Pest List for Fresh Pomegranate, Punica granatum L., from 

Mexico to the Continental United States 

September 16, 2010 

Rev. 02 

Agency Contact: 

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory 

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology 

United States Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 

Plant Protection and Quarantine 

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 

Raleigh, NC 27606 
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 2

1. Introduction 

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of 

Agriculture (USDA) prepared this pest list to examine plant pest risks associated with the 

importation of fresh pomegranate fruit, Punica granatum L., into the United States from Mexico. 

The commodity will be imported to the continental United States and Alaska, but not to Hawaii, 

Guam, or the other U.S. territories. 

2. Pest Categorization

Below we list the pests associated with pomegranate reported in Mexico (Table 1). In that list we 

identify the presence or absence of these pests in Mexico and the United States; the generally 

affected plant part or parts; the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States; 

whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway and enter the United States on commercially 

exported pomegranate fruit; and pertinent references. Pests highlighted with a gray background 

are quarantine pests identified for potential further analysis, as we consider them reasonably 

likely to follow the pathway of commercial fruit shipments. We summarized these pests in a 

separate table (Table 2). Quarantine pests not following the pathway could harm U.S. agriculture 

or ecosystems, but were not further analyzed because either they are associated with plant parts 

other than the commodity, or they are unlikely to remain with the fruit through standard harvest 

and post-harvest processing. 

Generally, we do not analyze organisms not identified to the species level. Often many species 

occur within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the United States 

and, therefore, whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest. Lack of specific identification 

may indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge, or the life stage or quality of the 

specimen submitted for identification. By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on organisms for 

which biological information is available. Lack of specific identification does not rule out the 

possibility that a high risk quarantine pest was intercepted. Despite that, the development of 

detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as internal 

fruit feeders or foliage pests, allow effective mitigation measures to eliminate the known 

organisms as well as similar but incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same niche. If 

pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, we may reevaluate their risk. 
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 3 

Table 1. Pests reported on pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) anywhere in the world and present in 

Mexico (on any host). 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

ARTHROPODA

Acari: Acaridae

Tyrophagus 

putrescentiae

(Schrank)

MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Tyrophagus sp. MX (PestID, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Acari: Tarsonemidae

Tarsonemus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Acari: Tenuipalpidae

Brevipalpus californicus

(Banks)

MX, US (Baker and 

Tuttle, 1964)

Anonymous, 1994 Yes4 F, L, S, Bd 

(Denmark, 2006) 

No5

Brevipalpus lewisi

McGregor

MX, US (Kerns et 

al., n.d.)

Jeppson et al., 1975; 

Kerns et al., n.d.

Yes4 F, L (Kerns et al., 

n.d.)

No5

Brevipalpus obovatus

Donnadieu

MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

Childers et al., 2003a Yes4 L (Mites, n.d.), F 

(Childers et al., 

2003b6

; Rezk, 

2001)

No5

Brevipalpus phoenicis

(Geijskes)

MX, US (EPPO, n.d. 

1)

Childers et al., 2003a; Yes4 L, F (Kessing and 

Mau, 1992; Peña 

and Crane, 2006).

No5

Brevipalpus sp. MX (PestID, 2010), 

US (CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) Yes

Acari: Tetranychidae

Oligonychus punicae 

(Hirst)

MX, US (Bolland et 

al., 1998)

Bolland et al., 1998 No N/A N/A

 

1

 MX – Mexico, US – United States, FL- Florida, CA - California; HI - Hawaii 2

 Plant parts: Br = Branch, I = Inflorescence, F = Fruit, L = Leaf, R = Root, Sd = Seed, and S = Stem, Bd = bud. N/A = Not 

Applicable (see text for more detail). 3

 A few interceptions in passenger baggage are insufficient evidence that this pest is present in Mexico, since the true origin 

of such produce is uncertain. Therefore, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercially produced 

pomegranates from Mexico. 4

 This pest does not meet the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest but it is a vector of the quarantine pest, citrus leprosis virus 

(EPPO, n.d. 1), that occurs in Mexico (SENASICA, 2010). Therefore, we treat the vector as a quarantine pest (Cavey, 

