Birgit Meade, Anita Regmi, James L. Seale, Jr., 

and Andrew Muhammad

Economic

Research

Service

Technical

Bulletin 

Number 1937

January 2014

United States Department of Agriculture

New International Evidence on 

Food Consumption Patterns

A Focus on Cross-Price Effects Based 

on 2005 International Comparison 

Program Data
Economic Research Service 

www.ers.usda.gov

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Recommended citation format for this publication:

Meade, Birgit, Anita Regmi, James L. Seale, Jr., and Andrew Muhammad. New 

International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns: A Focus on Cross-Price Effects 

Based on 2005 International Comparison Program Data, TB-1937, U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Economic Research Service, January 2014.

Cover photo credit: Shutterstock.
United States Department of Agriculture

Economic 

Research 

Service

Technical

Bulletin 

Number 1937

January 2014

Abstract

Cross-price elasticities are updated in this report, using the World Bank’s 2005 International 

Comparison Program (ICP) data for 9 major consumption categories across 144 countries. 

The 2005 ICP offers the most recent consistent data set for such a large number of countries. The consumption categories are: food, beverage and tobacco; clothing and footwear; 

gross rent, fuel, and power; house furnishings and operations; medical and health; transport 

and communications; recreation; education; and “other.” Cross-price elasticities also are 

calculated and reported for a two-good demand system based on food and nonfood items. 

To our knowledge, the cross-country cross-price elasticity estimates in this report represent 

the only available consistent elasticity estimates for this large a number of countries and 

consumption categories, updated from earlier estimates based on 1996 ICP data. 

Keywords: Cross-country demand analysis, cross-price elasticities, 2005 International 

Comparison Program data, ICP, Florida model, Frisch elasticity, complete demand analysis, 

food demand

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Barry Krissoff and Carlos Arnade, USDA, Economic Research Service 

(ERS); Hui Jiang, USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service; Titus Awokuse, University of 

Delaware; Jeffrey Reimer, Oregon State University; and Mary Burfisher, USDA-ERS, for 

review comments. Special thanks are extended to the International Comparison Program 

Division of the World Bank for providing the data. Partial support for this project was 

provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture under Agreement No. 58-3000-1-0038

Birgit Meade, bmeade@ers.usda.gov,

Anita Regmi, James L. Seale, Jr., 

and Andrew Muhammad, amuhammad@ers.usda.gov

New International Evidence on 

Food Consumption Patterns

A Focus on Cross-Price Effects Based 

on 2005 International Comparison 

Program Data
ii

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

and the International Agriculture Trade Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 

University of Florida. The authors also thank USDA-ERS editor Priscilla Smith and USDA-ERS 

designer Wynnice Pointer-Napper.

About the Authors

Birgit Meade and Andrew Muhammad are agricultural economists with the Market and Trade 

Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. James L. Seale, 

Jr., is a professor in the Food and Resource Economics Department at the University of Florida in 

Gainesville, FL. Anita Regmi is senior science officer for policy and economics for the Consultative 

Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Consortium.
iii

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Contents

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Three Types of Price Elasticities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Empirical Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Cross-price elasticities in a two-good demand system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Comparing 2005 results with 1996 and 1980 results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Cross-price elasticities in a nine-good demand system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
What Is the Issue?

Estimates of consumers’ responses to changes in prices help policymakers assess future demand 

for goods and services, as well as the corresponding need for transportation and infrastructure 

facilities. An understanding of demand and consumption trends across countries and the ability 

to predict potential shifts in demand for different products is essential for decisionmakers 

involved in the agricultural, manufacturing, education, health, and energy sectors. 

This report presents updated estimates of cross-price elasticities (the price change of one good 

impacting quantity demanded of another) for 2005 across countries based on a methodology 

presented by Regmi and Seale (2010) together with their estimates for 1996. The 2005 data 

from the World Bank’s International Comparison Program offers the most recent consistent 

data set for such a large number of countries. Demand elasticities tend to change as income 

levels change, and the 9 years between this updated set of estimates and their original calculation were a period of rapid economic growth, especially in many lower income countries. To 

our knowledge, the elasticity estimates from this report represent the only available consistent 

cross-country cross-price elasticity estimates for this large a number of countries (144) over this 

number of consumption categories (9). 

What Did the Study Find?

Results from the two-good demand system:

• The cross-price elasticities in the two-good (food and nonfood) demand system indicate that 

cross-price elasticity for food with respect to change in nonfood price is higher in middleincome countries than in low- and high-income countries. The poorest countries have relatively low budget shares for nonfood. All spending must be considered as essential, which 

means that movement across spending categories will be minimal. High-income countries, 

however, have relatively large nonfood budgets. At the same time, their food needs are 

generally met, which makes food spending less responsive to nonfood price changes.

www.ers.usda.gov

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of economic research and 

analysis from the U.S. 

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providing timely information on economic and policy 

issues related to agriculture, 

food, the environment,and 

rural America.

Find the full report at 

www.ers.usda.gov/

publications/tbtechnical-bulletin/

tb-1937.aspx

Birgit Meade, Anita Regmi, James L. Seale, Jr., 

and Andrew Muhammad

Economic

Research

Service

Technical

Bulletin 

Number 1937

January 2014

United States Department of Agriculture

New International Evidence on 

Food Consumption Patterns

A Focus on Cross-Price Effects Based 

on 2005 International Comparison 

Program Data

United States Department of Agriculture

A report summary from the Economic Research Service January 2014

Birgit Meade, Anita Regmi, James L. Seale, Jr., 

and Andrew Muhammad

New International Evidence on 

Food Consumption Patterns

A Focus on Cross-Price Effects Based on 2005 

International Comparison Program Data
www.ers.usda.gov

• Uncompensated nonfood cross-price elasticities are much larger in magnitude than the food 

cross-price elasticities—6 times larger for low-income countries and 2.7 and 2.4 times larger for 

middle- and high-income countries. This finding implies that food price changes can have a relatively large impact on nonfood spending.

Results from the nine-good demand system:

• Within a country grouping, compensated cross-price elasticities for the nine-good demand 

system are biggest in magnitude for the “recreation” consumption category followed by “other,” 

and “medical and health.” These categories can be considered luxury goods, which means that 

the spending increase for these categories is proportionately larger than the price increase of 

the other good. Necessities, such as food, experience relatively smaller changes in spending in 

response to the price change in another good. The cross-price elasticity for education declined in 

magnitude for all income groups and is now the second lowest, after food, which indicates that it 

is considered a necessity by consumers. 

• The low-income group has the strongest response to food-price changes, with demand changes 

for most spending categories more than twice as strong as that of middle-income countries and on 

average close to four times as strong as that of high-income countries. This strong response can 

be explained by this group’s relatively high food-budget share. 

These elasticity estimates can be used as inputs in large multicountry models. 

How Was the Study Conducted?

This study uses the methodology presented in Regmi and Seale (2010) to derive cross-price elasticities 

based on 2005 ICP data. Cross-price elasticities are calculated for a 2-good, food-nonfood pairing as 

well as for 9 major consumption categories from the World Bank’s 2005 ICP data across 144 countries: 

food, beverages, and tobacco (for the first time includes food consumed away from home); clothing and 

footwear; gross rent, fuel, and power; house furnishings and operations (includes spending on household equipment and maintenance); medical and health; transport and communications; recreation; 

education; and other.” (“Other” includes expenditures for grooming services, jewelry, and other miscellaneous expenditures.) 
1

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

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New International Evidence on Food 

Consumption Patterns

A Focus on Cross-Price Effects Based on 2005 

International Comparison Program Data 

Birgit Meade, Anita Regmi, James L. Seale, Jr., 

and Andrew Muhammad

Introduction

In a related ERS report, International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, Muhammad, 

Seale, Meade, and Regmi (hereafter cited as MSMR, 2011) fit a 2-stage demand system to 2005 

International Comparison Program (ICP) data of 144 countries for 9 aggregate consumer goods and 

8 disaggregated food categories (see appendix figure 1). That report is an update to similar work 

done in 2003 by Seale, Regmi, and Bernstein, based on 1996 ICP data. The model’s parameters 

are estimated with maximum likelihood (ML) correcting for group heteroskedasticity (MSMR, 

2011; pp. 11-12). From the parameter estimates, income and three types of own-price elasticities of 

demand are calculated and reported for all nine goods in the first stage (MSMR, 2011; appendix 

tables 1-4), while income and Frisch own-price elasticities of demand are reported for the eight food 

categories in the second stage (MSMR, 2011; appendix tables 5 and 6). Using the 2005 ICP data, 

Gao (2012) also estimated income and price elasticities across the ICP countries using a modeling 

framework similar to MSMR (2011). However, no study has presented cross-price elasticities using 

the 2005 ICP data.

Regmi and Seale (2010) were the first to calculate and report cross-price elasticities of demand for 

more than two goods across a large number of countries using the ICP data. Among earlier studies 

based on ICP data, Theil, Chung, and Seale (hereafter cited as TCS, 1989) and Seale and Theil 

(1991) calculate and report cross-price elasticities of demand using the ICP data for a two-good 

demand system, food and nonfood, on a country-by-country basis.1 No other study has reported and 

calculated cross-price elasticities of demand for more than these two goods across countries using 

the ICP data. 

This report presents cross-price elasticities of demand, based on 2005 ICP data, thus updating crossprice elasticity estimates based on 1996 ICP data by Regmi and Seale (2010). Earlier estimates 

of income and own-price elasticities from MSMR (2011) and Seale et al. (2003) and cross-price 

elasticity estimates based on the 1996 ICP from Regmi and Seale (2010) have been widely used as 

input into economic models such as USDA’s Baseline, the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) 

model created at Purdue University, the International Food Policy Research Institute’s (IFPRI) 

International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) model 

1Theil and Finke (1985) (also in Theil, 1987; table 2-10, p. 67) calculate cross-price elasticities of demand for food and 

nonfood for 13 real (1975) per capita income levels expressed as a percentage of that of the United States, basing their 

calculations on parameter estimates of Finke, Rosalsky, and Theil (1983), while Seale and Theil, 1991, base theirs on 

parameter estimates of Fiebig, Seale, and Theil (1988).
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and others (Winters, 2005; von Braun, 2007; Hertel and Winters, 2006; Valenzuela, Anderson, and 

Hertel, 2007). While providing valuable input to these economic models, the cross-price elasticities 

presented in this report have the additional advantage of being estimated using the same model used 

by Regmi and Seale (2010) and with data collected using a methodology consistent to that used in 

the earlier rounds of ICP. Thus, the results provide a unique and consistent set of cross-country price 

elasticities that are comparable across countries and time periods.

In this report, we present a method for calculating cross-country, cross-price elasticities of demand 

based on the parameter estimates of the Florida model (TCS, 1989) and real per capita income 

across a large and diverse set of countries. The Florida model is a two-stage demand model developed by Theil et al. (1989) at the University of Florida based on Working’s model from 1943, a 

type of model that can be used to generate systems of demand equations that can be estimated over 

broadly defined groups of commodities. First, this is done for a 2-good demand system, food and 

nonfood, for the 144 countries in the 2005 ICP (table 1). Of the 144 countries in the 2005 ICP, 99 

also participated in the 1996 ICP. The cross-price elasticity estimates are compared over the two 

periods for these countries.

Next, cross-price elasticities are calculated and reported for 9 broad consumption categories: food, 

beverage and tobacco; clothing and footwear; gross rent, fuel, and power; house furnishings and operations (which includes spending on household equipment and its maintenance); medical and health; 

transport and communications; recreation; education; and “other” across the same 144 countries. The 

resulting cross-price elasticities of demand included in this report represent a consistent set of crosscountry, cross-price elasticities for this large a number of countries and consumption categories. 

After a brief discussion of the ICP and the 2005 ICP data, the Florida model is presented followed 

by a section presenting three types of price elasticity measures and their formulation based on 

parameter estimates of the Florida model. Estimation results for the cross-price elasticities of 

demand are presented for a two-good system, food and nonfood, and for a nine-good system while 

focusing on income groupings. We close with some concluding observations. Cross-price elasticities 

of demand for the 9-good system for each of the 144 countries are reported in the appendix.
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Data

The current study is based on 2005 ICP data, which are fully described in MSMR (2011). The 

2005 ICP included 146 countries divided into 6 regions: 5 geographic regions—Africa (48 countries included), Asia Pacific (24 countries), West Asia (10 countries), South America (10 countries), and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (10 countries), plus the Organisation 

for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and other European countries (44 countries) (see appendix table 1). Two countries, Greece and Comoros, were excluded from the estimation procedure due to data issues. Therefore, a total of 144 countries is used in the current 

analysis. The analysis concentrates on nine broad consumption categories, comparable to the 

earlier rounds of the ICP, and they include: food, beverage, and tobacco; clothing and footwear; 

gross rent, fuel, and power; house furnishings and operations; medical and health; transportation 

and communication; recreation; education; and other items. Minor differences are noted between 

the 1996 and the 2005 ICP rounds in the labeling of consumption categories. Additionally, a 

significant difference is that the 2005 ICP for the first time included food consumed away from 

home in the food, beverage, and tobacco category (also referred to as food). The nine consumption categories used in this analysis are the same categories analyzed in Muhammad et al.’s 

first stage of the two-stage complete demand model (see box, “2005 International Comparison 

Program Data,” p. 4)

The 144 countries in the 2005 ICP data are divided into low-, middle-, and high-income countries 

based on their real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) relative to that of the United States, 

which has the highest GDP of all 144 countries. Low-income countries represent those with 

real per capita income less than 15 percent of the U.S. level, middle-income countries represent 

those with real per capita income equal to or greater than 15 percent but less than 45 percent of 

the U.S. level, and high-income countries represent those with real per capita income equal to 

or greater than 45 percent of the U.S. level (see map in box, "International Comparison Program 

Data," p. 4).2 This criterion for grouping indicates that the majority of Sub-Saharan African countries, poor transition economies such as Mongolia and Moldova, and low-income Middle Eastern 

and Asian countries such as Nepal and Yemen fall within the low-income group. High-income 

countries include most Western European countries, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the 

United States. Middle-income countries include many Latin American countries, North African 

countries, and better-off transition economies such as Estonia, Hungary, and Slovenia. Per capita 

income of the 77 countries in the low-income group is on average 5.8 percent of the U.S. per 

capita income. The 38 middle-income countries have a per capita income level of 25.8 percent 

of that of the United States, and high-income countries’ (29 countries) incomes are on average 

63.8 percent of U.S. income. Food budget shares are highest for the low-income group with 48.5 

percent, decreasing to 30.7 percent for middle income countries and to 20.4 percent for the highincome group.3

2Note that this classification is merely done to facilitate analysis and is not based on any generally accepted criterion 

for classification. Since the classification is based on the ICP data used in this analysis, some countries may be in a group 

with which they normally would not be associated. 

3For more detail on budget shares for all consumption categories, see MSMR (2011), table 2, p. 5. 
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The 2005 International Comparison Program data cover 146 countries that account for more than 95 percent 

of the world’s population and 98 percent of the world’s nominal gross domestic product (GDP) (World Bank, 

2008). The map below highlights the countries covered in the 2005 ICP. A list of those countries is provided 

in appendix table 1. Most of the countries included in this round for the first time are low-income countries in Africa. The number of African countries included more than doubled from 22 to 48. Several new 

Asian countries have been included, most notably China and India. In Latin America, Colombia has been 

added while 12 Caribbean countries were excluded. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are no longer included 

in the Commonwealth of Independent States. In West Asia, Iraq and Kuwait were added and the Eurostat/ 

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development group added Cyprus and Malta in addition to 

Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia.

Comparing expenditures across countries is difficult due to differences in currency. Using exchange rates to 

convert expenditures to a single currency may not always be desirable since exchange rates fail to account 

for the fact that services are cheaper in developing countries. The 2005 ICP uses a new methodology to 

compare relative price levels and GDP levels across the 146 countries included in this round. This discussion 

draws heavily on Diewert (2010), who provides detailed methodological information on the 2005 ICP. In 

earlier rounds, one product list was used for all countries covered, and prices for these products needed to be 

collected. However, consumption varies sufficiently across regions making such a common product list quite 

impractical. For the 2005 round, each of the six regions was able to develop its own product lists and determine its purchasing power parity (PPP) and volume shares independently. Later, the regional results were 

linked into a global world comparison model which left the regional relative parities intact. The linking was 

accomplished by a methodology using 18 ring countries, thus providing representatives from each region. 

Countries covered in the 2005 International Comparison Program, by income group

Percent of U.S. income

Other countries

High-income countries (> 45)

Middle-income countries (15 - 44)

Low-income countries (< 15)

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service analysis based on World Bank, 2005 International Comparison Program data.

International Comparison Program Data
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Table 1

Cross-price elasticities in a 2-good demand system, 144 countries from 2005 International 

Comparison Program

Country

Food Nonfood

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic of 0.230 0.009 0.659 -0.393

Burundi 0.268 -0.007 0.550 -0.343

Liberia 0.275 -0.010 0.532 -0.336

Zimbabwe 0.285 -0.014 0.508 -0.325

Ethiopia 0.293 -0.017 0.489 -0.317

Niger 0.293 -0.017 0.488 -0.316

Guinea-Bissau 0.294 -0.017 0.487 -0.316

Mozambique 0.301 -0.021 0.468 -0.308

Malawi 0.307 -0.023 0.455 -0.302

Rwanda 0.309 -0.024 0.451 -0.300

Angola 0.314 -0.026 0.437 -0.295

Chad 0.315 -0.027 0.435 -0.294

Gambia, The 0.316 -0.027 0.433 -0.293

Central African Republic 0.317 -0.027 0.432 -0.292

Mali 0.317 -0.027 0.432 -0.292

Tanzania 0.318 -0.028 0.429 -0.291

Sierra Leone 0.321 -0.029 0.422 -0.288

Guinea 0.321 -0.029 0.421 -0.288

Burkina Faso 0.323 -0.030 0.417 -0.286

Uganda 0.326 -0.032 0.408 -0.282

Madagascar 0.327 -0.032 0.408 -0.282

Zambia 0.327 -0.032 0.407 -0.282

Congo, Republic of 0.328 -0.032 0.404 -0.281

Togo 0.329 -0.033 0.401 -0.280

Nepal 0.333 -0.034 0.393 -0.276

Ghana 0.334 -0.035 0.389 -0.274

Benin 0.337 -0.036 0.382 -0.272

Mauritania 0.337 -0.037 0.381 -0.271

Bangladesh 0.339 -0.037 0.378 -0.270

Côte d'Ivoire 0.339 -0.037 0.377 -0.269

Laos 0.339 -0.037 0.376 -0.269

Kenya 0.343 -0.039 0.367 -0.266

Djibouti 0.343 -0.039 0.367 -0.265

Nigeria 0.344 -0.040 0.364 -0.264

Senegal 0.344 -0.040 0.364 -0.264

Cambodia 0.347 -0.041 0.357 -0.261

Cameroon 0.349 -0.042 0.351 -0.259

São Tomé and Principe 0.350 -0.042 0.349 -0.258

India 0.351 -0.043 0.345 -0.257

Yemen 0.352 -0.043 0.344 -0.256

Vietnam 0.352 -0.043 0.343 -0.256

Mongolia 0.353 -0.044 0.342 -0.255

Iraq 0.354 -0.044 0.338 -0.253

—continued
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Table 1

Cross-price elasticities in a 2-good demand system, 144 countries from 2005 International 

Comparison Program—Continued

Country

Food Nonfood

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Bhutan 0.355 -0.045 0.334 -0.252

China 0.357 -0.046 0.331 -0.251

Sudan 0.360 -0.047 0.322 -0.247

Lesotho 0.361 -0.048 0.317 -0.245

Tajikistan 0.361 -0.048 0.317 -0.245

Maldives 0.365 -0.050 0.306 -0.241

Morocco 0.366 -0.051 0.304 -0.240

Pakistan 0.367 -0.051 0.301 -0.238

Indonesia 0.368 -0.052 0.296 -0.236

Kyrgyzstan 0.368 -0.052 0.295 -0.236

Philippines 0.369 -0.052 0.294 -0.236

Cape Verde 0.369 -0.052 0.293 -0.236

Bolivia 0.369 -0.052 0.293 -0.235

Namibia 0.371 -0.054 0.286 -0.232

Sri Lanka 0.372 -0.054 0.283 -0.231

Botswana 0.373 -0.054 0.281 -0.230

Gabon 0.373 -0.055 0.278 -0.229

Azerbaijan 0.374 -0.055 0.277 -0.229

Syria 0.374 -0.055 0.275 -0.228

Equatorial Guinea 0.376 -0.057 0.267 -0.225

Paraguay 0.377 -0.057 0.264 -0.224

Fiji 0.378 -0.058 0.260 -0.222

Swaziland 0.378 -0.058 0.256 -0.221

Moldova 0.379 -0.059 0.254 -0.220

Egypt 0.379 -0.059 0.252 -0.219

Ecuador 0.380 -0.060 0.247 -0.217

Jordan 0.380 -0.060 0.246 -0.217

Georgia 0.381 -0.060 0.245 -0.216

Thailand 0.381 -0.060 0.243 -0.215

Colombia 0.381 -0.060 0.242 -0.215

Albania 0.381 -0.061 0.240 -0.214

Tunisia 0.382 -0.061 0.238 -0.213

Peru 0.382 -0.061 0.235 -0.212

Armenia 0.383 -0.062 0.232 -0.211

Low-income group average 0.345 -0.041 0.354 -0.261

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.383 -0.063 0.225 -0.208

Malaysia 0.383 -0.063 0.224 -0.208

Ukraine 0.384 -0.063 0.223 -0.207

Brazil 0.384 -0.063 0.220 -0.206

Montenegro 0.384 -0.064 0.219 -0.206

—continued
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Table 1

Cross-price elasticities in a 2-good demand system, 144 countries from 2005 International 

Comparison Program—Continued

Country

Food Nonfood

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.384 -0.064 0.214 -0.204

Macedonia 0.384 -0.065 0.208 -0.201

Turkey 0.384 -0.065 0.206 -0.201

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.384 -0.066 0.201 -0.199

Serbia 0.384 -0.066 0.199 -0.198

Belarus 0.384 -0.066 0.199 -0.198

Romania 0.384 -0.066 0.197 -0.197

Saudi Arabia 0.384 -0.066 0.197 -0.197

Uruguay 0.384 -0.066 0.195 -0.197

Mauritius 0.384 -0.066 0.195 -0.197

Chile 0.384 -0.066 0.195 -0.196

Kazakhstan 0.384 -0.067 0.192 -0.195

Russia 0.384 -0.067 0.188 -0.194

Argentina 0.384 -0.067 0.186 -0.193

Bulgaria 0.383 -0.067 0.184 -0.192

Oman 0.383 -0.067 0.182 -0.191

Iran 0.382 -0.068 0.175 -0.189

Latvia 0.381 -0.068 0.168 -0.186

Mexico 0.380 -0.068 0.167 -0.185

Lebanon 0.380 -0.069 0.164 -0.184

Poland 0.377 -0.069 0.154 -0.180

Croatia 0.376 -0.069 0.153 -0.180

Macao 0.376 -0.069 0.153 -0.180

Lithuania 0.376 -0.069 0.153 -0.180

Estonia 0.375 -0.069 0.149 -0.178

Brunei Darussalam 0.373 -0.069 0.145 -0.177

Slovakia 0.372 -0.069 0.144 -0.176

Hungary 0.372 -0.069 0.143 -0.176

South Korea 0.369 -0.069 0.136 -0.173

Bahrain 0.369 -0.069 0.136 -0.173

Czech Republic 0.363 -0.069 0.127 -0.170

Slovenia 0.360 -0.069 0.123 -0.168

Israel 0.359 -0.069 0.121 -0.168

Middle-income group average 0.379 -0.067 0.178 -0.190

High-income countries

Portugal 0.356 -0.068 0.117 -0.166

Qatar 0.355 -0.068 0.116 -0.165

Singapore 0.354 -0.068 0.114 -0.165

Malta 0.350 -0.068 0.111 -0.164

Kuwait 0.349 -0.068 0.109 -0.163

New Zealand 0.341 -0.067 0.102 -0.160

Finland 0.339 -0.066 0.100 -0.159

—continued
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Table 1

Cross-price elasticities in a 2-good demand system, 144 countries from 2005 International 

Comparison Program—Continued

Country

Food Nonfood

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Taiwan 0.338 -0.066 0.099 -0.159

Spain 0.335 -0.066 0.096 -0.158

Italy 0.333 -0.066 0.095 -0.158

Ireland 0.331 -0.065 0.093 -0.157

Denmark 0.331 -0.065 0.093 -0.157

Sweden 0.329 -0.065 0.091 -0.156

Hong Kong 0.328 -0.065 0.090 -0.156

Australia 0.325 -0.064 0.088 -0.155

Cyprus 0.324 -0.064 0.088 -0.155

Belgium 0.324 -0.064 0.088 -0.155

Japan 0.323 -0.064 0.087 -0.155

France 0.321 -0.064 0.085 -0.154

Germany 0.316 -0.063 0.082 -0.153

Canada 0.315 -0.063 0.082 -0.153

Iceland 0.314 -0.063 0.081 -0.152

Netherlands 0.313 -0.063 0.081 -0.152

Norway 0.313 -0.063 0.081 -0.152

United Kingdom 0.307 -0.062 0.077 -0.151

Switzerland 0.306 -0.062 0.076 -0.150

Austria 0.301 -0.061 0.073 -0.149

Luxembourg 0.264 -0.054 0.056 -0.143

United States 0.239 -0.050 0.047 -0.139

High-income group average 0.323 -0.064 0.090 -0.155

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on World Bank, 2005 International Comparison Program data.
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Methodology

The Florida model is used to estimate demand across the 144 ICP countries. The underlying methodology evolved from a series of studies going back to the 1970s when Clements and Theil (1979) 

and Suhm (1979) first applied a cross-country demand system to ICP data.4 While other models have 

been used for cross-country demand analysis, the Florida model is selected both for its comparable 

ease of estimation and theoretical properties. For instance, the linear expenditure system (LES) 

model and the Rotterdam model (first proposed by Barten (1964) and Theil (1965)) assume that 

marginal shares are constant. Thus, an extra dollar of income would lead to the same increase in 

food expenditures (or any other category) for all countries rich and poor. This is not the case with 

the Florida model, in which estimates are consistent with behavior observed in rich and poor countries. Seale and Regmi (2006) provide an extensive discussion as to why the Florida model is best 

suited for cross-country demand analysis and a detailed critique of the shortcomings of other models 

used for similar analysis. The following model and price elasticities are identical to those presented 

in the original cross-price elasticity report by Regmi and Seale (2010). As discussed by Seale, 

Regmi, and Bernstein (2003) and elaborated in the next section, calculating price elasticities using 

the Slutsky price estimates (income compensated price effects) results in price elasticities that are 

not consistent with demand behavior across rich and poor countries.5 Therefore this paper, similar 

to Regmi and Seale (2010), uses the Frisch elasticity estimates to calculate the compensated and 

uncompensated cross-price elasticities. 

The Florida model, developed by TCS (1989), is derived from Working’s (1943) model by incorporating prices. Their starting point is rewriting Working’s model as a cross-country demand system, 

(1)

where w EE ic ic c = is the budget share of good i (= 1, ..., n) in country c (=1, ..., N) where Eic is 

expenditure on good i in c, n c ic i E E =1 = ∑ is total nominal consumption expenditure, εic is a random

error term, and α and βi are parameters to be estimated. Since the budget shares summed across all 

n goods equal 1, the αs and βs are thus subject to the adding-up conditions, 

(2)

For a given country c, multiplying equation (1) by E we obtain E E EE ii i = + α β log , which when 

differentiated with respect to E and using equation (1), gives the marginal budget share, θi,

(3)

4See Regmi and Seale (2010), pp. 2-3, for a review of earlier cross-country demand system work.

5Note that the Slutsky elasticities do not account for the income effect of a price change. When considering food demand, this would not be an issue for rich countries since the income effect is small due to food expenditures accounting 

for a small share of total income. For poor countries, however, the income effect of a price change is significant. Thus, the 

Slutsky elasticities would underestimate actual consumer responsiveness. 

=+ + αβ ε ln w E ic i i c ic

n n

i i

i i

 .

1 1

α β 1 and 0

= =

∑ ∑ = =

( ) i

i ii i i

dE

E w

dE θ αβ = =+ + =+ 1 log . β
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Equations (1) and (3) show that both the budget and marginal share are functions of income such 

that, when income changes, wi and θi change.6

Let Qc represent the real income per capita in country c. TCS substitute Qc for Ec in equation (1) 

and, using equations (1) and (3), note that the budget and marginal shares of good i in c may be 

written, respectively, as

(4)

(5)

The next step is to incorporate prices. Let pic and pid be the domestic-currency price of good i in 

country c and in country d, respectively, where c ≠ d. Given differences in currencies and units of 

measurement across countries, prices pic and pid will have different dimensions. However, for crosscountry analyses one needs to have prices for all countries in the same dimension. The solution is 

to use relative instead of absolute prices. To extend equation (1) to include prices and still have fixed 

parameters (i.e., α and βi), one must select a particular set of relative prices. TCS chose to deflate the 

absolute price of i in c by the geometric mean price of i across all N countries, that is, 

.

7 (6)

The model that emerges has the budget share on the left and is polynomial in the parameters:

wic = LINEAR + QUADRATIC + CUBIC + εic, where (7)

LINEAR = Real-income term,

= αi + βi qC , (7a)

QUADRATIC = Pure-price term, 

(7b)

CUBIC = Substitution term, 

(7c)

6The exception to this is when a good has unitary elasticity; as incomes increase, expenditure on the good increases in 

the same proportion so that wic is unchanged.

7Theil and Seale (1987) justify the choice of converting the absolute prices into relative prices by dividing each absolute price by the geometric mean price by proving that the geometric mean price point across countries has a minimum 

mean-squared distance property. 

w q q Q ic i i c ic αβ ε where log c c =+ + =

ic i i c c c q q q * * θ αβ = + where 1 = +

N

i ic c

p p N 1

1 log log

=

= ∑

( ) ( ) ic n jc

i ic j j jc

i j

p p

 qq

p p

1 α β log α β log , =

 

=+ − +  

 

∑

( ) ( ) ic n jc

i i c j j j c i j

p p = q q , p p

* * 1 φ α β log α β log =

 

+  − +     

∑
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and qcis the natural logarithm of Qc (real per capita income), Pic is the price of good i in 

c, i p is the geometric mean price of good i across all countries such that 

N

i ic c

p p N 1

1 log log ,

=

= ∑ αi

, 

βi and φ (the income flexibility, defined as the inverse of the marginal utility of income put into elasticity form)8 are parameters to be estimated, and εi

 is a random error term. As before, the αs and βs 

are subject to the adding-up conditions, n n

i i

i i

 

1 1

α β 1 and 0

= =

∑ ∑ = = . Homogeneity can be imposed by 

subtracting the nth relative price from all other n-1 relative prices, that is, ic nc

ic

i n

p p

x

p p = − log log , 

and replacing the relative price terms in equation (7b) and (7c) with xic. 

The Florida model under the condition of preference independence has Slutsky price terms as 

follows, 

(1 )

 = 

π φθ θ

φθ θ

=− =

− ≠

ijc ic ic

ic jc

i j

i j

(8)

with θic defined φ as above. Symmetry of the Slutsky coefficients implies that 

π π φθ θ = =− ijc jic ic jc (9)

The linear term in the model, equation (7a), represents the effect of a change in real (per capita) 

income (i.e., the per capita volume of total consumption expenditure) on the budget share. In the case 

where all countries face the same set of prices, the quadratic and cubic terms vanish, leaving the 

linear term. It is also the budget share of the Florida model evaluated at geometric mean prices, 

w q ic i i c = + α β (10)

The quadratic term, equation (7b), (quadratic because it contains products of the αs and the βs) is 

the pure-price term and shows how an increase in price pic results in a higher budget share on 

good i, even if the volume of total expenditure stays the same. The cubic term, equation (7c), 

(cubic because it involves φ as well as the αs and βs) is the substitution term and recognizes that 

consumers will not consume the same quantities but will react to the higher price by substituting 

away from good i toward other (now) relatively cheaper goods. The expressions in brackets in both 

(7b) and (7c) are deflated logarithmic price ratios, with the deflators being weighted means of 

those logarithmic ratios. The weights, however, are different in (7b) and (7c). In the former, the 

weights are budget shares w q ic i i c ( ) = + α β of equation (10) while the latter weights are marginal 

shares ( i ic q ) * α β + ,

ic i i c ( q ) * θ αβ = + , (11)

both evaluated at geometric mean price, p. 

8Frisch (1932, p. 15) refers to the reciprocal of φ, that is 

d E

dE

1 μ φ

μ

− = where μ represents the marginal utility of 

income, as the flexibility of the marginal utility of income, or income flexibility.

c c q q 1 , ∗ = +
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Three Types of Price Elasticities

A price elasticity measures the percent change in the quantity demanded of good i in response 

to a 1-percent change in the price of good j. When i is equal (not equal) to j, the price elasticity 

is referred to as an own-price (cross-price) elasticity of demand. Three prominent types of price 

elasticities are the Frisch, Slutsky, and Cournot price elasticities, and these three measures differ 

depending upon assumptions concerning income after a price change. The Frisch price elasticity 

is the result of compensating the consumer’s income after a price change in such a way that the 

consumer’s marginal utility of income is constant. The Slutsky price elasticity results from compensating the consumer’s income after a price change so that the consumer’s real income is constant. 

The Cournot price elasticity is based on constraining the consumer’s nominal income to remain 

unchanged after a change in price. The Slutsky and Hicksian price elasticities are also referred 

to as the income-compensated price elasticities. However, the Slutsky and Hicksian compensation methods differ. The Slutsky (Hicksian) compensation keeps real income constant after a price 

change by the amount necessary to allow the consumer to continue consuming the same bundle of 

goods (remain on the same indifference curve) that existed prior to the price change (Friedman, 

1976; pp. 50-54). The Cournot price elasticity is sometimes referred to as the uncompensated or 

ordinary price elasticity that is derived from the ordinary or Marshallian demand curve.

To calculate any of these elasticities based on the Florida model, one starts with the model’s estimated parameters (α, β, and φ) and real per capita income in all countries relative to that of the 

United States normalized to equal 1.9 When evaluated at geometric mean prices, p , the budget share 

of good i in country c, written in terms of the parameters of the Florida model, is

w q ic i i c = + α β , (12)

while the marginal share for good i in country c is 

ic ic

ic ic i i i c c

p q

w q Q

( ) θ βαβ , ∂ ∗ = = +=+

∂ (13)

and the income elasticity of demand for good i in country c is 

ic c ic ic i i c

ic

c ic c ic i ic

qQ q q

Qq Q w q

(log ) . (log )θ αβ η α β

∗ ∂∂ + = = == ∂ ∂ +

(14)

Equations (12), (13), and (14) demonstrate that budget shares, marginal shares, and income elasticities are functions of income; when income changes, budget shares, marginal shares, and income 

elasticities change.10

The Frisch price elasticity, written in terms of the Florida model’s parameters, is

*

0

θ β α β φ φ φ

α β

+  +  = = = =    + 

= ≠ j

ic ic i i i c

ijc

ic ic i i c

w q F i j

w w q

i 

(15)

9See TCS (1989), pp. 110-111, for the derivation of the three types of own-price elasticities.

10The exception to this is when a good has unitary elasticity; the proportional change in the quantity demanded of the 

good is equal to the proportional change in income so that wic and ic θ are unchanged.
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The Frisch own-price elasticity, Fiic, exists but Frisch cross-price elasticities vanish because of the 

assumption of preference independence (TCS, 1989; p.117). However, the Slutsky and Cournot ownand cross-price elasticities of demand can be written in terms of the Frisch own-price elasticity.

The Slutsky price parameters may be calculated from the Florida model’s estimated parameters for 

each country using equations (8), that is, 

( )

( )

* *

* *

( )1 ( )

 ()

π φα β α β

φα β α β

= + −+ =

=− + + ≠

ijc i i c i i c

i ic j jc

q q ij

q q ij

(16)

The Slutsky price elasticity for a given good i with respect to a price change in good j in country c

can be stated as the ratio of the coefficient of the Slutsky matrix and the corresponding budget share 

(Frisch, 1959; TCS, 1989, pp. 155). Written in terms of parameters of the Florida model and the 

Frisch own-price elasticity, the Slutsky price elasticity is 

( ) ( ( ))

( )

*

*

1 1

 

θ αβ

θ αβ

= − = −+ =

=− = + ≠

ijc iic ic iic i i c

iic jc iic j j c

S F F q ij

F F q ij

(17)

The Cournot price elasticity may be written in terms of Florida model’s parameters and the Frisch 

own-price elasticity or in terms of its parameters,

( ) ( ( )) ( )

( ) ( )( )

( )

* *

*

*

1 1 

 

θ θ αβ αβ

θ αβ α β θ α β α β

= − −= − + − + =

+ +

=− − = + − ≠

+

ijc iic ic ic iic i i c i i c

ic jc i ic j jc

iic jc iic j j c

ic i ic

C F F q q ij

w q q F F q i j

w q

(18)

or in terms of the Slutsky price elasticity,

( )

( )( )

( )

*

*

 = α β

αβ α β

α β

−+ =

+ + = − ≠

+

iic i i c

i ic j jc

ijc

i ic

S q ij

q q S i j

q

(19)

Note that the Cournot price elasticity is equal to the substitution effect as measured by the Slutsky 

price elasticity and an additional term measuring the income effect. Accordingly, the Cournot ownprice elasticity is larger in absolute value than the Slutsky own-price elasticity. Under preference 

independence, all Slutsky cross-price elasticities are positive. If the income effect is greater (less) 

than the substitution effect, the Cournot cross-price elasticities will be negative (positive); if the 

effects are equal, the elasticities will equal zero.
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Empirical Results

MSMR (2011) calculate and report income and three types of own-price elasticities of demand as 

well as marginal shares for 9 goods across the 144 countries participating in the 2005 ICP data 

round. The cross-price elasticities of demand are not reported in their study. In this section, we 

examine a two-good demand system, food and nonfood, calculate the cross-price elasticities for the 

system using the parameter estimates from MSMR (2011), and compare our results with those of 

Regmi and Seale (2010). Finally, we calculate and report Slutsky and Cournot cross-price elasticities 

of demand for the 9-good system across 144 countries using equations (18) and (19). The minimal 

requirements for these calculations are parameter estimates from the Florida model and the natural 

log of real per capita incomes of the 144 countries relative to that of the United States (normalized 

to equal 1). The parameters are those estimated by MSMR (2011; table 3, p. 12). All elasticities are 

calculated at geometric mean prices.

