Q

NBS

PUBLICATIONS

NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 497

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards

Hydraulic Research in

United States and Canada, 1976

•QO

100

,U57

no. 497

1978

c.2

Jplorial Bureau of Stemfarcfe

5>c^° Hydraulic Research in the

iV" United States and Canada, 1976/^ oL M};ceL»,„ m- m

Edited by

Pauline H. Gurewitz

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

\J>6- NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Issued April 1978
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 73-60019

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 497

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 497, 377 pages (Apr. 1978) CODEN: XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1978

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Stock No. 003-003-01884-8 Price $5.50

(Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing.)
ABSTRACT

Current and recently concluded research projects in hydraulics and

hydrodynamics for the years 1975-1976 are summarized. Projects from more than 200 university, industrial, state and federal government

laboratories in the United States and Canada are reported.

Key words: Fluid mechanics; hydraulic engineering; hydraulic research;

hydraulics; hydrodynamics; model studies; research summaries.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The editor gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance

of Dr. Gershon Kulin in the preparation of this document.

iii
PREFACE

This publication first appeared in 1933 as "Hydraulic Research in the United States" in answer to a need to keep hydraulicians aware of pertinent current activity in research

laboratories throughout the United States and Canada. With the exception of a few World

War II years, it was published annually through 1966, after which publication became

biennial. In 1972 the title was changed to "Hydraulic Research in the United States and

Canada.

The National Bureau of Standards appreciates the cooperation of the more than 200

organizations which have contributed to this issue their summaries of hydraulic and

hydrologic research and of other fluid mechanics research of interest and usefulness to hydraulicians. These reporting organizations are listed beginning on page vii. Although

efforts are made to solicit reports from all laboratories whose work comes to our attention,

the National Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness of this

publication. We must depend in the last analysis upon reporting laboratories for the

completeness of the coverage of their own programs, and upon new laboratories engaged in

pertinent research to bring their activities to our attention.

Detailed information regarding the research projects reported here should be obtained from

the correspondent listed under (c) or immediately following the title and address of the

organization reporting the work. The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of publications, reports or other detailed information on research projects reported

by other laboratories. It is of course understood that laboratories submitting reports

on their work will be willing to supply additional information to properly qualified

inquirers

.

Readers of "Hydraulic Research in the United States and Canada" can find related

information in the "Water Resources Research Catalog," prepared by the Science

Information Exchange of the Smithsonian Institution for the Office of Water Resources

Research, U.S. Department of the Interior. Information on that publication can be

obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C. 20402. (See also Key to Projects on next page.)

iv
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract

Preface

List of Contributing Laboratories

Project Reports from

U. S. University, State and Industrial Laboratories

U. S. Government Laboratories

Canadian Laboratories

Subject Index

KEY TO PROJECTS

The project summaries are grouped in three sections: (1) U. S. university, state and

industrial laboratories, (2) U. S. Government laboratories, and (3) Canadian laboratories. Within each section the source laboratories are listed alphabetically (see List

of Contributing Laboratories on page vii) and are numbered sequentially using the first

three digits of the identification number.

(a) Project number and title

In the thirteen-digit identification number, e.g., 129-01111-000-00, preceding

each title, the second (five-digit) group, e.g., 01111, is the project number.

Once assigned, this number is repeated in each issue for identification purposes

until the project is completed. .In this issue the numbers 09776 and above are projects being reported for the first time. Numbers folowed by W, e.g. 0122W,

identify projects which are included here by title only and are completely

summarized in "Water Resources Research Catalog." See Preface.

(b) Project conducted for

Only out-of-house sponsors are listed here. Absence of an entry indicates in-house

support

.

(c) Correspondent

Where there is no entry here, refer to the correspondent cited directly following

the title and address of the reporting laboratory.

(d) Nature of Project

Basic or applied; theoretical, experimental; thesis, etc.

(e) Description of Project

(f ) Present Status

Absence of an entry here implies that the project was in an active status at time

of submission.

(g) Results

In many continuing projects this section contains only results obtained since the

previous issue of "Hydraulic Research in the United States and Canada." For completeness, readers are encouraged to consult earlier issues and/or publications

listed under (h)

.

vii

1 169

257

287

v
Publications

For the continuing projects, only publications since the last issue are generally listed. Older publications are listed when there have been no new

publications since the last issue or when a project is being reported for the

first time. For completeness, readers are encouraged to consult earlier issues.

vi
LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

U. S. UNIVERSITY, STATE AND INDUSTRIAL LABORATORIES Page

001 AEROSPACE CORPORATION 1 AKRON, UNIVERSITY OF

002 Department of Civil Engineering 1 003 Department of Mechanical Engineering 1 ALASKA, UNIVERSITY OF

004 Institute of Water Resources 1 ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

005 Energy and Environmental Systems Division 2 ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY

006 Department of Chemical and Bio Engineering 2 007 Department of Mechanical Engineering 3 ARIZONA, UNIVERSITY OF

008 Department of Soils, Water and Engineering 4 AUBURN UNIVERSITY

009 Department of Civil Engineering 4 BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE

010 Columbus Laboratories 4 011 Pacific Northwest Laboratories 5 BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

012 Department of Applied Science 7 CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

013 Department of Chemical Engineering 8 014 Engineering Science Department 9 015 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 9 CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FULLERTON

016 Division of Engineering 9 CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES

017 Department of Civil Engineering 10

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO

018 Department of Civil Engineering 10

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT BERKELEY

019 Department of Civil Engineering, Division of Hydraulic and Sanitary

Engineering 10

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (see 067) 66

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT DAVIS

020 Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, Water Science and

Engineering Section 12

021 Division of Environmental Studies, Institute of Ecology 13

022 Department of Mechanical Engineering 13

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT LOS ANGELES

023 Engineering Systems Department 14 CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT SAN DIEGO

Scripps Institution of Oceanography (see 142) 123

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT SANTA BARBARA

024 Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering 1^

025 CALSPAN CORPORATION 15

026 CHICAGO BRIDGE AND IRON COMPANY 15

CINCINNATI, UNIVERSITY OF

027 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hydraulic Laboratory 16

CLARKSON COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

028 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 16

COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES

029 Basic Engineering Department 17

vii
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Page

030 Engineering Research Center 18

COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF AT BOULDER

031 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) 21

032 Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering 21

COLORADO UNIVERSITY OF AT DENVER

033 Department of Civil and Urban Engineering 22 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory (see 066) 66

CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF

034 Marine Sciences Institute 22

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

035 Department of Environmental Engineering 22 DARTMOUTH COLLEGE

036 Thayer School of Engineering 23

DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF

037 College of Marine Studies 24

DETROIT, UNIVERSITY OF

038 Civil Engineering Department 24

FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF

039 Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Laboratory 24

GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION

040 Electric Boat Division 27 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY

041 Nuclear Energy Systems Division 27 042 Re-Entry and Environmental Systems Division 28

GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

043 Department of Civil, Mechanical and Environmental Engineering 29

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

044 School of Engineering 31

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

045 Department of Engineering and Applied Mathematics 33

HAWAII, UNIVERSITY OF

046 J. K. K. Look Laboratory of Oceanographic Engineering 33

HAWAII, UNIVERSITY OF AT MANOA

047 Department of Agricultural Engineering 37 HOUSTON, UNIVERSITY OF

048 Cullen College of Engineering 37 HOWARD UNIVERSITY

049 Department of Civil Engineering 40

051 HYDROCOMP 41

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF

052 College of Engineering 41 IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE

053 Engineering Research Division 43

054 ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY 43

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

055 Department of Agricultural Engineering 43

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF

056 Department of Civil Engineering, Hydrosystems Laboratory 44

057 Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and

Hydraulics Laboratory 48

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

058 Department of Geology 51

059 INGERSOLL-RAND RESEARCH, INC. 51

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

060 Thomas J. Watson Research Center 52

viii
Page

061 IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH 53

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

062 Department of Aerospace Engineering 63

063 Department of Agricultural Engineering 64

064 Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics 64

065 Department of Mechanical Engineering 65

IOWA, UNIVERSITY OF

Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research 63

JET PROPULSION LABORATORY 9 066 LAMONT-DOHERTY GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 66

067 LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 66

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY

068 Department of Civil Engineering, Fritz Engineering Laboratory 66

069 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics 67

070 LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 67

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A&M COLLEGE

071 Agricultural Engineering Department 68

072 School of Engineering 68

MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION

073 Martin Marietta Laboratories 69

MARYLAND, UNIVERSITY OF

074 Institute for Physical Science and Technology 70

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

075 Department of Civil Engineering, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for

Water Resources and Hydrodynamics 70

MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF

076 School of Engineering 80

077 MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATED ' 82

MIAMI, UNIVERSITY OF

078 Department of Mechanical Engineering 82

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

079 Department of Civil Engineering 83

081 Department of Mechanical Engineering 83

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

082 Department of Aerospace Engineering 84

083 Department of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Science 84

084 Department of Chemical Engineering 84

085 Department of Civil Engineering 84

086 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cavitation and Multiphase Flow

Laboratory 85

087 Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 85

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF

088 Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics 86

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory (see 149) 128

MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY

089 Department of Aerophysics and Aerospace Engineering 87

MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF - COLUMBIA

091 Department of Geology 89

092 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 90

MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF - ROLLA

093 Department of Chemical Engineering 90

094 Department of Civil Engineering 91

MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY

095 Department of Agricultural Engineering 93

096 Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 93

NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF - LINCOLN

097 Department of Mechanical Engineering 94

ix
Page

NEW ORLEANS, UNIVERSITY OF

098 School of Engineering 94

099 NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY 94

100 NEW YORK OCEAN SCIENCE LABORATORY OF AFFILIATED COLLEGES AND

UNIVERSITIES, INCORPORATED 95

NEW YORK, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF

101 Aerodynamics Laboratories 95

102 Department of Civil Engineering 96

NEW YORK, STATE UNIVERSITY OF AT BUFFALO

103 Department of Civil Engineering 97 104 Department of Engineering Science, Aerospace Engineering and Nuclear

Engineering 97

105 Department of Mechanical Engineering 98

NEW YORK, STATE UNIVERSITY OF AT STONY BROOK

106 Marine Sciences Research Center 98

NORTHERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY

107 Department of Geography, Earth Science and Conservation 99

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

108 The Technological Institute 99

NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF

109 Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 99

111 Department of Civil Engineering 101

H2 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY 102

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

113 Agricultural Engineering Department 104

114 Department of Agronomy 104

115 Department of Chemical Engineering 104

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY

116 School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 105

OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY

117 Institute of Oceanography 106

OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY

118 School of Engineering 106

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY

119 Department of Aerospace Engineering 107

121 Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory 108

122 Department of Mechanical Engineering 109

123 Institute for Research on Land and Water Resources 109

124 Institute for Science and Engineering, Applied Research Laboratory 110

PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

125 Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering 111

PITTSBURGH, UNIVERSITY OF

126 Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 112

127 Department of Civil Engineering 112

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

128 Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences 112

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

129 Department of Agricultural Engineering 113

131 School of Chemical Engineering 114

132 School of Mechanical Engineering 115

133 School of Nuclear Engineering 115

RAND CORPORATION

134 Department of Physical Sciences 116

RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

135 Department of Mathematical Sciences 117

136 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aeronautical Engineering and

Mechanics, Jonsson Laboratory 118

x
Page

ROCHESTER, UNIVERSITY OF 137 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Sciences 119

ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

138 Rocketdyne Division 120

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY

139 Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering 120

SAND IA LABORATORIES

141 Fluid and Thermal Sciences Department 1260 122

142 SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY 123

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

143 Department of Aerospace Engineering 124

SOUTHHAMPTON COLLEGE OF LONG ISLAND UNIVERSITY

144 Department of Geology 125

SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY

145 Civil and Mechanical Engineering Department 126

146 SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 126

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

147 Department of Applied Earth Sciences, School of Earth Sciences 127

148 Department of Civil Engineering 127

149 ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 128

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

151 Davidson Laboratory 133

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY

152 Department of Civil Engineering 136

153 Department of Oceanography 140

154 Texas Water Resources Institute 141

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF AT AUSTIN

155 Center for Research in Water Resources 143

156 Department of Civil Engineering 144

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY

157 Utah Water Research Laboratory and Utah Center for Water Resources

Research 144

VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY

158 Environmental and Water Resources Engineering 148

VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE

1^9 Department of Estuarine Processes and Chemical Oceanography 149

161 Department of Physical Oceanography and Hydraulics 149

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

162 Department of Civil Engineering 153

163 Department of Mechanical Engineering 153

VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

164 Chemical Engineering Department 154

165 VOUGHT CORPORATION ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY CENTER, INCORPORATED — 154

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

166 The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory, Department of Civil and

Environmental Engineering 155

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF

167 Department of Civil Engineering 156

168 Department of Mechanical Engineering 158

169 WEBB INSTITUTE OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 159

WESTERN WASHINGTON STATE COLLEGE

171 Department of Geography and Regional Planning 160

WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY

172 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics 160

xi
Page

WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY OF AT MADISON

173 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 160

174 Department of Geology and Geophysics 161

175 Marine Studies Center 161

176 Department of Mathematics 162

177 Department of Meteorology 162

178 WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION 162

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

179 Alden Research Laboratories 163

WYOMING, UNIVERSITY OF

181 Department of Mechanical Engineering 167

U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF

Agricultural Research Service

300 North Central Region 169

301 Northeastern Region 171

302 Southern Region 172

303 Western Region 182

Forest Service

304 Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 186

305 North Central Forest Experiment Station 189

306 Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station 191

307 Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station 191

308 Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 193

309 Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 196

310 Southern Forest Experiment Station 196

ARMY, DEPARTMENT OF THE

311 U. S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory 196

Corps of Engineers

312 Coastal Engineering Research Center 197

North Pacific Division

313 Division Hydraulic Laboratory 205

314 Waterways Experiment Station 213

COMMERCE, DEPARTMENT OF

National Bureau of Standards

Institute for Basic Standards

Cryogenics Division

315 Cryogenic Fluid Dynamics Section 221

Mechanics Division

316 Fluid Mechanics Section 221

317 Fluid Meters Section 225

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

318 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory 227

319 Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 229

321 National Weather Service 230

INTERIOR, DEPARTMENT OF THE Bureau of Reclamation

322 Division of General Research 230

Geological Survey

323 Water Resources Division 235

xii
Page

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

324 Ames Research Center 238

325 Langley Research Center 239

326 Lewis Research Center 240

327 Wallops Flight Center 240

NAVY DEPARTMENT OF THE

U.S. Naval Academy

328 Division of Engineering and Weapons 241

Naval Construction Battalion Center

329 Civil Engineering Laboratory 241

330 Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity 242

331 Naval Ocean Systems Center 242

332 U.S. Naval Research Laboratory 244

David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center

333 Annapolis Laboratory 246

334 Carderock Laboratory 247

335 Naval Surface Weapons Center 253

Naval Underwater Systems Center

336 New London Laboratory 253

337 Newport Laboratory 253

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

338 Data Services Branch 254

339 Water Resources Management Methods Staff 254

341 Water Systems Development Branch 254

TRANSPORTATION, DEPARTMENT OF

Federal Highway Administration

342 Office of Research 256

CANADIAN LABORATORIES

400 ACRES CONSULTING SERVICES LIMITED 257

401 ALBERTA RESEARCH COUNCIL, TRANSPORTATION AND SURFACE WATER ENGINEERING

DIVISION 260

ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OF

402 Department of Civil Engineering 262

403 Department of Mechanical Engineering 263

BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF 404 Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory 264

CANADA CENTRE FOR INLAND WATERS

405 Hydraulics Research Division 265

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY

406 Institute of Oceanography 268

ENVIRONMENT CANADA

407 Department of Fisheries and the Environment 269

408 LASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, LIMITED 269

MCGILL UNIVERSITY

409 Department of Chemical Engineering 272

MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND

410 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science 273

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

411 Division of Mechanical Engineering, Hydraulics Section 274

xiii
Page

NEW BRUNSWICK, UNIVERSITY OF

412 Department of Civil Engineering 275

413 ONTARIO HYDRO 275

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY

414 Department of Civil Engineering 277

SASKATCHEWAN, UNIVERSITY OF

415 Department of Mechanical Engineering 279

TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF

416 Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry 279

417 Department of Mechanical Engineering 280

TRENT UNIVERSITY

418 Department of Geography 282

WATERLOO, UNIVERSITY OF

419 Department of Civil Engineering 283

420 WESTERN CANADA HYDRAULIC LABORATORIES LIMITED 283

WESTERN ONTARIO, UNIVERSITY OF

421 Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Science 285

WINDSOR, UNIVERSITY OF

422 Department of Mechanical Engineering 286

xiv
PROJECT REPORTS FROM UNIVERSITY, STATE, AND

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORIES

AEROSPACE CORPORATION, P.O. Box 92957, Los Angeles, Calif. 90009. Dr. A. Mager, Vice President and

General Manager, Engineering Science Operations.

001-07917-050-00 STUDIES OF SWIRLING FLOWS

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Investigation of free and confined swirling flows with particular emphasis on the breakdown phenomena.

(h) Steady, Incompressible, Swirling Jets and Wakes, A. Mager, AIAAJ. 12, 11, 1974.

UNIVERSITY OF AKRON, Department of Civil Engineering, Akron, Ohio 44325. Dr. A. L. Simon, Department Head.

002-04 15W-8 10-00 DEVELOPMENT OF LINEARIZED SUBHYDROGRAPH

METHOD OF URBAN RUNOFF DETERMINATION

(c) Dr. S. Sarikelle, Associate Professor.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0032. 002-09953-360-47 LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF ENERGY

DISSIPATORS AT CULVERT OUTLETS

(b) U.S. and Ohio Department of Transportation.

(c) Dr. S. Sarikelle, Associate Professor.

(d) Experimental, theoretical and applied research.

(e) Development of energy dissipator consisting of

prefabricated modular units for culvert and storm drain

outlets. Relationships between scour patterns and flow

characteristics are investigated by laboratory tests. Prototype performance is determined by field studies. (g) Prototype installation of the first version of the modular

energy dissipator has been accomplished.

(h) Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Energy Dissipators, S. Sarikelle, A. L. Simon, Interim Report I, Hydraulics Lab., Univ. of Akron, Feb. 1975.

Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Energy Dissipators, S. Sarikelle, A. L. Simon, Interim Report II, Hydraulics Lab., Univ. of Akron, Feb. 1977.

UNIVERSITY OF AKRON, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Akron, Ohio 44325. Dr. Rudolph J. Scavuzzo,

Department Head.

003-09776-010-14 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF INVISCID, SUBSONIC

COMPRESSIBLE FLOW, WITH APPLICATIONS TO

BOUNDARY LAYER COUPLING AND INVERSE COMPUTATIONS

(b) U.S. Army Research Office, Durham.

(c) Dr. P. M. Gerhart, Assoc. Professor; R. Chima.

(d) Analytical, basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Inviscid subsonic compressible flows are to be computed

in primitive variable form via the finite element method. Coupling with existing turbulent boundary layer methods, and inverse (design) applications, will be investigated. 003-09777-140-00 TURBULENT AND LAMINAR INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL

FLOWS WITH HEAT TRANSFER

(c) Benjamin T. F. Chung, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical basic research for Ph.D. and M.S. theses.

(e) Development of mathematical models for various complex

transport processes. (h) A Transient Surface Renewal and Penetration Model for Turbulent Forced Convection from a Plate, B. T. F. Chung,

L. C. Thomas, Proc. 5th Intl. Heat Transfer Conf. 2, 124

(1974).

Unsteady Heat Transfer for Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow with Time Dependent Wall Temperature, L. C. Thomas, B. T. F. Chung, J. of Heat Transfer, Trans. ASME

96, 117 (1974). An Analysis of Heat Transfer in Turbulent Annular Flow,

B. T. F. Chung, L. C. Thomas, Proc. 1 0th Ann. Southeast- ern Sem. on Thermal Science ( 1974). Turbulent Heat Transfer for Pipe Flow With Prescribed Fluxes at Walls and Uniform Heat Sources in the Stream,

B. T. F. Chung, L. C. Thomas, J. Heat Transfer, Trans. ASME 96, 430 (1974).

A Surface Rejuvenation Model for Turbulent Convective Transport-An Exact Solution, L. C. Thomas, P. Ginger, B. T. F. Chung, Chem. Eng. Sci. 30, 1239 (1975). Heat Transfer for Turbulent Annular Flow of High Prandtl Number Fluids, B. T. F. Chung, L. C. Thomas, Y. Pang, ASME Paper 75-HT-39.

Transient Convective Heat Transfer for Laminar Boundary

Layer Flow With Effects of Wall Capacitance and Resistance, C. C. Wang, B. T. F. Chung, L. C. Thomas, J. Heat Transfer, Trans. ASME, (in press). An Analysis of Transient Heat Transfer for Steady Turbulent Flow Over A Flat Plate, L. C. Thomas, V. Nagpal, B. T. F. Chung, Proc. 12th Ann. Southeastern Sem. on Ther- mal Sciences, (1976).

UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA, Institute of Water Resources, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701. Dr. Robert F. Carlson,

Director. 004-09952-300-54 HYDRAULIC MECHANISM OF AUFEIS GROWTH

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) A field study over three winters was carried out to measure the variability of pressure beneath an ice cover. Theoretical analysis to correlate the observed pressure

fluctuations with climatic variables was performed using

Time Series techniques.

(g) Large pressure fluctuations in the unfrozen water beneath

the ice cover occur. These fluctuations appear to be re- lated to ambient temperatures; the pressures increase as

1
the ambient temperatures increase, however, there is a lag of several days between the two series,

(/i) Analysis of Stream Aufeis Growth and Climatic Conditions, D. L. Kane, R. F. Carlson, 3rd Natl. Hydrotechnical Conf., Quebec, Canada, May 30-31, 1977.

ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY, Energy and Environ- mental Systems Division, 9700 So. Cass Ave., Argonne,

111. 60439. Dr. John D. Ditmars, Manager, Water

Resources Section. 005-09778-440-52 GREAT LAKES POLLUTANT TRANSPORT PROCESSES

(b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Dr. Kim D. Saunders.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) The spatial and temporal variation in nearshore (< 10 km

offshore) currents and the near-bottom currents in central Lake Michigan are investigated. Data from this program

and others are employed in evaluating the ability of numerical lake circulation models to predict the circulations and to estimate residence times for pollutants in both the nearshore zone of southwestern Lake Michigan and in the southern basin of the lake. The near-bottom currents are measured in support of sediment resuspension studies. (g) Based on existing data, no numerical models tested have been able to predict the lake circulations with any degree

of reliability. An empirical linear transfer function model

has been able to account for about 80 percent of the vari- ance caused by local winds. Pollution residence times are being computed at present. (h) Preliminary Verification of Numerical Circulation Models

for Lake Michigan, J. H. Allender, M. J. Berger, K. D.

Saunders, Proc. Symp. for Modeling of Transport Mech. in Oceans and Lakes, Scientific Rept., Environment Canada

(1977). Nearshore Currents at Point Beach Wisconsin, 1974-1975,

K. D. Saunders, L. Van Loon, C. Tome, W. Harrison, Ar- gonne Natl. Lab. Rept. ANLIWR-76-l, Mar. 1976. Nearshore Currents in Southern Lake Michigan (June- November, 1975), K. D. Saunders, L. S. Van Loon, Ar- gonne Natl. Lab. Rept. ANL/WR-76-2 , May 1976. Modification of Braincon 381 Current Meter for Identifica- tion of Start/Stop Frame of Film, Exposure 4, 4, pp. 6-9 (1976). Thermograph Records of Upwelling Events in Southwestern Lake Michigan, K. D. Saunders, L. S. Van Loon, Radiological and Environmental Research Div. Ann. Rept.-Ecology

,

January-December 1975, ANL-75-60, Part III (1976). Review and Appraisal of Numerical Circulation Models for Lake Michigan, J. H. Allender, Argonne Natl. Lab. Rept. ANL/WR-76-6, Sept. 1976. 005-09779-870-36 FATE OF REFINERY WASTES/INDIANA HARBOR CANAL

(b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Energy

Research and Development Administration, and Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality.

(c) Dr. Wyman Harrison.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The transport and dispersion of oil-refinery wastes from

the Indiana Harbor Canal into southwestern Lake

Michigan are studied in the field using simulated waste and tracers. The wastes and subsurface waters are tagged

with rare-earth tracers and dye, and the dispersing plumes

are sampled for several days from a vessel. Summer conditions, when the canal outflow enters the lake at the surface, and winter conditions, when the canal outflow sinks below the lake surface, are both investigated.

(g) Techniques for tracking and sampling both the floating and sinking plumes and for sample analysis by neutron activation have been developed. Field experiments have been

carried out for one floating plume and one sinking plume.

Certain wind and circulation conditions during winter ap- pear to direct the canal outflow northward in the lake in the direction of the water treatment plant intakes. (h) Transport and Dispersion of Oil-Refinery Wastes in the Coastal Waters of Southwestern Lake Michigan

(Experimental Design-Sinking-plume Condition), D. L. McCown, W. Harrison, W. Orvosh, Argonne Natl. Lab. Rept. ANL/WR-76-4, July 1976. 005-09780-870-52 SUBMERGED DIFFUSER DISCHARGE ANALYSIS

(b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Dr. John D. Ditmars.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Submerged discharges of cooling waters from electric power generation into large bodies of water are in- vestigated. Models for the prediction of the temperature

fields of the resulting thermal plumes are evaluated. Proto- type data are collected by Argonne at several sites on the Great Lakes using a towed thermistor cable, ranging

system, and data acquisition system onboard a small boat. The three-dimensional temperature structure data gathered

are employed for model evaluation. Ambient water temperature, circulation, and wind are monitored during

plume mapping.

(g) Thermal plumes for relatively shallow-submergence

discharges for the Zion Nuclear Power Station and the D.

C. Cook Nuclear Power Plant on Lake Michigan have been mapped and studied. Field investigations have been

initiated at the multiport diffuser of the J. A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant on Lake Ontario. Near-field dilutions

at the Zion site have been compared with model predictions, and the effects of current on single and adjacent

pairs of discharges at that site have been documented.

(h) Field Studies of the Thermal Plume from the D. C. Cook

Submerged Discharge with Comparisons to Hydraulic

Model Results, A. A. Frigo, R. A. Paddock, D. L. McCown, Argonne Natl. Lab. Rept. ANL/WR-75-3, May 1975.

Field Studies of Sub merged-Diffuse r Thermal Plumes with Comparisons to Predictive Model Results, A. A. Frigo, R. A. Paddock, J. D. Ditmars, Proc. 15th Intl. Conf. on

Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, July 1976 (in press). Thermal Plumes from Submerged Discharges at Zion Nuclear Power Station: Prototype Measurements and Comparisons with Model Predictions, R. A. Paddock, A. A.

Frigo, L. S. Van Loon, Argonne Natl. Lab. Rept. ANLIWR76-5, July 1976.

ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical

and Bio Engineering, Tempe, Ariz. 85281. Dr. Castle O.

Reiser, Faculty Chairman.

006-08825-250-54 DRAG REDUCING ADDITIVES

(b) NSF, ACS-PRF.

(c) Dr. Neil S. Berman.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic and applied research.

(e) Study of the relationship of flow timescales to high molecular weight polymer solution timescales.

(g) Experiments have been conducted showing the effect of molecular weight distribution, time scale distribution and

different irrotational and turbulent flow scales. (h) Drag Reduction Onset for a Random Coil Polymer, J. Yuen, M.S.E. Thesis, Chemical Engrg., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, Ariz., Dec. 1976. Drag Reduction and Turbulent Production Using Dilute DNA Solutions, S. Elihu, M.S.E. Thesis, Chemical Engrg., Arizona State University.

2
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Tempe, Ariz. 85281. Dr. Darryl Metzger,

Department Chairman.

007-07141-000-00 LAMINAR FLOW BETWEEN CO-ROTATING DISKS

(c) Professor Warren Rice.

(d) Analytical and experimental; applied research; Doctoral and MSE theses.

(e) Development of solutions for flow useful in development

and design of multiple-disk turbomachinery; experimental

investigation of criteria for transition of laminar to turbulent flow, and experimental confirmation of analytical

descriptions earlier obtained.

(f) Complete.

(g) Indicated by publications. (h) Calculated Design Data for the Multiple-Disk Turbine

Using Incompressible Fluid, M. J. Lawn, Jr., W. Rice, J. Fluids Engrg., ASME Trans. 96, 1, 3, Sept. 1974. 007-08698-630-00 INVESTIGATION OF AN UNCONVENTIONAL HYDRAULIC

GAS COMPRESSOR (TROMPE COMPRESSOR)

(c) Professor Warren Rice.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic and applied; Masters

thesis. (e) The compressor involves gas bubbles being carried downward in a column of liquid. An analytical model of

the compressor involving this type of two-phase flow has been made and calculations of the expected performance

have been made using a digital computer. The analytical

model has been compared with data from an experimental

model of the compressor with excellent agreement.

(/) Complete.

(g) Performance calculations have indicated that several possi- ble applications areas should be further investigated, in- cluding tidal and wave energy recovery and compression

of air for power plant load peaking storage.

(h) Performance of Hydraulic Gas Compressor, W. Rice, J. Fluids Engrg., ASME Trans. 98, 1,4, Dec. 1976. 007-09931-140-50 MULTIPLE JET ARRAY IMPINGEMENT HEAT TRANSFER

CHARACTERISTICS

(b) NASA.

(c) Professors L. W. Florschuetz and D. E. Metzger.

(d) Experimental, applied research, M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Study of flow dynamics and heat transfer on surfaces sub- jected to impingement from multiple jet arrays. (g) Incomplete. 007-09932-050-70 JET IMPINGEMENT ON ROTATING SURFACES

(b) AiResearch Division of the Garrett Corporation.

(c) Professor D. E. Metzger.

(d) Experimental, applied research, M.S. theses.

(e) Study of flow dynamics and heat transfer on rotating sur- faces cooled by single and multiple impinging jets. (g) Experiments have been conducted showing a flow regime

transition phenomena which significantly affects the heat

transfer rate between an impinging jet and a rotating disk.

(/i) Heat Transfer Between an Impinging Jet and a Rotating

Disk, D. E. Metzger, L. D. Grochowsky, ASME Paper No. 76-WAIHT-2, Dec. 1976. 007-09933-630-88 INVESTIGATION OF MULTIPLE-DISK TURBINES FOR USE

WITH GEOTHERMAL STEAM

(b) Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.

(c) Professors Warren Rice and D. F. Jankowski.

(d) Analytical, applied research, M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Laminar flow of very wet steam through the rotor of multiple-disk turbines is calculated using two-phase modeling and finite difference solution methods.

254-330 0 - 78 -2

(/) Completed.

(g) Results indicate that multiple-disk turbines using laminar

flow have little or no promise for use with goethermal

fluids, but that laminar-flow multiple-disk turbines using steam of higher quality (for other applications) have in- teresting performance that can now be predicted. (h) Bulk-Parameter Analysis for Two-Phase Throughflow Between Parallel Corotating Disks, W. Rice, D. F. Jan- kowski, C. R. Truman, Proc. 25th Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, June 21-23, 1976, Univ. of California, Davis, Calif. Laminar Throughflow of a Fluid Containing Particles Between Corotating Disks, C. R. Truman, W. Rice, D. F. Jankowski, ASME Paper No. 76-WAIFE-38. Laminar Throughflow of Quality Steam Between Corotating Disks, ASME Paper No. 76-WAI FE-41

.

007-09934-630-00 HYDRAULIC AIR COMPRESSOR FOR A TIDAL ENERGY

RECOVERY

(c) Professor Warren Rice.

(d) Analytical; applied research; Masters thesis. (e) Existing calculated results, (performance maps) for the hydraulic air compressor are being used, together with performance data for air turbines and models of certain

tidal basins, to calculate electrical output that could be obtained from tidal basins with such systems. Economic stu- dies are also to be attempted.'

(g) For future comparison, performance models of tidal basins with conventional bulb turbines are now completed and implemented in computer programs. 007-09935-640-50 WAKES FROM BUILDINGS AND NATURAL OBSTACLES

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) Professor Earl Logan.

(d) Experimental; applied; thesis. (e) Investigation of the response of atmospheric turbulent boundary layers to obstacles of simple geometry.

(g) Incomplete.

(h) Wakes from Buildings and Natural Obstacles (Progress Report), E. Logan, J. Chang, D. K. Melendrez, Mech. Engrg.

Rept. No. ERC-R-7701

1

, Apr. 1977. 007-09936-210-00 TURBULENT FLOW OVER ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS

(c) Professor Earl Logan.

(d) Experimental; basic; thesis. (e) Investigation of the response of turbulent pipe flow to ring-type roughness elements.