2001). 5

 Citrus Leprosis Virus (CLV) causes local lesions in the host (mostly citrus) (Bastianel, et al., 2006). For infective

Brevipalpus mites to follow the pathway, they would first have to acquire the virus by feeding on infected citrus tissue 

(Bastianel, et al., 2006), then successfully disperse an unknown distance to pomegranate fruit, and finally remain with the 

fruit through harvest and standard postharvest processing. Studies suggest that B. phoenicis do not move efficiently in 

citrus orchards, probably due to their flat anatomy and their typical behavior of hiding in cracks and other protected areas 

on the plant surface, such as scab lesions (Chiavegato, 1986). Overall, then, the likelihood of all of these required events 

occurring is negligible. Therefore, Brevipalpus mites may follow the pathway, but CLV-infective mites (quarantine pests) 

are highly unlikely to follow the pathway. 6

 Based on reference to Brevipalpus sp. Childers et al. (2003b) discuss economic importance and feeding injury caused by the 

genus Brevipalpus specifically mentioning B. obovatus, B. phoenicis, B.lewisi and B. californicus. 
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 4 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Oligonychus yothersi 

(McGregor)

MX, US (Bolland et 

al., 1998)

Bolland et al., 1998 No N/A N/A

Tetranychus kanzawai

Kishida

MX (Bolland et al., 

1998; CABI, 2007); 

US (Bolland et al., 

1998) 

Bolland et al., 1998 No N/A N/A

Tetranychus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Tetranychus urticae 

Koch

MX, US (Bolland et 

al., 1998)

Bolland et al., 1998 No N/A N/A

Insecta

Coleoptera: Bostrichidae

Apate monachus F. MX (McGuire and 

Crandall, 1967)

CABI, 2007; Özturk 

and Ulusoy, 2009

Yes S (CABI, 2007) No

Coleoptera: Bruchidae

Acanthoscelides 

obtectus Say

MX (MacGregor 

and Gutierrez, 1983; 

PestID, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Acanthosceldes sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Algarobius prosopis 

(Leconte)

MX (PestID, 2010), 

US (CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Mimosestes protractus

(Horn)

MX (PestID, 2010); 

US (BugGuide, 

2009)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Stator limbatus (Horn) MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Stator vachelliae

Bottimer

MX (PestID, 2010); 

US (Zhang et al., 

1997)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Calligrapha sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Chaetocnema sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Ogdoecosta biannularis 

(Boheman)

MX (Blackwelder, 

1946; PestID, 2010)

PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No7

Ogdoecosta sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Coleoptera: Coccinellidae

Scymnus sp. MX (PestID, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010) 

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Conotrachelus 

leucophaeatus 

Fahraeus

MX (PestID, 2010), 

US (Halbert, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

 

7

 Except for a few interceptions in passenger baggage (PestID, 2010), we found no other reference stating that pomegranate is 

a host of this pest. This pest is unlikely to be found on commercially produced pomegranates from Mexico. 
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 5 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Hypera brunnipennis

(Boheman)

MX (MacGregor 

and Gutierrez, 1983; 

PestID, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Hypera postica 

(Gyllenhal) 

MX (CABI, 2007; 

MacGregor and 

Gutierrez, 1983), US 

(CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Hypera sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Naupactus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Pantomorus cervinus

(Boheman)

MX (CABI, 2007; 

PestID, 2010), US 

(CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Pantomorus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Rhyssomatus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Smicronyx sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae

Sitophilus oryzae L. MX (PestID, 2010), 

US (Arnett, 1997) 

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Elateridae

Conoderus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Glyphonyx sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Coleoptera: Meloidae

Epicauta sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae

Typhaea stercorea (L.) MX (MacGregor 

and Gutierrez, 

1983), US (CABI, 

2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae

Carpophilus hemipterus

(L.)

MX (Maskew, 

1919); US (CABI, 

2007)

Özturk and Ulusoy, 

2009

No N/A N/A

Carpophilus mutilatus

Erichson

MX (Rojas Leon, 

1988); US (CABI, 

2007)

Özturk and Ulusoy, 

2009

No N/A N/A

Carpophilus sp. MX (PestID, 2010), 

Arnett et al., 2002

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Sitophilus oryzae L. MX (PestID, 2010), 

US (Arnett, 1997) 

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Onthophagus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 6 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Coleoptera: Silvanidae

Ahasverus advena 

(Waltl)

MX (MacGregor 

and Gutierrez, 1983; 

PestID, 2010), US 

(CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Oryzaephilus 

surinamensis (L.)

