DOE/NASA/0345-1

NASA CR-174898

Design and Evaluation of Fluidized Bed Heat

Recovery for Diesel Engine System

J.R. Hamm, R.A. Newby, E.J. Vidt, and T.E. Lippert

Westinghouse Electric Corporation

July 1985

Prepared for

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Lewis Research Center

Cleveland, Ohio 44135

Under Contract DEN 3-345

for

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Conservation and Renewable Energy

Office of Vehicle and Engine R&D

Washington, D.C. 20585

Under Interagency Agreement DE-AI01-80CS50194

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF FLUIDIZED BED HEAT RECOVERY

FOR DIESEL ENGINE SYSTEMS

Prepared By

Westinghouse Electric Corporation

Research and Development Center

1310 Beulah Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15235

Principal Investigators

J. R. Hamm, R. A. Newby, E. J. Vidt and T. E. Lippert

Prepared For

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Lewis Research Center

Under Contract DEN 3-345

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was conducted for NASA under the technical direction

of Mr. Murray Bailey whose many suggestions and contributions are

recognized.

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................. i

I. SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS ...................................... I-I

2. INTRODUCTION................................................. 2-I

3. BACKGROUND ................................................... 3-I

3.1 Diesel Engine Application With Heat Recovery............ 3-I

3.2 Fluidized Bed Characteristics in Heat

Recovery Applications ................................... 3-2

4. COMPOUNDENGINECONFIGURATIONSCREENING...................... 4-I

4.1 Organic Rankine Cycle ................................... 4-I

4.1.1 FLUORINAL-85(F-85) Working Fluid ................ 4-I

4.1.2 RC-I - Working Fluid ............................. 4-5

4.2 Steam Rankine Cycle ..................................... 4-9

4.3 TurbocompoundEngine With Steam Injection ............... 4-9

4.4 OpenBrayton Cycle ............................. ......... 4-16

4.5 Closed Brayton Cycle .................................... 4-23

4.6 Stifling Engine......................................... 4-34

4.7 Analysis of Screening Evaluations ....................... 4-42

5. EVALUATIONOFSELECTEDSYSTEMS............................... 5-I

5.1 Organic Rankine Cycle ................................... 5-I

5.1.1 Truck Applications ............................... 5-I

5.1.2 Locomotive Application ........................... 5-4

5.1.3 Marine Application ............................... 5-4

5.2 Steam Injection Cycle ................................... 5-4

5.2.1 Truck Application ................................ 5-13

5.2.2 Locomotive and Marine Applications ............... 5-13

ii
5.3 Stirling Engine......................................... 5-13

5.3.1 Truck Application ................................ 5-22

5.3.2 Locomotive and Marine Applications ............... 5-24

5.4 Performance of Selected Systems......................... 5-24

6. PRELIMINARYDESIGNANDCOSTSOFFLUIDIZEDBEDHEAT

EXCHANGERS FORSELECTEDSYSTESM............................. 6-I

6.1 Conceptual Description of the Heat Recovery Unit ........ 6-I

6.2 Design Procedure........................................ 6-3

6.4 Organic Rankine Cycle ................................... 6-7

6.5 Steam Injection Cycle ................................... 6-7

6.6 Stirling Engine Cycle ................................... 6-11

6.7 Fluid Bed Heat Exchanger Cost Estimate .................. 6-16

7. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND ARRANGEMENT ........................... 7-I

7.1 Truck Application ....................................... 7-I

7.1.1 Organic Rankine Cycle ............................ 7-I

7.1.2 Steam Injection Cycle ............................ 7-4

7.1.3 Stifling Engine .................................. 7-4

7.2 Locomotive Application .................................. 7-7

7.2.1 Organic Rankine Cycle ............................ 7-7

7.2.2 Steam Injection Cycle ............................ 7-11

7.2.3 Stirling Engine .................................. 7-11

7.3 Marine Application ...................................... 7-15

7.3.1 Organic Rankine Cycle ............................ 7-15

7.3.2 Steam Injection Cycle ............................ 7-15

7.3.3 Stifling Engf,ne System ........................... 7-18

8. SYSTEM COSTS AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT ......................... 8-I

8.1 System Component Weights and Costs ...................... 8-I

8.1.1 Rankine Cycle System * ............................ 8-I

8.1.2 Steam Injection Cycle System ..................... 8-I

8.1.3 Stirling Engine System ........................... 8-11

8.2 Comparison of System Weights ............................ 8-11

8.2.1 Truck Application ................................ 8-11

8.2.2 Locomotive Applications .......................... 8-11

iii
8.2.3 Marine Application ............................... 8-12

8.3 Economic Assessmentof TurbocompoundDiesel

Engine Systems.......................................... 8-12

9. REFERENCES ................................................... 9-I

APPENDIXA....................................................... A-I

APPENDIXB....................................................... B-I

APPENDIXC....................................................... C-I

APPENDIXD....................................................... D-I

APPENDIXE....................................................... E-I

APPENDIXF........ : .............................................. F-I

APPENDIXG....................................................... G-I

iv
LIST OF FIGURES

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.10

4.11

4.12

4.13

4.14

4.15

_.16

4.17

Turbocharged diesel with subposed organic Rankine cycle

Turbocompound diesel with subposed organic Rankine cyle

Fluidized Bed Heat Exchanger Temperature Profile,

organic Rankine cycle with regenerative feed heating

Fluidlzed Bed Heat Exchanger Temperature Profile,

organic Rankine cycle with regenerative feed heating

Fluidized Bed Heat Exchanger Temperature Profile,

organic Rankine cycle

Turbocharged diesel with subposed steam Rankine cycle

Turbocompound diesel with subposed steam Rankine cycle

Fluidized Bed Heat Exchanger Temperature Profile,

steam Rankine cycle

Turbocompound diesel with steam injection between

compressor drive expander and power expander

Fluidized Bed Heat Exchanger Temperature Profile.

Turbocompound engine with steam injection between

compressor drive and power expanders

Turbocompound diesel with steam injection ahead of

compressor drive expander

ATCPD/A Model for Steam Injection System

Turbocharged diesel with subposed open Brayton cycle

Turbocharged diesel with subposed intercooled open

Brayton cycle

Turbocharged diesel with subposed recuperated open

Brayton cycle

Fluidized Bed Heat Exchanger Temperature Profile

intercooled open Brayton cycle

Turbocharged diesel with subposed closed Brayton cycle

Page

4-2

4-3

4-6

4-7

4-8

4-10

4-11

4-13

4-14

4-17

4-18

4-19

4-21

4-24

4-25
4.18

4.19

4.20

4.21

4.22

4.23

4.24

4.25

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

6.1

6.2

Fluidized Bed Heat Exchanger Temperature Profiles for

closed Brayton cycle 4-29

Adiabatic diesel engine with subposed closed Brayton

cycle 4-30

Adiabatic diesel engine with subposed closed Brayton

bottoming cycle 4-31

Adiabatic diesel engine with subposed closed Brayton

bottoming cycle 4-32

Adiabatic diesel engine with subposed Stirling cycle 4-35

Temperature profile of fluidized bed heat exchanger

for Stirling engine subsystem with intermediate heat

transfer loop 4-36

Single stage FBHX heater integrated with Stirling

engine 4-39

Adiabatic diesel engine with subposed Stirling

engine using heat pipes 4-40

Turbocharged diesel with subposed organic Rankine cycle 5-2

Turbocompound diesel with steam injection ahead of

compressor drive expander 5-11

Fluidized bed heat exchanger temperature profile.

Turbocompound engine with steam injection ahead of

compressor drive expander 5-12

Adiabatic diesel with suposed Stirling engines using

heat pipes 5-20

Fluidized bed heat exchanger temperature profile,

Stirling engine 5-21

Basic Mod-I Stirling engine 5-23

Fluid bed heat recovery unit schematic 6-2

Fluid bed heat exchanger for organic Rankine

bottoming cycle 6-8

Fluid bed heat exchanger for steam injection 6-12

Fluid bed heat exchanger for Stirling injection 6-15

Vi
7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.8

7.9

7.10

7.11

7.12

7.13

7.14

BI

B2

C1

C2

C3

D1

Heavy duty long haul truck tractor

Typical truck installation of organic Rankine

cycle system

Typical truck installation of steam injection cycle

Water tank for steam injection cycle on truck

Heat pipe system for suposed Stirling engine

Typical truck installation of Stirling engine units

General Electric 3600 hp C36-7 Diesel-Electric

Locomotive

Arrangement for organic Rankine cycle system in

locomotive

Arrangement for steam injection system in locomotive

Arrangement of Stirling engine system in locomotive

RBC/Vessel Installation

Installation of RC-I organic Rankine cycle system

on deck of push-pull boat for inland river service

Installation of steam injection cycle system on deck

of push-pull boat for inland river service

Stirling engine system arrangement for marine

application

Compressor drive expander dimensions for steam

injection cycle

Power expander and gearbox dimensions for steam

injection cycle

Beal number as a functio of heater temperature

(after Waiter, 1979)

Conventional V-belt accessory drive

Beal number as a function of heater temperature

showing Stirling engine design parameters

TECCO reference system power conversion unit (PCU)

7-2

7-3

7-5

7-6

7-8

7-9

7-10

7-12

7-13

7-14

7-16

7-17

7-19

7-20

vii
Table

2.3

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.10

4.11

5.1

LIST OF TABLES

Adiabatic Diesel Engine Design Point Data

Exhaust Pressure Corrections for Engine

Performance

Candidate Bottoming Cycles Evaluated in

Task I Screening

Performance Summary of Adiabatic Diesel Engine with

Organic Rankine Bottoming Cycle

Performance Summary of Adiabatic Diesel Engine with

Steam Rankine Bottoming Cycle

Performance Summary of Adiabatic Turbocompound

Diesel Engine with Steam Injection Between

Compressor Drive and Power Expanders

Performance Summary of Adiabatic Turbocompound

Diesel Engine with Steam Injection Ahead of the

Power Expander

Performance Summary of Adiabatic Diesel Engin e

with Subposed Open Brayton Cycle

Performance Summary of Adiabatic Diesel Engine

with Subposed Open Brayton Cycle

Conditions for Maximum Performance of Closed

Brayton Bottoming Cycle for Adiabatic Diesel

Engine

Performance Summary of Adiabatic Diesel Engine

with Subposed Stirling Cycle

Performance Summary of Adiabatic Diesel Engine

with Subposed Stirling Cycle

Performance Summary of Adiabatic Diesel Engine

with Subposed Stirling Cycle

Evaluation of Candidate Bottoming Cycles

ATCD with Organic Rankine Cycle Using RC-I

Reference Conditions Truck Application)

2-2

2-3

4-4

4-12

4-15

4-20

4-22

4-27

4-33

4-37

4-38

4-41

4-42

5-3

viii
5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.8

5.9

5.10

5.11

5.12

5.13

5.14

5.15

5.16

ATCD with Organic Rankine Cycle Using RC-I

(High Temperature Conditions-Truck Application)

ATCD with Organic Rankine Cycle Using RC-I

(Low Temperature Conditions - Truck Application)

Adiabatic Diesel Exhaust Gas Temperature Sensitivity

Analysis for the Turbocharged Engine with Organic

Rankine Bottoming Cycle

ATCD with Organic Rankine Cycle Using RC-I

(Reference Conditions-Locomotive Application)

ATCD with Organic Rankine Cycle Using RC-I

(Reference Conditions-Marine Application)

Performance of RC-I Organic Rankine Cycle

in Marine Application

ATCPD/A with Steam Injection (Reference Case)

for Truck Application

ATCPD/A with Steam Injection (High Temperature

Case) for Truck Application

ATCPD/A with Steam Injection (Low Temperature

Case) for Truck Application

Adiabatic Diesel Exhaust Gas Temperature Sensitivity

Analysis for the Turbocompound Engine with Steam

Injection Ahead of Compressor-Drive Expander

ATCPD/A with Steam Injection (Reference Case)

for Marine Application

ATCPD/A with Steam Injection ((Reference Case)

for Marine Application

Mass and Energy Balance for ATCD with Dual Stirling

Engines Using Heat Pipes (Reference Case for Truck

Application)

Mass and Energy Balance for ATCD with Dual Stifling

Engines Using Heat Pipes (High Temperature Case for

Truck Application)

Mass and Energy Balance for ATCD with Dual Stifling

Engines Using Heat Pipes (Low Temperature Case for

Truck Application)

5-5

5-6

5-7

5-8

5-9

5-10

5-14

5-15

5-16

5-17

5-18

5-19

5-26

5-27

5-28

ix
5.17

5.18

5.19

5.20

5.21

5.22

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.7

6.8

6.9

6.10

Stifling Engine Performance Summary for

Truck Application

Performance of System with Subposed Stirling

Engines for Truck Application

Mass and Energy Balance for ATCD with Stifling

Engines Using Heat Pipes (Reference Case for

Locomotive Application)

Mass and Energy Balance for ATCD with Dual Stirling

Engines Using Heat Pipes (Reference Case for Marine

Application)

Performance of System with Subposed Stirling

Engines for Marine Application

Performance of Selected Systems for Three

Applications

Summary Table Diesel Heat Recovery Unit

Characteristics

Common Organic Rankine Cycle Heat Recovery Unit

Overall Characteristics

Common Organic Rankine Cycle Heat Recovery Unit

Stage Characteristics

Common Steam Injection Cycle Heat Recovery Unit

Overall Characteristics

Common Steam Injection Cycle Heat Recovery Unit

Stage Characteristics

Common Stirling Cycle Heat Recovery Unit

Recovery Unit Overall Characteristics

Common Stirling Cycle Heat Recovery Unit

Stage Characteristics

Estimated Price for Heat Recovery Fluid Bed

Organic Rankine

Estimated Price for Heat Recovery Fluid Bed

Steam Injection

Estimated Price for Heat Recovery Fluid Bed

Stirling Engine

5-29

5-30

5-31

5-32

5-33

5-34

6-6

6-9

6-10

6-13

6-14

6-17

6-18

6-19

6-20

6-21
8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

8.5

8.6

8.7

8.8

8.9

8.10

8.11

8.12

8.13

8.14

8.15

Summary of Rankine Bottoming Cycle Component Costs

for Adiabatic Diesel-Heavy Duty Truck Application

Summary of Rankine Bottoming Cycle Component Costs

for Adiabatic Diesel - Locomotive Application

Summary of Rankine Bottoming Cycle Component Costs

for Adiabatic Diesel - Marine Application

Summary of Steam Injection Cycle Component Costs

for Adiabatic Diesel - Heavy Duty Truck Application

Summary of Steam Injection Cycle Component Costs

for Adiabatic Diesel - Locomotive Application

Summary of Steam Injection Cycle Component Costs

for Adiabatic Diesel - Marine Application

Summary of Stirling Engine Cycle Component Costs

for Adiabatic Diesel - Heavy Duty Truck Application

Summary of Stirling Engine Cycle Component Costs

for Adiabatic Diesel - Locomotive Application

Summary of Stirling Engine Cycle Component Costs

for Adiabatic Diesel - Marine Application

NASA Reference Economic/Operational Data

Diesel Engines

NASA Reference Simple Payback Period Turbocharged +

RC-I Bottoming vs Turbocompound-Aftercooled

Truck Application

NASA Reference Simple Payback Period Turbocharged +

Steam Injection vs Turbocompound-Aftercooled

Truck Application

NASA Reference Simple Payback Period Turbocharged +

Stifling Engine vs Turbocompound-Aftercooled

Truck Application

NASA Reference Simple Payback Period Turbocharged +

RC-I Bottoming vs Turbocompound-Aftercooled

Locomotive Application

NASA Reference Simple Payback Period Turbocharged ÷

Steam Injection vs Turbocompound-Aftercooled

Locomotive Application

8-2

8-3

8-4

8-5

8-6

8-7

8-8

8-9

8-10

8-13

8-14

8-15

8-16

8-17

8-18

xi
8.16

8.17

8.18

8.19

8.20

BI

B2

FI

F2

GI

G2

NASA Reference Simple Payback Period Turbocharged +

Stirling vs Turbocompound-Aftercooled

Locomotive Application

NASA Reference Simple Payback Period Turbocharged +

RC-I Bottoming vs Turbocompound-Aftercooled

Marine Application

NASA Reference Simple Payback Period Turbocharged +

Steam Injection vs Turbocompound-Aftercooled

Marine Application

NASA Reference Simple Payback Period Turbocharged +

Stirling Engine vs Turbocompound-Aftercooled

Marine Application

Summary of Simple Payback Period (Yrs)

Turboexpander Data for Steam Injection Cycle

Planetary Gearboxes for Steam Injection System

Turbine Data for Organic Rankine Cycle with RC-I

Planetary Gearbox Data for Organic Rankine Cycle

with RC-I

Scaling of Stirling Engines

Planetary Gearboxes for Stirling Engines

8-19

8-20

8-21

8-22

8-23

B-_

B-5

F2

F3

G2

G3

xii

I. SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS

A preliminary conceptual design study was conducted to evaluate

the potential of utilizing fluidized bed heat exchangers in place of

conventional counter-flow heat exchangers for heat recovery from

adiabatic diesel engine exhaust gas streams.

The advantages of utilizing fluidized bed heat exchangers for

exhaust gas heat recovery are increased heat transfer coefficients and

the potential to operate reliably with highly depositing exhaust

gases. In contrast with the counterflow heat exchanger, however, the

fluidized bed is a uniform temperature device. This has implications on

the practical limits of heat recovery achieved vs. the desired power

cycle operating temperature; and typically requires a multi-stage

approach for the fluidized bed system design.

Fluidized bed heat recovery systems were evaluated in three

different heavy duty transport applications: heavy duty diesel truck,

diesel locomotive, and diesel marine pushboat. The three applications

are characterized by differences in overall power output and related

annual utilization as follows:

Application Horsepower Utilization (hphr/rated x 8760)

Truck 373 hp * 12%

Locomotive 3600 hp 63%

Pushboat 5600 hp 71%

* Truck hphr = annual _allons x fuel density

specific fuel consumption

I-I
For each application, the exhaust gas source is a turbochargedadiabatic diesel core. Representative subposed exhaust gas heat

utilization power cycles were selected for conceptual design efforts

including design layouts and performance estimates for the fluidized bed

heat recovery heat exchangers. The selected power cycles were: Organic

Rankine with RC-I working fluid, Turbocompound Power Turbine with Steam

Injection, and Stlrling Engine.

In general, the heat recovery heat exchanger designs consist of

two stages of fluidized beds with in-bed and above-bed tubes, followed

by a final convective heat exchanger stage. The diesel exhaust gases

enter the first fluid bed stage such that a mode of turbulent fluidization is maintained and at a temperature sufficiently high to minimize

sticky soot particle deposits. The second stage fluid bed operates at

lower gas temperature and removal of deposits formed on the heat

exchanger tubes and bed particles is promoted by the churning and

circulating motion of the bed particles. For the maximum heat recovery

desired in power cycle applications, a finned-tube convective section is

needed above the low temperature fluid bed and serves as the final heat

recovery stage.

The subposed Rankine power cycle consisted of a closed loop

system with the RC-I working fluid vaporized in the heat recovery heat

exchanger and expanded through an auxiliary turbine unit that is geared

to the diesel output shaft. The expanded vapor is condensed in a heat

rejection heat exchanger (condenser).

The Turbocompound Power Turbine with Steam Injection power cycle

was an open cycle system with steam generated in the heat recovery heat

exchanger and then injected (mixed) into the exhaust gas stream for

expansion through both the turbocharger turbine and the downstream

turbocompound power turbine. The power turbine is geared to the diesel

output shaft. The power output of both turbines is increased due to the

increased mass flow rate.

I-2
The Stirling Engine power cycle is unique in that the heat

recovery heat exchanger does not include any convective section. Heat

is recovered in a series of two fluidized bed stages; each stage being

coupled to its own dedicated Stirling engine via a heat pipe. The

operating temperature of the two Stirling engines differs according to

the series arrangement of the fluid beds.

For the truck and locomotive applications, the heat rejection

required for the Rankine and Stirling systems is accomplished via air

cooled heat exchangers (radiators). The considerable amount of water

required for the TurbocompoundPowerTurbine with Steam Injection cycle

is carried in an onboard tank. In the marine pushboat application,

river water is utilized to meet cycle cooling requirements as well as

the water supply needs of the steam injection cycle.

The study results indicate that use of an exhaust gas heat

recovery power cycle produces a 5 to 11 percent improvement in specific

fuel consumption over that of a reference turbocompound/aftercooled

engine system. The magnitude of the improvement depends on the

particular power cycle configuration.

The fuel economyresults were used in conjunction with capital

cost estimates and fuel price data to determine payback times for the

various cases. These were based on simple payback assumptions without

considerations of maintenance burdens or the cost of money. The results

showa wide range of payback times (1.2 to 15.4 years) depending on the

power cycle and application. For all power cycles, payback was faster

in the marine and locomotive applications than in the truck application.

For the truck application, a specific comparison was madeof the

multi-stage fluidized bed heat recovery system including final convective stage vs. a conventional counterflow heat exchanger. For equal

heat transfer duty, the fluidized bed system was approximately one-third

larger, heavier, and more costly. A review of the cost estimates

indicated that approximately two-thirds of the overall cost in the

fluidized bed approach is associated with the final convective stage.

1-3
A number of conclusions may be drawn from the results of the

study:

I. The fluidized bed approach to diesel exhaust gas heat

recovery is feasible for a range of heavy duty transport applications.

2. The multi-stage approach, including a final convective heat

exchanger stage, impacts the size, weight, and cost of the overall heat

recovery system.

3. The size and weight implications of the fluidized bed

syste_ make them relatively more attractive for the larger locomotive

or urine applications with greater annual utilization.

4. Future studies should include system performance and cost

tradeoffs that would eliminate the use of a final convective heat

exchanger stage in series with the fluidized beds.

5. Future payback calculations should include maintenance

burdens and cost of money considerations.

6. The particulate removal characteristics projected for the

fluidized bed systenLs make them relatively more attractive for use in

large systems utilizing heavy fuels.

7. Experimental prograa_s are needed to definitize the diesel

particulate removal characteristics of the fluidized bed systems by

agglomeration and/or by in-bed catalytic combustion.

I-4
2. INTRODUCTION

Over the past decade, spurred by significantly increased fuel

costs, the Department of Energy has supported technology efforts for

development of efficient engine systems for heavy duty transport. The

adiabatic diesel engine concept offers substantial improvements in

engine efficiency through reduced heat loss. Characteristic of the

adiabatic diesel is an increased exhaust gas temperature that also

affords the opportunity for engine turbocharging and turbocompounding

coupled with exhaust gas heat recovery to further improve fuel economy.

Cost effective systems for heat recovery are required however to realize

any commercial benefits of the compoundengine systems.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the application of a

fluid bed heat exchanger for heat recovery from adiabatic diesel engines.

Various thermodynamic cycles for convecting heat recovered to work are

explored and defined for three specific diesel engine applications; heavy

duty truck, railroad locomotive and marine vessel. For each application

three different compoundengine configurations are defined that include

the primary adiabatic diesel coupled with a selected subposed cycle that

utilizes a fluid bed heat exchanger system. The design and operating

parameters of the primary diesel engines (heavy duty truck) were provided

by NASALewis, Table 2.1. NASAalso provided the basis for correcting

the diesel engine performance for changes in exhaust pressure associated

with the application of the subposed cycle, Table 2.2.

Preliminary thermodynamic screening evaluations were conducted

to define attractive candidate subposed cycle configurations, Table 2.3.

From these studies and in consultation with cognizant NASAtechnical

personnel, three specific heat recovery systems (Organic Rankine, Steam

Injection and Stirling Engine) were selected for conceptual design and

2-I
economic evaluation for each of the three identified applications

(truck, locomotive and marine). The scope of this effort has included

detailed thermodynamic definition, the conceptual design of the fluid

bed heat exchanger including weight and costs and the identification of

subsystem components and estimation of their size, weight and cost.

Also, for each application and subposed cycle, a conceptual arrangement

drawing is provided to show overall physical size and identify possible

equipment packaging within defined constraints. A preliminary economic

assessment is made based on simple payback period assuming fuel costs,

engine duty and annual production requirements.

Table 2.1

ADIABATIC DIESEL ENGINE DESIGN POINT DATA

Code ATCD/A ATCD

N - rpm 1900 1900

Gas Flow Rate - ib/min 47.6 48.1

Turbine Inlet Temp. - OF 1290 1440

Turbine Outlet Temp. - OF 1120 1240

Power - hp 320 318.5

SFC - ib/hphr 0.310 0.315

Air/Fuel Ratio 27.8 28.9

where ATCD/A: Adiabatic Turbocharged Diesel/Aftercooled

ATCD: Adiabatic Turbocharged Diesel

ATCPD/A: Adiabatic Turbocompound Diesel/Aftercooled

ATCPD: Adiabatic Turbocompound Diesel

ATCPD/A

1900

48.2

1380

1055

340

0.293

29.0

ATCPD

1900

47.9

1575

1140

335

0.297

28.9

Table 2.2

EXHAUST PRESSURE CORRECTIONS FOR ENGINE PERFORMANCE

Corrected SFC = SFC + 0.04 * ( P/P)exh

Corrected POWER = POWER/(I ÷ 0.129 * (P/P)exh)

Corrected Temp. = Temp. + T

T = 1018.9 * (I - I/(I ÷ 0.129 * (P/P)exh))

2-2
Table 2.3

CANDIDATEBOTTOMINGCYCLESEVALUATEDIN TASKI SCREENING

Engine TFpe

Bottoming Cycle ATCD/A ATCD ATCPD/A

Organic

Rankine X -

Water

Rankine X -

Steam Injection X X

Air

Open Brayton

Simple X X

Recuperated X -

Intercooled X -

Helium

Closed Brayton X X

Stirling X X

ATCPD

X

X

NA NA

2-3

3. BACKGROUND

3.1 Diesel Engine Application With Heat Recovery

The application of engine compounding with the adiabatic truck

diesel has been studied for some limited subposed cycles. The Thermo

Electron Corporation(1) has evaluated the organic Rankine cycle using an

RC-I (60 mole percent pentafluorobenzene and 40 mole percent

hexafluorobenzene) working fluid. Their work has included stability

studies of the RC-I fluid at cycle conditions and system design and

economic analysis premised on a 300 horsepower reference diesel engine.

The heat recovery unit consisted of a separate vapor generator and

condenser-regenerator modules. Subsystem components including the feed

pump, turbine expander, filters, boost pump and gearbox were identified,

sized and costed. This study has served as a primary reference and

comparison where the vapor generator is replaced with the fluid bed heat

exchanger unit. Reference 2 summarizes the economic findings from

current program studies that featured subposing Rankine and Brayton

cycles with the reference truck diesel engine but using other than fluid

bed heat exchanger systems. These screening studies indicate that

improved fuel economy can be realized but that these power cycles may

not be competitive on an economic payback basis.

Most of the railroad locomotives used in the United States today

are powered by turbocharged Diesel engines. Reference 3 is a study

evaluating alternative fuels and engines for railroad locomotives. As

part of this study, two diesel base engines of 3000 hp are evaluated for

costs and fuel economy. These reference engines are compared with other

diesel alternatives including two adiabatic engine cases with

turbocompounding that used either the Stirling or Rankine subposed cycle

heat recovery. It is concluded that if the adiabatic diesel engine can

3-I
be adapted to locomotive service, the fuel savings will be impressive

{26%) and that the addition of the bottoming cycle further enhances fuel

economy. Annualized life cycle cost comparisons were made but involved

alternative fuels that did not permit a direct comparison with the

standard locomotive diesel engine.

