Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation

of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites

in the United States

National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Prepared for

The Committee on Energy and Natural Resources

United States Senate

The Committee on Resources

United States House of Representatives

Prepared by

American Battlefield Protection Program

National Park Service 

U.S. Department of the Interior

Washington, DC

September 2007
Front Cover

Brandywine Battlefield (PA200), position of American forces 

along Brandywine Creek, Chester County, Pennsylvania. 

Photo by Chris Heisey.
The Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Historic 

Preservation Study Act of 1996 

(P.L. 104-333, Section 603; 16 USC 1a-5 Notes).

Congress, concerned that “the historical integrity of 

many Revolutionary War sites and War of 1812 sites is at 

risk,” enacted legislation calling for a study of historic 

sites associated with the two early American wars. The 

purpose of the study was to: “identify Revolutionary War 

sites and War of 1812 sites, including sites within units 

of the National Park System in existence on the date of 

enactment of this Act [November 12, 1996]; determine the 

relative significance of the sites; assess short and long term 

threats to the integrity of the sites; provide alternatives for 

the preservation and interpretation of the sites by federal, 

state, and local governments, or other public or private 

entities, including designation of the sites as units of the 

National Park System; and research and propose land 

preservation techniques.” The legislation defined “site” 

as “a site or structure situated in the United States that is 

thematically tied with the nationally significant events that 

occurred during the Revolutionary War... [and] the 

War of 1812.” 

The American Battlefield Protection Act of 1996, as 

amended (P.L. 104-333, Sec. 604; 16 USC 469k).

Congress authorized the American Battlefield Protection 

Program of the National Park Service to assist citizens, 

public and private institutions, and governments at all 

levels in planning, interpreting, and protecting sites where 

historic battles were fought on American soil during the 

armed conflicts that shaped the growth and development 

of the United States, in order that present and future 

generations may learn and gain inspiration from the 

ground where Americans made their ultimate sacrifice. 

ABPP encourages, supports, assists, recognizes, and 

works in partnership with citizens, federal, state, local, 

and tribal governments, other public entities, educational 

institutions, and private nonprofit organizations in 

identifying, researching, evaluating, interpreting, and 

protecting historic battlefields and associated sites on a 

national, state, and local level.

Authorities

 Authorities 
 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

National Park Service Study Team 

Washington, D.C.

Project Leaders

H. Bryan Mitchell, Manager, Heritage Preservation Services

Paul Hawke, Manager, American Battlefield Protection Program 

John Knoerl, Ph.D., Manager, Cultural Resources Geographic 

Information Systems Program

Project Staff – American Battlefield 

Protection Program

Tanya M. Gossett, Preservation Planner

Gerald Palushock, Database Manager

Lisa Rupple, Preservation Specialist

Stephen Strach, Cultural Resource Specialist

Glenn Williams, Historian

Project Staff – Cultural Resources 

Geographic Information Systems 

Program

Danielle Berman, Database Manager

David W. Lowe, Historian 

Deidre McCarthy, Architectural Historian

James Stein, GIS Specialist

Matthew Stutts, Geographer/GIS Specialist

Report Authors

Tanya M. Gossett and H. Bryan Mitchell 

Report Contributors

Paul Hawke, David W. Lowe, and Diedre McCarthy
The National Park Service thanks all those who contributed to 

the success of this national study and to the preparation of this 

report. We are especially indebted to the guidance provided by 

the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Historic Preservation 

Study Committee members Thomas B. Williams, Brian Leigh 

Dunnigan, R. David Edmunds, Ph.D., Donald E. Graves, Ira 

Gruber, Ph.D., Bernard Herman, Ph.D., Donald Hickey, Ph.D., 

Christopher McKee, Michael Steinitz, Ph.D., Camille Wells, 

Ph.D., Patrick A. Wilder, Virginia Steele Wood, and Robert K. 

Wright, Ph.D. National Park Service personnel John Durham, 

Ove Jensen, Anna Von Lunz, Mark Nichipor, Dale Phillips, 

and Scott Sheads also lent their expertise to the committee’s 

deliberations. Consultant John Long of the Newberry Library 

also provided valuable support to the committee. 

The National Park Service—the Southeast Regional Office in 

Atlanta, Georgia, and Boston National Historical Park—and 

the National Trust for Historic Preservation hosted preliminary 

scoping meetings for this project. The hosts and participants of 

those meetings helped shape the study at the onset. 

Field surveys were the heart of this project. Many thanks to the 

superintendents and staff of Minute Man National Historical 

Park, Horseshoe Bend National Military Park, George Rogers 

Clark National Historic Park, and Monmouth Battlefield State 

Park for hosting survey workshops and allowing students to 

use the parks as training grounds. Sincere appreciation goes to 

the 72 surveyors who dedicated themselves to researching and 

assessing the nation’s Revolutionary War and War of 1812 heritage: 

D. K. Abbass, Ph.D., William J. Anderson, Zara AnishanslinBernhardt, Charles B. Baxley, Jonathan Blair Bernhardt, Robert 

Birmingham, Linda Brown, Sylvie Browne, Stephen P. Carlson, 

Allan D. Charles, Ph.D., Darrell E. Cook, Keri Coumanis, Leon 

Cranmer, Craig W. Davis, Jeffrey B. Davis, Tracy M. Dean, Diane 

Kay Depew, Mary M. Donohue, Robert M. Dunkerly, Daniel T. 

Elliott, Jack Elliott, Ralph Eshelman, Ph.D., Leo Finnerty, the late 

Charles Fisher, Ph.D., Ben Ford, Aaron J. Gore, Tanya Gossett, 

Steven E. Hardegen, Al Hester, Rebecca L. Hill, Fred Holder, 

Frank Hurdis, Amy Johnson, Kirk Johnston, James R. Jones III, 

Catherine Hoffman Kaser, Richard A. Kastl, Katharine R. Kerr, 

Susan Langley, Ph.D., Connie Langum, Charles Lesher, Steve 

Lesher, David Lowe, Chris Martin, David McBride, W. Stephen 

McBride, Ph.D., Deidre McCarthy, Matthew F. McDaniel, 

Thomas L. Nesbitt, Gerald Palushock, John F. Pousson, Karen 

Rehm, Merrill D. Reich, John S. Salmon, Sheila M. Sastry, William 

Sawyer, Aaron L. Shriber, Steven D. Smith, Ph.D., Arthur Spiess, 

James Stein, Mike Stivers, Christopher Stratton, Matthew Stutts, 

Adam Tabelski, Carole Watterson Troxler, Todd Tucky, David 

J. Vecchioli, Susan Vincent, Robert Ward, Stephen C. Ware, 

Glenn Williams, and Gray Wood. Additional thanks to all of 

the national, state, and local historic sites and parks that opened 

their doors to the field surveyors and provided vital information 

about the condition and threats facing the battlefields and other 

sites. The National Park Service is also grateful for the hospitality 

shown surveyors by private property owners at the study sites.

During the course of the study, the National Park Service 

received numerous comments, suggestions, and additional 

information from the public about historic sites associated with 

the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Thanks to everyone 

who contributed online and in letters. 

The National Park Service gratefully acknowledges the 

contributions of Joyce A. Bear, Muscogee (Creek) Nation of 

Oklahoma, and Light T. Cummins, Ph.D., Austin College; James 

G. Cusick, PK Younge Library of Florida History, University 

of Florida; the late William Day, Poarch Band of Creek Indians 

of Alabama; and James O. Horton, Ph.D., George Washington 

University, all of whom consulted with the study team on 

historical issues pertaining to the contributions of diverse 

communities in the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. 

Several private organizations have lent their support to the study. 

The National Park Service gratefully acknowledges the efforts of 

the leadership of the National Society Daughters of the American 

Revolution and Mrs. Beverly W. Jensen, former Historian General 

of that organization, in particular. From the start, the Sons of the 

American Revolution National Park Service Liaison Committee 

made itself available to help with the study in a number of ways. 

The National Park Service appreciates its unwavering support. 

We thank our colleagues at the Civil War Preservation Trust for 

sharing their expertise with many of the Revolutionary War and 

War of 1812 historic preservation groups and with the National 

Park Service. 

This project would not have been possible or plausible without 

partners in the state and Federal Historic Preservation Offices 

and in tribal governments. Their expert participation in the 

surveys, review of site documentation, and suggestions have 

strengthened and enhanced this study. For their continuing 

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments 
 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

interest and dedication to preserving the important places of the 

Revolutionary War and War of 1812, the National Park Service is 

most grateful.

In addition to the study team, the following National Park Service 

personnel contributed significantly and provided unflagging 

support: Janet Snyder Matthews, Ph.D., Kate Stevenson, de 

Teel Patterson Tiller, John Robbins, Jon Smith, Warren Brown, 

Dwight Pitcaithley, Ph.D., Carol Shull, John Sprinkle, Ph.D., John 

Roberts, Alma Ripps, Patrick Andrus, Laura Feller, Robie Lange, 

Kristen McMasters, Larry Gall, Bob Blythe, Brenda Barrett, Steve 

Elkinton, James Bird, Sue Waldron, Shannon Davis, and Kathleen 

Madigan. American Battlefield Protection Program assistants and 

interns Natalie Abell, Rebecca Ballo, Jeff Everett, Brad Finfrock, 

Elizabeth Lang, Gweneth Langdon, Kate Shifflet, Susan Smith, 

and Margaret Tulloch provided staff support and technical 

assistance. 
Table of Contents Authorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

National Park Service Study Team. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Why Save Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites? . . . . . . . . . . 16

Previous Preservation Efforts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Taking Another Look at the Turn of the 21st Century. . . . . . . . . . . 19

Study Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Periods of Significance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Geographic Boundaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Defining Nationally Significant Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Historical Themes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Determining Which Sites to Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Field Surveys:Assessing Condition, Integrity, and Threats. . . . . . . . 26

Field Surveys: Determining Site Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Review and Adjustments to Survey Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

The Principal Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Findings:Assessing the Principal Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Condition and Integrity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Registration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Ownership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Land Use, Planning, and Zoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Threats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Establishing Priorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Preservation Priorities I, II, and III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Principal Sites Needing Further Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Archeological Sites Needing Additional Research and 

Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Sites and Campaigns Associated with Indian Tribes. . . . . . . . . . 46

Naval Battle Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Roads, Trails, and Waterways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Principal Sites Associated with Both Wars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Commemorative Opportunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Principal Sites in Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Preservation Priorities of Principal Sites in the United States. . . . . . . 53

Protecting the Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

How Many Principal Sites are Really Protected?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Direct and Permanent Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Federal Action: The National Park Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Federal Action: Other Agencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

State Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Local Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Nonprofit Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Private Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Paths to Permanent Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Federal Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

State Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Tribal Governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Local Planning and Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Nonprofit Organizations: The Importance of Advocacy. . . . . . . . 86

Reevaluating Site Boundaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Persons of African Descent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Indian Tribes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

The Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Other Sites of Interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Selected Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Table of Contents 
 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

List of Figures

1. Historical Themes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2. The Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Historic Preservation 

Study Committee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3. Significance Categories for Battlefields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4. Significance Categories for Associated Historic Properties. . . . . . 25

5. Boundary Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

6. Example of Battlefield Survey Boundaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

7. Example of Potential National Register Boundary for an 

Associated Historic Property. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

8. Site Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

9. Condition and Integrity Evaluation Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

10. Distribution and Concentrations of Principal Sites of the 

Revolutionary War in the U.S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

11. Distribution and Concentrations of Principal Sites of the 

War of 1812 in the U.S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

12. Condition Assessments – All Battlefields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

13. Condition Assessments – All Associated Historic Properties. . . . . 34

14. Majority Ownership – All Battlefields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

15. Primary Ownership – All Associated Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

16. Threat Assessment Case Study: Green Spring Battlefield . . . . . . . 42

17. Short Term Threats – All Battlefields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

18. Long Term Threats – All Battlefields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

19. Short Term Threats – All Associated Historic Properties. . . . . . . . . 43

20. Long Term Threats – All Associated Historic Properties. . . . . . . . . 43

21. Preservation Priority Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

22. State Conservation Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

23. Use Value Assessment of Historic Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

24. National Registrater Possibilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

25. Diversity on the Frontier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

26. Fighting to be “Absolutely Free”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

List of Tables

1. Preservation Priority Summary for the Principal Sites in the 

United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2. Site Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3. Summary of Zoning at Principal Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

4. Principal Sites Associated with Indian Tribes Needing 

Further Study (20 sites). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

5. Naval and Maritime Sites Needing Further Study (12 sites). . . . . 48

6. Roads, Trails, and Waterways Needing Further Study (15 sites) . . 49

7. Principal Sites in Canada (57 sites). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

8. Principal Sites Within the National Park System (60 sites). . . . . . 71

9. Class A, Intact, and Largely Unprotected Principal Sites. . . . . . . . . .

(26 sites). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

10. Principal Sites Owned in Full or in Part by Other Federal . . . . . . . . .

Agencies (26 sites) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

11. Principal Sites in State Historic Sites and Parks (96 sites). . . . . . . 76

12. Surviving Battlefields Without Known Friends Group (97 sites). . 87

13. Principal Sites in the United States Associated with 

Indian Tribes (143 sites). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

14. Principal Sites Associated with the Spanish (12 sites). . . . . . . . . . 99
Table of Contents 

This report reflects the results of the Revolutionary War and War 

of 1812 Historic Preservation Study. The Congress of the United 

States of America authorized this study because it found, in the 

late 1990s, that: 

• Revolutionary War sites and War of 1812 sites provide a means 

for Americans to understand and interpret the periods in 

American history during which the Revolutionary War and War 

of 1812 were fought;

• the historical integrity of many Revolutionary War sites and 

War of 1812 sites is at risk because many of the sites are located 

in regions that are undergoing rapid urban or suburban 

development; and

• it is important, for the benefit of the United States, to obtain 

current information on the significance of, threats to the integrity 

of, and alternatives of the preservation and interpretation of 

Revolutionary War sites and War of 1812 sites.1

Congress defined “Revolutionary War site” to mean “a site or 

structure situated in the United States that is thematically tied 

with the nationally significant events that occurred during the 

Revolutionary War,” and defined “War of 1812 site” to mean “a 

site or structure situated in the United States that is thematically 

tied with the nationally significant events that occurred during the 

War of 1812.”2

At the direction of Congress, the Secretary of the Interior, acting 

through the Director of the National Park Service, prepared 

this study of Revolutionary War sites and War of 1812 sites. In 

accordance with the authorizing legislation, the National Park 

Service addressed and completed the following tasks. 

• Identify Revolutionary War sites and War of 1812 sites, including 

sites within units of the National Park System in existence on the 

date of enactment of this Act;

• determine the relative significance of the sites;

• assess short and long term threats to the integrity of the sites;

• provide alternatives for the preservation and interpretation of 

the sites by Federal, State, and local governments, or other public 

or private entities, including designation of the sites as units of 

the National Park System; and

• research and propose land preservation techniques.3

Identifying Sites and Determining Relative 

Significance 

The charge from Congress for this study was the same as for a 

Civil War sites study of the early 1990s: study the sites associated 

with significant events of the wars. However, while the Civil War 

Sites Advisory Commission limited itself to sites of battle, the 

National Park Service chose in this case to include additional sites 

associated with significant events other than battles. The result 

is a much more thorough survey that represents twice the field 

effort undertaken for the Civil War study. 

The National Park Service identified the sites of nearly 3,000 

events associated with the two wars, including 60 sites within the 

National Park System. The National Park System Advisory Board 

then convened an advisory committee of recognized scholars 

of the two wars. The committee developed a relative scale of 

significance for those sites, and assigned the sites to Classes A, B, 

C, or D, with Class A being the most historically significant. The 

677 sites in Classes A, B, and C are associated with events that 

had a demonstrable influence on the course, conduct, and results 

of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812. For the purposes 

of this study, these 677 sites are considered “thematically tied 

with the nationally significant events that occurred during the 

Revolutionary War . . . [and] the War of 1812,” as required by the 

authorizing legislation.4

This study is perhaps the broadest federal effort ever undertaken 

to determine the status of Revolutionary War and War of 

1812 resources. The 677 “Principal Sites” are the focus of this 

Executive Summary

 1. P.L. 104-333, Section 603; 16 USC 1a-5, Notes.

 2. Ibid., Section 603(c).

 3. Ibid., Section 603(d)(2). 

 4. The National Historic Landmarks Program and the National Register 

of Historic Places have more stringent and extensive criteria and 

review processes for determining national significance of cultural 

resources. See 36 CFR 60 and 36 CFR 65 generally for National 

Register and National Historic Landmark requirements.

Executive Summary 

Stony Point Battlefield (NY229), 

commemorative arch, Stony Point, 

New York. Photo by Charles Fisher. 
10 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

study. They are located in 31 states, the District of Columbia, 

and the U.S. Virgin Islands. They include 243 battlefields and 

434 associated historic properties, such as individual buildings 

and structures, historic districts, underwater resources, and 

archeological sites. While the nearly 2,000 Class D sites are 

worthy of further examination by local advocates, they are not 

the focus of this study. (See “Other Sites of Interest” at the end of 

this report.)

Threats to the Sites

In order to “assess short and long term threats to the integrity 

of the sites,” 5 the National Park Service directed field surveys 

of the Principal Sites. The surveys provided information about 

each site’s characteristics, condition, ownership, current use, 

interpretation, registration, and potential boundaries. Surveyors 

also identified threats, if applicable, to each site. The National 

Park Service then analyzed the survey data to determine relative 

preservation priorities among the sites. 

Almost 70 percent of all battlefields studied lie within urban 

areas as denoted in the 2000 U.S. Census. Not surprising, then, 

are the findings that of the 243 battlefields studied, 141 are lost 

or extremely fragmented, and that residential and commercial 

development are chief threats. One hundred other battlefields 

retain significant features and lands from the period of battle, 

although on average these battlefields retain only 37 percent of 

the original historic scene. Of these 100 surviving but diminished 

battle landscapes, 82 are partially owned and protected by public 

and nonprofit stewards, although the extent of that protection 

varies from site to site. Eighteen are without any legal protection. 

The paucity of existing battlefield landscapes necessitates 

preservation and maintenance of what precious little remains 

today. The condition of two battlefields is unknown. Additional 

research and survey is required to determine their exact location 

and condition. 

Of the 434 associated historic properties studied, 192 are 

destroyed or survive only as archeological sites. The protection 

status of six is unknown and should be determined through 

additional research and study. Two hundred thirty-six associated 

historic properties survive. Of these, 168 are primarily in 

permanent, protective ownership but may require additional or 

ongoing preservation measures, and 68 are primarily in private 

ownership and require preservation action in the next 10 years.

Some sites need immediate help and others will benefit 

from ongoing, long-term care. In an effort to categorize the 

preservation needs at each Principal Site in the United States, the 

National Park Service established a tiered priority system. The 

priorities indicate which sites, in the opinion of the National 

Park Service, merit immediate preservation action, which need 

ongoing preservation action, which require additional study, and 

which may be commemorated rather than preserved. 

To determine preservation priorities, the National Park Service 

analyzed three factors: level of historic significance as determined 

by the study committee; current site condition and integrity as 

determined by field surveys; and short-term and long-term threat 

levels as evaluated by the National Park Service. 

The Priority I category includes Class A and B sites with medium 

or high short- or long-term threats. These sites need immediate 

preservation or may be lost by 2017. The Priority II category 

includes Class A and B sites with low short- or long-term threats 

and Class C sites with high or medium short- or long-term 

threats. Priority II, Class A and B sites present opportunities 

for comprehensive, planned protection within the next 10 years. 

Priority II, Class C sites need immediate preservation or may 

be lost by 2017. The Priority III category includes Class C sites 

with low short- or long-term threats. These sites also present 

opportunities for comprehensive, planned protection of the site 

within the next 10 years. In cases where the location, condition, 

integrity, or threats to a site are unknown, the site falls under 

the Needs Further Study category. Because these sites may be 

threatened but remain undocumented, additional studies should 

be carried out as soon as possible. Finally, where a site is highly 

fragmented with low threats or where the site is destroyed, the 

site falls within the Commemorative Opportunity category. 

Preservation of surviving historic lands, features, and fabric 

may be an appropriate way to commemorate the history of the 

event. Surviving remnants, such as structural ruins and isolated 

fields, and even locations of now lost Principal Sites, can provide 

focal points for commemorative activities, memorialization, and 

interpretation.

 5. P.L. 104-333, Section 603(d)(2)(C).
Alternatives for Preservation and 

Interpretation

As many as 170 Principal Sites 6 of the Revolutionary War and 

the War of 1812 (25 percent), especially those located in rapidly 

developing areas, will face injury or destruction in the next 

decade. To address the continuing loss of historic ground and 

structural fabric, public agencies, preservation organizations, and 

individuals will need to act swiftly and sustain protection efforts 

for the next 10 years. The National Park Service suggests the 

following “alternatives for the preservation and interpretation of 

the sites by federal, State, and local governments, or other public 

or private entities...”:7

• Public agencies and nonprofit organizations should evaluate 

their current Revolutionary War and War of 1812 holdings 

to identify historically important but unprotected lands and 

resources. Where additional preservation and protection 

is needed, work with willing sellers and donors and other 

partners to legally and permanently protect historically 

significant lands and features. 

• Apply and build upon available federal, state, local, and private 

funding sources (such as the Land and Water Conservation 

Fund, state conservation programs, and local Purchase of 

Development Rights programs).

• Forge new partnerships and build new constituencies at the 

national, state, and local levels. A national advocacy group 

dedicated to full and permanent protection and interpretation 

of early American historic sites could be especially useful in 

facilitating preservation work among all levels of government, 

site-specific friends groups, and private landowners. 

• Promote and expand federal, state, and local tax incentives 

that encourage private owners to donate easements or 

property for conservation purposes.

• Continue to research, survey, and document sites with 

archeological components to clarify site locations and 

boundaries, to determine their preservation potential, and to 

begin interpretive planning.

• Continue to research, survey, and document sites that could 

not be located during this study, especially significant sites 

historically associated with Native Americans and naval 

activities, to determine their preservation potential. Consult 

and collaborate with appropriate and interested tribes when 

projects affect sites associated with Native Americans.

• For sites that retain integrity, update or develop National 

Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks 

documentation using current scholarship and resource 

evaluations.

• For the more than 400 Principal Sites or their locations that 

have little or no interpretive programs or media, develop 

on-site and virtual interpretation that contributes to public 

understanding and appreciation of the site, interest in 

 6. Indicates total sites listed as Preservation Priority I and Preservation 

Priority II, Class C. These sites retain integrity and face medium or 

high threats.

 7. P.L. 104-333, Section 603 (d)(2)(D).

TABLE 1. Preservation Priority Summary for the 

Principal Sites in the United States

Priority Needs 

Further 

Study

Commemorative 

Opportunity

I II III

Revolutionary War 

Battlefields (165) 29 53 13 20 50

Revolutionary War 

Associated Historic 

Properties (258)

26 98 65 32 37

War of 1812 

Battlefields (78) 14 30 8 10 16

War of 1812 

Associated Historic 

Properties (136)

14 47 13 26 36

Sites Associated with 

Both Wars (40) 6 17 10 1 6

All Sites (677) 89 245 109 89 145

Executive Summary 11
12 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

preserving the site, and marketing of the site for heritage 

tourism.

• Where appropriate to the story of the site, research and 

develop objective interpretation about the history of African 

Americans, Indians, and women, the international scope 

of and participation in the wars, and causes and results of 

internecine conflicts. 

The authorizing legislation directs the National Park Service to 

comment on “designation of the sites as units of the National 

Park System.”8 This may be an appropriate alternative for a 

select few Principal Sites. A site is eligible for inclusion in the 

National Park System only if it is nationally significant, retains 

a high degree of integrity, represents a theme not already 

adequately represented in the system, is of sufficient size and 

appropriate configuration to ensure long-term site protection 

and to accommodate public use, and has potential for efficient 

administration at a reasonable cost. 9

Twenty-six Principal Sites not currently within the National Park 

System may meet the criteria for inclusion within the National 

Park System. Table 9 lists the most significant Principal Sites 

that have experienced little or moderate alteration since either 

the Revolutionary War or War of 1812, and that are largely 

unprotected by other public historic preservation agencies or 

nonprofit organizations. Whether these sites meet all of the 

criteria for inclusion in the National Park System would need to 

be determined through future studies authorized by Congress. 

Such studies would also evaluate other management alternatives 

and would not normally recommend National Park Service 

administration if other alternatives offer adequate protection 

for the site. 

Land Preservation Techniques

Each level of government and the private sector has its own tools 

and techniques for preserving land. Among the most effective 

are programs that generate funds for governments to purchase 

lands and easements from willing sellers. These include the U.S. 

Department of Transportation’s transportation enhancement 

programs, state conservation and green space programs, and local 

Purchase of Development Rights programs. Tax incentives are 

also excellent tools. Income tax and property tax incentives, such 

as federal income tax deductions worth the value of a qualified 

donation,10 encourage private owners to sell or donate historic 

properties or easements. Local use value property assessments 

can result in significantly lower real property taxes. 

The more a historic site is recognized, documented, interpreted, 

and made accessible, the more likely it is to be protected in the 

long term. Programs that help lay the groundwork for permanent 

protection of historic properties include grants from the 

National Park Service that fund historical research, archeological 

studies, National Register of Historic Places documentation, 

structural stabilization and maintenance, and site advocacy and 

promotion; state commissions that help promote preservation, 

commemoration, and heritage tourism activities at historic 

military sites; and local regulatory ordinances that identify 

historic areas as important to the community and set out rules 

for maintaining historic properties. Both permanent protection 

techniques and assistance programs may be used in different 

combinations depending on the character of the historic site in 

question, the will of local landowners and communities, and the 

opportunities afforded them by state and federal programs.

 8. Ibid., Section 603 (d)(2)(D).

 9. A site is considered nationally significant if it meets all four of the 

following standards: 1) it is an outstanding example of a particular 

type of resource; 2) it possesses exceptional value of quality 

illustrating or interpreting the natural or cultural themes of our 

nation’s heritage; 3) it offers superlative opportunities for recreation 

for public use and enjoyment, or for scientific study; 4) it retains a 

high degree of integrity as a true, accurate, and relatively unspoiled 

example of the resource. National Park Service, Management Policies, 

2006 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 2006), 

8-9; Division of Park Planning and Special Studies, National Park 

Service, January 2003, <http://www.nps.gov/legacy/criteria.html> 

(March 2004). 

 10. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, Section 170(h), Qualified 

Conservation Contributions, as amended 

(Public Law 96-541; 26 USC 170(h)).
Consultation

In carrying out the research and field work that led to this 

report, the National Park Service contacted and worked with 

state historic preservation offices, tribal governments, scholars 

specializing in these two wars, and national patriotic and 

preservation organizations. The authorizing legislation for this 

study also required the Director of the National Park Service to 

consult with “the Governor of each affected State; each affected 

unit of local government; state and local historic preservation 

organizations; scholarly organizations; and other interested 

parties as the Secretary considers advisable.”11 Accordingly, the 

National Park Service provided a draft of this report to more than 

900 entities or individuals for review and comment in August 

2006.12 As a result, the National Park Service received more than 

330 comments from 64 agencies and individuals. Many of those 

comments were incorporated into this final report. 

This study comes as the nation celebrates the 225th anniversary 

of the Revolutionary War (2000-2008) and prepares to 

commemorate the bicentennial of the War of 1812 (2012-2015). 

Through partnerships and a tireless commitment to history 

and the future, the resources that reflect the roots of American 

freedom, sacrifice, and sovereignty can be saved for future 

generations through prompt and focused action today.

 11. P.L. 104-333, Section 603 (d)(3).

 12. The “Consultation Draft” was provided to the following: 32 

governors, more than 250 local governments, 33 state historic 

preservation officers, 96 Indian tribes, nearly 100 state historic 

park sites, nearly 200 local organizations affiliated with sites in this 

report, 8 other federal agencies that manage sites in this report, 

the 13 scholars who initially determined the relative significance 

of the sites in this report, 17 additional scholarly organizations, 19 

other preservation or patriotic organizations, and more than 220 

Members of Congress representing areas in which the sites in this 

report are found.

Executive Summary 13

Introduction The Revolutionary War (1775-1783) launched a new nation—the United States—which appeared 

to the world a novel experiment in self-government that might as easily fail as succeed. 

Not only did American colonists sever bonds with the mother 

country of Great Britain, they sought also to overthrow an 

imperial system that many viewed as oppressive. A revolution, 

indeed, but not one every colonist supported. In a very real 

sense, the Revolution was also a civil war. Thousands of colonists 

remained loyal to King George and fought beside his soldiers 

against those who had been their friends and neighbors. During 

and after the war, many loyalists fled the American colonies to 

seek haven in Canada and Great Britain. If the war brought 

the colonies closer together, eventually to form a nation, it 

also unraveled and rewove the social fabric that predated the 

surrender of a British army at Yorktown. 

The Revolutionary War also was a war of many sides. For its own 

purposes, the French government allied itself with the colonies 

and tipped the scale toward victory. Hessian and German troops 

fought shoulder-to-shoulder with British regulars. Promised 

emancipation, many slaves of African descent joined the Loyalist 

cause, hoping to escape bondage. Tribal nations allied with 

colony or Crown, each seeking an advantage in a complex and 

changing society. For soldiers and civilians, men, women, 

and children, the military and political outcome of the conflict 

was not certain. Lives and life ways were at stake; some were 

destroyed, some were improved, all were affected directly or 

indirectly. The intricate forces unleashed by revolution—civil 

war, social upheaval, local and international politics—lie at the 

very root of our nation’s existence.

The War of 1812 (1811-1815) has been called America’s forgotten 

war. Following the Revolution, a seemingly endless stream of 

settlers pushed America’s frontiers westward beyond the limits 

established by the Treaty of Paris. As a matter of policy, the 

British continued to oppose American sovereignty by urging and 

arming tribal nations to resist encroaching settlement. These 

were years of nearly constant and vengeful frontier warfare. 

Finally, at the battles of Fallen Timbers (1794), Tippecanoe (1811), 

and the Thames (1813), American armies with native allies of 

their own broke the spine of organized tribal resistance in the 

Northwest Territory and extended the reach of a brash young 

nation to the Canadian border. The Revolution had by no means 

resolved every issue that lay between Great Britain and the 

United States. 

Against this backdrop of agitation on the frontier, Great 

Britain’s trade choking Orders-in-Council and its impressments 

of American seamen prompted the United States, amidst 

exhortations from the War Hawk faction in Congress, to war. 

To force Great Britain to cease its aggressive behavior, the 

United States invaded British Canada, a hostile neighbor the 

United States perceived it could not ignore, and one that could 

potentially be annexed if occupied. Historians now largely agree 

that the United States’ principal goals for the War of 1812 were to 

assert American sovereignty and expand the national territory.

The United States declared war on Great Britain in June 1812 

and within a month, an American army had set out to conquer 

the Canadian provinces. While some today can call to mind the 

burning of Washington, the valiant defense of Fort McHenry, 

the naval battles on Lake Erie, or Andrew Jackson and the battle 

of New Orleans, few are aware that many of this war’s pivotal 

battles—Fort George, The Thames, Chrysler’s Farm, Chippewa, 

and Lundy’s Lane—were fought on British (now Canadian) soil 

where Britons, French-speaking Canadiens, and Indians made 

common cause to repel the “Yankee” invaders. Even fewer 

recognize that many of the war’s important battles—Burnt Corn, 

Fort Mims, Tallussahatchee, Emuckfau Creek, and Horseshoe 

Bend—were fought in what was then the Mississippi Territory 

against a faction of the Creek Nation.

Why is the War of 1812, unlike the Revolution, not better 

understood as fundamental to the United States’ national 

identity? Historians found aspects of the War of 1812 inglorious 

or troubling—broken treaties and displaced native peoples north 

and south, aggressive designs on Canada, a string of disappointing 

military defeats, and a seemingly shallow pretext for such a bitter 

struggle—all of these factors contributed in one way or another 

to the war’s relative obscurity in modern memory. This war had 

no Founding Fathers, no formative political documents, and 

Introduction 15

A marked segment of the Crown Point Road 

(VT1001), which carried troops and supplies 

across Vermont during the Revolutionary 

War. Photo by Ben Ford.
16 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

few ennobling ideals of independence and equality to sear it 

into the national consciousness. Nonetheless, it was a formative 

and sobering episode. Even while British ships bombarded 

Fort McHenry and a defiant Star Spangled Banner, stunned 

residents of the nation’s capital prodded still-smoking embers of 

public buildings torched by British regulars. The young nation’s 

demoralized government was scattered across the countryside. 

Yet, despite this low point in its brief history, the United States 

managed to affirm its sovereignty and retain its borders at war’s 

end. The War of 1812 established the northern limit of our 

nation’s frontier and opened much of its southern territory to 

American settlement. Ultimately, the “forgotten war” did much 

to forge a national identity as the Republic began to expand 

rapidly in the early 19th century. 

Why Save Revolutionary War 

and War of 1812 Sites?

This is a study of historic sites and site preservation alternatives. 

It is not a review of the evolving interpretations of the 

Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Historians will continue 

to reinterpret these wars and their consequences in light of 

the scholarship of their generation. Despite a mountain of 

publications, many stories from these wars remain untold. 

As examples, past historians found it painful to address the 

anguished lives of people caught up in warfare where neighbor 

attacked neighbor and marauders preyed on the survivors—an 

apt description of how the Revolution played out in the Southern 

colonies. Historians have only recently begun to evaluate the 

devastation wrought on the tribal nations of America; the roles 

of free and enslaved persons of African descent who fought as 

members of the American, British, and Canadian armed forces; 

or the attitudes of Spanish soldiers, who struggled to maintain 

a precarious foothold in the Gulf of Mexico that dated from 

the 1500s. These stories humanize the broad saga of American 

history. Their inclusion helps move the accepted history of these 

wars from the realm of legend and myth into that of reality and 

critical understanding. 

In these wars, Americans—men and women, free and enslaved, 

immigrant and native—faced personal, political, and economic 

crises. Many survived to savor victory or grimace at the bitter 

taste of defeat; others did not. More than 25,700 combatants 

gave their lives or were wounded in the Revolutionary War, with 

an American casualty rate second only to the Civil War when 

measured as a percentage of the American population. More 

than 10,000 combatants perished or sustained wounds in the War 

of 1812.13 Beyond even these numbers were the untallied losses of 

Native Americans and of civilians killed by soldiers and warriors, 

those who died at the hands of their neighbors, or those who 

succumbed to deprivation. Their sacrifice enabled the country to 

survive, grow, and mature. 

Since its inception, the National Park Service has relied on the 

authenticity of place to interpret America’s past. Beyond written 

histories, documents, novels, songs, and epic poetry, it is the 

preserved battlefield or historic site that provides visitors with 

their most compelling and tangible link to the past. At Concord 

Bridge, one comes to terms with a simmering frustration that 

finally exploded in a volley of musketry. In the assembly room of 

Independence Hall, a respectful hush allows the mind to evoke 

the scrawl of quills on a parchment espousing opinions that 

changed the course of world history. The authentic place has 

power to establish and revitalize the bond between citizen and 

national history.

In times when our nation faces troubling challenges in the 

world, Americans instinctively seek the authentic fabric of 

history. Historic places provide a kind of physical reassurance, 

akin to the comforting “touch of elbows” often described by 

comrades who faced combat in line of battle. It is true that not 

every battlefield or historic site can be protected, nor do all sites 

deserve equal preservation. It is also true that every loss, every 

bulldozed acre of battlefield, every razed structure, diminishes 

our ability to commune with our nation’s past. Without these 

places of pilgrimage, we are left with words and fading memory. 

We preserve these sites so that our national history may continue 

as a living presence.

 13. Casualty figures compiled from 243 battlefield surveys undertaken 

during this study. Numbers represent total British, American, and 

allied casualties resulting from military action. In addition, more 

than 31,500 combatants were listed as missing in the Revolutionary 

War and more than 10,600 listed as missing in the War of 1812. These 

data do not account for additional casualties from smaller actions not 

surveyed as part of this study.
Previous Preservation Efforts

Two centuries of commemoration and preservation of 

Revolutionary War and War of 1812 sites preceded this study. In 

fact, the preservation movement in the United States stems from 

efforts to commemorate the luminaries and sites associated with 

the two wars. The Continental Congress itself authorized the 

first battlefield monument in 1781 to mark the American and 

French victory at Yorktown, Virginia. In 1817, the first private 

monument in the young nation was raised to honor patriots who 

fell during the 1777 battle of Paoli in Pennsylvania. Private efforts 

to purchase battlefield land and important places associated 

with the Revolutionary War began as early as the 1820s. William 

Ferris Pell purchased 546 acres containing the ruined site of Fort 

Ticonderoga in 1820. By 1825, private investors and the Bunker 

Hill Monument Association controlled 18 acres of battlefield 

at Breed’s Hill. The State of Indiana acquired 16 acres of the 

Tippecanoe Battlefield from a private landowner and battle 

veteran in 1836, perhaps the earliest public effort to protect 

the site of a battle in the United States. In 1850, the Hasbrouck 

House, General Washington’s headquarters at Newburgh, New 

York, became the first historic house museum in the United 

States.14 In 1875, the site of the 1814 Battle of Mackinac Island 

became the first battlefield protected within a national park, 

Mackinac National Park in Michigan.15 After the divisiveness 

of the Civil War, the 1876 national centennial of the American 

Revolution gave North and South an opportunity to celebrate 

a shared past. The centennial celebrations sparked renewed 

interest in the people and places of the country’s earliest struggles 

to create and secure a free and independent nation.

From the 1880s to the turn of the 20th century, the Federal 

Government debated numerous commemoration and 

preservation bills concerning historic sites from the Revolution, 

the War of 1812, the Civil War, and other military conflicts. In the 

1890s, Congress authorized the creation of four national military 

parks at the Civil War battlefields of Chickamauga, Shiloh, 

Vicksburg, and Gettysburg. Establishing such parks required 

federal acquisition of large land areas to protect the battlefields. 

Congress recognized that numerous other battlefields from other 

wars were worthy of federal attention, but real estate acquisition 

costs caused concern. 

In 1902, Brigadier General George B. Davis, former chairman of 

the Commission for the Publication of Official Records of the 

War of the Rebellion and the officer responsible for marking 

battle lines at Antietam with commemorative tablets, proposed 

that the U.S. Government reduce real estate acquisition costs 

by purchasing only narrow lanes along the lines of battle where 

monuments and tablets could be erected. Speaking specifically 

of the Antietam battlefield, Davis said the battlefield land would, 

“continue, probably for several centuries, to be an agricultural 

community, as it is now and as it was in 1862.” This proposal, 

which proved shortsighted, influenced battlefield preservation 

philosophy through much of the 20th century.16 

The years following World War I saw an increase in public 

enthusiasm for establishing additional national military parks. 

Congress considered 14 bills to establish national military parks 

with proposed appropriations approximating $6 million and 

another 14 bills asking for markers on battlefields or studies 

of others. In June 1925, the Army War College provided 

Congress with a memorandum outlining “a comprehensive 

system for classifying battles according to their importance, 

and proposed preservation action corresponding to the relative 

importance of each category.”17 The memorandum addressed 31 

 14. A general history of preservation efforts concerning Revolutionary 

War and War of 1812 historic sites in the United States is available 

from the National Park Service’s American Battlefield Protection 

Program (ABPP), Washington, DC. Fort Ticonderoga National 

Historic Landmark. “Gardens and Grounds,” n.d., <http://www.

fort-ticonderoga.org/gardens/default.htm> (2004); Frank B. Sarles 

Jr. and Charles E. Shedd, “Colonials and Patriots, Survey of Historic 

Sites and Buildings, Bunker Hill Monument,” in Volume VI, Historic 

Places Commemorating Our Forebears, 1700-1783, ed. John Porter 

Bloom and Robert M. Utley, National Park Service, 1964, <http://

www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/colonials-patriots/sitec8.htm> 

(January 2005).

 15. Congress created Mackinac National Park, America’s second 

national park, for its historic and natural qualities. In 1895, Congress 

transferred the federal lands, including the park and the former 

military post at Fort Mackinac, to the State of Michigan. The park is 

now Mackinac Island State Park. 

 16. Edmund B. Rogers (comp.), “History of Legislation Relating to the 

National Park System through the 82nd Congress,” (a collection of 

photostats in 108 volumes, deposited in the Departmental Library,

U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, 1958), Vol. VII.

 17. Ronald F. Lee, The Origin and Evolution of the National Military Park 

Idea (Washington, National Park Service, 1973), 47. 

Introduction 17
18 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Revolutionary War battlefields and 11 War of 1812 battlefields.18 

The Army War College recommended that two—Saratoga, 

New York, and Yorktown, Virginia—be commemorated as 

national military parks. It recommended that the rest be 

declared national monuments, which would require limited land 

protection and varying types and degrees of interpretation and 

commemoration.19 With numerous and piecemeal proposals 

before it, Congress passed legislation in February 1926 directing 

the War Department to conduct a general study of battlefields in 

the United States to determine what action Congress should take 

to preserve or commemorate the sites. This was the first federal 

effort to conduct a national survey of historic sites.20

While the Federal Government sought to protect and 

commemorate historic battlefields, private preservation efforts 

also flourished. Private historic house museums, most heavily 

concentrated in the northeast, were the predominant form of 

preservation by the mid-1920s. Many of the museums preserved 

and commemorated the homes of Revolutionary War and War of 

1812 luminaries and buildings where important events occurred 

during the two wars. 21 

As the bicentennial of the American Revolution approached, 

Congress created the American Revolution Bicentennial 

Commission. Reconstituted as the American Revolution 

Bicentennial Administration, the Commission coordinated 

international, national, state, and local events and projects 

commemorating the Revolution.22 All levels of government, 

national, statewide, and local nonprofit organizations, patriotic 

societies, and private contributors supported and financed 

events and projects for the bicentennial.23 In 1977, the American 

Revolution Bicentennial Administration reported more than 

113,000 programs nationwide, including parades, historic site 

commemoration and monumentation, historical symposia, 

historic building restorations, designation of new public parks, 

reenactments, and new facilities at parks and museums.24

The bicentennial had a lasting but diffuse effect on historic 

preservation in this country. Study of the Revolution flourished. 

Many states and counties prepared histories of the war, some of 

which included lists of battle sites and other significant resources 

gleaned from documentary sources. Interest in and appreciation 

of local historic sites were reflected in the increase of total listings 

in the National Register of Historic Places, which “grew from 

fewer than 400 entries in 1969 to more than 13,000 in 1976.”25 

State, local, and private restoration and rehabilitation projects 

were also popular, although in no way limited to Revolutionaryperiod buildings and structure.26 These important efforts 

invigorated the historic preservation movement in the United 

States, but did not address historic preservation needs of 

battlefield landscapes and historic properties of the Revolution 

in a comprehensive, methodical manner. The Revolutionary 

War and War of 1812 Historic Preservation Study attempts to do 

just that.

 18. Lary M. Dilsaver, ed., America’s National Park System: The Critical 

Documents (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 

1994), 66. For the Army War College memorandum, see this book 

online at http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anps/anps_

2d.htm. 

 19. The Antiquities Act of 1906 gave the president power to declare 

“historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other 

objects of historic or scientific interest” located on federal land to be 

national monuments and to “reserve as part thereof parcels of land, 

the limits of which in all cases shall be confined to the smallest area 

compatible with the proper care and management of the objects to be 

protected” (16 USC 431; 34 STAT 225).

 20. Lee, 47; House Committee on Military Affairs, Study and Investigation 

of Battlefields, 1926, 1; Barry Mackintosh, The Historic Sites Survey and 

National Historic Landmarks Program: A History (Washington, DC: 

National Park Service, 1985), 2.

 21. John D. Rockefeller Jr.’s Colonial Williamsburg, which Rockefeller 

financed in 1926, reflected public interest in the Colonial period and 

the private house museum trend.

 22. American Revolution Bicentennial Commission Act of 1966 (Public 

Law 89-491); American Revolution Bicentennial Administration 

Act of 1973 (Public Law 93-179). ARBC operated from 1966 to 1974; 

ARBA operated from 1974 to 1977. American Revolution Bicentennial 

Administration, The Bicentennial of the United States of America: A 

Final Report to the People (Washington, DC: GPO, 1977).

 23. Eleven million dollars in federal funds were granted to each state for 

various historical and commemorative projects. Revenues from the 

sale of commemorative medals generated another $8.75 million to 

support state and local projects. The states committed more than $25 

million, and local governments and private contributors shouldered 

costs approximating $97.6 million.

 24. American Revolution Bicentennial Administration, Final Report, 261.

 25. Ibid., 122.

 26. For example, Lucy the Margate Elephant near Atlantic City, New 

Jersey, an iconic late 19th-century structure, was restored as part of 

the Bicentennial.
Taking Another Look at the Turn of 

the 21st Century

This study is the most extensive assessment of the significance 

and condition of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 battlefields 

and historic sites ever undertaken in the United States. The 

National Park Service evaluated 677 sites in 31 states, the District 

of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and considered another 

58 sites in three Canadian provinces.27 Some of these Principal 

Sites have been researched, documented, and protected to some 

degree for years. Many more have never received the level of 

attention accorded here. Yet, the Principal Sites represent only a 

fraction of the places, buildings, structures, and landscapes that 

survive today to tell the stories of the Revolutionary War and War 

of 1812. As we continue to learn more about the two wars, our 

understanding of the participants, their motives, and their actions 

will no doubt lead to the identification of additional historic sites 

and increased appreciation for historic places already known to us. 

The Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Historic Preservation 

Study builds upon work from early 20th-century Congressional 

studies, Bicentennial activities, numerous state and local 

initiatives to research and locate historic resources, and National 

Park Service programs and projects, such as the 1960 National 

Historic Landmarks thematic study of the War for Independence. 

The chief progenitor of this study, however, is the Civil War Sites 

Advisory Commission’s work with Civil War battlefields.28 

The Congressionally chartered Civil War Sites Advisory 

Commission completed its survey and evaluation of 384 

battlefields in 1993. Its recommendations about those sites 

have led to many important national, state, regional, and local 

preservation initiatives. Much of the work has been at more 

than 150 Civil War battlefields, with the 50 most significant 

and endangered battlefields receiving the greatest attention. 

Battlefield friends groups and local and state governments have 

led most of these efforts with support from national organizations 

such as the Conservation Fund and the Civil War Preservation 

Trust and federal agencies such as the National Park Service and 

the Federal Highway Administration. The commission’s work 

engendered numerous additional studies of Civil War battlefields 

and related sites in 20 states, such as the Chattanooga Area Civil 

War Sites Assessment in Tennessee and Georgia, the Vicksburg 

Campaign Corridor Study in Louisiana and Mississippi, and the 

Red River Campaign Battlesites Project in Texas. 

Because of the commission’s study and ongoing preservation 

advocacy for the Civil War sites, Congress has taken steps 

to create federal preservation opportunities for Civil War 

battlefields. In 1992, Congress authorized the U.S. Treasury 

Department to mint and sell Civil War Commemorative Coins, 

the sale of which generated $5.9 million for land acquisition. 

Coin funds were used to purchase more than 5,200 acres of 

endangered land at significant Civil War battlefields.29 

In 1996, Congress formally authorized the American Battlefield 

Protection Program (ABPP), which Secretary of the Interior 

Manuel Lujan had launched administratively in 1990 to assist 

state and local battlefield proponents.30 ABPP provides grants 

and technical assistance for battlefield research, survey and 

evaluation, planning, advocacy, and interpretation at battlefields 

on American soil. More than $5.4 million in ABPP project grants 

has been given to Civil War sites named by the commission. 

Since 1998, Congress has made available to state and local 

governments a total of $31.9 million from the Land and Water 

 27. Significant Canadian events and sites were identified and researched 

but were not surveyed or evaluated as part of the NPS study, which 

investigated only sites situated in the United States (Public Law 104-

333, Section 603(c)).

 28. Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Act of 1990, as amended (Public 

Law 101-628 and Public Law 102-166).

 29. Civil War Battlefield Commemorative Coin Act of 1992 (Public Law 

102-379). Acreage statistics courtesy of the Civil War Preservation 

Trust, September 2004.

 30. American Battlefield Protection Act of 1996, as amended (Public Law 

104-333, Section 604; 16 USC 469k). The ABPP had operated as a 

Department of the Interior initiative from 1990.

Introduction 19

State historical marker, Germantown, 

Pennsylvania. Photo by Chris Heisey.
20 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Conservation Fund to purchase and permanently protect land at 

battlefields studied by the commission.31 To date, federal Land 

and Water Conservation Fund monies have helped save more 

than 11,800 acres of land at battlefields named in the commission’s 

report. In addition to the federal response, numerous state and 

local governments, and national nonprofit organizations, such as 

the Civil War Preservation Trust, use the commission’s findings 

to guide their battlefield preservation efforts and inform their 

decisions about allocating organizational resources. 

Although it employs similar methods, this study goes beyond the 

Civil War Sites Advisory Commission’s work. While still focused 

on the important landscapes of battle, this study also looks at sites 

where important political, economic, and social events influenced 

the course of the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. These 

sites include individual buildings and structures, historic districts, 

underwater resources, and archeological sites.

To complete this extensive study, the National Park Service 

engaged scholars, State Historic Preservation Officers, tribal 

governments, local governments, private landowners, patriotic 

societies, cultural resource consultants, and private citizens to ask 

five critical questions about Revolutionary War and War of 1812 

historic resources. 

• Which sites are the most significant, historically? 

• Where are they? 

• What is their current condition? 

• What threats may damage or destroy them by 2017? 

• What can be done to save them? 

The answers to these questions demonstrate the far-reaching 

and complex history of the two wars. The answers bring 

renewed awareness that the wars influenced events from Castine, 

Maine, to Astoria, Oregon, pitted loyalists against patriots, 

Native Americans against Native Americans, Canadians against 

Americans, and embroiled governments and soldiers from 

around the world. For example, the study revealed that at least 49 

tribes participated in 90 battles during the two wars and that the 

Spanish government, soldiers, or citizens played roles in at least 

10 important battles and 18 other significant events during the two 

wars. 

Most importantly, the study data reveal the precarious status 

of many battlefields and historic sites. Of the 677 sites studied, 

341 are destroyed or fragmented. The other 336 sites survive, 

for the most part, intact. Public and nonprofit entities protect 

all or portions of many surviving sites, while others face serious 

degradation or utter destruction in the next decade. 