MX, (CABI, 2007; 

McGuire and 

Crandall, 1967), US 

(CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

Alphitobius laevigatus 

(F.)

MX (MacGregor 

and Gutierrez, 1983; 

PestID, 2010), US 

(CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Blapstinus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Bothrotes sp. MX, (PestID), US 

(Arnett et al, 2002) 

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Lobometopon 

metallicum 

(Champion)

MX (Pallister, 1954; 

PestID, 2010)

PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No7

Lobometopon sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Diptera: Drosophilidae

Drosophila 

melanogaster Meigen

MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

Georghiou, 1977 No N/A N/A

Drosophila sp. MX (PestID, 2010), 

US (CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Diptera: Tephritidae

Anastrepha fraterculus 

(Wiedemann)

MX (Aluja et al., 

2003; Norrbom and 

Kim, 1988)

Norrbom and Kim, 

1988

Yes F (CABI, 2007; 

White and ElsonHarris, 1994)

Yes

Anastrepha ludens

(Loew)

MX (CABI, 2007; 

Steck, 1998)

Norrbom and Kim, 

1988; Norrbom (n.d.); 

Steck, 1998

Yes F (CABI, 2007; 

White and ElsonHarris, 1994)

Yes

Anastrepha obliqua

(Macquart)

MX (Norrbom and 

Kim, 1988; Weems 

et al., 2001)

Norrbom and Kim, 

1988

Yes F (CABI, 2007; 

White and ElsonHarris, 1994)

Yes8

Anastrepha sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010; 

White and ElsonHarris, 1994)

Yes

Ceratitis capitata

(Wiedemann)

MX9 (APHIS, 2006) White and ElsonHarris, 1994Yes F (CABI, 2007; 

White and ElsonHarris, 1994)

Yes

 

8

 Possibly an artificial host (Norrbom, n.d); laboratory infested host (Norrbom & Kim,1988). The uncertainty is high 

regarding the host status, so until more evidence is available we will treat it as a valid host. 9

 Limited distribution only. 
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 7 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurocanthus woglumi

Ashby

MX, US (FL, TX, 

HI) (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; EPPO, 

(n.d.) 3

[Yes] L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No

Aleurodicus dispersus

Russell

MX, US (FL, HI) 

(SEL WF, n.d.)

Lambkin, 1999 [Yes] F, L (CABI, 

2007)

Yes

Aleurothrixus floccosus 

(Maskell)

MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

Özturk and Ulusoy, 

2009

No N/A N/A

Bemisia tabaci

Gennadius

MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

Mimeur, 1946 No N/A N/A

Dialeurodes citri

(Ashmead)

MX9, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Siphoninus phillyreae

(Haliday)

MX, US (CA, GA, 

HI, NC) (CABI, 

2007; Evans, 2007)

Evans, 2007 [Yes] F, I, L, S (CABI, 

2007)

Yes

Tetraleurodes mori 

(Quaintance)

MX (Mound and 

Halsey, 1978; 

PestID, 2010); US 

(Mound and Halsey, 

1978)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Tetraleurodes sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes L (PestID, 2010) No

Tetralicia sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes L (PestID, 2010) No

Trialeurodes 

abutiloneus

(Haldeman)

MX, US (SEL WF, 

n.d.)