A third study (Reference 4) used as a primary reference in the

current work describes the application of a Rankine bottoming cycle to a

5600 hp marine diesel engine. The study includes a preliminary design

of the bottoming cycle, performance projections, diesel engine interface

and power coupling options, component and system costs, preliminary

economics and market assessment and a demonstration program plan. This

study projects significant economic and fuel saving benefits utilizing

the Rankine Bottoming Cycle (RBC) in marine push-tow boat industry. It

was identified that the only major obstacles to RBC implementation on

some ships are its large weight and space requirements.

3.2 Fluidized Bed Characteristics in Heat Recovery Applications

Fluidized beds display several characteristics making them

uniquely suitable for dirty, corrosive, high-temperature, fouling gas

heat recovery applications:

(I) fluidized beds promote very high heat transfer coefficients

to heat transfer surfaces i_ersed in them

(2) their high rates of thermal mixing protect tube materials

from excessively high metal temperatures experienced at the hot end of

many high-temperature heat recovery applications

(3) proper selection of particle characteristics and operating

conditions can result in a self-cleaning behavior for tube deposits

(4) some depositing gases, diesel exhausts being prime

examples, will form flaky deposits on bed particles and tubes that drop

off, retaining a relatively large, agglomerated form suitable for

efficient downstream collection

3-2
(5) gas cleaning functions can be integrated into the fluid bed

heat recovery by the addition of appropriate sorbents, getters and

catalyst particles or other reactants to the bed

(6) their high rates of thermal mixing means that in some

applications where the working fluid temperature approaches the hot gas

temperature either staging of the fluid bed or the use of a convective

heat recovery section is required

(7) fluid beds can be arranged in a variety of staged

configurations yielding efficient heat recovery.

The physics of fluidization has been a topic of great academic

and industrial activity over the past 50 years and muchfundamental and

practical information is now available. The nature of fluidized beds

has been closely related to the behavior of gas voids passing through

the bed and the motion that these voids impart to the particles in the

bed. The high rates of particle mixing, the high rates of heat transfer

to objects immersedin a fluid bed, the nature of gas and particle

contacting, particle elutriation, particle attrition, and manyother

features of fluidized beds have been correlated to the bubbling nature

of the bed. In turn, the bubbling nature relates directly to the

properties of the particles and the gas, and, to a smaller extent, to

the vessel and its internals design. Nonetheless, the design of

industrial fluidized beds, a technology widespread in the process

industries, is still largely empirical and is hindered by a variety of

uncertainties. The greatest uncertainties relate to the scaleup of

fluid bed processes from laboratory scale equipment to commercial scale

equipment. In the diesel heat recovery application under consideration

in this program the scaling factor for the available design basis is

quite small and scaleup is not a major problem.

In the specific area of heat recovery, fluidized beds have been

under consideration for manyapplications, and somecommercial fluid bed

heat recovery systems are being marketed. Applications for stationary

waste heat recovery, waste heat disposal, thermal energy storage, and

3-3
solids heating or cooling have been proposed or are under development.

For example, highly fouling liquid fluidized bed heat exchangers have

been successfully applied and look promising for many difficult

applications. (5)

High-temperature, stationary fluid bed heat recovery development

has been proceeding under DOE support of both the Thermal Electron

Corporation and Aerojet Liquid Rocket Company. The Thermal Electron

Corporation fluid bed concept uses two very shallow fluid bed stages,

one to remove high-temperature heat from the waste stream and the other

to preheat combustion air. (6) The fluid bed particles are mechanically

circulated between the two beds and no internal heat transfer surfaces

are placed in the beds. The AeroJet fluid bed heat recovery system uses

a relatively deep bed containing a row of horizontal finned tubes. (6,7)

A brush system is used to clean the underside of the distributor plate

of deposits, as in the commercial Stone-Platt technology. The largest

technical hurdle for both of these high-temperature applications seems

to be the fabrication of an economical distributor plate for the hightemperature environment.

A two-stage, shallow fluid bed heat recovery unit (a Stone-Plait

unit) was evaluated for use with diesel engine exhaust gases by the

United Technologies Research Center under DOE sponsorship. (8,9) _o

testing was performed under actuaidiesel exhaust conditions.

Commercially, the Stone-Platt Fluidfire Company (UK) appears to be the

world leader in fluid bed heat recovery. (I0,11) Two U.S. companies,

Granco Equipment Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan and Fennell Corporation,

Harvey, Illinois are licensees for the technology. The Fluidfire units

are stationary units of multiple shallow bed design with internal heat

transfer surface. The Econo-Therm Corporation also markets a fluid bed

heat recovery unit based on raining fluid bed technology, requiring no

heat transfer surface, but requiring continuous circulation of solids

between two vessels. (12) Related technology development in fluidized

bed combustion and other fluidized bed heat transfer applications have

3-4
provided somevaluable input for stationary heat recovery system

development.

Someapplications of fluidized bed combustion to transportation

uses (marine) have been under development by the Japanese(13) where

effects of ship motion on the fluidization has been evaluated. Again,

Stone-Platt seems to be a leader in the marine application of fluidized

bed diesel engine heat recovery, having built a fully operational unit

for Shell International Marine Ltd. (14) The 2000 kWunit consists of

three independent beds using mechanical cleaning of the distributor

plate. Stone-Platt have identified design solutions for the impact of

ship roll and pitch on the fluidization performance. Marine

applications are also under study by various U.S. agencies.

Applications of fluidized bed to small diesel engine heat

recovery has been under study by an Italian university team for

Fiat. (15,16) A conventional 60 kWdiesel test engine has been operated

with a fluid bed heat recovery unit, and it was observed that a

specially designed diesel exhaust gas distributor functioned well in its

hot condition with limited deposits. It was also determined that diesel

exhaust deposits would not form on a surface with a temperature greater

than about 900 oF. Significant deposits did form on heat transfer

surfaces in the bed during operation which led to only a limited

reduction in heat recovery effectiveness. These deposits could be

easily removedby periodic thermal cycling of the tubes.

3-5

4. COMPOUND ENGINE CONFIGURATION SCREENING

Cycle screening evaluations were carried out on the following

adiabatic diesel compound engine configurations

o Organic Rankine cycle

o Steam Rankine cycle

o Turbocompound with steam injection

o Open Brayton cycle

o Closed Brayton cycle

o Stifling engine

The results of these screening tests are presented in the following

text.

4.1 Organic Rankine Cycle

4.1.1 FLUORINAL-85 (F-85) Working Fluid

A series of preliminary performance calculations were made for

organic Rankine bottoming cycles to determine the effect of throttle

conditions, regenerative feedheating, and adiabatic engine configuration

with FLUORINAL-85 (F-85) as the working fluid. Figures 4.1 and 4.2 show

cycle schematics. The results of these calculations are summarized by

the first four cases given in Table 4.1. These results indicate that

the ATCPD/A engine configuration (Case 4) with throttle conditions

corresponding to the maximum recommended working temperature of F-85,

i.e. 600°F, and regenerative feedheating would give the best system

performance.

4-I
Fuel

Adiabatic

Diesel

Fluidized Bed

Air Cooled

Condenser

Air-_

Dwg. 9370A25

Exhaust

Fluidized Bed

Heat Recovery

Steam Generator

Fig. 4. 1-Turbocharged diesel with subposed organic Rankine cycle.

_-2
Air

Dwg. 93 54A1 0

Fuel

1

II

U

Adiabatic

Diesel

' IHeat Recovery r

Condenser _

Air -_'_-/

Fig. 4. 2-Turbocompound diesel with subposed organic Rankine cycle.

4-3
Table 4.1

PERFORMANCE SUGARY OF ADIABATIC DIESEL ENGINE WITH

ORGANIC RANKINE BOTTOMING CYCLE

Case I 2 3 4 5

Engine Configuration

Working Fluid

(_P/P)hx 0.05

Corr. (Texh)ad - OF 1126.5

Corr. Eng. Power - hp 318

Corr. Eng. SFC - Ib/hphr 0.312

Pthrot - psia 300 700

oF Tthro t - 550 600

Tcond - OF 160

(ATpinch)hx - OF 75

(ATapproach)hx - OF 75

Regenerative Heater No

Tstac k - OF 410

Working Fluid Flow Rate - ib/s 0.513

Gross Pwr - hp 29.7

Pump Pwr - hp 0.7

Net Pwr - hp 29.00

System Performance

Power

SFC - ib/hp hr

PIF Note I

ATCD/A

<-- Turbocharged -->

F-85

75 75

No Yes

42O 48O

o.5oo o.598

34.0 4O. 7

I .5 I.8

32.5 38.9

ATCPD/A ATCD

Turbocompound

> RC- I

> --> 0.03

> 1061.5 1245

> 338 317. I

> 0.295 0.316

> --> 800

> --> 750

> --> 135

> --> 30

75 15O

No Yes

430 347

o.45o

30.8 62.4

I.3 6.2

29.3 56.2

346.6 350.5 356.9 367.3 373.3

0.286 0.283 0.278 0.271 0.269

1.0194 1.0309 1.0497 1.0803 1.098

(I) Relative to ATCPD/A Engine Configuration, PIF is Performance

Improvement Factor

4-4
In all of these four cases, two stages of fluidized bed were

used. As indicated in Section 3, deposition problems in the distributor

plate of the second bed are expected to be minimized if the temperature

of the first bed is maintained equal to or greater than 900°F. The

temperature profile for the Case 3 cycle conditions with a first stage

bed temperature of 900°F (AT approach = 300°F) and a ATpinc h = 75 is

shown in Figure 4.3. This gives a stack temperature of 530°F. The

actual Case 3 temperature profile is shown in Figure 4.4 where no

constraint is placed on the first bed temperature and the ATpinc h and

ATapproach are both 75°F. The resultant stack gas temperature is

480°F. This shows that the organic Rankine subposed cycle system

performance is significantly affected by the e 900°F constraint on the

first bed temperature.

4.1.2 RC-I - Working Fluid

Performance calculations were also made for a subposed organic

Rankine cycle using RC-I (60 mole percent pentafluorobenzene and 40 mole

percent hexafluorobenzene) as the working fluid. RC-I, which has a

maximum recommended working temperature of 750°F, was used by the Thermo

Electron Corporation in Reference I. In addition it was determined that

the use of a convective third stage in the heat exchanger would

eliminate the performance penalty imposed by the _900°F constraint on

the temperature of the first bed in the two stage design.

The design conditions and the performance of the RC-I cycle with

two fluidized bed stages a_d a convective third stage are shown in Case 5

of Table 4.1. The profile of the heat exchanger is shown in Figure 4.5.

The ATCD engine configuration was used to match the conditions used by

TECO in Reference I. The performance which results is only slightly

better than Case 4 with engine configuration ATCPD/A and no regenerative

feedheater. This indicates that the performance with F-85 working

fluid, engine configuration ATCPD/A, a regenerative feedheater, and a

two-stage fluidized bed heat exchanger with the first stage bed

temperature equal to 900°F might be competitive with RC-I working fluid,

4-5
14oo

1200

I000

iJ_

0

-,= 8OO

_- 600

4OO

3O5

200

0

0

I I

Pthrot =700 psia

Tthrot = 600°F

Tcond= 160OF

ATpinch =75='F

HighTemp. BedTemp.

J

f

f

440.50F

LT. Bed

LMTD = 128

I I

0.2 0.4

= _OOF

H.T.Bed

LMTD: 334° F

0.6 0.8

Fraction HeatTransferred

1.0

Fig. 4. 3-Fluidized bedheat exchanger

temperature profile, organic Rankine

cycle wffh regenerative feedheating

"-6
Curve 7491 01-A

1400

1200

IOO0

800

6OO

4OO

3O5

2OO

0

0

Pthrot = 700psi

Tthrot = 6OO°F

Tcond = 160OF

L_Tpinch =750F

Approach = 75°F

4zlO.5OF

6750F

LT. Bed

125=,F

H.T.Bed

LMTD = 181OF

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Fraction HeatTransferred

1.0

Fig. 4. 4-Fluidized bedheat exchanger

temperature profile, organic Rankine

cycle with regenerative feed heating

1126.5°F

6OOOF

_-7
tJ_

O

L.

L_

E

I--

1400 -

1200-

I000 -

80O

600

I I I

Engine Conf. - ATCD

Working Fluid - RC-1

TStack= _4"/°F

ATpinch = _PF

ATApproach = 150°F

/

/

/

/

/

/ 587°F

Curve 7b,91 O3-A

I

I

I

/

I /

I /

/

I /

I /

I//

1244.5°F

900°F

750°F

4O0

317

2OO

0

0

I

I

I

Conv. HX J

"D= I

79OFi

]

0.2

I

I

I

I

L.T. Bed I

LMTD=79°F I

I

I

!1

0.4 0.6

H.T. Bed

I.MTD= 233OF

Fraction HeatTransferred

1

0.8 LO

Fig. 4. 5---F1uidizedbedheat exchanger

temperature profile, organic Rankine cycle

:+-8
engine configuration ATCD, a regenerative feedheater, and the three

stage heat exchanger.

4.2 Steam Rankine Cycle

A series of preliminary performance calculations were made for

steam Rankine bottoming cycles to determine the effect of throttle

conditions, heat exchanger temperature differences, and adiabatic engine

configuration. Figures 4.6, and 4.7 show cycle schematics. A two-stage

fluidized bed heat exchanger was assumed for all cases. The results of

these calculations are summarized in Table 4.2. These results show that

system performance is a weak function of throttle conditions and heat

exchanger pinch temperature difference. The adiabatic engine

configuration is, however, shown to have a significant effect on the

performance of the steam Rankine bottoming cycle.

Examination of Figure 4.8 shows that increasing the first stage

fluidized bed temperature to 9OO°F while keeping the pinch temperature

difference constant would have no effect on the system performance. It

would, however, have a significant effect on the log mean temperature

differences (LMTD) of the two beds. For the high temperature bed, the

LMTD would increase and that for the low temperature bed would increase

so that the changes in bed surface area would tend to balance.

4.3 Turbocompound Engine With Steam Injection

A series of preliminary performance calculations were made for

the system shown in Figure 4.9 where the steam is injected b_tween the

compressor drive expander and the power expander of a turbocompound

engine and the fluidized bed heat exchanger has two stages. The results

of these calculations are summarized in Table 4.3. Turbocharged engine

performance corrected for back pressure was used to simulate the

turbocompound engine. Cases I through 3 show that the performance of

the system with an after cooler improves significantly with increasing

injection pressure. Comparing Cases I and 4 shows that the use of an

4-9
D_j. 935_A09

Fuel

Adiabatic

Diesel Exhaust

Steam

Turbine

Fluidized Bed

AI_cooi_ I_

Condenser _.___

Air

Fluidized Bed

Heat Recovery

Steam Generator

Rg. 4. 6-Turbocharged diesel with subposed steam Rankine cycle.

4-10
Fuel

Fiuidized Bed

Air Cooled

Condenser

Air

OwcJ. 93._A1 2

Adiabatic

Diesel

Exhaust

_ FH]eUiatdil_ecoBveedr

--2

Ficj. 4. 7- Turbocompound diesel with subposed steam Rankine cycle.

4-11
Table 4.2

PERFORMANCE SUMMARY OF ADIABATIC DIESEL ENGINE WITH

STEAM RANKINE BOTTOMING CYCLE

Case

Engine Confirguation

(nP/P)hx

(Texh)ad - oF

Corr. Eng. Power - hp

Corr. Eng. SFC - ib/hp hr

Pthrot - psia

Tthro t - oF

Tcond - oF

(ATpinch)hx - oF

Approach - OF

Tstac k - oF

Steam Flow Rate - ib/s

Gross Power - hp

Pump Power - hp

Net Power - hp

System Performance

Power - hp

SFC - ib/hp hr

PIF, Note I

I 2 3 4 5

ATCD/A > > > ATCPD/A

0.05 > > > >

1126.5 > > > 1061.5

318.0 > > > 338.0

0.312 > > > 0.295

200 300 > 400 300

900 800 > 700 800

160 160 > > >

150 150 100 > 150

50 > > > >

532 567 517 545 567

O.0934 O.0933 0.0998 0. I000 0.0819

33.5 33. I 35.4 34.8 29. I

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

33.3 32.9 35.2 34.5 28.9

351.3 350.9 353.2 352.5 366.0

0.282 0.283 0.281 0.282 0.272

1.105 1.104 1.111 1.109 1.0792

(I) Relative to ATCPD/A Engine C_nfiguration, PIF is Performance Improvement

Factor

4-12
EL_

O

L.

E

I---

1400 -

1200-

i000 -

800-

6OO

4OO

2OO

160

0

0

I I I

Curve 7491 06-A

I

Pthrot =400 psia

Tthrot =7OO°F

Tcond = 160OF

Appinc h =100°F

Approach = 50°F

f

f

I 444.6:F

I

I

I

I

L T. Bed I • H.T. Bed

I..MTD= 172° Fi LMTD = 273°F

I

II 1 I

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

FractionHeatTransferred

J

1126. _'F

750°F

700°F

1.0

Fig. 4. 8-Fluidized bed heat exchanger

temperature profile, steam Rankine cycle

4-13
Adiabatic

Diesel

Owg. 9370A27

A ir

P_

Steam

Exhaust

Ftuidized Bed

Waste Heat

Boiler

Feedwater

Tank

Fig. 4. 9---Turbocompound diesel with steam injection between compressor

drive expander and power expander

4-14
Table 4.3

PERFORMANCE SUMMARY OF ADIABATIC TURBOCOMPOUND

DIESEL ENGINE WITH STEAM INJECTION BETWEEN

COMPRESSOR DRIVE AND POWER EXPANDERS

Case I 2 3 4

Engine Configuration ATCD/A

Injection Pressure - psia 30 40 50

Corr. Tex h -OF 1240 1305 1361

Corr. Power - hp 282.3 262.1 244.5

Corr. SFC - ib/hp hr 0.351 0.379 0.406

(AP/P)hx 0.05

ATpinch -OF 40

Approach - OF 100

Expander Power - hp 76.8 110.1 136.2

System Performance

Power - hp 359.1 372.2 380.7

SFC - Ib/hp hr 0.276 0.267 0.261

PIF, Note I 1.122 1.163 1.190

> ATCD

3O

1360

280.4

0.356

83. I

363.5

0.275

1.141

(I) Relative to ATCD/A Engine Configuration, PIF is Performance

Improvement Factor

2-15
after cooler on the turbocompoundengine has a negligible effect on the

performance.

The heat exchanger temperature distribution for Case I is shown

in Figure 4.10. It should be noted that the exhaust temperature from

the power expander is somewhatbelow the recommended minimum value

(9OO°F) for the first fluidized bed and the first bed temperature is

substantially below that value. It was found, however, that the system

performance was not significantly affected by either the At pinch or the

At approach of the heat exchanger.

A series of calculations were also made for the system shown in

Figure 4.11 where the steam is injected ahead of the compressor drive

expander of the turbocompound engine. The performance model of the

turbocompound engine without steam injection shown in Figure 4.12 was

used as the basis for these calculations. The exhaust conditions from

the adiabatic diesel cylinder were held constant and the compressor

drive expander outlet pressure was varied to match the compressor power

requirements. The results of these calculations are summarized in

Table 4.4. Comparison of Cases i and 2 show that the system performance

is a moderate function of the compressor-drive and power expander's

efficiency. Comparing Cases 1 and 3 shows that the performance is a

weak function of the At pinch.

4.4 Open Brayton Cycle

A series of preliminary performance calculations were made for a

variety of open Brayton bottoming cycle configurations. Figure 4.13

shows the simple open Brayton cycle without intercooling or recuperation

and Table 4.5 summarizes its performance. Parameters evaluated include

compressor pressure ratio, expander inlet temperature, adiabatic engine

configuration, and heat'exchanger temperature differences. None of

these parameters over the range evaluated were found to have significant

effects on performance.

4-16
Curve 7491 08-A

IL

O

(D

t_

!,..

E

1400-

1200-

1000-

800 -

I

I

400- t

L

|

20O -/

0 I

0

I I 1 I

PowerExpanderInlet Press = 30 psia

ATpinch =40°F

Approach= 100°F

Tstack= 267.I°F

TH20_inlet =ScPF'

f

LT. Bed 11 1

I./VITD = 102°F 111

I

I

H.T. Bed

I.AATD= 100°F

I I I I

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fraction HeatTransferred

812.2°F

Fig. 4. lO-Fluidized bedheat exchanger temperature

profile. Turbocompound engine With steam injection

betweencompressor drive and power expanders

4-17
D_,_.9370A26

Fuel

Diesel

Exhaust

,,,? fi

Feedwater Tank @

@

®

Fluidized Bed

Waste Heat

Boiler

, _wh=l

J

Fig. 4. ll-Turbocompound diesel with steam injection ahead of

compressor drive expander

4-18
0_. 427_3

Fuel

W =L 66Ib/min

T=----

T =130°F_ 150=F

Alter F_--] II

C=,e, J U

Jr T P=38"°Apsia

_,,_1 T =740"3°R

Rc =Z65 /_(_i isen =0.75

W =46. 54 Ib/min

T =SCPF(b'I.CPR)

P =14, 676psia

Air

Adiabatic

Diesel

W =48. 20Ib/min

T =1380=F ( 1840R)

P=43. 61psia

PRE1 IME) =1. Isen686=0.85

T =U95.6°F (1655.6°F]

P = 7.5.86psia

PRE2= L 552 ""_ I

(ME) Isen =0.85

G

PWRc= 46.54 x 60x 53.31 =58.49hp

2545

PWRE= PWRc/MMech

= 58.49/0. 98= 59.69hp

AHEl-(59.69x 2545)/(60x 48.20) =52.53 Btu/Ib

bilE2= ( 91.70- 5?.53) =39. 17Btu/Ib

I>WRE2=43. 61 x 60x 39.1712547=40. 24hp

BasicEnginePower= 340- 40.2 = 299.8hp

T = 1055°F ( 1515_)

P= 16.66psia

Fig. 4. 12-ATCPD/A modelfor steaminjectionsystem

4-19
Table 4.4

PERFORMANCE SUMMARYOFADIABATICTURBOCOMPOUND

DIESELENGINEWITHSTEAMINJECTIONAHEADOF

THEPOWEREXPANDER

Case 1 2 3

Engine Configuration

Compressor Efficiency - %

Compressor-Drive Expander

Efficiency - %

Turbocharger Mechanical 98.0

Efficiency - %

No. of HX Stages 2

At (pinch) -OF 40.0

at (approach) -OF 100.0

HX Efficiency - % 99.0

Injection Pressure - psia 43.61

Power Expander Inlet Pressure- psia 26.85

HX Pressure Drop - % 11.95

Power Expander Efficiency - % 85.0

Thermodynamic Power - kW 47.59

Power Expander Mechanical 99.0

Efficiency - %

Gear Efficiency - % 99.0

Gross Shaft Power - kW 46.64

Feed Pump Efficiency - % 70.0

Auxiliary Power - kW 0.21

Net Shaft Power - kW 46.43

- hp 62.24

Basic Engine Power - hp 299.8

System Perfor_nce

Power - hp 362.0

SFC - Ib/hp hr 0.275

PIF, Note I 1.065

(1)

ATCPD/A

75.0

85.0 87.5 85.0

> 1OO.0

27.21 26.80

87.5

49.92

85.0

47.27

48.93 46.33

48.72

65.31

46.12

61.82

365.1

0.273

1.074

Relative to ATCPD/A Engine Configuration, PIF is Performance

Improvement Factor

361.6

0.275

1.064

4-20
Fuel

Adiabatic

Diesel

l)Wgo 9354A05

i

Exhaust

_; _xZedaBneders

_ Exhaust

Fig. 4.J.3 -Turbocharged diesel with subposedopen Brayton cycle

4-21
Table 4.5

PERFORMANCE SUGARY OF ADIABATIC DIESEL ENGINE

WITH SUBPOSED OPEN BRAYTON CYCLE

Case I 2 3 4

Engine Configuration

(AP/P)hx

Corr. Tex h - OF

Corr. Power - hp

Corr. SFC - lb/hp hr

Compressor Press. Ratio

Compressor Efficiency - %

Expander Inlet Temp. - OF

Expander Efficiency - %

ATpinc h - o F

Atapproach - oF

Tstac k - oF

Heat Recovered - Btu/hr

Air Flow Rate - lb/s

Net Power Output - hp

System Performance

Power - hp

SFC - ib/hr hr

PIF, Note I

ATCD/A

0.05

1127

318

0.312

3.0

85

8OO

85

IO0

IO0

65O

369720

O. 786

16.4

ATCD

>

>

>

>

3.5

1247

316.5

0.317

>

> 85O

> 5O

100 50

662 650

362160 369720

O.827 0.762

16.4 18.2

>

5O

610

503280

1.037

24.7

334.4 334.4 336.2 341.2

0.297 0.297 0.295 0.294

1.045 1.045 1.051 1.O78

(I) Relative to ATCD/A Engine Configuration, PIF is Performance

Improvement Factor

4-22
Additional performance calculations were made for the open

Brayton cycle with intercooling (see Figure 4.14) and recuperation (see

Figure 4.15). The heat exchanger temperature profile for several of the

intercooled cases is shown in Figure 4.16. The results of these

performance calculations are summarized in Cases i and 2 of Table 4.6.

Comparing Case I with Case 3 of Table 4.5 shows that intercooling

improves the system performance about I%. Comparing Cases I and 2 shows

that increasing the expander efficiency from 85 to 90% improves the SFC

by about 2%.

Case 3 in Table 4.6 represents to optimum version of the

recuperative cycle shown in Figure 4.15. Comparing this with the

performance of the simple open cycle in Table 4.5 shows that the use of

recuperation in combination with the two stage fluidized bed heat

exchanger has a detrimental effect on the system performance.

It was concluded that the potential for the subposed open

Brayton cycle with fluidized bed heat recovery is substantially poorer

than it is with convective heat recovery as reported by United

Technologies in Reference 17. This occurs because the attainable stack

gas temperature with two stages of fluidized bed (see Figure 4.16) is

considerably higher than that for a counterflow convective heat

exchanger.

4.5 Closed Brayton Cycle

A series of preliminary performance calculations were made for

closed Brayton bottoming cycles to determine the effect of cycle

pressure ratio and expander inlet temperature using helium as the

working fluid. Figure 4.17 shows the cycle schematic. Typical

temperature profiles for the heat exchangers for the closed Brayton

cycle are shown in Figure 4.18. Two fluidized beds are used for heat

recovery while only one is used for heat rejection.

The results of the performance calculations are shown plotted in

Figures 4.19, 4.20 and 4.21. These plots show that the optimum cycle

4-23
Fuel

!

!

T

F1uidized Bed

Intercooler

t

ir

Adiabatic

Diesel

Ot_. 935_A03

Exhaust

Fluidizecl Bed

Heat Exchangers

Fig.4. 14-Turbo_arcjed diesel with subposeclintercooled oDen

Brayon cycle

4-24
Dwg. 9354A06

Fuel

Adiabatic

Diesel

. I

U Exhaust

c_ Bed

changers

Air

Fig. 4..15-Turbocharged diesel with subposed recuperated open Brayton

cycle.

