 204, 222, 428 

Cissampelos pareira, 120, 139-140, 425, 438-439, 441-443 

Cissus cacuminis, 119-120, 138-139, 436, 438, 440 

Cissus rhombifolia, 138 

Cissus sicyoides, 120,138-139, 436, 438, 440 

Citharexylum donnell-smithii, 168 

Citrullus vulgaris, 118,130, 426 

Citrus aurantifolia, 144, 167, 420, 424-426, 429, 435-436, 438, 441 

Citrus aurantium, 144, 167, 421, 426, 429, 432 

Citrus limetta, 144,168, 426 

Citrus limonia, 144,168-169, 420, 426, 432 

Citrus limonia 'Eureka', 144, 169 

Citrus limonia 'Millsweet', 144, 168 

Citrus medica, 144, 169, 427, 432, 442 

Citrus reticulata, 144, 169, 426 

Citrus sinensis, 144, 169, 421, 426, 429-430, 432, 435 

Clematis dioica, 120, 139, 413, 419, 439, 441 

Clematis grossa, 120, 139, 413, 419, 439, 441 

Cleome magnifica, 203, 219, 421, 428 

Cleome spinosa, 159 

Clethra lanata, 16 

Clethra mexicana, 146, 180, 415 

Clethra suaveolens, 149 

Cleyera theaeoides, 146, 181-182, 414-415, 418 

Clitoria polystachya, 143, 160 

Clusia flava, 14 

Clusia rosea, 145, 178, 439 

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, 144 

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius 'Maya', 144, 163-164, 434 

Cnidoscolus multilobus, 144, 164, 434 

Cnidoscolus tubulosus, 144, 164, 434 

Coxana purpurea, 212, 271 

Cobaea scandens, 119,133 

Coccoloba barbadensis, 14, 146,180, 418, 422-423 

Coccoloba diversifolia, 146, 180, 423 

Coccoloba liebmannii, 146, 180, 418, 423 

Coccoloba mayana, 146,156,180, 418, 423 

Cochlospermum vitifolium, 13, 142, 153, 417-418, 421, 424 

Cocos nucifera, 147,192, 427 

Coffea arabica, 144, 167-168, 420-423, 426, 430, 434, 439 

Cologania broussonettii, 118, 132-133 

Cologania glabrior, 118,132 

Cologania procumbens, 133 

Colubrina elliptica, 180 

Colubrina erecta, 181 

Comarostaphylos arbutoides, 145, 176, 442 

Comarostaphylos discolor, 15, 145, 176, 442 

Combretum fruticosum, 120,141 

Commelina alpestris, 211, 266, 273 

Commelina coelestis, 211, 266 

Commelina diffusa, 211, 266, 273, 439-440 

Commelina erecta, 211, 266 

Comocladia guatemalensis, 143, 160, 413, 444 

Conium maculatum, 211, 270, 421, 432 

Conopholis americana, 214, 282 

Conyza canadensis, 218-219 

Conyza chilensis, 204, 207, 222, 252, 279 

Conyza sophiifolia, 219 

Corchorus siliquosus, 206, 245, 424 

Cordia alliodora, 13, 142,152, 413, 416-419, 423, 425-426, 430, 433 

Cordia dentata, 148,198, 416, 418, 423, 425-426 

Cordia dodecandra, 14, 148, 198, 416, 418, 423, 425-427, 435 

Cordia foliosa, 145,177 

Cordia sebestena, 148, 198, 416, 418, 423, 425-426 

Cordia spinescens, 14, 145,177, 213, 276 

Coreopsis mutica var. microcephala, 15, 146, 185, 430 

Coriandrum sativum, 211, 270-271, 420, 429 

Coriaria ruscifolia, 15, 148, 197-198, 427, 429, 438 

Cornus disciflora, 188 

Cornus excelsa, 17, 144, 162, 415, 417-418, 422-424, 426, 430, 

432-433 

Cosmos bipinnatus, 204, 223, 432 

Cosmos caudatus, 223 

Cosmos crithmifolius, 222 

Cosmos diversifolius, 260 

Costus sanguineus, 204, 226 

Cranichis trilobata, 211, 265-266 

Crataegus pubescens, 14, 17, 144, 162-163, 413, 415-416, 418, 

420-423, 426, 430, 432, 435, 443 

Crescentia alata, 14, 142,152, 416, 418, 430-431 

Crescentia cujete, 14, 142,151, 417-418,421, 435 

Crinum amabile, 204, 226,421 

Crocosmia crocosmiiflora, 210, 264-265, 420,432 

Crossopetalum parvifolium, 213, 279 

Crotalaria acapulcensis, 203, 220, 444 

Crotalaria cajanifolia, 220 

Crotalaria incana, 203, 220, 421, 428 

Crotalaria mucronata, 203, 220, 421, 428 

Crotalaria pumila, 203, 220, 421, 428 
NUMBER 35 685 

Crotalaria quercetorum, 203, 220, 421, 428 

Crotalaria sagittalis, 204, 221 

Croton argenteus, 280 

Croton ciliatoglandulifer, 149, 213, 277 

Croton draco, 142,152, 273 

Croton guatemalensis, 156 

Crusea calocephala, 206, 244 

Crusea diversifolia, 211, 268-269, 442 

Crusea parviflora, 206, 244 

Crusea sp., 244, 443 

Ctenitis equestris, 210, 263, 432 

Cucumis anguria, 117,127, 413, 435, 441 

Cucumis melo var. conomon, 118,129-130, 424, 436 

Cucumis melo var. reticulatus, 118, 130, 424, 436 

Cucurbita ficifolia, 118, 128-129, 420, 424, 428, 437, 440 

Cucurbita galeottii, 118,127, 431 

Cucurbita mixta, 118,130, 420, 428 

Cucurbita moschata, 118,127-128, 420, 424, 428, 441 

Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo, 118,130, 420, 428 

Cupanea dentata, 14 

Cuphea aequipetala, 211, 267-268, 436, 440-442 

Cuphea cyanea, 176-177, 207, 252, 436-437 

Cuphea hyssopifolia, 17 

Cuphea intermedia, 226 

Cuphea leptopoda, 207, 252-254 

Cuphea pinetorum, 208, 252-253, 436-437 

Cuphea utriculosa, 269 

Cuphea wrightii, 267-268 

Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi, 146, 182, 413, 415-419, 421, 

430-431,433,444 

Curatella americana, 14, 148, 201, 424 

Cuscuta corymbosa var. grandifolia, 120, 140, 429 

Cuscuta tinctoria, 120, 140, 429 

Cuscuta yucatana, 120, 140 

Cyclanthera bourgeana, 117,126-127, 424 

Cyclanthera langaei, 17, 117,127, 425 

Cydista diversifolia, 119,136, 413, 419 

Cydonia oblonga, 144,165, 417, 421, 426-427, 433 

Cymbispatha commelinoides, 211, 266 

Cymbopogon citratus, 208, 255, 421, 426, 435, 441 

Cynanchum rensonii, 138 

Cynanchum sp., 138 

Cynodon dactylon, 210, 263, 415 

Cynoglossum amabile, 203, 217, 431 

Cyperus canus, 210, 264 

Cyperus hermaphroditus, 210, 264, 281, 436, 439 

Cyperus manimae, 210, 264 

Cyperus niger, 210, 264, 279 

Cyperus pallens, 210, 264 

Cyperus spp., 16 

Cyperus virens, 210, 264 

Cypripedium irapeanum, 211, 265, 430-431 

Cyrtopodium punctatum, 211, 267, 440 

Cystopteris fragilis, 210, 262-263 

Dactyloctenium aegyptium, 210, 263, 415 

Dahlia australis var. chiapensis, 204, 222 

Dahlia coccinea, 204, 212, 222, 271, 432 

Dahlia imperialis, 204, 222, 426, 432 

Dahlia pinnata, 204, 223, 421, 432 

Dalbergia glabra, 14, 118, 132-133, 413 

Dalea foliolosa, 204, 221 

Dalea leporina, 204, 221 

Dalea lutea var. gigantea, 204, 221 

Dalea sericea, 221 

Dalea tomentosa var. psoraleoides, 204, 221 

Dalea versicolor, 14,161, 204, 221, 436 

Dalechampia scandens, 120, 141, 

Dalembertia triangularis, 207, 250, 428 

Daphnopsis americana, 143, 156 

Daphnopsis selerorum, 17 

Datura Candida, 206, 241, 421, 430-431, 434 

Datura stramonium, 143, 158 

Daucus carota, 211, 270-271, 432 

Daucus carota var. sativa, 203, 215-216, 421, 428 

Daucus montanus, 212, 271 

Davilla nitida, 148, 201, 424 

Delonix regia, 144,164 

Dendranthema morifolium, 209, 258-261, 420, 431-432 

Dendropanax arboreus, 15, 146,187, 413, 418, 431 

Deppea grandiflora, 17 

Descurainia streptocarpa, 219 

Desmanthodium perfoliatum, 15, 190 

Desmanthus virgatus, 145, 172, 418 

Desmodium amplifolium, 207, 214, 252, 279-280 

Desmodium aparines, 214, 279-280 

Desmodium chiapense, 214, 279-280 

Desmodium maxonii, 214, 279-280 

Desmodium nicaraguense, 15, 214, 279-280 

Desmodium orbiculare, 214, 279-280 

Desmodium palmeri, 212, 274 

Desmodium skinneri, 214, 279-280, 438 

Desmodium strobilaceum, 214, 279-280 

Dianthus barbatus, 209, 259, 421 

Dianthus caryophyllus, 209, 258-259, 420, 432, 436 

Dianthus chinensis, 258-259 

Diastatea micrantha, 213, 279, 281, 440 

Dichanthelium laxiflorum, 210, 264 

Dichondra argentea, 207, 248, 436-437 

Didymaea alsinoides, 120,138,141, 413, 419, 436 

Digitaria leucites, 263 

Digiticalia chiapensis, 211, 212, 270-271, 436 

Dioscorea cf. dugesii, 119,135, 428, 440, 444 

Dioscorea convolvulacea, 119, 134-135 

Dioscorea cymosula var. cinerea, 119, 135, 428, 440, 444 

Dioscorea floribunda, 119,134-135 

Dioscorea nelsonii, 119,135, 428, 440, 444 

Diospyros digyna, 145, 176, 418, 426 

Diospyros nicaraguensis, 142, 155, 176, 181 

Dipholis matudae, 145,175 

Diphysa floribunda, 14, 143,161-162, 413, 421-423, 429 

Diphysa spinosa, 171 

Dodonaea viscosa, 142,149, 414-415, 417 

Donnellsmithia juncea, 212, 271., 

Dorstenia contrajerva, 213, 276, 436, 442-443 

Drimys granadensis, 16, 181., 

Drymaria gracilis, 273, 279 
686 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Dryopteris nubigena, 210, 263, 432 

Dryopteris wallichiana, 17 

Duchesnea indica, 118, 131, 427 

Duranta repens, 144, 165 

Dyssodia appendiculata, 271 

Dyssodia papposa, 223, 269 

Echeandia macrocarpa, 208, 256, 425 

Echeandia macrophylla var. longifolia, 208, 256, 425 

Echeandia parviflora, 208, 256, 425 

Echeveria acutifolia, 206, 247, 440-441 

Echeveria bella, 207, 247, 441 

Echeveria mucronata, 206, 247, 440-441 

Echeveria sessiliflora, 206, 247, 440-441 

Echinopepon horridus, 117,127 

Ehretia latifolia, 14, 143, 156, 418, 427 

Ehretia tinifolia, 143,156, 180, 427 

Eichhomea crassipes, 212, 274 

Elaeodendron trichotomum, 13, 145, 176 

Elaphoglossum latifolium, 210, 262-263 

Elaphoglossum paleaceum, 210, 262-263 

Elaphoglosum latifolium, 251 

Eleocharis dombeyana, 279 

Eleusine indica, 210, 263 

Elionurus tripsacoides, 210, 264 

Elytraria imbricata, 206, 240, 425, 441 

Encyclia chondylobulbon, 267 

Encyclia cochleatum, 211, 267 

Encyclia ochracea, 211, 266, 426, 428 

Encyclia spp., 211, 267, 444 

Encyclia varicosa, 211, 267, 431, 444 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum, 13, 144, 171, 418, 427, 430, 442-444 