Cross-price elasticities in a two-good demand system

In a two-good demand system, the Slutsky cross-price terms of the two goods are equal to the 

negative of the corresponding Slutsky own-price terms. Theory suggests that the Slutsky (income 

compensated) price effects sum to zero. In a two-good world, the cross-price effect would have to 

equal the negative of the own-price effect for this condition to be satisfied. Consequently, the difference in the Slutsky elasticities for food and nonfood for a given country is due to the difference in 

the food and nonfood budget shares. Note that the Cournot cross-price elasticities are based on the 

uncompensated price effects, which include both the substitution and income effect of a price change 

and do not necessarily sum to zero. The cross-price elasticity calculations are based on the φ estimate and α and β estimates for food from MSMR (2011; table 3, p. 12), where the corresponding 

estimates for nonfood are 1- α and - β, respectively. This result is directly obtained from the addingup conditions previously discussed in equation (2). 

The cross-price elasticities for food and nonfood (with respect to changes in nonfood and food 

prices, respectively) across the 144 countries are reported in table 1. The Slutsky cross-price elasticities are positive, indicating a substitute relationship between food and nonfood, which is likely 

the case with only two goods and when the income effect of a price change is not considered. The 

Slutsky cross-price elasticity for food demand with respect to change in nonfood price is higher in 

the middle-income countries than in the low- and high-income countries. In fact, the lowest income 

countries—the Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi—and the highest income country—

the United States—have the lowest cross-price elasticity (between 0.23 and 0.24). This elasticity 

first rises with income to 0.38, the elasticity for 17 middle-income countries such as South Africa, 

Russia, and Argentina, to name just a few. As income levels increase further, the elasticity declines 

until it reaches 0.24 for the United States. This relatively low Slutsky food cross-price elasticity with 

respect to changes in nonfood prices has to be explained differently depending on income level. The 

poorest countries have relatively low budget shares for nonfood. All spending must be considered 

as essential, which means that movement across spending categories will be minimal. High-income 

countries, however, have relatively large nonfood budgets. At the same time, their food needs are 

generally met, which makes food spending less responsive to nonfood price changes.

It is interesting to note that the Slutsky nonfood cross-price elasticity (in response to a 1-percent 

increase in the price of food) decreases dramatically in magnitude within the low-income country 
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group alone, from a high of 0.66 in the Democratic Republic of Congo to 0.23 in Armenia. Also, 

for the 37 poorest of the low-income countries, the nonfood cross-price elasticity is larger than the 

food cross-price elasticity. In the case of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the nonfood elasticity 

is almost three times the food cross-price elasticity (0.23). Cameroon marks the turning point where 

both cross-price elasticities are almost identical (0.349 and 0.351), which is close to the low-income 

group average. However, as incomes increase, the nonfood cross-price elasticity with respect to a 

change in the price of food declines markedly. For the average middle-income countries, nonfood 

cross-price elasticity is less than one-half of the food cross-price elasticity. For high-income countries, the nonfood cross-price elasticity is less than one-third of the food cross-price elasticity, on 

average, and for the United States, the highest income country, the nonfood cross-price elasticity 

is less than one-fifth of the food cross-price elasticity. The smaller impact on nonfood spending in 

high-income countries can be partly explained by the relatively small budget share of food spending. 

The low-income response is almost four times as big, a reflection of the much larger budget share 

dedicated to food. 

The Cournot cross-price elasticities take into account the income effect of a price change and are 

markedly different from the corresponding Slutsky elasticities. For countries with all income levels, 

the income effect (resulting in a decline in demand as real income shrinks due to a higher price) is 

larger than the substitution effect, resulting in negative elasticities. While the Cournot elasticities 

for food follow a similar pattern as the Slutsky food elasticities in that they are higher for middleincome countries, they are very small in magnitude, indicating changes in nonfood prices have a 

relatively small effect on food consumption regardless of country and income level. The substitution effect is smaller, but similar in magnitude to the opposing income effect, thus resulting in very 

small negative elasticities. On average, the elasticities range from -0.041 for low-income countries 

to -0.067 for middle-income countries and -0.064 for high-income countries. The elasticity is less 

than 0.01 (in absolute values) for Liberia, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, the three 

lowest income countries included in this study. Considering that food is a necessity, the relatively 

inelastic Cournot cross-price elasticity estimates are consistent with our expectations.

The Cournot nonfood cross-price elasticities (in response to a change in food prices) are much larger in 

magnitude, on average, more than 6 times larger than the Cournot food cross-price elasticities for lowincome countries and 2.7 and 2.4 times larger for middle- and high-income countries. If food prices 

increase, all countries respond strongly by reducing their spending on nonfood items. The response is 

the strongest among the lowest income countries where food budget shares are the highest. 

Comparing 2005 results with 1996 and 1980 results

How do these results compare with those of Regmi and Seale (2010)? First, two major differences 

exist between the data used for the analysis. As mentioned, there were more countries in our data 

(114 in the 1996 ICP versus 144 in the 2005 ICP). Most of the newly added countries were lower 

income Sub-Saharan African countries, while a number of middle-income countries (15 countries), 

most notably several Caribbean countries, were not included in the 2005 round. The second major 

difference is the inclusion of “food away from home” in the food spending category.11

Despite some changes in the composition of the three income groups over time, their average 

income levels relative to the United States have stayed fairly stable (table 2). Given that U.S. per 

capita income increased by more than 20 percent between 1996 and 2005, stable group income 

11“Food away from home” was included under “recreation” expenditure in the previous rounds of ICP.
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shares imply that incomes grew at similar rates in countries of all income levels. Food budget 

shares declined by 8.7 percent in low-income countries (from 53.3 to 48.6 percent) and by close 

to 11 percent in middle-income countries over the same time period. Contrary to this trend, the 

food budget share of high-income countries increased from 16.5 to 20.5 percent. We attribute this 

increase to the inclusion of the food-away-from-home category, which is a large budget component 

in many high-income countries. In the United States, food-away-from-home spending was estimated 

at more than 48 percent of total food expenditure in 2005 (USDA-ERS, table 13). 

Comparisons between the Slutsky and Cournot nonfood cross-price elasticities in the two studies 

show similar patterns (fig. 1), where the lower income countries in both sets have greater cross-price 

elasticities (absolutely) than the high-income countries. However, Slutsky cross-price elasticities have 

declined between 1996 and 2005 for the lower income countries. This is a reasonable finding since 

income levels for most countries increased between 1996 and 2005 and, as income levels increase, 

one expects that response to price changes becomes less elastic (Timmer, 1981). While there is 

little change in middle-income countries, high-income nonfood cross-price elasticities were slightly 

higher in 2005 than in 1996, thus decreasing the range between the lowest and highest elasticity. 

It is interesting to note that a comparison between 198012 and 1996 cross-price elasticities showed 

the opposite trend: an increase for low-income countries and a decline for high-income countries 

(Regmi and Seale, 2010; p. 15). We attribute these higher nonfood cross-price elasticities in 2005 to 

larger food budgets in high-income countries due to the inclusion of away-from-home food spending, 

thus considerably increasing the budget share of food in this income group. As a result, a change 

in food prices necessarily has a stronger impact on nonfood spending, and the difference is most 

pronounced where the inclusion of away-from-home food spending is the greatest (i.e., in the higher 

income countries). 2005 Cournot cross-price elasticities are generally smaller in absolute value 

compared to 1996, thus reflecting increased income levels across all income groups. 

We now turn to comparing over time the estimated Slutsky and Cournot cross-price elasticities for 

food with respect to nonfood price changes. Their patterns are generally similar in the two time 

periods, but certain differences exist (fig. 2). 

12Among studies based on 1980 ICP data, TCS (1989) and Seale and Theil (1991) calculated and reported cross-price 

elasticities of demand for a two-good demand system (food and nonfood) on a country-by-country basis.

Table 2

Relative per capita income and food budget shares by income group, 2005 and 1996

99 countries 2005 1996

Country income groups

Income 

per capita, 

US=100

Food, 

beverages, 

tobacco 

budget 

share

Number 

of countries

Income 

per capita, 

US=100

Food, 

beverages, 

tobacco 

budget 

share1

Number 

of countries

Low-income average 7.0 48.6 44 7.9 53.3 35

(44 countries)

Middle-income average 26.5 30.7 30 25.2 34.4 36

(30 countries)

High-income average 65.1 20.5 25 67.5 16.5 28

(25 countries)

1Includes food-away-from-home expenditures.

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on World Bank,1996 and 2005 International Comparison Program 

data.
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The values of the 2005 Slutsky cross-price elasticity are slightly lower than the 1996 estimates for 

the 60 countries in the lower income range of the sample. The difference is most pronounced for the 

Figure 1

Nonfood cross-price elasticity with food price change 

Percent

Note: Ninety-nine countries are included in both data sets, plotted here in order of increasing per capita income. Country 

rankings differ between 1996 and 2005. Slutsky and Cournot are two leading price elasticity measurement methods.

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on World Bank, 1996 and 2005 International Comparison 

Program data.

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Countries 

2005 Slutsky 2005 Cournot 1996 Slutsky 1996 Cournot

Figure 2

Food cross-price elasticity with nonfood price change 

Percent

Note: Ninety-nine countries are included in both data sets, plotted here in order of increasing per capita income. Country 

rankings differ between 1996 and 2005. Slutsky and Cournot are two leading price elasticity measurement methods.

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on World Bank, 1996 and 2005 International Comparison 

Program data.

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Countries

2005 Slutsky 2005 Cournot 1996 Slutsky 1996 Cournot
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high-income countries in which elasticities are considerably higher in 2005 because of the aforementioned inclusion of spending on food away from home. 

The corresponding Cournot cross-price elasticities for food demand with respect to nonfood price 

changes show a very similar pattern to those in 1996, with all falling below zero. In the 1996 ICP 

data, the lowest income countries exhibited a stronger substitution effect than income effect, leading 

to positive Cournot elasticities. In 2005, the income effect is stronger for all countries. In fact, the 

results are similar to those obtained based on the 1980 ICP, while slightly smaller in absolute value. 

Despite the differences noted between the 2005, 1996, and 1980 elasticities, the cross-price elasticities for a two-good demand system estimated with the 2005 ICP appear reasonable and offer sufficient support for estimating cross-price elasticities for the nine-good demand system.

Cross-price elasticities in a nine-good demand system

The Slutsky and Cournot cross-price elasticities for each of the 9 aggregate goods with respect to a 

price change in each of the 8 other goods are presented for the 144 countries in the appendix tables 

2-10. Simple averages of the estimated elasticities for low-, middle-, and high-income country groupings are presented in tables 3 and 4. Within a country grouping, the Slutsky cross-price elasticities 

for the nine-good demand system are biggest in magnitude for “recreation,” followed by “other,” 

and “medical and health.” These categories include items that can be described as luxury goods, 

which are treated differently than necessities, represented by food, clothing, and housing-related 

expenditures. Elasticities for necessities are much lower, and they are the lowest for food. Transport 

spending falls in between luxury goods and necessities. 

The cross-price elasticity for education is now the second lowest, after food, for all income groups, 

which appears to indicate that education expenditure is now considered a necessity (table 3). This is 

an interesting change compared to the estimates based on 1996 ICP data, and it is supported by the 

fact that, in some of the poorest countries covered by the 2005 ICP, school enrollments have grown 

significantly in recent years. 

The low-income countries have the strongest response to food price changes. Demand changes for 

most spending categories are more than twice as strong as those for the middle-income countries, 

and, on average, close to four times as strong as those for the high-income countries. The lowincome countries’ strong response can be explained by this group’s relatively high food budget share. 

However, when relative prices change with respect to non-necessity goods, the Slutsky cross-price 

elasticities (except for food) are smaller in the low-income group and largest for the wealthiest countries (almost twice as big). In the case of food, the Slutsky cross-price elasticities of demand with 

respect to a change in the price of the necessities (food, clothing, housing, and education) are lowest 

in the high-income group and highest in the low-income group. Compared to 1996 ICP results, the 

Slutsky cross-price elasticities in response to a change in the price of food are higher in 2005 for 

low- and high-income countries, while they are somewhat lower in the middle-income countries. 

Inclusion of food-away-from-home spending most likely caused the increased response in highincome countries. 

When relative price changes are not accompanied by compensating equivalent income changes, 

the resulting Cournot cross-price elasticities for the nine goods and three country groupings are 

presented in table 4. For the most part, we find that income effects outweigh substitution effects, 

thus resulting in negative elasticities. This is true for all elasticities of the high- and middle-income 
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Table 3

Slutsky (compensated) cross-price and own-price elasticities for a nine-good demand system

Food, 

beverages, 

and 

tobacco

Clothing 

and 

footwear

Gross 

rent, 

fuel, & 

power

House 

furnishings 

and

operations

Medical

and

health

Transport 

and

communicationsRecreationEducation Other

Average cross-price elasticities, average own-price elasticities on diagonal 

Low-income countries

1-percent price change in:

Food, beverages, and tobacco -0.345 0.278 0.309 0.303 0.564 0.351 0.900 0.268 0.591

Clothing and footwear 0.032 -0.670 0.044 0.043 0.076 0.050 0.120 0.038 0.079

Gross rent, fuel, and power 0.091 0.113 -0.662 0.124 0.214 0.142 0.333 0.109 0.221

House furnishings & operations 0.031 0.038 0.043 -0.731 0.073 0.048 0.114 0.037 0.075

Medical and health 0.030 0.038 0.042 0.041 -1.290 0.047 0.102 0.036 0.068

Transport and communications 0.072 0.091 0.101 0.099 0.167 -0.776 0.258 0.087 0.172

Recreation 0.029 0.037 0.041 0.040 0.067 0.046 -2.033 0.035 0.069

Education 0.018 0.022 0.025 0.024 0.044 0.028 0.069 -0.660 0.045

Other 0.045 0.056 0.062 0.061 0.098 0.070 0.150 0.054 -1.310

Middle-income countries

 1-percent price change in:

Food, beverages, and tobacco -0.379 0.148 0.163 0.161 0.201 0.177 0.216 0.141 0.202

Clothing and footwear 0.025 -0.671 0.041 0.040 0.050 0.044 0.054 0.036 0.051

Gross rent, fuel, and power 0.086 0.126 -0.642 0.137 0.171 0.151 0.183 0.120 0.171

House furnishings & operations 0.028 0.042 0.046 -0.725 0.056 0.050 0.061 0.040 0.057

Medical and health 0.042 0.062 0.068 0.067 -0.875 0.074 0.090 0.059 0.084

Transport and communications 0.079 0.117 0.129 0.127 0.158 -0.707 0.169 0.111 0.158

Recreation 0.044 0.065 0.072 0.071 0.088 0.078 -0.933 0.062 0.088

Education 0.013 0.019 0.022 0.021 0.026 0.023 0.028 -0.656 0.026

Other 0.062 0.091 0.101 0.099 0.124 0.109 0.132 0.087 -0.837

High-income countries

 1-percent price change in:

Food, beverages, and tobacco -0.323 0.076 0.084 0.083 0.098 0.089 0.102 0.072 0.098

Clothing and footwear 0.018 -0.671 0.040 0.039 0.046 0.042 0.048 0.034 0.046

Gross rent, fuel, and power 0.068 0.133 -0.632 0.145 0.171 0.157 0.178 0.127 0.171

House furnishings & operations 0.022 0.044 0.048 -0.721 0.056 0.051 0.058 0.041 0.056

Medical and health 0.039 0.075 0.083 0.082 -0.810 0.089 0.101 0.071 0.097

Transport and communications 0.067 0.131 0.144 0.142 0.168 -0.678 0.175 0.124 0.168

Recreation 0.042 0.083 0.091 0.090 0.106 0.097 -0.835 0.078 0.106

Education 0.009 0.018 0.020 0.019 0.023 0.021 0.024 -0.653 0.023

Other 0.057 0.112 0.123 0.121 0.143 0.131 0.149 0.106 -0.765

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations using World Bank, 2005 International Comparison Program data.
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groups with one exception for middle-income countries; the response to a 1-percent increase in the 

price of recreation leads to very slightly positive demand changes in all other eight spending categories. Low-income countries have positive demand changes in response to a 1-percent price increase 

of recreation, medical spending, and other. 

All three categories have small budget shares for this income group and thus their income effects are 

also very small. The change in food price leads to the strongest demand responses in the remaining 

eight categories for all income groups, given that the food budget share is the most prominent within 

each group. However, absolute values are greatest for the lowest income countries and decline with 

income. This same trend holds for price changes in other necessities such as spending related to 

clothing, housing, and education. In general, 2005 Cournot cross-price elasticities in response to 

food price change are smaller in magnitude for all income groups than the elasticities based on the 

1996 ICP. This change is most likely due to the inclusion of food consumed away from home. 
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Table 4

Cournot (uncompensated) cross-price elasticities for a nine-good demand system

Food, 

beverages, 

and 

tobacco

Clothing 

and 

footwear

Gross 

rent, 

fuel, & 

power

House 

furnishings 

and

operations

Medical

and

health

Transport 

and

communicationsRecreationEducation Other

Average cross-price elasticities, average own-price elasticities on diagonal 

Low-income countries

1-percent price change in:

Food, beverages, and tobacco -0.737 -0.206 -0.228 -0.224 -1.164 -0.258 -0.121 -0.198 -0.422

Clothing and footwear -0.013 -0.726 -0.018 -0.018 -0.100 -0.020 0.003 -0.016 -0.032

Gross rent, fuel, and power -0.025 -0.031 -0.822 -0.033 -0.206 -0.038 0.032 -0.029 -0.059

House furnishings & operations -0.009 -0.011 -0.013 -0.786 -0.074 -0.014 0.009 -0.011 -0.022

Medical and health 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.006 -1.344 0.007 0.035 0.006 0.014

Transport and communications -0.009 -0.012 -0.013 -0.013 -0.101 -0.903 0.045 -0.011 -0.021

Recreation 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.013 -0.010 0.015 -2.086 0.011 0.025

Education -0.008 -0.010 -0.012 -0.011 -0.063 -0.013 0.000 -0.692 -0.021

Other 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.010 -0.033 0.011 0.051 0.009 -1.389

Middle-income countries

1-percent price change in:

Food, beverages, and tobacco -0.588 -0.158 -0.174 -0.172 -0.214 -0.189 -0.230 -0.151 -0.215

Clothing and footwear -0.010 -0.723 -0.017 -0.017 -0.021 -0.018 -0.022 -0.015 -0.021

Gross rent, fuel, and power -0.024 -0.035 -0.821 -0.038 -0.048 -0.042 -0.051 -0.034 -0.048

House furnishings & operations -0.008 -0.012 -0.014 -0.783 -0.017 -0.015 -0.018 -0.012 -0.017

Medical and health -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003 -0.962 -0.003 -0.004 -0.003 -0.004

Transport and communications -0.014 -0.021 -0.024 -0.023 -0.029 -0.871 -0.031 -0.020 -0.029

Recreation 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 -1.025 0.001 0.002

Education -0.006 -0.009 -0.010 -0.010 -0.013 -0.011 -0.014 -0.684 -0.013

Other -0.003 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005 -0.005 -0.006 -0.004 -0.966

High-income countries

1-percent price change in:

Food, beverages, and tobacco -0.431 -0.132 -0.145 -0.143 -0.169 -0.155 -0.176 -0.125 -0.169

Clothing and footwear -0.008 -0.722 -0.016 -0.016 -0.019 -0.017 -0.020 -0.014 -0.019

Gross rent, fuel, and power -0.019 -0.038 -0.821 -0.041 -0.049 -0.045 -0.051 -0.036 -0.049

House furnishings & operations -0.007 -0.013 -0.014 -0.783 -0.017 -0.015 -0.018 -0.012 -0.017

Medical and health -0.004 -0.008 -0.009 -0.008 -0.917 -0.009 -0.010 -0.007 -0.010

Transport and communications -0.014 -0.027 -0.029 -0.029 -0.034 -0.863 -0.035 -0.025 -0.034

Recreation -0.002 -0.005 -0.005 -0.005 -0.006 -0.006 -0.952 -0.005 -0.006

Education -0.005 -0.009 -0.010 -0.010 -0.011 -0.010 -0.012 -0.679 -0.011

Other -0.006 -0.011 -0.012 -0.012 -0.014 -0.013 -0.015 -0.011 -0.923

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations using World Bank, 2005 International Comparison Program data.
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Conclusion

Cross-price elasticities of demand based on 2005 ICP data are presented using the same approach 

that was applied to 1996 ICP data, found in Regmi and Seale (2010). Two sets of cross-price elasticities, Slutsky (compensated) and Cournot (uncompensated), are calculated for two-good and ninegood demand systems based on the 2005 ICP data across 144 countries. The compensated Slutsky 

elasticities are calculated assuming that real income levels remain unchanged, and the uncompensated Cournot elasticities are calculated assuming that nominal incomes remain unchanged. The 

consumption categories of the two-good demand system are food and nonfood, while the categories 

of the nine-good demand system are: food, beverage, and tobacco; clothing and footwear; gross rent, 

fuel, and power; house furnishings and operations; education; medical and health; transport and 

communications; recreation; and other. 

Comparisons of the elasticities from the two-good demand system with elasticities estimated using 

the 1996 ICP data by Regmi and Seale (2010) show that consumer demand had become less elastic 

in 2005 with respect to relative price changes. We attribute this change to income growth in all 

income groups. However, high-income country results are strongly affected by the new definition of 

food, which in the 2005 ICP for the first time includes food-away-from-home expenditures. Given 

that this spending category makes up a considerable part of per capita food budgets in high-income 

countries, our estimates reflect this change: food cross-price elasticities with nonfood price changes 

for high-income countries are higher in 2005 than in 1996. However, in the poorest countries in the 

sample, where real income growth was pronounced during this period and away-from-home food 

spending was small, relative price changes sometimes lead to lower cross-price elasticities in 2005 

than those calculated in 1996. In contrast, countries at all income levels tended to register higher 

cross-price elasticities in 2005 than in 1996 with respect to food price changes for the other eight 

consumption groups. 

The estimates from this report represent consistent cross-country cross-price elasticity estimates 

for a large number of countries (144) and consumption categories (9). These cross-price elasticities 

together with the income and own-price elasticities presented by MSMR (2011) are useful inputs into 

global trade and demand models that benefit from using elasticities that were estimated consistently 

across countries. 
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References

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Timmer, C.P. 1981. “Is There Curvature in the Slutsky Matrix?” Review of Economics and 

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Appendix figure 1

Derivation of the Florida model and relationships

Working’s Model

Marginal budget shares change 

with income change

Florida PI model

Assumes Preference Independence

Model has 3 components:

• Linear real-income term

• Quadratic pure-price term

• Cubic substitution term

Add price relationships

Replace cubic 

with linear 

substitution term.

Florida Slutsky model

Output Output

Stage 1

Analysis of broad expenditure 

categories (food, housing, ...)

(Preference Independence is a 

reasonable assumption here.)

Stage 2

Analysis of food subcategories 

(cereals, meats, fruits, and 

vegetables, ...)

(Preference Independence cannot 

be assumed.)

Based on estimated parameters we 

calculate for food subgroups:

• Income elasticities

• Frisch own-price elasticities

Based on estimated parameters we 

calculate for broad categories:

• Income elasticities

• Frisch own-price elasticities

• Slutsky own-price elasticities

• Cournot own-price elasticities

• Cross-price elasticities

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service.
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Appendix table 1

Countries in the 2005 International Comparison Program (ICP) Round

Latin America Asia Africa West Asia

Commonwealth 

of 

Independent States

Europe / Organisation 

for Economic 

Co-operation 

and Development

Argentina** Bangladesh* Angola Bahrain* Armenia* Belgium**

Bolivia** Bhutan Burundi Iraq Azerbaijan* Denmark**

Brazil** Brunei Darussalam Benin* Jordan* Belarus* Germany*

Chile** Cambodia Burkina Faso Kuwait Georgia* Spain**

Colombia China Botswana** Lebanon* Kazakhstan* France**

Ecuador** Fiji* Central African Rep. Oman* Kyrgyz Rep.* Ireland**

Peru** Hong Kong** Côte d'Ivoire* Qatar* Moldova* Italy**

Paraguay** India Cameroon* Saudi Arabia Tajikistan* Luxembourg**

Uruguay* Indonesia** Congo, Rep.* Syria* Ukraine* Netherlands**

Venezuela** Iran* Comoros Yemen* Russia* Austria**

Lao PDR Cape Verde Portugal**

Macao Djibouti Finland**

Malaysia Egypt* Sweden*

Maldives Ethiopia United Kingdom**

Mongolia* Gabon* Cyprus

Nepal* Ghana Czech Republic*

Pakistan** Gambia, The Estonia*

Philippines** Guinea-Bissau Hungary**

Singapore* Equatorial Guinea Latvia*

Sri Lanka** Guinea* Lithuania*

Taiwan Kenya* Malta

Thailand* Liberia Poland**

Vietnam* Lesotho Slovakia*

Morocco** Slovenia*

Madagascar** Bulgaria*

Mali* Romania*

Mozambique Turkey*

Mauritania Iceland*

Mauritius* Norway**

Malawi* Switzerland*

Namibia Croatia

Niger Macedonia*

Nigeria** Albania*

Rwanda Bosnia & 

 Herzegovina

Sudan Montenegro

Senegal** Serbia

Sierra Leone* Australia*

—continued
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Appendix table 1

Countries in the 2005 International Comparison Program (ICP) Round—Continued

Latin America Asia Africa West Asia

Commonwealth 

of 

Independent States

Europe / Organisation 

for Economic 

Co-operation 

and Development

São Tomé and Principe New Zealand*

Swaziland* Japan**

Chad Korea**

Togo Canada*

Tunisia** Mexico*

Tanzania** United States**

Uganda Israel**

South Africa

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Zambia**

Zimbabwe*

* Denotes countries (59) present in the 1996 ICP and not in the 1980 ICP.

 ** Denotes countries (40) present both in the 1996 and the 1980 ICP.

Countries from 1996 missing in 2005 are Greece, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and 12 countries from the Caribbean.

Greece is not available at the basic heading but is included at the aggregate level by the World Bank.

Yellow: included for the first time in the 2005 International Comparison Program.

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on 2005 International Comparison Program data.
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Appendix table 2

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in food price, 144 countries in 2005

Country

Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, & 

power

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.451 -0.268 0.506 -0.301 0.493 -0.294 0.731 -0.435

Burundi 0.401 -0.250 0.448 -0.280 0.438 -0.274 0.651 -58.846

Liberia 0.392 -0.247 0.438 -0.276 0.428 -0.270 3.485 -2.197

Zimbabwe 0.378 -0.242 0.422 -0.270 0.413 -0.264 1.674 -1.071

Ethiopia 0.368 -0.238 0.410 -0.266 0.402 -0.260 1.244 -0.806

Niger 0.367 -0.238 0.410 -0.265 0.401 -0.260 1.220 -0.791

Guinea-Bissau 0.366 -0.238 0.409 -0.265 0.400 -0.260 1.201 -0.779

Mozambique 0.355 -0.234 0.396 -0.261 0.388 -0.255 0.978 -0.643

Malawi 0.348 -0.231 0.387 -0.257 0.379 -0.252 0.870 -0.578

Rwanda 0.345 -0.230 0.384 -0.256 0.376 -0.251 0.839 -0.559

Angola 0.337 -0.227 0.375 -0.253 0.367 -0.247 0.759 -0.511

Chad 0.335 -0.226 0.373 -0.252 0.366 -0.247 0.748 -0.505

Gambia, The 0.334 -0.226 0.372 -0.251 0.364 -0.246 0.736 -0.498

Central African Republic 0.333 -0.225 0.371 -0.251 0.363 -0.246 0.729 -0.494

Mali 0.333 -0.225 0.371 -0.251 0.363 -0.246 0.728 -0.493

Tanzania 0.331 -0.225 0.369 -0.250 0.361 -0.245 0.715 -0.486

Sierra Leone 0.327 -0.223 0.364 -0.249 0.357 -0.244 0.686 -0.469

Guinea 0.326 -0.223 0.363 -0.248 0.356 -0.243 0.681 -0.466

Burkina Faso 0.324 -0.222 0.360 -0.247 0.353 -0.242 0.664 -0.456

Uganda 0.318 -0.220 0.353 -0.245 0.347 -0.240 0.629 -0.436

Madagascar 0.317 -0.220 0.353 -0.245 0.346 -0.240 0.627 -0.435

Zambia 0.317 -0.220 0.353 -0.244 0.346 -0.240 0.625 -0.433

Congo, Republic 0.315 -0.219 0.350 -0.243 0.343 -0.239 0.613 -0.427

Togo 0.313 -0.218 0.348 -0.243 0.342 -0.238 0.605 -0.422

Nepal 0.308 -0.216 0.342 -0.240 0.336 -0.236 0.579 -0.407

Ghana 0.305 -0.215 0.339 -0.239 0.332 -0.235 0.566 -0.399

Benin 0.300 -0.214 0.334 -0.237 0.328 -0.233 0.547 -0.389

Mauritania 0.300 -0.213 0.333 -0.237 0.327 -0.233 0.544 -0.387

Bangladesh 0.298 -0.213 0.331 -0.236 0.324 -0.232 0.535 -0.382

Côte d'Ivoire 0.297 -0.212 0.330 -0.236 0.324 -0.231 0.532 -0.381

Laos 0.297 -0.212 0.330 -0.236 0.323 -0.231 0.532 -0.380

Kenya 0.290 -0.210 0.322 -0.233 0.316 -0.229 0.508 -0.367

Djibouti 0.290 -0.210 0.322 -0.233 0.316 -0.229 0.506 -0.366

Nigeria 0.288 -0.209 0.320 -0.232 0.314 -0.228 0.501 -0.363

Senegal 0.288 -0.209 0.320 -0.232 0.314 -0.228 0.500 -0.363

Cambodia 0.283 -0.207 0.314 -0.230 0.309 -0.226 0.483 -0.354

Cameroon 0.279 -0.206 0.310 -0.229 0.304 -0.224 0.470 -0.346

São Tomé and Principe 0.278 -0.205 0.308 -0.228 0.303 -0.224 0.465 -0.344

India 0.275 -0.204 0.305 -0.227 0.300 -0.223 0.457 -0.340

Yemen 0.274 -0.204 0.304 -0.226 0.299 -0.222 0.454 -0.338

Vietnam 0.274 -0.204 0.304 -0.226 0.298 -0.222 0.454 -0.338

Mongolia 0.273 -0.204 0.303 -0.226 0.297 -0.222 0.450 -0.336

—continued
29

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 2

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in food price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, & 

power

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.270 -0.202 0.299 -0.225 0.294 -0.221 0.442 -0.331

Bhutan 0.267 -0.201 0.296 -0.224 0.291 -0.220 0.434 -0.328

China 0.265 -0.201 0.294 -0.223 0.288 -0.218 0.427 -0.324

Sudan 0.259 -0.198 0.287 -0.220 0.282 -0.216 0.411 -0.315

Lesotho 0.255 -0.197 0.283 -0.219 0.278 -0.215 0.402 -0.311

Tajikistan 0.255 -0.197 0.282 -0.218 0.277 -0.215 0.401 -0.310

Maldives 0.247 -0.194 0.273 -0.215 0.269 -0.211 0.382 -0.300

Morocco 0.245 -0.194 0.272 -0.214 0.267 -0.211 0.379 -0.299

Pakistan 0.243 -0.193 0.269 -0.214 0.265 -0.210 0.373 -0.296

Indonesia 0.239 -0.191 0.265 -0.212 0.260 -0.208 0.365 -0.292

Kyrgyzstan 0.239 -0.191 0.265 -0.212 0.260 -0.208 0.364 -0.291

Philippines 0.238 -0.191 0.264 -0.211 0.259 -0.208 0.362 -0.290

Cape Verde 0.238 -0.191 0.263 -0.211 0.259 -0.208 0.361 -0.290

Bolivia 0.237 -0.190 0.263 -0.211 0.258 -0.207 0.360 -0.289

Namibia 0.232 -0.189 0.257 -0.209 0.252 -0.205 0.349 -0.284

Sri Lanka 0.230 -0.188 0.254 -0.208 0.250 -0.204 0.344 -0.281

Botswana 0.228 -0.187 0.253 -0.207 0.248 -0.204 0.341 -0.280

Gabon 0.226 -0.186 0.250 -0.206 0.246 -0.203 0.336 -0.277

Azerbaijan 0.225 -0.186 0.249 -0.206 0.245 -0.203 0.335 -0.277

Syria 0.224 -0.186 0.248 -0.206 0.243 -0.202 0.331 -0.275

Equatorial Guinea 0.217 -0.183 0.241 -0.203 0.237 -0.200 0.319 -0.269

Paraguay 0.215 -0.183 0.238 -0.202 0.234 -0.199 0.315 -0.267

Fiji 0.213 -0.182 0.235 -0.201 0.231 -0.198 0.310 -0.265

Swaziland 0.210 -0.180 0.232 -0.200 0.228 -0.196 0.304 -0.262

Moldova 0.208 -0.180 0.230 -0.199 0.227 -0.196 0.301 -0.260

Egypt 0.207 -0.179 0.229 -0.198 0.225 -0.195 0.298 -0.259

Ecuador 0.202 -0.178 0.224 -0.197 0.220 -0.194 0.291 -0.255

Jordan 0.202 -0.178 0.223 -0.197 0.220 -0.193 0.290 -0.255

Georgia 0.201 -0.177 0.222 -0.196 0.219 -0.193 0.288 -0.254

Thailand 0.200 -0.177 0.221 -0.196 0.217 -0.192 0.285 -0.253

Colombia 0.199 -0.177 0.220 -0.195 0.216 -0.192 0.284 -0.252

Albania 0.197 -0.176 0.218 -0.194 0.214 -0.191 0.280 -0.250

Tunisia 0.196 -0.175 0.216 -0.194 0.213 -0.191 0.278 -0.249

Peru 0.193 -0.174 0.213 -0.193 0.210 -0.190 0.273 -0.247

Armenia 0.191 -0.174 0.211 -0.192 0.207 -0.189 0.269 -0.245

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.185 -0.172 0.205 -0.190 0.202 -0.187 0.260 -0.241

Malaysia 0.185 -0.172 0.205 -0.190 0.201 -0.187 0.260 -0.241

Ukraine 0.184 -0.171 0.203 -0.189 0.200 -0.186 0.257 -0.240

Brazil 0.182 -0.170 0.201 -0.188 0.198 -0.185 0.254 -0.238

Montenegro 0.181 -0.170 0.200 -0.188 0.197 -0.185 0.252 -0.237

—continued
30

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 2

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in food price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, & 

power

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.177 -0.169 0.196 -0.186 0.193 -0.183 0.246 -0.234

Macedonia 0.172 -0.167 0.190 -0.184 0.187 -0.181 0.238 -0.230

Turkey 0.171 -0.166 0.189 -0.184 0.186 -0.181 0.236 -0.230

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.166 -0.165 0.184 -0.182 0.181 -0.179 0.229 -0.226

Serbia 0.165 -0.164 0.182 -0.181 0.180 -0.179 0.227 -0.225

Belarus 0.165 -0.164 0.182 -0.181 0.179 -0.179 0.226 -0.225

Romania 0.164 -0.164 0.181 -0.181 0.178 -0.178 0.224 -0.224

Saudi Arabia 0.163 -0.164 0.180 -0.181 0.178 -0.178 0.224 -0.224

Uruguay 0.162 -0.163 0.179 -0.180 0.176 -0.177 0.222 -0.223

Mauritius 0.162 -0.163 0.179 -0.180 0.176 -0.177 0.222 -0.223

Chile 0.162 -0.163 0.179 -0.180 0.176 -0.177 0.221 -0.223

Kazakhstan 0.159 -0.162 0.176 -0.179 0.173 -0.176 0.217 -0.221

Russia 0.156 -0.161 0.173 -0.178 0.170 -0.175 0.213 -0.219

Argentina 0.155 -0.161 0.171 -0.177 0.169 -0.175 0.211 -0.218

Bulgaria 0.154 -0.160 0.170 -0.177 0.167 -0.174 0.208 -0.217

Oman 0.151 -0.159 0.167 -0.176 0.164 -0.173 0.205 -0.216

Iran 0.146 -0.157 0.161 -0.174 0.159 -0.171 0.197 -0.212

Latvia 0.141 -0.155 0.155 -0.171 0.153 -0.169 0.189 -0.208

Mexico 0.139 -0.155 0.154 -0.171 0.152 -0.168 0.187 -0.208

Lebanon 0.137 -0.154 0.151 -0.170 0.149 -0.167 0.183 -0.206

Poland 0.129 -0.151 0.142 -0.167 0.140 -0.164 0.171 -0.201

Croatia 0.128 -0.151 0.142 -0.166 0.140 -0.164 0.171 -0.200

Macao, China 0.128 -0.151 0.141 -0.166 0.139 -0.164 0.170 -0.200

Lithuania 0.128 -0.151 0.141 -0.166 0.139 -0.164 0.170 -0.200

Estonia 0.125 -0.150 0.138 -0.165 0.136 -0.163 0.165 -0.198

Brunei Darussalam 0.121 -0.148 0.134 -0.164 0.132 -0.161 0.160 -0.196

Slovak Republic 0.120 -0.148 0.133 -0.163 0.131 -0.161 0.159 -0.195

Hungary 0.120 -0.148 0.132 -0.163 0.131 -0.161 0.158 -0.195

South Korea 0.115 -0.146 0.126 -0.161 0.124 -0.158 0.151 -0.192

Bahrain 0.114 -0.146 0.126 -0.161 0.124 -0.158 0.150 -0.192

Czech Republic 0.107 -0.143 0.118 -0.158 0.116 -0.155 0.140 -0.187

Slovenia 0.103 -0.142 0.114 -0.156 0.112 -0.154 0.135 -0.185

Israel 0.102 -0.141 0.113 -0.156 0.111 -0.153 0.133 -0.184

High-income countries

Portugal 0.099 -0.140 0.109 -0.154 0.107 -0.152 0.128 -0.182

Qatar 0.098 -0.140 0.107 -0.154 0.106 -0.152 0.127 -0.181

Singapore 0.097 -0.139 0.106 -0.153 0.105 -0.151 0.125 -0.181

Malta 0.093 -0.138 0.103 -0.152 0.101 -0.150 0.121 -0.179

Kuwait 0.092 -0.138 0.102 -0.152 0.100 -0.150 0.120 -0.178

New Zealand 0.086 -0.135 0.095 -0.149 0.093 -0.147 0.111 -0.175

—continued
31

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 2

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in food price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, & 

power

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.085 -0.135 0.093 -0.149 0.092 -0.146 0.109 -0.174