4-25
Iil,.

0

L.

0.

E

1400-

1200-

I000

8OO

6OO

4OO

20O

I I

PR=5

Err =8_PF

TIC = IO0:F

ATpinch -50 °

- F

ATApproach -

_50OF

Curve

I

I..T. Bed

UVtTD= 15cPF

7491 07-A

I

I

i

I

I

I

I H.T. Bed

I UVITD= 146°F

I

I I I

0.6 0.8

HeatTransferred

0 I I

0 0.2 0.4 1.0

Fraction

1126.5°F

900°F

8_°F

Fig. 4. 16-Fluidized bedheat exchanger temperature

profile intercooled open Brayton cycle

4-26
Table 4.6

PERFORMANCE SUMMARY OF ADIABATIC DIESEL ENGINE

WITH SUBPOSED OPEN BRAYTON CYCLE

Case

Engine Conf.

Cycle

(AP/P)hx

Corr. Tex h - OF

Corr. Power - hp

Corr. SFC - Ib/hphr

Compressor Pressure Ratio

Compressor Efficiency - %

Expander Inlet Temp. - F

Expander Efficiency - %

aTpinc h - oF

ATapproach - oF

Tstac k - oF

Heat Recovered - Btu/hr

Air Flow Rate - lb/s

Net Power Output - hp

System Performance

Power - hp

SFC - ib/hphr

PIF, Note I

I 2 3

ATCD/A >

Intercooled > Recuperated

O.05

1127 >

318

0.312

5.0 > 3.0

86 88 85

85O > 8OO

85 9O 85

50 > 1OO

5O 5O tOO

63O 63O 625

382680 >

O.722 > O.706

21.9 27.7 13.6

339.7 345.7 331.6

0.292 0.287 0.299

1.063 1.081 1.036

(I) Relative to ATCD/A Engine Configuration, PIF is Performance

Improvement Factor

4-27
Fuel

Adiabatic

Diesel

Dwg. 9) 51+A0b,

Exhaust

Fluidized Bed

Heat Exchangers

Air

I_--- -_ Fluidized Bed _t ,, Heat Exchanger

_Air

Fig. 4.37 -Turbocharged diesel with subposed closed Brayton cycle.

4-28
Curve 7491O5-A

1400

1200

1000

,'2' 8OO

1110

m

_ _ S _

S S

S S

r _'_ _ _ _ _'° _ _

! ! ! !

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fraction HeatTransferred

HeatRecovery

Heat Rejection

Fig. 4. 18-Fluidized bedheat exchanger temperature

profiles for closed Brayton cycle

4-29
Curve 749111 -A

I

O

Lo

Q_

Z

15

10

B

m

m

m

I,,lllilll'Sl lll'_l

EngineConfiguration - ATCD/A

CompressorIsentropic Efficiency=85. 0 %

ExpanderIsentropic Efficiency- 85.0 %

ATpinch = 100OF

ATappr0ach= 100°F

ExpanderInlet Temperature

z_1410R(950':'F)

[::I1260R (800°F)

8 _16 9

10

D

ll,II,1,1,,,111,Ttl

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Compressor Pressure Ratio

Fig. 4. 19-Adiabatic diesel enginewith subposedclosed

Braytoncycle

a

I

m

w

u

i

m

I

m

u

m

i

m

4-30
Curve 7491 10-A

I

o

t_

O

Z

+i0

+5

m

m

m

Ore

m

m

I I I I

Engine Configuration - ATCD/A

Compressor Isentropic Efficiency =85. 0

Expander Isentropic Efficiency =85. 0

AT = lO0°F

pinch

ATApproach = 100°F

Compressor Pressure Ratio = 2. 0

O--

I I ! I

80O 85O 900 95O

Expander Inlet Temperature °F

Fig. 4. 20-Adiabatic diesel engine with closed

bottoming cycle

m

1000

Brayl:on

4-31
+I0

I

= +5

Q

L_

0

Z

I I I I I l , ,

- Engine Configuration - ATCD/A

Compressor Pressure Ratio-?. 1

Curve 749109-A

i I ' ' l

l

n

ATpinc h = 100°F

ATapproach = 100OF

m

D

D

D

-5

8O

Expander Inlet Temperature

o 800=F

o 950°F

I I l I l , I I I l I I I

85 90

Compressor and Expander Isentropic Efficiencies - 9_

95

Fig. 4. 21-Adiabatic diesel engine with closed Brayton

bottoming cycle

4-32
has a compressor pressure ratio of about 2 and an expander inlet temperature of about 950°F. The net power output is a product of the heat

recovered and the cycZe efficiency which have opposing characteristics.

Figure 4.21 shows that the subsystem performance is a strong function of

the compressor and expander isentropic efficiencies and, that for

isentropic efficiency values greater than 88.5%, the optimum value of

expander inlet temperature is less than 950°F.

The cycle operating conditions which are thought to represent the

maximum possible potential of this bottoming cycle are given in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7

CONDITIONS FOR MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE OF CLOSED BRAYTON BOTTOMING

CYCLE FOR ADIABATIC DIESEL ENGINE

Compressor Pressure Ratio

Working Fluid

Compressor Isentropic Efficiency

Compressor Inlet Temperature

Expander Inlet Temperature

Expander Isentropic Efficiency

(AP/P)HxIC

(AP/P)HxIH

(AP/P)Hx2c

(AP/P)Hx2H

ATpINCH

&TApPROACH

Net Subsystem Power

Corrected Engine Power

Corrected Engine SPC

System Performance Power

SFC

PIF, Note I

- 2.1

- He

- 90.0%

- 600°F

- 126OOF

- 90.0%

- i .0%

- 2.5%

- 1.0%

- 2.5%

- 100°F

- 100°F

- 9.92 hp

- 3!8.0 hp

- 0.312 Ib/hphr

- 327.9 hp

- 0.303 ib/hphr

- I.025

Relative to ATCD/A Engine Configuration, PIF is Performance

Improvement Factor.

4-33
4.6 Stirling Engine

A series of preliminary performance calculations were made for

the Stifling engine subsystem configuration shown in Figure 4.22. This

subsystem uses an intermediate heat transfer loop between an external

fl_idized bed heat exchanger and the Stifling engine and is based on the

system evaluated by General Electric in the Cogeneration Technology

Alternatives Study (Reference 18). A two-stage fluidized bed heat

exchanger was assumed with a typical temperature profile as shown in

Figure 4.23.

The Stifling engine performance was derived from data tabulated

in Martiri's Stirling Engine Design Manual (Reference 19) for a cold end

temperature of IOO°C (212°F). The results of these calculations are

summarized in Table 4.8. Two adiabatic diesel engine configurations

were evaluated over a range of Stifling engine peak cycle temperatures.

The system performance is shown to be a weak function of both the engine

configuration and the peak cycle temperature.

Since the use of the intermediate heat transfer loop gave high

stack gas temperatures and marginal system performance relative to other

bottoming cycles evaluated, optional heat transfer configurations were

investigated. These results are summrized in Table 4.9. Integrated

fluidized bed heat exchangers as shown in Figure 4.24 were found to have

a potential for significantly better performance than the external heat

exchangers with an intermediate heat transfer loop (see Table 4.9); but,

were judged to be physically impractical.

A configuration using a single external fluidized bed heat

exchanger with heat pipes for transporting the heat to the Stirling

engine as illustrated in Figure 4.25 was found to give system performance comparable with that of the integrated arrangement. Performance

calculations for these cases are given in Table 4.10.

4-34
m_

o%

&

3

!

,u

m

I

UO

m

-m

m

I

m

t,_

&-35
1400

1200

i ' I

Curve 7491 0/_-A

' i J

I127°F

I000

%

8oo

CI.

3?0OF

824°F

2OO

m

0 ! I i ! i ! I I

0 2O 4O 6O 80

FractionHeatTransferred

IO0

Fig. 4. 23-Temperature profile of fluidized bed

heat exchanger for stirling engine subsystem

with intermediate heat transfer toop

4-36
Table 4.8

PERFORMANCE SUMMARYOF ADIABATICDIESELENGINE

WITHSUBPOSEDSTIRLINGCYCLE

Case I 2 3 4

Engine Configuration ATCD/A > ATCD >

(AP/P)hx 0.05 >

Corr. Tex h - OF 1127 > 1247 >

Corr. Power - hp 318 > 316.5 >

Corr. SFC - ib/hp hr 0.312 > 0.317 >

Working Fluid He >

Tstac k - OF 925 825 950 850

Approach - OF 25 >

FBHX ATpinc h - OF 75 >

Peak Cycle Temp. OF 725 575 700 550

Cooler Temp. - °F 212 >

Heat Recovered - Btu/hr 158337 235384 239714 317713

ETAstir - % 27.4 20.9 26.2 19.4

Power Output - hp 17.1 19.4 24.7 24.2

System Performance

Power - hp 335.1 337.4 341.2 340.7

SFC - ib/hp hr 0.296 0.294 0.294 0.295

PIF, _ote I 1.047 1.O54 1.O71 1.070

(I) Relative to ATCD/A Engine Configuration, PIF is Performance

Improvement Factor

4-37
Table 4.9

PERFORMANCE SUMMARY OF ADIABATIC DIESEL ENGINE

WITH SUBPOSED STIRLING CYCLE

Case I 2

Engine Configuration ATCD

(nP/P)hx 0.05

Corr. Tex h - OF 1246.5

Corr. Engine Pwr. - hp 316.5

Corr. SFC - ib/hp hr O.317

FBHX Configuration Internal

Working Fluid He

Tstac k - OF 775

Approach - OF 100

Peak Cycle Temp. OF 675

Cooler Temp. - OF 212

Heat Recovered - Btu/hr 372860

ETAstir - % 25.4

Power - hp 37.2

System Performance

Power - hp 353.7

SFC - ib/hp hr 0.284

PIF (Perfor_nce Improvement Factor)

ATCD 1.111

ATCD/A 1.105

775

200

575

212

372860

20.9

30.6

347.1

O.289

1.090

1.085

4-38
To Stack

T

Dwg. 9370A14

Fluid Bed J

Heat Exchanger m

Engine

Block

Turbocharged

Diesel Engine

Exhaust

Fig. 4. 24-Single stage FBHX heater

integrated wffh Stirling engine

4-39
Adiabatic

Diesel

Ruidized

BedHeat

Exchangers

Exhaust

F-4 HeatPipe

Regenerator

StiflingEngine

Owg. _27_e28

--I IHeater

+-If-

___ He

Water

Fig. 4. 25-Adiabaticdieselwith subposedstirling engineusing heat pipes

4-40
Table 4.10

PERFORMANCE SUGARY OF ADIABATIC DIESEL ENGINE

WITH SUBPOSED STIRLING CYCLE

Case

Engine Configuration

(AP/P)hx

Corr. Tex h - OF

Corr. Engine Pwr. - hp

Corr. SFC - ib/hp hr

FBHX Conf.

Working Fluid

oF

Tstac k - 775

Approach - OF 100

AThp - °F 0

Peak Cycle Temp. OF 675

Cooler Temp. - OF 212

Heat Recovered - Btu/hr 372860

ETAstir - % 25.4

Power - hp 37.2

System Performance

Power - hp 353.7

SFC - ib/hp hr 0.284

PIF (Performance Improvement Factor)

ATCD 1.111

ATCD/A 1.105

I 2 3 4

ATCD >

0.05 >

1246.5 >

316.5 >

0.317 >

External with heat pipes _>

He >

25 50 75

650 625 600

24.4 23.3 22.1

35.8 34.1 32.4

352.3 350.6 348.9

0.285 0.286 0.288

1.106 I.I01 1.095

I.I01 1.096 1.090

4-41
4.7 Analysis of Screening Evaluations

Table 4.11 summarizes the results of the screening evaluations

made on the six candidate bottoming cycles. The projected specific fuel

consumption is quantitative whereas the volume and weight are

qualitative. The projected SFC's for the organic Rankine, steam

Rankine, and steam injection cycles are within a ± I% band. The organic

Rankine cycle was selected for further evaluation. While the

performance of the steam Rankine cycle is about equal to that of the

organic Rankine cycle, it was decided to select only one Rankine cycle

for further evaluation.

The steam injection cycle was selected for further evaluation

because of its uniqueness despite the negative volume and weight factors

associated with the feedwater requirements.

It was concluded that the use of a fluid bed heat exchanger in

combination with Brayton cycles did not have a high potential so neither

of these cycles were selected for further evaluation.

The subposed Stifling engine was also selected for further

evaluation to provide basis for comparing ongoing NASA Stirling engine

and cycle evaluations.

Bottomin E Cycle

Table 4.11

EVALUATION OF CANDIDATE BOTTOMING CYCLES

ProJected SFC (ib/hp hr) Volum____ee

Organic Rankine 0.269 (Table 4.1, Case 5) + +

Steam Rankine 0.272 (Table 4.2, Case 5) + +

Steam Injection 0.273 (Table 4.4, Case 2) - _

Open Brayton 0.287 (Table 4.6, Case 2) ÷ ÷

Closed Brayton 0.303 (Table 4.7) ÷ ÷

Stirling 0.284 (Table 4.10, Case I) + +

4-42
5. EVALUATIONOFSELECTEDHEATRECOVERYSYSTEMS

The bottoming systems selected for further evaluation in the

screening phase were:

o Organic Rankine cycle

o Steam injection cycle

o Stirling engine

These systems were first defined more comprehensively than had been done

in the screening phase, secondly, performance calculations were made for

the truck applications at reference conditions, thirdly, sensitivity

analyses were made relative to the adiabatic diesel exhaust temperature,

and, finally performance calculations were made for the alternate

applications - locomotive and marine.

5.1 Organic Rankine Cycle

5.1.1 Truck Applications

The RC-I cycle conditions used by the Thermo Electron

Corporation (TECO) in Reference i were used as the reference conditions

in the organic Rankine cycle evaluation. This was done to provide a

comparison between the fluidized bed heat exchanger and the conventional

heat exchanger for an organic Rankine bottoming cycle.

A schematic drawing of this system is shown in Figure 5.1. The

heat recovery apparatus consists of two fluidized beds and one

convective heat exchanger. The feed fluid is regeneratively heated and

the condenser is air cooled.

The state points for the reference conditions for the truck

application are given in Table 5.1. State points for ± g5°F adiabatic

5-I
@

@

D_j. 935_07

Exhaust

Fuel (

II

Air Cooled

Condenser

t)

Adiabatic

Diesel

@ Convective

FeedHeater

@ @k

@

@

l ®

! I"

@

®

@

Fluidized Bed

Heat Recovery

Vapor Generator

@

®

Tu

®

Regenerator

®

@

T

Fig.5. 1-Turbocharged diesel with subposedorganic Rankine cycle.

5-2
O_. _269B65

TABLE5.1-ATCD WITHORGANICRANKINECYCLEUSING RC-1 ( REFERENCE

CONDITIONSTRUCKAPPLICATION

Station Pressure Temperature Enthalpy Row Rate Composition

(Psia) (°F) (BtuJlb) (Ib/s)

GI 14.7 59 Z¢ 6 0. 774 Air

G2 - - - 0.774 Air

G3 - 1445 - 0.802 (1)

G4 17.18 1245 343.3 0. 802 ( 1)

G5 - 900 247.0 0. 80Z ( 1)

G6 - 587 163.2 O.802 (I}

G7 < 1(_66 347 101. 3 0. 802 (1 )

I:1 - 59 - 0. 0278 No. 2 Dist.

Vl 880 148 28. 6 L 216 RC -1

V2 870 _7 78. 7 1-216 RC - I

V3 852 422 120.8 1. 216 RC - 1

V4 828 557 17(_0 L 716 RC - 1

V5 800 750 237.7 LZ].6 RC-1

V6 & 0 542 193,5 L 216 RC "I

V7 - 320 14_-4 L 216 RC- 1

V8 7. 0 135 25.1 1. 2:16 RC- 1

AI 14. 7 59 28.6 9. 79 Air

A2 14. 7+ 59 28.6 " Air

A3 14.7 121) 43. 3 " Air

(1) Air - 0. 4663

CO2 - 0. 0721

H20 - 0. 0725

N2 - 0. 3843

A -0.0048

5-3
diesel engine exhaust temperatures are given in Tables 5.2 and 5.3.

calculated performance for these three cases are summarized in

Table 5.4. These results show that the specific fuel consumption of

the compound system varies about 1.7% for a IO0°F change in diesel

engine exhaust temperature.

The

5.1.2 Locomotive Application

The state points for the reference conditions for the locomotive

application are shown in Table 5.5. All parameters except flow rate

are the same as for the truck application. The capacity multiplier is

9.64 and the flow rate is porportionally greater for the truck

application.

5.1.3 Marine Application

The state points for the reference conditions for the marine

application are shown in Table 5.6. In the marine application the

condenser is water cooled rather than air cooled so several of the

temperature and pressure values are different from those for the truck

and locomotive applications. The capacity multiplier is 15.0 but the

flow rate multiplier is only 14.8. The use of the water cooled

condenser also affects the system performance as shown in Table 5.7.

5.2 Steam In_ection Cycle

The flow sheet for the turbocompound adiabatic diesel engine

with integrated steam injection was modified as shown in Figure 5.2.

steam-heated feedwater heater was added to avoid cold end corrosion

problems in the convection feedwater heater. This change does not

affect the system performance. It does, however, affect the size and

cost of the fluidized bed boiler.

The heat recovery train temperature profile for the steam

injection cycle is shown in F_gure 5.3.

A

5-4
I_. 426 9066

TABLE 5.2-ATC D WITH ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE USING RC-I (HIGH

PERATURE CONDITIONS-TRUC K A PPLICATION)

Station Pressure Temperature Enthalpy Row Rate Composition

(Psia) (°F) (Btu/Ib) (Ib/s)

GI 14.7 59 28.6 0.774 Air

G2 - - - 0.774 Air

G3 - 1490 - 0. 802 (1 )

G4 17.18 1290 356.3 0. 802 (1 )

G5 - 900 247.0 0.802 (1_

G6 - 575 160.0 I1 802 (1 )

G7 < 16. 66 347 101. 3 0. 802 (1)

F1 - 59 - 0.0278 No. 2 Dist.

Vl 880 148 28.6 L 281 RC -I

V2 870 317 78. 7 L 281 RC- 1

V3 - 852 413 117. 3 L 281 RC- 1

V4 - 828 545 171.9 1. 281 RC- 1

V5 800 750 232. 7 L 281 RC- 1

V6 8. 0 542 193.5 L 281 RC- 1

V7 - 320 143.4 L 281 RC- 1

V8 7. 0 135 25. 1 1. 281 RC- 1

A1 14. 7 59 28. 6 10. 31 Air

A2 14.7+ - 59 28. 6 " Air

A3 14.7 120 43. 3 " Air

(1) Air - O.4663

CO2 - 0. 0721

H20 - 0.0725

N2 - 0. 3843

A -0.0048

5-5
TABLE5. 3-ATCD WITHORGANIC RANKINECYCLEUSING RC-1 ( LOW

TEMPERATURECONDITIONS- TRUCK A PPLICATION)

Station Pressure Temperature Enthalpy Flow Rate Composition

(Psia I (°F) (Btullb) (Lb/s)

G1 14. 7 59 28. 6 (1 774 Air

G2 - - - (1774 Air

G3 - 1400 - (1802 ( 1)

G4 17.18 1200 331.6 (1802 ( 1)

G5 - g00 247.0 0. 802 (1)

G6 - 607 168. 4 (1 802 (1)

G7 51(=.66 347 101. 3 (1802 ( 1)

F1 - 59 - 0. 0278 No. 2Dist.

Vl 880 148 28. 6 1.152 RC-1

V2 870 317 78. 7 L 152 RC-1

V3 " 852 439 128.0 L 152 RC-1

V4 - 828 577 182.1 L 152 RC-1

V5 800 750 232.7 L 152 RC'I

V6 8. 0 542 193.5 L 152 RC-1

V7 - 320 143. 4 L 152 RC-1

V8 7. 0 135 25.1 L 152 RC-I

A1 14.7 59 28. 6 9. 28 Air

A2 1¢7+ .-59 -28.6 " Air

A3 14. 7 120 43. 3 " Air

(1) Air - 0. 4663

CO2 - (10721

H20 - 0.0725

N2 - (1 3843

A - O.O048

5-6
Table 5.4

ADIABATIC DIESEL EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

FOR THE TURBOCHARGED ENGINE WITH ORGANIC RANKINE BOTTOMING CYCLE

Case 1 2 3

Engine Type ATCD >

Working Fluid RCI >

Exhaust Temp. - °F 1245, Note I 1290 1200

Stack Temp. - °F 347 347 347

Heat Recovered - Btu/hr 673,940 710,200 638,743

Turbine Power - hp 62.4 65.8 59.2

Pump Power - hp 6.2 6.5 5.9

Net Power - hp 56.2 59.3 53.3

System

Power - hp 373.3 376.4 370.4

SFC - lb/hp hr 0.269 0.267 0.271

PIF, Note 2 1.098 1.107 1.089

(I) Reference Case

(2) Relative to ATCPD/A Engine Configuration, PIF is Performance

Improvement Factor

5-7
O_j. _27k032

TAmE 5. 5-ATCD wnlt ORGANICRANKINECYCLEUSING RC-I

( REFERENCECONDrrloNS-LOCOMOTIVEAPPLICATION)

Station Pressure Temperature Enthalpy Row Rate

(Psta| (°F) (Btu/Ibl (Ib/s)

G1 14,7 _ 2S.6 7. 46

G2 - - - 7.46

G3 - 1445 - 7. 73

G4 17.111 1245 34t 3 7. 73

G5 - 900 247.0 7. 73

G6 - 587 163. 2 7. 73

G7 < 16.66 341 101 3 7. 73

FI - 59 - O.268

V1 880 148 3. 6 1L 73

V2 870 _L7 78. 7 1L 73

V3 852 422 1213.8 1L 73

V4 828 _ 176.0 1L 73

V5 800 150 232.7 1L 73

V6 8. 0 542 193.5 1L 73

V7 - 320 14t 4 11 73

V8 7. 0 135 ZS.1 1L 73

A1 14,7 _ 28.6 94.4

A2 14.7<, 59 Z. 6 94.4

A3 14.7 1_n 43.3 q4,4

(1) Air- 0.4663

CO2 - 0. 0721

H_3 - 0, 0725

N_ - • 3M3

A -0.0048

Composition

Air

Air

(1)

(]l

(ll

I1)

(1)

No. 2 Dist.

RC-1

RC -1

RC -1

RC-1

RC- I

RC- 1

RC- 1

RC- 1

Air

Air

Air
_. t_27_033

TABLE5, 6-ATCD WITHORGANIC RANKINECYCLEUSING RC-I

( REFERENCECONDfflONS-MARINEAPPLICATION)

Station Pressure Temperature Enthalw FlowRate Composition

(Psla) (°F) (Btu/Ib) ( lids]

G1 14.7 59 23.6 IL 43 Air

G2 - - - 1L43 Air

G3 - 1445 - 1L 84 (1)

C.,4 17.18 1245 343.3 1L 84 (I)

G5 - go0 247.0 11.84 (1)

G6 - . $87 163.2 11.84 (1)

G7 < 16.66 347 101.3 11.84 (1)

F1 - 50 - (1410 No. 2 Dist.

Vl 800 104 17.2 17.88 RC-I

V2 870 298 72.4 17.88 RC-1

V3 852 422 12118 17.88 RC-1

V4 828 557 176.0 17.88 RC-1

V5 800 750 Z3Z 7 17.88 RC-1

V6 5. 0 _ lgO.1 17.88 RC-1

V? +4. 0 289 134.9 17.88 RC-1

V8 Z7 gO 13.6 17.88 RC-1

W1 14.7 5g 59 35. 5 Water

W2 14.7 + 99 59 35. 5 Water

W3 14. 7 ]20 120 35. 5 Water

(1) Air - (144563

CO2- (I 0721

H20- 0.0725

N2 - 0.3843

A - 0.0048

5-9
Table 5.7

PERFORMANCE OF RC-I ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE

IN MARINE APPLICATION

Engine Type

Cycle Type

Working Fluid

Exhaust Temp. - °F

Stack Temp. - °F

Heat Recovered - Btu/hr

Turbine Power - hp

Pump Power - hp

Net Power - hp

System

Power - hp

SFC - ib/hp hr

PIF, Note 2

ATCD

Organic Rankine

RCI

1245, Note I

347

9.955 x 106

997.1

92.7

904.4

56OO

0.264

1.110

(I) Reference Case

(2) Relative to ATCPD/A Engine Configuration, PIF is

Performance Improvement Factor

5-10
Fuel

D_j. 935J*AO8

Adiabatic

Diesel

Air

I l UiE

/

®

G

Steam

@

Feedwater

Tank

Convection J

Feedwater

Heater (_

Exhaust

ot

(

A

($8_

Fluidized Bed

Waste Heat

Boiler

I@

Feedwater Heater

Fig.5. 2-Turbocompound diesel with steam injection ahead of

compressor drive expander.

Dwg. g354A08

5-ii
0

¢P

e_L

E

QP

I--

1400

1200

1000

8OO

600

4OO

284

2OO

180

I I

SteamDilivery Pressure =43. 6 psia

Boiler Pressure Drop= 10psi

ATpinch = 55=F

I

I

-- I

I

III

_O I i _

i f

L T. Bed

I LMTD= 90.7°F

f

i f

H.T. Bed

LMTD = 325°F

S

0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fraction HeatTransferred

813°F

600°F

Z_Z 5°F

Fig. 5. 3-Fluidized bed heat exchanger temperature

profile. Turbocompound engine with steam injection

ahead of compressor drive expander

5-12
5.2.1 Truck Application

The reference case state point conditions for the truck

application are listed in Table 5.8. Calculations were made for ± 40°F

variations in the cylinder exhaust temperature of the turbocompound

engine compressor-drive expander to determine the sensitivity of the

system performance. State points conditions for these two cases are

listed in Tables 5.9 and 5.10.

The system performances for the three cases for the truck

application are summarizedin Table 5.11. This indicates that there is

a 2.3% change in the system specific fuel consumption for a IOO°F

variation in cylinder exhaust temperature.

5.2.2 Locomotive and Marine Applications

The state point conditions for the steam injection cycle in the

locomotive application are given in Table 5.12 and those for the marine

application are given in Table 5.13. Since there is no heat rejection

in this cycle, the performances for all applications, including the

marine, are the sameand the only parameter which varies with

application is flow rate. The flow rate multiplier for the locomotive

and marine applications are 9.64 and 15.48 respectively.

5.3 Stirling Engine

The final configuration of the Stirling engine bottoming cycle

with heat pipes is shown in Figure 5.4. The heat recovery temperature

profile for this system is shown in Figure 5.5. Two subposed Stirling

engines are used -- one high temperature and one low temperature. Each

engine has a dedicated fluidized bed that operates at the respective

temperature but are integrated into one heat exchanger unit. Mercury is

used as the working fluid in the high temperature heat pipes and toluene

is used in the low temperature ones. Hydrogen is used as the working

fluid in the Stirling engines.