Epidendrum arbuscula, 211, 267, 430 

Epidendrum ciliare, 211, 267 

Epidendrum parkinsonianum, 211, 266 

Epidendrum radicans, 211, 266, 431 

Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii, 206, 245, 427, 431, 435 

Equisetum hymale var. affine, 214, 279-280, 424, 431, 435-436, 443 

Equisetum myriochaetum, 212, 271, 431, 435-436, 443 

Erianthus trinii, 254 

Erigeron karwinskianus, 204, 226, 441 

Eriobotrya japonica, 173 

Erodium cicutarium, 205, 239, 433-434 

Erodium moschatum, 205, 239, 433-434 

Eryngium carlinae, 211,213, 270, 278, 440, 444 

Eryngium ghiesbreghtii, 211, 213, 270, 278, 434, 440, 444 

Eryngium guatemalense, 213, 278, 444 

Eryngium longirameum, 211, 270, 281, 440, 444 

Erythrina chiapasana, 14, 148, 201-202, 417-418, 421, 428, 433 

Erythrina goldmanii, 14, 148, 201-202, 417-418, 421, 428, 433 

Erythrodes secunda, 211, 266 

Erythroxylon havanense, 14 

Erythroxylon rotundifolium, 147, 195 

Escobedia guatemalensis, 206, 241 

Escobedia laevis, 224, 432 

Eucalyptus camaldulensis, 146, 186, 436, 439, 443 

Eucalyptus globulus, 146, 186, 436, 439, 443 

Eugenia acapulcensis, 14, 142, 155, 413, 418, 421-423, 429 

Eugenia amatenangensis, 142, 155, 168, 418, 421-423, 429 

Eugenia carranzae, 14, 142, 155, 413, 418, 421-423, 429 

Eugenia caryophyllus, 147, 195 

Eugenia laughlinii, 14, 142, 155, 413, 418, 421-423, 429 

Eugenia rhombea, 15 

Eugenia yunckeri, 142,155, 200, 413, 418, 421-423, 429 

Eupatoriastrum nelsonii, 223 

Euphorbia anychioides, 207, 250, 440 

Euphorbia dentata, 207, 250 

Euphorbia francoana, 207, 250 

Euphorbia graminea, 198, 207, 213, 250, 276 

Euphorbia heterophylla, 185, 207, 250 

Euphorbia leucocephala, 148, 198, 431 

Euphorbia macropus, 198, 207, 250, 435 

Euphorbia pseudofulva, 14, 162 

Euphorbia pulcherrima, 159 

Exothea paniculata, 14 

Exostema caribaeum, 14 

Eysenhardtia adenostylis, 13, 144, 162, 413, 415-418, 421-424, 

429-430 

Fernaldia pandurata, 119,136-137, 428 

Festuca amplissima, 16, 208, 254, 415, 424 

Ficus carica, 147, 195, 421, 426-427 

Ficus cookii, 145,178, 418, 434 

Ficus cotinifolia, 145, 178, 434 

Ficus elastica, 145, 179 

Ficus glabrata, 14, 145,177, 416-419, 427 

Ficus glaucescens, 14, 145,177, 416, 418-419, 427 

Fleischmannia imitans, 273 

Fleischmannia pycnocephala, 214, 273, 282 

Fleischmanniopsis leucocephalum, 214, 279, 431 

Foeniculum vulgare, 211, 270, 421, 433, 435, 437 

Fragaria vesca, 118, 131 

Fraxinus uhdei, 146, 184 

Fuchsia encliandra ssp. tetradactyla, 176-177, 226 

Fuchsia microphylla ssp. aprica, 226 

Fuchsia microphylla ssp. quercetorum, 204, 226, 431 

Fuchsia paniculata, 17, 144, 169, 438 

Fuchsia splendens, 17, 207, 251, 253 

Fuchsia thymifolia ssp. minimiflora, 176-177 

Fuirena simplex, 279 

Furcraea guatemalensis, 144, 166, 413, 426, 429 

Gaillardia pulchella, 260, 431 

Galactia acapulcensis, 117, 125 

Galactia striata, 133 

Galinsoga quadriradiata, 203, 220, 223, 428 

Galium aschenbornii, 127 

Galium orizabense, 208, 252 

Galium sp., 127,207,252 

Galium uncinulatum, 207, 208, 252, 441 

Galphimia glauca, 15, 144, 168,431 

Garcia nutans, 180 

Garrya laurifolia, 15, 143, 156, 414-415, 444 

Gaudichaudia albida, 119, 137 

Gaultheria cumingii, 16 

Gaultheria odorata, 15, 16, 142,148, 421, 427, 432, 437-438 

Gaura tripetala, 254, 267-268 

Gaya minutiflora, 153, 203, 218 
NUMBER 35 687 

Genipa caruto, 145,178, 418, 427 

Gentiana laevigata, 141 

Gentlea micrantha, 17 

Gentlea venosissima, 14 

Geranium goldmanii, 205, 239, 433-434 

Geranium seemannii, 205, 213, 239-240, 276, 433-434, 442 

Gladiolus hortulanus, 210-211, 264-266, 420, 432 

Gliricidia ehrenbergii, 143, 160-162 

Gliricidia sepium, 13, 143,161, 418, 444 

Gnaphalium attenuatum, 213, 279, 431, 438 

Gnaphalium brachypterum, 213, 279, 431,438 

Gnaphalium purpureum, 279 

Gnaphalium roseum, 214, 279, 431, 438 

Gnaphalium salicifolium, 16 

Gnaphalium viscosum, 214, 279, 431, 438 

Godmania aesculifolia, 13, 143, 146, 160,186, 413, 418 

Gomphrena decumbens, 208, 251, 255, 431, 436 

Gongora spp., 211, 267 

Gongylocarpus rubricaulis, 272 

Gonolobus barbatus, 134,137 

Gonolobus niger, 138 

Gonolobus prasinanthus, 119,137 

Gonolobus sp., 127, 419 

Gonolobus uniflorus, 119, 137, 427, 431 

Gossypium hirsutum, 214, 280, 433 

Gouania polygama, 118,131-133, 141 

Govenia liliacea, 211, 265, 431, 444 

Govenia superba, 211, 265, 444 

Greigia oaxacana, 17, 144, 167 

Gronovia scandens, 134, 144,163 

Guazuma ulmifolia, 142,152, 418, 422-423, 427, 435-436 

Guettarda combsii, 14 

Guettarda macrosperma, 143,160, 422-423, 444 

Gymnolaena chiapasana, 268 

Gymnopodium floribundum var. antigonoides, 148,199 

Gynerium sagittatum, 142,150, 430 

Gypsophila elegans, 209, 260, 420, 432 

Gypsophila paniculata, 209, 260, 420, 432 

Gyrocarpus americanus, 142,153-154, 418, 436, 442 

Habenaria clypeata, 211, 266 

Habenaria quinqueseta, 211, 266 

Haematoxylon brasiletto, 14, 143, 160, 419, 422, 429, 435 

Hamelia patens, 208, 254, 435-436 

Haplophyton cinereum, 204, 221, 444 

Harpalyce formosa var. goldmanii, 143,160, 171 

Hauya elegans, 143,161, 413-415, 419, 422-423 

Hechtia glomerata, 167 

Hedeoma costatum, 253 

Hedychium coronarium, 225 

Helenium scorzoneraefolia, 209, 261, 432, 441, 443 

Helianthemum glomeratum, 208, 255-256, 436, 443 

Heliconia librata, 148,197 

Heliconia schiedeana, 148,197 

Heliocarpus donnell-smithii, 142,152, 413-415, 419, 421 

Heliocarpus mexicanus, 142,152, 413-415 

Heliocarpus terebinthinaceus, 13 

Heliotropium angiospermum, 212, 272 

Heliotropium indicum, 241-242 

Helosis mexicana, 214, 282 

Hemerocallis fulva, 204, 224, 421, 431-432 

Hemichaena rugosa, 221, 208, 252 

Herissantia crispa, 203, 218 

Heterocentron subtriplinervium, 194 

Heteropteris beecheyana, 118,132-133, 413, 419, 432 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, 206, 241, 431 

Hieracium abscissum, 207, 249, 434, 439, 443 

Hieracium stuposum, 207, 249, 434, 439, 444 

Hippeastrum bifidum, 204, 224 

Hippeastrum solandriflorum, 204, 224, 421, 431-432 

Hippeastrum vittatum, 204, 224-225, 421 

Hippocratia volubilis, 143, 156 

Hiraea aff. fagifolia, 120, 139, 440 

Hiraea reclinata, 120, 141 

Hofmeisteria urenifolia, 258 

Holodiscus argenteus, 15, 148,199, 415, 417, 419, 423, 429 

Houstonia serpyllacea, 207, 248, 443 

Hura polyandra, 13, 143, 159-160, 444 

Hybanthus verbenaceus, 213, 245, 278, 441 

Hydrolea spinosa, 213, 278 

Hylocereus undatus, 206, 245, 421, 427 

Hymenaea courbaril, 13, 142, 153, 427 

Hymenocallis riparia, 204, 224 

Hyperbaena mexicana, 14, 148, 200 

Hypericum uliginosum, 211, 268, 439, 441-442, 444 

Hypoxis decumbens, 208, 257-258 

Hyptis mutabilis, 208, 253 

Hyptis suaveolens, 204, 217, 221, 252, 273 

Hyptis tomentosa, 208, 253, 436 

Hyptis urticoides, 208, 253 

Hyptis verticillata, 212, 272-273, 

Iberis simplex, 209, 259 

Ilex brandegeana, 15 

Ilex vomitoria, 15, 181 

Indigofera miniata, 207, 248 

Indigofera mucronata, 207, 248 

Indigofera suffruticosa, 143,160-161 

Indigofera thibaudiana, 15, 143, 145, 160-162,172 

Inga fagifolia, 142,154, 427 

Inga jinicuil, 142,154,427 

Inga punctata, 142,154 

Inga vera ssp. spuria, 142-143, 154,160, 414 

Inga xalapensis, 142,154, 414 

Iostephane trilobata, 213, 276-278 

Ipomoea alba, 119,133-134 

Ipomoea batata, 205, 230 

Ipomoea hederacea, 119,134 

Ipomoea lindenii, 119,134 

Ipomoea microsticta, 118,133 

Ipomoea pauciflora, 119,133-134,138, 413 

Ipomoea pedicellaris, 119,133-134 

Ipomoea purpurea, 119,134 

Ipomoea seducta, 119, 134 

Ipomoea signata, 119,133-134, 413 

Ipomoea sp., 119,134, 413 

Ipomoea suffulta, 119,134 
688 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Ipomoea triloba, 119, 133-134, 413 

Ipomoea tyrianthina, 119,133-134, 413 

Iresine angustifolia, 147, 196 

Iresine celosia, 203, 213, 218, 276 

Iresine nigra, 147, 196 

Jacaranda acutifolia, 171 

Jacquemontia nodiflora, 134 

Jacquemontia pentantha, 119, 134, 413, 419 

Jacquinea macrocarpa, 14, 142, 149, 444 

Jaltomata procumbens, 203, 218, 427-428 

Jasminum mesnyi, 212, 271, 431 

Jasminum sambac, 212, 271, 431 

Jatropha curcas, 142, 153, 435 

Juanulloa mexicana, 213, 278 

Juglans regia, 146, 184-185, 421, 427, 440 

Juncus dichotomus, 210, 263 

Juncus ebracteatus, 210, 263 

Juncus effusus, 210, 263 

Juncus effusus var. solutus, 279 

Juncus marginatus var. setosus, 210, 263 

Juncus microcephalus, 210, 263 

Juniperus comitana, 146,182 

Juniperus flaccida, 313 

Juniperus gamboana, 14, 146,182, 413-416, 419, 421, 430, 433 

Justicia clinopodium, 253-254, 267-268, 436, 440 

Justicia fulvicoma, 273 

Justicia sp., 241-242, 435 

Kallstroemia rosei, 213, 277, 424, 442 

Karwindkia calderonii, 14 

Karwinskia humboldtiana, 149 

Kearnemalvastrum lacteum, 194, 206, 244, 426 

Kniphofia uvaria, 204, 224, 421, 436, 443 

Kohleria elegans, 208, 253 

Krameria revoluta, 255-256 

Lactuca graminifolia, 214, 282 

Lactuca sativa, 213, 276-277, 421 

Lagascea helianthifolia, 146, 180 

Lagenaria siceraria, 119,135-136, 420, 436, 441 

Lamium amplexicaule, 239, 273 

Lamourouxia viscosa, 208, 253-254 

Lantana achyranthifolia, 204, 212, 221, 272, 436, 439 

Lantana camara, 204, 221, 427, 436 

Lantana hirta, 15 

Lantana hispida, 15,150, 204, 221, 427, 436, 439, 442, 444 

Lasiacis divaricata, 142,151, 431 

Lasiacis hispida, 142, 150 

Lasiacis procerrima, 150 

Lasiacis ruscifolia, 237 

Lasiacis sorghoidea, 150, 267 

Lasianthaea fruticosa, 146, 185, 419 

Leandra subseriata, 147,194, 429 

Leochilus pygmaeus, 266-267 

Leonurus sibericus, 277, 440 

Lepechinia schiedeana, 212, 217, 272-273, 427, 435, 443 

Lepidium virginicum var. pubescens, 203, 219, 428 

Leucaena collinsii, 144, 170-171, 414-415, 421-423, 427-428, 430, 

444 

Leucaena diversifolia, 144,171, 414-415, 421-423, 427-430 

Leucaena leucocephala, 144, 170, 415, 420, 427-430 

Leucaena sp., 313 

Leucanthemum vulgare, 209, 260, 420, 432 

Leucocarpus perfoliatus, 212, 274 

Liabum andrieuxii, 147,190 

Liabum discolor, 190 

Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum, 147,190, 421, 428 

Licania arborea, 14, 146,180, 182, 415 

Licania platypus, 145,173, 426, 436, 438, 442-443 

Licaria peckii, 145,175, 429-430 

Ligustrum lucidum, 143,156 

Ligustrum ovalifolium, 177 

Lilium candidum, 204, 224, 421, 432 

Linum mexicanum, 211, 269, 429 

Linum nelsonii, 211, 268-269 

Linum schiedeanum, 211, 268-269 

Lippia bracteosa, 192, 221 

Lippia cardiostegia, 147, 191-192, 221, 414-415, 417, 422-423 

Lippia chiapasensis, 15, 147, 191-192, 221, 414-415, 423 

Lippia graveolens, 15 

Lippia myriocephala, 15, 147, 191-192, 414-415, 417, 422-423 

Lippia nodiflora, 212, 272 

Lippia stoechadifolia, 212, 272 

Lippia substrigosa, 15, 147,192, 414-415, 423 

Lisianthius nigrescens var. chiapensis, 204, 221, 425, 442 

Lithospermum distichum, 255-256, 438 

Litsea glaucescens, 142, 149, 421, 429, 432-433, 437-438, 441 

Litsea neesiana, 15 

Llavea cordifolia, 210, 263 

Lobelia cardinalis ssp. graminea, 253 

Lobelia laxiflora, 208, 253, 434, 438 

Loeselia glandulosa, 253-254 

Loeselia mexicana, 208, 253, 437 

Lonchocarpus minimiflorus, 144,171 

Lonchocarpus rugosus, 144, 161, 171 

Lonicera pilosa, 206, 241 

Lopezia langmanniae, 14, 148, 196-197, 213, 276 

Lopezia racemosa, 267-268 

Lophosoria quadripinnata, 210, 263 

Lophospermum turneri, 214, 281 

Lozanella enantiophylla, 15 

Ludwigia octovalvis, 176-177, 206, 226, 241 

Ludwigia peploides, 213, 278 

Ludwigia peruviana, 206, 241 

Luehea Candida, 13, 142,153, 414, 418-419, 422-424, 426 

Luffa cylindrica, 117,127 

Lupinus elegans, 203, 220 

Lupinus sp., 203, 220 

Lycaste cruenta, 211, 267 

Lycianthes arrazolensis, 218 

Lycianthes ciliolata, 205, 229 

Lycianthes lenta, 203, 217-218 

Lycianthes quichensis, 203, 218 

Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme, 203, 217, 420, 440 

Lycopersicon esculentum var. commune, 203, 217-218, 421, 440 

Lycopodium clavatum, 214, 281 

Lycopodium spp., 16 

Lycopodium taxifolium, 214, 281, 413, 415 

Lycopodium thyoides, 214, 281, 431-432 
NUMBER 35 689 

Lycopodium tuerkheimii, 214, 281, 413, 415 

Lygodium venustum, 210, 263, 437 

Lysiloma acapulcense, 13, 144,171, 414, 416, 418-419, 421 

Lysiloma auritum, 13, 144,171, 414-415, 418-419, 421 

Lysiloma divaricatum, 144, 171, 414, 416, 418-419, 421 

Lythrum lanceolatum, 211, 269, 429, 437 

Lythrum vulneraria, 16 

Machaerium biovulatum, 14, 118,132-133 

Machaerium chiapense, 118, 132, 145,162,172, 418 

Machaerium cobanense, 118,132 

Machaerium riparium, 14, 118,132 

Macroptilium atropurpureum, 118, 133 

Mahonia berriozabalensis, 143,161, 422-423, 444 

Mahonia volcania, 15, 143,161, 444 

Malaxis fastigiata, 211, 265, 434 

Malpighia glabra, 180 

Malpighia mexicana, 143, 156, 427 

Malus pumila, 144,164-165, 420, 426 

Malva nicaeensis, 206, 244, 434-435, 439-440 

Malva parviflora, 206, 244, 434-435, 439-440 

Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus, 15, 147, 193, 426, 431, 435, 443 

Malvaviscus arboreus var. mexicanus, 15,193-194,413 

Mammillaria eriacantha, 206, 245 

Mandevilla subsagittata, 119,133, 138 

Mandevilla tubiflora, 119,133, 138 

Mangifera indica, 145,173-174, 420-421, 426 

Manihot aesculifolia, 159 

Manihot esculenta, 143, 158-159, 421, 426 

Manilkara achras, 145,174, 419,426 

Maranta arundinacea, 204, 224-225 

Marattia weinmanniifolia, 17, 210, 263, 428, 432 

Marina scopa, 203, 220-221, 416 

Marina spiciformis, 245 

Marsypianthes chamaedrys, 253-254 

Martynia annua, 206, 227, 242-243, 441 

Mastichodendron capiri var. tempisque, 145, 178 

Matelea aspera, 119,137-138, 419, 428 

Matelea prosthecidiscus, 120,137,139 

Matelea quirosii, 137-138 

Matelea sp., 119, 138 

Matthiola incana, 208, 256, 431 

Matudina corvii, 180 

Maxillaria variabilis, 267 

Medicago polymorpha, 207, 249 

Medicago sativa, 207, 248, 439 

Meiracyllium trinasutum, 211, 267 

Melampodium divaricatum, 209, 260 

Melampodium linearilobum, 223 

Melampodium montanum, 213-214, 223, 276, 281, 436, 444 

Melampodium perfoliatum, 213, 276 

Melanthera nivea, 223 

Melia azedarach, 148,198-199 

Melilotus alba, 207, 248 

Melilotus indica, 207, 248-249 

Meliosma matudae, 15, 16 

Melochia tomentosa, 206, 245 

Melothria pendula, 118, 127,139,427 

Mentha citrata, 212, 272, 420, 429 

Mentha pulegium, 212, 271-272, 420, 429 

Mentzelia aspera, 207-208, 252, 439 

Merremia aegyptia, 119,134 

Merremia umbellata, 119,134 

Mesechites trifida, 137 

Miconia guatemalensis, 147,194, 429 

Miconia mexicana, 147, 194, 429 

Miconia oligotricha, 17, 147, 194, 273, 429 

Micropholis sericea, 14 

Micropleura renifolia, 211, 240, 270, 434, 440, 442 

Microtropis contracta, 181-182 

Mikania cordifolia, 139 

Milleria quinquefolia, 223 

Mimosa adenantheroides, 133, 170 

Mimosa albida, 144, 170 

Mimosa invisa, 118,132 

Mimosa nelsonii, 171 

Mimosa pigra, 145,156,172 

Mimulus glabratus, 212-213, 216, 272, 278, 444 

Mirabilis jalapa, 193, 206, 213, 241-242, 276, 435, 442 

Modiola caroliniana, 244 

Mollinedia guatemalensis, 15 

Monnina chiapensis, 240, 437, 439 

Monnina xalapensis, 15, 145,176-177 

Monstera acuminata, 118,131 

Monstera deliciosa, 118,132, 251 

Monstera siltepecana, 118,131 

Montanoa hexagona, 15, 146, 180, 414 

Montanoa sp., 180 

Montanoa speciosa, 180, 431 

Montanoa tomentosa ssp. xanthiifolia, 180 

Moringa oleifera, 174,195, 437 

Morus celtidifolia, 142,153, 414, 427, 430 

Mucuna pruriens var. utilis, 117,122 

Muhlenbergia breviligula, 208, 254, 424 

Muhlenbergia cf. emersleyi, 208, 254, 415, 424 

Muhlenbergia gigantea, 16 

Muhlenbergia macroura, 16, 208, 254, 415, 425 

Muhlenbergia robusta, 16, 208, 254, 415, 424 

Muhlenbergia spiciformis, 210, 264, 415 

Muhlenbergia stricta, 208, 254, 415, 424 

Muhlenbergia tenella, 210, 263-264 

Muntingia calabura, 143, 156, 413, 415, 419, 427 

Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana, 148, 197, 421, 424, 426, 432 