(g) Measurements of profiles of mean velocity, turbulence and

Reynolds shear stresses accompanying the transformation from fully-developed smooth to fully-developed rough pipe and channel flow. Same measurements downstream of sin- gle roughness elements.

(/i) Channel Flow a Smooth-to-Rough Surface Discontinuity with Zero Pressure Gradient, O. Islam, E. Logan, J. Fluids Engr. 98, 4, pp. 626-634, Dec. 1976. Response of a Turbulent Pipe Flow to a Change in Roughness, W. D. Siuru, E. Logan, ASME Paper, Fluids Engrg. Conf., June 15-17, 1977. Response of a Turbulent Pipe Flow to a Change in Surface Roughness, Ph.D. Dissertation, Mech. Engr., Arizona State Univ., May 1975. Measurement and Prediction of Flow Past a Single

Roughness Element in Turbulent Pipe Flow, M.S.E. Thesis, Mech. Engr., Arizona State Univ., Dec. 1976. 007-09937-000-00 TURBULENT FLOW BETWEEN COROTATING DISKS

(c) Professors D. F. Jankowski and Warren Rice.

(d) Analytical, applied research, Ph.D. thesis.
(e) Turbulent through flow of a compressible fluid between

corotating disks is considered, with expectation of extending solution to case of two phase flow, such as gas-withparticles and/or wet steam.

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, College of Agriculture, Depart- ment of Soils, Water and Engineering, Tucson, Ariz. 85721. Professor Delmar D. Fangmeier.

008-0266W-820-60 GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES

(e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0033. 008-0267W-840-33 MODELING SOIL WATER MOVEMENT FOR TRICKLE IR- RIGATION

(e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0035. 008-0268W-820-07 MEASUREMENT, PREDICTION AND CONTROL OF SOIL

WATER MOVEMENT IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID SOILS

(e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0036. 008-0269W-840-07 SURFACE IRRIGATION FLOW ANALYSIS THROUGH

MODEL STUDIES

(e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 3.0011.

AUBURN UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering,

202 Ramsay Hall, Auburn, Ala. 36830. Dr. Rex. K.

Rainer, Professor and Head of Department.

009-09781-340-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY FOR UNIT 2-FARLEY

NUCLEAR PLANT, OPEN CHANNEL SYSTEM

(b) Southern Company Services, Inc. (c) Dr. Carl E. Kurt, Asst. Professor.

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) Build, test and evaluate a 1 to 15 hydraulic model of the Unit 2 Open Channel System. Model flow rates up to 790 gpm are being tested. Flow profiles, characteristics, and

velocities are being observed and recorded for various channel configurations. In particular, velocity profiles in the pump intake structure are being carefully evaluated.

(g) Preliminary results are leading to a design with signifi- cantly improved flow characteristics. 009-09782-860-36 ENGINEERING PERFORMANCE OF THERMOPLASTIC

WATER WELL CASINGS

(b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) Dr. Carl E. Kurt, Asst. Professor.

(d) Experimental, applied research; Master's thesis. (e) Provide the engineering data necessary to develop a ra- tional criteria for design of thermoplastic water well casings. This study will minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination caused by well casing failures. 009-09783-860-33 COLLAPSE PRESSURE PREDICTION FOR THERMOPLASTIC WATER WELL CASINGS

(b) USDl, Office of Water Research and Technology through Water Resources Research Institute of Auburn University.

(c) Dr. Carl E. Kurt, Asst. Professor.

(d) Analytical, applied research; Master's thesis. (e) Analytically predict the collapse pressure of thermoplastic water well casings. These hydraulic pressures are caused

by groundwater, lateral soil pressure, and the grouting

operation. 009-09784-820-30 SUBSURFACE HEAT STORAGE: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

(b) U.S. Geological Survey and the Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Dr. Fred J. Molz, Alumni Associate Professor.

(d) Applied experimental research related to the storage of thermal energy in confined aquifers.

(e) A volume of heated water is injected into a confined

aquifer by pumping. During the injection-storage-recovery

cycle, hydraulic heads and water temperatures are recorded in an array of 14 observation wells. The data is used to determine the efficiency of energy recovery from

aquifer storage and as a basis for testing several mathematical models describing the transport of water and heat

in an aquifer system.

(g) A preliminary experiment resulted in an energy recovery

of 70 percent. Computer models operated by the U.S. Geological Survey were able to simulate the head and temperature distributions to a useful extent and predicted a recovery efficiency of 75 percent.

BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE, Columbus Laboratories,

505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201. John M.

Batch, Director. 010-07969-630-27 HIGH-PERFORMANCE VANE PUMP FOR AIRCRAFT

HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

(b) U.S. Air Force, Aero Propulsion Laboratory.

(c) D. L. Thomas, Research Engineer.

(d) Applied research and development.

(e) Demonstrate a variable-displacement two-lobed pressure- compensated hydraulic vane pump capable of operating at 30,000 rpm, 4000 psi, 45 gpm with MIL-H-5606B hydraulic fluid with a design life of over 1000 hours. The pump

incorporates two unique concepts: ( 1 ) a pivoting-tip vane which provides full hydrodynamic lubrication between the rotating vanes and the stationary cam ring, and (2) a deformable cam ring in which displacement change is achieved by elastically deflecting the member to alter the cam-surface profile. The purpose of the development was

to achieve weight reduction for turbine-driven pumps

through elimination of gearing and decreased pump size. (f) Completed.

(g) The pump was satisfactorily operated at 30,000 rpm, and

with various displacements for over 20 hours including 9 hours at 3000 psi. During this series of evaluations there was no significant degradation in flow rate or the condition of parts. The pump was operated for a limited time in a variable-displacement mode controlled with the integral pressure compensator. The pump pressure compensator

control system responded to pressure variations but additional development is required to perfect the pressure control. The operational pump was deliverd to the Air Force.

(h) A final report was issued in December, 1975, identified as High Performance Vane Pump for Aircraft Hydraulic

Systems by Battelle's Columbus Laboratories, Technical

Rept. AFAPL-TR-75-94 for Air Force Aero Propulsion

Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patter- son Air Force Base, Ohio 45433. Direct request for copies

to AFAPL/POP (Attention Mr. K. W. Binns) or to AFAPL/DOE (STINFO).

4
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE, Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Water and Land Resources Department, Richland,

Wash. 99352. D. B. Cearlock, Department Manager.

011-08797-870-36 AN ASSESSMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR

STORM AND COMBINED SEWER MANAGEMENT

(b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) A. Brandstetter, Sr. Development Engineer.

(d) Theoretical investigation; applied research.

(e) Twenty-five mathematical models for the nonsteady simulation of urban runoff were evaluated to determine their

suitability for the engineering assessment, planning, design and control of storm and combined sewerage systems. The

models were evaluated on the basis of information

published by the model builders and model users. Seven models were also tested by computer runs using both

hypothetical and real catchment data. Most of the models

evaluated include the nonsteady simulation of the rainfall- runoff process and flow routing in sewers; a few include

also the simulation of waste-water quality, options for dimensioning sewerage system components, and features

for realtime control of overflows during rainstorms.

(f) Completed.

(g) The assessment summarizes the principal features, assumptions and limitations of 25 models, compares numerical

test results and computer running costs for several models, and presents the model equations of the tested models.

Additional model features are recommended which would

enhance or extend model simulation capabilities and use. (h) Assessment of Mathematical Models for Storm and Combined Sewer Management, A. Brandstetter, U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency Rept. EPA-600/2-76-1 75a and

175b, Aug. 1976, available as NTIS PB-259 597/AS (main

report and appendices A to E, paper and microfiche copy

available) and NTIS PB-258 6441AS (appendix F-selected computed printouts, only microfiche copy available). Evaluation of Mathematical Models for the Simulation of Time-Varying Runoff and Water Quality in Storm and Combined Sewerage Systems, A. Brandstetter, R. Field, H.

C. Torno, Battelle-Northwest Rept. BN-SA-486, Feb. 1976, and in Proc. EPA Conf. Environmental Modeling and Simulation, Cincinnati, Ohio, Apr. 20-22, 1976, Rept. EPA

600/9-76-016, pp. 548-552, July 1976. 011-08800-820-52 MOVEMENT OF RADIONUCLIDES THROUGH SOILS

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration

(Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company).

(c) J. R. Eliason, Manager, Resources Systems Section.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Develop accurate and applicable transport models for describing the movement of radionuclides (and other pollutants) in complex saturated groundwater systems. Both

soil chemistry (not discussed here) and hydrology research

are included in the program. The latter includes the for- mulation of algorithms and computer programs for numerical solution of system transmissibility distribution using

groundwater potentials and pump test data, and numerical

solution to transient behavior of a groundwater system in response to known stresses. The programs are to be capable of analyzing both transient and steady state groundwater systems in significant detail. (g) Algorithms and computer routines were developed for a number of models and codes involving fluid flow in porous media and related transport of contaminants in such

media. The Transmissivity Iterative Routine (TIR), was

developed for calculating the hydraulic conductivity dis- tribution in heterogeneous aquifers where characterization by field measurement methods alone would be prohibitive

in cost. The method is based on the numerical integration of the Boussinesq equation for the hydraulic conductivity

along instantaneous streamtubes of flow. The Partially- Saturated Transient Flow Model (PST) was used to test the formulation for simulating isothermal, unsaturated,

liquid flow in heterogeneous porous media. The model,

when tested, was computationally slow and impractical as a management tool but did demonstrate that the equation could be solved for flow entering relatively dry soils. The

Multicomponent Mass Transfer (MMT) Model was

developed to predict the movement of radiocontaminants

in the saturated and unsaturated sediments of the Hanford

Reservation. This model was designed to use the water movement patterns produced by the Hanford unsaturated and saturated flow models coupled with dispersion and

soil-waste reaction submodels to predict contaminant motion. Sensitivity studies were made for the existing variable Thickness Transient Groundwater Flow Model.

(h) Partially-Saturated Transient Groundwater Flow Model

Theory and Numerical Implementation, A. E. Reisenauer, D. B. Cearlock, C. A. Bryan, BNWL-1713, 1975. The Transmissivity Iterative Routine-Theory and Numerical Implementation, D. B. Cearlock, K. L. Kipp, D. R.

Friedrichs, BNWL-1706, 1975. Variable Thickness Transient Groundwater Flow Model-Theory and Numerical Implementation, K. L. Kipp, A. E. Reisenauer, C. R. Cole, C. A. Bryan, BNWL-1703,

1976 (updated).

Multicomponent Mass Transport Model, S. W. Ahlstrom,

H. P. Foote, C. R. Cole, R. J. Serne, R. C. Arnett, BNWL2127, 1977 (in progress). 011-09999-860-87 DEVELOPMENT OF WATER QUALITY MODELS FOR MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS

(b) Engineering and Water Supply Department, Adelaide, South Australia.

(c) A. Brandstetter, Sr. Development Engineer.

(d) Experimental investigation, applied research.

(e) Two mathematical water quality models were developed to predict the water quality of water supply reservoirs as a

result of changing water quality of the inflowing waters. A

simple eutrophication model simulates monthly variations of total and soluble phosphorous in the epilimnion and

hypolimnion, and estimates algae and water clarity from

total phosphorus. A more complex limnological model

simulates daily horizontal and vertical variations of the water temperature, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, algae,

salinity and suspended sediments. The eutrophication

model was tested with 40 years of data from Lake

Washington in Seattle, and the limnological model with two years of data from a water supply reservoir near Adelaide, South Australia.

(f) Completed.

(g) Testing of the eutrophication and limnological models on Lake Washington, a South Australian reservoir, and other

lakes and impoundments in the U.S. indicates that models

can reliably predict water quality for a wide variety of lim- nological conditions. The eutrophication model can be applied with a minimum of data and little cost to predict water quality changes in lakes and reservoirs over many

years. The detailed limnological model can then be run to determine more detailed spatial and temporal variations in water quality in years with potentially critical water quality conditions. Used conjunctively, the models provide useful

tools for both long-term planning and for short-term as- sessments of water quality changes resulting from alternate land use and lake management schemes.

(It) Water Quality Models for Municipal Supply Reservoirs, Part 1 Summary, Part2-Model Fromulation, Calibration and Verification, Part 3-User's Manual, and Part 4-Mt.

Bold Reservoir Data Acquisition and Evaluation, A. Brandstetter, R. G. Baca, A. F. Gasperion, A. S. Myhres, Jan. 1977. Lumped and Distributed Parameter Limnological Models

for Deep Lakes and Impoundments, A. Brandstetter, R. G. Baca, A. F. Gasperino, J. K.. Shepherd, Battelle-Northwest Rept. BN-SA-690, Apr. 1977, and Proc. 8th Ann. Pitt- sburgh Conf. Modeling and Simulation, Apr. 21-22, 1977, Univ. of Pittsburgh (to be published).

5
011-10000-220-52 COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT/RADIONUCLIDE TRANSPORT MODELING

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) D. W. Dragnich, Manager, Environmental Management

Section.

(d) Theoretical, field investigation, applied research.

(e) A continuing program has been underway to predict sedi- ment and associated transport in the Columbia River through the use of mathematical models. Calculations are made using finite element techniques for solving

hydrodynamic and transport equations. Field data have

also been collected to obtain additional information for model verification and theoretical developments.

(g) Produced two sets of models useful for predicting movements of any pollutant attached to sediments.

(h) Mathematical Simulation of Sediment and Radionuclide Transport in the Columbia River, Y. Onishi, BNWL-228,

1977 (in progress). 011-10001-220-55 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF SEDIMENT AND

RADIONUCLIDE TRANSPORT IN THE CLINCH RIVER,

TENNESSEE

(b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) D. W. Dragnich, Manager, Environmental Management

Section.

(d) Theoretical, field investigation, applied research.

(e) The finite element model, SERATRA, has been modified and applied to the Clinch River to solve time-dependent,

longitudinal and vertical distribution of sediment and

radionuclides. The modeling procedure involves simulating

the movements of sediment and the transport of dissolved

radionuclides. These results are then input to a model of

radionuclides attached to river sediment in order to observe the interaction between sediment and radionuclide movements. Finally, changes in river bed conditions are recorded, including river bottom elevation change, ratio of

sand, silt and clay sediment, and distribution of

radionuclide concentration in the river bed.

(g) Produced a calibrated, verified model for predicting sedi- ment and radionuclide transport in nontidal rivers. The

model has been verified using limited radionuclide data. A

more detailed field sampling program is underway. Results of this programm will be used for further calibration and

verification. 011-10002-870-52 EVALUATION OF GEOHYDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS

CONTROLLING TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS

BELOW HIGH LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE STORAGE

TANKS

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration

(Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company).

(c) S. J. Phillips, Research Scientist. (d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Geohydrologic parameters controlling the flux of contaminants through the partially saturated groundwater domain

are being evaluated. Flux and porous media parameters

are experimentally determined, and statistical predictions of flux are being made.

(g) Characterization of flux controlling parameters and

analyses of approximately eighty sediment samples have been accomplished. Preliminary statistical analyses have been used to predict hydraulic conductivity as a function of textural independent variables. An algorithm was

developed to determine fluid flux from fluid retentivity and porosity data. 011-10003-870-52 CHARACTERIZATION OF 300 AREA BURIAL GROUNDS

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) S. J. Phillips, Research Scientist. (d) Experimental and field investigation, applied research.

(e) Determine the extent and status of radionuclide migration

in certain burial grounds in the ERDA Hanford Reservation. Each burial ground is being systematically characterized by comprehensive geologic, geophysical, and

biologic surveys. Detailed evaluations of potential mechanisms which may result in migration of the wastes

are being conducted and modeled to provide analyses of

risks associated with the alternatives of designating these

sites for permanent storage and/or removal of the wastes. (g) Initial Site Characterization and Evaluation of Radionuclide Contaminated Solid Waste Burial Grounds,

S. J. Phillips, A. E. Reisenauer, W. H. Rickard, G. A. Sandness, BNWL-2184, 1977. 011-10004-870-52 MONITORING AND PHYSCIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF

UNSATURATED ZONE TRANSPORT

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) S. J. Phillips, Research Scientist. (d) Theoretical, experimental and field investigation, applied

research.

(e) Monitor the transport of radionuclides, liquid and vapor phase fluids, and associated waste materials within the unsaturated hydrologic domain. To accomplish this objective, available instrumentation and methods will be evaluated and optimal monitoring systems defined. This program will also develop new data collection and analysis systems applicable to transport monitoring. 011-10005-870-55 EVALUATION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION BASED ON MONITORING DATA

(b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) L. D. Kannberg, Sr. Research Engineer.

(d) Field investigation, operation.

(e) Study has involved evaluation of the ecologic and thermal monitoring data for several power plant monitoring pro- grams to determine what impacts were detected; what im- pacts were detectable; and what steps could be taken to improve monitoring programs. All of the plants considered had once-through or helper cooling systems. The monitoring results have been examined with respect to other monitoring programs and predicted impacts. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission supports this study to as- sess current monitoring programs, and define acceptable and unacceptable monitoring techniques.

(g) The evaluation has determined that the monitoring pro- grams conducted were generally inadequate for detection of all but the larger, near discharge impacts. Recommendations were made for improvement of monitoring

methodology.

(h) Evaluation of Monti cello Nuclear Power Plant Environmental Impact Prediction, Based on Monitoring Programs, K. L. Gore, J. M. Thomas, L. D. Kannberg, D. G. Watson, MNWL-2150, 1976. Evaluation of Haddam Neck (Connecticut Yankee) Nuclear Power Plant, Environmental Impact Prediction, Based on

Monitoring Programs, K. L. Gore, J. M. Thomas, L. D. Kannberg, J. A. Mahaffey, D. G. Watson, BNWL-2151,

1976. Evaluation of Millstone Nuclear Power Plant, Environmental Impact Prediction, Based on Monitoring Programs, K.

L. Gore, J. M. Thomas, L. D. Kannberg, D. G. Watson, BNWL-2152, 1977. Evaluation of Nuclear Power Plant Environmental Impact

Prediction, Based on Monitoring Programs, Summary and

Recommendations, K. L. Gore, J. M. Thomas, L. K. Kannberg, D. G. Watson, BNWL-2153, 1977. 011-10006-870-52 AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF NEAR FIELD TEMPERATURES IN MECHANICAL DRAFT COOLING

TOWER PLUMES

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration.

6
(c) L. D. Kannberg, Sr. Research Engineer.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Simulation of cooling tower plumes is being performed in a hydraulic flume at a length scale of 250:1 in order to in- vestigate the effects of atmospheric and topographic conditions on plume dispersion and recirculation. The use of

hydraulic flumes for this type of investigation is preferable

to wind tunnels. Scaling advantages are gained by using water instead of air. The study will quantify the effects of

various windspeeds, ambient stratification, tower operating

conditions and local topographies on plume temperatures

downwind of the tower and on recirculation to the tower

for several towers in several siting configurations. The in- formation will be used in the analysis of local and regional

effects of multiple heat dissipation facilities at nuclear energy centers.

(g) Initial results for a single tower indicate that the thermal

structure of the plumes strongly depends on local ambient

flows. (h) Mathematical and Experimental Investigations on Dispersion and Recirculation of Plumes from Dry Cooling Towers

at Wyodak Power Plant in Wyoming, Y. Onishi, D. S. Trent, BNWL-1982, 1976.

Critical Review of Hydraulic Modeling on Atmospheric Heat Dissipation, Y. Onishi, S. M. Brown, BNWL-2166,

1977. 011-10007-870-73 DETERMINATION OF NEAR FIELD DILUTION OF COOLING SYSTEM EFFLUENTS FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDISON COASTAL POWER PLANTS

(i>) Southern California Edison Company.

(c) L. D. Kannberg, Sr. Research Engineer, Battelle- Northwest, or Harvey Chun, Engineer, Southern California Edison Company.

(</) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Available computer codes are being modified and employed for examination of shallow, submerged, cooling

system thermal discharges in Southern California coastal

waters. Proposed mixing regulations require the determination of the initial mixing of effluents from municipal and

industrial discharges. The study will provide data for deter- mining the effects of such regulations on cooling system

operation. 011-10008-870-52 HANFORD SITE GROUNDWATER MONITORING

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) J. R. Raymond, Project Manager.

(d) Applied research, field investigation.

(e) Surveillance of groundwater on the Hanford site is one

facet of a comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Pro- gram designed to evaluate existing and potential pathways

of radiation exposure from project operations. Objectives of the Groundwater Monitoring Program are to measure

and report the concentration and distribution of radioactive and chemical constituents in the groundwater, deter- mine the movement and transport or contaminants with

time, and determine the impact on the environs.

(g) Results from the Groundwater Monitoring Program continue to show no adverse offsite impact from Hanford

operations.

(h) Environmental Monitoring Report on Radiological Status of the Groundwater Beneath the Hanford Site, JanuaryDecember 1974, J. R. Raymond, et al., BNWL-1970, 1976. Environmental Monitoring Report on the Status of Groundwater Beneath the Hanford Site, January-December 1975,

D. A. Myers, et al., BNWL-2034, 1976. Environmental Monitoring Report on the Status of Groundwater Beneath the Hanford Site, January-December 1976,

D. A. Myers, et al., 1977 (in progress).

011-10009-820-75 DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL GROUNDWATER

MODEL FOR CLARK COUNTY, WASHINGTON

(b) Arvid Grant and Associates, Consulting Engineers.

(c) C. R. Cole, Sr. Research Scientist. (d) Applied research, numerical modeling of hydrologic

systems.

(e) Develop a groundwater simulation model of the subject area to provide a tool for predictive assessment of water

resource management policies.

(/) Completed.

(g) The Variable Thickness (VTT) Groundwater Flow Model

was used to simulate the Clark County groundwater

system.

(h) Sponsor Completion Report, C. R. Cole, R. W. Wallace,

1977. 011- 10010-820-60 DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL GROUNDWATER

MODEL OF THE AHTANUM-MOXEE SUB-BASINS,

YAKIMA COUNTY, WASHINGTON

(b) Washington State Department of Ecology.

(c) J. R. Eliason, Manager, Resource Systems Section. (d) Applied research, numerical modeling of hydrologic

systems.

(e) Develop a groundwater simulation model of the subject area to provide a tool for predictive assessment of water

resource management policies.

(f) Completed.

(g) A multiaquifer digital computer model which includes in- teraquifer transfer was developed for the groundwater

system of the Moxee-Ahtanum sub-basins. It was initially planned to treat the groundwater system as an intercon- nected two-aquifer system. However, initial analysis of the data indicated that the problem would be better ap- proached as two independent, interconnected three-aquifer

systems with a common sink, the Yakima River. The

model was adatped and calibrated on each of the systems

using available data. » (h) Mathematical Groundwater Model of the Ahtanum-Moxee

Sub-Basins, Yakima County, Washington, D. B. Cearlock,

C. R. Cole, H. P. Foote, R. W. Wallace, 1975 (Sponsor re- port).

BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY, Department of Applied Science, Upton, N.Y. 11973.

012-10178-450-52 COASTAL TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION

(b) ERDA.

(c) Thomas Hopkins, Oceanographic Science Division.

(d) Field research with theoretical background; basic research,

partly applied and involves some development of research equipment.

(e) A field and theoretical study of circulation and diffusion in the coastal boundary layer (nearshore region) south of Long Island. Four instrumented buoys include sixteen elec- tromagnetic current meters, sixteen conductivity sensors, and thirty-two thermistors. Data are continuously averaged

in situ for hourly periods and telemetered to a coastal control station in real time.

(g) Eight months of data collection including testing and a current meter intercomparison provides some insight into the seasonal nature of nearshore shelf currents, and it has been hypothesized that a longshore pressure gradient

produces a significant amount of the forcing of the well- known southwest drift of the currents in the Mid-Atlantic

Bight. (h) A Compilation of Mixed Layer Current Meter and Wind

Observations from the Wind Observations from the 1975 SMILE experiment, F. Bruzoni, I. S. F. Jones, WHOl

Technical Report 76-110, 1976.

7
Barotropic Currents Over the Continental Shelf, G. T. Csanady, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 4, pp. 352-371, 1974. Wind-Driven and Thermohaline Circulation Over the Continental Shelves, G. T. Csanady, Proc. Conference on Effects of Energy-Related Activities on the Atlantic Continental Shelf, ed. B. Manowitz, held at Brookhaven National

Lab., Nov. 1975, BNL 50484. Mean Circulation in Shallow Seas, G. T. Csanady, J. Geophys. Res. 81, pp. 5389-5400, 1976. The Coastal Boundary Layer, G. T. Csanady, Proc. AAAS

Symp. Estuaries, Boston, Mass., Feb. 1976. Edited by C.

Offices. Arrested Topographic Waves, G. T. Csanady, J. Phys.

Oceanogr. (in press), 1977. The Coastal Jet Conceptual Model in the Dynamics of Shal- low Seas, G. T. Csanady, The Sea 6, ed. J. J. O'Brien, 1977

(in press). John Wiley & Sons. Real-Time Acquisition of Oceanographic Data, D. G. Dimmler, Proc. ERDA-Wide Conference on Computer Support of Environmental Science and Analysis, Albuquerque, 9-11

July 1975. A Controllable Real-Time Data Collection System for Coastal Oceanography, D. G. Dimmler, N. Greenlaw, S. Rankowitz, Oceans % 76, Sept. 1976. (To be published in IEEE Journal). The Scaling of Velocity Fluctuations in the Surface Mixed

Layer, I. S. F. Jones, B. C. Kenney, J. Geophys. Hes. 82 (in press), 1977. Nearshore Currents Off Long Island, J. T. Scott, G. T. Csanady, J. Geophys. Res. 81, pp. 5401-5409. 012-10179-660-55 THERMAL HYDRAULIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR

LIGHT WATER REACTOR SAFETY RESEARCH

(b) Office of Water Reactor Safety Research, U.S. Nuclear

Regulatory Commission.

(c) Dr. O. C. Jones, Jr., Department of Applied Science.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation; applied

research.

(e) Develop improved models, with experimental verification, of the non-equilibrium vaporization rates under conditions of interest regarding water reactor safety (e.g., flashing

flow, post-dryout condition, subcooled boiling). The project is also directed towards developing improved local two-phase flow instruments and developing improved

calibration methods for two-phase global instruments.

(h) Evaporation in Variable Pressure Fields, O. C. Jones, Jr., N. Zuber, Paper No. 76-CSME/CSChE-l2. Presented 16th

Natl. Heat Transfer Conf., St. Louis, Aug. 1976. Liquid Deficient Cooling in Dispersed Flows: A NonEquilibrium Relaxation Model, O. C. Jones, Jr., N. Zuber. Accepted 17th National Heat Transfer Conf, Salt Lake

City, Aug. 1977. BNL Light Water Reactor Thermohydraulic Development

Program: Instrumentation Tasks, O. C. Jones, Jr., BNL- NUREG-22588, Mar. 1977. Reactor Safety Research Programs (Quarterly Progress

Rept., Oct. 1-Dec. 31, 1976), BNL-NUREG-50624, pp. 246-280, Feb. 1977. 012-10180-660-55 THERMOHYDRAULIC LIQUID METAL FAST BREEDER

REACTOR SAFETY EXPERIMENTS

(b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Division of Reactor

Safety Research.

(c) Dr. Owen C. Jones, Jr., Department of Applied Science.

(d) Applied and basic, experimental (laboratory) and analyti- cal research.

(e) Experimental and analytical research is conducted on ther- malhydraulic phenomena important in safety analyses of

fast breeder reactors. The fluid dynamic and heat transfer characteristics of volume-heated boiling pools are studied. Steady state and transient two-phase, single- and multicomponent void dynamics, flow regime transitions and

heat - transfer to system boundaries are investigated. Transient flow and solidification of single- and two-phase

liquid/vapor molten systems are studied. The effects on

non-condensable gases on heat and mass transfer processes

are investigated. Laboratory experiments in the areas described are carried out in simulant environments.

Analytical work is directed towards predictive models and

derivation of scaling parameters.

(h) Heat Transfer from a Volume Heated Boiling Pool, J. C. Chen, W. R. Gustavson, M. S. Kazimi. Presented PAHR

Information Exchange Mtg., Sandia Laboratories, Al- buquerque, Nov. 13-14, 1975.

Post-Accident Downward Relocation of Molten Fuel, M. S. Kazimi, R. D. Gasser. Presented PAHR Information Exchange Mtg., Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, Nov.

13-14, 1975. Thermohydraulic LMFBR Safety Experiments Quarterly

Rept., July-Sept. (1975), BNL 50477, Nov. 1975. Thermohydraulic LMFBR Safety Experiments; Quarterly

Progress Rept., Oct.-Dec. 1975, BNL 50495, Feb. 1976. Heat Transfer from Boiling Heat-Generating Pools, J. C. Chen, W. R. Gustavson, M. S. Kazimi, Trans. Amer. Nucl.

Soc. 23, 367, June 1976. On the Downward Propagation of a Molten Heat-Generating Pool, M. S. Kazimi, J. C. Chen, Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc. 23, 362, June 1976. Thermohydraulic LMFBR Safety Experiments; Quarterly Progress Rept., Jan.-Mar. 1976, M. S. Kazimi, BNL- NUREG 50526, July 1976. Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamic Characteristics of Inter- nally Heated Boiling Pools, W. R. Gustavson, J. C. Chen, M. S. Kazimi, BNL-NUREG-21856, Sept. 1976.

Solidification Dynamics of Flowing Fluids-Preliminary Data

Evaluation, M. H. Chun, M. S. Kazimi, T. Ginsberg, O. C.

Jones, Jr., BNL-NUREG-22068, Nov. 1976. Role of Condensation on Dispersion of Closed Boiling U02 Systems, T. Ginsberg, Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc, N.Y., June

1977.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pasadena, Calif. 91125. Dr. John

H. Seinfeld, Professor and Executive Officer. 013-08702-120-54 THE MOTION OF BUBBLES, DROPS AND RIGID PARTI- CLES IN NEWTONIAN AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

(b) Sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor L. G. Leal.

(</) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; M.S. and

Ph.D. theses.

(e) Experimental and theoretical studies aimed at improved

understanding of the motion of bubbles, drops or small

particles in the slow flow regime for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian (primarily polymeric solutions) fluids. (h) The Slow Motion of Slender Rod-Like Particles in a Second Order Fluid, L. G. Leal, J. Fluid Mech. 69, 305 ( 1975).

Dissolution of a Stationary Gas Bubble in a Viscoelastic Fluid, E. Zana, L. G. Leal, l&EC Fundamentals 14, 175

(1975). The Creeping Motion of Liquid Drops Through a Circular Tube of Comparable Diameter, B. P. Ho, L. G. Leal, J. Fluid Mech. 71, 361 (1975). Migration of Rigid Spheres in a Two-Dimensional

Unidirectional Shear Flow of a Second-Order Fluid, B. P. Ho, L. G. Leal, J. Fluid Mech. 76, 783 (1976). A Note on the Creeping Motion of a Viscoelastic Fluid Past a Sphere, E. Zana, G. Tiefenbruck, L. G. Leal, Rheologica Acta 14, 891 (1975). The Dynamics and Dissolution of Gas Bubbles in a

Viscoelastic Fluid, E. Zana, L. G. Leal, to appear Intl. J. Multiphase Flow.

8
Sedimentation of Slender Rod-Like Particles in the Vicinity

of a Plane Boundary, W. B. Russell, E. J. Hinch, G.

Tiefenbruck, L. G. Leal, to appear J. Fluid Mech. A Note on the Motion of a Spherical Particle in a General

Quadratic Flow of a Second-Order Fluid, P. C. H. Chan, L. G. Leal, to appear J. Fluid Mech. 013-08703-120-54 SUSPENSION MECHANICS AND RHEOLOGY

(b) Sponsored, in part, by the National Science Foundation, Petroleum Research Fund, Research Corporation, Union

Carbide Corporation.

(c) Professor L. G. Leal.

(d) Primarily theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. theses.

(e) Theoretical studies aimed at predicting the rheological and

bulk transport properties of suspensions.

(h) Constitutive Equations in Suspension Mechanics, Part I. General Formulation, E. J. Hinch, L. G. Leal, J. Fluid Mech. 71, 481 (1975).

Constitutive Equations in Suspension Mechanics, Part II. Approximate Forms for a Suspension of Rigid Particles Affected by Brownian Couples, E. J. Hinch, L. G. Leal, J. Fluid Mech. 76, 187 (1976).

The Effect of Deformation on the Effective Conductivity of a Dilute Suspension of Drops in the Limit of Low Particle

Peclet Number, T. J. McMillen, L. G. Leal, Int. J. Multiphase Flow 2, 105 (1975).

The Effect of Bulk Motion on the Thermal Conductivity of

Dilute Suspensions, L. G. Leal, T. J. McMillen, Archives of Mechanics/Archiwin Mechaniki Stoswanej 23, 483 (1976).