5-13
o,,_. kZ7OWO

TABLE5.8-ATePO/A WITHSTEAMINJECTION( REFERENCECASE)FORTRUCKAPI:_.ICATION

Station

G1

O2

(;3

G4

G5

G6

6"7

G8

G9

GIO

S1

$2

S3

$4

$5

$6

$7

$8

F'Z

Pressure Temperature FlowRate

psia de9F Ib/s Composition

_4.7 59 0.776 1

39.0 291 0.776 1

- - 0.776 1

43.5 )380 0.804 2

43.6 1127 0.927 3

26.9 974 0.927 3

15.5 8].3 0.927 3

1.5.2 600 0.927 3

14.9 373 0.927 3

]4.7 284 0.927 3

14.7 59 0.1228

)4.7 IW O.1373

53.6 180 O.1373

50.3 281 O.1373

46.9 277 0.1373

43.6 273 O.[37"3

43.6 273 O.0145

43.6 273 0.1228

- 59 O.O277

GasCompositions

Gas Com. No 1 2 3

DryAir LO000 .46631 .37440

(CO_) .WOO0 .72046-001 .57M7-001

WaterVapor .00000 .72516-.001 . ;5531

( SO2) .(mOO .00000 .WOO0

Nitrogen .00000 .3_31 .30_6

Argon .001300 .4_59-.002 .38748-002

Moi. Weight 28.969 28.945 26.791

GasConstant 53.320 53.388 S_.771

5-14
Station

G1

G2

G3

C,4

G5

G6

G7

G8

G9

GIO

$1

S2

$3

S4

$5

$6

s7

$8

F1

Ov9. L,270g79

TABLE5. 9-ATCPDIA WITHSTEAMINJECTION(HIGH TEMPERATURECASE) FOR

TRUCK APPLICATION

Pressure Temperature FlowRate

psia (legF Ibis

14.7 59 0.776

39.0 291 O.776

'- - 0.776

43.6 1420 0.804

43.6 1149 O.933

27.2 998 0.933

15.5 _2 0.933

L5.2 600 0.933

14.9 373 0.933

14.7 2_ 0.933

14.7 59 0.1292

14.7 180 O.]445

53.6 180 O.1445

50.3 Z81 0.1445

46.9 277 O.1445

43.6 273 O.1445

43.6 273 0.0153

43.6 273 0.1292

- 59 0.0277

GasCompositions

GasComp. No 1 2

Exc. Dry Air LO000 ._31

( C02) .00000 .72045-001

Water Vapor .00000 .72516-{)01

( SO2) .00000 .00000

Nitrogen .00000 .38431

Argon .00000 .48259-002

Mol. Weight 28.969 28.945

GasConstant 53.320 5"3.388

3

.37062

.5"/263-001

.26283

.00000

.30545

.38357--01_

26.703

60.033

Composition

1

1

1

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

5-15
o_. k270S78

TABLE5. IO--ATCPD/A WITH STEAMINJE£TION ( LOWTEMPERATURECASE) FOR

TRUCK APPLICATION

Pressure Temperature FlowRate

Station psia tie9F Ibis

G1 14.7 59 0,776

(32 39.0 291 0.776

G3 - - 0.776

G4 43.6 )340 0.804

G.5 43. 6 1105 O.929

G6 26.5 949 0.920

G7 15.5 7% 0.920

G8 15.2 6OO O.cy20

G9 ]4.9 373 0.929

GIO 14.7 2_' 0.920

S1 14.7 59 0.1165

S2 14.7 180 O.]303

$3 53.6 180 IL]303

S4 50.3 281 0.1303

$5 46.9 277 0.]3_

$6 43.6 273 O.L_

$7 43. 6 273 O.0138

$8 43. 6 273 O.1165

I:1 - 59 0.(_77

GasCompositions

GasComp. No 1 2 3

Exc. Dry Air 1.0000 .4M31 .)7_.5

( CO2) .00000 .72046-001 .58441-001

Water Vapor .00000 .72.5t6-001 .U,766

( SO2) .00000 .00000 .00000

Nitrogen .00000 .38431 .31173

Argon .IX)O00 ._5_ .3914b-002

Mol. Weight 28. 969 28.945 26.881

GasConstant 53.329 53.388 59.504

Composition

1

1

1

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

5-16
Table 5.11

ADIABATICDIESELEXHAUSTGASTEMPERATURESENSITIVITYANALYSISFOR

TURBOCOMPOUND ENGINEWITHSTEAMINJECTIONAHEADOF

COMPRESSOR-DRIVE EXPANDER

Engine Type ATCPD/A >

Cylinder Temp. - °F 1380, Note I 1420 1340

Stack Temp. - °F 284 282 287

Heat Recovered - Btu/hr 510,912 537,350 484,320

Basic Engine Pwr. - hp 299.8 >

Net Expander Pwr. - hp 62.2 65.4 59.1

System

Power - hp 362.0 365.2 358.9

SFC - ib/hp hr 0.275 0.273 0.278

PIF, Note 2 1.065 1.074 1.056

(I) Reference Case

(2) Relative to ATCPD/A Engine Configuration, PIF is Performance

Improvement Factor

5-17
Station

G1

O2

G3

G4

G5

G6

G7

G8

G9

GI0

$1

$2

$3

$4

$5

$6

$7

$8

F1

TABLE5.12-ATCPD/AWITHSTEAMINJECTION(REFEREM_ECASE) FOR

LOCOMOTWEAPPLICATION

Pressure Temperature FlowRate

psla degF Ibis

)4.7 59 7.48

39.0 291 ?.48

- - 1'.48

43.6 1380 7.15

43.6 1127 8.

26.9 974 8. 94

15.5 813 8.94

]5.2 600 8. 94

14.9 373 8.94

14.7 284 8.94

14.7 59 L 184

14.7 180 L324

53.6 180 L324

50.3 281 L324

46.9 277 L324

43.6 273 L324

43.6 273 O.140

43.6 273 L 184

- 59 O.2670

GasComposltions

GasComp.No 1 2

Ext..DryAir LO000 .46631

( CO2} .00000 .72046-001

WaterVapor .00000 .72516-001

(SO.z) .00000 .00000

Nitnxjen .00000 .38431

Argon . OOO00 .ASZSQ-(X)2

Mol. Wel_t 2L 969 28.945

GasConstant 53.320 _.3_

3

.31'440

.57847-001

.25b'31

.00000

.30ff_6

.38748-0l_

26.791

59.771

Composition

l

1

1

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

5-i8
Dwg.. _.27_,e37

TABLE5.13-ATCPDIAWITHSTEAMINJECTION( REFERENCECASE)FORMARINEAPPLICATION

Station

G!

G2

(;3

C4

G5

G6

5"7

G8

G9

GZO

$1

52

$3

$4

$5

$6

$7

$8

F1

Pressure Temperature FlowRate

psla (legF Ibis

14.7 59 12.01

39.0 291 12.01

- - 12.O1

43.6 ]390 12.44

43.6 1127 14.34

26.9 97'4 14.34

15.5 8]3 14.34

15.2 600 14.34

14.9 373 14.34

14.7 284 14.34

14.7 Y) Lg00

14.7 180 2.124

53.6 180 2.124

50.3 281 2. 124

46.9 227 2. 124

43.6 "27'3 2. 124

43.6 273 O.2243

4.3.6 273 L_O0

- 59 0.4285

GasCommsitlons

GasComp.No 1 2

Exc.DryAir L0000 .4(_31

( CO2) .00000 .7204(_-001

WaterVapor .00000 .72516-001

( SO2) .00000 .00000

Nitrogen .00000 .38431

Argon .00000 .48259-002

Mol. Weigl_t 28.969 28.945

GasConstant 53.320 _.388

3

•37440

._7847-001

.25_31

.00000

.30856

.38748-002

26.791

59.771

Composition

1

1

l

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

5-19
@

F_Jel

@

@

EJdlau_

@

Ruidized

BedHeat

Ex_angers

l

HeatPipe

(Toivene)

Regenerator

LowTemperature

Stirling Engine

HeatPipe

(Me_u_)

Regenerator

High Temperature

StirlingEngine

Dwcj. 4269818

-L.__L.I -

Heater

Engine

Block

Wtder

-I IHeater

Engine Block

Water

Fig. 5.4-Adiabaticdieselwith subposedstirling enginesusingheat pipes

5-20
I=t.

0

t_

t_

E

I--

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

f

f

f

--/

0

I I I

Curve 749102-A

I

Engine Conf. - ATCD

Cycle Working Fluid-Hydrogen

FBHXConf.-External withHeat Pipes

Heat PipeWorkingFluid:

High Temp. - Hg

LowTemp. - Toluene

//tj

/ t

/t

J

1247oF

f

1 /

_ cX30°F tl t" 800OF

553°F

f

453°F

=uln,_. _ .-ram, ._1, ,.ilI=,,_D ,fin _l=m,ill,_

-- I

I

L l'. Bed I H.T. Bed

LMTD= 100°F I LMTD= 100°F

-- I

I

I

I Y I l I

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Fraction HeatTransferred

1.0

Fig. 5. 5--Fluidized bedheat exchanger

temperature profile, Stirling engine

5-21
5.3.1 Truck Application

The MODI Stirling engine configuration shown in Figure 5.6 and

described in Reference 20 was used as a model for the performance

calculations. The Carlquist formula described in Reference 21 was used

for estimating the Stifling engine performance as a function of design

parameters;

nne t : (I-Tc/TH) x Cxn H x nm x fa

where

C = Carnot efficiency ratio

nH = heater efficiency

nm = engine mechanical efficiency

fa =auxiliary power ratio

Tc = cold end temperature

TH = hot end temperature

nne t = net engine efficiency

Values for some of these paramters for the MODI engine

configuration are as follows:

nH = 0.92

Tc = 50C (323°F)

TH = 72OC (993°F)

nne t = 0.277

The lumped value for the other parameters is therefore:

C x nm x fa = nnet/((1-Tc/TH) x nH)

= 0.277/((I-323/993) x 0.92) = 0.446

Assuming I% heat loss in the heat pipes gives:

nne t = (I-Tc/TH) x 0.446 x 0.99

= (I-Tc/TH) x 0.442

5-22
ORIOINAL P_GE 15

_1_ POOR QUALJ_

L

Dwg. 9370A34

Fig. 5.6-Basic Mod ! Stirflng engine

5-23
Performance calculations were made for this system for the

reference conditions for the truck application and for +53°F and -47°F

variations of the diesel engine exhaust temperature.

State points conditions for the reference, high temperature, and

low temperature cases are listed in Tables 5.14, 5.15 and 5.16

respectively. The calculated performance for these three cases are

summarized in Table 5.17 and 5.18. The sensitivity of system specific

fuel consumption to diesel engine exhaust temperature is indicated to be

about 2.5% per IOO°F.

5.3.2 Locomotive and Marine Applications

The state point conditions for the locomotive and marine applications are listed in Tables 5.19 and 5.20, respectively. The values for

the locomotive are the same as those for the truck except for flow rate.

The flow rate multiplier is 10.0. System performance is uneffected.

For the marine application, heat rejection is to the river water

rather than to the air so the cold end temperature of the Stirling

engines is reduced from 122°F to IO5°F. Temperature and enthalpy values

are, therefore, different for the marine application. The system

performance is only slightly affected as shown in Table 5.21.

5.4 Performance of Selected Systems

The performances of the three selected systems for each of the

three applications are summarized in Table 5.22. This indicates that

the organic Rankine cycle has a 2% advantage in the Specific Fuel

Consumption (SFC) than the steam injection and 4% better than the

Stirling for the truck and locomotives applications. For the marine

application, the organic Rankine cycle shows a 4% advantage in SFC than

steam injection and 6% better than the Stirling engine.

These results when compared to the NASA Deference adiabatic

Turbocompound Diesel with aftercooling (Table 2.1) show that the heat

recovery subsystem can result in a 5 to 11 percent SFC advantage for :he

5-24
adiabatic diesel. The cost effectiveness of the SFCadvantage will

depend on the trade-off between the fuel cost savings and heat recovery

system capital investment.

5'25
C_l. 4_9e63

TABLEf M-MASS AND ENERGYBALANCEFORATCDwrrH DUALSTIRLING

ENGINESUSING HEATPIGS (REFERENCECASEFORTRUCKAPPLICATION)

Station Pressure Temperature Enthalpy Row Rate Composition

(Psia) (°F) (Btldlb) (Ib/s)

G1 14.69 59 _. 6 (1 774 Air

G2 - - - (1774 Air

G3 - - - 0.802 (I)

G4 17.54 1247 34t 6 (1 802 ( 1)

G5 17.09 900 247.0 (1802 ( 1)

G6 16. 66 553 154. 3 (1802 ( 1 )

F1 - _ - (1 0278 Fuel Oil

Wl - 100 68 1 8 H20

W2 - 100 68 I8 H_

W3 - 11_ 83 3.8 H20

W4 - 100 68 4. 1 H20

W5 - 100 68 4.l H20

W6 - 11.5 83 4. 1 H20

11) Air - (14663

CO2 - 0. 0721

H20 - (10725

N2 - (1 3M3

A -(1OO48

5-26
I),,,g. 4269B62

TABLE5. 15-MASS AND ENERGYBALANCEFORATCDWITH DUALSTIRLING

ENGINESUSING HEATPIPES (HIGH T_PERATURE CASEFORTRUCK

APPtlCATION)

Station Pressure Temperature Enthaipy FlowRate Composition

(Psial (°F) (Btu/Ib) (Ib/s)

G1 14. 69 ._ 28.6 (17"/4 Air

G2 - - - 0.7"/4 Air

G3 - - - 0.802 (1)

G4 17.54 1300 359.2 O.802 ( 1 )

G5 17.09 900 247.0 0. 802 ( 1)

G6 16.66 500 140.5 0.802 (1)

FI - 59 - 0. 0278 Fuel Oil

W1 - 100 68 4. 5 H20

W2 - I00 68 4. 5 H20

W) - 115 83 4. 5 H20

W4 - I00 68 4.8 H20

W5 - ZOO 68 4. 8 H20

W6 - 115 83 4. 8 H20

( l ) Air - O.41663

CO2 - 0.0721

H20 -O.O725

N2 - (I3B43

A -0.13048

5-27
ovj. _269_w

TABLE5. 16-MASS AND ENERGYBALANCEFORATCD WITH DUALSTIRLING

ENGINESUSINGHEATPII_S ( LOWTEMPERATURECASEFORTRUCK

A PPLICAT]ON)

Station Pressure Temperature Enthalpy FlowRate Composition

(Psla) (eF) (Btu/Ib) (Ib/s)

GI 14. 69 59 Z 6 O.774 Air

G2 - - - 0. 774 Air

G3 - - - 0.802 (1)

(;4 17.54 1200 3]0. 6 (1 802 ( 1)

G5 17.09 900 247.0 0. 802 ( 1 )

G6 16.66 600 166.6 (1802 ( 1 )

F1 - 59 - 0. 0278 Fuel 011

W1 - 100 68 1 3 H20

W2 - 100 68 13 H20

W3 - 115 83 13 HzO

W4 - 100 68 15 H20

W5 - 100 68 15 H2O

W6 - 115 83 35 H20

(1) Air - I1 4E63

CO2 - 0.0721

H20 -0.0725

N2 - 0. )M3

A -O.OO48

5-28
Table 5.17

STIRLINGENGINEPERFORMANCE SUMMARY

FOR

TRUCKAPPLICATION

Case

Engine Exhaust Temp - °F

High Temperature Engine

Bed Temp - °F

Heat Recovered - Btu/hr

Heat Pipe Losses - %

Th- OF

T c - oF

ncarnot - %

C x nm x fa (I)

nne t - %

Power - hp

Low Temperature Engine

Bed Temp - °F

Heat Recovered - Btu/hr

Heat Pipe Losses - %

Th - oF

Tc - oF

ncarnot - %

C x nm x fa (I)

nne t - %

Power - hp

Base

1247

High

Temp

13oo

Low

Temp

1200

9OO 90O 900

271,818 315,714 235,238

I .0 I.0 I.0

797 797 797

122 122 122

53.1 53.1 53.1

0.446 (I) 0.446 (2) 0.446 (2)

23.7 23.7 23.7

25.3 29.5 21.9

553 5OO 600

260,884 299,675 226,234

I .0 I.0 I.O

450 397 497

122 122 122

35.7 31.8 38.8

0.446 (2) 0.446 (2) 0.446 (2)

15.9 14.2 17.3

16.3 16.7 15.4

(I) Where C = Carnot efficiency,

nm = mechanical efficiency, and

fa = auxiliary

(2) MOD I engine

5-29
Table 5.18

PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEM WITH SUBPOSED STIRLING

ENGINES FOR TRUCK APPLICATION

Engine Type ATCD

Working Fluid

Exhaust Temp. - °F

Stack Temp. - °F

Cooler Temp. - °F

High Temperature Unit

Bed Temp. - °F 900

Heater Temp. - °F 797

Heat Recovered-Btu/hr 271818

Net Engine Eff. - % 23.7

Power - hp 25.3

Low Temperature Unit

Bed Temp. - °F 553

Heater Temp. - °F 450

Heat Recovered - Btu/hr 260844

Net Engine Eff. - % 15.9

Power - hp 16.3

Total Net Power 41.6

System Performance

Power - hp 358.1

SFC - ib/hp hr 0.280

PIF, Note 2 1.053

Hydrogen

1247, Note I

553

122

13OO

500

1200

6OO

>

900

797

315714

23.7

29.5

900

797

235238

23.7

21.9

500

397

299675

14.2

16.7

46.2

600

497

226234

17.3

15.4

37.3

362.7

0.277

1.067

353.8

0.284

1.041

(I) Reference Case

(2) Relative to ATCPDIA Engine Configuration, PIF is Performance

Improvement Factor

5-30
_,q. _27_.e_

TABLE5. 19-MASS AND ENERGYBALANCEFORATCD WITH DUALST1RLING

ENGINESUSINGHEATPIPES (_EFEP_NCECASE LOC_WOTLVEAPPt.JCA]'ION)

Station Pressure Temq_erature Enthall3y Row Rate Composition

(Psia) (eF) (Btldlbl (figs)

G1 14.69 59 2B.6 7. 74 Air

G2 - - - 7. 74 Air

G] - - - ¢02 (1)

G4 17.54 1247 343.6 8. 02 ( 1 )

G$ 17.09 900 247.0 8. 02 ( 1 }

G6 16.66 553 154. 3 8. 02 ( 1 }

F1 - 59 - 0. 278 Fuel 011

Wl - t00 68 38. H20

- loo 68 l .zo

W3 - 115 83 _ H20

W4 - 100 68 4L H20

W5 - 100 68 4L H2D

W6 - 115 83 4L H20

(1) Air - O.4_3

CO2 - 0.0721

H20 - _ O725

N2 - 0. 3843

A -0.O048

5-31
Owg. 4274835

TABLE5. 20-MASS AND ENERGYBALANCEFORATCD WITH DUALSTIRLING

ENGINESUSING HEAT PIPES (REFERENCECASE MARINE APPLICATION)

Station Pressure

(Psia)

G1 14.69

G2

G3

G4 17.54

G5 17.09

G6 16.66

F1

Wl

W2

W3

W4

W5

W6

(1) Air - O.4663

CO2 - (3.0721

H2D - 0. 0725

N2 - 0. 3843

A - 0.0048

Temper=ure Enthalw FlowRate Composition

(=F) (Btu/Ib) (Ibis)

59 28.6 1Z 52 Air

- - 1Z 52 Air

- - 1Z 97 (1)

1247 343.6 1Z 97 (1)

900 247.0 12. 97 (1)

553 154.3 12. 97 (1)

59 - 0. 450 Fuel Oil

8O 48 6O.8 H20

80 48 60.8 H20

95 63 60. 8 H20

80 48 65. 6 H20

80 48 65.6 H20

95 63 65. 6 H2D

5-32
Table 5.21

PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEM WITH SUBPOSED STIRLING

ENGINES FOR MARINE APPLICATION

Engine Type

Working Fluid

Exhaust Temp. - °F

Stack Temp. - °F

Cooler Temp. - °F

High Temperature Unit

Bed Temp. - °F

Heater Temp. - °F

Heat Recovered-Btu/hr

Net Engine Eff. - %

Power - hp

Low Temperature Unit

Bed Temp. - °F

Heater Temp. - °F

Heat Recovered - Btu/hr

Net Engine Eff. - %

Power - hp

Total Net Power

System Performance

Power - hp

SFC - ib/hp hr

PIF, Note 2

ATCD

Hydrogen

1247, Note I

553

105

900

797

4,232,000

24.3

4O4.8

553

45O

4,061,000

16.8

267.8

672.6

56OO

0.279

1.053

(I) Reference Case

(2) Relative to ATCPD/A Engine Configuration, PIF is Performace

Improvement Factor

5-33
Table 5.22

PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED SYSTEMS

FOR

THREE APPLICATIONS

System

Organic Rankine

System Power-hp

Subsystem Power-hp

System SFC-ib/hphr

Steam Injection

System Power-hp

Subsystem Power-hp

System SFC-ib/hphr

Stifling Engine

System Power-hp

Subsystem Power-hp

System SFC-ib/hphr

Application

Truck Locomotive Mar ine

373.3 350o 56oo

56.2 526.9 904.4

0.269 20.269 0.264

(1.000) (1.000) (1.000)

362.0 3500 5600

62.2 601.4 962.2

0.275 0.275 0.275

(I.022) (1.022) (1.042)

358.1 35OO 5600

41.6 416.0 672.6

0.280 0.280 0.279

(1.041) (1.041) (1.057)

Note - Numbers in parenthesis are SFC Ratios relative to

Organic Ranking System.

5-34
6. PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND COSTS OF FLUIDIZED BED HEAT EXCHANGERS

FOR SELECTED SYSTEMS

6.1 Conceptual Description of the Heat Recovery Unit

Conceptually, the unit consists of one or more stages of

fluidized bed heat recovery with the possibility of a final convective

heat recovery stage as is shown in Figure 6.1. Horizontal runs of tubes

in many possible configurations pass through each stage of bed and the

convective section in a direction generally in counter-current flow with

the rising diesel exhaust gas. Each stage of bed is made up of a

distributor plate for distributing the diesel gas across the bed crosssection, a fluidized bed of the selected particles, a splash zone

directly above the bed and the freeboard region where particles ejected

from the bed due to bubbles rising through the bed are allowed to

disengage from the gas and drop back into the bed. Diesel exhaust gas

is introduced through an inlet plenum to the first distributor plate.

The distributor plates are orifice-type plates that are insulated from

the fluidized bed to keep it at maximum temperature to minimize

deposition. The gas passes through each shallow bed in a mode of

turbulent fluidization, resulting in high rates of circulation of the

particles in the bed, uniform bed temperature on each stage, and high

rates of heat transfer from the bed to the tubes.

Deposits formed on the tubes are removed by the circulating bed

material in the form of agglomerated flakes of sooty material.

Likewise, deposits on the bed particles are removed as agglomerates,

much larger than the original submicron soot particles in the diesel

exhaust gas. The agglomerates are assumed to pass through the unit

without significant accumulation and to be of a size that could be

easily collected downstream.

6-I
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Fig. 6. 1-Fluid bed heat recovery unit schematic

6-2
The splash region is a dilute zone above each bed where solids

are rapidly recirculating and heat transfer rates are nearly as large as

they are in the more dense bed. Tubes placed in the splash zone provide

effective heat transfer which results in a shallower dense bed while

also reducing the height of the freeboard required above each bed. The

freeboard, which may contain convective heat transfer surface, simply

permits particles ejected from the bed to decay in velocity before they

impinge on the underside of the distributor plate above or before they

approach the gas exit port.

6.2 Design Procedure

The fluidized bed heat recovery units have been designed using

state-of-the-art design techniques for fluidized bed equipment. The

following design philosophy and design objectives have been applied:

I) The units are designed to meet constraints on exhaust gas

pressure drop, set at about 20 inches of water, by proper

selection of operating conditions, particle size and

density, and tube bundle layout.

2) The units are designed to meet constraints on the working

fluid pressure drop, set at less than I0% of the supply

pressure, by proper sizing of tubes.

3) The units are designed to satisfy the thermal effectiveness

specified by selection of number of stages, stage

temperatures and distribution of heat transfer surface.

4) The superficial velocity is selected to give acceptable

vessel cross-section dimensions and to be representative of

general practice while promoting self-cleaning tube

conditions, but limiting tube erosion.

5) The units are designed to be operable over the range of

capacities desired by proper design of the gas distributors

and by bed depth selection. Distributor plates are

designed to give stable fluidization, acceptable jet

lengths and limited flowback (weeping) of bed particles

through the distributor holes.

6) The units are designed to be fully functional under

expected conditions of translation, acceleration ant

vibration by proper bed sizing or use of baffles.

6-3
7)

8)

9)

lo)

11)

12)

13)

1.,)

The vessel height is minimized by making maximum use of the

splashing zone above the dense bed for heat transfer and by

minimizing freeboard height (by using shallow beds, by

selecting particle sizes to give limited bubble eruption

heights and by using the gas distributor on the above stage

and/or the convective surface tubes above the bed for

splash baffles).

The vessel shape and tube layout is selected for economy of

space and materials. Hairpin-type tube bends for maximum

bundle compactness are used and extended heat transfer

surfaces are applied in the convective heat recovery zones.

The finned tube fin spacing is selected so that the fins

will not plug with the relatively coarse bed particles

splashed from the bed and it is assumed that the deposit

potential of the exhaust gas is sufficiently depleted by

the time it has passed through the bed stages that

convective surface deposition will not be significant.

The heat transfer surface is minimized by proper particle

size and density selection and by proper tube pitch

determination and tube bundle arrangement in the shallow

beds and splash zones.

The vessel cross-sectional area is minimized by selecting

relatively high fluidizing velocities and suitable particle

size distributions. The particle size distribution is

selected to yield optimum fluidization over the range of

operating velocities desired.

Plugging of gas distributor plates is avoided by

maintaining the initial stage at a temperature slightly

greater than the temperature at which deposition in the

diesel gas begins (assumed to be about 9OO°F) and by using

hot, uncooied distributor plate surfaces in all stages of

the unit.

The bed particle material is selected to be compatible with

the temperature and gas environment in the unit, as well as

being resistant to attrition -- commercially available

alumina beads are tentatively selected.

The unit weight is minimized by proper selection of lowdensity materials for convective tube fins and vessel

insulation.

Tube number, tube diameter and tube length is determined to

give stable tube-side heat transfer and to meet pressure

drop constraints using standard design practice.

6-_
15) Vessel wall, tube wall, distributor plate thicknesses and

insulation thicknesses are determined from standard design

practice.

An outline of the iterative design procedure is presented in

Appendix A, explaining the details of the design technique, the

assumptions and correlations applied and the areas of limited

information.

The detailed design procedure was applied for the truck

application to develop a highly effective heat recovery unit design for

each of three cycles, the organic rankine cycle, the steam injection

cycle and the stirling engine cycle. The truck design was then scaled

up directly to the locomotive and marine applications of the three

cycles using the following procedure:

- the unit operating conditions, general vessel shape, tube

bundle layout, distributor plates and material thicknesses

were assumed to the same for the truck, locomotive and marine

applications

- the heat recovery unit diameter (or width) was scaled

according to the square root of the increase in unit capacity

- the vessel height was assumed to remain at the truck heat

recovery unit height

- the heat transfer surface area and its weight were scaled up

in direct proportion to the increase in unit capacity

- the vessel weight was scaled up in direct proportion to the

increase in the unit diameter

6.3 Heat Recovery Unit Design Summary

Table 6.1 summarizing the major characteristics of the heat

recovery units for the truck, locomotive and marine applications with

each of the three cycles is shown below. Overall, the designs for the

three cycles do not differ greatly, although the design details are

significantly different.