Musa textilis, 148,197, 421, 429 

Myrcianthes fragrans, 15, 181 

Myrica cerifera, 15, 148, 197, 423, 425, 432, 440, 442, 442 

Myriocarpa heterostachya, 148,197, 414, 422-423 

Myriocarpa longipes, 15, 148, 197, 414, 422-423 

Myriocarpa yzabalensis, 148,197, 414, 422-423 

Nama jamaicense, 214, 280-281, 425 

Nectandra coriacea, 145,175, 429-430 

Nectandra sp., 313 

Neobrittonia acerifolia, 218 

Neopringlea viscosa, 152 

Nerium oleander, 148, 199, 431 

Nicotiana tabacum, 206, 242-243, 420, 425, 433-436, 438, 442-444 

Nissolia fruticosa, 118, 132, 279-280, 431 

Nopalea cochenillifera, 14, 206, 246, 421 

Nopalea lutea, 14 
690 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Notholaena Candida, 210, 263 

Notholaena sinuata, 210, 263 

Nothoscordum bivalve, 208, 256, 258 

Ocimum americanum, 212, 272, 437, 439, 442 

Ocimum basilicum, 212, 272, 431-432, 435, 437, 442, 444 

Ocimum micranthum, 212, 272, 432, 439, 442 

Ocotea chiapensis, 145, 175 

Odontoglossum bictoniense, 211, 267 

Odontotrichum cirsiifolium, 222 

Oecopetalum mexicanum, 15, 147,195, 427 

Oenothera kunthiana, 208, 241, 254 

Oenothera pubescens, 208, 254 

Oenothera rosea, 208, 254, 436-437 

Olmeca reflexa, 142,150-151 

Olmediella betschleriana, 16, 148, 196 

Onoseris onoseroides, 153 

Operculina pinnatifida, 119,134 

Operculina pteripes, 119,134 

Oplismenus burmanni, 210, 263-264 

Opuntia ficus-indica, 206, 246, 415, 421, 424, 427 

Opuntia pubescens, 206, 245 

Opuntia sp., 14, 206, 246 

Oreopanax capitatus, 16, 145,178,181 

Oreopanax obtusifolius, 178 

Oreopanax peltatus, 143,159 

Oreopanax xalapensis, 15, 143, 159 

Origanum vulgare, 208, 255 

Orthosanthus chimboracensis var. centroamericanus, 208, 257 

Oryza sativa, 205, 230, 439 

Osbertia stoloniferus, 214, 280, 434 

Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis, 146, 188, 414-415, 422-423 

Otatea fimbriata, 142, 150-151, 415, 429-430, 433 

Oxalis albicans, 207, 248-249, 437 

Oxalis corniculata, 207, 249, 437 

Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia, 207, 249, 435, 437 

Oxalis galeottii, 207, 249, 428, 437-438 

Oxalis latifolia, 207, 249, 429, 437-438 

Oxylobus oaxacanus, 16 

Pachyptera hymenaea, 119, 136, 444 

Pachyrrhizus erosus, 118, 132-133, 429 

Pachyrrhizus strigosus, 118, 132-133 

Pachyrrhizus vernalis, 118, 132 

Pachythamnus crassirameus, 143, 157, 429 

Panicum bulbosum, 208, 255, 415 

Panicum hirticaule, 210, 263, 424 

Panicum maximum, 208, 255, 415 

Papaver somniferum, 212, 273-274, 421 

Parathesis chiapensis, 146, 180-181, 414, 419, 434 

Parathesis donnell-smithii, 15 

Parathesis leptopa, 15, 146, 180-181, 414, 419, 434 

Parietaria debilis, 203, 219, 424, 437 

Parmentiera aculeata, 142, 151, 421, 427, 443 

Parthenium hysterophorus, 212, 258, 271 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 120, 138-139, 438, 440 

Paspalum botterii, 210, 263, 424 

Paspalum plicatulum, 210, 263, 424 

Paspalum sp., 151 

Passiflora filipes, 119,137, 431 

Passiflora foetida, 119,137, 431 

Passiflora ligularis, 119, 137, 420, 426, 432 

Passiflora membranacea, 137 

Passiflora pavonis, 119,137, 431 

Passiflora sexiflora, 120,141 

Passiflora subpeltata, 119, 137, 431 

Pavonia schiedeana, 206, 245 

Pectis prostrata, 211, 268-269 

Pedilanthus tithymaloides, 148, 199, 212, 271, 434, 444 

Pelargonium hortorum, 209, 261-262, 420, 432, 437-438, 441 

Pennisetum bambusiforme, 150 

Pennisetum purpureum, 142, 151 

Peperomia campylotropa, 207, 247 

Peperomia deppeana, 207, 248, 437 

Peperomia galioides, 207, 247-248, 432-433, 435, 437 

Peperomia heterodoxa, 207, 248 

Peperomia humilis, 207, 248 

Peperomia liebmannii, 207, 248 

Peperomia quadrifolia, 207, 248, 437 

Pemettya ciliata, 16 

Pemettya hirsuta, 16 

Persea americana, 145,174-175, 417, 420, 426, 429, 436 

Persea americana var. drymifolia, 145, 175 

Persea donnell-smithii, 16, 145, 175, 425 

Persea scheideana, 145,173, 427 

Perymenium ghiesbreghtii, 15, 146, 185, 248, 441 

Perymenium grande var. nelsonii, 146, 185, 414-416, 418, 430 

Petastoma patelliferum, 120,141 

Peteravenia phoenicolepis, 15, 214, 282, 431-432, 443 

Petiveria alliacea, 148, 200, 434-435, 442-444 

Petroselinum crispum, 212, 271 

Phanerophlebia remotispora, 210, 263, 432 

Phaseolus coccineus, 117,121,125, 420, 425, 428 

Phaseolus coccineus ssp. darwinianus, 117,121-122, 420, 425, 428 

Phaseolus lunatus, 117, 125, 420, 428, 444 

Phaseolus vulgaris, 117, 120-121, 123-125, 212, 273, 420, 424, 428 

Philodendron hederaceum, 118, 131-132,427 

Philodendron radiatum, 118, 131 

Philodendron tripartitum, 118, 131 

Philodendron warscewiczii, 118, 131 

Phlebodium aureum, 210, 263 

Phoradendron annulatum, 206, 243, 442 

Phoradendron falcatum, 206, 243, 442 

Phoradendron nervosum, 206, 243, 434, 442-443 

Phoradendron quadrangulare, 206, 243, 434, 442-443 

Phoradendron robustissimum, 206, 243,434, 443 

Photinia matudae, 16 

Phragmites australis, 142,150, 414-415, 421, 430, 432, 438 

Phyllanthus grandifolius, 15, 146,180, 431 

Phyllanthus mcvaughii, 14,160-161, 207, 250 

Phymosia rosea, 147,193, 421, 432 

Physalis ixocarpa, 203, 217 

Physalis nicandroides, 217-218 

Physalis philadelphica, 203, 217, 440 

Physalis pubescens, 217-218 

Physalis sp., 218 

Phytolacca icosandra, 203, 218-218 
NUMBER 35 691 

Phytolacca rugosa, 203, 218-219 

Picramnia tetramera, 142,149-150, 431, 444 

Pilea microphylla, 206, 247, 432 

Pimenta dioica, 148,199, 429 

Pinaropappus spathulatus var. chiapensis, 206, 240, 258-259, 437, 

440 

Pinguicula moranensis, 207, 247, 432, 437 

Pinus ayacahuite, 15, 16, 146, 184, 413, 430, 432-433 

Pinus michoacana, 14, 146, 182-184,437-438 

Pinus montezumae var. rudis, 14, 146, 182-184 

Pinus oaxacana, 15, 146, 182-184,437-438 

Pinus oocarpa, 14, 15, 146,184, 439 

Pinus patula ssp. tecunumanii, 15 

Pinus pseudostrobus, 15, 146,184 

Pinus spp., 413-419, 423, 430-431, 441, 444 

Pinus tecote, 15, 146, 184, 439 

Piper amal go, 143, 159 

Piper auritum, 143,159, 420, 426, 429 

Piper decurrens, 143, 159 

Piper hispidum, 143,159 

Piper jacquemontianum, 143, 159 

Piper marginatum, 143,159 

Piper nigrum, 148,199, 429, 441 

Piper spp., 435 

Piper tuberculatum, 143, 159 

Piptadenia flava, 14,170 

Piptochaetium virescens, 208, 255, 413, 415 

Piptothrix areolaris, 146, 185 

Piqueria pilosa, 211, 269-270, 425, 434, 441 

Piqueria trinervia, 211, 269-270, 425, 434, 441 

Piscidia carthagenensis, 143,160 

Pisonia aculeata, 144,170 

Pisonia macranthocarpa, 14, 144, 170 

Pistacia mexicana, 143, 146, 160, 187 

Pisum sativum, 117, 122-123 

Pitcairnia breedlovei, 14, 212, 266-267, 274-275, 426, 433, 437 

Pitcairnia calderonii, 212, 274 

Pitcairnia heterophylla, 212, 274 

Pitcairnia karwinskyana, 275 

Pitcairnia ssp., 442 

Pithecellobium dulce, 13, 144, 160, 171-172, 413, 417, 419, 

425-427, 433, 443 

Pithecellobium lanceolatum, 14 

Pithecoctenium crucigerum, 120,136, 139, 413, 419 

Plantago australis ssp. hirtella, 206, 240, 434-435, 437, 440 

Plantago linearis, 205, 240 

Plantago major, 206, 240, 434-435, 437, 440 

Platanus mexicana, 17, 143, 161, 414-416, 419, 421, 444 

Platymiscium dimorphandrum, 145,173, 414, 419 

Pleopeltis munchii, 210, 263 

Pluchea odorata, 15, 147,190 

Plumeria alba, 148,199, 421,431 

Plumeria rubra, 13, 148,199, 421, 431 

Poeppigia procera, 13, 144, 170,419 

Polyclathra cucumerina, 118,127, 434, 443-444 

Polygala chiapensis, 205, 240, 439 

Polygala costaricensis, 206, 240, 439 

Polygonum portoricense, 214, 282, 444 

Polygonum punctatum, 213-214, 278, 444 

Polypodium adelphum, 210, 263, 425 

Polypodium alfredii, 210, 263 

Polypogon elongatus, 210, 263, 424 

Polypogon viridis, 210, 263, 424 

Polystichum distans, 210, 263, 432 

Porophyllum ruderale ssp. macrocephalum, 214, 281-282, 444 

Portulaca oleracea, 203, 216, 428 

Potentilla staminea, 213, 276 

Pouteria campechiana, 145, 174, 426 

Pouteria mammosa, 145, 173, 419, 426, 429, 435, 438 

Prestonia mexicana, 139 

Prionosciadium nelsonii, 212, 271 

Priva aspera, 208, 253 

Priva lappulacea, 207, 208, 252 

Prosopis juliflora, 14 

Prunella vulgaris, 212, 272-273, 425, 436, 439 

Prunus armeniaca, 147, 189, 421, 427 

Prunus barbata, 155 

Prunus domestica, 147, 189, 420 

Prunus persica, 147,188-190, 418-420, 424, 434-437, 443-444 

Prunus serotina, 142,155,414,419,421-425, 427,430,436,442,444 

Pseudobombax ellipticum, 13, 142,153 

Psidium guajava, 148, 200, 421, 426 

Psidium guineense, 14, 148, 199-200, 420, 426, 436-437 

Psittacanthus calyculatus, 206, 243 

Psychotria erythrocarpa, 14, 206, 240, 425, 436, 440, 442 

Psychotria pubescens, 240 

Psychotria sp., 161 

Pteridium aquilinum, 209, 262 

Punica granatum, 147, 196 

Pyrus communis, 144,165, 420-421, 426 

Pyrus pyrifolia, 144, 165 

Quassia amara, 120,141 

Quercus acutifolia, 15, 146, 188 

Quercus benthamii, 16 

Quercus candicans, 15, 146, 187, 417, 426 

Quercus castanea, 15, 146,185-186, 416, 421, 423 

Quercus corrugata, 15, 414 

Quercus crassifolia, 15, 146,185-186, 414, 417, 423, 430, 433 

Quercus crispipilis, 15, 146, 186, 416, 421, 423 

Quercus elliptica, 15, 146,186 

Quercus insignis, 15 

Quercus laurina, 146, 186, 416, 421, 423 

Quercus oleoides, 14, 146,186, 422-423 

Quercus peduncularis, 15, 146, 187-188, 414-417, 422, 439 

Quercus polymorpha, 15, 146,188, 414 

Quercus rugosa, 15, 146,187-188, 414-417, 422, 439 

Quercus sapotifolia, 146, 186 

Quercus segoviensis, 15, 146,187-188, 414-417, 422, 439 

Quercus spp., 418-419, 442, 444 

Randia aculeata, 142,151, 419 

Randia cineria, 142,151 

Ranunculus petiolaris, 205, 240, 425, 440, 442 

Rapanea juergensenii, 15, 16, 45, 181-182, 421, 432, 437 

Raphanus sativus, 203, 214-215, 420, 428-429 

Rauvolfia tetraphylla, 145,177 
692 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Rechsteineria warscewiczii, 242-243 

Rhamnus capraeifolia var. grandifolia, 149, 423 

Rhamnus mucronata, 15, 180-181, 443 

Rhamnus sp., 156 

Rhamnus serrata, 15 

Rheedia edulis, 14, 148, 198, 427 

Rhipidocladum bartlettii, 142, 150 

Rhipidocladum pittieri, 142,150-151 

Rhus schiedeana, 15, 146,187, 414, 419, 422-424, 427, 433, 437 

Rhus terebinthifolia, 15, 146, 187, 430, 437 

Rhynchelytrum repens, 210, 254-255, 264 

Rhynchosia discolor, 118,132-133, 413 

Rhynchosia longeracemosa, 133 

Rhynchosia minima, 118, 132, 212, 274 

Rhynchosia pyramidalis, 117,124, 442 

Rhynchospora ciliata, 210, 264 

Rhynchospora spp., 16 

Ricinus communis, 143,158, 434, 444 

Rigidella orthantha, 265 

Rivina humilis, 205, 229, 428 

Rondeletia sp., 213, 276 

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, 203, 216, 421, 428 

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum sterilis, 203, 216, 421, 428 