The Effective Thermal Conductivity of a Dilute Suspension

of Rigid Spheroids in Simple Shear Flow, T. J. McMillen,

L. G. Leal, CIT Report. Macroscopic Transport Properties of a Sheared Suspension,

L. G. Leal, to appear in J. Colloid and Interface Sci.; also reprinted in Colloid and Interface Science 1, Plenary and

Invited Lectures, ed. Kerker, Zettlemoyer and Powell, Academic Press (1977).

Approximate Constitutive Forms in Suspension Mechanics,

L. G. Leal, Proc. VII Intl. Congress of Rheology, p. 392

(1976). 013-08704-060-54 GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS ; BUOYANCY DRIVEN

FLOWS, TURBULENT MODEL DEVELOPMENT

(b) Sponsored, in part, by the National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor L. G. Leal.

(d) Theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. theses.

(e) Theoretical studies aimed at problems which involve both ambient stratification and "local" buoyancy induced convection. Theory for mean gravitational circulation in shal- low bodies of water. Development of a computationally

useful model for calculation of turbulent motions with

stratification in mescoscale (or smaller) regions.

(/i) The Role of Upper Surface Conditions in Establishing the Flow Structure for Natural Convection in a Shallow Cavity

with Differentially Heated End Walls, G. P. Stone, D. E. Cormack, -L. G. Leal, J. Heat/Mass Transfer 18, 635

(1975). Wakes in Stratified Flow Past a Hot or Cold Two-Dimensional Body, G. E. Robertson, J. H. Seinfeld, L. G. Leal, J. Fluid Mech. 75, 233 ( 1975 ). An Evaluation of Mean Reynolds Stress Turbulence

Models: The Triple Velocity Correlation, D. E. Cormack, J. H. Seinfeld, L. G. Leal, to appear J. Fluid Engrg. 013-09946-190-00 MODEL STUDIES OF SURFACTANT TRANSPORT AND

THEOLOGY AT A FLUID INTERFACE

(c) Professor L. G. Leal.

(d) Primarily theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. theses.

(e) Micromechanical studies of surfactant species at a fluid in- terface, including both transport and surface rheology ef- fects. (h) A Model for Surface Diffusion on Solids, H. Brenner, L. G.

Leal, to appear in J. Colloid and Interface Sci. A Micromechanical Derivation of Fick's Law for Interfacial Diffusion of Surfactant Molecules, H. Brenner, L. G. Leal, submitted to J. Colloid and Interface Sci. A Dynamical Derivation of Gibb's Equation for Interfaces, H. Brenner, L. G. Leal, submitted to J. Colloid and Inter- face Sci. Interfacial Resistance to Interphase Mass Transfer in Quiescent Two-Phase Systems, H. Brenner, L. G. Leal, sub- mitted to AIChE Journal.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Division of En- gineering and Applied Science, Engineering Science De- partment, Pasadena, Calif. 91125. Dr. Robert H. Cannon, Jr., Division Chairman.

014-01548-230-20 PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Milton S. Plesset. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating flow; dynamic

behavior of cavitation bubbles; theoretical studies of

cavitation damage, boiling heat transfer. (h) Nonlinear Oscillations of a Gas Bubble in a Viscous Incompressible Liquid, M. S. Plesset, A. Prosperetti, Rept. No.

85-61, May 1973. Nonlinear Oscillations of Gas Bubbles in Liquids. Transient

Solutions and the Connection Between Cavitation and Sub- harmonic Emission, A. Prosperetti, J. Acous. Soc. of Amer.,

Jan. 1976. Vapor Bubble Dynamics and Heat Transfer in Nucleate

Boiling, A. Prosperetti, Symp. Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic

Research, Grenoble, France, Mar. 30-Apr. 2, 1976

(submitted to Intl. J. Heat & Mass Transfer). Flow of Vapour in a Liquid Enclosure, A. Prosperetti, J. Fluid Mech. 78, 3, pp. 433-444, 1976. Bubble Dynamics and Cavitation, A. Prosperetti, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 9, pp. 145-185, 1977.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Jet Propulsion

Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, Calif. 91 103. Dr. B. H. Murray, Laboratory Director. 015-09785-550-50 ADVANCED PROPELLANT PERFORMANCE MODELING

(b) NASA/OAST (RP).

(c) Dr. Raymond Kushida, Energy and Materials Research

Section.

(d) Experimental and theoretical applied research.

(e) Studies of the mixing and reaction occurring in impinging

jets of liquids and gases are being conducted with the pur- pose of providing design criteria for liquid rocket injectors. Analytic models of three-dimensional impinging jet flow

fields have been developed.

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FULLERTON, Division of Engineering, Fullerton, Calif. 92634. Richard R. Brock,

9
Chairman, Civil Engineering/Engineering Mechanics

Faculty. 016-07978-820-33 HYDRODYNAMICS OF ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER

RECHARGE

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) A continuing study to develop reliable methods for predicting the hydrodynamic behavior of recharge mounds

below recharge ponds with emphasis on mound shape.

(g) The case where a perched mound develops on a horizontal semi-previous layer has been investigated using the DF

theory. The potential theory is being used in order to

establish the range of validity of the results from the DF

theory.

(h) Dupuit-Forchheimer and Potential Theories for Recharge From Basins, R. R. Brock, Water Resources Research 12, 5, pp. 909-91 1, Oct. 1976. Hydrodynamics of Perched Mounds, R. R. Brock, J. of

Hydraulics Div., ASCE 102, HY8, pp. 1083-1100, Aug.

1976.

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES, Department of Civil Engineering, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, Calif. 90032. Dr. Young C. Kim, Professor and Chairman.

017-10024-870-54 OIL SLICK TRANSPORT ON SHOALING WATERS

(b) National Science Foundation Institutional Grant.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) The area of oil spread was measured in the laboratory and

the predictable model was established in determining the spreading area of oil on coastal waters. The relationship between the oil slick and the Reynolds, Froude, and Weber numbers was examined and the influence of wind,

currents, and waves on the spread area was investigated. The effects on the changes in water depth and the altera- tion of the net spreading coefficient on oil spreading

capacity were also examined. Comparison between the existing field measurements and the laboratory work was

made.

(g) There is a need for more scientifically controlled investiga- tion on oil slick transport, particularly in the determination

of true wind, waves, and current velocities. Further

research is needed in developing more realistic solutions to the three-dimensional oil spreadinphenomena.

(/i) Oil Spreading on Coastal Waters, Y. C. Kim, Proc. 14th

Intl. Conf. on Coastal Engrg., Copenhagen, June 1974. 017-10025-430-54 WAVE ENERGY ABSORBTION IN COASTAL STRUCTURES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Model tests on perforated breakwater systems were carried out to evaluate the reflection coefficients and the reduction of incident wave pressures. The effect of perforating

the bottom wall was studied to determine the extent of

further reduction of pressure on the breakwater.

(/i) A Slit-Type Breakwater, S. Nagai, S. Kakuno, Proc. 15th

Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., Hawaii, June 1976.

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO, Department of Civil Engineering, 6000 J Street, Sacramento,

Calif. 95819. Ajit S. Virdee, Department Chairman.

018-09786-220-60 ANALYSIS OF TRACTIVE FORCES TO MINIMIZE DITCH

EROSION

(b) California Department of Transportation.

(c) Richard Howell, Environmental Improvement Section, Dept. of Transportation, 5900 Folsom Boulevard, Sacra- mento, Calif. 95819, or Dr. Alan Prasuhn, Department of

Civil Engineering, California State University, Sacramento,

Calif. 95819.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research for Master's thesis. (e) Development of analytical techniques for design engineers

to predict the extent and magnitude of ditch erosion along

highway drainage ditches. Results verified in the field. (/) Completed.

(g) Allows design engineers to provide scour protection where

necessary. 018-09787-820-36 GROUNDWATER MONITORING: DEVELOPMENT OF A

METHODOLOGY AND A SAMPLE APPLICATION

(b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) William Marshall, State Water Resources Control Board,

P.O. Box 100, Sacramento, Calif. 95801, or Dr. Kenneth

D. Kerri, Department of Civil Engineering, California State University, Sacramento, Calif. 95819.

(</) Field investigation; applied research for Master's thesis. (e) Development of analytical techniques (including economic

factors) to determine and prioritize locations of ground- water sampling stations.

(/) Completed.

(g) Provides a method for determining locations of ground- water sampling stations.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, College of En- gineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Division of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Professor J. W. Johnson.

019-06224-420-11 TSUNAMIS

(b) U.S. Army Coastal Engrg. Res. Center.

(c) Professor R. L. Wiegel.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Model and theoretical studies of water waves generated by

horizontal fault moving normal to a channel or escarp- ment, and generated by a rockfall into a reservoir.

(/) Completed.

(g) See (e). (h) 3-D Hydraulic Model of Waves Generated by Displace- ments, Shin-Lin Liu, R. L. Wiegel, Proc. 15th Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., 11-17 July 1976, Honolulu, Hawaii, ASCE,

Ch. 63 (in press). 019-07151-870-61 WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

(b) Water Resources Center.

(c) Professor R. L. Wiegel.

(d) Experimental, basic and applied research.

(e) Perform model studies of the mixing processes associated with sewage effluent being discharged on ocean bottom and buoyant power plant cooling water being discharged

at ocean surface.

(f) Completed.

(g) Model studies of the effects of wind-generated waves on

the mixing of buoyant jets are being made.

(h) Wastewater Disposal by Submerged Manifolds, P. Liseth, J. Hydraul. Div., Proc. ASCE 102, HY1, pp. 1-14, Jan. 1976. Mixing of Submerged Two-Dimensional Buoyant Jets in Uniform Bodies of Water in the Absence and Presence of Wind Action, Shin-Lin Liu, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engrg. (also, Univ. Calif. Hyd. Engrg. Lab. Rept. HEL 23-

5), 142 pages, June 1976.

10
019-08046-870-61 THE MECHANICS OF HEAT DISPOSAL IN STREAMS AND

ESTUARIES

(b) Water Resources Center, Univ. of California; National Science Foundation.

(c) Hugo B. Fischer, Professor.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Experiments were conducted in a new tidal flume 1,000 ft long and 12 ft wide. The effects of various geometries on

longitudinal and transverse dispersion in partially mixed

estuaries were investigated. The stability of the energy budget calculation for predicting water temperatures was

also examined.

(/) Completed.

(h) Transverse Dispersion in Partially Stratified Tidal Flow, S. M. Sumer, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engrg.; also. Waste Heat Management Rept. 20, Hyd. Engrg. Lab., Univ. of

Calif., 218 pages. May 1976. An Energy Budget Formulation for Temperature Prediction

in Vertically Mixed Water Bodies, R. Spigel, Waste Heat Management Rept. 22, Hyd. Engrg. Lab., Univ. of Calif., 65 pages, Mar. 1977. 019-08781-520-60 STUDY OF TOMALES "SNEAKER WAVE"

(b) California State Divsion of Navigation and Ocean

Development, and University of California Sea Grant.

(c) Hugo B. Fischer, Professor.

(d) Experimental and field investigation.

(e) Possible causes of frequent boating accidents at the mouth

of Tomales Bay, which are frequently ascribed to a mysterious "sneaker wave" were investigated.

(f) Completed.

(h) An Investigation of Possible Causes of the So-Called "Sneaker Wave" at Tomales Bay, California, H. B. Fischer, R. H. French, R. Delia, Univ. Calif. Hyd. Engrg. Lab. Rept. HEL 28-1, 37 pages, 1976. 019-08782-420-11 EFFECT OF LARGE NEARSHORE STRUCTURES ON

WAVE MOTION IN THE VICINITY OF THE STRUCTURE

AND ADJACENT COAST

(b) Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(c) Professor R. L. Wiegel.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Studies were made of the characteristics of waves dif- fracted by offshore structures such as a man-made island, both near to and far from the structures.

(f) Completed.

(h) Diffraction of Water Waves by Cylindrical Structures of Arbitary Shape, V. W. Harms, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engrg. (also, Univ. Calif. Hyd. Engrg. Lab. Rept. HEL 1- 23), 339 pages, Dec. 1975. 019-08783-420-11 WAVE FORCES ON PIPELINES AT OR NEAR THE BOTTOM

(b) Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(c) Professor R. L. Wiegel.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Studies have been made of the forces exerted by waves on

a pipeline at or near the bottom. A new equation was

developed to describe the relationship between the measured force and the basic parameters. Coefficients in the equation were determined empirically.

(/) Completed.

(h) Forces Exerted by Waves on a Pipeline at or Near the Ocean Bottom, G. L. Bowie, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engrg., 213 pages, June 1977.

019-08784-870-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF THE COOLING WATER

SYSTEM PROPOSED FOR DIABLO CANYON FOR THE

PURPOSE OF DETERMINING THE VALIDITY OF SUCH

A MODEL TO PREDICT THE PROTOTYPE FOR VARI- OUS OCEANIC CONDITIONS

(b) Pacific Gas and Electric Company.

(c) Professor R. L. Wiegel.

(d) Experimental.

(e) An undistorted 1:75 scale model of a 1,100 megawatt power plant has been designed, constructed and used to study the mixing characteristics of the system, based upon

densimetric Froude modeling. Also, a separate study is being made in a different facility on the effect of the mixing and trajectory of the plume, of winds blowing over the water surface. (g) Model studies are being made.

(h) Report on Model Study of Cooling Water System of Pacific Gas and Electric Company Nuclear Power Plant Located at Diablo Canyon, California, R. L. Wiegel, V. W. Harms, B. Safaie, J. D. Cumming, R. P. Delia, C. B. Leidersdorf, C. Young, Tech. Rept. No. HEL 27-2, pp. 113, Jan. 1976. Also published as Supplement No. 8 to the Diablo Canyon

Environmental Rept. (Docket Nos. 50-275-01 and 50-323- OL), Feb. 4, 1976, to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 019-10122-220-10 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

AND RIVER BEDFORMS

(b) U.S. Corps of Engineers.

(c) Professor J. A. Harder.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Determine the effect of water temperature on sediment

transport rates and bedforms in the Missouri River near Omaha.

(f) Completed.

(g) It has been found that the river behavior can be explained

with the aid of laboratory flume studies and theory, and

that the temperature effect does not necessarily depend on

sediment suspension

019-10123-430-44 EARTHQUAKE LOADING ON LARGE OFFSHORE STRUCTURES IN DEEP WATER-A STUDY OF THE CORRELATION OF ANALYTIC AND PHYSICAL MODELS

(b) Sea Grant, NOAA and the State of California.

(c) Professor R. L. Wiegel.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To provide information with which rational designs can be made of such structures as offshore oil storage tanks for high earthquake-risk areas. Physical tests will be made on

the 20 ft by 20 ft earthquake simulator ("shaking table"), which will be "immersed" in a large water tank. A numerical model will be developed and compared with physical measurements. 019-10124-860-61 THE INFLUENCE OF RIVER WATER QUALITY ON

STORAGE RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

(b) Water Resources Center, Univ. of California.

(c) Professors J. Imberger and H. B. Fischer.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To demonstrate the usefulness of an exact description of

the water motions when constructing a water quality model of a reservoir. The work proposed will validate and

extend the recent model of Imberger, et al. (1976), and

couple this with a water quality model. The more accurate

description of the water motions and vertical and horizontal mixing is expected to yield consistently better water

quality predictions.

11
019-10125-400-54 DEVELOPMENT AND FULL-SCALE TESTING OF NUMERICAL PROGRAMS FOR ESTUARINE POLLUTION STUDIES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Hugo B. Fischer.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation.

(e) A number of two-dimensional programs are being used to predict the hydrodynamics and transport of pollutants in estuaries, and efforts are being made to develop three- dimensional versions. The purpose of this project is to obtain detailed full-scale data in a typical coastal embayment

of the type not previously studied and to use the data to analyse the capabilities of present and proposed numerical

programs. 019- 10126-840-31 CONTROL OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS USING WATER

LEVEL SENSORS AND REAL-TIME COMPUTER SIMULATION

(b) U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver.

(c) Professor J. A. Harder.

(d) Theoretical, field experimental.

(e) To establish the optimal means of automatically controlling irrigation check gate positions according to ar- bitrary water demands.

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT BERKELEY, Lawrence Berkeley

Laboratory (tee Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory listing).

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, Department of Land,

Air and Water Resources, Water Science and Engineering

Section, Davis, Calif. 95616. Robert H. Burgy, Section

Vice Chairperson.

020-07926-420-00 WAVE DEFORMATION IN WATER OF NONUNIFORM

DEPTH

(c) Dr. Theodor Strelkoff. (d) Theoretical/basic; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Conformal mapping and complex-variable theory is used

to solve two-dimensional unsteady irrotational flows of water with a free surface deforming under the influences of gravity.

(f) Completed.

(g) Unsteady motion of water in a solitary wave was predicted. Comparison with the results of steady-flow analysis

utilizing a coordinate system moving with constant velocity

show agreement.

(h) The Numerical Solution of Surface Waves by Conformal

Mapping, M. Dehghani. Dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Ph.D. Degree, Univ. of Calif., Davis, 43 pages, Sept. 1973. 020-07927-840-05 COMPUTER MODELS FOR DETERMINING IRRIGATION

EFFICIENCIES

(£>) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of

Agriculture.

(c) Dr. Theodor Strelkoff. (d) Theoretical/applied; design, operation; M.S. thesis. (e) Mathematical models of the surface-irrigation process are constructed by numerically solving the governing partial- differential equation of flow over a porous bed for given

design parameters; ground roughness and infiltration characteristics, vegetative density, length and slope of

field; also given management option; size of stream, duration, and variation with time. The resulting degree of

uniformity of subsurface distribution of water, the wastage

in runoff from the end of the field and in deep percolation, and the efficiency of water application are thus deter- mined.

(g) Solution of the diffusing (zero-inertia) equations of motion

yields results equivalent in practical cases to solution by

the complete Saint-Venant equations. Normal-depth

(kinematic-wave) models are adequate only in sufficiently steep fields. (h) Hydrodynamics of Surface Irrigation-Advance Phase, J. G.

Sakkas, T. Strelkoff, J. Irrigation and Drainage Div., Proc. ASCE 100(IR1), pp. 31-48, Paper 10422, Mar. 1974.

Discussion of: Flow Resistance from Cylindrical Roughness,

T. Strelkoff, D. D. Fangmeier, J. Irrigation and Drainage

Div., Proc. ASCE 100(IR3), pp. 390-393, Paper 10771,

Sept. 1974. Shallow Water Equations at Low Froude Numbers, N. D. Katopodes. Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for M.S. Degree, Univ. of California, Davis,

pp. 1-51, Dec. 1974. 020-10076-310-54 FLOODING FROM RUPTURED DAMS

(6) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Theodor Strelkoff. (d) Theoretical; basic and applied; Ph.D. thesis. (e) The movement of water out of a reservoir following partial or total collapse of a dam is viewed from the standpoint of

shallow-water theory in one space dimension (flow confined by valley walls) and two space dimensions (unconfined flow, possible cross slope). In one-dimension,

results of two models based on the Saint-Venant equations

(second-order method of characteristics applied to constant time lines and a two-step predictor-corrector scheme

[Vasiliev] employing the momentum-conservation form of

the equation of motion) are compared to results of a dif- fusing (zero-inertia) form of the equations, a normal-depth kinematic-wave model, and physical experiments per- formed in model valleys of simple geometry, by the U.S. Corps of Engineers. The aim is prediction of maximum

stages and wave-arrival times at points downstream from

the affected dam. In two space dimensions, the method of

characteristics is extended to the generation of characteristic conoid surfaces, the apices of which all touch a sequence of constant-time planes to advance the solution through time. (g) Models based on the Saint-Venant equations adequately

describe flow resulting from dam failure. The normal- depth model is useful only for smooth, steep channels or

small breaches.

(h) The Dam-Break Problem in a Prismatic Dry Channel, J. G.

Sakkas, T. Strelkoff, J. Hydraulics Div., Proc. ASCE 99, HY12, pp. 2195-2216, Paper 10233, Dec. 1973. Dimensionless Solution of Dam-Break Flood Waves, J. G.

Sakkas, T. Strelkoff, J. Hydraulics Div., Proc. ASCE 102, HY2, pp. 171-184, Paper 11910, Feb. 1976. 020-10077-700-00 POTENTIAL FLOW OVER LOW SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS

(c) Dr. Theodor Strelkoff. (d) Theoretical, basic; M.S. thesis. (e) Conformal mapping and complex-variable theory is used in an iterative numerical scheme for determining flow

profiles and discharge coefficients over vertical sharp- crested weirs with a head h to height w ratio 5 < h/w < 1 1

.

(/*) Completed.

(g) For h/w < 1 1.071, the Froude number of the approaching

flow is less than unity. Critical flow upstream from the weir is established at nonzero weir height, specifically, at h/w= 11.071.

(h) Potential Flow Over a Vertical Sharp-Crested Weir, D. R. Schamber. Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for M.S. Degree, Univ. of Calif., Davis, pp.

1-75, June 1976. 020-10078-820-54 MECHANISM OF FROST HEAVING IN EMBANKMENTS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) J. N. Luthin and G. S. Taylor.

(d) Experimental and computer model; basic research.

12
(e) Experiments will be conducted on the freezing of soil. Heat and moisture transfer will be measured. Soil characteristics will be determined. The experimental data will be

used to verify a computer model of the process. The

model will then be used to analyze the engineering design of embankments.

(g) Computer model has been developed using a finite dif- ference scheme. 020-10079-200-60 EFFECTS OF WIND ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS

(b) California Department of Water Resources.

(c) Dr. J. Amorocho.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Determine relationships for prediction of wind setup and

wind waves as functions of wind speed and fetch for canals and other open channels. Investigate means for wave suppression and proper operation of canals under conditions of high winds.

(h) Some Factors Affecting Control of Flow in a Large Canal

System, J. J. DeVries, J. Amorocho, Proc. Irrigation and

Drainage Specialty Conf., ASCE, pp. 329-352, Apr. 1973. Wave Suppressors for the California Aqueduct, J. J. DeVries, J. Amorocho, Water Sci. and Engrg., Paper No.

1054, Mar. 1974. 020-10080-350-60 FISH PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR WATER INTAKES

(b) California Department of Water Resources.

(c) Dr. J. Amorocho.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Large diversions of water from rivers, lakes, and oceans

for water supply, irrigation, and powerplant cooling can

cause grave ecological problems due to the loss of fish and

fish eggs and larvae. Development of practical schemes for protecting marine life at water intakes is being done by

hydraulic model studies of intake structures and the development of a pilot installation in which tests are made

with fish and with fish eggs and larvae. (h) Sand Filters for Screening at Water Diversions, a Feasibili- ty Study, J. J. DeVries, R. B. Krone, J. Amorocho, Water

Science and Engrg., Paper No. 1053, 48 pages, Nov. 1973. Hydraulic Model Investigation of the Intake Structures for San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Units 2 and 3, K. Thompson, J. J. DeVries, J. Amorocho, Water Science and

Engrg^, Paper No. 1055, 81 pages, Apr. 1974.

Fish Swimming Ability and Impingment Test Chamber, W.

Kreamer, J. DeVries, K. Thompson, Water Science and

Engrg., Paper No. 1056, 26 pages, Nov. 1974.

Fish Barrier Test Flume, J. DeVries, K. Thompson, W.

Kreamer, Water Science and Engrg., Paper No. 1060, 56

pages, Aug. 1975.

•020-1 0081 -170-31 USE OF RETARDANTS FOR CONTROL OF EVAPORATION

IN SNOW FIELDS

(b) United States Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Dr. J. Amorocho.

(d) Experimental: basic and applied.

(e) Develop methods for augmenting the yield of watersheds where the major precipitation is snow. A snow-melt

lysimeter is being used to measure differences in amounts

of melt water occurring from treated and untreated snow

packs in a natural environment. Melt rates, snow density

profiles, snow pack temperatures, and atmospheric conditions are being monitored through several complete snow

seasons.

(ft) Snowmelt Lysimeter, K. Thompson, J. DeVries, J. Amorocho, Proc. Western Snow Conf., pp. 35-40, Apr.

1975.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, Division of Environ- mental Studies, Institute of Ecology, Davis, Calif. 95616.

Professor G. A. Wandesforde-Smith, Acting Director. 021-09788-440-54 TURBULENCE STUDIES IN THE MIXED LAYER AND

THERMOCLINE OF LAKE TAHOE

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Thomas M. Powell.

(d) Field investigation, basic research.

(e) Experiments by a team of researchers from the Univesity of California, Davis, and Oregon State University were

carried out in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, during September, 1976. Data taken include currents in the mixed

layer, internal waves in the thermocline, and vertical temperature microstructure profiles. In addition, some measurements were made with a hot film sensor and a fixed microstructure probe (for horizontal microstructure sur- veys). We are investigating the character of the velocity variations in this lake, especially the character of the

velocity fluctuation spectrum over a wide spectral range.

In addition, we are calculating the modal structure, various

spectra, cross spectra, and coherences from the internal wave data taken in the seasonal thermocline, comparing

these with present theory and past experiments. The joint studies of microstructure with current and internal wave

data will clarify the role that small scale temperature

variations play in the dissipation of heat (and momentum)

and the vertical transport of thermal energy. We hope to see the effects of current shears and internal wave activity upon the generation and dissipation of temperature

microstructure.

(g) Calculation of low frequency spectra; calculation of verti- cal eddy diffusivities in the thermocline from vertical ther- mal microstructure data; description of the strong microstructure regions near a lake slope. (h) Low Frequency Trubulence Spectra in the Mixed Layer of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, T. M. Dillon, T. M.

Powell, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 36, pp. 6421-6427, 1976. Low Frequency Turbulence and Vertical Temperature

Microstructure in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, T. M.

Dillon, T. M. Powell, L. O. Myrup, Verh. Internal. Verein. Limnol. 19, pp. 110-115, 1975.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Davis, Calif. 95616. Professor Allan A. McKillop, Department Chairman.

022-10057-220-50 TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS OF SALTATING PARTICLES

(b) NASA-Ames Research Center.

(c) Professor Bruce R. White.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research, M.S. and

Ph.D. theses.

(e) A sufficiently strong wind blowing over a sandy surface

will pick up sand grains and cause them to skip along the surface in a series of short, flat trajectories. At each im- pact these bouncing grains may eject other grains, which

in turn will begin to hop across the surface. The net result

will be a flow of sand in the direction of the wind. This phenomenon is known as saltation. Saltation is of interest from a geologic point of view because it is the mechanism

primarily responsible for the unique topography of sandy

desert regions. The purpose of the present investigation was to learn more about the trajectories of saltating grains

through the study and evaluation of high speed motion

picture films to be taken in an atmospheric wind tunnel. (g) High speed motion pictures (2000 frames/second) of sal- tating spherical glass microbeads (350-710 micron diameter range and 2.5 gm/cc density) were taken in an environ- mental wind tunnel to simulate the planetary boundary

layer. Analysis of the experimental particle trajectories show the presence of a substantial lifting force in the inter13
mediate stages of the trajectories. Numerical integration of

the equations of motion including a Magnus lifting force produced good agreement with experiment. Typical spin

rates were on the order of several hundred revolutions per second and some limited experimental proof is presented

verifying this. Average values and frequency distributions for liftoff and impact angles are also presented. The

average liftoff and impact angle for the experiments was

50° and 14°, respectively. A semi-empirical procedure for determining the average trajectory associated with given

conditions is developed,

(/i) Magnus Effect in Saltation, B. R. White, J. C. Schulz, J. Fluid Mechanics, in press, 1977. Estimated Grain Saltation in a Martian Atmosphere, B. R. White, R. Greeley, J. D. Iversen, J. B. Pollack, J. Geophysical Research 81, 32, pp. 5643-5650, 1976.

Particle Motion in Atmospheric Boundary Layers on Earth and Mars, B. R. White, J. D. Iversen, R. Greeley, J. B. Pollack, NASA Tech. Memo. TM-X-62, 463 pages, 1975. Dust Storms on Mars, R. Greeley, B. R. White, J. D. Iver- sen, J. D. Pollack, R. N. Leach, Desert Dust Symposium,

Proc. Amer. Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1977. Mars: Wind Friction Speeds for Particle Movement, R. Greeley, B. R. White, R. N. Leach, J. D. Iversen, J. B. Pollack, Geophysical Research Letters 3, 8, pp. 417-220, 1976. Note: Any single copy of these publications may be obtained from the first author.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, School of En- gineering and Applied Science, Engineering Systems De- partment, Los Angeles, Calif. 90024. Dr. William Yeh.

023-07928-820-00 OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF LEAKY AQUIFER SYSTEMS

(c) Professor W. W-G. Yeh.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Investigate and test the applicability of control theoretic techniques for optimal management of leaky aquifer

systems. The hydraulic conductivities as well as the storage

coefficient of the system are generally unknown and are to be identified from field pumping data. Identification of the mathematical structures of layered aquifers is an essential prerequisite for efficient management of ground water

basins.

(f) Completed.

(h) Aquifer Parameter Identification, W. W-G. Yeh, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 101, HY9, pp. 1197-1209, Proc. Paper

1 1582, Sept. 1975. Optimal Identification of Parameters in an Inhomogeneous

Medium with Quadratic Programming, W. W-G. Yeh, Soc. Petroleum Engrgs. J. 15, 5, pp. 371-375, Oct. 1975. The Galerkin Method for Nonlinear Parabolic Equations of Unsteady Groundwater Flow, Y. S. Yoon, W. W-G. Yeh,

Water Resources Research 11, 5, pp. 751-754, Oct. 1975. A Proposed Algorithm for the Solution of the Large-Scale

Inverse Problem in Groundwater, S. Chang, W. W-G. Yeh,

Water Resources Research 12, 3, pp. 365-374, June 1976. Parameter Identification in an Inhomogeneous Medium

With the Finite-Element Method, Y. S. Yoon, W. W-G.

Yeh, Soc. Petroleum Engrgs. J., pp. 217-226, Aug. 1976. A Systematic Optimization Procedure for the Identification of Inhomogeneous Aquifer Parameters, W. W-G. Yeh, Y.

S. Yoon, Advances in Groundwater Hydrology, American Water Resources Assoc., Sept. 1976. 023-08701-860-33 OPTIMIZATION OF REAL TIME DAILY OPERATION OF A

MULTIPLE-RESERVOIR SYSTEM

(b) Office of Water Resource and Technology, USDI.

(c) Professor W. W-G. Yeh.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) To develop practical procedures for the analysis of The

California Central Valley Project Reservoir System to guide real-time daily decisions concerning the optimal

operation of this reservoir system with due regard to multi- ple-purpose objectives involved and the problems related

to hydrologic uncertainties.

(f) Completed.

(g) See publications. (h) Optimization of Real-Time Daily Operation of a Multiple Reservoir System, W. W-G. Yeh, L. Becker, Proc. 2nd

Symp. Water Resources Systems, Czechoslovak Scientific and Technical Soc, Sept. 1976. Operations Models for Central Valley Project, L. W.

Becker, W. G. Yeh, D. Fults, D. Sparks, J. Water

Resources Planning and Management Div., ASCE 102, WRI, pp. 101-115, Apr. 1976. Optimization of Real-Time Daily Operation of a Multiple Reservoir System, W. G. Yeh, et. al., UCLA Engrg. Rept. No. UCLA-ENG-7628, Apr. 1976. 023-10608-860-33 OPTIMIZATION OF REAL-TIME HOURLY OPERATIVE OF

A COMPLEX, MULTIPLE PURPOSE RESERVOIR

SYSTEM

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Professor W. W-G. Yeh.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Develop an hourly optimization model for the entire California Central Valley Project for use in the decision- making process concerning the management and real-time operation of this reservoir system with due regard to the multiple purpose objective involved and the problems re- lated to hydrological uncertainties. (g) See publications. (h) A Nonlinear Programming Algorithm for Real-Time Hourly

Reservoir Operations, W. S. Chu, W. W-G. Yeh, submitted

to Water Resources Bulletin, 1977. Optimization of Real-Time Hourly Operations of a Single Reservoir System by Nonlinear Duality Theorems and

Lagrangian Procedures, W. S. Chu, M. S. Thesis, directed by W. W-G. Yeh, School of Engrg. and Applied Science, UCLA, Dec. 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO, Scripps Institu- tion of Oceanography, (see SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF

OCEANOGRAPHY listing).

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA, College

of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Nuclear En- gineering, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106. Dr. Robert G.

Rinker, Department Chairman.

024-10111-020-00 TURBULENT CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT

(c) Professor O. C. Sandall or O. T. Hanna.

(d) Applied research; theoretical and experimental; Master's and Doctor's theses.

(e) Studies of turbulent heat and mass transfer for small dif- fusivities; non-Newtonian and chemical reaction effects. (g) Successful correlation of theory and experiment has been

achieved for fully developed flow conditions.