6-5
APPLICATION

TRUCK

Organic

Steam

Sterling

LOCOMOTIVE

Organic

Steam

Sterling

MARINE

Organic

Steam

Sterling

Table 6.1

SUMMARY TABLE

DIESEL HEAT RECOVERY UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Surface

Vessel Vessel Vessel Area(m2)

Shape Diameterlm ) Height(m) or Width

Number

Tubes

Total

Weight

(kg)

cylindrical 0.64 1.3 39 (finned) 3 289

cylindrical 0.63 1.4 23 (finned) 5 265

rectangular 0.56 1.6 9 (bare) 12 292

(square) (width)

cylindrical 1.99 1.3 378 (finned) 30 2395

cylindrical 1.96 1.4 223 (finned) 50 2246

rectangular 1.82 1.6 92 (bare) 120 2377

(square) (width)

cylindrical 2.46 1.3 579 (finned) 45 3707

cylindrical 2.48 1.4 359 (finned) 77 3497

rectangular 2.25 1.6 149 (bare) 194 3747

(square) (width)

Notes:

I) truck heat recovery unit characteristics based on detailed conceptual

design

2) locomotive and marine heat recovery unit designs based on direct scaleup

of truck design

6-6
6.4 Organic Rankine Cycle

The organic Rankine cycle fluidized bed heat recovery unit

consists of two stages of fluid beds, a high temperature bed and a low

temperature bed, followed by a convective section. The vessel is

cylindrical in shape. Tubes enter the convective section and are coiled

within the freeboard of the low temperature bed. Radially finned tubes

are placed in the convective region, while bare tubes are used in the

bed sections. The coiled tube bundles in the convective section and the

beds are connected with downcomer tubes. Figure 6.2 shows the layout of

the truck unit.

The common characteristics of the truck, locomotive and marine

organic rankine cycle heat recovery units are summarized in Tables 6.2

and 6.3.

The particle material selected for the fluidized beds is

alumina, available in nearly spherical particle shapes having a density

of about 3685 kg/m 3 (230 lb/ft3). The average particle diameter

(surface/volume average) on both bed stages is about 750 um, with a

minimum diameter of about 275 _m and a maximum particle diameter of

about 1200 um. The minimum fluidization velocity of the bed is about

0.6 m/s (2 ft/s). At their operating velocities the shallow beds have

bubble volume fractions of about 43% and the tubes occupy about 18% of

the bed volume. The relative heights of the dense beds, splash zones

and freeboards are indicated in Figure 6.2.

6.5 Steam Injection Cycle

The steam injection cycle heat recovery unit is very similar in

design to the organic rankine cycle unit. It has two stages of fluid

bed heat recovery followed by a convective section and is cylindrical in

shape. The tubes are arranged in coils which enter the top of the unit

and exit at the bottom. Finned tubes are placed in the convective

section and bare tubes in the shallow beds and their splash zones.

Significantly less heat transfer surface is required in the convective

6-7
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T_ble 6.2

co oN RCANICRA KI ECYCLE

HEAT RECOVERY UNIT OVERALL CHARACTERISTICS

General Construction: Integral fluid bed stages and convective bank

Vessel Shape: Cyclindrical

Number of Beds: 2

Number of Convective Banks: I

Vessel Shell Material: Carbon steel

Shell Thickness: 0.24 cm (3/32 in)

Insulation Material: Kaolin Firebrick

Insulation Thickness: 3.8 cm (1.5 in)

Tube Type: Bare in beds; radially finned in the convective bank

Tube Material: Steel body with aluminum fins

Tube Diameter: 1.37 cm (0.5 in)

Tube Thickness: 0.09 cm (0.035 in)

Tube Pitch: 2.5 by 1.9 cm in-line pitch (1.0 by 0.75 in)

Tube Configuration: Horizontal Coils

Tube Length: 89.1 m (292 ft)

Fin length: 0.64 cm (0.25 in)

Fin Thickness: 0.16 cm (I/16 in)

Fin Pitch: 0.32 cm (I/8 in)

Particle Diameter: 725 um

Working Fiuid: RC-I

Engine Exhaust Temperature: 947°K (1245 F)

Sta_k Temperature: 448 K (347°F)

Vessel Height: 1.3 m (4.25 ft)

Working Fluid Pressure Drop: 7.1%

Exhaust Gas Pressure Drop: 2.1%

6-9
Table 6.3

COMMON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE HEAT RECOVERY UNIT

STAGE CHARACTERISTICS

Bed Temperature,

K (OF)

Pinch, K (OF)

Log-Mean

Temperature Diff

K (_F)

Overall Heat

Transfer Coeff 2

J/m_s°K (Btu/ft hr°F)

Superficial Velocity

m/s (ft/s)

Tube Length, m (ft)

Bed Depth, m (ft)

Freeboard Height,

m (ft)

Working Fluid

Pressure Drop,

kPa (psi)

Bed Pressure

Drop, kPa (psi)

Distributor Pressure

Drop, kPa (psi)

High-temperature Low-temperature Convective

Bed Bed Zone

755 (900) 581 (587)

83 (150) 17 (30) 17 (30)

129 (233) 44 (79) 44 (79)

388 (68) 348 (61) 272 (48)

2.4 (8.0) 1.9 (6.2)

13.3 (44) 39.1 (128)

0.09 (0.3) 0.09 (0.3)

0.3 ( 1.0) 0.55 ( 1.8)

121 (17.5) 233 (33.8)

0.7 (0.1) 0.7 (0.1)

0.4 (0.06) O.3 (0.04)

1.7 (5.5)

36.7 (120)

72 (10.4)

6-10
zone than is in the organic Rankine unit. Figure 6.3 shows the truck

heat recovery unit layout for the steam injection cycle. Because the

exhaust gas temperature entering the heat recovery unit is muchlower

than the engine exhaust temperature in this case, the criteria stated

that the first stage temperature should be about 9OO°Fto avoid

distributor plate deposition can not be satisfied. The impact of the

high steam content on the deposit potential of the exhaust gas is not

known.

The commoncharacteristics of the truck, locomotive and marine

heat recovery units for the steam injection cycle are listed in Tables

6.4 and 6.5.

Essentially, the sameparticle material and size distribution is

selected for the steam injection cycle as was for the organic Rankine

cycle. The bed minimumfluidization velocity in the steam injection

cycle case is about 0.7 m/s (2.4 ft/s) and the beds operate with bubble

volume fractions of about 38 %and a tube volume fraction of about 11%

on the high-temperature stage and 22 %on the low-temperature stage.

6.6 Stirlin_ Engine Cycle

The stirling engine cycle heat recovery unit differs

significantly in design from the previous two units. It is made up of

two fluidized bed heat recovery stages, a high temperature bed and a low

temperature bed, and is without any convective heat transfer section.

The low temperature bed and its splash zone contains toluene heat pipes

in a hairpin serpentine configuration. The high temperature stage

contains mercury heat pipes in a similar configuration. The heat pipes

require only a single point of entry through the vessel wall since they

have internal circulation of the heat transfer fluid. The vessel is

rectangular in cross-section to accomodate the passage of a large number

of tubes through a single flat wall. The Stirling engine heat recovery

unit layout is presented in Figure 6.4.

6-11
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COMMON STEAM INJECTION CYCLE

HEAT RECOVER UNIT OVERALL CHARACTERISTICS

General Construction: Integral fluid bed stages and convective bank

Vessel Shape: Cyclindrical

Number of Beds: 2

Number of Convective Banks: I

Vessel Shell Material: Carbon steel

Shell Thickness: 0.16 cm (I/16 in)

Insulation Material: Kaolin Firebrick

Insulation Thickness: 2.5 cm (1.0 in)

Tube Type: Bare in beds; radially finned in the convective bank

Tube Material: Steel body with aluminum fins

Tube Diameter: 1.9 cm (0.75 in)

Tube Thickness: 0.09 cm (0.035 in)

Tube Pitch: 3.8 by 2.9 cm in-line pitch (1.5 by 1.125 in)

Tube Configuration: Horizontal Coils

Tube Length: 42.1 m (138 ft)

Fin length: 0.64 cm (0.25 in)

Fin Thickness: 0.16 cm (I/16 in)

Fin Pitch: 0.32 cm (I/8 in)

Particle Diameter: 725 um

Working Fluid: steam

Engine Exhaust Temperature: 707 OK (813 OF)

Stack Temperature: 413 OK (284 OF)

Vessel Height: 1.4 m (4.5 ft)

Working Fluid Pressure Drop: 4.9%

Exhaust Gas Pressure Drop: 2.8%

6-13
Table 6.5

COMMON STEAM INJECTION CYCLE HEAT RECOVERY UNIT

_STAGECHARACTERISTICS

Bed Temperature,

OK (OF)

Pinch, OK (OF)

Log-Mean

Temperature Diff

OK (OF)

Overall Heat

Trassfer Coeff

J/m_s°K (Btu/ft2hr°F)

Superficial Velocity

m/s (ft/s)

Tube Length, m (ft)

Bed Depth, m (ft)

Freeboard Height,

m (ft)

Working Fluid

Pressure Drop,

kPa (psi)

Bed Pressure

Drop, kPa (psi)

Distributor Pressure

Drop, kPa (psi)

High-temperature Low-temperature Convective

Bed Bed Zone

589 (600) 462 (373) --

182 (327) 56 (100) 34 (60)

182 (327) 56 (100) 44 (79)

377 (49) 232 (41) 225 (40)

2.4 (8.O) 1.8 (6.0) 1.8 (5.8)

4.2 (14) 17.1 (56) 21.1 (69)

0.12 (0.4) 0.13 (0.4) --

0.24 (0.8) 0.61 (2.0) --

7.0 (1.O) 7.0 (1.0) 1.4 (0.2)

1.1 (0.2) 1.2 (0.2) --

0.3 (0.06) 0.3 (0.04) --

6-14
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6-15

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The co,mon characteristics of the truck, locomotive and marine

heat recovery units for the sterling engine cycle are listed in Tables

6.6 and 6.7.

An alumina bed material is used in the Stifling engine cycle

heat recovery unit having an average particle diameter of about 700 um.

The high-temperature bed has a minimum fluidization velocity of about

0.8 m/s (2.6 ft/s) and the low-temperature bed 0.6 m/s (1.8 ft/s). The

bubble volume fraction in both beds is about 40% and the tubes occupy

about 16%.

6.7 Fluid Bed Heat Exchanger Cost Estimate

Costs for the fluid bed heat exchangers were based on the designs

described above. The fluid bed shells are assumed to be constructed of

carbon steel and costed based on cost quotes from fabricators for other

small carbon steel welded assemblies designed for atmospheric pressure,

non-coded service on fuel conversion systems. Bed tubing is taken as

carbon steel in the low temperature zone and as I-I/2 Cr-I/2 MO in the

high temperature zone. Aluminum fins are assumed in the convective tube

sections. Preliminary cost estimates for the convective heat exchange

tubing assemblies were derived based on Westinghouse ThermoKing truck

mounted units, plus stationary heat exchange units for 40 kw fuel cell

systems as quoted by Harrison Radiator Division of General Motors from

their stock designs for automotive and diesel locomotive units. For the

distributor grid plates, alumina bed material, and vessel refractory a

dollar p_}r pound cost was used derived from Westinghouse R&D pilot plant

construction cost data. Tables 6.8, 6.9 and 6.10 show the weight and

cost breakdown for the respective fluid bed designs for each application

and heat recovery cycle.

As evident from the tables, the major cost component on the

fluid bed unit is the finned-tubed convective section that is present in

the organic Rankine and steam injection cycles. The convective section

accounts for over 50% of the costs in the organic Rankine cycle and

6-16
Table 6.6

COMMONSTIRLINGENGINECYCLE

HEATRECOVERYUNIT OVERALLCHARACTERISTICS

General Construction: Integral fluid bed stages

Vessel Shape: Rectangular

Numberof Beds: 2

Numberof Convective Banks: 0

Vessel Shell Material: Carbon steel

Shell Thickness: 0.56 cm (7/32 in)

Insulation Material: Kaolin Firebrick

Insulation Thickness: 3.8 cm (1.5 in)

Tube Type: Bare

Tube Material: Steel

Tube Diameter: 1.9 cm (0.75 in)

Tube Thickness: 0.09 cm (0.035 in)

Tube Pitch: 3.8 by 2.9 cm in-line pitch (1.5 by 1.125 in)

Tube Configuration: Horizontal serpentine

Tube Length: 6.1 m (20 ft) in each bed

Particle Diameter: 700 um

Working Fluid: mercury and toluene heat pipes

Engine Exhaust Temperature: 948 OK(1247 OF)

Stack Temperature: 562 OK(553 OF)

Vessel Height: 1.6 m (5.2 ft)

Exhaust GasPressure Drop: 3.3 %

6-17
Table 6.7

COMMONSTIRLINGENGINECYCLEHEATRECOVERYUNIT

STAGECHARACTERISTICS

BedTemperature,

OK (OF)

Pinch, oK (OF)

Log-Mean

Temperature Diff

OK (OF)

Overall Heat

Transfer Coeff

j/m2s°K (Btu/ft2hr°F)

Superficial Velocity

m/s (ft/s)

Tube Length, m (ft)

Bed Depth, m (ft)

Freeboard Height,

m (ft)

Bed Pressure

Drop, kPa (psi)

Distributor Pressure

Drop, kPa (psi)

High-temperature

Bed

755 (900)

56 (lOO)

56 (100)

327 (58)

2.4 (8.0)

6.1 (20)

0.12 (O.4)

0.24 (0.8)

1.0 (0.15)

0.45 (0.06)

Low-temperature

,Bed

562 (553)

56 (100)

56 (lOO)

274 (51)

1.8 (5.8)

6.6 (22)

O. 18 (0.6)

0.73 (2.4)

1.5 (0.2)

o.3 (o.o4)

6-18
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about 40% in the steam injection cycles. Considering the relatively

minimal performance improvement to the cycle that the convection section

provides in the fluid bed system, it may be more cost effective to

eliminate or minimize this duty.

6-22
7. SYSTEMDESCRIPTIONANDARRANGEMENT

For each of the three system applications, hardware components

were identified to match the performance models and componentconceptual

arrangement drawings were prepared to illustrate the installation of the

heat recovery systems.

7.1 Truck Application

The heavy duty truck configuration selected for the truck

application of these subposed systems is a high profile, tilt-cab cabover-engine tractor with two drive axles and a power range of 240-475 hp.

Figure 7.1 shows a typical example of such a truck giving pertinent

physical dimensions.

7.1.1 Organic Rankine Cycle

The components for the organic Rankine cycle system in the truck

application are as follows:

• Fluidized bed vapor generator

• Convective feed heater

• Regenerator

• Air cooled condenser

• Feed pump

• Air blower

• Controls

• Turbine/Gearbox

All of these components are identical to those used in the TECO design

described _n Reference I except for the fluidized bed vapor generator

and the convective feed heater. These components which are _escribed in

Section 6 were substituted for the convective vapor generator used by

7-I
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HEATEXCHANGER

POWER

CONVERSION

UNIT

ENGINE

AIRFILTER

PTO

Fig. 7. 2-Typical truck installation of organic Rankine cycle system

7-3
TECO. The fluidized bed vapor generator and the convective feedheater

are integrated into a single vessel and arranged as shown in Figure ?,2.

7,1.2 Steam Injection Cycle

The steam injection cycle system for the truck application

consists of the following components

• Feedwater storage tank

• Steam-heated feedwater heater

• Feed pump

• Convection feedwater heater

• Fluidized bed steam generator

• Modified compressor-drive expander

• Modified power expander

• Gearbox

The convection feedwater heater and the fluidized bed steam generator

are described in Section 6. The compressor drive expander and the power

expander which are based on the Cummins T-46B turbocharger are described

in Appendix B, The gearbox and feedwater pump which are also shown in

Figure 7.3 are derived from the TECO design in Reference I, and also

described in Appendix B.

The arrangement for all of the components except the feedwater

storage tank are shown on Figure 7.3. The feedwater storage tank which

is shown on Figure 7.4 is located back of the other components. The

installation of the feedwater tank as shown requires that the truck

frame be lengthened by two feet.

7.1.3 Stirling Engine

The Stirling engine for the truck application consists of the

following components:

• High temperature fluidized bed heat exchanger

• High temperature heat pipe using mercury

7-4
Dwg. 9370A28

FEEDWATER

HEATER

POWER

CONVERSION

UNIT

PTO

FLUIDIZEDBED

...-STEAM GENERATOR

ENGINE

Fig. 7. 3-Typical truck installation of-steaminjection cycle

7-5
Dwg. 937OA31

i

WATER

TANK

PTO

Fig. 7.4-Water tank for steam injection cycle

on truck

7-6
• High temperature Stirling engine using hydrogen

• Low temperature fluidized bed heat exchanger

• Low temperature heat pipe using toluene

• Low temperature Stirling engine using hydrogen

Air-cooled heat exchanger for rejecting heat from Stirling

engine

• Gearbox.

The high and low temperature fluidized bed heat exchanger designs are

described in Section 6. The heat pipe system design is shown in Figure

?_5. The selection of heat pipe working fluids was based on operating

temperature considerations.

The Stirling engine modules were scaled from the MODI engine

design described in Reference 20. The procedure used for scaling the

Stirling engines is described in Appendix C.

The arrangement for the Stirling engines in the truck is shown

in Figure 7.6. All of the components except the gearbox and the

radiator are shown _n this f_gure. The gearbox is based on the design

used by TECO in Reference i and scaled according to a procedure given by

Dudley(21) that is summarized in Appendix D. The radiator would be

located where the normal truck engine radiator is now located.

7.2 Locomotive Application

The railroad locomotive configuration selected for the

locomotive application of the three subposed systems is the General

Electric 3600 horsepower C 36-7 diesel-electric locomotive described in

Reference 3 and illustrated in Figure 7.7.

7.2.1 Organic Rankine Cycle

The components of the organic Rankine cycle system for the

locomotive application are similar to those for the truck application

since the output from the subposed system goes to the main engine

crankshaft through a gearbox. The installation of the system is shown

7-7
j

..f

p. a-

.J

I, -,.a}

• j

_ i_

i

< I I

r !t i

! [

,, IJ

+i

rl

..J

ORiGiNAL P_.u_

OF POOR QUALITY

i

,-_- -_,-.

--J:L

ii

.A

i

j

_, jd.

r , ', j4"

..JI

2_ s_J

01

°' B'I 7f

_; ,AI

/.t

31

_ J,: _:

JJI

_,..

J_

.)-

i f

t tl

i

i

J

\

<3

<g ..j

I, +

I i"" '- •

• .2

J

7-8

s
Dw9. 9370A30

u

STIRLING

ENGINES_ .

POWER _ _. ---

CONVERSION

UNITS

, , PTO , ,

ENGINE

i AIRFILTER

FLUIDBED

---HEATEXCHANGER

Fig. 7.6-Typical truck installation of stirling engine units

7-9
• _,_ _ _'_ d_ _- '<

OF poor _(_u_L_

7-i0
in Figure 7.8. It was possible to eliminate a significant number of the

engine auxiliary associated with a non-adiabatic engine and to conserve

space by rearranging the residual auxiliaries and by shortening the

length of the diesel engine.* It was necessary, however, to lengthen

the locomotive chassis by about 18 in. to fit in the components required

for the fluidized bed system. This is, of course, such a small percentage increase that it can probably be reduced to zero by judicious

detailed design which is outside the scope of this study.

7.2.2 Steam Injection Cycle

The componentsof the steam injection cycle system for the

locomotive application are similar to those for the truck since the

subposed power conversion unit connects to the diesel engine crankshaft

through a gearbox, information on the turbomachinery is given in

Appendix C. All of the system componentsexcept the feedwater storage

tank are shown in the arrangement drawing given in Figure 7.9. The

incremental length required by the subposed system was almost equal to

the reduction in diesel engine length as the overall locomotive chassis

_ength is unchanged.

A separate tender with cylindrical tank 6 ft in diameter and 24

ft long will be required for feedwater to match the fuel storage

capacity of the unit.

7.2.3 Stirling Engine

The componentsof the Stifling engine system for the locomotive

application are significantly different from that for the truck. The

system is madeup of multiple MODIStirling engine modules described in

Reference 20. Seven (7) high temperature modules and seventeen (17) low

temperature modules are required. These 24 modules are arranged in six

batteries as shown in Figure 7.!0.

*Total power was maintained at 3600 hp so length of engine could be reduced.

7-11
Owg. _27_B_

COOLINGAIROUTLET

INLET 17

,/

LENGTH INCREMENT • 18"

Numbers Refer to Equipment Identified in Fig. 7. 7

Fig. 7. 8-Arran_ment for organic Rankinec_:le system inlocomotive

7-12
D_j, 4274B47

PCU FBHX :,

I1

d

LENGTH INCREMENT: O"

Numbers RefertoEquipme_ Identifiedin Fig.7.7

Fig. 7.Or-Arrangement forsteam injectionsystem in locomotive

7-13
m

E

C

E

• ,m

QO .S

W

._

I- o

Z _

z

E

0

r.-

._

E

rc

c

E

e...

I

o

7-14
The V-belt drive described in Appendix E is used to transmit the

Dower from the six Stirling engine batteries in the main diesel engine

crankshaft.

The Stifling engine system installation shown in Figure 7.10 has

a net length increment of 84 inches which is a result of the larger

volume of the Stirling engine modules.

7,3 Marine Application

The marine application of the adiabatic diesel engine with

subposed cycles was made to the 5600 hp push-pull boat for inland river

service described in Reference 4. Figure 7.11 shows the installation of

the two main engines with a deck mounted subposed F-85 organic Rankine

cycle which is electrically connected to the main engine drives°

Modifications of this basic configuration were used for the three

subposed cycles evaluated in this study.

7.3.1 Organic Rankine Cycle

The components of the organic Rankine cycle for the marine

epplication are similar to those for the truck and locomotive applications except for the condenser and the drive. The condenser is watercooled rather than air-cooled and the drive is electrical rather than

directly connected. The installation of the organic Rankine cycle

system with the fluidized bed heat exchanger in the vessel deck is shown

in Figure 7.12. The space required for the RC-I organic Rankine cycle

is less than that used by the F-85 cycle from Reference 4.

7.3.2 Steam _njection Cycle

The components of the steam injection cycle system for the

marine application are similar to those in the truck and locomotive

applications except for the drive and the feedwater system. Information

on the turbomachinery is given in Appendix B. The drive is electrical

rather than directly connected. The feedwater system consists of a

7-15
ORIGINAL PA_._ ___

OF POORQU_r_

mBC.'IL|¢T_¢ Omv[

Fig. 7. ll-R BC/vessel installation

Dwg. 9370A33

Source: Reference4

7-16
o o _ _> _

a

-_-¢3

F: .c;

-re- a.

OF POOR

PA_E ;3

QUALiPt

-i

J

I ---

¢J

I,----,

7-17
river-water treatment subsystem plus a relatively small storage tank

rather than a storage tank which matches the fuel tank capacity. The

river water treatment subsystem consists of a filter, a reverse osmosis

process, and a mixed-resin bed demineralization process. The treated

water holding tank has a capacity of about 31,000 gallons which is

sufficient for about 37 hours of operation at design capacity.

The installation of the steam injection cycle system with the

fluidized bed heat exchanger on the vessel deck is shown in Figure 7.13.

The volume required for the steam injection system including the water

treatment subsystem but not the holding tank is about the sameas that

for the F-85 organic Rankine system from Reference 4. The treated water

holding tank is that portion of the hull's fuel tank which is made

available by the improved performance of the compoundcycles over the

conventional diesel engine.

7.3.3 Stirling Engine System

The componentsof the Stirling engine system for the marine

application are similar to those for the locomotive application except

for the heat rejection equipment and the drive. Heat rejection from the

engine is to the river water rather than to the air which results in a

reduced cold end temperature for the engine. The drive is electrical

rather than V-belts.

Here again the system is madeup of MODIengine modules arranged

in batteries. As shown in Figure 7.14 there are 11 high temperature

modules in three batteries which drive a generator through a common

gearbox. On each side there are two stacked batteries of seven low

temperature modules which drive a generator through a commongearbox.

The fluidized bed heat exchanger with high and low temperature beds

coupled to the engine modules with heat pipes is centrally located. The

volume required for this system is approximately equal zo that used by

the F-85 organic Rankine cycle system described in Reference 4.

7-18
OF POOR QU_Lri_I'

7-].9
Generator

1800RPM

133.9 hp Dual Drive

Gearbox

_---_ L.Temp. Stir,lng EngineM_d_,.__s

__ Triple Drive

FIuidized Bed _earbox HeatE_:hanger

-Generator

1800RPM

404.9hp

5 6

D.,,vg. 4272B9_

_)/27 21/28

---------- 8

9 10 II

4

1

High Temp. Stirling Engine Modules

Dual

1800 RPM

13t 9hp

2/9

Drive

Gearbox

LowTemp. Stifling Engine Modules

7114

8

. Z..--:-_

]

91

I

I

I

21

I

I

lO 11

3 4

12 13 14

6 7

Fkj. 7. 14-Stirling engine systemarrangementfor marine apolication

7-20
8. SYSTEMCOSTSANDECONOMICASSESSMENT

8.1 System Component Weights and Costs

This section summarizes the heat recovery subsystem component

weights and costs derived from the conceptual design studies described.

The design and cost basis for the different fluid bed heat exchangers

was described in Section 6 above. Tables 8oi through 8.9 summarize the

estimated weights and costs for the major components comprising the heat

recovery system for three different subposed cycles for the three

applications. Where applicable, costs were scaled and indexed from

available studies, References I through 4, and by weight and cost

factors derived for similar mechanical equipment, piping, controls and

other hardware. All prices have been indexed to mid-1984 dollars.

8.1.1 Rankine Cycle System

The weights for all of the system components except the

fluidized bed vapor generator were based on the TECO design in Reference

I. The procedures used for scaling the turboexpander and the planetary

gearbox for the locomotive and marine applications are described in

Appendix F.

8.1.2 Steam Injection Cycle System

The procedures for estimating the weights of compressor drive

expander, the power expander, and the planetary gearbox for all

applications of the steam injection cycle system are described in

Appendix B. The weights of the feed pump and the feed pump drive were

derived from Reference I. The weights of the other components were

calculated or derived from generic data.

8-I
Table 8.1

SUGARYOF RANKINEBOTTOMINGCYCLECOMPONENT COSTS

FORADIABATICDIESEL-HEAVYDUTYTRUCKAPPLICATION

ITEMDESCRIPTION ESTIMATEDWEIGHT_LBS. ESTIMATEDCOST,

Fluid Bed Vapor Generator 637

Turbine/Gearbox 69.5

Feedpump/Drive 53.3

Plumbing/Hardware 12.2

Condenser/Regenerator Module 119

Control System 7

RC-I Inventory 54

2797

827

5O4

118

759

3O5

176

952.0 5486

Cost Data Updated from TECOReport No. NASACR-168256, Dec., 1983. (Ref. I

8-2
Table 8.2

SUMMARYOF RANKINEBOTTOMINGCYCLECOMPONENT COSTS

FORADIABATICDIESEL- LOCOMOTIVEAPPLICATION

ITEMDESCRIPTION ESTIMATEDWEIGHT,LBS.