Rosa banksiae, 120,140, 421, 432 

Rosa chinensis, 120, 140-141, 420, 432, 435, 437, 441 

Rosa damascena, 140 

Rosa gallica, 140 

Rosa multiflora, 120,140-141, 421, 432 

Rosa roxburghii, 120, 141 

Rubus adenotrichus, 15, 118, 131, 426, 436, 438 

Rubus coriifolius, 118,131, 427, 435-436 

Rubus eriocarpus, 118, 131, 427, 437 

Rubus fagifolius, 118,131 

Rubus humistratus, 15, 118, 131 

Rubus irasuensis, 118, 131, 426, 436, 438 

Rubus sapidus, 118, 131, 427, 435-436 

Rubus trilobus, 15, 148,198, 424, 427, 429-430, 432 

Ruellia hookeriana, 206, 241 

Ruellia inundata, 208, 253-254, 435, 442 

Ruellia lactea, 229 

Ruellia nudiflora, 206, 240-241, 253-254 

Ruellia parva, 213,276, 

Rumex crispus, 213-214, 278, 282, 426, 434 

Rumex obtusifolius, 214, 282, 426, 434 

Russellia sarmentosa, 213, 253, 276 

Ruta graveolens, 213, 277, 421, 437, 439-441, 444 

Sabal mexicana, 147,192, 415, 419, 428-429, 431 

Sabazia sarmentosa, 223, 270 

Sabazia sarmentosa, 209, 260 

Saccharum officinarum, 205, 237-239, 415, 421, 424, 426, 428-429, 

432-433, 438-439, 441 

Sageretia elegans, 14, 118,132-133, 427 

Salix babylonica, 148, 200-201 

Salix bonplandiana, 17, 148, 200-201, 419-420, 424, 433, 435, 439 

Salix chilensis, 17 

Salix humboldtiana, 148, 200-201, 419-420, 433 

Salix taxifolia, 17, 148, 200-201 

Salmea scandens, 185 

Salvia cacaliaefolia, 253, 421, 434, 442 

Salvia chiapensis, 208, 253 

Salvia cinnabarina, 15, 208, 253 

Salvia coccinea, 208, 253 

Salvia excelsa, 208, 253 

Salvia holwayi, 208, 253 

Salvia karwinskii, 208, 253 

Salvia lasiantha, 15, 207, 251-252, 418, 441 

Salvia lavanduloides, 203, 217, 435, 443 

Salvia leucantha, 217 

Salvia longispicata, 273 

Salvia mexicana, 204, 226 

Salvia microphylla, 208, 255, 421, 432 

Salvia misella, 207-208, 212, 244, 252, 272, 437 

Salvia myriantha, 15 

Salvia polystachya, 15, 208, 253 

Salvia purpurea, 15, 208, 253 

Salvia reptans, 208, 244, 253 

Salvia rubiginosa, 15, 208, 253, 442 

Salvia tiliifolia, 15, 208, 252, 441 

Salvia tiliifolia var. albiflora, 217 

Salvia urica, 208, 217, 253, 273 

Sambucus canadensis, 142,154-155, 420, 423, 431, 433, 436, 442 

Sambucus mexicana, 142, 154, 419-420, 423-425, 431-432, 

435-438, 442 

Sanvitalia procumbens, 213, 223, 276 

Sapindus saponaria, 14 

Sarcostemma bilobum, 119,138,140, 438 

Satureja brownei, 212, 273, 437-442, 444 

Satureja mexicana, 204, 226, 426, 435-440, 442, 444 

Saurauia oreophila, 17, 147,191 

Saurauia scabrida, 147,191, 415, 419, 427 

Schizocarpum attenuatum, 118,127, 434 

Schkuhria pinnata, 211, 269 

Schoenocaulon officinale, 208, 256-257, 425 

Schoepfia vacciniiflora, 142, 155, 414, 419, 422-423, 429 

Schrankia leptocarpa, 118,132 

Scirpus californicus, 214, 279, 438 

Scirpus spp., 16 

Scirpus validus, 214, 279, 438 

Scleria bourgeaui, 208, 255 

Scleria hirtella, 208, 255 

Scleria pterota, 208, 255 

Sclerocarpus uniserialis, 213, 223, 276 

Scutellaria dumetorum, 212, 248, 272, 

Sechium edule, 117, 125-126, 420, 427-428 

Sedum guatemalense, 206, 247 

Sedum praealtum, 206, 246-247,421,432, 435,437-438, 440 

Selaginella pallescens, 214, 281, 443 

Selenicereus grandiflorus, 206, 246 

Senecio chenopodioides, 185 

Senecio salignus, 143,157, 432, 438, 444 

Senecio schaffneri, 190 

Senecio sp., 159 

Senecio thomasii, 190 

Senecio uspantanensis, 181 

Senna atomeria, 144,164,171, 419 

Senna cobanensis, 143,154,162, 414-416, 419, 425-426, 432-433 
NUMBER 35 693 

Senna foetidissima var. grandiflora, 161-162 

Senna guatemalensis var. chiapensis, 15 

Senna hirsuta var. hirta, 143,160 

Senna incamata, 15 

Senna nicaraguensis, 159,172,419 

Senna occidentalis, 145,172, 418 

Senna pallida, 143, 145, 160,162,172, 414-416, 418-419, 425-426, 

432-433 

Senna pallida var. brachyrrhachis, 162 

Senna polyantha, 162 

Senna septentrionalis, 15 

Senna skinneri, 143, 145,162,172,414-416,418,425-426,432-433 

Senna tonduzii, 144, 162, 414-416, 419, 425-426, 432-433 

Senna unifiora, 212, 220, 274 

Serjania psilophylla, 120, 141 

Serjania punctata, 133 

Serjania triquetra, 120,138 

Sesamum indicum, 213, 276 

Sesbania emerus, 161, 214, 280 

Setaria gracilis, 210, 264 

Setariopsis auriculata, 210, 264 

Sicyos microphyllus, 117, 118,127, 434 

Sida acuta, 206, 245 

Sida barclayi, 206, 245 

Sida rhombifolia, 206, 244-245 

Siegesbeckia jorullensis, 207-208, 252 

Simsia amplexicaulis, 204, 223, 424 

Simsia grandiflora, 204, 223 

Simsia sanguinea, 209, 260 

Siparuna nicaraguensis, 15 

Sisyrinchium angustissimum, 208, 257 

Sisyrinchium convolutum, 208, 257, 432, 441 

Sisyrinchium scabrum, 208, 213, 257, 278 

Sisyrinchium tinctorium, 208, 257 

Smallanthus maculatus, 15, 145,180, 432,444 

Smallanthus oaxacanus, 145, 180, 432, 444 

Smilacina scilloides, 141, 267, 431 

Smilax bona-nox, 119,134, 431 

Smilax domingensis, 17, 119, 135 

Smilax jalapensis, 119,134, 431 

Smilax mollis, 119,135 

Smilax subpubescens, 119,135, 413,419, 438 

Sobralia decora, 211, 265,432 

Solanum acerifolium, 227 

Solanum aligerum, 145,149, 177, 442, 444 

Solanum americanum, 205, 228-229, 420, 428,436-437 

Solanum angustifolium, 205, 227, 229 

Solanum brachystachys, 145, 177, 419, 442 

Solanum candidum, 191, 218 

Solanum cervantesii, 145,177, 442 

Solanum chrysotrichum, 15, 147,191, 425, 434, 439-440, 443 

Solanum dulcamaroides, 133 

Solanum erianthum, 147,191, 436 

Solanum lanceolatum, 15, 147,191-192, 425, 434, 439-440, 443 

Solanum mammosum, 204, 227, 421, 432 

Solanum morelliforme, 205, 218, 230 

Solanum muricatum, 118,130 

Solanum nigricans, 15 

Solanum nudum, 145,177 

Solanum oaxacanum, 133 

Solanum pubigerum, 15 

Solanum torvum, 147, 227, 425, 434, 439-440, 443 

Solanum tuberosum, 205, 229, 420, 428 

Sonchus asper, 204, 222 

Sonchus oleraceus, 204, 222, 424, 428-429 

Sorghum bicolor, 205, 237, 427 

Sorghum halepense, 208, 255 

Spartium junceum, 161 

Spathiphyllum phryniifolium, 251 

Spigelia humboldtiana, 214, 279 

Spigelia nicotianaeflora, 213, 278,439 

Spigelia splendens, 262 

Spilanthes americana, 207, 223, 248, 437, 441 

Spiraea cantoniensis, 199, 432 

Spiranthes aurantiaca, 211, 256, 267 

Spiranthes cinnabarina, 211, 267 

Spondias mombin, 13, 145,178-179, 417, 427 

Spondias purpurea, 145,178-179, 421, 427 

Sporobolus indicus, 210, 263-264 

Sprekelia formosissima, 204, 224, 432 

Stachys agraria, 273 

Stachys coccinea, 208, 253, 273, 442 

Stachys radicans, 212, 273, 435, 437 

Stachys rotundifolia, 273 

Stachytarpheta cayennensis, 212, 273 

Stachytarpheta frantzii, 212, 273, 436 

Stanhopea spp., 211, 267 

Stelis sp., 267 

Stemmadenia eubracteata, 142,152 

Stemmadenia obovata, 13, 142,152, 426, 443 

Stenocereus eichlamii, 14, 206, 245-246 

Sterculia apetala, 147,191 

Sterculia mexicana, 14 

Stevia caracasana, 214, 282 

Stevia connata, 214, 282 

Stevia lucida, 143, 157-158, 434, 444 

Stevia ovata, 143,157, 214, 282, 429, 437 

Stevia polycephala, 143,157-158, 207, 252, 429, 434, 444 

Stevia serrata, 143,157, 214, 282, 429, 434 

Stigmaphyllon humboldtianum, 119,138 

Stigmaphyllon puberum, 137 

Stillingia acutifolia, 142,149, 423, 426, 442, 444 

Stipa ichu, 16, 208, 255, 413, 415, 425, 429 

Stipa virescens, 16 

Struthanthus deppeanus, 206, 243 

Struthanthus intermedius, 243, 434, 442-443 

Struthanthus tacanensis, 206, 243, 434, 442-443 

Styrax argentum, 14, 145-146,149,175,180, 414-415, 419, 427 

Styrax ramirezii, 16 

Swietenia humilis, 13, 145,173,414-415,419, 430 

Symphoricarpos microphyllus, 204, 226 

Symplocos breedlovei, 17 

Symplocos limoncillo, 143,156, 419, 422-423, 427 

Symplocos vernicosa, 143, 156, 419, 422, 427 

Synardisia venosa, 15, 146,180-181, 421,432, 437-438 

Syngonium neglectum, 118,131 
694 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Syngonium podophyllum, 118,131 