SEL WF, n.d. No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes vitrinellus 

Cockerell

MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes L (PestID, 2010) No

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Aphis craccivora Koch MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

Blackman and Eastop, 

2000

No N/A N/A

Aphis fabae Scopoli MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

Blackman and Eastop, 

2000

No N/A N/A

Aphis gossypii Glover MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aphis spiraecola Patch MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

Blackman and Eastop, 

2000

No N/A N/A

Aulacorthum 

circumflexum 

(Buckton)

MX (SEL APHID, 

n.d.), US (Miller and 

Stoetzel, 1997)

Blackman and Eastop, 

2000

No N/A N/A

Brachycaudus helichrysi

Kaltenbach

MX (Cortes Lopes et 

al., 1996); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Blackman and Eastop, 

2000

No N/A N/A

Myzus ornatus Laing MX, US (CABI, 

1969)

Blackman and Eastop, 

2000

No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

Blackman and Eastop, 

2000

No N/A N/A
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 8 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Shivaphis celti Das MX (PestID, 2010); 

US (Halbert and 

Choate, 2003)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Toxoptera aurantii 

Boyer de 

Fonscolombe

MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

Blackman and Eastop, 

2000

No N/A N/A

Uroleucon sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Ceroplastes ceriferus

(F.)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Hutson, 1934 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes 

cirripediformis 

Comstock

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes floridensis 

Comstock

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes rubens

Maskell

MX (Dekle, 1971); 

US (FL) (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 [Yes]10 L (Dekle, 1971); 

F, S (CABI, 

2007)

Yes

Ceroplastes sinensis Del 

Guercio

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Coccus hesperidum 

hesperidum Linnaeus

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Coccus 

pseudomagnoliarum

(Kuwana)

MX (CABI, 1981); 

US (Ben-Dov et al., 

2001)

Özturk and Ulusoy, 

2009

No N/A N/A

Coccus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Coccus viridis (Green) MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

PestID, 2010 [Yes] S, L, F (CABI, 

2007)

Yes

Eucalymnatus 

tessellatus (Signoret)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Anonymous, 1994; 

Hua, 2000

No N/A N/A

Parasaissetia nigra 

(Nietner)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Shevale and Kaulgud, 

1998

No N/A N/A

Parthenolecanium corni 

corni (Bouché)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Parthenolecanium 

persicae persicae 

(Fabricius)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pulvinaria psidii 

Maskell

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Saissetia coffeae 

(Walker)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

 

10 Pest status in square brackets indicates that the organism does not meet IPPC definition (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #5) of a 

quarantine pest but it is listed as ‘reportable’ in PestID. 
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 9 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Saissetia miranda 

(Cockerell and Parrott 

in Cockerell)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Saissetia neglecta De 

Lotto

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Saissetia oleae oleae 

(Olivier)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Leptoglossus gonagra F. MX (PestID, 2010, 

Walker, 1871); US 

(Mead, 1971)

DEWR, 2007; Jhala et 

al., 2003

No N/A N/A

Leptoglossus phyllopus 

(L.)

MX (MacGregor, 

and Gutierrez, 

1983); US (CABI, 

2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Leptoglossus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Leptoglossus zonatus

(Dallas)

MX (MacGregor, 

and Gutierrez, 1983)

MacGregor, and 

Gutierrez, 1983

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Delphacidae

Delphacodes sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Acutaspis albopicta 

(Cockerell)

MX, US (CA11, TX) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2001

PestID, 2010 [Yes] F (PestID, 2010) No7

Aonidiella aurantii 

(Maskell)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Watson, n.d. No N/A N/A

Aonidiella citrina 

(Coquillett)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Özturk and Ulusoy, 

2009

No N/A N/A

Aonidiella orientalis

(Newstead)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001; CABI, 

1978)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor 

Signoret

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Bruner et al., 1945 No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus nerii Bouche MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus 

aonidum L.

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus 

dictyospermi 

(Morgan)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Diaspidiotus 

perniciosus 

(Comstock)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

CABI, 2007; 

Pegazzano, 1951

No N/A N/A

 

11 This organism is eradicated from California according to Nakahara (1982). 
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 10 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Diaspis boisduvalii 

Signoret

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Diaspis bromeliae 

(Kerner)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Duplaspidiotus 

tesseratus (Grandpré 

and Charmoy)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Sheikh, 2006 No N/A N/A

Fiorinia sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Hemiberlesia diffinis 

(Newstead)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 200112; 

PestID, 2010

[Yes] F (PestID, 2010) Yes

Hemiberlesia lataniae 

(Signoret)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia neodiffinis 

(Miller and Davidson)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia rapax 

(Comstock)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Johnson and Lyon, 

1991

No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Howardia biclavis 

(Comstock)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes 

conchiformis 

(Gmelin)