Fluid Bed Vapor Generator 5279

Turbine/Gearbox 3673

Feedpump/Drive

Plumbing/Hardware 87

Condenser/Regenerator Module 1860

Control System 7

RC-I Inventory 287

ESTIMATEDCOST,$

25,513

39,809

84O

8,150

305

932

Subtotal 11193

Locomotive Chassis

66 Inch "Stretch" (Note I) 15335

75,549

I0,395

TOTAL 26528 85,944

NOTE I - The GE-C36-7, 6 axle locomotive with standard turbocharged

diesel engine is estimated to be priced at $1,045,000 in mid1984. The same locomotive with an adiabatic diesel 10

cylinder engine replacing the 16 cylinder standard diesel is

estimated to cost $967,510 and is 48.5 inches shorter. Thus,

the incremental 66 inch addition for the RC-I system brings

the total length to 17.5 inches greater than the standard

locomotive, or a total of 68 ft. 8.5 inches long. The

incremental weight of the RC-I system of 25,968 ibs., when

added to the estimated net weight of the adiabatic engine

equipped locomotive of 312,150 Ibs., provides a total weight

of 338,118 ibs. which is 1018 ibs. more than the standard

diesel equipped C36-7.

Basis for data applicable to locomotive systems derived from JPL

Publication 81-101 with appropriate cost indexing. (Ref. 2)

8-3
Table 8.3

SUMMARY OF RANKINE BOTTOMING CYCLE COMPONENT COSTS

FOR ADIABATIC DIESEL - MARINE APPLICATION

ITEM DESCRIPTION

Fluid Bed Vapor Generator

Turbine/Gearbox

Feedpump/Drive

ESTIMATED WEIGHT, LBS.

8173

5786

ESTIMATED COST, I'

39,175

62,720

Plumbing/Hardware 145

Condenser/Regenerator Module 2232

Control System 20

RC-I Inventory 480

Water Pumps (2) 1120

AC-Generator 5020

SCR AC/DC Units (2) 2400

DC Drive Motors (2) 12400

1,400

13,650

1,000

1,560

2,800

37,300

83,6OO

103,700

TOTAL 37776

346,905

Data on power transmission train (AC-Gen,, SCR Units, and DC-Motors) to

inject power into the twin diesel propulsion system were extracted from

the JPL-81-101 Report on diesel propulsion systems for locomotives (Ref.

2)

8-4
Table 8.4

SUMMARYOFSTEAMINJECTIONCYCLECOMPONENT COSTS

FORADTABATICDIESEL- HEAVYDUTYTRUCKAPPLICATION

ITEMDESCRIPTION

Fluid Bed Boiler

Turbine/Gearbox

Feedpump/Drive

Oil Cooler

Plumbing/Hardware

Control System

Water Tank, Empty

(Full)

ESTIMATEDWEIGHT,LBS.

587

136

3

24

10

750

(5750)

ESTIMATED COST, $

1,989

1,475

15

235

390

1,875

TOTAL 1510

(6510)

5,979

8-5
Table 8.5

SUMMARY OF STEAM INJECTION CYCLE COMPONENT COSTS

FOR ADIABATIC DIESEL - LOCOMOTIVE APPLICATION

ITEM DESCRIPTION

Fluid Bed Boiler

Turbine/Gearbox

Feedpump/Drive

Oil Cooler

Plumbing/Hardware

Control System

Water Tender, dry

(full)

ESTIMATED WEIGHT_ LBS.

1316

4160

29

175

10

6500O

(135,800)

ESTIMATED COST, $

18,286

40,750

150

1,690

390

46,58O

Subtotal

Locomotive Chassis

46 inch Stretch (Note I)

70290

(141,090)

10690

107,846

7,245

TOTAL

80980 115,091

(151,780)

Note I -

The GE-C36-7, 6 axle locomotive with standard turbocharged

diesel engine is estimated to be priced at $1,045,000 in mid1984. The same locomotive with an adiabatic diesel 10

cylinder engine replacing the 16 cylinder standard diesel is

estimated to cost $967,510 and is 48.5 inches shorter. Thus,

the incremental 46 inch addition for the steam injection

system brings the total length to 2.5 inches shorter than the

standard locomotive, or a total of 67 ft. 0.5 inches long.

The incremental weight of the steam injection system of 15,980

ibs. brings the locomotive weight to 328,130 ibs., and the

tender net weight is 65,000 ibs, in addition to that.

Basis for data applicable to locomotive systems derived from JPL

Publication 81-101 with appropriate cost indexing. (Ref. 2)

8-6
Table 8.6

SUMMARY OF STEAM INJECTION CYCLE COMPONENT COSTS

FOR ADIABATIC DIESEL - MARINE APPLICATION

ITEM DESCRIPTION

Fluid Bed Boiler

Turbine/Gearbox

Feedpump/Drive

Oil Cooler

Plumbing/Hardware

Control System

Water Treatment System

AC-Generator

SCR AC/DC Units (2)

DC Drive Motors (2)

ESTIMATED WEIGHT r LBS.

1930

5407

45

255

30

5650

5020

2400

12400

ESTIMATED COST r $

28,972

73,765

222

2,460

1,5OO

17 0OO

37 300

83 600

103,700

TOTAL 34535 348,519

Data on power transmission train (AC-Gen., SCR Units, and DC-Motors) to

inject power into the twin diesel propulsion system were extracted from

the JPL-81-1OI Report on diesel propulsion systems for locomotives (Ref.

2).

8-7
Table 8.7

SUMMARYOFSTIRLINGENGINECYCLECOMPONENT COSTS

FORADIABATICDIESEL- HEAVYDUTYTRUCKAPPLICATION

ITEMDESCRIPTION ESTIMATEDWEIGHTI LBS.

Fluid Bed Vapor Generator 645

S. Engine/Drives/Accessories 385

(Note I)

Piping/Hardware 60

Reservoirs/Sump/Pumpfor 42

Heat Transfer Fluid

Control System 10

Heat Transfer Fluid Inventory 350

ESTIMATEDCOSTI

1,716

4,080

60o

455

300

1,750

TOTAL 1492 8,901

Note I - Data on Stirling engine, drive and accessories were extracted from Ref. 20.

8-8
Table 8r8

SUMMARY OF STIRLING ENGINE CYCLE COMPONENT COSTS

FOR ADIABATIC DIESEL - LOCOMOTIVE APPLICATION

ITEM DESCRIPTION ESTIMATED WEIGHT, LBS. ESTIMATED COST, $

Fluid Bed Vapor Generator

S. Engine/Drives/Accessories

Piping/Hardware

Reservoirs/Sump/Pump for

Heat Transfer Fluid

Control System

Heat Transfer Fluid Inventory

Subtotal

Locomotive Chassis

60 inches Longer

TOTAL

5240

3875

400

420

10

3500

13445

13940

27385

15,176

40,970

4,000

4,550

300

17,5OO

82,496

9,450

91,946

8-9
Table 8.9

SUMMARY OF STIRLING ENGINE CYCLE COMPONENT COSTS

FOR ADIABATIC DIESEL - MARINE APPLICATION

ITEM DESCRIPTION ESTIMATED WEIGHT I LBS.

Fluid Bed Vapor Generator

S. Engine/Drives/Accessories

Piping/Hardware

Reservoirs/Sump/Pump for

Heat Transfer Fluid

Control System

Heat Transfer Fluid Inventory

AC Generators (3)

SCR AC/DC Units (2)

DC Drive Motors (2)

8260

6215

600

675

20

565O

5720

24O0

865O

ESTIMATED COST,

24,164

65,83O

6,000

7,310

1,000

28,27O

42,500

83,600

72,325

TOTAL 3819O 330,999

8-10
8.1.3 Stirling Engine System

The procedure for estimating the weights of the Stirling engine

for all applications is described in Appendix G. The procedure for

estimating the gearbox weight for the truck application is also

described in Appendix G. The weights of the other components were

calculated, obtained from vendors, or derived from generic data.

8.2 Comparison of System Weights

8.2.1 Truck Application

The system weights for the organic Rankine cycle, steam

injection cycle, and Stifling engine systems for the truck application

are summarized in Tables 8.1, 8.4, and 8.7, respectively. Comparison of

the totals shows that the Rankine cycle system weight is significantly

less than that of the Stifling engine systems. The dry weight of the

steam injection cycle system is approximately the same as that of the

Stirling engine. The weight of the water required to match the fuel

tank capacity for the steam injection cycle, however, is significant.

8.2.2 Locomotive Applications

The system weights for the organic Rankine cycle, the steam

injection cycle, and the Stirling engine systems are sun_narized in

Tables 8.2, 8.5 and 8.8, respectively. The total weights shown are the

sum of the energy conversion system weights and the net incremental

weight of the locomotive. The net incremental weight of the locomotive

is the increase in weight of the stretched chassis, minus the decrease

in weight of the main engine.

Comparing the weights of the energy conversion systems show that

the Rankine cycle is the least with the Stifling about 20% greater. The

dry weight of the steam injection cycle including the dry tender is

substantially greater than those of the other two systems. Comparing

the total weights shows that the organic Rankine cycle and the Stirling

8-11
engine systems are nearly equaio The total dry weight of the steam

injection system is about 3 times that of the other two systems. Adding

the weight of the water to match the fuel storage tanks makes the

difference even greater.

8.2.3 Marine Application

The system weights for the organic Rankine cycle, steam injection cycle, and Stirling engine systems for the marine application are

summarized in Tables 8.3, 8.6, and 8.9, respectively. Comparing the

total weights shows that the steam injection cycle system weighs the

least. The weights of the two other systems are nearly equal and are

about 15% greater than that of the steam injection cycle system.

The steam injection cycle system is superior in the marine

application because provision is made for processing the feedwater

during the duty cycle and no additional below deck tankage is required.

8.3 Economic Assessment of Turbocompound Diesel Engine Systems

The derived component cost and system performance data are used

to calculate simple payback periods for the various heat utilization

cycles and applications. In this analyses, the simple payback period

(in years) is obtained by dividing the incremental capital investment

for a given system by the annual value of fuel savings for that system.

Table 8.10 shows the assumed economic and operational data used in

calculating annual fuel consumption. Annual duty cycles were obtained

from the previously cited reference studies.(1,2,4) Maintenance costs

have not been included in this analysis. The incremental capital and

fuel basis assumes comparison with the NASA Reference Adiabatic Turbocompounded Diesel with aftercooling. The pertinent engine parameters,

costs and payback calculations are given in Tables 8.11 through 8.19 for

each study case. Selling price for the reference diesel truck engine is

taken from Reference I and adjusted to an equivalent Brake Horsepower

Rating (BHP) using the recommended 30 $/hp factor. For the locomotive

8-12
Table 8.10

NASA REFERENCE

ECONOMIC/OPERATIONAL DATA

DIESEL ENGINES

Diesel Fuel Price

Selling Price/Mfg. Cost Ratio

TRUCKS

Annual Mileage Per Truck

Annual Truck Engine Production Rate

(Note I)

Engines Produced by Year 2000

$1.20/Gallon

2.0

100,000

10,000

150,000

LOCOMOTIVES

Annual Horsepower-Hours Used

Annual Locomotive Engine Production Rate

(Note I)

Engines Produced by Year 2000

20 million

10

150

MARINE ENGINES

Annual Horsepower-Hours Used

Annual Marine Engine Production Rate

(Note 2)

Engines Produced by Year 2000

35 million

2

3O

Note I - Production rate assumes approximately a 10% market penetration

8-13
Table 8.11

NASAREFERENCESIMPLEPAYBACKPERIOD

TURBOCHARGED ÷ RC-I BOTTOMING

VS

TURBOCOMPOUND-AFTERCOOLED

TRUCKAPPLICATION

Bottoming Cycle Parameters

- Output as Applied to Turbocharged Engine = 56 HP

- Bottoming Cycle Selling Price = $10972

Turbocharged + RC-I Bottoming Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 317 + 56 = 373

- Specific Fuel Consumption/MPG= 0.268/6.65

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 15,038 Gal. @$18,046

- Engine System Selling Price = $14,000 + $10972 = $24972

ComparableTurbocompound-Aftercooled Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 373

- Specific Fuel Consumption/MPG= 0.293/6.08

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 16,447 Gal. @$19,736

- Engine System Selling Price = $16,500 + (373-340)($30/HP) = $17,_90

Simple Payback

- Annual Fuel Savings = 1409Gal. @$1690

- Engine System Price Difference = $7484

- PaybackPeriod = 4.43 Years

8-Ia
Table 8.12

NASAREFERENCESIMPLEPAYBACKPERIOD

TURBOCHARGED + STEAMINJECTION

VS

TURBOCOMPOUND-AFTERCOOLED

TRUCKAPPLICATION

Bottoming Cycle Parameters

- Output as Applied to Turbocharged Engine = 62 HP

- Bottoming Cycle Selling Price = $11,958

Turbocharged + SteamInjection Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 300 + 62 = 362

- Specific Fuel Consumption/MPG= 0.276/6.46

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 15,480 Gal. @$18,576

- Engine System Selling Price = $14,000 + $11,958 = $25,958

ComparableTurbocompound-Aftercooled Engine Parameters

Rated BHP= 362

- Specific Fuel Consumption/MPG= 0.293/6.08

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 16,447 Gal. @$19,736

- Engine System Selling Price = $16,500 + (362-340)($30/HP) = $17,160

Simple Payback

- Annual Fuel Savings = 967 Gal. @$1160

- Engine System Price Difference = $8798

- PaybackPeriod = 7.58 Years

8-15
Table 8.13

NASAREFERENCESIMPLEPAYBACKPERIOD

TURBOCHARGED + STIRLINGENGINE

VS

TURBOCOMPOUND-AFTERCOOLED

TRUCKAPPLICATION

Bottoming Cycle Parameters

- Output as Applied to Turbocharged Engine = 42 HP

- Bottoming Cycle Selling Price = $17,802

Turbocharged + Stirling Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 316 + 42 = 358

- Specific Fuel Consumption/MPG= 0.279/6.39

- Annual Fuel Consumption= 15,649 Gal. @$18,779

- Engine System Selling Price = $14,0OO+ $I?,802 = $31,802

ComparableTurbocompound-Aftercooled Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 358

° Specific Fuel Consumption/MPG= 0.293/6.08

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 16,447 Gal. @$19,736

- Engine System Selling Price = $16,5OO+ (358-340)($30/HP) : $17,040

Simple Payback

- Annual Fuel Savings = 798 Gal. @$958

- Engine System Price Difference = $14,762

- Payback Period = 15.4 Years

8-16
Table 8.14

NASAREFERENCESIMPLEPAYBACKPERIOD

TURBOCHARGED + RC-I BOTTOMING

VS

TURBOCOMPOUND-AFTERCOOLED

LOCOMOTIVEAPPLICATION

Bottoming Cycle Parameters

- Output as Applied to Turbocharged Engine = 542 HP

- Bottoming Cycle Selling Price = $171,888

Turbocharged + RC-I Bottoming Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 3058 + 542 = 3600

- Specific Fuel Consumption= 0.267

- Annual Fuel Consumption= 746,900 Gal. @$896,280

- Engine System Selling Price = $675,000 - (3600-3058) x 120 ÷

$171,888 = $781,848

ComparableTurbocompound-Aftercooled Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 3600

- Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.293

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 819,600 Gal. @$983,520

- Engine System Selling Price = $675,000

Simple Payback

- Annual Fuel Savings = 72,700 Gal. @$87,240

- Engine System Price Difference = $106,848

- PaybackPeriod = 106,848/87,240 = 1.22 Years

8-17
Table 8.15

NASAREFERENCESIMPLEPAYBACKPERIOD

TURBOCHARGED ÷ STEAMINJECTION

VS

TURBOCOMPOUND-AFTERCOOLED

LOCOMOTIVEAPPLICATION

Bottoming Cycle Parameters

- Output as Applied to Turbocharged Engine = 617 HP

- Bottoming Cycle Selling Price = $230,182

Turbocharged + Steam Injection Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 2983 + 617 = 3600

- Specific Fuel Consumption = O.261

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 730,1OOGal. @$876,120

- Engine System Selling Price = $675,000 - (3600-2983) × 120 ÷

$230,182 = $831,142

ComparableTurbocompound-Aftercooled Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 3600

- Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.293

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 819,600 Gal. @$983,520

- Engine System Selling Price = $675,000

Simple Payback

- Annual Fuel Savings = 89,500 Gal. @$107,4OO

- Engine System Price Difference = $156,1a2

- PaybackPeriod = 156,142/107,400 = 1.45 Years

8-18
Table 8.16

NASA REFERENCE SIMPLE PAYBACK PERIOD

TURBOCHARGED + STIRLING ENGINE

VS

TURBOCOMPOUND-AFTERCOOLED

LOCOMOTIVE APPLICATION

Bottoming Cycle Parameters

- Output as Applied to Turbocharged Engine = 418 HP

- Bottoming Cycle Selling Price = $183,892

Turbocharged + Stirling Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP = 3182 + 418 = 3600

- Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.278

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 777,600 Gal. @ $933,120

- Engine System Selling Price : $675,000 - (3600-3182) x 120 +

$183,892 = $808,732

Comparable Turbocompound-Aftercooled Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP = 3600

Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.293

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 819,600 Gal. @ $983,520

- Engine System Selling Price = $675,000

Simple Payback

- Annual Fuel Savings = 42,000 Gal. @ $50,400

- Engine System Price Difference = $133,732

- Payback Period = 133,732/50,400 = 2.65 Years

8-19
Table 8.17

NASAREFERENCESIMPLEPAYBACKPERIOD

TURBOCHARGED + RC-I BOTTOMING

VS

TURBOCOMPOUND-AFTERCOOLED

MARINEAPPLICATION

Bottoming Cycle Parameters

- Output as Applied to Turbocharged Engine = 904 HP

- Bottoming Cycle Selling Price = $693,810

Turbocharged + RC-I Bottoming Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 4696 + 904 = 5600

- Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.264

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 1,293,000 Gal. @$1,551,600

- Engine System Selling Price = $1,050,000 - (5600-4696) x 120 ÷

$693,810 = $1,635,330

ComparableTurbocompound-Aftercooled Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 5600

- Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.293

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 1,435,000 Gal. @$1,722,000

- Engine System Selling Price = $1,050,000

Simple Payback

- Annual Fuel Savings = 142,000 Gal. @$170,400

- Engine System Price Difference = $585,330

- PaybackPeriod = 585,330/170,400 = 3.43 Years

8-20
Table 8.18

NASAREFERENCESIMPLEPAYBACKPERIOD

TURBOCHARGED ÷ STEAMINJECTION

VS

TURBOCOMPOUND-AFTERCOOLED

MARINEAPPLICATION

Bottoming Cycle Parameters

- Output as Applied to Turbocharged Engine = 962 HP

- Bottoming Cycle Selling Price = $697,038

Turbocharged + Steam Injection Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 4638 ÷ 962 = 5600

- Specific Fuel Consumption = O.261

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 1,279,0OOGal. @$1,534,800

- Engine System Selling Price = $1,050,000 - (5600-4638) x 120 ÷

$697,038 = $1,631,598

ComparableTurbocompound-Aftercooled Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 5600

- Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.293

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 1,435,000 Gal. @$1,722,0OO

- Engine SystemSelling Price = $1,050,0OO

Simple Payback

- Annual Fuel Savings = 156,O00Gal. @$187,2OO

- Engine System Price Difference = $581,598

- PaybackPeriod = 581,598/187,200 = 3.11 Years

8-21
Table 8.19

NASAREFERENCESIMPLEPAYBACKPERIOD

TURBOCHARGED ÷ STIRLINGENGINE

VS

TURBOCOMPOUND-AFTERCOOLED

MARINEAPPLICATION

Bottoming Cycle Parameters

- Output as Applied to Turbocharged Engine = 673 HP

- Bottoming Cycle Selling Price = $661,998

Turbocharged + Stirling Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP= 4927 + 673 = 5600

- Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.277

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 1,357,0OOGal. @$1,628,4OO

- Engine System Selling Price = $1,050,OOO- (5600-2927) x 120 +

$661,988 = $1,631,228

ComparableTurbocompound-Aftercooled Engine Parameters

- Rated BHP- 5600

- Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.293

- Annual Fuel Consumption = 1,435,0OOGal. @$1,722,0OO

- Engine System Selling Price = $1,050,0OO

Simple Payback

- Annual Fuel Savings = 78,OOOGal. @$93,600

- Engine System Price Difference = $581,228

- Payback Period = 581,228/93,6OO= 6.21 Years

8-22
Table 8.20

SUMMARYOFSIMPLEPAYBACKPERIOD(YRS)

Bottoming Cycle

Application RC-I

4.43

I .22

3.48

Truck

Locomotive

Marine

Steam Injection

7.58

I .45

3.11

Stirling Engine

15.4

2.65

6.21

8-23
and marine applications, the reference adiabatic turbocompoundaftercooled diesel engine performance is assumed. For both the

locomotive and marine application, the payback period calculations are

based on reference engines of comparable size (3600 hp - locomotive and

5600 hp - marine) to the study case. The price for both the locomotive

and marine diesel turbocompound-aftercooled reference engine was

estimated by using a 120 $/hp factor to adjust the price data given in

References 2 and 4 respectively. The 120 $/hp factor was derived by

assuming that the incremental hp-factor for the larger engines would be

proportional to that given for the heavy duty truck (Reference I). In

all cases, the price and size of the comparison "TurbocompoundAftercooled" engine was adjusted to that of the turbocharged engine with

its bottoming cycle. Note that for the locomotive engines, the cost of

$675,000 for the base case 3600 hp engine was derived from the cost

breakdowngiven in Reference 2 and adjusted for mid 1984 dollars. The

cost of the 5600 hp marine engine was based on the same$/hp as for the

locomotive.

Table 8.20 shows a separate summaryof the calculated payback

periods for the nine different cases based on the annual duty and fuel

cost assumptions listed previously in Table 8.10.

Based on the simple payback period calculations, the RC-I

subposed heat recovery cycle appears as the most attractive of the three

options for both the truck and locomotive applications while the steam

injection cycle shows the lowest payback for the marine application. In

this study, the Stirling engine system showedpoorest economics. For

this case, the engine and system drive appeared to be a major cost

consideration. The fluid bed costs were relatively low because this

cycle does not utilize any finned tubed, inbed convective section.

Although the RC-I system in the truck application shows a lower

payback period than the other two cycle options, the 4.43 Fears calculated does not represent a particularly attractive time period. This

calculated simple payback period exceeds the payback target identified

8-24
in Reference 3 and would be even further extended if maintenance costs

and costs of moneywere included.

_diaba_!c C,esei heat recovery appears most attractive for the

locomoti/e application. For this case, payback periods ranging from

1.22 to 2.65 years were ca!cuiated for the three different cycle

options. Again for the simple payback period calculation, the RC-I

cycie snowedlowest time period. Based on these results continued

consideration of efficient and cost effective heat recovery for the

diesel locomotive appears warranted.

For the marine application, the subposed cycle heat recovery

systems showedpayback periods ranging from 3.48 to 6.21 years. In this

appiication, the steam injection cycle showedthe lowest payback

periods, a resui= of the slightly better system performance (than the

RC-I) and application wit_ high annual fuel costs. The calculated

payback periods maybe marginal as an incentive for investment

particularly considering the maintenance costs and cost of money have

not been included,

8-25

9. REFERENCES

I o

.

.

°

o

,

o

.

.

10.

11.

DiNanno, L., F. DiBella and M. Koplow, "An RC-I Organic Rankine

Bottoming Cycle for an Adiabatic Diesel Engine," DOE/NASA/0302-1,

NASA CR-168256, TE4322-251-83, December 1983.

Bailey, M. M., "Overview of Waste Heat Utilization Systems,"

DOE/NASA/50194-41 NASA TM 86901, paper presented 22nd Automotive

Technology Development Contractors' Coordination Meeting, Dearborn,

Michigan, October 29-November I, 1984.

Liddle, S. G., et al., "Future Fuels and Engines for Railroad

Locomotives," JPL Publication 81-101, November, 1981.

"For the Study of the Validation of the Application of Rankine

Bottoming Cycle Technology to Marine Diesel Engines," Final Report,

DOE Contract No. DE-ACOI-78C554224, AED-EO-17, July 1980.

Klaren, D. G., Fluid Bed Heat Exchanger: A Major Improvement In

Severe Fouling Heat Transfer, Proceedings of a Seminar, "Heat

Exchangers", 885, 1983.

U.S. Department of Energy, Idaho Operations Office, Energy

Conservation Branch, Background Information for Advanced Heat

Exchanger Notice of Program Interest, NOPI No. DE-NPO7-83ID 12482,

Aug. 1983.

Parkinson, G., Ceramics Make a Try for Tough Heat-recovery Jobs,

Chemical Engineering, 61, April, 1982.

Cole, W. E., Investigation of Waste Heat Recovery Utilizing

Fluidized Bed Heat Exchangers, United Technologies Reasearch Center

Final Report, Report R78-912942, Nov. 1978.

Stoeffler, R° C., Enhancement of Heat Transfer in Waste-heat Heat

Exchangers, United Technologies Research Center Final Report, July

1980, DOE/ET/I1348-T1.

Rudnicki, M. I., C. S. Mah, and H. W. Williams, Status of FluidizedBed Waste Heat Recovery, Proceedings of a Seminar, "Heat

Exchangers", 549, 1983

Cox, D., M. Lytton, and C. Rao, Potential Industrial Applications

for Fluidized-Bed Waste Heat Recovery Systems.

9-I
12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

The Econo-Therm Hot-Blast System, The Econo-Therm Corporation,

Englewood, N.J.

Ikeda, S., S. Ito and T. Someya, An Experimental Marine Fluidized

Bed Boiler Plant, Power, 15, Oct., 1983o

Virr, M. J., Fluidized Bed Heat Recovery Systems, Chapter 11 in

Fluidized Beds, Combustion and Applications, J. R. Howard, editor,

Applied Science Pub., New York, 1983.

Carlomagno, G. M., et al, Heat Recovery From Diesel Exhausts By

Means Of A Fluidized Bed Heat Exchanger, paper presented at the 75th

Annual AIChE Meeting, Los Angeles, California, November, 1982.

Campanile, A°, et al, United States Patent Number 4,340,400, July,

1982.

H. E. Khalifa, "Waste Heat Recovery from Adiabatic Diesel Engines by

Exhaust-Driven Brayton Cycles," United Technologies Research Center,

East Hartford, CT, NASA CR-168257 Dec. 1983, (DOE/NASA/0304-1,

1983).

"Cogeneration Technology Alternatives Study (CTAS)" DOE/NASA/O031-

80/I, NASA CR°159765, Prepared by General Electric Co. for NASA/DOE,

Jan. 1980.

Martini, W. R., "Stirling Engine Design Manual," 2nd ed.

DOE/NASA/3194-1, NASA CR-168088, January 1983.