Taiwan, China 0.084 -0.135 0.092 -0.148 0.091 -0.146 0.108 -0.173

Spain 0.082 -0.134 0.090 -0.147 0.089 -0.145 0.105 -0.172

Italy 0.080 -0.133 0.089 -0.147 0.087 -0.145 0.103 -0.171

Ireland 0.079 -0.133 0.087 -0.146 0.086 -0.144 0.101 -0.171

Denmark 0.079 -0.133 0.087 -0.146 0.085 -0.144 0.101 -0.170

Sweden 0.077 -0.132 0.085 -0.146 0.084 -0.144 0.099 -0.170

Hong Kong, China 0.077 -0.132 0.084 -0.145 0.083 -0.143 0.098 -0.169

Australia 0.075 -0.131 0.083 -0.145 0.081 -0.143 0.096 -0.168

Cyprus 0.075 -0.131 0.082 -0.145 0.081 -0.143 0.096 -0.168

Belgium 0.074 -0.131 0.082 -0.144 0.081 -0.142 0.095 -0.168

Japan 0.074 -0.131 0.082 -0.144 0.080 -0.142 0.095 -0.168

France 0.072 -0.130 0.080 -0.144 0.079 -0.142 0.093 -0.167

Germany 0.070 -0.129 0.077 -0.143 0.076 -0.141 0.089 -0.165

Canada 0.070 -0.129 0.077 -0.143 0.076 -0.141 0.089 -0.165

Iceland 0.069 -0.129 0.076 -0.142 0.075 -0.140 0.088 -0.165

Netherlands 0.069 -0.129 0.076 -0.142 0.075 -0.140 0.088 -0.165

Norway 0.069 -0.129 0.075 -0.142 0.074 -0.140 0.087 -0.165

United Kingdom 0.066 -0.128 0.072 -0.141 0.071 -0.139 0.084 -0.163

Switzerland 0.065 -0.128 0.071 -0.141 0.071 -0.139 0.083 -0.163

Austria 0.062 -0.127 0.069 -0.140 0.068 -0.138 0.079 -0.161

Luxembourg 0.048 -0.121 0.053 -0.134 0.052 -0.132 0.061 -0.153

United States 0.040 -0.119 0.044 -0.131 0.044 -0.129 0.051 -0.149

Low-income average 0.278 -0.206 0.309 -0.228 0.303 -0.224 0.564 -1.164

Middle-income average 0.148 -0.158 0.163 -0.174 0.161 -0.172 0.201 -0.214

High-income average 0.076 -0.132 0.084 -0.145 0.083 -0.143 0.098 -0.169

—continued
32

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 2

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in food price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.642 -0.382 1.801 -1.073 0.437 -0.260 1.004 -0.598

Burundi 0.540 -0.337 0.773 -0.483 0.388 -0.242 0.679 -0.424

Liberia 0.523 -0.330 1.021 -0.644 0.379 -0.239 4.549 -2.866

Zimbabwe 0.500 -0.320 0.801 -0.512 0.365 -0.234 1.834 -1.173

Ethiopia 0.482 -0.312 2.053 -1.330 0.355 -0.230 1.316 -0.852

Niger 0.481 -0.312 0.563 -0.365 0.354 -0.230 1.288 -0.835

Guinea-Bissau 0.480 -0.311 0.627 -0.407 0.354 -0.229 1.266 -0.821

Mozambique 0.462 -0.304 0.794 3.941 0.343 -0.226 1.014 -0.667

Malawi 0.450 -0.299 0.476 9.721 0.335 -0.223 0.896 -0.595

Rwanda 0.445 -0.297 1.095 24.752 0.333 -0.222 0.862 -0.574

Angola 0.432 -0.291 4.538 -3.059 0.324 -0.219 0.776 -0.523

Chad 0.430 -0.291 3.844 -2.595 0.323 -0.218 0.765 -0.516

Gambia, The 0.428 -0.290 3.234 -2.188 0.322 -0.218 0.751 -0.508

Central African Republic 0.427 -0.289 2.995 -2.029 0.321 -0.217 0.744 -0.504

Mali 0.427 -0.289 2.962 -2.007 0.321 -0.217 0.743 -0.503

Tanzania 0.424 -0.288 2.574 -1.748 0.319 -0.217 0.730 -0.495

Sierra Leone 0.418 -0.285 1.972 -1.347 0.315 -0.215 0.699 -0.477

Guinea 0.417 -0.285 1.896 -1.296 0.314 -0.215 0.694 -0.474

Burkina Faso 0.413 -0.283 1.667 -1.144 0.312 -0.214 0.676 -0.464

Uganda 0.404 -0.279 1.330 -0.921 0.306 -0.212 0.639 -0.442

Madagascar 0.403 -0.279 1.316 -0.911 0.306 -0.212 0.637 -0.441

Zambia 0.403 -0.279 1.297 -0.899 0.305 -0.212 0.634 -0.440

Congo, Republic 0.399 -0.278 1.214 -0.844 0.303 -0.211 0.622 -0.433

Togo 0.397 -0.277 1.162 -0.810 0.302 -0.210 0.614 -0.428

Nepal 0.389 -0.273 1.014 -0.713 0.296 -0.208 0.586 -0.412

Ghana 0.385 -0.272 0.952 -0.672 0.293 -0.207 0.572 -0.404

Benin 0.378 -0.269 0.874 -0.621 0.289 -0.206 0.553 -0.393

Mauritania 0.377 -0.269 0.863 -0.615 0.289 -0.205 0.550 -0.392

Bangladesh 0.374 -0.267 0.829 -0.593 0.286 -0.205 0.541 -0.386

Côte d'Ivoire 0.373 -0.267 0.820 -0.586 0.286 -0.204 0.538 -0.385

Laos 0.373 -0.267 0.817 -0.585 0.285 -0.204 0.537 -0.384

Kenya 0.364 -0.263 0.739 -0.535 0.279 -0.202 0.512 -0.371

Djibouti 0.363 -0.263 0.734 -0.532 0.279 -0.202 0.511 -0.370

Nigeria 0.361 -0.262 0.720 -0.522 0.277 -0.201 0.506 -0.367

Senegal 0.361 -0.262 0.716 -0.520 0.277 -0.201 0.505 -0.366

Cambodia 0.354 -0.259 0.670 -0.490 0.272 -0.199 0.487 -0.357

Cameroon 0.348 -0.257 0.636 -0.469 0.268 -0.198 0.474 -0.349

São Tomé and Principe 0.346 -0.256 0.625 -0.463 0.267 -0.197 0.469 -0.347

India 0.342 -0.254 0.606 -0.451 0.264 -0.196 0.461 -0.342

Yemen 0.341 -0.254 0.599 -0.446 0.263 -0.196 0.458 -0.341

Vietnam 0.341 -0.254 0.598 -0.446 0.263 -0.196 0.457 -0.340

Mongolia 0.339 -0.253 0.592 -0.441 0.262 -0.196 0.454 -0.339

—continued
33

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 2

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in food price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.335 -0.251 0.572 -0.430 0.259 -0.195 0.445 -0.334

Bhutan 0.331 -0.250 0.557 -0.420 0.257 -0.194 0.437 -0.330

China 0.328 -0.249 0.543 -0.411 0.254 -0.193 0.430 -0.326

Sudan 0.320 -0.245 0.511 -0.392 0.248 -0.191 0.414 -0.317

Lesotho 0.315 -0.243 0.495 -0.382 0.245 -0.189 0.405 -0.313

Tajikistan 0.314 -0.243 0.493 -0.381 0.245 -0.189 0.404 -0.312

Maldives 0.303 -0.239 0.459 -0.361 0.237 -0.186 0.384 -0.302

Morocco 0.302 -0.238 0.454 -0.358 0.235 -0.186 0.381 -0.300

Pakistan 0.299 -0.237 0.445 -0.353 0.233 -0.185 0.375 -0.298

Indonesia 0.293 -0.235 0.431 -0.345 0.229 -0.184 0.366 -0.293

Kyrgyzstan 0.293 -0.235 0.430 -0.344 0.229 -0.183 0.366 -0.293

Philippines 0.292 -0.234 0.426 -0.342 0.228 -0.183 0.364 -0.292

Cape Verde 0.291 -0.234 0.425 -0.342 0.228 -0.183 0.363 -0.291

Bolivia 0.291 -0.234 0.423 -0.340 0.227 -0.183 0.362 -0.291

Namibia 0.284 -0.231 0.406 -0.330 0.222 -0.181 0.350 -0.285

Sri Lanka 0.281 -0.230 0.399 -0.326 0.220 -0.180 0.345 -0.282

Botswana 0.279 -0.229 0.394 -0.324 0.219 -0.180 0.342 -0.281

Gabon 0.276 -0.228 0.387 -0.320 0.217 -0.179 0.338 -0.279

Azerbaijan 0.275 -0.227 0.385 -0.319 0.216 -0.178 0.336 -0.278

Syria 0.273 -0.227 0.381 -0.316 0.214 -0.178 0.333 -0.276

Equatorial Guinea 0.265 -0.223 0.363 -0.306 0.208 -0.176 0.320 -0.270

Paraguay 0.262 -0.222 0.357 -0.303 0.206 -0.175 0.316 -0.268

Fiji 0.259 -0.221 0.350 -0.299 0.204 -0.174 0.311 -0.266

Swaziland 0.255 -0.219 0.342 -0.295 0.201 -0.173 0.305 -0.263

Moldova 0.253 -0.219 0.339 -0.293 0.199 -0.172 0.302 -0.261

Egypt 0.251 -0.218 0.334 -0.290 0.198 -0.172 0.299 -0.260

Ecuador 0.245 -0.216 0.324 -0.285 0.194 -0.170 0.292 -0.256

Jordan 0.245 -0.215 0.323 -0.284 0.193 -0.170 0.291 -0.256

Georgia 0.243 -0.215 0.321 -0.283 0.192 -0.170 0.289 -0.255

Thailand 0.242 -0.214 0.318 -0.281 0.191 -0.169 0.286 -0.254

Colombia 0.241 -0.214 0.315 -0.280 0.190 -0.169 0.285 -0.253

Albania 0.238 -0.213 0.311 -0.278 0.188 -0.168 0.281 -0.251

Tunisia 0.236 -0.212 0.308 -0.276 0.187 -0.168 0.279 -0.250

Peru 0.233 -0.211 0.302 -0.273 0.185 -0.167 0.274 -0.248

Armenia 0.230 -0.210 0.297 -0.271 0.182 -0.166 0.270 -0.246

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.223 -0.207 0.285 -0.264 0.177 -0.164 0.261 -0.242

Malaysia 0.223 -0.207 0.285 -0.264 0.177 -0.164 0.260 -0.241

Ukraine 0.221 -0.206 0.282 -0.263 0.176 -0.164 0.258 -0.240

Brazil 0.219 -0.205 0.278 -0.261 0.174 -0.163 0.255 -0.239

Montenegro 0.218 -0.205 0.276 -0.259 0.173 -0.162 0.253 -0.238

—continued
34

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 2

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in food price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.213 -0.203 0.268 -0.256 0.169 -0.161 0.247 -0.235

Macedonia 0.206 -0.200 0.258 -0.250 0.164 -0.159 0.238 -0.231

Turkey 0.205 -0.200 0.256 -0.249 0.163 -0.159 0.237 -0.230

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.200 -0.198 0.248 -0.245 0.159 -0.157 0.229 -0.227

Serbia 0.198 -0.197 0.245 -0.244 0.158 -0.157 0.227 -0.226

Belarus 0.198 -0.197 0.245 -0.244 0.158 -0.157 0.227 -0.226

Romania 0.196 -0.196 0.242 -0.242 0.156 -0.156 0.225 -0.225

Saudi Arabia 0.196 -0.196 0.241 -0.242 0.156 -0.156 0.224 -0.225

Uruguay 0.194 -0.195 0.239 -0.241 0.155 -0.156 0.222 -0.224

Mauritius 0.194 -0.195 0.239 -0.241 0.155 -0.156 0.222 -0.224

Chile 0.194 -0.195 0.238 -0.240 0.154 -0.156 0.222 -0.223

Kazakhstan 0.191 -0.194 0.234 -0.238 0.152 -0.155 0.218 -0.222

Russia 0.187 -0.193 0.229 -0.236 0.149 -0.154 0.213 -0.220

Argentina 0.185 -0.192 0.226 -0.234 0.148 -0.153 0.211 -0.219

Bulgaria 0.184 -0.191 0.224 -0.233 0.146 -0.153 0.209 -0.218

Oman 0.181 -0.190 0.219 -0.231 0.144 -0.152 0.205 -0.216

Iran 0.175 -0.188 0.211 -0.227 0.139 -0.150 0.198 -0.213

Latvia 0.168 -0.185 0.201 -0.222 0.134 -0.148 0.189 -0.209

Mexico 0.166 -0.185 0.199 -0.221 0.133 -0.148 0.187 -0.208

Lebanon 0.163 -0.183 0.195 -0.219 0.130 -0.147 0.183 -0.206

Poland 0.153 -0.180 0.182 -0.213 0.123 -0.144 0.172 -0.201

Croatia 0.153 -0.179 0.181 -0.212 0.122 -0.144 0.171 -0.201

Macao, China 0.152 -0.179 0.180 -0.212 0.122 -0.144 0.170 -0.201

Lithuania 0.152 -0.179 0.180 -0.212 0.122 -0.144 0.170 -0.200

Estonia 0.148 -0.178 0.175 -0.210 0.119 -0.142 0.166 -0.198

Brunei Darussalam 0.144 -0.176 0.169 -0.207 0.116 -0.141 0.161 -0.196

Slovak Republic 0.143 -0.176 0.168 -0.206 0.115 -0.141 0.159 -0.196

Hungary 0.142 -0.175 0.167 -0.206 0.114 -0.141 0.159 -0.195

South Korea 0.136 -0.173 0.159 -0.202 0.109 -0.139 0.151 -0.192

Bahrain 0.136 -0.173 0.159 -0.202 0.109 -0.139 0.151 -0.192

Czech Republic 0.126 -0.169 0.147 -0.197 0.102 -0.136 0.140 -0.187

Slovenia 0.122 -0.168 0.142 -0.194 0.098 -0.135 0.135 -0.185

Israel 0.121 -0.167 0.140 -0.193 0.097 -0.134 0.133 -0.184

High-income countries

Portugal 0.117 -0.165 0.135 -0.191 0.094 -0.133 0.129 -0.182

Qatar 0.115 -0.165 0.133 -0.190 0.093 -0.133 0.127 -0.182

Singapore 0.114 -0.164 0.131 -0.189 0.092 -0.132 0.126 -0.181

Malta 0.110 -0.163 0.127 -0.187 0.089 -0.131 0.121 -0.179

Kuwait 0.109 -0.162 0.125 -0.187 0.088 -0.131 0.120 -0.179

New Zealand 0.101 -0.159 0.116 -0.182 0.082 -0.128 0.111 -0.175

—continued
35

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 2

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in food price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.099 -0.159 0.114 -0.181 0.080 -0.128 0.109 -0.174

Taiwan, China 0.099 -0.158 0.113 -0.181 0.079 -0.128 0.108 -0.174

Spain 0.096 -0.157 0.109 -0.180 0.077 -0.127 0.105 -0.172

Italy 0.095 -0.157 0.108 -0.179 0.076 -0.126 0.104 -0.172

Ireland 0.093 -0.156 0.106 -0.178 0.075 -0.126 0.102 -0.171

Denmark 0.092 -0.156 0.105 -0.178 0.075 -0.126 0.101 -0.171

Sweden 0.091 -0.155 0.103 -0.177 0.073 -0.125 0.099 -0.170

Hong Kong, China 0.090 -0.155 0.102 -0.176 0.073 -0.125 0.098 -0.169

Australia 0.088 -0.154 0.100 -0.175 0.071 -0.125 0.096 -0.169

Cyprus 0.088 -0.154 0.100 -0.175 0.071 -0.124 0.096 -0.168

Belgium 0.087 -0.154 0.099 -0.175 0.070 -0.124 0.095 -0.168

Japan 0.087 -0.154 0.099 -0.175 0.070 -0.124 0.095 -0.168

France 0.085 -0.153 0.097 -0.174 0.069 -0.124 0.093 -0.167

Germany 0.082 -0.152 0.093 -0.172 0.066 -0.123 0.089 -0.166

Canada 0.082 -0.152 0.093 -0.172 0.066 -0.123 0.089 -0.166

Iceland 0.081 -0.152 0.092 -0.172 0.065 -0.122 0.088 -0.165

Netherlands 0.081 -0.151 0.091 -0.171 0.065 -0.122 0.088 -0.165

Norway 0.080 -0.151 0.091 -0.171 0.065 -0.122 0.088 -0.165

United Kingdom 0.077 -0.150 0.087 -0.169 0.062 -0.121 0.084 -0.163

Switzerland 0.076 -0.150 0.086 -0.169 0.061 -0.121 0.083 -0.163

Austria 0.073 -0.149 0.082 -0.168 0.059 -0.120 0.080 -0.162

Luxembourg 0.056 -0.142 0.063 -0.159 0.045 -0.115 0.061 -0.154

United States 0.047 -0.139 0.053 -0.155 0.038 -0.112 0.051 -0.150

Low-income average 0.351 -0.258 0.900 -0.121 0.268 -0.198 0.591 -0.422

Middle-income average 0.177 -0.189 0.216 -0.230 0.141 -0.151 0.202 -0.215

High-income average 0.089 -0.155 0.102 -0.176 0.072 -0.125 0.098 -0.169

Note: In shaded cells, elasticity is derived using actual budget shares as opposed to the predicted budget share from the Florida model.

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on World Bank, 2005 International Comparison Program data.
36

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 3

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in clothing and footwear price, 144 countries in 2005

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco

Gross rent, fuel, & 

power

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.038 -0.015 0.048 -0.019 0.047 -0.019 0.069 -0.028

Burundi 0.036 -0.015 0.047 -0.019 0.046 -0.019 0.068 -5.304

Liberia 0.036 -0.015 0.047 -0.019 0.045 -0.019 0.370 -0.151

Zimbabwe 0.036 -0.014 0.046 -0.019 0.045 -0.018 0.183 -0.075

Ethiopia 0.035 -0.014 0.046 -0.019 0.045 -0.018 0.139 -0.057

Niger 0.035 -0.014 0.046 -0.019 0.045 -0.018 0.137 -0.056

Guinea-Bissau 0.035 -0.014 0.046 -0.019 0.045 -0.018 0.135 -0.055

Mozambique 0.035 -0.014 0.046 -0.019 0.045 -0.018 0.113 -0.046

Malawi 0.035 -0.014 0.046 -0.019 0.045 -0.018 0.102 -0.042

Rwanda 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.019 0.045 -0.018 0.099 -0.040

Angola 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.092 -0.037

Chad 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.091 -0.037

Gambia, The 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.089 -0.037

Central African Republic 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.089 -0.036

Mali 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.089 -0.036

Tanzania 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.088 -0.036

Sierra Leone 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.085 -0.035

Guinea 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.084 -0.035

Burkina Faso 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.083 -0.034

Uganda 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.080 -0.033

Madagascar 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.080 -0.033

Zambia 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.079 -0.032

Congo, Republic 0.033 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.078 -0.032

Togo 0.033 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.078 -0.032

Nepal 0.033 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.075 -0.031

Ghana 0.033 -0.014 0.045 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.074 -0.030

Benin 0.033 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.073 -0.030

Mauritania 0.033 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.073 -0.030

Bangladesh 0.033 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.072 -0.029

Côte d'Ivoire 0.033 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.072 -0.029

Laos 0.033 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.044 -0.018 0.072 -0.029

Kenya 0.033 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.070 -0.028

Djibouti 0.033 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.069 -0.028

Nigeria 0.032 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.069 -0.028

Senegal 0.032 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.069 -0.028

Cambodia 0.032 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.068 -0.028

Cameroon 0.032 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.067 -0.027

São Tomé and Principe 0.032 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.066 -0.027

India 0.032 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.066 -0.027

Yemen 0.032 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.065 -0.027

Vietnam 0.032 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.065 -0.027

Mongolia 0.032 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.065 -0.027

—continued
37

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 3

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in clothing and footwear price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco

Gross rent, fuel, & 

power

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.032 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.065 -0.026

Bhutan 0.032 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.064 -0.026

China 0.032 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.064 -0.026

Sudan 0.031 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.062 -0.026

Lesotho 0.031 -0.013 0.043 -0.018 0.043 -0.017 0.062 -0.025

Tajikistan 0.031 -0.013 0.043 -0.018 0.043 -0.017 0.062 -0.025

Maldives 0.031 -0.013 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.060 -0.025

Morocco 0.031 -0.013 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.060 -0.025

Pakistan 0.031 -0.013 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.060 -0.025

Indonesia 0.030 -0.012 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.059 -0.024

Kyrgyzstan 0.030 -0.012 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.059 -0.024

Philippines 0.030 -0.012 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.059 -0.024

Cape Verde 0.030 -0.012 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.059 -0.024

Bolivia 0.030 -0.012 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.059 -0.024

Namibia 0.030 -0.012 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.058 -0.024

Sri Lanka 0.030 -0.012 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.058 -0.024

Botswana 0.030 -0.012 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.058 -0.024

Gabon 0.030 -0.012 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.057 -0.024

Azerbaijan 0.030 -0.012 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.057 -0.024

Syria 0.030 -0.012 0.043 -0.018 0.042 -0.017 0.057 -0.023

Equatorial Guinea 0.029 -0.012 0.043 -0.017 0.042 -0.017 0.056 -0.023

Paraguay 0.029 -0.012 0.043 -0.017 0.042 -0.017 0.056 -0.023

Fiji 0.029 -0.012 0.043 -0.017 0.042 -0.017 0.056 -0.023

Swaziland 0.029 -0.012 0.042 -0.017 0.042 -0.017 0.056 -0.023

Moldova 0.029 -0.012 0.042 -0.017 0.042 -0.017 0.055 -0.023

Egypt 0.029 -0.012 0.042 -0.017 0.042 -0.017 0.055 -0.023

Ecuador 0.029 -0.012 0.042 -0.017 0.042 -0.017 0.055 -0.023

Jordan 0.029 -0.012 0.042 -0.017 0.042 -0.017 0.055 -0.023

Georgia 0.029 -0.012 0.042 -0.017 0.042 -0.017 0.055 -0.022

Thailand 0.029 -0.012 0.042 -0.017 0.042 -0.017 0.055 -0.022

Colombia 0.029 -0.012 0.042 -0.017 0.042 -0.017 0.054 -0.022

Albania 0.028 -0.012 0.042 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.054 -0.022

Tunisia 0.028 -0.012 0.042 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.054 -0.022

Peru 0.028 -0.012 0.042 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.054 -0.022

Armenia 0.028 -0.012 0.042 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.054 -0.022

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.028 -0.011 0.042 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.053 -0.022

Malaysia 0.028 -0.011 0.042 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.053 -0.022

Ukraine 0.028 -0.011 0.042 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.053 -0.022

Brazil 0.028 -0.011 0.042 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.053 -0.022

Montenegro 0.028 -0.011 0.042 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.053 -0.022

—continued
38

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 3

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in clothing and footwear price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco

Gross rent, fuel, & 

power

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.027 -0.011 0.042 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.052 -0.022

Macedonia 0.027 -0.011 0.042 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.052 -0.021

Turkey 0.027 -0.011 0.042 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.052 -0.021

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.027 -0.011 0.042 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.052 -0.021

Serbia 0.027 -0.011 0.041 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.052 -0.021

Belarus 0.027 -0.011 0.041 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.052 -0.021

Romania 0.026 -0.011 0.041 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.051 -0.021

Saudi Arabia 0.026 -0.011 0.041 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.051 -0.021

Uruguay 0.026 -0.011 0.041 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.051 -0.021

Mauritius 0.026 -0.011 0.041 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.051 -0.021

Chile 0.026 -0.011 0.041 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.051 -0.021

Kazakhstan 0.026 -0.011 0.041 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.051 -0.021

Russia 0.026 -0.011 0.041 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.051 -0.021

Argentina 0.026 -0.011 0.041 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.051 -0.021

Bulgaria 0.026 -0.011 0.041 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.051 -0.021

Oman 0.026 -0.011 0.041 -0.017 0.041 -0.017 0.050 -0.021

Iran 0.025 -0.010 0.041 -0.017 0.040 -0.017 0.050 -0.021

Latvia 0.025 -0.010 0.041 -0.017 0.040 -0.017 0.050 -0.021

Mexico 0.025 -0.010 0.041 -0.017 0.040 -0.017 0.050 -0.020

Lebanon 0.025 -0.010 0.041 -0.017 0.040 -0.017 0.050 -0.020

Poland 0.024 -0.010 0.041 -0.017 0.040 -0.017 0.049 -0.020

Croatia 0.024 -0.010 0.041 -0.017 0.040 -0.017 0.049 -0.020

Macao, China 0.024 -0.010 0.041 -0.017 0.040 -0.017 0.049 -0.020

Lithuania 0.024 -0.010 0.041 -0.017 0.040 -0.017 0.049 -0.020

Estonia 0.024 -0.010 0.041 -0.017 0.040 -0.017 0.049 -0.020

Brunei Darussalam 0.023 -0.010 0.041 -0.017 0.040 -0.016 0.049 -0.020

Slovak Republic 0.023 -0.010 0.041 -0.017 0.040 -0.016 0.048 -0.020

Hungary 0.023 -0.010 0.041 -0.017 0.040 -0.016 0.048 -0.020

South Korea 0.023 -0.009 0.040 -0.017 0.040 -0.016 0.048 -0.020

Bahrain 0.023 -0.009 0.040 -0.017 0.040 -0.016 0.048 -0.020

Czech Republic 0.022 -0.009 0.040 -0.017 0.040 -0.016 0.048 -0.020

Slovenia 0.022 -0.009 0.040 -0.017 0.040 -0.016 0.048 -0.020

Israel 0.022 -0.009 0.040 -0.017 0.040 -0.016 0.047 -0.020

High-income countries

Portugal 0.021 -0.009 0.040 -0.017 0.039 -0.016 0.047 -0.020

Qatar 0.021 -0.009 0.040 -0.017 0.039 -0.016 0.047 -0.020

Singapore 0.021 -0.009 0.040 -0.017 0.039 -0.016 0.047 -0.019

Malta 0.021 -0.009 0.040 -0.017 0.039 -0.016 0.047 -0.019

Kuwait 0.021 -0.009 0.040 -0.017 0.039 -0.016 0.047 -0.019

New Zealand 0.020 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.047 -0.019

—continued
39

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Apppendix table 3

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in clothing and footwear price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco

Gross rent, fuel, & 

power

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.020 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Taiwan, China 0.020 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Spain 0.019 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Italy 0.019 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Ireland 0.019 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Denmark 0.019 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Sweden 0.019 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Hong Kong, China 0.019 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Australia 0.018 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Cyprus 0.018 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Belgium 0.018 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Japan 0.018 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

France 0.018 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Germany 0.018 -0.007 0.039 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Canada 0.018 -0.007 0.039 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Iceland 0.018 -0.007 0.039 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Netherlands 0.018 -0.007 0.039 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Norway 0.018 -0.007 0.039 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

United Kingdom 0.017 -0.007 0.039 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Switzerland 0.017 -0.007 0.039 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

Austria 0.017 -0.007 0.039 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.045 -0.019

Luxembourg 0.014 -0.006 0.039 -0.016 0.038 -0.016 0.045 -0.019

United States 0.013 -0.005 0.039 -0.016 0.038 -0.016 0.044 -0.018

Low-income average 0.032 -0.013 0.044 -0.018 0.043 -0.018 0.076 -0.100

Middle-income average 0.025 -0.010 0.041 -0.017 0.040 -0.017 0.050 -0.021

High-income average 0.018 -0.008 0.040 -0.016 0.039 -0.016 0.046 -0.019

—continued
40

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 3

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in clothing and footwear price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.061 -0.025 0.171 -0.069 0.041 -0.017 0.095 -0.039

Burundi 0.056 -0.023 0.081 -0.033 0.040 -0.016 0.071 -0.029

Liberia 0.056 -0.023 0.108 -0.044 0.040 -0.016 0.483 -0.197

Zimbabwe 0.055 -0.022 0.088 -0.036 0.040 -0.016 0.201 -0.082

Ethiopia 0.054 -0.022 0.230 -0.094 0.040 -0.016 0.147 -0.060

Niger 0.054 -0.022 0.063 -0.026 0.040 -0.016 0.145 -0.059

Guinea-Bissau 0.054 -0.022 0.071 -0.029 0.040 -0.016 0.142 -0.058

Mozambique 0.053 -0.022 0.092 0.400 0.040 -0.016 0.117 -0.048

Malawi 0.053 -0.022 0.056 0.975 0.039 -0.016 0.105 -0.043

Rwanda 0.053 -0.021 0.129 2.493 0.039 -0.016 0.102 -0.042

Angola 0.052 -0.021 0.548 -0.224 0.039 -0.016 0.094 -0.038

Chad 0.052 -0.021 0.466 -0.190 0.039 -0.016 0.093 -0.038

Gambia, The 0.052 -0.021 0.393 -0.161 0.039 -0.016 0.091 -0.037

Central African Republic 0.052 -0.021 0.365 -0.149 0.039 -0.016 0.091 -0.037

Mali 0.052 -0.021 0.361 -0.147 0.039 -0.016 0.091 -0.037

Tanzania 0.052 -0.021 0.315 -0.129 0.039 -0.016 0.089 -0.036

Sierra Leone 0.052 -0.021 0.244 -0.100 0.039 -0.016 0.086 -0.035

Guinea 0.052 -0.021 0.235 -0.096 0.039 -0.016 0.086 -0.035

Burkina Faso 0.052 -0.021 0.208 -0.085 0.039 -0.016 0.084 -0.034

Uganda 0.051 -0.021 0.169 -0.069 0.039 -0.016 0.081 -0.033

Madagascar 0.051 -0.021 0.167 -0.068 0.039 -0.016 0.081 -0.033

Zambia 0.051 -0.021 0.165 -0.067 0.039 -0.016 0.081 -0.033

Congo, Republic 0.051 -0.021 0.155 -0.063 0.039 -0.016 0.080 -0.033

Togo 0.051 -0.021 0.149 -0.061 0.039 -0.016 0.079 -0.032

Nepal 0.051 -0.021 0.132 -0.054 0.039 -0.016 0.076 -0.031

Ghana 0.051 -0.021 0.125 -0.051 0.039 -0.016 0.075 -0.031

Benin 0.050 -0.021 0.116 -0.048 0.038 -0.016 0.074 -0.030

Mauritania 0.050 -0.021 0.115 -0.047 0.038 -0.016 0.073 -0.030

Bangladesh 0.050 -0.021 0.111 -0.046 0.038 -0.016 0.073 -0.030

Côte d'Ivoire 0.050 -0.021 0.110 -0.045 0.038 -0.016 0.072 -0.030

Laos 0.050 -0.021 0.110 -0.045 0.038 -0.016 0.072 -0.030

Kenya 0.050 -0.020 0.101 -0.041 0.038 -0.016 0.070 -0.029

Djibouti 0.050 -0.020 0.101 -0.041 0.038 -0.016 0.070 -0.029

Nigeria 0.050 -0.020 0.099 -0.041 0.038 -0.016 0.070 -0.029

Senegal 0.050 -0.020 0.099 -0.040 0.038 -0.016 0.070 -0.028

Cambodia 0.050 -0.020 0.094 -0.038 0.038 -0.016 0.068 -0.028

Cameroon 0.049 -0.020 0.090 -0.037 0.038 -0.016 0.067 -0.028

São Tomé and Principe 0.049 -0.020 0.089 -0.037 0.038 -0.016 0.067 -0.027

India 0.049 -0.020 0.087 -0.036 0.038 -0.016 0.066 -0.027

Yemen 0.049 -0.020 0.086 -0.035 0.038 -0.016 0.066 -0.027

Vietnam 0.049 -0.020 0.086 -0.035 0.038 -0.016 0.066 -0.027

Mongolia 0.049 -0.020 0.086 -0.035 0.038 -0.016 0.066 -0.027

—continued
41

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 3

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in clothing and footwear price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.049 -0.020 0.084 -0.034 0.038 -0.016 0.065 -0.027

Bhutan 0.049 -0.020 0.082 -0.034 0.038 -0.016 0.064 -0.026

China 0.049 -0.020 0.081 -0.033 0.038 -0.015 0.064 -0.026

Sudan 0.048 -0.020 0.078 -0.032 0.038 -0.015 0.063 -0.026

Lesotho 0.048 -0.020 0.076 -0.031 0.038 -0.015 0.062 -0.025

Tajikistan 0.048 -0.020 0.076 -0.031 0.038 -0.015 0.062 -0.025

Maldives 0.048 -0.020 0.073 -0.030 0.037 -0.015 0.061 -0.025

Morocco 0.048 -0.020 0.072 -0.030 0.037 -0.015 0.061 -0.025

Pakistan 0.048 -0.020 0.071 -0.029 0.037 -0.015 0.060 -0.025

Indonesia 0.048 -0.020 0.070 -0.029 0.037 -0.015 0.060 -0.024

Kyrgyzstan 0.048 -0.020 0.070 -0.029 0.037 -0.015 0.060 -0.024

Philippines 0.048 -0.020 0.070 -0.029 0.037 -0.015 0.059 -0.024

Cape Verde 0.048 -0.020 0.070 -0.029 0.037 -0.015 0.059 -0.024

Bolivia 0.048 -0.020 0.069 -0.028 0.037 -0.015 0.059 -0.024

Namibia 0.047 -0.019 0.068 -0.028 0.037 -0.015 0.059 -0.024

Sri Lanka 0.047 -0.019 0.067 -0.028 0.037 -0.015 0.058 -0.024

Botswana 0.047 -0.019 0.067 -0.027 0.037 -0.015 0.058 -0.024

Gabon 0.047 -0.019 0.066 -0.027 0.037 -0.015 0.058 -0.024

Azerbaijan 0.047 -0.019 0.066 -0.027 0.037 -0.015 0.058 -0.024

Syria 0.047 -0.019 0.066 -0.027 0.037 -0.015 0.057 -0.024

Equatorial Guinea 0.047 -0.019 0.064 -0.026 0.037 -0.015 0.057 -0.023

Paraguay 0.047 -0.019 0.064 -0.026 0.037 -0.015 0.056 -0.023

Fiji 0.047 -0.019 0.063 -0.026 0.037 -0.015 0.056 -0.023

Swaziland 0.047 -0.019 0.063 -0.026 0.037 -0.015 0.056 -0.023

Moldova 0.047 -0.019 0.062 -0.026 0.037 -0.015 0.056 -0.023

Egypt 0.046 -0.019 0.062 -0.025 0.037 -0.015 0.055 -0.023

Ecuador 0.046 -0.019 0.061 -0.025 0.037 -0.015 0.055 -0.023

Jordan 0.046 -0.019 0.061 -0.025 0.037 -0.015 0.055 -0.023

Georgia 0.046 -0.019 0.061 -0.025 0.037 -0.015 0.055 -0.023

Thailand 0.046 -0.019 0.061 -0.025 0.037 -0.015 0.055 -0.023

Colombia 0.046 -0.019 0.061 -0.025 0.037 -0.015 0.055 -0.022

Albania 0.046 -0.019 0.060 -0.025 0.036 -0.015 0.054 -0.022

Tunisia 0.046 -0.019 0.060 -0.025 0.036 -0.015 0.054 -0.022

Peru 0.046 -0.019 0.060 -0.025 0.036 -0.015 0.054 -0.022

Armenia 0.046 -0.019 0.059 -0.024 0.036 -0.015 0.054 -0.022

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.046 -0.019 0.058 -0.024 0.036 -0.015 0.053 -0.022

Malaysia 0.046 -0.019 0.058 -0.024 0.036 -0.015 0.053 -0.022

Ukraine 0.046 -0.019 0.058 -0.024 0.036 -0.015 0.053 -0.022

Brazil 0.046 -0.019 0.058 -0.024 0.036 -0.015 0.053 -0.022

Montenegro 0.046 -0.019 0.058 -0.024 0.036 -0.015 0.053 -0.022

—continued
42

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 3

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in clothing and footwear price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.045 -0.019 0.057 -0.024 0.036 -0.015 0.053 -0.022

Macedonia 0.045 -0.019 0.057 -0.023 0.036 -0.015 0.052 -0.021

Turkey 0.045 -0.019 0.056 -0.023 0.036 -0.015 0.052 -0.021

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.045 -0.019 0.056 -0.023 0.036 -0.015 0.052 -0.021

Serbia 0.045 -0.019 0.056 -0.023 0.036 -0.015 0.052 -0.021

Belarus 0.045 -0.019 0.056 -0.023 0.036 -0.015 0.052 -0.021

Romania 0.045 -0.019 0.056 -0.023 0.036 -0.015 0.052 -0.021

Saudi Arabia 0.045 -0.019 0.055 -0.023 0.036 -0.015 0.052 -0.021

Uruguay 0.045 -0.019 0.055 -0.023 0.036 -0.015 0.051 -0.021

Mauritius 0.045 -0.019 0.055 -0.023 0.036 -0.015 0.051 -0.021

Chile 0.045 -0.018 0.055 -0.023 0.036 -0.015 0.051 -0.021

Kazakhstan 0.045 -0.018 0.055 -0.023 0.036 -0.015 0.051 -0.021

Russia 0.045 -0.018 0.055 -0.023 0.036 -0.015 0.051 -0.021

Argentina 0.045 -0.018 0.055 -0.022 0.036 -0.015 0.051 -0.021

Bulgaria 0.045 -0.018 0.054 -0.022 0.036 -0.015 0.051 -0.021

Oman 0.045 -0.018 0.054 -0.022 0.036 -0.015 0.051 -0.021

Iran 0.044 -0.018 0.054 -0.022 0.035 -0.015 0.050 -0.021

Latvia 0.044 -0.018 0.053 -0.022 0.035 -0.015 0.050 -0.021

Mexico 0.044 -0.018 0.053 -0.022 0.035 -0.015 0.050 -0.021

Lebanon 0.044 -0.018 0.053 -0.022 0.035 -0.015 0.050 -0.020

Poland 0.044 -0.018 0.052 -0.021 0.035 -0.015 0.049 -0.020

Croatia 0.044 -0.018 0.052 -0.021 0.035 -0.014 0.049 -0.020

Macao, China 0.044 -0.018 0.052 -0.021 0.035 -0.014 0.049 -0.020

Lithuania 0.044 -0.018 0.052 -0.021 0.035 -0.014 0.049 -0.020

Estonia 0.044 -0.018 0.052 -0.021 0.035 -0.014 0.049 -0.020

Brunei Darussalam 0.044 -0.018 0.051 -0.021 0.035 -0.014 0.049 -0.020

Slovak Republic 0.044 -0.018 0.051 -0.021 0.035 -0.014 0.049 -0.020

Hungary 0.044 -0.018 0.051 -0.021 0.035 -0.014 0.049 -0.020

South Korea 0.043 -0.018 0.051 -0.021 0.035 -0.014 0.048 -0.020

Bahrain 0.043 -0.018 0.051 -0.021 0.035 -0.014 0.048 -0.020

Czech Republic 0.043 -0.018 0.050 -0.021 0.035 -0.014 0.048 -0.020

Slovenia 0.043 -0.018 0.050 -0.021 0.035 -0.014 0.048 -0.020

Israel 0.043 -0.018 0.050 -0.021 0.035 -0.014 0.048 -0.020

High-income countries

Portugal 0.043 -0.018 0.050 -0.020 0.035 -0.014 0.047 -0.020

Qatar 0.043 -0.018 0.049 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.047 -0.020

Singapore 0.043 -0.018 0.049 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.047 -0.020

Malta 0.043 -0.018 0.049 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.047 -0.019

Kuwait 0.043 -0.018 0.049 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.047 -0.019

New Zealand 0.043 -0.018 0.049 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.047 -0.019

—continued
43

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 3

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in clothing and footwear price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.042 -0.018 0.049 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.047 -0.019

Taiwan, China 0.042 -0.018 0.049 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.047 -0.019

Spain 0.042 -0.018 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Italy 0.042 -0.018 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Ireland 0.042 -0.018 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Denmark 0.042 -0.018 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Sweden 0.042 -0.018 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Hong Kong, China 0.042 -0.017 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Australia 0.042 -0.017 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Cyprus 0.042 -0.017 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Belgium 0.042 -0.017 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Japan 0.042 -0.017 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

France 0.042 -0.017 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Germany 0.042 -0.017 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Canada 0.042 -0.017 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Iceland 0.042 -0.017 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Netherlands 0.042 -0.017 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Norway 0.042 -0.017 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

United Kingdom 0.042 -0.017 0.047 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Switzerland 0.042 -0.017 0.047 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Austria 0.042 -0.017 0.047 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.045 -0.019

Luxembourg 0.041 -0.017 0.046 -0.019 0.033 -0.014 0.045 -0.019

United States 0.041 -0.017 0.046 -0.019 0.033 -0.014 0.044 -0.018

Low-income average 0.050 -0.020 0.120 0.003 0.038 -0.016 0.079 -0.032

Middle-income average 0.044 -0.018 0.054 -0.022 0.036 -0.015 0.051 -0.021

High-income average 0.042 -0.017 0.048 -0.020 0.034 -0.014 0.046 -0.019

Note: In shaded cells, elasticity is derived using actual budget shares as opposed to the predicted budget share from the Florida model.