(/i) Turbulent Non-Newtonian Transport in a Circular Tube,

O. C. Sandall, O. T. Hanna, M. Gelibter, AlChE J. 22, 6, Nov. (1976). Developed Turbulent Transport in Ducts for Large Prandtl or Schmidt Numbers, O. T. Hanna, O. C. Sandall, AlChE

J. 18, 527 (1972).

14
CALSPAN CORPORATION, P.O. Box 235, Buffalo, N Y.

14221. Robert S. Kelso, President. 025-09898-870-36 METHODS TO TREAT, CONTROL AND MONITOR

HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS (HASP I & II)

(b) Contract Nos. 68-01-01 10 and 68-03-0287, EPA.

(c) Roland J. Pilie, Head, Environmental and Energy Systems

Department.

(d) Applied research; laboratory and field. (e) Objective of the HASP I program was to develop new and

effective methods to prevent spilled materials from

reaching watercourses and to treat, control and monitor

spills of hazardous materials into the watercourses. A dry

powder was developed which converts virtually any liquid into a thick, viscous mass. Field tests demonstrated that

this material, "the multipurpose gelling agent," is ex- tremenly useful for immobilizing liquids spilled on land, thereby arresting surface flow and percolations and im- proving the effectiveness of booms against floating liquids that are immiscible with water. Objective of the HASP II project was the field testing of a

cyclic colorimeter, a wide-spectrum pollutant sensor developed at Calspan. The device was installed next to a

creek in Western New York and exposed to the normal

hazards encountered in unattended monitoring service. Random spills of a pollutant simulant were used to test the accuracy and reliability of the device. Satisfactory per- formance of the cyclic colorimeter was observed with weekly maintenance and resupply. Sensitivity, as gauged

by noise level, averages one part per million for a wide

spectrum of heavy metal pollutants in the version of the apparatus that was being tested.

(f) Completed.

(g) For spills in watercourses, carbon adsorption and

neutralization techniques were investigated as treatment methods. Also investigated was the precipitation of heavy

metals by the addition of sodium sulfide. Methods and in- strumentation for detecting and monitoring the presence

of hazardous materials in watercourses were developed. Means of disseminating control and treatment agents were

found. Logistics and cost factors involved in implementing

the treatment methods developed were part of the overall program.

(h) Optimization of Universal Gelling Agent and Development

of Means of Applying to Spilled Hazardous Materials, J. G.

Michalovic, C. K. Akers, R. E. Baier, R. J. Pilie", Proc. 1976 Natl. Conf. Control of Hazardous Material Spills, New

Orleans, La., Apr. 25-28, 1976.

Universal Gelling Agent for the Control of Hazardous

Liquid Spills, R. E. Baier, J. G. Michalovic, V. A. DePal- ma, R. J. Pilie, J. Hazardous Materials 1, pp. 21-33, 1975/76. Technology for Managing Spills on Land and Water, D. B. Dahm, R. J. Pilie, Environmental Science and Technology

8, 13, pp. 1076-1079, Dec. 1974. 025-09899-870-36 ASHTABULA OHIO AREA: WATER POLLUTION IN- VESTIGATION

(b) United States Environmental Protection Agency Region V,

Contract No. 68-01-1575.

(c) Dr. P. M. Terlecky, Jr., Head, Environmental Sciences

Section; J. G. Michalovic, Head, Chemical Analysis Section; S. L. Pack, Research Biologist. (d) Applied research.

(e) Report has been developed under auspices of the Great

Lakes Initiative Contract Program. The purpose of the program was to obtain additional data regarding the present nature and trends in water quality, aquatic life, and waste loadings in areas of the Great Lakes with the worst water pollution problems. The data thus obtained

are being used to assist in the development of waste

discharge permits under provisions of the Federal Water

Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 and in meeting commitments under the Great Lakes Water Quality

Agreement between the U.S. and Canada for accelerated

effort to abate and control water pollution in the Great

Lakes. This investigation reports the results of a historical data collection of information concerning the lower Ashtabula River, harbor and near-shore area, a detailed water sampling and biota collection made during 1973 and 1974, and an evaluation of present and future discharges on the water quality and biota of the area.

(f) Completed.

(g) The quality of water passing through the Ashtabula complex including Fields Brook has been recognized for many

years as a serious environmental problem. NPDES permits have been issued during 1973 and 1974 for an industrial complex of nine major industries. Total residual chlorine, mercury, dissolved solids, and metals content appear to be

the most serious water quality parameters which affect this area. Measurement of these parameters from the harbor to Fields Brook demonstrate the source of the materials. Commonly observed values of mercury in Fields Brook

were 1.3-1.4 jug/1, although measurements as high as 4.3- 4.8 /ig/1 were observed. Total residual chlorine values measured at the Fields Brook mouth ranged from 1-12 mg/1 indicating much higher values closer to the source of

the discharge. Dissolved solids and conductivity values in- creased from both the upstream and downstream direction toward Fields Brook. Values of dissolved solids in Fields Brook ranged from 1495 to 1612 mg/1 with corresponding

conductivity values ranging as high as 1850 (imho/cm.

Flushing time calculations for Ashtabula Harbor during low flow conditions indicated near stagnation for late summer. Diatoms and phytoplankton recovered in the har- bor and lower river indicated the presence of a eutrophic,

pollution tolerant type of community. Cell counts were

found to be low, an observation verified by other

researchers. Low biomass, low diversity, and dominance of

only a few species at each sample station indicated a seri- ously degraded water quality situation. If the requirements of current NPDES permits are met for the 1976-1977

period, improvements can be expected in the water quality of the area. Further improvement in the reduction of pol- lutants in the 1977-1983 period is also expected.

(h) The Water Quality and Biota of the Ashtabula River and Harbour Area of Ashtabula, Ohio, Dr. P. M. Terlecky, J. G. Michalovic, S. L. Peck, Abstracts, 1 7th Conf. Great Lakes Research, pp. 191-192, Aug. 1974.

CHICAGO BRIDGE AND IRON COMPANY, Marine

Research and Development, Route 59, Plainfield, 111. 60544. Mr. W. A. Tarn, Director. 026-09013-420-00 WAVE FORCES ON SUBMERGED OBJECTS

(c) Dr. S. K. Chakrabarti, Analytical Head.

(d) Theoretical, experimental, and encompasses both basic and applied research.

(e) Development of mathematical model and computer pro- grams to predict the forces on basic components of

offshore drilling platforms and storage tanks; data obtained

experimentally to validate the theoretical models, deter- mine hydrodynamic coefficients and flow characteristics around submerged objects. Projects include developing

potential flow theory for large objects, inertia and drag

forces and lift forces on small tubular members in random

orientation. (h) Second-Order Wave Force on Large Vertical Cylinder, S. K. Chakrabarti, J. Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg.

Div., ASCE 101, Aug. 1975. Wave Forces on Vertical Circular Cylinder, S. K. Chakrabarti, A. L. Wolbert, W. A. Tarn, J. Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE 102, May 1976. Total Forces on a Submerged Randomly Oriented Tube Due to Waves, S. K. Chakrabarti, W. A. Tarn, A. L. Wolbert, Proc. Offshore Tech. Conf, Houston, Tex., May 1976. 15
Wave Interaction with a Submerged Open-Bottom Structure, S. K. Chakrabarti, R. A. Naftzger, Proc. Offshore

Tech. Conf., Houston, Tex., May 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, Department of Civil and En- vironmental Engineering, Hydraulic Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221. Dr. L. M. Laushey, Department Head;

Dr. H. C. Preul, Directing Head, Hydraulic Laboratory.

027-06462-070-00 WATER HAMMER

(c) Dr. Louis M. Laushey.

(d) Theoretical. Master's thesis. (e) Simplified equations for water hammer in pipe lines. (h) To be published by IAHR; meeting in Baden-Baden, Ger- many, Aug. 1977. 027-07229-870-36 URBAN RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS

(b) Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) Dr. Herbert C. Preul. (d) Theoretical; field measurements; computer modeling.

(e) Field data collected from large urban watershed for development and testing of storm water management

models.

(h) Interim lst-year report, EPA Water Poll. Control Res. Series, 11024 DQU 10/70, Oct. 1970. Assessment of Urban Runoff Quantity and Quality, H. C.

Preul, Proc. Intl. Sem. Water Resources Instrumentation,

Chicago, June 1974; available from Intl. Water Resources

Assoc., P.O. Box 6, Falls Church, Va. 22046.

Infiltration and Antecedent Precipitation, C. N. Papadakis, H. C. Preul, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE, Oct. 1973. Testing of Methods for Determination of Urban Runoff, C. N. Papadakis, H. C. Preul, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 99,

Oct. 1973. Development of Design Storm Hyetographs for Cincinnati, Ohio, H. C. Preul, C. N. Papadakis, Water Resources Bull., American Water Resources Assoc., Apr. 1973.

University of Cincinnati Urban Runoff Model, C. N.

Papadakis, H. C. Preul, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 98, Oct.

1972.

Final Report, 1974. Urban Runoff Management, H. C. Preul, Proc. 2nd World

Congress on Water Resources, New Dehli, India, Dec.

1975, available from IWRA, P.O. Box 6, Falls Church, Va. 22046.

Selection of Critical Design Storm in Urban Runoff Modeling, H. C. Preul, Proc. Intl. Symp. Water for Arid Lands,

Tehran, Iran, Dec. 1975, available from IWRA, P.O. Box

6, Falls Church, Va. 22046. 027-07934-870-41 TRAVEL OF POLLUTION THROUGH AN AQUIFER

(b) U.S. Public Health Service.

(c) Dr. Herbert C. Preul. (d) Theoretical; laboratory and field. (e) Measurements for the development of practical methods

for the analysis of the transport of pollutants in flow through an aquifer. (h) Travel of Pollutants Through an Aquifer, Proc. Purdue In- dustrial Waste Conf, May 1971. 027-07935-300-36 ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS

USING AIRPHOTOS

(fc) Partly supported by EPA.

(c) E. A. Joering and Dr. Herbert C. Preul. (d) Theoretical, laboratory and field.

(e) Development of a procedure for estimating a flow duration curve and floods of selected frequency using airphotos. (h) A Set of Regime Equations for Indirectly Estimating Stream Flow Characteristics, E. A. Joering, H. C. Preul, Proc. 1st Intl. Cong. Water Resources, Chicago, Sept. 1973;

available from Intl. Water Resources Assoc., P.O. Box

5691, Milwaukee, Wis. 53211. 027-07936-250-00 VISCOELASTIC BOUNDARY HYDRAULICS

(c) Dr. Louis M. Laushey.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; Ph.D. dissertation. (e) Waves are developed and measured on a layer of gelatin coating the bed of an open channel. The friction loss in the fluid and the dissipation within the gelatin are measured.

(f) Suspended.

(h) Friction Loss Over Viscoelastic Coatings On Open Channels, E. W. Lindeijer, Jr., L. M. Laushey, XVth Cong., Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic Research, Istanbul, Sept. 1973. 027-10082-310-00 FLOOD ROUTING

(c) Dr. Louis M. Laushey.

(d) Theoretical. Master's thesis. (e) An implicit method for routing flood waves. 027-10083-290-00 FILTRATION

(c) Dr. Louis M. Laushey.

(d) Theoretical. Master's thesis. (e) Optimization of filter runs with unsteady flow.

CLARKSON COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of

Civil and Environmental Engineering, Potsdam, N.Y.

13676. Dr. N. L. Ackermann, Department Chairman.

028-09973-300-00 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF FLOOD PLAIN

(c) Dr. N. L. Ackermann and Dr. H. T. Shen.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) A two-dimensional mathematical model of a river basin is developed where the interaction effects between the flow

in the main channel and overbank portions are included. The model will be used to predict flow conditions in a laboratory flume containing a meandering river reach. 028-09974-130-00 MUD FLOWS

(c) Dr. N. L. Ackermann and Dr. H. T. Shen.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) The equations of motion are developed for the flow of

solid-fluid mixtures such as those which occur during snow

avalanches, land slides and mud flows. The constitutive equations are developed using submodels which demonstrate the interactive effects of the solid and fluid portions of the moving mixture. Laboratory scale flow slides are to be produced and analyzed using the theoretical equations

developed to the two-component system. 028-09975-860-00 LIMITING NUTRIENT AND TROPHIC LEVEL DETERMINATION OF LAKE OZONIA BY ALGAL ASSAY

PROCEDURE

(c) Dr. J. V. DePinto.

(d) Applied research; M.S. thesis. (e) The algal assay procedure was used to determine the trophic status and limiting nutrient relationships of Lake

Ozonia, an Adirondack Park lake. Assays were carried out

using both Selenastrum Capricornutum and the natural

16
phytoplankton population. The lake was found to be mesotrophic with low to moderate productivity.

Phosphorus was determined to be the primary limiting

nutrient. The enriching effect that secondary sewage ef- fluent and septic tank leaching field groundwater would

have on the algal standing crop in Lake Ozonia was

shown. Phosphorus removal from secondary effluent by

precipitation with lime was found to significantly reduce

its stimulatory effect. The inverted microscope technique was used to evaluate changes in indigenous lake algal species caused by nutrient additions to batch cultures.

(J) Completed.

(h) Limiting Nutrient and Trophic Level Determination of Lake

Ozonia by Algal Assay Procedure, L. T. Lepak, M.S. Thesis, Clarkson College of Technology, May 1976. 028-09976-860-00 A PHOSPHORUS BUDGET AND LAKE MODELS FOR LAKE

OZONIA

(c) Dr. J. K. Edzwald.

(d) Applied research; M.S. thesis. (e) This study involved collecting hydrologic and morphologic

data for Lake Ozonia so that a phosphorus budget could be developed for the lake. The construction of the phosporus budget included determining and measuring

phosphorus inputs to the lake, and measuring phosphorus

in the lake and its outlet. Data derived from the phosphorus budget was then used in empirical models

developed by Vollenweider, Sakamoto, and Dillon and Rigler to aid in the determination of Lake Ozonia's trophic

status.

(/) Completed.

(h) A Phosphorus Budget and Lake Models for Lake Ozonia,

P. M. Cangialosi, M.S. Thesis, Clarkson College of Technology, May 1976. 028-09977-300-60 EFFECT OF INCREMENTAL REMOVAL OF DAM ON

DOWNSTREAM VELOCITY PATTERNS

(fc) New York State Department of Law.

(c) Professor I. L. Maytin and Professor E. T. Misiaszek.

(d) Experimental and field investigation.

(e) Model testing of various breach configurations and their corresponding effect on downstream surface velocity pat- terns during flood conditions.

(/) Completed.

(g) Surface eddies adjacent to a retaining wall downstream of

the dam were found to be very sensitive to the position and depth of breach. While current reversals and changes

in size and location of eddies were evidenced for the dif- ferent models tested, only one type of breach caused eddying to be replaced by a strong current close to the wall. 028-09978-300-00 ANALYSIS OF FLOOD PLAIN DISCHARGE MODEL

(c) Professor I. L. Maytin.

(</) Experimental, (laboratory) Master's thesis. (e) Testing and analysis of a flume model simulating a meandering river and flood plain system. Data generated from

this physical model serves as the input to a simultaneous

but separate research program to develop a mathematical model for flood flows in river basins. 028-09979-420-00 EFFECTS OF UNIFORM CURRENT ON WAVE FORCES

(c) Dr. H. T. Shen.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The effect of uniform current on wave forces is being stu- died. The force acting on coastal structures when both waves and currents are presented is being calculated. The

body surface boundary condition and the free surface boundary condition will be satisfied exactly to the first- order in the infinitesimal-wave approximation. Diffraction theory and integral equation techniques are used in the

analysis.

028-09980-020-00 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR TRANSIENT MIXING IN NATURAL CHANNELS

(c) Dr. H. T. Shen.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Analytical and numerical models for mixing of nonconservative dispersants in natural channels is being developed.

Effects of channel irregularities are considered by using an

orthogonal curvilinear (stream-tube) coordinate system.

(/i) Line Source Dispersion with Application to Mixing in River Channels, H. T. Shen, to appear in Water Resources Bulletin, 1977. 028-09981-020-00 THE EFFECT OF ICE COVER ON VERTICAL MIXING IN CHANNELS

(c) Dr. H. T. Shen.

(d) Applied research; M.S. thesis. (e) A two-dimensional numerical solution is used to study the

effect of ice cover on vertical mass transfer in channels based on available field data on flow distributions. 028-09982-070-00 DISPERSION IN POROUS MEDIA FLOW

(c) Dr. H. T. Shen.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Analytical solutions are being developed for dispersion in porous media flow. Dispersion of reactive solutes from

sources of finite dimension is studied. Similarity behaviours of the dispersion phenomena are being ex- amined.

(h) Transient Dispersion in Uniform Porous Media Flow, H. T. Shen, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 102, HY6, pp. 707-716, June 1976.

COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES, Basic Engineering De- partment, Golden, Colo. 80401. Professor R. R. Faddick. 029-08131-130-70 RHEOLOGY OF MINERAL SLURRIES

(b) Commercial.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Rheological data are being measured for predicting headlosses for such slurries as coal-oil, coal-methanol, copper tailings and iron tailings. (g) Most mineral slurries are yield pseudoplastic. (h) Mineral Slurry Rheology, presented Joint Meeting U.S. and

Japanese Societies of Rheology, Honolulu, Hawaii, June 6, 1975. 029-10279-260-88 OPTIMIZATION OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR

COAL SLURRY PIPELINES

(fc) Colorado Energy Research Institute. (d) Theoretical.

(e) A technique for optimizing a particle size distribution for coal slurry pipelines was developed for digital computer.

(/) Completed.

(g) Optimum particle size distribution is a function of solids throughput, pipe length, preparation and separation

techniques, and slurry flow regime.

(/>) Optimization of Particle Size Distribution for Coal Slurry

Pipelines, R. R. Faddick, G. S. DaBai, presented Slurry Transportation Assoc., Las Vegas, Nev., Mar. 2-4, 1977. 029-10280-260-47 TRANSPORTATION OF TUNNEL MUCK BY PIPELINE

(b) U.S. Department of Transportation.

(d) Theoretical.

17
(e) Pneumatic and hydraulic pipelines were studied as a means of hauling muck from rapid transit tunnels ex- cavated by tunnel boring machines.

(g) Pneumatic and hydraulic pipelines are technically feasible systems for muck removal but economic feasibility requires costing of dewatering systems for hydraulic

pipelines and operating costs for pneumatic pipelines. (h) Transportation of Tunnel Muck by Pipeline, R. R. Faddick,

J. W. Martin, TSC Rept., U.S. Dept. Transportation, Cambridge, Mass., June 1977. 029-10281-260-47 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF A PNEUMATIC

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM FOR THE RAPID EXCAVATION OF TUNNELS

(b) U.S. Department of Transportation.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Operating cost and equipment wear were evaluated for a pneumatic pipeline system 600 ft long, 10 inches in diameter transporting 100 tons/hr of stones and gravel. (g) Data analysis incomplete.

(h) Testing of a Pneumatic Muck Transport System, R. R. Faddick, presented 2nd Ann. Conf. DOT Research and

Development in Tunneling Technology, Easton, Md., Sept.

16, 1976.

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, ENGINEERING RESEARCH

CENTER, College of Engineering, Foothills Campus, Fort

Collins, Colo. 80521. Dr. D. B. Simons, Associate Dean,

Engineering Research Center.

030-07001-810-05 SIMULATION OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS

(fc) Cooperatively with U.S. Dept. Agriculture.

(c) Dr. D. A. Woolhiser, Hydraulic Engineer, USDA-ARS.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied.

(e) Develop procedures for numerically simulating the surface runoff hydrograph of small watersheds and objective

techniques for transforming complex watersheds into simple combinations of overland flow planes and channels for numerical simulation.

(g) The mathematical model of surface runoff developed earli- er has been modified to include erosion and sediment

transport. The model is capable of examining the effects of

engineering works such as terraces and diversions on erosion. A 41 ft by 4 ft erosion flume has been completed and several data sets are available for model testing. Hydrologic instrumentation has been installed in two small watersheds, one mined and the other unmined, near Steamboat Springs, Colorado. Three stream gaging and

water quality sampling stations have been installed on Fish Creek, a tributary of the Yampa River in Northwestern

Colorado. The computer program for the kinematic cascade surface runoff model with infiltration has been

completely rewritten to improve its computational efficien- cy, to simplify input, and to provide several options for output. The detailed program documentation is almost

complete. It has been demonstrated that nonlinear runoff models are more sensitive to errors in estimation of rainfall excess than linear models. This implies that a linear model may be preferable to the physically more realistic nonlinear model if the infiltration component may have

significant errors. (h) Watershed Sediment Yield-A Stochastic Approach. Present and Prospective Technology for Predicting Sediment Yields and Sources, D. A. Woolhiser, P. H. Blinco, USDA ARS-S40, pp. 264-273 (June 1975). Control of Water Pollution from Cropland. Vol. I. A

Manual for Guideline Development, B. A. Stewart, D. A.

Woolhiser, W. H. Wischmeier, J. H. Caro, M. H. Frere,

Rept. No. ARS-H-5-1; EPA-600/2-75-026a, 111 pages

(Nov. 1975).

Influence of Simplifications in Watershed Geometry in Simulation of Surface Runoff, L. J. Lane, D.'A. Woolhiser, V. Yevjevich, Hydrology Paper No. 81, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo., pp. 50 (Dec. 1975). Control of Water Pollution from Cropland. Volume II. An

Overview, B. A. Stewart, D. A. Woolhiser, W. H. Wischmeier, J. H. Caro, M. H. Frere, Rept. No. ARS-H-5-

2; EPA-600l2-75-026b, 187 pages (June 1976). Nonlinear Kinematic Wave Model for Watershed Surface Runoff, V. P. Singh, D. A. Woolhiser, J. Hydrology 31,

3/4, pp. 221-243 (Dec. 1976).

Sensitivity of Linear and Nonlinear Surface Runoff Models

to Input Errors, V. P. Singh, D. A. Woolhiser, J. Hydrolo- gy 29, 3/4, pp. 243-249 (Apr. 1976).

Stochastic Structure of the Local Pattern of Precipitation,

P. Todorovic, D. A. Woolhiser, Chapter 15 in Stochastic Approaches to Water Resources II, H. W. Shen, Ed., Pub., P.O. Box 606, Fort Collins, Colo. (1976). 030-07247-800-00 WATER RESOURCES OPTIMIZATION

(b) Colorado State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Dr. E. V. Richardson, Professor of Civil Engineering.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research and develop- ment.

(e) To research and apply methods to optimization of the water resources of Colorado. Studies include methods of reducing water loss by seepage, evaporation or transportation; to improve efficiency of the distribution systems by

consolidation of conveyance systems; application of linear and dynamic programming, and design of conveyance

systems.

(g) See (h). (h) The Design of Spurs for River Training, E. V. Richardson, M. A. Stevens, D. B. Simons, Proc. IAHR XVI Congress, Sao Paulo, Brazil, July 1975. Mathematical Model of Flow in a Stream Aquifer System,

C. E. K. Rovey, E. V. Richardson, Symp. Modeling

Techniques 1, ASCE, Sept. 1975. Exclusion and Ejection of Sediment from Canals, A. M.

Melone, E. V. Richardson, D. B. Simons, Colo. State Univ., Dept. of Civil Engrg. Publ., Apr. 1975.

Stability of Earth Cover Overlying PVC Membranes, R. Drury, M.S. Thesis, Colo. State Univ., June 1975. Channel Improvements of the Missouri River, E. V. Richardson, H. Christian, Proc. 3rd Federal Interagency Sediment Conf., Denver, Colo., "Mar. 1976. Regional Flood Maxima, P. H. Carrigan, Jr., Ph.D. Dissertation, Colo. State Univ., Summer 1975. The Development of Turbulent Boundary Layers in Open

Channel Flow, W. S. Liang, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colo. State Univ., Fall 1975. Mathematical Model of Water Allocation Methods, R. L. Thaemert, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colo. State Univ., Spring 1976. 030-08802-300-34 A STUDY OF THE GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE UPPER

MISSISSIPPI RIVER

(b) U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, St. Paul, Minnesota.

(c) D. B. Simons.

(d) Theoretical with field investigations, and applied research.

(e) Information has been assimilated on the past and present geomorphic features in Pool 1 through Pool 10 in the Upper Mississippi River and its major tributaries, with emphasis on Pool 4 below Lake Pepin in the Mississippi and Chippewa Rivers. The principal components of the geomorphic processes have been identified along with those changes induced by man's activities. Future geomorphic changes which will occur from past, present and planned future development and alternatives thereto

18
have been predicted by employing a one-dimensional water and sediment routing model.

(f) Completed.

(g) See (h). (h) The River Environment, D. B. Simons, P. F. Lagasse, Y.

H. Chen, S. A. Schumm, Rept. No. CER75-76 DBS-PFL- YHC-SAS 14, Civil Engrg. Dept., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo., Dec. 1975. A Summary of the River Environment, D. B. Simons, Y. H. Chen, P. F. Lagasse, S. A. Schumm, Rept. No. DBS-YHCPFL-SAS 18, Civil Engrg. Dept., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo., June 1976. A Geomorphic Study of Pool 4 and Tributaries of the Upper Mississippi River, D. B. Simons, S. A. Schumm, Y.

H. Chen, R. M. Beathard, Rept. No. CER76-77 DBS-SAS- YHC-RMB 11, Civil Engrg. Dept., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo., Oct. 1976. A Mathematical Model Study of Pool 4 in the Upper Mississippi River and Lower Chippewa Rivers, D. B. Simons,

Y. H. Chen, Rept. No. CER76-77 DBS-YHC 8, Civil Engrg. Dept., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo., Oct. 1976. A Mathematical Model Study of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Y. H. Chen, D. B. Simons, Proc. 1st Intl. Conf. Mathematical Modeling, St. Louis, Mo., 1977. 030-08804-220-06 DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS FOR PREDICTING SEDI- MENT YIELD FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS

(b) U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Ariz.

(c) D. B. Simons.

(d) Theoretical with field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) Development of prediction models for estimating sediment

yield from a broad spectrum of source areas and

watersheds. The prediction models have been tested on

study areas with the Coconino National Forest in Arizona,

Ice Cream Creek Watershed in California and Mature

Upland Pine-Hardwood Watershed in Mississippi.

(J) Completed.

(g) See (h). (h) On Overland Flow Water Routing, R. M. Li, D. B. Simons, M. A. Stevens, Proc. Natl. Symp. Urban Hydrology and

Sediment Control, Lexington, Ky., July 1975. Watershed Segmentation by A Digital Computer for Mathematical Modeling of Watershed Response, D. B. Simons, R. M. Li, Colorado State Univ. Rept. CER75-76DBS-RML9,

Dec. 1975. Water and Sediment Routing from Small Watersheds, R. M. Li, M. A. Stevens, D. B. Simons, Proc. 3d Interagency Sedimentation Conf., Denver, Colo., Mar. 22-25, 1976. Procedure for Estimating Model Parameters of a Mathematical Model, D. B. Simons, R. M. Li, Colorado State Univ. Rept. CER75-76DBS-RML22 , Apr. 1976. Mathematical Modeling of Overland Flow Soil Erosion, R. M. Li, D. B. Simons, D. R. Carder, presented National Soil Erosion Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Ind., May

24-26, 1976. A Simple Method for Quick Estimation of Sediment Yield, D. B. Simons, A. J. Reese, R. M. Li, T. J. Ward, presented

Natl. Soil Erosion Conf., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette,

Ind., May 24-26, 1976. Computer Simulation of Storm Water and Sediment Hydrographs from Small Watersheds, R. M. Li, D. B. Simons, D.

R. Carder, presented 1976 Summer Computer Simulation Conf, Washington, D.C., July 12-14, 1976. Computer Application in Mapping Potential Landslide

Sites, D. B. Simons, T. J. Ward, R. M. Li, presented 1976 Summer Computer Simulation Conf., Washington, D.C.,

July 12-14, 1976.

Solutions to Green-A MPT Infiltration Equation, R. M. Li, M. A. Stevens, D. B. Simons, J. Irrigation and Drainage

Div., ASCE 102, IR2, pp. 239-248, June 1 , 1976.

Morphology of Cobble Streams in Small Watersheds, R. M.

Li, D. B. Simons, M. A. Stevens, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE

102, HY8, pp. 1101-1117, Aug. 1976. On Kinematic Wave Approximation For Flood Routing, R. M. Li, D. B. Simons, L. S. Shiao, Y. H. Chen, RIVERS 76,

1, 3rd Ann. Symp. on Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood Control and Water Diversion, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo., pp. 377-398, Aug. 1976. Modeling of Sediment and Water Routing and Yield at Colorado State University, D. B. Simons, R. M. Li, T. J. Ward, presented USDA Forest Service, Earth Science Symp., Fresno, Calif., Nov. 8-12, 1976.

Process Model of Infiltration and Subsurface Flow Routing,

R. M. Li, D. B. Simons, K. G. Eggert, Colorado State Univ.

Rept. CER76-77RML-DBS-KGE 20, Dec. 1976. Preliminary Procedural Guide for Estimating Water and

Sediment Yield from Roads in Forests, D. B. Simons, R. M.

Li, L. Y. Shiao, Colorado State Univ. Rept. CER76-77DBSRML-LYS 21, Nov. 1976. Simple Procedural Method for Estimating On-Site Soil Erosion, D. B. Simons, R. M. Li, T. J. Ward, Colorado State Univ. Rept. CER76-77RML-DBS-TJW 38, Feb. 1977. A Mathematical Model for Evaluating On-Site Soil Erosion,

R. M. Li, D. B. Simons, R. K. Simons, Colorado State Univ. Rept. CER76-77-RML-DBS-RKS 40, Feb. 1977. Formulation of Road Sediment Model, D. B. Simons, R. M.

Li, L. Y. Shiao, Colorado State Univ. Rept. CER76-77DBSRML-LYS 50, Mar. 1977. 030-10333-220-13 INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CHIPPEWA RIVER

EROSION AND SILT REDUCTION MEASURES

(b) D. B. Simons and Y. H. Chen.

(d) Theoretical with field investigations and applied research.

(e) Past and present geomorphic features of Pool 4 below Lake Pepin in the Upper Mississippi River and the Chip- pewa River below Eau Claire have been investigated. This

information coupled with a one-dimensional water and

sediment routing model has been utilized to examine alter- native measures to determine how effectively they reduce sediment supply from the Chippewa River to the Mississippi River navigation channel and backwater areas; and to investigate the effects of each alternative on aggradation and degradation in the Chippewa River.

(/) Completed.

(g) See (h). (h) Investigation of the Effects of Chippewa River Erosion and

Silt Reduction Measures, D. B. Simons, Y. H. Chen, Rept. No. CER 76-77-DBS-YHC 54, Civil Engrg. Dept., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo., May 1977. 030-10334-220-34 STUDY OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER SYSTEM

(b) U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,

St. Paul, Minnesota.

(c) D. B. Simons and Y. H. Chen.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied research.

(e) A two-dimensional mathematical model for study of water and sediment movement in a river system is being

developed. This model will be applied to predict detailed geomorphic changes in the Lower Pool 4 reach and the lower end of the Chippewa River caused by various development activities and thus identify successful development projects in the study reach that meet the goals of flood control, recreation, conservation of

resources, and preservation or enhancement of the en- vironment as well as navigation. 030-10335-370-70 VIBRATION TESTS OF THERMAL WELLS

(b) Powers Regulator Company, Skokie, Illinois. (c) Y. H. Chen.

(d) Applied research.

19

254-330 0 - 78 -3
(e) Six thermal wells have been tested in pipeline systems

utilizing water as the liquid. The objective of the study is to obtain the necessary information for designing thermal

wells to avoid their failure due to stresses induced by the

flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) See (h). (h) Vibration Tests of Thermal Wells, Y. H. Chen, R. P. Vandenberg, D. B. Simons, Rept. No. CER 76-77 YHC-RPVDBS 7, Civil Engrg. Dept., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo., Sept. 1976. Vibration of Thermal Wells in Pipeline Systems, Y. H. Chen, D. B. Simons, Proc. XVllth Intl. Congress of the IAHR, Baden-Baden, Germany, 1977. 030-10336-810-33 QUANTIFICATION OF HYDROLOGICAL IMPACTS FOR

URBAN GROWTH MANAGEMENT STUDIES

(b) OWRT.

(c) Neil S. Grigg.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The hydrological effects of urbanization include both the

quantity and quality aspects of surface runoff. Surface run- off peaks increase in magnitude and appear quicker due

to urbanization, and a great deal of pollution results from

the washing of contaminated surfaces. Communities are aware of these problems and are taking action to mitigate

their effects. Opportunities for control of both pollution and flooding are at their peak prior to the completion of

the urban growth phase. Communities are now aware more than ever before of the need for growth management. A typical case in the front range urban corridor, Colorado, will be used to test a number of techniques

which have already been developed for related purposes (urban drainage and flood control) and which may have

useful application for rational growth management.