"Automotive Stirling Engine MOD 1 Design Review Report," Vol. I, II

and Ill, DOE/NASA/O032-16, NASA CR-167935, prepared by MTI for

DOE/NASA, August 1982.

"Stirling Engine Design Manual," Second Edition DOE/NASA/3194-1,

NASA CR-168088, January 1983.

9-2
APPENDIX A

FLUID BED HEAT RECOVERY UNIT DESIGN PROCEDURE

NOMENCLATUREAPPENDIXA

Design Characteristics

A: area;

subscripts: none = outer tube surface; b = vessel cross-section;

surface; f = ratio of fin area per unit bare tube

area

d: diameter;

subscripts:

none = particle; b = bubble; mx = maximum; m =

minimum; t = outer tube; ti = inner tube; or =

orifice; v = vessel; bo = initial bubble at base of

bed

L: length:

subscripts:

a : above the tube bundle to the top of the bed

surface; u = under tube bundle to the distributor;

b = bed height; f = fin height; fb = freeboard

height; j = jet length; tdh = transport disengaging

height; v = vessel height; p = inlet plenum height;

I = vessel length; w = vessel width, in the

direction of the horizontal tubes; z = plenum outlet

to top of freeboard bundle; sp = splash zone height;

tube length

N: number:

subscripts:

n: number:

subscripts:

t = tubes; r = tube runs per tube; 1 = tube layers

or columns; or = orifices per unit area; s = number

of tubes per column with tubes on vertical plane

none = ratio of numbers Nt to N1; r = number of coil

rotations on a plane

Q: the heat load on each stage

S:

t:

pitch:

subscripts:

thickness:

subscripts:

h = horizontal tube; v = vertical tube; or =

orifice; w = tube to vessel wail; f = fins

f = fin; t = tube wail; w = vessel wall; d =

deposit; dis = distributor; in = insulation; c =

corrosion allowance

Ed: free area fraction on the distributor

¥: ratio of vessel length to width

A-i
Operating Conditions

Cd: drag coefficient for an orifice

F: mass flow rate:

subscripts: none = exhaust gas to tube convectively of in bed;

f = working fluid to inner tube surface; o =

overall; a = ambient to vessel surface; ft = finned

tube

P: pressure:

subscripts: none = exhaust gas; b = bed; f = working fluid

rt: velocity turndown ratio

T: temperature:

subscripts: none = exhaust gas; f = working fluid; mn = minimum

operating; a = ambient; s = outside surface of

vessel; o = inlet exhaust gas; 1 = outlet exhaust

gas

U: velocity:

subscripts: none = exhaust gas superficial through the beds; m =

minimum; mx = maximum;mf = minimumfluidization;

t = terminal; or = orifice

_: volume fraction:

subscripts: none = bubbles in bed; t = tubes in bed

Properties

Cp: heat capacity:

subscripts: none = exhaust gas; s = particles

g: gravitational constant

k: thermal conductivity:

subscripts: none = exhaust gas; f = working fluid; t = tube

material; d = deposit material; in = insulation

Pr: Prandtl Number:

subscripts: none = exhaust gas; f = working fluid

St: maximumallowable stress:

subscripts: dis = distributor plate; w = vessel wall; t = tube

wall

E: voidage:

subscripts: non = in the bed emulsion phase; mf = at minimum

fluidization velocity; o = total for whole bed

A-ii
density •

subscripts : none = exhaust gas; f = working fluid; p = particle;

m = at minimumoperation temperature

viscosity:

subscripts: none = exhaust gas; f = working fluid

_: particle sphericity

A-iii

APPENDIXA

FLUIDBEDHEATRECOVERYUNIT DESIGNPROCEDURE

The fluid bed heat recovery unit is designed following the

procedure outlined below. The description of the design procedure given

represents the major design equations and design philosophy applied.

Pertinent references from the general literature are also listed. The

calculational steps are presented in the order in which they are

performed and points of iteration are noted.

The input conditions to the design are the diesel exhaust

conditions (flow rate, temperature, pressure, composition, physical and

thermodynamicproperties) and the working fluid conditions(flow rate,

inlet and outlet temperatures, pressure, physical and thermodynamic

properties). The heat recovery unit stage conditions(bed temperatures

and convective section temperatures) are selected to provide the desired

h£at recovery unit effectiveness using an overall energy balance. The

log-mean temperature difference and heat transfer duty on each stage of

the unit are determined.

A) VELOCITYSELECTION

The fluidization velocity on the first stage of the unit, U(1),

(the high-temperature stage, having the highest velocity of all the unit

stages) is selected to yield a reasonable unit cross-sectional area.

This velocity may be modified if the resulting overall design is

unacceptable. The fluidization velocity on each of the other fluid bed

stages is determined from this by

U(i) = U(1) 0(I) / D(i)

(I)

A-I
The minimumoperating velocity on each fluid bed stage is determined

using the unit turndown ratio

to yield

rt = Fm/ F (_(I) / Om(1) ) (2)

Um(i) : U(i) r t (3)

B) PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION

The initial selection in this step is for the particle material.

The material must be physically and chemically stable in the exhaust gas

environment and should be commercially available in suitable particle

sizes having sufficient fluid bed attrition resistance. The particle

density, rp, and the particle average sphericity, _, should be estimated

for input into the design procedure. Iteration of the design procedure

with respect to the particle material may be required inorder to achieve

an acceptable design. In general, the same particle material would be

specified on all of the stages.

The maximum-average particle diameter (using the surface-tovolume average) on each fluid bed stage is determined, using the Ergun

equation (I)* to maintain the minimum fluidization velocity 0.5 ft/s

below the minimum operating velocity, Um:

dmx(i) :

2 2 2 3 I/2

[B+(B+600 (pp g (1-E)u(i) (Um(i)-O.5))/(r(i) _ _ } ]/(20p

(4)

g/o(i))

where B = 1.75 (Um(i)-0.5) 2 /(_ _3)

*Numbers in paraenthesis refer to References listed at the end of

Appendix A.

A-2
An additional constraint is placed on the maximum-average particle

diameter that

dmx(i) < Sh - dt ) / 10 (5)

inorder not to hinder particle clrculation within the bed and not to

promote poor bed-to-tube heat transfer.

The minimum-average particle diameter is determined to result in

a bed terminal velocity that is I ft/s above the operating velocity on

each stage, U(i): defining

and

GA(i) = 4 g _p _(i) / (3u2(i) ) (6)

RE(i) (U(i) + i ) p(i) /u(i) (7)

then

3 I/2

dm(i) : f 24 RE(i) / GA(i) ]

3

if GA(i) dm (i) <2.44 (8)

0.9375 O.5517

dm(i) : [ 22.31 RE(i) / GA(i) ]

3

if GA(i) dm (i) < 76.9 (9)

0.7738 0.7568

d (i) : [ 11.12 RE(i) / GA(i) ] m

3

if GA(i) dm (i) < 1496 (10)

0.6943 0.9234

dm(i) : [ 6.324 RE(i) / GA(i) ]

3

if GA(i) dm (i) < 10940 (11)

0.6076 1.215

dm (i) : [ 2 752 RE(i) / GA(i) ]

3

if GA(i) d (i) < 707946 (12)

m

0.4898 2.130

dm(i) : [ 0.552 RE(i) / GA(i) ]

3

if GA(i) dm (i) > 707946 (13)

A-3
The same procedures may be used to find the maximum particle diameter in

the desired size distribution(the maximum diameter that can be

maintained in the fluidized state at the minimum operating velocity and

the minimum particle diameter in the desired size distribution (the

minimum diameter that can be maintained in the bed without elutriation

at the operating velocity).

The average particle diameter on each stage is then determined

from the relationship

d(i) I/2 [ dmx(i ) ÷ dm(i ) ] (14

and, unless the average particle diameters on the fluid bed stages

differ significantly, a single commercially available average particle

diameter, d, is selected for all of the stages that is close to the

determined averages and satisfies all of the constraints set in the

procedure.

With this single average particle diameter the average terminal

velocity for each bed is determined by defining

NGA(i) : 4 g Op o(i) d 3 / (3_2(i) ) (15

and

for use in

NRE i) = 0(i) d / u(i)

-I

Ut(i) : NRE (i) NGA(i) / 24 if NGA(i) < 2.44

16

17)

-I 0.9375

Ut(i) = 0.04483 NRE (i) NGA(i if NGA(i) < 76.9 18)

A-4
-I 0.7738

Ut(i) : 0.08991NRE(i) NGA(i) if NGA(i) < 1496 (19)

-I 0.6943

Ut(i) = 0.15812 NRE(i) NGA(i) if NGA(i) < 10940 (20)

-I 0.6076

Ut(i) : 0.3634 NRE(i) NGA if NGA(i) < 707946 (21)

-I 0.4898

Ut i) = 1.811NRE(i) NGA if NGA(i) > 707946 (22)

Likewise, the minimumfluidization velocity, Umf, on each stage is

determined from

2 3 3 1/2 3

Umf(i) = [ B'+{B'+ 7 d Op g I (_ _(i))} ]/(3,5 d/(¢_ )) (23)

where B' = -150 (I-_) u(i) / (¢2 e3 s(i))

C) FLUID BED HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS

A variety of correlations for heat transfer coefficients between

fluidized beds and horizontal, bare tubes immersed in the bed have been

developed for various ranges of operating conditions(3-5). Some have

been developed specifically for shallow fluidized beds, but in general

they apply more directly to relatively deep beds and small-scale

laboratory equipment(6-8). It has been observed that the heat transfer

coefficients measured in shallow fluidized beds can be significantly

larger than those in deeper beds(9,10). For the purposes of the heat

recovery unit design the following correlations are applied:

For particles greater in diameter than 2.953x 10 -3 ft (900 um)

the correlation of Glicksman and Decker is used(11):

h(i)=k(i) (1-6(i))/d [9.42+0.O_2 U(i) d s(i) Cp/k(i)} (24)

A-5
This correlation for large particles reflects the fact that radiation

has a neglegible contribution to the heat transfer coefficient at the

temperatures of interest. The impact of the tube spacing on the heat

transfer coefficient is approximated by applying a factor

[ I - dt/S h ( I + I / (1+Sv/dt) ) ]I/4

to the heat transfer coefficient, as given by Gelperin, et al (12).

bubble volume fraction in the bed must also be estimated to use this

correlation and this is done using the relationship proposed by BarCohen for slow bubbles(13):

The

a(i) = (U(i) - Umf(i ) ) / [ U(i) + Umf(i) ÷ 0.71 (g db(i))I/2 (25)

To use this relationship the average bubble diameter in the bed, db(i) ,

must first be guessed and an iterative procedure performed to converge

to the proper value of the bubble volume fraction once the bed depth has

been determined. For particles having diameter less than 2.953xi0 -3 ft

but larger than 1.312xi0 -3 ft(400 um) the correlation of Andeen and

Glicksman is used(14):

h i) = 900 k(i) (I- ¢o(i)) Pr(i) 0.3 / dt 0.674 [U(i) u (i)/(d 3 0p g)]0.326

This correlation is based on shallow bed data and uses the correlation

of Leva(15) for the total bed voidage %(i):

%(i) = 0.48 [ 200 U(i) _ (i) / ( d2 (0p - s(i)) g) ]I/3 -0.19 (27)

The impact of the tube bundle spacing is expressed by a factor

[ I - dt/S h ( i + I /(I + Sv / dt ) ) ]I/4

(26)

A-6
if the tube are in a staggered arrangement, and a factor

[ I - dt / Sh ]I/4

if the tube are in a square arangement.

For particles having diameters less than 1.312xi0-3 ft the

correlation of Grewal and Saxena is used(16):

h(i) = 0.46 k(i) / (dt 0"21 d0"37) (Cp/Cps)0"2 [_(i) _p g/u(i) 2] (28)

This correlation for small particles is actually for the maximum heat

transfer coefficient achieved as a function of velocity and will tend to

over estimate the coefficient. The impact of tube spacing in the bundle

is given by the factor

[ I - 0.21 ( Sh / dt) ]-1.75

If the tubes have extended surfaces on them the heat transfer

coefficient is known to be significantly modified depending on the fin

characteristics. The study of finned tube heat transfer in fluidized

beds has been studies extensive(17-19) and the following procedure for

estimating the finned tube heat transfer coefficient has been proposed.

Specifically we restrict attention to tubes with radial fins

having rectangular profile and we define the fin efficiency factor as

Ef = I/3 [ I + Lf / dt ]I/2 (29)

and the total finned tube area over the bare tube area as

Af : I+ dt/(4 Sf) [(I+ Lf/dt 2) - i ] + tf Lf /( Sf dt ) (30)

Based on Zabrodsky's work on finned tube heat transfer in fluid beds(20)

A-7
hf(i) : [2 Ef Lf2/(Af k t tf)] -1 [(1+8 Af -'1 h(i) Ef Lf 2 / (k t tf)] 1/2 -t]

expresses the relationship between the finned tube heat transfer

coefficient, hf, per unit of "bare" tube heat transfer surface, and the

bare tube heat transfer coefficient, h. Note that in some cases the fin

material and its thermal conductivity, kt, may differ from the tube body

material to provide both weight and heat transfer advantages.

Some constraints are also imposed on the finned tube dimensions:

I) the gap between the fins should not be less than five

particle diameters inorder to avoid a loss in tube heat

transfer coefficient or,

(31)

2)

Sf - tf > 5 d

the fin height, Lf,should not exceed 0.5 inches inorder to

avoid a reduction in the heat transfer coefficient below the

correlation values

3 the tube pitch should not be less than the tube diameter

plus twice the fin length to avoid finned tube interaction

While it is certainly not expected that these correlations will provide

extremely accurate estimates of the bed-to-tube heat transfer

coefficient, it is expected that they will provide correct trends in the

heat transfer behavior and order-of-magnitude estimates of the

coefficients that are sufficient for the purpose of conceptual design.

D) HEAT TRANSFER IN THE SPLASH ZONE

It has been reported that, especially in shallow fluidized beds,

the zone directly above the densely fluidized bed where high concentrations of particles are ejected upward and drop back into the bed

contributes significantly to heat transfer if tubes are immersed in this

A-8
"splash" zone(6-10). Here, the splash zone is defined as being the zone

directly above the bed where the heat transfer coefficient to the

immersed tubes is identical to those in the dense bed and the effective

temperature driving force is equal to the bed temperature. The splash

zone behaves simply as an extension of the dense bed. The height of the

splash zone is estimated in a following section.

E) CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS ABOVE THE SPLASH ZONE

For the design procedure the simplifying assumption is made that

there is a step jump in heat transfer behavior from the splash zone,

where ejected particles contribute to the rate of heat transfer, to the

convective zone above, where heat transfer is that of a particle free

gas. In reality, _t is to be expected that some increase in the heat

transfer coefficient above the splash zone might exist, but some reduction in the effectiveness of heat transfer would also exist due to the

recirculating particles in the convective zone. Overall, this is a

reasonable assumption for conceptual design evaluation, with the two

effects counteracting eachother to some extent.

Based on standard references, Afgan and Schlunder(21 , for

example, the convective heat transfer coefficients for bare tubes are

given by:

h : O.021 [ G d t / u] O'84

If G d t / u < 2xi05 then

prO.36

if G d t / u 2xi05

k / d t (32)

h = 0.27 k / d t [ G d t / u] O'63 prO-36 (33)

if the tubes are in-line and, if the tubes have a staggered arrangement,

then

A-9
h = 0.35 k / d t [ 4 Sv / Sh )0,2

if Sh / Sv > 2

h = 0.40 k / d t [ G d t / u ]0.2

if Sh / Sv < 2.

[ G d t i _ ]0.6 prO.36 (34)

prO.36 35)

If finned tubes are used in the convective zone then the two factors in

equations 29 and 30 may be used to compute the finned tube heat transfer

coefficient relative to the bare tube value, based on the bare tube

surface area:

hf = [4 Ef Lf 2 /(Afk t tf)] -I [(I+8 h Ef Lf 2 /(k t if) )I/2 -I ] 36)

This equation is restricted to radial fins of rectangular cross-section,

but other forms of fins can easily be considered by modifying t_e

factors Ef and Af.

F) TUBE INNER DIAMETER

The tube wall thickness is determined by standard methods(22):

tt : dt / [2 ( 0.8 ST t / Pf ÷ 0.4 )] + tc (37)

where the tube thickness is rounded up to the next larger standard

thickness and all tubes in the unit are assigned the same dimensions

unless they differ significantly enough to justify differing tube

dimensions in each stage. The tube inner diameter is then

dti = d t - 2 tt

(38)

G) TUBE NUMBER

The heat recovery unit internal cross-sectional area Ls

Ab : F / (o(I) U(!) )

(39)

A-tO
For a heat recovery unit that is rectangular in cross-section the width

and length are given by

T

_w ( Ab /7 )I/2 and LI = ¥ Lw (40)

where Lw is the length in the direction in which the tubes run. With

the tubes oriented on horizontal planes the number of tube runs, Nr, on

any stage of the heat recovery unit is

Nr = I+ ( L I - 2 Sw - d t ) / Sh ] / n (41)

where She distance between the inner vessel wall and the outer row of

tubes is generally set to be greater than one tube diameter to maintain

good bee circulation(23). The number of tubes per layer of tubes, n, is

a parameter which may be adjusted during the design to yield better

design features. The number of tube runs obtained from equation 41 is

rounded off to the nearest whole number. The number of tubes, Nt, on

any stage of the heat recovery unit is

Nt = A / (_dt) (L w Nr _2(Nr_1)(Sw+dt/2)+(Nr_1) Sh ]-I (42)

where A is now the total heat transfer surface area on the specific

stage estimated using the bed-to-tube heat transfer coefficient by A = Q

/ h, Q being the heat load on the stage. N t is again rounded up to the

next highest whole number. It is also convenient to obtain the tube

numbers on all stages to be identical so that single tube lengths can be

used throughout the unit, or that the tube numbers are even multiples of

each other. With the tubes arranged in vertical planes, the tube number

is

N t = N s [ L I - 2 Sw dt ) / Sh ÷ I ] (43)

A-11
rounded to the nearest whole number, where Ns is the numberof tubes per

column of vertical tubes,

The geometry of a cylindrical vessel dictates somekind of

coiled tube configuration. The coil configuration with compactly

arranged coils can makenr rotations on a single level:

nr = [ ( dv - dt ) / 2 - Sw ] / Sh (44)

where dv is the vessel inner diameter ( : ( 4 / _ Ab I/2 ) ).

The number of tubes is given by

N t = n A / { 2 _2 dt [ nr dt + .5 ( nr ÷ I ) n r Sh } (45)

rounded to the next closest whole number. Again, it is convenient if

the number of tubes on each stage are identical or are even multiples of

each other.

H) INSIDE TUBE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS

We are now in a position to estimate the heat tranfer

coefficients on the inside of the tubes. For sections of heat transfer

surface that function to preheat or superheat a gas or vapor or to cool

a gas or liquid, the heat transfer coefficient is(21)

hf : kf 0.027 / dti { _ Ff / (uf _ dti N t }0.8 Prfl/3 (46)

where 4 Ff / (uf _ dti N t ) must be larger than 10. 4 This same

correlation may be used in a steam system in the zone of "departure from

nucleate boiling" if Ff / ( of _ dti N t ) is greater than 1.5. DNB is

assumed to occur when 80% of the water evaporation has been completed.

On evaporation stages the inside tube heat transfer coefficient is

assumed to be very large relative to the other heat transfer resistances

and a fixed value of 3000 btu/hr-ft 2 -°F is used for approximation

purposes.

A-12
I) OVERALLHEATTRANSFERCOEFFICIENT

The overall heat transfer coefficient is given by

ho = [I/h ÷ I/hf (dt/dti) + tdlk d + tt/k t 2 in(dt/dti)/(1-dti/dt)] -I

based on the outside tube area.

(47)

J) TUBESURFACEAREASANDCHECKONTUBENUMBERANDPITCH

The actual tube surface area may now be calculated from

A : Q / hO

The tube numbers are then recalculated and compared to the original

estimates, if the corrected tube numbers change significantly then a

reiteration of the heat transfer coefficients in the tube is needed

until a fixed tube number is obtained. Because of the rounding off

procedure, the equations converge very quickly. Finally, the tube

vertical and horizontal pitches and the tube spacing with the wall is

recalculated. All constraints on the tube pitches must still be

satisfied.

K) TUBE-SIDE PRESSURE DROP

The tube length is given by

Lt = A / ( _ d t N t ) (49)

in any section of the heat recovery unit. For a gas or vapor preheat or

superheat section, or for a liquid or gas cooler(24)

19/4 7/4

A(Pf) = 0.0075 ufl/4/ _f I / dti ( Ff / N t ) L t (5O)

A-13
expresses the pressure drop. Over the evaporation and DBNsection the

pressure drop is estimated by(25)

I/4/ 19/4 7/4) I/4 8(Pf) = 0.0038 Ufl _fv I / dti (Ff / Nt Lt/(1+fl/fv)

+ ( 4 Ff / ( _ dti 2 Nt)2 ( I/rfv + I/rfl) I / g

(51)

where the subscripts I and v stand for liquid and vapor properties.

The total pressure drop should be less than 10% of the working

fluid supply pressure or the tube diameter must be modified and the

design reiterated.

L) GAS DISTRIBUTOR DESIGN

It can be shown that the distributor pressure drop required for

stable operation of the bed is roughly given by(26)

8(Pd ) { ib/ft2_ = U {ft/s} (52)

as compared to other criteria that call for a minimum distributor

pressure drop of from 10 to 35% of the bed pressure drop. The

distributor design is selected to be an orifice plate having uniformly

distributed holes of diameter, dor , no more than four times the average

particle diameter in diameter(rounded up to the closest standard size)

to limit particle weeping. The orifice velocity is

Uor = Cd ( 2 g A(P d) / _I/2) (53)

with Cd being the orifice coefficient, equal to about 0.7.

The let length issued at the orifices is estimated by(27)

Lj = 15 dor [ 0/Op Uor 2 /(g dor) _0.187 (54)

A-I_
and and the number of orifices per unit area is

Nor = U / Uor D / _p 4 / ( _ dor 2) (55)

The initial bubble diameter produced by each jet is(28)

dbo : 1.3 [ F / ( D Ab Nor gi/2 ) ]0.4 (56)

Other characteristics of interest in the design of a gas distributor

plate are the orifice pitch,

Sor = I / ( Nor I/2) (57)

and the orifice free area fraction,

_d : ( U / Uor ) ( _ / Di n ) (58)

where Din is the gas density of the gas entering the distributor. The

plate thickness is determined from standard thickness relationships for

the selected plate material at the temperature of the inlet gas to the

plate, and is based on the plate supporting its own weight and the

weight of the bed. Supports to prevent warping of the flat plates may

be required for plates of very large cross-section and an insulating

layer on top of the plate will be applied in general to keep the plate

at th highest temperature to minimize deposition of diesel soot.

M) BED DEPTH

The tube surface areas determined previously must be immersed in

the bed or the splash zone above the bed. If all of the tubes are to be

immersed completely in the dense bed region, the required bed depth

(expanded) for tubes on horizontal planes(rectangular or cylindrical

vessels) are

A-15
Lb = dt + Lu + La + [ NI - I ] Sv (59)

where the numberof tube layers, NI, is equal to Nt / n. The distance

from the distributor plate to the first row of the tubes, Lu, is

selected to be about I inch to minimize the bed height. The distance

from the top tube row to the top of the expanded bed, La, is selected to

be I inch to maintain the tubes within the bed during velocity turndown.

The specific turndown requirements must be evaluated to select Lu. With

tubes arranged in vertical planes and completely immersed in the dense

bed

Lb = d t ÷ Lu + La ÷ [ N r - I ] 8v Sv

where 8v is equal to I if the tubes are arranged "in line" and is equal

to 2 if the tubes are staggered.

The bed depth must exceed the jet length by about 50% inorder to

maintain a fluid bed and if this condition is not satisfied the bed

depth is set at 1.5 times the Jet length or the distributor orifices are

redesigned to give shorter jets.

If the splash zone above the dense bed is to be used to contain

heat transfer surface then, for tubes on horizontal planes

Lb + Lsp = dt + Lu + [ N I - I ] Sv (61)

where Lsp is the splash height. For tubes on vertical planes

Lb + Lsp : dt + Lu + [ Nr - I ] Sv Sv (62)

In this case the bed depth is specified as being greater than or equal

to 1.2 times the jet length. The work of George and Grace, on splash

height is used as the basis for determining the splash height(29). From

this work, the total height of the splash zone above a fluidized bed

containing horizontal tubes is about 29% of the transport disengaging

A-16
height, based on the deterioration of the heat transfer coefficient.

For the definition of the splash height used here, being the height over

which the heat transfer coefficient and particle-gas temperature does

not differ significantly from the bed heat transfer coefficient and the

bed temperature, the splash height is about I/4 of the total splash

height determined by George and Grace, or about 7.1% of the transport

disengaging height. Above this point it is assumedthat the heat

transfer coefficient is equal to the particle-free convective heat

transfer coefficient. The transport disengaging height is estimated

from the work of Zenz(30) as

: )0.75 (1/(4 dbmz))O 25 Ltd h 1.67 q dbm x ( U - Umf ) (63)

where dbm x is the maximum bubble diameter at the surface of the bed.

The correlation of Rowe(31) for the bubble size distribution in a fluid

bed is used to estimate the maximum bubble diameter:

dbm x : 1.75 dbo ÷ 0.42 ( U - Umf )I/2 ( Lb _ Lj3/4) (64)

The splash height criteria above and equations 63 and 64 are solved

iteratively for the terms Lb, Lsp , Ltd h and dbm x.

N) THE FREEBOARD HEIGHT

The height of the freeboard region above the dense fluid bed is

selected to minimize particle splashing on the above-stage distributor

plate, with the possibility of particle at;rition, plate erosion and

orifice plugging, and to minimize particle elutriation from the unit

while maintaining the vessel total height at a reasonable level. For

stages that are below the top stage of the heat recovery unit the

particle elutriation is not a concern and the freeboard height is

selected to be

Lfb : Lsp (65)

A-17
if there are tubes located in the splash zone, and

Lfb = 0.1 Ltdh (66)

if all of the tubes are immersedin the dense bed.

For the top stage of the unit where particle elutriation is a

concern a greater freeboard height is specified and

Lfb = O.25 Ltdh (67)

if tubes are located in the splash zone, while

Lfb = 0.35 Ltdh (68)

if all tubes are immersed in the dense bed. If a convective zone of

heat recovery fs located in the top stage freeboard then the freeboard

must be large enough to accomodatethis surface of height

dt + Lsp +Lz + [ Nr - I/'2 ] Bv Sv

for vertical tubes, and

dt + Lsp ÷ Lz + [ NI - I/2 ] Sv

for horizontal tubes. Lz is the height from the top of the convective

tube bundle to the gas outlet.