Now is the time to act to preserve the places that link us to these 

momentous conflicts and the Nation’s founding principles. 

This study comes as the National Park Service and its partners 

celebrate the 225th anniversary of the Revolutionary War 

(2000-2008) and as the nation prepares to commemorate the 

bicentennial of the War of 1812 (2012-2015). Through partnerships 

and a tireless commitment to making the past meaningful, these 

historic resources can be saved for future generations. 

 31. Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act 

of 1998 (Public Law 105-83; 111 STAT. 1543); Omnibus Consolidated 

and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1999 (Public 

Law 105-277; 112 STAT. 2681); Department of the Interior and Related 

Agencies Appropriations Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-63; 115 STAT. 

414); House, “Making Appropriations for the Department of the 

Interior and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 

30, 2004, and for Other Purposes,” 108th Cong., 1st sess., 2003, H. 

Rept. 108-330, 106; Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2005 

(Public Law 108-447), Conference Report 108-792, 1056; Department 

of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations 

Act, 2006 (Public Law 109-54) and House, “Making Appropriations 

for the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related 

Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and for 

Other Purposes,” 109th Cong., 1st sess., 2005, H. Rept. 109-188, 88; and 

Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007 

(Public Law 110-5). 
The study legislation called for an evaluation of sites “thematically 

tied with the nationally significant events that occurred during 

the Revolutionary War... [and] the War of 1812.” To determine the 

scope of this requirement, the National Park Service faced several 

important questions. How should the periods of the two wars 

be defined? What constitutes a nationally significant event for 

those periods? What historical themes represent the nationally 

significant events? Finally, what sites contribute to the nationally 

significant themes? 

Periods of Significance

Determining beginning and end dates for the two wars continues 

to spark debate among historians. Reasoned arguments have 

differed and will differ. In 1997, the National Park Service hosted 

three regional meetings in preparation for this study. During each 

meeting, scholars, state and tribal representatives, and National 

Park Service staff debated several issues. Did political or military 

actions define the commencement and conclusion of each war? 

Where would one draw a line in a continuum of history that 

included provocative events that led to war, such as the Boston 

Massacre in March 1770 and the Chesapeake affair in June 1807? 

The Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Historic Preservation 

Study Committee of the National Park System Advisory Board 

also debated the issue when it met in 2000 (see Figure 1). 

Ultimately, the National Park Service and the study committee 

decided on dates that take in all major military and political 

events commonly understood to be part of the Revolutionary 

War or the War of 1812. Antecedents and repercussions, though 

important historically, were excluded in order to maintain focus 

on the wars themselves. For the purposes of this study, the period 

of the Revolutionary War is April 19, 1775 to September 3, 1783,32 

and the period of the War of 1812 is November 1, 1811, to 

June 30, 1815.33

Geographic Boundaries

The study, commissioned by the United States Congress, is limited 

to the lands and territorial waters of the United States (although 

some Canadian sites are noted, the United States government has 

no authority to bring about the preservation of Canadian sites or 

those of any other sovereign nation). However, any student of 

the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 understands that many 

important events took place on foreign soil and in international 

waters during both conflicts. One type of historic resource over 

which the United States does have authority is shipwrecked 

or sunken U.S. naval vessels. Any such shipwreck is U.S. Navy 

property, unless specifically transferred or abandoned by the 

Navy, regardless of where it is found in international waters. For 

example, the sunken USS Bonhomme Richard is U.S. property, 

and, if found, must be treated as such. Although not further 

addressed in this study, United States shipwrecks in foreign or 

international waters are subject to U.S. law and international 

agreements on the preservation and status of those underwater 

resources. 

Defining Nationally Significant Events

For the purpose of this study and in accordance with its 

Congressional mandate, the National Park Service interprets 

“nationally significant events” as those that had a direct, 

demonstrable influence on the course, conduct, and results of 

Study Methods 

 32. On April 19, 1775, the Battles of Lexington and Concord signaled 

the first major offensive military act by the British to suppress the 

colonists that resulted in fighting and bloodshed. Scholars generally 

agree that those events ignited the atmosphere of rebellion and 

ushered in a military and political state of war. The American and 

French victory at Yorktown in October 1781 ended major campaigning 

during the Revolutionary War, although small, isolated engagements 

continued through 1782. In April 1782, the British government called 

for its military forces to refrain from offensive action and prepare 

to withdraw from the American colonies. In April 1783, Congress 

ratified the provisional peace treaty. American and British diplomats 

signed the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783, finalizing the peace.

 33. The start date takes into account the significant fighting on the 

frontier in late 1811—most notably the Battle of Tippecanoe on 

November 7, 1811, in what is now Indiana—which led in part to 

Congress’s official declaration of war on June 18, 1812. Although the 

War of 1812 officially ended when the United States and Great Britain 

exchanged ratifications of the Treaty of Ghent on February 17, 1815, 

news of the treaty spread slowly and fighting continued. The last 

known battle of the war, a naval engagement on the Indian Ocean, 

occurred on June 30, 1815.

Study Methods 21
22 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812. Single events, such as 

seminal battles that changed the course of the war in a single day, 

meet this definition. Series of smaller events that cumulatively 

influenced the conduct or results of war may also meet this 

definition. 

The National Park Service recognizes that thousands of other 

events influenced communities and individuals during the wars. 

Minor skirmishes, violence among neighbors, food shortages, 

property seizures, and persuasive sermons affected everyday 

efforts to survive physically, economically, politically, and 

emotionally. While these circumstances are often notable in 

community histories, they do not necessarily meet the definition 

of “nationally significant events” as outlined above.34 

The National Historic Landmarks Program and the National 

Register of Historic Places have more stringent and extensive 

criteria and review processes for determining national 

significance of cultural resources. Preservation advocates seeking 

official designation for sites noted in this report should review 

the regulations and guidance defining those programs before 

preparing nominations for National Historic Landmarks or 

National Register properties with national significance.35 

Historical Themes

At the start of the study, the National Park Service developed a 

list of historical themes to determine how “thematically tied” 

sites contributed to the “nationally significant events of the two 

wars.”36 The themes provide a contextual framework within 

which the significance of the individual sites may be examined 

and compared.37 

 34. See “Other Sites of Interest” at the end of this report.

 35. See 36 CFR 60 and 36 CFR 65 generally for National Register and 

National Historic Landmark requirements. See also National Park 

Service, How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation

(Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, revised 1997) and 

National Park Service, How to Prepare National Historic Landmark 

Nominations (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1999). 

 36. Staff from the National Historic Landmarks Program, National 

Register of Historic Places, American Battlefield Protection Program, 

and Cultural Resources Geographic Information Systems Program 

initially developed the list of themes.

 37. A detailed list of the themes, sub-themes, and examples of property 

types is available from the National Park Service’s American 

Battlefield Protection Program, Washington, DC. 

FIGURE 1. Historical Themes 

Theme I – Military (554 sites). Sites directly associated with military 

forces on land or sea.

Theme II – Government, Law, Politics, and Diplomacy (44 sites). 

Sites associated with decision-making, policy creation, political 

process, and diplomatic relations during the wars. 

Theme III – Intellectual History (8 sites). Sites associated with the 

publication or propagation of ideas and values that influenced the 

social, political, economic, and military actions and policies during the 

wars. 

Theme IV – Economics of War (40 sites). Sites associated with 

economic activities that contributed to the war effort. 

Theme V – Society (9 sites). Sites associated with home front, 

civilian conduct during wartime. This theme includes sites associated 

with cottage industries and with social unrest or discord, where 

private citizens, acting without military or government sanction, 

caused disturbances or took up arms themselves. 

Theme VI – Transportation (22 sites). Sites associated with moving 

people, goods, and information during the wars. 
Determining Which Sites to Study

Once the study’s periods of significance and themes were 

established, the National Park Service began to identify sites 

associated with each theme. Two factors made that task difficult. 

First, while there is ample published research on the battles of 

these two wars, there is no equivalent to the Civil War’s Official 

Records of the War of the Rebellion, no one place to go for a 

reliable compilation of the military campaigns and engagements. 

Second, no previous national historic preservation effort has 

ever attempted to study, at one time, sites that have attained 

significance not for their association with military engagements, 

but for their association with other types of events of the 

Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Therefore, the process of 

identifying the sites is inductive and ongoing. A “complete” list 

of all places associated with the two wars is not the goal of this 

study, although many professional and avocational historians are 

working and will continue to work toward that goal. 

The Civil War Sites Advisory Commission, given two years to 

report to Congress on the status of Civil War sites in the United 

States in the early 1990s, faced the latter issue. The commission 

was unable to study the thousands of hospitals, prison sites, 

towns, industrial sites, farms, and other significant resources 

in such a short time. The commission therefore “devoted 

its principal effort toward battlefields because of their great 

historical importance and contemporary preservation challenges” 

facing those historic landscapes.38

Moving beyond the “battlefields only” precedent of the Civil 

War Sites Advisory Commission, the National Park Service 

established two categories of sites for this study: “Battlefields” 

and “Associated Historic Properties.” The National Park Service 

views each as a distinct set of historic sites. Each required the 

use of customized survey techniques. Each has its advocates and 

constituents. Together, the battlefields and the associated historic 

properties represent a more complete story of the historic events 

that shaped the nation during the Revolutionary War and the 

War of 1812. 

For the purposes of this study, battlefields are defined as the sites 

of battles, skirmishes, and other military engagements of various 

intensities between regular and irregular (partisan) British and 

American forces and their allies. Buildings and structures that 

derive their significance solely from their association with a battle 

are included as part of the battlefield. For example, the British 

scuttled or lost ships during the siege of Yorktown in 1781. The 

shipwrecks derive their sole significance from events and actions 

related to the siege. Therefore, the underwater archeological site 

of the Yorktown shipwrecks is part of the Yorktown battlefield. 

Associated historic properties are historic sites, other than 

battlefields, that have tangible, documented connections to the 

Revolutionary War or the War of 1812. Seventy-two percent of the 

associated historic properties fall within Theme I: Military. These 

include sites of military endeavors such as tactical maneuvers 

that resulted in the occupation or evacuation of territory or 

position, as well as sites of military facilities such as cantonments, 

fortifications, and prisoner-of-war camps. The remaining 28 

percent of the associated historic properties account for all 

resources associated with other aspects of the wars (Themes 

II through VI). These sites include statehouses, hospitals, and 

manufacturing facilities.

In addition to studying published materials, the National 

Park Service took the following steps to identify historic sites 

associated with the two wars. Staff searched National Register 

of Historic Places files,39 sought information from State Historic 

Preservation Officers and Tribal Historic Preservation Officers 

about sites in their inventories, worked with colleagues at 

Revolutionary War and War of 1812 national parks, and developed 

an interactive webpage to provide information to and solicit 

information from the interested public. Finally, the National Park 

Service convened a committee of recognized scholars to review 

the compiled list and assist in classifying sites associated with the 

two wars. 

 38. Civil War Sites Advisory Commission, Report on the Nation’s Civil 

War Battlefields (Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1993), 12.

 39. As a standard data set, the National Register was especially useful for 

identifying associated historic properties, since there are countless 

places associated with the events of the Revolutionary War and War 

of 1812. As a result, the list of associated historic properties favors 

National Register sites. 

Study Methods 23

Privateer Brigantine Defence shipwreck site 

(ME1011), near Castine, Maine. Photo by 

Arthur Spiess.
24 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

The Study Committee

Chairman Dr. John Hope Franklin appointed 13 advisors to the 

Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Historic Preservation Study 

Committee of the National Park System Advisory Board. The 

committee convened in Washington, DC, in August 2000 and 

again in December 2000. National Park Service historians from 

parks associated with the two wars joined the committee in its 

deliberations. The scholars helped compile a thorough list of 

battles and other events that fell within the study’s established 

themes. They then helped determine which sites were associated 

with the wars’ nationally significant events and provided expert 

analysis of the relative historical significance of the individual sites. 

The committee first produced a working list of more than 

2,700 sites (including more than 100 sites in Canada) associated 

with events of the two wars. The committee then established 

categories to evaluate the relative historical significance of 

battlefields and associated historic properties.

Four categories were used to evaluate the relative significance 

of battlefields and a second, parallel set of categories used to 

rank the relative significance of associated historic properties. 

Sites ranked in the top three categories—Classes A, B, and 

C—are associated with events that had, to varying degrees, a 

demonstrable influence on the course, conduct, or results of the 

Revolutionary War or the War of 1812. For the purposes of this 

study, these are the “Principal Sites” of the two wars.40 

The committee recommended classifying nearly 2,000 sites in 

the fourth category, Class D. These sites were deemed to be 

associated with locally significant events that did not have a 

demonstrable influence on the course, conduct, and results of 

the two wars. Consequently, while Class D sites are worthy of 

further examination by local advocates, they are not the focus 

of this study. (See list of “Other Sites of Interest” at the end of 

this report.) 

Sites not associated with the significant events of the two wars 

were excluded. Examples of excluded sites follow. 

• Battle monuments dedicated during post-war 

commemorative efforts. 

• Sites significant solely for association with prominent 

persons but not otherwise associated with significant events 

of the two wars. 

• Sites significant solely for architectural or design qualities. 

Since the intent of the study was to identify, locate, and document 

sites and structures, the study also does not include museum 

objects and collections. 

 40. The study’s authorizing legislation, P.L. 104-333, Section 603, defines 

“site” as “a site or structure situated in the United States that is 

thematically tied with the nationally significant events that occurred 

during the Revolutionary War... [and] the War of 1812.” This report 

uses the term “site” or “Principal Site” generally to mean a building, 

structure, site, or district. 

FIGURE 2. The Revolutionary 

War and War of 1812 Historic 

Preservation Study Committee

National Park System Advisory Board 

Chairman Dr. John Hope Franklin called 

upon a group of scholars to identify the 

most significant Revolutionary War and War 

of 1812 sites. The members of the board’s 

Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Historic 

Preservation Study Committee are experts 

in 18th- and early 19th-century American 

and Canadian military history, maritime 

history, architectural history, material 

culture studies, and historical cartography. 

Thomas B. Williams, M.A., Study 

Committee Chairman, National Park System 

Advisory Board

Brian Leigh Dunnigan, M.A., Clements 

Library, University of Michigan at Ann 

Arbor

R. David Edmunds, Ph.D., University of 

Texas at Dallas

Donald E. Graves, M.A., Ensign Heritage 

Consulting, Ottawa, Canada

Ira Gruber, Ph.D., Rice University

Bernard Herman, Ph.D., University of 

Delaware

Donald Hickey, Ph.D., Wayne State College

Christopher McKee, A.M.L.S., Grinnell 

College

Michael Steinitz, Ph.D., Massachusetts 

Historical Commission

Camille Wells, Ph.D., University of Virginia

Patrick A. Wilder, B.A., Mohawk Valley 

Heritage Corridor Commission

Virginia Steele Wood, M.S.L.S., Library of 

Congress

Robert K. Wright, Ph.D., U.S. Army Center 

of Military History

FIGURE 3. Significance Categories for Battlefields 

Class A. Site of a military or naval action with a vital objective or 

result that shaped the strategy, direction, outcome, or perception of 

the war. 

Class B. Site of a military or naval action with a significant objective 

or result that shaped the strategy, direction, or outcome of a campaign 

or other operation. 

Class C. Site of a military or naval action that influenced the strategy, 

direction, or outcome of a campaign or other operation. 

Class D. Site of an incident or military or naval encounter that did 

not affect the course of a campaign or other operation but that did 

have local repercussions.
The committee’s preliminary list of Principal Sites (Classes A, B, 

and C) included sites in the United States and Canada. The sites 

in the United States were further researched to determine more 

definitively if they each were truly associated with significant 

historic events and in what way they contributed to those events. 

For example, some buildings had been incorrectly documented 

with pre-war construction dates. Deed research and other 

investigations helped the National Park Service determine that the 

buildings traditionally thought to be sites of historic events were 

not in existence at the time in question. In other cases, folklore 

surrounding a particular site was disproved through research. 

The National Park Service noted the historical significance of the 

sites in Canada but did not research them extensively. 

When historical research revealed that a site on the committee’s 

list had no direct association with either war, it was removed. 

Associated historic properties found to derive their historical 

significance solely from their relationship to a battle (for 

example, a building used as a headquarters or as a hospital 

during the action) were removed as individual sites and included 

as contributing elements of the battlefield. If a “site” was a 

historic district having significance beyond the period of the 

Revolutionary War or the War of 1812, individual resources 

were culled to more accurately reflect the resources of the two 

wars that remain within the district. During the field survey 

portion of the study, surveyors nominated other sites to the 

list. The National Park Service reviewed the documentation 

for the proposed additions against the committee’s significance 

categories and accepted two battlefields and 61 associated 

properties. 

FIGURE 4. Significance Categories for Associated 

Historic Properties

Class A. Sites associated with events that shaped a Class A military 

action but that were not part of the action itself. -OR- Sites 

associated with government or citizen actions or the dissemination of 

significant thoughts, values, or ideas that had a direct and prevalent 

influence on social, political, economic, diplomatic, or military 

activities and policies during the war. 

Class B. Sites associated with events that shaped a Class B military 

action but that were not part of the action itself. -OR- Sites 

associated with government or citizen actions or the dissemination 

of significant thoughts, values, or ideas that helped shape social, 

political, economic, diplomatic, or military actions and policies 

during the war. 

Class C. Sites associated with events that shaped a Class C military 

action but that were not part of the action itself. -OR- Sites 

associated with government or citizen actions or the dissemination of 

significant thoughts, values, or ideas that had a limited influence on 

social, political, economic, diplomatic, or military actions and policies 

during the war. 

Class D. Sites associated with events that shaped a Class D military 

action but that were not part of the action itself. -OR- Sites 

associated with individual decisions and actions not sanctioned by 

government or military entities that resulted in localized incidents of 

civil unrest. -OR- Sites associated with government or citizen actions 

or the dissemination of thoughts, values, or ideas that did not have 

an influence on the social, political, economic, diplomatic, or military 

actions and policies during the war. 

Study Methods 25
26 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Field Surveys: Assessing Condition, 

Integrity, and Threats

Part of Congress’ charge to the National Park Service was to 

assess short and long term threats to the integrity of the sites. To 

fulfill that assignment, the National Park Service determined that 

site surveys were necessary. The National Park Service designed 

its survey methods to gather consistent data about site history, 

interpretation, registration, historic features, conditions, integrity, 

and threats.41 

To survey the Principal Sites on the committee’s list, the National 

Park Service contracted with and trained a corps of colleagues, 

partners, and consultants to conduct the fieldwork. From January 

through March 2001, the National Park Service conducted 

regional training sessions in New Jersey, Alabama, Massachusetts, 

and Indiana. The training introduced surveyors to the required 

methods for research, identification, and evaluation of the 

Principal Sites in the United States. After completing the National 

Park Service training, 72 surveyors performed field investigations 

and produced site documentation for this study.

The field surveys began in summer 2001 and ended in summer 

2004. The surveys entailed historical research, on-the-ground 

documentation and assessment of site conditions, identification 

of impending threats to each site, and site mapping. The 

surveys did not include archeological investigations for reasons 

of time and money. However, the surveyors did indicate their 

expectations for finding archeological resources at each site. 

Surveys of associated historic properties assessed whether 

standing buildings or structures dated from the time of their 

respective wars, and whether they played the role historically 

attributed to them. Surveys of battlefields focused on pinpointing 

sites based on historical battle accounts and existing cultural 

and topographic features. Surveyors used Global Positioning 

Systems to map each resource and used Geographic Information 

Systems software to draw site boundaries based upon historical 

information and current land use practices. The National Park 

Service retains all final survey materials, which include survey 

forms, photographs of important site features, site boundaries 

described on United States Geological Survey topographic 

maps, and digital spatial coordinates of important site features 

and boundaries.

Field Surveys: Determining Site 

Boundaries 

An important part of the field survey was the determination of 

site boundaries. The National Park Service required surveyors 

to establish three separate boundaries for each battlefield in this 

study. The National Park Service followed the Civil War Sites 

Advisory Commission’s method for determining study area and 

core area boundaries for battlefields. These boundaries have 

proven invaluable in the decade since the commission’s report 

by helping to focus local land and resource preservation efforts 

at Civil War battlefields, with the core area usually seen as a 

preservation imperative. However, the study area and core area 

boundaries are historical boundaries; neither indicates current 

integrity of a site. 

The term integrity, as defined by the National Register of Historic 

Places, is “the ability of a property to convey its significance.” For 

battlefield landscapes, “the most important aspects of integrity...

are location, setting, feeling and association.”42 The site of a 

historic battle on open farmland that is now cityscape does not 

retain integrity: the field of battle cannot be precisely located, 

the setting is dramatically changed, a visitor cannot conjure an 

image of the historic battlefield landscape from the paved streets 

and towering buildings, and certainty of the site’s association 

with the battle is academic. The site of a historic battle in and 

around an 18th-century town may have integrity if enough period 

buildings, streets, roads, and terrain features survive to testify to 

the location of the action and convey the character of the historic 

town setting, if more recent development and modern land uses 

do not interfere with the historic feeling of the site, and if a visitor 

can readily associate surviving features with historical accounts of 

the battle.

 41. The National Park Service’s American Battlefield Protection 

Program retains all site surveys (forms, photographs, maps, and 

other materials), survey guidelines, and a list of surveyors and their 

affiliations in its Washington, DC, office. 

 42. National Park Service, Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating, and 

Registering America’s Historic Battlefields, 1992 (Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Interagency 

Resources Division), 10. 
FIGURE 5. Boundary Definitions

The study area represents the historic 

extent of the battle as it unfolded 

across the landscape. The study area 

contains resources known to relate to 

or contribute to the battle event: where 

troops maneuvered, deployed, and fought 

immediately before, during, and after 

combat. Historic accounts, terrain analysis, 

and feature identification inform the 

delineation of the study area boundary. 

The study area indicates the extent to 

which historic and archeological resources 

associated with the battle (areas of combat, 

command, communications, logistics, 

medical services, etc.) may be found and 

protected. Surveyors delineated study 

area boundaries for every battle site that 

was positively identified through research 

and field survey, regardless of its present 

integrity. Study areas were not assigned 

when battlefields could not be 

definitively located.

The core area represents the main area of 

fighting on the battlefield. Positions that 

delivered or received fire fall within the core 

area. Frequently described as “hallowed 

ground,” land within the core area is often 

the first to be targeted for protection. The 

core area lies within the study area. The 

core area is assigned to all battlefields, 

regardless of present integrity, unless 

historical and archeological documentation 

is insufficient to identify the precise area 

of fighting.

Unlike the study and core areas, which 

are based only upon the interpretation of 

historic events, the potential National 

Register boundary represents an 

assessment of a Principal Site’s current 

integrity (the remaining area and features 

that survive to convey the site’s historic 

sense of place). Battlefields and associated 

properties assigned potential National 

Register boundaries are considered worthy 

of further attention, although future 

evaluations of these sites may reveal more or 

less integrity than indicated by the surveys 

undertaken as part of this study.

FIGURE 5. Boundary Definitions

The study area represents the historic 

extent of the battle as it unfolded 

across the landscape. The study area 

contains resources known to relate to 

or contribute to the battle event: where 

troops maneuvered, deployed, and fought 

immediately before, during, and after 

combat. Historic accounts, terrain analysis, 

and feature identification inform the 

delineation of the study area boundary. 

The study area indicates the extent to 

which historic and archeological resources 

associated with the battle (areas of combat, 

command, communications, logistics, 

medical services, etc.) may be found and 

protected. Surveyors delineated study 

area boundaries for every battle site that 

was positively identified through research 

and field survey, regardless of its present 

integrity. Study areas were not assigned 

when battlefields could not be 

definitively located.

The core area represents the main area of 

fighting on the battlefield. Positions that 

delivered or received fire fall within the core 

area. Frequently described as “hallowed 

ground,” land within the core area is often 

the first to be targeted for protection. The 

core area lies within the study area. The 

core area is assigned to all battlefields, 

regardless of present integrity, unless 

historical and archeological documentation 

is insufficient to identify the precise area 

of fighting.

Unlike the study and core areas, which 

are based only upon the interpretation of 

historic events, the potential National 

Register boundary represents an 

assessment of a Principal Site’s current 

integrity (the remaining area and features 

that survive to convey the site’s historic 

sense of place). Battlefields and associated 

properties assigned potential National 

Register boundaries are considered worthy 

of further attention, although future 

evaluations of these sites may reveal more or 

less integrity than indicated by the surveys 

undertaken as part of this study.

Federal, state, and local governments, citizens, and historic 

preservation advocates need site integrity information when 

making funding, treatment, and management decisions about 

historic sites. For this reason, the National Park Service required 

each surveyor to establish a boundary indicating integrity (if 

any) of each battlefield. The method for determining integrity 

boundaries followed National Register of Historic Places 

guidelines.43 Therefore, the resulting boundary is in effect a 

potential National Register boundary for battlefields that retain 

integrity.

In the case of associated historic properties, study and core area 

boundaries, which represent the extent of military engagement, 

were not relevant. Only the potential National Register boundary 

was assigned for associated historic properties, and again only if 

the site retained integrity. Depending on the history and nature 

of the associated property, integrity exists if the property can 

convey its sense of historic location, design, setting, materials, 

workmanship, feeling and association. 

If the surveyor could not conclusively identify the location of a 

battlefield or an associated property through historical research 

and field survey, or if the surveyor determined the site had lost 

integrity, no boundaries were given. 

As with all survey data, the National Park Service and the 

appropriate State Historic Preservation Officers reviewed and 

refined the boundaries for each Principal Site. The data from 

which the boundaries are drawn are preliminary and do not 

necessarily reflect the full research needed for a formal National 

Register nomination. Similarly, a potential National Register 

boundary does not constitute a formal determination of 

eligibility by the Keeper of the National Register of Historic 

Places.

 44 For sites previously listed in the National Register, 

surveyors were asked to reassess the existing documentation 

based on current scholarship and resource integrity, and, when 

appropriate, to update the documentation and propose new site 

boundaries on the survey form. The potential National Register 

boundaries therefore indicate which Principal Sites are likely 

eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places and 

likely deserving of future preservation efforts. 

For battlefields, the potential National Register boundary 

eliminates from the study area all land that no longer meets 

National Register integrity criteria. The potential National 

Register boundary falls along or within the study area boundary, 

but may include all, some, or none of the core area boundary. 

Battlefields entirely compromised by land use incompatible with 

the preservation of historic features did not receive potential 

National Register boundaries. In the case of associated historic 

properties, the potential National Register boundary represents 

the application of the National Register criteria for significance 

and integrity. For the purposes of this study, the National 

Register criteria were applied to a narrow period of significance, 

namely the specific events or ongoing uses of the property during 

the Revolutionary War (1775-1783) or the War of 1812 (1811-1815). 

Although a property may be eligible for or listed in the National 

Register for events of other periods or for architectural qualities, 

that evaluation is outside the scope of this study. Severely 

compromised or razed historic buildings or structures did not 

receive potential National Register boundaries.

Potential National Register boundaries are based on an 

assessment of aboveground historic features. The surveys did 

not include a professional archeological inventory or assessment 

of subsurface features or indications. In some cases, future 

archeological testing is needed to determine whether subsurface 

features remain, whether subsurface features convey important 

information about a battle or historic property, and whether 

that information may help to refine site boundaries. Future 

archaeological investigations may alter boundaries determined by 

historic studies and terrain analysis. Some site boundaries may be 

expanded, others contracted, and yet other sites may be found in 

entirely different locations than suggested by documentation or 

oral tradition. The establishment of site boundaries for this study 

should be recognized as provisional until more extensive and 

complete analysis can be accomplished using multidisciplinary 

methods.

 43. For general National Register guidance, see National Park 

Service, How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation

(Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, revised 1997). 

The survey evaluations do not necessarily meet the more stringent 

integrity standards for National Historic Landmark designation. See 

National Park Service, How to Prepare National Historic Landmark 

Nominations (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 

1999), 36-37.

 44. See 36 CFR 60.1-14 for regulations about nominating a property to 

the National Register and 36 CFR 63 for regulations concerning 

Determinations of Eligibility for inclusion in the National Register.

Study Methods 27
28 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

The result of the field surveys was a one-of-a-kind inventory of 

the Principal Sites of the Revolutionary War and War of 1812. 

In the opinion of the National Park Service, the field surveys 

represent the minimum baseline needed to make preliminary 

decisions about the preservation and interpretation needs at 

the Principal Sites in the United States. The survey information 

should be reassessed during future compliance processes such 

as the Section 106 process required by the National Historic 

Preservation Act45 and Environmental Impact

FIGURE 6. Example of Battlefield Survey Boundaries - 

Fort Stephenson Battlefield (OH402) 

Statements/Environmental Assessments required by the National 

Environmental Policy Act.46 Likewise, more detailed research 

and integrity assessments should take place when any Principal 

Site is formally nominated to the National Register or proposed 

for designation as a National Historic Landmark. New research 

and later intensive-level surveys of these sites will enlighten future 

preservation and compliance work. Agencies should continue to 

consult local and state experts for up-to-date information about 

these sites. 

FIGURE 7. Example of Potential National Register 

Boundary for an Associated Historic Property - 

Boston Common (MA1007)

 45. 16 USC 470f. 46. 42 USC 4331-4332.

Study Area

Core Area

Potential National

Register Boundary (PotNR)

Potential National Register Boundary (PotNR)
Review and Adjustments to Survey 

Information

After receiving the site surveys, National Park Service staff 

reviewed the survey data for completeness and accuracy. 

When National Park Service staff found inconsistencies with 

the field data, they sought additional information (such as 

planning and zoning information) from the surveyors and 

other authorities about the sites. Based on responses to those 

inquiries, the National Park Service staff adjusted the survey 

data to reflect more accurately the character and status of the 

sites. The National Park Service also adjusted its own approach 

to associated historic properties that represent large landscapes 

with component buildings, structures, and features. These 

adjustments, carried out in consultation with the original 

surveyors, caused a reduction in the overall number of associated 

historic properties as provided by the committee.47 

The Principal Sites 

The total number of Principal Sites in the United States, as 

determined through research, field survey, and post-survey 

adjustments is 677. 

Revolutionary War battlefields 165

Revolutionary War associated properties 258

War of 1812 battlefields 78

War of 1812 associated properties 136

Properties associated with both wars 40

--------- 

Total 677

Events outside of the boundaries of the United States, such as 

France’s entering into the Treaty of Alliance with the United 

States in 1778 and the Battle of Chippewa in 1814, were important 

to the histories of both wars. The committee recommended that 

international sites, particularly those in Canada, be considered. 

The Canadian sites were not surveyed as part of this study, but 

remain on the list of Principal Sites in order to call attention to 

their historical significance and potential preservation needs. 

The total number of Principal Sites in Canada, as determined 

through research, field survey in the United States, and other 

adjustments is 57.48 

Revolutionary War battlefields 8 

Revolutionary War associated properties 3

War of 1812 battlefields 32 

War of 1812 associated properties 12

Properties associated with both wars 2 

 --------- 

Total 57

The 677 Principal Sites in the United States are located in 31 states, 

the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The 57 

Principal Sites in Canada are located in Nova Scotia, Ontario, and 

Quebec. 

Site Codes

 47. For example, the committee’s original list of properties to study and 

survey at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, included 21 sites. The National 

Park Service determined that the listed sites were more appropriately 

viewed as contributing resources to the cultural landscape at Valley 

Forge, and combined the survey information and other data to 

establish a single listing for the famous Continental cantonment area.

 48. For example, field surveys revealed that one site thought to be located 

in New York State was in fact located in Ontario.

FIGURE 8. Site Codes

For administrative purposes, the 

National Park Service assigned a unique 

identification code to each Principal Site. 

The National Park Service uses these 

codes to reference all survey data and 

other information collected about the sites. 

Each code begins with the two-character 

state abbreviation of the state in which the 

site can be found, followed by a series of 

numbers: battlefields of the Revolutionary 

War have three-digit numbers beginning 

with “2,” battlefields of the War of 1812 have 

three-digit numbers beginning with “4,” 

and all associated historic properties have 

four-digit numbers beginning with “1.” For 

example, the siege and battle of Yorktown 

is identified as VA207, the battle of Lake 

Erie is identified as OH403, and the Fort of 

Pensacola is FL1006.

Study Methods 29
30 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)
Findings: Assessing 

the Principal Sites

The 463 Principal Sites of the Revolutionary War include 165 

battlefields and 298 associated historic properties.49 They 

represent the most significant events of the Revolution, from 

major battles such as Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina to 

citizen action at such places as Boston’s Old North Church. The 

Principal Sites of the Revolutionary War are found in 27 states 

and the District of Columbia. 

The 254 Principal Sites of the War of 1812 include 78 battlefields 

and 176 associated historic properties.50 They represent the most 

significant events of the war, from famous military engagements 

such as the Battle of Lake Erie to lesser-known sites such as 

Hickory Ground, the capital of the National Council of the Creek 

Indian Nation during the war. The Principal Sites of the War of 

1812 are found in 28 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. 

Virgin Islands.51

Condition and Integrity

More than two centuries of change have affected the landscapes 

and buildings of the Revolutionary War, and 190 years have 

passed and altered sites from the War of 1812. The state of 

historic features or condition, and the ability of the site to convey 

its historic significance or integrity, are important factors in 

determining an appropriate preservation course for the resources.

In the case of battlefields, the field surveys’ condition and 

integrity assessments include information about the historic 

features still visible on the landscape, elements of the historic 

landscape that remain to tell the story of the battle, and nonhistoric changes to the landscape that detract from understanding 

the battle. For associated historic properties, the condition and 

integrity assessments address the survival or loss of historic fabric 

of historic buildings and structures and the retention or loss of 

the historic interrelationships of buildings, structures, features 

and open space within the cultural landscape. All surveyed sites 

received an overall rating of condition and integrity informed by 

historical research, the surveyor’s visual, subjective assessment 

of the site, and other information available to the National Park 

Service.52 

 49. Includes the 40 sites associated with both wars. 

 50. Id.

 51. Twenty-five states and the District of Columbia include Principal Sites 

from both the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Arkansas and 

New Jersey include only Principal Sites from the Revolutionary War. 

Iowa, Mississippi, Oregon, Wisconsin, and the U.S. Virgin Islands 

include only Principal Sites from the War of 1812. Therefore, Principal 

Sites are located in 31 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. 

Virgin Islands.

 52. For battlefields, these assessments represent the overall condition of 

the study area. In cases where field observations did not adequately 

reflect conditions within the entire study area, the National Park 

Service undertook independent analysis to provide a more accurate 

picture of the entire study area. Integrity evaluations followed the 

National Register of Historic Places guidance for evaluating integrity. 

Surveyors did not apply the “high degree” of integrity standard 

required for National Historic Landmark designation (see note 43). 

FIGURE 9. Condition and Integrity Evaluation Ratings

• Minimal change from the period of significance; resource is intact.* 

• Moderate change from the period of significance; resource retains 

most historic features.

• Substantial change from the period of significance; resource is 

altered or fragmented but retains some essential features/retains 

some archeological potential.

• Severe change from the period of significance; resource is highly 

fragmented or destroyed.

*Reversible changes were deemed to have little impact on site integrity. 

For example, many battles raged over historic agricultural fields 

which are now wooded but retain original terrain and archeological 

and cultural features.

Findings: Assessing the Principal Sites 31

The John Johnston Farm (OH1005), 

part of the Piqua Historical Area State 

Memorial, Miami County, Ohio, is 

associated with the Delaware, Mingo, 

Shawnee, and Wyandot tribes. 

Photo by Todd Tucky.
32 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

FIGURE 10. Distribution and Concentrations of Principal Sites of the

Revolutionary War in the United States
FIGURE 11. Distribution and Concentrations of Principal Sites of the

War of 1812 in the United States 

Findings: Assessing the Principal Sites 33

Oregon

St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
34 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Study data indicate that 100 battlefields (41 percent) of the 

Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 remain intact or are only 

somewhat diminished. More have been lost, however. One 

hundred forty one battlefields (58 percent) are destroyed or 

significantly impaired. In a few cases, surveyors were unable to 

identify the resource in the field and therefore unable to assess 

resource conditions.

Worse for wear are Revolutionary War battlefields. Only 

about 38 percent are in good or fair condition, with more than 

60 percent in poor condition or gone completely. War of 1812 

battlefields fare slightly better. Almost half, 47 percent, are in 

good or fair condition and just more than half, 53 percent, are in 

poor condition or are gone. 

Condition assessments for associated historic properties 

indicate that a slim majority of these Principal Sites are intact or 

moderately changed. Only 45 percent of the associated historic 

properties have been destroyed or substantially altered since the 

end of the two wars. As with the battlefields, surveyors were 

unable to evaluate a handful of associated historic properties 

during this study. 

The average condition of Revolutionary War properties is 

converse to that of Revolutionary War battlefields. Most, 62 

percent, are in good or fair condition, and 38 percent are in poor 

condition or destroyed. Conditions are less favorable for War 

of 1812 properties: only 40 percent are intact or retain historic 

features, 56 percent are substantially changed or destroyed, and 

4 percent need further study to determine condition. Conditions 

at properties associated with both wars statistically split the 

difference: 53 percent are in good or fair condition, 45 percent 

are in poor condition or already lost, and 2 percent need 

further study.

Theme VI Transportation

Minimal Change/Intact

Moderate Change/Features Remain

Substantial Change/Altered/Fragmented

Severe Change/Destroyed

Unknown

CHART 1: Condition Assessments – All Battlefields

31 (13%)

69 (28%)

93 (38%)

48 (20%)

2 (1%)

FIGURE 12. Condition Assessments - All Battlefields

Minimal Change/Intact

Moderate Change/Features Remain

Substantial Change/Altered/Fragmented

Severe Change/Destroyed

Unknown

CHART 2: Condition Assessments – All Associated Historic Properties

101 (23%)

135 (31%)

141 (33%)

51 (12%)

6 (1%)

FIGURE 13. Condition Assessments - All Associated 

Historic Properties
Registration

About 59 percent of all Principal Sites have been enrolled in 

established national, state, or local historic preservation registers. 

Registration is important because it indicates that a community, 

state, or the nation recognizes a place as historic, special, and 

culturally valuable. Registration often encourages advocacy for 

the preservation of a registered site.

Roughly one-third, 36 percent, of the significant battlefields of 

the Revolution are registered at the national, state, or local level, 

while most associated historic properties (78 percent) of the 

Revolution are registered. War of 1812 battlefields are registered at 

a slightly higher ratio than their Revolutionary War counterparts; 

37 percent are listed in federal, state, or local historical registers. 

Registration ratios for War of 1812 associated historic properties 

include more than half their number (57 percent). Almost all 

associated historic properties (85 percent) related to both wars 

are registered.53 

The Secretary of the Interior has designated 100 Principal Sites 

as National Historic Landmarks, nationally significant historic 

sites that possess exceptional value or quality in illustrating 

or interpreting the heritage of the United States. Another 248 

Principal Sites are listed in the National Register of Historic 

Places, the Nation’s official list of sites worthy of preservation. 

Thirty-nine more are state landmarks. An additional 12 are local 

landmarks or historic areas.54 

While past efforts to identify and register Revolutionary War and 

War of 1812 sites are important, more work is needed. Study data 

concerning integrity indicate that another 162 Principal Sites are 

potentially eligible for listing in the National Register.55

The data also indicate that the battlefields listed already in the 

National Register may include only a portion of the entire eligible 

site. The average acreage within National Register boundaries for 

principal battlefields is 849 acres. The average potential National 

Register acreage calculated during this study for the same 

battlefields is 1,108 acres.56 This discrepancy suggests that there 

may be a case for expanding the boundaries of some of the listed 

battlefields. Part of the reason for the difference is the previous 

registration of small commemorative areas or public holdings 

rather than registration of entire battlefield landscapes.

TABLE 2. Site Registration

NHL NRHP State Local All Levels 

Not 

Registered

Revolutionary War Battlefields 21 26 9 3 59 106

Revolutionary War Associated Historic Properties 51 141 5 3 200 58

War of 1812 Battlefields 6 13 10 0 29 49

War of 1812 Associated Historic Properties 17 41 13 6 77 59

Sites Associated with Both Wars 5 27 2 0 34 6

Total Sites 100 248 39 12 399 278

 53. The National Park Service relied heavily on the National Register 

of Historic Places when it initially identified historic properties 

associated with the two wars for possible inclusion in the study. The 

high registration levels for the properties reflect that predisposition.

 54. The statistics presented reflect the highest level of registration a site 

enjoys. For example, a National Historic Landmark is automatically 

listed in the National Register and may be registered at the state 

and local level as well. Of the 399 Principal Sites registered, 223 are 

registered at more than one level. One Principal Site, Independence 

Hall, is also a World Heritage Site (1979).

 55. Based on research and field surveys, 96 battlefields and 66 associated 

historic properties area potentially eligible lands for listing in the 

National Register of Historic Places, but are not currently listed. 

 56. Sixty-two battlefields had been listed in the National Register prior to 

field work for this study (2000-2004). Using Geographic Information 

Systems, the National Park Service compared the average area of 

the existing National Register boundaries and the average area of 

potentially eligible lands as determined by field surveys. 

Findings: Assessing the Principal Sites 35
36 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Ownership

In the United States, property owners most often determine the 

fate of historic resources. Whether historic property owners are 

private citizens, private companies, nonprofit organizations, or 

governments, they control the disposition of the historic resources 

on their land. Each type of property owner can be a sensitive and 

effective steward. Generally, governments and nonprofit owners 

preserve and maintain historic sites for perpetual preservation, 

commemoration, and interpretation. Private owners, however, 

have much more varied interests in their properties. Many private 

owners take it upon themselves to be good stewards of their 

historic properties, but they are not legally obligated to take steps 

necessary to ensure permanent preservation of historic resources. 

Public agencies help protect portions of many Principal Sites. 

Local governments own land and resources at 224 sites, state 

agencies own land and resources at 196 sites, and federal agencies 

own land and resources at 110 sites.57 Some Principal Sites 

have more than one public owner, such as the Charlestown 

Navy Yard, owned by the National Park Service and the Boston 

Redevelopment Authority. Despite the apparent quantity of 

public investment in the Principal Sites, however, substantial 

portions of these sites remain in private control. Fortunately, 

public ownership may provide a foundation upon which further 

protection efforts can build. 

Some public agencies own or control Principal Sites but do 

not have as their central mission the preservation of historic 

resources. For example, the U.S. Coast Guard and the Louisiana 

State Levee Board each own a Principal Site. While public 

ownership in these cases does afford protection from private 

development and use, permanent protection of individual historic 

resources is not assured, as these types of public agencies may act 

in accordance with their primary mission to the detriment of the 

historic resource. However, all federal agencies and many state 

agencies are required to inventory, document, and mitigate threats 

to historic resources under their control per Section 110 of the 

National Historic Preservation Act58 and parallel state laws. 

Nonprofit organizations dedicated to preserving, maintaining, 

and interpreting their historic properties own all or portions of 

100 Principal Sites. Ownership of four Principal Sites is unknown 

currently. Private owners still control most of the Principal Sites, 

especially the battlefields and associated properties made up of 

large land areas. Privately owned sites or portions of sites are 

without any known form of enforceable legal protection.59 Many 

private owners maintain and care for their historic properties, 

but without legally mandated protection, the properties could be 

damaged or destroyed at any time. 

The National Park Service did not attempt to obtain precise 

parcel ownership data for the usually large battlefield landscapes. 

Figure 14 indicates the general breakdown of ownership at the 

battlefields as reported in field surveys. About 62 percent of 

the battlefields are primarily privately owned and substantially 

unprotected. Public and nonprofit entities own some, but not 

all, of the land at 37 percent of the battlefields. Ownership of a 

few battlefields is unknown because their precise location and 

extent are unknown at this time. The “unknown” battlefields, 

all from the Revolutionary War, are Chickamauga Indian Towns, 

Tennessee; Cherokee Towns, Georgia; Six Nations, New York; and 

Lower Cherokee Towns (Oconee), South Carolina. 

Very few battlefields are completely in private control or, 

conversely, completely in public or nonprofit control. Multiple 

owners control different portions of most of the battlefields. 

A good example is the Prairie du Chien battlefield in Crawford 

County, Wisconsin. The City of Prairie du Chien, the 

Wisconsin Historical Society, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 

and private landowners all own and manage portions of the 

July 1814 battlefield. 

 57. Public ownership statistics are based on reported ownership 

percentages at battlefields and individually identified public owners 

of associated historic properties. 

 58. 16 USC 470h-2. 

 59. This study did not investigate the extent to which landowners employ 

private land use controls, such as deed restrictions and conservation 

or historical easements. At a few Principal Sites, however, surveyors 

did note if easements or deed restrictions were in place. 
It was possible to collect data about ownership of associated 

historic properties, many of which contain single parcels of 

land. As Figure 15 indicates, fewer associated historic properties 

remain in private, unprotected ownership as compared with 

battlefields. One possible explanation for this difference may be 

that these sites—buildings, structures, or archeological features 

within small parcels—make public and nonprofit management 

more feasible than at the sprawling battlefield landscapes. Public 

agencies and nonprofit organizations are majority owners of 62 

percent of the associated historic properties. Private individuals 

or entities own all or most of the real estate at 38 percent of the 

associated historic properties. The precise location, extent, and 

owner(s) of the Bedford Hill Encampment in North Carolina are 

unknown, representing less than one percent of all associated 

historic properties. 

Federal

State

Local Government

Private/Non-Profit

Private

Unknown

CHART 3: General Ownership – All Battlefields

25 (10%)

39 (16%)

17 (7%)

9 (4%)

150 (62%)

3 (1%)

Findings: Assessing the Principal Sites 37

FIGURE 14. Majority Ownership - All Battlefields

Federal Government

State Government

Local Government

Private/Non-Profit

Private

Unknown

CHART 4: Primary Ownership – All Associated Properties

46 (11%)

80 (18%)

90 (21%)

53 (12%)

164 (38%)

1 (<1%)

FIGURE 15. Primary Ownership - All Associated 

Properties
38 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Land Use, Planning, and Zoning

During the Revolutionary War, the population of the American 

colonies was less than 3.89 million.60 Apart from the handful of 

major cities along the Eastern seaboard, the colonial landscape 

was substantially agrarian and interspersed with small towns. 

Numerous Indian tribes occupied and controlled lands west of 

the Appalachian Mountains and south of major water routes 

through the Great Lakes, although scattered European American 

outposts and settlements could be found throughout the Indians’ 

territories. French towns dotted the Mississippi River valley 

and related trade routes. The British territories of East and West 

Florida were sparsely populated, with concentrations in the 

formerly Spanish towns of St. Augustine and Pensacola, and along 

the coasts. 

Although some places are little changed after more than 220 

years, today’s landscape is dramatically different. More than 172 

million people inhabit the 27 states and the District of Columbia 

in which the Principal Sites of the Revolutionary War are found.61 

Three hundred two (or 65 percent) Principal Sites associated with 

the Revolutionary War now lie within urban areas (as defined 

by the U.S. Census Bureau).62 About half of the Principal Sites 

within urban areas—85 battlefields and 63 associated historic 

properties—have been destroyed or seriously diminished.63 

Revolutionary War sites in rural areas fare only slightly better with 

42 percent of the 138 rural sites severely altered or destroyed.

At the time of the War of 1812, the population of the United States 

had grown to more than 7 million.64 The American frontier was 

expanding. In the growing Maine territory, tensions worsened as 

Americans and Canadians disputed the international boundary. 

Settlers continued into Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and 

explorers and entrepreneurs blazed trails from the Mississippi 

River to the Pacific Ocean. 

Today, more than 171 million people inhabit the 28 states, the 

District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands in which the 

Principal Sites of the War of 1812 are found.65 One hundred fiftytwo (about 60 percent) Principal Sites associated with the War 

of 1812 now lie within urban areas. Of these urban sites, almost 

two-thirds are seriously diminished or destroyed, including 35 

battlefields and 55 associated historic properties.66 Of the 85 War 

of 1812 sites in rural areas, little more than one-third are severely 

altered or destroyed. 

The current rate and type of land-use change in the area of a 

Principal Site indicates the urgency and necessity of preservation 

action. For example, areas that have remained in agricultural 

use since the War of 1812, although farming practices themselves 

 60. 1790 United States Census, total population of free and enslaved 

persons was 3,893,874. University of Virginia Geospatial and 

Statistical Data Center, United States Historical Census Data Browser, 

13 June 2005, <http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/> (12 April 2007). 

This number is a relative indicator of population around the time of 

the Revolutionary War; demographic data for various populations 

(American Indians, French, Spanish, British) in territory beyond the 

13 American colonies is uncertain. 

 61. Total population of the 27 states and the District of Columbia in 

which Principal Sites of the Revolutionary War are found was 

172,070,639 in 2000. 2000 U.S. Census, U.S. Census Bureau.

 62. The U.S. Census Bureau “classifies as ‘urban’ all territory, population, 

and housing units located within an urbanized area (UA) or an urban 

cluster (UC). It delineates UA and UC boundaries to encompass 

densely settled territory, which consists of core census block groups 

or blocks that have a population density of at least 1,000 people 

per square mile and surrounding census blocks that have an overall 

density of at least 500 people per square mile.” In some cases, “less 

densely settled territory may be part of each UA or UC.” U.S. Census 

Bureau. “Urban and Rural Classification,” 2000 U.S. Census, 16 

May 2002, <http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/ua_2k.html> (12 

April 2007). There are 96 Revolutionary War battlefields and 205 

Revolutionary War associated historic properties in Urban Areas.

 63. Statistics concerning destroyed or seriously diminished sites reflect, 

for battlefields in urban areas, the difference between acres within 

study area boundaries and acres within potential National Register 

boundaries. For associated historic properties, statistics reflect the 

difference between the number of sites within urban areas with and 

without potential National Register boundary boundaries. 

 64. 1810 United States Census, total population of free and enslaved 

persons was 7,036,509. University of Virginia Geospatial and 

Statistical Data Center, United States Historical Census Data Browser, 

13 June 2005, <http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/> (12 April 2007).

 65. Total population of the 28 states, the District of Columbia, and the 

U.S. Virgin Islands in which Principal War of 1812 sites are found was 

171,635,545 in 2000. 2000 U.S. Census, U.S. Census Bureau. 