030-10337-820-54 METHODOLOGIES FOR COST-EFFECTIVE GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT

{b) NSF.

(c) W. A. Hall and J. W. Labadie.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Groundwater is extensively used for water supplies

throughout the United States. In some areas it is the only

source of supply. One of the most difficult problems in development of new or sparsely developed groundwater

resources is the difficulty of estimating groundwater basin

characteristics in advance of costly well drilling programs. The purpose of this proposed research is two-fold: first, to develop and test methodologies which will optimize the number and placement of wells in an untapped or un- derdeveloped groundwater basin; and second, to study the

theoretical characteristics of the response of groundwater

basins to a variety of unorthodox stimuli which might give more extensive information on aquifer characteristics. 030-10338-220-13 SEDIMENTATION STUDY OF THE UPPER AUXILIARY

PROJECT WITHIN THE YAZOO RIVER BASIN AND

DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL

(b) U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers,

Vicksburg District, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(c) D. B. Simons.

(d) Theoretical with field investigations; applied research.

(e) A study is being conducted to evaluate various develop- ment plans for channel improvement in the Yazoo River

Basin, Mississippi. The plans for improvement include construction of a cross-country channel in Tallahatchie, Lefore and Humphreys counties to provide additional channel capacity to pass flood waters from the upper basin. The study involves a systems analysis using mathematical models of the main channel and its tributaries in such a way that water and sediment is routed from the watershed and through the main channel to determine the effectiveness of the system considering flood control, navigation and the location of aggradation and degradation in the main channel and its tributaries and methods of minimizing these and related problems. The analysis provides a means of evaluating various design alternatives to deter- mine the best plan for development. 030-10339-810-06 DEVELOPMENT, FIELD TESTING, DOCUMENTATION OF

PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING MODEL PARAMETERS, FOR MODEL SIMPLIFICATION OF WATER AND

SEDIMENT ROUTING AND YIELD MODELS, AND FOR

MAPPING POTENTIAL LANDSLIDE AREAS

(b) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.

(c) D. B. Simons; R. M. Li. (d) Theoretical with field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) This is a continuation of the effort on the development of

a comprehensive ecological system component simulation model. The specific objectives of this study are: 1

)

Develop, field test, and document a procedure for deter- mining the channel geometry of a large watershed utilizing aerial photographs. The field test site would be Woods

Canyon Watershed, Coconino National Forest, Arizona. 2) Develop, field test, and document a procedure for the in- field estimation of infiltration parameters. 3) Develop, test, and document a simple procedural method for evaluating water and sediment yields from small watersheds. 4) Develop, test, and document a simple water routing and

yield model for determining water hydrographs using a hand-held programmable calculator. 5) Develop, test, and document a procedure for mapping potential landslide hazard areas in terms of slope stability. The study site would be H. J. Andrews Watershed, Oregon.

(g) See (h). (h) Simple Water Routing and Yield Model Using a Small Pro- grammable Calculator, D. B. Simons, R. M. Li, K. G. Eggert, Colorado State Univ. Rept. CER76-77DBS-RML-DKE

52, Apr. 1977. 030-10340-220-06 FIELD TESTING AND REFINEMENT OF A QUANTITATIVE

ROAD SEDIMENT MODEL

(b) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona.

(c) D. B. Simons; R. M. Li. (d) Theoretical with field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) Test and refine a numerical model of soil loss and storm

runoff from timber access roads with the goal of providing

a useful predictive model for use in road planning, maintenance, location design and environmental impact evaluation. The model will be tested on two road erosion study

sites currently being operated by Coweeta Hydrologic

Laboratory near Franklin, North Carolina. These test sites are collecting soil losses from the cut slope, fill slope, and

road bed separately. The cut and fill slopes will have two

different surface conditions with and without vegetation.

The roadbed will also have two different surface conditions with and without gravel surfacing. Approximately 30

storms will be studied. These storms will range from those of low intensity and long duration in the winter months to those of high intensity and short duration in the summer

months. 030-10341-200-54 SPATIAL AND TIME DISTRIBUTION OF BOUNDARY

SHEAR STRESS IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) D. B. Simons; R. M. Li. (d) Experimental and theoretical investigation; basic research.

(e) This study of the spatial and statistical distribution of the instantaneous boundary shear stress in smooth uniform open channels consists of both experimental and analytical 20
investigations. The specific objectives are investigation of

the spatial variation of the probabilistic distribution and

statistical moments of the boundary shear stress in simple

prismatic channels with varying flow conditions; determine

the influence of the channel geometry and flow variables on the probability distribution parameters; investigate the

significance of secondary flow on the probabilistic distribu- tion of the shear stress in terms of both channel geometry and hydraulic flow conditions; correlate the probability

distribution parameters with the gross hydraulic conditions and channel geometry parameters; study the interrelation- ship of the turbulent velocity pressure structure to the shear stress process; discuss the application of the result to the open channel flow problems. 030-10342-880-36 DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERALIZED PLANNING MODEL

FOR EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE FOREST

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (ENGINEERING PHASE)

(b) Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, Environmental Research Laboratory.

(c) D. B. Simons, R. M. Li. (d) Theoretical with field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) This is an initial effort to develop a generalized planning

model for evaluation of alternative forest management

practices as a function of environmental and resource

goals. The objectives of this study are to develop and test a water and sediment routing and yield model for both

small and large watersheds and for both short and long term periods; to develop and test a process model which

will simulate the erosion and deposition of channel banks

for unstable channels in forested upland watersheds. To in- corporate this process model into the developed water and

sediment routing model the remaining objectives will be to develop a procedure for routing forest litter from the land

surface for predicting the loading of stream channels with

organic debris; to interface on available nitrogen and

phosphorous sediment uptake model with the developed

water and sediment routing model; to develop a thermal

loading model for predicting the temperature and dis- solved oxygen of water loading to the stream; and to link the cause-effect process model and the multiple-objective

programming model for the selection of forest manage- ment alternatives. In order to meet the above mentioned

objectives the proposed study will develop numerical models considering the physical significance of the governing processes.

On the Growth Rate of an Unstable Disturbance in a

Gravitationally Stratified Shear Flow, F. Einaudi, D. P. Lalas, J. Atmos. Sci. 30, pp. 1707-1710, Nov. 1973. Some New Properties of Kelvin-Helmholtz Waves in an At- mosphere With and Without Condensation Effects, F. Einaudi, D. P. Lalas, J. Atmos. Sci. 31, pp. 1995-2007, Nov. 1974. Wave-Induced Instabilities in an Atmosphere Near Saturation, F. Einaudi, D. P. Lalas, J. Atmos. Sci. 32, pp. 536-

547, Mar. 1975. The Destabilizing Effect of the Ground on Kelvin-Helmholtz Waves in the Atmosphere, D. P. Lalas, F. Einaudi, D. Fua,

J. Atmos. Sci. 33, pp. 59-69, Jan. 1976. The Stability Analysis of an Inflexion-Free Velocity Profile and its Application to the Night-Time Boundary Layer in the Atmosphere, D. Fua, F. Einaudi, D. P. Lalas, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 10, pp. 35-54, 1976. The Effect of Boundaries on the Stability of Inviscid

Stratified Shear Flows, F. Einaudi, D. P. Lalas, J. Appl. Mech. 98, pp. 243-248, June 1976. On the Characteristics of Gravity Waves Generated by At- mospheric Shear Layers, D. P. Lalas, F. Einaudi, J. Atmos.

Sci. 33, pp. 1248-1259, July 1976. Generation of Gravity Waves by Jet Streams in the At- mosphere, G. Mastrantonio, F. Einaudi, D. Fua, D. P. Lalas, J. Atmos. Sci. 33, pp. 1730-1738, Sept. 1976. Lamb Waves Generated by the 1970 Solar Eclipse, G. Chimonas, Planet. Space Sci. 21, 1843, 1973. On Severe Storm Acoustic Signals Observed at Ionospheric

Heights, G. Chimonas, W. R. Peltier, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 36, 821, 1974. Consideration of the Stability of Certain Heterogeneous Shear Flows Including Some Inflexion-Free Profiles, J. Fluid Mech. 65, 65, 1974. A Possible Source Mechanism for Mountain Associated In- frasound, G. Chimonas, J. Atmos. Sci., in press, 1977. Packet Scale Motions Forced by Nonlinearities in a Wave

System, G. Chimonas, J. Atmos. Sci., 1977.

Infrasonic Waves from Auroral Arcs, G. Chimonas, J. Geophys. Res.,'m press, 1977. The Asymmetry in Infra-Sound Generation by Travelling Aurora, G. Chimonas, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., in press, 1977. An Observational and Theoretical Study of Shear Instabili- ty in the Air Flow Near the Ground, J. Merrill, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Colorado, 1976. On the Stability of Some Fluid Flows, A. Zebib, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Colorado, 1975.

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES),

Boulder, Colo. 80309. Professor Carl Kisslinger, Institute Director. 031-08812-480-54 DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERIC FLOWS

(b) National Science Foundation (in part).

(c) George Chimonas, Assoc. Director (Atmos. Sci.), CIRES.

(d) Basic theoretical research.

(e) Micro and meso scale dynamics of atmospheric flows with emphasis of the role of waves. Primary and secondary stability of stratified shear flows, including effects from the presence of water substance. Wave-storm interactions. Formation of meso-lows and rotational storms. Origin of

geo-sound.

(J) Expanding.

(h) The Propagation of Acoustic-Gravity Waves in a Moist At- mosphere, F. Einaudi, D. P. Lalas, J. Atmos. Sci. 30, pp. 365-376, Apr. 1973. On the Stability of a Moist Atmosphere in the Presence of a Background Wind, D. P. Lalas, F. Einaudi, J. Atmos. Sci. 30, pp. 795-800, July 1973.

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER, College of En- gineering and Applied Science, Department of Civil, En- vironmental and Architectural Engineering, Boulder, Colo. 80309. Dr. George G. Goble, Department Chair- man.

032-10776-870-88 DESIGN OF WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS FOR

BOOM TOWNS AND RESORTS

(b) Eisenhower Consortium for Western Environmental

Forestry Research.

(c) Dr. J. Ernest Flack.

(d) Applied research; M.S. thesis by Paul Gorder.

(e) Development of design criteria for water and wastewater

systems for rapid growth areas under adverse climatic conditions.

if) Completed.

(g) Handbook available. (h) Design of Water and Wastewater System, Environmental Resources Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. 80523 ($4.00).

21
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT DENVER, Department of

Civil and Urban Engineering, Denver, Colo. 80202. Dr. Ernest Harris, Department Chairman.

033-10777-360-00 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF REVERSE UNDERFLOW ON THE

CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP

(c) Dr. William Hughes.

(d) Basic research; M.S. thesis by Charles G. Roberts.

(e) A study of the effects of reverse underflow through a porous media had on the characteristics of the hydraulic

jump.

if) Completed.

(g) Bed roughness and reverse flow modify the characteristics of the hydraulic jump: (a) the energy loss is reviewed, (b)

the sequent depth and length are modified and, (c) the

basic impulse-momentum relationship is not applicable,

compared with the jump on a horizontal, smooth bed. 033-10778-220-88 CHANNEL EROSION RISK INDEX

(b) Eisenhower Consortium for Western Environmental Forest Research.

(c) Dr. William C. Hughes.

(d) Applied research.

(e) A study to develop a method for assessing the probable

risk of future channel erosion based on channel soil condition, slope and design discharge.

(g) For a given soil classification, field observations when

plotted on a scatter diagram relating discharge to channel

slope, divides into regions where scour was always present, scour was never present, and a central band in which the

probability of channel scour varies from zero to one.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory (see Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

listing).

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Marine Sciences Institute, Groton, Conn. 06340. S. Y. Feng, Institute Director. 034-10115-220-44 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF DREDGING

OPERATIONS ON SUSPENDED MATERIAL TRANSPORT

IN THE LOWER THAMES RIVER ESTUARY

(b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Middle

Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Highlands, New Jersey.

(c) Asst. Professor W. F. Bohlen.

(d) Field investigations; basic research.

(e) A series of field surveys conducted during the period 1974-1976 have been used to analyze the spatial characteristics of the plume of fine grained materials introduced

into the water column by a large volume clam-shell/bucket dredging operation in the lower Thames River near New

London, Connecticut. Complementing this three-dimensional map, discrete drawn water samples were obtained to permit determination of the composition and by-weight

concentrations. Compositional analyses included particulate organic carbon and grain-size distributions.

(/) Completed.

(g) Surveys indicate that the impacts of the dredging operation are confined to within 300-500 m of the dredge and

spoils barge. In this area suspended material concentrations exceed ambient levels by a factor of thirty and a sig- nificant shift in the relative percentage of organics versus

inorganics in the suspended load is observed. Comparisons

of these characteristics to those produced by naturally occurring storm events indicate that dredging represents a

relatively minor factor within the suspended material

transport system in the estuary. (h) Final report available. Contact W. F. Bohlen.

034-10116-450-20 DYNAMICS OF OCEANIC FRONTS

(b) Office of Naval Research, Ocean Research Office.

(c) Assoc. Professor R. W. Garvine.

(d) Theoretical modeling; basic research and Ph.D. thesis. (e) A hydrodynamic model of the motion field near an

oceanic front is developed. The equations of motion are treated by an integral technique. Both turbulent friction and mass entrainment are included as well as the effects of

surface wind stress and earth rotation. The model can be

applied to any scale of oceanic front from river plume

fronts to the Gulf Stream front. (h) Dynamics of Small-Scale Oceanic Fronts, R. W. Garvine, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 4, pp. 557-569, 1974.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Department of Environmental En- gineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

Ithaca, N.Y. 14853. Daniel P. Loucks, Department

Chairman.

035-08674-810-54 THE CALCULATION OF REGIONAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BY MEANS OF STANDARD METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. W. H. Brutsaert.

(d) Theoretical and applied research.

(e) The investigation deals with the problem of the applicability of recently developed similarity schemes for the parameterization of the atmospheric boundary-layer under

adiabatic conditions to the determination of surface vapor

flux by means of synoptic meteorological data, which are published regularly or otherwise easily available. (h) Computing Evapotranspiration by Geostrophic Drag Concept, J. A. Mawdsley, W. Brutsaert, J. Hydraulics Div., Proc. ASCE 99, pp. 99-1 10, 1973. Evaporation from Water Surfaces, W. Brutsaert, in Interfacial Transfer Processes in Water Resources, Water Resour. and Envir. Engrg. Rept. No. 75-1, State Univ. N.Y., Buffalo, pp. -99-1 14, Jan. 1975. A Theory for Local Evaporation (or Heat Transfer) from Rough and Smooth Surfaces at Ground Level, W. Brutsaert, Water Resour. Res. 11, 4, pp. 543-550, 1975. The Roughness Length for Water Vapor, Sensible Heat, and Other Scalars, W. Brutsaert, J. Atmosph. Sciences 32,

10, pp. 2028-2031, 1976. The Applicability of Planetary Boundary Layer Theory to Calculate Regional Evapotranspiration, W. Brutsaert, Water

Resour. Res. 12, Oct. 1976. 035-08675-820-00 THE REDUCTION OF GROUNDWATER STORAGE BY SUB- SIDENCE

(c) Dr. W. H. Brutsaert. (d) Theoretical and applied research.

(e) The classical elastic approach has often been inadequate

in the case of subsiding aquifers. The present study deals with the applicability of alternative models on the basis of recent developments in soil rheology. The results are tested with field data from the San Joaquin Valley.

(/i) Subsidence: The Influence of Man on Groundwater

Storage, M. Y. Corapcioglu, M. Yavuz, W. Brutsaert, Proc. 3d Intl. Symp. Groundwater, Palermo, Italy, Nov. 1-5, 1975. Pumping of Aquifer with Viscoelastic Properties, W. Brutsaert, M. Y. Corapcioglu, J. Engrg. Mech. Div., Proc. ASCE, in press, 1976. 22
035-09938-800-33 INTERACTIVE MULTIOBJECTIVE WATER RESOURCES

PLANNING

(b) OWRT, USDI.

(c) Daniel P. Loucks.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Use of interactive computer graphics as a means of in- putting data and displaying the results of multipurpose,

multiobjective water resources optimization and simulation models, and permitting planners and decision makers ways

of interacting with such models in the search for the most

suitable solution. 035-09939-860-33 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT MODELS

(b) OWRT, USDI.

(c) Daniel P. Loucks.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Adaptation of existing multiparameter aquatic water quality simulation models to a form suitable for incorporation

into optimization models that can simultaneously consider economic and environmental water quality management

policy problems. 035-09940-440-54 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS TO THE POLLUTION ANALYSIS OF LAKES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) James A. Liggett and Richard H. Gallagher.

(d) Basic theoretical research.

(e) Development of finite element models to compute lake

circulation and the dispersion of pollutant in lakes. Also development of the computer graphics software to generate input data and display results. (h) Finite Element Shallow Lake Circulation Analysis, R. H.

Gallagher, J. A. Liggett, S. T. K. Chan, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE, July 1973. Transient Finite Element Shallow Lake Circulation, F. D.

L. Young, J. A. Liggett, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE, July 1977. Steady Stratified Circulation in a Cavity, D.-L. Young, J. A. Liggett, R. H. Gallagher, J. Engrg. Mech. Div., ASCE,

Feb. 1976. Unsteady Stratified Circulation in a Cavity, D.-L. Young, J. A. Liggett, R. H. Gallagher, J. Engrg. Mechanics Div., ASCE, Dec. 1976. Convective Transport Finite Element Analog, K. W.

Bedford, J. A. Liggett, J. Engrg. Mechanics Div., ASCE,

Dec. 1975. 035-09941-440-44 COASTAL CURRENTS AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ON

GREAT LAKES SHORELINE

(b) NOAA, Sea Grant Program, U.S. Dept. of Commerce.

(c) Philip L-F. Liu.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Examine and modify the existing models for calculating the coastal currents and sediment transports and to develop a complete and flexible model of a system which

is suitable for predicting the coastal currents and sedimentary patterns in the New York Great Lakes coastal zone;

investigate the water movement in harbors along the Great Lakes shoreline and to study the effectiveness of different types of breakwaters as protective measures for harbor im- provements.

(h) Finite Element Modeling of Nearshore Circulation, P. L-F.

Liu, G. Lennon, Intl. Conf. Applied Numerical Modeling,

July 11-15, 1977.

Effects of Beach Topography on Nearshore Currents, G. P. Lennon, M.S. Thesis, Dept. of Environmental Engrg., Cornell University.

035-09942-410-54 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING NEARSHORE CIRCULATIONS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Philip L-F. Liu. (d) Theoretical basic research.

(e) Research investigates effects of waves, beach topography and winds on nearshore circulations.

(/;) Effects of Topography on the Circulation In and Near the Surf Zone-Linear Theory, C. C. Mei, P. L-F. Liu, J. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 5, pp. 25-37, 1977. A Perturbation Solution of Non-Linear Diffusion Equations,

P. L-F. Liu, J. Water Resources Res. 12, 6, 1976. On Gravity Waves Propagated Over a Layered Porous Bed,

P. L-F. Liu, Intl. J. Coastal Engrg. 1, 1, 1977. Mass Transport in Water Waves Propagated Over a Permeable Bottom, P. L-F. Liu, Intl. J. Coastal Engrg. 1, 1, 1977. 035-09943-440-80 TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN A LAKE

(b) The Engineering Foundation.

(c) James A. Liggett and Peter J. Murphy.

(d) Basic experimental research.

(e) Measurement of eddy diffusivity in a stratified lake. 035-09944-220-54 BEDLOAD MEASUREMENT AND MODELS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Peter J. Murphy.

(d) Basic experimental and theoretical research:

(e) Definition and measurement of the bedload movement

process. 035-09945-070-54 BOUNDARY INTEGRAL SOLUTIONS TO GROUNDWATER

PROBLEMS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) James A. Liggett and Philip L-F. Liu. (d) Basic theoretical research.

(e) Development of boundary integral techniques for the solu- tion of a variety of problems in flow in porous media in two and three dimensions. Also development of the computer graphics software to generate input data and display

results. (h) Location of Free Surface in Porous Media, J. A. Liggett, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE, Apr. 1977. Boundary Integral Solutions to Groundwater Problems, P. L-F. Liu, J. A. Liggett, Intl. Conf. Applied Numerical

Modeling, Southhampton, U.K., July 11-15, 1977. Unsteady Free Surface Flow Through a Zoned Dam Using

Boundary Integration, J. A. Liggett, P. L-F. Liu, Symp. Applications of Computer Methods in Engrg., Univ. Southern

California, Los Angeles, Aug. 23-26, 1977.

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, Thayer School of Engineering,

Hanover, N.H. 03755. Graham B. Wallis, Prof, of Engineering, Horst J. Richter, Research Assistant Prof, of Engineering.

036-09789-130-73 THE SEPARATED FLOW MODELS OF TWO-PHASE FLOW

(b) Electric Power Research Institute. (d) Theoretical and experimental basic research.

(e) Establishment of a unified basic theory. (h) The Separate Flow Model of Two-Phase Flow, G. B. Wallis, H. J. Richter, J. T. Kuo, EPRI NP-2 75, Dec. 1976. 23
036-09790-130-55 EFFECT OF SCALE ON TWO-PHASE COUNTERCURRENT

FLOW FLOODING IN VERTICAL TUBES

(6) NRC.

(d) Theoretical and experimental basic research.

(e) Obtain data on flooding in various scales. 036-09791-130-55 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF TWO-PHASE FLOW

ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR REACTOR SAFETY

(b) NRC.

(d) Theroetical and experimental modeling of two-phase flow phenomena.

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, College of Marine Studies,

Newark, Del. 1971 1. Dr. W. S. Gaither, Dean.

037-08855-420-20 PHOTO-OPTICAL DETERMINATION OF SHALLOW

WATER WAVE SPECTRA

(b) Geography Programs, Office of Naval Research, Depart- ment of the Navy.

(c) Dr. V. Klemas, Associate Professor.

(d) Experimental theoretical and field investigation; applied

research.

(e) Derivation of shallow water spectra by employing optical Fourier analysis of aerial photographs and correlating with

spectra of same waves obtained with airborne laser profiler and wave probes on towers outside the surf zone. Rapid

survey of coastal wave conditions for amphibious operations and construction.

(g) Field work has been completed and correlation of remotely sensed and ground probe data continues.

(h) Photo-Optical Determination of Shallow-Water Wave Spectra, V. Klemas, J. Borchardt, L. Hsu, G. Gredell, N. Jensen, Proc. Intl. Symp. on Ocean Wave Measurement and

Analysis, New Orleans, La., Sept. 9-11, 1974. 037-08856-450-50 SPACECRAFT STUDIES OF COASTAL CURRENT CIRCULATION AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION

(b) Earth Resources Satellite and Skylab Programs, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) Dr. V. Klemas, Associate Professor.

(d) Experimental, theoretical and field investigation, applied

research.

(e) Determination of estuarine and shelf current circulation using air-dropped, air-traced drogues and dyes with in- tegrated ship-aircraft-satellite system. Gross circulation patterns are derived from satellite images and correlated with ground measurements. Mapping suspended sediment

concentration using digital analysis of ERTS- 1 imagery and

water samples collected from boats and helicopters. Delaware Bay and overseas sites. Determine identity, location, concentration, movement and dispersion of sludge and acid plumes caused by ocean dumping of wastes.

(g) High degree of correlation obtained between satellite image radiance in the red band (band 5) and suspended

sediment concentration, inverse Secchi depth, and current

circulation in the upper two meters of the water column.

(/?) Dye and Drogue Studies of Spoil Disposal and Oil Dispersion, V. Klemas, D. Maurer, W. Leathern, P. Kinner, W.

Treasure, J. Water Pollution Control Federation 46, 8, Aug.

1974, pp. 2026-2034.

Skylab and ERTS- 1 Investigations of Coastal Land Use and Water Properties, V. Klemas, D. Bartlett, R. Rogers, AIAA/AGU Conf. Scientific Experiments of Skylab, Huntsville, Ala., Oct. 30-Nov. 1, 1974. Coastal and Estuarine Studies with ERTS-1 and Skylab, Remote Sensing of Environment 3, 153-174, 1974.

Correlation of Coastal Water Turbidity and Circulation with ERTS-1 and Skylab Imagery, V. Klemas, M. Otley, W. Philpot, R. Rogers, Proc. 9th Intl. Symp. Remote

Sensing of Environment, Apr. 15-19, 1974, Ann Arbor, Mich.

UNIVERSITY OF DETROIT, College of Engineering, Civil En- gineering Department, 4001 W. McNichols Road,

Detroit, Mich. 48221. Dr. Eugene Kordyban, Associate

Professor. 038-07979-130-00 INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANISM OF SLUG FORMATION IN TWO-PHASE HORIZONTAL FLOW

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Basic nature of wavy and stratified air-water flow is being

studied theoretically and experimentally to determine the conditions under which the slugs will form.

(g) The wave characteristics such as speed, height to length

ratio and the internal flow patterns have been determined

experimentally. The wave growth as a function of water depth and air velocity has been established. The criteria for slug formation as a result of wave instability have been found theoretically. (h) Long Wave Disturbances in Two-Phase Wavy Flow, E. Kor- dyban, ASME Paper 75 WA/HT-28.

Some Characteristics of High Waves in Closed Channels Approaching Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability, E. Kordyban,

Trans. ASME, J. Of Fluids Engr. 99, 1977. Experimental Techniques in Measuring the Growth of Interfacial Waves, E. Kordyban, S. Cuker, Cavitation and

Polyphase Forum- 1976, ASME Publication. 038-09924-870-00 A STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF AN OIL FILM ON THE

SURFACE OF WATER IN THE PRESENCE OF WAVES

(d) Basic research, theoretical and experimental.

(e) The behavior of a layer of oil on the surface of water in the presence of water is investigated experimentally and

analytically. (g) Presently a gage is being developed for the measurement

of thickness of an oil layer in the presence of waves.

(h) A Method for Measuring Oil Thickness on the Surface of Water in the Presence of Waves, E. Kordyban, S. Cuker,

Cavitation and Polyphase Forum-1977, ASME Publication.

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, Coastal and Oceanographic En- gineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Gainesville,

Fla. 3261 1. 039-09087-400-54 TRANSVERSE CIRCULATION AND MASS TRANSPORT IN ESTUARIES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Y. H. Wang.

(e) The vast expansion during the last century in recreation and industrial activities has placed diverse and increased

pressures on estuarial waters. For better use of this part of our natural resources the dynamic behavior of estuaries must be understood. The most controversial subject in dealing with mass transport in estuaries is the relative magnitude of longitudinal versus transverse transport flow. This work is designed to clarify the controversy and to gain insights of the estuarial operating mechanism. 039-09091-410-44 NEARSHORE CIRCULATION, LITTORAL DRIFT AND THE

SAND BUDGET OF FLORIDA

(b) Sea Grant, NOAA.

24
(c) A. J. Mehta and E. J. Hayter.

(e) To continue: 1 ) development of a Coastal Engineering

Archives; 2) prepare glossary of inlets reports and work up

data on inlets; 3) quantify inlet sand budgets and deter- mine potential of inlet outer bars as a location for nourish- ment material for beach nourishment projects; 4) deter- mine by a field study the rate and direction of littoral drift at Panama City, Florida; 5) to develop a pilot system

capable of being used to determine littoral drift along

Florida's shoreline and to check past analytically computed values of littoral drift; 6) to monitor and study beach nourishment projects to find out where sand placed on beaches is going, and to determine if presently

developed analytical models of onshore/offshore and

longshore sand movements are correct; 7) to support

Marine Advisory Program.

The primary emphasis of this study is to identify and quantify beach erosion mechanisms and to implement these

results into rational recommendations for beach erosion

control. Additionally, a coastal engineering specialist has been added to the staff and provides a communications

link with the users in coastal counties. Research results and advice for particular problems are conveyed to the user and also problem areas which may require research

effort are identified. 039-09093-410-65 MONITORING OF FILL SOUTH OF CANAVERAL JETTIES

(b) Brevard County and Department of Natural Resources, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) J. A. Purpura.

(e) The beach south of Canaveral Harbor, Brevard County, was nourished with sand dredged from the Poseidon sub- marine base. A stretch of beach 2.2 miles long received

2.7 million cubic yards of selected sand. Artificial replenishment of eroded beaches by pumping sand is a method that is gaining more acceptability and becoming a more viable and economically feasible method of protecting beaches in Florida. An understanding of the processes

involved in sand movement is necessary and can be best achieved by closely monitoring restored beaches. The im- proved understanding will help not only in maintaining the

restored beach, but also in planning for other restoration projects around the State of Florida. 039-09103-410-10 FIELD INVESTIGATIONS TO DETERMINE PER- FORMANCE OF PONCE DE LEON IMPROVEMENT

PLAN, FLORIDA

(ft) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,

(c) J. A. Purpura.

(e) Investigate through field measurements and tracings, the performance of a system of jetties, a jetty-weir and an im- poundment basin recently constructed to stabilize the Ponce de Leon Tidal Inlet. The effect of this system on

the adjacent coastline will be determined through careful monitoring. Baselines have been established. Field and

aerial surveys revealed important and rapid coastline changes. 039-10442-410-60 COASTAL ENGINEERING FIELD STATIONS

(b) Legislative Appropriation.

(c) M. A. Latif, M. Smutz, A. R. Gondeck, S. L. Harrell, W.

W. Howard and J. C. Lau.

(e) The field stations program is a continuing operation of the Coastal Engineering Laboratory and is directed toward

establishing a number of stations on the coastlines of

Florida. The purpose of the field stations is to measure the

prevailing winds, waves and currents in the nearshore re- gion. In addition, changes in beaches and offshore topog- raphy are obtained by periodic surveys. Analysis of the data provides reliable information on the wave climate and

the correlation between wave energy and sediment movement of the specific sites. Knowledge of these factors is es- sential in any undertaking in the coastal zones, be it beach

nourishment, inlet stability or offshore development.

Equally important is the support provided by the field sta- tions for projects that are funded from separate sources. The Marineland field station was the site last year of an

extensive study involving 12 different national agencies

conducting tests for the SEA-SAT ocean data satellite. 039-10443-410-60 COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDIES TO RECOMMEND

COASTAL CONSTRUCTION SETBACK LINES FOR THE

FLORIDA SHORELINES FRONTING ON THE ATLANTIC

AND GULF COASTS

(b) Bureau of Beaches and Shores and Florida Department of

Natural Resources.

(c) J. A. Purpura and T. Y. Chiu.

(e) To make the necessary technical investigations with the view of recommending construction setback lines for the various coastal counties of Florida. Investigations will in- clude extensive field measurements and evaluation of

historical data related to shoreline stability. Pertinent fac- tors to be considered are elevations, vegetation-bluff line, wave uprush and existing structures. 039-10444-410-44 HURRICANE ELOISE-COASTAL DAMAGE AND

SHORELINE CHANGES

(b) Sea Grant and Department of Natural Resources.

(c) J. A. Purpura, T. Y. Chiu, and B. D. Spangler.

(e) Hurricane Eloise, (September 1976) although a middle- range hurricane, was the worst storm to hit the Florida panhandle in 46 years. Due to accelerated haphazard

development of Florida's coastline it was also the most

physically destructive. The objective of the study is to record and analyze the effects of Eloise in regard to the

following: Beach-dune offshore changes; destruction and damage to coastal structures and development and the

recently established coastal construction setback line. 039-10445-410-13 LITTORAL DRIFT ESTIMATION BY IMPOUNDMENT

USING SAND-BAG-GROIN AT PANAMA CITY, FLORIDA

(b) U.S. Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama; Sea Grant and

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and

Florida Department of Natural Resources.

(c) Y. H. Wang and E. Partheniades.

(e) Vital information for designing a beach nourishment project is the volume and rate of sand movement in the lit- toral zone. This information may be obtained by intercepting and blocking the sar.d movement along the beach

using a sand-bag-groin. The change of bathymetry on both

sides of the groin is then monitored with the wave-energy

input to the region to quantify the volume of drifting sand and the rate of transport. 039-10446-410-10 BEACH EROSION STUDY BY SAND TRACING AT SANTA

ROSA ISLAND, FLORIDA

(b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) Y. H. Wang and T. H. Chang.