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on World Bank, 2005 International Comparison Program data.
44

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 4

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in gross rent/fuel/power price, 144 countries in 2005

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.085 -0.021 0.096 -0.024 0.105 -0.027 0.156 -0.039

Burundi 0.088 -0.023 0.101 -0.026 0.111 -0.029 0.164 -11.464

Liberia 0.088 -0.023 0.102 -0.026 0.112 -0.029 0.908 -0.235

Zimbabwe 0.089 -0.023 0.103 -0.027 0.113 -0.029 0.458 -0.119

Ethiopia 0.089 -0.023 0.104 -0.027 0.114 -0.030 0.353 -0.092

Niger 0.089 -0.023 0.105 -0.027 0.114 -0.030 0.347 -0.091

Guinea-Bissau 0.089 -0.023 0.105 -0.027 0.114 -0.030 0.343 -0.090

Mozambique 0.090 -0.024 0.106 -0.028 0.115 -0.030 0.291 -0.076

Malawi 0.090 -0.024 0.106 -0.028 0.116 -0.031 0.267 -0.070

Rwanda 0.090 -0.024 0.107 -0.028 0.117 -0.031 0.260 -0.068

Angola 0.090 -0.024 0.108 -0.028 0.117 -0.031 0.243 -0.064

Chad 0.091 -0.024 0.108 -0.028 0.118 -0.031 0.240 -0.064

Gambia, The 0.091 -0.024 0.108 -0.029 0.118 -0.031 0.238 -0.063

Central African Republic 0.091 -0.024 0.108 -0.029 0.118 -0.031 0.236 -0.063

Mali 0.091 -0.024 0.108 -0.029 0.118 -0.031 0.236 -0.063

Tanzania 0.091 -0.024 0.108 -0.029 0.118 -0.031 0.234 -0.062

Sierra Leone 0.091 -0.024 0.109 -0.029 0.118 -0.031 0.228 -0.060

Guinea 0.091 -0.024 0.109 -0.029 0.118 -0.031 0.227 -0.060

Burkina Faso 0.091 -0.024 0.109 -0.029 0.119 -0.032 0.223 -0.059

Uganda 0.091 -0.024 0.109 -0.029 0.119 -0.032 0.217 -0.058

Madagascar 0.091 -0.024 0.109 -0.029 0.119 -0.032 0.216 -0.058

Zambia 0.091 -0.024 0.110 -0.029 0.119 -0.032 0.216 -0.058

Congo, Republic 0.091 -0.024 0.110 -0.029 0.120 -0.032 0.214 -0.057

Togo 0.091 -0.024 0.110 -0.029 0.120 -0.032 0.212 -0.057

Nepal 0.091 -0.024 0.110 -0.029 0.120 -0.032 0.208 -0.055

Ghana 0.091 -0.024 0.111 -0.030 0.121 -0.032 0.205 -0.055

Benin 0.092 -0.025 0.111 -0.030 0.121 -0.032 0.202 -0.054

Mauritania 0.092 -0.025 0.111 -0.030 0.121 -0.032 0.202 -0.054

Bangladesh 0.092 -0.025 0.111 -0.030 0.122 -0.033 0.200 -0.054

Côte d'Ivoire 0.092 -0.025 0.112 -0.030 0.122 -0.033 0.200 -0.054

Laos 0.092 -0.025 0.112 -0.030 0.122 -0.033 0.200 -0.054

Kenya 0.092 -0.025 0.112 -0.030 0.122 -0.033 0.196 -0.053

Djibouti 0.092 -0.025 0.112 -0.030 0.122 -0.033 0.196 -0.053

Nigeria 0.092 -0.025 0.112 -0.030 0.122 -0.033 0.195 -0.052

Senegal 0.092 -0.025 0.112 -0.030 0.123 -0.033 0.195 -0.052

Cambodia 0.092 -0.025 0.113 -0.030 0.123 -0.033 0.193 -0.052

Cameroon 0.092 -0.025 0.113 -0.031 0.123 -0.033 0.191 -0.051

São Tomé and Principe 0.092 -0.025 0.113 -0.031 0.124 -0.033 0.190 -0.051

India 0.092 -0.025 0.114 -0.031 0.124 -0.033 0.189 -0.051

Yemen 0.092 -0.025 0.114 -0.031 0.124 -0.033 0.189 -0.051

Vietnam 0.092 -0.025 0.114 -0.031 0.124 -0.033 0.189 -0.051

Mongolia 0.092 -0.025 0.114 -0.031 0.124 -0.034 0.188 -0.051

—continued
45

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 4

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in gross rent/fuel/power price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.092 -0.025 0.114 -0.031 0.124 -0.034 0.187 -0.051

Bhutan 0.092 -0.025 0.114 -0.031 0.125 -0.034 0.186 -0.050

China 0.092 -0.025 0.115 -0.031 0.125 -0.034 0.185 -0.050

Sudan 0.092 -0.025 0.115 -0.031 0.126 -0.034 0.183 -0.050

Lesotho 0.092 -0.025 0.116 -0.031 0.126 -0.034 0.182 -0.050

Tajikistan 0.092 -0.025 0.116 -0.031 0.126 -0.034 0.182 -0.050

Maldives 0.092 -0.025 0.117 -0.032 0.127 -0.035 0.180 -0.049

Morocco 0.092 -0.025 0.117 -0.032 0.127 -0.035 0.180 -0.049

Pakistan 0.092 -0.025 0.117 -0.032 0.127 -0.035 0.180 -0.049

Indonesia 0.092 -0.025 0.117 -0.032 0.128 -0.035 0.179 -0.049

Kyrgyzstan 0.092 -0.025 0.117 -0.032 0.128 -0.035 0.179 -0.049

Philippines 0.092 -0.025 0.117 -0.032 0.128 -0.035 0.179 -0.049

Cape Verde 0.092 -0.025 0.117 -0.032 0.128 -0.035 0.178 -0.049

Bolivia 0.092 -0.025 0.117 -0.032 0.128 -0.035 0.178 -0.049

Namibia 0.092 -0.025 0.118 -0.032 0.128 -0.035 0.177 -0.048

Sri Lanka 0.092 -0.025 0.118 -0.032 0.129 -0.035 0.177 -0.048

Botswana 0.092 -0.025 0.118 -0.032 0.129 -0.035 0.177 -0.048

Gabon 0.092 -0.025 0.119 -0.032 0.129 -0.035 0.176 -0.048

Azerbaijan 0.092 -0.025 0.119 -0.032 0.129 -0.035 0.176 -0.048

Syria 0.092 -0.025 0.119 -0.033 0.129 -0.035 0.176 -0.048

Equatorial Guinea 0.091 -0.025 0.119 -0.033 0.130 -0.036 0.175 -0.048

Paraguay 0.091 -0.025 0.120 -0.033 0.130 -0.036 0.175 -0.048

Fiji 0.091 -0.025 0.120 -0.033 0.130 -0.036 0.175 -0.048

Swaziland 0.091 -0.025 0.120 -0.033 0.131 -0.036 0.174 -0.048

Moldova 0.091 -0.025 0.120 -0.033 0.131 -0.036 0.174 -0.048

Egypt 0.091 -0.025 0.121 -0.033 0.131 -0.036 0.174 -0.048

Ecuador 0.091 -0.025 0.121 -0.033 0.132 -0.036 0.174 -0.048

Jordan 0.091 -0.025 0.121 -0.033 0.132 -0.036 0.173 -0.048

Georgia 0.091 -0.025 0.121 -0.033 0.132 -0.036 0.173 -0.048

Thailand 0.091 -0.025 0.121 -0.033 0.132 -0.036 0.173 -0.048

Colombia 0.091 -0.025 0.121 -0.033 0.132 -0.036 0.173 -0.048

Albania 0.091 -0.025 0.121 -0.034 0.132 -0.036 0.173 -0.048

Tunisia 0.090 -0.025 0.122 -0.034 0.132 -0.037 0.173 -0.048

Peru 0.090 -0.025 0.122 -0.034 0.133 -0.037 0.173 -0.048

Armenia 0.090 -0.025 0.122 -0.034 0.133 -0.037 0.172 -0.048

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.090 -0.025 0.123 -0.034 0.133 -0.037 0.172 -0.048

Malaysia 0.090 -0.025 0.123 -0.034 0.133 -0.037 0.172 -0.048

Ukraine 0.090 -0.025 0.123 -0.034 0.134 -0.037 0.172 -0.048

Brazil 0.090 -0.025 0.123 -0.034 0.134 -0.037 0.172 -0.048

Montenegro 0.090 -0.025 0.123 -0.034 0.134 -0.037 0.172 -0.048

—continued
46

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 4

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in gross rent/fuel/power price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.089 -0.025 0.123 -0.034 0.134 -0.037 0.172 -0.048

Macedonia 0.089 -0.025 0.124 -0.034 0.135 -0.037 0.171 -0.048

Turkey 0.089 -0.025 0.124 -0.034 0.135 -0.037 0.171 -0.048

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.088 -0.025 0.125 -0.035 0.135 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Serbia 0.088 -0.025 0.125 -0.035 0.136 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Belarus 0.088 -0.025 0.125 -0.035 0.136 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Romania 0.088 -0.025 0.125 -0.035 0.136 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Saudi Arabia 0.088 -0.024 0.125 -0.035 0.136 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Uruguay 0.088 -0.024 0.125 -0.035 0.136 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Mauritius 0.088 -0.024 0.125 -0.035 0.136 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Chile 0.088 -0.024 0.125 -0.035 0.136 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Kazakhstan 0.088 -0.024 0.125 -0.035 0.136 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Russia 0.087 -0.024 0.126 -0.035 0.136 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Argentina 0.087 -0.024 0.126 -0.035 0.137 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Bulgaria 0.087 -0.024 0.126 -0.035 0.137 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Oman 0.087 -0.024 0.126 -0.035 0.137 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Iran 0.086 -0.024 0.127 -0.035 0.138 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

Latvia 0.085 -0.024 0.127 -0.036 0.138 -0.039 0.170 -0.048

Mexico 0.085 -0.024 0.127 -0.036 0.138 -0.039 0.170 -0.048

Lebanon 0.085 -0.024 0.127 -0.036 0.139 -0.039 0.170 -0.048

Poland 0.083 -0.023 0.128 -0.036 0.139 -0.039 0.170 -0.048

Croatia 0.083 -0.023 0.128 -0.036 0.139 -0.039 0.170 -0.048

Macao, China 0.083 -0.023 0.128 -0.036 0.139 -0.039 0.170 -0.048

Lithuania 0.083 -0.023 0.128 -0.036 0.139 -0.039 0.170 -0.048

Estonia 0.083 -0.023 0.129 -0.036 0.140 -0.039 0.170 -0.048

Brunei Darussalam 0.082 -0.023 0.129 -0.036 0.140 -0.039 0.170 -0.048

Slovak Republic 0.082 -0.023 0.129 -0.036 0.140 -0.039 0.170 -0.048

Hungary 0.082 -0.023 0.129 -0.036 0.140 -0.039 0.170 -0.048

South Korea 0.081 -0.023 0.130 -0.036 0.141 -0.040 0.170 -0.048

Bahrain 0.081 -0.023 0.130 -0.036 0.141 -0.040 0.170 -0.048

Czech Republic 0.079 -0.022 0.130 -0.037 0.142 -0.040 0.170 -0.048

Slovenia 0.078 -0.022 0.131 -0.037 0.142 -0.040 0.171 -0.048

Israel 0.078 -0.022 0.131 -0.037 0.142 -0.040 0.171 -0.048

High-income countries

Portugal 0.077 -0.022 0.131 -0.037 0.143 -0.040 0.171 -0.048

Qatar 0.076 -0.022 0.131 -0.037 0.143 -0.040 0.171 -0.048

Singapore 0.076 -0.022 0.131 -0.037 0.143 -0.040 0.171 -0.048

Malta 0.075 -0.021 0.132 -0.037 0.143 -0.040 0.171 -0.048

Kuwait 0.075 -0.021 0.132 -0.037 0.143 -0.041 0.171 -0.048

New Zealand 0.073 -0.021 0.133 -0.038 0.144 -0.041 0.171 -0.048

—continued
47

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 4

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in gross rent/fuel/power price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.072 -0.020 0.133 -0.038 0.144 -0.041 0.171 -0.048

Taiwan, China 0.072 -0.020 0.133 -0.038 0.144 -0.041 0.171 -0.048

Spain 0.071 -0.020 0.133 -0.038 0.144 -0.041 0.171 -0.048

Italy 0.071 -0.020 0.133 -0.038 0.145 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

Ireland 0.070 -0.020 0.133 -0.038 0.145 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

Denmark 0.070 -0.020 0.133 -0.038 0.145 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

Sweden 0.070 -0.020 0.133 -0.038 0.145 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

Hong Kong, China 0.069 -0.020 0.133 -0.038 0.145 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

Australia 0.069 -0.019 0.134 -0.038 0.145 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

Cyprus 0.068 -0.019 0.134 -0.038 0.145 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

Belgium 0.068 -0.019 0.134 -0.038 0.145 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

Japan 0.068 -0.019 0.134 -0.038 0.145 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

France 0.068 -0.019 0.134 -0.038 0.145 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

Germany 0.066 -0.019 0.134 -0.038 0.146 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

Canada 0.066 -0.019 0.134 -0.038 0.146 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

Iceland 0.066 -0.019 0.134 -0.038 0.146 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

Netherlands 0.066 -0.019 0.134 -0.038 0.146 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

Norway 0.066 -0.019 0.134 -0.038 0.146 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

United Kingdom 0.064 -0.018 0.135 -0.038 0.146 -0.042 0.171 -0.049

Switzerland 0.064 -0.018 0.135 -0.038 0.146 -0.042 0.171 -0.049

Austria 0.063 -0.018 0.135 -0.038 0.146 -0.042 0.172 -0.049

Luxembourg 0.055 -0.016 0.136 -0.039 0.148 -0.042 0.172 -0.049

United States 0.049 -0.014 0.137 -0.039 0.149 -0.043 0.172 -0.049

Low-income average 0.091 -0.025 0.113 -0.031 0.124 -0.033 0.214 -0.206

Middle-income average 0.086 -0.024 0.126 -0.035 0.137 -0.038 0.171 -0.048

High-income average 0.068 -0.019 0.133 -0.038 0.145 -0.041 0.171 -0.049

—continued
48

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 4

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in gross rent/fuel/power price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.137 -0.035 0.385 -0.097 0.093 -0.024 0.214 -0.054

Burundi 0.136 -0.035 0.195 -0.050 0.098 -0.025 0.171 -0.044

Liberia 0.136 -0.035 0.266 -0.069 0.099 -0.026 1.186 -0.307

Zimbabwe 0.137 -0.036 0.219 -0.057 0.100 -0.026 0.501 -0.130

Ethiopia 0.137 -0.036 0.583 -0.152 0.101 -0.026 0.374 -0.098

Niger 0.137 -0.036 0.160 -0.042 0.101 -0.026 0.367 -0.096

Guinea-Bissau 0.137 -0.036 0.179 -0.047 0.101 -0.026 0.361 -0.094

Mozambique 0.137 -0.036 0.236 0.949 0.102 -0.027 0.302 -0.079

Malawi 0.138 -0.036 0.146 2.295 0.103 -0.027 0.274 -0.072

Rwanda 0.138 -0.036 0.339 5.892 0.103 -0.027 0.267 -0.070

Angola 0.138 -0.037 1.450 -0.384 0.104 -0.027 0.248 -0.066

Chad 0.138 -0.037 1.235 -0.327 0.104 -0.027 0.246 -0.065

Gambia, The 0.138 -0.037 1.045 -0.277 0.104 -0.028 0.243 -0.064

Central African Republic 0.138 -0.037 0.971 -0.257 0.104 -0.028 0.241 -0.064

Mali 0.138 -0.037 0.961 -0.254 0.104 -0.028 0.241 -0.064

Tanzania 0.138 -0.037 0.840 -0.223 0.104 -0.028 0.238 -0.063

Sierra Leone 0.139 -0.037 0.654 -0.174 0.105 -0.028 0.232 -0.062

Guinea 0.139 -0.037 0.631 -0.168 0.105 -0.028 0.231 -0.061

Burkina Faso 0.139 -0.037 0.561 -0.149 0.105 -0.028 0.227 -0.060

Uganda 0.139 -0.037 0.458 -0.122 0.105 -0.028 0.220 -0.059

Madagascar 0.139 -0.037 0.454 -0.121 0.105 -0.028 0.220 -0.058

Zambia 0.139 -0.037 0.448 -0.119 0.105 -0.028 0.219 -0.058

Congo, Republic 0.139 -0.037 0.423 -0.113 0.106 -0.028 0.217 -0.058

Togo 0.139 -0.037 0.408 -0.109 0.106 -0.028 0.215 -0.057

Nepal 0.140 -0.037 0.364 -0.097 0.106 -0.028 0.210 -0.056

Ghana 0.140 -0.037 0.346 -0.092 0.107 -0.029 0.208 -0.056

Benin 0.140 -0.037 0.323 -0.087 0.107 -0.029 0.205 -0.055

Mauritania 0.140 -0.037 0.320 -0.086 0.107 -0.029 0.204 -0.055

Bangladesh 0.140 -0.038 0.311 -0.083 0.107 -0.029 0.203 -0.054

Côte d'Ivoire 0.140 -0.038 0.308 -0.083 0.107 -0.029 0.202 -0.054

Laos 0.140 -0.038 0.307 -0.082 0.107 -0.029 0.202 -0.054

Kenya 0.141 -0.038 0.286 -0.077 0.108 -0.029 0.198 -0.053

Djibouti 0.141 -0.038 0.284 -0.076 0.108 -0.029 0.198 -0.053

Nigeria 0.141 -0.038 0.280 -0.075 0.108 -0.029 0.197 -0.053

Senegal 0.141 -0.038 0.279 -0.075 0.108 -0.029 0.197 -0.053

Cambodia 0.141 -0.038 0.267 -0.072 0.109 -0.029 0.194 -0.052

Cameroon 0.141 -0.038 0.258 -0.070 0.109 -0.029 0.192 -0.052

São Tomé and Principe 0.141 -0.038 0.256 -0.069 0.109 -0.029 0.192 -0.052

India 0.142 -0.038 0.251 -0.068 0.109 -0.030 0.191 -0.051

Yemen 0.142 -0.038 0.249 -0.067 0.109 -0.030 0.190 -0.051

Vietnam 0.142 -0.038 0.249 -0.067 0.109 -0.030 0.190 -0.051

Mongolia 0.142 -0.038 0.247 -0.067 0.109 -0.030 0.190 -0.051

—continued
49

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 4

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in gross rent/fuel/power price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.142 -0.038 0.242 -0.066 0.110 -0.030 0.188 -0.051

Bhutan 0.142 -0.038 0.239 -0.065 0.110 -0.030 0.187 -0.051

China 0.142 -0.038 0.235 -0.064 0.110 -0.030 0.187 -0.050

Sudan 0.143 -0.039 0.228 -0.062 0.111 -0.030 0.185 -0.050

Lesotho 0.143 -0.039 0.224 -0.061 0.111 -0.030 0.184 -0.050

Tajikistan 0.143 -0.039 0.224 -0.061 0.111 -0.030 0.184 -0.050

Maldives 0.143 -0.039 0.217 -0.059 0.112 -0.030 0.181 -0.049

Morocco 0.143 -0.039 0.216 -0.059 0.112 -0.030 0.181 -0.049

Pakistan 0.144 -0.039 0.214 -0.058 0.112 -0.031 0.181 -0.049

Indonesia 0.144 -0.039 0.211 -0.058 0.112 -0.031 0.180 -0.049

Kyrgyzstan 0.144 -0.039 0.211 -0.058 0.112 -0.031 0.180 -0.049

Philippines 0.144 -0.039 0.210 -0.057 0.113 -0.031 0.179 -0.049

Cape Verde 0.144 -0.039 0.210 -0.057 0.113 -0.031 0.179 -0.049

Bolivia 0.144 -0.039 0.210 -0.057 0.113 -0.031 0.179 -0.049

Namibia 0.144 -0.039 0.207 -0.056 0.113 -0.031 0.178 -0.049

Sri Lanka 0.145 -0.040 0.205 -0.056 0.113 -0.031 0.178 -0.049

Botswana 0.145 -0.040 0.205 -0.056 0.113 -0.031 0.178 -0.049

Gabon 0.145 -0.040 0.203 -0.056 0.114 -0.031 0.177 -0.049

Azerbaijan 0.145 -0.040 0.203 -0.056 0.114 -0.031 0.177 -0.048

Syria 0.145 -0.040 0.202 -0.055 0.114 -0.031 0.177 -0.048

Equatorial Guinea 0.145 -0.040 0.199 -0.055 0.114 -0.031 0.176 -0.048

Paraguay 0.146 -0.040 0.198 -0.055 0.115 -0.031 0.176 -0.048

Fiji 0.146 -0.040 0.197 -0.054 0.115 -0.032 0.175 -0.048

Swaziland 0.146 -0.040 0.196 -0.054 0.115 -0.032 0.175 -0.048

Moldova 0.146 -0.040 0.196 -0.054 0.115 -0.032 0.175 -0.048

Egypt 0.146 -0.040 0.195 -0.054 0.115 -0.032 0.175 -0.048

Ecuador 0.147 -0.040 0.194 -0.053 0.116 -0.032 0.174 -0.048

Jordan 0.147 -0.040 0.194 -0.053 0.116 -0.032 0.174 -0.048

Georgia 0.147 -0.040 0.193 -0.053 0.116 -0.032 0.174 -0.048

Thailand 0.147 -0.040 0.193 -0.053 0.116 -0.032 0.174 -0.048

Colombia 0.147 -0.040 0.193 -0.053 0.116 -0.032 0.174 -0.048

Albania 0.147 -0.041 0.192 -0.053 0.116 -0.032 0.174 -0.048

Tunisia 0.147 -0.041 0.192 -0.053 0.116 -0.032 0.173 -0.048

Peru 0.147 -0.041 0.191 -0.053 0.117 -0.032 0.173 -0.048

Armenia 0.147 -0.041 0.190 -0.053 0.117 -0.032 0.173 -0.048

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.148 -0.041 0.189 -0.052 0.117 -0.032 0.173 -0.048

Malaysia 0.148 -0.041 0.189 -0.052 0.117 -0.032 0.173 -0.048

Ukraine 0.148 -0.041 0.189 -0.052 0.117 -0.033 0.173 -0.048

Brazil 0.148 -0.041 0.188 -0.052 0.118 -0.033 0.172 -0.048

Montenegro 0.148 -0.041 0.188 -0.052 0.118 -0.033 0.172 -0.048

—continued
50

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 4

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in gross rent/fuel/power price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications

Gross rent, fuel, & 

power

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.149 -0.041 0.187 -0.052 0.118 -0.033 0.172 -0.048

Macedonia 0.149 -0.041 0.186 -0.052 0.118 -0.033 0.172 -0.048

Turkey 0.149 -0.041 0.186 -0.052 0.118 -0.033 0.172 -0.048

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.149 -0.042 0.185 -0.051 0.119 -0.033 0.172 -0.048

Serbia 0.149 -0.042 0.185 -0.051 0.119 -0.033 0.172 -0.048

Belarus 0.149 -0.042 0.185 -0.051 0.119 -0.033 0.172 -0.048

Romania 0.150 -0.042 0.185 -0.051 0.119 -0.033 0.171 -0.048

Saudi Arabia 0.150 -0.042 0.185 -0.051 0.119 -0.033 0.171 -0.048

Uruguay 0.150 -0.042 0.184 -0.051 0.119 -0.033 0.171 -0.048

Mauritius 0.150 -0.042 0.184 -0.051 0.119 -0.033 0.171 -0.048

Chile 0.150 -0.042 0.184 -0.051 0.119 -0.033 0.171 -0.048

Kazakhstan 0.150 -0.042 0.184 -0.051 0.119 -0.033 0.171 -0.048

Russia 0.150 -0.042 0.184 -0.051 0.120 -0.033 0.171 -0.048

Argentina 0.150 -0.042 0.183 -0.051 0.120 -0.033 0.171 -0.048

Bulgaria 0.150 -0.042 0.183 -0.051 0.120 -0.033 0.171 -0.048

Oman 0.151 -0.042 0.183 -0.051 0.120 -0.034 0.171 -0.048

Iran 0.151 -0.042 0.182 -0.051 0.121 -0.034 0.171 -0.048

Latvia 0.151 -0.042 0.182 -0.051 0.121 -0.034 0.171 -0.048

Mexico 0.152 -0.042 0.182 -0.051 0.121 -0.034 0.171 -0.048

Lebanon 0.152 -0.043 0.181 -0.051 0.121 -0.034 0.171 -0.048

Poland 0.152 -0.043 0.181 -0.051 0.122 -0.034 0.171 -0.048

Croatia 0.152 -0.043 0.181 -0.051 0.122 -0.034 0.171 -0.048

Macao, China 0.152 -0.043 0.181 -0.051 0.122 -0.034 0.171 -0.048

Lithuania 0.152 -0.043 0.181 -0.051 0.122 -0.034 0.171 -0.048

Estonia 0.153 -0.043 0.180 -0.051 0.122 -0.034 0.171 -0.048

Brunei Darussalam 0.153 -0.043 0.180 -0.051 0.123 -0.035 0.171 -0.048

Slovak Republic 0.153 -0.043 0.180 -0.051 0.123 -0.035 0.171 -0.048

Hungary 0.153 -0.043 0.180 -0.051 0.123 -0.035 0.171 -0.048

South Korea 0.154 -0.043 0.180 -0.051 0.123 -0.035 0.171 -0.048

Bahrain 0.154 -0.043 0.180 -0.051 0.123 -0.035 0.171 -0.048

Czech Republic 0.154 -0.044 0.179 -0.051 0.124 -0.035 0.171 -0.048

Slovenia 0.155 -0.044 0.179 -0.051 0.124 -0.035 0.171 -0.048

Israel 0.155 -0.044 0.179 -0.051 0.124 -0.035 0.171 -0.048

High-income countries

Portugal 0.155 -0.044 0.179 -0.051 0.125 -0.035 0.171 -0.048

Qatar 0.155 -0.044 0.179 -0.051 0.125 -0.035 0.171 -0.048

Singapore 0.155 -0.044 0.179 -0.051 0.125 -0.035 0.171 -0.048

Malta 0.155 -0.044 0.179 -0.051 0.125 -0.035 0.171 -0.048

Kuwait 0.155 -0.044 0.179 -0.051 0.125 -0.035 0.171 -0.048

New Zealand 0.156 -0.044 0.178 -0.051 0.126 -0.036 0.171 -0.048

—continued
51

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 4

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in gross rent/fuel/power price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications

Gross rent, fuel, & 

power

House furnishings 

& operations Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.156 -0.044 0.178 -0.051 0.126 -0.036 0.171 -0.048

Taiwan, China 0.156 -0.044 0.178 -0.051 0.126 -0.036 0.171 -0.049

Spain 0.156 -0.044 0.178 -0.051 0.126 -0.036 0.171 -0.049

Italy 0.157 -0.044 0.178 -0.051 0.126 -0.036 0.171 -0.049

Ireland 0.157 -0.044 0.178 -0.051 0.126 -0.036 0.171 -0.049

Denmark 0.157 -0.044 0.178 -0.051 0.126 -0.036 0.171 -0.049

Sweden 0.157 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.126 -0.036 0.171 -0.049

Hong Kong, China 0.157 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.126 -0.036 0.171 -0.049

Australia 0.157 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.127 -0.036 0.171 -0.049

Cyprus 0.157 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.127 -0.036 0.171 -0.049

Belgium 0.157 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.127 -0.036 0.171 -0.049

Japan 0.157 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.127 -0.036 0.171 -0.049

France 0.157 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.127 -0.036 0.171 -0.049

Germany 0.157 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.127 -0.036 0.172 -0.049

Canada 0.157 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.127 -0.036 0.172 -0.049

Iceland 0.158 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.127 -0.036 0.172 -0.049

Netherlands 0.158 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.127 -0.036 0.172 -0.049

Norway 0.158 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.127 -0.036 0.172 -0.049

United Kingdom 0.158 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.127 -0.036 0.172 -0.049

Switzerland 0.158 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.127 -0.036 0.172 -0.049

Austria 0.158 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.128 -0.036 0.172 -0.049

Luxembourg 0.159 -0.046 0.178 -0.051 0.129 -0.037 0.172 -0.049

United States 0.160 -0.046 0.178 -0.051 0.129 -0.037 0.173 -0.049

Low-income average 0.142 -0.038 0.333 0.032 0.109 -0.029 0.221 -0.059

Middle-income average 0.151 -0.042 0.183 -0.051 0.120 -0.034 0.171 -0.048

High-income average 0.157 -0.045 0.178 -0.051 0.127 -0.036 0.171 -0.049

Note: In shaded cells, elasticity is derived using actual budget shares as opposed to the predicted budget share from the Florida model.