 66. See footnote 63. There are 50 War of 1812 battlefields and 102 War of 

1812 associated historic properties in Urban Areas.

 
are different, can be described as experiencing little noticeable 

land use change, and are therefore considered to have low threats 

to their survival at present. In cases where metropolitan area 

development pressures are driving the conversion of traditional 

agricultural lands to non-agricultural uses, Principal Sites within 

those traditional landscapes may be damaged immediately or 

within the decade. 

The type and rate of land-use change is important to consider. 

Land uses that require alteration of significant portions of the 

historic landscape, such as major residential and commercial 

development projects, can rapidly destroy all or parts of a historic 

battlefield. So can incremental change over time. In many 

cases, incremental land-use change initially may appear relatively 

benign compared to large terrain-altering projects. However, 

incremental change can be equally devastating to historic 

resources. In particular, incremental development can first 

fragment a battlefield landscape then slowly overtake the entire 

site. 

Local governments develop comprehensive plans to guide the 

future physical development of the county or city. Survey data 

and National Park Service inquiries to local planning offices 

indicate that 405 or 60 percent of the Principal Sites are in cities 

or counties with comprehensive plans in place. Of those, 200 

are found in municipalities that have identified the resource 

specifically in the comprehensive plan or have noted the 

importance of historic preservation in general to the community. 

Advocates of Principal Sites should ensure that local planners 

and decision-makers are aware of the existence and importance 

of each site so they can make informed recommendations about 

land use at and near the site. 

Local governments use zoning to implement concepts adopted in 

comprehensive plans. Zoning regulates how land may be used, 

how intense that use may be, and how the physical development 

needed for that use may occur. Principal Sites in good condition 

today but zoned for commercial, residential, or industrial use are 

among the most endangered. 

Table 3 summarizes the general categories of zoning in place 

at the Principal Sites in the United States. Agricultural, rural, 

recreational, and open-space uses are generally considered best 

for battlefields, as are some uses within the “Not Applicable/

Other” category. These uses allow the least amount of change 

to battlefield terrain and features. However, associated historic 

properties that survive in urban and other heavily developed 

areas may be preserved or protected to some degree. Although 

associated historic properties may now be islands of history in 

otherwise developed areas, land use may be stable and regulatory 

historic district overlay zones may protect the sites. For example, 

Principal Sites associated with the 1812 Baltimore Riots are now, 

and have always been, urban resources. Land use within the City 

of Baltimore is relatively stable compared with rapid suburban 

growth in outlying counties. Development ran its course decades 

ago in the city. The surviving riot sites are comparatively safe 

from rapid land-use changes, assuming no urban redevelopment 

projects are proposed nearby. 

The statistics shown in the table indicate that residential and 

commercial uses are the most prevalent allowable uses at and 

near the Principal Sites assessed in this study. Nearly half of the 

Principal Sites are zoned currently for residential, commercial, or 

industrial uses. In contrast, only about 7 percent of the Principal 

Sites remain available for agricultural use, the historically 

predominant land use at many of the sites. About 20 percent of 

the Principal Sites are federal and state holdings exempt from 

local zoning and lands set aside for conservation purposes. 

Findings: Assessing the Principal Sites 39

Industrial development on the site of Fort 

Wayne (IN1001), Fort Wayne, Indiana. 

Photo by Frank Hurdis.
40 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Some local governments use their zoning powers to help protect 

the character and features of historic properties. Historic 

district zoning ordinances encourage the protection of at least 21 

Principal Sites.67

While sensitive land use planning and preventive zoning may 

succeed in directing large-scale and incremental development 

away from unprotected historic buildings, structures, and 

landscapes for an indeterminate period, market forces will 

ultimately result in changes in land use. Especially for a resource 

such as a battlefield, zoning may buy time, but it cannot provide 

permanent protection. With the time available, advocates for 

unprotected Principal Sites should work with private property 

owners to protect these sites through permanent legal means 

while market pressures are low or owners are amenable to 

preservation options. It is important to note that zoning cannot 

be used to impose a community burden on a private property 

owner. If a historic property lies in the path of development, 

zoning cannot simply strip that property of its development 

potential in order to protect it as a historic site for the community.

 67. Historic district ordinances usually carry a requirement for 

architectural and archeological review of any changes proposed to a 

historic property within the district.

TABLE 3. Summary of Zoning at Principal Sites

Prevalent Zoning* Battlefields† Associated Totals

Historic Properties

Mixed Use 82 39 121 (18%)

Residential 21 96 117 (17%)

Not Applicable/Other 37 66 103 (15%)

Commercial 19 57 76 (11%)

No Zoning 37 31 68 (10%)

Recreational/Open Space 19 45 64 (9%)

Not Available/Unknown 3 56 59 (9%)

Agricultural/Rural 19 30 49 (7%)

Industrial 6 14 20 (3%)

* Statistics represent the primary (more than 50 percent of allowable land 

use) zoning category into which a Principal Site falls.

† Zoning information reported for the battlefields reflects local zoning over 

the general area of battle and adjacent lands. 

Definitions

Mixed Use – Area includes a combination of zoning categories, no 

primary zoning category. Residential and commercial uses are the 

most common (more than 60 percent of all mixed use zoning cited) 

combination allowed. 

Residential – Zoning allows high, moderate, or low-density residential 

development.

Not Applicable/Other - Includes special, institutional, or exempt zones, 

such as federal and state lands that cannot be regulated by local 

governments, or bodies of water.

Commercial – Zoning allows high, moderate, or light business/

commercial development.

No Zoning – Local government does not use zoning or area of Principal 

Site is not zoned.

Recreational/Open Space – Zoning allows only recreational activities or 

open space preservation.

Not Available/Unknown – Zoning information is not available or site 

location is unknown.

Agricultural/Rural – Zoning allows only agricultural uses or zoning 

promotes preservation of rural character by allowing residential 

development equal to or less than one unit per acre only.

Industrial – Zoning allows light or heavy industrial development.
Threats

A major goal of this study was to assess and report on the shortterm and long-term threats to the integrity of the historic sites. 

The National Park Service determined the type and degree of 

threats by studying the survey information provided for each site 

and identifying potential issues that could alter or destroy the 

historic resources. 

In assessing the threats, the National Park Service first considered 

the type of resource being assessed—a building, structure (such 

as a military earthwork), archeological site, or landscape. Each 

type of resource is vulnerable in different ways and to different 

degrees. The National Park Service then looked at 1) current 

condition and integrity; 2) rate and type of land use change 

occurring on and near each Principal Site; 3) current ownership 

and care of the resource; 4) level of registration; 5) local planning 

and zoning in place at and near each site; and 6) site specific 

issues identified by the field surveyors. In appropriate cases, the 

National Park Service also weighed the cumulative effect over 

time of certain natural and human forces on a site. In most cases, 

the surveys provided the above information.

In some cases, the National Park Service considered additional 

documentation when assessing levels of threat, especially at sites 

where new threats emerged after surveys were made or where 

the National Park Service requested additional information from 

local authorities to clarify or update the surveys.

Most Principal Sites received a threat rating of low, medium, 

or high for both the short-term (present to 3 years) and the 

long-term (3 to 10 years). For example, a resource owned in 

its entirety and actively managed as a historic site by a stable 

public or nonprofit agency would likely receive a low short-term 

threat rating and a low long-term threat rating. A site in private 

ownership, currently being farmed, but recently rezoned for 

residential use with development pressure expected within five 

years would likely receive a medium short-term threat rating and 

a high long-term threat rating. 

Not all Principal Sites received threat ratings. Some resources 

could not be assessed due to following circumstances. 

 • The site could not be located definitively. Without a precise 

site location, specific threats could not be identified nor 

their impact on the resource determined. 

 • The resource is destroyed aboveground and archeologically. 

Since the historic resource no longer exists, a threat rating is 

not relevant.

 • Documentary and survey data is insufficient to inform an 

assessment of threats.

 • The National Park Service determined that the site needs 

further study. Such sites require considerable additional 

documentation and survey efforts to better define the extent 

and condition of the resource, as well as identify threats. Sites 

needing further study include naval battle sites with no land 

component or previous underwater survey of possible debris; 

extensive linear systems, such as routes of march through 

multiple states or municipalities; and sites associated with 

sparsely documented events that encompassed expansive 

areas, such as raids against Indian towns, crops, and livestock 

on the frontier. (See Preservation Priorities for additional 

information about sites needing further study.)

Findings: Assessing the Principal Sites 41

Vandalism evident at Bourbon Furnace, 

part of the Bourbon Iron Works (KY1000), 

Bath County, Kentucky. Photo by David 

McBride.
42 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Figures 17, 18, 19, and 20 indicate the expected threat levels 

over the next 10 years. Projections for the long term may 

change if sites are severely damaged or destroyed in the short 

term, or if preservation efforts reduce the threats to currently 

endangered sites. 

Up to 20 percent of the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 

battlefields will be more threatened in three years than they are 

today. Less than 10 percent of the associated historic properties 

will likely be more endangered in three years. Higher levels 

of protective ownership help account for the lower threats to 

associated historic properties 

FIGURE 16. Threat Assessment Case Study: Green Spring Battlefield

On July 6, 1781, 800 

Continental troops led by 

Brigadier General Anthony 

Wayne and the Marquis de 

Lafayette confronted Lord 

Cornwallis’ British army 

near Williamsburg, Virginia. 

Both forces fought well, but 

the numerically superior 

British forced the Americans 

from the field in this prelude 

to the siege of Yorktown. 

Today, the Green Spring 

Battlefield (VA206) is highly 

threatened. 

Major portions of the 

battlefield landscape, 

including recognizable 

features of the 

Revolutionary War period, 

still survive. Field survey 

indicates the surviving

portions may be eligible

for listing on the National Register, but the battlefield is not registered currently. A nonprofit organization and the local 

government own about 60 percent of the battlefield. The remaining 40 percent is privately held and unprotected. In the past 

10 years, land use within the battlefield has shifted from rural, agricultural uses to residential and commercial uses, especially 

along State Route 31 and State Route 614. This development, spurred by tourist visitation to nearby Colonial Williamsburg and 

Jamestown, is expected to continue and intensify. Fortunately, James City County uses zoning, and its comprehensive plan 

addresses historic community character, parks, and open space preservation. However, without immediate action, the battlefield 

will likely be significantly impaired within 10 years.

Short-Term Threat Assessment: High (The current pace of development threatens unprotected areas of a battlefield that retain 

most of its defining elements). 

Long-Term Threat Assessment: High (Intensity of development pressure is expected to increase).

Green Spring Plantation jail ruins, Green Spring Battlefield (VA206), James City County, Virginia. 

Photo by John S. Salmon.
Unknown

High

Medium

Low

Needs Further Study

Site Gone

CHART 5: Short Term Threats – All Battlefields

16 (7%)

32 (13%)

30 (12%) 99 (41%)

66 (27%)

Threats Expected to Impact Site within Three Years

Findings: Assessing the Principal Sites 43

FIGURE 17. Short Term Threats - All Battlefields

Unknown

High

Medium

Low

Needs Further Study

Site Gone

CHART 6: Long Term Threats – All Battlefields

17 (7%)

80 (33%)

50 (21%)

30 (12%)

66 (27%)

Threats Expected to Impact Site in Three to Ten Years

FIGURE 18. Long Term Threats - All Battlefields

Unknown

High

Medium

Low

Needs Further Study

Site Gone

22 

(5%)

285 (66%)

34 (8%)

79 (18%)

Threats Expected to Impact Site within Three Years

12 (3%)

FIGURE 19. Short Term Threats - All Assciated Historic 

Properties

Unknown

High

Medium

Low

Needs Further Study

Site Gone

55 

(13%)

254 (58%)

34 (8%)

79 (18%)

Threats Expected to Impact Site in Three to Ten Years

12 (3%)

FIGURE 20. Long Term Threats - All Assciated Historic 

Properties

High Medium Low Needs Further Study Site Gone
44 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)
The 677 Principal Sites in the United States considered in this 

report represent approximately 25 percent of the more than 2,700 

sites likely associated with two of America’s earliest conflicts. 

Of these most significant sites, few remain unimpaired. Of the 

nation’s 243 Revolutionary War and War of 1812 battlefields, 141 

have been severely impaired or destroyed.68 Significant portions 

of 100 battlefield landscapes remain, but represent, on average, 

only 37 percent of the original historic scene.69 The condition of 

two battlefields is unknown.70 In better shape are the associated 

historic properties: 236 survive above ground71 and the locations 

of 141 others may yield significant archeological information. The 

remaining 57 associated historic properties either are destroyed or 

require further study to determine their condition.

Which sites need immediate help? Which sites need ongoing, 

long-term care? To answer those questions, the National Park 

Service established relative preservation priorities for Principal 

Sites in the United States. The priorities indicate which sites, 

in the opinion of the National Park Service, merit immediate 

preservation action, which need ongoing preservation action, 

which require additional study, and which are best suited for 

commemoration rather than preservation.

In answering these important questions, the National Park 

Service analyzed three factors to determine Principal Site 

preservation priorities: level of historical significance as 

determined by the committee, current site condition and integrity 

as determined by field surveys, and short-term and long-term 

threat levels as determined by the National Park Service.72 

The preservation priorities are intended to serve as a guide to 

action. Numerous means for preservation are outlined in the 

Protecting the Sites section. The preservation priorities simply 

indicate by whom and how quickly such means should be 

brought to bear to save particular sites.

Preservation Priorities I, II, and III

Priority I Principal Sites are the most historically significant and 

most endangered. They require immediate preservation action 

before they are destroyed or damaged. Threats are expected to 

affect these sites within the decade. All levels of government and 

national organizations should focus their immediate attention on 

these threatened Class A and B sites. 

Priority II sites require one of two preservation approaches. 

The less threatened Class A and B sites in this category present 

excellent opportunities for planned, ongoing preservation. 

Since many of these sites are already protected to some degree 

by public or nonprofit organizations, additional preservation 

of unprotected features and lands will help protect the entire 

site. In cases where these very significant sites are completely 

unprotected, wholesale preservation may be possible as long as 

threat levels remain low. All levels of government and national 

organizations should include these sites in their preservation 

initiatives. The endangered Class C sites in this category should 

be the focus of immediate and direct preservation measures by 

state and local governments and organizations. These sites may 

not survive without immediate intervention. 

Priority III sites are relatively unthreatened. Some of these 

sites are already partially or fully in conservation ownership. 

Unprotected features and lands associated with these sites present 

good opportunities for planned and sustained preservation. State 

and local governments and organizations should include these 

sites in their ongoing preservation programs and initiatives. 

Principal Sites Needing Further Study

Several categories of historic resources will require additional 

investigation beyond what could be provided in this study. Some 

sites could not be definitively located. Additional research, field 

survey, and possibly archeological testing are needed to pinpoint 

the locations of these sites. 

 68. One hundred Revolutionary War battlefields and 41 War of 

1812 battlefields assessed in this study have been lost or severely 

fragmented since the end of those wars.

 69. Statistic represents difference of acres within potential National 

Register boundaries to acres within study area boundaries for 

battlefields where both sets of data are present. 

 70. Additional study and field survey is required to determine the exact 

location and condition of these two battlefields.

 71. Statistic represents properties that have experienced minimal change 

or where historic fabric and features remain. 

 72. See the previous section for details about threat assessments.

Establishing Priorities

Preservation Priorities 45

Land for sale and development at the site 

of Fort Russell (IL1004), Madison County, 

Illinois. Photo by Christopher Stratton.
46 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Sites needing further study include Indian villages, sites of naval 

engagements, roads, trails, and waterways, and resources of all 

kinds where available documentation is limited and field surveys 

were impractical within the timeframe of this study. Sites needing 

further study may be as endangered as their well-documented 

counterparts, so it is imperative that these historic sites be 

researched, surveyed, and evaluated as soon as possible. When 

more information is available, appropriate steps can be taken to 

ensure their preservation or commemoration.

Archeological Sites Needing Additional 

Research and Documentation

Twenty-five Principal Sites require archeological testing to 

identify and evaluate historic features, and identify potential 

threats to the archeological record. The field surveys did not 

include archeological investigations; so no scientific evidence 

was recovered that could inform an assessment of archeological 

integrity or justify a potential National Register boundary.73 

Additional research and archeological studies are needed to 

determine whether sub-surface features exist that may yield 

significant information about these sites’ Revolutionary War or 

War of 1812 history.

In cases where a dearth of historical material or contradictions 

in historical accounts lead to uncertainty about the location, 

extent, or integrity of a resource, archeological investigations may 

uncover evidence that can confirm or correct the documentary 

record. Buildings and structures leave subsurface footprints, 

battle militaria often remains buried in the ground, and cultural 

landscape features such as roads and fence lines leave signatures 

that archeologists can locate and reconcile with historic accounts. 

Today, archeologists use technologies and tools that minimize 

ground and artifact disturbance so that the archeological features 

and patterns remain intact and available for future study.74 

Archeological investigations often help preservationists determine 

whether a property contains resources worth protecting. Only 

a few sources of funding for such projects exist, however. 

Universities and state humanities councils sometimes support 

such projects. Federal transportation enhancement funds are 

available for archeological research and planning, and some 

states allow archeological fieldwork under state-specific project 

criteria. Federal Historic Preservation Fund monies help 

support archeological work by state historic preservation offices, 

but funding is limited. The American Battlefield Protection 

Program of the National Park Service does support non-invasive 

archeological testing of battlefields through its project grants, but 

the need for battlefield archeological projects far outweighs the 

funds available each year.75 

Sites and Campaigns Associated with 

Indian Tribes

Field surveyors were unable to locate conclusively 21 Principal 

Sites–both battlefields and associated historic properties–

associated with Indian villages and lands. The paucity of 

historical accounts, the conflicting information about village 

and engagement locations, and the historically migratory nature 

of some Indian tribes made difficult the task of locating sites 

for field survey. The in-depth research and archeological study 

required to locate and assess these sites definitively were beyond 

the scope of this study. State and local preservation agencies and 

organizations and tribal governments may be able to locate and 

document these sites and establish preservation options through 

collaboration and consultation. 

 73. Surveys do record previous archeological work completed at 

the Principal Sites. The 25 sites needing further archeological 

investigation either were not tested previously or the results of 

previous investigations were inconclusive. 

 74. Examples of non-invasive archeological techniques include using 

proton magnetometers to locate camp fire sites, metal objects, and 

burned surfaces; using soil resistivity measures to locate disturbed 

ground such as graves and ditches; using ground penetrating radar to 

locate stone walls, graves, and defensive works; conducting systematic 

metal detector sweeps to locate battle militaria and identify areas 

of engagement; and conducting aerial remote sensing to gather 

photographic, infra-red, and multispectral data about a site or 

landscape.

 75. From 1992 to 2006, ABPP received 178 battlefield archeological 

project applications requesting more than $4.8 million. ABPP funded 

82 archeological projects costing a total of $1.95 million.

FIGURE 21. Preservation Priority 

Definitions

Priority I

Class A and B sites with medium or high 

short- or long-term threats

Priority II

Class A and B sites with low short- and 

long-term threats

and

Class C sites with high or medium short- or 

long-term threats 

Priority III

Class C sites with low short- and long-term 

threats

Needs Further Study

Any site where location, condition, integrity, 

or threats are unknown

Commemorative Opportunities

Any site that is highly fragmented or 

destroyed and where threats are marginal or 

do not apply
TABLE 4. Principal Sites Associated with Indian Tribes Needing Further Study (20 sites)

Revolutionary War (7)

ID Name County State Property Type Associated Tribe(s)

AL201 The Village (Mobile) Baldwin AL Battlefield Choctaw

NC206 Cherokee Middle Towns (Multiple) NC Battlefield Catawba, Cherokee

(Rutherford's Campaign)

NY211 German Flats Herkimer NY Battlefield Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida

OH205 Lichtenau (Coshocton) Coshocton OH Battlefield Delaware

SC218 Cherokee Towns Unknown Unknown Battlefield Cherokee

SC220 Lower Cherokee Towns Oconee SC Battlefield Cherokee

(Oconee)

TN201 Chickamauga Indian Towns Hamilton TN Battlefield Cherokee

War of 1812 (12)

ID Name County State Property Type Associated Tribe(s)

AL1001 Federal Road Russell AL AHP Creek

AL1006 Fort Deposit Lowndes AL AHP Creek

AL1009 Fort Sinquefield Clarke AL AHP Creek

AL1013 Fort Williams Talladega AL AHP Creek 

AL401 Burnt Corn Escambia AL Battlefield Creek

AL408 Emuckfau Creek Tallapoosa AL Battlefield Cherokee, Creek

AL409 Enitachopco Creek Clay AL Battlefield Creek, Hillabee

AL410 Calabee Macon AL Battlefield Creek, Muscogee

MO1002 Fort Mason Ralls MO AHP Fox, Sac, Sauk

NY411 Northern New York Raids Franklin NY Battlefield Seneca, Tuscarora

OH404 Maumee River Lucas OH Battlefield Delaware, Kickapoo, Ottawa, 

(Dudley's Defeat) Potawatomi, Shawnee, Wyandot

TN1000 Natchez Trace (Multiple) AL, MS, TN AHP Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, 

 Natchez 

Both Wars (1)

ID Name County State Property Type Associated Tribe(s)

NY1104 Niagara Portage Road Niagara NY AHP Cayuga, Seneca, Mohawk,

 Onondaga

Preservation Priorities 47
48 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Naval Battle Sites

Many significant engagements of the Revolutionary War and 

especially of the War of 1812 occurred at sea or on the Great 

Lakes. If a naval battlefield included a land component, as 

did many of the riverine actions, the National Park Service 

instructed field surveyors to document and assess the battlefield 

to the extent practicable. If the naval battle occurred beyond 

sight of land, only historical documentation was compiled. The 

underwater archeological surveys needed to locate and identify 

shipwrecks or debris from these naval battles were not feasible 

during this study.76 Without survey data, the National Park 

Service could not assess site conditions and threats. 

Additional research is needed to locate precisely the areas of 

naval engagement and to determine, based on the historic record, 

if submerged wrecks or battle debris are likely to exist and be 

found during underwater surveys. In some cases, underwater 

survey may be appropriate and may lead to protection of 

submerged resources.77 In other cases, commemoration of the 

naval site will be most suitable.

TABLE 5. Naval and Maritime Sites Needing Further Study (12 sites)

Revolutionary War (8)

ID Name State Class Approximate Location

DE200 Wilmington DE, NJ, PA B Delaware River between Wilmington and New Castle

ME1011 Privateer Brigantine ME B Off the coast of Castine

Defence Shipwreck

MD200 Kedges Straits MD C Between South Marsh and Smith Islands, west of Tangier Sound

MA204 Schooner Lee and MA B Ten miles east of Cape Anne 

HM Ordnance Brig Nancy

NJ220 HMS Blue Mountain Valley NJ C Off Sandy Hook

RI200 Block Island RI B Between Block Island and eastern Long Island

VA204 Chesapeake Capes (1) VA C Southeast of Cape Charles and Cape Henry

VA208 Chesapeake Capes (2) VA A Lynnhaven Bay, Cape Henry, and west of the Chesapeake Capes

War of 1812 (4)

ID Name State Class Approximate Location

LA400 Lake Borgne LA B Saint Joe Pass

ME404 USS Enterprise v. HMS Boxer ME C Near Pumpkin Rock, Outer Heron Island

ME1001 USS Adams Shipwreck ME C West side of the Penobscot River near Souadabscook 

 Stream and Reed’s Brook, near Hampden 

OH403 Lake Erie OH A Six miles northwest of Put-in-Bay

 76. In some cases, a study area boundary was drawn based on 

documentary sources but surveys were not conducted. If previous 

underwater archeological studies revealed submerged physical 

evidence of the battle, then a potential National Register boundary 

was drawn. 

 77. Common threats to submerged archeological resources include 

depredations from treasure hunters, which increase with advances 

in diving and remote sensing technology. Underwater surveys and 

assessments can reveal the extent of the damage and can provide data 

that inform protection strategies. 
Roads, Trails, and Waterways

Fifteen associated historic properties constitute significant 

linear resources—trails, roads, and water routes—that often 

cross municipal, county, and sometimes state and international 

lines. Most represent routes that armies took to decisive battles, 

such as Colonel Benedict Arnold’s expedition through the 

wilderness of Maine and Quebec to reach Quebec City in late 

1775. The extensive nature of these routes, coupled with the 

difficulty in researching and locating possible extant features, 

made field survey impossible during this study. Without a clear 

and complete understanding of resources along these routes, the 

National Park Service could not assess site conditions and threats 

or determine preservation priorities.

Linear resources require considerable additional research and 

field survey to determine historic routes, assess the condition 

and threats to surviving segments, identify preservation and 

interpretation strategies for extant features, and determine future 

potential uses, such as water and land recreational trails. At 

Congress’ direction, the National Park Service recently studied 

the Washington-Rochambeau Route from Rhode Island to 

Virginia for possible designation as a National Historic Trail.78 

The trail study involved a multi-year examination of historic road 

segments and associated properties. Completed in 2006, the 

study concluded that the route is nationally significant, contains 

numerous resources from the revolutionary period, and could be 

considered by Congress for national historic trail designation.79

Similar studies may be needed for other military trails associated 

with the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. States and local 

governments should also consider these resources for possible 

inclusion in state and regional trail systems. 

TABLE 6. Roads, Trails, and Waterways Needing Further Study (15 sites)

Revolutionary War (10)

ID Name State/Province Class 

IL1007 Kaskaskia-Cahokia Trail IL B 

MA1072 Boston Post Road MA A

ME1002 Arnold Trail to Quebec ME, QC C

NC1012 Race to the Dan River NC A

NY1057 Military Road from Fort Edward to Lake George NY B

NY1093 Great War Trail NY C

SC1000 Ashley River Road SC C

SC1011 Route of the Patriot Militia to Kings Mountain NC, SC, TN, VA A

VA1016 Washington-Rochambeau Route CT, DE, MD, MA, A

NJ, NY, PA, RI, VA

VT1001 Crown Point Road VT C

War of 1812 (4)

AL1001 Federal Road AL B

DC1008 Pennsylvania Avenue DC A

NY1099 Creek Road NY C

TN1000 Natchez Trace AL, MS, TN B

Both Wars (1)

NY1104 Niagara Portage Road NY B

Preservation Priorities 49

 78. The Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route Study was 

authorized by Congress through the Washington–Rochambeau 

Revolutionary Route National Heritage Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-473). 

 79. National Park Service, Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route, 

Resource Study & Environmental Assessment (U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Boston, 2006).
50 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Principal Sites Associated with 

Both Wars

Forty associated historic properties played roles in both the 

Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.80 Class rankings for 

these sites reflect the highest level of historical significance the 

site gained during the two wars and were given additional weight 

because of their collective importance to both wars. For example, 

Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, Michigan, was an important 

British post in the late years of the Revolutionary War, but proved 

a vital strategic objective for both the British and Americans 

during the War of 1812 and is therefore assigned to Class A for its 

role in the latter conflict and its role in the military history of the 

area during both wars. Research, preservation, and interpretation 

efforts at these sites should address their importance in both wars 

and in other periods of United States history. 

Commemorative Opportunities

Not surprisingly, many Principal Sites of the Revolutionary War 

and the War of 1812 no longer exist. Historic buildings have been 

razed, historic landscapes have been converted from farmland 

and frontier to cityscape and suburbia, the old narrow, winding 

roads used to move troops and goods now run wide and straight 

as state and interstate highways. No or very little above ground 

or archeological evidence of these sites remains to preserve today. 

However, the locations of these sites may provide important 

and meaningful commemorative and interpretive opportunities. 

Over the years, public agencies, nonprofit organizations, and 

private citizens have raised monuments, markers, plaques, and 

wayside educational signs near the locations where important 

buildings once stood. 

At battlefields, some small pieces of historic land, buildings, and 

structures may yet survive. Preservation of those pieces may be 

an appropriate way to commemorate the history of the event. 

Just as the Bunker Hill Monument and its four surrounding acres 

on the summit of Breed’s Hill have memorialized that battle for 

more than 150 years, surviving remnants of other battlefields 

may provide focal points for commemorative activities, 

memorialization, and interpretation of the battles and the wars. 

Principal Sites in Canada

Both the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 were 

international conflicts. The committee recommended that 

international sites, particularly those in Canada, be considered 

in this study. The Canadian sites represent some of the most 

important events of the two wars, such as the battle of Quebec 

in 1775 and shipbuilding at the Royal dockyards in Kingston 

during the War of 1812. The Canadian sites were not surveyed, 

but remain in the list of Principal Sites to call attention to their 

historical significance and potential preservation needs. 

The role of Canadian sites in the history of the two wars and the 

Canadian perspective about the wars is not well understood by 

the American public. U.S. and Canadian preservation agencies 

and organizations can tell more complete stories through 

collaboration. Military campaigns, theaters of operation, and 

other historical themes may provide frameworks for cooperative 

ventures in the exchange of ideas about physical preservation of 

the sites, interpretation of the sites and the wars, and heritage 

tourism initiatives.

 80. Unlike these Associated Historic Properties–fixed sites that played 

significant roles in the events of both wars–battles were fluid actions 

that played discrete roles within the history of each war. Therefore, 

no battlefield falls under the category of “Both Wars.” 
TABLE 7. Principal Sites in Canada (57 sites)

Revolutionary War (11)

ID Name Province Class Property

Type

QC1000 Fort Chambly Quebec C AHP

QC1001 Fort St. Jean Quebec B AHP

QC1003 Quebec City Quebec A AHP

QC200 Quebec City Quebec A Battlefield

QC201 Fort Chambly Quebec C Battlefield

QC202 Fort St. Jean Quebec B Battlefield

QC203 Longueil Quebec C Battlefield

QC204 Montreal Quebec C Battlefield

QC205 The Cedars Quebec C Battlefield

QC206 Trois Rivers Quebec B Battlefield

QC207 Fort Chambly Quebec C Battlefield

War of 1812 (44)

ID Name Province Class Property

Type

ON1000 Amherstburg Navy Yard Ontario A AHP

ON1001 Fort Erie Ontario A AHP

ON1002 Fort George Ontario A AHP

ON1003 Fort Malden Ontario A AHP

ON1004 Fort Wellington Ontario C AHP

ON1005 Fort York Ontario A AHP

ON1006 Gage House Ontario B AHP

ON1007 McFarland House Ontario A AHP

ON1008 Navy Hall Ontario B AHP

ON1009 Royal Navy Dock, Kingston Ontario C AHP

ON1010 Penetanguishene Navy Yard Ontario B AHP

ON400 HMS Caledonia Ontario C Battlefield

and HMS Detroit 

ON401 Queenston Ontario A Battlefield

ON402 Kingston Harbor Ontario C Battlefield

ON403 Frenchman's Creek Ontario C Battlefield

ON404 York Ontario A Battlefield

ID Name Province Class Property

Type

ON405 Fort George Ontario A Battlefield

ON406 Stoney Creek Ontario B Battlefield

ON407 Beaver Dams Ontario C Battlefield

ON408 York Ontario C Battlefield

ON409 Lake Ontario Ontario B Battlefield

(Burlington Races) 

ON410 The Thames Ontario A Battlefield

ON411 Prescott Ontario C Battlefield

ON412 Chrysler’s Farm Ontario A Battlefield

ON413 Fort George Evacuation/ Ontario B Battlefield

Burning of Newark 

ON414 Longwood Ontario C Battlefield

ON415 Long Point Raids Ontario B Battlefield

ON417 Fort Erie Ontario C Battlefield

ON418 Chippewa Ontario A Battlefield

ON419 Lundy's Lane Ontario A Battlefield

ON420 Fort Erie Ontario A Battlefield

ON421 Fort Nottawasaga Ontario C Battlefield

ON422 USS Tigress and USS Scorpion Ontario A Battlefield

ON423 Cooks Mills Ontario C Battlefield

ON424 Thames Valley Ontario C Battlefield

ON425 Malcolm's Mills Ontario C Battlefield

ON427 USS Growler and USS Eagle Ontario B Battlefield

ON428 Fort George Ontario C Battlefield

QC1004 LaColle Quebec C AHP

QC400 Chateauguay River Quebec B Battlefield

QC401 Toussaint Island Quebec C Battlefield

QC402 Lacolle Mill Quebec C Battlefield

QC403 French Creek Quebec C Battlefield

QC404 Lacolle Mill Quebec C Battlefield

Both Wars (2 sites)

ID Name Province Class Property

Type

NS1000 Royal Dockyard Nova Scotia A AHP

QC1002 Isle aux Noix Quebec B AHP

Preservation Priorities 51
52 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)
Preservation Priorities of Principal Sites 

in the United States

Revolutionary War Preservation Priorities: Battlefields (165)

* The term “Archeological” after a site name means that no aboveground features of the building or 

structure remain but that the presence of archeological features is possible.

† The term “Location” after a site name indicates that no aboveground features of the building or 

structure remain and that the presence of archeological features is unlikely. 

Priority I Battlefields (30 sites)

Class A and B Sites with Medium or High Threats

ID Battlefield State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat

IN200 Vincennes IN Low Medium A

MA200 Lexington and Concord MA High High A

ME201 Penobscot Bay and River ME Low Medium B

NC204 Pyle's Defeat NC High High B

NC205 Guilford Courthouse NC High High A

NJ205 Fort Lee NJ Medium Low B

NJ208 Monmouth NJ Medium Medium A

NJ213 Princeton NJ High Medium B

NJ218 Trenton NJ Low Medium A

NY208 Pell's Point NY Medium Medium B

NY213 Fort Ticonderoga NY Medium Medium B

NY217 Fort Stanwix NY Low Medium A

NY218 Oriskany NY Medium High B

NY219 Bennington NY Medium Medium A

NY222 Saratoga (Freeman's Farm) NY Medium Medium A

NY224 Saratoga (Bemis Heights) NY Medium Medium B

NY226 Saratoga (Siege) NY Medium Medium A

NY230 New Town NY Medium Medium A

OH202 Gnaddenhutten OH Low Medium A

PA200 Brandywine PA High High A

PA204 Fort Mifflin PA High High B

RI201 Newport RI Medium Medium B

RI202 Newport RI High High B

ID Battlefield State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

SC201 Waxhaws SC Medium High B

SC203 Camden SC Medium Medium A

SC211 Cowpens SC Low Medium A

SC214 Ninety Six (Siege) SC Low Medium B

SC215 Eutaw Springs SC Medium Medium B

VA207 Yorktown VA Medium Medium A

VT200 Mount Independence VT Low Medium B

Priority II Battlefields (52 sites)

Class A and B Sites with Low Threats (16) and Class C Sites with Medium or 

High Threats (36)

ID Battlefield State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

AR200 Arkansas Post AR Low Medium C

CT201 Ridgefield (Compo Hill) CT Low Medium C

FL200 Thomas Creek FL Medium Medium C

FL201 Fort Tonyn and FL Low Medium C

Alligator Creek Bridge 

GA200 Savannah GA High High C

(Hutchinson Island) 

GA201 HMS Hinchinbrooke and GA Low Medium C

Sloop Rebecca (capture of)

GA203 Fort Morris GA Low Medium C

GA205 Kettle Creek GA Low Medium C

KY200 Logan's Fort KY High High C

KY201 Fort Boonesborough KY Low Low B

KY204 Bryan's Station KY Medium Medium C

KY205 Blue Licks KY Medium Medium C

MA208 Bedford - Fairhaven MA Low Medium C

MA209 Martha's Vineyard MA Low Medium C

NC200 Moores Creek NC Low Low B

NC201 Ramsour's Mill NC Low Low B

NC202 Cowan's Ford NC Low Medium C

NC203 Wilmington NC High High C

NJ206 Fort Mercer NJ Low Low B

The Conference House (NY1005), Richmond County, New York. Photo by Aaron J. Gore. Preservation Priorities of Principal Sites in the United States 53
54 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

ID Battlefield State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat

NJ207 Mount Holly NJ Medium Medium C

NJ210 Old Tappan NJ High High C

NY200 Fort Ticonderoga NY Low Low B

NY201 Crown Point NY Low Medium C

NY207 Valcour Island NY, VT Low Low A

NY215 Fort Ann NY Low Medium C

NY221 Fort Ticonderoga NY Low Medium C

(Lake George) 

NY223 Forts Clinton and NY Low Low B

Montgomery 

NY225 Kingston NY Medium Medium C

NY227 Cherry Valley NY Low Low B

NY229 Stony Point NY Low Low B

NY233 Canajoharie District NY Low Medium C

NY234 Fort George NY High High C

NY238 Klock's Field NY Low Medium C

NY239 Fort St. George NY Low Medium C

NY241 Johnstown NY Low Low B

NY244 Verplanck's Point NY Low Medium C

NY246 Oneida Castle NY Medium Medium C

OH200 Fort Laurens OH Medium Low C

OH201 Piqua OH Low Low B

OH203 Crawford's Defeat OH Low Medium C

PA210 Province and PA High High C

Carpenter's Islands 

SC200 Charleston SC Low Low A

SC202 Hanging Rock (Second) SC Low Medium C

SC205 Musgrove's Mill SC Low Medium C

SC206 Kings Mountain SC Low Low A

SC208 Charleston SC Low Low A

SC213 Hobkirk Hill SC Low Low B

VA201 Great Bridge VA High Low C

VA203 Gwynn's Island (Cricket Hill) VA Low Medium C

VA206 Green Spring VA High High C

ID Battlefield State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat

VT201 Hubbardton VT Low Low B

VT202 Lake Champlain VT Low Medium C

Priority III Battlefields (13 sites)

Class C Sites with Low Threats

ID Battlefield State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat

CT203 New London (Burning) CT Low Low C

KY202 Ruddell's Station KY Low Low C

KY203 Martin's Station KY Low Low C

MA203 Gloucester MA Low Low C

NY214 Skenesborough NY Low Low C

NY216 Fort Edward NY Low Low C

NY237 Stone Arabia NY Low Low C

NY240 Sharon Springs NY Low Low C

NY242 West Canada Creek NY Low Low C

PA201 Paoli PA Low Low C

SC207 Blackstocks SC Low Low C

SC212 Fort Watson SC Low Low C

WV201 Fort Randolph OH, WV Low Low C

Battlefields Needing Further Study (20 sites)

All Classes, Where Location, Condition, Integrity, or Threats are Unknown

ID Battlefield State Class

AL201 Mobile (The Village) AL C

DE200 Wilmington DE, NJ, PA B

GA204 Augusta GA C

GA206 Brier Creek GA C

MA204 Schooner Lee and HM Ordnance Brig Nancy MA B

MD200 Kedges Straits MD C

NC206 Cherokee Middle Towns NC B

NJ212 Piscataway NJ C

NJ216 Springfield NJ C

NJ220 HMS Blue Mountain Valley NJ C
ID Battlefield State Class

NY211 German Flats NY B

OH205 Lichtenau (Coshocton) OH C

RI200 Block Island RI B

SC210 Stono Ferry SC C

SC216 Ring Fight SC C

SC218 Cherokee Towns (archeological) Unknown C

SC220 Lower Cherokee Towns (Oconee) SC C

TN201 Chickamauga Indian Towns TN C

VA204 Chesapeake Capes (1) VA C

VA208 Chesapeake Capes (2) VA A

Battlefield Commemorative Opportunities (50 sites)

All Classes, Where Site is Fragmented or Destroyed and Threats are Marginal or 

Do Not Apply

ID Battlefield State Class

AL200 Mobile AL B

CT200 Danbury CT C

CT202 New Haven CT C

FL202 Pensacola FL A

GA202 Savannah (Brewton Hill) GA B

GA207 Savannah (Spring Hill) GA A

GA208 Augusta (Fort Cornwallis) GA C

IL200 Kaskaskia IL B

KY206 Fort Harrod KY C

LA200 Baton Rouge LA B

MA201 Boston MA A

MA202 Bunker Hill MA A

MA205 Dorchester Heights MA A

MA207 Nantasket Road MA C

ME200 Falmouth ME C

MO200 St. Louis (San Luis de Ylinoises) MO C

NJ200 Springfield (First) NJ C

NJ201 Springfield (Second) NJ B

ID Battlefield State Class

NJ203 Elizabethtown NJ C

NJ209 New Brunswick NJ C

NJ211 Paulus Hook NJ C

NJ214 Samptown NJ C

NJ215 Rahway NJ C

NJ217 Assunpink NJ C

NJ219 Metuchen Meeting House (Oak Tree) NJ C

NY202 Denyse Ferry NY C

NY203 Long Island NY A

NY204 East River NJ, NY C

NY205 Kip's Bay (New York City) NY B

NY206 Harlem Heights NY B

NY209 White Plains NY B

NY210 Fort Washington NY A

NY228 Onondaga Creek NY C

NY232 Young's House NY C

NY243 Montresor's Island NY C

PA202 Philadelphia PA B

PA203 Germantown PA A

PA205 Whitemarsh (Chestnut Hill) PA C

PA206 Wyoming Valley PA B

PA207 Philadelphia PA B

PA208 Barren Hill PA C

SC204 Fishing Creek SC C

SC209 Charleston SC C

SC217 Charleston SC B

SC219 Charleston SC B

TN200 Long Island Flats TN C

VA200 Kemp's Landing VA C

VA202 Norfolk (Burning) VA C

VA205 Petersburg VA C

WV200 Fort Henry WV C

Preservation Priorities of Principal Sites in the United States 55
56 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Revolutionary War Preservation Priorities: 

Associated Historic Properties (258)

Priority I Associated Historic Properties (26 sites)

Class A and B Sites with Medium or High Threats

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat

CT1014 Stafford Hollow Furnaces CT Low Medium B

(Archeological) 

GA1003 New Ebenezer (Archeological) GA Low Medium A

MA1016 Colonel James Barrett Farm MA High High A

MA1029 Edmund Fowle House MA High Medium A

MD1038 Kingston MD Low Medium B

NC1007 Gilbert Town (Archeological) NC High High A

NC1015 Troublesome Creek Ironworks NC Low Medium A

(Archeological) 

NJ1003 Benjamin Cooper House NJ High High B

NJ1009 Middlebrook Cantonment NJ Low Medium B

(Archeological) 

NY1020 Fort Crown Point NY Low Medium B

NY1032 Fort Stanwix NY High Low A

NY1047 John Ellison House NY Low Medium B

NY1064 New Windsor Cantonment NY Low Medium A

NY1094 Hasbrouck House NY Low Medium A

PA1004 Camp Security (Archeological) PA High High B

PA1012 Dawesfield PA Medium Medium A

PA1014 Dilworthtown Inn PA Low Medium A

PA1017 Fort Mifflin PA High High B

PA1036 Peter Wentz Homestead PA Low Medium A

PA1040 Strode's Mill PA Low Medium A

PA1042 Valley Forge Winter PA Medium Medium A

Encampment 

RI1003 Butts Hill Fort RI Low Medium B

SC1006 Iron Mines of Hill's Ironworks SC Medium Medium B

(Archeological) 

VA1003 Fort Cricket Hill (Archeological) VA Medium High B

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

VA1005 Fredericksburg Gun VA Low Medium B

Manufactory (Archeological) 

VA1007 Hunter's Iron Works VA Low Medium B

(Archeological)

Priority II Associated Historic Properties (98 sites)

Class A and B Sites with Low Threats (84) and Class C Sites with Medium or High 

Threats (14)

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

CT1004 Joseph Webb House CT Low Low A

CT1008 Newgate Prison CT Medium Medium C

CT1011 West Hartford Cantonment CT Medium Medium C

(Archeological) 

DC1004 The Lindens DC Low Low A

DE1001 Brandywine Village DE Low Low B

DE1002 Christiana DE Low Low B

DE1003 Wilmington Cantonment DE Low Low A

(Archeological) 

FL1001 Fort St. Mark FL Low Low A

IN1002 Fort Sackville and Vincennes IN Low Low A 

Settlement 

KY1001 Fort Boonesborough KY Low Low B

(Archeological) 

MA1006 Easton Furnace (Archeological) MA Low Medium C

MA1014 Cambridge Common MA Low Low B 

Encampment 

MA1017 Concord Monument Square/ MA Low Low A

Lexington Road 

MA1031 HMS Somerset Shipwreck MA Low Low B

(Archeological) 

MA1036 Lafayette-Durfee House MA Medium Low C

MA1042 Old Cambridge MA Low Low A

MA1043 North Church MA Low Low A

MA1045 Massachusetts Colonial MA Low Low B

State House 
ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

MA1048 Parker Tavern MA Low Low B

MA1050 Roxbury High Fort MA Low Low A

(Archeological)

MA1053 Shirley House MA Low Low A

MA1055 Stoughtonham Furnace MA Low Low B

(Archeological) 

MA1063 Faneuil Hall MA Low Low B

MA1070 Fitch Tavern MA Medium Low C

MA1071 Captain John Moore House MA Low Medium C

MA1080 New Bedford Common MA Low Medium C 

Burying Ground 

MA1099 Weston Town Common MA Low Low A

MD1023 Fort Frederick MD Low Low B

MD1035 Jerusalem Mill MD Low Low B

MI1002 Fort Michilimackinac MI Low Low B

(Archeological) 

NC1002 Biggerstaff Old Fields NC Low Low A

(Archeological) 

NC1004 John Burgwin NC Low Low A

(Burgwin-Wright) House 

NC1008 Halifax NC Low Low B

NH1009 Wyman Tavern NH Low Low A

NH1010 Exeter Powder House NH Low Low B

NH1011 William Pitt Tavern NH Low Low B

NH1016 Ladd-Gilman House NH Low Low B

NJ1010 Morristown NJ Low Low A

NJ1011 Nassau Hall NJ Low Low B

NJ1012 Trenton Barracks NJ Low Low A

NJ1018 Steuben House NJ Low Low B

NJ1019 Thomas Smith House NJ Low Low A

NJ1030 Ogden Farm NJ Low Low A

NY1005 Bentley/Conference House NY Low Low A

NY1011 Fishkill Supply Depot Site NY Low Medium C

NY1014 William Floyd House NY Low Low A

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

NY1017 Fort Clinton NY Low Low B

NY1027 Fort Montgomery NY Low Low A

(Archeological)

NY1029 Fort Salonga (Archeological) NY Low Low B

NY1033 Fort Ticonderoga NY, VT Low Low B

NY1035 Fort Tryon (Archeological) NY Low Low B

NY1039 Fraunces Tavern NY Low Low A

NY1046 King's Ferry (Location) NY Low Medium C

NY1056 Schoharie Middle Fort NY Low Low B

(Archeological) 

NY1065 North Salem Town Hall NY Low Low B

NY1066 Odell House NY Low Low A

NY1068 Chappaqua Meeting House NY Low Low B

NY1071 Schoharie Lower Fort NY Low Low B

NY1073 Philipse Manor Hall NY Low Low B

NY1076 Raynham Hall NY Low Low A

NY1083 Schuyler Flatts (Archeological) NY Low Low A

NY1088 St. Mark's Cemetery NY Low Low B

NY1096 West Point Fortifications NY Low Low A

(Archeological)

NY1098 Johnson Hall NY Low Low B

NY1103 Fort Klock NY High Medium C

PA1002 Bogart's Tavern PA Low Low A

PA1016 Ephrata Cloister PA Low Low A

PA1022 Hopewell Village and Furnace PA Low Low B

PA1024 Keith House (Location) PA Low Low A

PA1056 Independence Hall and Yard PA Low Low A

PA1060 Carpenters' Hall PA Low Low A

PA1062 Washington Crossing/ PA Low Low A

Thompson-Neely House 

RI1004 Conanicut Battery RI Low Low B

RI1011 Miantonomi Fortifications RI Medium High C

RI1018 Tiverton Four Corners RI Low Low B

Preservation Priorities of Principal Sites in the United States 57
58 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

RI1020 Waterman Tavern and RI High High C

Encampment 

RI1023 Portsmouth Friends RI Low Low B 

Meetinghouse and Parsonage 

RI1024 Hunter House RI Low Low B

RI1025 John Bannister House RI Low Low B

RI1026 Vernon House RI Low Low B

RI1027 Oliver Hazard Perry House RI Low Low B

RI1028 Clarke Street Meeting House RI Low Low B 

RI1029 Touro Synagogue RI Low Low B

RI1031 North Battery RI Low Low B

SC1004 Palmetto Fort SC Low Low A

SC1005 Camden (Archeological) SC Low Low A

SC1009 Ninety Six and Star Fort SC Low Low B

SC1012 Pegues Place SC Low Medium C

SC1014 Santee Indian Mound SC Low Low B 

and Fort Watson 

SC1016 The Exchange SC Low Low A

SC1018 Powder Magazine SC Low Low A

TN1003 Eaton's Station and Fort TN Medium Medium C

VA1009 Custom House VA Low Low A

VA1014 St. John's Episcopal Church VA Low Low B

VA1017 Westover VA Low Low B

VA9999 Chickahominy Shipyard VA Low Low A

(Archeological) 

VT1002 Landlord Fay's House/ VT Low Low B 

Green Mountain Tavern 

VT1003 Elijah West's Tavern VT Low Low B

Priority III Associated Historic Properties (65 sites)

Class C Sites with Low Threats

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

CT1003 Fort Stamford CT Low Low C

CT1005 Keeler Tavern CT Low Low C

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

CT1010 Camp Reading Cantonment CT Low Low C

(Archeological) 

DE1004 Hale-Byrnes House DE Low Low C

GA1002 Fort Morris (Archeological) GA Low Low C

MA1003 Colonel Gilbert House MA Low Low C

MA1005 Billerica Town Common MA Low Low C

MA1007 Boston Common MA Low Low C

MA1013 Buckman Tavern MA Low Low C

MA1035 Isaac Royall House MA Low Low C

MA1038 Joshua Loring House MA Low Low C

MA1044 South Meeting House MA Low Low C

MA1046 Marblehead Town House MA Low Low C

MA1049 Provincial Powder House MA Low Low C

MA1060 Westport Point MA Low Low C

MA1083 Reverend Apthrop House MA Low Low C 

MA1084 William Brattle House MA Low Low C 

ME1000 Fort Foster (Archeological) ME Low Low C

ME1008 Fort Western ME Low Low C

MI1003 Fort St. Joseph (Archeological) MI Low Low C

NC1009 Nikwasi (Nequasee) NC Low Low C

(Archeological) 

NH1008 Governor John Wentworth NH Low Low C

House 

NJ1007 Hillman Hospital House NJ Low Low C

NJ1016 Ringwood Manor and Iron NJ Low Low C

Works (Archeological)