(e) Glittering white sand beaches at Santa Rosa Sound are eroding at an average rate of 3-5 feet per year. The pur- pose of this study is to determine where the sand is going and why. A sample of the local sand has been coated with a colored fluorescent dye and placed back on the beach. The sand movement is being correlated with physical en- vironmental parameters such as wind and wave conditions. 039-10447-410-50 APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING TO COASTAL EN- GINEERING PROBLEMS

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) Y. H. Wang, A. J. Mehta, M. A. Latif and K. Brooks. 25
(e) This project is aimed at uttizing data collected by satellites and high-altitude airplanes in helping to solve coastal engineering problems. The coastal region of Clearwater Beach-Sand Key on the Gulf has been selected as the initial study area, since surface measurements of changes in beaches and the nearshore region would be made there

periodically under separate projects. It is expected that correlation between the aerial data and surface observation will develop techniques for evaluating aerial data which will be applicable in other coastal regions also. At

the study site itself, interpretation of the aerial data will provide a much more comprehensive understanding of the

coastal processes, which would be used in solving the beach erosion-inlet stability problem at Clearwater. 039-10448-060-54 INTERFACIAL FRICTION COEFFICIENT FOR TWOLAYERED STRATIFIED FLOW WITH SMALL RATES OF

ENTRAINMENT

(£>) National Science Foundation,

(c) E. Partheniades.

(e) A fundamental functional relationship between the interfacial friction coefficient and the pertinent gross-flow

parameters in a two-layered stratified flow such as the one

found in an estuary are investigated. Earlier experiments

led to critical velocity as the controlling parameter for in- cipient entrainment and rates of entrainment. It seems, however, more likely that the interfacial shear stress should be a more representative flow parameter. The

results will have direct and significant applicability to the

evaluation of the salinity intrusion length in stratified and

nearly stratified estuaries. 039-10449-410-00 THE HYDRODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF MATANZAS INLET

AND VICINITY

(b) Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station and University of Florida.

(c) D. M. Sheppard and A. J. Mehta.

(e) Determining the hydrodynamics of the Matanzas Inlet- River-Intracoastal Waterway system. A specially designed

data aquisition system is being developed for this purpose. The system which will be housed inside steel boxes suita- ble for installation in the field will operate in a continuous

record mode or can be set to turn on periodically and

record for a specified increment of time. The aquisition

system will accept both digital or analog input signals from

the transducers. Each unit will record four signals (such as magnitude and direction from two current meters). Cassette tapes will be used because of this availability and

ease of handling in the field. These units will be used to measure tidal currents in the vicinity of Matanzas Inlet. The currents, together with data on tides and salinity variations will be used in the analysis of the hydrodynamics of the inlet system. 039-10450-410-10 MONITORING HYDROGRAPHIC PATTERNS AT MATANZAS INLET AND VICINITY

(b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) D. M. Sheppard, A. J. Mehta, E. J. Hayter, and D. R.

Paul.

(<?) Matanzas Inlet, located about 14 miles south of St. Augustine, Florida, connects the Atlantic Ocean to Matanzas

River. In 1964, hurricane Dora caused a breakthrough

across the land barrier separating the river from the In- tracoastal Waterway. This breakthrough has steadily worsened the shoaling and navigation problem in the area. This project is concerned with monitoring the changes in the hydraulic regime which will result when the breakthrough is closed by the Corps of Engineers. Dynamic modeling of the flow system will allow prediction of the expected changes.

039-10451-730-00 A DYNAMIC MODEL OF AN OCEAN-INLET-BAY SYSTEM

(c) A. J. Mehta.

(e) This project involves the construction and calibration of a

table-top plexiglass model of a tidal inlet for the purpose

of demonstration to undergraduate students interested in Coastal Engineering. The model will enable students to un- derstand the dynamics of the flow through the inlet as a

result of tidal variation in the ocean on one side and the bay on the other side of the inlet, as well as freshwater

outflow. 039-10452-410-50 INLET STABILITY STUDY BY REMOTE SENSING AT

CLEARWATER, FLORIDA

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) Y. H. Wang and M. L. Marco.

(e) Inlets around Florida's shoreline are vital for navigation and for the flushing of the bays and the intra-coastal waterways. Through inlets, the tidal fluctuations nourish

the biological productive marshland. In particular, the behavior and stability of the Clearwater pass are intimately related to the well-being of this water-oriented community.

This project is to utilize the earth satellite and U-2 flight imageries, and other old and new aerial photographs to study historical inlet boundary changes and shifting sand

bars. These remotely sensed data are calibrated by ground

truth measurements. Finally, the derived information will be used for improving and stabilizing the Clearwater Pass. 039-10453-410-65 CLEARWATER INLET HYDROGRAPHIC STUDY

(b) City of Clearwater.

(c) M. A. Latif and Y. H. Wang.

(e) Clearwater Inlet is located on the Gulf coast due west of Tampa, between Sand Key and Clearwater Beach. In order

to stabilize the inlet, a 4000 ft-long rubble-mound jetty has

. recently been constructed on the south bank (Sand Key)

of the inlet. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the jetty on sand movement, navigational conditions, and stability of the neighboring beaches. The

study will provide data to determine the need of a second

jetty on the north bank and information needed to optimize a beach nourishment-channel dredging for the coastal region between Clearwater and Dunedin inlets. 039-10454-060-20 INSTABILITY OF INTERNAL WAVES

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) D. M. Sheppard and I. B. Chou.

(e) Mass density stratification is quite common in both the ocean and the atmosphere. Internal gravity waves often occur at the interface between the different density layers. The instability of these waves and the resulting turbulence

plays an important role in the dispersion of nutrients, pollutants, salt, etc., in bays, estuaries, and the oceans. The

purpose of this research is to provide, through both

analytical and experimental studies a better understanding

of the instability mechanism. The experiments are being conducted in the internal wave stratified flow facility in the Coastal Engineering Laboratory. 039-10455-060-20 STABILITY OF STRATIFIED SHEAR FLOW

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) D. M. Sheppard and G. M. Powell.

(e) Measurements in the pcean and the atmosphere have shown that the mass density stratification that occurs in these fluids is not gradually varying but rather is step-like

in nature. The dispersion processes and even the shear flows themselves in these fluids is not well understood. This research is an attempt to shed light on this complicated flow problem through carefully performed experi- ments in a two-layer stratified shear flow. 26
039-10456-420-55 MEASUREMENT OF HURRICANE WAVES AND SURGE

(b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) M. A. Latif and J. L. Hammack.

(e) A comprehensive program to measure waves and storm

surge heights due to hurricanes has been initiated. A

rugged, selfcontained unit to measure these parameters has been developed. Three or more sites on the Atlantic coast and possibly one site on the Gulf coast will be instru- mented to obtain data on waves, surge and meteorological

parameters. The data will aid in understanding the mechanism of storm surge and wave generation, and would also be used in verification of available theoretical models used for prediction of surge and waves. 039-10457-420-60 DIRECTIONAL WAVE ENERGY MEASUREMENT IN THE

GULF OF MEXICO

(b) Florida Sea Grant.

(c) M. A. Latif and Y. H. Wang.

(e) One of the most important parameters in coastal engineering problems is the wave energy reaching the shore from

various directions. The purpose of this project is to

establish a directional wave gauge to measure this energy. The gauge consists of an array of pressure transducers, located just above the ocean floor in about 20 ft depth.

Each pressure transducer senses the change in pressure due to passage of waves over it, and the directional energy

is derived by correlating the measurements of the various

transducers. The energy data can then be utilized to arrive

at a more reliable value of littoral drift than that presently

available. The gauge will be installed in the vicinity of the Clearwater Inlet, to aid in the solution of the beach and

inlet stability problem at that site. 039-10458-430-20 FLOW FIELD NEAR AN OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION PLANT

(f») Office of Naval Research.

(c) D. M. Sheppard, G. M. Powell and 1. B. Chou.

(e) Plants that utilize the difference in temperature between

the upper and lower layers of the ocean to produce a more useful form of energy are presently being designed. Most all designs thus far include a large vertical pipe that extends from near the surface to a depth of 200 to 500 m. The thermally stratified flow field in the vicinity of these

plants can be greatly affected by the presence of the pipe and the vast quantities of cold water being pumped from

the lower depths and discharged in the upper layer. The

purpose of the research is to determine the flow field near such a plant by studying a model in a stratified shear flow

tank. Of primary concern is the wake region near the

transition layer between the cold and warm layers. Salt

stratification is used in the model to simulate the temperature stratification in the prototype. 039-10459-730-44 COASTAL ENGINEERING ARCHIVES

(b) Sea Grant and University of Florida.

(c) L. Lehmann.

(e) The Coastal Engineering Archives collects and organizes information about the physical processes (oceanography,

geology, hurricanes, etc. ) that affect the coast and beaches

of Florida, with special emphasis on the causes and

prevention of beach erosion. The materials acquired in- clude technical reports, conference proceedings, maps,

charts, and aerial photos. Information can be retrieved by

geographic area and by subject. Reference service is available to students and researchers at the University of

Florida and also to any interested persons or agencies in- side the University.

GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION, ELECTRIC BOAT

DIVISION, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Conn. 06340. J. R. Hunter, Director of Engineering. 040-09846-210-00 PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS IN SUB- MARINE PIPING SYSTEMS

(c) Bernard S. Ryskiewich, Engineering Specialist, Systems

Technology Department.

(d) Theoretical applied research.

(e) Two computer programs, HYTRN and PNUTRN, are under development to calculate unsteady flow transients in complex submarine piping systems containing assorted pip- ing components. HYTRN applies to liquid systems while PNUTRN applies to gas systems and is presently coded for

air and steam. The method of characteristics with fixed time steps is employed in each program. The programs are operational for systems containing systems components

and boundary components presently available in their respective program libraries. if) Completion of the programs and their documentation is expected by the 1977 year end.

GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, NUCLEAR ENERGY

SYSTEMS DIVISION, 175 Curtner Avenue, San Jose, Calif. 95125. Mark F. Lyons, Manager, Engineering Applications. 041-07988-140-52 BLOWDOWN HEAT TRANSFER PROGRAM

(b) General Electric Company, Electric Power Research Institute, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) G. W. Burnette, Mail Code 583.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, applied research.

(e) Program to provide data on transient heat transfer during

conditions representative of a boiling water reactor un- dergoing hypothetical loss-of-coolant accident. Specific in- vestigations include time to boiling transition, lower plenum swell hydrodynamics and core thermal response, and post-boiling transition and lower plenum swell heat

transfer.

(f) Completed.

(g) A number of inherent cooling mechanisms were observed

for which no credit is taken in the current BWR LOCA

evaluation method. These cooling mechanisms consisted of

( 1 ) a fluid inventory which resided in the bundle throughout the blowdown and cooled the lower zone of

the bundle, (2) steam updraft cooling in the upper zone by steam generated from flashing due to depressurization and

heat transfer to the fluid inventory in the lower zone, and

(3) rod rewetting during the lower plenum flashing surge and fallback of the fluid (deposited in the upper plenum

during the lower plenum flashing surge) from the upper plenum. These tests demonstrated the importance of various system

design parameters as to their effect on the system thermalhydraulic and bundle heat transfer response. For instance, variations in the break area and initial liquid mass in the annulus had a direct and significant effect on the system

response and bundle heatup performance. Bundle power

affected the bundle heatup response significantly, as ex- pected, but did not affect the overall system response. Laige variations in other parameters such as bypass flow

area, lower plenum geometry, pump coastdown rate, and

inlet subcooling had little effect on the system and bundle heatup responses. The experimental results were further used to provide a

basis for evaluating BDHT phenomena. Current BWR

LOCA evaluation methods, when applied to the test ap- paratus, show a substantial margin in the prediction of peak cladding temperature. Observed thermal-hydraulic

27
and heat transfer phenomena were evaluated and compared with these methods. Specific phenomenologically

based model improvements for break-flow and void dis- tribution were recommended. Such improved thermalhydraulic models are expected to provide more accurate and realistic predictions of the BWR system thermalhydraulic blowdown responses.

(h) All documents listed may be obtained through Technical

Information Center, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

37830. BWR Blowdown Heat Transfer Program, Ninth Quarterly

Progress Rept., GEAP-133 1 7-09, July l-Sept. 30, 1974. Determination of Transient Heat Transfer Coefficients and

the Resultant Surface Heat Flux from Internal Temperature

Measurements, R. J. Muzzy", J. H. Avila, D. E. Root, GEAP-20731, Jan. 1975. BWR Blowdown Heat Transfer, Tenth Quarterly Progress

Rept., GEAP-13317-10, Oct. 1-Dec. 31, 1974. BWR Blowdown Heat Transfer, Eleventh Quarterly

Progress Rept., GEAP-133 17-1 1 , Jan. 1-Mar. 31, 1975. BWR Blowdown Heat Transfer, Twelfth Quarterly Progress

Rept., GEAP-13317-12, Apr. 1-June 30, 1975. BWR Blowdown Heat Transfer, Thirteenth Quarterly

Progress Rept., GEAP-133 1 7-13 , Julyl-Sept. 30, 1975. BWR Blowdown Heat Transfer, Fourteenth Quarterly

Progress Rept., GEAP-133 1 7-14, Oct. 1-Dec. 31, 1975. Blowdown Heat Transfer, W. A. Sutherland, Review of

Recent Results, GEAP-20936, July 1975. Blowdown Heat Transfer Phenomena in the Scaled BWR

Test System, G. L. Sozzi, R. J. Muzzy, G. W. Burnette, GEAP-21126, Jan. 1976. BWR Blowdown Heat Transfer Program, R. Muralidharan,

et al., Final Rept., GEAP-21214, Feb. 1976. Blowdown Heat Transfer Phenomena in the Scaled BWR

Test System, G. L. Sozzi, R. J. Muzzy, G. W. Burnette, ASME Paper 76-HT-7, Aug. 1976. 041-09984-660-73 BLOWDOWN/EMERGENCY CORE COOLING PROGRAM

(b) General Electric Company, Electric Power Research Institute, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) G. W. Burnette, Project Manager, Mail Code 583.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Program will obtain and evaluate basic BWR blow- down/ECC injection thermal-hydraulic and heat transfer data from test system configurations which have per- formance characteristics similar to a BWR during a hypothetical Loss-of-Coolant-Accident (LOCA). The

second principal objective is to determine the degree to which current LOCA models describe the observed phenomena, and as necessary, develop improved models. A scaled BWR reactor system simulator called the Two

Loop Test Apparatus (TLTA) will be used to provide the LOCA test conditions representative of the environment

characteristic of a contemporary BWR under postulated

LOCA conditions. The scaling and design objectives for the TLTA are to provide a system test apparatus for in- vestigating, on a real time basis, the expected BWR fuel thermal-hydraulic response using an electrically heated,

full size, full-power test bundle. In addition to establishing the reference performance, system parameters will be

varied including break area and location, ECC and BWR

configurations as they vary between BWR models, and

bundle power variations. ECC parameters include flow

rates, subcooling, injection location, injection mode, time

of injection, and ECC system sequencing.

(g) The Preliminary Program Plan has been developed which

shows how the program objectives are to be met using a phased approach to testing. An analysis of electrically heated rods has been completed showing that such rods can be power programmed to simulate nuclear fuel rods

during a LOCA. A test plan has been developed for the

first phase of testing which is now underway and results of

these tests indicate that peak clad temperatures in the 8 X8

rod bundle simulator (< 1100 °F) are several hundred

degrees lower during the blowdown period than those measured in a 7X7 rod bundle. A transient thermal

hydraulic method has been developed which can be used

to calculate local thermal hydraulic conditions in rod bundles during BWR blowdown conditions. The method is based on a drift flux model. Conditions of cocurrent up- flow and counter current flow can be analyzed and

counter-current flow limiting at the top of the bundle can

also be accommodated. Heat conduction in the fuel or heater rods can be calculated or heat flux to the fluid can

be specified as a boundary condition. (h) All documents listed may be obtained through Technical

Information Center, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830. BWR 8 x g Fuel Rod Simulation Using Electrical Heaters,

J. P. Dougherty, R. J. Muzzy, GEAP-21207, Mar. 1976. BWR BIowdown/Emergency Core Cooling, First Quarterly

Progress Rept., GEAP-2 1304-1 , Jan. 1-Mar. 31, 1976. Preliminary BWR BIowdown/Emergency Core Cooling Pro- gram Plan, R. J. Muzzy, GEAP-21255, June 1976. BWR BIowdown/Emergency Core Cooling, Second Quarterly Progress Rept., GEAP-2 1304-2 , Apr. 1-June 30, 1976. 64-Rod Bundle BDHT Test Plan, J. P. Walker, GEAP21333, Sept. 1976. BWR BIowdown/Emergency Core Cooling, Third Quarterly

Progress Rept., GEAP-2 1 304-3 , July l-Sept. 30, 1976. BWR BIowdown/Emergency Core Cooling, Fourth Quarterly Progress Rept., GEAP-2 1304-4 , Jan. 1-Mar. 31, 1977. MAYU04-A Method to Evaluate Transient Thermal

Hydraulic Conditions in Rod Bundles, W. C. Punches,

GEAP-23517, (to be published). 041-09985-660-52 FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATION FOR LIGHT WATER REACTORS

(b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) J. F. Schardt, Project Manager, FIV for LWR Program,

Mail Code 589.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; applied research and development.

(e) Increase light water reactor availability through develop- ment of improved flow-induced vibration design criteria, analytical methods, and general scaling laws. Fundamental

studies related to cross and parallel flow over tube banks, leakage flow mechanisms, and random vibration effects

will be performed by General Electric's Research and Development Center and Argonne National Laboratory. In conjunction, studies on scale model and prototype boiling water reactor components will be performed by General

Electric's Nuclear Energy Systems Division. Results from

the fundamental and reactor component studies will be

utilized as input for design methods, guides, and criteria development. Design methods will be verified through

comparison with reactor field data.

GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, RE-ENTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DIVISION, P.O. Box 8518, Philadel- phia, Pa. 19101. Dr. Ralph R. Boericke, Manager, Advanced Environmental Technology Laboratory.

042-08677-440-44 LAKE ONTARIO ICE MODELING

(b) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (NOAA)

as part of the International Field Year on the Great Lakes (IFYGL).

(c) J. F. Dilley, Research Engineer.

(d) First year, experimental; second and third years, analytical; basic research.

(e) Ice formation growth and decay on Lake Ontario was

simulated on two scales; a small, local, near shore scale and a whole lake scale. Each surface heat transfer mode is

28
computed separately so that its importance can be quantitatively evaluated. The whole lake ice computations were

performed to supply an input for latent heat of fusion into the energy budget being compiled by the IFYGL energy budget panel.

(f) Completed.

(g) It was found that the convective flux dominated the heat

loss during freezing periods and that it was usually twice as

large as the evaporation loss. The solar flux usually dominated during the melting periods. The near shore ice thicknesses compared very well with the closest available

ice thickness data. The whole lake model generated

realistic ice distributions when compared with ice charts and satellite images. The computed net heat loss for the winter was lower than the data indicated due to under-esti- mating the eddy diffusivities which are very high during

the winter.

(h) Lake Ontario Ice Modeling-IFYGL Phase 3 Final Report,

J. F. Dilley, GE/RESD Rept. No. 76SDR2209, June 1976

(available Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab., Ann

Arbor, Mich. 48104). 042-08679-400-73 ESTUARINE HYDRAULICS AND THERMAL DISPERSION

(i>) Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc.

(c) Dr. R. R. Boericke; Manager, Advanced Environmental Technology Laboratory.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Develop and validate two-dimensional time-dependent numerical models for the prediction of hydraulics and ther- mal dispersion in estuaries. The three-dimensional (XYZ)

solution is approximated by separate simulations in the XZ

and XY planes. The solution in the XZ plane is obtained by numerically integrating the continuity, momentum, and

energy equations on a computational grid spanning the

longitudinal (X) and vertical (Z) directions. The XY

model provides the solution to these equations in the longitudinal (X) and lateral (Y) directions. The two models

are coupled together to provide definition of the three- dimensional temperature distribution throughout the tidal cycle. The XZ model formulation includes the pressure

gradient terms arising from longitudinal salinity variations, and can therefore predict salinity-induced circulation patterns. (g) Computer models have been validated by comparisons

with field data. Further comparisons are in progress. (h) An X-Z Hydraulic/Thermal Model for Estuaries, R. R. Boericke, J. M. Hogan, J. Hyd. Div., Proc. ASCE 103, HY1, pp. 19-37, Jan. 1977. 042-10560-510-00 STATIC STABILITY OF CAVITATING, UNDERWATER

VEHICLE WITH GAS INJECTION AT THE BASE

(c) Dr. R. R. Boericke, Manager, Advanced Environmental Technology Laboratory.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) A series of high-speed towing tank tests are planned to evaluate the static stability of a slender underwater vehicle with a large volume flow rate of gas injected from the base

at various (small) angles from the axial direction. Vaporous cavitation will be encountered in the lower portion of the cavitation number range which will span 0.3 to

0.8. Gas scaling is used to match, 1 ) the exit to ambient

pressure ratio, 2) the exhaust gas volume flow rate coefficient, and 3 ) the exhaust gas momentum ratio. (g) Computer analysis has indicated that gas injection at the base changes both moment and normal force derivatives in the destabilizing direction.

THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, Department of

Civil, Mechanical, and Environmental Engineering,

Washington, D.C. 20052. Dr. S. W. Yuan, Department

Chairman.

043-10345-300-54 RIVER MECHANICS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor K.. Mahmood.

(d) Field research.

(e) Field research is conducted on large sand bed link canals

in Pakistan to study the hydraulic, sedimentation and

morphologic aspects of alluvial channels under steady and

unsteady flow conditions.

(g) Field research organization has been set up. Research is under way on a number of problems based on specially designed research experiments. Three broad categories of

research have been developed: 1 ) Baseline experiments for the study of long term behavior of alluvial channels; 2) Equilibrium experiments for the study of quasi-equilibrium

conditions; and 3) Special experiments relating to the study of mechanics of alluvial channels under equilibrium,

nonequilibrium and unsteady flow conditions. (h) Field Research in Large Sand Bed Channels, K. Mahmood,

R. N. Tarar, RIVERS 76, Proc. 3rd Ann. Symp. Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood Control and Water Diversions, ASCE, 1976. 043-10346-220-54 SEDIMENT SUSPENSION IN DEVELOPING FLOWS

(fc) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor K. Mahmood.

(d) Basic research.

(e) A numerical solution has been developed to simulate the momentum and mass transfer in developing turbulent

flows. This solution is useful in predicting the velocity and

sediment concentration distribution in the developing re- gions of sand bed channels. Verification of the model from

field data is in progress.

(g) Mathematical Modeling of Sediment Diffusion in Developing Flows, K. Mahmood, H. A. Karvigh, to be published in Proc. XVlllh Congress, Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic Research, Baden-Baden, Germany, 1977. 043-10347-220-54 BED FORMS IN SAND BED CHANNELS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor K. Mahmood.

(d) Basic research.

(e) The behavior of alluvial channels such as the resistance to flow is intimately related to its bed forms. It is not com- monly recognized that bed forms, such as point bars in otherwise straight channels can also contribute to lateral instability of channels. Similarly long bed waves, representing sedimentation transients, can locally reduce flow depth and channel discharge capacity. The purpose of this study

is to develop models for the prediction of bed form development and their fate in sand bed channels. The

models are then to be tested for data obtained from field research.

(h) Mathematical Modeling of Morphological Transients in Sandbed Canals, K. Mahmood, Paper No. B8, Proc. XVIth

Congress, Intl. Assoc. for Hydraulic Research, Sao Paulo,

Brazil, 1975.

Analysis of Bed Profiles in Sand Bed Canals, K. Mahmood,

H. A. Karvigh, RIVERS 76, Proc. 3rd Ann. Symp. Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood Control and Water Diversions, ASCE, 1976. Meandering Talwegs in Straight Alluvial Channels, K. Mahmood, V. M. Ponce, RIVERS 76, Proc. 3rd Ann. Symp. Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood Control and

Water Diversions, ASCE, 1976. Mathematical Modeling of Sedimentation Transients in Sand Bed Channels, K. Mahmood, V. M. Ponce, Tech. Rept. No. CER 75-76 KM-VMP 28, Colorado State University, 1976. 29
Statistical Procedures for Bed Form Analysis, K. Mahmood, H. A. Karvigh, Tech. Rept. No. CER 75-76 KMHAK 41, Colorado State University, 1976. 043-10348-220-54 SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION PROFILES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor K. Mahmood.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Distribution of sediment concentration along the depth of an alluvial channel is an important factor in determining

the sediment load. A reliable quantitative predictive

method is not presently available. Theoretical research is under way to develop it. (g) As a part of data collection effort, a pumping sampler has been developed. This is being used to sample long time average sediment concentrations at various points in the depth of flow. (h) ACOP Pumping Sampler, K. Mahmood, G. L. Eyster, Alluvial River Mechanics Project, Colorado State Univ., Fort

Collins, Colo. Rept. No. CER 74-75 KM-GLE, Mar. 1975.

Variation of Suspended Sediment in Sand Bed Canals, K. Mahmood, G. L. Eyster, RIVERS 76, Proc. 3rd Ann. Symp.

on Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood Control and

Water Diversions, ASCE, 1976. 043-10349-220-54 SEDIMENT DIVERSION STRUCTURES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor K. Mahmood.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Sediment diversion and control structures are used as an

integral part of water conveyance and delivery system to maintain sediment discharge equilibrium. Theoretical stu- dies are conducted to develop models for the water and

sediment conduction through these structures. A model for vortex tube sand trap is now being used to develop designs

for increasing the sediment removal efficiencies. (g) Results of analytic model have been verified on laboratory

data. They show that the flow entrance to the tube is not

uniform. The efficiency of the tube is thereby reduced.

(h) Flow Through Vortex Tube Sediment Ejectors, K. Mahmood, Proc. ASCE Irrigation and Drainage Specialty Conf., Logan, Utah, 1975. Modeling Sediment Transport in Hydraulic Structures, K. Mahmood, Proc. MODELING 75, 2nd Ann. Symp. Modeling Techniques for Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg., San Francisco, Calif., Sept. 3-5, 1975. 043-10350-300-54 ERROR MODELS FOR ALLUVIAL CHANNEL MEASUREMENTS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor K. Mahmood.

(d) Basic research.

(e) To verify theories of alluvial channel behavior it is necessary to test these against empirical data. This process

requires an error model of the measurements of various

quantities, so that statistical tests can be applied. Error models also help identify quantities that need to be more

accurately measured in the context of analyses for which

they are sampled.

(g) Error models have been developed for the channel cross

sectional area, discharge, velocity distribution and sedi- ment load. Errors have been classified as random, consistent and procedural. The procedural errors relate to the manner in which the basic measurements are obtained and

reduced to calculate derived quantities. Given the magnitude of errors in basic measurements, recommendations

have been developed to decide the number of spatial samples. Field investigations on the magnitude of random er- rors in basic measurements are presently continuing.

(h) Procedural Errors in Alluvial Channel Measurements, K. Mahmood, T. Masoud, M. M. Siddiqui, RIVERS 76, Proc.

3rd Ann. Symp. on Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood

Control and Water Diversions, ASCE, 1976. 043-10351-050-54 ENERGY SEPARATION

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor J. V. Foa.

(d) Theoretical basic research, for Doctoral theses. (e) The process under study utilizes the fact that when a two- dimensional jet impinging onto a wall is imparted a trans- verse motion, the two branches into which the jet divides on impingement emerge at different energy levels. The

research examines the effects of viscous entrainment and

of other factors affecting the process and assesses the

potential merit of energy separation in air-cycle and vapor- compression applications.

(g) A methodology has been developed for the analysis of

viscous effects in the impingement of a jet on a moving

wall; comparative evaluations have been made of the per- formance of air-cycle device with and without energy

separation. (h) Air Cycles with Energy Separation, J. V. Foa, Ferrari Tribute Volume, Levrotto and Bella, Turin, pp. 239-254, Dec. 1974. A Comparative Study of Air-Cycle Systems for Home Air

Conditioning, D. R. Sobel, GWU Report TR-ES-761, Feb. 1976. 043-10352-550-22 UNDERWATER THRUST AUGMENTATION

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command and Naval Air Systems

Command.

(c) Professor J. V. Foa.

(d) Applied research, mostly theoretical, for Doctoral theses.

(e) The research concerns the flow transformations which

take place in underwater thrust augmenters of three

classes-ejectors, underwater ramjets, and axial-flow cryp- tosteady interaction devices ("rotary jets")-with particular attention to the latter class. (g) General performance equations, covering all three classes, have been developed. Also, much progress has been made

in the analysis of the flow induction mechanism of the ro- tary jet by a new approach, which accounts for the cross- sectional shape of the rotor discharge nozzles and for the gradualness of the interpenetration of the interacting

flows. (h) Steady- and Cryptosteady-Flow Underwater Thrust Augmentation-Part I-Governing Equations, J. V. Foa, GWU

Report TR-UTA-751, Nov. 1975. Steady- and Cryptosteady-Flow Underwater Thrust Augmentation-Part II-Numerical Results, T. Costopoulos,

GWU Report TR-UTA-762, Dec. 1976.

Ejectors and Rotary Jets as Thrust Augmenters, J. V. Foa, Marine Propulsion, ASME-OED Publication, pp. 13-21, Dec. 1976. A Wide-Jet Strip Analysis of Cryptosteady-Flow Thrust Augmenters, T. Costopoulos, GWU Reports TR-UTA-771

and 772, Mar. 1977. 043-10353-550-00 REDUCTION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN TRANSPORTATION

(c) Professor J. V. Foa.

(d) Theoretical, applied research for Master's thesis. (e) Study deals with a mechanism combining boundary layer control with the utilization of boundary layer air for the generation of thrust. (g) The feasibility and potential advantage of this method of drag reduction and propulsion have so far been found to be far greater in land or sea than in air transportation. (h) Reduction of Energy Consumption in High-Speed Ground

Transportation, High-Speed Ground Transportation Journal

9, 3, Fall 1975.

30
GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, School of Civil Engineering, Atlanta, Ga. 30332. Paul H. Sanders,

Assistant Director. 044-06693-070-00 SOLUTIONS OF SEEPAGE THROUGH COMPLEX MEDIA

BY FINITE ELEMENTS

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Seepage through naturally occurring materials frequently

requires treatment of media which are seldom isotropic and more often nonhomogeneous. The method of finite elements is a general numerical method by which complicated seepage problems can be effectively conditioned

for digital computation.

(h) Application of Finite Element Analysis in Fluid Mechanics, M. M. Aral, Ph.D. Thesis, Ga. Inst, of Tech., 121 pages,

Sept. 1971.

Finite Element Galerkin Method Solutions to Selected Elliptic and Parbolic Differential Equations, (with M. Aral, C.

V. Smith, Jr.), Proc. Air Force 3rd Conf. Matrix Methods in Structural Mechanics, 31 pages, Oct. 21, 1971. The Fate of Radionuclides in Groundwater Environment,

(with C. V. Smith), Proc. Intl. Symp. on Finite Element Methods in Flow Problems, Swansea, Great Britain, pp. 541-544, Jan. 7-11, 1974.

Finite Element Solutions of Selected Partial Differential Equations-Femac Computer Program, M. Aral, Middle

East Tech. Univ., 99 pages. 1974.

Solute Transport in Groundwater, H. Kleinsorge, M.S. Report, Ga. Inst, of Tech., 82 pages, Aug. 1975. 044-06695-250-61 UNSTEADY FLOW OF DILUTE AQUEOUS HIGH

POLYMER SOLUTIONS IN PIPES

(b) Water Resources Center.

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Small traces of certain long-chain polymeric molecules,

dissolved in water, reduce turbulent friction in flow through pipes. Local additions of polymers will change the

resistance characteristics almost instantly, and the progress of the fluid slug with changed properties is a time dependent process. A mathematical study of head and velocity

changes is to be carried out using numerical procedures and an electronic digital computer. The mathematical problem is to be formulated as an initial value problem.

Solutions to simple pipe problems involve the Runge-Kutta

procedures and the Adams-Bashforth method. A laboratory study of unsteady pipe flow is to verify the -mathematical model. The mathematical procedures are to be ex- tended to parallel pipe systems and to pipe networks.

(g) Experiments carried out in a 2-inch diameter pipe demonstrated that a 40 percent reduction resulted from admixture of 100 parts per million by weight. Reductions as much as 60 percent were observed at polymer concentrations of 300 parts per million. The experiments were carried out as steady-state processes. The basic simple pipe

unsteady flow problem has been solved numerically.

Laboratory experiments are under way to verify the procedures.

(/) Complete.

(It) Unsteady Flow of Aqueous Solution of Long-Chain

Polymers in Pipe Networks, H. C. Jackson, M.S. Thesis, Ga. Inst. Tech., Jan. 1970, 135 pages. Unsteady Flow of Dilute Aqueous Polymer Solutions in Pipe

Networks-A Method to Improve Water Distribution, WRC

Rept. 0170, Water Resour. Ctr., Ga-. Inst. Tech., Feb. 1970, 139 pages. 044-06699-430-00 DYNAMIC RESPONSE FUNCTIONS OF OCEAN STRUCTURES

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer.