Syngonium salvadorense, 118,131 

Syzygium jambos, 148, 200 

Tabebuia chrysantha, 13 

Tabebuia rosea, 13, 145, 173, 427, 434 

Tagetes elongata, 211, 269 

Tagetes erecta, 211, 269, 420, 433, 435, 440 

Tagetes filifolia, 211, 268-269 

Tagetes foetidissima, 269 

Tagetes lucida, 211, 268, 421, 426, 429 

Tagetes nelsonii, 212, 223, 271, 439, 441 

Tagetes tenuifolia, 211, 269 

Talinum paniculatum, 203, 216 

Talinum triangulare, 203, 216, 428 

Tamarindus indica, 144, 171, 426-427, 436-437 

Tanacetum parthenium, 209, 258, 262, 420, 433, 442, 444 

Taraxacum officinale, 209, 261, 431 

Taxodium mucronatum, 17, 146,182 

Tecoma stans, 143,161-162, 415, 419, 422-423 

Tephrosia cinerea, 145, 172 

Tephrosia lanata, 164 

Ternstroemia lineata ssp. chalicophylla, 16, 17, 146,181-182, 433 

Ternstroemia oocarpa, 15, 146,181-182, 433 

Tetragonia expansa, 203, 218, 428 

Thalictrum guatemalense, 212, 271, 424, 431, 437 

Thelypteris deflexa, 210, 263 

Thelypteris oligocarpa, 210, 263 

Thelypteris resinifera, 210, 263 

Thelypteris rudis, 210, 263 

Thelypteris sp., 432 

Theobroma bicolor, 147, 196, 426 

Thevetia ovata, 142,152-153, 426, 436, 443-444 

Thevetia peruviana, 153 

Thevetia plumeriaefolia, 142, 152-153, 426, 436, 443-444 

Thuidium delicatulum, 214, 280 

Thymus vulgaris, 208, 256, 421, 429 

Tigridia chiapensis, 211, 265 

Tigridia hallbergii, 211, 265 

Tigridia pavonia, 211, 265, 421, 428, 431 

Tillandsia butzii, 212-213, 275, 432 

Tillandsia capitata, 212-213, 275, 432 

Tillandsia caput-medusae, 212-213, 275, 432 

Tillandsia dasyliriifolia, 212-213, 275, 432 

Tillandsia fasciculata, 212-213, 275, 432 

Tillandsia flabellata, 213, 274-275 

Tillandsia guatemalensis, 212, 275, 433, 437-438 

Tillandsia plumosa, 213, 275, 432 

Tillandsia ponderosa, 213, 275-276, 433, 437 

Tillandsia rodrigueziana, 212, 274 

Tillandsia seleriana, 213, 275-276, 433 

Tillandsia usneoides, 214, 280, 433-434, 443 

Tillandsia vicentina, 213, 275, 432 

Tillandsia violacea, 212, 274-275, 433 

Tinantia erecta, 211, 266 

Tithonia diversifolia, 15, 145, 180, 415, 443 

Tithonia longiradiata, 146, 180, 415, 443 

Tithonia rotundifolia, 15, 146, 180, 415, 443 

Tithonia tubaeformis, 15, 146, 180, 415, 443 

Tournefortia densiflora, 156,177 

Toxicodendron radicans, 143,160, 444 

Toxicodendron striatum, 143,160, 444 

Trachypogon spp., 14 

Tradescantia crassifolia, 211, 266 

Tradescantia guatemalensis, 211, 266 

Tragia nepetifolia, 144, 163-164, 440, 444 

Trema micrantha, 143,156, 413 

Trichilia hirta, 153,178, 187 

Trichilia martiana, 153 

Tridax procumbens, 248 

Trifolium amabile, 207, 248-249, 431 

Trifolium repens, 207, 249, 431 

Tripogandra angustifolia, 211, 266 

Tripogandra disgrega, 211, 266 

Tripogandra grandiflora, 211, 266 

Tripogandra montana, 211, 266 

Tripsacum laxum, 205, 239, 429 

Tripsacum maizar, 205, 239 

Tripsacum manisuroides, 205, 239, 424 

Triticum aestivum, 205, 237 

Trisetum irazuense, 16 

Triumfetta dumetorum, 147, 194 

Triumfetta grandiflora, 147,193-194, 413, 419, 426 

Triumfetta polyandra, 147,194 

Triumfetta semitriloba, 147, 193-194, 413, 419, 426 

Triumfetta speciosa, 147, 193-194, 413, 419, 426 

Trixis inula, 143,157 

Trophis mexicana, 15 

Turbina corymbosa, 133 

Turnera diffusa, 213, 278-279 

Turnera ulmifolia, 206, 245, 416, 425 

Turpinia occidentalis, 15, 162 

Typha domingensis, 214, 279, 438 

Typha latifolia, 16, 214, 279, 438 

Ugni myricoides, 16 

Ulmus mexicana, 15, 146, 188 

Urera alceifolia, 15 

Urera caracasana, 144, 159, 164 

Urtica chamaedryoides, 144,163 

Urvillea ulmacea, 120, 138 

Vaccinium confertum, 16, 142, 149, 425-427, 433-435, 437-438 

Vaccinium geminiflorum, 16 

Vaccinium haematinum, 16 

Valeriana densiflora, 214, 281, 433 

Valeriana scandens, 134 

Valeriana sorbifolia, 212, 214, 271, 281, 433 

Valeriana urticaefolia, 214, 281, 433 

Verbena Carolina, 206, 212, 244, 272, 434, 436, 439, 444 

Verbena litoralis, 206, 244, 434-436, 439, 444 

Verbesina crocata, 185 

Verbesina hypsela, 146, 185, 415 

Verbesina neriifolia, 185 

Verbesina perymenioides, 15, 146, 185, 414, 423 

Verbesina punctata, 146,185 

Verbesina steyermarkii, 146,185 

Verbesina turbascensis, 15, 146, 185 
NUMBER 35 695 

Vernonia deppeana, 15, 147, 190, 444 

Vernonia leiocarpa, 15, 146, 185,190, 414, 419 

Vernonia oaxacana, 147,190, 444 

Viburnum acutifolium ssp. blandum, 165 

Viburnum acutifolium ssp. lautum, 180 

Viburnum elatum, 149, 156, 168 

Viburnum hartwegii, 15, 147, 168, 191-192, 414-415, 419, 422-423 

Viburnum jucundum, 147, 192, 415, 417, 419 

Viburnum jucundum x V. acutifolium, 192 

Vicia faba, 117,122, 420, 428, 435 

Vigna umbellata, 117,121 

Vigna unguiculata, 117, 122, 420, 428 

Vigna vexillata, 117, 122 

Viguiera cordata, 15 

Viguiera dentata, 209, 260, 433 

Viguiera longifolia, 223 

Villadia albiflora, 206, 247-248, 441 

Vinca major, 204, 226-227 

Viola nannei, 204, 226-227 

Viola odorata, 204, 226-227 

Vitis bourgeana, 119,138, 427, 440 

Vitis tiliifolia, 120, 138-139 

Vitis vinifera, 120,138 

Vriesea werckleana, 212, 274, 426, 433, 437 

Waltheria americana, 200, 245, 416, 425 

Wedelia fertilis, 223 

Wienmannia pinnata, 16 

Wigandia urens, 144, 163, 444 

Wigandia urens var. caracasana, 144,163, 444 

Wimmeria acuminata, 142,155 

Wimmeria chiapensis, 16 

Wimmeria pubescens, 143,160-162, 414-415, 419, 422-423 

Woodwardia spinulosa, 210, 263, 433 

Xanthosoma robustum, 207, 251, 428 

Xanthosoma violaceum, 207, 251, 421, 428 

Ximenia americana, 145, 179, 427 

Xylosma flexuosum, 143,157 

Xylosma intermedium, 142,-143, 152, 155-157, 419, 422-423, 430 

Xylosma quichense, 143, 157 

Yucca elephantipes, 144, 166, 435-436 

Zantedeschia aethiopica, 204, 225, 420, 432, 444 

Zanthoxylum culantrillo, 118, 133, 439 

Zanthoxylum foliolosum, 118, 133, 439 

Zanthoxylum mayanum, 153, 178-179 

Zanthoxylum sp., 179 

Zea mays, 205, 231-237, 417, 419-420, 424-429, 431, 433-434, 

437_438, 440- 441 

Zephyranthes brevipes, 213, 278, 431 

Zephyranthes carinata, 213, 278, 431 

Zeugites americana var. mexicana, 210, 264 

Zeugites munroana, 210, 263 

Zingiber officinale, 214, 281, 429, 439 

Zinnia elegans, 209, 261, 432-433 

Zinnia peruviana, 261 

Zizyphus amole, 14 

Zunila alba, 15 
Index 4 

Plant Index (Tzotzil) 

(Boldface = page(s) of principal entry) 

Aj, 142,150 

Aj, antzil, 142,150 

Aj, vinik, 142, 150 

Aj-te', 145,172-173 

Aj-te', bik'it, 145,172-173 

Aj-te', ch'ulul, 145,173 

Aj-te', muk'ta, 145, 173 

Aj-te' te', 145,173 

Aja-te'es, 142,148-149 

Aja-te'es, k'ox, 142,149, 150 

Ajo' te', 147, 191 

Ajval te', 142,149, 191 

Akit, 142,152 

Akuxa tz'i'lel, 205, 239-240 

Akuxa tz'i'lel, k'ox, 205, 239 

Akuxa tz'i'lel, muk'ta, 205, 239 

Akuxa tz'i'lel, sakil, 205, 239-240 

Alajebal pox, 204, 226 

Alavanux, 203, 214-215 

Alavanux, ch'ix, 203, 214 

Alavanux, kaxlan, 167, 203, 214-215 

Alavanux, muk'ta, 203, 215 

Alavanux, natikil, 203, 215 

Alavanux, sakil, 203, 215 

Alavena, 212, 230, 271-272 

Alavena, batz'i, 212, 271-272 

Alavena, ch'ulul, 212, 272 

Alavena tz'i'lel, 212, 272 

Alaxax, 144,167 

Alpajo, 207, 248 

Altamixa, 209, 258 

Amap61a, 212, 273-274 

Amat, 145,177 

Amolyo, 118,133 

Aros, 205, 230 

Arsyal te', 143,157 

Arvajaka, 212, 272 

Arvajaka, batz'i, 212, 259, 272, 273, 276 

Arvajaka, k'ox, 158, 212, 272 

Arvajaka tz'i'lel, 212, 272 

Asasena, 204, 224 

Asasena, batz'i, 204, 224 

Asasena, k'anal, 204, 224 

Asasena, sakil, 204, 224 

Asasena, tzajal, 204, 224 

Asasena, yaxal, 204, 224 

Asasena tz'i'lel, 204, 224 

Asasena v61a, 204, 224 

Aselka, 212, 274 

Aselka, k'anal, 212, 274 

Aselka, yaxal, 212, 274 

Atz'am te', 147,191 

Avena, 205, 230-231 

Axux, 208, 256 

Axux, batz'i, 208, 232, 243, 256, 277 

Axuxak', 119,136 

Ba ikatzil, 207, 251 

Ba nab tz'i'lel, 212, 274 

Bak amuch te', 146,180 

Bak te', 142, 149 

Bakel amuch te', 146, 180 

Barsin ak', 119,136 

Barsin te', 143,160 

Batz'i te', 146,185-186 

Be xinich te', 142, 152 

Bero, 203, 216 

Bertulaka, 203, 216 

Bertulaka, batz'i, 203, 216 

Bertulaka, k'ox, 203, 216 

Bertulaka, muk'ta, 203, 216 

Bertulaka, yaxal, 203, 216 

Bikiltz'i' ak', 119, 133 

Bilil itaj, 203, 216 

Bioleta, 204, 226-227 

Bix, 142,150 

Bix, antzil, 142,150 

Bix, ton, 142,150 

Boch, 142, 151 

Bochte', 142,151 

Boraja, 203, 216-217 

Boraja, batz'i, 203, 216-217 

Boraja, k'ox, 203, 217 

Bot, 142, 152 

Bot, ch'ich', 142, 152 

Bot'-jol tz'i'lel, 208, 255 

Brasil, 143, 160 

Bukaro, 210, 264 

Bukaro, chijal, 210, 264 

Bukaro, k'ox, 210, 264-265 

Bukaro, tzajal, 210, 264 

Bukero, sakil, 210, 264 

Chachi', 142,151 

Chak'ak', 207, 248 

Chalon, 142,154 

Chan-tzelav tz'i'lel, 212, 274 

Chanib, 142,150 

Chaya itaj, 144,163 

Chenek', batz'i manya, 117,123 

Chenek', chana x'ak'il, 117,123 

Chenek', ik'al aros, 117,121 

Chenek*, ik'al botii, 117,121 

Chenek', ik'al ibes, 117,122 

Chenek', ik'al kantela, 117,122 

Chenek', ik'al pat, 117,124 

Chenek', ik'al x'ak'il, 117,123 

Chenek', ik'al x'ak'il ta olon osil, 117,123 

Chenek', ik'al xlumil, 117,124 

Chenek', ik'al xvet', 117,125 

Chenek', krem javas, 117,122 

Chenek', kvarentano, 117, 125 

Chenek', k'anal ibes, 117,122 

Chenek', k'anal javas, 117,122 

Chenek', k'anal kantela, 117, 122 

Chenek', k'anal x'ak'il, 117,123 

Chenek', manya, 117,123 

Chenek', muk'ta ik', 117,123,125 

Chenek', muk'ta sakil xlumil, 117,125 

Chenek', sak-vayan xlumil, 117,125 

Chenek', sakil aros, 117,121 

Chenek', sakil botii, 117,121 

Chenek', sakil ibes, 117, 122 

Chenek', sakil javas, 117, 122 

Chenek', sakil pat, 117,124 

Chenek', sakil pat ivriro, 117, 124-125 

Chenek', sakil tz'ibal botii, 117,121 

Chenek', sakil x'ak'il, 117, 123 

Chenek', sakil xlumil, 117,125 

Chenek', sakil xvet', 117,125 

Chenek', santoal ik', 117, 123 

Chenek', santoal tzoj, 117, 123 

Chenek', soktomal manya, 117,123 

Chenek', te'tikal kantela, 117,122 

Chenek', tzajal aros, 117, 121 

Chenek', tzajal botii, 117, 121 

Chenek', tzajal ibes, 117,122 

Chenek', tzajal javas, 117,122 

Chenek', tzajal tz'ibal botii, 117,121 

Chenek', tzajal x'ak'il, 117, 123 

Chenek', tzajal x'ak'il ta olon osil, 117,123 

Chenek', tzajal xlumil, 117,124 

Chenek', tzajal xvet', 117,125 

Chenek', tzeb javas, 117, 122 

697 
698 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Chenek', tzo' bail xlumil, 117, 124 