NJ1031 Greenfield Hall (Gill House) NJ Low Low C

NJ1032 Indian King Tavern NJ Low Low C

NJ1034 Guard House NJ Low Low C

NY1004 Church of St. Andrew NY Low Low C

(Location) 

NY1007 DeWint House NY Low Low C

NY1009 Edmonston House NY Low Low C

NY1022 Fort Golgotha and Burial Hill NY Low Low C

Cemetery (Archeological)
ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

NY1031 Fort St. George (Archeological) NY Low Low C

NY1059 Gomez-Acker Mill House NY Low Low C

NY1069 Patrick Smyth House NY Low Low C

NY1072 Palatine Church NY Low Low C

NY1081 Fort Salem (Archeological) NY Low Low C

NY1084 Abraham Van Gaasbeek/ NY Low Low C 

Senate House 

NY1087 St. James Church NY Low Low C

NY1091 Mabie's Tavern NY Low Low C

NY1109 Bedford Green NY Low Low C

NY1112 Dutch Reformed Church NY Low Low C

NY1113 Trinity Church NY Low Low C

NY1117 John Brinckerhoff House NY Low Low C

(Location) 

OH1001 Fort Laurens (Archeological) OH Low Low C

PA1009 Cornwall Furnace PA Low Low C

PA1018 Fort Roberdeau PA Low Low C

PA1031 Hannastown (Archeological) PA Low Low C

PA1068 Presbyterian Meeting House PA Low Low C 

PA1070 Justice House PA Low Low C

PA1071 Brick Hotel PA Low Low C

RI1001 Beavertail Light RI Low Low C

RI1006 Fort Barton RI Low Low C

RI1008 Nathaniel Greene Homestead RI Low Low C

RI1010 Capt. John Mawdsley House RI Low Low C 

RI1012 Green End Fortifications RI Low Low C

RI1013 Mount Hope Farm RI Low Low C

RI1015 Rhode Island Colonial RI Low Low C 

State House 

RI1017 John Tillinghast House RI Low Low C

RI1030 Overing Farm RI Low Low C

SC1010 Dorchester (Archeological) SC Low Low C

SC1019 Sheldon Church Ruins SC Low Low C

VA1000 Blandford Church and Cemetery VA Low Low C

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

VA1008 Monticello VA Low Low C

VA1011 Point of Fork Arsenal VA Low Low C

(Archeological) 

VA1012 Williamsburg Powder Magazine VA Low Low C

Associated Historic Properties Needing Further Study (32 sites)

All Classes, Where Location, Condition, Integrity, or Threats are Unknown

ID Property State Class

FL1003 Fort George FL A

IL1007 Kaskaskia-Cahokia Trail IL B

MA1072 Boston Post Road MA A

ME1002 Arnold Trail to Quebec ME C

ME1011 Privateer Brigantine Defence Shipwreck ME B

(Archeological) 

NC1000 Bedford Hill Encampment NC A

NC1011 Quaker Meadows NC A

NC1003 Buffalo Ford NC B

NC1012 Race to the Dan River NC A

NC1013 Smith's Ferry NC B

NJ1015 Ralston Gristmill NJ B

NY1037 Fort Washington (Location) NY A

NY1057 Military Road from Fort Edward to Lake George NY B

NY1093 Great War Trail NY C

NY1101 Fort Ann (Archeological) NY C

NY1125 Newburgh Docks NY C

PA1046 Warwick Furnace PA B

PA1095 Coventry Forge PA B

RI1005 Fort Adams RI B

RI1007 Fort Hamilton (Archeological) RI C

RI1009 Hope Furnace (Archeological) RI C

RI1016 Poplar Point Lighthouse (Archeological) RI C

SC1000 Ashley River Road SC C

SC1001 Belleville Plantation (Archeological) SC C

SC1007 Land's Ford Encampments (Archeological) SC C

Preservation Priorities of Principal Sites in the United States 59
60 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

ID Property State Class

SC1011 Route of the Patriot Militia to Kings Mountain NC, SC, TN, VA A

SC1013 Pritchard Paul Shipyard (Archeological) SC B

SC1015 Snow's Island (Archeological) SC C

TN1002 Sycamore Shoals (Archeological) TN A

VA1002 Chiswell Lead Mines (Archeological) VA C

VA1016 Washington-Rochambeau Route CT, DE, MD, MA, A

 NJ, NY, PA, RI, VA

VT1001 Crown Point Road VT C

Associated Historic Properties Commemorative Opportunities (37 sites)

All Classes, Where Site is Fragmented or Destroyed and Threats are Marginal or 

Do Not Apply

ID Property State Class

FL1004 Fort Tonyn (Archeological) FL C

GA1000 Cherokee Ford (Location) GA, SC C

IL1005 Kaskaskia Village (Location) IL B

LA1005 Fort Bute (Location) LA C

MA1008 Boston Light (Location) MA C

MA1011 Bradford Meeting House (Location) MA C

MA1079 Jarvis Shop (Location) MA C

MA1081 Bartlett Wharf (Location) MA B

MA1082 Glover Wharf (Location) MA B

MA1102 Nathaniel Tracy Shop (Location) MA C

MA1103 Boardman's Wharf (Location) MA C

MA1200 Fort Putnam (Location) MA A

MI1000 Fort Detroit (Location) MI A

ID Property State Class

NC1001 Bell's Mill (Archeological) NC A

NC1005 Cathey's Fort (Location) NC C

NC1014 Taylor's Mill (Location) NC B

NH1002 Fort Number Four Site (Location) NH A

NH1004 New Hampshire Colonial State House (Location) NH C

NH1012 Exeter Town House (Location) NH B

NH1015 Exeter Jail (Location) NH B

NJ1014 Pluckemin Artillery Cantonment (Location) NJ A

NJ1029 Jacob Arnold House NJ A

NJ1033 Friends Meeting House NJ C

NJ1035 Fort at Paulus Hook NJ C

NY1050 Lefferts Homestead NY A 

NY1077 Rivington's Printing Shop (Location) NY C

NY1100 Fort Alden (Location) NY B

NY1102 Fort Dayton (Location) NY C

PA1015 Durham Village Mill and Furnace (Location) PA A

PA1025 Lancaster County Courthouse (Location) PA A

PA1045 Walnut Street Prison (Location) PA A

PA1051 York Courthouse PA A

PA1058 Graff House (Location) PA A

PA1059 City Tavern (Location) PA A

PA1069 Harris House (Location) PA C

SC1002 Castle Pinckney SC A

WV1002 Fort Henry and Wheeling Settlement (Location) WV C
War of 1812 Preservation Priorities: Battlefields (78)

Priority I Battlefields (16 sites)

Class A and B Sites with Medium or High Threats

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

AL402 Fort Mims AL Low Medium B

AL403 Tallussahatchee AL Medium High B

AL407 Econochaca AL Low Medium B

AL411 Horseshoe Bend (Tohopeka) AL Low Medium A

AL412 Fort Bowyer (First) AL Medium Medium B

AL415 Fort Bowyer (Second) AL Medium Medium B

FL401 Pensacola FL Medium Medium B

IN403 Tippecanoe IN Low Medium B

LA401 New Orleans LA High Medium B

(Villere's Plantation) 

LA406 New Orleans (Chalmette) LA Medium Medium A

MI405 Mackinac Island MI Low Medium B

NY402 Sackets Harbor NY Medium Medium A

NY409 Plattsburgh (Second & Third) NY Low Medium A

OH400 Fort Meigs (First) OH Low Medium B

OH401 Fort Meigs (Second) OH Low Medium B

WI400 Prairie du Chien (Fort Shelby) WI Low Medium B

Priority II Battlefields (29 sites)

Class A and B Sites with Low Threats (11) and Class C Sites with Medium or High 

Threats (18)

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

AL400 Tuckabatchee AL Low Low B

AL406 Autosse AL Low Medium C

DC400 Washington DC, VA Low Low A

FL400 Pensacola FL Medium Medium C

GA409 Saint Marys River GA Low Medium C

IN402 Mississinewa IN Low Medium C

LA402 New Orleans LA Medium Medium C

(Rodriguez Canal) 

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

LA403 Fort St. Philip LA Low Medium C

LA405 Barataria Island LA Medium Medium C

MD401 Caulk's Field MD Low Medium C

MD402 Benedict MD Low Medium C

MD404 Fort McHenry MD Low Low A

MD405 Baltimore (Hampstead Hill) MD Low Low B

MD407 Slippery Hill MD Medium High C

MD409 St. Leonards Creek (First) MD Low Medium C

MD410 St. Leonards Creek (Second) MD Low Medium C

ME400 Eastport ME Low Low B

ME401 Castine ME Low Low A

MI400 Fort Michilimackinac MI Low Low B

MI401 Brownstown MI Low Medium C

MI404 River Raisin (Frenchtown) MI Low Low B

NY401 Ogdensburg (First) NY Low Medium C

NY403 Plattsburgh (First) NY Low Medium C

NY404 Fort Niagara NY Low Low A

NY406 Oswego NY Low Medium C

NY410 Ogdensburg (Second) NY Low Medium C

NY413 Lewiston NY Low Medium C

VA400 Craney Island VA Low Low B

VA403 White House Battery VA Low Low B

Priority III Battlefields (7 sites)

Class C Sites with Low Threats

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

AL405 Hillabee AL Low Low C

IA400 Rock River (Credit Island) IA Low Low C

IL401 Rock Island (Campbell's Island) IL Low Low C

IN400 Fort Harrison IN Low Low C

ME402 Hampden ME Low Low C

NY400 Sackets Harbor NY Low Low C

NY407 Sandy Creek NY Low Low C

Preservation Priorities of Principal Sites in the United States 61
62 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Battlefields Needing Further Study (10 sites)

All Classes, Where Location, Condition, Integrity, or Threats are Unknown

ID Battlefield State Class

AL401 Burnt Corn AL B

AL408 Emuckfau Creek AL B

AL409 Enitachopco Creek AL B

AL410 Calabee AL C

LA400 Lake Borgne LA B

MD408 Pig Point MD B

ME404 USS Enterprise v. HMS Boxer ME C

NY411 Northern New York Raids NY C

OH403 Lake Erie OH A

OH404 Dudley's Defeat OH C

Battlefield Commemorative Opportunities (16 sites)

All Classes, Where Site is Fragmented or Destroyed and Threats are Marginal or 

Do Not Apply

ID Battlefield State Class

AL404 Talladega AL B

AL414 Fort Charlotte AL B

IL400 Fort Dearborn IL B

IN401 Fort Wayne IN C

LA404 New Orleans (USS Carolina) LA C

MD400 North Point MD B

MD403 Bladensburg MD A

MD406 Havre de Grace MD C

ME403 Machias ME C

MI402 Monguagon MI B

MI403 Detroit MI A

NY405 Buffalo (Black Rock) NY B

NY408 Conjocta Creek NY C

OH402 Fort Stephenson OH C

VA401 Hampton VA C

VA404 Alexandria VA C

Put-in-Bay 

(OH1006) from the 

Perry’s Victory and 

International Peace 

Memorial, Ottawa 

County, Ohio. 

Photo by Todd Tucky.
War of 1812 Preservation Priorities: 

Associated Historic Properties (136)

Priority I Associated Historic Properties (14 sites)

Class A and B Sites with Medium or High Threats

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat

AL1011 Fort Strother (Archeological) AL Low Medium A

AL1015 Hickory Ground AL High Low A

(Archeological) 

CT1012 Simeon North Factory CT Medium High B

(Archeological) 

DC1019 Washington Navy Yard DC Low Medium A

LA1003 Fort at English Turn LA Low Medium A

(Archeological) 

LA1014 Tchefuncta Navy Yard LA High High B

(Archeological) 

MA1054 West Armory Building 11, MA High Medium A

Springfield Arsenal 

MD1008 Bellona Powder Mills MD Medium Medium B

(Archeological) 

MD1054 Snell's Bridge Encampment MD Low Medium A

(Archeological) 

NY1079 Sackets Harbor Naval Base NY Low Medium A

NY1090 Storr's Harbor (Archeological) NY Low Medium A

NY1107 New York Navy Yard NY Low Medium A

NY1108 USS Brig Eagle Shipwreck NY Low Medium A

(Archeological) 

VI1000 Hassel Island VI Low Medium B

Priority II Associated Historic Properties (47 sites)

Class A and B Sites with Low Threats (43) and Class C Sites with Medium or High 

Threats (4)

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat

AL1007 Fort Mims (Archeological) AL Low Low B

AL1008 Fort Mitchell (Archeological) AL High Low C

AL1010 Fort Stoddert/Mt. Vernon AL High High C

Arsenal (Archeological) 

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat

AL1012 Fort Toulouse/Fort Jackson AL Low Low A

(Archeological) 

AL1016 Tookaubatchee (Archeological) AL Low Low A

CT1009 Connecticut State House CT Low Low B

DC1007 Octagon House DC Low Low A

DC1015 Marine Corps Barracks and DC Low Low B

Commandant's House

DC1020 White House DC Low Low A

DE1000 Brandywine Powder Mills DE Low Low A

GA1001 Fort Hawkins (Archeological) GA Low Low B

IL1003 Village and Fort of the Grand IL Low Low B

Kickapoo of the Prairie

IL1004 Fort Russell (Archeological) IL Low Medium C

IL1006 Fort de Chartres IL Low Low B

KY1000 Bourbon Iron Works KY Low Low B

(Archeological) 

KY1002 Great Saltpeter Cave KY Low Low B

KY1003 Mammoth Cave Saltpeter KY Low Low B

Works 

LA1009 Fort St. Philip LA Low Medium C

MA1009 Quarters G and I and MA Low Low A

Building 5, Charlestown 

Navy Yard

MA1058 USS Constitution MA Low Low A

MD1001 Aetna Powder Mill MD Low Low B

MD1010 Madison House MD Low Low A

(Archeological) 

MD1016 Federal Hill MD Low Low B

MD1017 Federal Hill Historic District MD Low Low A

MD1019 Flag House MD Low Low A

MD1024 Fort McHenry MD Low Low A

MD1030 Gunpowder Copper Works MD Low Low B

MD1031 Hampstead Hill Fortification MD Low Low B

(Archeological) 

MD1059 Todd Farmhouse MD Low Low B

(Archeological) 

Preservation Priorities of Principal Sites in the United States 63
64 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat

ME1004 Fort Edgecomb ME Low Low B

ME1007 Fort Sullivan (Archeological) ME Low Low B

ME1012 Todd House ME Low Low B

MI1004 Mackinac Island MI Low Low A

MI1005 Navarre-Anderson Trading Post MI Low Low B

NC1006 Fort Johnston Barracks NC Low Low B

NH1005 Quarters A, Portsmouth NH Low Low B

Navy Yard 

NY1006 Crab Island Military Hospital NY Low Low A

(Archeological) 

NY1012 Five Mile Meadows NY Low Low A

NY1016 Fort Brown NY Low Low A

NY1019 French's Mills Cantonment NY Low Low A

(Archeological) 

NY1041 Garrison Cemetery NY Low Low A

NY1043 Greenbush Cantonment NY Low Low B

(Archeological) 

OH1003 Fort Meigs OH Low Low A

OH1006 Put-in-Bay OH Low Low A

VA1020 Tangier Island (Archeological) VA Low Low B

VT1004 MacDonough Shipyard and VT Low Low A

Defenses (Location)

WV1000 Harpers Ferry Arsenal and WV Low Low A

Armory (Archeological)

Priority III Associated Historic Properties (13 sites)

Class C Sites with Low Threats

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat

AL1003 Fort Burrows and Fort Decatur AL Low Low C

CT1000 Fort Decatur (Archeological) CT Low Low C

DC1021 Department of Treasury DC Low Low C

(1814 Location) 

DC1023 Bank of Columbia DC Low Low C

FL1000 British Fort (Archeological) FL Low Low C

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat

IN1000 Fort Harrison (Archeological) IN Low Low C

MD1052 Ridgely House (Archeological) MD Low Low C

MD1060 Benedict Encampment MD Low Low C

(Archeological) 

NY1026 Fort Izard NY Low Low C

NY1119 David Parish House NY Low Low C

OH1000 Fort Amanda (Archeological) OH Low Low C

OH1004 Fort Stephenson OH Low Low C

(Archeological) 

OH1005 John Johnston Farm OH Low Low C

Associated Historic Properties Needing Further Study (26 sites)

All Classes, Where Location, Condition, Integrity, or Threats are Unknown

ID Property State Class

AL1001 Federal Road AL B

AL1002 Fort Bowyer (Archeological) AL B

AL1006 Fort Deposit (Archeological) AL B

AL1009 Fort Sinquefield (Archeological) AL C

AL1013 Fort Williams (Archeological) AL A

DC1001 Columbia Foundry (Archeological) DC B

DC1018 Camp Hill (Archeological) DC A

DC1008 Pennsylvania Avenue DC A

DC1025 Farmers and Mechanics Bank of Georgetown DC C

(Location) 

IN1003 Prophetstown (Archeological) IN A

LA1002 Dupre Line Fortifications (Location) LA A

LA1004 Fort Bourbon (Archeological) LA C

LA1006 Fort Petites Coquilles (Archeological) LA B

LA1008 Fort St. Leon (Archeological) LA C

ME1001 USS Adams Shipwreck (Archeological) ME C

MO1002 Fort Mason (Archeological) MO C 

MO1001 Fort Clemson (Archeological) MO C

MO1005 Wood's Fort (Archeological) MO C

MS1000 Pitchlynn's Fort (Archeological) MS C
ID Property State Class

NY1023 Fort Gray (Archeological) NY A

NY1038 Four Mile Creek Cantonment (Archeological) NY C

NY1099 Creek Road NY C

NY1106 Salt Battery (Location) NY A

OH1002 Fort Macarthur (Location) OH C

OR1000 Fort Astoria (Archeological) OR C

TN1000 Natchez Trace AL, MS, TN B

Associated Historic Properties Commemorative Opportunities (36 sites)

All Classes, Where Site is Fragmented or Destroyed and Threats are Marginal or 

Do Not Apply

ID Property State Class

DC1003 Greenleaf Point Arsenal (Archeological) DC A

DC1006 National Intelligencer Office (Location) DC C

DC1016 State Department (1814 Location) DC A

DC1017 War Department (1814 Location) DC A

DC1022 Bank of the Metropolis (Location) DC C

DC1024 Bank of Washington (Location) DC C

IL1000 Fort Dearborn (Location) IL B

IN1001 Fort Wayne (Location) IN B

KY1004 Newport Barracks (Location) KY C

LA1001 Chef Menteur (Location) LA B

LA1007 Fort St. Charles (Location) LA B

LA1011 Macarty-Montreuil Line Fortifications (Location) LA A

LA1012 Marine Battery Fortification (Location) LA A

LA1013 Poste de La Bretonniere (Location) LA C

ID Property State Class

MD1004 Baltimore Patriot Newspaper Office (Location) MD B

MD1005 Federal Republican Newspaper Office (Location) MD A

MD1006 Baltimore County Jail (Location) MD A

MD1007 Second Federal Republican Newspaper Office MD A

(Location) 

MD1014 Concord Point Battery (Archeological) MD C

MD1021 Fort Babcock (Location) MD A

MD1022 Fort Convington (Location) MD A

MD1025 Fort Washington (War of 1812 era location) MD C

MD1029 Lazaretto Battery (Location) MD A

MD1049 Potato Battery (Location) MD C

ME1009 Haymarket Square (Location) ME C

MO1003 Portage de Sioux Blockhouse and Fort Lookout IL, MO C

(Location) 

MO1004 St. Louis Spanish Stone Round Towers (Location) MO C

NH1001 Fort Hill Block House (Location) NH C

NY1013 Flint Hill Cantonment (Location) NY B

NY1034 Fort Tompkins (Location) NY B

NY1051 Lewiston (Location) NY A

NY1086 Smyth's Barracks (Location) NY B

NY1092 United States Military Academy NY A

(War of 1812 era location) 

PA1037 Philadelphia Naval Shipyard (Location) PA B

PA1038 Presque Isle Naval Depot (Location) PA A 

VT1006 Monkton Iron Works (Location) VT A

 

Preservation Priorities of Principal Sites in the United States 65
66 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Both Wars Preservation Priorities: 

Associated Historic Properties (40)

Priority I Associated Historic Properties (6 sites)

Class A and B Sites with Medium or High Threats

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat

FL1006 Fort of Pensacola FL Medium Medium A

MA1025 Fort Pickering MA Low Medium A

MD1018 Fells Point Shipyards MD Low Medium B

(Archeological) 

MD1050 Principio Furnace MD Medium Medium A

(Archeological) 

ME1005 Fort George ME Medium Medium A

(Archeological) 

NY1025 Fort Haldimand and British NY Low Medium A

Navy Yard (Archeological)

Priority II Associated Historic Properties (17 sites)

Class A and B Sites with Low Threats (11) and Class C Sites with Medium or High 

Threats (6)

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat

AL1004 Fort Conde (Archeological) AL Low Low B

MA1023 Fort Lee MA Medium Medium C

MA1026 Fort Sewall MA Low Medium C

MD1009 Belvoir MD Low Low A

MD1032 Hessian Barracks MD Low Low A

MD1040 Maryland State House MD Low Low A

MD1044 Northampton Iron Works MD Low Low B

(Archeological) 

MD1047 Pooles Island MD Medium Low C

MD1058 Woodyard Plantation MD Low Low B

(Archeological) 

ME1006 Fort O'Brien (Archeological) ME Medium Medium C

MI1001 Fort Mackinac MI Low Low A

NY1028 Fort Ontario NY Low Low A

NY1042 Governor's Island NY Medium High C

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

NY1052 Lewiston Portage Landing NY Low Low B

(Archeological) 

NY1070 Fort Niagara NY Low Low A

RI1002 Bristol Waterfront RI Medium Medium C

VA1004 Fort Norfolk VA Low Low B

Priority III Associated Historic Properties (10 sites)

Class C Sites with Low Threats

ID Property State Short Term Long Term Class

 Threat Threat 

CT1001 Fort Griswold CT Low Low C

CT1002 Black Rock Fort/ CT Low Low C

Fort Nathan Hale 

MA1024 Fort Phoenix MA Low Low C

MD1012 Chapel Point MD Low Low C

MD1048 Port Tobacco MD Low Low C

NH1000 Fort Constitution NH Low Low C

NY1075 Joseph Purdy Homestead NY Low Low C

NY1080 Sag Harbor Village NY Low Low C

OH1008 Fort Miami (Archeological) OH Low Low C

SC1003 Fort Lyttelton (Archeological) SC Low Low C

Associated Historic Properties Needing Further Study (1 site)

All Classes, Where Location, Condition, Integrity, or Threats are Unknown

ID Property State Class

NY1104 Niagara Portage Road NY B

Associated Historic Properties Commemorative Opportunities (6 sites)

All Classes, Where Site is Fragmented or Destroyed and Threats are Marginal or 

Do Not Apply

ID Property State Class

MA1022 Fort Independence (Location) MA B

MA1027 Fort Strong (Location) MA C

MD1003 Baltimore American Newspaper Office (Location) MD B

NY1030 Fort Schlosser (Location) NY C

NY1036 Fort Wadsworth (Location) NY A 

NY1110 Skenesborough Harbor (Location) NY B
Preservation Priorities of Principal Sites in the United States 67
68 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)
Early efforts to protect and interpret Revolutionary War 

and War of 1812 sites often involved private organizations 

purchasing buildings associated with famous persons, especially 

the Founding Fathers or military leaders, or local or state 

governments purchasing sites associated with renowned events, 

such as the City of Philadelphia’s purchase of Independence Hall 

in 1818. The people of the United States today enjoy visiting those 

revered places thanks to the foresight of early preservationists 

in the mid-19th and early 20th centuries. Other sites from the 

two wars have benefited from more recent preservation activities 

and programs, especially federal, state, and local preservation 

laws and ordinances. Much remains to be done, however. The 

buildings and landscapes require ongoing care and support from 

this and future generations. The public and private efforts that 

have helped protect so much of the nation’s Revolutionary War 

and War of 1812 patrimony must continue and grow to help these 

sites survive the 21st century. 

How Many Principal Sites are Really 

Protected?

Inherent in the definition of preservation is the goal of keeping 

historic sites safe in perpetuity from injury, harm, or destruction. 

Permanent protection exists most often when the site is owned 

and maintained by a public conservation agency, owned and 

maintained by an incorporated nonprofit steward, or placed 

under enforceable legal protection by the private landowner. 

The resulting use of the historic property may vary depending 

on the form that permanent protection takes. In cases of private 

conservation, the protected properties remain private; they are 

not commonly open to the public or necessarily interpreted for 

the public. Most nonprofit organizations provide public access 

to their historic properties and interpret and maintain the sites 

to some degree. In cases of public ownership, historic sites 

are generally available for public use and visitation, are usually 

interpreted to some degree, and receive planned, long-term 

management and maintenance.

Of the 243 battlefield landscapes studied from both wars, 147 

survive to some degree, 66 are destroyed, and 30 need further 

study.81 Levels of protective ownership for the surviving 147 sites 

vary. At least 130 are partially owned and protected by public and 

nonprofit stewards. The extent of that “partial” protection varies 

from site to site. For example, there is an obvious difference in 

percentage of protected land where a state owns 50 acres of a 

1,000-acre battlefield and where a state owns 50 acres of a 100-

acre battlefield. In either example, however, the public may 

perceive that both battlefields are protected completely because 

of the state presence. Frequently, significant historic areas are 

endangered and may be lost due to that misperception. The 

remaining 17 surviving battlefields are fully in private ownership 

and are unprotected.82 

Of the 434 associated historic properties studied, 236 survive in 

their original form, whether building, landscape, or site. Of the 

236 surviving sites, 168 are primarily in permanent, protective 

ownership. In some cases, this means the entire site is protected 

and managed by a public or nonprofit steward. In other cases, 

some areas or historic features of these sites may still need 

protection. Additional or ongoing efforts to protect and manage 

resources at these sites should continue to be pursued and 

supported. Sixty-eight surviving sites are primarily in private 

ownership. Privately held properties in areas of changing land 

use or those that are otherwise endangered require immediate 

 81. The 30 battlefields needing further study include the sites of 10 naval 

engagements, 13 engagements against Indian Tribes, and 7 other 

battlefields at unknown locations.

 82. The extent to which private landowners have placed easements or 

other legal restrictions on the use of their land is unknown. Surveys 

did not request information about private easements.

Protecting the Sites

Stone foundations at Fort Montgomery 

(NY1027), now a state historic site, Orange 

County, New York. Photo by Charles Fisher.

Protecting the Sites 69
70 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

preservation action. Private holdings in stable real estate markets 

or that are well cared for by their owners may not require 

immediate preservation but should be considered for longterm protection. The other 192 associated historic properties 

are gone completely or remain only as archeological sites. Any 

archeological features at these sites should be documented 

through archeological survey. Survey results will inform future 

preservation and protection options. Conditions at six associated 

historic properties are unknown.

Some Principal Sites from each war are privately owned but 

regulated by local land-use controls, such as historic district 

ordinances. Historic district ordinances establish overlay zones 

that afford use of property in accordance with the base zoning—

industrial, commercial, residential, etc.—but regulate the design 

of alterations to historic fabric and new construction within 

the historic district. A commission or review board considers 

requests for alterations, new construction, and demolition within 

the district to ensure that the historic character of the district is 

not diminished. Since 1931 when Charleston, South Carolina, 

passed the first historic district ordinance in the United States, 

historic district ordinances have proven to be well supported 

by the communities that enact them. Like any local ordinance, 

however, they can be revised or overturned by future residents 

and local officials. For that reason, Principal Sites within historic 

districts can be said to have substantial protection at present, 

but that protection is not necessarily permanent. At least 31 

associated historic properties and portions of 8 battlefields are 

located within local regulatory historic districts.83

Direct and Permanent Solutions

The surviving Priority I sites and the Class C Priority II sites face 

high or medium threats. They require immediate preservation 

action or they will likely be destroyed or damaged within the 

next 10 years. Class A and B Priority II sites and Priority III sites 

face lower threats now, but those that are not already legally 

protected may face threats in successive decades. The ultimate 

aim of the Federal Government, states, communities, nonprofit 

organizations, and private citizens should be to provide for the 

permanent protection of these important sites.

Federal Action: 

The National Park Service

The U.S. Department of the Interior, through the National 

Park Service, is the Federal Government’s lead agency for the 

conservation and preservation of the nation’s historic and cultural 

sites. The mission of the National Park Service is to preserve 

“unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of 

the national park system for the enjoyment, education, and 

inspiration of this and future generations.” The National Park 

Service also cooperates “with partners to extend the benefits 

of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor 

recreation throughout this country and the world.”84 The power 

to set aside historic and natural resources as national parks lies 

with Congress and the President. 

Sixty Principal Sites are designated units (or parts of units) of 

the National Park System. For those sites that are only partially 

protected at present, the National Park Service’s management 

planning process is designed to determine what, if any, additional 

action is appropriate. Each unit of the National Park System 

considers what lands or interests need to be acquired within the 

authorized boundaries, if boundaries need to be adjusted, and 

what other actions might be appropriate to help protect lands 

outside of the designated boundary. A variety of protection 

techniques—including federal acquisition and cooperation 

with states, local governments, and the private sector—can be 

considered to help protect important lands within and adjacent to 

these park units.

 83. The surveys did not require data specific to historic district 

ordinances, although some surveyors provided information about 

overlay zones in their discussion of site zoning. Other Principal Sites 

likely fall within historic district overlay zones, especially those sites 

in historically urban areas. 

 84. National Park Service, Management Policies, 2006 (U.S. Department 

of the Interior: Washington, DC, 2006), inside front cover.
TABLE 8. Principal Sites Within the National Park System (60 sites)

* The term “Archeological” after a site name means that no aboveground features of the building or 

structure remain but that the presence of archeological features is possible.

† The term “Location” after a site name indicates that no aboveground features of the building or 

structure remain and that the presence of archeological features is unlikely. 

Revolutionary War Battlefields (23)

ID Name Park/Historic Site

AR200 Arkansas Post Arkansas Post National Memorial

FL200 Thomas Creek Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve

GA201 HMS Hinchinbrooke and Fort Frederica National Monument 

Sloop Rebecca (capture of)

IN200 Vincennes George Rogers Clark National Historical Park 

NC200 Moores Creek Moores Creek National Battlefield

NC205 Guilford Courthouse Guilford Courthouse National Military Park 

MA200 Lexington and Concord Minute Man National Historical Park 

MA201 Boston Boston National Historical Park 

MA202 Bunker Hill Boston National Historical Park 

MA205 Dorchester Heights Boston National Historical Park

MO200 St. Louis Jefferson National Expansion Memorial 

(San Luis de Ylinoises) 

NY217 Fort Stanwix Fort Stanwix National Monument

NY222 Saratoga (Freeman’s Farm) Saratoga National Historical Park

NY224 Saratoga (Bemis Heights) Saratoga National Historical Park

NY226 Saratoga (Siege) Saratoga National Historical Park

PA202 Occupation and Evacuation Independence National Historical Park

of Philadelphia 

SC200 Charleston (1780) Fort Moultrie National Monument

SC206 Kings Mountain Kings Mountain National Military Park

SC208 Charleston (1776) Fort Moultrie National Monument

SC211 Cowpens Cowpens National Battlefield 

SC214 Ninety Six (Siege) Ninety Six National Historic Site

SC219 Charleston (1782) Fort Moultrie National Monument

VA207 Yorktown (Siege) Colonial National Historical Park

Revolutionary War Associated Historic Properties (16)

ID Name Park/Historic Site

FL1001 Fort St. Mark Castillo de San Marcos National Monument

IN1002 Fort Sackville and Vincennes George Rogers Clark National Historical Park 

Settlement (Archeological)

MA1031 HMS Somerset Shipwreck Cape Cod National Seashore

(Archeological) 

MA1042 Old Cambridge Longfellow National Historic Site

NJ1010 Morristown Morristown National Historical Park

NY1014 William Floyd House Fire Island National Seashore

NY1032 Fort Stanwix Fort Stanwix National Monument

PA1022 Hopewell Village and Furnace Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site

PA1042 Valley Forge Valley Forge National Historical Park

PA1056 Independence Hall Independence National Historical Park*

PA1058 Graff House (Location) Independence National Historical Park

PA1059 City Tavern (Location) Independence National Historical Park

PA1060 Carpenters’ Hall Independence National Historical Park*

SC1004 Palmetto Fort Fort Moultrie National Monument

SC1009 Ninety Six and Star Fort Ninety Six National Historic Site

SC1011 Route of the Patriot Militia Overmountain Victory National 

to Kings Mountain Historic Trail

War of 1812 Battlefields (8)

ID Name Park/Historic Site

AL411 Horseshoe Bend (Tohopeka) Horseshoe Bend National Military Park

FL400 Pensacola/Fort Barrancas Gulf Islands National Seashore

Coloradas 

FL401 Pensacola/Fort Barrancas Gulf Islands National Seashore 

Coloradas 

GA409 Saint Mary’s River Raid Cumberland Island National Seashore 

LA401 New Orleans Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and 

(Villere’s Plantation) Preserve – Chalmette Battlefield

LA402 New Orleans Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and 

(Rodriguez Canal) Preserve – Chalmette Battlefield 

LA406 New Orleans Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and 

(Chalmette) Preserve – Chalmette Battlefield 

MD404 Fort McHenry Fort McHenry Historic Monument and 

 Historic Shrine

Protecting the Sites 71
72 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

War of 1812 Associated Historic Properties (11)

ID Name Park/Historic Site

DC1001 Columbia Foundry Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National 

(Archeological) Historical Park

DC1020 White House President’s Park (White House)

KY1003 Mammoth Cave Mammoth Cave National Park

Saltpeter Works 

MA1009 Quarters G and I and Building 5, Boston National Historical Park

Charlestown Navy Yard

MA1054 West Armory Building 11, Springfield Armory Springfield Arsenal

MA1058 USS Constitution Boston National Historical Park/ 

 U.S. Navy*

MD1024 Fort McHenry Fort McHenry National Monument and 

 Historic Shrine

MD1025 Fort Washington (Location) Fort Washington Park 

TN1000 Natchez Trace Natchez Trace Parkway

VI1000 Hassel Island Virgin Islands National Park*

WV1000 Harpers Ferry Arsenal and Harpers Ferry National Historical Park

Armory (Archeological)

Both Wars Associated Historic Properties (2)

ID Name Park/Historic Site

NY1036 Fort Wadsworth (Location) Gateway National Recreation Area

NY1042 Governor’s Island Governor’s Island National Monument

* Several sites within national parks are owned by other entities. Independence Hall is owned 

by the City of Philadelphia. Carpenters’ Hall is owned the Carpenters' Company of the City and 

County of Philadelphia. The USS Constitution is a commissioned warship of the United States 

Navy. The government of the U.S. Virgin Islands owns Battery Cowell and Fort Willoughby at 

Hassel Island.

The legislation authorizing this study specifically requested information on the 

designation of additional sites as units of the National Park System. A site is eligible for 

inclusion in the National Park System only if it is nationally significant,85 retains a high 

degree of integrity, represents a theme not already adequately represented in the system, 

is of sufficient size and appropriate configuration to ensure long-term site protection 

and to accommodate public use, and has potential for efficient administration at a 

reasonable cost.86

Several Principal Sites not currently within the National Park System may meet the 

criteria for inclusion within the National Park System. The table below lists 26 of the 

most significant87 (Class A) Principal Sites that have experienced little or moderate 

alteration since either the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812, and that are largely 

unprotected by other public historic preservation agencies or nonprofit organizations. 

Whether these sites meet all of the criteria for inclusion in the National Park System 

would need to be determined through future studies authorized by Congress. Such 

studies would also evaluate other management alternatives and would not normally 

recommend National Park Service administration if other alternatives offer adequate 

protection for the site. 

The National Park Service also manages or has managed funding programs to acquire 

historic land from willing sellers. The Civil War Commemorative Coin Act of 1992 

allowed proceeds from the sale of commemorative coins to be used to purchase land 

from willing sellers of Civil War battlefields listed in the Civil War Sites Advisory 

Commission Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields. The National Park Service, 

in partnership with the Civil War Trust, oversaw the use of $5.9 million raised from sale 

of the coins, which helped protect more than 5,200 acres at 26 battlefields.88 Congress 

could consider similar funding sources to celebrate the events of the Revolutionary War 

and the bicentennial of the War of 1812 to help permanently protect the Principal Sites.

 85. A site is considered nationally significant if it meets all four of the following standards: 1) it is 

an outstanding example of a particular type of resource; 2) it possesses exceptional value or 

quality illustrating or interpreting the natural or cultural themes of our nation’s heritage; 3) it 

offers superlative opportunities for recreation, for public use and enjoyment, or for scientific 

study; 4) it retains a high degree of integrity as a true, accurate, and relatively unspoiled 

example of the resource.

 86. National Park Service, Management Policies, 2006, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the 

Interior, 2006), 8-9; National Park Service, Division of Park Planning and Special Studies, 

“Criteria for Parklands,” January 2003 <http://www.nps.gov/legacy/criteria.html> 

(March 2004). 

 87. Class A battlefields are sites of battles that shaped the strategy, direction, outcome, or 

perception of the war. Class A associated historic properties are related to events that had a 

direct effect on the conduct of the war, a measurable national influence on the social, political, 

economic, and military actions and policies during the war, or a role in international trade, 

commerce, governmental interaction, or economic relations.

 88. The Civil War Preservation Trust, September 2004. 

 
TABLE 9. Class A, Intact,* and Largely Unprotected 

Principal Sites (26 sites)

Revolutionary War Battlefields (4)

ID Name County State Preservation

 Priority

NY219 Bennington (Walloomsac) Rensselaer NY I

NY230 New Town Chemung NY I

PA200 Brandywine Chester/Delaware PA, DE I

SC203 Camden Kershaw SC I

Revolutionary War Associated Historic Properties (11)

ID Name County State Preservation

 Priority

GA1003 New Ebenezer (Archeological) Effingham GA I

MA1016 Colonel James Barrett Farm Middlesex MA I

MA1042 Old Cambridge Middlesex MA II

MA1077 Concord Monument Square/ Middlesex MA II 

Lexington Road 

NH1009 Wyman Tavern Cheshire NH II

NJ1019 Thomas Smith House Burlington NJ II

NC1004 John Burgwin New Hanover NC II

(Burgwin-Wright) House 

NC1007 Gilbert Town (Archeological) Rutherford NC I

PA1012 Dawesfield Montgomery PA I

PA1014 Dilworthtown Inn Delaware PA I

PA1040 Strode’s Mill Chester PA I

War of 1812 Battlefields (2)

ID Name County State Preservation 

 Priority 

ME401 Castine Hancock ME II

NY402 Sackets Harbor Jefferson NY I

War of 1812 Associated Historic Properties (7)

ID Name County State Preservation 

 Priority

AL1011 Fort Strother (Archeological) St. Clair AL I

AL1016 Tookaubatchee (Archeological) Elmore AL II

MD1010 Madison House Montgomery MD II

NY1019 French’s Mills Cantonment Franklin NY II

(Archeological) 

NY1079 Sackets Harbor Naval Base Jefferson NY I

NY1090 Storr’s Harbor (Archeological) Jefferson NY I

VT1004 MacDonough Shipyard and Addison VT II

Defenses (Archeological)

Both Wars (2)

ID Name County State Preservation 

 Priority

MD1009 Belvoir Anne Arundel MD II

MD1050 Principio Furnace Cecil MD I 

(Archeological)

* Sites listed as “archeological” may have good integrity of archeological features, landscape 

features, and setting, but contain no surviving buildings or structures from the Revolutionary War 

or War of 1812. 

 89. Only battlefields listed in the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil 

War Battlefields (1993) are eligible for LWCF grants. 

 90. Between 1998 and 2006, Congress appropriated $29 million of LWCF monies for Civil 

War battlefield land acquisition. In FY2003, the Interior Department rescinded $1 million 

pursuant to the General Provisions of the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies 

Appropriations Act of 2003 (Public Law 108-007; 117 STAT 237, section 102).

 91. 16 USC 470h-2.

Since 1998, Congress has allocated, and the National Park Service has administered, 

Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) monies to help state and local governments 

acquire Civil War battlefield land or easements from willing sellers.89 The nearly $28 

million in LWCF grants spent to date have leveraged an equal or greater amount of 

non-federal capital to protect more than 11,800 acres of Civil War battlefield land 

without resorting to federal ownership and management.90 If authorized by Congress, 

the National Park Service could provide similar but separate LWCF grants to purchase 

land and easements at the Principal Sites of the Revolutionary War and War of 1812.

Federal Action: Other Agencies

Federal agencies other than the National Park Service also own and care for historic sites 

from the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Section 110 of the National Historic 

Preservation Act, as amended, directs federal agencies to identify, evaluate, and register 

historic properties, mitigate impacts to those sites when carrying out agency projects, and 

use “to the maximum extent feasible” historic sites they own or control.91 Section 110 

does not prohibit a federal agency from damaging or destroying cultural sites, but it does 

require agencies to consider alternatives to projects that will have a negative impact on 

historic sites when planning their projects and pursuing their missions.

Protecting the Sites 73
74 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

TABLE 10. Principal Sites Owned in Full or in Part by Other 

Federal Agencies (26 sites)

* The term “Archeological” after a site name means that no aboveground features of the building or 

structure remain but that the presence of archeological features is possible.

† The term “Location” after a site name indicates that no aboveground features of the building or 

structure remain and that the presence of archeological features is unlikely.

Revolutionary War Battlefields (2)

ID Name Federal Agency Facility/Park/

 Historic Site 

NY202 Denyse Ferry Department of the Army Fort Hamilton

SC212 Fort Watson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Santee National 

 Service Wildlife Refuge

Revolutionary War Associated Historic Properties (5)

ID Name Federal Agency Facility/Park/

 Historic Site 

FL1000 British Fort USDA Forest Service Apalachicola National 

(Archeological) Forest

MA1008 Boston Light U.S. Coast Guard Boston Harbor Light

(Location) 

NH1005 Portsmouth Navy Department of the Navy Portsmouth Naval 

Yard Quarters A Shipyard Museum

NY1096 West Point Fortifications Department of the Army U.S. Military Academy 

(Archeological)

SC1014 Santee Indian Mound U.S. Fish and Wildlife Santee National and 

Fort Watson Service Wildlife Refuge

(Archeological)

War of 1812 Battlefields (3)

ID Name Federal Agency Facility/Park/

 Historic Site 

VA400 Craney Island Department of the Navy Craney Island Fuel 

 Terminal

VA403 White House Battery Department of the Army Fort Belvoir 

WI400 Prairie du Chien U.S. Fish and Wildlife Upper Mississippi 

(Fort Shelby) Service National Wildlife

 and Fish Refuge

War of 1812 Associated Historic Properties (16)

ID Name Federal Agency Facility/Park/

 Historic Site 

DC1021 Department of Treasury Department of the Main Treasury Building

(1814 Location) Treasury

DC1003 Greenleaf Point Arsenal Department of the Army Fort Lesley J. McNair

(Archeological)

DC1019 Washington Navy Yard Department of the Navy Washington Navy 

 Yard

DC1015 Marine Corps Barracks U.S. Marine Corps Marine Barracks, 

and Commandant’s Washington, DC

House

DC1018 Camp Hill Department of the Navy U.S. Naval 

Observatory

(Archeological) 

FL1000 British Fort USDA Forest Service Apalachicola National 

(Archeological) Forest, Fort Gadsen 

 Historic Site

MA1008 Boston Light (Location) U.S. Coast Guard Boston Harbor Light 

 Station

MA1025 Fort Pickering U.S. Coast Guard Winter Island Park

MA1058 USS Constitution Department of the Navy Charlestown Navy 

 Yard (NPS)

MD1047 Pooles Island Department of the Army Aberdeen Proving 

 Ground

NH1005 Portsmouth Navy Yard Department of the Navy Portsmouth Naval 

Shipyard Quarters A Museum

NY1092 United States Military Department of the Army U.S. Military Academy

Academy 

(War of 1812 era Location) 

NY1096 West Point Fortifications Department of the Army U.S. Military Academy, 

(Archeological) West Point Museum

NY1108 USS Brig Eagle Department of the Navy (Shipwreck in U.S. 

shipwreck Waters)

(Archeological) 

NC1006 Fort Johnston Barracks Department of the Army Military Ocean 

 Terminal Sunny Point

VA1004 Fort Norfolk U.S. Army Corps of Norfolk District

 Engineers
 92. These grants were initially part of the Intermodel Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 

1991, were reauthorized in the Transportation Efficiency Act for the 21st Century in 1999 

(TEA-21), and extended in 2003 and 2004. In 2005, the enhancement program was made part 

of The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users 

(SAFETEA-LU), which is authorized through FY2009.

 93. U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation Enhancement Activities Apportionments 

for FY1992-2006, 2 April 2007, <http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/te/apportionments.

htm> (12 April 2007). 

 94. The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002.

 95. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, Section 170(h), Qualified Conservation Contributions, as 

amended (Public Law 96-541; 26 USC 170(h)).

 96. Under Section 2031(c) of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (Public Law 105-34), a portion 

of the value of land subject to a conservation easement may be excluded for federal estate 

tax purposes. The Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 (Public 

Law 105-206), amended Section 2031(c) to allow an estate tax deduction for a post-mortem 

easement, as long as no income tax deduction is allowed for the grant of the easement.

 97. U.S. Congress, House, Conservation Tax Incentives For Purchasing Land or Conservation 

Easements, 107th Congress, H.R. 2290. U.S. Congress, Senate, CARE Act of 2003, 108th 

Congress, S. 476, Section 107, passed April 2003. S. 476 allows a 25 percent reduction in capital 

gains from conservation sales.

Several other federal programs have funded and continue to support land and easement 

acquisition of historic sites: the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Transportation 

Enhancement Program, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Farmland Protection 

Program, and the Internal Revenue Code for qualified conservation contributions. 

Transportation Enhancement Grants-in-Aid are designed to strengthen the cultural, 

aesthetic, and environmental aspects of the nation’s intermodal transportation system.92 

Civil War site advocates have successfully used these grants to acquire land and 

easements on historic battlefields and other historic properties, as well as for other types 

of preservation projects (see below). The matching requirement of 4:1 federal to nonfederal funds makes these grants among the most feasible and sought after by nonprofit 

preservation groups and local governments. More than $9.1 billion was awarded for 

transportation enhancement projects from 1992 through 2006.93 

The Farmland Protection Program assists states, tribes, local governments, and 

private organizations in purchasing development rights to keep productive farmland 

in agricultural uses. In 2002, the program was extended to include farms or ranches 

containing historic and archeological sites.94 With $597 million available through 

FY2007, Civil War battlefield organizations and landowners are availing themselves of 

Farmland Protection Program opportunities. In 2002 and 2003, preservationists used 

Farmland Protection Program funds to help protect approximately 600 acres at four Civil 

War battlefields: Fairfield (part of Gettysburg), Pennsylvania; Mansfield, Louisiana; and 

Payne's Farm and Kernstown in Virginia. Principal Sites from the Revolutionary War 

and the War of 1812 that could benefit from this program include 62 battlefields and 19 

associated properties still in agricultural use to some degree.

Donation and sale of conservation easements has become increasingly popular among 

owners of historic properties. The U.S. Tax Code encourages private preservation efforts. 

Under Section 170(h) of the Internal Revenue Code,95 landowners who donate land 

and easements for conservation or historic preservation purposes are eligible to receive 

income tax deductions worth the value of the qualified donation. An additional financial 

benefit of qualified conservation easements is the reduced estate taxes; because the 

easement reduces the overall value of the historic property, heirs may pay less in estate 

taxes.96 

In the last four years, Congress has also considered amending the Internal Revenue Code 

to exclude from taxable earnings gross income up to 50 percent of capital gains from 

the sale of land or water or the sale of an interest in land or water to an eligible receiving 

entity.97 Additional federal tax incentives could bolster state and local efforts to purchase 

development rights from willing sellers, and encourage conservation-minded owners for 

whom land or easement donation is not feasible to sell their property or interests to an 

eligible receiving organization or unit of government.

State Action

Like the Federal Government, states set aside significant Revolutionary War and War of 

1812 sites as public historic sites and parks. Ninety-six Principal Sites are designated or 

found within state parks or state historic sites. Again, this does not mean that every state 

park or state historic site protects all surviving historic areas of the site. State agencies 

should evaluate their current holdings to determine whether additional state action is 

needed to fully protect the Principal Site, which may involve purchasing land from willing 

sellers, receiving donations of land, and working with partners to protect historically 

significant lands and features through other means. State preservation and conservation 

agencies should also determine whether other Class A and B Principal Sites meet state 

requirements for new units of state park/historic site systems. 

Protecting the Sites 75
76 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

TABLE 11. Principal Sites in State Historic Sites and Parks (96 sites)

Sites fully or partially owned by state agencies

* “Archeological” indicates no aboveground features of the original building or structure remain 

but that the presence of archeological features is possible.

† “Location” indicates no aboveground features of the original building or structure remain and 

that the presence of archeological features is unlikely. 