(d) Theoretical; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Develop a technique for analyzing the dynamic response of off-shore structures subjected to random wave forces and to the constraints imposed by the foundation medium

of the ocean floor. Emphasis is placed on the use of exist- ing models of the forcing functions and the restraining functions to formulate a numerical method analysis. The

structural model is analyzed for free and random vibrations. Cross-power spectra are developed for random force

fields and random wave heights. Consideration is given to

fluid damping and the effects of vortex shedding. Dynamic

resistance of soils to the movements of piles is to be in- cluded. The finite element method may be used in the

analysis of dynamic foundation response.

(/) Complete.

(h) Dynamic Structure-Soil-Wave Model for Deep Water, J. Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE, Paper No. 7889, Feb. 1971, pp. 107-184. An Analysis Technique for Composite Structures Subject to Dynamic Loads, Trans. ASME 38, Series E, 1, Mar. 1971,

pp. 118-124. 044-07300-220-00 TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS OF LOG-NORMAL DIS- TRIBUTED BED MATERIALS IN OPEN CHANNELS

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Information is sought on the interaction of the turbulence

structure in open channel flow and the bed load move- ment of log-normally distributed bed materials. Time-de- pendent measurements are made of sediment transport and size distributions. Turbulence measurements are made

with a constant temperature hot-film anemometer. The

phenomenon of armoring is investigated. (h) An Experimental Study of Bed Armoring, Proc. Einstein Sediment Symp., Univ. Calif., Berkeley, June 1971. The Role of Sediment Gradation on Channel Armoring, W.

C. Little, Ph.D. Thesis, Ga. Inst, of Tech., May 1972, 104

pages. The Role of Sediment Gradation on Channel Armoring,

ERC-0672, Ga. Inst, of Tech., May 1972, 104 pages (with W. C. Little). Stability of Channel Beds by Armoring, J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, pp. 1647-1661, Nov. 1976 (with W.C. Little). 044-0801 0-350-73 EFFECT OF PIER SHAPES AND PIER LOCATIONS ON

SPILLWAY CAPACITIES

(b) Georgia Power Company.

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Laboratory studies are conducted to obtain design criteria. 1:100 and 1:60 hydraulic models are tested.

(f) Completed.

(g) The tests made in order to establish the capacity of the

spillway for the Wallace Dam Project were carried out on

a 1 :60 scale partial model. The test results showed conclusively that the most probable flood of some 307,000 cfs can be accommodated with the reservoir surface elevation

at 440 feet MSL. The accommodation of the most probable flood over the spillway requires that the crest control Tainter gates be completely open. The entrance to the spillway was modeled with two different abutment configurations at the powerhouse. One was a quarter-circular

abutment, the other was a semi-circular pier extension into the reservoir. The quarter-circular abutment resulted in flow separation at the powerhouse wall and in unsteady

flows which would also result in pressure fluctuations on

the powerhouse wall. The semicircular pier extension al- lowed the flow to remain attached, and both the flow separation and the expected pressure fluctuations were

thus eliminated. In order to establish the effectiveness of

the energy dissipator, a series of tests were carried out. The variables included the range of flows, the radius of a

flip bucket, the invert elevations of the bucket, the exit 31
angle, and the geometry of the wingwall between the spill- way and the tailrace of the powerhouse. An optimum combination of the variables resulted when the flip bucket had

a 60-foot radius, an exit angle of 25 degrees, a bucket in- vert elevation of 333 feet, and when the wingwall was at an elevation of 335 feet. (h) Vortex Phenomena at Hydraulic Intake Structures, presented at ASCE, Water Resources Mtg., Los Angeles,

Calif., Jan. 21-25, 1974.

Near-Field Jet Penetration and Reservoir Mixing, ASCE

Symp. Modeling Techniques, pp. 380-387, Sept. 1975. 044-08011-340-73 RESERVOIR CIRCULATION IN A PUMPED-STORAGE

PROJECT

(b) Georgia Power Company.

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) A 30 x 50 foot laboratory model was built on a distorted

scale (1:400 horizontal, 1:60 vertical). Studies being con- ducted to establish near-field and far-field circulation patterns. The project is designed to provide design information for the Wallace Dam Pumped-Storage Project of the Georgia Power Company.

044-08012-360-73 CROSS-FLOW ASSISTED HYDRAULIC JUMPS

(b) Georgia Power Company.

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer.

(d) Theoretical and applied research.

(e) Cross-flow assisted hydraulic jumps form at conjugate

depths less than those predicted by two-dimensional mo- mentum analysis. The studies are intended to explain the phenomena and to establish design criteria.

(/) Complete. 044-08013-350-00 SPILLWAY CREST PRESSURES AT PARTIALLY OPEN

TAINTER GATES

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer.

(d) Theoretical and applied; M.S. thesis. (e) Dam spillway standard crest shapes are often designed for about 75 percent of the design head in order to obtain

greater discharge capacity. This procedure results in negative pressures which have been measured. The addition of

Tainter gates as crest control structures provides for the opportunity to discharge from partially open gates. The jet trajectory from the partially open Tainter gates is different from that used for the design of the standard overflow

spillways. The study is intended to delineate the limiting condition which would prevent the occurrence of cavitation and cavitation damage.

(f) Complete. 044-08814-210-54 EFFECT OF ENTRAINED AIR ON PRESSURE TRANSIENTS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. C. S. Martin.

(d) Experimental and analytical; Doctoral research.

(e) A three-year research effort has been completed on the in- vestigation of the effect of gases, free and dissolved, on

pressure transient phenomena in pipelines. As gases may

be present in the dissolved and/or in the entrained state in cooling water systems of thermal power stations, in sewage pumping lines, or in crude oil lines, the effect of the compressibility of any entrained gas on the wave propagation

speed, and on any resulting pressure transient, must be

ascertained to perform a proper analysis. In addition to problems concerning the prediction of pressure changes in dispersed mixtures in pipelines for which flow changes

occur due to valve operation or machine behavior, the effect of entrained gas on resonating frequencies may

likewise be important. An experimental apparatus was

built to produce a steady flow of an air-water mixture in a

plexiglass pipeline. By means of valve operation, sudden,

gradual, or oscillating, the pressure transients were

produced. For sharp pressure changes the wave propagation speed and amplitude variation along the pipeline was

determined. The dissipative and dispersive nature of the mixture as well as the formation of shocks will be ascertained.

(f) Completed.

(/j) The Effect of Free Gases on Pressure Transients, C. S. Martin, M. Padmanabhan, L'Energia Elettrica 52, 5, pp. 262-267, May 1975. The Effect of Free Gases on Pressure Transients, C. S. Martin, M. Padmanabhan, Final Report, NSF Grant GK38570, Ga. Inst. Tech., June 1976, 209 pages. Pressure Wave Propagation in Two-Phase Bubbly Air- Water Mixtures, C. S. Martin, M. Padmanabhan, D. C. Wiggert, 2nd Intl. Conf. Pressure Surges, The City University London, Paper CI, Sept. 1976. 044-08815-040-00 EFFLUX FROM A DOUBLE-OPENING SLOT

(c) Dr. C. S. Martin.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Irrotational flow of two-dimensional jets from a channel is treated without the direct use of a logarithmic hodograph

plane. An analytical approach is introduced for solving the general problem of two jets issuing from a channel with

three end plates. Numerical values of the contraction coefficient and the angle of jet deflection are obtained for the

special case of the two jets symmetrically located and all end plates in line. Limiting cases of the resulting single-jet problem are the symmetric and unsymmetric configurations solved by von Mises. Results for the unsymmetric

case improve upon the theoretical values reported by von

Mises, and compare favorably with existing experimental

data.

(f) Completed.

(h) Asymmetric Two-Dimensional Jet Efflux from a Channel,

C. S. Martin, J. Fluid Mechanics 80, pp. 1-15, 1977. 044-08816-030-00 PERIODIC MOTION OF A ROLLING SPHERE ON A BOUNDARY

(c) Dr. C. S. Martin.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The rolling motion of a sphere on a smooth plane boundary in a simple-harmonic water motion has been analytically and experimentally investigated. For spheres having

specific gravities ranging from 0.09 to 15.18 the sphere

motion was found to be sinusoidal for both low and high

values of the period parameter defined by Keulegan and

Carpenter. The knowledge of the sphere motion, and hence the resultant force, allowed the determination of in- ertia and drag coefficients from Fourier-averaging

techniques. Experiments in the inertial range yielded an added-mass coefficient of 1.2, compared with 0.67 from

inviscid theory for translating spheres. For values of the period parameter greater than 30 the drag coefficient is reported to be approximately 0.74.

if) Completed.

(h) Rolling Motion of a Sphere on a Plane Boundary in Oscilla- tory Flow, C. S. Martin, M. Padmanabhan, C. D. Ponce- Campos, Fluid Mechanics 76, 4, pp. 653-674, 1976. 044-09954-130-00 VERTICALLY DOWNWARD TWO-PHASE FLOW

(c) Dr. C. S. Martin.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Vertically downward two-phase flow of air-water mixtures has been investigated in circular pipes of diameter, 2.60 cm, 10.16 cm, and 14.00 cm. Bubbly flow, transition from

bubbly flow to slug flow, and slug flow have been the prin- cipal flow regimes under "nvestigation. For bubbly flow the measured pressure gradient is correlated with the mass 32
flow rates and the local cross-sectional average void fraction. Based upon visual observation, void fraction oscilla- tions, and pressure fluctuation measurements, transition from bubbly flow to slug flow was found to occur for void

fractions greater than approximately 0.20. The terminal

velocity of descending, stationary, and ascending bubbles

in downward slug flow was measured and correlated with

the air and water volumetric flow rates. Except for very

small pipe diameters, bubbles in downward slug flow are unstable and eccentrically located off the pipe axis in re- gions of lower fluid velocities. Consequently the drift velocity is higher for downward flows than for upward

flow.

(/i) Vertically Downward Two-Phase Slug Flow, C. S. Martin,

J. Fluids Engrg., ASME 98, pp. 715-722, 1976. 044-09955-030-00 OSCILLATORY FLOW OVER A FLAT PLATE

(c) Dr. C. S. Martin.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The oscillatory flow of water over a flat plate normal to a plane boundary has been investigated in a large U-tube. By

means of a feedback-controlled air-pressure forcing system

steady-state water particle displacements up to 1 .5 ft can

be generated in the 4 ft wide by 10 ft long by 1 ft deep

test section in which the plates of heights 2, 4, and 6

inches were mounted. Energy dissipation in the entire system is determined by measuring the work input by the

air pressure. Fluid resistance to the plate is calculated by

applying Fourier-averaging techniques to the difference in work input with and without the plate. Drag coefficients based upon energy dissipation measurements show that, in contrast to steady flow results, there is no blockage effect. In future work the force on the plate will be directly measured. (h) Fluid Resistance to Oscillatory Flow Over A Flat Plate Nor- mal to a Plane Boundary, C. S. Martin, J. C. Bausano, 2nd

Ann. ASCE EMD Specialty Conf., May 23-25, 1977. 044-09956-350-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES-BATH COUNTY SPILL- WAY

(b) Harza Engineering Company and Virginia Electric and Power Company.

(c) Dr. C. S. Martin.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A 60:1 scale model was constructed of a portion of the upper reservoir, the chute spillway and stilling basin, and

the downstream erodible tailrace channel. Erosion in the

tailrace channel was determined for several stilling basin

designs and for a range of discharges and tailwater conditions in order to arrive at a final design. Flow conditions in the spillway approach channel were observed. Piezometricpressure and water-surface profiles along the spillway crest and chute were measured for several flows. By means of

pressure transducers, pressure fluctuations were measured

at twenty locations in the stilling basin; namely, on the

baffle blocks, on the end sill and on the walls and floor of

the stilling basin.

(f) Completed.

(h) Hydraulic Model Studies-Bath County Spillway, C. S. Martin, M. Padmanabhan, Final Rept., Ga. Inst, of Technology, June 4977. 044-09957-340-75 RIVER WATER INTAKE HYDRAULIC MODEL

(b) EBASCO SERVICES and Dayton Power and Light Company.

(c) Dr. C. S. Martin.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A 6:1 scale model was constructed of a 26-ft diameter

caisson pump intake structure. The purpose of the model

was the determination of submergence depths, clear depths, and pump separation. Various modes of operation of two intake pipes and six pumps were investigated for the purpose of studying the possibility of vortex formation.

(f) Completed.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Department of Engineering and

Applied Mathematics.Cambridge, Mass. 02138. Professor Myron B. Fiering. 045-10112-880-54 MANAGEMENT AND STANDARDS FOR ECOSYSTEMS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Theoretical, applied, one Doctoral thesis derived.

(e) An ecosystem is modeled to show that the concept of system resilience, a measure of the system's ability to ab- sorb perturbations and recover, is a useful parameter for system design. A further inquiry is directed at the role of compressing large-scale simulation studies into a scale ap- propriate for policy analysis. An example of a forest management system is given. (g) Policy analysis by compression appears a feasible procedure when certain structural characteristics of the problem specification are met. It is shown that the amount

and frequency of insecticide spraying for forest/pest management can significantly be reduced if spray is in- itiated at low levels of larval density. 045-10113-800-33 STANDARDS, OPTIMALITY AND RESILIENCE IN WATERRESOURCE MANAGEMENT

(b) OWRT, Department of the Interior. (d) Theoretical, applied.

(e) A systematic effort to study the role of complexity,

redundancy and robustness of mathematical models used

in the design and operation of "optimal" or "near-optimal" water-resource systems. A case study from the Connecticut River Basin will be taken.

(g) Preliminary results suggest that many mathematical models

for water-resource system design are too detailed and too complex for the data bases and policy options typically available. 045-10114-860-30 TO ENHANCE ONGOING STUDIES OF MONITORING

WATER QUALITY AND DETECTING TRENDS

THROUGH ANALYSIS OF ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE

(b) U.S. Geological Survey.

(d) Theoretical, applied.

(e) An inquiry into the role of mathematical models for desig- ning data network systems and water-resource schemes for water-quality management, with particular reference to rebound and recovery of large-scale environmental pro- grams.

(g) None available at this time.

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII, J. K. K. Look Laboratory of Oceanographic Engineering, Department of Ocean Engineering, 8 1 1 Olomehani Street, Honolulu, Hawaii

96813. John Thomas O'Brien, Director of the Laboratory. (Direct report requests to: The Director) 046-08121-420-60 MEASUREMENT OF OCEAN WAVE-INDUCED WATER

PARTICLE KINEMATICS

(b) National Sea Grant Program, NOAA.

(c) R. A. Grace.

(d) Experimental project in the ocean to examine the accura- cy of the predictions of the linear and stream function

theories related to peak wave-induced water particle velocities and accelerations near the sea bed.

(e) Kinematics measured by a ducted impeller meter 1.5 feet above the bottom in 37 feet of water. Wave conditions obtained from a spiral-wound, resistance gage. 33
(f) Completed.

(g) Linear and stream function theories both accurate for

velocities but considerably in error for accelerations.

(h) Near-Bottom Water Motion Under Ocean Waves, R. A. Grace, Proc. 1 5th Intl. Conf. on Coastal Engrg., Honolulu,

Hawaii, July 1976. 046-09277-420-44 PIPELINE SURVIVAL UNDER OCEAN WAVE ATTACK

(b) National Sea Grant Program, NOAA.

(c) R. A. Grace.

(d) Experimental study in the ocean to obtain wave force

coefficients for a submarine pipe parallel to the wave

fronts. (e) Test pipe made of steel, 16 inches in diameter and 17.5

feet long. Length of instrumented section-39.5 inches. Pipe mounted on base set on bottom in 37 feet of water. Kinematics measured with a ducted current meter and wave conditions with a resistance wire gage.

(/) Data taking completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Maximum force coefficients in horizontal and vertical directions independent of Reynolds number, pipe

clearance, and roughness, but correlated with modified Keulegan-Carpenter period parameter.

(h) Wave Force Coefficients from Pipeline Research in the Ocean, R. A. Grace, S. A. Nicinski, Proc. 8th Ann.

Offshore Tech. Conf. 3, Houston, Tex., May 1976, pp. 681-

694. 046-09278-520-00 DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF MOORED SHIPS DUE TO

WAVE ACTION

(c) L. H. Seidl and T. T. Lee.

(d) Experimental in the laboratory and numerical type studies as applied research and for use in Master's level papers

(not thesis). (e) Predict the dynamic responses of tankers moored at sea

berth subjected to wave excitations from various headings.

Regular and group waves were generated in a seakeeping and wave basin (42 ft wide, 64 ft long, and 4 ft high) for both deep water and shallow water conditions so as to

excite spread-moored ship model at 1:100 scale of a 39,200-ton tanker and another at 1:100 scale of a 313,000-ton tanker. Ship model motions in six degrees of freedom were measured and compared with those pre- dicted numerical for the prototypes.

(/) Completed.

(g) Agreement between numerical predictions and experimental measurements is considered good although there is some scattering of data points perhaps due to model scale, and nonlinear effects. The numerical technique is appliable to ships moored in regular waves and group waves. It predicts the slow-drift oscillations which must be taken

into consideration in the design of sea berths. The test results for both water depth to draft ratio of 1.20 and 1.56

are presented in unit amplitude responses of ship motions

(sway, surge, heave, pitch, roll, yaw, and slow drift oscilla- tions) as a function of wave period. The effect of the bot- tom on the virtual mass and moment inertia is evident for the small water depth to draft ratio of 1.20. A Master of

Science level research paper was completed covering

laboratory study of a 1:100 scale model fo a 260,000-ton

supertanker in a six point symmetric moor and subjected

to head-on and beam-on regular and group waves for water depth to ship draft ratio of 1.2 and 1.5. Displace- ments in the six modes of motion were measured and

steady state drift mooring forces were calculated from the measured displacements. From the data, a reflection coefficient, R, indicating the relative drift force was deter- mined and presented in graph form as a function of in- cident wave period. It is found that the drift force is amplified in the vicinity of the natural period of heave, pitch and roll. Tank effects such as especially undesirable reflec- tions from tank boundaries must be reduced to a minimum

for similar tests.

(h) SEABERTH-A Program for Calculation of Motions and Mooring Forces, L. Sugin, L. H. Seidl. Reprints of Ocean

Engrg. II Conf., Univ. of Delaware, Newark, Del., June 9-

12, 1975.

Physical and Mathematical Modeling on Dynamic Responses of Supertankers Moored at Seaberth Subjected to Wave

Action, T. T. Lee, Volume 1 (text, appendices A, B, C; 127 pp.) and Volume 2 (Appendix D; 299 pp.); un- published manuscripts.

Drift Forces on Moored Vessels of Minimum Draft Clearance, A. J. James, Master of Science Paper, Dept. of Ocean Engrg., Univ. of Hawaii, May 4, 1976; 54 pages. 046-09279-520-88 DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF SEA BERTH-MOORED TAN- KERS DUE TO WAVE ACTION

(b) Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan, and University of Hawaii.

(c) T. T. Lee.

(d) Experimental and applied research, and numerical

techniques.

(e) Provide a method to predict dynamic response of super- tankers moored at a sea-berth excited by water waves and

related mooring forces and impact forces induced to berthing structures. The study involves an experimental

study of a 200,000 DWT supertanker at 1:40 model scale measuring impact forces, mooring forces and ship motions

as excited by beam-on waves.

(/) Completed.

(g) Investigations covered experimental studies of 1:40 scale model of 313,000-ton tanker at University of Hawaii (refer to 046-09278-520-00). Impact forces, mooring forces, and

ship motions were measured at Osaka while only ship motions were measured at Hawaii. These experimental results were used to validate the mathematical model developed

by L. H. Seidl at University of Hawaii. It was found that the numerical model is valid and the values are approximately 15 percent higher than the results from the physical models. Other major contributions include: effects of

elastic characteristics of dolphin-fender systems on

hydrodynamics; effects of elastic characteristics and initial tensions of mooring lines on impact forces, mooring

forces, ship motions, and effects of wave characteristics on

these forces and motions. The unit amplitude response

operators obtained by either experiments or theory can be

used to predict impact forces, mooring forces and slowdrift ship oscillation for engineering purposes. The infor- mation for the regular waves can be used to predict the responses for irregular waves at least for the frequency

domain solutions. Time domain predictions will be applicable when coupling of motions is not significant. Experi- mental and numerical results agree reasonably well. Some

of the discrepancies are due perhaps to: (a) the uncertainty of values for hydrodynamic mass and damping for use

in the mathematical model; (b) the necessity of knowing

whether or not the tanker is "breast-on" or "breast-off'

the sea berth; thus the effective spring constant of dolphinfender-mooring system should be used in calculations; (c) consideration of a change in free oscillation when certain mooring lines are broken; and, (d) scale effects of the type expected in the model studies. (h) Impact Forces, Mooring Forces and Motions of Supertankers at Offshore Terminal Subjected to Wave Actions, S. Nagai, K. Oda, T. T. Lee, Proc. XXlVth Intl. Navigation

Congress, Leningrad, Sept. 6-14, 1977.

Studies on Dynamic Responses of Supertankers Moored at Seaberth Subjected to Wave Action, T. T. Lee, Ph.D. Dissertation, Osaka City Univ., Japan, June 1976, 1 14 pages. Scale Effects on Physical/Mathematical Modeling, T. T. Lee, Proc. Symp. Modeling Techniques for Waterways, Harbors, and Coastal Engrg., San Francisco, Calif., Sept. 3-5, 1975, 20 pages. 34
046-09280-420-52 OPERATIONAL SEA STATE AND DESIGN WAVE

CRITERIA FOR OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION PROJECTS

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA).

(c) Prof. Charles L. Bretschneider.

(d) Office investigation, i.e., literature review and compilation:

also numerical prediction.

(e) Identify and evaluate sources of information on wind, wave and current pertinent to the design and operation of an OTEC power plant off coast of USA including Hawaii

but not Alaska and in a 40 degree wide belt centered on

the Equator; predict these excitations for few particular lo- cations.

(g) About one-hundred-sixty sources of information have been

identified and published ranging from professional papers through periodicals, charts and atlases to books, especially "Ocean Wave Statistics," 1966 National Physical Lab in England and "Summary of Synoptic Meteorological Observations," 1973-75 of U.S. Naval Weather Service. There is much better information in areas offshore USA-excluding

Hawaii-and the Arabian-Midlndian-Bengal-South China

Sea area than in Equator-to-south-20 degree area where

deficiencies are notable. More hindcasts are recommended

for most areas especially those where hurricanes or typhoons are likely and where a dominant current exists. Examples have been published of application of state-of- the-art for predicting deep ocean currents and winds and

the waves that they generate including extremes. Hindcasting for particular areas has begun including off Hawaii,

Key West, New Orleans and Puerto Rico.

(h) Operational Sea State and Design Wave Criteria for Ocean

Thermal Energy Conversion Projects; Literature Available and Prediction Techniques for, C. L. Bretschneider, Principal Investigator, and J. M. Cherry, T. K. Pyles, R. E. Rocheleau, B. B. Scott, E. E. Tayame, Graduate Students. TR-39, J. K. K. Look Lab., Univ. of Hawaii, Mar. 1977, 520 pages. Operational Sea State and Design Wave Criteria: State of the Available Data for USA Coast and Equatorial Latitude, C. L. Bretschneider, Proc. 4th Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Conf., published by Energy Research and Develop- ment Administration, Washington, D.C., June 1977. 046-09282-340-54 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONSERVATION TYPE

POWER PLANT OFF ISLAND OF HAWAII

(b) National Science Foundation; Energy Research and Development Administration; and Department of Planning and Economic Development of State of Hawaii.

(c) Karl H. Bathen.

(d) Field investigation and numerical modeling; applied

research; some of material to be used in Master's thesis. (e) Define physical characteristics of the area in the Pacific Ocean offshore Keahole Point (N 19-45 W 156-04) on

leeward side of the Island of Hawaii as potential site for an OTEC type power plant (likely floating) of 100 to 240

mega-watt capacity. Purpose of the study is to define the oceanographic conditions, and impact on the environ- ment-physical, social and economic-of the OTEC Plant. It is concluded that the area is exceptionally seakindly with a

large hot-cold water temperature differential relatively nearshore to a sympathetic population and hence a most

promising one for OTEC Plant operation. The study off Keahole Point continues, e.g., thru 1978 it will include in

situ observations at 2,000 ft depth of water temperature and salinity and current velocity for the Plant in general, and in particular tests off the Point of the bio-fouling of

the heat-exchanger (under Prof. J. G. Fetkovich of Carnegie-Mellon U. and Prof. F. C. Munchmeyer of U. of Hawaii) and numerical prediction of sea and current state and criteria for operation and design of the Plant structure (under Prof. C. L. Bretschneider of U. of Hawaii).

(/() Evaluation of Oceanographic Aspects and Environmental Impact of Nearshore Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Plants on Sub-Tropical Hawaiian Waters, published by Center for Engrg. Research; Univ. of Hawaii; K. H. Bathen, et a!., NSF-RANN Grant AER-74- 17421 -AO 1, Apr. 1975, 130 pages.; K. H. Bathen; period June 75-Oct.

75. Final Report to Dept. Planning and Economic Develop- ment, State of Hawaii, Nov. 1975, 80 pages; K. H. Bathen,

presented Fall 1975 Mtg. Amer. Geophys. Union, San

Francisco, Nov. 1975, 16 pages. Oceanographic and Socio-Economic Impact of a Nearshore Ocean Thermal Conversion Power Plant in Hawaii, K. H. Bathen, LOOK LAB/HAWAII 5, 2, pp. 15-32, July 1975. 046-10050-420-44 WAVE ATTENUATION AND WAVE-INDUCED SETUP

OVER SHALLOW REEF

(b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Office of Sea Grant Program; Office of Marine Affairs Coordinator, State of Hawaii.

(c) T. T. Lee and F. Gerritsen.

(d) Field investigation; experimental and theoretical studies laboratory; applied research and Master's thesis. (e) Improve understanding of the characteristics of water waves from deep ocean which break on a reef and then

travel shoreward to runup on and reflect from a beach. The plan during September 77-78 is to complete water

level measurements at seven points on 1/4-mile long reef- to-beach course on south shore Oahu (N21-17 W157-52)

and in laboratory in 180'X4' wide tank; analyze measure- ments and refine mathematical model and compare output

with that obtained by others; develop formula for predicting pertinent behavior together with graphical solution and

predict for specific locations in Hawaii; publish final re- port.

(f) Started September 1975; to be completed August 1978.

(g) The typically offshore waves incident on the reef are swell with narrow banded spectrum. These tend to arrive in groups ("sets" in surfer jargon) which then are modulated

at a beat frequency. As they shoal on the reef, typically secondary waves are formed indicating a very nonlinear wave process. The waves which reform inside the reef

after breaking have multiple crests. Power spectra and cu- mulative energy spectra have been obtained for each of

the seven water level measuring stations on the reef-to- beach ocean course along with percent of total energy

isolines vs frequency and distance offshore in graphical form for each day of measurements in the ocean. Wave at- tenuation primarily is at the expense of the energy at the primary frequency. Nonlinear transfer of energy is evident, both to high frequencies as exhibited by the secondary

harmonic, and to low frequencies, as exhibited by the surf

beat. Such transfer is extremely important in a description of the dynamics of the waves within the reef-to-beach system. This phenomenon also has been observed in laboratory experiments at 1:12 scale mainly to determine

the response functions for the different ocean measuring

stations. Laboratory measurements are being analyzed to determine wave energy dissipation due to breaking and bottom friction using both spectral and zero up-crossing

procedures in which secondary wave effects are considered; friction coefficient and breaking factor using

linear and/or solitary wave theories especially to determine energy losses and evaluate the scale effects in the laboratory experiment (physical model). The formation of

solitons will be modeled numerically using a controlled

iteration technique to solve the Korteweg and de Vries equation which is inherently divergent and results compared with measurements. Hg = 3.57 cr + 0.10 is the best fit between the height of the significant wave and a standard

deviation (<r). Other parameters being evaluated include: wave height and set-up distribution versus distance

offshore; wave height and wave period relationship effect of local wind on energy spectra; energy losses due to fric- tion and wave breaking; effect of scale on response functions obtained from field and laboratory measurements. 35

254-330 0 - 78 -4
(/i) Wave Transformation Across the Coral Reef, E. B. Thornton, T. T. Lee, K. P. Black. Presented Fall Ann. Mtg. Amer. Geophys. Union, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 6-10, 1976. Preliminary Finding from Wave Attenuation and Wave In- duced Setup Over Shallow Reef Project, T. T. Lee, K. P. Black, Working Paper 77-1, J. K K. Look Lab., Apr. 4, 1977.

Spectral Analysis and Zero Up-Crossing Program-User's

Guide, K. P. Black, Working Paper 77-2, J. K. K. Look

Lab., Mar. 1977.

Characteristics of Waves Reformed Shoreward After Breaking on a Reef; Ocean, Laboratory, and Mathematical

Study Of, T. T. Lee, F. Gerritsen, K. P. Black, TR-40, J. K. K. Look Lab. (in preparation). 046-10051-490-88 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION ON OCEAN THERMAL

ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC) SYSTEM

(b) Hawaii Natural Energy Institute. (c) T. T. Lee.

(d) Experimental study in the laboratory and applied research.

(e) Assist in the design of an OTEC power plant located per- haps offshore Hawaii. It is planned to investigate the effect of the OTEC system on ambient ocean physical characteristics and also the effects of changes in ambient ocean

stratification on OTEC plant efficiency by measurements

in a very large and deep circular tank (40 ft high and 30 ft in diameter) at J. K. K. Look Laboratory of the flow-temperature field around the water intake-outlet subsystem. Measurements will be compared with predictions made

using a numerical model being developed by Ph.D. candidate.

(f) Started September 1975 with August 1978 as estimated completion date.

(g) A working model was constructed which demonstrates the

principle of operation of an OTEC power plant (it is not

suitable for use in the measurement program). Laboratory

simulation facilities are under construction. Data acquisition system is being designed.

(h) Oceanographic Engineering Research on Ocean Thermal

Energy Conversion for Hawaii, T. T. Lee, K. H. Bathen.

Proposal for Year 1977-78 to Univ. of Hawaii Sea Grant Program dated Feb. 1977. 046-10052-470-70 SITE SELECTION AND CONCEPTUAL PLANNING OF JET- FOIL TERMINAL FOR HAWAII KAI, MAUNALUA BAY,

OAHU

(fc) Kentron Hawaii, Inc. of Honolulu, Hawaii.

(c) T. T. Lee.

(d) Engineering investigation in ocean and office and applied

research.

(e) Determine technical feasibility and rank-of-merit of each

of five possible sites; provide conceptual design for Ter- minal at the best site including bill of materials. The State of Hawaii is considering jetfoil-commuter service between

Hawaii Kai and downtown Honolulu about IS sea-miles

west.

(/) Completed (June 23, 1975-August 3, 1975).

(g) The study covers factors such as winds, waves, currents, tsunamis, storm surge, tides, seiche, littoral drift, and ship motions; also, dredging requirements, geological climate, and ship maneuverability at the Terminal site. A computer

program was developed to predict the motions of the jetfoil (Boeing 929) excited by waves of different heading and frequency for particular water depth to jetfoil draft

ratios. Unit amplitude response operators in surge, heave, and pitch are presented and used to predict onset of motion sickness in humans as a parameter in the selection of

the most appropriate berth orientation with minimum motion of the jetfoil at zero speed.

(h ) Site Selection and Conceptual Design for Hawaii Kai Jetfoil Terminal in Maunalua Bay, Oahu, T. T. Lee, A. L. James,

R. J. Merchant, Tech. Rept. 36, J. K. K. Look Lab., Aug.

1975, 136 pages.

046-10053-470-60 SHIP-GENERATED WAVES IN NAVY MARINA AT PEARL

HARBOR

(b) Harbors Division, Department of Transportation, State of Hawaii.

(c) T. T. Lee.

(d) Field investigation and office study and applied research.

(e) Determine effect on small boats as berthed in the Marina

of waves generated by ferry boats passing nearby. The

State of Hawaii is considering a ferry boat commuter ser- vice between downtown Honolulu and the Aloha Sport Stadium on shores of Pearl Harbor about 15 sea-miles west with harbor terminal near to the Marina.

(/) Completed in period January thru April 1976.

(g) Ship waves were generated by ferry boats of 180 ton dis- placement sailing into and out of the proposed landing ter- minal and comprehensive, correlated measurements of

these waves (excitations) and motions (responses) of small

craft in the Marina were made. The time-history of the ship-waves from area of generation to the berths of the Marina was recorded on aerial photographs from a

helicopter overhead. Two ferry boats under light load and

full load conditions and cruising at two different routes at a variety of speeds from 6 to 14 knots were used off the Marina. Based on the data analyzed, it is concluded that the effect on the Marina and its floating craft and piers of

ferry operation to and from Aloha Stadium following the "Design Route" would not be significant at cruising speed

of 6 knots or less and would be tolerable at up to 8 knots. Thus, the wave energy dissipator (breakwater) is considered unnecessary. The correlated measurements should be useful to marina designers generally. (h) Ship-Generated Waves in Navy Marina at Pearl Harbor, T. T. Lee, Tech. Rept. No. 38, J. K. K. Look Lab., Apr. 1976, 50 pages.