Chenek', tzo' t'ul, 117, 123 

Chenek', tz'ibal x'ak'il, 117, 123 

Chenek', tz'ibal xlumil, 117,125 

Chenek', tz'ibal xvet', 117, 125 

Chenek', vayu' xlumil, 117, 124 

Chenek' ak', 118,132, 133 

Chenek' chij, 203, 220 

Chenek' chij te', 143, 164 

Chi, 144,165-166 

Chenek' te', 143,160 

Chenek' tz'i'lel, 212, 274 

Chi, pino, 144, 165-166 

Chi, te'tikal, 144, 166 

Chichik'uy, 211, 234, 269-270 

Chichol, 203, 217-218 

Chichol, batz'i putzul, 203, 217 

Chichol, k'ox tzajal, 203, 217 

Chichol, muk'ta putzul, 203, 217 

Chichol, muk'tik tzajal, 203, 217-218 

Chichol, putzul, 203, 217 

Chichol, telajtik tzajal, 203, 217, 218 

Chichol ak', 203, 218 

Chichol ch'o, 203, 218 

Chichol te', 203, 218 

Chijil te', 142, 154-155 

Chijil te', batz'i, 142, 154 

Chijil te', xutax, 142, 149,154-155, 191 

Chikaryo, 204, 222 

Chikaryo, batz'i, 204, 222 

Chikaryo, ch'ix, 204, 222 

Chikaryo tz'i'lel, 204, 222 

Chikin chij, 119, 136-137 

Chikin ch'o, 207, 248 

Chikin-ib, 146,186 

Chikin-ib, batz'i, 146, 186 

Chikin-ib, jayal pat, 146, 186 

Chikin-ib, sakil, 146, 186 

Chikin ton, 206, 218, 245 

Chikin ton, batz'i, 206, 245 

Chikin ton, bik'it, 206, 245 

Chikin ton, muk'ta, 206, 245 

Chii jabnal, 147,194 

Chii jabnal, batz'i, 147, 194 

Chii jabnal, tzajal, 147, 194 

Chilchil tz'i'lel, 212, 272-273 

Chilkat, 143, 149, 157 

Chilkat, batz'i, 143, 157 

Chilkat, k'ox, 143, 157 

Chilkat, te'tikal, 143, 157 

Chin te', 143, 159-160 

Chinin, 145, 173 

Chivo te', 147,191 

Chix te', 142, 155 

Chix te', batz'i, 142,155, 191 

Chix te' mut, 142, 155, 191 

Choch, 142, 152-153 

Choch, bik'it, 142, 152 

Chojchoj, 144, 169 

Chuchu', 204, 227 

Ch'a-te', 143, 157, 191 

Ch'a-te', bik'it, 143, 149,157 

Ch'a-te', muk'ta, 143, 149,157 

Ch'a-te' pox, 143,157-158 

Ch'aben, 203, 220 

Ch'aben, batz'i, 203, 220 

Ch'aben, tontikil, 203, 220 

Ch'aben ka', 203, 220 

Ch'aben te', 143, 160-161 

Ch'aben tz'i'lel, 207, 247 

Ch'ail pox, 143, 158 

Ch'ako', 118,127 

Ch'ib, 147,194-195 

Ch'ib, batz'i, 147, 194-195 

Ch'ib, muk'ta, 147,195 

Ch'ib, palma, 147, 195 

Ch'ich' ni', 144, 169-170 

Ch'il vet, 204, 221 

Ch'il vet, ch'ix, 204, 221 

Ch'il vet, sakil, 204, 221 

Ch'ilim te', 142,153 

Ch'it, 142,155 

Ch'it, jich'il anal, 142,155 

Ch'it, muk'ta tzajal, 142, 155 

Ch'it, sakil, 142, 155 

Ch'it, tzajal, 142,155 

Ch'it, tzotzin, 142,155 

Ch'it, yaxal, 142, 155-156 

Ch'ix, 204, 222 

Ch'ix, chorisyo, 206, 245 

Ch'ix, krus, 144, 170 

Ch'ix, lo'balal, 204, 222 

Ch'ix, sakil, 144,171 

Ch'ix, tomal, 204, 222 

Ch'ix, xaxib, 145, 172 

Ch'ix ak', 142, 156 

Ch'ix-ni' te', 143, 161 

Ch'ixal amuch, 206, 245-246 

Ch'oliv, 204, 222 

Ch'oliv, batz'i, 204, 222 

Ch'oliv, k'ox, 204, 222 

Ch'oliv, tzajal, 204, 222 

Ch'u te', 145, 177 

Ch'u te', bik'it, 145, 177 

Ch'u te', sakil, 145, 177, 182 

Ch'uch', 204, 224-225 

Ch'uch', k'ox, 204, 224-225 

Ch'uch', tzajal, 204, 225 

Ch'ulelal nichim, 204, 226 

Ch'ulelal nichim, batz'i, 204, 226 

Ch'ulelal nichim, tzajal, 204, 226 

Ch'um, 118, 127-128, 232, 234, 272 

Ch'um, baril, 118, 128 

Ch'um, kom&a, 118, 128 

Ch'um, mail, 118, 128 

Ch'um, setajtik, 118,128 

Ch'um-te', 117, 125-126, 220, 228 

Ch'um-te', k'ox yaxal, 117, 126 

Ch'um-te', k'ox sakil, 117,126 

Ch'um-te', muk'ta sakil, 117,126 

Ch'um-te', muk'ta yaxal, 117,126 

Ch'um-te', sakil, 117,126 

Ch'um-te', sakil t'arax, 117, 126 

Ch'um-te', sakil tzop, 117, 126 

Ch'um-te', t'arax, 117,126 

Ch'um-te', tzop, 117,126 

Ch'um-te', yaxal, 117,126 

Ch'um-te', yaxal t'arax, 117,126 

Ch'um-te', yaxal tzop, 117, 126 

Ch'um-te' ch'o, batz'i, 117,126-127 

Ch'um-te' ch'o, ch'ix, 117, 127 

Ch'um-te' pox, 117 

Ch'upak te', muk'ta, 143, 158 

Ch'upak te', sakil, 143,158 

Ch'upak te', tzajal, 143, 158 

Ch'upak', 208, 256 

Ch'upak' joj, 208, 256-257, 272 

Ch'upak' te', 143,158 

Ch'uxuv ak', 119,133 

Dalya, 204, 223 

Dalya, ik'-lo'an pino, 204, 223 

Dalya, ik'-lo'an pinto pino, 204, 223 

Dalya, ik'-lo'an potz pino, 204, 223 

Dalya, k'an-set'an pino, 204, 223 

Dalya, k'an-set'an potz pino, 204, 223 

Dalya, k'anal pino, 204, 223 

Dalya, k'anal potz pino, 204, 223 

Dalya, k'ox sakil pino, 204, 223 

Dalya, moraro, 204, 223 

Dalya, rosaro pino, 204, 223 

Dalya, sak-vayan pino, 204, 223 

Dalya, sakil pino, 204, 223 

Dalya, sakil potz pino, 204, 223 

Dalya, tzajal pino, 204, 223 

Ech', 212, 274-276 

Ech', antzil, 212, 274 

Ech', ch'ix 212, 274 

Ech', kilon, 212, 274-275 

Ech', kilon uma', 213, 275 

Ech', krus, 149-150, 169, 184, 194, 212, 275 

Ech', krus uma', 213, 275 

Ech', sakil kilon, 212, 275 

Ech', tzajal kilon, 212, 275 

Ech', tzajal uma', 213 275 

Ech', uma', 212-213, 275 

Ech', vojton, 149 213, 275-276 

Ech', vojton uma', 213, 275 

Ech', xulub chivo, 213, 276 

Elamonix, 144, 167, 217, 230 

Enkaje, 211,270 

Epalnich, 118,132 

Espayder, 209, 258 

Espayder, k'anal, 209, 258 
NUMBER 35 699 

Espayder, moraro, 209, 258 

Espayder, sakil, 209, 258 

Espinaka, 203, 218 

Ich, 204, 227-228 

Ich, bak, 204, 227 

Ich,jlok'ol-chak, 204, 227 

Ich, k'anal, 205, 227 

Ich, m6rte, 205, 227 

Ich, natikil, 205, 227 

Ich, pujkan, 205, 227 

Ich, sakil, 205, 227-228 

Ich, tzo' mut, 205, 228 

Ich, volajtik, 205, 228 

Ich ak', 120,139 

Ich te', 143,160 

Ik'al te', 143, 149,156 

Ec'al vinik, 143,156, 191 

Ik'ob chij, 142,151 

Ik'ux, 147, 195 

Ik'ux, ik'al, 147, 195 

Ik'ux, yaxal, 147,195 

Inojo, 154,211,261,270 

Inop, 145, 177-178 

Is-ak', 205, 229-230 

Is-ak', batz'i, 205, 229 

Is-ak', sakil batz'i, 205, 229 

Is-ak', sakil tranjero, 205, 229 

Is-ak', tranjero, 205, 229 

Is-ak', tzajal, 205, 229-230 

Is-ak', tzajal batz'i, 205, 229 

Is-ak', tzajal tranjero, 205, 229 

Is-ak' tz'i'lel, 205, 230 

Isbon, 144, 163 

Itaj, 205, 230 

Itaj, batz'i, 205, 230, 272 

Itaj, jol, 205, 230, 272 

Itaj, k'ox yo'on vakax, 205, 230 

Itaj, muk'ta jol, 205, 230 

Itaj, muk'ta yo'on vakax, 205, 230 

Itaj, sakil tzukum jol, 205, 230 

Itaj, tzajal tzukum jol, 205, 230 

Itaj, tzukum jol, 205, 230 

Itaj, yo'on vakax, 205, 230 

Itzompi, 145,173,251,256 

Ixim, 150, 169, 205, 231-237, 259, 270 

Ixim, bik'it ivriro, 205, 236 

Ixim, bik'it sak, 205, 235 

Ixim, chix te', 205, 235 

Ixim, enano, 205, 236 

Ixim, ik'al, 205, 235 

Ixim, ik'al pinto, 205, 236 

Ixim, ivriro, 205, 236 

Ixim, k'anal chix te', 205, 235 

Ixim, k'anal ivriro, 205, 236 

Ixim, k'anal napalu, 205, 236 

Ixim, k'ox k'anal napalu, 205, 236 

Ixim, muk'ta ivriro, 205, 236 

Ixim, muk'ta k'on, 205, 235 

xim, muk'ta sak, 205, 235-236 

xim, napalu, 205, 236 

xim, pacha, 205, 236 

xim, pinto, 205, 236 

xim, rokame, 205, 237 

xim, sakil napalu, 205, 236 

xim, sakil pinto, 205, 236 

xim, sakramentual, 205, 236 

xim, teralenyo, 205, 237 

xim, tusp6nyo, 205, 237 

xim, tzajal napalu, 205, 236 

xim, vitztikal bik'it k'on, 205, 236 

xim, vitztikal muk'ta sak, 205, 236 

xim, ye tz'i', 205, 236 

'ak'-'uch, 207, 251 

a'as, 145,173 

a'as te', 146, 180 

abnal, 143,159 

abnal te', 143,159 

abnal, tzotzil, 212, 248, 273 

ach'ub te', 143, 147,161, 195 

asinto te', 147, 195 

ay, 119,135-136 

ay, k'ox, 119, 135 

ay, muk'ta, 119,135-136 

ikamo, 118,132 

ikamoak', 118,132 

jaral-me'tik, 208, 258 

obel, akan, 210, 263 

obel, ana-, 208, 254 

obel, chintuli', 205, 240 

obel, ch'ix, 166, 208, 254-255 

obel, ik'al, 210, 263 

obel, kakaxon, 210, 263 

obel, konejo, 210, 263-264 

obel, krus, 210, 244, 264 

obel, k'anal pech'e-ok', 208, 257 

obel, k'otox, 210, 264 

obel, k'ox limon, 208, 255 

obel, k'un-, 210, 263 

obel, limon, 208, 255 

obel, pech'e-'ok, 208, 257 

obel, pech'e-'ok batz'i, 208, 257 

obel, puj-'akan, 210, 264 

obel, sakil pech'e-'ok, 208, 257 

obel, tuix, 208, 258 

obel, tzajal, 210, 264 

obel, tzukum, 210, 264 

obel, tzuntzun, 210, 264 

obelal xalma, 208, 255 

ok'leb tzo'op tz'unun, 211, 270 

olchoy, 212, 276 

ol koy, 213, 265 

ol koy, batz'i, 211,265 

olkoy, sakil, 213, 265 

olkoy, te'tikal, 213, 265 

ol olol, 207, 250 

om akan, 146, 185 

Jonjolin, 213, 276 

Jovos, 145, 178 

Jovos, batz'i, 145, 178 

Jovos, yaxal, 145,178 

Jutuju, 211,265 

Juxob-bail ak', 117,127 

Kachimpa te', 143,160 

Kachu t6ro te', 146, 186 

Kachu tdro te', muk'ta, 146,186 

Kachu t6ro te', yaxal,146, 186 

Kajanab te', 145, 178 

Kajve, 144,167-168, 196 

Kajve, javas, 117,122 

Kajve te', 144,168 

Kakav te', 147,195 

Kakaxon ak', 118,132 

Kamaron te', 143,161 

Kampana, tzajal, 208, 254 

Kampana ak', 119, 133 

Kanipana ak', batz'i, 119,133 

Kanipana ak', sakil, 119,133 

Kampana nichim, 206, 241 

Kampana nichim, batz'i, 206, 241 

Kampana nichim, bik'tal, 206, 241 

Kampana nichim, cha'-koj, 206, 241 

Kampana nichim, sakil, 206, 241 

Kampana nichim, tzajal, 206, 241 

Kampana tz'i'lel, 206, 241 

Kampana tz'i'lel, k'anal, 206, 241 

Kampana tz'i'lel, tzajal, 206, 241 

Kampana tz'i'lel, yaxal, 206, 241 

Kampor, 146, 186 

Kampray, 204, 223 

Kamusa te', 147,195 

Kanavaak', 119,137 

Kanela te', 143, 161 

Kanela te', sakil, 143,161 

Kan61a te', tzajal, 143,161 

Kanelo, 143,161 

Karnero te', 146,180 

Karos ak', 119,134 

Kartolina, 209, 258 

Kartolina, k'anal, 209, 258 

Kartolina, moraro, 209, 258 

Kartolina, sakil, 209, 258 

Kartucho, 204, 225 

Karvensa, sakil, 117,122-123 

Kastanya, 147, 191 

Katu'ch'ix, 118,132 

Keb chij, 211,270 

Kevrajacha, 144,170 

Kilkil nichim, 147, 195 

Kilkil nichim, sakil, 147,195 

Kilkil nichim, tzajal, 147,195 

Kilkil nichim, yaxyax-'ulan, 147,195 

Klavel, 209, 258-259 

Klavel, ik'ik'-lo'an, 209, 259 

Klavel, korona, 209, 259 
700 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Klavel, rosaro, 209, 259 