Revolutionary War Battlefields (26)

ID Name State Agency State Historic 

 Park/Site

GA203 Fort Morris, GA Department of Fort Morris State 

Capture of Natural Resources Historic Site

IL200 Kaskaskia Illinois Historic Fort Kaskaskia State 

 Preservation Agency Historic Site

KY201 Fort Boonesborough Kentucky Department Fort Boonesborough 

 of Parks State Park 

KY205 Blue Licks Kentucky Department Blue Licks Battlefield 

 of Parks State Resort Park 

KY206 Fort Harrod Kentucky Department Old Fort Harrod 

 of Parks State Park

NJ205 Fort Lee Palisades Interstate Fort Lee Historic Park

 Park Commission

NJ208 Monmouth NJ Dept. of Environmental Monmouth Battlefield 

 Protection State Park 

NJ213 Princeton NJ Dept. of Environmental Princeton Battlefield 

 Protection State Park 

NJ218 Trenton NJ Dept. of Environmental Washington Crossing 

 Protection State Park

NY201 Crown Point NY Dept. of Environmental Crown Point State 

 Conservation Historic Site

NY207 Valcour Island NYSOPRHP Valcour Island

NY218 Oriskany NYSOPRHP Oriskany Battlefield 

 State Historic Site

NY219 Bennington NYSOPRHP Bennington Battlefield 

 State Historic Site

NY221 Fort Ticonderoga VT Division for Historic Mount Independence 

 Preservation State Historic Site

NY223 Forts Clinton & NYSOPRHP Bear Mountain State 

Montgomery Park 

ID Name State Agency State Historic 

 Park/Site

NY229 Stony Point NYSOPRHP Stony Point Battlefield 

 State Historic Site 

NY230 New Town NYSOPRHP Newtown Battlefield 

 State Park

NY241 Johnstown NYSOPRHP Sir William Johnson 

 State Park

OH200 Fort Laurens Ohio Historical Society Fort Laurens State 

 Memorial

PA200 Brandywine PA Historical and Museum Brandywine 

 Commission Battlefield Park

PA205 Whitemarsh PA Historical and Museum Fort Washington 

(Chestnut Hill) Commission State Park 

SC202 Hanging Rock SC Dept. of Parks Andrew Jackson

(Second) Recreation &Tourism State Park (Hanging

 Rock Unit)

SC205 Musgrove's Mill SC Dept. of Parks Musgrove Mill State 

 Recreation &Tourism Historic Site 

SC215 Eutaw Springs Santee Cooper Eutaw Springs Battle 

 (State Owned Utility) Ground

VT200 Mount Independence VT Division for Historic Mount Independence 

 Preservation State Historic Site 

VT210 Hubbardton VT Division for Historic Hubbardton 

 Preservation Battlefield State Historic Site

Revolutionary War Associated Historic Properties (31)

ID Name State Agency State Historic 

 Park/Site

CT1010 Camp Reading CT Dept. of Environmental Putnam Memorial

Cantonment Protection State Park

(Archeological)

DE1004 Hale-Byrnes House DE Div. of Historical & Hale-Byrnes House

 Cultural Affairs 

GA1002 Fort Morris Georgia State Parks and Fort Morris 

(Archeological) Historic Sites Historic Site

KY1001 Fort Boonesborough Kentucky Department Fort Boonesborough 

(Archeological) of Parks State Park

MD1023 Fort Frederick MD Department of Fort Frederick State 

 Natural Resources Park
ID Name State Agency State Historic 

 Park/Site 

MD1035 Jerusalem Mill MD Department of Gunpowder Falls

 Natural Resources State Park

MI1002 Fort Michilimackinac Mackinac Island State Mackinac State Park 

(Archeological) Commission Historic Parks

NC1008 Halifax NC Department of Historic Halifax State 

 Cultural Resources Historic Site

NH1004 New Hampshire NH Division of Historical (State owns 

Colonial State House Resources dismantled portion)

(Location)

NJ1012 Trenton Barracks State of New Jersey Old Barracks 

 Museum

NJ1018 Steuben House NJ Dept. of Environmental Historic New Bridge 

 Protection Landing Park

NY1017 Fort Clinton NYSOPRHP Bear Mountain 

 Trailside Museum

NY1020 Fort Crown Point NY Dept. of Environmental Crown Point State 

 Conservation Historic Site 

NY1027 Fort Montgomery Palisades Interstate Park Bear Mountain State 

(Archeological) Commission Park

NY1047 John Ellison House NYSOPRHP Knox's Headquarters 

 State Historic Site

NY1064 New Windsor NYSOPRHP New Windsor 

Cantonment Cantonment State 

 Historic Site

NY1094 Hasbrouck House NYSOPRHP Washington's 

 Headquarters State

 Historic Site

NY1098 Johnson Hall NYSOPRHP Johnson Hall State 

 Historic Site 

NY1073 Philipse Manor Hall NYSOPRHP Philipse Manor Hall 

 State Historic Site

NY1084 Abraham Van NYSOPRHP Senate House State 

Gaasbeek/ Historic Site House 

Senate House

OH1001 Fort Laurens Ohio Historical Society Fort Laurens State 

 (Archeological) Memorial 

PA1009 Cornwall Furnace PA Historical and Museum Cornwall Iron Furnace 

 Commission State Historic Site

ID Name State Agency State Historic 

 Park/Site 

PA1016 Ephrata Cloister PA Historical and Museum Ephrata Cloister State 

 Commission Historic Site

PA1062 Thompson-Neely PA Historical and Museum Washington Crossing

House Commission Historic Park 

RI1001 Beavertail Light RI Dept. of Environmental Beavertail State Park

RI1005 Fort Adams RI Dept. of Environmental Fort Adams 

(Archeological) Management State Park 

SC1007 Land's Ford SC Dept. of Parks Landsford Canal 

Encampments Recreation &Tourism State Park

(Archeological)

SC1010 Dorchester SC Dept. of Parks Colonial Dorchester 

(Archeological) Recreation &Tourism State Historic Site

TN1002 Sycamore Shoals Tennessee State Parks Sycamore Shoals State 

(Archeological) Historic Park

VT1003 Elijah West's Tavern VT Division for Historic Old Constitution House

 Preservation State Historic Site

VI1000 Hassel Island U.S. Virgin Islands Hassel Island

 Port Authority

War of 1812 Battlefields (15)

ID Name State Agency State Historic 

 Park/Site

AL402 Fort Mims Alabama Historical Fort Mims State 

 Commission Historic Site

AL412 Fort Bowyer (First) Alabama Historical Fort Morgan State 

 Commission Historic Site

AL415 Fort Bowyer (Second) Alabama Historical Fort Morgan State 

 Commission Historic Site

IL401 Rock Island Illinois Historic Campbell’s Island 

(Campbell's Island) Preservation Agency State Memorial 

LA405 Barataria Island LA CRT/Office of State Parks Grand Isle State Park 

MD400 North Point MD Department of North Point State Park

 Natural Resources 

ME403 Machias Maine Bureau of Parks Fort O'Brien State and 

 Lands Historic Site

MI400 Fort Michilimackinac Mackinac Island State Park Mackinac State 

 Commission Historic Parks 

Protecting the Sites 77
78 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

ID Name State Agency State Historic 

 Park/Site 

MI405 Mackinac Island Mackinac Island State Park Mackinac State 

 Commission Historic Parks

NY400 Sackets Harbor NYSOPRHP Sackets Harbor 

 Battlefield State 

 Historic Site

NY402 Sackets Harbor NYSOPRHP Sackets Harbor 

 Battlefield State 

 Historic Site

NY404 Fort Niagara NYSOPRHP Fort Niagara State Park 

OH400 Fort Meigs (First) Ohio Historical Society Fort Meigs State 

 Memorial

OH401 Fort Meigs (Second) Ohio Historical Society Fort Meigs State 

 Memorial

WI400 Prairie du Chien Wisconsin Historical Society Villa Louis

(Fort Shelby) Historic Site

War of 1812 Associated Historic Properties (15)

ID Name State Agency State Historic 

 Park/Site

AL1002 Fort Bowyer Alabama Historical Fort Morgan State

(Archeological) Commission Historic Site

AL1007 Fort Mims Alabama Historical Fort Mims State 

(Archeological) Commission Historic Site

AL1012 Fort Toulouse/ Alabama Historical Fort Toulouse/

Fort Jackson Commission Fort Jackson State

(Archeological) Historic Site

IL1006 Fort de Chartres Illinois Historic Fort de Chartres State 

 Preservation Agency Historic Site

MD1030 Gunpowder MD Department of Gunpowder Falls 

Copper Works Natural Resources State Park

MD1052 Ridgely House MD Department of North Point State Park

 Natural Resources 

ME1004 Fort Edgecomb Maine Bureau of Parks Fort Edgecomb State 

 and Lands Historic Site

MI1004 Mackinac Island Mackinac Island State Mackinac State 

 Park Commission Historic Parks

NY1006 Crab Island Military NY Dept. of Environmental Crab Island

Hospital Conservation

(Archeological) 

ID Name State Agency State Historic 

 Park/Site 

NY1038 Four Mile Creek NYSOPRHP Four Mile Creek State 

Cantonment Park

(Archeological)

NY1079 Sackets Harbor NYSOPRHP Sackets Harbor 

Naval Base Battlefield State 

 Historic Site

NY1128 Fort Kentucky NYSOPRHP Sackets Harbor

 Battlefield State 

 Historic Site

OH1000 Fort Amanda Ohio Historical Society Fort Amanda State 

(Archeological) Memorial

OH1003 Fort Meigs Ohio Historical Society Fort Meigs State 

(Archeological) Memorial

OH1005 John Johnston Farm Ohio Historical Society Piqua Historical Area

Associated Historic Properties of Both Wars (9)

ID Name State Agency State Historic 

 Park/Site 

CT1001 Fort Griswold Connecticut State Fort Griswold Parks 

 and Forests Battlefield State Park 

MD1058 Woodyard Plantation Maryland NCPPC Woodyard 

(Archeological) Archeological Preserve

ME1005 Fort George Maine Bureau of Fort George State 

 Parks and Lands Historic Site

ME1006 Fort O'Brien Maine Bureau of Fort O'Brien State 

(Archeological) Parks and Lands Historic Site 

MI1001 Fort Mackinac Mackinac State Mackinac State 

 Historic Parks Historic Parks

NH1000 Fort Constitution NH Division of Fort Constitution 

 Parks and Recreation State Historic Site

NY1052 Lewiston Portage NYSOPRHP Earl W. Bridges 

Landing Artpark State Park

(Archeological)

NY1028 Fort Ontario NYSOPRHP Fort Ontario State 

 Historic Site

NY1070 Fort Niagara NYSOPRHP Old Fort Niagara State 

 Historic Site
FIGURE 22. State Conservation 

Programs

States establish land conservation programs 

to achieve state-specific goals. For example, 

in 2002, Heritage New York's Revolutionary 

War Grants provided $1 million in state 

matching grants (25 percent private match 

required) to preserve, rehabilitate, or 

acquire sites and trails designated as part of 

the state's Revolutionary War Heritage Trail. 

In neighboring New Jersey, the state’s Green 

Acres Program provides low interest (2 

percent) loans and grants to municipal and 

county governments to acquire open space 

and develop outdoor recreation facilities. 

Green Acres also provides matching grants 

to nonprofit organizations to acquire land 

for public recreation and conservation 

purposes. Since 1999, Green Acres has 

earmarked $5 million a year for sites in the 

Crossroads of the American Revolution 

Corridor and is currently working with a 

$14 million state appropriation to preserve 

Revolutionary War landscapes such as the 

Monmouth Battlefield and the Tory Tract 

woodlands, a site associated with British 

loyalists. A third example of a state land 

conservation program is the Virginia Land 

Conservation Foundation, which provides 

matching grants to state agencies, local 

governments, and tax-exempt nonprofit 

groups. Virginia Land Conservation 

Foundation grants may be used to purchase 

land and easements for the conservation 

of open spaces and parklands, lands of 

historic or cultural significance, farmlands 

and forests, and natural areas. In 2000, the 

Virginia Land Conservation Foundation 

contributed $773,000 toward the purchase 

of 380.2 acres at three Civil War battlefields 

in Virginia.

Apart from state park and historic sites bureaus, other state 

agencies, such as highway departments, environmental agencies, 

port authorities, and public works departments, also own 

Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 Principal Sites. Like 

their federal counterparts, these state agencies may not focus on 

preservation and management of historic sites in their control. 

Preservation advocates should work with state administrators to 

carry out or develop state laws and policies for the identification, 

evaluation, recordation, and mitigation of impacts to historic sites 

on state lands. 

In addition to state purchase and management of historic 

properties, some states have established land conservation 

programs to buy historic lands or interests in lands. State 

acquisition funds have been used alone and to leverage federal 

grants. Priority I, II, and III Principal Sites may be eligible for 

state conservation program grants depending on the state goals 

and granting requirements and on the site’s historic, scenic, and 

environmental qualities. 

Like the Federal Government, most states offer tax incentives to 

landowners who donate property or easements for conservation 

or historic preservation purposes. State income tax deductions 

and credits usually can be claimed in addition to federal 

incentives. This double incentive should encourage historic 

property owners to donate lands or easements at Priority I, II, 

and III Principal Sites. 

Local Action

Local governments own and manage some or all of 17 

battlefields and 90 associated historic properties evaluated in 

this study. Some of these local holdings are managed as parks 

and historic sites, while others are set aside or used for other 

municipal purposes. Like their federal and state counterparts, 

local governments should evaluate their current holdings and 

determine whether additional local preservation action is needed 

to protect and manage additional historic lands and buildings 

associated with the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. In 

some cases, local governments may want to consider placing 

conservation or historic preservation easements on their historic 

holdings. Easements will prohibit future incompatible uses of the 

historic properties, such as recreational fields, landfills, or school 

construction. Local governments should also consider whether 

other Class B and C Principal Sites in their jurisdictions are worthy 

of study and planning as potential new parks or historic sites. 

Another way local governments can play a significant role 

in the permanent preservation of significant historic sites is 

through Purchase of Development Rights programs. Purchase 

of Development Rights programs, funded through local tax 

revenues, enable local governments to work with landowners 

to purchase agreed-upon development rights (easements) on 

environmentally or historically sensitive lands important to the 

local community. Such programs also allow local governments to 

reach their conservation goals while leveraging funds from other 

private and public grants and keeping property on the tax rolls. 

In addition to federal and state income tax incentives to 

landowners who donate land and easements for conservation 

and preservation purposes, local governments may encourage 

private land conservation through local property tax reductions. 

One method is use value taxation. Localities establish use value 

programs in which landowners may choose to enroll. Enrolled 

properties are taxed based on the property’s current use, not 

its development potential. The reduced assessment remains in 

effect as long as the land use does not change. If the land use of 

enrolled property does change, most use value programs 

require current year and multiple back-year taxes be paid at 

full market value. 

Local governments should also talk with owners of historic 

resources about the specific reductions in local property 

taxes owners can expect if they choose to place conservation 

easements on their properties.

Nonprofit Action

Nonprofit organizations play important roles in protecting 

historic sites. As in the past, nonprofit organizations step in to 

preserve historic sites when public funding and management 

for historic preservation are absent. When public funding is 

available, nonprofits serve as vital partners in public-private 

preservation efforts, acting as conduits for public funds, 

raising critical private matching funds, and keeping history 

and preservation in the public eye. Currently, nonprofit 

organizations own portions of 9 battlefields and 53 associated 

historic properties. 

Protecting the Sites 79
80 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Apart from nonprofits established to preserve a particular site 

or groups of sites such as the Fort Ticonderoga Association and 

the Shirley-Eustis House Association, or patriotic organizations 

such as the Daughters of the American Revolution and the 

Society of the Cincinnati, most nonprofits have broad missions 

within their geographic area. National organizations such as the 

National Trust for Historic Preservation, statewide preservation 

organizations such as Preserve Rhode Island, and regional land 

trusts such as the Palmetto Conservation Foundation in South 

Carolina have technical and financial resources to help protect 

and manage Revolutionary War and War of 1812 sites, but they 

are not wholly focused on sites associated with those two wars. 

Nonprofit initiatives that target Principal Sites and other sites of 

the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 would increase greatly the 

chances that those sites will survive in the future. 

Private Action

Private citizens and companies are the ubiquitous and most 

influential owners of the Principal Sites. At some point in time, 

all private landowners will make choices regarding the disposition 

of their property. Their decisions will determine the fate of 

the historic sites they own. The challenge facing lawmakers, 

public agencies, and nonprofit organizations concerned with 

the preservation of historic sites is how to make available to 

these landowners opportunities for historic preservation that 

are flexible enough to accommodate the owner’s needs and that 

provide just compensation for the property or property interests 

that need to be preserved in the public’s interest. 

Landowners determine the timing and means for conveying their 

property. Permanent preservation of private sites can be achieved 

through voluntary sale or donation of land or interests in lands. 

The manner in which a property owner chooses to convey his 

or her property or development rights–through sale, donation, 

or private use restrictions–determines what rights the owner will 

retain and whether the owner will be eligible for federal, state, 

and local tax benefits.

In order to make permanent protection a reality for the Nation’s 

Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Principal Sites, sources of 

funding and financial incentives must be available. As indicated 

above, the legal and financial instruments currently available to 

preservationists and conservationists in this country provide 

opportunities on which to build. These instruments, if adequately 

supported, improved upon, and applied to the Principal Sites, 

may quickly prove effective in saving them. 

Paths to Permanent Protection

Fee simple acquisition and acquisition of interests in land are the 

most reliable methods for protecting historic property, but they 

are not always feasible options. Other preservation activities 

provide lesser levels of protection and can lead to permanent 

preservation of historic sites at a later, more opportune time. 

Such activities include further documentation of a site, including 

in-depth historical research, cultural site surveys, and mapping; 

registration of sites in state and national registers; resource 

planning; advocacy initiatives; and public education and 

interpretation efforts. 

These projects help raise awareness of the importance 

of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 sites among local 

communities, local governments, and landowners. They also 

lay the groundwork for more permanent forms of preservation. 

For example, American Battlefield Protection Program 

grants for research, survey, planning, and interpretation 

helped communities prepare for and receive Land and Water 

Conservation Fund grants to protect land permanently at 26 

Civil War battlefields identified by the Civil War Sites Advisory 

Commission in the early 1990s.98

Federal Programs

Numerous federal laws and programs encourage and support 

the types of preservation projects mentioned above. These 

programs can help make preservation projects at Principal Sites 

financially viable for private landowners, interested nonprofit 

preservation organizations, and state and local agencies. Many 

of these programs also offer technical assistance and professional 

guidance about cultural site management. Unless otherwise 

noted, the Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 

manages these programs.99

FIGURE 23. Use Value 

Assessment of Historic 

Properties

Lincoln County, North Carolina, home to 

1780 Ramsour's Mill battlefield (NC201), 

applies use value taxation to designated 

historical properties. A designated 

historical property is real property 

designated as a historic structure or site by 

a local ordinance adopted by the County’s 

Historical Property Commission and 

approved by the Board of Commissioners. 

Property classified as historical is taxed at 

50 percent of its true appraised value. Local 

property tax on the other 50 percent of the 

property’s appraised value is deferred. The 

deferred taxes will not become due unless 

or until the property loses its eligibility for 

the benefit of this classification. This could 

occur because of a change in an ordinance 

designation or a change in the property 

that causes its historical significance to 

be lost or substantially impaired. If the 

property should no longer qualify, the tax 

for the current year shall be computed 

at the original assessed value without 

the 50 percent deferment and taxes for 

the three preceding years that have been 

deferred shall become due and payable 

with any interest or penalties that would 

normally accrue. If only a part of the 

historical property loses its eligibility for the 

classification, a determination shall be made 

of the amount of deferred taxes applicable 

to that part and the taxes shall be due and 

payable with interest or penalties that would 

normally accrue. These laws are applicable 

to all counties in North Carolina. 

Lincoln County Tax Office, Lincolnton, 

North Carolina: www.lincolncounty.

org/ County/Departments/Tax/ 

landusevaluequalifications.htm, 

August 14, 2003.

 98. Of the 45 Civil War battlefields to receive LWCF land protection 

grants, 26 had been previously awarded project grants from the ABPP. 

 99. Additional information about these programs is available on the 

National Park Service’s History and Culture website, 

http://www.nps.gov/history/.
• The American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP) 

provides grants for preservation projects at battlefields and 

battle-related sites of all wars on American soil; provides 

technical assistance to battlefield preservation organizations; 

and conducts nationwide studies of battlefields as requested 

by Congress. Since 1992, ABPP has awarded 336 grants 

totaling nearly $8.2 million to public and private nonprofit 

partners to support preservation of 152 historic battlefields 

in 36 states and the District of Columbia.100 The most 

common ABPP grant projects are for historical research, 

cultural rersource and archeological surveys, site mapping, 

nominations of battlefields to the National Register of Historic 

Places, preservation and management planning, community 

advocacy campaigns, and site interpretation.

• The Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives program, 

managed by the National Park Service and the Internal 

Revenue Service, fosters private sector rehabilitation of 

historic buildings and promotes economic revitalization. 

The tax incentives are available for buildings that are National 

Historic Landmarks, that are listed in the National Register, 

or that contribute to National Register Historic Districts and 

certain local historic districts. Properties must be income 

producing and must be rehabilitated according to standards 

set by the Secretary of the Interior. In the last 10 years, 

federal tax incentives have spurred more than $67.5 million 

in private investments to rehabilitate 113 pre-1815 buildings 

in 21 states and the District of Columbia.101 Rehabilitation 

projects on buildings at registered Principal Sites are eligible 

if the building will be used as an income-producing property 

and not as a residence of the property owner. Thirty-four 

individual associated historic properties and numerous 

other buildings that contribute to larger historic districts 

have commercial uses. These properties may be eligible 

for rehabilitation tax credits. Historic landscapes, such as 

battlefields, are not eligible. 

• National Heritage Areas are nationally distinctive landscapes 

preserved through community partnerships. Conservation, 

interpretation, and other activities are managed through 

public-private partnerships within the national heritage area. 

The National Park Service provides technical and limited 

financial assistance for a limited number of years following 

national heritage area designation. A management entity 

(state or local agency, a commission, or a private nonprofit 

corporation) creates a management plan for the national 

heritage area, and may receive federal funds on the area's 

behalf. National heritage area properties remain in private 

hands (although existing public lands are commonly included) 

and in private control. Since 1984, $107 million in National 

Park Service funding to national heritage areas has leveraged 

more than $822 million in other federal, state, local and private 

funds to support national heritage area development and 

activities. Established national heritage areas associated with 

military history include the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields 

National Historic District in Virginia, the Tennessee Civil War 

National Heritage Area, the Crossroads of the Revolution 

National Heritage Area in New Jersey, and Champlain Valley 

National Heritage Partnership in New York and Vermont. 

In recent years, Congress has asked for studies of potential 

national heritage areas in the Carolinas (the Southern 

Campaign of the Revolution Heritage Area) and New York 

(the Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area). Other 

Revolutionary War or War of 1812 landscapes, such as areas in 

east central Alabama associated with the Creek War (1813-1814), 

may be worthy of study for national heritage area designation. 

• The National Historic Landmarks Program develops 

historical theme studies, helps prepare nominations for new 

landmarks, and provides assistance to existing landmarks. 

National historic landmarks are nationally significant historic 

sites designated by the Secretary of the Interior because 

they possess exceptional value or quality in illustrating or 

interpreting the heritage of the United States. Today, fewer 

than 2,500 historic sites bear this national distinction. Among 

these are 100 Principal Sites–72 Revolutionary War sites, 

23 War of 1812 sites, and 5 sites associated with both wars. 

Designation automatically adds a property to the National 

Register of Historic Places, if it is not already so listed. The 

most significant Principal Sites that retain a high degree of 

integrity may meet the criteria for National Historic Landmark 

status.

100. ABPP Program statistics as of September 2007. 101. National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services, April 2007. 

Statistics represent data from 1996 to 2006.

Protecting the Sites 81
82 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

• The National Historic Trails program recognizes and 

commemorates prominent past routes of exploration, 

migration, and military events. Historic trails generally 

consist of remnant sites and trail segments, and thus are not 

necessarily continuous. Federal agencies administer the 

trails, although lands may be in public or private hands. The 

National Park Service certifies associated historic sites along 

designated trails and provides technical assistance and limited 

financial assistance to partner organizations. National historic 

trails are particularly applicable to historic military campaign 

routes and other linear sites. The first military trail added 

to the National Trails System was the Overmountain Victory 

National Historic Trail associated with the 1780 battle of Kings 

Mountain. The National Park Service recently completed 

its Star Spangled Banner National Historic Trail study. If 

Congress designates the trail, it will link sites in Maryland, the 

District of Columbia, and Virginia associated with the British 

campaigns against Washington and Baltimore in 1814. The 

National Park Service has also completed the WashingtonRochambeau Revolutionary Route National Historic Trail 

study, which identifies resources associated with the French 

and Continental armies march routes through nine states. Of 

the 15 linear Principal Sites, several, such as the Race to the 

Dan River, the Kaskaskia-Cahokia Trail, and Arnold's Route to 

Quebec, may be appropriate candidates for National Historic 

Trail study. 

• National Maritime Heritage Grants were established by 

Congress to provide matching grants for maritime heritage 

education and preservation projects, including ship and 

lighthouse preservation and survey, and conservation of 

underwater archaeological sites. Grants are to be funded 

with 25 percent of the proceeds from scrapping vessels from 

the National Defense Reserve Fleet. However, problems 

concerning environmental and worker safety issues have 

led to delays in vessel disposal, resulting in no funding for 

the program since 1998, when 39 grants totaling $652,616 

were awarded. If fully funded, this program could provide 

project grants for underwater archeological investigations 

of shipwrecks and military artifacts associated with naval 

battles, and preservation and interpretation of Principal Sites 

associated with the maritime histories of the two wars. 

• The National Register of Historic Places is the nation's 

official list of cultural sites worthy of preservation. The 

National Register currently includes more than 80,000 

historic properties. Properties listed in the National Register 

include districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that 

are significant in American history, architecture, archeology, 

engineering, and culture. Nominations to the National 

Register are made through State Historic Preservation 

Officers, Federal Preservation Officers, and Tribal Historic 

Preservation Officers. Properties may be nominated at the 

local, state, or national level of significance. National Register 

status is honorary and does not restrict, by itself, private 

property use. Listing does not provide permanent legal 

protection for historic sites, but does raise awareness about 

their historic significance and does ensure they are considered 

during federal, and frequently state, cultural site compliance 

processes when federal or state undertakings may impact the 

historic site. Many of the federal grants programs cataloged 

here make National Register listing a prerequisite of eligibility 

for grant funds. 

• Preserve America grants, a federal program begun in 

2006, support communities that have demonstrated a 

commitment to recognizing, designating, protecting, and 

promoting local cultural resources. Preserve America is a 

White House initiative developed in cooperation with the 

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the Department 

of the Interior, and other federal agencies. Preserve America 

grants support planning, development, implementation, 

or enhancement of innovative heritage tourism activities, 

including documentation of cultural resources, interpretation, 

marketing, and training. Individual grants range from $20,000 

to $150,000 and require a 50/50 non-federal match. In FY 

2006, the City of Peekskill, New York, received one of the 

first Preserve America grants. The city will use the funding to 

develop an interpretation plan to convey the history of Fort 

Hill, Revolutionary War encampment overlooking the Hudson 

River. Communities working to promote their Revolutionary 

War and War of 1812 sites may be eligible for Preserve America 

grants. $5 million is available in FY 2007. 
• The Save America’s Treasures program supports bricks-andmortar preservation work on nationally significant historic 

buildings, structures, and sites and conservation of nationally 

significant intellectual and cultural artifacts. Since 1999, 

twelve sites or collections associated with the Revolutionary 

War or the War of 1812 received Save America’s Treasures 

grants. Those grants totaled more than $5.5 million in federal 

funding and leveraged comparable nonfederal matching funds. 

Save America’s Treasures grants do not fund acquisition of 

property or interests in property. Battlefield landscapes are 

not usually eligible for Save America’s Treasures grants. 

• The Tribal Preservation Program gives grants to federally 

recognized Indian tribes, Alaska Native groups, and Native 

Hawaiian organizations to support historic preservation 

projects and promote the continuation of living cultural 

traditions. Eligible grant activities include cultural sites 

surveys, preservation planning, recording oral histories and 

documenting cultural traditions, and education and training 

projects in historic and cultural preservation. Forty-nine 

tribes are known to have participated in the Revolutionary 

War and/or the War of 1812. If a Principal Site is on traditional 

tribal land and the history and preservation of the site is 

culturally significant to the tribe, preservation project funding, 

though limited, may be available. 

• U.S. Department of Transportation Enhancement Grantsin-Aid, in addition to providing funds for land and easement 

acquisition, support general historic preservation projects, 

rehabilitation of historic transportation buildings and 

structures, and archeological planning and research. Since 

1991, transportation enhancement projects at Civil War sites 

totaled approximately $45 million for land and easement 

purchases, restoration and rehabilitation of historic buildings 

and structures, interpretive signs, trail development and 

improvement, and surveys and planning studies. Research 

and planning projects, archeological surveys, and bricks-andmortar preservation work at Principal Sites associated with 

historic transportation routes or systems, or at Principal Sites 

near modern transportation routes and centers (state project 

requirements may vary), are potentially eligible for these grants.

State Programs

Of the 33 states (including the District of Columbia and the U.S. 

Virgin Islands) with Principal Sites of the Revolutionary War or 

War of 1812, 27 offer some form of tax incentive for appropriate 

rehabilitation of historic properties (usually in the form of 

property tax abatements or state income tax credits). To qualify 

for state tax incentives, properties often must be listed in the 

National Register of Historic Places or designated as a state 

landmark. State tax incentives may be taken in addition to federal 

tax incentives for rehabilitation. State rehabilitation tax incentives 

do not apply to battlefield landscapes. 

Several states have established special commissions to help 

promote preservation and commemoration activities at historic 

military sites. The following examples are useful models to 

consider in those states with numerous Principal Sites of the 

Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. 

• The Georgia Civil War Commission coordinates "planning, 

preservation, and promotion of structures, buildings, 

sites, and battlefields," acquires or provides funds for the 

acquisition of "Civil War battlefields, cemeteries and other 

historic properties associated with the Civil War," and 

develops a "Civil War Sites Heritage plan to promote heritage 

tourism and provide incentives to local landowners and local 

governments to preserve Civil War battlefields and 

historic sites."

• The Maryland Civil War Heritage Commission’s mission 

was "to protect Civil War sites and structures in Maryland” 

through coordinated efforts to leverage state open space funds 

with federal and private grants. 

• Like its Georgia and Maryland counterparts, the Tennessee 

Wars Commission works “to coordinate, plan, preserve, 

and promote structures, buildings, sites and battlefields of 

Tennessee associated with the American Revolution and the 

War Between the States.”

• In New Jersey, the State’s 225th Anniversary of the American 

Revolution Celebration Commission ensures that “State 

FIGURE 24. National Register 

Possibilities

Of the 66 battlefields and 265 associated 

historic properties currently listed in the 

National Register (excluding National 

Historic Landmarks), 62 battlefields and 

202 associated historic properties received 

potential National Register boundaries 

based on field evaluations of integrity. The 

National Register documentation for these 

sites should be reevaluated and updated to 

reflect current scholarship and site integrity. 

This is especially important for battlefield 

landscapes. Surveys indicate that, on 

average, 190 acres of historic land per 

battlefield may be eligible to add to existing 

National Register listings. The 4 battlefields 

and the 63 associated historic properties 

previously listed in the National Register 

that did not receive potential National 

Register boundaries should be evaluated 

for possible removal from the National 

Register. Field surveys indicate their 

integrity may be compromised. Ninetysix unlisted battlefields and 66 unlisted 

associated historic properties received 

potential National Register boundaries. 

These should be evaluated for formal 

nomination to the National Register. 

Protecting the Sites 83
84 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

government honors all pivotal events leading up to and 

including the anniversary of the Revolution's end in 2008.” 

• Unique among state commissions is the Kentucky Military 

Heritage Commission. The Kentucky commission is 

empowered by state statute to designate military heritage 

sites and objects that then "cannot be destroyed, removed, 

or significantly altered, other than for repair or renovation 

without the written consent of the commission."102 Noncompliance with the statute can result in misdemeanor and 

felony charges. 

A handful of states also manage state heritage area programs. 

Four of these, New York, Maryland, Louisiana, and Pennsylvania, 

include many of the Principal Sites of the Revolutionary War 

and War of 1812. Each program promotes regions of important 

cultural, historic, and natural resources, and emphasizes the 

relationship between conservation and preservation and tourism 

and sustainable economies. Similar to national heritage areas, 

state heritage areas are public-private partnerships. The states 

determine the management entity for the heritage areas—in 

some cases the management entity is a nonprofit organization, 

in others it is a state agency—and most require that an approved 

management plan be in place to guide heritage area initiatives. 

Benefits of state heritage areas may include state grants and 

loans for acquisition, development, public programs, and 

interpretation. In Maryland, owners of historic buildings 

and non-historic buildings used to cultivate tourism within a 

state heritage area are eligible to receive state tax incentives to 

rehabilitate their properties.103

All states support historic preservation through their State 

Historic Preservation Officer and staff. As part of his or her 

duties under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as 

amended, each State Historic Preservation Officer is responsible 

for identifying and nominating eligible properties to the National 

Register; preparing and implementing a comprehensive statewide 

historic preservation plan; directing and conducting cultural site 

surveys; participating in federal and state compliance processes; 

administering grants for historic preservation; advising and 

assisting in the evaluation of proposals for federal rehabilitation 

tax incentives; and generally supporting preservation efforts 

throughout the state.104 By making Revolutionary War and War 

of 1812 Principal Sites a focus of each of these program areas, State 

Historic Preservation Officers can help move many of these sites 

along the path to permanent preservation.

Tribal Governments

Members of at least 49 Indian tribes participated in the events 

that made the Principal Sites significant. The descendents of 

those who fought and influenced history should be advised 

of preservation initiatives and invited to participate. Because 

numerous bands trace their ancestry to the tribes described in 

the historic accounts of the Revolutionary War and the War of 

1812, as many as 140 federally recognized tribes might need to 

be consulted. Most Principal Sites lie outside of current tribal 

reservations (two exceptions being the Lewiston battlefield on the 

Tuscarora Indian Reservation and the Onondaga Creek battlefield 

on the Onondaga Indian Reservation, both in New York State). 

When another government or organization begins planning 

for preservation or interpretation projects at a Principal Site 

associated with Indian tribes history, that government or 

organization should contact the appropriate tribal governments. 

Tribal officials may assess the site’s significance in terms of tribal 

history and culture and can recommend treatment and use 

policies appropriate for commemorating Indian participation in 

the events for which the site is significant. 

102. KRS 171.782 (2002). Private property may only be designated if the 

owner willingly consents in writing to the terms of designation. The 

property is then recorded in the deed records of the appropriate 

county as a Kentucky Military Heritage Site.

103. For details about funding and tax incentives for Maryland’s 

Certified Heritage Areas, see Maryland Historical Trust, “Heritage 

Preservation and Tourism Areas,” 13 March 2007, <http://www.

marylandhistoricaltrust.net/hb-1.html> (12 April 2007). See also 

New York State Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, 

“Heritage Areas,” 2005, <http://nysparks.state.ny.us/info/herit_area.

asp> (2005); Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural 

Resources, Pennsylvania Heritage Parks Program: A Program 

Manual, Tenth Edition, January 2005, <http://www.dcnr.state.

pa.us/brc/heritageparks/manual.pdf> (12 April 2007); Atchafalaya 

Trace Commission and the Atchafalaya Trace Heritage Area, “The 

Heritage Area Management Plan,” Louisiana Department of Culture, 

Recreation and Tourism, 2002, <http://www.atchafalayatrace.org/

office/plans.asp> (12 April 2007).

104. 16 USC 470a(b)(3).
Indian tribes are significant participants in the national historic 

preservation program. Federally recognized Indian tribes may 

designate a preservation official to carry out national historic 

preservation programs on tribal lands.105 As of October 2007, 

there were 73 certified Tribal Historic Preservation Officers.106 

The number continues to grow as tribes establish their own 

historic preservation programs. 

Local Planning and Regulation

Citizens and local governments have tremendous power to shape 

the character of their communities. Through the community 

planning process, citizens and local officials can establish policies 

about the type of community desired now and for the future. 

When developing or updating comprehensive plans, which 

address the physical development of a community over time 

(often 5 to 10 years), citizens and planners have the opportunity to 

determine the benefits of historic preservation to the community 

and establish preservation of historic and cultural sites as an 

important community goal. 

Fifty-nine percent of the Principal Sites are in communities 

with comprehensive plans in place. About half of those 

municipalities have identified a Principal Site specifically or 

have noted the importance of historic preservation in general 

in their comprehensive plan. Citizens and planners should use 

this study as a starting point to identify significant Revolutionary 

War and War of 1812 sites in their communities.107 Through the 

community planning process, they can determine and establish 

community goals for historic preservation in general and sitespecific preservation.

In addition to consensus-based planning abilities, local 

governments maintain the authority to regulate land use and 

development. They can use that power to protect historic sites 

temporarily. Several protective mechanisms employed by local 

governments follow. 

• Agricultural and forestal districts are voluntary agreements 

between landowners and their local government to protect 

farms and forests from incompatible development. Property 

owners agree not to convert their farm and forestland to more 

intense commercial, industrial, or residential uses for a period 

of up to 10 years. The locality agrees not to take actions or 

make infrastructure investments that put increased pressure 

on the district.

• “Use value” or “land use” taxation encourages conservation. 

Local government have established programs that encourage 

agricultural and open space conservation (among others) 

by allowing a property to be assessed at its current use 

value rather than at its highest and best use value (value of 

development potential). Use value taxation often results in 

significantly lower real property taxes.

• Historic overlay district ordinances, with design guidelines 

or standards and an oversight review board, are among the 

best ways a local government can encourage appropriate 

treatment of historic buildings, structures, and landscapes 

within the district. Local governments create these zoning 

overlays to protect the character and use of historic areas from 

incompatible changes. Historic overlay district ordinances 

are generally more useful for protecting groups of historic 

buildings and structures, although such ordinances are also 

being adopted for protecting battlefields. For example, 

Lancaster County, South Carolina, requires that zoning 

changes at the Waxhaws battlefield be approved by the Joint 

Planning Commission, after receiving recommendations from 

the Lancaster County Historical Commission or the Lancaster 

Conservation District Commission.

105. The National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, 16 USC 

470a(d)(2).

106. Tribal Preservation Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, 

October 2007.

107. The National Park Service maintains spatial information about 

the Principal Sites. This data is available to planning departments 

with Geographic Information Systems. The National Park Service 

encourages local governments to use this information to readily 

identify and consider Principal Sites when planning local projects.

Protecting the Sites 85
86 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Nonprofit Organizations: 

The Importance of Advocacy

In the arena of historic preservation, Revolutionary War and 

War of 1812 sites do not have the benefit of coordinated national 

advocacy. Patriotic organizations such as the Daughters of the 

American Revolution, the Sons of the American Revolution, 

and the Society of the Cincinnati excel at honoring the wars’ 

participants, commemorating significant historic events, and 

making their extensive research materials available to the public. 

The National Trust for Historic Preservation, the nation’s largest 

nonprofit organization dedicated to historic preservation, 

provides a wide range of programs and services, but does not 

focus specifically on sites of the Revolutionary War and the War 

of 1812. In fact, no national organization is dedicated solely to the 

physical preservation and permanent protection of historic sites 

of these two wars. An excellent model for such an organization, 

however, does exist.

The Civil War Preservation Trust108 is a national nonprofit 

organization dedicated to “the preservation of America's 

significant Civil War battlefields by protecting the land and 

educating the public about the vital roles those battlefields played 

in directing the course of our nation's history.” In the past 7 

years, the Civil War Preservation Trust has helped save more than 

16,000 acres of endangered land at more than 80 battlefields in 18 

states. The organization also sponsors the Civil War Discovery 

Trail, a heritage tourism initiative that links more than 600 Civil 

War sites in 32 states and promotes visitation through themed 

itineraries. The Discovery Trail earned designation as one of 

the White House Millennium Council's 16 flagship National 

Millennium Trails in 1999. 

The nonprofit Civil War Preservation Trust is an effective 

advocate at the national, state, and local levels for programs that 

encourage Civil War battlefield and associated site preservation. 

For example, the Civil War Preservation Trust was instrumental 

in working with Congress to have $26 million from the federal 

Land and Water Conservation Fund allocated for Civil War 

battlefield land acquisition. From 1998 through 2006, Land 

and Water monies have helped protect 14,500 acres of Civil War 

battlefield land in 14 states.109 The Civil War Preservation Trust 

helps broker real estate transactions between willing sellers, 

local governments, and federal agencies when federal funds are 

involved. In addition to its brokerage services, the Civil War 

Preservation Trust has begun a nationwide campaign to raise 

the needed nonfederal match for $50 million in Land and Water 

Conservation Fund monies Congress has authorized for Civil War 

battlefield land acquisition projects in the next five years. 

The study found 218 battlefield and property friends groups 

currently supporting preservation and education efforts at 

201 Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Principal Sites.110 

Coordination and cooperation among these friends groups and 

public and nonprofit site management agencies could become the 

basis for a national advocacy organization devoted to protecting, 

preserving, and promoting historic sites from the two wars.

Ultimately, land use and preservation decisions are made at the 

local level. Effective community advocacy for Revolutionary 

War and War of 1812 Principal Sites is essential to their survival. 

“Friends groups” are especially needed at battlefields and other 

cultural landscapes. Local advocates help inform and educate 

their communities and government about the history, character, 

and condition of Principal Sites, and encourage their protection. 

108. In 1999, two national Civil War sites preservation organizations–

The Civil War Trust and the Association for the Preservation of 

Civil War Sites–merged to form the now 70,000-member Civil War 

Preservation Trust.

109. The Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, as amended, 

established a program to create parks and open spaces, protect 

wilderness areas, wetlands, and archeological and historical sites, 

preserve wildlife habitat, provide recreational opportunities, and 

enhance scenic vistas. Offshore oil and gas drilling lease proceeds 

sustain the fund, which is authorized at up to $900 million a year. 

Since 1998, Civil War battlefields have received a portion of those 

funds for land and conservation easement acquisition: $8 million 

in 1998 as 1:2 match (Public Law 105-83); $11 million in 2001 as 1:1 

match (Public Law 107-63); $2 million in 2003 as 1:1 match (H. 

Rept. 108-330, 106.); $5 million in 2005 as a 1:1 match (Public Law 

108-447, Conference Report 108-792, 1056); $3 million as 1:1 match 

in 2006 (Public Law 108-447); and $4 million as 1:1 match in 2007 

(Public Law 110-5). At the urging of The Civil War Preservation 

Trust, Congress authorized up to $50 million (total) as 1:1 match for 

battlefield protection in fiscal years 2004-2008 (Public Law 107-359, 

111 Stat. 3016).

110. The study found 92 friends groups at 80 battlefields and 126 friends 

groups at 121 associated historic properties (some sites have more 

than one friends group). More groups likely exist but were not noted 

in the surveys.
Friends groups incorporated as 501(c)(3) organizations under the 

Internal Revenue Code are generally recognized as legitimate and 

dedicated preservation organizations, an important asset in public 

and government relations. The following table indicates which 

battlefields do not appear to have friends groups dedicated solely 

or mainly to the preservation and promotion of the specific site.

TABLE 12. Surviving Battlefields Without Known 

Friends Group (97 sites) 

Priority I Battlefields (19)

ID Name State County

AL403 Tallussahatchee AL Calhoun

AL407 Econochaca AL Lowndes

AL411 Horseshoe Bend (Tohopeka) AL Tallapoosa

IN403 Tippecanoe IN Tippecanoe

LA401 New Orleans LA St. Bernard 

(Villere's Plantation) 

LA406 New Orleans (Chalmette) LA St. Bernard

ME201 Penobscot Bay and River ME Hancock

MI405 Mackinac Island MI Mackinac

NJ205 Fort Lee NJ Bergen

NY208 Pell's Point NY Westchester

NY217 Fort Stanwix NY Oneida

NY219 Bennington NY Rensselaer

NY230 New Town (Chemung) NY Chemung

OH202 Gnaddenhutten OH Tuscarawas

OH400 Fort Meigs (First) OH Wood

OH401 Fort Meigs (Second) OH Wood

RI201 Newport RI Newport

SC201 Waxhaws SC Lancaster

WI400 Prairie du Chien (Fort Shelby) WI Crawford

Priority II Battlefields (46)

ID Name State County

AL400 Tuckabatchee AL Elmore

AL406 Autosse AL Macon

AR200 Arkansas Post AR Arkansas

FL200 Thomas Creek FL Duval

FL201 Fort Tonyn and Alligator FL Nassau 

Creek Bridge

FL400 Pensacola FL Escambia

KY201 Fort Boonesborough KY Madison

KY204 Bryan's Station KY Fayette

KY205 Blue Licks KY Robertson

LA402 New Orleans LA St. Bernard 

(Rodriguez Canal)

LA403 Fort St. Philip LA Plaquemines

LA405 Barataria Island LA Jefferson

MA209 Martha's Vineyard MA Dukes

MD401 Caulk's Field MD Kent

MD402 Benedict MD Charles

MD407 Slippery Hill MD Queen Anne’s

MD409 St. Leonards Creek (First) MD Calvert

ME401 Castine ME Hancock

MI400 Fort Michilimackinac MI Mackinac 

NC201 Ramsour's Mill NC Lincoln

NC202 Cowan's Ford NC Mecklenburg

NC204 Pyle's Defeat NC Alamance

NJ206 Fort Mercer NJ Gloucester 

NJ207 Mount Holly NJ Burlington

NJ210 Old Tappan NJ Bergen

NY207 Valcour Island NY, VT Clinton

NY215 Fort Ann NY Washington

Protecting the Sites 87
88 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

ID Name State County

NY225 Kingston NY Ulster

NY233 Canajoharie District NY Montgomery

NY239 Fort St. George NY Suffolk

NY401 Ogdensburg (First) NY St. Lawrence

NY403 Plattsburgh (First) NY Clinton

NY406 Oswego NY Oswego

NY410 Ogdensburg (Second) NY St. Lawrence

NY413 Lewiston NY Niagara

OH201 Piqua OH Clark

OH203 Crawford's Defeat OH Wyandot

PA210 Province and Carpenter's PA Philadelphia 

Islands

SC200 Charleston SC Charleston

SC202 Hanging Rock (Second) SC Lancaster

SC206 Kings Mountain SC York

SC208 Charleston SC Charleston

VA203 Gwynn's Island (Cricket Hill) VA Mathews

VA206 Green Spring VA James City

VA400 Craney Island VA Norfolk

VT202 Lake Champlain VT Addison

Priority III Battlefields (10)

ID Name State County

AL405 Hillabee AL Tallapoosa

IA400 Rock River (Credit Island) IA Scott

IL401 Rock Island IL Rock Island 

(Campbell's Island)

IN400 Fort Harrison IN Vigo

MA203 Gloucester MA Essex

ME402 Hampden ME Penobscot

NY214 Skenesborough NY Washington

NY242 West Canada Creek NY Hamilton

ID Name State County

NY407 Sandy Creek NY Jefferson

VA403 White House Battery VA Fairfax

Battlefields Needing Further Study (22)

ID Name State County

AL401 Burnt Corn AL Escambia 

AL408 Emuckfau Creek AL Tallapoosa 

AL409 Enitachopco Creek AL Clay

AL410 Calabee AL Macon

DE200 Wilmington DE, NJ, PA New Castle 

GA206 Brier Creek GA Screven

LA400 Lake Borgne LA St. Bernard 

MA204 Schooner Lee and MA (Off Cape Ann)

HM Ordnance Brig Nancy

MD200 Kedges Straits MD Somerset

MD408 Pig Point MD Anne Arundel

ME404 USS Enterprise v. ME Lincoln 

HMS Boxer

NC206 Cherokee Middle Towns NC Multiple

NJ212 Piscataway NJ Middlesex

NJ216 Springfield NJ Union

NJ220 HMS Blue Mountain Valley NJ Monmouth 

NY411 Northern New York Raids NY Franklin 

OH205 Lichtenau (Coshocton) OH Coshocton

OH404 Dudley's Defeat OH Lucas

RI200 Block Island RI Washington 

SC210 Stono Ferry SC Charleston

VA204 Chesapeake Capes (1) VA (Off Capes 

 Henry and 

 Charles)

VA208 Chesapeake Capes (2) VA (Off Capes 

 Henry and 

 Charles)
Reevaluating Site Boundaries

Until recently, the National Park Service and its state and local 

counterparts have traditionally set aside commemorative areas 

for public use within larger historic sites. This has been especially 

true with battlefields, where public ownership and maintenance 

of extensive land areas was considered unneeded–the fields were 

expected to stay rural and unimpaired–and fiscally untenable.111 

For these reasons, many national, state, and local historic sites 

include only a small area needed to tell the public “something 

important happened here” and accommodate a memorial of 

some kind. These types of public sites fall short of protecting the 

historic lands and genuine, tangible sites that played a role in the 

important events of the American Revolution and the War of 1812. 

The potential National Register boundaries from the field surveys 

indicate that government at all levels and interested organizations 

need to reconsider site boundaries so that historically significant 

lands are not overlooked in preservation planning. 

The potential National Register boundaries also suggest that 

the National Park Service, State Historic Preservation Officers, 

and interested individuals or organizations should reevaluate 

the historical information112 and boundary justifications in 

older National Register and National Historic Landmark 

nominations and take steps to update the documentation and 

adjust boundaries when appropriate.113 Recent scholarship, 

archeological findings, and current site conditions should 

provide the basis for any needed revisions. Apart from better 

representing the sites, revising National Register nominations will 

ensure that any previously overlooked sites are considered during 

federal compliance processes. For sites assigned a potential 

National Register boundary during this study but currently 

not listed in the National Register, State Historic Preservation 

Officers and other interested parties should nominate those sites 

as appropriate.

Certain highly significant Principal Sites may retain enough 

integrity to be considered for designation as National Historic 

Landmarks under an appropriate established context, such as 

“The War for Independence,” “Political and Military Affairs, 

1783-1830,” “Westward Expansion and Extension of National 

Boundaries to the Pacific–The Fur Trade, Military and Indian 

Affairs,” and “Maritime Heritage of the United States.” Site 

advocates should work with the National Park Service to explore 

which undesignated sites may meet the national significance 

criteria for National Historic Landmarks. As with National 

Register listings, documentation of National Historic Landmarks 

should reflect current scholarship and boundary assessments. 

Research

A concern raised by staff of the National Park Service, the 

Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Historic Preservation 

Study Committee, and the surveyors themselves was the need 

for increased research on Revolutionary War and War of 1812 

sites. While general secondary histories of the two wars are 

readily available, the study participants found that in addition 

to using secondary sources of information about the sites, they 

often needed to research primary sources in order to identify 

contributing features of the lesser known sites and locate them 

on the ground. As reflected in this report’s list of sites “Needing 

Further Study,” additional research and site identification is 

especially necessary for engagement sites and other properties 

associated with Indians or associated with the naval and maritime 

history of the two wars.

The information obtained through the surveys can serve as a 

starting point for additional historical studies of the Principal 

Sites where needed. However, many other sites associated 

with the wars (see Other Sites of Interest) have not received 

even basic historical study and need to be investigated by state 

and local organizations and educational institutions. In cases 

111. Ronald F. Lee, The Origin and Evolution of the National Military Park 

Idea, National Park Service, Office of Park Historic Preservation (U.S. 

Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, 1973), 40-42.

112. In the case of associated historic properties, many older National 

Register nominations provide scant documentation of authenticity. 

Additional research, such as deed/chain of title research, may be 

needed to confirm that a building did exist at the time of the war and 

did play a role in historic events. The Associated Historic Property 

Survey Manual is available from the National Park Service’s American 

Battlefield Protection Program, Washington, DC. 

113. See the National Register of Historic Places regulations (36 CFR 

60.14-15) for boundary adjustment requirements. Note that special 

requirements apply for properties listed prior to December 13, 1980.

Protecting the Sites 89
90 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

where primary documentation may be limited or lacking, future 

archeological investigations may be the only available avenue of 

research remaining. 

The National Park Service, through its 225th Anniversary 

of the American Revolution initiative, “Lighting Freedom’s 

Flame,” has developed partnerships with numerous universities 

and organizations in an effort to promote scholarship of 

the Revolutionary War and expand the research base for 

interpretation and education at Revolutionary War sites. 

National Park Service sponsored programs have included 

symposia, workshops, and regional research projects. Also suited 

to encourage and promote research initiatives and improved 

interpretation are patriotic organizations such as the Sons of 

the American Revolution, educational organizations such as the 

Organization of American Historians, public grantors such as 

the National Endowment for the Humanities and state historical 

societies and humanity councils, and private philanthropic 

foundations. Similar initiatives could be instituted prior to 2012, 

the bicentennial year of the War of 1812. 

In less than five years the country will celebrate the bicentennial 

of the War of 1812, yet most Americans know very little about the 

war. Unlike the Revolutionary War and its luminaries, which in 

recent years have been the subjects of popular motion pictures, 

television documentaries, a children’s animated television series, 

and books, broad public understanding of the War of 1812 and its 

impact on American history has been less prominent.114 New 

research about the war and its historic sites is needed now. New 

scholarship may lead to better resource understanding and 

protection, and fuller site interpretation. These in turn may spur 

preservation efforts at the remaining War of 1812 sites in time for 

the bicentennial. 

Interpretation

The larger issue for the survival of unprotected or partially 

protected sites is the need for better and broader interpretation. 

Understanding and appreciation of a historic site is often 

fundamental to ongoing community support for preservation. 

High quality on-site interpretation, coupled with engaging online 

materials that can reach millions, is necessary to help a historic 

property or groups of properties become tourist destinations 

and potential local revenue generators. From a preservation 

perspective, site interpretation should relate the events of the 

Revolutionary War or War of 1812 site in a way that is relevant 

to contemporary life, encourage people to visit the site, and 

argue for the protection and maintenance of surviving lands and 

resources. Survey results indicate that 206 Principal Sites have 

visitor centers, and another 65 present limited interpretation, 

such as historical markers or commemorative plaques, on site 

(regardless of integrity of the site). The surveys also indicate 

that the remaining 406 Principal Sites, or their locations, may 

be without interpretive programs or media of any kind. The 

significance of these sites, and any preservation issues they may 

face, may be unknown to the public. 

In areas where numerous and prolonged wartime activities 

occurred, such as northern New Jersey, individual site 

preservation and interpretation may be best served by linking 

resources together. Heritage areas and trail systems often present 

historic sites as contributing to a single historical theme, such 

as wartime history of intellectual and political thought, or as 

representing different aspects of a single event, or multiple but 

related events, such as a military campaign. This approach may 

be especially useful where individual sites themselves have poor 

integrity or take on additional significance when placed in a 

broader context with others that tell a larger story. 

114. Examples include “The Patriot,” Columbia/Tristar Studios, 

2000; “Liberty! The American Revolution,” Twin Cities Public 

Television/Public Broadcasting Service, 1997; “Liberty’s Kids,” 

DiC Entertainment/Public Broadcasting Service, 2002-2003; and 

David McCullough’s best-selling biography John Adams, Simon & 

Schuster, 2001. One notable exception for the War of 1812 is “The 

History Channel Presents: The War of 1812,” Arts and Entertainment 

Television Network, 2004.
Objective and engaging site interpretation gives the public 

a better understanding of American and world history. As 

historical illiteracy grows in this country,115 historic sites are 

challenged to provide alternative and complementary educational 

opportunities to traditional schooling. The histories of the 

wars combined with site-specific interpretation provide ample 

prospects for telling provocative stories about social and cultural 

differences during the American Revolution and in the early 

republic, the international scope and participation in the wars, 

the common soldier, African American and Indian participation 

and influence, and the causes and results of internecine conflicts, 

among numerous others.116 The histories present opportunities 

to interpret the broad, multi-national and social themes of the 

wars, many of which have surprising parallels in today’s world. 

Interpretation at the Principal Sites should be tailored to highlight 

specific roles played by groups at each site within the broader 

themes. Additional information about some of these groups and 

the Principal Sites follows 

Persons of African Descent

The Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 had tremendous 

influence on the lives of free and enslaved persons of African 

descent. Wartime promises and expectations of freedom led 

tens of thousands of slaves to flee to the British lines during the 

Revolutionary War. Some runaway slaves achieved freedom 

in Canada, Great Britain, and ultimately Sierra Leone in West 

Africa. Less fortunate runaways were sold back into slavery in 

the West Indies. Other slaves believed the new government of 

the United States and promises from new state governments 

would ensure their freedom if they served the patriot cause. For 

most, those hopes were dashed and the slaves were returned to 

their owners once they were released from service. For some, 

escape from bondage did become a reality. Among the most 

notable liberations of the two wars, the British Royal Navy left 

Cumberland Island, Georgia, with nearly 1,500 runaway slaves at 

the end of the War of 1812. Many would ultimately settle in the 

British colony of Trinidad. 

Throughout both wars, the governments of Great Britain and the 

United States debated issues concerning slaves and freemen. Two 

central issues were whether to arm freemen and slaves as soldiers 

and how to reconcile slavery with the moral and philosophical 

tenets of the day, especially the cornerstone principle that all men 

are born free and equal. The results of those debates included 

policies sanctioning black freemen to enlist in the armed forces, 

laws conveying freedom to slaves who served the cause of their 

country, and laws abolishing slavery in certain northern states.117 

Despite white Americans’ ambivalence and fears, slaves and 

freemen served in the armed forces during both wars. Although 

exact numbers are difficult to determine, historians have 

115. Recent studies and media attention on the subject of historical 

illiteracy in the United States have led to additional scrutiny of the 

issue and educational initiatives. See Anne D. Neal and Jerry L. 

Martin, “Losing America's Memory: Historical Illiteracy in the 21st 

Century,” American Council of Trustees and Alumni, Washington, 

DC, February 2000; 106th Congress, 2d Session, S. CON. RES. 129, 

“Expressing the sense of Congress regarding the importance and 

value of education in United States history,” Senate of the United 

States, June 30, 2000; Neal and Martin, “Restoring America's Legacy: 

The Challenge of Historical Literacy in the 21st Century,” American 

Council of Trustees and Alumni, Washington, DC, September 

2002; in September 2002, President Bush introduced the “Teaching 

American History and Civic Education Initiative,” which includes 

efforts to incorporate the nation’s historic sites, collections, and 

objects into history education, and “to make them more accessible 

and more relevant to the lives of our students” (President George W. 

Bush, Remarks of the President on Teaching American History and 

Civic Education Initiative, The Rose Garden, September 17, 2002); 

and “We the People," A Resource Guide to Promoting Historical 

Literacy for Governors, Legislators, Teachers and Citizens, American 

Council of Trustees and Alumni, Washington, DC, July 2003.

116. Thousands of foreign nationals and various cultural groups 

were involved in the two wars. They included English, Scottish, 

Welsh, Irish, Scots-Irish, French, Spanish, Dutch, German, Greek, 

Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Swedish, Swiss, 

American Indians, African Americans, African Canadians, French 

Canadiens, Haitians, Acadians, Canary Islanders, Mexicans, Creoles, 

West Indians, Native Hawaiians, even Baratarian buccaneers. For 

further reading on these groups, see Frederick Harling and Martin 

Kaufman, The Ethnic Contribution to the American Revolution

(Westfield: Historical Journal of Western Massachusetts, 1976).

117. Scholarship about the black experience during the Revolutionary 

War and War of 1812 continues to increase. See Gerard T. Altoff, 

Amongst My Best Men: African-Americans and the War of 1812 (Putin-Bay, Ohio: The Perry Group, 1996); Sylvia R. Frey, Water from the 

Rock, Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age (Princeton: Princeton 

University Press, 1991); and James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, 

In Hope of Liberty, Culture, Community and Protest Among Northern 

Free Blacks, 1700-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

FIGURE 25. Diversity on the 

Frontier

Nineteenth-century historian Lyman 

Draper wrote this account of the 1777 

Shawnee Indian attack on Logan’s Fort 

(KY200) in the Kentucky backcountry. It 

appears to be based on the testimony of at 

least two of the fort’s defenders. Despite 

the account’s antiquated language and 

usage, it clearly identifies the actors upon 

the stage—American Indians, black and 

white settlers, men and women. 

“.... Early on Friday morning the 30th. 

of May, though confident that Indians 

were about, Mrs. Ann Logan, Mrs. 

Whitley and a Negro woman [Molly] 

ventured out of the fort to milk the 

cows, guarded by William Hudson, 

Burr Harrison, John Kennedy and 

James Craig. They were fired upon by 

their stealthy foe, and Hudson, shot 

through the head and killed instantly, 

while Harrison was shot down and 

Kennedy, though wounded with four 

balls, reached the fort as did also Craig, 

and the women uninjured. The Indians 

were 57 in number, who kept up a 

constant fire on the fort until evening, 

screened behind trees and banks, while 

the 12 uninjured men in the garrison 

made such a defense as deterred the 

enemy from too near an approach 

to the stockade. Among those brave 

defenders, the names of Benjamin 

Logan, William Whitley, John Martin, 

Benjamin Pettit, James Craig, George 

Clark, William Manifee, Azariah Davis, 

James Mason, and James Hawkins, a 

free mulatto, stand conspicuous. The 

wives of Logan, Whitley, Clark, Pettit 

and Manifee, were learned in the use 

of rifles, and the two former during the 

siege melted their pewter plates and 

converted them into bullets....” 

The Draper Manuscripts, Daniel Boone Papers 

(Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison), 

microfilm 4B129-130, n.d. Cited in Joseph 

E. Brent and W. Stephen McBride, “Logan’s 

Fort Preservation and Management Plan” 

(Stanford, KY: Logan’s Fort Foundation, 

2005), 16.

Protecting the Sites 91
92 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

estimated that more than 6,000 African Americans and West 

Indians served as soldiers or auxiliaries in the Continental Line, 

state militias, state and national navies, the British army and navy, 

loyalist units, and guerrilla companies during the Revolutionary 

War.119 African Americans also sailed as privateers and worked 

as laborers to fortify cities and towns. In the War of 1812, recent 

scholarship indicates that more than 1,350 African Americans, 

African Canadians, and West Indians fought on opposing sides. 

Nearly every naval engagement of both wars likely involved black 

crewmembers. In the War of 1812, every fifth or sixth seaman was 

of African descent.120 

On land, black soldiers fought in opposing ranks from the 

beginning to end of both wars. They fought at Lexington and 

Yorktown, in East Florida and at New Orleans, and likely most 

of the engagements in between. At New Orleans in January 

1815, blacks fought on both sides. Among the British units were 

two regiments of West Indians from Jamaica, Barbados, and the 

118. Image courtesy of the Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection, Brown 

University Library.

119. Horton and Horton, In Hope of Liberty, 59-62; Benjamin Quarles, The 

Negro in the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North 

Carolina Press, 1961), 31; Robert A. Selig, “The Revolution’s Black 

Soldiers, They fought for both Sides in their Quest for Freedom," 

Colonial Williamsburg, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Summer 1997), 

<http://AmericanRevolution.org/blk.html> (June 2005). See also 

Frey, Water from the Rock.

120. Altoff, Amongst My Best Men, 23; Christopher McKee, A Gentlemanly 

and Honorable Profession, The Creation of the U.S. Naval Officers 

Corps, 1794-1815 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1991), 219. 

FIGURE 26. Fighting to be “Absolutely Free”

During the Revolutionary War, many military units were composed of both white and black soldiers. Two notable exceptions were 

Lord Dunmore’s Royal Ethiopian Regiment and the Continental Army’s 1st Rhode Island Regiment. 

In November 1775, Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Virginia, declared "all indented servants, negroes, or others 

(appertaining to rebels) free, that are able and willing to bear Arms, they joining his majesty’s troops...." An estimated 300 runaway 

slaves initially formed the Royal Ethiopian Regiment and fought at Great Bridge (VA201), Virginia, in December 1775. Their ranks 

swelled for a short time as more slaves abandoned their masters for Dunmore’s lines, but smallpox decimated the unit in 1776. After 

the battle of Gwynn’s Island (VA203), Dunmore and the regiment’s survivors sailed for New York, where the unit was disbanded. 

The fates of the Royal Ethiopians varied. Some ultimately found their way to Canada and Great Britain and freedom, others joined 

different British units, and others were sold back into slavery. 

In February 1778, the Rhode Island General Assembly, in an effort to meet its recruitment quota for the Continental Line, passed 

a law by which the state would purchase willing “able bodied Negro, Mulatto and Indian” slaves from their owners to enlist in the 

army. Slaves that passed muster were to be “absolutely free.” This recruiting method produced about 200 former slaves for service 

in the 1st Rhode Island, but proved too costly for the state to continue. The regiment fought with distinction at Newport (RI202) 

and in several other engagements. The primarily Negro regiment was consolidated with the primarily white 2nd Rhode Island in 

January 1781. Its light infantry company participated in the assault and capture of Redoubt 10 at Yorktown (VA207) that October. 

The 1st Rhode Island was disbanded in December 1783, its black members unpaid but emancipated. 

“Dunmore’s Proclamation.” 7 November 1775, as published in the Virginia Gazette, 24 November 1775, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, (2005) 

<http://research.history.org/pf/declaring/dunmoreProclamation.cfm> (January 2005); Selig, “The Revolution’s Black Soldiers;” “Brothers in Arms.” Transcript 

of interview with Harvey Bakari (12 September 2005), The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation <http://www.history.org/media/ podcasts_transcripts/CWPP_

Hbajaru_bia.cfm> (2005); “The 1st Rhode Island Regiment of the Continental Line,” (n.d.), <http://www.americanrevolution.org/firstri.html> (December 2004); 

Colonial National Historical Park, National Park Service, “The First Rhode Island Regiment,” <http://www.nps.gov/colo/Ythanout/firstri.html> (December 2004) 

and “American Unit Lineages: 1st Rhode Island Regiment,” <http://www.nps.gov/colo/ythanout/merican%20unit%20lineages/1stRhodeIsland.htm>

(December 2004).

Detail of a Light 

Infantryman of the 1st 

Rhode Island Regiment, 

Jean-Baptiste-Antoine 

de Verger, 1781, Verger’s 

Drawings of American 

Foot Soldiers, Yorktown 

Campaign, 1781.118 
Bahamas.121 Major General Andrew Jackson, with promises of 

freedom for service, recruited slaves from nearby plantations to 

assist the United States army build fortifications in expectation 

of the British arrival. These slaves fought tenaciously as soldiers 

and won accolades, but not their freedom, from Jackson.122 A 

battalion of the Free Men of Color, a well-established unit of the 

Louisiana militia, also fought with distinction against the British at 

New Orleans.123

Examples of other Principal Sites known to be associated with 

the participation of black soldiers or auxiliaries are, from the 

Revolutionary War, Bunker Hill, Great Bridge, Gwynn’s Island, 

Newport, Savannah, Bemis Heights, Freeman’s Farm, Monmouth, 

and Pensacola, and from the War of 1812, Fort Mims, Queenstown 

Heights, Fort George, Bladensburg, and Hampstead Hill. It 

is likely that most of the Principal Sites represent some aspect 

of black history. Additional research concerning the history 

of the Principal Sites is necessary to determine more precisely 

how, when, and where persons of African descent participated 

in the two wars. Preservation advocates should consider this 

information when determining on-site protection priorities and 

developing interpretive and commemorative programs.

Indian Tribes

The Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, like earlier conflicts 

in North America, had dire effects on indigenous peoples. At 

the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, colonists settling the 

frontier were pushing many Indian tribes from their homelands, 

often in violation of treaties signed before the war.124 During 

the war, the British and the Americans recognized the military 

and psychological importance of gaining the support of the 

Indian tribes, and both sides recruited them to their cause.125 

Motivated by their own interests and kinship ties, some tribes 

aligned themselves with the power expected to be of greatest 

benefit in terms of trade and territorial sovereignty. Others tried 

to remain neutral. Many tribes sided with the British, who had 

well-established trade networks with the Indians and promised 

to respect tribal lands. In some regions, choosing sides caused or 

exacerbated intertribal conflicts, such as the rift in the Iroquois 

Confederacy, when most of the nations sided with the British but 

the Oneidas and some Tuscaroras sided with the Americans. In 

other regions, the war promoted intertribal alliances founded on 

preservation of traditional lifeways and lands.126 On the frontier, 

Indian raids against encroaching white settlements were common 

and prompted preemptive and retaliatory military campaigns, 

121. Louisiana State Museum. “The Cabildo,” n.d., <http://lsm.crt.state.

la.us/cabildo/cab6.htm> (June 2005), The Key Players.

122. James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, Slavery and the Making of 

America, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 82.

123. Jerome A. Greene, “Jean Lafitte Historic Resource Study (Chalmette 

Unit), Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve,” United States 

Department of the Interior, National Park Service, (1985), <http://www.

cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/jela/hrs.htm> (July 2005), Chapter II; 

Louisiana State Museum, “The Cabildo,” Jackson’s Forces. 

124. James H. O’Donnell, Southern Indians in the American Revolution

(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1973), viii.

125. The colonists’ fear and acknowledgment of British incited Indian 

attacks is expressed in the Continental Congress’ final grievance 

against King George III in the Declaration of Independence. “He 

has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured 

[sic.] to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless 

Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished 

destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.” For a discussion of 

the issue at the time the Declaration was drafted, see Pauline Maier, 

American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New 

York: Vintage, 1998). While urging Indian tribes to remain neutral 

at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the colonists ultimately 

engaged in the same tactics as their British counterparts to win Indian 

allies and wage war upon Indians allied with the British. Thomas 

Fleming, Liberty! The American Revolution (New York: Viking, 1997), 

294. Fleming notes that an estimated 13,000 warriors sided with the 

British during the Revolutionary War. John R. Alden, A History of the 

American Revolution (New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1969), 230-231.

126. For a discussion of intertribal relationships during the Revolutionary 

War, see Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North 

American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815 (Baltimore: Johns 

Hopkins University Press, 1992). 

Protecting the Sites 93
94 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

such as Brigadier General Griffith Rutherford’s and Colonel 

Andrew Williamson’s campaigns against the Cherokee in 1776 and 

the Sullivan-Clinton campaign against the Iroquois in 1779.127 

American victory in the war did little to quell fighting on the 

frontier. Tribes that had sided with the British became objects of 

subjugation for the new United States government and objects of 

hatred and contempt for American citizens.128 

In the three decades between the Revolutionary War and the 

War of 1812, American westward expansion, facilitated by the 

Louisiana Purchase in 1803, continued to push Indian tribes 

from their traditional homelands. Fighting continued, as did an 

attempt by some tribes to unite in opposition to the onslaught of 

white settlers and broken promises from the U.S. government. 

The Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa 

(The Prophet) urged confederation in the northwest and south. 

The battle of Tippecanoe and other eruptions on the frontier, 

along with the belief that British agents were fanning the flames, 

fed American pro-war sentiment.129 

Despite the setback dealt them at Tippecanoe, many Indian 

tribes continued to resist federal and state military forces and 

American settlers during the War of 1812. A few tribes remained 

allied with the United States; others fought with the British or 

operated independently. Of particular note were the Red Stick 

Creeks, who, influenced by Tecumseh, broke with the rest of 

the tribe over the influence of white lifeways on Creek culture 

and white encroachment on Creek lands. A Creek civil war 

erupted, which soon led to raids against American settlers and 

engagements between the Red Sticks, state militias, and United 

States forces. During the Creek War of 1813-1814 in Alabama,130

the Red Sticks were defeated–principally at the battles of Autosse, 

Tallussahatchee, Talledega, and Tohopeka (Horseshoe Bend)–and 

their lands and villages devastated. In the Treaty of Fort Jackson, 

the Creeks ceded more than 20 million acres of territory to 

the United States government.131 Ultimately, the War of 1812 

shattered attempts at Indian unification and intertribal resistance. 

In the southeast, Andrew Jackson’s ascendancy after the war 

guaranteed that tribes would loose their lands, whether they had 

fought with or against the United States.132

The surveys of the Principal Sites in the United States indicate 

that Indians participated in 90 battles–51 battles of the Revolution 

and 39 battles of the War or 1812–and that 52 associated historic 

properties are significant for events involving Indians–21 

Revolutionary War sites, 26 War of 1812 sites, and 5 sites 

associated with both wars.133 

127. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, 423-442.

128. Fleming, Liberty!, 294; Collin G. Calloway. “American Indians and the 

American Revolution,” October 2003, <http://www.nps.gov/revwar/

about_the_revolution/american_indians.html> (June 2005), The 

American Revolution: Lighting Freedom’s Flame, Stories from the 

Revolution.

129. In addition to condemning Great Britain for impressments of U.S. 

seamen, disrupting American commerce and abusing U.S. neutrality 

rights, President James Madison’s war message to Congress on June 

1, 1812, stated, “In reviewing the conduct of Great Britain toward the 

United States our attention is necessarily drawn to the warfare just 

renewed by the savages on one of our extensive frontiers–a warfare 

which is known to spare neither age nor sex and to be distinguished 

by features peculiarly shocking to humanity. It is difficult to account 

for the activity and combinations which have for some time been 

developing themselves among tribes in constant intercourse with 

British traders and garrison without connecting their hostility with 

that influence and without recollecting the authenticated examples 

of such interpositions heretofore furnished by the officers and 

agents of that Government.” President James Madison to the Senate 

and House of Representatives of the United States, confidential 

correspondence, Washington, DC, June 1, 1812, 3 May 2004, <http://

edsitement.neh.gov/lesson_images/lesson571/WarMsgFull.pdf> (July 

2005), President Madison’s 1812 War Message. 

130. For the purposes of this study, the Creek War is considered part of, 

not separate from, the War of 1812.

131. Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812, A Forgotten Conflict (Urbana, 

IL: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 146-149, 151; Dowd, A Spirited 

Resistance, 185-190.

132. Dowd, 194-195. The Cherokee, for example, fought with Jackson 

during the Creek War, but were forcibly removed from their homes 

in 1838 after two decades of pressure from Jackson, Congress, and the 

State of Georgia. More than 16,000 Cherokee traveled the “Trail of 

Tears” to relocation areas in what is today Oklahoma. National Park 

Service, “Trail of Tears National Historic Trail,” 26 July 2005, <http://

www.nps.gov/trte/> (July 2005).

133. Statistics based on site data collected during surveys. 
TABLE 13. Principal Sites in the United States 

Associated with Indian Tribes (143 sites)

* The term “Archeological” after a site name means that no 

aboveground features of the building or structure remain but that the 

presence of archeological features is possible.

† The term “Location” after a site name indicates that no aboveground 

features of the building or structure remain and that the presence of 

archeological features is unlikely.

Revolutionary War Battlefields (51)

ID Name Tribes Involved (Historic)

AL201 Mobile (The Village) Choctaw

AR200 Arkansas Post Quapaw

FL200 Thomas Creek Creek

FL201 Fort Tonyn and Seminole 

Alligator Creek Bridge

FL202 Pensacola Alabamas, Cherokee, 

 Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek 

GA203 Fort Morris Cherokee

KY200 Logan's Fort Shawnee

KY201 Fort Boonesborough Shawnee

KY202 Ruddell's Station Chippewa, Delaware, Huron, 

 Mingo, Ottawa

KY203 Martin's Station Chippewa, Delaware, Huron, 

 Mingo, Ottawa, Shawnee 

KY204 Bryan's Station Delaware, Shawnee

KY205 Blue Licks Shawnee, Wyandot

KY206 Fort Harrod Shawnee

MO200 St. Louis Chippewa, Kickapoo, 

(San Luis de Ylinoises) Mascouten, Menominee,

 Ottawa, Potawatomi, Santee, 

 Winnebago

NC206 Cherokee Middle Towns Catawba, Cherokee

NY207 Valcour Island Cayoga, Seneca

NY211 German Flats Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca

NY213 Fort Ticonderoga Algonquin, French Mohawk, 

 Huron, Nippissings 

NY215 Fort Ann Algonquin, French Mohawk, 

 Huron, Nippissings 

ID Name Tribes Involved (Historic)

NY216 Fort Edward French Mohawk

NY217 Fort Stanwix Mohawk, Seneca 

NY218 Oriskany Cayuga, Delaware, Mahicans, 

 Mississaugas, Mohawk, 

 Oneida, Seneca, Tuscarora

NY219 Bennington Mohawk

NY226 Saratoga (Siege) Algonquin, French Mohawk, 

 Huron, Nippissings

NY227 Cherry Valley Cayuga, Delaware, Mohawk, 

 Onondaga, Seneca,

 Tuscarora 

NY228 Onondaga Creek Onondaga

NY230 New Town (Chemung) Cayuga, Delaware, Mohawk, 

 Seneca, Tuscarora

NY233 Canajoharie District Mohawk, Seneca

NY234 Fort George Mohawk, Seneca 

NY237 Stone Arabia Mohawk

NY238 Klock's Field Oneida

NY240 Sharon Springs Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca

NY241 Johnstown Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca

NY242 West Canada Creek Oneida

NY246 Oneida Castle Oneida, Seneca, Tuscarora 

OH200 Fort Laurens Delaware, Mingo, Muncey, 

 Shawnee, Wyandot

OH201 Piqua Delaware, Mingo, Shawnee, 

 Wyandot

OH202 Gnaddenhutten Mohican

OH203 Crawford's Defeat Delaware, Wyandot

OH205 Lichtenau (Coshocton) Delaware

PA206 Wyoming Valley Seneca

PA208 Barren Hill Oneida

SC212 Fort Watson Catawba, Santee

SC216 Ring Fight Cherokee

SC218 Cherokee Towns Cherokee

(Archeological)

SC220 Lower Cherokee Towns Cherokee

(Oconee)

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96 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

ID Name Tribes Involved (Historic)

TN200 Long Island Flats Cherokee

TN201 Chickamauga Cherokee

Indian Town

VT202 Lake Champlain Unknown

WV200 Fort Henry Mingo, Shawnee, Wyandot 

WV201 Fort Randolph Shawnee

Revolutionary War Associated Historic Properties (21)

ID Name Tribes Involved (Historic)

FL1003 Fort George Creek

(Archeological)

FL1004 Fort Tonyn Cherokee, Creek 

(Archeological)

GA1002 Fort Morris Creek

(Archeological)

KY1001 Fort Boonesborough Shawnee

(Archeological)

MI1000 Fort Detroit Chippewa, Ottowa,

(Location) Shawnee, Wyandot

MI1003 Fort St. Joseph Chickasaw, Fox, Mascouten, 

(Archeological) Miami, Ottowa, 

 Potawatomi

NC1005 Cathey's Fort Cherokee

(Location)

NC1009 Nikwasi (Nequasee) Cherokee

(Archeological) 

NY1032 Fort Stanwix Mohawk, Seneca

NY1056 Schoharie Middle Fort Mohawk, Seneca

(Archeological) 

NY1098 Johnson Hall Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, 

 Onondoga, Seneca,

 Tuscarora

NY1100 Fort Alden (Location) Mohawk, Seneca 

NY1102 Fort Dayton (Location) Mohawk

NY1103 Fort Klock Mohawk, Seneca

OH1001 Fort Laurens Delaware, Mingo, Shawnee

(Archeological) 

PA1031 Hannastown Seneca

(Archeological)

ID Name Tribes Involved (Historic)

SC1009 Ninety Six and Star Fort Cherokee

SC1014 Santee Indian Mound Santee

and Fort Watson 

(Archeological) 

SC1019 Sheldon Church Ruins Cherokee

TN1003 Eaton's Station and Fort Cherokee

WV1002 Fort Henry and Mingo, Shawnee, Wyandot

Wheeling Settlement 

(Location) 

War of 1812 Battlefields (40)

ID Name Tribes Involved (Historic)

AL400 Tuckabatchee Creek

AL401 Burnt Corn Creek

AL402 Fort Mims Creek

AL403 Tallussahatchee Cherokee, Creek, Hillabee 

AL404 Talladega Cherokee, Creek, Hillabee 

AL405 Hillabee Cherokee, Creek, Hillabee 

AL406 Autosse Creek

AL407 Econochaca Alibamos, Choctaw, Creek, 

 Muscogee, Shawnee

AL408 Emuckfau Creek Cherokee, Creek

AL409 Enitachopco Creek Creek, Hillabee

AL410 Calabee Creek, Muscogee

AL411 Horseshoe Bend Cherokee, Chickasaw, 

(Tohopeka) Choctaw, Creek

AL412 Fort Bowyer (First) Creek

FL400 Pensacola Choctaw, Creek,

FL401 Pensacola Choctaw, Creek

IA400 Rock River Sauk, Fox

(Credit Island)

IL400 Fort Dearborn Chippewa, Fox, Kickapoo, 

 Miami, Ottawa, Potawatomi, 

 Sauk, Winnebago

IL401 Rock Island Fox, Sauk

IN400 Fort Harrison Miami, Wea

IN401 Fort Wayne Ottawa, Potawatomi
ID Name Tribes Involved (Historic)

IN402 Mississinewa Delaware, Miami, Shawnee, 

 Potawatomi

IN403 Tippecanoe Chippewa, Kickapoo, 

 Miami, Ottawa, Potawatomi, 

 Sac, Shawnee, Winnebago, 

 Wyandot

LA406 New Orleans Choctaw

(Chalmette)

MI400 Fort Michilimackinac Chippewa, Menominee, 

 Ottawa, Sioux, Winnebag 

MI401 Brownstown Shawnee

MI402 Monguagon Shawnee, Wyandot

MI403 Detroit Shawnee

MI404 River Raisin Potawatomi, Wyandot

(Frenchtown)

MI405 Mackinac Island Chippewa, Menominee, 

 Ottawa, Winnebago

NY402 Sackets Harbor Unknown

NY405 Buffalo (Black Rock) Unknown

NY407 Sandy Creek Oneida

NY410 Ogdensburg (Second) Unknown

NY411 Northern New York Seneca

Raids

NY413 Lewiston Tuscarora

OH400 Fort Meigs (First) Shawnee

OH401 Fort Meigs (Second) Shawnee

OH402 Fort Stephenson Unknown

OH404 Dudley's Defeat Delaware, Kickapoo, 

 Ottawa, Potawatomi, 

 Shawnee, Wyandot

WI400 Prairie du Chien Chippewa, Menominee, 

(Fort Shelby) Sioux, Winnebago 

War of 1812 Associated Historic Properties (26)

ID Name Tribes Involved (Historic)

AL1001 Federal Road Creek

AL1003 Fort Burrows and Creek

Fort Decatur

ID Name Tribes Involved (Historic)

AL1006 Fort Deposit Creek

(Archeological)

AL1007 Fort Mims Creek

(Archeological)

AL1008 Fort Mitchell Creek

(Archeological)

AL1009 Fort Sinquefield Creek

(Archeological)

AL1010 Fort Stoddert/ Creek

Mt. Vernon Arsenal 

(Archeological)

AL1011 Fort Strother Creek

(Archeological)

AL1012 Fort Toulouse/ Creek

Fort Jackson

(Archeological)

AL1013 Fort Williams Creek

(Archeological)

AL1015 Hickory Ground Creek

(Archeological)

AL1016 Tookaubatchee Creek

(Archeological)

GA1001 Fort Hawkins Creek

(Archeological)

IL1003 Village and Fort of Kickapoo

the Grand Kickapoo 

of the Prairie 

IN1000 Fort Harrison Kickapoo, Miami, 

(Archeological) Potawatomi, Winnebago

IN1001 Fort Wayne Chippewa, Kickapoo, 

(Location) Miami, Potawatomi, 

 Winnebago 

IN1003 Prophetstown Chippewa, Creek, Delaware, 

(Archeological) Fox, Kickapoo, Miami,

 Menominee, Shawnee, Wea, 

 Winnebago, Wyandot

MI1005 Navarre-Anderson Potawatomi

Trading Post

MO1002 Fort Mason Fox, Sac, Sauk

(Archeological)

Protecting the Sites 97
98 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

ID Name Tribes Involved (Historic)

MO1003 Portage de Sioux Fox, Miami, Potawatomi, 

Blockhouse and Sauk

Fort Lookout 

(Location)

MS1000 Pitchlynn's Fort Choctaw, Creek

(Archeological)

OH1003 Fort Meigs Chippewa, Fox, Kickapoo, 

 Miami, Menominee, 

 Potawatomi, Sauk, Shawnee, 

 Winnebago, Wyandot

OH1004 Fort Stephenson Chippewa, Fox, Kickapoo, 

(Archeological) Miami, Menominee,

 Potawatomi, Sauk, Shawnee, 

 Winnebago, Wyandot

OH1005 John Johnston Farm Shawnee

OR1000 Fort Astoria Chinook, Clatsop, Native 

(Archeological) Hawaiians

TN1000 Natchez Trace Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, 

 Natchez

Associated Historic Properties of Both Wars (5)

ID Name Tribes Involved (Historic)

NY1025 Fort Haldimand and Oneida

British Navy Yard 

(Archeological)

NY1030 Fort Schlosser Cayuga, Mohawk, 

(Location) Onondoga, Seneca

NY1052 Lewiston Portage Seneca

Landing (Archeological)

NY1070 Fort Niagara Cayuga, Mohawk, 

 Onondoga, Seneca 

NY1104 Niagara Portage Road Cayuga, Mohawk, 

 Onondoga, Seneca

The Spanish 

Often overshadowed by France’s efforts, the support of Spain 

in the Revolutionary War was important to the success of the 

Americans. Spain provided a substantial amount of aid to the 

colonies with money, supplies, munitions, ships, and men. An 

estimated 17,000 Spanish troops served on North American soil 

in the war against Britain.134 Of particular importance was the 

strategic military campaign by Bernardo de Gálvez, Governor of 

Louisiana, and his army of mixed forces. Gálvez’s army included 

Spanish regulars, Americans, allied Indian tribes, Germans, 

Acadians, Canary Islanders, and free blacks.135 The success 

of his campaign at the battles of Baton Rouge, Mobile, and 

Pensacola effectively eliminated British presence in the Gulf of 

Mexico and the lower Mississippi Valley. Spanish naval support 

was also present in Pensacola Bay, along the Gulf Coast, and 

the Mississippi River. As a result of Spanish aid and the actions 

of Gálvez, the British were prevented from controlling much 

of the lower Mississippi Valley. In April 1783 at Arkansas Post, 

the Spanish defeated the British-allied Chickasaw Indians and 

further diminished British influence in the region.136 At the end 

of the Revolution, Britain formally ceded East and West Florida 

to Spain.

During the inter-war period, Spain and Great Britain, adversaries 

in the Revolutionary War, had become allies with the common 

cause of defeating Napoleon. As tensions rose between 

the United States and Great Britain in 1811 and 1812, Spain’s 

government, weak and financially unstable from the war in 

Europe, was reluctant to take sides. In March 1812, three months 

before the United States declared war on Great Britain, Georgia 

volunteers teamed with American Florida settlers advanced into 

and occupied Spanish East Florida. During 1812 and 1813, more 

than 1,000 U.S. soldiers and Georgia militia served in Spanish 

Florida. Efforts to capture St. Augustine, the capital of East 

134. Thomas E. Devoe and Gregory J.W. Urwin, “The Regiment of 

Louisiana and the Spanish Army in the American Revolution,” The 

South and Central Military Historians Society, 1998, <http://www.

magweb.com/sample/amr/ed82loui.htm> (18 May 2005), Trading 

Companies. 

135. John Walton Caughey, Bernardo de Galvez in Louisiana, 1776-1783

(Gretna: Pelican Publishing Co., 1972), 85-214.

136. Ralph N. Cramer, “Washington’s Second Front,” lecture, SAR Florida 

Chapter, 14 March 1996, <http://www.flssar.org/cramer.html> (24 

May 2005); Mildred Murray and Chuck Lampman, “Spain’s Role 

in the American Revolution from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean,” 

1999, <http://www.americanrevolution.org/hispanic.html> (23 May 

2005); Virginia Parks, ed., Siege! Spain and Britain: Battle of Pensacola 

March 9-May 8, 1781 (Pensacola: the Pensacola Historical Society, 

1981), 23-67; Orwin N. Rush, Battle of Pensacola Spain’s Final Triumph 

Over Great Britain in the Gulf of Mexico (Tallahassee: Florida Classics 

Library, 1981), 26-34.
136. David S. Heidler, Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 (Santa Barbara: 

ABC-CLIO, 1997), 186-189; Arsene Lacarriere Latour, Historical 

Memoir of the War in West Florida and Louisiana in 1814-15 

(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999), 30-46.

137. Zachary F. Smith, The Battle of New Orleans (Louisville: John P. 

Morton & Company, 1904), 12-25; Rembert W. Patrick, Florida Fiasco:

Rampant Rebels on the Georgia-Florida Border 1810-1815 (Athens: 

University of Georgia Press, 1954), 83-144.

138. Charlton W. Tebeau, A History of Florida (Coral Gables: University of 

Miami Press, 1971), 114.

Florida, were unsuccessful, and the troops withdrew in May 

of 1813. Americans Indians fleeing from U.S. forces during the 

Creek War of 1813 and 1814 took refuge in Spanish Florida, which 

effectively nullified the neutrality status of Spain in the eyes of 

Americans.136 In 1813, Major General Andrew Jackson led an 

expeditionary force into East and West Florida to eliminate 

British and tribal supply routes tolerated by the Spanish and to 

re-establish neutrality in the territory. As a result, forts and towns 

in Spanish Florida were relinquished to American possession 

through military action and peaceful occupation.137 After the 

war, Spain retained all of its Florida towns and forts except 

Mobile. The War of 1812 marked the beginning of the end for 

Spanish rule in the Southeast. In 1821, with the final ratification 

of the Adams-Onís Treaty, Spain ceded its Florida colonies to the 

United States.138

TABLE 14. Principal Sites Associated with the 

Spanish (12 sites)

Revolutionary War (9)

ID Name State/Province Class 

AL200 Mobile AL B 

AL201 Mobile (The Village) AL C

FL202 Pensacola FL A

FL1003 Fort George (Archeological) FL A

FL1006 Fort of Pensacola FL A

(Archeological)

LA200 Baton Rouge LA B

LA1005 Fort Bute (Location) LA C

MI1003 Fort St. Joseph MI C

(Archeological)

MO200 St. Louis MO C

(San Luis de Ylinoises) 

War of 1812 (3)

ID Name State/Province Class 

FL400 Pensacola (Gulf Campaign) FL C

FL401 Pensacola FL B

FL1006 Fort of Pensacola FL A

Protecting the Sites 99
100 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)
The Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 were defining 

episodes in American and world history. The 677 Principal Sites 

identified by this study represent the most significant moments of 

those two wars. Nearly half of these places are already lost to us. 

However, 100 battlefields and 236 associated historic properties 

survive well enough to communicate a sense of the past, of the 

roles they played in American history. As a nation, we have the 

opportunity to continue the work of those who recognized the 

remarkable history these sites convey and who protected and 

preserved what they could for posterity. Our tasks are to set a 

course, find the means, and finish the job. 

Public, nonprofit, and private partners can accomplish those 

goals. The need for coordinated public-private initiatives at the 

surviving historic sites of the two wars is critical. Numerous 

partnerships were forged during the 225th anniversary of the 

American Revolution, and similar relationships are emerging 

as the nation prepares to commemorate the bicentennial of the 

War of 1812. Government agencies and nonprofit organizations 

should continue to build and use those networks. It is especially 

important to identify and join with American Indians, African 

Americans, Hispanic Americans, and other cultural groups 

interested in the Principal Sites. Potentially, a national advocacy 

group dedicated to the full and permanent protection of early 

American historic sites would fill a distinct gap in the network of 

Revolutionary War and War of 1812 preservation organizations. A 

national advocacy and preservation group could provide support 

to, and a united voice for, the many individual friends groups and 

battlefield landowners seeking ways to protect the Principal Sites. 

Basic instruments of protection and preservation are in place. 

However, the need for public, nonprofit, and corporate funding 

is acute, as is the need for tax incentives and private financing. 

Most importantly, preservation advocates must find the right 

preservation approach for each site, and for each landowner, 

quickly. 

Federal, state, Tribal, and local governments should review 

their holdings and seriously consider, through appropriate 

planning activities, if historic, unprotected land and resources 

should be added to existing parks and historic sites. Nonprofit 

organizations may want to do the same. Private property 

owners interested in selling or donating their land or easements 

for conservation purposes should seek assistance from local 

and state governments and land trusts. In turn, local and state 

lawmakers and administrators should make the utmost effort 

to encourage–though grants, purchase of development rights 

programs, and attractive tax incentives–landowners to choose 

preservation. Only with sufficient funds and dedicated publicprivate partnerships will we be able to save the surviving 

Principal Sites. 

The surviving Principal Sites of the Revolutionary War and the 

War of 1812 have the power to help us better understand how 

far we have come as a nation. These places are the physical 

reminders of noble and base deeds on the battlefield, of wartime 

hardships and sacrifices, of lofty ideals and evolving concepts 

of freedom, democracy, human rights, and national sovereignty, 

and of failures and achievements in international relations and 

American colonialism. These sites connect us to people of the 

past whose world was, perhaps, not so different from our own. 

As a nation, as communities, as individuals, let us honor our 

forbearers, bring honor on ourselves, and pass honor to our 

children by setting aside the last great places of the Revolutionary 

War and the War of 1812.

Conclusion

Conclusion 101

National Register historic district of Gilbert 

Town (NC1007), Rutherford County, North 

Carolina. Photo by Steven D. Smith.

The National Park Service compiled this list to help 

communities identify places with potential local connections 

to the Revolutionary War or War of 1812. It is not intended as a 

comprehensive list of all events that took places during the wars. 

This list includes sites determined by the study committee to be 

associated with events of local significance (Class D),139 and 

unclassified sites recommended during National Park Service, 

state, Tribal, and public comment periods about the site list and 

the draft study report. The National Park Service did not survey 

or evaluate these sites as a part of this study. Sites are listed by 

war, type (military action or associated properties), state, 

and county. 

Revolutionary War Military 

Actions (US)

CONNECTICUT

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Milford Farms

Fairfield

 Byram River (Shepard's Bridge)

 Fairfield

 Green's Farms

 Greenwich

 Norwalk

 Norwalk Island

 Stamford Harbor

 Stratford Point

Middlesex

 Middlesex

New Haven

 Branford Harbor

 Guilford 

New London

 Lyme

 Stonington

DELAWARE

Kent

 Bombay Hook

 Dover

 Duck Creek

 Grogtown (Kenton)

 Jordon's Island (Chester River)

New Castle

 Cooch's Bridge (Iron Hills)

 Iron Works

 Newcastle

 Sandy Brae (Sandy Hill) 

Sussex

 Cape Henlopen

 Lewes

FLORIDA

Duval

 Cow Ford

 Sawpit (Baker's Camp)

 St. Mary's River

 Wright's Fort

Nassau

 Alligator Creek Bridge

 Amelia Island

 Cabbage Swamp

St. Johns

 Ordnance Brig Betsy

GEORGIA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Altahama River

 Beaverdam Creek

 Buckhead Creek

 Herbert

 Oconee River

 Ogeechee River

 Thick Bay Swamp

 Yamasse Bluff

Burke

 Burke County Jail

 Mathew's Bluff

Camden

 Fort McIntosh

Chatham

 Cockspur Island

 Cuthbert's Sawmill

 Ogeechee Road

 Tybee Island

Columbia

 Brownsburg

Dawson

 Long Swamp Creek

Effingham

 Ebeneezer

Elbert

 Cherokee Ford

 Van's Creek

Glynn

 Carney's Plantation 

 Fort Frederica

 St. Simon's Island

Liberty

 Hickory Hill

 Midway

 Midway Meeting House 

 Spencer's Hill

Liberty

 St. Catherine Island

 Sunbury

McIntosh

 Beard's Bluff

 Fort Barrington

Rabun

 Big Shoals (Oconee River)

Richmond

 Spirit Creek

Screven

 Briar Creek

 Cherokee Hill

 Ogeechee Ferry

Taliaferro

 Ebenezer Church

 Sharon

Wilkes

 Carr's Fort

ILLINOIS

Rock Island

 Rock Island

Other Sites of Interest

139. The initial list presented to the study committee was derived 

principally from The Toll of Independence: Engagements & Battle 

Casualties of the American Revolution, Howard Peckham, ed. 

(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974) and the Encyclopedia 

of the War of 1812, David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, ed. (Santa 

Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1997) with additions and refinements from 

numerous other published sources, the National Register of Historic 

Places, and state historic preservation office inventories. 

Other Sites of Interest 103

Inside the Great Saltpeter Cave (KY1002), 

Rockcastle County, Kentucky. Photo by 

David McBride.
104 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

INDIANA

Allen

 Miamitown (Fort Wayne)

Knox

 Lower White River

 Post St. Vincent

Tippecanoe

 Ouiatenon

LOUISIANA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Bowman's Farm

Ballard

 Fort Jefferson

Bourbon

 Grant's Station

Clark

 Battle Run Branch

 Strode's Station

Fayette

 Fayette

Jefferson

 Long Run Creek

 Louisville

Kenton

 Licking River

Mercer

 McAfee Station

Montgomery

 Little Mountain

Nicholas

 Lower Blue Licks

Pendleton

 Battle Run

Scott

 McClelland's Station

Shelby

 Shelbyville

Ascension

 Galveztown

East Baton Rouge

 Manchac (Fort Bute)

Jefferson

 Mississippi River (Dispatch)

 Mississippi River (Neptune)

Livingston

 Thompson's Creek

 St. Tammany

 Sloop Morris v. West Florida

MAINE

Hancock

 Bagaduce River

 Fort George (Penobscot River)

Knox

 Fox Island

Penobscot

 Penobscot River

Waldo

 Fort Pownall

 Sandy Point

Washington

 Machias

 Unity v. Margareta

MARYLAND

Anne Arundel

 Annapolis

 Otter v. Defence

 Steward and Galloway Shipyard

Caroline

 Benoni's Point (Choptank River)

Caroline

 Choptank River

Cecil

 Cecil Courthouse

 Elk Forge

 Elk River

 Head of Elk

Charles

 Benedict

 Cedar Point

 Nanjemoy

 Sandy Point

Dorchester

 Hooper Straits

 Vienna

Harford

 Gunpowder River 

 Joppa

Somerset

 Lower Tangier Islands

 Smith Island

St. Mary’s

 Patuxent River

 St. Georges Island

 St. Mary's River

Surry

 Swan Point

Talbot

 Poplar Island

 Wye River

Wicomico

 Wicomico River

Worcester

 Sinepuxent Inlet

MASSACHUSETTS

Barnstable

 Cape Cod

 Cape Cod Bay

 Falmouth

 Truro

Berkshire

 Egremont

Bristol

 Fall River

Dukes

 Francis (Martha's Vineyard)

 Naushon Island

 Tarpaulin Cove

Essex

 Brace's Cove (Cape Ann)

 HMS Nautilus

 Marblehead

 Nantasket

 Newburyport

Plymouth

 North River

 Plymouth Harbor

Suffolk

 Boston Harbor (HMS Renown)

MICHIGAN

Berrien

 Fort St. Joseph

MISSISSIPPI

Adams

 Fort Panmure

 Natchez

 White Cliffs

Warren

 Walnut Hills

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Rockingham

 Piscataqua River

 Portsmouth

NEW JERSEY

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Burrow's Mill

 Cedar Creek Bridge

 Conascung Point

 Greyhound

 HMS Swallow

 HMS Viper

 Hyder Ali v. General Monk

 Mary and Dolphin

Atlantic

 Absecon Beach

 Congress and Chance
 Egg Harbor

 Harlem and Stanley

 HMS Mermaid

 HMS Tryon v. Glory

 Holker

 Osborne Island (Mincock Island)

 Sloop Congress

Bergen

 Bergen Neck

 Bergen Point

 Closter

 De Groot's

 Dobb's Ferry

 Englewood

 English Neighborhood

 Hackensack

 Hackensack Valley

 Hopperstown

 Liberty Pole (Englewood)

 Little Ferry

 Middletown

 Moonachie Point

 New Bridge

 Paramus

 Salt Marshes (Hackensack)

 Second River

 Slotterdam

 Three Pidgeons

Burlington

 Blackhorse (Petticoat Bridge)

 Bordentown

 Burlington

 Drawbridge

 Eayrestown

 Rancocas Bridge

 West Jersey

Camden

 Gloucester

 Gloucester Point

 Haddonfield

 HMS Viper

 Spicer's Ferry Bridge

Cape May

 Brig Nancy

 Cape May

 Delaware Bay

 HMS Roebuck and Liverpool v. 