MX (CABI, 2007); 

US (Ben-Dov et al., 

2001; CABI, 2007) 

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes ulmi 

(Linnaeus)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Lindingaspis rossi 

(Maskell)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Swailem et al., 1976 No N/A N/A

Morganella longispina

(Morgan)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001) 

Watson, n.d No N/A N/A

Parlatoria oleae 

(Colvée)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis aspidistrae 

aspidistrae (Signoret)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché) MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani 

(Cooley)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Pseudaulacaspis 

pentagona (Targioni 

Tozzetti)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Wang DaoXun et al., 

2002

No N/A N/A

Pseudoparlatoria 

parlatorioides 

(Comstock)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 20019 No N/A N/A

 

12 Listed as Punica. 
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 11 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Pseudaonidia 

trilobitiformis (Green)

MX (Watson, n.d.); 

US (FL) (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 [Yes] L (Watson, n.d.); 

F (Anonymous, 

1979; PestID, 

2010)

Yes

Selenaspidus articulatus 

(Morgan)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Maes, 2004 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Largidae

Largus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Icerya purchasi 

purchasi Maskell

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Icerya seychellarum 

seychellarum 

(Westwood)

MX (PestID, 2010) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 Yes S, L (CABI, 

2007); F (USDA, 

1982)

No13

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

Brochymena sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Nezara viridula (L.) MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

Özturk and Ulusoy, 

2009

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Dysmicoccus brevipes

(Cockerell)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

PestID,2010 No N/A No

Dysmicoccus grassii 

(Leonardi)

MX (Ben-Dov et al., 

2001); US (Miller 

and Miller, 2002)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Dysmicoccus 

neobrevipes

Beardsley

MX, US (HI) (BenDov et al., 2001); Ben-Dov et al., 2001 Yes R, S, F (Pandey 

and Johnson, 

2006; Rohrbach 

et al., 1988)

Yes

Dysmicoccus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Dysmicoccus texensis

(Tinsley) (Syn. D.

bispinosus Beardsley)

MX, US (TX) (BenDov et al., 2001)PestID, 2010 [Yes] F (PestID, 2010) No7

Ferrisia malvastra

(McDaniel)

MX, US (AZ, CA) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 [Yes] F (Shevale, 

1994), S, L14

Yes

Ferrisia sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Ferrisia virgata 

(Cockerell)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Hypogeococcus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

 

13 PestID lists one interception of Icerya seychellarum in permit cargo from Mexico (5/31/2002) on leaves of Leucaena sp. 

for consumption. We found no other records of this pest’s distribution in Mexico. Therefore I. seychellarum is highly 

unlikely to be present on commercially produced pomegranate fruit from this country. 14 Can be found on all parts of the plant (SEL ARS, n.d.). Ferrisia malvastra (reported under synonym F. consobrina

Williams and Watson) attacks host fruit (Shevale, 1994); we also assume that it could attack stems and leaves, like its 

congener F. virgata, with which it is often confused (CABI, 2007). 
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 12 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Maconellicoccus 

hirsutus (Green)

MX (CABI, 2000); 

US (CA, FL) (BenDov et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 [Yes] S, L (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2001); I, F 

(CABI, 2007)

Yes

Nipaecoccus viridis

(Newstead)

MX (Ben-Dov et al., 

2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 Yes S, R, I, L, F 

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2001)

Yes

Paracoccus ferrisi Ezzat 

and McConnell

MX (Ben-Dov et al., 

2001; PestID, 2010)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 Yes F, S, L (PestID, 

2010) 

Yes

Paracoccus herreni

Williams and Granara 

de Willink

MX (Ben-Dov et al., 

2001; PestID, 2010)

PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No7

Paracoccus marginatus

Williams and Granara 

de Willink

MX, US (FL) (BenDov et al., 2001; 

CABI, 2007) 

Martinez et al., 2000; 

Walker et al., 2003

[Yes] F, S, L, I (CABI, 

2007; Walker et 

al., 2003)

Yes

Paracoccus mexicanus

Ezzat and McConnell

MX (Ben-Dov et al., 

2001; PestID, 2010)

PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No7

Paracoccus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Phenacoccus solani 