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on World Bank, 2005 International Comparison Program data.
52

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 5

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in house furnishings and operations price, 144 countries 

in 2005

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.030 -0.009 0.034 -0.010 0.038 -0.011 0.055 -0.016

Burundi 0.031 -0.009 0.035 -0.010 0.040 -0.011 0.057 -4.106

Liberia 0.031 -0.009 0.036 -0.010 0.040 -0.011 0.317 -0.091

Zimbabwe 0.031 -0.009 0.036 -0.010 0.040 -0.012 0.159 -0.046

Ethiopia 0.031 -0.009 0.036 -0.010 0.040 -0.012 0.123 -0.035

Niger 0.031 -0.009 0.036 -0.010 0.040 -0.012 0.120 -0.035

Guinea-Bissau 0.031 -0.009 0.036 -0.010 0.040 -0.012 0.119 -0.034

Mozambique 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.041 -0.012 0.101 -0.029

Malawi 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.041 -0.012 0.092 -0.027

Rwanda 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.041 -0.012 0.090 -0.026

Angola 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.041 -0.012 0.083 -0.024

Chad 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.041 -0.012 0.083 -0.024

Gambia, The 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.041 -0.012 0.082 -0.024

Central African Republic 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.041 -0.012 0.081 -0.024

Mali 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.041 -0.012 0.081 -0.024

Tanzania 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.041 -0.012 0.080 -0.023

Sierra Leone 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.041 -0.012 0.078 -0.023

Guinea 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.041 -0.012 0.078 -0.023

Burkina Faso 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.077 -0.022

Uganda 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.074 -0.022

Madagascar 0.031 -0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.074 -0.022

Zambia 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.074 -0.022

Congo, Republic 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.073 -0.021

Togo 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.073 -0.021

Nepal 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.071 -0.021

Ghana 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.070 -0.020

Benin 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.069 -0.020

Mauritania 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.069 -0.020

Bangladesh 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.068 -0.020

Côte d'Ivoire 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.068 -0.020

Laos 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.068 -0.020

Kenya 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.067 -0.020

Djibouti 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.067 -0.020

Nigeria 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.066 -0.019

Senegal 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.042 -0.012 0.066 -0.019

Cambodia 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.043 -0.012 0.065 -0.019

Cameroon 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.043 -0.013 0.065 -0.019

São Tomé and Principe 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.043 -0.013 0.064 -0.019

India 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.011 0.043 -0.013 0.064 -0.019

Yemen 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.011 0.043 -0.013 0.064 -0.019

Vietnam 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.011 0.043 -0.013 0.064 -0.019

Mongolia 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.011 0.043 -0.013 0.064 -0.019

—continued
53

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 5

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in house furnishings and operations price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.011 0.043 -0.013 0.063 -0.019

Bhutan 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.011 0.043 -0.013 0.063 -0.019

China 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.011 0.043 -0.013 0.063 -0.018

Sudan 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.011 0.043 -0.013 0.062 -0.018

Lesotho 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.011 0.043 -0.013 0.062 -0.018

Tajikistan 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.011 0.043 -0.013 0.062 -0.018

Maldives 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.061 -0.018

Morocco 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.061 -0.018

Pakistan 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.060 -0.018

Indonesia 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.060 -0.018

Kyrgyzstan 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.060 -0.018

Philippines 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.060 -0.018

Cape Verde 0.031 -0.009 0.039 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.060 -0.018

Bolivia 0.031 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.060 -0.018

Namibia 0.031 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.060 -0.018

Sri Lanka 0.031 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.059 -0.018

Botswana 0.031 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.059 -0.018

Gabon 0.031 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.059 -0.018

Azerbaijan 0.031 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.059 -0.017

Syria 0.031 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.059 -0.017

Equatorial Guinea 0.031 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.059 -0.017

Paraguay 0.031 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.059 -0.017

Fiji 0.031 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.058 -0.017

Swaziland 0.030 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.044 -0.013 0.058 -0.017

Moldova 0.030 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.058 -0.017

Egypt 0.030 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.058 -0.017

Ecuador 0.030 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.058 -0.017

Jordan 0.030 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.058 -0.017

Georgia 0.030 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.058 -0.017

Thailand 0.030 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.058 -0.017

Colombia 0.030 -0.009 0.040 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.058 -0.017

Albania 0.030 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.058 -0.017

Tunisia 0.030 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.058 -0.017

Peru 0.030 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.058 -0.017

Armenia 0.030 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.057 -0.017

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.030 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.057 -0.017

Malaysia 0.030 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.057 -0.017

Ukraine 0.030 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.057 -0.017

Brazil 0.030 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.057 -0.017

Montenegro 0.030 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.057 -0.017

—continued
54

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 5

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in house furnishings and operations price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.030 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.045 -0.013 0.057 -0.017

Macedonia 0.029 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.045 -0.014 0.057 -0.017

Turkey 0.029 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.045 -0.014 0.057 -0.017

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.029 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.057 -0.017

Serbia 0.029 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.057 -0.017

Belarus 0.029 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.057 -0.017

Romania 0.029 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.057 -0.017

Saudi Arabia 0.029 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.057 -0.017

Uruguay 0.029 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.057 -0.017

Mauritius 0.029 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.057 -0.017

Chile 0.029 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.057 -0.017

Kazakhstan 0.029 -0.009 0.041 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.057 -0.017

Russia 0.029 -0.009 0.042 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.057 -0.017

Argentina 0.029 -0.009 0.042 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Bulgaria 0.029 -0.009 0.042 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Oman 0.029 -0.009 0.042 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Iran 0.028 -0.008 0.042 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Latvia 0.028 -0.008 0.042 -0.013 0.046 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Mexico 0.028 -0.008 0.042 -0.013 0.046 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Lebanon 0.028 -0.008 0.042 -0.013 0.046 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Poland 0.027 -0.008 0.042 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Croatia 0.027 -0.008 0.042 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Macao, China 0.027 -0.008 0.042 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Lithuania 0.027 -0.008 0.042 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Estonia 0.027 -0.008 0.042 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Brunei Darussalam 0.027 -0.008 0.042 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Slovak Republic 0.027 -0.008 0.042 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Hungary 0.027 -0.008 0.042 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

South Korea 0.026 -0.008 0.043 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Bahrain 0.026 -0.008 0.043 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Czech Republic 0.026 -0.008 0.043 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Slovenia 0.026 -0.008 0.043 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Israel 0.025 -0.008 0.043 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

High-income countries

Portugal 0.025 -0.008 0.043 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Qatar 0.025 -0.008 0.043 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Singapore 0.025 -0.007 0.043 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Malta 0.025 -0.007 0.043 -0.013 0.047 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Kuwait 0.024 -0.007 0.043 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

New Zealand 0.024 -0.007 0.043 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

—continued
55

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 5

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in house furnishings and operations price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power Medical care

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.024 -0.007 0.043 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Taiwan, China 0.024 -0.007 0.043 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Spain 0.023 -0.007 0.043 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Italy 0.023 -0.007 0.043 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Ireland 0.023 -0.007 0.043 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Denmark 0.023 -0.007 0.043 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Sweden 0.023 -0.007 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Hong Kong, China 0.023 -0.007 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Australia 0.022 -0.007 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Cyprus 0.022 -0.007 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Belgium 0.022 -0.007 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Japan 0.022 -0.007 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

France 0.022 -0.007 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

Germany 0.022 -0.007 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.015 0.056 -0.017

Canada 0.022 -0.007 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.015 0.056 -0.017

Iceland 0.022 -0.006 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.015 0.056 -0.017

Netherlands 0.021 -0.006 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.015 0.056 -0.017

Norway 0.021 -0.006 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.015 0.056 -0.017

United Kingdom 0.021 -0.006 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.015 0.056 -0.017

Switzerland 0.021 -0.006 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.015 0.056 -0.017

Austria 0.020 -0.006 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.015 0.056 -0.017

Luxembourg 0.018 -0.005 0.044 -0.013 0.049 -0.015 0.056 -0.017

United States 0.016 -0.005 0.044 -0.013 0.049 -0.015 0.056 -0.017

Low-income average 0.031 -0.009 0.038 -0.011 0.043 -0.013 0.073 -0.074

Middle-income average 0.028 -0.008 0.042 -0.012 0.046 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

High-income average 0.022 -0.007 0.044 -0.013 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.017

—continued
56

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 5

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in house furnishings and operations price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.049 -0.014 0.137 -0.039 0.033 -0.009 0.076 -0.022

Burundi 0.048 -0.014 0.068 -0.020 0.034 -0.010 0.060 -0.017

Liberia 0.048 -0.014 0.093 -0.027 0.034 -0.010 0.414 -0.119

Zimbabwe 0.048 -0.014 0.076 -0.022 0.035 -0.010 0.174 -0.050

Ethiopia 0.048 -0.014 0.202 -0.058 0.035 -0.010 0.130 -0.037

Niger 0.048 -0.014 0.056 -0.016 0.035 -0.010 0.127 -0.037

Guinea-Bissau 0.048 -0.014 0.062 -0.018 0.035 -0.010 0.125 -0.036

Mozambique 0.048 -0.014 0.082 0.333 0.035 -0.010 0.104 -0.030

Malawi 0.048 -0.014 0.050 0.808 0.035 -0.010 0.095 -0.027

Rwanda 0.048 -0.014 0.117 2.072 0.035 -0.010 0.092 -0.027

Angola 0.048 -0.014 0.499 -0.145 0.036 -0.010 0.085 -0.025

Chad 0.048 -0.014 0.425 -0.123 0.036 -0.010 0.084 -0.025

Gambia, The 0.048 -0.014 0.359 -0.104 0.036 -0.010 0.083 -0.024

Central African Republic 0.048 -0.014 0.334 -0.097 0.036 -0.010 0.083 -0.024

Mali 0.048 -0.014 0.330 -0.096 0.036 -0.010 0.083 -0.024

Tanzania 0.048 -0.014 0.289 -0.084 0.036 -0.010 0.082 -0.024

Sierra Leone 0.048 -0.014 0.225 -0.065 0.036 -0.010 0.080 -0.023

Guinea 0.048 -0.014 0.217 -0.063 0.036 -0.010 0.079 -0.023

Burkina Faso 0.048 -0.014 0.192 -0.056 0.036 -0.010 0.078 -0.023

Uganda 0.048 -0.014 0.157 -0.046 0.036 -0.011 0.075 -0.022

Madagascar 0.048 -0.014 0.155 -0.045 0.036 -0.011 0.075 -0.022

Zambia 0.048 -0.014 0.153 -0.045 0.036 -0.011 0.075 -0.022

Congo, Republic 0.048 -0.014 0.145 -0.042 0.036 -0.011 0.074 -0.022

Togo 0.048 -0.014 0.139 -0.041 0.036 -0.011 0.074 -0.021

Nepal 0.048 -0.014 0.124 -0.036 0.036 -0.011 0.072 -0.021

Ghana 0.048 -0.014 0.118 -0.035 0.036 -0.011 0.071 -0.021

Benin 0.048 -0.014 0.110 -0.032 0.036 -0.011 0.070 -0.020

Mauritania 0.048 -0.014 0.109 -0.032 0.037 -0.011 0.070 -0.020

Bangladesh 0.048 -0.014 0.106 -0.031 0.037 -0.011 0.069 -0.020

Côte d'Ivoire 0.048 -0.014 0.105 -0.031 0.037 -0.011 0.069 -0.020

Laos 0.048 -0.014 0.105 -0.031 0.037 -0.011 0.069 -0.020

Kenya 0.048 -0.014 0.097 -0.028 0.037 -0.011 0.067 -0.020

Djibouti 0.048 -0.014 0.097 -0.028 0.037 -0.011 0.067 -0.020

Nigeria 0.048 -0.014 0.095 -0.028 0.037 -0.011 0.067 -0.020

Senegal 0.048 -0.014 0.095 -0.028 0.037 -0.011 0.067 -0.020

Cambodia 0.048 -0.014 0.091 -0.027 0.037 -0.011 0.066 -0.019

Cameroon 0.048 -0.014 0.088 -0.026 0.037 -0.011 0.065 -0.019

São Tomé and Principe 0.048 -0.014 0.087 -0.025 0.037 -0.011 0.065 -0.019

India 0.048 -0.014 0.085 -0.025 0.037 -0.011 0.065 -0.019

Yemen 0.048 -0.014 0.084 -0.025 0.037 -0.011 0.064 -0.019

Vietnam 0.048 -0.014 0.084 -0.025 0.037 -0.011 0.064 -0.019

Mongolia 0.048 -0.014 0.084 -0.025 0.037 -0.011 0.064 -0.019

—continued
57

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 5

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in house furnishings and operations price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.048 -0.014 0.082 -0.024 0.037 -0.011 0.064 -0.019

Bhutan 0.048 -0.014 0.081 -0.024 0.037 -0.011 0.063 -0.019

China 0.048 -0.014 0.080 -0.023 0.037 -0.011 0.063 -0.019

Sudan 0.048 -0.014 0.077 -0.023 0.037 -0.011 0.062 -0.018

Lesotho 0.048 -0.014 0.076 -0.022 0.037 -0.011 0.062 -0.018

Tajikistan 0.048 -0.014 0.076 -0.022 0.038 -0.011 0.062 -0.018

Maldives 0.048 -0.014 0.073 -0.022 0.038 -0.011 0.061 -0.018

Morocco 0.048 -0.014 0.073 -0.021 0.038 -0.011 0.061 -0.018

Pakistan 0.048 -0.014 0.072 -0.021 0.038 -0.011 0.061 -0.018

Indonesia 0.048 -0.014 0.071 -0.021 0.038 -0.011 0.060 -0.018

Kyrgyzstan 0.048 -0.014 0.071 -0.021 0.038 -0.011 0.060 -0.018

Philippines 0.048 -0.014 0.071 -0.021 0.038 -0.011 0.060 -0.018

Cape Verde 0.048 -0.014 0.071 -0.021 0.038 -0.011 0.060 -0.018

Bolivia 0.048 -0.014 0.071 -0.021 0.038 -0.011 0.060 -0.018

Namibia 0.049 -0.014 0.069 -0.021 0.038 -0.011 0.060 -0.018

Sri Lanka 0.049 -0.014 0.069 -0.020 0.038 -0.011 0.060 -0.018

Botswana 0.049 -0.014 0.069 -0.020 0.038 -0.011 0.060 -0.018

Gabon 0.049 -0.014 0.068 -0.020 0.038 -0.011 0.059 -0.018

Azerbaijan 0.049 -0.014 0.068 -0.020 0.038 -0.011 0.059 -0.018

Syria 0.049 -0.014 0.068 -0.020 0.038 -0.011 0.059 -0.018

Equatorial Guinea 0.049 -0.014 0.067 -0.020 0.038 -0.011 0.059 -0.017

Paraguay 0.049 -0.014 0.066 -0.020 0.038 -0.011 0.059 -0.017

Fiji 0.049 -0.014 0.066 -0.020 0.038 -0.011 0.059 -0.017

Swaziland 0.049 -0.014 0.066 -0.019 0.038 -0.011 0.058 -0.017

Moldova 0.049 -0.014 0.065 -0.019 0.039 -0.011 0.058 -0.017

Egypt 0.049 -0.014 0.065 -0.019 0.039 -0.011 0.058 -0.017

Ecuador 0.049 -0.015 0.065 -0.019 0.039 -0.011 0.058 -0.017

Jordan 0.049 -0.015 0.065 -0.019 0.039 -0.011 0.058 -0.017

Georgia 0.049 -0.015 0.064 -0.019 0.039 -0.011 0.058 -0.017

Thailand 0.049 -0.015 0.064 -0.019 0.039 -0.011 0.058 -0.017

Colombia 0.049 -0.015 0.064 -0.019 0.039 -0.012 0.058 -0.017

Albania 0.049 -0.015 0.064 -0.019 0.039 -0.012 0.058 -0.017

Tunisia 0.049 -0.015 0.064 -0.019 0.039 -0.012 0.058 -0.017

Peru 0.049 -0.015 0.064 -0.019 0.039 -0.012 0.058 -0.017

Armenia 0.049 -0.015 0.063 -0.019 0.039 -0.012 0.058 -0.017

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.049 -0.015 0.063 -0.019 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Malaysia 0.049 -0.015 0.063 -0.019 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Ukraine 0.049 -0.015 0.063 -0.019 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Brazil 0.049 -0.015 0.063 -0.019 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Montenegro 0.049 -0.015 0.062 -0.019 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

—continued
58

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 5

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in house furnishings and operations price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.049 -0.015 0.062 -0.019 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Macedonia 0.049 -0.015 0.062 -0.018 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Turkey 0.049 -0.015 0.062 -0.018 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.050 -0.015 0.061 -0.018 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Serbia 0.050 -0.015 0.061 -0.018 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Belarus 0.050 -0.015 0.061 -0.018 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Romania 0.050 -0.015 0.061 -0.018 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Saudi Arabia 0.050 -0.015 0.061 -0.018 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Uruguay 0.050 -0.015 0.061 -0.018 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Mauritius 0.050 -0.015 0.061 -0.018 0.039 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Chile 0.050 -0.015 0.061 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Kazakhstan 0.050 -0.015 0.061 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Russia 0.050 -0.015 0.061 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Argentina 0.050 -0.015 0.061 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Bulgaria 0.050 -0.015 0.061 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Oman 0.050 -0.015 0.060 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

Iran 0.050 -0.015 0.060 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Latvia 0.050 -0.015 0.060 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Mexico 0.050 -0.015 0.060 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Lebanon 0.050 -0.015 0.060 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Poland 0.050 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Croatia 0.050 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Macao, China 0.050 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Lithuania 0.050 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Estonia 0.050 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Brunei Darussalam 0.050 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Slovak Republic 0.050 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Hungary 0.050 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

South Korea 0.050 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Bahrain 0.050 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Czech Republic 0.051 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Slovenia 0.051 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Israel 0.051 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

High-income countries

Portugal 0.051 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Qatar 0.051 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Singapore 0.051 -0.015 0.059 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Malta 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Kuwait 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

New Zealand 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

—continued
59

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 5

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in house furnishings and operations price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Taiwan, China 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Spain 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Italy 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Ireland 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Denmark 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Sweden 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Hong Kong, China 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Australia 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Cyprus 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Belgium 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Japan 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

France 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Germany 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.013 0.056 -0.017

Canada 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.013 0.056 -0.017

Iceland 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.013 0.056 -0.017

Netherlands 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.013 0.056 -0.017

Norway 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.013 0.056 -0.017

United Kingdom 0.051 -0.016 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.013 0.056 -0.017

Switzerland 0.051 -0.016 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.013 0.056 -0.017

Austria 0.051 -0.016 0.058 -0.018 0.042 -0.013 0.056 -0.017

Luxembourg 0.052 -0.016 0.058 -0.018 0.042 -0.013 0.056 -0.017

United States 0.052 -0.016 0.058 -0.018 0.042 -0.013 0.056 -0.017

Low-income average 0.048 -0.014 0.114 0.009 0.037 -0.011 0.075 -0.022

Middle-income average 0.050 -0.015 0.061 -0.018 0.040 -0.012 0.057 -0.017

High-income average 0.051 -0.015 0.058 -0.018 0.041 -0.012 0.056 -0.017

Note: In shaded cells, elasticity is derived using actual budget shares as opposed to the predicted budget share from the Florida model.

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on World Bank, 2005 International Comparison Program data.
60

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Appendix table 6

 Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in medical care price, 144 countries in 2005

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.035 0.005 0.040 0.005 0.045 0.006 0.043 0.006

Burundi 0.013 0.012 0.015 0.014 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016

Liberia 0.014 0.012 0.016 0.014 0.018 0.015 0.018 0.015

Zimbabwe 0.016 0.011 0.019 0.013 0.021 0.014 0.021 0.014

Ethiopia 0.018 0.010 0.021 0.012 0.023 0.014 0.023 0.013

Niger 0.018 0.010 0.021 0.012 0.023 0.013 0.023 0.013

Guinea-Bissau 0.018 0.010 0.021 0.012 0.024 0.013 0.023 0.013

Mozambique 0.020 0.010 0.023 0.011 0.026 0.013 0.025 0.012

Malawi 0.021 0.009 0.025 0.011 0.027 0.012 0.027 0.012

Rwanda 0.021 0.009 0.025 0.011 0.028 0.012 0.027 0.012

Angola 0.022 0.008 0.027 0.010 0.030 0.011 0.029 0.011

Chad 0.023 0.008 0.027 0.010 0.030 0.011 0.029 0.011

Gambia, The 0.023 0.008 0.027 0.010 0.030 0.011 0.030 0.011

Central African Republic 0.023 0.008 0.027 0.010 0.030 0.011 0.030 0.011

Mali 0.023 0.008 0.027 0.010 0.030 0.011 0.030 0.011

Tanzania 0.023 0.008 0.028 0.010 0.031 0.011 0.030 0.011

Sierra Leone 0.024 0.008 0.028 0.009 0.032 0.010 0.031 0.010

Guinea 0.024 0.008 0.029 0.009 0.032 0.010 0.031 0.010

Burkina Faso 0.024 0.008 0.029 0.009 0.032 0.010 0.032 0.010

Uganda 0.025 0.007 0.030 0.009 0.034 0.010 0.033 0.010

Madagascar 0.025 0.007 0.030 0.009 0.034 0.010 0.033 0.009

Zambia 0.025 0.007 0.030 0.009 0.034 0.010 0.033 0.009

Congo, Republic 0.026 0.007 0.031 0.009 0.034 0.009 0.034 0.009

Togo 0.026 0.007 0.031 0.008 0.034 0.009 0.034 0.009

Nepal 0.026 0.007 0.032 0.008 0.036 0.009 0.035 0.009

Ghana 0.027 0.006 0.033 0.008 0.036 0.009 0.036 0.009

Benin 0.027 0.006 0.033 0.008 0.037 0.008 0.036 0.008

Mauritania 0.028 0.006 0.034 0.007 0.037 0.008 0.037 0.008

Bangladesh 0.028 0.006 0.034 0.007 0.038 0.008 0.037 0.008

Côte d'Ivoire 0.028 0.006 0.034 0.007 0.038 0.008 0.037 0.008

Laos 0.028 0.006 0.034 0.007 0.038 0.008 0.037 0.008

Kenya 0.029 0.006 0.035 0.007 0.039 0.008 0.038 0.007

Djibouti 0.029 0.006 0.035 0.007 0.039 0.008 0.039 0.007

Nigeria 0.029 0.005 0.036 0.007 0.040 0.007 0.039 0.007

Senegal 0.029 0.005 0.036 0.007 0.040 0.007 0.039 0.007

Cambodia 0.030 0.005 0.037 0.006 0.041 0.007 0.040 0.007

Cameroon 0.030 0.005 0.037 0.006 0.042 0.007 0.041 0.007

São Tomé and Principe 0.031 0.005 0.038 0.006 0.042 0.007 0.041 0.007

India 0.031 0.005 0.038 0.006 0.042 0.006 0.042 0.006

Yemen 0.031 0.005 0.038 0.006 0.043 0.006 0.042 0.006

Vietnam 0.031 0.005 0.038 0.006 0.043 0.006 0.042 0.006

Mongolia 0.031 0.005 0.039 0.006 0.043 0.006 0.042 0.006

—continued
61

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Appendix table 6

 Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in medical care price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.032 0.004 0.039 0.005 0.043 0.006 0.043 0.006

Bhutan 0.032 0.004 0.040 0.005 0.044 0.006 0.043 0.006

China 0.032 0.004 0.040 0.005 0.044 0.006 0.044 0.006

Sudan 0.033 0.004 0.041 0.005 0.046 0.005 0.045 0.005

Lesotho 0.033 0.004 0.042 0.004 0.046 0.005 0.046 0.005

Tajikistan 0.033 0.004 0.042 0.004 0.047 0.005 0.046 0.005

Maldives 0.034 0.003 0.043 0.004 0.048 0.004 0.047 0.004

Morocco 0.034 0.003 0.044 0.004 0.048 0.004 0.048 0.004

Pakistan 0.035 0.003 0.044 0.004 0.049 0.004 0.048 0.004

Indonesia 0.035 0.003 0.045 0.003 0.050 0.004 0.049 0.004

Kyrgyzstan 0.035 0.003 0.045 0.003 0.050 0.004 0.049 0.004

Philippines 0.035 0.003 0.045 0.003 0.050 0.004 0.049 0.004

Cape Verde 0.035 0.003 0.045 0.003 0.050 0.004 0.049 0.004

Bolivia 0.035 0.003 0.045 0.003 0.050 0.004 0.049 0.004

Namibia 0.036 0.002 0.046 0.003 0.051 0.003 0.050 0.003

Sri Lanka 0.036 0.002 0.047 0.003 0.052 0.003 0.051 0.003

Botswana 0.036 0.002 0.047 0.003 0.052 0.003 0.051 0.003

Gabon 0.037 0.002 0.047 0.002 0.052 0.003 0.052 0.003

Azerbaijan 0.037 0.002 0.047 0.002 0.053 0.003 0.052 0.003

Syria 0.037 0.002 0.048 0.002 0.053 0.003 0.052 0.003

Equatorial Guinea 0.037 0.001 0.049 0.002 0.054 0.002 0.053 0.002

Paraguay 0.038 0.001 0.049 0.002 0.055 0.002 0.054 0.002

Fiji 0.038 0.001 0.050 0.002 0.055 0.002 0.054 0.002

Swaziland 0.038 0.001 0.050 0.001 0.056 0.001 0.055 0.001

Moldova 0.038 0.001 0.051 0.001 0.056 0.001 0.055 0.001

Egypt 0.038 0.001 0.051 0.001 0.056 0.001 0.055 0.001

Ecuador 0.039 0.001 0.052 0.001 0.057 0.001 0.056 0.001

Jordan 0.039 0.001 0.052 0.001 0.057 0.001 0.056 0.001

Georgia 0.039 0.001 0.052 0.001 0.058 0.001 0.057 0.001

Thailand 0.039 0.001 0.052 0.001 0.058 0.001 0.057 0.001

Colombia 0.039 0.000 0.052 0.001 0.058 0.001 0.057 0.001

Albania 0.039 0.000 0.053 0.000 0.058 0.001 0.057 0.001

Tunisia 0.039 0.000 0.053 0.000 0.059 0.000 0.058 0.000

Peru 0.040 0.000 0.053 0.000 0.059 0.000 0.058 0.000

Armenia 0.040 0.000 0.054 0.000 0.060 0.000 0.059 0.000

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.040 0.000 0.055 0.000 0.061 0.000 0.060 0.000

Malaysia 0.040 0.000 0.055 0.000 0.061 0.000 0.060 0.000

Ukraine 0.040 0.000 0.055 0.000 0.061 0.000 0.060 0.000

Brazil 0.040 0.000 0.056 -0.001 0.061 -0.001 0.060 -0.001

Montenegro 0.041 0.000 0.056 -0.001 0.062 -0.001 0.061 -0.001

—continued
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Appendix table 6

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in medical care price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.041 -0.001 0.056 -0.001 0.062 -0.001 0.061 -0.001

Macedonia 0.041 -0.001 0.057 -0.001 0.063 -0.001 0.062 -0.001

Turkey 0.041 -0.001 0.058 -0.001 0.064 -0.001 0.063 -0.001

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.041 -0.001 0.058 -0.002 0.065 -0.002 0.064 -0.002

Serbia 0.042 -0.001 0.059 -0.002 0.065 -0.002 0.064 -0.002

Belarus 0.042 -0.001 0.059 -0.002 0.065 -0.002 0.064 -0.002

Romania 0.042 -0.001 0.059 -0.002 0.065 -0.002 0.064 -0.002

Saudi Arabia 0.042 -0.001 0.059 -0.002 0.065 -0.002 0.064 -0.002

Uruguay 0.042 -0.001 0.059 -0.002 0.065 -0.002 0.064 -0.002

Mauritius 0.042 -0.001 0.059 -0.002 0.065 -0.002 0.064 -0.002

Chile 0.042 -0.001 0.059 -0.002 0.066 -0.002 0.065 -0.002

Kazakhstan 0.042 -0.001 0.060 -0.002 0.066 -0.002 0.065 -0.002

Russia 0.042 -0.002 0.060 -0.002 0.067 -0.003 0.066 -0.002

Argentina 0.042 -0.002 0.061 -0.002 0.067 -0.003 0.066 -0.003

Bulgaria 0.042 -0.002 0.061 -0.002 0.067 -0.003 0.066 -0.003

Oman 0.042 -0.002 0.061 -0.003 0.068 -0.003 0.067 -0.003

Iran 0.042 -0.002 0.062 -0.003 0.069 -0.003 0.068 -0.003

Latvia 0.042 -0.002 0.063 -0.003 0.070 -0.004 0.069 -0.004

Mexico 0.042 -0.002 0.063 -0.003 0.070 -0.004 0.069 -0.004

Lebanon 0.043 -0.002 0.064 -0.004 0.071 -0.004 0.070 -0.004

Poland 0.043 -0.003 0.065 -0.004 0.072 -0.005 0.071 -0.004

Croatia 0.043 -0.003 0.066 -0.004 0.072 -0.005 0.071 -0.005

Macao, China 0.043 -0.003 0.066 -0.004 0.072 -0.005 0.071 -0.005

Lithuania 0.043 -0.003 0.066 -0.004 0.072 -0.005 0.071 -0.005

Estonia 0.043 -0.003 0.066 -0.004 0.073 -0.005 0.072 -0.005

Brunei Darussalam 0.043 -0.003 0.067 -0.005 0.074 -0.005 0.073 -0.005

Slovak Republic 0.042 -0.003 0.067 -0.005 0.074 -0.005 0.073 -0.005

Hungary 0.042 -0.003 0.067 -0.005 0.074 -0.005 0.073 -0.005

South Korea 0.042 -0.003 0.068 -0.005 0.075 -0.006 0.074 -0.006

Bahrain 0.042 -0.003 0.068 -0.005 0.075 -0.006 0.074 -0.006

Czech Republic 0.042 -0.003 0.070 -0.006 0.077 -0.006 0.076 -0.006

Slovenia 0.042 -0.004 0.070 -0.006 0.077 -0.006 0.076 -0.006

Israel 0.042 -0.004 0.070 -0.006 0.078 -0.007 0.077 -0.006

High-income countries

Portugal 0.042 -0.004 0.071 -0.006 0.078 -0.007 0.077 -0.007

Qatar 0.041 -0.004 0.071 -0.006 0.079 -0.007 0.077 -0.007

Singapore 0.041 -0.004 0.071 -0.006 0.079 -0.007 0.078 -0.007

Malta 0.041 -0.004 0.072 -0.007 0.079 -0.007 0.078 -0.007

Kuwait 0.041 -0.004 0.072 -0.007 0.080 -0.007 0.079 -0.007

New Zealand 0.040 -0.004 0.073 -0.007 0.081 -0.008 0.080 -0.008

—continued
63

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Appendix table 6

 Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in medical care price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.040 -0.004 0.074 -0.007 0.081 -0.008 0.080 -0.008

Taiwan, China 0.040 -0.004 0.074 -0.007 0.081 -0.008 0.080 -0.008

Spain 0.040 -0.004 0.074 -0.007 0.082 -0.008 0.081 -0.008

Italy 0.040 -0.004 0.074 -0.007 0.082 -0.008 0.081 -0.008

Ireland 0.039 -0.004 0.075 -0.008 0.082 -0.008 0.081 -0.008

Denmark 0.039 -0.004 0.075 -0.008 0.082 -0.008 0.081 -0.008

Sweden 0.039 -0.004 0.075 -0.008 0.083 -0.008 0.082 -0.008

Hong Kong, China 0.039 -0.004 0.075 -0.008 0.083 -0.008 0.082 -0.008

Australia 0.039 -0.004 0.076 -0.008 0.083 -0.009 0.082 -0.008

Cyprus 0.039 -0.004 0.076 -0.008 0.083 -0.009 0.082 -0.009

Belgium 0.039 -0.004 0.076 -0.008 0.083 -0.009 0.082 -0.009

Japan 0.039 -0.004 0.076 -0.008 0.083 -0.009 0.082 -0.009

France 0.038 -0.004 0.076 -0.008 0.084 -0.009 0.083 -0.009

Germany 0.038 -0.004 0.076 -0.008 0.084 -0.009 0.083 -0.009

Canada 0.038 -0.004 0.077 -0.008 0.084 -0.009 0.083 -0.009

Iceland 0.038 -0.004 0.077 -0.008 0.084 -0.009 0.083 -0.009

Netherlands 0.038 -0.004 0.077 -0.008 0.084 -0.009 0.083 -0.009

Norway 0.038 -0.004 0.077 -0.008 0.084 -0.009 0.083 -0.009

United Kingdom 0.037 -0.004 0.077 -0.008 0.085 -0.009 0.084 -0.009

Switzerland 0.037 -0.004 0.077 -0.009 0.085 -0.009 0.084 -0.009

Austria 0.036 -0.004 0.078 -0.009 0.086 -0.010 0.085 -0.009

Luxembourg 0.032 -0.004 0.081 -0.010 0.089 -0.011 0.087 -0.010

United States 0.029 -0.004 0.082 -0.010 0.090 -0.011 0.089 -0.011

Low-income average 0.030 0.005 0.038 0.006 0.042 0.007 0.041 0.006

Middle-income average 0.042 -0.002 0.062 -0.003 0.068 -0.003 0.067 -0.003

High-income average 0.039 -0.004 0.075 -0.008 0.083 -0.009 0.082 -0.008

—continued
64

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Appendix table 6

 Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in medical care price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.057 0.008 0.159 0.021 0.038 0.005 0.088 0.012

Burundi 0.020 0.019 0.028 0.028 0.014 0.014 0.025 0.024

Liberia 0.022 0.018 0.043 0.036 0.016 0.013 0.190 0.160

Zimbabwe 0.025 0.017 0.040 0.027 0.018 0.012 0.091 0.062

Ethiopia 0.027 0.016 0.116 0.068 0.020 0.012 0.074 0.043

Niger 0.027 0.016 0.032 0.019 0.020 0.012 0.074 0.042

Guinea-Bissau 0.028 0.016 0.036 0.021 0.020 0.012 0.073 0.042

Mozambique 0.030 0.015 0.052 0.115 0.022 0.011 0.066 0.032

Malawi 0.032 0.014 0.034 0.254 0.024 0.010 0.063 0.028

Rwanda 0.032 0.014 0.080 0.678 0.024 0.010 0.063 0.026

Angola 0.034 0.013 0.359 0.135 0.026 0.010 0.061 0.023

Chad 0.035 0.013 0.308 0.114 0.026 0.010 0.061 0.023

Gambia, The 0.035 0.013 0.263 0.095 0.026 0.009 0.061 0.022

Central African Republic 0.035 0.013 0.246 0.088 0.026 0.009 0.061 0.022

Mali 0.035 0.012 0.243 0.087 0.026 0.009 0.061 0.022

Tanzania 0.035 0.012 0.215 0.075 0.027 0.009 0.061 0.021

Sierra Leone 0.036 0.012 0.171 0.056 0.027 0.009 0.061 0.020

Guinea 0.036 0.012 0.166 0.054 0.028 0.009 0.061 0.020

Burkina Faso 0.037 0.012 0.150 0.047 0.028 0.009 0.061 0.019

Uganda 0.038 0.011 0.126 0.036 0.029 0.008 0.061 0.018

Madagascar 0.038 0.011 0.125 0.036 0.029 0.008 0.061 0.017

Zambia 0.039 0.011 0.124 0.035 0.029 0.008 0.061 0.017

Congo, Republic 0.039 0.011 0.119 0.033 0.030 0.008 0.061 0.017

Togo 0.039 0.011 0.115 0.031 0.030 0.008 0.061 0.016

Nepal 0.040 0.010 0.106 0.026 0.031 0.008 0.061 0.015

Ghana 0.041 0.010 0.102 0.024 0.031 0.008 0.061 0.015

Benin 0.042 0.009 0.097 0.022 0.032 0.007 0.061 0.014

Mauritania 0.042 0.009 0.097 0.022 0.032 0.007 0.062 0.014

Bangladesh 0.043 0.009 0.095 0.020 0.033 0.007 0.062 0.013

Côte d'Ivoire 0.043 0.009 0.094 0.020 0.033 0.007 0.062 0.013

Laos 0.043 0.009 0.094 0.020 0.033 0.007 0.062 0.013

Kenya 0.044 0.009 0.090 0.017 0.034 0.007 0.062 0.012

Djibouti 0.044 0.009 0.090 0.017 0.034 0.007 0.062 0.012

Nigeria 0.045 0.008 0.089 0.017 0.034 0.006 0.062 0.012

Senegal 0.045 0.008 0.089 0.017 0.034 0.006 0.063 0.012

Cambodia 0.046 0.008 0.087 0.015 0.035 0.006 0.063 0.011

Cameroon 0.047 0.008 0.085 0.014 0.036 0.006 0.063 0.010

São Tomé and Principe 0.047 0.007 0.085 0.013 0.036 0.006 0.064 0.010

India 0.047 0.007 0.084 0.013 0.037 0.006 0.064 0.010

Yemen 0.048 0.007 0.084 0.013 0.037 0.006 0.064 0.010

Vietnam 0.048 0.007 0.084 0.013 0.037 0.005 0.064 0.010

Mongolia 0.048 0.007 0.084 0.012 0.037 0.005 0.064 0.009

—continued
65

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Appendix table 6

 Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in medical care price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.049 0.007 0.083 0.012 0.038 0.005 0.065 0.009

Bhutan 0.049 0.007 0.083 0.011 0.038 0.005 0.065 0.009

China 0.050 0.006 0.082 0.010 0.039 0.005 0.065 0.008

Sudan 0.051 0.006 0.082 0.009 0.040 0.004 0.066 0.008

Lesotho 0.052 0.005 0.081 0.009 0.040 0.004 0.066 0.007

Tajikistan 0.052 0.005 0.081 0.009 0.040 0.004 0.067 0.007

Maldives 0.053 0.005 0.081 0.007 0.042 0.004 0.068 0.006

Morocco 0.054 0.005 0.081 0.007 0.042 0.004 0.068 0.006

Pakistan 0.054 0.004 0.081 0.007 0.042 0.003 0.068 0.006

Indonesia 0.055 0.004 0.081 0.006 0.043 0.003 0.069 0.005

Kyrgyzstan 0.055 0.004 0.081 0.006 0.043 0.003 0.069 0.005

Philippines 0.055 0.004 0.081 0.006 0.043 0.003 0.069 0.005

Cape Verde 0.055 0.004 0.081 0.006 0.043 0.003 0.069 0.005

Bolivia 0.055 0.004 0.081 0.006 0.043 0.003 0.069 0.005

Namibia 0.057 0.004 0.081 0.005 0.044 0.003 0.070 0.004

Sri Lanka 0.057 0.003 0.081 0.005 0.045 0.003 0.070 0.004

Botswana 0.057 0.003 0.081 0.004 0.045 0.002 0.070 0.004

Gabon 0.058 0.003 0.081 0.004 0.045 0.002 0.071 0.004

Azerbaijan 0.058 0.003 0.081 0.004 0.045 0.002 0.071 0.004

Syria 0.058 0.003 0.081 0.004 0.046 0.002 0.071 0.003

Equatorial Guinea 0.060 0.002 0.082 0.003 0.047 0.002 0.072 0.003

Paraguay 0.060 0.002 0.082 0.003 0.047 0.002 0.072 0.003

Fiji 0.061 0.002 0.082 0.003 0.048 0.001 0.073 0.002

Swaziland 0.061 0.002 0.082 0.002 0.048 0.001 0.073 0.002

Moldova 0.061 0.002 0.082 0.002 0.048 0.001 0.074 0.002

Egypt 0.062 0.001 0.082 0.002 0.049 0.001 0.074 0.002

Ecuador 0.063 0.001 0.083 0.001 0.049 0.001 0.074 0.001

Jordan 0.063 0.001 0.083 0.001 0.050 0.001 0.075 0.001

Georgia 0.063 0.001 0.083 0.001 0.050 0.001 0.075 0.001

Thailand 0.063 0.001 0.083 0.001 0.050 0.001 0.075 0.001

Colombia 0.063 0.001 0.083 0.001 0.050 0.001 0.075 0.001

Albania 0.064 0.001 0.083 0.001 0.050 0.000 0.075 0.001

Tunisia 0.064 0.000 0.083 0.001 0.051 0.000 0.076 0.001

Peru 0.065 0.000 0.084 0.000 0.051 0.000 0.076 0.000

Armenia 0.065 0.000 0.084 0.000 0.052 0.000 0.076 0.000

Middle-income countries

Venezuela

Malaysia 0.066 0.000 0.085 0.000 0.052 0.000 0.077 0.000

Ukraine 0.066 0.000 0.085 -0.001 0.053 0.000 0.077 0.000

Brazil 0.067 -0.001 0.085 -0.001 0.053 0.000 0.078 -0.001

Montenegro 0.067 -0.001 0.085 -0.001 0.053 -0.001 0.078 -0.001

—continued
66

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Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 6

 Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in medical care price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.068 -0.001 0.086 -0.001 0.054 -0.001 0.079 -0.001