 Lexington

 Lexington v. Wasp

 Polly v. Lively

 Whaleboats 

 (Battle of the Whaleboats)

Cumberland

 Maurice River

Essex

 Newark

Gloucester

 Billingsport

 Brig John, schooner Industry

 Brigantine Beach

 Cooper's Ferry

 HMS Lord Howe

 Maidenhead

 Mantua

 Mantua Creek

 Mickleton

 Varnum's Battery

 Woodbury

Hudson

 Bull's Ferry

 Fort Delancy

 Hoebuck

 Prior's Mills

 Weehawken

Hunterdon

 Coryel's Ferry

 Howell's Ferry

 Ringoes

Mercer

 Mount Holly

 Vessel's Ferry

Middlesex

 Amboy 

 Bonhamtown

 Brunswick

 Dismal Swamp

 Perth Amboy (St. Peter’s Church)

 Punk Hill

 Quibbletown (New Market)

 Raritan Landing

 South Amboy

 Strawberry Hill

 Woodbridge

Monmouth

 Acte v. Mars

 Allentown

Beaver v. L'constance

 Colt's Neck

 Commerce v. Restoration

 Daphne v. Oliver Cromwell

 Diligence v. Success

 Freehold

 Frigate Delaware v. Grenville

 Hancock v. Eagle

 Manasquan

 Middletown Point

 Pleasant Valley

 Raisonable v. Hazard

 Revenge v. Vengeance

 Sandy Hook

 Savannah v. Emerald

 Shrewsbury

 Shrewsbury-Allentown Road

 Tinton Falls

 Vanderberg

 Vulture

Morris

 Bottle Hill

 Morristown

Ocean

 Barnegat 

 Barnegat Beach

 Barnegat Inlet

 Cranberry Inlet

 Delaware v. Molly

 Forked River

 Manahawkin

 Toms River

Passaic 

 Acquackanonk Bridge

 Wagaraw

Salem

 Alloway

 Alloway Creek

 Alloway's Bridge

 Hancock's Bridge

 Lower Penn's Neck

 Oldman's Creek

 Quinton's Bridge

 Salem

 Thompson's Point

Somerset

 Basking Ridge

 Bound Brook

 Middlebrook

 Middlebush

 Pluckemin

 Rocky Point

 Somerset Court House

Sussex

 Montague

 Sussex Court House

Union

 Ash Swamp

 Connecticut Farms

 De Hart's Point

 Drake's Farm

 Elizabethtown Point

 Spanktown

 Tremley Point

Other Sites of Interest 105
106 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

NEW YORK

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 HMS Milford and George

 Jeffer's Neck

 Slapshine Island

Bronx

 Archer's House

 Fort Independence

 King's Bridge

 Mamaroneck

 Morrisiana

 Throgg's Neck

Broome

 Chenango

 Ouaquaga

Delaware

 Harpersfield

Dutchess

 Fishkill

 Poughkeepsie

Essex

 Raymond's Mills

Fulton

 Ephratah

 Johnson Hall

Herkimer

 Andrustown (Andrew's Town)

 Fort Herkimer

 Head of Unadilla River

 Riemensyder's Bush

 Shell's Bush

Kings

 Battery Park

 Bedloe's island

 Blackwell's Island

 Brooklyn Heights

 East Chester

 Flatbush and Bedford Pass

 Fort Defiance (HMS Roebuck)

 Governor's Island

 Horn's Hook

 Hunt's Point

 Indian Field and Bridge

 Jamaica

 Long Island Sound

 Spuyten Duyvil Creek

 The Narrows

 Turtle Bay

 Valley Grove

Kings

 York Island

Madison

 Fort Canaseroga

Montgomery

 Caughnawaga

 Currytown

 Fort Plain

Nassau

 Oyster Bay

Oneida

 Fort Schuyler

 Fort Stanwix

Orange

 Butter Hill

 New Windsor

Otsego

 Unadilla 

 (Susquehanna River Villages)

Putnam

 Continental Village

 Fort Constitution

Richmond

 Staten Island

Rockland

 Dobbs Ferry

 Haverstraw

 Kakiat

 Stony Point

 Tappan Meadows

 Tappan Zee

Saratoga

 Balls Town

 Saratoga

Schenectady

 Schenectady

 Warrenbush

Schoharie

 Cobbleskill

 Flockey

 Middle Fort

 Schoharie

 Vroomsland

St. Lawrence

 Oswegathchie

Suffolk

 Brookhaven

 Huntington Bay

 Lloyd's Neck

 Sag Harbor

 Setauket

 Smithtown

 Terry Point

 Treadwell's Neck

Sullivan

 Cochecton

 Minisink

Tryon

 Fort Plain

Ulster

 Warwarsing

Warren

 Diamond Island

 Fort Ann

Westchester

 Bedford

 Byram River

 Crompond

 Davenport House

 East Chester Bay

 Fallard's Point

 HMS Dependence

 HMS Phoenix and Rose

 Horse Neck

 Hudson River Highlands

 Merritt's Corners

 Mile Square Road

 Morell's Tavern

 New Rochelle

 Peekskill

 Phillipsburg

 Pound Ridge

 Saw Mill River

 Sawpits

 Singsing

 Tarrytown

 Twitching's Corners

 Verplanck's Point

 Ward's House

 Young's House

NORTH CAROLINA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Cumberland Creek

 Great Dismal Swamp

Alamance

 Alamance River

 Cane Creek

 Clapp's Mill

 Lindley's Mill

Ashe

 Big Glades

Bladen

 Elizabethtown

 Great Swamp

Brunswick

 Fort Johnston

 HMS Cruizer

 HMS Falcon

 HMS Scorpion
 HMS Scorpion and Cruizer

 HMS St. Lawrence

Chatham

 Old Chatham Courthouse

 Pittsboro

Cherokee

 Cherokee Valley Towns

Cleveland

 Graham’s Fort

Craven

 New Bern

 Webber's Bridge (Trent River)

Davidson

 Trading Ford

Duplin

 Rockfish

Edgecombe

 Tarboro

Forsyth

 Richmond

 Salem

 Shallow Ford (east of)

Guilford

 Bruce's Crossroads (Summerfield)

 Dickey's Mill

 Fletcher's Mill

 New Garden Meeting House

 Reedy Fork

 South Buffalo Creek

 Weitzel's Mill

Halifax

 Halifax

Hoke

 Beattie’s Bridge

 McPhaul's Mill

Iredell

 Torrence's Tavern

Jackson

 Tuckasegee

Lenoir

 Kingston

Macon

 Black Hole (Waya Gap)

 Watauga

McDowell

 Allen's Mountain

 Cane Creek

Mecklenburg

 Charlotte Town

Montgomery

 Drowning Creek

Moore

 Alston House

Nash

 Fishing Creek

 Swift Creek

Orange

 Hart's Mill

 Hillsborough

Pender

 Heron's Bridge

Polk

 Earle's (Earl's) Ford

Randolph

 Hanging Tree

Robeson

 Raft Swamp

Rowan

 Grant's Creek

Scotland

 Cole’s Bridge

Stanly

 Colson's Ferry (Colson's Mill)

Union

 Wahab's Plantation

Wilson

 Peacock’s Bridge

Yadkin

 Shallow Ford (Reedy Creek)

OHIO

Coshocton

 Coshocton

Greene

 Bowman's Expedition

 Chillicothe

Hamilton

 Little Miami River (Laughery Creek)

Jefferson

 Lochry's Defeat

Tuscarawas

 Muskingum River

 New Schonbrunn

 Tuscarawas River

Wyandot

 Olentangy Creek

PENNSYLVANIA

Allegheny

 Fort Pitt

Armstrong

 Kittanning

Beaver

 Fort McIntosh

 Logstown

 Tuscawaras

Bradford

 Munsee

Bucks

 Bristol

 Crooked Billet

 Jenk's Mill

 Newtown

 Penn Valley

Chester

 Battle of the Clouds

 Chester

 Gordon's Ford

 Gulph Mills

 Scott's Farm

Delaware

 Black Horse Tavern

 Darby

 Gray's Ferry Road

 Marcus Hook

Lancaster

 Chestnut Hill

Luzerne

 Wyoming Valley

Montgomery

 Barren Hill

 Jenkintown

 Norrington

 North Wales

 Whitemarsh

Philadelphia

 Frankford

 Frigate Delaware

 Germantown

 Smithfield

 York Road (Benneville Cottage)

Tioga

 Tioga

Warren

 Thompson's Island

Westmoreland

 Fort Hand

 Hannastown

 Palmer's Fort

 Wallace's Fort

RHODE ISLAND

Bristol

 Bristol

 Narragansett Bay

 Prudence Island

 Rose and Swan

 Warren

Kent

 Warwick Neck

Other Sites of Interest 107
108 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Newport

 Aquidneck Island

 Brenton's Point

 Commonfence Neck (Bristol Ferry)

 Conanicut Island

 Dutch Island

 Fogland Ferry

 Fort Island

 Frog Neck (off Newport)

 Jamestown

 Little Compton

 Middletown

 Providence Passage

 Sakonnet Channel

 Sakonnet Point

 Tiverton

Washington

 Boston Neck

 Narragansett Beach

 Point Judith

 South Kingston

 Westerly

SOUTH CAROLINA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Big Savannah

 Brent's House

 Saltketcher Swamp

 Washington's Raid 

 (south of Santee River)

Abbeville

 Beattie's Mill (Dunlap's Defeat)

 McCord Creek

 Pratt's Mill

 Rutledge's Ford (Hoil's Old Place)

Aiken

 Beech Island (Savannah River)

 Dean Swamp (Lorick's Ferry)

 Fort Galphin

Allendale

 Mathews Bluff

Barnwell

 Morris Ford (Barnwell)

 Slaughter Field

 Steel Creek

 Vince's Fort

 Wiggins Hill

Beaufort

 Ash's Point

 Beaufort

 Fort Balfour

 Hilton Head Island

 Port Royal Ferry (Galley Balfour)

 Port Royal Island (Halfway House)

 Scourge v. Adder

Berkeley

 Biggin Bridge

 Bull Head

 Capers' Scout

 Fair Lawn Plantation

 Keithfield Plantation

 Lenud's Ferry

 Moncks Corner

 Oohey River (Ashley River)

 Shubrick's Plantation 

 (Quinby Bridge)

 Strawberry Ferry

 Tidyman's Plantation

 Videau's Bridge (Smith's Plantation)

 Wadboo

 Wadboo Creek Bridge

 Wambaw Creek

Calhoun

 Fort Motte

 Manigault's Ferry

 Metts Crossroads

 Sharp's Skirmish

 Thomson's Plantation

Charleston

 Ashley River Church

 Bee's Plantation

 Edisto Island

 Fort Johnson

 Galley Alligator

 HM Sloop Tamar (Cummings Point)

 HM Sloop Tamar (Hog Island)

 HMS Cherokee (Sullivan's Island)

 HMS Lady William 

 (Sullivan's Island)

 James Island (Dills Bluff)

 Johns Island (New Cut)

 Mathews' Plantation

 Ocaysalio (James Island)

 Pest House (Sullivans Island)

 Quarter House

 Rantowle's Bridge (Rantol's)

 Rattlesnake

 Spencer's Inlet

 State House Magazines

 Stono River (Galley Fight)

 Sullivan's Island

 Wappetaw Meeting House

Cherokee

 Thicketty Fort (Fort Anderson)

Chester

 Beckhamville

 Sandy River

Clarendon

 Black River Swamp

 Great Savannah

 Halfway Swamp

 Tearcoat Swamp

 Wiboo Swamp

Colleton

 Combahee Ferry (Chehaw Point)

 Horse Shoe

 Parker's Ferry (Edisto River)

 Parson's Plantation

 Pocotaligo Road (Patterson's Bridge)

Colleton

 Red Hill (Barton's Post)

 Salkehatchie Bridge

Dillon

 Bear Swamp

 Rouse's Ferry

Dorchester

 Cypress Swamp

 Dawkins' Defeat

 Dorchester

 Fort Dorchester

 Four Holes

 Garden's Plantation

Edgefield

 Edgefield

 Hammond's Mill

 Horner's Creek

 Rogers' Plantation

 Turkey Creek

Fairfield

 Dutchman's Creek

 Mobley's Meeting House

 Rocky Mountain (Rocky Mount)

Florence

 Snow's Island

 Witherspoon's Ferry

Georgetown

 Black Mingo

 Black River Road

 De Peyster's Capture

 Georgetown

 Sampit Bridge

 White's Plantation

Greenville

 Great Cane Brake

 Headwaters of Tyger

Greenwood

 Whitehall Plantation
Hampton

 McPherson's Plantation

 Saltketcher Bridge

Horry

 Bear Bluff

 Black Lake

Jasper

 Coosawhatchie River

 Purrysburg

 Savannah River

Kershaw

 Beaver Creek Ford

 Cary's Fort (Wateree Ferry)

 Flat Rock

 Lynches Creek (Ratcliff's Bridge)

 Rugeley's Fort (Rugeley's Mill)

Lancaster

 Waxhaws Meeting House

Laurens

 Hammond's Store

 Hayes' Station

 Lindley's Fort (Rayborn Creek)

 Reedy River

Lexington

 Cedar Creek (Muddy Springs)

 Cloud's Creek

 Eggleston's Capture

 Fort Granby

 Friday's Ferry

 Hollow Creek

 Juniper Spring (Mydelton's Defeat)

 Muddy Spring

 Tarrar's Spring

Marion

 Bass's Mill

 Blue Savannah

 Murphey's Swamp

 Port's Ferry

Marlboro

 Cashway (Cashua) Ferry

 Hunt's Bluff

McCormick

 Fort Charlotte

 Long Cane

 Stevens Creek

Newberry

 Bush River

 Clark's Ford

 Fort Williams (Mudlick Creek)

 Fort Williams (Williams' Plantation)

 Indian Creek

 Lorick's Ferry

 Radcliffe's Defeat

 Watkins' 

Oconee

 Esseneca (Lower Cherokee Towns)

 Oconore

Orangeburg

 Big Savannah

 Edisto River

 Four Mile Branch (Creek)

 Orangeburg

 Rowe's Plantation (Moore's Defeat)

Pickens

 Capture of McCall's Party

Saluda

 Mine Creek (Congaree River)

Spartanburg

 Bloody Scout

 Bryant's Mills

 Cedar Springs 

 (Wofford's Iron Works)

 Fort Prince

 Gowen's Old Fort

Union

 Brandon's Defeat

 Farrow's Station

 Fishdam Ford

 Hayes's Defeat

Williamsburg

 Lower Bridge

 Mount Hope Swamp

York

 Hill's Iron Works

 Stallings' Fort

 Williamson's Plantation 

 (Huck's Defeat)

TENNESSEE

Carter

 Fort Watauga

Davidson

 Freeland's Station

 Nashville

Hamilton

 Lookout Mountain

Jefferson

 Boyd's Creek

Loudon

 Chilhowee

Monroe

 Tellico River

VERMONT

Addison

 Basin Harbor

Chittenden

 Shelburne

 Winooski River

Grand Isle

 Isle la Motte

Lamoille

 Cambridge

Orleans

 Greensboro

VIRGINIA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Chariton Creek

 HMS Otter and Harlem 

 v. American privateers

Accomack

 Tangier Island

Albemarle

 Charlottesville

Augusta

 Fort Rice

Bedford

 New London

 Prince Edward Court House

Charles City

 Charles City Court House

Chesterfield

 Cary's Mills

 Chesterfield Court House

Essex

 Hobbs Hole (Tappahannock)

Fluvanna

 Point of Fork

 Seven Islands

Hampton

 Hampton

 Point Comfort

Hanover

 New Castle (Newcastle)

Henrico

 Henrico Court House

 Osborne's Wharf

Isle of Wight

 Mackie's Mill

 Smithfield (Pagan Creek)

James City

 Barret's Ferry

 Burwell's Ferry (Sandy Point)

 Fortified Church

 James River

 Jamestown

 Jamestown Ferry

 Spencer's Ordinary

 Williamsburg

Other Sites of Interest 109
110 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Norfolk

 Cape Henry

 Edmunds Bridge

 Elizabeth River (Norfolk)

 Fort Nelson (Portsmouth)

 Gosport Shipyard

Northumberland

 Potomac River

Portsmouth

 Hampton Roads

 Portsmouth

Prince George

 Bland's Mills

 Fort Hood (Hood's Landing)

Prince William

 Occoquan

Princess Anne

 James's Plantation

Richmond City

 Richmond

Stafford

 Brent’s (Brant’s) House

Suffolk

 Suffolk

Wise

 Powell's Valley

WEST VIRGINIA

Brooke

 Rice's Fort

Greenbrier

 Fort Donnally

Marshall

 Grave Creek Narrows

Monongalia

 Fort Stradler (Statler’s Fort)

Pocahontas

 Fort Greenbrier

 

Revolutionary War Military 

Actions (CAN)

NEW BRUNSWICK

 Fort Cumberland

ONTARIO

 Isle aux Noix

 Moraviantown

QUEBEC

 Fort St. Jean

 Longue Pointe (Montreal)

War of 1812 Military

Actions (US)

ALABAMA

Cherokee 

 Genalga

 Oakfusky

Clarke

 Bassett's Creek 

 Fort Sinquefield

Tallapoosa

 Tallassee

CONNECTICUT

New London

 Stonington

FLORIDA

Alachua 

 Bowleg's Town

 Fallen Pines

 Payne's Town

Duval

 Laurel Grove

Nassau

 Fernandina

 Fernando and Sappho

 Waterman's Bluff

St. Johns 

 Fort Stallings

 Moosa Old Fort

 Picolattii

 St. Augustine

 Twelve Mile Swamp

GEORGIA

Camden 

 Cumberland Island

Chatham

 Point Petre

ILLINOIS

Calhoun

 Cape au Gris

Logan

 Salt River

Peoria

 Gomo's

 Peoria

INDIANA

Allen

 Little Turtle's Village

Elkhart

 Five Medals Towns

Jackson

 Fort Vallonia

 Tipton's Island

Morgan

 Big Fire

Scott

 Pigeon Roost

Tippecanoe

 Prophetstown

 Wild Cat Creek

Henry

 Delaware, Munsee, 

 Nanticoke Towns 

Vigo

 Miami Villages on Wabash River

IOWA

Lee

 Fort Madison

MAINE

Knox

 St. George

 Thomaston

MARYLAND

Anne Arundel

 Windmill (Tracy's Landing)

Calvert

 Broomes Island

 Hall's Creek

 Huntingtown

 Lower Marlboro

 Sheridan Point

 St. Leonard's Town

Cecil

 Elkton

 Fort Defiance

 Fort Hollingsworth

 Fredricktown

 Georgetown

 Frenchtown

Charles

 Indian Head

Dorchester

 Ice Mound

Kent

 Frisby Plantation

 Rock Hall

 Worton Creek

 Worton Point

Prince George’s

 Fort Washington

 Magruder's Landing

Queen Anne’s

 Queenstown
St. Mary’s

 Blackstone Island

 Breton Bay

 Cedar Point

 Chaptico

 Coles Landing

 Sotterley Plantation

 St. George's Island

 St. Jerome's Creek

 Swan Point

Talbot

 Eastern Bay

 St. Michaels

 Wade's Point

MICHIGAN

Berrien

 Lower St. Joseph River

Mackinac

 Mackinac Island

Monroe

 Swan Creek

Wayne

 Detroit

MISSOURI

Howard

 Boones Lick

Lincoln

 Fort Howard 

 Sinkhole

Marion

 Gilbert's Lick

Montgomery

 Callaway's Defeat

 Cote Sans Dessein

Ralls 

 Fort Mason

Saline

 Piankeshaw and Sauk Village

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Coos

 Stuart Town

NEW JERSEY

Monmouth

 Tender Eagle

NEW YORK

Clinton

 Champlain

 Chazy Landing

 Culver Hill

 Point au Roche

Erie

 Black Rock

Essex

 Bouquet River

Franklin

 St. Regis

Jefferson

 Cranberry Creek

Niagara

 Fort Niagara

 Fort Schlosser

St. Lawrence

 Morristown

NORTH CAROLINA

Hyde

 Ocracoke

 Portsmouth

OHIO

Auglaize

 Fort St. Marys

Erie

 Cold Creek

Hardin

 Blanchard River

Lucas

 Maumee River Rapids

Ottawa

 Bull Island (Marblehead Peninsula, 

 Sandusky Bay)

Richland

 Mansfield

Sandusky

 Lower Sandusky

Wayne

 Greentown

 Jerometown

Wood

 Maumee River

SOUTH CAROLINA

Jasper

 Cole's Island

VIRGINIA

Accomack

 Deep Creek

 Pungoteague Creek

Essex

 Tappahannock

Hampton

 Hampton Roads

 Pagan Creek

Isle of Wight

 Lown's Creek

 James River

Lancaster

 Carter's Creek

 Chewning Point

 Windmill Point

Middlesex

 Urbanna

Northumberland

 Monday's Point

 Northumberland Court 

 House

Prince George

 Fort Powatan (Hood's Point)

Richmond City

 North Farnham Church

Westmoreland

 Mattox River

 Nomini Bay

 Rozier Creek

 Westmoreland Court House

 Yeocomico River

VERMONT

Addison

 Fort Cassin

 Vergennes

Chittenden

 Burlington

Franklin

 Swanton

Orleans

 Derby

War of 1812 Military 

Actions (CAN)

NEW BRUNSWICK

 Fort Cumberland

 St. John

ONTARIO

 Adolphustown

 Aux Canards River

 Baldoon

 Brockville

 Butler's Farm

 Chatham

 Delaware

 Dolsen's Farm

 Dover

 Elizabethtown

 Fairfield

 Fort Erie

 Fort George

 Forty Mile Creek

Other Sites of Interest 111
112 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

 Gananoque

 Hoople's Creek

 Kettle Creek

 Kingston Harbor

 McCrea House

 Nanticoke

 Oxford

 Port Talbot

 Sandwich

 St. Davids

 St. Joseph Island

 Sault Saint Marie

 York

QUEBEC

 Clough's Farm

 Frelighsburg

 Missisquoi Bay

 Odelltown Phillipsburg

 St. Regis

Revolutionary War 

Associated Properties (US)

ALABAMA

Baldwin

 Montrose Historic District

CONNECTICUT

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Milford Farms

 Haynes Hill Road

Fairfield

 Byram River (Shepard's Bridge)

 Fairfield (Burning)

 Green's Farms

 Greenwich

 Greenwich (near)

 Kings Highway North 

 Marvin Tavern

 Monroe Center 

 Newtown Borough 

 Norwalk (Burning)

 Norwalk Island

 Norwalk, near

 Putnam Hill

 Stamford Harbor

 Stratford Point

 West of Norwalk

Hartford

 East Windsor Hill 

 Marlborough Tavern

 Sarah Whitman Hooker House

 Terry's Plain 

Middlesex

 Middlesex

New Haven

 Branford Harbor

 Guilford, near Elisha Pitkin House

New London

 Lyme

 Stonington

DELAWARE

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Jordon's Island (Chester River)

 Lewes (off)

 Sloop Sachem

Kent

 Bombay Hook

 Dover

 Duck Creek

 Grogtown (Kenton)

 New Castle

 Andrew Fisher House

 Cooch's Bridge (Iron Hill, 

 Coater's Mill, Cooche's Mill)

 Glynrich

 Hockessin Friends Meetinghouse

 Iron Works

 Newcastle

 Old Courthouse

 Sandy Brae (Sandy Hill)

 Wilmington

 Wilmington (near)

Philadelphia

 Fort Mifflin (Mud Island Fort, 

 Fort Island)

Sussex

 Cape Henlopen

 Lewes

FLORIDA

Duval

 Cow Ford (Cowford)

 Sawpit (Baker's Camp)

 St. Mary's River

 St. Mary's River (Wright's Fort)

Nassau

 Alligator Creek Bridge

 Amelia Island

 Cabbage Swamp

 Fort Tonyn (St. Mary's River)

 St. Mary's River

St. Johns

 Ordnance Brig Betsy

GEORGIA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Altahama River

 Baker's Camp

 Beaverdam Creek

 Brownsburg (near)

 Buckhead Creek

 Herbert

 Oconee River 

 Ogeechee River

 Ogeechee River, near

 Southern Georgia

 Thick Bay Swamp

 Yamasse Bluff

Burke

 Burke County Jail

 Mathew's Bluff

Camden

 Fort McIntosh

Chatham

 Ancrum's Plantation

 Cockspur Island (Phillipa Affair)

 Cockspur Island

 Cuthbert's Sawmill

 Ogeechee Ferry (near)

 Ogeechee Road (Ogechee Road)

 Savannah

 Savannah Harbor

 Tybee Island

Dawson

 Long Swamp Creek

Effingham

 Ebeneezer

Elbert

 Cherokee Ford (Savannah River)

 Juncture of Broad and Savannah 

 Rivers (near Van's Creek)

Glynn

 Carney's Plantation 

 (St. Simon's Island)

 Fort Frederica

Liberty

 Hickory Hill

 Liberty County

 Midway

 Midway Historic District

 Midway Meeting House 

 (Spencer's Hill, Medway Church)

 St. Catherine Island

 Sunbury (Fort Morris)

 Woodmanston Site

McIntosh

 Beard's Bluff

 Fort Barrington (Fort Howe)

 Fort Barrington
Rabun

 Big Shoals (Oconee River)

Richmond

 Augusta (White House, Hawk's 

 Creek, McKay's Trading Post, 

 Mackay House, Garden Hill, 

 Fort Grierson, Cornwallis)

 Spirit Creek 

 (Split Creek, near Augusta)

Screven

 Briar Creek

 Cherokee Hill

 Ogeechee Ferry 

 (Ogeechee River Ferry)

Taliaferro

 Ebenezer Church

 Sharon (near)

Wilkes

 Carr's Fort (Fort Cars)

 Wilkes County

ILLINOIS

Rock Island

 Rock Island

INDIANA

Allen

 Miamitown (Fort Wayne)

Knox

 Lower White River

 Vincennes (Post St. Vincent)

Tippecanoe

 Ouiatenon (near Lafayette)

KENTUCKY

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Bowman's Farm

Ballard

 Fort Jefferson

 Fort Jefferson (Clarksville)

 Fort Jefferson (Wickliffe)

Bourbon

 Grant's Station (Grant's Fort)

Boyle

 Boiling Springs Settlement

Clark

 Battle Run Branch

 Boonesborough

 Strode's Station (near Winchester)

Fayette

 Fayette (near)

Jefferson

 Corn Island

 Floyd's Station

 Fort Nelson

 Long Run Creek

 Louisville (near)

Kenton

 Licking River

Madison

 Boonesborough

 Fort Boonesborough 

 (Boonesborough)

Mercer

 Fort Harrod (Harrodsborough)

 McAfee Station

Montgomery

 Little Mountain 

 (Estill's Defeat)

Nicholas

 Lower Blue Licks

Pendleton

 Battle Run 

 (below Blue Licks)

Scott

 McClelland's Station

Shelby

 Shelbyville and Louisville (between)

LOUISIANA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Mouth of Mississippi River 

 (Dispatch)

 Thomas Pollock Raid

Ascension

 Galveztown

East Baton Rouge

 Manchac (Fort Bute)

 Mississippi River (Fort Bute)

Jefferson

 Mouth of Mississippi River 

 (Neptune)

Livingston

 Thompson's Creek and 

 Amite River

MAINE

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Cross Island

Cumberland 

 Falmouth (Thompson's War, 

 Portland Peninsula)

Hancock

 Bagaduce River

 Castine (Penobscot Bay, 

 Majabagaduce)

 Cranberry Island

 Penobscot Bay (Fort George)

Kennebec

 Fort Halifax

 Reuben Colburn House

Knox

 Fox Island (Penobscot Bay)

Penobscot

 Penobscot River

Waldo

 Fort Pownall 

 (Stockton Springs)

 Fort Pownall Memorial

 Sandy Point 

 (Penobscot River)

 Washington

 Burnham Tavern

 Machias

 Machias Harbor

MARYLAND

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Chesapeake Bay

 Potomac River

Anne Arundel

 Annapolis

 Artisan's House

 Chesapeake Bay

 Steward and Galloway Shipyard

 Baltimore City

 Fort Whetstone

Calvert

 Potomac River

Caroline

 Benoni's Point

 Choptank River

Cecil

 Cecil Courthouse

 East Nottingham Friends 

 Meetinghouse

 Elk Forge

 Elk River

 Head of Elk

 Holly Hall

 Lafayette March

 Mitchell House

Charles

 Benedict

 British Amphibious Assaults 

 and Raids

 Cedar Point

 Nanjemoy

 Sandy Point

Dorchester

 Hooper Straits

 Vienna

Harford

 Gunpowder River/Joppa

 Rigbie House

 Spesutie Island (Chesapeake Bay)

Other Sites of Interest 113
114 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Kent

 Hebron

Prince Georges

 Melwood Park

 St. Paul's Parish Church

Queen Anne's

 Wye Mill

Somerset

 Lower Tangier Islands 

 (Chesapeake Bay)

 Smith Island (Battle of the Barges)

 St. Georges Island

St. Mary’s

 Patuxent River Raid

 Porto Bello

 St. George Island (St. George's River)

 St. George's Island (Potomac River)

 St. Mary's River

Surry

 Swan Point (Chesapeake Bay)

Talbot

 Poplar Island

 Wye River

Wicomico

 Wicomico River

MASSACHUSETTS

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Green Dragon Tavern

Barnstable 

 Cape Cod

 Cape Cod Bay (Cape Cod Harbor)

 Falmouth

 Truro

Berkshire

 Egremont

Bristol

 Fall River

 Fall River Raid

Dukes

 Francis (Martha's Vineyard)

 Martha's Vineyard

 Martha's Vineyard (near)

 Naushon Island

 Tarpaulin Cove (Elizabeth Islands)

Essex

 Brace's Cove (Cape Ann)

 Gloucester

 HMS Nautilus

 Marblehead

Essex

 Marblehead Harbor

 Nantasket

 Nantasket Road (Boston)

 Newburyport

 Plum Island

Middlesex

 Cambridge

 Domine Manse

 Francis Wyman House 

 Penny Ferry (Mystic River, Everett)

 Ploughed Hill 

 Ploughed Hill (Cambridge)

 Stephen Bacon House

Norfolk

 Weymouth

Plymouth

 Hanover

 North River

 Plymouth Harbor

Suffolk

 Boston

 Boston Harbor

 Boston Neck

 Boston Neck 

 (Roxbury, Brown's House Raid)

 Boston Siege Lines (Winter Hill, 

 Ploughed Hill, Cambridge, Winter 

 Hill, Charles River, Roxbury)

 Brown House (Boston Neck)

 Bunker Hill

 Charles River

 Charleston Neck

 Charlestown (Charles Town)

 Chelsea (off)

 Deer Island (Boston Harbor)

 Dorchester Neck

 Governor's Island

 Grape Island (Boston Harbor)

 Great Brewster Island (Light House 

 Island, Nantasket Point)

 HMS Fowey (Charleston River)

 Lechmere Point

 Long Island

 Noddle and Hogg Islands 

 (Chelsea Creek)

 Nook's Hill (Dorchester Hill, 

 Foster's Hill, Dorchester Heights)

 Pettick's Island (Boston Harbor)

 Phipp's Farm 

 (Lechmere Point, Phipps Farm)

 Roxbury

 Sewall's Point and Roxbury

 Thompson's Island (Boston Harbor)

 Winter Hill (Charleston River)

MICHIGAN

Berrien

 Fort St. Joseph

MINNESOTA

Cook

 Grand Portage

MISSISSIPPI

Adams

 Fort Panmure (Natchez)

 Fort Panmure

 Natchez

 White Cliffs (Natchez)

Warren

 Walnut Hills

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Rockingham

 Isles of Shoals

 Piscataqua River (Portsmouth)

 Piscataqua River and 

 Portsmouth Harbor

 Portsmouth

 Portsmouth Harbor

NEW JERSEY

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Bile's Island 

 Burrow's Mill

 Cedar Creek Bridge

 Conascung Point

 Delaware River

 Greyhound

 HMS Swallow

 HMS Viper

 Jersey Shore

 Mary and Dolphin

 Northern New Jersey 

 Brig Three Sisters

 Cruiser Lady Washington

 Tartar

Atlantic

 Absecon Beach (off)

 Congress and Chance

 Egg Harbor

 Egg Island

 Harlem and Stanley

 HMS Mermaid

 Holker

 Osborne Island (Egg Harbor; 

 Pulaski's Massacre, Mincock 

 Island) 

 Pleasant Mills

 Sloop Congress

Bergen

 Bergen Neck

 Bergen Point
 Bergen Point (near)

 Closter

 Closter (near)

 De Groot's (English 

 Neighborhood, Englewood)

 Dobbs Ferry

 Dobb's Ferry (opposite)

 Englewood

 English Neighborhood

 Fort Lee 

 (New Bridge, Elizabethtown Point,

 Schuyler's Ferry and Tappan)

 Fort Lee (near)

Bergen

 Hackensack

 Hackensack Valley

 Hopper Gristmill Site

 Hopperstown 

 (Paramus, Paramus Church)

 Hopperstown (Hohokus)

 Liberty Pole (Englewood)

 Liberty Pole (near)

 Little Ferry

 Middletown

 Moonachie Point

 New Bridge

 New Bridge (Burr's Action)

 Paramus

 Salt Marshes South of Hackensack

 Second River

 Slotterdam

 Three Pidgeons 

 (Three Pidgeons Tavern)

 Van Allen House

Burlington

 Bead Wreck Site

 Blackhorse (Petticoat Bridge, 

 Columbus)

 Bordentown

 Bordontown (Burlington)

 Burlington

 Crosswicks 

 Drawbridge 

 (Bordentown, Crosswicks)

 Eayrestown (near Medford)

 Evesham Friends Meeting House

 Kirby's Mill

 Morris Mansion and Mill

 Philadelphia 

 (Battle of the Kegs, Delaware River)

 Rancocas Bridge

 Taylor-Newbold House

 Thomas Hollinshed House

 West Jersey

Camden

 Gloucester

 Gloucester Point

 Haddonfield

 Haddonfield (near)

 HMS Viper (near Philadelphia)

 Spicer's Ferry Bridge (Camden)

Cape May

 Cape May

 Delaware Bay

Cumberland

 Bacon's Neck (Cohansey River)

 Maurice River

Essex

 Newark

Gloucester

 Benjamin Clark House

 Billingsport

 Billingsport River Obstructions

 Brig John and schooner Industry

 Brigantine Beach

 Cooper's Ferry 

 (Cooper's Creek Bridge)

 Cooper's Ferry (Camden)

 Fort Mercer (Red Bank)

 Fort Mercer (above)

 Fort Mercer (near)

 HMS Lord Howe

 Maidenhead (Lawrenceville)

 Maidenhead

 Mantua

 Mantua Creek

 Mantua Creek (Mantua Ford)

 Mickleton (Mantua)

 New Bridge 

 (near Nortonville)

 Philadelphia

 Varnum's Battery

 Woodbury

 Woodbury Friends Meeting House

Hudson

 Bergen Point

 Bull's Ferry

 Bull's Ferry (near)

 Fort Delancy

 Hoebuck

 Paulus Hook

 Paulus Hook (near Jersey City)

 Prior's Mills (near Paulus Hook)

 Weehawken

 Hunterdon

 Coryel's Ferry (Lambertville)

 Howell's Ferry (Stockton)

 Ringoes (Flemington)

Mercer

 Coryel's Ferry

 Lawrence Township 

 Mount Holly

 Old Ryan Farm

 Trenton

 Vessel's Ferry (McKonkey's Ferry)

Middlesex

 Amboy

 Amboy (St. Peter's Church)

 Amboy (Punk Hill, Metuchen, 

 Strawberry Hill, Bonhamtown)

 Bonhamtown

 Brunswick (New Brunswick)

 Buccleuch Mansion

 Cranbury

 Dismal Swamp (between 

 Metuchen and Brunswick)

 Henry Guest House

 Ivy Hall

 Kingston Village 

 New Brunswick (Brunswick)

 South Bridge

 Piscataway 

 (Quibbletown, New Market)

 Proprietary House

 Raritan Landing 

 (Brunswick, Bound Brook)

 Road Up the Raritan 

 Samptown

 South Amboy

 St. Peter's Episcopal Church

 Strawberry Hill 

 (Woodbury, Woodbridge)

 Woodbridge (Six Roads, Crossroads)

Monmouth

 Allentown

 Colt's Neck

 Freehold

 Frigate Delaware

 Grenville

 Maj. John Burrowes Mansion

 Manasquan (Manasquam)

 Middletown 

 (Tinton Falls, Shrewsbury)

 Middletown

 Middletown Point

 Monmouth County

 Monmouth Court House 

 (near Freehold)

 Old Mill at Tinton Falls

 Pleasant Valley

 Sandy Hook

 Sandy Hook (near)

 Sandy Hook (off)

 Shrewbury-Allentown Road

 Shrewsbury

 Tinton Falls

Other Sites of Interest 115
116 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

 Twin Lights

 Vanderberg

 Vulture

 Whaleboats

Morris

 Bottle Hill

 Ford-Faesch House

 Lewis Carey Farmhouse

 Morristown

 Morristown (near)

 Sayre House

Multiple Counties

 Retreat Route from Fort Lee

Ocean

 Barnegat Beach

 Barnegat Beach (off)

 Barnegat (Forked River Skirmish)

 Barnegat Inlet (off)

 Cranberry Inlet

 Forked River

 Little Egg Harbor (Chestnut Creek, 

 Little Egg Harbor, Chestnut Neck)

 Manahawkin

 Toms River (Toms River Blockhouse)

 Toms River (near)

Passaic

 Acquackanonk Bridge

 Acquackanonk Bridge (Belleville)

 Dey Mansion

 Wagaraw

Salem

 Alloway

 Alloway Creek

 Alloway's Bridge 

 (Thompson's Bridge)

 Delaware River 

 (near Lower Penn's Neck)

 Delaware River 

 (near Thompson's Point)

 Hancock's Bridge

 Oldman's Creek

 Quinton's Bridge (Quintan's Bridge)

 Salem

 Tindall's Island 

 (Delaware near Penn's Neck River)

Somerset

 Basking Ridge 

 (Charles Lee Captured)

 Bound Brook

 Franklin Corners

 Franklin Inn

 Middlebrook Encampments

 Middlebrook (Bound Brook)

 Middlebush

 Millstone (Somerset Court House, 

 Van Nest Mills)

 Pluckemin

 Rocky Point

 Somerset Court House

 Wallace House State Park

Sussex

 Montague

 Sussex Court House

Union

 Ash Swamp (Plainfield)

 Connecticut Farms

 Drake's Farm (Meutuchen, 

 near Brunswick)

 Elizabethtown

 Elizabethtown (De Hart's Point)

 Elizabethtown Point

 Rahway

 Spanktown (Rahway)

 Spanktown

 Springfield

 St. John's Parsonage

 Stage House Inn

 Tremley Point

NEW YORK

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 HMS Milford and George

 Horseneck (West Greenwich)

 Jeffer's Neck (Jefferds Neck)

 Slapshine Island (Hudson River)

Bronx

 Archer's House

 East Chester 

 Fort Independence (West Farms, 

 Delancey's Mills, King's Bridge, 

 Valentine's Hill)

 King's Bridge (Kingsbridge)

 Mamaroneck

 Morrisiana

 Morrisiana (First)

 Morrisiana (Third)

 Throgg's Neck (Throgg's Point)

 Valentine-Varian House

 Van Cortlandt House

Broome

 Chenango

 Oquaga (Ouaquaga)

 Ouaquaga

 Chemung

 Fort Reid

 New Town 

Delaware

 Harpersfield

Dutchess

 Fishkill

 Poughkeepsie

 Poughkeepsie (near)

 Red Hook

Essex

 Crown Point

 Raymond's Mills

 Ticonderoga (below)

 Ticonderoga (near)

Fulton

 Ephratah

 Fulton County Jail

 Johnson Hall

 Johnstown

 Sacandaga Blockhouse

Greene

 Bronck House

 Herkimer

 Andrustown (Andrew's Town)

 Fort Dayton

 Fort Herkimer

 German Flats

 Head of Unadilla River (near)

 New Petersburg Fort

 Rheimensnyder's Fort

 Riemensnyder's Bush 

 (Snyder's Bush)

 Shell's Bush 

 (Snell's Bush, Schell's Bush)

Kings

 Battery Park

 Bedloe's Island

 Blackwell's Island 

 (Roosevelt Island)

 Brooklyn Heights

 East River

 Flatbush and Bedford Pass

 Fort Defiance 

 (HMS Roebuck, Red Hook)

 Governor's Island

 Harlem Heights

 Horn's Hook

 Hudson River

 Hunt's Point (Bronx)

 Indian Field and Bridge 

 (Kingsbridge, Stockbridge 

 Indian Massacre)

 Jamaica (Brookland, Long 

 Island, Carpenter's House)

 Jamaica Pass 

 Long Island

 Long Island Sound

 Long Island Sound (near Killing)

 Martense Pass
 Montresor's Island (Montressor's 

 Island, Randall's Island)

 New City Island

 New York

 New York City

 The Narrows 

 (New York Harbor)

 Throgg's Neck 

 (Bronx, Throgg's Point)

 Turtle Bay

 Valley Grove

 Wyckoff-Bennett Homestead

 York Island

Madison

 Fort Canaseroga (Kanassoroga)

Montgomery

 Caughnawaga

 Currytown (Burning)

 Fort Caughnawaga

 Fort Clyde

 Fort Paris

 Fort Plain

 Fort Plain Site (Fort Rensselear) 

 Fort Plank

 Fort Wagner

 Fort Walrath

 Fort Willett

 Fort Windecker

 Fort Zimmerman

Nassau

 Oyster Bay

 Oyster Bay (Long Island)

New York

 Blackwell House

 Bowling Green Fence and Park

 Butler, Walter, Homestead

 Charlton-King-Vandam 

 Dyckman House

 Fort Number Eight

 Gracie (Archibald) Mansion

 Guy Park

 Nathan Hale Execution Site

 Spuyten Duyvil Creek

Oneida

 Fort Schuyler (Utica)

 Fort Schuyler (near Utica)

 Fort Stanwix (near Rome)

 Fort Stanwix (near)

Ontario

 Fort Cummings

Orange

 Butter Hill (near Cornwall)

 Fort Decker

 Fort Martinus Decker

 Fort Montgomery

 Fort Plum Point

 Fort Van Auken

 Haskell House

 Johannes Miller House

 New Windsor

Oswego

 Oswego

Otsego

 Cherry Valley

 Cherry Valley (near)

Otsego

 Unadilla

 Unadilla 

 (Susquehanna River Villages)

 Putnam

 Continental Village

 Fort Constitution

Queens

 Old Quaker Meetinghouse

Richmond

 Billou-Stillwell-Perine House

 Kreuzer-Pelton House

 Staten Island

Rockland

 Haverstraw

 Kakiat (New Hempstead)

 Sidman's Blockhouse

 Stony Point

Rocklands

 Dobbs Ferry

 Tappan Meadows

 Tappan Zee

Saratoga

 Balls Town (Ballston)

 Peebles Island (Peobles Island)

 Saratoga

Schenectady

 Schenectady

 Warrenbush (Warren's Bush)

Schoharie

 Cobbleskill (Cobleskill)

 Flockey (Battle of the Flockey)

 Middle Fort (Middleburg)

 Schoharie

 Vroomsland (Schoharie Valley, 

 Middle Fort, Middleburg)

St. Lawrence

 Fort La Presentation

 Oswegathchie (Ogdensburg)

Suffolk

 Brookhaven

 Colonial Arsenal

 HMS Culloden shipwreck 

 Fisher's Island (Long Island Sound)

 Fort Franklin

 Huntington Bay (Long Island)

 Joseph Lloyd Manor House

 Lloyd's Neck

 Miller Place Historic District

 Sag Harbor

 Sagtikos Manor

 Seatauket (Long Island)

 Setauket Presbyterian 

 Church and Burial Ground

 Smithtown (Long Island)

 Southampton Village 

 Terry Point (eastern tip Long Island)

 Treadwell's Neck (Fort Slongo)

Sullivan

 Cochecton

 Minisink

Tryon

 Fort Plain (Mohawk Valley)

Ulster

 Ulster Main Street Historic 

 District 

 Warwarsing

Warren

 Diamond Island

 Fort George (Lake George)

 Fort George

Washington

 Fort Ann (Fort Anne)

 Old Fort House

 Rogers Island

 Skenesborough (Lake Champlain)

Westchester

 Bedford

 Bush-Lyon Homestead

 Byram River

 Crompond

 Davenport House 

 (Croten Pines Bridge, Croten River)

 Delancey Raid

 Dobbs Ferry (near)

 Ossining 

 East Chester Bay

 Eastchester

 Fallard's Point (Hudson River)

 Fort Hill

 Fort Independence

 HMS Dependence 

 (Verplanck's Point)

 HMS Phoenix and Rose 

 (Tappan Zee)

 Horse Neck

 Hudson River Highlands

Other Sites of Interest 117
118 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

 Hyatt-Livingston House

 Jug Tavern

 Merritt's Corners (Harrison, Rye)

 Mile Square Road

 Morell's Tavern

 Mt. Vernon (near)

 New Rochelle (near)

 Old St. Peter's Church

 Peekskill (Peek's Kill Town, 

 Peek's Kill, Peek's Creek)

 Peekskill (below)

 Phillipsburg (Philipsburg, Yonkers)

 Phillipsburg

 Pound Ridge (Poundridge)

 Romer-Van Tassel House

 Saw Mill River (Westchester)

 Sawpits (Saw Pit, Saw Pit Landing)

 Sherwood House

 Singsing (Ossining)

 Smith Tavern

 St. John's Episcopal Church

 Tarrytown

 Twitching's Corners

 Verplank's Point (Fort Lafayette)

 Ward's House

Westchester

 White Plains

 Young's House (Four Corners)

NORTH CAROLINA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Cumberland Creek

 Fort George

Alamance

 Alamance River

 Clapp's Mill (Great Alamance)

 Lindley's Mill (Cane Creek)

Avery 

 Davenport Springs

 Yellow Mountain Gap

Burke 

 Colonel Charles McDowell 

 House (Quaker Meadows)

Caldwell 

 Fort Defiance (Sutphin Mill)

Bladen

 Elizabethtown (Tory Hole)

 Great Swamp

 Harmony Hall

 Walnut Grove

Brunswick

 HMS Cruizer 

 (Fort Johnston, Wilmington)

 HMS Falcon (Cape Fear River)

 HMS Scorpion (Cape Fear River)

 HMS Scorpion and Cruizer 

 (Fort Johnson, Mouth of 

 Cape Fear River)

 HMS St. Lawrence (Cape Fear River)

Cartaret

 HM Sloop Ariel 

 (Hatteras and Cape Lookout)

Chatham

 Lockville Dam, Canal, and 

 Powerhouse (Ramsey Mill)

 Pittsboro

Cherokee

 Cherokee Valley Towns 

 (Quannasee)

 Topton

Columbus

 Brunswick

 Craven

 New Bern (Bryant's Mill)

 New Bern (near)

 Tisdale-Jones House

 Webber's Bridge (Trent River)

Dare

 Roanoke Inlet

Davidson

 Trading Ford

Duplin

 Rockfish (Legat's Bridge, 

 Rockfish Creek)

Forsyth

 Salem (near)

Guilford

 Bruce's Crossroads (Summerfield, 

 Bruce's Plantation, Dix's Ferry)

 Dickey's Mill

 Fletcher's Mill

 Guilford Court House (south)

 Guilford Mill

 New Garden Meeting House

 Weitzel's Mill (Wetzall's Mill, Reedy 

 Fork Creek, Wetzall's Creek)

Halifax

 Halifax

Hoke

 McPhaul's Mill (Little Raft Swamp)

Iredell

 Torrence's Tavern (Tarrant's Tavern)

Jackson

 Tuckasegee

Lenoir

 Kingston (near)

Macon

 Black Hole (Ring Fight, Waya Gap)

 Watauga 

McDowell

 Allen's Mountain (Muddy Creek)

 Cane Creek (Cowan's Ford, 

 near Brindletown)

 Davidson's Fort

 Major Joseph McDowell House 

 (Pleasant Gardens)

Mecklenburg

 Bradley's Plantation

 Charlotte Town (Charlotte)

 Charlotte, near (Polk’s Mill)

 McIntyre Farm (McIntyre Cabin, 

 Battle of the Bees)

Montgomery

 Colson's Supply Depot

 Drowning Creek

 Drowning Creek (near)

Moore

 Alston House 

 (House in the Horseshoe)

Nash

 Swift Creek

New Hanover

 Wilmington

Orange

 Faucett Mill and House

 Hart's Mill

 Hillsborough (Burke's Capture)

 Hillsborough 

 (Kirk's Farm on Haw River)

Pender

 Heron's Bridge (Heron Bridge)

Polk

 Alexander's Ford 

 Earle's Ford (Earl's Ford)

Randolph

 Cox’s Mill

Robeson

 Raft Swamp

Rowan

 Grant's Creek

 Savitz Mill (Sarvis' Mill)

 Trading Ford

Rutherford

 Britain Presbyterian Church

 Denard's Ford at Broad River

 Fort McFadden

 Fort McGaughy

 Colonel John Walker Home

Stanly

 Colson's Ferry 

 (Colson's Mill, Coulson's Mill)

Surry 

 Surry County Muster Ground Union
 Wahab's Plantation (Waxhaw, 

 Walkup, Wauchope, Belk Farm)

 Wilkes 

 Tory Oak

Yadkin

 Shallow Ford (Reedy Creek)

OHIO

Coshocton

 Coshocton

Cuyahoga

 Squaw Campaign 

 (Hand's Expedition)

Greene

 Bowman's Expedition 

 (Chillicothe, Shawnee Town)

 Chillicothe

Hamilton

 Mouth of Little Miami River

Jefferson

 Lochry's Defeat (Mouth of 

 Laughery Creek, near Aurora, 

 Indiana)

Miami

 Chillicothe

Tuscarawas

 Fort Laurens (near Bolivar)

 Muskingum River

 New Schonbrunn

 Tuscarawas River

Wyandot

 Olentangy (Olentangy Creek)

PENNSYLVANIA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Lower Delaware River

 Smithfield (near)

 York Road

Allegheny

 Fort Pitt (near)

Armstrong

 Kittanning

Beaver

 Fort McIntosh (Beaver)

 Logstown

 Tuscawaras Expedition

Bradford

 Munsee

Bucks

 Bristol

 John Burroughs Homestead

 Crooked Billet

 Doylestown Historic District

 Gardenville-North Branch 

 Rural Historic District

 Hayhurst Farm

 Jenk's Mill (near Newtown)

 Liberty Hall

 Moland House

 Newtown

 Penn Valley

 Trevose Manor

Chester

 Admiral Warren and White House 

 Taverns)

 Moses Coates Jr. Farm

 Cressbrook Farm

 Deery Family Homestead

 General Washington Inn

 Good News Buildings-Chester 

 Springs Historic District 

 Gordon's Ford (Phoenixville)

 Gulph Mills

 David Harvard House

 Lafayette's Quarters

 Oxford Hotel

 Scott's Farm (Spread Eagle Tavern)

 St. Peter's Church in the Great Valley

 Lord Stirling Quarters

 Uwchlan Meetinghouse

Delaware

 Black Horse Tavern (Lancaster 

 Road, near Philadelphia)