Ferris

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus solenopsis 

Tinsley

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Planococcus citri 

(Risso)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Planococcus ficus 

(Signoret)

MX (Fu Castillo et 

al., 2004): US (BenDov et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Planococcus minor 

(Maskell)

MX (Ben-Dov et al., 

2001)

PestID, 2010 Yes S (PestID, 2010), 

I, L, F15 (Peña et 

al., 2002) 

No7

Planococcus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Pseudococcus 

calceolariae

(Maskell) (Syn. P. 

fragilis Brain)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus comstocki 

(Kuwana)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus 

jackbeardsleyi 

Gimpel and Miller

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus 

longispinus (Targioni 

Tozzetti)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

 

15 Peña et al. (2002) describe damage of fruit by Planococcus spp., referring to P. minor and P. lilacinus.
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 13 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Pseudococcus 

maritimus (Ehrhorn)

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus 

solenedyos Gimpel 

and Miller

MX (Ben-Dov et al., 

2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 Yes S, F (PestID, 

2010)

Yes

Pseudococcus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Pseudococcus viburni 

(Signoret) (Sy. P. 

affinis (Maskell))

MX, US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2001)

Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Puto mexicanus 

(Cockerell)

MX, US (AZ, TX) PestID, 2010 [Yes] F (PestID, 2010) No7

Puto sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Hymenoptera: Apidae

Apis melifera (L.) MX, US (Moyer and 

Super, n.d.) 

PestID, 2010 No16 N/A N/A

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Acromyrmex sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No17

Camponotus sp. MX (PestID, 2010), 

US 

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Crematogaster sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No17

Linepithema humile 

Mayr

MX (PestID, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Tapinoma sp. MX (PestID, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Eoreuma sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Phthorimaea 

operculella (Zeller)

MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae

Strymon sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae

Megalopyge defoliata

Walker

MX (McGuire and 

Crandall, 1967; 

Robinson et al., 

2010)

Robinson et al., 2010 Yes L (Garcia 

Mayoral, 1968)

No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Eudocima materna (L.) MX, US (Powell and 

Brown, 1990)

Robinson et al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Spodoptera frugiperda 

J.E. Smith

MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

 

16 Does not meet definition of quarantine pest (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #5) however listed reportable in PestID (2010) 17 Active insect, unlikely to remain with the commodity during post-harvest and packing of commercially produced 

pomegranate; interceptions in the passenger baggage indicate uncertainty regarding Mexico as the country of origin. 
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 14 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Lepidoptera: Plutellidae

 Plutella xylostella (L.) MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Amyelois transitella 

(Walker)

MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Cadra cautella (Walker) MX (McGuire and 

Crandall, 1967); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Robinson et al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Cryptoblabes gnidiella 

Millière

MX (PestID, 2010) CABI, 2007 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No18

Ectomyelois ceratoniae

(Zeller)

MX (PestID, 2010) 

US (CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Ectomyelois sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Ephestia elutella 

Hübner

MX (PestID, 2010) 

US (CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Ephestia sp. MX (PestID, 2010) 

US (CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Moodna bisinuella

Hampson

MX (PestID, 2010) 

US (Zhan, 1994)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Myelois sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Plodia interpunctella 

(Hubner)

MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

Robinson et al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Scythrididae

Scythris sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Amorbia sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No19

Amorbia emigratella 

Busck

MX (PestID, 2010; 

Zhan, 1994), US 

(Zhan, 1994)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Cydia latiferreana 

(Walsingham)

MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Cydia pomonella L. MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

Robinson et al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Ecdytolopha sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Grapholita sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Platynota sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

 

18 A single interception in the passenger baggage from Mexico (PestID, 2010) is insufficient evidence for the presence of 

Cryptoblabes gnidiella in that country. Therefore the pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway with commercially 

produced pomegranate imported from Mexico. 

19 All 27 interceptions are recorded in passenger baggage (PestID, 2010); therefore uncertainty exists about the origin of 

Amorbia sp. Thus, this pest is unlikely to follow the pathway with commercially produced pomegranate from Mexico. 
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 15 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Platynota stultana 

Walsingham

MX (CABI, 2007; 

Robinson et al., 

2010), US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Talponia batesi 

Heinrich

MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Orthoptera: Gryllidae

Ornebius sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae

Leptothrips sp. MX (PestID, 2010), 

US (CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella 

occidentalis (Perg.)