Macedonia 0.069 -0.001 0.086 -0.002 0.055 -0.001 0.080 -0.002

Turkey 0.069 -0.002 0.086 -0.002 0.055 -0.001 0.080 -0.002

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.070 -0.002 0.087 -0.002 0.056 -0.002 0.081 -0.002

Serbia 0.070 -0.002 0.087 -0.002 0.056 -0.002 0.081 -0.002

Belarus 0.070 -0.002 0.087 -0.003 0.056 -0.002 0.081 -0.002

Romania 0.071 -0.002 0.087 -0.003 0.056 -0.002 0.081 -0.002

Saudi Arabia 0.071 -0.002 0.087 -0.003 0.056 -0.002 0.081 -0.002

Uruguay 0.071 -0.002 0.087 -0.003 0.057 -0.002 0.081 -0.003

Mauritius 0.071 -0.002 0.087 -0.003 0.057 -0.002 0.081 -0.003

Chile 0.071 -0.002 0.088 -0.003 0.057 -0.002 0.081 -0.003

Kazakhstan 0.072 -0.002 0.088 -0.003 0.057 -0.002 0.082 -0.003

Russia 0.072 -0.003 0.088 -0.003 0.058 -0.002 0.082 -0.003

Argentina 0.072 -0.003 0.088 -0.003 0.058 -0.002 0.082 -0.003

Bulgaria 0.073 -0.003 0.089 -0.004 0.058 -0.002 0.083 -0.003

Oman 0.073 -0.003 0.089 -0.004 0.058 -0.003 0.083 -0.004

Iran 0.074 -0.004 0.090 -0.004 0.059 -0.003 0.084 -0.004

Latvia 0.075 -0.004 0.090 -0.005 0.060 -0.003 0.085 -0.004

Mexico 0.076 -0.004 0.091 -0.005 0.060 -0.003 0.085 -0.005

Lebanon 0.076 -0.004 0.091 -0.005 0.061 -0.003 0.086 -0.005

Poland 0.078 -0.005 0.092 -0.006 0.062 -0.004 0.087 -0.006

Croatia 0.078 -0.005 0.092 -0.006 0.062 -0.004 0.087 -0.006

Macao, China 0.078 -0.005 0.092 -0.006 0.062 -0.004 0.087 -0.006

Lithuania 0.078 -0.005 0.092 -0.006 0.062 -0.004 0.087 -0.006

Estonia 0.079 -0.005 0.093 -0.006 0.063 -0.004 0.088 -0.006

Brunei Darussalam 0.079 -0.006 0.093 -0.007 0.064 -0.004 0.088 -0.006

Slovak Republic 0.079 -0.006 0.093 -0.007 0.064 -0.005 0.089 -0.006

Hungary 0.080 -0.006 0.094 -0.007 0.064 -0.005 0.089 -0.006

South Korea 0.081 -0.006 0.094 -0.007 0.065 -0.005 0.090 -0.007

Bahrain 0.081 -0.006 0.094 -0.007 0.065 -0.005 0.090 -0.007

Czech Republic 0.082 -0.007 0.096 -0.008 0.066 -0.005 0.091 -0.007

Slovenia 0.083 -0.007 0.096 -0.008 0.067 -0.006 0.092 -0.008

Israel 0.083 -0.007 0.096 -0.008 0.067 -0.006 0.092 -0.008

High-income countries

Portugal 0.084 -0.007 0.097 -0.008 0.067 -0.006 0.093 -0.008

Qatar 0.084 -0.007 0.097 -0.009 0.068 -0.006 0.093 -0.008

Singapore 0.084 -0.007 0.097 -0.009 0.068 -0.006 0.093 -0.008

Malta 0.085 -0.008 0.098 -0.009 0.068 -0.006 0.094 -0.009

Kuwait 0.085 -0.008 0.098 -0.009 0.069 -0.006 0.094 -0.009

New Zealand 0.087 -0.008 0.099 -0.010 0.070 -0.007 0.095 -0.009

—continued
67

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 6

 Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in medical care price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.087 -0.008 0.099 -0.010 0.070 -0.007 0.095 -0.009

Taiwan, China 0.087 -0.009 0.099 -0.010 0.070 -0.007 0.095 -0.009

Spain 0.087 -0.009 0.100 -0.010 0.070 -0.007 0.096 -0.009

Italy 0.088 -0.009 0.100 -0.010 0.071 -0.007 0.096 -0.010

Ireland 0.088 -0.009 0.100 -0.010 0.071 -0.007 0.096 -0.010

Denmark 0.088 -0.009 0.100 -0.010 0.071 -0.007 0.096 -0.010

Sweden 0.088 -0.009 0.100 -0.010 0.071 -0.007 0.096 -0.010

Hong Kong, China 0.088 -0.009 0.100 -0.010 0.071 -0.007 0.097 -0.010

Australia 0.089 -0.009 0.101 -0.010 0.072 -0.007 0.097 -0.010

Cyprus 0.089 -0.009 0.101 -0.010 0.072 -0.007 0.097 -0.010

Belgium 0.089 -0.009 0.101 -0.011 0.072 -0.007 0.097 -0.010

Japan 0.089 -0.009 0.101 -0.011 0.072 -0.007 0.097 -0.010

France 0.089 -0.009 0.101 -0.011 0.072 -0.008 0.097 -0.010

Germany 0.090 -0.010 0.102 -0.011 0.072 -0.008 0.098 -0.010

Canada 0.090 -0.010 0.102 -0.011 0.072 -0.008 0.098 -0.010

Iceland 0.090 -0.010 0.102 -0.011 0.073 -0.008 0.098 -0.011

Netherlands 0.090 -0.010 0.102 -0.011 0.073 -0.008 0.098 -0.011

Norway 0.090 -0.010 0.102 -0.011 0.073 -0.008 0.098 -0.011

United Kingdom 0.091 -0.010 0.102 -0.011 0.073 -0.008 0.099 -0.011

Switzerland 0.091 -0.010 0.102 -0.011 0.073 -0.008 0.099 -0.011

Austria 0.091 -0.010 0.103 -0.011 0.074 -0.008 0.099 -0.011

Luxembourg 0.094 -0.011 0.105 -0.013 0.076 -0.009 0.102 -0.012

United States 0.096 -0.012 0.107 -0.013 0.077 -0.010 0.103 -0.013

Low-income average 0.047 0.007 0.102 0.035 0.036 0.006 0.068 0.014

Middle-income average 0.074 -0.003 0.090 -0.004 0.059 -0.003 0.084 -0.004

High-income average 0.089 -0.009 0.101 -0.010 0.071 -0.007 0.097 -0.010

Note: In shaded cells, elasticity is derived using actual budget shares as opposed to the predicted budget share from the Florida model.

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on World Bank, 2005 International Comparison Program data.
68

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Appendix table 7

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in transportation and communications price, 144 countries 

in 2005

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.050 0.001 0.056 0.001 0.063 0.001 0.062 0.001

Burundi 0.057 -0.003 0.066 -0.003 0.074 -0.003 0.072 -0.003

Liberia 0.059 -0.003 0.068 -0.004 0.076 -0.004 0.074 -0.004

Zimbabwe 0.061 -0.004 0.071 -0.005 0.079 -0.005 0.077 -0.005

Ethiopia 0.062 -0.005 0.073 -0.005 0.081 -0.006 0.079 -0.006

Niger 0.062 -0.005 0.073 -0.005 0.081 -0.006 0.080 -0.006

Guinea-Bissau 0.062 -0.005 0.073 -0.005 0.081 -0.006 0.080 -0.006

Mozambique 0.064 -0.005 0.075 -0.006 0.084 -0.007 0.082 -0.007

Malawi 0.065 -0.006 0.077 -0.007 0.086 -0.008 0.084 -0.007

Rwanda 0.065 -0.006 0.077 -0.007 0.086 -0.008 0.084 -0.008

Angola 0.066 -0.006 0.079 -0.008 0.088 -0.008 0.086 -0.008

Chad 0.067 -0.006 0.079 -0.008 0.088 -0.009 0.086 -0.008

Gambia, The 0.067 -0.007 0.080 -0.008 0.089 -0.009 0.087 -0.009

Central African Republic 0.067 -0.007 0.080 -0.008 0.089 -0.009 0.087 -0.009

Mali 0.067 -0.007 0.080 -0.008 0.089 -0.009 0.087 -0.009

Tanzania 0.067 -0.007 0.080 -0.008 0.089 -0.009 0.087 -0.009

Sierra Leone 0.068 -0.007 0.081 -0.008 0.090 -0.009 0.088 -0.009

Guinea 0.068 -0.007 0.081 -0.008 0.090 -0.009 0.088 -0.009

Burkina Faso 0.068 -0.007 0.082 -0.009 0.091 -0.009 0.089 -0.009

Uganda 0.069 -0.007 0.083 -0.009 0.092 -0.010 0.090 -0.010

Madagascar 0.069 -0.007 0.083 -0.009 0.092 -0.010 0.090 -0.010

Zambia 0.069 -0.008 0.083 -0.009 0.092 -0.010 0.090 -0.010

Congo, Republic 0.069 -0.008 0.083 -0.009 0.093 -0.010 0.091 -0.010

Togo 0.069 -0.008 0.084 -0.009 0.093 -0.010 0.091 -0.010

Nepal 0.070 -0.008 0.085 -0.010 0.094 -0.011 0.092 -0.011

Ghana 0.070 -0.008 0.085 -0.010 0.095 -0.011 0.093 -0.011

Benin 0.071 -0.008 0.086 -0.010 0.096 -0.011 0.094 -0.011

Mauritania 0.071 -0.008 0.086 -0.010 0.096 -0.011 0.094 -0.011

Bangladesh 0.071 -0.009 0.087 -0.010 0.096 -0.012 0.095 -0.011

Côte d'Ivoire 0.071 -0.009 0.087 -0.010 0.097 -0.012 0.095 -0.011

Laos 0.071 -0.009 0.087 -0.010 0.097 -0.012 0.095 -0.011

Kenya 0.072 -0.009 0.088 -0.011 0.098 -0.012 0.096 -0.012

Djibouti 0.072 -0.009 0.088 -0.011 0.098 -0.012 0.096 -0.012

Nigeria 0.072 -0.009 0.089 -0.011 0.098 -0.012 0.097 -0.012

Senegal 0.072 -0.009 0.089 -0.011 0.098 -0.012 0.097 -0.012

Cambodia 0.073 -0.009 0.090 -0.011 0.100 -0.013 0.098 -0.013

Cameroon 0.073 -0.010 0.090 -0.012 0.100 -0.013 0.099 -0.013

São Tomé and Principe 0.074 -0.010 0.091 -0.012 0.101 -0.013 0.099 -0.013

India 0.074 -0.010 0.091 -0.012 0.101 -0.013 0.099 -0.013

Yemen 0.074 -0.010 0.091 -0.012 0.101 -0.013 0.100 -0.013

Vietnam 0.074 -0.010 0.091 -0.012 0.102 -0.013 0.100 -0.013

Mongolia 0.074 -0.010 0.092 -0.012 0.102 -0.014 0.100 -0.013

—continued
69

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Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 7

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in transportation and communications price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.074 -0.010 0.092 -0.012 0.102 -0.014 0.101 -0.014

Bhutan 0.075 -0.010 0.093 -0.013 0.103 -0.014 0.101 -0.014

China 0.075 -0.010 0.093 -0.013 0.104 -0.014 0.102 -0.014

Sudan 0.075 -0.011 0.095 -0.013 0.105 -0.015 0.103 -0.014

Lesotho 0.076 -0.011 0.095 -0.014 0.106 -0.015 0.104 -0.015

Tajikistan 0.076 -0.011 0.095 -0.014 0.106 -0.015 0.104 -0.015

Maldives 0.076 -0.011 0.097 -0.014 0.107 -0.016 0.106 -0.015

Morocco 0.077 -0.011 0.097 -0.014 0.108 -0.016 0.106 -0.015

Pakistan 0.077 -0.011 0.098 -0.014 0.108 -0.016 0.106 -0.016

Indonesia 0.077 -0.012 0.098 -0.015 0.109 -0.016 0.107 -0.016

Kyrgyzstan 0.077 -0.012 0.098 -0.015 0.109 -0.016 0.107 -0.016

Philippines 0.077 -0.012 0.099 -0.015 0.109 -0.016 0.107 -0.016

Cape Verde 0.077 -0.012 0.099 -0.015 0.109 -0.016 0.107 -0.016

Bolivia 0.077 -0.012 0.099 -0.015 0.109 -0.016 0.108 -0.016

Namibia 0.078 -0.012 0.100 -0.015 0.111 -0.017 0.109 -0.017

Sri Lanka 0.078 -0.012 0.100 -0.015 0.111 -0.017 0.109 -0.017

Botswana 0.078 -0.012 0.101 -0.015 0.111 -0.017 0.110 -0.017

Gabon 0.078 -0.012 0.101 -0.016 0.112 -0.017 0.110 -0.017

Azerbaijan 0.078 -0.012 0.101 -0.016 0.112 -0.017 0.110 -0.017

Syria 0.078 -0.012 0.101 -0.016 0.112 -0.018 0.110 -0.017

Equatorial Guinea 0.079 -0.012 0.103 -0.016 0.114 -0.018 0.112 -0.018

Paraguay 0.079 -0.013 0.103 -0.016 0.114 -0.018 0.112 -0.018

Fiji 0.079 -0.013 0.104 -0.017 0.115 -0.018 0.113 -0.018

Swaziland 0.079 -0.013 0.104 -0.017 0.115 -0.019 0.113 -0.018

Moldova 0.079 -0.013 0.105 -0.017 0.116 -0.019 0.114 -0.018

Egypt 0.079 -0.013 0.105 -0.017 0.116 -0.019 0.114 -0.019

Ecuador 0.079 -0.013 0.106 -0.017 0.117 -0.019 0.115 -0.019

Jordan 0.079 -0.013 0.106 -0.017 0.117 -0.019 0.115 -0.019

Georgia 0.079 -0.013 0.106 -0.017 0.117 -0.019 0.115 -0.019

Thailand 0.080 -0.013 0.106 -0.018 0.118 -0.019 0.116 -0.019

Colombia 0.080 -0.013 0.106 -0.018 0.118 -0.019 0.116 -0.019

Albania 0.080 -0.013 0.107 -0.018 0.118 -0.020 0.116 -0.019

Tunisia 0.080 -0.013 0.107 -0.018 0.118 -0.020 0.117 -0.019

Peru 0.080 -0.013 0.108 -0.018 0.119 -0.020 0.117 -0.020

Armenia 0.080 -0.013 0.108 -0.018 0.119 -0.020 0.118 -0.020

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.080 -0.014 0.109 -0.019 0.121 -0.021 0.119 -0.020

Malaysia 0.080 -0.014 0.109 -0.019 0.121 -0.021 0.119 -0.020

Ukraine 0.080 -0.014 0.109 -0.019 0.121 -0.021 0.119 -0.020

Brazil 0.080 -0.014 0.110 -0.019 0.121 -0.021 0.119 -0.020

Montenegro 0.080 -0.014 0.110 -0.019 0.122 -0.021 0.120 -0.021

—continued
70

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Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 7

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in transportation and communications price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.080 -0.014 0.111 -0.019 0.122 -0.021 0.120 -0.021

Macedonia 0.080 -0.014 0.112 -0.020 0.124 -0.022 0.122 -0.021

Turkey 0.080 -0.014 0.112 -0.020 0.124 -0.022 0.122 -0.021

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.080 -0.014 0.113 -0.020 0.125 -0.022 0.123 -0.022

Serbia 0.080 -0.014 0.113 -0.020 0.125 -0.022 0.123 -0.022

Belarus 0.080 -0.014 0.113 -0.020 0.125 -0.022 0.123 -0.022

Romania 0.080 -0.014 0.113 -0.020 0.125 -0.022 0.123 -0.022

Saudi Arabia 0.080 -0.014 0.114 -0.020 0.125 -0.022 0.123 -0.022

Uruguay 0.080 -0.014 0.114 -0.020 0.126 -0.022 0.124 -0.022

Mauritius 0.080 -0.014 0.114 -0.020 0.126 -0.022 0.124 -0.022

Chile 0.080 -0.014 0.114 -0.020 0.126 -0.022 0.124 -0.022

Kazakhstan 0.080 -0.014 0.114 -0.020 0.126 -0.023 0.124 -0.022

Russia 0.080 -0.014 0.115 -0.021 0.127 -0.023 0.125 -0.023

Argentina 0.080 -0.014 0.115 -0.021 0.127 -0.023 0.125 -0.023

Bulgaria 0.080 -0.014 0.115 -0.021 0.127 -0.023 0.126 -0.023

Oman 0.080 -0.015 0.116 -0.021 0.128 -0.023 0.126 -0.023

Iran 0.080 -0.015 0.117 -0.021 0.129 -0.024 0.127 -0.023

Latvia 0.079 -0.015 0.118 -0.022 0.130 -0.024 0.128 -0.024

Mexico 0.079 -0.015 0.118 -0.022 0.131 -0.024 0.129 -0.024

Lebanon 0.079 -0.015 0.119 -0.022 0.131 -0.024 0.129 -0.024

Poland 0.078 -0.015 0.120 -0.023 0.133 -0.025 0.131 -0.025

Croatia 0.078 -0.015 0.120 -0.023 0.133 -0.025 0.131 -0.025

Macao, China 0.078 -0.015 0.121 -0.023 0.133 -0.025 0.131 -0.025

Lithuania 0.078 -0.015 0.121 -0.023 0.133 -0.025 0.131 -0.025

Estonia 0.078 -0.015 0.121 -0.023 0.134 -0.025 0.132 -0.025

Brunei Darussalam 0.077 -0.015 0.122 -0.023 0.134 -0.026 0.132 -0.025

Slovak Republic 0.077 -0.015 0.122 -0.023 0.135 -0.026 0.133 -0.025

Hungary 0.077 -0.015 0.122 -0.023 0.135 -0.026 0.133 -0.025

South Korea 0.077 -0.015 0.123 -0.024 0.136 -0.026 0.134 -0.026

Bahrain 0.077 -0.015 0.123 -0.024 0.136 -0.026 0.134 -0.026

Czech Republic 0.075 -0.015 0.125 -0.024 0.138 -0.027 0.136 -0.026

Slovenia 0.075 -0.015 0.125 -0.025 0.138 -0.027 0.136 -0.027

Israel 0.075 -0.015 0.126 -0.025 0.139 -0.027 0.137 -0.027

High-income countries

Portugal 0.074 -0.015 0.126 -0.025 0.139 -0.027 0.137 -0.027

Qatar 0.074 -0.015 0.127 -0.025 0.140 -0.028 0.138 -0.027

Singapore 0.073 -0.015 0.127 -0.025 0.140 -0.028 0.138 -0.027

Malta 0.073 -0.014 0.127 -0.025 0.140 -0.028 0.138 -0.027

Kuwait 0.072 -0.014 0.128 -0.025 0.141 -0.028 0.139 -0.028

New Zealand 0.071 -0.014 0.129 -0.026 0.142 -0.028 0.140 -0.028

—continued
71

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 7

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in transportation and communications price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.070 -0.014 0.129 -0.026 0.142 -0.029 0.140 -0.028

Taiwan, China 0.070 -0.014 0.129 -0.026 0.142 -0.029 0.141 -0.028

Spain 0.070 -0.014 0.130 -0.026 0.143 -0.029 0.141 -0.028

Italy 0.069 -0.014 0.130 -0.026 0.143 -0.029 0.141 -0.028

Ireland 0.069 -0.014 0.130 -0.026 0.144 -0.029 0.142 -0.029

Denmark 0.069 -0.014 0.130 -0.026 0.144 -0.029 0.142 -0.029

Sweden 0.068 -0.014 0.131 -0.026 0.144 -0.029 0.142 -0.029

Hong Kong, China 0.068 -0.014 0.131 -0.026 0.144 -0.029 0.142 -0.029

Australia 0.067 -0.014 0.131 -0.027 0.144 -0.029 0.142 -0.029

Cyprus 0.067 -0.014 0.131 -0.027 0.144 -0.029 0.142 -0.029

Belgium 0.067 -0.014 0.131 -0.027 0.145 -0.029 0.143 -0.029

Japan 0.067 -0.014 0.131 -0.027 0.145 -0.029 0.143 -0.029

France 0.066 -0.014 0.132 -0.027 0.145 -0.030 0.143 -0.029

Germany 0.065 -0.013 0.132 -0.027 0.145 -0.030 0.144 -0.029

Canada 0.065 -0.013 0.132 -0.027 0.146 -0.030 0.144 -0.029

Iceland 0.065 -0.013 0.132 -0.027 0.146 -0.030 0.144 -0.029

Netherlands 0.065 -0.013 0.132 -0.027 0.146 -0.030 0.144 -0.029

Norway 0.065 -0.013 0.132 -0.027 0.146 -0.030 0.144 -0.029

United Kingdom 0.064 -0.013 0.133 -0.027 0.146 -0.030 0.144 -0.030

Switzerland 0.063 -0.013 0.133 -0.027 0.147 -0.030 0.145 -0.030

Austria 0.062 -0.013 0.134 -0.028 0.147 -0.030 0.145 -0.030

Luxembourg 0.055 -0.011 0.136 -0.029 0.150 -0.031 0.148 -0.031

United States 0.050 -0.010 0.138 -0.029 0.152 -0.032 0.150 -0.032

Low-income average 0.072 -0.009 0.091 -0.012 0.101 -0.013 0.099 -0.013

Middle-income average 0.079 -0.014 0.117 -0.021 0.129 -0.024 0.127 -0.023

High-income average 0.067 -0.014 0.131 -0.027 0.144 -0.029 0.142 -0.029

—continued
72

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 7

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in transportation and communications price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.091 0.001 0.225 0.003 0.054 0.001 0.125 0.002

Burundi 0.107 -6.200 0.128 -0.006 0.064 -0.003 0.112 -0.005

Liberia 0.605 -0.032 0.177 -0.009 0.066 -0.003 0.789 -0.042

Zimbabwe 0.313 -0.020 0.149 -0.010 0.068 -0.004 0.342 -0.022

Ethiopia 0.246 -0.018 0.406 -0.030 0.070 -0.005 0.260 -0.019

Niger 0.242 -0.018 0.112 -0.008 0.070 -0.005 0.256 -0.019

Guinea-Bissau 0.239 -0.018 0.125 -0.009 0.071 -0.005 0.252 -0.019

Mozambique 0.207 -0.017 0.168 0.603 0.073 -0.006 0.215 -0.018

Malawi 0.192 -0.017 0.105 1.440 0.074 -0.007 0.198 -0.017

Rwanda 0.188 -0.017 0.245 3.716 0.075 -0.007 0.193 -0.017

Angola 0.178 -0.017 1.065 -0.103 0.076 -0.007 0.182 -0.017

Chad 0.177 -0.017 0.908 -0.088 0.076 -0.007 0.181 -0.018

Gambia, The 0.175 -0.017 0.771 -0.076 0.077 -0.008 0.179 -0.018

Central African Republic 0.175 -0.017 0.717 -0.071 0.077 -0.008 0.178 -0.018

Mali 0.174 -0.017 0.709 -0.070 0.077 -0.008 0.178 -0.018

Tanzania 0.173 -0.017 0.622 -0.062 0.077 -0.008 0.176 -0.018

Sierra Leone 0.170 -0.017 0.488 -0.050 0.078 -0.008 0.173 -0.018

Guinea 0.169 -0.017 0.471 -0.049 0.078 -0.008 0.172 -0.018

Burkina Faso 0.167 -0.018 0.420 -0.044 0.079 -0.008 0.170 -0.018

Uganda 0.164 -0.018 0.346 -0.038 0.080 -0.009 0.166 -0.018

Madagascar 0.164 -0.018 0.343 -0.037 0.080 -0.009 0.166 -0.018

Zambia 0.163 -0.018 0.339 -0.037 0.080 -0.009 0.166 -0.018

Congo, Republic 0.162 -0.018 0.321 -0.035 0.080 -0.009 0.165 -0.018

Togo 0.162 -0.018 0.310 -0.035 0.081 -0.009 0.164 -0.018

Nepal 0.159 -0.018 0.279 -0.032 0.082 -0.009 0.161 -0.018

Ghana 0.158 -0.018 0.266 -0.031 0.082 -0.010 0.160 -0.019

Benin 0.157 -0.019 0.251 -0.030 0.083 -0.010 0.159 -0.019

Mauritania 0.157 -0.019 0.249 -0.030 0.083 -0.010 0.158 -0.019

Bangladesh 0.156 -0.019 0.242 -0.029 0.083 -0.010 0.158 -0.019

Côte d'Ivoire 0.156 -0.019 0.240 -0.029 0.084 -0.010 0.157 -0.019

Laos 0.156 -0.019 0.239 -0.029 0.084 -0.010 0.157 -0.019

Kenya 0.154 -0.019 0.225 -0.028 0.085 -0.011 0.156 -0.019

Djibouti 0.154 -0.019 0.224 -0.028 0.085 -0.011 0.156 -0.019

Nigeria 0.154 -0.019 0.221 -0.028 0.085 -0.011 0.155 -0.019

Senegal 0.154 -0.019 0.220 -0.028 0.085 -0.011 0.155 -0.019

Cambodia 0.153 -0.020 0.212 -0.027 0.086 -0.011 0.154 -0.020

Cameroon 0.152 -0.020 0.206 -0.027 0.087 -0.011 0.153 -0.020

São Tomé and Principe 0.152 -0.020 0.204 -0.027 0.087 -0.011 0.153 -0.020

India 0.152 -0.020 0.201 -0.027 0.088 -0.012 0.153 -0.020

Yemen 0.152 -0.020 0.200 -0.027 0.088 -0.012 0.153 -0.020

Vietnam 0.152 -0.020 0.200 -0.027 0.088 -0.012 0.153 -0.020

Mongolia 0.151 -0.020 0.199 -0.027 0.088 -0.012 0.153 -0.020

—continued
73

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Appendix table 7

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in transportation and communications price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.151 -0.020 0.196 -0.026 0.089 -0.012 0.152 -0.021

Bhutan 0.151 -0.021 0.193 -0.026 0.089 -0.012 0.152 -0.021

China 0.151 -0.021 0.191 -0.026 0.090 -0.012 0.152 -0.021

Sudan 0.150 -0.021 0.187 -0.026 0.091 -0.013 0.151 -0.021

Lesotho 0.150 -0.021 0.185 -0.026 0.091 -0.013 0.151 -0.021

Tajikistan 0.150 -0.021 0.185 -0.026 0.091 -0.013 0.151 -0.021

Maldives 0.150 -0.022 0.180 -0.026 0.093 -0.014 0.151 -0.022

Morocco 0.150 -0.022 0.180 -0.026 0.093 -0.014 0.151 -0.022

Pakistan 0.150 -0.022 0.179 -0.026 0.094 -0.014 0.151 -0.022

Indonesia 0.150 -0.022 0.177 -0.026 0.094 -0.014 0.151 -0.022

Kyrgyzstan 0.150 -0.022 0.177 -0.026 0.094 -0.014 0.151 -0.022

Philippines 0.150 -0.022 0.177 -0.026 0.095 -0.014 0.151 -0.023

Cape Verde 0.150 -0.022 0.177 -0.026 0.095 -0.014 0.151 -0.023

Bolivia 0.150 -0.023 0.177 -0.027 0.095 -0.014 0.151 -0.023

Namibia 0.150 -0.023 0.175 -0.027 0.096 -0.015 0.151 -0.023

Sri Lanka 0.150 -0.023 0.174 -0.027 0.096 -0.015 0.151 -0.023

Botswana 0.150 -0.023 0.174 -0.027 0.096 -0.015 0.151 -0.023

Gabon 0.150 -0.023 0.173 -0.027 0.097 -0.015 0.151 -0.023

Azerbaijan 0.150 -0.023 0.173 -0.027 0.097 -0.015 0.151 -0.023

Syria 0.150 -0.023 0.173 -0.027 0.097 -0.015 0.151 -0.024

Equatorial Guinea 0.151 -0.024 0.171 -0.027 0.098 -0.016 0.151 -0.024

Paraguay 0.151 -0.024 0.171 -0.027 0.099 -0.016 0.151 -0.024

Fiji 0.151 -0.024 0.171 -0.027 0.099 -0.016 0.152 -0.024

Swaziland 0.151 -0.024 0.170 -0.027 0.100 -0.016 0.152 -0.024

Moldova 0.151 -0.024 0.170 -0.028 0.100 -0.016 0.152 -0.025

Egypt 0.151 -0.025 0.170 -0.028 0.100 -0.016 0.152 -0.025

Ecuador 0.152 -0.025 0.169 -0.028 0.101 -0.017 0.152 -0.025

Jordan 0.152 -0.025 0.169 -0.028 0.101 -0.017 0.152 -0.025

Georgia 0.152 -0.025 0.169 -0.028 0.101 -0.017 0.152 -0.025

Thailand 0.152 -0.025 0.169 -0.028 0.102 -0.017 0.152 -0.025

Colombia 0.152 -0.025 0.169 -0.028 0.102 -0.017 0.153 -0.025

Albania 0.152 -0.025 0.169 -0.028 0.102 -0.017 0.153 -0.025

Tunisia 0.152 -0.025 0.169 -0.028 0.102 -0.017 0.153 -0.025

Peru 0.152 -0.026 0.169 -0.028 0.103 -0.017 0.153 -0.026

Armenia 0.153 -0.026 0.168 -0.028 0.103 -0.017 0.153 -0.026

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.153 -0.026 0.168 -0.029 0.104 -0.018 0.154 -0.026

Malaysia 0.153 -0.026 0.168 -0.029 0.104 -0.018 0.154 -0.026

Ukraine 0.153 -0.026 0.168 -0.029 0.105 -0.018 0.154 -0.026

Brazil 0.153 -0.026 0.168 -0.029 0.105 -0.018 0.154 -0.026

Montenegro 0.154 -0.026 0.168 -0.029 0.105 -0.018 0.154 -0.026

—continued
74

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Appendix table 7

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in transportation and communications price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.154 -0.027 0.168 -0.029 0.106 -0.018 0.154 -0.027

Macedonia 0.155 -0.027 0.168 -0.029 0.107 -0.019 0.155 -0.027

Turkey 0.155 -0.027 0.168 -0.029 0.107 -0.019 0.155 -0.027

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.155 -0.027 0.168 -0.030 0.108 -0.019 0.156 -0.028

Serbia 0.155 -0.028 0.168 -0.030 0.108 -0.019 0.156 -0.028

Belarus 0.155 -0.028 0.168 -0.030 0.108 -0.019 0.156 -0.028

Romania 0.155 -0.028 0.168 -0.030 0.108 -0.019 0.156 -0.028

Saudi Arabia 0.156 -0.028 0.168 -0.030 0.108 -0.019 0.156 -0.028

Uruguay 0.156 -0.028 0.168 -0.030 0.109 -0.019 0.156 -0.028

Mauritius 0.156 -0.028 0.168 -0.030 0.109 -0.019 0.156 -0.028

Chile 0.156 -0.028 0.168 -0.030 0.109 -0.019 0.156 -0.028

Kazakhstan 0.156 -0.028 0.168 -0.030 0.109 -0.020 0.156 -0.028

Russia 0.156 -0.028 0.168 -0.030 0.110 -0.020 0.157 -0.028

Argentina 0.156 -0.028 0.168 -0.030 0.110 -0.020 0.157 -0.028

Bulgaria 0.157 -0.028 0.168 -0.030 0.110 -0.020 0.157 -0.028

Oman 0.157 -0.029 0.168 -0.031 0.111 -0.020 0.157 -0.029

Iran 0.158 -0.029 0.168 -0.031 0.111 -0.020 0.158 -0.029

Latvia 0.158 -0.029 0.169 -0.031 0.112 -0.021 0.159 -0.029

Mexico 0.158 -0.029 0.169 -0.031 0.113 -0.021 0.159 -0.029

Lebanon 0.159 -0.030 0.169 -0.031 0.113 -0.021 0.159 -0.030

Poland 0.160 -0.030 0.170 -0.032 0.115 -0.022 0.160 -0.030

Croatia 0.160 -0.030 0.170 -0.032 0.115 -0.022 0.160 -0.030

Macao, China 0.160 -0.030 0.170 -0.032 0.115 -0.022 0.160 -0.030

Lithuania 0.160 -0.030 0.170 -0.032 0.115 -0.022 0.160 -0.030

Estonia 0.160 -0.030 0.170 -0.032 0.115 -0.022 0.161 -0.031

Brunei Darussalam 0.161 -0.031 0.170 -0.032 0.116 -0.022 0.161 -0.031

Slovak Republic 0.161 -0.031 0.170 -0.033 0.116 -0.022 0.161 -0.031

Hungary 0.161 -0.031 0.170 -0.033 0.116 -0.022 0.161 -0.031

South Korea 0.162 -0.031 0.171 -0.033 0.117 -0.023 0.162 -0.031

Bahrain 0.162 -0.031 0.171 -0.033 0.117 -0.023 0.162 -0.031

Czech Republic 0.163 -0.032 0.171 -0.033 0.119 -0.023 0.163 -0.032

Slovenia 0.164 -0.032 0.172 -0.034 0.119 -0.023 0.164 -0.032

Israel 0.164 -0.032 0.172 -0.034 0.119 -0.023 0.164 -0.032

High-income countries

Portugal 0.164 -0.032 0.172 -0.034 0.120 -0.024 0.165 -0.032

Qatar 0.164 -0.032 0.172 -0.034 0.120 -0.024 0.165 -0.032

Singapore 0.165 -0.033 0.172 -0.034 0.120 -0.024 0.165 -0.033

Malta 0.165 -0.033 0.173 -0.034 0.121 -0.024 0.165 -0.033

Kuwait 0.165 -0.033 0.173 -0.034 0.121 -0.024 0.166 -0.033

New Zealand 0.166 -0.033 0.174 -0.035 0.122 -0.025 0.166 -0.033

—continued
75

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 7

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in transportation and communications price, 144 countries 

in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care Recreation Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.166 -0.033 0.174 -0.035 0.123 -0.025 0.167 -0.033

Taiwan, China 0.167 -0.033 0.174 -0.035 0.123 -0.025 0.167 -0.034

Spain 0.167 -0.034 0.174 -0.035 0.123 -0.025 0.167 -0.034

Italy 0.167 -0.034 0.174 -0.035 0.123 -0.025 0.167 -0.034

Ireland 0.167 -0.034 0.174 -0.035 0.124 -0.025 0.168 -0.034

Denmark 0.167 -0.034 0.175 -0.035 0.124 -0.025 0.168 -0.034

Sweden 0.168 -0.034 0.175 -0.035 0.124 -0.025 0.168 -0.034

Hong Kong, China 0.168 -0.034 0.175 -0.035 0.124 -0.025 0.168 -0.034

Australia 0.168 -0.034 0.175 -0.036 0.124 -0.025 0.168 -0.034

Cyprus 0.168 -0.034 0.175 -0.036 0.124 -0.025 0.168 -0.034

Belgium 0.168 -0.034 0.175 -0.036 0.124 -0.025 0.168 -0.034

Japan 0.168 -0.034 0.175 -0.036 0.124 -0.025 0.168 -0.034

France 0.168 -0.034 0.175 -0.036 0.125 -0.025 0.169 -0.034

Germany 0.169 -0.034 0.176 -0.036 0.125 -0.026 0.169 -0.035

Canada 0.169 -0.034 0.176 -0.036 0.125 -0.026 0.169 -0.035

Iceland 0.169 -0.035 0.176 -0.036 0.125 -0.026 0.169 -0.035

Netherlands 0.169 -0.035 0.176 -0.036 0.125 -0.026 0.169 -0.035

Norway 0.169 -0.035 0.176 -0.036 0.125 -0.026 0.169 -0.035

United Kingdom 0.169 -0.035 0.176 -0.036 0.126 -0.026 0.170 -0.035

Switzerland 0.170 -0.035 0.176 -0.036 0.126 -0.026 0.170 -0.035

Austria 0.170 -0.035 0.177 -0.036 0.126 -0.026 0.170 -0.035

Luxembourg 0.172 -0.036 0.178 -0.037 0.129 -0.027 0.173 -0.036

United States 0.174 -0.037 0.180 -0.038 0.130 -0.028 0.174 -0.037

Low-income average 0.167 -0.101 0.258 0.045 0.087 -0.011 0.172 -0.021

Middle-income average 0.158 -0.029 0.169 -0.031 0.111 -0.020 0.158 -0.029

High-income average 0.168 -0.034 0.175 -0.035 0.124 -0.025 0.168 -0.034

Note: In shaded cells, elasticity is derived using actual budget shares as opposed to the predicted budget share from the Florida model.