Klavel, sak-vayan, 209, 259 

Klavel, sakil, 209, 259 

Klavel, tzajal, 209, 259 

Klavelina, 209, 259 

Klavo, 147, 195 

Koko, 147, 192 

Koko'on, 203, 218, 240 

Koko'on chij, 203, 218 

Kokov, 147, 196 

Kola, 211,265 

Kola tz'i'lel, 211,265 

Koliflor, 205, 230 

KolinSbo, 205, 230 

Konkon, 144, 168 

Konkon, k'anal, 144, 168 

Kontiyerva, 213,276 

Kopita, 209, 259 

Kovana te', 145,173 

Kranata, 119, 137 

Kranata ak', 119,137 

Kranata lo'bol, 147, 196 

Krem pox, 211,270 

Krisantema, 209, 259 

Krisantema, k'anal, 209, 259 

Krisantema, rosaro, 209, 259 

Krisantema, sakil, 209, 259 

Krisantema nichim, 209, 259 

Krus tz'i'lel, 213, 276 

Kulantu, 211,270-271, 272 

Kulantu ch'o, 211,271 

Kururin, 120, 124, 139-140, 186, 240 

K'ail, 145,180 

K'ail, ton, 146,180 

K'am-xoch', 143, 159 

K'an-'ich, 146,185 

K'an-'ich, batz'i, 145,185 

K'an-'ich, k'ox, 146,185 

K'an-ak', 120,140, 158 

K'an-ak', batz'i, 120, 140 

K'an-ak', k'ox, 120, 140 

K'an-te', 143, 161 

K'an-tulan, 146,188 

K'anal ak', 119,137 

K'anal nich, 213, 276 

K'anal te', 143, 161 

K'ask'as te', 147, 196 

K'ask'as tz'i'lel, 213, 276 

K'at'ix, 144,163 

K'at'ix, k'anal, 144, 163 

K'at'ix, sijom, 144, 163 

K'at'ix, tzajal, 144, 163 

K'evex, 147, 196 

K'evex, batz'i, 147,196 

K'evex, chin-jol, 147, 196 

K'evex, k'anal, 148,196 

K'evex, papausa, 148,196 

K'isis, 146, 182 

K'ojom, 205, 240, 272 

K'ok' sat nichim, 209, 259 

K'ol-k'ox, 146, 180 

K'olo-max, 148, 196 

K'orok' te', 143,159 

K'os, 146,180-181 

K'os, sakil, 146, 150, 180-181, 184 

K'os, tzajal, 146, 181 

K'oxox te', 146,181 

K'oxox te', batz'i, 146,181, 

K'oxox te', ik'al, 146, 181 

K'unil te', 148, 196-197 

K'ux pevul, 147,191La, 144, 163-164 

La, batz'i, 144, 163 

La, chon, 144, 163 

La, kilajtik, 144,163 

La, k'ox, 144,163-164 

La, muk'tik, 144,164 

La, sakil, 144,164 

Latzbil tonal pox, 207, 251-252 

Leb sotz', 118, 132 

Lechuka, 213, 276-277 

Lechuka, jich'il anal, 213, 277 

Lechuka, votzvotz, 213, 277 

Lima, 144,168 

Lima, chu', 144,168 

Lima, ch'ulul, 144,168 

Lima, pimil pat, 144,168-169 

Limon, 144, 169 

Limon jobel, batz'i, 208, 255 

Limon jobel, k'ox, 148, 255 

Linkon te', 148, 197 

Liryo, 204, 225 

Lo'bol, 148,197 

Lo'bol, batz'i, 148,197 

Lo'bol, chan-tzelav, 148,197 

Lo'bol, chimpo, 148,197 

Lo'bol, k'ox, 148,197 

Lo'bol, mantzana, 148, 197 

Lo'bol, mol, 148, 197 

Lo'bol, natikil, 148, 197 

Lo'bol, sakil, 148, 197 

Lo'bol, sera, 148,197 

Lo'bol, tzajal, 148,197 

Lo'bol ak', 119,137 

Lo'bol kotom, 119, 137 

Lo'bol vet, 148, 197-198 

Lotz'om chij, 144, 170 

Luchamaria, 148, 198 

Lula, 139, 213, 268, 277 

Lumpisera, 145, 173 

Machita te', 144,164 

Mail, 118, 128 129, 220, 232, 234, 272 

Mail, chij-chon, 118, 129 

Mail, sak-vayan, 118,129 

Mail, sakil, 118,129 

Mail, tz'ibaltik, 118,129 

Mail, yaxal, 118,129 

Mail te', 142, 153 

Mail tz'i'lel, 207, 248 

Majavaak', 118,132 

Majob ik'al, 142,149 

Makom, 118,131 

Makom, batz'i, 118,131 

Makom, ch'ail, 118, 131 

Makom, tuxum, 118, 131 

Makom, tzajal, 118, 131 

Makom, tz'unbalal, 118,131 

Makom ch'ix, 118, 131 

Makom tz'i'lel, 118,131 

Makom uch, 143, 158 

Makulixkuat, 143, 156 

Maluk, 145,178 

Malva, 206, 241-242 

Manko, 145,173-174 

Manko, batz'i, 145,174 

Manko, chitom, 145,174 

Manko, tranjero, 145, 174 

Manko, xok, 145,174 

Mantarina, 144,169 

Mantarina, batz'i, 144,169 

Mantarina, k'ol-pat, 144, 169 

Mantzana, 144,164-165, 233 

Mantzana, batz'i, 144, 164 

Mantzana, kamosa, 144,165 

Mantzana, per6te, 144,165 

Mantzana, tranjero, 144, 165 

Mantzana te', 144,165 

Mantzanilya, 209, 259-260 

Marivana, 213, 277 

Markarita, 209, 260 

Markarita, cha'-lom, 209, 260 

Markarita, ch'ulul, 209, 260 

Markarita, k'ox, 209, 260 

Markarita, tzotziron, 209, 260 

Markarita rey6no, 209, 260 

Markarita tz'i'lel, 209, 260 

Markariton, 209, 260 

Markariton, batz'i, 209, 260 

Markariton, tzotzin, 209, 260 

Matal ak', 143, 160 

Matas, 204, 223 

Matas, k'anal, 204, 223 

Matas, sakil, 204, 223 

Me' putzul, 211,265 

Melon, 118,129-130 

Melon, batz'i, 118,129-130 

Melon, chi'il, 118,130 

Memela ak', 119,137 

Mernela te', 145, 178 

Meno, 142,151 

Mes te', 143, 149,158, 191 

Mesob jol bakal, 203, 220-221 

Met, 144,166 

Met, chi, 144, 166 
NUMBER 35 701 

Met, lo'balal, 144,166 

Met, muk'ta, 144,166 

Metabel, 203, 215 

Mexa tz'i'lel, 213, 277 

Mikulax itaj, 119,137-138 

Milob ch'o te', 143,161 

Mixto, 208, 255 

Mojan, 145,178 

Molino te', 144,170 

Mora, 148,198 

Mosote, 210, 264 

Moy, 206, 232-233, 242-243, 256, 273, 277 

Moy te', 147,191 

Mukumu, 148,198 

Mumun, 143,159 

Mumun te', 143,159 

Mustisya, 203, 215 

Mustisya, k'ox, 203, 215 

Mustisya, muk'ta, 203, 215 

Mutut, 145,178 

Muy, 145,174 

Nam-te' mol, 146,185 

Nampfvo, 143,156 

Nankipu, 148, 198 

Nantzi', 142, 151-152 

Nap, 147,192 

Napux, 203, 215 

Napux, batz'i, 203, 215 

Napux, jolinom, 203, 215 

Napux, kaxlan, 203, 214-215 

Nap'-'us tz'i'lel, 213, 277 

Nap'ap' tz'i'lel, 207, 252 

Nap'ap' tz'i'lel, batz'i, 208, 252 

Nap'ap' tz'i'lel, bik'it, 208, 252 

Nap'ap' tz'i'lel, k'anal, 208, 252 

Nap'ap' tz'i'lel, k'ox, 208, 252 

Nap'ap' tz'i'lel, yaxal, 208, 252 

Naranja, 144,169 

Naranja, jayal pat, 144,169 

Naranja, pimil pat, 144, 169 

Natz' amuch, 204, 221 

Ne bolom, 206, 246 

Ne chuch, 208, 255 

Ne inatab, 119,134-135 

Ne kotom, 142,151 

Ne kotom, k'ox, 142,151 

Ne kotom, muk'ta, 142,151 

Ne saben, 118,132 

Nekebpox, 213, 277 

Nekeb pox, krem, 213, 277 

Nekeb pox, tzeb, 213, 277-278 

Nex, 203, 216 

Nex, kilajtik, 203, 216 

Nex, va'ajtik, 203, 216 

Nich nab, 213, 278 

Nichnab, bero, 213, 278 

Nichnab, ch'ix, 213, 278 

Nich nab, koko'on, 213, 278 

Nich nab, kuchara, 213, 278 

Nich nab, pech'e-'ok, 213, 278 

Nichim joj, 213, 278 

Nichim ninyo, 204,125 

Nichim te', 144,164 

Nimpronix, 144,165 

Nimpronix te', 144,165 

No'chi', 145,174 

Nochleb buluk' sat, 208, 252 

Nochleb vonon, 211, 267-268 

Noch'och', 118,131 

Nok, 146,186-187 

Nok, sakil, 146, 186-187 

Nok, tzajal, 146,187 

Nok'ol sik'ol, 206, 242 

Nok'ol sik'ol j'ik'al, 206, 242 

Nube, 209, 260 

Nukul pat, 146,182 

Nuk' chij, 148,198 

Ob, 203, 219 

Ob, sakil, 203, 219 

Ob, tzajal, 203, 219 

Ok'il te', 146,182 

Olnob, 144,170-171 

Olnob, batz'i, 144,176 

Olnob, paka', 144,170-171 

Olnob, tzajal, 144, 171 

On, 145, 174-175 

On, batz'i, 145,174-175 

On, ch'ail, 145,175 

On, tzitz, 145,175 

On te', 145, 176, 191 

On te', k'ox, 145,176 

On te', muk'ta, 145, 176 

On te', nap'ap', 145,176, 191 

On te' pox, 207, 250 

On te' pox, bik'it, 207, 250 

On te' pox, muk'ta, 207, 250 

Oregano, 208, 255 

Orisyon tz'i'lel, 208, 254 

Otot, 142, 151 

Otot, k'anal, 142, 151 

Otot, yaxal, 142,151 

Oven, 145, 175 

Ox-'u, 118,132-133 

Pa' itaj, 203, 218 

Paj-'ul, 146,187 

Paj-'ul, k'ox, 146, 160,187 

Paj-'ul, muk'ta, 146, 187 

Paj-'ul, tzajal, 146, 187 

Pak' chak, 206, 244 

Pak' chak, k'ox, 206, 244, 279 

Pak' chak, muk'ta, 206, 244 

Palma, 147, 192 

Pamal jabnal, 207, 251 

Papaya, 148,198 

Papaya mut, 148,198 

Paraiso te', 148,198-199 

Patax, 148,199 

Patax, k'ox, 148,199 

Patax nichim, k'anal, 148,199 

Patax nichim, moraro, 148,199 

Patax nichim, sakil, 148,199 

Patax nichim, tzajal, 148,199 

Paxak', chimpo, 144, 167 

Paxak', kinya, 144, 167 

Paxak', muk'ta, 144,167 

Paxak', potpot, 144,167 

Paxak'il te'tik, 144, 167 

Paxamum, 143,156 

Paxamum, batz'i, 143,156 

Paxamum, muk'ta, 143,156 

Pek'me'el, 118,133 

Pelex, 144,165 

Pelex, batz'i, 144,165 

Pelex, kaxlan, 144, 165 

Pem-k'ulub, 206, 244 

Pem-k'ulub, batz'i, 206, 244 

Pem-k'ulub, sakil, 206, 244 

Pepen ak', 119, 138 

Pepino, 118,130 

Perejil, 212, 271 

Petok, 206, 246 

Petok, batz'i, 206, 246 

Petok, ik'-lo'an, 206, 246 

Petok, te'tikil, 206, 246 

Petok, tzajal, 206, 246 

Pi, 207, 251 

Pi, sakil, 207, 251 

Pi, tzajal, 207, 251 

Pich', 203, 218 

Pik'ok', 119,133-134 

Pik'ok', batz'i, 119,133-134 

Pik'ok', k'ox, 119,134 

Pik'ok', sakil, 119,134 

Pilix, 209, 260 

Pilix, k'ox, 209, 260 

Pilix, sakil, 209, 260 

Pimenta, 148,199 

Pimenta, batz'i, 148, 199 

Pimenta, kaxlan, 148,199 

Pimil anal, 206, 246-247 

Pimil anal, batz'i, 206, 246-247 

Pimil anal, k'ox, 206, 247 

Pimil anal, tontikil, 206, 247 

Pinsel, 213, 278 

Pinto te', 143, 161-162 

Pit, 144, 171 

Pitzak', 207, 248-249 

Pitzak*, batz'i, 207, 248-249 

Pitzak', muk'ta, 207, 249 

Pitzak', tzajal, 207, 249 

Pitz'otz*, 145, 176-177 

Piyon te', 148,199 

Po'on, 145, 178-179 
702 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Po'on, batz'i, 145,178-179 