 Darby

 Delaware River (off Chester) Gray's 

 Ferry Road (below Philadelphia)

 Marcus Hook

Lancaster

 Chestnut Hill

 Chestnut Hill (near)

Luzerne

 Wyoming Valley

Montgomery

 Barren Hill

 Evansburg District

 General Wayne Inn

 Hanging Rock

 Jenkintown

 Roberts Mill (Mill Creek) 

 Norrington (Norristown)

 North Wales

 Old Norriton Presbyterian Church

 Plymouth Friends Meetinghouse

 Poplar Lane

 Whitemarsh (near)

Northampton

 Gnadenhutten (near Nazareth)

Northumberland

 Fort Augusta

Philadelphia

 Frankford

 Frigate Delaware at Philadelphia

 Germantown

 Philadelphia

 Smithfield

 St. George's Methodist Church

Tioga

 Tioga (Athens)

 Warren

 Thompson's Island

Westmoreland

 Fort Hand

 Fort Hand (below)

 Fort Ligonier

 Hannastown (near Fort Hand)

 Palmer's Fort (Ligonier Valley)

 Wallace's Fort

RHODE ISLAND

Bristol

 Bristol

 Narragansett Bay

 Prudence Island

 Rose and Swan

 Warren and Bristol Raid

Kent

 Warwick Neck

Newport

 Aquidneck Island

 Artillery Park

 Brenton's Point (Brinton's Point)

 Commonfence Neck 

 (Bristol, Tiverton Ferry)

 Conanicut Island 

 (Connanicut Island)

 Dutch Island

 Fogland Ferry

 Fort Island (Newport)

 Frog Neck (off Newport)

 Green End Fort (Bliss Hill)

 Jamestown

 Jamestown 

 (burning of, Conanicut Island)

 Little Compton

 Lucas-Johnston House

 Francis Malbone House

 Middletown

 Newport

 Providence Passage 

 (Narragansett Bay)

 Prudence Island

 Prudence Island 

 (Narragansett Bay)

 Sakonnet Channel

Other Sites of Interest 119
120 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

 Sakonnet Point

 John Tillinghast House

 Tiverton

 Tiverton (near)

Providence

 Morris Homestead

Washington

 Allen-Madison House

 Boston Neck (Narragansett)

 Narragansett Beach

 Old Narragansett Church

 Point Judith

 South Kingston

 Westerly

SOUTH CAROLINA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Big Savannah (Big Glades, 

 Great Savannah)

 Saltketcher Swamp 

 (Salkahatchie River)

Abbeville

 Beattie's Mill

 McCord Creek

 Pratt's Mill

 Pursuit of Cunningham by Purdue

 Rutledge's Ford (Hoil's Old Place)

Aiken

 Beech Island (Savannah River)

 Dean Swamp (John Town, 

 Saluda River, Lorick's Ferry)

 Fort Galphin 

 (Fort Dreadnought)

Allendale

 Mathews Bluff

Barnwell

 Morris Ford (Barnwell)

 Slaughter Field (Windy Hill Creek)

 Steel Creek

 Vince's Fort

 Wiggins Hill

Beaufort

 Ash's Point (Port Royal River)

 Beaufort

 Daufuskie Island 

 Fort Balfour

 Hilton Head Island

 Laurel Bay Plantation

 Port Royal Ferry (Galley Balfour)

 Port Royal Island 

 (Beaufort, Halfway House) 

 Berkeley

 Berkeley County

 Biggin Bridge (Biggin Church)

 Biggin Church Ruins

 Bull Head

 Capers' Scout

 Fair Lawn (Wadboo)

 Fair Lawn Plantation

 Keithfield Plantation 

 (near Monck's Corner)

 Lenud's Ferry

 Lewisfield Plantation

 Moncks Corner

 Mulberry Plantation

 Oohey River (Ashley River)

 Shubrick's Plantation 

 (Quinby Bridge)

 Strawberry Ferry

 Tidyman's Plantation

 Videau's Bridge (Smith's, 

 Cordesville Plantation)

 Wadboo

 Wadboo Creek Bridge 

 (Durant Plantation)

Calhoun

 Fort Motte (Buckhead Hill)

 Manigault's Ferry

 Manigault's Ferry (Thomson's 

 Plantation, Belleville Plantation)

 Metts Crossroads

 Thomson's Plantation

Charleston

 Ashley River Church

 Bee's Plantation

 Miles Brewton House

 Charleston

 Charleston Harbor

 Charleston (near)

 Edisto Island

 Fort Johnson (James Island)

 Fort Johnson/Powder Magazine

 Galley Alligator (Ashley River)

 Haddrel's Point

 HM Sloop Tamar (Cummings Point)

 HM Sloop Tamar 

 (Hog Island Channel, Charleston)

 HMS Cherokee (Sullivan's Island)

 HMS Lady William 

 (Sullivan's Island)

 Hobcaw and Cochran's 

 Magazines (State House)

 James Island 

 (Dills Bluff, James Island)

 Johns Island (New Cut)

 Mathews's Plantation

 Ocaysalio of James Island

 Pest House on Sullivans Island 

 (Hadrell's Point)

 Quarter House

 Quarter House 

 (Charleston Neck)

 Rantowle's Bridge (Rantol's, Stono 

 River, Rutledge's Plantation)

 Rattlesnake (Charleston Harbor)

 Spencer's Inlet

 Stono River (Galley Fight)

 Sullivan's Island

 Wappetaw Meeting House

Cherokee

 Cherokee Ford 

 Thicketty Fort (Fort Anderson)

Chester

 Beckham's Old Field (Alexander's 

 Old Field, Beckhamville)

 Beckhamville (Beckham's Old Fields)

 Fishdam Ford

 Sandy River

Chesterfield

 Cheraw 

 St. David's Episcopal Church

Clarendon

 Black River Swamp

 Fort Watson (Wright Bluffs)

 Great Savannah (Nelson's Ferry, 

 Sumter's Plantation)

 Halfway Swamp 

 (Singleton's Mill, Santee River)

 Tearcoat Swamp (Tarcoat)

 Wiboo Swamp

Colleton

 Combahee Ferry (Chehaw Point, 

 Tar Bluff, Combahee Bluff)

 Horse Shoe (Snipe's)

 Horse Shoe (Ford's)

 Isaac Hayne Burial Site

 Parker's Ferry (Edisto River)

 Parson's Plantation

 Pocotaligo Road (Patterson's Bridge)

 Red Hill (Barton's Post)

 Salkehatchie Bridge

 Wiggins Hill

Darlington

 Hunt's Bluff

Dillon

 Bear Swamp

 Rouse's Ferry

Dorchester

 Cypress Swamp (Charleston Road)

 Dawkins's Defeat

 Dorchester (Old Dorchester)

 Fort Dorchester
 Four Holes (Four Hole Swamp)

 Garden's Plantation (Otranto)

Edgefield

 Edgefield

 Hammond's Mill

 Horner's Creek (Horn Creek)

 Rogers' Plantation

 Steven's Creek

 Turkey Creek

Fairfield

 Dutchmans Creek

 Mobley's Meeting House (Gibson's 

 Meeting House, Mobley's Mill)

 Rocky Mountain 

 (Rocky Mount, Rocky Ford)

Florence

 Lynches Creek 

 (Lynches Creek Massacre)

 Snow's Island

 Witherspoon's Ferry

 Georgetown

 Black Mingo (Shepherd's Ferry, 

 Black Mingo Creek)

 Black River Road

Georgetown 

 De Peyster's Capture

 Pawleys Island

Georgetown

 Sampit Bridge (near Georgetown)

 Waccamaw Neck (White's 

 Plantation, Georgetown)

 White's Plantation (White's Bridge, 

 Sampit Road, Alston's Plantation)

Greenville

 Great Cane Brake 

 (Snow Campaign, Reedy River)

 Headwaters of Tyger

Greenwood

 Ninety-Six

 Ninety-Six (First Ninety-Six, 

 Savage's Old Field, 

 Williamson's Fort)

 Whitehall Plantation (White Hall)

Hampton

 McPherson's Plantation

 McPherson's Plantation 

 (Pee Dee River)

Horry

 Bear Bluff

 Black Lake

Jasper

 Coosawhatchie River

 Purrysburg (near)

 Savannah River

Kershaw

 Beaver Creek Ford

 Camden

 Camden (near)

 Cary's Fort 

 (Wateree Ferry, Fort Carey)

 Flat Rock

 Lynches Creek (Ratcliff's Bridge, 

 Stirrup Branch, Lynches River)

 Rugeley's Fort (Rugeley's Mill)

Lancaster

 Waxhaws Meeting House 

 (Waxhaw Church)

Laurens

 Hammond's Store

 Hayes' Station (Edghill's Plantation, 

 Hayes' Station Massacre)

 Laurens County

 Lindley's Fort (Rayborn Creek)

 Lindley's Fort Site

 Reedy River

Lexington

 Cedar Creek (Muddy Springs, 

 Richard Hampton's Raid)

 Cloud's Creek (Big Lick, Lick Creek, 

 Carter's House)

 Eggleston's Capture (Capture of 

 Rawdon's Baggage Train)

 Fort Granby

 Friday's Ferry

 Hollow Creek

 Juniper Spring (Mydelton's Defeat, 

 Hollow Spring)

 Muddy Spring

 Tarrar's Spring

Marion

 Bass's Mill

 Blue Savannah (Little PeeDee River)

 Marion County

 Murphey's Swamp

 Port's Ferry

 Port's Ferry (Britton Neck)

Marlboro

 Camp Cheraw

 Cashway Ferry (Cashua Ferry)

 Hunt's Bluff

McCormick

 Fort Charlotte

 Long Cane (Long Cane Creek)

 Stevens Creek (Garnett Ford)

Newberry

 Bush River (Bush's River)

 Clark's Ford

 Fort Williams (Mudlick Creek)

 Fort Williams (Williams' Plantation, 

 Mudlick Creek)

 Indian Creek

 Lorick's Ferry

 Radcliffe's Defeat

 Watkins'

Oconee

 Esseneca Town (Oconore 

 Creek, Seneca)

 Esseneca Town (Lower Oconore 

 Creek, Cherokee Towns, Seneca 

 Old Town)

 Oconee Station and Richards House

 Oconore

Orangeburg

 Donald Bruce House

 Edisto River (Tory Camps)

 Four Mile Branch (Four Mile Creek, 

 Fork of the Edisto)

 Lee's Raid

Orangeburg

 Orangeburg (near)

 Rowe's Plantation (Moore's 

 Defeat, Moore's Surprise)

 Pickens

 Capture of McCall's Party

 Saluda

 Mine Creek (Congaree River)

Spartanburg

 Bloody Scout

 Bryant's Mills

 First Cedar Springs (McDowell's 

 Camp, Pacolet River)

 Second Cedar Springs (Wofford's 

 Iron Works, Peachtree, Peach 

 Orchard, Old Ironworks, 

 Lawson's Fork Creek)

 Fort Prince (near)

 Gowen's Old Fort (Gowen's Ferry, 

 Wood's Fort, Thompson's Fort)

Union

 Brandon's Defeat

 Farrow's Station

 Fishdam Ford

Union

 Hayes's Defeat

Williamsburg

 Lower Bridge

 Mount Hope Swamp

York

 Hill's Iron Works

 Stallings' Fort 

 (Stallings, Stallion's)

 Williamson's Plantation 

 (Huck's Defeat, Brattonville)

TENNESSEE

Carter

 Fort Watauga (Fort Caswell) 

 Shelving Rock

Other Sites of Interest 121
122 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Davidson

 Freeland's Station (Nashville)

 Nashville (The Bluffs)

Hamilton

 Lookout Mountain

 Shelby-Robertson Campaign 

 v. Chickamauga Indians

Jefferson

 Boyd's Creek

Loudon

 Chilhowee

Monroe

 Tellico River

Sullivan

 Moses Looney Fort House 

VERMONT

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Fort Ranger

 Hospital Creek 

Addison

 Basin Harbor

 Larrabee's Point Complex

 Mount Independence

Chittenden

 Shelburne

 Winooski River

Grand Isle

 Isle la Motte (Lake Champlain)

Lamoille

 Cambridge

Orleans

 Greensboro

Rutland

 Castleton

VIRGINIA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Virginia Capes 

 (Chester and Conqueror)

 Brent's House (Potomac River)

 Chariton Creek

 New Castle

Accomack

 Tangier Island 

Albemarle

 Charlottesville

 Scottsville (Scott's Landing)

Augusta

 Augusta County

 Fort Rice

Bedford

 Prince Edward Court House and 

 New London (Tarleton Raid) 

Charles City

 Charles City Court House 

 (Byrd's Court House)

 Edgewood

 Elk Hill

 Weyanoke

Chesapeake

 Kemp's Landing

Chesterfield

 Cary's Mills

 Chesterfield Court House

 Ware Parish Church

Dinwiddie

 Burnt Quarter

Essex

 Hobbs Hole (Tappahannock)

Fluvanna

 Point of Fork 

 Seven Islands (James River)

Fredericksburg

 Rising Sun Tavern

Gloucester

 Lowland Cottage

Hampton

 Hampton

 Point Comfort

Henrico

 Henrico Court House

 Osborne's (Osborne's Wharf)

Isle of Wight

 Mackie's Mill

 Smithfield (Pagan Creek, Old Town)

James City

 Barret's Ferry

 Burwell's Ferry (Burrell's Ferry, 

 Burwell's Landing)

 Burwell's Ferry (Sandy Point)

 Fortified Church

 Hickory Neck Church

 James River(Jamestown Ferry)

 Jamestown

 Jamestown Ferry

 Kingsmill Plantation

 Spencer's Ordinary 

 (Spencer's Tavern)

 Williamsburg

Mathews

 Gwynn's Island

Norfolk

 Cape Henry (off)

 Edmunds Bridge

 Elizabeth River 

 (Norfolk, Sprowle's Plantation)

 Elizabeth River (Norfolk)

 Fort Nelson (Portsmouth)

 Gosport Shipyard

 Norfolk

 Norfolk (near)

 Taylor-Whittle House

 Northumberland

 Potomac River

Petersburg

 Petersburg

Portsmouth

 Hampton Roads

 Norfolk Roads

 Pallet's Mill (Great Bridge)

 Portsmouth

Prince George

 Bland's Mills 

 (Flower Dew Hundred)

 Fort Hood (Hood's Landing)

Prince William

 Occoquan

Princess Anne

 James's Plantation

Richmond City

 Richmond

Suffolk

 Suffolk

 Suffolk (Burning)

Virginia Beach

 Henry's Point

 Kemps's Landing 

 (East Branch, Elizabeth River)

Washington 

 Dunn's (Craig's) Meadow 

Westmoreland

 Westmoreland County

Williamsburg

 Williamsburg

 Wise

 Powell's Valley

York

 College Creek

 Grace Church

 Yorktown

VIRGIN ISLANDS

St. Croix 

 Fort Frederik (Frederiksted) 

WEST VIRGINIA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Fort Stradler

Brooke

 Rice's Fort
Greenbrier

 Fort Donnally 

 (Donally's Blockhouse, Captain 

 Andrew Donnally's Fort)

 Lewisburg

Marshall

 Grave Creek Narrows 

 (Foreman's Defeat, Mechen's 

 Narrows, McMahon's Narrows)

Mason

 Fort Randolph (Point Pleasant)

 Point Pleasant 

Monroe

 Thompson's Fort

Ohio

 Fort Henry (Wheeling Fort)

 Wheeling

 Wheeling (near)

Pocahontas

 Fort Greenbrier (near)

 

War of 1812 Associated 

Properties (US)

ALABAMA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Fort St. Stephens

Baldwin

 Fort Montgomery

 Fort Pierce

 Montrose Historic District

Cherokee

 Fort Armstrong Site

 Oakfusky and Genalga

Choctaw

 Cato's Fort

Clarke

 Bassett's Creek (Fort Sinquefield, 

 Kimbell-James Massacre)

 Fort Carney

 Fort Easley

 Fort Glass

 Fort Madison

 Fort Sinquefield

 Fort White

 Landrum's Fort

 Lavier's Fort

 McGrew's Fort

 Mott's Fort

 Pine Level

 Powell's Fort

 Turner's Fort

Lauderdale

 Colbert Crossing

Mobile

 Fort Charlotte

Tallapoosa

 Tallassee

Washington

 Rankin's Fort

CONNECTICUT

New London

 Stonington

DELAWARE

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Delaware Bay

Kent

 Dover Green

 Delaware State House

New Castle

 Battery Park

Sussex

 St. Peter’s Church

FLORIDA

Alachua

 Bowleg's Town

 Fallen Pines

 Payne's Town (Paynestown)

 Payne's Town (burning)

 Payne's Town (near)

Duval

 Camp New Hope

 Davis Creek Block House

 Laurel Grove 

 (Kingsley Plantation)

Bennington

 Bennington Arsenal

Nassau

 Fernandina (Amelia Island)

 Fernando and Sappho

 Waterman's Bluff 

St. Johns

 Fort Stallings

 Moosa Old Fort

 Picolattii (Picolata, Picalata)

 St. Augustine

 Twelve Mile Swamp

GEORGIA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 HMS Rocket Ship Erebus v. 

 U.S. Gunboat 168

Camden

 Cumberland Island

 Point Petre (Point Peter)

Chatham

 Fort James Jackson

Liberty

 Fort Defiance

ILLINIOS

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Hopkins-Russell Expedition

Calhoun

 Cape au Gris (opposite)

Logan

 Salt River (north of)

Peoria

 Fort Clark

 Gomo's

 Peoria

 Peoria and Spring Bay (near)

 White

 McHenry's Fort

INDIANA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Miami Villages

 Upper White River (along) 

Allen

 Little Turtle's Village

Elkhart

 Five Medals Towns

Huntington

 Richardville Trading Post

Jackson

 Fort Vallonia

Other Sites of Interest 123
124 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

 Fort Vallonia (near)

 Tipton's Island

Knox

 Fort Knox II

 Rose Hill Farmstead

Morgan

 Big Fire

Noble

 Five Medals Village

Scott

 Pigeon Roost

Tippecanoe

 Prophetstown

 Wild Cat Creek

Vigo

 Wabash River (on)

IOWA

Lee

 Fort Madison

KENTUCKY

Campbell

 Southgate-Parker Manor House

Fayette

 Maxwell Place

LOUISIANA

LaFourche

 Cantonment Caminada

Orleans

 Fort St. John

St. Bernard

 Camp Coffee

 Camp Jackson

Jefferson

 Barataria Islands 

 (Grand Isle and Grand Terre)

MAINE

Knox

 Thomaston and St. George

MARYLAND

Anne Arundel

 Baltimore Riot Sites–Federal 

 Gazette Office

 Fort Severn

 Fort Smallwood

 Horn Point Battery

 Londontown

 Rawling's Tavern

Baltimore

 Abandoned Defensive Earthenworks

 Fort Hollingsworth

 Fort Stokes

 Fort Wood (Camp Lookout)

 Morgan Hill Farm

 Ross House

 Todd House

Baltimore City

 Ferry Point

Calvert

 Broomes Island (Patuxent River)

 Drum Point

 Hall's Creek (Patuxent River)

 Huntingtown

 Lower Marlboro (Ballard's Landing)

 Sheridan Point

 St. Leonard's Town

 St. Leonard's Town Site 

 (Patuxent River)

Cecil

 Bull's Mountain

 Fort Deposit

 Forts Defiance and Hollingsworth

 (Elkton, Elk River)

 Fredricktown/Georgetown 

 (Fort Duffy)

 Frenchtown 

 (Elkton, Elk River) 

Charles

 Indian Head

Dorchester

 Ice Mound 

 (Tobacco Stick, James Island)

 Vienna

Kent

 Chestertown

 Frisby Plantation

 Raid on George Medford's Home 

 (Worton Creek)

 Raid on Henry Walker Farm 

 (Worton Creek)

 Rock Hall

 Worton Creek (Skirmish)

 Worton Point (Worton Creek)

Montgomery

 Snowden's Mill

Prince 

 Bostwick

 Fort Washington (Fort Warburton)

 Lowndes Hill

 Magruder's Landing 

 (Patuxent River)

 Mount Lubentia

Queen Anne's

 Centreville

 Queenstown 

 (Hill's Landing, Blakeford Shore)

St. Marys

 Blackistone Island (Blackstone 

 Island, Saint Clements Island)

 Breton Bay

 Cedar Point (St. Jerome's Creek, 

 Cedar Point, St. Jerome's Point)

 Chaptico

 Charlotte Hall

 Christ Episcopal Church

 Coles Landing (Patuxent River)

 Leondardtown

 Point Lookout

 Sotterley Plantation 

 (Patuxent River)

 St. George's Island

 Swan Point (Swan's Point)

Talbot

 Cannonball House

 Christ Episcopal Church

 Eastern Bay

 St. Michaels

 Tilghman Island

 Wade's Point (St. Michaels)

Worcester

 Chanceford

 Mount Ephraim

MASSACHUSETTS

Essex

 Edward Harraden House

Norfolk

 Hewitt House

MICHIGAN

Berrien

 Lower St. Joseph River 

 (near Michigan-Indiana border)

Mackinac

 Mackinac Island

Monroe

 Frenchtown

 Raisin River

 Swan Creek

Multiple Counties

 Hull’s Road

Wayne

 Detroit

MISSISSIPPI

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Ship Island (East Ship Island, 

 West Ship Island)

Adams

 Cantonment Washington

 Cantonment Natchez
Hancock

 Cantonment Bay St. Louis

Harrison

 Cantonment Pass Christain

Wayne

 Patton's Fort Site

MISSOURI

Howard

 Boones Lick

Lincoln

 Fort Howard (Sinkhole)

 Fort Independence 

 (Cap-au-Gris Fort)

Marion

 Gilbert's Lick

Montgomery

 Callaway's Defeat

 Cote Sans Dessein 

 (Roi's Fort, Roy’s Fort, Tibeau's 

 Fort, Thibauld's Fort)

Ralls

 Fort Mason

Saline

 Piankeshaw and Sauk Village

St. Charles

 Howell's Fort

 Pond Fort

 St. Charles Fortifications 

 (Stone Tower)

St. Louis

 Fort Belle Fontaine 

 (Cantonment Belle Fontaine)

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Coos

 Stuart Town (Stewardstown)

Merrimack

 Carrigan House

NEW JERSEY

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Fort Gates

 Horseshoe Cove/Spermaceti Cove

 Navesink Heights Blockhouse

 Navesink Heights Camp

 Sandy Hook Blockhouse I

Sandy Hook Blockhouse II

 Sandy Hook Lighthouse

 Signal Beacon (Semaphore Station) 

Monmouth

 Tender Eagle

NEW YORK

Clinton

 Champlain

 Chazy Landing

 Culver Hill (Beekmantonn)

 Kent DeLord House

 Pike’s Cantonment

 Plattsburg 

 Point au Roche

Erie

 Black Rock

 Commencement

Essex

 Bouquet River 

 (Boquet River)

Franklin

 Malone Arsenal Green

 St. Regis (east of)

Jefferson

 Cranberry Creek

New York

 Fort Jay

 The Governor's House

Niagara

 Fort Niagara

 Fort Schlosser (Black Rock)

Oneida

 The Arsenal House

 St. Lawrence

 Morristown

NORTH CAROLINA

Hyde

 Ocracoke

 Portsmouth 

New Hanover/Wilmington City

 Wilmington Naval Station

OHIO

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Blanchard River

Auglaize

 Fort St. Marys

Defiance

 Fort Defiance

 Fort Winchester

Erie

 Cold Creek

Hancock

 Fort Findlay

Lucas

 Maumee River Rapids

Multiple Counties

 Hull’s Road

Ottawa

 Bull Island (Sandusky Bay)

Richland

 Near Mansfield (near)

Sandusky

 Lower Sandusky (near)

Wayne

 Jerometown and Greentown

Wood

 Maumee River

PENNSYLVANIA

Northampton

 Henry's Gun Factory

SOUTH CAROLINA

Charleston

 Charleston Naval Station

Jasper

 Schooner Alligator 

 (Cole's Island, Stone River)

VERMONT

Addison

 Fort Cassin

 Hawley's Ferry House

 Vergennes

Chittenden

 Burlington

Franklin

 Swanton

Orleans

 Derby

VIRGINIA

County Unknown/ 

Not Applicable

 Pleasure House

Accomack

 Deep Creek

 Pungoteague Creek

Alexandria

 Shooter's Hill

Essex

 Tappahannock

Hampton

 Hampton (Pagan Creek)

 Hampton Roads

Isle of Wight

 Lown's Creek

James City

 James River

Other Sites of Interest 125
126 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Lancaster

 Carter's Creek and Windmill Point

 Chewning Point at Carter's Creek

Middlesex

 Urbanna

Norfolk

 Allmand-Archer House

 Poplar Hall

Northumberland

 Monday's Point and 

 Northumberland Court House

Prince George

 Fort Powatan (Hood's Point)

Richmond

 North Farnham Church

Westmoreland

 Mattox River

 Nomini Bay 

 (Yeocomico River)

 Rozier Creek

 Westmoreland Court House 

 (Montross Court House)

 Yeocomico River

WISCONSIN

Brown

 Tank Cottage 

Sites Associated with Both 

Wars (US)

GEORGIA

McIntosh

 Fort Barrington

MARYLAND

Anne Arundel

 Fort Horn (Horn Point Battery)

 Fort Nonsense

 Hancock's Resolution

St. Marys

 Priest House 

 (St. Ingoes Manor House) 

MAINE

 Hancock

 John Perkins House

NEW YORK

Suffolk

 Orient Historic District

Washington

 Fort Skenesborough (Whitehall)

Westchester

 Lispenard-Rodman- 

 Davenport House

RHODE ISLAND

Newport

 Fort Dumpling Site

TENNESSEE

Sullivan

 Pemberton Mansion and Oak

VIRGINIA

Hampton Independent City

 St. John's Church

Henrico

 Malvern Hill
Other Sites of Interest 127
128 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)
Selected Bibliography Alden, John R. A History of the American Revolution. New 

York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1969. 

Altoff, Gerard T. Amongst My Best Men: African-Americans 

and the War of 1812. Put-in-Bay, Ohio: The Perry 

Group, 1996. 

American Revolution Bicentennial Administration. The 

Bicentennial of the United States of America: A Final Report 

to the People. Washington, DC: Government Printing 

Office, 1977. 

Calloway, Collin G. “American Indians and the American 

Revolution.” October 2003. <http://www.nps.gov/revwar/

about_the_revolution/american_indians.html> 

(June 2005).

Caughey, John Walton. Bernardo de Galvez in Louisiana, 

1776-1783. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Co., 1972.

Civil War Sites Advisory Commission. Report on the 

Nation’s Civil War Battlefields. Washington, DC: National 

Park Service, 1993.

Cramer, Ralph N. “Washington’s Second Front” lecture, 

SAR Florida Chapter. 14 March 1996. <http://www.flssar.

org/cramer.html> (24 May 2005).

Clyne, Patricia Edwards. Patriots in Petticoats. New York: 

Dodd, 1976.

Devoe, Thomas E., and Gregory J.W. Urwin. “The 

Regiment of Louisiana and the Spanish Army in the 

American Revolution.” The South and Central Military 

Historians Society (1998). http://www.magweb.com/

sample/amr/ed82loui.htm (18 May 2005).

Dowd, Gregory Evans. A Spirited Resistance: The North 

American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815. Baltimore: 

Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.

Fleming, Thomas. Liberty! The American Revolution. New 

York: Viking, 1997. 

Frey, Sylvia R. Water from the Rock, Black Resistance in a 

Revolutionary Age. Princeton: Princeton University 

Press, 1991. 

Greene, Jerome A. “Jean Laffite Historic Resource Study 

(Chalmette Unit), Jean Lafitte National Historical Park 

and Preserve.” United States Department of the Interior, 

National Park Service. 1985. <http://www.cr.nps.gov/

history/online_books/jela/hrs.htm> (July 2005). 

Gundersen, Joan R. To Be Useful to the World: Women 

in Revolutionary America, 1740-1790. New York: Twayne 

Publishers, 1996.

Harling, Frederick and Martin Kaufman. The Ethnic 

Contribution to the American Revolution. Westfield: 

Historical Journal of Western Massachusetts, 1976.

Heidler, David S. Encyclopedia of the War of 1812. Santa 

Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1997.

Hickey, Donald R. The War of 1812, A Forgotten Conflict. 

Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989. 

Horton, James Oliver and Lois E. Horton. In Hope of 

Liberty, Culture, Community and Protest Among Northern 

Free Blacks, 1700-1860. New York: Oxford University 

Press, 1997. 

-----. Slavery and the Making of America. New York: 

Oxford University Press, 2005.

Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia. 

Query 14. 1781.

Jones, David E. Women Warriors: A History. Washington, 

DC: Brassey’s, 2000. 

Kerber, Linda A. “History Can Do It No Justice,” in 

Hoffman and Albert, Women in the Age of the American 

Revolution. Charlottesville: The University Press of 

Virginia, 1989.

Latour, Arsene Lacarriere. Historical Memoir of the War 

in West Florida and Louisiana in 1814-15. Gainesville: 

University Press of Florida, 1999.

Lee, Ronald F. The Origin and Evolution of the National 

Military Park Idea. Washington, DC: National Park 

Service, 1973. 

Selected Bibliography 129

Vicinity of the USS Adams shipwreck 

(ME1001), near Bangor, Maine. The crew 

fired the ship to prevent its capture in 

September 1814. Photo by Arthur Spiess. 
130 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Mackintosh, Barry. The Historic Sites Survey and National 

Historic Landmarks Program: A History. Washington, DC: 

National Park Service, 1985.

Maier, Pauline. American Scripture: Making the Declaration 

of Independence. New York: Vintage, 1998.

Marshall, Douglas W., and Howard H. Peckham. 

Campaigns of the American Revolution: An Atlas of 

Manuscript Maps. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan 

Press, 1976.

McKee, Christopher. A Gentlemanly and Honorable 

Profession, The Creation of the U.S. Naval Officers Corps, 

1794-1815. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1991.

Murray, Mildred, and Chuck Lampman. “Spain’s Role in 

the American Revolution from the Atlantic to the Pacific 

Ocean.” 1999. <http://www.americanrevolution.org/

hispanic.html> (23 May 2005).

Neal, Anne D. and Jerry L. Martin. “Losing America's 

Memory: Historical Illiteracy in the 21st Century.” 

Washington, DC: American Council of Trustees and 

Alumni, February 2000.

-----. “Restoring America's Legacy: The Challenge of 

Historical Literacy in the 21st Century.” Washington, DC: 

American Council of Trustees and Alumni, September 

2002.

Norton, Mary Beth. Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary 

Experience of American Women 1750-1800. Ithaca, New 

York: Cornell University Press, 1996.

O’Donnell, James H. Southern Indians in the American 

Revolution. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1973.

Parks, Virginia, ed. Siege! Spain and Britain: Battle of 

Pensacola March 9-May 8, 1781. Pensacola: Pensacola 

Historical Society, 1981.

Patrick, Rembert W. Florida Fiasco: Rampant Rebels on 

the Georgia-Florida Border 1810-1815. Athens: University of 

Georgia Press, 1954.

President James Madison to the Senate and House of 

Representatives of the United States, June 1, 1812. Journal 

of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1811-1813. 

Washington, DC. June 1, 1812. <http://edsitement.neh.gov/

lesson_images/lesson571/WarMsgFull.pdf> (July 2005).

Quarles, Benjamin. The Negro in the American Revolution. 

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961. 

Quintal, George. Patriots of Color, “A Peculiar Beauty and 

Merit,” African Americans and Native Americans at Battle 

Road and Bunker Hill. U.S. Department of the Interior, 

National Park Service, 2002.

Rogers, Edmund B. (comp.). “History of Legislation 

Relating to the National Park System through the 82nd 

Congress.” Vol. VII. A collection of photostats in 

108 volumes, deposited in the Departmental Library. 

Washington, DC: U. S. Department of the Interior, 1958.

Rush, Orwin N. Battle of Pensacola Spain’s Final Triumph 

Over Great Britain in the Gulf of Mexico. Tallahassee: 

Florida Classics Library, 1981.

Ryan, Michael D. “Liberty’s Daughters.” The Concord 

Magazine (September 1998).

Selig, Robert A. “The Revolution’s Black Soldiers, They 

fought for both Sides in their Quest for Freedom.” Colonial 

Williamsburg, 19:4 (Summer 1997).

Smith, Zachary F. The Battle of New Orleans. Louisville: 

John P. Morton & Company, 1904.

Tanner, Helen Hornbeck, ed. Atlas of Great Lakes Indian 

History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.

Tebeau, Charlton W. A History of Florida. Coral Gables: 

University of Miami Press, 1971.

U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 

Interagency Resources Division. Guidelines for Identifying, 

Evaluating, and Registering America’s Historic Battlefields. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National 

Park Service, 1992. 

“We the People," A Resource Guide to Promoting 

Historical Literacy for Governors, Legislators, Teachers 

and Citizens. Washington, DC: American Council of 

Trustees and Alumni, 2003. 
Selected Bibliography 131

Index 133

Index Acadians 91, 98

Adams-Onís Treaty 99

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 82

African Americans 12, 91, 92, 101, 130

African Canadians 91, 92

Agricultural and forestal districts 85

Alabama 3, 26, 77, 78, 81, 95, 110, 112, 123

Alaska Native groups 83

American Battlefield Protection Act of 1996 1, 19

American Battlefield Protection Program 1, 2, 4, 17, 19, 22, 26, 

46, 80, 81, 89

Antietam battlefield 17

Antiquities Act of 1906 18

Appalachian Mountains 38

Arkansas 31, 53, 71, 88, 95, 98

Arkansas Post, battle of 53, 71, 88, 95, 98

Army War College, U.S. 17, 19

Arnold, Benedict 45

Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites 86

Astoria, Oregon 20

Atlantic City, New Jersey 18

Autosse, battle of 61, 87, 94, 96

Bahamas 93

Baltimore, Maryland 39, 61, 65, 66, 82, 93, 113, 124, 129

 Baltimore Riots of 1812 39, 124

Barbados 90

Baton Rouge, battle of 55, 98, 99, 104, 113

Bedford Hill Encampment, North Carolina 37, 59

Bemis Heights, New York 53, 71, 93

Bicentennial 18, 19

 Bicentennial Administration 18, 129

 Bicentennial Commission 18

 Bicentennial of the War of 1812 13, 20, 72, 90, 101

Bladensburg, Maryland 62, 93

Bonaparte, Napoleon 98

Boston Massacre 21

Boston Redevelopment Authority 36

Breed’s Hill battlefield 13, 51

Bunker Hill battlefield 17, 50, 55, 71, 93, 114, 131

Bunker Hill Monument Association 17

Burnt Corn, battle of 15, 47, 62, 88, 97

Canada 5, 6, 15, 24, 25, 29, 50, 51, 91, 93

Canadiens 15, 91

Canary Islanders 98

Castine, Maine 113

Champlain Valley National Heritage Partnership 81

Charleston, South Carolina 54, 55, 70, 71, 88, 108, 114, 120, 

121, 125

Charlestown Navy Yard 36, 63, 72

Chattanooga Area Civil War Sites Assessment 19

Cherokee 36, 48, 54, 55, 60, 88, 94, 95, 96, 103, 107, 108, 109, 

 110, 112, 113, 118, 120, 121, 123

 Cherokee Towns 36, 48, 54, 55, 88, 107, 109, 118

Chesapeake affair 21

Chickasaw 47, 95, 96, 98

Chippewa 15, 29,51, 95, 96, 97, 98

Chippewa, battle of 29

Chrysler’s Farm, battle of 15, 51

Civil War 3, 9, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 26, 72, 73, 75, 79, 80, 81, 83, 

86, 94, 129

Civil War Battlefield Commemorative Coin Act of 1992 19

 Commemorative Coins 19

Civil War Preservation Trust 3, 19, 20, 72, 86

 Civil War Discovery Trail 86

Civil War Sites Advisory Commission 9, 19, 20, 23, 26, 72, 73, 

80, 129

Coast Guard, U.S. 36, 74

Colonial Williamsburg 18, 42, 92, 130

Concord Bridge, battle of 16

Congress 1, 9, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 26, 49, 70, 72, 73, 75, 81, 

82, 86, 91, 93, 94, 105, 130, 

Conservation Fund 11, 19, 20, 73, 80, 86

Continental Line 90

Core area 26, 27

Creek 3, 15, 47, 84, 94-99

 National Council of the Creek Indian Nation 31

Creek War 81, 94, 99

Crossroads of the Revolution National Heritage Area 81

Cultural Resources Geographic Information Systems 

Program 2, 22

Cumberland Island, Georgia 71, 91, 110, 123

Fort Ticonderoga (NY1033), Essex County, 

New York, overlooking Lake Champlain. 

Photo by Paul Hawke.
134 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Daughters of the American Revolution 3, 80, 86

Davis, George B. 17

Declaration of Independence 93, 130

Department of the Interior, U.S. 12, 17, 19, 20, 22, 26, 27, 49, 

70, 72, 73, 80, 82, 89, 93, 129, 130

 Secretary of 9, 19, 35, 81

Department of Agriculture, U.S. 73

Department of Transportation, U.S. 12, 75, 83

Department of the Treasury, U.S. 19

District of Columbia 10, 19, 29, 31, 38, 81, 83,

Draper, Lyman 91

Dunmore, Fourth Earl of (John Murray) 92

Easements 11, 12, 38, 69, 73, 75, 79, 101, 

Emuckfau Creek, battle of 15, 47, 62, 88, 96

Environmental Assessments 28

Environmental Impact Statements 28

Fallen Timbers, battle of 15

Farmland Protection Program 75

Federal Highway Administration 19

Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives 81

Field survey 3, 5, 7, 10, 16, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 35, 36, 41, 42, 

45, 46, 48, 49, 83, 89

Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. 36

Florida 3, 38, 92, 98, 99, 103, 110, 112, 123, 129, 130

Fort George, Ontario, battle of 15, 51, 54, 59, 66, 78, 93, 95, 

96, 99, 104, 111, 113, 117, 118

Fort Hill, New York 65, 82, 117

Fort Mackinac, Michigan 17, 50, 66, 78

 battle of 17, 87

Fort McHenry, Maryland 15, 16, 61, 63, 71, 72

Fort Mims, Alabama 15, 61,62, 77, 78, 93, 96

Fort Ticonderoga, New York 17, 53, 55, 57, 76, 80 95

Fort Ticonderoga Association 78

Founding Fathers 15, 69

France 29, 98

Franklin, John Hope 24

Free blacks 91, 98, 129

Free Men of Color 93

Freeman’s Farm 53

Freemen 91

Friends groups 11, 19, 86, 87, 101

Gálvez, Bernardo de 98

Geographic Information Systems 2, 22, 26, 35, 85

Georgia 3, 19, 36, 76, 83, 91, 94, 98, 99, 103, 110, 112, 123, 

126, 130

Georgia Civil War Commission 83

Germans 98

Global Positioning Systems 26

Grants 12, 19, 46, 73, 75, 79-84, 101

Great Bridge, battle of 54, 93, 122

Great Britain 15, 91, 92, 94, 98, 130

Great Lakes 38, 48, 128

Guilford Courthouse, battle of 31, 53, 71

Gulf of Mexico 16, 98, 130

Gwynn’s Island, Virginia 54, 87, 122

Hampstead Hill, Maryland 61, 63, 93

Hasbrouck House, New York 17, 56, 77

Heritage tourism 12, 50, 82, 83, 86

Hickory Ground, battle of 31, 63, 97

Hispanic Americans 101

Horseshoe Bend, battle of 3, 15, 61, 71, 87, 94, 96

Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area 81

Impressments 15, 94

Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 16, 37, 57, 69, 

71, 72, 

Indiana 17, 21, 26, 104, 110, 113, 119, 123, 124

Indians 3, 12, 15, 38, 89, 92-94, 98, 99, 122, 129, 130 

 American Indians 38, 94, 129

 Indian tribes 5, 6, 13, 38, 46, 47, 69, 83, 84, 85, 93, 94, 

95, 98

Intermodel Surface Transportation Efficiency Act 73

Internal Revenue Code 12, 75, 87

Interpretation 1, 5, 9-12, 16, 18, 19, 26-28, 36, 49, 50, 80, 81, 82, 

90, 91

Iowa 31, 110, 123

Iroquois 93, 94

Jackson, Andrew 15, 76, 93, 94, 99

Jamaica 92, 106, 117

Kaskaskia-Cahokia Trail 49, 59, 82

Kentucky 38, 76, 78, 79, 84, 91, 113, 124,

Kentucky Military Heritage Commission 84

Kernstown, Virginia 74
King George III 15, 93

Kings Mountain, battle of 49, 54, 60, 71, 82, 88

Kingston, Ontario 50, 51, 112

Lake Erie, battle of 15, 29, 31, 48, 62

Lancaster County, South Carolina 85

Land and Water Conservation Fund 11, 20, 73, 80, 86

Land use 5, 26, 27, 36, 38-41, 69, 79, 85, 86

Lewiston battlefield 61, 65, 66, 78, 84, 88, 97, 98

Lexington, battle of 20, 53, 56, 71, 73, 92, 105, 109, 115, 121

Lighting Freedom’s Flame 90, 94

Local government 1, 9, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20, 27, 36, 39, 40, 42, 45, 

49, 70, 73, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86, 101

Logan’s Fort, attack on 53, 95

Louisiana 19, 36, 75, 84, 93, 94, 98, 99, 104, 113, 124, 129

 Louisiana State Levee Board 36

Louisiana Purchase 94

Lower Cherokee Towns (Oconee) 36, 47, 55, 95, 109

Lower Mississippi Valley 98

Loyalists 15, 20, 79

Lucy the Margate Elephant 18

Lujan, Manuel 19

Lundy’s Lane, battle of 15, 51

Mackinac Island, battle of 17, 61, 64, 77, 78, 87, 97

Mackinac National Park 17

Madison, James 94, 130

 War Message to Congress 94

Maine 20, 38, 49, 77, 78, 104, 110, 113, 124, 126

Maryland 18, 66, 78, 82, 83, 104, 110, 113, 124, 126, 

 Maryland Civil War Heritage Commission 81

Massachusetts 24, 26, 56, 91, 104, 114, 124, 129, 

Michigan 17, 24, 50, 104, 111, 114, 124, 130

Mississippi 15, 19, 31, 38, 74, 98, 104, 113, 114, 125

 Mississippi Territory 15

Mississippi River 38, 98, 104, 113

Mobile, battle of 47, 54, 55, 95, 98, 99, 123

Monmouth, New Jersey 3, 53, 76, 79, 88, 93, 105, 111, 115, 125, 

 battlefield 52, 79

 Monmouth Battlefield State Park 3, 76

National Defense Reserve Fleet 82

National Endowment for the Humanities 90

National Environmental Policy Act 28

National heritage areas 81, 84

National Historic Landmarks Program 9, 18, 22, 81, 128

National Historic Preservation Act 28, 36, 73, 84, 85

 Section 106 28

 Section 110 36, 73

National historic trail 49, 82, 94

National Maritime Heritage Grants 82

National military parks 17, 18

National Millennium Trails 84

National Park Service 1-5, 9-13, 16-29, 31, 35, 36, 39, 41, 45, 46, 

48, 49, 70, 72, 73, 80, 81, 85, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 103, 129, 130

National Park System 1, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 21, 24, 70, 71, 72, 130

National Park System Advisory Board 9, 21, 24

National Register of Historic Places 9, 11, 12, 18, 22, 23, 26, 27, 

31, 35, 81, 82, 83, 89, 103

National Trust for Historic Preservation 3, 80, 86

Native Hawaiian 83, 91

Navy, U.S. 21, 36, 51, 63, 64, 66, 72, 74

New Jersey 18, 26, 31, 77, 79, 81, 83, 90, 104, 111, 114, 125

New Orleans, Louisiana 15, 61, 62, 71, 87, 92, 93, 97, 99, 130

 battle of 15, 61, 71, 87, 97, 99, 130

New York 17, 18, 29, 36, 47, 55, 62, 63, 79, 81, 82, 84, 88, 91, 92, 

93, 97, 106, 111, 116, 117, 125, 126, 129, 130

Newburgh, New York 17, 59

Newport, Rhode Island 53, 64, 65, 92, 93, 108, 119, 120, 126,

Nonprofit organizations 1, 5, 11, 12, 18, 20, 36, 37, 45, 50, 69, 70, 

79, 80, 86, 111

North Carolina 31, 37, 80, 92, 106, 111, 118, 125, 130

Nova Scotia 29, 51, 76, 77, 78

Official Records of the War of the Rebellion 17, 23

Ohio 38, 72, 91, 107, 111, 119, 123, 125, 127

Old North Church, Boston, Massachusetts 31

Oneidas 93

Onondaga 47, 55, 84, 95

Ontario 29, 51, 66, 78, 110, 111, 117, 130

Orders-in-Council 15

Ordinance 12, 40, 69, 70, 85, 70, 80

 Historic overlay district ordinances 85

Oregon 20, 31

Organization of American Historians 90

Index 135
136 Report to Congress on the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United States (P.L. 104-333, Section 603)

Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail 82

Pacific Ocean 38, 98, 130

Palmetto Conservation Foundation 80

Paoli, battle of 17, 54

Peekskill, New York 82, 106, 118

Pell, William Ferris 17

Pennsylvania 19, 17, 29, 75, 84, 107, 119, 125 

Pensacola, Florida 29, 38, 55, 61, 66, 71, 87, 93, 95, 96, 98, 

99, 130

 Fort of Pensacola 29, 66, 99

Pensacola Bay 98

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 55, 65, 69, 71, 72, 88, 107, 112, 

115, 119

Potential National Register boundary 6, 27, 28, 38, 46, 48, 89

Prairie du Chien battlefield 36, 61, 74, 78, 87, 97

Preserve America 82

Preserve Rhode Island 80

Privateers 92, 109

Public-private partnerships 81, 84, 101

Purchase of development rights 11, 12, 79, 101

Quebec 29, 49, 51, 59, 82, 110, 112

 battle of, march to 49, 50, 59, 82

Queenstown Heights 93

Race to the Dan River 49, 59, 82

Red River Campaign Battlesites Project 19

Red Sticks (Creeks) 94

Republic 16, 91

Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Historic Preservation 

 Study 9, 18, 19, 24

 Act of 1996 1

 Study Committee 3, 6, 10, 21, 24, 89, 103

Rhode Island 49, 59, 80, 92, 107, 119, 126

 General Assembly 92

Royal dockyards 50

Royal Ethiopian Regiment 92

Royal Navy 51, 91

Rutherford, Griffith 94

Saratoga, New York 18, 53, 71, 95, 106, 117

Savannah, Georgia 53, 93, 112

Save America’s Treasures 83

Shawnee 47, 91, 94-98, 119, 133

Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National Historic District 81

Shipwreck 21, 23, 48, 56, 59, 63, 64, 71, 74, 82, 117

Shirley-Eustis House Association 80

Sierra Leone, West Africa 91

Six Nations 36

Slavery 91, 92, 93, 129

 Slaves 15, 91, 92, 93

Society of the Cincinnati 80, 86

Sons of the American Revolution 3, 86, 90

South Carolina 36, 70, 80, 85, 108. 111, 120, 125

Southern Campaign of the Revolution Heritage Area 81

Spain 98, 99, 130

St. Augustine, Florida 38, 98

Star Spangled Banner 16, 82

Star Spangled Banner National Historic Trail 82

State government 19, 69, 84, 91, 101

State heritage areas 84

State Historic Preservation Officers 13, 20, 23, 27, 82, 84, 89

Study area 26, 27, 28, 31, 38, 45, 48

Sullivan-Clinton campaign 94

Tallussahatchee, battle of 15, 61, 87, 94, 96

Tax incentives 11, 12, 75, 79, 81, 83, 84, 101

Tecumseh 94

Tennessee 19, 36, 38, 77, 81, 83, 93, 109, 121, 126, 130

 Tennessee Civil War National Heritage Area 81

 Tennessee Wars Commission 83

Tenskwatawa (see The Prophet) 94

Texas 19, 24

The Prophet (Tenskwatawa) 94

The Thames, battle of 15, 51

Tippecanoe battlefield 15, 17, 61, 87, 97

Tippecanoe, battle of 16, 21, 61, 87, 94

Tohopeka (see Horseshoe Bend) 61, 71, 87, 94, 96

Transportation Enhancement Program 12, 75

Treaty of Alliance 29

Treaty of Fort Jackson 94

Treaty of Paris 15, 21

Tribal Historic Preservation Officer 23, 82, 85

Tribal Preservation Program 83, 85

Trinidad 91
Index 137

Tuscaroras 93

 Tuscarora Indian Reservation 84

United States Geological Survey 26

Use value 6, 12, 79, 80, 85

USS Bonhomme Richard 21

Valley Forge, Pennsylvania 29, 56, 71

Vermont 15, 81, 109, 111, 122, 126

Vicksburg Campaign Corridor Study 19

Virgin Islands, U.S. 10, 19, 29, 31, 38, 72, 77, 83, 122

Virginia 3, 17, 18, 24, 38, 42, 49, 75, 79, 81, 82, 92, 98, 109, 110, 

111, 122, 125, 126, 129, 130, 

War Department 18, 65

War Hawk 15

Washington, burning of 15

Washington, DC (see District of Columbia)

Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route 45, 82

Waxhaws battlefield 85

West Indians 91, 92

White House Millennium Council 86

Williamson, Andrew 94

Wisconsin 31, 36, 78, 91, 126

Wisconsin Historical Society 36, 78, 91

Women 12, 15, 16, 91, 129, 130

World War I 17

Yorktown, battle of 15, 17, 18, 21, 23, 29, 42, 53, 71, 92, 122

 Redoubt 10 92

Zoning 5, 6, 29, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 70, 85



Back Cover

Sheldon Church Ruins (SC1019), 

Beaufort County, South Carolina. 

Photo by Steven D. Smith.
National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Dirk Kempthorne

Secretary of the Interior

David M. Verhey

Acting Assistant Secretary of the Interior

Fish, Wildlife, and Parks

Mary A. Bomar

Director

Dan Wenk

Deputy Director

Janet Snyder Matthews, Ph.D.

Associate Director

Cultural Resources

Jon C. Smith

Assistant Associate Director

Heritage Preservation Assistance Programs