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on World Bank, 2005 International Comparison Program data.
76

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Appendix table 8

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in recreation price, 144 countries in 2005

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.022 0.014 0.025 0.016 0.028 0.018 0.027 0.018

Burundi 0.035 0.009 0.040 0.011 0.045 0.012 0.044 0.012

Liberia 0.027 0.012 0.031 0.014 0.034 0.016 0.034 0.015

Zimbabwe 0.031 0.010 0.036 0.012 0.040 0.014 0.040 0.013

Ethiopia 0.019 0.015 0.023 0.017 0.025 0.019 0.025 0.019

Niger 0.048 0.004 0.057 0.005 0.063 0.005 0.062 0.005

Guinea-Bissau 0.040 0.007 0.047 0.008 0.052 0.009 0.051 0.009

Mozambique 0.013 0.017 0.016 0.020 0.017 0.022 0.017 0.021

Malawi 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.019 0.019 0.021 0.019 0.021

Rwanda 0.015 0.016 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.020 0.020

Angola 0.017 0.015 0.020 0.018 0.022 0.020 0.022 0.020

Chad 0.017 0.015 0.020 0.018 0.023 0.020 0.022 0.020

Gambia, The 0.017 0.015 0.021 0.018 0.023 0.020 0.023 0.019

Central African Republic 0.018 0.015 0.021 0.018 0.023 0.020 0.023 0.019

Mali 0.018 0.015 0.021 0.018 0.023 0.020 0.023 0.019

Tanzania 0.018 0.015 0.021 0.018 0.024 0.020 0.023 0.019

Sierra Leone 0.019 0.014 0.022 0.017 0.025 0.019 0.024 0.019

Guinea 0.019 0.014 0.023 0.017 0.025 0.019 0.025 0.019

Burkina Faso 0.019 0.014 0.023 0.017 0.026 0.019 0.025 0.018

Uganda 0.020 0.014 0.025 0.016 0.027 0.018 0.027 0.018

Madagascar 0.021 0.014 0.025 0.016 0.027 0.018 0.027 0.018

Zambia 0.021 0.014 0.025 0.016 0.028 0.018 0.027 0.018

Congo, Republic 0.021 0.013 0.025 0.016 0.028 0.018 0.028 0.018

Togo 0.021 0.013 0.026 0.016 0.029 0.018 0.028 0.017

Nepal 0.022 0.013 0.027 0.015 0.030 0.017 0.029 0.017

Ghana 0.023 0.013 0.028 0.015 0.031 0.017 0.030 0.017

Benin 0.024 0.012 0.029 0.015 0.032 0.016 0.031 0.016

Mauritania 0.024 0.012 0.029 0.015 0.032 0.016 0.032 0.016

Bangladesh 0.024 0.012 0.029 0.015 0.033 0.016 0.032 0.016

Côte d'Ivoire 0.024 0.012 0.030 0.015 0.033 0.016 0.032 0.016

Laos 0.024 0.012 0.030 0.014 0.033 0.016 0.032 0.016

Kenya 0.026 0.011 0.031 0.014 0.035 0.015 0.034 0.015

Djibouti 0.026 0.011 0.031 0.014 0.035 0.015 0.034 0.015

Nigeria 0.026 0.011 0.032 0.014 0.035 0.015 0.034 0.015

Senegal 0.026 0.011 0.032 0.014 0.035 0.015 0.035 0.015

Cambodia 0.027 0.011 0.033 0.013 0.037 0.015 0.036 0.015

Cameroon 0.028 0.011 0.034 0.013 0.038 0.014 0.037 0.014

São Tomé and Principe 0.028 0.010 0.034 0.013 0.038 0.014 0.037 0.014

India 0.028 0.010 0.035 0.013 0.039 0.014 0.038 0.014

Yemen 0.028 0.010 0.035 0.013 0.039 0.014 0.038 0.014

Vietnam 0.028 0.010 0.035 0.012 0.039 0.014 0.038 0.014

Mongolia 0.029 0.010 0.035 0.012 0.039 0.014 0.039 0.014

—continued
77

New International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns, TB-1937

Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 8

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in recreation price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.029 0.010 0.036 0.012 0.040 0.013 0.039 0.013

Bhutan 0.030 0.010 0.037 0.012 0.041 0.013 0.040 0.013

China 0.030 0.009 0.037 0.012 0.041 0.013 0.041 0.013

Sudan 0.031 0.009 0.039 0.011 0.043 0.012 0.042 0.012

Lesotho 0.032 0.009 0.040 0.011 0.044 0.012 0.043 0.012

Tajikistan 0.032 0.009 0.040 0.011 0.044 0.012 0.043 0.012

Maldives 0.033 0.008 0.042 0.010 0.046 0.011 0.045 0.011

Morocco 0.033 0.008 0.042 0.010 0.047 0.011 0.046 0.011

Pakistan 0.033 0.008 0.043 0.010 0.047 0.011 0.046 0.011

Indonesia 0.034 0.007 0.043 0.009 0.048 0.010 0.047 0.010

Kyrgyzstan 0.034 0.007 0.044 0.009 0.048 0.010 0.047 0.010

Philippines 0.034 0.007 0.044 0.009 0.049 0.010 0.048 0.010

Cape Verde 0.034 0.007 0.044 0.009 0.049 0.010 0.048 0.010

Bolivia 0.034 0.007 0.044 0.009 0.049 0.010 0.048 0.010

Namibia 0.035 0.007 0.045 0.009 0.050 0.010 0.049 0.010

Sri Lanka 0.036 0.007 0.046 0.009 0.051 0.010 0.050 0.009

Botswana 0.036 0.007 0.046 0.008 0.051 0.009 0.050 0.009

Gabon 0.036 0.006 0.047 0.008 0.052 0.009 0.051 0.009

Azerbaijan 0.036 0.006 0.047 0.008 0.052 0.009 0.051 0.009

Syria 0.036 0.006 0.047 0.008 0.052 0.009 0.051 0.009

Equatorial Guinea 0.037 0.006 0.049 0.008 0.054 0.008 0.053 0.008

Paraguay 0.038 0.006 0.049 0.007 0.054 0.008 0.054 0.008

Fiji 0.038 0.005 0.050 0.007 0.055 0.008 0.054 0.008

Swaziland 0.038 0.005 0.051 0.007 0.056 0.008 0.055 0.007

Moldova 0.039 0.005 0.051 0.007 0.056 0.007 0.055 0.007

Egypt 0.039 0.005 0.051 0.007 0.057 0.007 0.056 0.007

Ecuador 0.039 0.005 0.052 0.006 0.058 0.007 0.057 0.007

Jordan 0.039 0.005 0.052 0.006 0.058 0.007 0.057 0.007

Georgia 0.039 0.005 0.053 0.006 0.058 0.007 0.057 0.007

Thailand 0.040 0.004 0.053 0.006 0.059 0.007 0.058 0.007

Colombia 0.040 0.004 0.053 0.006 0.059 0.007 0.058 0.006

Albania 0.040 0.004 0.054 0.006 0.059 0.006 0.058 0.006

Tunisia 0.040 0.004 0.054 0.006 0.060 0.006 0.059 0.006

Peru 0.040 0.004 0.055 0.005 0.060 0.006 0.059 0.006

Armenia 0.041 0.004 0.055 0.005 0.061 0.006 0.060 0.006

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.041 0.003 0.056 0.005 0.062 0.005 0.061 0.005

Malaysia 0.041 0.003 0.056 0.005 0.062 0.005 0.061 0.005

Ukraine 0.042 0.003 0.057 0.005 0.063 0.005 0.062 0.005

Brazil 0.042 0.003 0.057 0.004 0.063 0.005 0.062 0.005

Montenegro 0.042 0.003 0.058 0.004 0.064 0.005 0.063 0.005

—continued
78

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Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 8

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in recreation price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.042 0.003 0.058 0.004 0.065 0.004 0.064 0.004

Macedonia 0.043 0.003 0.060 0.004 0.066 0.004 0.065 0.004

Turkey 0.043 0.002 0.060 0.003 0.066 0.004 0.065 0.004

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.043 0.002 0.061 0.003 0.067 0.003 0.066 0.003

Serbia 0.043 0.002 0.061 0.003 0.068 0.003 0.067 0.003

Belarus 0.043 0.002 0.061 0.003 0.068 0.003 0.067 0.003

Romania 0.043 0.002 0.062 0.003 0.068 0.003 0.067 0.003

Saudi Arabia 0.044 0.002 0.062 0.003 0.068 0.003 0.067 0.003

Uruguay 0.044 0.002 0.062 0.003 0.068 0.003 0.067 0.003

Mauritius 0.044 0.002 0.062 0.003 0.068 0.003 0.067 0.003

Chile 0.044 0.002 0.062 0.003 0.069 0.003 0.068 0.003

Kazakhstan 0.044 0.002 0.063 0.002 0.069 0.003 0.068 0.003

Russia 0.044 0.002 0.063 0.002 0.070 0.002 0.069 0.002

Argentina 0.044 0.001 0.064 0.002 0.070 0.002 0.069 0.002

Bulgaria 0.044 0.001 0.064 0.002 0.071 0.002 0.070 0.002

Oman 0.044 0.001 0.065 0.002 0.071 0.002 0.070 0.002

Iran 0.045 0.001 0.066 0.001 0.073 0.001 0.072 0.001

Latvia 0.045 0.001 0.067 0.001 0.074 0.001 0.073 0.001

Mexico 0.045 0.000 0.067 0.001 0.074 0.001 0.073 0.001

Lebanon 0.045 0.000 0.068 0.000 0.075 0.001 0.074 0.001

Poland 0.046 0.000 0.070 0.000 0.077 0.000 0.076 0.000

Croatia 0.046 0.000 0.070 0.000 0.077 0.000 0.076 0.000

Macao, China 0.046 0.000 0.070 0.000 0.077 0.000 0.076 0.000

Lithuania 0.046 0.000 0.070 0.000 0.077 0.000 0.076 0.000

Estonia 0.046 0.000 0.071 -0.001 0.078 -0.001 0.077 -0.001

Brunei Darussalam 0.046 -0.001 0.072 -0.001 0.079 -0.001 0.078 -0.001

Slovak Republic 0.046 -0.001 0.072 -0.001 0.079 -0.001 0.078 -0.001

Hungary 0.046 -0.001 0.072 -0.001 0.080 -0.001 0.078 -0.001

South Korea 0.046 -0.001 0.073 -0.001 0.081 -0.002 0.080 -0.002

Bahrain 0.046 -0.001 0.073 -0.001 0.081 -0.002 0.080 -0.002

Czech Republic 0.045 -0.001 0.075 -0.002 0.083 -0.002 0.082 -0.002

Slovenia 0.045 -0.001 0.076 -0.002 0.084 -0.003 0.083 -0.003

Israel 0.045 -0.002 0.076 -0.003 0.084 -0.003 0.083 -0.003

High-income countries

Portugal 0.045 -0.002 0.077 -0.003 0.085 -0.003 0.084 -0.003

Qatar 0.045 -0.002 0.078 -0.003 0.085 -0.003 0.084 -0.003

Singapore 0.045 -0.002 0.078 -0.003 0.086 -0.003 0.084 -0.003

Malta 0.045 -0.002 0.079 -0.003 0.087 -0.004 0.085 -0.004

Kuwait 0.045 -0.002 0.079 -0.003 0.087 -0.004 0.086 -0.004

New Zealand 0.044 -0.002 0.080 -0.004 0.088 -0.004 0.087 -0.004

—continued
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Appendix table 8

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in recreation price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.044 -0.002 0.081 -0.004 0.089 -0.005 0.088 -0.004

Taiwan, China 0.044 -0.002 0.081 -0.004 0.089 -0.005 0.088 -0.005

Spain 0.044 -0.002 0.081 -0.004 0.090 -0.005 0.088 -0.005

Italy 0.043 -0.002 0.082 -0.004 0.090 -0.005 0.089 -0.005

Ireland 0.043 -0.002 0.082 -0.005 0.090 -0.005 0.089 -0.005

Denmark 0.043 -0.002 0.082 -0.005 0.090 -0.005 0.089 -0.005

Sweden 0.043 -0.002 0.082 -0.005 0.091 -0.005 0.089 -0.005

Hong Kong, China 0.043 -0.002 0.083 -0.005 0.091 -0.005 0.090 -0.005

Australia 0.043 -0.003 0.083 -0.005 0.091 -0.005 0.090 -0.005

Cyprus 0.043 -0.003 0.083 -0.005 0.091 -0.005 0.090 -0.005

Belgium 0.042 -0.003 0.083 -0.005 0.092 -0.006 0.090 -0.005

Japan 0.042 -0.003 0.083 -0.005 0.092 -0.006 0.090 -0.005

France 0.042 -0.003 0.084 -0.005 0.092 -0.006 0.091 -0.006

Germany 0.042 -0.003 0.084 -0.005 0.093 -0.006 0.091 -0.006

Canada 0.042 -0.003 0.084 -0.005 0.093 -0.006 0.091 -0.006

Iceland 0.042 -0.003 0.084 -0.005 0.093 -0.006 0.092 -0.006

Netherlands 0.041 -0.003 0.084 -0.005 0.093 -0.006 0.092 -0.006

Norway 0.041 -0.003 0.084 -0.005 0.093 -0.006 0.092 -0.006

United Kingdom 0.041 -0.003 0.085 -0.006 0.094 -0.006 0.093 -0.006

Switzerland 0.041 -0.003 0.085 -0.006 0.094 -0.006 0.093 -0.006

Austria 0.040 -0.003 0.086 -0.006 0.095 -0.007 0.093 -0.007

Luxembourg 0.036 -0.003 0.089 -0.007 0.098 -0.008 0.097 -0.008

United States 0.033 -0.003 0.091 -0.008 0.100 -0.009 0.099 -0.009

Low-income average 0.029 0.010 0.037 0.012 0.041 0.013 0.040 0.013

Middle-income average 0.044 0.001 0.065 0.001 0.072 0.002 0.071 0.002

High-income average 0.042 -0.002 0.083 -0.005 0.091 -0.005 0.090 -0.005

—continued
80

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Appendix table 8

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in recreation price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care

Transport & 

communications Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.041 0.026 0.036 0.023 0.024 0.016 0.056 0.036

Burundi 0.065 -2.598 0.054 0.015 0.039 0.010 0.068 0.018

Liberia 0.273 0.126 0.041 0.019 0.030 0.014 0.357 0.164

Zimbabwe 0.160 0.054 0.048 0.016 0.035 0.012 0.176 0.059

Ethiopia 0.077 0.058 0.030 0.022 0.022 0.016 0.081 0.061

Niger 0.189 0.016 0.074 0.006 0.055 0.005 0.199 0.016

Guinea-Bissau 0.153 0.027 0.061 0.011 0.045 0.008 0.161 0.029

Mozambique 0.043 0.054 0.020 0.026 0.015 0.019 0.044 0.056

Malawi 0.044 0.047 0.023 0.025 0.017 0.018 0.045 0.049

Rwanda 0.044 0.046 0.023 0.024 0.017 0.018 0.045 0.047

Angola 0.045 0.041 0.026 0.023 0.019 0.017 0.046 0.041

Chad 0.045 0.040 0.026 0.023 0.020 0.017 0.046 0.041

Gambia, The 0.046 0.039 0.027 0.023 0.020 0.017 0.047 0.040

Central African Republic 0.046 0.039 0.027 0.023 0.020 0.017 0.047 0.040

Mali 0.046 0.039 0.027 0.023 0.020 0.017 0.047 0.039

Tanzania 0.046 0.038 0.027 0.022 0.021 0.017 0.047 0.039

Sierra Leone 0.047 0.036 0.029 0.022 0.022 0.017 0.048 0.037

Guinea 0.047 0.036 0.029 0.022 0.022 0.016 0.048 0.036

Burkina Faso 0.048 0.035 0.030 0.021 0.022 0.016 0.048 0.035

Uganda 0.049 0.032 0.031 0.021 0.024 0.016 0.050 0.033

Madagascar 0.049 0.032 0.031 0.021 0.024 0.016 0.050 0.033

Zambia 0.049 0.032 0.032 0.021 0.024 0.016 0.050 0.033

Congo, Republic 0.049 0.031 0.032 0.020 0.024 0.015 0.050 0.032

Togo 0.050 0.031 0.033 0.020 0.025 0.015 0.050 0.031

Nepal 0.051 0.029 0.034 0.020 0.026 0.015 0.051 0.029

Ghana 0.051 0.028 0.035 0.019 0.027 0.015 0.052 0.029

Benin 0.052 0.027 0.036 0.019 0.028 0.014 0.053 0.027

Mauritania 0.052 0.027 0.036 0.019 0.028 0.014 0.053 0.027

Bangladesh 0.053 0.026 0.037 0.018 0.028 0.014 0.054 0.026

Côte d'Ivoire 0.053 0.026 0.037 0.018 0.029 0.014 0.054 0.026

Laos 0.053 0.026 0.037 0.018 0.029 0.014 0.054 0.026

Kenya 0.055 0.024 0.039 0.017 0.030 0.013 0.055 0.025

Djibouti 0.055 0.024 0.039 0.017 0.030 0.013 0.055 0.024

Nigeria 0.055 0.024 0.040 0.017 0.030 0.013 0.055 0.024

Senegal 0.055 0.024 0.040 0.017 0.031 0.013 0.056 0.024

Cambodia 0.056 0.023 0.041 0.017 0.032 0.013 0.057 0.023

Cameroon 0.057 0.022 0.042 0.016 0.033 0.012 0.058 0.022

São Tomé and Principe 0.057 0.021 0.043 0.016 0.033 0.012 0.058 0.022

India 0.058 0.021 0.043 0.016 0.034 0.012 0.058 0.021

Yemen 0.058 0.021 0.044 0.016 0.034 0.012 0.059 0.021

Vietnam 0.058 0.021 0.044 0.016 0.034 0.012 0.059 0.021

Mongolia 0.058 0.020 0.044 0.015 0.034 0.012 0.059 0.021

—continued
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Appendix table 8

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in recreation price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care

Transport & 

communications Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.059 0.020 0.045 0.015 0.035 0.012 0.060 0.020

Bhutan 0.060 0.019 0.046 0.015 0.035 0.011 0.060 0.020

China 0.060 0.019 0.046 0.014 0.036 0.011 0.061 0.019

Sudan 0.062 0.018 0.048 0.014 0.037 0.011 0.062 0.018

Lesotho 0.063 0.017 0.049 0.013 0.038 0.010 0.063 0.017

Tajikistan 0.063 0.017 0.049 0.013 0.038 0.010 0.063 0.017

Maldives 0.065 0.016 0.051 0.012 0.040 0.010 0.065 0.016

Morocco 0.065 0.015 0.052 0.012 0.040 0.010 0.065 0.016

Pakistan 0.065 0.015 0.052 0.012 0.041 0.009 0.066 0.015

Indonesia 0.066 0.014 0.053 0.012 0.042 0.009 0.067 0.014

Kyrgyzstan 0.066 0.014 0.053 0.012 0.042 0.009 0.067 0.014

Philippines 0.067 0.014 0.054 0.011 0.042 0.009 0.067 0.014

Cape Verde 0.067 0.014 0.054 0.011 0.042 0.009 0.067 0.014

Bolivia 0.067 0.014 0.054 0.011 0.042 0.009 0.067 0.014

Namibia 0.068 0.013 0.055 0.011 0.043 0.008 0.068 0.013

Sri Lanka 0.069 0.013 0.056 0.011 0.044 0.008 0.069 0.013

Botswana 0.069 0.013 0.056 0.010 0.044 0.008 0.069 0.013

Gabon 0.069 0.012 0.057 0.010 0.045 0.008 0.070 0.012

Azerbaijan 0.070 0.012 0.057 0.010 0.045 0.008 0.070 0.012

Syria 0.070 0.012 0.058 0.010 0.045 0.008 0.070 0.012

Equatorial Guinea 0.071 0.011 0.059 0.009 0.047 0.007 0.072 0.011

Paraguay 0.072 0.011 0.060 0.009 0.047 0.007 0.072 0.011

Fiji 0.073 0.010 0.061 0.009 0.048 0.007 0.073 0.010

Swaziland 0.073 0.010 0.061 0.008 0.048 0.007 0.074 0.010

Moldova 0.074 0.010 0.062 0.008 0.049 0.006 0.074 0.010

Egypt 0.074 0.010 0.062 0.008 0.049 0.006 0.074 0.010

Ecuador 0.075 0.009 0.063 0.008 0.050 0.006 0.075 0.009

Jordan 0.075 0.009 0.064 0.008 0.050 0.006 0.075 0.009

Georgia 0.075 0.009 0.064 0.007 0.050 0.006 0.076 0.009

Thailand 0.076 0.009 0.064 0.007 0.051 0.006 0.076 0.009

Colombia 0.076 0.008 0.064 0.007 0.051 0.006 0.076 0.008

Albania 0.076 0.008 0.065 0.007 0.051 0.005 0.077 0.008

Tunisia 0.077 0.008 0.065 0.007 0.052 0.005 0.077 0.008

Peru 0.077 0.008 0.066 0.007 0.052 0.005 0.078 0.008

Armenia 0.078 0.007 0.067 0.006 0.053 0.005 0.078 0.007

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.079 0.007 0.068 0.006 0.054 0.005 0.079 0.007

Malaysia 0.079 0.007 0.068 0.006 0.054 0.004 0.080 0.007

Ukraine 0.080 0.006 0.068 0.006 0.054 0.004 0.080 0.006

Brazil 0.080 0.006 0.069 0.005 0.055 0.004 0.080 0.006

Montenegro 0.080 0.006 0.069 0.005 0.055 0.004 0.081 0.006

—continued
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Appendix table 8

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in recreation price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care

Transport & 

communications Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.081 0.006 0.070 0.005 0.056 0.004 0.081 0.006

Macedonia 0.082 0.005 0.072 0.004 0.057 0.003 0.083 0.005

Turkey 0.083 0.005 0.072 0.004 0.057 0.003 0.083 0.005

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.084 0.004 0.073 0.004 0.058 0.003 0.084 0.004

Serbia 0.084 0.004 0.073 0.004 0.058 0.003 0.084 0.004

Belarus 0.084 0.004 0.074 0.004 0.059 0.003 0.084 0.004

Romania 0.084 0.004 0.074 0.003 0.059 0.003 0.085 0.004

Saudi Arabia 0.085 0.004 0.074 0.003 0.059 0.003 0.085 0.004

Uruguay 0.085 0.004 0.074 0.003 0.059 0.003 0.085 0.004

Mauritius 0.085 0.004 0.074 0.003 0.059 0.003 0.085 0.004

Chile 0.085 0.004 0.074 0.003 0.059 0.003 0.085 0.004

Kazakhstan 0.086 0.003 0.075 0.003 0.060 0.002 0.086 0.003

Russia 0.086 0.003 0.076 0.003 0.060 0.002 0.086 0.003

Argentina 0.087 0.003 0.076 0.002 0.061 0.002 0.087 0.003

Bulgaria 0.087 0.003 0.077 0.002 0.061 0.002 0.087 0.003

Oman 0.088 0.002 0.077 0.002 0.062 0.002 0.088 0.002

Iran 0.089 0.002 0.079 0.002 0.063 0.001 0.089 0.002

Latvia 0.090 0.001 0.080 0.001 0.064 0.001 0.090 0.001

Mexico 0.090 0.001 0.080 0.001 0.064 0.001 0.091 0.001

Lebanon 0.091 0.001 0.081 0.001 0.065 0.000 0.091 0.001

Poland 0.093 0.000 0.083 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.093 0.000

Croatia 0.093 0.000 0.083 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.093 0.000

Macao, China 0.093 0.000 0.083 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.093 0.000

Lithuania 0.093 0.000 0.083 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.093 0.000

Estonia 0.094 -0.001 0.084 -0.001 0.068 -0.001 0.094 -0.001

Brunei Darussalam 0.095 -0.001 0.085 -0.001 0.068 -0.001 0.095 -0.001

Slovak Republic 0.095 -0.001 0.085 -0.001 0.069 -0.001 0.095 -0.001

Hungary 0.095 -0.001 0.086 -0.001 0.069 -0.001 0.095 -0.001

South Korea 0.096 -0.002 0.087 -0.002 0.070 -0.001 0.097 -0.002

Bahrain 0.097 -0.002 0.087 -0.002 0.070 -0.001 0.097 -0.002

Czech Republic 0.098 -0.003 0.089 -0.003 0.072 -0.002 0.099 -0.003

Slovenia 0.099 -0.003 0.090 -0.003 0.072 -0.002 0.099 -0.003

Israel 0.100 -0.003 0.090 -0.003 0.073 -0.002 0.100 -0.003

High-income countries

Portugal 0.100 -0.004 0.091 -0.003 0.073 -0.003 0.101 -0.004

Qatar 0.101 -0.004 0.091 -0.003 0.074 -0.003 0.101 -0.004

Singapore 0.101 -0.004 0.092 -0.004 0.074 -0.003 0.101 -0.004

Malta 0.102 -0.004 0.093 -0.004 0.075 -0.003 0.102 -0.004

Kuwait 0.102 -0.004 0.093 -0.004 0.075 -0.003 0.102 -0.004

New Zealand 0.104 -0.005 0.095 -0.005 0.076 -0.004 0.104 -0.005

—continued
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Appendix table 8

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in recreation price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care

Transport & 

communications Education Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.104 -0.005 0.095 -0.005 0.076 -0.004 0.104 -0.005

Taiwan, China 0.104 -0.005 0.095 -0.005 0.077 -0.004 0.104 -0.005

Spain 0.105 -0.006 0.096 -0.005 0.077 -0.004 0.105 -0.006

Italy 0.105 -0.006 0.096 -0.005 0.077 -0.004 0.105 -0.006

Ireland 0.105 -0.006 0.096 -0.005 0.078 -0.004 0.105 -0.006

Denmark 0.105 -0.006 0.096 -0.005 0.078 -0.004 0.105 -0.006

Sweden 0.106 -0.006 0.097 -0.006 0.078 -0.005 0.106 -0.006

Hong Kong, China 0.106 -0.006 0.097 -0.006 0.078 -0.005 0.106 -0.006

Australia 0.106 -0.006 0.097 -0.006 0.079 -0.005 0.106 -0.006

Cyprus 0.106 -0.006 0.098 -0.006 0.079 -0.005 0.106 -0.006

Belgium 0.106 -0.006 0.098 -0.006 0.079 -0.005 0.107 -0.006

Japan 0.106 -0.006 0.098 -0.006 0.079 -0.005 0.107 -0.006

France 0.107 -0.007 0.098 -0.006 0.079 -0.005 0.107 -0.007

Germany 0.108 -0.007 0.099 -0.006 0.080 -0.005 0.108 -0.007

Canada 0.108 -0.007 0.099 -0.006 0.080 -0.005 0.108 -0.007

Iceland 0.108 -0.007 0.099 -0.006 0.080 -0.005 0.108 -0.007

Netherlands 0.108 -0.007 0.099 -0.006 0.080 -0.005 0.108 -0.007

Norway 0.108 -0.007 0.099 -0.006 0.080 -0.005 0.108 -0.007

United Kingdom 0.109 -0.007 0.100 -0.007 0.081 -0.005 0.109 -0.007

Switzerland 0.109 -0.007 0.100 -0.007 0.081 -0.006 0.109 -0.007

Austria 0.109 -0.008 0.101 -0.007 0.081 -0.006 0.109 -0.008

Luxembourg 0.113 -0.009 0.105 -0.009 0.085 -0.007 0.113 -0.009

United States 0.115 -0.010 0.107 -0.009 0.086 -0.008 0.115 -0.010

Low-income average 0.067 -0.010 0.046 0.015 0.035 0.011 0.069 0.025

Middle-income average 0.088 0.002 0.078 0.002 0.062 0.001 0.088 0.002

High-income average 0.106 -0.006 0.097 -0.006 0.078 -0.005 0.106 -0.006

Note: In shaded cells, elasticity is derived using actual budget shares as opposed to the predicted budget share from the Florida model.

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on World Bank, 2005 International Comparison Program data.
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Appendix table 9

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in education price, 144 countries in 2005

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.023 -0.010 0.026 -0.012 0.029 -0.013 0.029 -0.013

Burundi 0.022 -0.010 0.025 -0.011 0.028 -0.013 0.027 -0.013

Liberia 0.022 -0.010 0.025 -0.011 0.028 -0.013 0.027 -0.012

Zimbabwe 0.021 -0.010 0.025 -0.011 0.028 -0.013 0.027 -0.012

Ethiopia 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.027 -0.012 0.027 -0.012

Niger 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.027 -0.012 0.027 -0.012

Guinea-Bissau 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.027 -0.012 0.027 -0.012

Mozambique 0.020 -0.009 0.024 -0.011 0.027 -0.012 0.026 -0.012

Malawi 0.020 -0.009 0.024 -0.011 0.027 -0.012 0.026 -0.012

Rwanda 0.020 -0.009 0.024 -0.011 0.027 -0.012 0.026 -0.012

Angola 0.020 -0.009 0.024 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.026 -0.012

Chad 0.020 -0.009 0.024 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.026 -0.012

Gambia, The 0.020 -0.009 0.024 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.026 -0.012

Central African Republic 0.020 -0.009 0.024 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.026 -0.012

Mali 0.020 -0.009 0.024 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.026 -0.012

Tanzania 0.020 -0.009 0.024 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.026 -0.012

Sierra Leone 0.020 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.026 -0.012

Guinea 0.020 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.026 -0.012

Burkina Faso 0.020 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.026 -0.012

Uganda 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.025 -0.012

Madagascar 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.025 -0.012

Zambia 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.025 -0.012

Congo, Republic 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.025 -0.012

Togo 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.025 -0.012

Nepal 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.025 -0.012

Ghana 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.025 -0.012

Benin 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.025 -0.012

Mauritania 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.025 -0.012

Bangladesh 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.025 -0.012

Côte d'Ivoire 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.025 -0.012

Laos 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.025 -0.012

Kenya 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.025 -0.011

Djibouti 0.019 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.025 -0.011

Nigeria 0.018 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.025 -0.011

Senegal 0.018 -0.009 0.023 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.025 -0.011

Cambodia 0.018 -0.009 0.023 -0.010 0.025 -0.012 0.025 -0.011

Cameroon 0.018 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.011

São Tomé and Principe 0.018 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.011

India 0.018 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.011

Yemen 0.018 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.011

Vietnam 0.018 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.011

Mongolia 0.018 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.011

—continued
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Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 9

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in education price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.018 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.011

Bhutan 0.018 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.025 -0.011 0.024 -0.011

China 0.018 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.025 -0.011 0.024 -0.011

Sudan 0.018 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.024 -0.011

Lesotho 0.017 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.024 -0.011

Tajikistan 0.017 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.024 -0.011

Maldives 0.017 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.024 -0.011

Morocco 0.017 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.024 -0.011

Pakistan 0.017 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.024 -0.011

Indonesia 0.017 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Kyrgyzstan 0.017 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Philippines 0.017 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Cape Verde 0.017 -0.008 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Bolivia 0.017 -0.008 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Namibia 0.017 -0.008 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Sri Lanka 0.017 -0.008 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Botswana 0.016 -0.008 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Gabon 0.016 -0.008 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Azerbaijan 0.016 -0.008 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Syria 0.016 -0.008 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Equatorial Guinea 0.016 -0.008 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Paraguay 0.016 -0.008 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Fiji 0.016 -0.008 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Swaziland 0.016 -0.007 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Moldova 0.016 -0.007 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Egypt 0.016 -0.007 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Ecuador 0.016 -0.007 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Jordan 0.016 -0.007 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Georgia 0.016 -0.007 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.023 -0.011

Thailand 0.015 -0.007 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.022 -0.011

Colombia 0.015 -0.007 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.022 -0.011

Albania 0.015 -0.007 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.022 -0.011

Tunisia 0.015 -0.007 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.022 -0.011

Peru 0.015 -0.007 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.022 -0.011

Armenia 0.015 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.022 -0.011

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.015 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.011 0.022 -0.011

Malaysia 0.015 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.011 0.022 -0.011

Ukraine 0.015 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.011 0.022 -0.011

Brazil 0.015 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.011 0.022 -0.011

Montenegro 0.015 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.011 0.022 -0.010

—continued
86

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Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 9

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in education price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.015 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.011 0.022 -0.010

Macedonia 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.011 0.022 -0.010

Turkey 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.011 0.022 -0.010

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.011 0.022 -0.010

Serbia 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.011 0.022 -0.010

Belarus 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.011 0.022 -0.010

Romania 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.011 0.022 -0.010

Saudi Arabia 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.010 0.022 -0.010

Uruguay 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.009 0.022 -0.010 0.022 -0.010

Mauritius 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.009 0.022 -0.010 0.022 -0.010

Chile 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.009 0.022 -0.010 0.022 -0.010

Kazakhstan 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.009 0.022 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Russia 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.009 0.022 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Argentina 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.009 0.022 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Bulgaria 0.014 -0.007 0.020 -0.009 0.022 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Oman 0.013 -0.006 0.020 -0.009 0.022 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Iran 0.013 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Latvia 0.013 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Mexico 0.013 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Lebanon 0.013 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Poland 0.012 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Croatia 0.012 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Macao, China 0.012 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Lithuania 0.012 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Estonia 0.012 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Brunei Darussalam 0.012 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Slovak Republic 0.012 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

Hungary 0.012 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

South Korea 0.012 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

Bahrain 0.012 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.021 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

Czech Republic 0.011 -0.005 0.019 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

Slovenia 0.011 -0.005 0.019 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

Israel 0.011 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

High-income countries

Portugal 0.011 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

Qatar 0.011 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

Singapore 0.011 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

Malta 0.010 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

Kuwait 0.010 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

New Zealand 0.010 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

—continued
87

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Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 9

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in education price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.010 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

Taiwan, China 0.010 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

Spain 0.010 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

Italy 0.010 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

Ireland 0.009 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.020 -0.010

Denmark 0.009 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.010

Sweden 0.009 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.010

Hong Kong, China 0.009 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.010

Australia 0.009 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.010

Cyprus 0.009 -0.004 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.010

Belgium 0.009 -0.004 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.010

Japan 0.009 -0.004 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.010

France 0.009 -0.004 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.010

Germany 0.009 -0.004 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.009

Canada 0.009 -0.004 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.009

Iceland 0.009 -0.004 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.009

Netherlands 0.009 -0.004 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.009

Norway 0.009 -0.004 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.009

United Kingdom 0.008 -0.004 0.018 -0.009 0.019 -0.010 0.019 -0.009

Switzerland 0.008 -0.004 0.018 -0.009 0.019 -0.010 0.019 -0.009

Austria 0.008 -0.004 0.018 -0.009 0.019 -0.010 0.019 -0.009

Luxembourg 0.007 -0.003 0.017 -0.009 0.019 -0.009 0.019 -0.009

United States 0.006 -0.003 0.017 -0.009 0.019 -0.009 0.019 -0.009

Low-income average 0.018 -0.008 0.022 -0.010 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.011

Middle-income average 0.013 -0.006 0.019 -0.009 0.022 -0.010 0.021 -0.010

High-income average 0.009 -0.005 0.018 -0.009 0.020 -0.010 0.019 -0.010

—continued
88

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Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 9

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in education price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care

Transport & 

communications Recreation Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.043 -0.019 0.037 -0.017 0.105 -0.047 0.058 -0.026

Burundi 0.041 -3.301 0.034 -0.015 0.048 -0.022 0.043 -0.019

Liberia 0.222 -0.101 0.033 -0.015 0.065 -0.030 0.290 -0.132

Zimbabwe 0.109 -0.050 0.033 -0.015 0.052 -0.024 0.119 -0.055

Ethiopia 0.083 -0.038 0.032 -0.015 0.136 -0.062 0.087 -0.040

Niger 0.081 -0.037 0.032 -0.015 0.037 -0.017 0.086 -0.039

Guinea-Bissau 0.080 -0.037 0.032 -0.015 0.042 -0.019 0.084 -0.039

Mozambique 0.066 -0.030 0.031 -0.014 0.054 0.242 0.069 -0.032

Malawi 0.060 -0.028 0.031 -0.014 0.033 0.591 0.062 -0.028

Rwanda 0.058 -0.027 0.031 -0.014 0.076 1.511 0.060 -0.027

Angola 0.053 -0.025 0.030 -0.014 0.320 -0.147 0.055 -0.025

Chad 0.053 -0.024 0.030 -0.014 0.271 -0.125 0.054 -0.025

Gambia, The 0.052 -0.024 0.030 -0.014 0.229 -0.106 0.053 -0.025

Central African Republic 0.052 -0.024 0.030 -0.014 0.213 -0.098 0.053 -0.024

Mali 0.052 -0.024 0.030 -0.014 0.210 -0.097 0.053 -0.024

Tanzania 0.051 -0.023 0.030 -0.014 0.183 -0.085 0.052 -0.024

Sierra Leone 0.049 -0.023 0.030 -0.014 0.142 -0.065 0.050 -0.023

Guinea 0.049 -0.023 0.030 -0.014 0.136 -0.063 0.050 -0.023

Burkina Faso 0.048 -0.022 0.030 -0.014 0.121 -0.056 0.049 -0.023

Uganda 0.046 -0.021 0.030 -0.014 0.097 -0.045 0.047 -0.022

Madagascar 0.046 -0.021 0.030 -0.014 0.097 -0.045 0.047 -0.022

Zambia 0.046 -0.021 0.030 -0.014 0.095 -0.044 0.047 -0.022

Congo, Republic 0.045 -0.021 0.029 -0.014 0.090 -0.041 0.046 -0.021

Togo 0.045 -0.021 0.029 -0.014 0.086 -0.040 0.045 -0.021

Nepal 0.043 -0.020 0.029 -0.014 0.076 -0.035 0.044 -0.020

Ghana 0.043 -0.020 0.029 -0.013 0.072 -0.033 0.043 -0.020

Benin 0.042 -0.019 0.029 -0.013 0.067 -0.031 0.042 -0.020

Mauritania 0.042 -0.019 0.029 -0.013 0.066 -0.031 0.042 -0.019

Bangladesh 0.041 -0.019 0.029 -0.013 0.064 -0.030 0.041 -0.019

Côte d'Ivoire 0.041 -0.019 0.029 -0.013 0.063 -0.029 0.041 -0.019

Laos 0.041 -0.019 0.029 -0.013 0.063 -0.029 0.041 -0.019

Kenya 0.040 -0.018 0.028 -0.013 0.058 -0.027 0.040 -0.019

Djibouti 0.040 -0.018 0.028 -0.013 0.057 -0.027 0.040 -0.019

Nigeria 0.039 -0.018 0.028 -0.013 0.056 -0.026 0.040 -0.018

Senegal 0.039 -0.018 0.028 -0.013 0.056 -0.026 0.040 -0.018

Cambodia 0.038 -0.018 0.028 -0.013 0.053 -0.025 0.039 -0.018

Cameroon 0.038 -0.018 0.028 -0.013 0.051 -0.024 0.038 -0.018

São Tomé and Principe 0.038 -0.017 0.028 -0.013 0.050 -0.024 0.038 -0.018

India 0.037 -0.017 0.028 -0.013 0.049 -0.023 0.037 -0.017

Yemen 0.037 -0.017 0.028 -0.013 0.049 -0.023 0.037 -0.017

Vietnam 0.037 -0.017 0.028 -0.013 0.049 -0.023 0.037 -0.017

Mongolia 0.037 -0.017 0.028 -0.013 0.048 -0.023 0.037 -0.017

—continued
89

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Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 9