Po'on, te'tikal, 145,179 

Po'on ch'ix, 145, 179 

Pochok', 213, 278 

Pojov ak', 119,138 

Pojov tz'i'lel, 207, 250 

Pojov tz'i'lel, batz'i, 207, 250 

Pojov tz'i'lel, tzajal, 207, 250 

Pok'ok', 207, 251 

Polotz', 117,127 

Pom, 145, 179 

Pom, ach'el, 145,179 

Pom, batz'i, 145, 179 

Pomka', 145,179 

Pom tz'unun, k'anal, 208, 252 

Pom tz'unun, muk'ta, 208, 252 

Pom tz'unun, puj-'akan, 208, 252-253 

Pom tz'unun, sakil, 149, 208, 253 

Pom tz'unun, tzajal, 149, 191, 208, 253 

Pom tz'unun, yax-'ulan, 191, 208, 253 

Pom tz'unun, yaxal, 208, 253 

Pomos, 148, 199 

Pomos, ik'al, 148, 149,199 

Pomos, sakil, 148, 199 

Pomos, tzajal, 148, 149, 199 

Pompom, 209, 260-261 

Pompom, batz'i, 209, 260-261 

Pompom, k'anal, 209, 261 

Pompom, k'anal muk'ta, 209, 261 

Pompom, moraro, 209, 261 

Pompom, moraro muk'ta, 209, 261 

Pompom, muk'ta, 209, 260-261 

Pompom, sakil, 209, 261 

Pompom, sakil muk'ta, 209, 261 

Potov, 148, 199-200 

Potov, batz'i, 148, 199-200 

Potov, kaxlan, 148, 200 

Potov, sakil kaxlan, 148, 200 

Potov, tzajal, 148, 200 

Potov, tzajal kaxlan, 148, 200 

Poxil apon, 154,208,251,254 

Poxil chin, 206, 207, 247, 250 

Poxil chon, 213, 278 

Poxil chu'ul, 207, 213, 250, 278 

Poxil chuvaj, 205, 207, 240, 249 

Poxil eal, 207, 247 

Poxil ik', 143, 158 

Poxil jolol, 206, 244-245 

Poxil k'ok', 208, 253 

Poxil lukum, 213, 278 

Poxil majbenal, 208, 253 

Poxil mako', 204, 221 

Poxil me'-vinik, 207, 213, 249, 279 

Poxil obal, 203, 217 

Poxil pat ka', 205, 240 

Poxil poslom, 146, 181 

Poxil sal tz'i', 204, 226 

Poxil satil, 213, 279 

Poxil sep', 205, 240 

Poxil sim-nak'al, 213, 279 

Poxil ti'ben lukum, 207, 250-251 

Poxil t'ajel, 204, 226 

Poxil tza'nel, 143, 158 

Poxil vayichil, 204, 221 

Poxil yat chij, 207, 247 

Poxil yayijemal, 213, 234, 279 

Poxil yerva, 203, 240 

Presa, 146, 184 

Primon, 208, 253 

Prixku', 146,188-189 

Prixku', k'anal, 147, 189 

Prixku', sakil, 147,189 

Puj, 214, 279 

Puj, antzil, 214, 279 

Puj, vinik, 

Pulum vo', 119,136 

Putzkuy, 142, 153 

Putzul, 211,265 

Putzul chij, 143,162 

Puyu', 119,134 

Puyu', k'anal, 119,134 

Puyu', k'ox, 119, 134 

Puyu', sakil, 119,134 

Puyu', tzajal, 119,134 

Puyu', yaxal, 119,134 

P'uk, 119,135 

Radiola, 211,265-266 

Radidla, k'anal, 211,266 

Radiola, moraro, 211, 266 

Radi61a, sak-vilan, 211, 266 

Radiola, sakil, 211,266 

Roxa, 120, 140-141 

Roxa, batz'i tzajal, 120,140 

Roxa, ik'ik'-lo'an, 120, 140 

Roxa, k'anal, 120, 140 

Roxa, k'ox tzajal, 120,140-141 

Roxa, makom, 120,141 

Roxa, sak-pak'an, 120,140 

Roxa, sak-vayan, 120, 140 

Roxa, sak-vayan tzajal, 120, 140 

Roxa, sak-vilan tz'unbalal, 

Roxa, sakil, 120,141 

Saju', 204, 223 

Saju', batz'i, 204, 223, 234 

Saju', ch'ix, 204, 223 

Sak-nich te', 147, 191-192 

Sak-nich te', muk'ta, 147, 191-192 

Sakaton, 208, 255 

Sakaton, batz'i, 208, 255 

Sakaton, tzajal, 208, 255 

Sakil, 118,130 

Sakil, kometa, 118,130 

Sakil, setajtik, 118,130 

Sakil, telajtik, 118,130 

Sakil, volajtik, 118,130 

Sakil ak', 119,134 

Sakil nichim, 214, 279 

Sakil nichim te', 212, 271 

Sakil te', 145,176 

Sakramentual nichim, 209, 261 

Sal-te', 142,153 

Sal-te', sakil, 142,153, 240 

Sal-te', tzajal, 142,153 

Sanorya, 203, 215 

Sap yok, 146, 187 

Sat mes, 206, 245 

Sat mes, k'anal, 206, 245 

Sat mes, sakil, 206, 245 

Sat pukuj, 145,177 

Sat pukuj tz'i'lel, 214, 279 

Sat vet, 214, 279 

Satin, 148, 181-182, 191, 200, 252 

Saya-vun, 142, 153 

S6ntavo tz'i'lel, 207, 247 

Sikil ton, 203, 219 

Sik'ol ak', 119,135 

Sik'ol te', 148, 200 

Sila, 144,169 

Sirvela, 147,189 

Sirvela, ik'ik'-lo'an, 147,189 

Sirvela, k'anal, 147, 189 

Sirvela, sakil, 147, 189 

Sirvela, tzajal, 147,189 

Sitit, 147,190 

Sitit, sakil, 147,190 

Sitit, tzajal, 147,190 

Snichim koyta, 204, 226 

Snichim xan-lukax, 209, 201 

Soro te', 148, 200 

Sten uch, 208, 253 

Suil itaj, 147, 190 

Suil itaj, batz'i, 147,190 

Suil itaj, k'ox, 147,190 

Suk, 144,171 

Suk, ik'al, 144,171 

Suk, sakil, 144,171 

Sun, 145, 180 

Tamarin, 144, 171 

Tan ka', 214, 279-280 

Tanpox, 208, 251,255-256 

Te' ak', 120,141 

Tempix, 146, 187 

Ten-jol pox, 204, 221 

Tenten pox, 214, 280 

Tentzun, 208, 253-254 

Tilil, 146, 181-182 

Toj, 140, 146, 158, 181, 182-184, 186, 191, 

233, 259 

Toj, ajan, 146,184, 191 

Toj, batz'i, 146,184 

Toj, chak 146,184 

Toj, ik'al, 146, 184 

I Toj, k'uk', 146, 182,184 
NUMBER 35 703 

Toj, sakil k'uk', 146,184 

Toj, tzajal, 124, 146, 184 

Toj, tzajal k'uk', 146,184 

Tok'oy, 148, 200-201 

Tok'oy, batz'i, 148, 201 

Tok'oy, kaxlan, 144,166 

Tok'oy, kilajtik, 148, 201 

Tok'oy, k'ox, 148, 201 

Tomyo, 208, 256 

Ton bek', 146, 184-185 

Tontikil putzul, 209, 261 

Top'ol, 146, 185 

Top'ol, k'anal, 146, 185 

Top'ol, k'ox, 146, 185 

Treno, 143,156 

Triko, 205, 239 

Tub chii, 208, 257 

Tuil te', 145, 177 

Tuix, 208, 257-258 

Tuix, batz'i, 208, 257 

Tuix, j'alnom, 208, 251 

Tuix, sakil, 208, 257 

Tuix, te'tikil, 208, 257-258 

Tuix tz'i'lel, 208, 258 

Tukum j'ik'al, 205, 237 

Tulan, 146,187-188, 191 

Tulan, k'evex, 146,188 

Tulan, sakil, 146,188 

Tulan, tzajal, 146, 160, 184, 186, 188 

Turasnu, 147, 189-190 

Turasnu, batz'i, 146,189 

Turasnu, karirat, 147, 189 

Turasnu, kaxlan, 147,189 

Turasnu, luranko, 147,189 

Turasnu, merokotom, 147, 189-190 

Turasnu te', 148, 201 

Tut, 214, 280 

Tutnab, 214, 280 

Tuturu, 212, 271 

Tux-nuk', 214, 280 

Tux-nuk', k'an-chik, 214, 280 

Tux-nuk', sakil, 214, 280 

Tux-nuk' te', 142,153 

T'ut'ak', 119,135 

T'ut'ak', batz'i, 119,135 

T'ut'ak', k'ox, 119,135 

Tzajal nichim, 150, 209, 261-262 

Tzajal nichim, batz'i, 209, 261-262 

Tzajal nichim, ik'ik'-lo'an, 209, 262 

Tzajal nichim, sak-vayan, 209, 262 

Tzajal nichim, sakil, 209, 262 

Tzajal te', 148, 201 

Tzelo-pat, 147, 190-191 

Tzelo-pat, bak, 147,190 

Tzelo-pat, batz'i, 147,190 

Tzelo-pat, chan-tzelav, 147, 158, 190-191 

Tzib, 209-210, 262-263 

Tzib, batz'i, 209, 262 

Tzib, ik'al ok, 209-210, 262 

Tzib, jamal anal, 210, 262-263 

Tzib, kilajtik, 210, 263 

Tzib, k'ox, 210, 263 

Tzib, muk'ta, 210, 263 

Tzib, muruch', 210, 263 

Tzib, tzajal, 210, 263 

Tzib, tzatzal ok, 210, 263 

Tzib ak', 210, 263 

Tzima', 142, 152 

Tzis chauk, 212, 271 

Tzis uch, 142, 149, 150 

Tzitz, 145,175,211,268 

Tzitz pox, 211,255-256, 268 

Tzitz te', 145, 175 

Tzitz tz'i'lel, 211,268-269 

Tzo' xulem te', 144, 171 

Tzojoj, 146,180 

Tzon-te', 219, 280 

Tzon-te', pop, 214, 280 

Tzon-te'al balamil, 214, 280 

Tzon-te'al krus, 214, 242, 280 

Tzon-te'al te', 214, 280 

Tzon-te'al ton, 214, 280 

Tzotz-ni' te', 147, 192 

Tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel, 207, 249 

Tzu, 119,136 

Tzu, batz'i, 119,136 

Tzu, ik'ob-bail, 119,136 

Tzu, korn6ta, 119,136 

Tzu, muk'ta, 119, 136 

Tzu, nene', 119,136 

Tzual moy, 119,136 

Tzukum tz'i'lel, 204, 221 

Tzun-jol tz'i'lel, 214, 280-281 

Tzutzub, 211,269 

Tz'emeni', 211, 266 

Tz'emeni', batz'i, 211, 266 

Tz'emeni', k'ox , 211, 266 

Tz'emeni', muk'ta, 211, 266 

Tz'emeni', o'lol, 211, 266 

Tz'emeni', tzajal, 211, 266 

Tz'emeni', yaxal, 211, 266 

Tz'erel, 142, 154 

Tz'i' nichim, 208, 256 

Tz'in-te', 143,158-159 

Tz'itesob jolol, 119,138 

Tz'itesob jolol ak', 119,138 

Tz'oban, 147,193 

Tz'oban, batz'i, 147, 193 

Tz'oban, k'anal, 147,193 

Tz'oban, k'ox, 147, 193,281 

Tz'ol, 118,130,272 

Tz'ol, batz'i, 118,130 

Tz'ol, kvarentano, 118, 130 

Tz'ol, sakil, 118,130 

Tz'ol, yaxal, 118,130 

Tz'otz'op, 146,188 

Tz'ul itaj, 203, 219-220 

Tz'ul itaj, batz'i, 203, 219 

Tz'ul itaj, ch'ixal, 203, 219 

Tz'ul itaj, sakil, 203, 219 

Tz'ul itaj, tan, 203, 219-220 

Tz'ul itaj, tzajal, 203, 219 

Tz'usub, 119,138 

Tz'usub, batz'i, 119, 138 

Tz'usub, sakil, 119-120,138 

Tz'usub ak', 120,138 

Tz'utuj te', 146, 188 

Tz'utuj te' te', 146,188 

Uch, 145, 176 

Uch'ul vo', 211,266-267 

Uch'ul vo', kilajtik, 211,266 

Uch'ul vo', k'ox, 211, 266-267 

Uch'ul vo', muk'ta, 211, 267 

Uch'ul vo', sakil, 211,267 

Uch'ul vo', setajtik, 211, 267 

Uch'ul vo'al ba ton, 211, 267 

Uli', te'el, 145,179 

Unen mu, 205, 228-229 

Unen mu, sakil, 205, 229 

Unen mu, tzajal, 205, 229 

Unen mu tz'i'lel, 205, 229 

Uskun-te', 203, 220 

Uva, 120, 138 

Vako' ak', 120, 138-139, 140, 158 

Vala-pojov, 207, 249 

Vala-pojov, batz'i, 207, 249 

Vala-pojov, k'ox, 207, 249 

Vala-pojov, muk'ta, 207, 249 

Vale', 186, 196, 205, 232-233, 237-239, 

261,268-269 

Vale', sakil, 205, 239 

Vale', tzajal, 205, 239 

Vale' j'ik'al, 205, 239 

Vamuch te', 144,171 

Vax te', 143,156 

Ve'el inatab, 120, 139 

Ve'el kulajte', 145,177 

Ve'el k'ovix, 208, 258 

Ventex chij, 214, 281 

Ventex mol, 142,149-150 

Vixobtakil, 207, 247-248 

Vixobtakil, batz'i, 149-150, 207, 247-248 

Vixobtakil, muk'ta, 207, 248 

Vixobtakil, setajtik, 207, 248 

Vixobtakil chon, 207, 248 

Vo'ox, 148, 201 

Vo'tus, 211,269 

Vo'tus, antzil, 211, 269 

Vo'tus, kaxlan, 211,269 

Vo'tus, kelem, 211,269 

Vo'tus, k'ox, 211,269 

Vo'tus tz'i'lel, 211, 269 

Vojton tz'i'lel, 204, 226 
704 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Volita, 209, 262 

Voy chij te', 145,171-172 

Voy mula, 214, 281 

Vux te', 148, 201 

Xan, 147,192-193 

Xan, batz'i, 147, 193-194, 233 

Xan, pik', 147, 193 

Xantiya, 118,130 

Xantiya ak', 118,127 

Xanxan, 214, 281 

Xanxanil balamil, 214, 281 

Xanxanil te', 214, 281 

Xanxanil ton, 214, 281 

Xavon ak*, 118, 127 

Xaxib, 145,172 

Xaxib, batz'i, 145,172 

Xaxib, muk'ta, 145,172 

X'ukun, 148, 201-202 

Xchenek' tzajal om, 117,124, 140, 149 

Xenebal pox, 118, 127 

Xenxerva, 214, 281 

Ximo', 205, 239 

Ximo', batz'i, 205, 239 

Ximo', bik'it, 205, 239 

Xinal ak', 120,139 

Xinal pox, 214, 281 

Xinal te', 142, 153-154, 191 

Xinal tz'i'lel, 214, 281-282 

Xolom, 146,185 

Xoto-chak, 118,131 

Xtalaj tz'i'lel, 206, 245 

Xut, 117,125 

Xutak', 117,125 

Yail tz'i'lel, 214, 282 

Yaj-te' kotom, 145,176 

Yajan chuch, 214, 282 

Yajan chuch, batz'i, 214, 282 

Yajan chuch, tzajal, 214, 282 

Yajil ama, 142, 150 

Yak' jnibak, 143,156 

Yak' max, 120,141 

Yak' xulem, 120, 139 

Yak'il vob, 118,133 

Yak'ubal us, 214, 282 

Yalem bek'et, 208, 254 

Yama chauk, 212, 271 

Yarvajalca me'on, 212, 273 

Yat kotom, 211,267 

Yat kotom ak', 118, 132 

Yatnab, 214, 282 

Yat tz'i' ak',120, 141 

Yat tz'i' tz'i'lel, 214, 282 

Yat vakax ak', 120, 139 

Yax-'ib te', 143,162 

Yax-chel, 208, 273 

Yax-chel, k'ox, 208, 273 

Yax-chel, muk'ta, 208, 273 

Yax-'on, 145,175 

Yax-te', 144,162 

Yaxal mol, 146,182 

Yaxal nich tz'i'lel, 212, 273 

Yaxux ka', 208, 256 

Ye aja chon, 205, 229 

Yech' joj, 213, 276 

Yich joj, 205, 229 

Yich kurik, 205, 228 

Yich'ak ch'o, 208, 254 

Yich'ak mis, 118,133 

Yich'ak mut, 144, 150,169, 232 

Yikatz toj, 206, 243, 281 

Yisim be, 210, 264 

Yisim bolom, 143,157 

Yisim mut bolom, 148, 202 

Yok' tz'i', 206, 240 

Yok'tz'i'ak', 118,133 

Yok'vakax, 211,267 

Yolnob ch'o, 145,172 

Yoyal vinajel, 206, 246 

Yuch' max, 147,193-194 

Yuch' max, batz'i, 147,194 

Yuch' max, k'ox, 147,194 

Yuch' max, tzotzin, 147,194 

Yuch' max pox, 147,194 

Yuch'ul vo' bolom, 211, 267 

Yuch'ul vo'j'ik'al, 211,267 
Index 5 

Plant Index (English) 

(Boldface = page number(s) of principal entry) 

Acacia, Bull's Horn, 169 

Agave, 165-166, 256-257 

Alder, 186-187 

Alfalfa, 248 

Allspice, 199 

Amaranth, 219-220 

Apple, 105,164-165 

Apple, Golden Pippin, 165 

Apricot, 77,188-189 

Arrow Root, 224-225 

Avocado, 25, 103, 107,173-175 

Baby's Breath, 24, 260 

Bachelor's Button, 278 

Bamboo, 102,150-151 

Banana, 45, 103,197 

Basil, 272 

Basil, European, 272 

Bean, 19, 24, 28, 69-74, 77,. 102, 103,-106, 

120-125 

Bean, Bush, 124-125 

Bean, Faba, 122 

Bean, Jack, 133 

Bean, Lima, 125 

Bean, Pole, 123-124 

Bean, Rice, 121 

Bean, Scarlet Runner, 125 

Bean, Seiva, 125 

Beet, 215 

Beggar's Ticks, 223 

Blackberry, 131 

Bloodwood, 160 

Blueberry, Wild, 149 

Borage, Garden, 216-217 

Box Elder, 176 

Bromeliad, 274-276 

Broom Brush, Mexican, 158 

Buddleia, 190 

Bugloss, 217 

Bullrush, 279 

Burclover, 248-249 

Cabbage, 24-25, 77, 102, 230 

Cacao, 196 

Cactus, 102, 109, 245-246 

Cactus, Orchid, 245 

Calabash Tree, 151 

Calabash Tree, Wild, 152 

Camphor, 43, 186 

Candytuft, 259 

Cantaloupe, 130 

Carnation, 24, 96-97, 106, 258-259 

Carrot, 24, 215 

Castor Bean, 107,258 

Catbriar, 134-135 

Cattail, 104, 279 

Cauliflower, 230 

Cedar, 177 

Ceiba, 107,177-178 

Chamomile, 43, 45, 259-260 

Chard, Swiss, 274 

Chayote, 25, 37, 77, 79, 103, 106-107, 

125-126, 220, 228 

Cherry, 103,155 

Cherry, Black, 155 

Chili, 37-38, 103, 107, 227-228 

Chili, Cherry, 228 

Chinaberry, 198 

Chrysanthemum, Florists', 25, 97, 258-261 

Cinnamon, 161 

Citron, 169 

Clove, 195 

Clover, 248-249 

Clover, Yellow Sweet, 249 

Coconut, 192 

Coffee, 25, 37,167-168, 196 

Coriander, 24, 37, 270-271 

Corn, 2, 19, 24, 26-28, 37, 67-72, 74-79, 

103-108,231-237 

Cosmos, 223 

Cotton, 280 

Coyol, 107,192 

Cud Weed, 279 

Cushaw, 130 

Custard Apple, 196 

Cypress, 26, 32, 97,182 

Cypress, Bald, 182 

Dahlia, 223 

Dahlia, Tree, 222 

Daikon, 215 

Daisy, 96-97, 259-260 

Daisy, Crown, 259 

Daisy, Ox Eye, 260 

Dandelion, 261 

Datura, 109, 241 

Dock, 282 

Dodder, 140 

Dogbane Tree, 152-153 

Dogwood, Creek, 162 

Elderberry, 43,154-155 

Elm, 188 

Evening Primrose, 254 

Fennel, 43, 270 

Fern, Bracken, 262 

Fern, Holly, 263 

Fern, Maidenhair, 262 

Feverfew, 24, 43, 97, 263 

Fig, 195 

Fig, Wild, 177-178 

Figwort, 274 

Fir, 184 

Four O'clock, 109, 241 

Frangipanni, 199 

Fuchsia, Lilac, 150,169 

Garlic, 43, 256 

Geranium, Garden, 25, 45, 57, 261-262 

Ginger, 281 

Ginger, Wild, 226 

Gladiolus, 24, 96-97, 264-266 

Goosefoot, Nettle-leaved, 219 

Gourd, 103, 107,135-136 

Gourd, Bottle, 135-136 

Gourd, Dishrag, 127 

Grape, 103,138 

Grape, Wild, 138 

Grass, Beard, 255 

Grass, Lemon, 255 

Ground Cherry, 217 

Guajilote, 151 

Guamuchil, 171 

Guanacaste, 171 

Guava, 199-200 

Gum, 186 

Gumbolimbo, 153 

Hackberry, 156 

Hackberry Bush, Mexican, 156 

Hawthorn, 162-163 

Hibiscus, Garden, 109, 241 

Hog Plum, 178-179 

705 
706 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Hop Hornbeam, 188 

Hopseed Bush, Clammy, 149 

Hornbeam, American, 188 

Horsetail, 280 

Incense Tree, 179 

Jamaica Cherry, 156 

Jamberry, 217 

Jimson Weed, 258 

Juniper, 32,182 

Kale, 79, 230 

Kale, Curly, 230 

Kidney Wood, 162 

Kohlrabi, 230 

Laurel, Bush, 149 

Lead Tree, 170-171 

Lemon, 169 

Lemon, Sweet, 168 

Lettuce, 276-277 

Lichen, 280 

Lily, 96-97, 224-226, 256-258 

Lily, Calla, 97, 225 

Lily, Day, 224 

Lily, White, 224 

Lily of the Nile, 97, 224 

Lime, 25,168 

Lime, Sweet, 168 

Madrone, 176 

Maize, 231-237 

Mango, 37,173-174 

Manila Hemp, 197 

Manzanita, 176 

Marigold, 45, 269 

Marigold, Marsh, 32 

Marijuana, 277 

Melon, 77,127-130 

Melon, Musk, 129-130 

Mexican Tea, 37, 218 

Milkweed, 250 

Mint, 37, 107, 271-272 

Mint, Bergamont, 272 

Mistletoe, 243 

Moss, 280 

Moss, Club, 281 

Moss, Resurrection, 281 

Moss, Spanish, 280 

Muhly, Rat Tail, 254 

Mulberry, Wild, 153 

Mustard, Black, 215 

Mustard, Field, 25, 38, 215 

Nance, 151 

Nettle, 163-164 

Nightshade, Wild, 228-229 

Oak, 32, 185-188 

Oak, Black, 185-186 

Oak White, 187-188, 

Oat, 230-231 

Oleander, 199 

Onion, 103, 257-258 

Onion, Wild, 37, 257-258 

Orange, 37,169 

Orange, Navel, 169 

Orange, Sour, 167 

Orange, Valencia, 169 

Orchid, 265-267 

Orchid, Ladies' Slipper, 265 

Oregano, 255 

Palm, 192-195 

Palm, Bamboo, 45,194-195 

Palm, Fan, 45,192-193 

Palm, Sabal, 192 

Papaya, 198 

Parsley, 271 

Pea, 122-123 

Pea, Chick, 122-123 

Peach, 188-190 

Peach, Cling, 189-190 

Peach, Freestone, 25, 77, 79,188-189 

Peanut, 123 

Pear, 103,165 

Pear, Oriental, 165 

Penny Royal, 271-272 

Pepper, Bell, 227 

Pepper, Black, 199 

Pepper Grass, 219 

Pine, 26-27, 32, 45, 57, 105,182-184 

Pine, White, 184 

Pine, Yellow, 184 

Pineapple, 37,166-167 

Pink, Garden, 259 

Piper, 37,159 

Plantain, 37,197 

Plum, 77, 79, 189 

Poison Ivy, 160 

Poison Sumac, 160 

Pokeberry, 218-219 

Pomegranate, 196 

Popapple, 45, 137 

Poppy, Opium, 273-274 

Potato, 24-25, 37, 77, 79, 102, 105, 107, 229 

Prickly Pear, 109, 246 

Quince, 165 

Radish, 24, 37, 214-215 

Radish, Oriental, 215 

Raspberry, Wild, 131 

Red Hot Poker, 224 

Reed, 103, 150 

Rice, 230 

Rose, 45, 103,140-141 

Rose, Bush, 140-141 

Rubber Tree, 179 

Rue, 43, 277 

Rush, 263 

Sand Bur, 264 

Sapote, Black, 176 

Sapote, Chico, 174 

Sapote, Mamey, 37,173 

Sapote, Son, 173 

Sapote, White, 172-173 

Sapote, Yellow, 174 

Sea Grape, 180 

Sedge, 264 

Sedum, 246-248 

Self-heal, 272 

Sesame, 276 

Shallot, 257 

Shell Flower, Mexican, 265 

Sorghum, 237 

Sow, Thistle, 222 

Spiderwort, 266 

Spinach, New Zealand, 218 

Spurge, 250 

Squash, 37, 45, 77, 79, 103, 106,127-130 

Squash, Pumpkin, 25, 38,127-128 

Squash, Summer, 130 

Squash, Watermelon, 25, 105, 107, 

128-129, 220 

Stock, 256 

Strawberry, 131 

Strawberry, Mock, 131 

Sugarcane, 37, 45, 102-103, 237-239 

Sumac, 187 

Sweet Potato, 229-230 

Sweet William, 259 

Sycamore, 161 

Tamarind, 171 

Tangerine, 169 

Thistle, 222 

Thyme, 256 

Tick Clover, 279 

Tobacco, 43, 107, 109, 242-243 

Tomato, 37, 217-218 

Tomato, Cherry, 217 

Tomato, Husk, 37, 217 

Tomato, Italian, 218 

Tomato, Pulp, 218 

Trumpet Bush, Yellow, 162 

Turnip, 215 

Umbrella Tree, 198 

Violet, 226-227 

Virgin's Bower, 139 

Walnut, 184 

Water Hyacinth, 274 

Watercress, 38, 216 

Watermelon, 130 

Wax Myrtle, 45, 82, 200 

Wheat, 237 

Willow, 200-201 

Wintergreen, Wild, 148-149 

Yam, Wild, 135 

Yucca, Bulb Stem, 166 

Zinnia, Garden, 261