O) THEBEDPRESSUREDROP

The bed pressure drop is given by

A(Pb) = Lb 0p [ I - 5t ] [ I - 5 ] [ I - _mf ] (69)

A-18
The fraction of the bed volume occupied by bubbles, _, is taken to

be(13)

: [ U -Umf ] / [ U +Umf + 0.71 ( g db )I/2 ]

where the average bubble diameter in the bed, db, is dbmx/1.75.

volume fraction of tubes in the bed is

The

_t : [ dt A ( Lb - Lu ) / ( ( Lb + Lsp _ Lu ) (4 Ab Lb) ) ]

P) INSULATION THICKNESS

The average thickness of insulation around the heat recovery

vessel is estimated to be

(71)

tin : kin ! ha [ ( ( tO + tI ) / 2 - ta ) / ( ts - ta ) -I] (72)

where this layer of insulation may be distributed nonuniformly with the

thickest portions at the base and the thinner ones at the top. The

specified outer surface temperature of the insulation is ts, while to

and t I are the inlet and outlet gas temperatures, and ta is the ambient

temperature. The ambient to surface heac transfer coefficient, have is

treated as a free parameter because it is highly dependent on the speed

of the vehicle and its geometry.

REFERENCES - Appendix A

I. Ergun, S., Chem. Eng. Progr., 48, 89 (1952)

2_ Fuchs, N. A., Mechanics of Aerosols, Trans., editor C. N. Davies,

Pergamon Press, 1956.

3. Kunii, D., and O. Levenspiel, Fluidization Engineering, John Wiley &

Sons, Inc., Nwe York, 1969.

a. Botterill, J. S. M., Fluid-Bed Heat Transfer, Academic Press,

London, 1975.

<_ "_ A-19
5. Saxena, S. C., et al, Heat Transfer Between A Gas Fluidized Bed and

I_ersed Tubes, in Advances in Heat Transfer, Editor T. F_ Irvine

and Jo P. Hartnett, Academic Press, NewYork, 1978.

6. Williams, H. W., R. Hernandezand C. S. Mah, Choosing the Optimum

Bed Material for a Fluidized Bed Heat Exchanger, Proceedings of the

16th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engf Conf., 1981.

7. AI All, B. M. A., and J. Boughton, Shallow Fluidized-Bed Heat

Transfer, Applied Energy, 3, 101 (1977).

8o Baker, A., Heat Transfer Studies Between A Horizontal Tube and a

Shallow Flidized Bed, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Western Ontario, 1981.

9. Virr, M. J., and H. W. Williams, Heat Transfer in Shallow Fluidized

Bed Waste Heat Systems, presented at the 1984 Annual AIChEMeeting,

San Francisco, CA.

10. Atkinson, G. A., Extended Surface Fluidized Bed Heat Transfer, Pho

D. Thesis, Univ. Aston in Birmingham, 1974.

11. Glicksman, L. R., and N. Decker, Heat Transfer in Fluidized Beds

with Large Particles, MIT Industrial Liaison Program, Symposium,

January 18, 1979.

12. Gelperin, N. I., V. G. Einshtein, and L. A. Korotynaskaya, Int°

Chem.Eng., 9, 137 (1969).

13. Bar-Cohen, A., Fluid Mechanic Characteristics of Bubbling F1uidized

Beds, Adv. Mech. Flow Granular Mater., 2, 529 (1983).

14. Andeen, B. R., and L. R. Glicksman, Heat Transfer to Horizontal

Tubes in Shallow Fluidized Beds, ASMEpaper 76-HT-67.

15. Leva, M., Can. J. Chem.Eng., 35, 71 (1957).

16. Grewal, N. S., S. C. Saxena, Experimental Studies of Heat Transfer

Between a Bundle of Horizontal Tubes and a Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed

of Small Particles, Ind. Eng. Chem.Process Des. Dev., 22, 367

(1983).

17. Goel, I., S. C. Saxena, and A. F. Dolidovich, Heat Transfer From

Roughand Finned Horizontal Tubes in a Gas Fluidized Bed, J. Heat

Transfer, 106, 91 (1984).

18. Krause, W. E., and A. R. Peters, Heat Transfer from Horizontal

Serrated Finne_ Tubes in an Air-Fluidized Bedof Uniformly-Size_

Particles, ASMEpaper 80-HT-48.

A-20
19o

20.

21_

22°

23.

25.

26_

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

Chen, J. C., Heat Transfer to Tubes in F1uidized Beds, ASMEpaper 76-HT-75.

Zabrodsky, S. S., et al, Heat Transfer of Single Horizontal Finned

Tubes and Their Bundles in a Fluidized Bed of Large Particles, in

Fluidization, editors J. R. Grace and J. M. Matsen, PlenumPress,

NewYork, 1980.

Afgan, N., and E. U. Schlunder, Heat Exchangers: Design and Theory

Sourcebook, Scripta Book Co., Wash. D.C., 1974.

Chemical Engineer's Handbook, editor, J. H. Perry, Fourth Edition,

McGraw-Hill Book Co., NewYork, 1963.

Exxon Research and Engineering Co., Industrial Application Fluidized

Bed Combustion, Indirect Fired Process Heaters, Final Program Report

for July I, 1976 - September 30, 1980, DOE/ET/10379-T3.

Bird, R. B., W. E. Stewart, and E. N. Lightfoot, Transport

Phenomena,John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NewYork, 1960.

Collier, J. G., The Design of Boilers, in Heat Exchangers, editors

S. Kakac, A. E. Bergles, and F. Mayinger, HemispherePub. Corp., New

York, 1981.

Wen, C. Y., J. Shang, and D. F. King, Distributor Design, presented

at MIT Special SummerProgram on Fluidized Bed Combustion, Program

2 60S, July, 1981.

Yang, W. C., Jet Penetration in a Pressurized Fluidized Bed, I&EC

Fund., 20, 297 (1981).

Davidson, J. F., and B. O. G. Schuler, Trans. Inst. Chem.Engrs., 38, 335 (1960).

George, S. E., and J. R. Grace, AIChEJ., 28(5), 759, (1982).

Zenz, F. A., and N. A. Well, AIChEJ., 4(4), 472(1968).

Rowe,P. N., Prediction of Bubble Size in a gas Fluidized Bed, Chem.

Eng. Sci., 31, 285 (1976).

A-21

APPENDIXB

COMPONENT DATAFORSTEAMINJECTIONCYCLESYSTEMS

B.I Compressor Drive Expander

The designs for the compressor drive expander for the steam

injection cycle were based on data from the Cummins T-46B turbocharger.

The Dimensions for the compressor drive expander for the three applications are tabulated in Figure BI.

The desigr for the power expander was also based on the Cummins

T-46B turbocharger. The designs for the gearbox, the feed pump, and the

feed pump drive that are integral with the power expander were also

based on the TECO system described in Reference I. The dimensions for

the power expander and the gearbox for the three applications are

tabulated in Figure B2.

Conventional procedures for scaling turbomachinery were used for

both of these components. The gearboxes were scaled using the procedure

described in Appendix D.

For the steam injection systems the compressor drive expander,

the power expander, and the gearbox are modifications of standard

turbocompound engine components so the weights chargeable to the subposed

cycle are the incremental weights of these components. Table BI lists

the incremental weights of the compressor drive expander and the power

expander for the three applications. Table B2 lists the incremental

weights of the planetary gearboxes for the three applications.

B-I
o_3

t

I-- cn

t..

iv) (_

-- (..)

(_ I-.-

<I)

G)

r_

!

i-O

r4)EI

,..,.400

r-

.oa

<:

G) m

¢.1

r"Om

(.b

G)

r- iE

l,-

t-O

rG_ m

(I)

t13

c_. X

G)

(I)

L_OEoI

B-2
t_

x !

° I Ii

|

I u

o

m

°_

E

CD

0

cO

E

x

rCL)

X

CI_

0

!

B-3
Table BI - TURBOEXPANDER DATA FOR STEAM INJECTION CYCLE

Application Truck Locomotive Marine

Total Power - hp

Subsystem Power - hp

Compressor Drive Expander

Speed - RPM

Rotor Diameter - in

Weight - Ib

Incremental Weight (I) - Ib

362.0 3600 5600

62.2 618.6 962.2

61,500 19,400

4.8 15,1

20.2 641

.4 122

15,700

18.8

1249

242

Power Expander

Speed - RPM 46,100 14,500

Rotor Diameter - in 5.9 18.6

Housing Length - in 7.6 24.7

Involute Dimensions - in IO.5x12.9 33.5x40.9

Weight - ibs 37.9 1207

Incremental Weight (1) - ib (2.2) (74)

Total Incremental Weight (I) - ib (1.8) (48)

Specific Incremental Weight (I) - lb (.029) .079

(I) Relative to turbocompound engine without steam injection

11,700

23.2

30.2

41.8x51.0

2341

(145)

(97)

.101

B-4
Tab]e B2 - PLANETARY GEARBOXES FOR STEAM INJECTION CYCLE SYSTEM

Application Truck Locomotive Marine

Total Power - hp

Subsystem Power - hp

Turbine Speed - RPM

Diesel Engine Speed - RPM

Gear Speed - RPM

Speed Ratio

Gear Q-Factor

Weight Factor

Weight - ibs

Scale Factor

_ncremental Weight(2)_ib

362.0 3600 5600

62.2 618.6 962.2

46,1OO 14,500 11,700

1900 1050 1050

3o0o 1050 1800(1)

15.37 13.81 6.5

•385 10.04 5.34

•959 26.5 14.0

34.5 945 504

.986 2.98 2.41

16.3 439 224

(I) Generator Speed

(2) Relative to turbocompound engine without steam engine

B-5

APPENDIXC

SCALINGOFSTIRLINGENGINES

C.I Procedure

The Beaie number (NBe) is a dimensionless group of quantities

which empirically relate the power output of a Stirling engine (watts)

to

Rm meancycle pressure - bar

f frequency of operation - HZ

Vo swept volume of power piston - cm

as follows:

NBe= W/(Pm x f x Vo). See References CI and C2.

Whenthe heater temperature is 650°C and the cooler temperature is 65°C,

the value of NBeis about O.O15.

The temperature dependenceof the Beale numberas developed by

Walter (CI) is shown in Figure CI.

C.2 Reference Engine

The MODI automotive Stifling engine being developed by TECO

under NASALeRCContract DEN3-32 was used as the reference engine in

scaling the Stirling engine for the heavy duty transfer applications.

The characteristics of this engine are as follows:(C3,C4,C5)

Engine type - double acting

Drive type - U

Numberof Cylinders - 4

Engine speed - 4000 rpm

Working fluid - hydrogen

Bore - 68 cm

C-I
O2

Z

R

0.02

O.015

O.Ol

O,OO5

O.0014

Walker. I_/9}

I I I

Large Well-Designed

High Efficiency

Engines with Good

Cooling -_/

/

-- /

/

/

/

oH] /

/

/

- /

/

/

I

V.,

// / /

//

//

/.!

- I

".\\ • \

Ceramic \ \ Heater

,_\\_,,',

I l l

800 I000

Healer Temperalure (K)

Fig. C3-8eale numOe_ as a fundion of huter temoeraure

sho_n(j Stirling engine design _rameters

1200

C-2
T

14.0 in.

355 mm

26.4 in.

670 mm

Dwg. 9370A36

E

m

o_ E

Fig. C2-Conventional V-belt accessory drive

¢-3
Stroke - 34 cm

Displacement - 123.5 cm/cylinder

Heater temperature - 720°C

Cooler temperature - 50°C

Mean cycle pressure - 15 MPa

Net engine power - 56 kW (75 hp)

Net engine efficiency - 0.277

Specific weight - 9.3 Ib/hr

Specific cost - 57.5 $/hp

Envelope dimensions - see Figure C2

Beale number for HOD I

NBe : W/(f x Vo x Pm )

: 56,000/(66.7 × 494 x 150) = 0.O113

Temperature correction for MOD I power

Vo = constant

Assume

Pm = constant

f = constant

NB3 = _(heater temperature)

Solve for power

High Terperature case

Heater Temp. = 797°F (698 K)

NBe = 0.0054 (from Fig. C3)

W = NBe x Pm × f × Vo = 0.0054 x 150 × 66.7 x 49a = 26,689

W = 35.8 hp

Low Temperature Case

Heater temp : 450°F (506 ° K)

NBe = O.0014 (from Fig. C3)

W = .OO14 x 150 x 66.7 x 494 = 6920, W = 9.28 hp

C-_
1.umpedLosses for MOD I engine

r_net = (I-Tc/T H) x C × nH × nM × fa, Ref. C6

C = Carnot efficiency ratio

nH = heater efficiency - 0.92

nM = mechanical efficiency

fa = auxiliary power ratio

TC = cooler temperature - 50oc

TH = heater temperature _ 720oc

nnet = net engine efficiency - 0.277

C × nM x fa : nnet/((1-Tc/T H) x qH)

= 0.277/((I-323/933) x O.92) = 0.446

Modified net engine efficiency for MOD I engine

For heat recovery with heat pipe assume nH - 0.99

"Inet = 0.99/0.92 x 0.277 - 0.298

Sca]ing for Long haul truck application

High temperature unit

TEX H = 1247OF

HEX H = 343.6 Btu/lb

TBE D = 900OF

HBE D = 247.0 Btu/ib

Wp = 2886 lb/hr

nHX : 0.975

qREC = 2886 x (343.6 - 247.0) x 0.975 = 271,818 Btu/hr

TH = 797OF

TC = 122OF

_net = (I-583/1257) x 0.446 x 0.99 - 0.237

Power = 0.237 x 271818/2545 = 25.3 hp

Reference power - 35.8 hp

Scaling factor - 25.3/35.8 = 0.707

Mean cycle pressure - 150 bars

Frequency - 66.7 HZ 4000 RPM

C-5
Piston stroke

S - So x 0.7070.333 = Oo891So

Cylinder diameter

D = DO x 0.7070.333 = 0.891D O

Engine volumse/weight factor - 0.8913 = 0°707

Low temperature unit

TIN = 900°F

HIN = 247.0 Btu/lb

TST = 553°F

HST= 154.3 Btu/ib

Wp= 2886 ib/hr

_HX= 0.975

qREC= 2886 x (247.0-154.3) x 0.975 = 260,844 Btu/hr

TH = 450°F

TC = 122°F

nNET= (I-583/910) x 0.466 x 0.99 = 0.157

Power = 0.159 x 260,844/2545 - 16.3 hp

Reference power - 9128 hp

Scaling factor - 16.3/9.28 - 1.76

Meancycle pressure - 150 bar

Frequency - 66.7 HZ 4000 RPM

Piston stroke

S - So x 1.760.333 = 1.21 x So

Cylinder diameter

D = Do x 1.760.333 = 1.21 x Do

Engine volume/weight factor - 1.213 = 1.76

C.3 REFERENCES- Appendix C

CI. Walker, G. "Elementary Design Guidelines for Stirling Engines,"

Proc. 14th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference,

ACS,Boston, August 1973.

C-6
C2.

C3

C4.

C5_

C6.

C?.

West, C. D., "Theoretical Basis for the Beale Number," Proceedings

of the 16th IECEC, August, 1981, p. 1986-7.

Nightingale, N. P., "Automotive Stirling Engine Development

Program," Proc. 21st Auto. Tech. Dev. Contractor's Coordination

Meeting, Dearborn, Michigan, Nov. 14-17, 1983.

Richey, A. E., "MOD I Stirling Engine Performance Data and

Analysis," Proceedings 21st Auto. Tech. Dev. Contractor's

Coordination Meeting, Dearborn, Michigan, Nov. 14-17, 1983.

Personal communication with A. E. Richey, MTI

MartLn, W. R., "Stirling Engine Design Manual - Second Edition,"

DOE/NASA/3194-1, Jan. 1983, p. 77.

Gedeon, David, "Scaling Rules for Stirling Engines," Proceedings of

the 16th IECEC, August, 1981, p. 1929-35.

C-7

APPENDIXD

PLANETARYGEARBOXSCALING

The procedure for estimating weights of planetary gears is given

by Dudley(D1) as

W= 20 x QI.0184

where W is weight in pounds and

Q _ horsepower X (Mg + I)3

pinion RPM Mg

Mg = speed, ratio of gears

The gearbox design from Reference I which is shown on the attached

Figure DI was used as the basis for scaling as follows:

W = Wre f x (Q/QREF)I-0184

Wre f = 36 Ibs

Qref = O.401

W = 36 X (Q/O.401) I'O18a

Since the weight is proportional the cube of the unit dimensions

L = Ere f X (W/36) O'333

(DI) Dudley, Darie W., "Practical Gear Design McGraw-Hill New York

1952 . ' , ,

D-I
D_. 9370A32

GEARBOX

FEEDPUMP

PTO

Fig. D1-TECO reference system, power conversion unit (PCU)

D-2
APPENDIX E

V-BELT DRIVE DESIGN INFORMATION

-_'_: _:-'''vZ ........ IF'_ .... _F ........ n,_- ..... l III ........ ] I1 .............................. j ..... ----_ _

Robert Hamm

Westinghouse R & D Center

1310 Beulah Road

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15235

_i_';_i_ _

OF Poor QG_,_,_,_,_

The Gates Rubber Company

999 South Broadway

P O. Box 5887

Denver, Colorado 80217

(303) 744-1911

September 12, 1984

Dear Mr. Harem:

Durin@ cur phone conversation of September 6, you asked me to design drives

for a six unit, St_rllng battery locomotive drive. The drive parameters were:

Battery:

DriveR:

DriveN:

Center Distance:

One 91.8 h.p., five 65.1 h.p.

kOO0 rpm

1050 rpm

30" for bottom four batteries

56" for top two batteries

The belts were picked to obtain the center distances nearest your specifications.

Less expensive drives are available, but have larger center distances than

you specified.

The proposed drive is shown in the accompanying drawings. The drives I am

recommending are as follows:

Drive:

DriveR:

DriveN:

B_]t:

Center Distance:

Tensioning:

Four bottom batteries, 65.1 h.p. each

5/5vxa.9

5/5VX18.7

5/5'_1ooo

30.7"

Apply force of 8 to ii pounds, for deflection

of 15/32"

Drive:

DriveR:

DriveN:

Belt:

Center Distance:

Tensioning:

Top battery, 65.1 h.p.

5/5vx_.9

5/5vx18.7

5/5vx15oo

56.O5"

Apply force of 7 to ii pounds, for deflection

of T/8".

i E-I
Robert Hamm

Page 2

Drive:

DriveR:

DriveN:

Belt:

Center Distance:

Tensioning:

Top battery, 91.8 h.p.

6/5VX4.9

6/5VX18.7

6/5VX1500

56.O5"

Apply force of 8 to 12 pounds, for deflection

of 7/8".

If you have any questions, please contact me.

Sincerely,

BO/cmc Brent 0man

Application _ihngir.eer

E-2
oo

ORIGINRL PP.C.,T.i2

OF POOR QUALITY

',e

/

©

_v.j

Lt_

E-3
¢...

lb."

_2

0"-"

j'l

'v'9

,,,9

'F..-4
The Gates Rubber Company

999 South Broadway

P O Box 5887

Denver, Colorado 80217

(303) 744-1911

_r. Robert Hamm

W_sting)icuse q&D Center

]_I0 Beul_h Road

Pittsburgh, PA 15235

September 24, 1984

Dear Mr. Hamm:

!r: :_ur teieohone conversations of September 17 regarding my previous drive

so__o_en ......._ ........... o_-,_ndations _-=_r your iccDmotive drive, you indicated that _vou oreferreJ tc use PowerBand belts.

"-_ng,.o, the force-deflection method of tensioning for PowerBand belts is not

:_iways convenient since such large forces are required to deflect all of the

individual strands in _ PowerBand at the same time.

Ple_se use the following information for the elongation method of tensioning

in place of my previous tensioning recommendations for single strand belts.

Xeasure the outside circumference of the belts at zero tension. Tighten the

belts until the original outside circumference elongates between the amounts

s_own below:

Horseoower Belt Elongation

65.1 5/SVXIOOO PowerBand 3/8" to 9/16"

65.1 5/5VX15OO PowerBand 1/2" to 13/16"

91.% 6/5VX1500 PowerBand 5/8" to 15/16"

if you have any questions, please contact me.

SO/ckw

Sincerely, I

Brent Oman

Application Engineer

E-5

APPENDIX F

WEIGHT ESTIMATES FOR ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

The weights of the turbine and gearbox for the organic Rankine

cycle system _n the three applications were based on the designs

described in Reference I. The turbine was scaled using conventional

turbomachinery scaling procedures and the planetary gearbox was scaled

using the method described in Appendix D.

Table FI summarizes the results for the turbine and Table F2

summarizes the results for the gearbox.

F-I
Application

Table FI

TURBINEDATAFORORGANICRANKINECYCLEWITHRC-I

Truck Locomotive Marine

Total Power - hp 373.3

Rankine Cycle Power- hp 56.2

Turbine Rotor Diameter - in 3.5

Turbine Rotor Speed - RPM 55,000

External Dimensions of Turbine

Diameter - in 6.68

Length - in I0.75

Turbine Weight - ib 33.5

3600

542.0

IO.9

17,714

20.8

33.5

1012

56OO

904.4

13.4

14,349

23.4

37.6

_880

F-2
Table F2

PLANETARYGEARBOXDATAFORORGANICRANKINECYCLEWITHRC-I

Application Truck Locomotive Marine

Total Power- hp

Rankine Cycle Power- hp

Turbine Speed- RPM

Diesel Engine Speed - RPM

Gear Speed - RPM

Speed Ratio

Q-Factor

Weight Ratio

Weight - lbs

Scale Factor

Housing Length - in

Housing Diameter - in

(I) Generator Speed

(2) Engine Speed

373.3 36OO

56.2 542.0

55,000 17,714

1900 1050

3000 1050(2)

18.3 16.9

O.401 10.38

1.00 27.5

36 990

1.00 3.02

7.6 22.9

10.0 30.2

5600

904.4

14,349

1050

18oo(i)

8.0

6°74

15.04

541

2.47

18.8

24.7

F-3

APPENDIX G

WEIGHT ESTIMATES FOR STIRLING ENGINE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

The weights of the high and low temperature Stirling engine

modules were derived from the MODI reference engine using the scaling

procedure described in Appendix C. Table GI summarizes the results for

the three applications. For the truck application, the high temperature

module is an 0.89 scale model and the low temperature version is a 1.21

scale model of the reference engine.

For the locomotive application it was found that a single 2.87

scale model high temperature unit would weigh 3.37 times as much as

multiple reference engine modules and that a single 3.89 scale model low

temperature unit would weigh 3.36 times as much as multiple reference

engine modules. It was therefore decided to use multiple reference

engine modules for this application rather than single units.

For the marine application, the same advantage of multiple

reference engine modules over single units obtained so multiple modules

were used for this application alsoo

In the truck application the two Stirling engine modules drive

through a single planetary gearbox. The estimated weight for that

gearbox is given in Table G2.

The locomotive application of the Stirling engine does not use a

gearbox. The V-belt drive provides the required speed reduction.

The gearboxes for the marine application are gear and pinion

type. The weights of these units were estimated.

G-I
Table GI

SCALINGOFSTIRLINGENGINES

Application

Truck

Reference (358.1 hp)

Locomot i ve

(_600 hP)

Marine*

(5600 rip)

High Temperature

Power- hp 35.8 25.3 254.3 404,9

No. of Cylinders 4 4 28 4 44 4

Speed - RPM 4000 4000 _000 1200 4000 1000

Height - in 31.9 28.4 31.9 91.6 31.9 112.6

Width - in 28.0 25.0 28.0 80.4 28.0 98.8

Length - in 28.0 25.0 196.0 80.4 308 98.8

Weight - ibs 698 494 4900 16522 7700 30852

9.28 16.3 163.9

4 4 70 4

4000 4000 4000 12OO

31.9 38.6 31.9 124.1

28.0 33.9 28.0 108.9

28.0 33.9 490 108.9

698 1229 12250 41112

NA 41.6 418.2

NA 1723 17150 57634

_1.4 41.4 137.8

Low Temperature

Power - hp

No. of cylinders

Speed - RPM

Height - in

Width - in

Length - in

Weight - ibs

Total Power - Stirling Engine

Total Weight

Specific Weight - ib/hp

*Water Cooled

267.7

110 4

4000 10OO

31.9 152.8

28.0 134.1

770 !34.1

19250 76710

672.6

26950 _07562

aO.1 159.9

G-2
Tab±eG2

PLANETARYGEARBOXESFORSTIRLINGENGINES

Application

Total power - hp

Diesel engine speed - rpm

Stirling engines

Engine power - hp

Engine speed - RPM

Gear speed - RPM

Speed ratio

Q-factor

Weight - ibs

Housing Length - in.

Diameter - in.

Truck

358.1

19OO

41.6

4OOO

3OOO

1.33

O. O989

8,6

4.8

6.3

G-3
J. R. Hdn_m

.......... / _..._-. C,_.J),

R. A. Newby

, (

....

D. L. Keairns, Manager

Chemical & Process Engineering

G-4
................................ T ............................

................. I 91eoort NO 2 Government Accession No

4 "l'ille and Subtitle

Desizn and Evaluation of Fluidized Bed Heat

Recovery for Diesel Engine Systems

7 Aul_or(S)

J. R. Hamm

R. A. Newby

E. J. Vidt

T. E. Lippert

+ 9 Performing Orgamzation Name and Address

Westinghouse Research & Development Center

1310 Beulah Road

pittsburgh, PA [5235

12 Sponsonng Agency Name and Address

U. S. Department of Energy

Office of Vehicle & Engine R&D

Washin!_ton, D.C. 20585

3 Reclpient's Catalog NO

5 Reporl Date

JuLy 1985

6 Performing Organization Code

8 Performing Organization Report NO

10 Work Unit NO

11. Contract or Grant NO

DEN3-345

13 Type of Report and Period Covered

Contractor Report

14 Sponsoring Agency Code

DOE/NASA/0345-I

15 Supplementary Notes

?repared under Intera_ency Agreement DE-AI01-80CS50194, Project Manager

H. Hurray Bailey, Propulsion Systems Division, NASA Lewis Research Cneter,

i

Cleveland, OH 44_35

; 16 Abstrac_

I A preliminary conceptual design studv was conducted to evaluate the potential of

utilizing fluidized bed heat exchangers in place of conventional counter-flow heat

!exchangers for heat recovery from adiabatic diesel engine exhaust gas streams.

Fluidized bed heat recovery systems were evaluated in three different heavy duty

transport applications: heavy duty diesel truck, diesel locomotive, and diesel

marine _ushboat. The three applications are characterized by differences in

overall power output and annual utilization.

For each application, the exhaust gas source is a turbocharged-adiabatic diesel

core. Representative subposed exhaust gas heat utilization power cvcles were

selected for conceptual design efforts including design layouts and performance

estimates for the fluidized bed heat recovery heat exchangers. The selected power

cycles were: Organic Rankine with RC-I working fluid, Turbocompound Power Turbine

with Steam Injection, and Stifling Engine.

Fuel economy improvement predictions were used in conjunction with capital cost

estimates and fuel price data to determine Dayback times for the various cases.

7hese were based on simple Dayback assumptions without considerations of

maintenance burdens or the cost of monev.

7 Key Words {SuGgested D'F Authoqs)}

Diesel Engine Economics

Heat Recovery Truck

Adiabatic Locomotive

Fluidized Bed Marine

19 Secu:ity ClassH ,of !ms reoortl

18 Distribution Statement

1 Unclassified-Unlimited

I STAR Category 85

DOE Category UC-96

!20 Securdy Classif _of Ibis page) ;21. NO. of pages

Unclassified

Unclassified

22 Price"

r-o, sale oy !he NatlonalTecnmcal Informahon Serwce, Sormgfield, V_rgm_a 22161