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in education price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care

Transport & 

communications Recreation Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.036 -0.017 0.028 -0.013 0.047 -0.022 0.037 -0.017

Bhutan 0.036 -0.017 0.027 -0.013 0.046 -0.022 0.036 -0.017

China 0.036 -0.017 0.027 -0.013 0.045 -0.021 0.036 -0.017

Sudan 0.035 -0.016 0.027 -0.013 0.043 -0.020 0.035 -0.016

Lesotho 0.035 -0.016 0.027 -0.013 0.042 -0.020 0.035 -0.016

Tajikistan 0.034 -0.016 0.027 -0.013 0.042 -0.020 0.035 -0.016

Maldives 0.034 -0.016 0.027 -0.013 0.040 -0.019 0.034 -0.016

Morocco 0.033 -0.016 0.027 -0.013 0.040 -0.019 0.034 -0.016

Pakistan 0.033 -0.016 0.027 -0.012 0.040 -0.019 0.033 -0.016

Indonesia 0.033 -0.015 0.026 -0.012 0.039 -0.018 0.033 -0.016

Kyrgyzstan 0.033 -0.015 0.026 -0.012 0.039 -0.018 0.033 -0.016

Philippines 0.033 -0.015 0.026 -0.012 0.039 -0.018 0.033 -0.015

Cape Verde 0.033 -0.015 0.026 -0.012 0.038 -0.018 0.033 -0.015

Bolivia 0.033 -0.015 0.026 -0.012 0.038 -0.018 0.033 -0.015

Namibia 0.032 -0.015 0.026 -0.012 0.037 -0.018 0.032 -0.015

Sri Lanka 0.032 -0.015 0.026 -0.012 0.037 -0.017 0.032 -0.015

Botswana 0.032 -0.015 0.026 -0.012 0.037 -0.017 0.032 -0.015

Gabon 0.032 -0.015 0.026 -0.012 0.036 -0.017 0.032 -0.015

Azerbaijan 0.032 -0.015 0.026 -0.012 0.036 -0.017 0.032 -0.015

Syria 0.031 -0.015 0.026 -0.012 0.036 -0.017 0.032 -0.015

Equatorial Guinea 0.031 -0.015 0.026 -0.012 0.035 -0.017 0.031 -0.015

Paraguay 0.031 -0.015 0.026 -0.012 0.035 -0.016 0.031 -0.015

Fiji 0.030 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.034 -0.016 0.031 -0.014

Swaziland 0.030 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.034 -0.016 0.030 -0.014

Moldova 0.030 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.034 -0.016 0.030 -0.014

Egypt 0.030 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.034 -0.016 0.030 -0.014

Ecuador 0.030 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.033 -0.016 0.030 -0.014

Jordan 0.030 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.033 -0.016 0.030 -0.014

Georgia 0.030 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.033 -0.016 0.030 -0.014

Thailand 0.030 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.033 -0.016 0.030 -0.014

Colombia 0.029 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.033 -0.016 0.030 -0.014

Albania 0.029 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.033 -0.015 0.029 -0.014

Tunisia 0.029 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.032 -0.015 0.029 -0.014

Peru 0.029 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.032 -0.015 0.029 -0.014

Armenia 0.029 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.032 -0.015 0.029 -0.014

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.029 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.031 -0.015 0.029 -0.014

Malaysia 0.029 -0.014 0.025 -0.012 0.031 -0.015 0.029 -0.014

Ukraine 0.028 -0.014 0.024 -0.012 0.031 -0.015 0.029 -0.014

Brazil 0.028 -0.013 0.024 -0.012 0.031 -0.015 0.028 -0.014

Montenegro 0.028 -0.013 0.024 -0.012 0.031 -0.015 0.028 -0.014

—continued
90

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Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 9

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in education price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care

Transport & 

communications Recreation Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.028 -0.013 0.024 -0.012 0.031 -0.015 0.028 -0.013

Macedonia 0.028 -0.013 0.024 -0.012 0.030 -0.014 0.028 -0.013

Turkey 0.028 -0.013 0.024 -0.011 0.030 -0.014 0.028 -0.013

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.027 -0.013 0.024 -0.011 0.030 -0.014 0.027 -0.013

Serbia 0.027 -0.013 0.024 -0.011 0.029 -0.014 0.027 -0.013

Belarus 0.027 -0.013 0.024 -0.011 0.029 -0.014 0.027 -0.013

Romania 0.027 -0.013 0.024 -0.011 0.029 -0.014 0.027 -0.013

Saudi Arabia 0.027 -0.013 0.024 -0.011 0.029 -0.014 0.027 -0.013

Uruguay 0.027 -0.013 0.024 -0.011 0.029 -0.014 0.027 -0.013

Mauritius 0.027 -0.013 0.024 -0.011 0.029 -0.014 0.027 -0.013

Chile 0.027 -0.013 0.024 -0.011 0.029 -0.014 0.027 -0.013

Kazakhstan 0.027 -0.013 0.024 -0.011 0.029 -0.014 0.027 -0.013

Russia 0.027 -0.013 0.024 -0.011 0.029 -0.014 0.027 -0.013

Argentina 0.027 -0.013 0.024 -0.011 0.029 -0.014 0.027 -0.013

Bulgaria 0.027 -0.013 0.023 -0.011 0.029 -0.014 0.027 -0.013

Oman 0.026 -0.013 0.023 -0.011 0.028 -0.014 0.027 -0.013

Iran 0.026 -0.013 0.023 -0.011 0.028 -0.013 0.026 -0.013

Latvia 0.026 -0.013 0.023 -0.011 0.028 -0.013 0.026 -0.013

Mexico 0.026 -0.012 0.023 -0.011 0.028 -0.013 0.026 -0.012

Lebanon 0.026 -0.012 0.023 -0.011 0.027 -0.013 0.026 -0.012

Poland 0.025 -0.012 0.023 -0.011 0.027 -0.013 0.025 -0.012

Croatia 0.025 -0.012 0.023 -0.011 0.027 -0.013 0.025 -0.012

Macao, China 0.025 -0.012 0.023 -0.011 0.027 -0.013 0.025 -0.012

Lithuania 0.025 -0.012 0.023 -0.011 0.027 -0.013 0.025 -0.012

Estonia 0.025 -0.012 0.023 -0.011 0.027 -0.013 0.025 -0.012

Brunei Darussalam 0.025 -0.012 0.022 -0.011 0.026 -0.013 0.025 -0.012

Slovak Republic 0.025 -0.012 0.022 -0.011 0.026 -0.013 0.025 -0.012

Hungary 0.025 -0.012 0.022 -0.011 0.026 -0.013 0.025 -0.012

South Korea 0.025 -0.012 0.022 -0.011 0.026 -0.013 0.025 -0.012

Bahrain 0.025 -0.012 0.022 -0.011 0.026 -0.013 0.025 -0.012

Czech Republic 0.024 -0.012 0.022 -0.011 0.026 -0.012 0.024 -0.012

Slovenia 0.024 -0.012 0.022 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.012

Israel 0.024 -0.012 0.022 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.012

High-income countries

Portugal 0.024 -0.012 0.022 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.012

Qatar 0.024 -0.012 0.022 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.012

Singapore 0.024 -0.012 0.022 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.012

Malta 0.024 -0.012 0.022 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.012

Kuwait 0.024 -0.012 0.022 -0.011 0.025 -0.012 0.024 -0.012

New Zealand 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

—continued
91

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Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table 9

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in education price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care

Transport & 

communications Recreation Other

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Taiwan, China 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Spain 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Italy 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Ireland 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Denmark 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Sweden 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Hong Kong, China 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Australia 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Cyprus 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Belgium 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Japan 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

France 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Germany 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Canada 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Iceland 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Netherlands 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Norway 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

United Kingdom 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Switzerland 0.022 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Austria 0.022 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.022 -0.011

Luxembourg 0.022 -0.011 0.020 -0.010 0.023 -0.011 0.022 -0.011

United States 0.022 -0.011 0.020 -0.010 0.022 -0.011 0.022 -0.011

Low-income average 0.044 -0.063 0.028 -0.013 0.069 0.000 0.045 -0.021

Middle-income average 0.026 -0.013 0.023 -0.011 0.028 -0.014 0.026 -0.013

High-income average 0.023 -0.011 0.021 -0.010 0.024 -0.012 0.023 -0.011

Note: In shaded cells, elasticity is derived using actual budget shares as opposed to the predicted budget share from the Florida model.

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on World Bank, 2005 International Comparison Program data.
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Appendix table 10

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in other price, 144 countries in 2005

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.035 0.013 0.040 0.015 0.045 0.017 0.044 0.016

Burundi 0.048 0.008 0.055 0.009 0.062 0.010 0.060 0.010

Liberia 0.020 0.018 0.024 0.021 0.026 0.023 0.026 0.023

Zimbabwe 0.023 0.017 0.027 0.019 0.031 0.022 0.030 0.021

Ethiopia 0.026 0.016 0.030 0.018 0.034 0.020 0.033 0.020

Niger 0.026 0.016 0.030 0.018 0.034 0.020 0.033 0.020

Guinea-Bissau 0.026 0.016 0.031 0.018 0.034 0.020 0.034 0.020

Mozambique 0.029 0.015 0.034 0.017 0.038 0.019 0.037 0.019

Malawi 0.030 0.014 0.036 0.016 0.040 0.018 0.039 0.018

Rwanda 0.031 0.014 0.037 0.016 0.041 0.018 0.040 0.017

Angola 0.033 0.013 0.039 0.015 0.043 0.017 0.043 0.017

Chad 0.033 0.013 0.039 0.015 0.044 0.017 0.043 0.016

Gambia, The 0.033 0.012 0.040 0.015 0.044 0.017 0.043 0.016

Central African Republic 0.034 0.012 0.040 0.015 0.045 0.016 0.044 0.016

Mali 0.034 0.012 0.040 0.015 0.045 0.016 0.044 0.016

Tanzania 0.034 0.012 0.040 0.015 0.045 0.016 0.044 0.016

Sierra Leone 0.035 0.012 0.042 0.014 0.046 0.016 0.045 0.015

Guinea 0.035 0.012 0.042 0.014 0.047 0.016 0.046 0.015

Burkina Faso 0.036 0.012 0.043 0.014 0.047 0.015 0.046 0.015

Uganda 0.037 0.011 0.044 0.013 0.049 0.015 0.048 0.014

Madagascar 0.037 0.011 0.044 0.013 0.049 0.015 0.048 0.014

Zambia 0.037 0.011 0.044 0.013 0.049 0.015 0.048 0.014

Congo, Republic 0.037 0.011 0.045 0.013 0.050 0.014 0.049 0.014

Togo 0.038 0.011 0.045 0.013 0.051 0.014 0.050 0.014

Nepal 0.039 0.010 0.047 0.012 0.052 0.014 0.051 0.013

Ghana 0.039 0.010 0.048 0.012 0.053 0.013 0.052 0.013

Benin 0.040 0.009 0.049 0.012 0.054 0.013 0.053 0.013

Mauritania 0.041 0.009 0.049 0.011 0.055 0.013 0.054 0.012

Bangladesh 0.041 0.009 0.050 0.011 0.055 0.012 0.054 0.012

Côte d'Ivoire 0.041 0.009 0.050 0.011 0.056 0.012 0.055 0.012

Laos 0.041 0.009 0.050 0.011 0.056 0.012 0.055 0.012

Kenya 0.042 0.009 0.052 0.010 0.058 0.012 0.057 0.011

Djibouti 0.042 0.009 0.052 0.010 0.058 0.012 0.057 0.011

Nigeria 0.043 0.008 0.052 0.010 0.058 0.011 0.057 0.011

Senegal 0.043 0.008 0.052 0.010 0.058 0.011 0.057 0.011

Cambodia 0.044 0.008 0.054 0.010 0.060 0.011 0.059 0.011

Cameroon 0.045 0.008 0.055 0.009 0.061 0.010 0.060 0.010

São Tomé and Principe 0.045 0.007 0.055 0.009 0.061 0.010 0.060 0.010

India 0.045 0.007 0.056 0.009 0.062 0.010 0.061 0.010

Yemen 0.046 0.007 0.056 0.009 0.063 0.010 0.061 0.010

Vietnam 0.046 0.007 0.056 0.009 0.063 0.010 0.062 0.010

Mongolia 0.046 0.007 0.057 0.009 0.063 0.010 0.062 0.009

—continued
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Appendix table 10

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in other price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.046 0.007 0.058 0.008 0.064 0.009 0.063 0.009

Bhutan 0.047 0.007 0.058 0.008 0.065 0.009 0.064 0.009

China 0.047 0.006 0.059 0.008 0.065 0.009 0.064 0.009

Sudan 0.048 0.006 0.061 0.007 0.067 0.008 0.066 0.008

Lesotho 0.049 0.005 0.062 0.007 0.068 0.008 0.067 0.008

Tajikistan 0.049 0.005 0.062 0.007 0.068 0.008 0.067 0.007

Maldives 0.051 0.005 0.064 0.006 0.071 0.007 0.070 0.007

Morocco 0.051 0.005 0.064 0.006 0.071 0.007 0.070 0.006

Pakistan 0.051 0.004 0.065 0.006 0.072 0.006 0.071 0.006

Indonesia 0.052 0.004 0.066 0.005 0.073 0.006 0.072 0.006

Kyrgyzstan 0.052 0.004 0.066 0.005 0.073 0.006 0.072 0.006

Philippines 0.052 0.004 0.066 0.005 0.074 0.006 0.072 0.006

Cape Verde 0.052 0.004 0.067 0.005 0.074 0.006 0.072 0.006

Bolivia 0.052 0.004 0.067 0.005 0.074 0.006 0.073 0.006

Namibia 0.053 0.004 0.068 0.005 0.075 0.005 0.074 0.005

Sri Lanka 0.053 0.003 0.069 0.004 0.076 0.005 0.075 0.005

Botswana 0.054 0.003 0.069 0.004 0.077 0.005 0.075 0.005

Gabon 0.054 0.003 0.070 0.004 0.077 0.004 0.076 0.004

Azerbaijan 0.054 0.003 0.070 0.004 0.078 0.004 0.076 0.004

Syria 0.054 0.003 0.070 0.004 0.078 0.004 0.077 0.004

Equatorial Guinea 0.055 0.002 0.072 0.003 0.080 0.003 0.079 0.003

Paraguay 0.056 0.002 0.073 0.003 0.081 0.003 0.079 0.003

Fiji 0.056 0.002 0.073 0.003 0.081 0.003 0.080 0.003

Swaziland 0.056 0.002 0.074 0.002 0.082 0.003 0.081 0.002

Moldova 0.057 0.002 0.075 0.002 0.083 0.002 0.081 0.002

Egypt 0.057 0.001 0.075 0.002 0.083 0.002 0.082 0.002

Ecuador 0.057 0.001 0.076 0.002 0.084 0.002 0.083 0.002

Jordan 0.057 0.001 0.076 0.001 0.085 0.002 0.083 0.002

Georgia 0.058 0.001 0.077 0.001 0.085 0.002 0.083 0.002

Thailand 0.058 0.001 0.077 0.001 0.085 0.001 0.084 0.001

Colombia 0.058 0.001 0.077 0.001 0.086 0.001 0.084 0.001

Albania 0.058 0.001 0.078 0.001 0.086 0.001 0.085 0.001

Tunisia 0.058 0.001 0.078 0.001 0.087 0.001 0.085 0.001

Peru 0.059 0.000 0.079 0.001 0.087 0.001 0.086 0.001

Armenia 0.059 0.000 0.080 0.000 0.088 0.000 0.087 0.000

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.059 0.000 0.081 0.000 0.090 0.000 0.088 0.000

Malaysia 0.059 0.000 0.081 0.000 0.090 0.000 0.088 0.000

Ukraine 0.060 0.000 0.082 0.000 0.090 0.000 0.089 0.000

Brazil 0.060 0.000 0.082 -0.001 0.091 -0.001 0.089 -0.001

Montenegro 0.060 0.000 0.082 -0.001 0.091 -0.001 0.090 -0.001

—continued
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Appendix table 10

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in other price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.060 -0.001 0.083 -0.001 0.092 -0.001 0.091 -0.001

Macedonia 0.061 -0.001 0.085 -0.002 0.094 -0.002 0.092 -0.002

Turkey 0.061 -0.001 0.085 -0.002 0.094 -0.002 0.093 -0.002

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.061 -0.001 0.086 -0.002 0.095 -0.002 0.094 -0.002

Serbia 0.061 -0.002 0.087 -0.002 0.096 -0.002 0.094 -0.002

Belarus 0.061 -0.002 0.087 -0.002 0.096 -0.002 0.094 -0.002

Romania 0.061 -0.002 0.087 -0.002 0.096 -0.003 0.095 -0.003

Saudi Arabia 0.062 -0.002 0.087 -0.002 0.096 -0.003 0.095 -0.003

Uruguay 0.062 -0.002 0.088 -0.003 0.097 -0.003 0.095 -0.003

Mauritius 0.062 -0.002 0.088 -0.003 0.097 -0.003 0.095 -0.003

Chile 0.062 -0.002 0.088 -0.003 0.097 -0.003 0.095 -0.003

Kazakhstan 0.062 -0.002 0.088 -0.003 0.098 -0.003 0.096 -0.003

Russia 0.062 -0.002 0.089 -0.003 0.098 -0.003 0.097 -0.003

Argentina 0.062 -0.002 0.090 -0.003 0.099 -0.004 0.097 -0.004

Bulgaria 0.062 -0.002 0.090 -0.003 0.099 -0.004 0.098 -0.004

Oman 0.062 -0.003 0.091 -0.004 0.100 -0.004 0.099 -0.004

Iran 0.063 -0.003 0.092 -0.004 0.102 -0.005 0.100 -0.005

Latvia 0.063 -0.003 0.094 -0.005 0.103 -0.005 0.102 -0.005

Mexico 0.063 -0.003 0.094 -0.005 0.104 -0.005 0.102 -0.005

Lebanon 0.063 -0.003 0.095 -0.005 0.104 -0.006 0.103 -0.006

Poland 0.063 -0.004 0.097 -0.006 0.107 -0.007 0.105 -0.006

Croatia 0.063 -0.004 0.097 -0.006 0.107 -0.007 0.105 -0.006

Macao, China 0.063 -0.004 0.097 -0.006 0.107 -0.007 0.105 -0.007

Lithuania 0.063 -0.004 0.097 -0.006 0.107 -0.007 0.105 -0.007

Estonia 0.063 -0.004 0.098 -0.006 0.108 -0.007 0.106 -0.007

Brunei Darussalam 0.063 -0.004 0.099 -0.007 0.109 -0.007 0.107 -0.007

Slovak Republic 0.063 -0.004 0.099 -0.007 0.109 -0.007 0.108 -0.007

Hungary 0.063 -0.004 0.099 -0.007 0.109 -0.008 0.108 -0.007

South Korea 0.063 -0.005 0.101 -0.007 0.111 -0.008 0.110 -0.008

Bahrain 0.063 -0.005 0.101 -0.007 0.111 -0.008 0.110 -0.008

Czech Republic 0.062 -0.005 0.103 -0.008 0.113 -0.009 0.112 -0.009

Slovenia 0.062 -0.005 0.104 -0.009 0.115 -0.009 0.113 -0.009

Israel 0.062 -0.005 0.104 -0.009 0.115 -0.010 0.113 -0.009

High-income countries

Portugal 0.061 -0.005 0.105 -0.009 0.116 -0.010 0.114 -0.010

Qatar 0.061 -0.005 0.106 -0.009 0.116 -0.010 0.115 -0.010

Singapore 0.061 -0.005 0.106 -0.009 0.117 -0.010 0.115 -0.010

Malta 0.061 -0.005 0.107 -0.010 0.118 -0.011 0.116 -0.010

Kuwait 0.061 -0.005 0.107 -0.010 0.118 -0.011 0.116 -0.010

New Zealand 0.060 -0.006 0.109 -0.010 0.120 -0.011 0.118 -0.011

—continued
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Appendix table 10

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in other price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Food, beverage, 

& tobacco Clothing & footwear

Gross rent, fuel, 

& power

House furnishings 

& operations

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.059 -0.006 0.109 -0.010 0.120 -0.011 0.119 -0.011

Taiwan, China 0.059 -0.006 0.109 -0.011 0.120 -0.012 0.119 -0.011

Spain 0.059 -0.006 0.110 -0.011 0.121 -0.012 0.119 -0.012

Italy 0.059 -0.006 0.110 -0.011 0.121 -0.012 0.120 -0.012

Ireland 0.058 -0.006 0.111 -0.011 0.122 -0.012 0.120 -0.012

Denmark 0.058 -0.006 0.111 -0.011 0.122 -0.012 0.120 -0.012

Sweden 0.058 -0.006 0.111 -0.011 0.122 -0.012 0.121 -0.012

Hong Kong, China 0.058 -0.006 0.111 -0.011 0.123 -0.012 0.121 -0.012

Australia 0.057 -0.006 0.112 -0.011 0.123 -0.013 0.121 -0.012

Cyprus 0.057 -0.006 0.112 -0.011 0.123 -0.013 0.122 -0.012

Belgium 0.057 -0.006 0.112 -0.011 0.123 -0.013 0.122 -0.012

Japan 0.057 -0.006 0.112 -0.011 0.123 -0.013 0.122 -0.012

France 0.057 -0.006 0.112 -0.012 0.124 -0.013 0.122 -0.013

Germany 0.056 -0.006 0.113 -0.012 0.125 -0.013 0.123 -0.013

Canada 0.056 -0.006 0.113 -0.012 0.125 -0.013 0.123 -0.013

Iceland 0.056 -0.006 0.113 -0.012 0.125 -0.013 0.123 -0.013

Netherlands 0.056 -0.006 0.114 -0.012 0.125 -0.013 0.123 -0.013

Norway 0.056 -0.006 0.114 -0.012 0.125 -0.013 0.123 -0.013

United Kingdom 0.055 -0.006 0.114 -0.012 0.126 -0.014 0.124 -0.013

Switzerland 0.055 -0.006 0.115 -0.012 0.126 -0.014 0.124 -0.013

Austria 0.054 -0.006 0.115 -0.013 0.127 -0.014 0.125 -0.014

Luxembourg 0.048 -0.006 0.119 -0.014 0.131 -0.016 0.130 -0.015

United States 0.044 -0.005 0.121 -0.015 0.134 -0.016 0.132 -0.016

Low-income average 0.045 0.007 0.056 0.009 0.062 0.010 0.061 0.010

Middle-income average 0.062 -0.003 0.091 -0.004 0.101 -0.004 0.099 -0.004

High-income average 0.057 -0.006 0.112 -0.011 0.123 -0.012 0.121 -0.012

—continued
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Appendix table 10

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in other price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries

Congo, Democratic Republic 0.065 0.024 0.057 0.021 0.160 0.059 0.039 0.014

Burundi 0.090 -4.102 0.074 0.013 0.106 0.018 0.053 0.009

Liberia 0.210 0.185 0.032 0.028 0.062 0.054 0.023 0.020

Zimbabwe 0.121 0.086 0.036 0.026 0.058 0.041 0.026 0.019

Ethiopia 0.102 0.062 0.040 0.024 0.169 0.102 0.029 0.018

Niger 0.101 0.061 0.040 0.024 0.047 0.028 0.029 0.018

Guinea-Bissau 0.101 0.060 0.040 0.024 0.053 0.031 0.030 0.018

Mozambique 0.093 0.047 0.044 0.022 0.075 0.164 0.033 0.016

Malawi 0.090 0.041 0.046 0.021 0.049 0.362 0.035 0.016

Rwanda 0.089 0.039 0.047 0.021 0.116 0.967 0.035 0.015

Angola 0.088 0.034 0.050 0.019 0.526 0.204 0.038 0.015

Chad 0.088 0.034 0.050 0.019 0.451 0.172 0.038 0.014

Gambia, The 0.088 0.033 0.051 0.019 0.385 0.144 0.038 0.014

Central African Republic 0.088 0.032 0.051 0.019 0.360 0.133 0.039 0.014

Mali 0.088 0.032 0.051 0.019 0.356 0.132 0.039 0.014

Tanzania 0.087 0.032 0.052 0.019 0.315 0.114 0.039 0.014

Sierra Leone 0.087 0.030 0.053 0.018 0.251 0.086 0.040 0.014

Guinea 0.087 0.029 0.053 0.018 0.243 0.082 0.040 0.014

Burkina Faso 0.087 0.028 0.054 0.018 0.219 0.071 0.041 0.013

Uganda 0.088 0.026 0.056 0.017 0.185 0.055 0.043 0.013

Madagascar 0.088 0.026 0.056 0.017 0.184 0.055 0.043 0.013

Zambia 0.088 0.026 0.056 0.017 0.182 0.054 0.043 0.013

Congo, Republic 0.088 0.025 0.057 0.016 0.174 0.050 0.043 0.012

Togo 0.088 0.025 0.058 0.016 0.169 0.047 0.044 0.012

Nepal 0.088 0.023 0.059 0.015 0.155 0.040 0.045 0.012

Ghana 0.089 0.022 0.060 0.015 0.149 0.037 0.046 0.011

Benin 0.089 0.021 0.062 0.014 0.143 0.033 0.047 0.011

Mauritania 0.089 0.021 0.062 0.014 0.142 0.033 0.047 0.011

Bangladesh 0.090 0.020 0.063 0.014 0.139 0.031 0.048 0.011

Côte d'Ivoire 0.090 0.020 0.063 0.014 0.138 0.031 0.048 0.011

Laos 0.090 0.020 0.063 0.014 0.138 0.031 0.048 0.011

Kenya 0.091 0.018 0.065 0.013 0.132 0.027 0.050 0.010

Djibouti 0.091 0.018 0.065 0.013 0.132 0.026 0.050 0.010

Nigeria 0.091 0.018 0.066 0.013 0.131 0.026 0.050 0.010

Senegal 0.091 0.018 0.066 0.013 0.130 0.025 0.050 0.010

Cambodia 0.092 0.017 0.067 0.012 0.127 0.023 0.052 0.009

Cameroon 0.093 0.016 0.069 0.012 0.125 0.021 0.053 0.009

São Tomé and Principe 0.093 0.015 0.069 0.011 0.125 0.021 0.053 0.009

India 0.093 0.015 0.070 0.011 0.124 0.020 0.054 0.009

Yemen 0.093 0.015 0.070 0.011 0.123 0.019 0.054 0.008

Vietnam 0.094 0.015 0.070 0.011 0.123 0.019 0.054 0.008

Mongolia 0.094 0.014 0.071 0.011 0.123 0.019 0.055 0.008

—continued
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Appendix table 10

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in other price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Low-income countries—continued

Iraq 0.094 0.014 0.072 0.010 0.122 0.018 0.055 0.008

Bhutan 0.095 0.013 0.072 0.010 0.122 0.017 0.056 0.008

China 0.095 0.013 0.073 0.010 0.121 0.016 0.057 0.008

Sudan 0.097 0.012 0.075 0.009 0.120 0.014 0.058 0.007

Lesotho 0.097 0.011 0.076 0.009 0.120 0.013 0.059 0.007

Tajikistan 0.097 0.011 0.076 0.008 0.120 0.013 0.059 0.007

Maldives 0.099 0.009 0.079 0.007 0.119 0.011 0.061 0.006

Morocco 0.099 0.009 0.079 0.007 0.119 0.011 0.062 0.006

Pakistan 0.100 0.009 0.080 0.007 0.119 0.010 0.062 0.005

Indonesia 0.101 0.008 0.081 0.006 0.119 0.009 0.063 0.005

Kyrgyzstan 0.101 0.008 0.081 0.006 0.119 0.009 0.063 0.005

Philippines 0.101 0.008 0.082 0.006 0.119 0.009 0.064 0.005

Cape Verde 0.101 0.008 0.082 0.006 0.119 0.009 0.064 0.005

Bolivia 0.101 0.008 0.082 0.006 0.119 0.009 0.064 0.005

Namibia 0.102 0.007 0.083 0.006 0.119 0.008 0.065 0.004

Sri Lanka 0.103 0.006 0.084 0.005 0.119 0.007 0.066 0.004

Botswana 0.103 0.006 0.085 0.005 0.120 0.007 0.066 0.004

Gabon 0.104 0.006 0.085 0.005 0.120 0.007 0.067 0.004

Azerbaijan 0.104 0.006 0.085 0.005 0.120 0.007 0.067 0.004

Syria 0.104 0.005 0.086 0.005 0.120 0.006 0.067 0.004

Equatorial Guinea 0.106 0.005 0.088 0.004 0.120 0.005 0.069 0.003

Paraguay 0.106 0.004 0.089 0.003 0.121 0.005 0.070 0.003

Fiji 0.107 0.004 0.089 0.003 0.121 0.004 0.070 0.002

Swaziland 0.108 0.003 0.090 0.003 0.121 0.004 0.071 0.002

Moldova 0.108 0.003 0.091 0.003 0.121 0.003 0.072 0.002

Egypt 0.109 0.003 0.091 0.002 0.122 0.003 0.072 0.002

Ecuador 0.110 0.002 0.092 0.002 0.122 0.002 0.073 0.001

Jordan 0.110 0.002 0.093 0.002 0.122 0.002 0.073 0.001

Georgia 0.110 0.002 0.093 0.002 0.122 0.002 0.073 0.001

Thailand 0.110 0.002 0.093 0.002 0.123 0.002 0.074 0.001

Colombia 0.110 0.002 0.094 0.001 0.123 0.002 0.074 0.001

Albania 0.111 0.001 0.094 0.001 0.123 0.002 0.074 0.001

Tunisia 0.111 0.001 0.095 0.001 0.123 0.001 0.075 0.001

Peru 0.112 0.001 0.095 0.001 0.124 0.001 0.076 0.001

Armenia 0.112 0.000 0.096 0.000 0.124 0.001 0.076 0.000

Middle-income countries

Venezuela 0.114 0.000 0.098 0.000 0.125 0.000 0.078 0.000

Malaysia 0.114 0.000 0.098 0.000 0.125 0.000 0.078 0.000

Ukraine 0.114 -0.001 0.098 0.000 0.125 -0.001 0.078 0.000

Brazil 0.115 -0.001 0.099 -0.001 0.126 -0.001 0.078 -0.001

Montenegro 0.115 -0.001 0.099 -0.001 0.126 -0.001 0.079 -0.001

—continued
98

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Appendix table 10

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in other price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

Middle-income countries—continued

South Africa 0.116 -0.001 0.100 -0.001 0.126 -0.002 0.080 -0.001

Macedonia 0.117 -0.002 0.102 -0.002 0.127 -0.002 0.081 -0.002

Turkey 0.118 -0.002 0.102 -0.002 0.128 -0.002 0.081 -0.002

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.119 -0.003 0.104 -0.003 0.128 -0.003 0.082 -0.002

Serbia 0.119 -0.003 0.104 -0.003 0.129 -0.003 0.083 -0.002

Belarus 0.119 -0.003 0.104 -0.003 0.129 -0.003 0.083 -0.002

Romania 0.119 -0.003 0.104 -0.003 0.129 -0.004 0.083 -0.002

Saudi Arabia 0.120 -0.003 0.105 -0.003 0.129 -0.004 0.083 -0.002

Uruguay 0.120 -0.004 0.105 -0.003 0.129 -0.004 0.084 -0.002

Mauritius 0.120 -0.004 0.105 -0.003 0.129 -0.004 0.084 -0.002

Chile 0.120 -0.004 0.105 -0.003 0.129 -0.004 0.084 -0.002

Kazakhstan 0.121 -0.004 0.106 -0.003 0.130 -0.004 0.084 -0.003

Russia 0.121 -0.004 0.107 -0.004 0.130 -0.005 0.085 -0.003

Argentina 0.122 -0.004 0.107 -0.004 0.131 -0.005 0.085 -0.003

Bulgaria 0.122 -0.005 0.108 -0.004 0.131 -0.005 0.086 -0.003

Oman 0.123 -0.005 0.108 -0.004 0.131 -0.005 0.086 -0.004

Iran 0.124 -0.006 0.110 -0.005 0.133 -0.006 0.088 -0.004

Latvia 0.125 -0.006 0.111 -0.006 0.134 -0.007 0.089 -0.005

Mexico 0.126 -0.007 0.112 -0.006 0.134 -0.007 0.089 -0.005

Lebanon 0.126 -0.007 0.113 -0.006 0.135 -0.007 0.090 -0.005

Poland 0.129 -0.008 0.115 -0.007 0.136 -0.008 0.092 -0.006

Croatia 0.129 -0.008 0.115 -0.007 0.136 -0.008 0.092 -0.006

Macao, China 0.129 -0.008 0.115 -0.007 0.136 -0.008 0.092 -0.006

Lithuania 0.129 -0.008 0.115 -0.007 0.137 -0.008 0.092 -0.006

Estonia 0.130 -0.008 0.116 -0.008 0.137 -0.009 0.093 -0.006

Brunei Darussalam 0.131 -0.009 0.117 -0.008 0.138 -0.009 0.094 -0.006

Slovak Republic 0.131 -0.009 0.118 -0.008 0.138 -0.009 0.094 -0.006

Hungary 0.131 -0.009 0.118 -0.008 0.138 -0.010 0.094 -0.007

South Korea 0.132 -0.010 0.119 -0.009 0.140 -0.010 0.096 -0.007

Bahrain 0.132 -0.010 0.119 -0.009 0.140 -0.010 0.096 -0.007

Czech Republic 0.135 -0.011 0.122 -0.010 0.141 -0.011 0.098 -0.008

Slovenia 0.135 -0.011 0.123 -0.010 0.142 -0.012 0.099 -0.008

Israel 0.136 -0.011 0.123 -0.010 0.143 -0.012 0.099 -0.008

High-income countries

Portugal 0.137 -0.012 0.124 -0.011 0.143 -0.012 0.100 -0.009

Qatar 0.137 -0.012 0.125 -0.011 0.144 -0.012 0.100 -0.009

Singapore 0.137 -0.012 0.125 -0.011 0.144 -0.013 0.100 -0.009

Malta 0.138 -0.012 0.126 -0.011 0.145 -0.013 0.101 -0.009

Kuwait 0.138 -0.012 0.126 -0.011 0.145 -0.013 0.102 -0.009

New Zealand 0.140 -0.013 0.128 -0.012 0.146 -0.014 0.103 -0.010

—continued
99

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Appendix table 10

Cross-price elasticities with respect to change in other price, 144 countries in 2005—Continued

Country

Medical care

Transport & 

communications Recreation Education

Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot Slutsky Cournot

High-income countries—continued

Finland 0.141 -0.013 0.129 -0.012 0.147 -0.014 0.104 -0.010

Taiwan, China 0.141 -0.014 0.129 -0.012 0.147 -0.014 0.104 -0.010

Spain 0.141 -0.014 0.129 -0.013 0.148 -0.014 0.104 -0.010

Italy 0.142 -0.014 0.130 -0.013 0.148 -0.015 0.105 -0.010

Ireland 0.142 -0.014 0.130 -0.013 0.148 -0.015 0.105 -0.010

Denmark 0.142 -0.014 0.130 -0.013 0.148 -0.015 0.105 -0.010

Sweden 0.143 -0.014 0.131 -0.013 0.149 -0.015 0.105 -0.011

Hong Kong, China 0.143 -0.014 0.131 -0.013 0.149 -0.015 0.106 -0.011

Australia 0.143 -0.015 0.131 -0.013 0.149 -0.015 0.106 -0.011

Cyprus 0.143 -0.015 0.132 -0.013 0.149 -0.015 0.106 -0.011

Belgium 0.143 -0.015 0.132 -0.013 0.149 -0.015 0.106 -0.011

Japan 0.143 -0.015 0.132 -0.014 0.149 -0.015 0.106 -0.011

France 0.144 -0.015 0.132 -0.014 0.150 -0.016 0.107 -0.011

Germany 0.145 -0.015 0.133 -0.014 0.150 -0.016 0.107 -0.011

Canada 0.145 -0.015 0.133 -0.014 0.151 -0.016 0.107 -0.011

Iceland 0.145 -0.015 0.133 -0.014 0.151 -0.016 0.107 -0.011

Netherlands 0.145 -0.015 0.133 -0.014 0.151 -0.016 0.108 -0.011

Norway 0.145 -0.015 0.133 -0.014 0.151 -0.016 0.108 -0.011

United Kingdom 0.146 -0.016 0.134 -0.015 0.152 -0.016 0.108 -0.012

Switzerland 0.146 -0.016 0.134 -0.015 0.152 -0.016 0.109 -0.012

Austria 0.147 -0.016 0.135 -0.015 0.152 -0.017 0.109 -0.012

Luxembourg 0.151 -0.018 0.140 -0.017 0.156 -0.019 0.113 -0.013

United States 0.153 -0.019 0.142 -0.017 0.158 -0.019 0.115 -0.014

Low-income average 0.098 -0.033 0.070 0.011 0.150 0.051 0.054 0.009

Middle-income average 0.124 -0.005 0.109 -0.005 0.132 -0.006 0.087 -0.004

High-income average 0.143 -0.014 0.131 -0.013 0.149 -0.015 0.106 -0.011

Note: In shaded cells, elasticity is derived using actual budget shares as opposed to the predicted budget share from the Florida model.

Source: USDA, Economic Research Service calculations based on 2005 International Comparison Program data.