MX, US (CABI, 

1999, 2007)

Özturk and Ulusoy, 

2009

No N/A N/A

Frankliniella sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No3

Heliothrips 

haemorrhoidalis 

Bouché

MX, US (CABI, 

1961; 2007)

Özturk and Ulusoy, 

2009

No N/A N/A

Scirtothrips citri

Moulton

MX, US (EPPO, n.d. 

2)

Quayle, 1938 No N/A N/A

Molluscs: Helicidae

Cornu aspersum

(Müller) (Syn. Helix 

aspersa Müller)

MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

PestID, 2010 No20 N/A N/A

Helix lucorum L. MX, US (CABI, 

2007)

Özturk and Ulusoy, 

2009

No21 N/A N/A

FUNGI 

Alternaria alternata 

(Fr.) Keissi 

(Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

MX, U.S. (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Alternaria sp. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

MX, U.S. (CABI, 

2007; Farr et al., 

2010)

CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2010

Yes F, L (CABI, 

2007; Farr et al., 

2010)

Yes

Armilleria mellea 

(Vahl.) P. Kumm. 

[Basidiomyctes, 

Agaricales]

MX, U.S. (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. 

Anamorph: 

Emericella sp. 

[Eurotiomycetes; 

Eurotiales]

MX ; U.S. (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

 

20 Actionable only for FL, AL, PR (PestID, 2010). 

21 Actionable only for HI and PR (PestID, 2010). 
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 16 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Cercospora 

lythracearum Syn: 

Pseudocercospora 

lythracearum

MX, US (Farr et al., 

2010) 

Farr et al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum sp. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Phyllachorales)

MX (Farr et al., 

2010) 

Farr et al., 2010 Yes F, L, S (Farr et 

al., 2010)

Yes

Diplodia sp. MX (Farr et al., 

2010) 

Farr et al., 2010 Yes F, L, R, S (Farr et 

al., 2010)

Yes

Fusarium sp. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

MX, U.S. [Al, FL, 

NC, (Farr et al., 

2010; PestID, 2010)

Farr et al., 2010 Yes F, R, S (Farr et 

al., 2010)

Yes

Gloeosporium sp. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Helotiales)

MX (Farr et al., 

2010) 

Farr et al., 2010 Yes F, L, S (Farr et 

al., 2010) 

Yes

Glomerella cingulata 

(Stonem.) Spauld and 

Schrenk 

[Teleomorph] 

[Anamorph: 

Collectotricum 

gloeosporides (Penz.) 

Penz. and Sacc] 

[Ascomycetes] 

MX (Farr et al., 

2010) 

Farr et al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Mycosphaerella 

lythracearum 

(Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales)

MX, U.S. (Farr et 

al., 2010

(Farr et al., 2010) No N/A N/A

Penicillium sp. 

Anamorph: 

Eupenicillium

MX, U.S. (CABI, 

2007)

(CABI, 2007 Yes F (CABI, 2007) Yes

Pestalotia sp. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Xylariales)

MX (Farr et al., 

2010) 

Farr et al., 2010 Yes L,S (Farr et al., 

2010)

No

Phoma sp.

(Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

MX (Farr et al., 

2010) 

Farr et al., 2010 Yes F, L, S (Farr et 

al., 2010)

Yes

Phyllosticta sp.

(Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales)

MX, U.S. (FL, TX, 

CA) (Farr et al., 

2010 ; PestID, 2010)

Farr et al., 2010 Yes F, L (Alfieri et 

al., 1993)

Yes

Rhizoctonia sp. MX, U.S. (Farr et 

al., 2010)

Farr et al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Sphaceloma sp. 

[Dothideomycetes, 

Myriangiales]

MX (Farr et al., 

2010)

(Farr et al., 2010) Yes F (Alfieri et al., 

1993; Farr et al., 

2010)

Yes
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 17 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Evidence of host 

association

Quarantine pest Plant part 

association2

Follow 

pathway

BACTERIA 

Rhizobium radiobacter 

(Beijerink and van 

Delden) Young

MX, U.S. (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

3. Quarantine Pests Following the Pathway 

After preliminary evaluation, we found 15 quarantine pests likely to follow the import pathway 

(Table 2). 

Armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) identified in this risk analysis—Hemiberlesia diffinis,

and Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis—were not expected to follow the pathway because although 

armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are not expected to become 

established, and therefore introduced, via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007). A recent 

critical review of the literature, APHIS-PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that 

even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be 

parthenogenic, highly fecund, polyphagous, invasive, theoretically able to survive in most of the 

United States, and cause high level consequences, the specific pathway represented by 

commercially produced fruit shipped without leaves, significant stems or contaminants 

constitutes an extremely low risk (PERAL, 2007). This low risk is explained by poor ability of 

armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption, and consequently, by 

their low probability of establishment (PERAL, 2007). The following characteristics of armored 

scales contribute to their poor dispersal capabilities: 

- Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess 

wings but are short-lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females. 

- Self-dispersal of armored scales occurs by immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the 

most vulnerable life stage, survival of which decreases with long distance wind dispersal. 

Crawlers can be passively dispersed by wind from one plant to another only during a time 

period of approximately 24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start 

feeding as they lose their legs during the first molt and the mouth parts are deeply 

inserted in the host, anchoring them firmly to the substrate. 

Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low wind 

speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit 

peel. The probability of crawlers actively dispersing by walking from their natural host is low 

because they cannot move easily over bare soil or rough surfaces (PERAL, 2007). 
Pest List for Pomegranate from Mexico 

Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 18 

Table 2. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway on fresh pomegranate fruit from Mexico. 

Taxonomy Pest Organism 

Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann)

Anastrepha ludens (Loew)

Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart)

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Aleurodicus dispersus Russell

Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday)

Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes rubens Maskell

Coccus viridis (Green)

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley

Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel)

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)

Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead)

Paracoccus ferrisi Ezzat and McConnell

Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink

Pseudococcus solenedyos Gimpel and Miller

4. References 

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Diseases and Disorders of Plants in Florida. Division of Plant Industry, Florida 

Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL., U.S.A. 1114 pp. 

Aluja, M., J. Rull, J. Sivinski, A.L. Norrbom, R.A. Wharton, and R. Macías-Ordóñez. 2003. Fruit 

Flies of the Genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Associated Native Parasitoids 

(Hymenoptera) in the Tropical Rainforest Biosphere Reserve of Montes Azules, Chiapas, 

Mexico. Environmental Entomology, 32 (6), 1377-1385. 

http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/person/5208/FRUIT%20FLIES%20OF%20THE

%20GENUS%20ANASTREPHA.pdf 

Anonymous. 1979. A diaspidid scale (Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis [Green]) - Florida – new 

continental United States record. Coop. Pl. Pest Rept. 4 (38): 750. 

Anonymous (ed.). 1994. Harmful Pests of China Fruit Trees (Second Edition). 1063 pp. 

APHIS. 2006. Factsheet: The Mediterranean Fruit Fly. United States Department of Agriculture, 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. 

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/fs_phmed

fly.pdf 

Arnett Jr., R. H. 1997. American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of 

Mexico. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A. 850 pp. 

Arnett Jr., R.H., M.C. Thomas, P.E. Skelley, and J.H. Frank. 2002. American Beetles Volume 2: 

Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A, CRC Press 

LCC. Vol. 2. 861 pp. 
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Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 19 

Baker, E.W. and D.M. Tuttle. 1964. The False Spider Mites of Arizona (Acarina: 

Tenuipalpidae). Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona, Tucson. 80 pp. 

Bastianel M.;J. Freitas-Astúa J., E. W. Kitajima, and M. A. Machado. 2006. The citrus leprosis 

pathosystem. Summa Phytopathologica, 32(3).211- 220 

Ben-Dov, Y., D.R. Miller, and G.A.P. Gibson. 2001. ScaleNet, Life Histories. 

http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/lifehist.htm 

Blackman, R. L., and V. F. Eastop. 2000. Aphids on the World's Crops: An Identification and 

Information Guide (Second). John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex, England. 466 pp. 

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