Effect of Ship-Generated Wave on Marina Design, T. T. Lee, presented in Honolulu at the Hawaii Reconvene Ses- sion (Oct. 23-25, 1977) of the Natl. Amer. Soc. Civil Engrs. Convention, San Francisco, Calif, Oct. 17-21, 1977. 046-10054-420-00 WAVE-INDUCED INSTABILITY OF CONCRETE CUBES

(c) R. A. Grace.

(d) Experimental investigation in the ocean of the wave-in- duced kinematical conditions necessary to initiate motion

of concrete cubes of various sizes (1 to 4 1/2 inches) and

various specific gravities. (e) Site in 37 feet of water. Blocks set on a concrete slab. Kinematics obtained by a ducted current meter. Observer

diver used to signal movement of cubes.

(/) Completed. 046-10055-420-00 WAVE FORCES ON SUBMERGED SPHERES

(c) R. A. Grace.

(d) Experimental, field project on wave-induced forces on a

sphere. Maximum-force, drag, and inertia coefficients are derived. Master's paper project.

(e) The sphere was 29 inches in diameter, attached to a 5- foot-long cantilever mounted vertically on a ballasted steel base. Strain gages on the cantilever permitted force-measuring. Water depth 37 feet. (f) Completed.

(g) Excellent correlation of maximum-force coefficient with adapted Keulegan-Carpenter period parameter.

(h) Inertia and Drag Coefficients for a Submerged Sphere, G.

Zee, M.S. Plan "B" Paper, Dept. of Ocean Engrg., Univ. of Hawaii, 60 pages, Dec. 1976. 046-10056-420-60 PRESSURE VARIATIONS UNDER WAVES

(b) State of Hawaii, Marine Affairs Coordinator's Office.

(c) R. A. Grace. 36
(d) Experimental, field and laboratory investigation of the success of the linear and second-order cnoidal wave theories

in predicting surface wave heights from pressure head

variations near the bottom

.

(e) Field study in Hawaii in 37 feet of water. Laboratory study

at Oregon State University with depths of 9.5 and 1 1 .5 feet.

(/) Data collection completed; report in preparation.

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA, College of Tropical

Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineering,

3131 Maile Way, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. Professdr I- Pai Wu.

047-09025-840-00 DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR OPTIMAL IRRIGATION DESIGN AND OPERATION

(e) Optimal design of conduit system with diverging branches,

using dynamic program.

(h) Design of Conduit System With Diverging Branches, K-P

Yang, T. Liang, I-P. Wu, J. Hydraul. Div. ASCE 101, HY1,

Proc. Paper 11080, pp. 167-188, Jan. 1975. 047-09026-840-00 TRICKLE IRRIGATION TO IMPROVE CROP PRODUCTION

AND WATER MANAGEMENT

(e) Hydraulic analysis of lateral lines, submain and main lines of a drip irrigation system.

(h) Design of Drip Irrigation Line, I-P. Wu, H. M. Gitlin, HAES Tech. Bull. 96, Univ. Hawaii, 29 pages, June 1974. Drip Irrigation Design Based on Uniformity, I-P. Wu, H. M. Gitlin, ASAE Trans. 17, 3, pp. 429-432, 1974. Design Charts for Drip Irrigation Systems, I-P. Wu, H. M.

Gitlin, Proc. 2nd Intl. Drip Irrigation Congr., San Diego,

Calif., pp. 305-310, July 1974. Energy Gradient Line for Drip Irrigation Laterals, I-P. Wu,

H. M. Gitlin, J. Irrigation and Drainage Div., ASCE 101,

IR4, pp. 323-326, Dec. 1975. Design of Drip Irrigation Main Lines, I-P. Wu, J. Irrigation and Drainage Div., ASCE 101, IR4, pp. 265-278, Dec.

1975.

Irrigation Efficiencies of Surface, Sprinkler and Drip Ir- rigation, I-P. Wu, H. M. Gitlin, Proc. 2nd World Congress,

Intl. Water Resources Assoc. 1, New Delhi, India, pp. 191-

199, Dec. 1975.

UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON, Cullen College of Engineering,

Houston, Tex. 77004. Dr. Philip G. Hoffman, University

President; Dr. Abraham E. Dukler, Dean of Engineering.

048-10195-630-70 INVESTIGATION OF HYDRAULIC PULSING IN A PITOT

PUMP WITH CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR AND JET

STIRRING VANE

(b) Kobe, Inc., California.

(c) Dr. Kurt M. Marshek, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research and designdevelopment; Master's and Doctor's theses.

(e) The cause of exit flow hydraulic pulsing and its relation to

the pump-filter geometry and flow variables will be deter- mined. Mathematical methods of describing the flow of

solid particles and the fluid itself are being studied so that the pump-filter design can be optimized with regard to

flow, pressure, noise and strength.

048-10196-050-50 ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS IN NORMAL JET IMPINGEMENT

(b) Theoretical Acoustics Branch, NASA, Langley Research

Center.

(c) Dr. Stanley J. Kleis, Department of Mechanical Engineering. (d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Far field acoustics measurements of the noise produced by

subsonic jets impinging normally on a large flat surface were made for small nozzle to plate spacings. Both a uniform and fully developed pipe flow velocity exit condition were tested. The nozzle to plate spacing normalized by the jet exit diameter was varied from 0.75 to 7.0 for a Mach number of 0.28. The motivation for the study was to provide a data base for a relatively simple flow field for comparison with noise prediction techniques based on vorticity transport in the flow impingement region. The small dimensionless nozzle to plate spacings were chosen such

that the potential core (for the uniform jet) extended into the impingement region on the surface. (g) All results are for an exit Mach number of 0.28 and a nominal exit diameter of 2.2 cm. Measurement of overall sound power level indicates a large (12 db) increase above

a free jet as the dimensionless nozzle to plate spacing is reduced to a value near unity for the uniform jet. A

similar increase (9 db) occurs for the fully developed pipe flow condition. Although the overall sound power level exhibits a smooth variation with nozzle to plate spacing, the

directivity patterns change very rapidly. The directivity patterns are quite distinct (6-7 db from maximum to minimum) and complex. They have been found to be radially independent. The radial independence indicates that the patterns are not caused by the cancellations and rein- forcements of narrow band noise or pure tones. (h) Acoustics Measurements in Normal Jet Impingement, First Semi-Annual Rept., NASA Research Center, contact cor- respondent. 048-10197-020-20 EFFECT OF AXISVMMETRIC CONTRACTION SHAPE AND

RATIO ON THE INCOMPRESSIBLE TURBULENT FLOW

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The effects of the axisymmetric contraction shape and

contraction ratio both with and without upstream grid on

the incompressible free-stream turbulence have been deter- mined experimentally. Primary motivation was nozzle design for jet study. (g) Turbulence modification in the contraction is not affected by the contraction shape; the exit boundary layer mean

and turbulence characteristics, however, as well as the de- parture from equipartition within the nozzle, depend on

the contraction shape. The exit longitudinal turbulence in- tensity does not decrease for contraction ratios c greater than aobut 45 while the lateral turbulence intensity continues to decrease further. The data demonstrate the in- adequacy of the linear (Batchelor-Proudman-RibnerTucker) theory in predicting the effect of a contraction on

the turbulence structure. (h) Effects of the Axisymmetric Contraction Shape on Incompressible Turbulent Flow, A. K. M. F. Hussain, V. Ramjee,

J. Fludis Engr. 98, pp. 58-69, 1976.

Influence of the Axisymmetric Contraction Ratio on Free- Stream Trubulence, V. Ramjee, A. K. M. F. Hussain, J. Fluids Engr. 98, pp. 506-515, 1976. 048-10198-030-20 VORTEX SHEDDING FROM A CYLINDER IN THE

PRESENCE OF FREE-STREAM PERTURBATIONS

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

37
(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The effects of free-stream turbulence and of sinusoidal free-stream pulsations of controlled frequencies and amplitudes on the periodic wake of a circular cylinder were

studied by employing hot-wire and visualization techniques.

(g) The frequency-mean velocity (Berger's) relation is unaf- fected by the free-stream turbulence intensity. Sinusoidal

pulsations up to 10 percent in amplitude of the free-stream

velocity have no effect on the shedding frequency. At

larger pulsations, shedding occurs at the pulsation frequency. Free-stream turbulence or pulsation cannot explain the "Tritton jump."

(h) Vortex Shedding from a Circular Cylinder in the Presence

of Free-Stream Disturbances, A. K. M. F. Hussain, V. Ramjee, Proc. 5th Canad. Congr. Appl. Mech., pp. 485-486,

1975.

Periodic Wake Behind a Circular Cylinder at Low

Reynolds Number, A. K. M. F. Hussain, V. Ramjee, Aero. Quart. 27, pp. 123-142, 1976. 048-10199-050-54 EFFECT OF THE INITIAL CONDITION ON THE TURBULENCE STRUCTURE IN A PLANE JET

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Experimental; basic research; M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) The effects of the characteristics of the initial (laminar and turbulent) boundary layers on the statistical measures

of a plane free jet have been determined experimentally.

(g) The mean and turbulent velocities, virtual origins, jet width, mass flux, entrainment rate, etc., depend systematically on the initial condition. The momentum flux in- creases by up to 60 percent of the exit momentum flux, depending on the initial condition. This increase is at- tributed to the negative mean static pressure and has been

confirmed by pressure measurements.

(h) Effects of the Initial Condition on the Development of a Plane Turbulent Jet, A. R. Clark, A. K. M. F. Hussain,

Proc. Soc. Engr. Sc. 12. pp. 1149-1158, 1975. Upstream Influence on the Near Field of a Plane Turbulent

Jet, A. K. M. F. Hussain, A. R. Clark, submitted for publication. 048-10200-050-54 VORTICITY WAVE IN A PLANE TURBULENT JET

(b) National Science Foudnation.

(c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) The characteristics of the vorticity waves in the near field of a plane turbulent jet under controlled excitation have been investigated in the Reynolds number range 8,000- 32,000 and the Strouhal number range 0.15-0.60.

(g) The wave fundamental amplitude attains its maximum

value at the Strouhal number 0.18, at 4 slit-widths downstream from the exit. The wave amplitude and phase

data in the near field free shear layer agree with the spatial stability theory of Michalke. The phase velocity data show that in the lower Strouhal number range the plane

jet is nearly a nondispersive waveguide.

(h) Organized Motions in a Plane Turbulent Jet Under Controlled Excitation, A. K. M. F. Hussain, C. A. Thompson,

Proc. Soc. Engr. Sc. 12, pp. 341-352, 1975. 048-10201-050-54 ORGANIZED STRUCTURE IN A PLANE JET

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Wavenumber dependent phase velocities of large scales are being determined from double-Fourier transformation of measured space-time correlation in a plane jet.

048-10202-050-54 CONDITIONALLY SAMPLED MEASUREMENTS IN A PLANE TURBULENT JET

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The conditionally measured turbulence structure in a plane jet is being determined for different initial conditions. 048-10203-050-50 ACOUSTICS-TURBULENCE INTERACTION IN A CIRCULAR JET UNDER CONTROLLED EXCITATION

(b) NASA-Langley Research Center.

(c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) The effects of sinusoidal excitations of controlled amplitudes and frequencies' on the near field turbulence

structures of circular jets have been investigated over a

large range of unit Reynolds numbers, jet Reynolds numbers, Strouhal numbers, excitation amplitudes and initial conditions.

(g) Significant variations in the turbulence intensity, as well as

integral measures, of the circular jet can be effected by

small-amplitude excitations. Depending on excitation Strouhal numbers, the turbulence intensity in the jet can be increased or damped over the unpulsated jet. (h) Effect of Acoustic Excitation on the Turbulent Structure of a Circular Jet, A. K. M. F. Hussain, K. B. M. Q. Zaman,

Proc. Interag. Symp. Univ. Res. Transp. Noise 3, pp. 314-

326, 1975. 048-10204-050-20 VORTEX PAIRING IN A CIRCULAR JET UNDER CONTROLLED EXCITATION

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Experimental, basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) The effects of controlled periodic excitation on the vortex

pairing mechanism in a circular jet under controlled excitation are being carried out by both flow-visualization and hot-wire techniques.

(g) Vortex pairing in circular jets occurs in two modes, "the shear layer mode" and "the jet mode." Most intense or- ganized activity in a circular jet is associated with the pair- ing process.

(h) Vortex Pairing and Organized Structures in Axisymmetric

Jets under Controlled Excitation, K B. M. Q. Zaman, A.

K. M. F. Hussain, Turb. Shear Flow, Penn State U., pp. 11.23-31, 1977. 048-10205-000-54 EFFECT OF THE INITIAL CONDITION ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE FREE SHEAR LAYER

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Experimental, basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) The effects of initial momentum thickness Reynolds

number and fluctual level on the evolution of an axisym- metric free shear layer have been investigated for initially laminar and turbulent boundary layers. (g) Most discrepancies in published data on the free mixing

layer can be explained as consequences of systematic

variations of the initial condition.

(h) Effects of the Initial Condition on the Axisymmetric Free Shear Layer, A. K. M. F. Hussain, M. F. Zedan, submitted. 38
048-10206-160-20 THE FREE SHEAR LAYER TONE PHENOMENON

(b) Office of Naval Research and National Science Foundation. (c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) The free shear layer tone mechanism induced by a hot- wire probe and a plane wedge has been studied for incompressible plane and axisymmetric free shear layers.

(/) The free shear layer tone mechanism is quite different from the widely investigated slit-jet edgetone. Detailed in- tegral measures of the shear layer under edgetone, and the shear tone eigenvalues and eigenfunctions have been measured and found to be in reasonable agreement with spatial stability theory,

(/i) The Free Shear Layer Tone Phenomenon and Probe Inter- ference, A. K. M. F. Hussain, K. B. M. Q. Zaman, submitted. 048-10207-050-50 NOISE RADIATED FROM A JET UNDER CONTROLLED

PERTURBATION

(b) NASA-Langley Research Center.

(c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain and S. J. Kleis, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Experimental; applied research; M.S. thesis. (e) The effect of controlled pulsation of the far-field noise of

a high-speed subsonic jet is being studied. 048-10208-210-54 INSTABILITY OF TIME-DEPENDENT FLOWS IN STRAIGHT AND CURVED TUBES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Experimental; basic research; post-doctoral.

(e) The instability characteristics of periodically pulsed flows

in straight and curved tubes are being studied experimentally. 048-10209-420-54 NONLINEAR GRAVITY WAVE INTERACTION

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Asst. Prof. James D. A. van Hoften, Department of Civil Engineering.

(d) The project is an experimental basic research study, which

will produce one Masters thesis and one Doctoral dissertation. (e) Three phases of water wave interaction will be studied in a laboratory wave tank. The existence of a two-component wave will be investigated as its nonlinear effects increase

to the point of micro breaking. Additionally the initiation of turbulence by wave action will be examined by a wave

following hot-film anemometer.

048-10210-130-52 MODELING FLOW REGIMES IN TWO PHASE GAS LIQUID

FLOW

(b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) A. E. Dukler, Professor, Chemical Engineering Depart- ment.

(</) Experimental, theoretical, basic research.

(e) Criteria for transition between the various flow regimes observed in two phase flow are developed based on the

forces causing each of these transitions to take place. Studies are under way for vertical upward and horizontal study flow as well as during flow transients. (g) Models have been evolved based on the physical

mechanisms which are operative. The results have been

generalized to cover the effects of pipe size, flow rates and

fluid properties for the two situations of horizontal and

vertical upflow.

(/i) A Model for Predicting Flow Regime Transitions for Horizontal and Near Horizontal Tubes, Y. Taitel, A. E. Dukler, AlChEJ. 22, 47 (1976). Flow Regime Transitions for Vertical Upward Gas-Liquid

Flow: An Approach Through Physical Modeling, Y. Taitel, A. E. Dukler, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm. Rept., NUREG-0162, 48 pages (1977). 048-10211-130-55 FLOW REVERSAL IN TWO PHASE, GAS LIQUID VERTI- CAL FILM FLOW

(b) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) A. E. Dukler, Professor, Chemical Engineering Depart- ment.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research.

(e) A study of the role of the interfacial wave structure in the process of flow reversal or flooding for liquid films falling down the inside wall of a vertical tube.

(g) Interfacial shear created by countercurrent gas flow modifies the interfacial structure and flow reversal takes place without closure of the tube. (h) Statistical Characteristics of Thin Wavy Films: II. Studies

of the Substrate and Its Wave Structure, K. J. Chu, A. E. Dukler, AlChEJ. 20, pp. 695-706 ( 1974).

Statistical Characteristics of Thin Wavy Films: III. Structure of the Large Waves and Their Resistance to Gas Flow,

K. J. Chu, A. E. Dukler, AlChEJ. 21, pp. 583-594 (1975). 048-10212-130-88 MECHANICS, HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN GASLIQUID SLUG FLOW

(b) American Institute of Chemical Engineering Design In- stitute for Multiphase Processing.

(c) A. E. Dukler, Professor, Chemical Engineering Depart- ment.

(d) Experiment, theoretical, applied research.

(e) Over a wide range of flow rate space, gas and liquid flow- ing simultaneously in horizontal tubes naturally distribute so that large slugs of liquid^ move rapidly down the pipe followed by a stratified liquid film superposed by a gas phase. Both the local flow rate and transport vary with

time. The objective of the project is to model the unsteady

flow (slug length, velocity, frequency, film height profile and velocity, gas velocity) and extend this work to heat and mass transfer. (g) Two models have been developed from which the hydrodynamic characteristics of the slug flow can be pre- dicted including the essential spacial features and frequency. This has been verified with experiment. A mathematical model has been developed to describe the unsteady

state heat transfer process and validated experimentally.

(h) A Model for Gas-Liquid Slug Flow in Horizontal and Near

Horizontal Tubes, M. G. Hubbard, A. E. Dukler, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund. 14, 337 (1975). Heat Transfer During Gas-Liquid Slug Flow in Horizontal Tubes, T. Niu, A. E. Dukler, in press for Proc. of OECD/NEA Specialists Mtg. on Transient Two Phase Flow,

Plenum Press (1977).

A Model for Slug Frequency During Gas-Liquid Slug Flow

in Horizontal and Near Horizontal Pipes, Y. Taitel, A. E. Dukler, in press for Int. J. Multiphase Flows, (1977). 048-10213-130-54 DEPOSITION OF DROPLETS INTO MOVING LIQUID

FILMS

(b) National Science Foundation; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory

Commission.

(c) A. E. Dukler, Professor, Chemical Engineering Depart- ment.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research.

(e) A gas phase moving over a liquid film generates droplets

which are dispersed in the gas phase. The process of tur- bulent diffusion results in some of these drops being

redeposited on the film. The objective of this research is 39
to discern the deposition mechanism for these large (1000+ micron) drops in the presence of a wavy liquid film.

(g) A stochastic model for deposition of small drops (< 100

/x) has been developed. A measurement technique is now

operative which uses a two color, two dimensional laser velocimeter which permits direct measurement of droplet

velocities. (h) Deposition of Liquid on Solid Dispersions from Turbulent Gas Streams, P. Hutchenson, G. Hewett, A. E. Dukler,

Chem. Eng. Sci. 26, 419 ( 1971 ). Lagrangian Simulation of Dispersion in Turbulent Shear Flow Using a Hybrid Computer, N. Lee, A. E. Dukler,

AIChEJ. 22, 449 (1976). 048-10214-130-52 TWO PHASE FLOW IN GEOTHERMAL WELLS

(b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) A. E. Dukler, Professor, Chemical Engineering Depart- ment.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) The factor controlling the rate of production of a geother- mal well is the pressure gradient due to hydrostatic pressure. In this work the objective is to model the void frac- tion distribution for each flow pattern and to test these models experimentally.

(g) Physical modeling completed. Test loop completed.

Development of cross-sectional average void fraction in- strument in progress. 048-10215-120-00 WASHING INCOMPRESSIBLE FILTER CAKES WITH NONNEWTONIAN LIQUIDS

(b) R. W. Flumerfelt and F. M. Tiller, Professors of Chemical

Engineering.

(d) Theoretical and applied.

(e) Displacement washing of liquids in incrompressible beds is being investigated. Two extremes of behavior are considered. A non-Newtonian liquid is displaced by a Newtonian liquid and vice versa. Calculations have been made

for both constant pressure and constant rate operation. Power low fluids form the basis for displacement calculations. Non-Newtonian fluids displace Newtonian fluids with a flat velocity profile resulting in efficient plug-life washing. Conversely, Newtonian fluids produce a thin needle-like penetration along the axis of flow when they dis- place high viscosity Newtonian liquids resulting in poor

washing. 048-10216-120-00 DISPLACEMENT OF NEWTONIAN FLUIDS BETWEEN

PARALLEL PLATES AND IN CIRCULAR TUBES

(c) R. W. Flumerfelt, Professor of Chemical Engineering.

(</) Studies have been made of the displacement of one powerlaw fluid by another in both parallel plate and circular tube configuration. Methods were developed for prediction of pressure flow rate-time relationships. The effects of wide variation in viscosity ratios and power-law exponents were investigated. The work was done as a part of a large program aimed at determining displacement characteristics

in complex porous media.

(e) Completed. 048-10217-290-54 GROWTH OF CHAIN-LIKE PARTICLE DEPOSITS DURING

AEROSOL FILTRATION IN FIBROUS MEDIA

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) A. C. Payatakes, Assoc. Professor of Chemical Engineering. (d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research, M.S. and

Ph.D. theses.

(e) In the initial stages of deposition of aerosols on fibers, particles form chain-like dendrites rather than uniform ran- dom deposits. Mathematical models have been developed

to describe the deposition. Experimental verification of the models is in progress. 048-10218-290-54 SEPARATION OF MINERAL RESIDUE AND UNCONVERTED CARBON FROM LIQUIFIED COAL

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) F. M. Tiller, Professor of Chemical Engineering.

(d) Theoretical and applied; experimental; M.S. and Ph.D.

theses.

(e) Study is aimed at uncovering relationships involving flow through compressible filter cakes encountered in coal

liquification, and developing basic information for a new

approach to continuous, thin-cake, high-pressure, staged

filtration. (h) Delayed Cake Filtration, F. M. Tiller, K. S. Cheng, Filtra- tion and Separation 14, pp. 13-18 (1977).

Characteristics of Continuous Staged, Delayed Cake Filter, F. M. Tiller, Ibid, in press (1977).

High-Pressure, Thin-Cake, Staged Filtration, A. Bagdasarian, F. M. Tiller, J. Donovan, Ibid, in press ( 1977). 048-10219-870-00 RECOVERY OF VALUABLE MATERIALS OCCURRING IN DILUTE FORM

(c) F. M. Tiller, Professor of Chemical Engineering.

(d) Experimental and applied.

(e) Recovery of valuable materials such as titanium dioxide which are discarded in wastewater is being investigated. A

deep granular bed is used to remove the particulates. Concentration of the dilute slurry is accomplished by minimizing the quantity of back wash. Estimates indicate the possibility of multiplying the initial concentration by a factor of 50 or more. Thus, 100 rpm could be changed into 5000 rpm which is then in the range of normal filtration. 048-10220-070-54 CREEPING NEWTONIAN FLOW IN PERIODICALLY CONSTRICTED UNIT CELLS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) A periodically constricted cell model was developed to represent realistically flow through porous media. The unit

cells have random dimensions and orientation which can

be determined by capillary suction measurements. A collo- cation solution of creeping Newtonian flow was used to produce velocity and pressure profiles. Analytical expressions were obtained for local variable and then were in- tegrated to give pressure drop. Predictions were found to be in agreement with experimental data. (h) A New Model for Granular Porous Media, Part I, A. C. Payatakes, C. Tien, R. M. Turian, AIChEJ. 19, 58 (1973);

Part II, Ibid 19, 67 (1973).

Application of Porous Media Models to the Study of Deep- Bed Filtration, A. C. Payatakes, R. Rajagopalan, C. Tien, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 52, 722 (1974).

HOWARD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering,

Washington, DC. 20059. Dr. I. W. Jones, Chairman of

Civil Engineering; Dr. C. L. Yen, In Charge of Hydraulics Laboratory.

049-10067-810-05 RECESSION FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIUM WITH

IMPERVIOUS STRATUM

(b) USDA-ARS Hydrograph Laboratory.

(c) Professor C. L. Yen.

(d) Experimental, analytical, basic research for Master's thesis,

(e.) Investigate the effects of physical factors, such as slope, length and thickness of porous media, resting on an impervious stratum, on the recession flow and its recession coefficient.

(f) Completed.

40
049-10068-810-05 MACROPORE EFFECTS ON INFILTRATION

(b) USDA-ARS Hydrograph Laboratory.

(c) Professor C. L. Yen.

(d) Analytical basic research for Master's thesis. (e) To simulate by digital computer the advancement of soil moisture front under various macropore conditions and to determine the rate of water infiltrating into the soil from

these simulations.

(f) Completed. 049-10069-310-54 FLOOD ROUTING IN FLOODPLAIN CHANNELS-FIELD

TESTING

(£>) U.S. National Science Foundation (in cooperation with

National Science Council of the Rep. of China).

(c) Professor C. L. Yen.

(d) See WRRC 11, 2.0132. 049-10070-830-36 EFFICIENCY OF OFF-STREAM DETENTION-RETENTION

MEASURES FOR SEDIMENT CONTROL

(b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) Professor C. L. Yen.

(d) See WRRC 11, 2.0363.

HYDROCOMP, 1502 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304.

051-0379W-830-00 BASIN MODELING OF SOIL LOSS AND SEDIMENT

TRANSPORT

(e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0355. 051-0380W-870-00 REFINEMENT AND VERIFICATION OF THE PESTICIDE

TRANSPORT AND RUNOFF MODEL WITH DEVELOPMENT OF SUB-MODELS FOR TRANSPORT OF PLANT

NUTRIENTS

(e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 5.0250. 051-0381W-800-00 PLANNING AND MODELING FOR URBAN WATER

RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

(e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 7.0003. 051-09912-810-36 COMPREHENSIVE PACKAGE FOR SIMULATION OF

WATERSHED HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY-HSP FORTRAN

(b) Environmental Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Ga. 30601.

(c) Robert C. Johanson, Project Manager.

(d) Develop a comprehensive package for simulating water

quality and quantity processes involved in the land, channel, and lake phases of the hydrologic cycle. Software package in FORTRAN incorporating all functions of Hydrocomp mathematical models: Hydrocomp Simulation Programming (HSP), Agricultural Runoff Management

(ARM), and Nonpoint Source Pollutant Loading (NPS) in a structured framework.

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, College of Engineering, Moscow,

Idaho 83843. Robert R. Furgason, Dean.

052-09848-880-33 INTERACTING EFFECTS OF MINIMUM FLOW AND FLUCTUATING SHORELINES ON BENTHIC STREAM INSECTS

(b) Office of Water Resources Research, Department of In- terior. (c) E. Woody Trihey, Assistant Director, Idaho Water

Resources Research Institute. (d) Field investigation operation.

(e) Insect communities from both deep and shallow water

areas will be investigated for the purpose of providing

community analysis of the middle and lower mainstem of

the Clearwater River. Numbers, composition and biomass

will be determined and comparatively treated. Results will be analyzed in a manner that will attempt to generate a model that will depict quantitative, qualitative, and

resilience characteristics of the insect community. Existing cross section and streamflow data will be used to develop

site specific area-discharge relationships and verify a ver- sion of the HEC-2 model for the Clearwater.

(g) Data are available on insect populations. 052-09849-830-33 NATURAL SEDIMENTATION RATES FROM FORESTED

WATERSHEDS

(b) Office of Water Resources Research, Department of In- terior. (c) J. G. King, Instructor, College of Forestry.

(d) Field investigation; applied, M.S. thesis. (e) Proper management of Idaho's land and water resources

requires the ability to predict the effects of land manage- ment practices on the quality of streamflow. This project is the first phase of a multiphase project. Phase I will be to determine the natural sedimentation rates from twelve

forested watersheds in the Horse Creek drainage of central Idaho.

(g) Some data are available. 052-09850-840-82 APPLICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS

THROUGH IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

(b) Idaho Potato Commission, Diamond Shamrock Chemical

Company, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Galen McMaser, Professor, Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Field investigation; development, M.S. thesis. (e) A study of mixing, dilution and uniformity of application of agricultural chemicals injected into irrigation systems. A

comparison with other methods of application will be made.

(g) This process compares very well with ground-rig application and gives less problems with toxicity on potato plants.

052-09851-220-61 EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORTATION ON THE DIS- TRIBUTION AND COLONIZATION OF STREAM INSECTS

(b) Idaho Water Resources Research Institute. (c) Myron Molnau, Professor, Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) Determine the capability of high mountain streams of the Idaho Betholith to transport sediment and to determine

the ability of these streams to maintain suitable environ- ment for the aquatic habitat of the streams.

(f) Completed.

(g) Bedload measurements on Knapp Creek indicate that the Meyer-Peter, Muller equation works satisfactorily for pre- dicting bed load in this stream. 41
052-09852-830-61 EROSION RESEARCH FOR NORTHERN

IDAHO-MODELING OF RUNOFF FOR EROSION STUDIES

(b) Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, Agricultural Research Service and Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Myron Molnau, Professor, Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) Develop and test a computer simulation model for snowmelt and erosion that is applicable to the Palouse region. (g) A computer model is operational and is being improved. 052-09853-840-36 EVALUATION OF PRACTICES AND SYSTEMS FOR IM- PROVING THE QUALITY OF IRRIGATION RETURN

FLOWS

(b) Environmental Protection Agency, Idaho Agricultural Ex- periment Station.

(c) D. W. Fitzsimmons, Professor and Head, Agricultural Engineering. (d) Field investigation; operation, M.S. thesis. (e) Purpose is to determine effectiveness of settling ponds,

other tail water control systems and alternative water management practices in reducing nutrient losses and pollution from irrigated fields. (g) Settling ponds remove more than 80 percent of the sedi- ment from irrigation runoff.

052-09854-840-31 OPTIMIZING IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN

(b) Bureau of Reclamation, Idaho Department of Water

Resources.

(c) J. R. Busch, Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Develop a methodology and computer model for optimum

design or rehabilitation of irrigation systems.

(g) Computer model is presently being developed. 052-09855-070-34 SEEPAGE THROUGH PARTIALLY SATURATED SHALE

WASTES

(b) Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of Interior. (c) G. L. Bloomsburg, Professor, Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Experimental; applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) A computer simulation model for unsaturated flow is used

to predict flow through waste shale piles. (g) Field data have been used to verify the simulation. Laboratory data on hydraulic properties of retorted shale have been obtained. 052-09856-810-61 EFFECTS OF ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS OF FROZEN

GROUND FLOORS

(b) Idaho Water Resources Research Institute. (c) Myron Molnau, Professor, Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) Identify hydrologic parameters that are important in distin- guishing between frozen and unfrozen ground floods and

use this in determining a procedure for predicting frozen ground floods.

(f) Completed.

(g) Discriminant analysis showed that the significant parameters are, number of days below 32 °F, freeze index,

precipitation two days before freeze period, precipitation

during freeze period, precipitation four days after thawing

starts, and depth of snow on the ground before freezing

starts.

052-09857-840-33 IRRIGATION WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND COST OF

WATER AS FACTORS IN WATER MANAGEMENT OF IR- RIGATION SYSTEMS IN IDAHO

(b) OWRT.

(c) C. C. Warnick, Professor, Civil Engineering.

(d) Field investigation; operation; M.S. thesis. (e) This study is concerned with relations between cost of water and irrigation water efficiency in an extensive ir- rigated area serviced by the Snake River in Idaho. The in- vestigation will cover some 20 irrigation companies or districts along the Snake River and will require some measurement of water to obtain necessary data. (g) None at the present time. 052-09858-310-00 COMBINATION OF SHORT-TIME DETENTION STORAGE

AND CHANNEL RENOVATION FOR COMMUNITY

FLOOD CONTROL

(c) C. C. Warnick, Professor, Civil Engineering.

(d) For M.S. thesis. (e) A study of planning and analytical methods to determine

the best combination of detention reservoirs and degrees

of channel improvement as flood control measures. The

study is concentrating on Paradise Creek as it flows through Moscow, Idaho. The concept avoids the problem

of large storage reservoirs and major channel modifications. (g) A thesis will be finished in 1977. 052-09859-870-82 LARGE, DEEP-TANK TESTS OF FULL-SIZE AERATORS

(6) Northwest Pulp and Paper Association.

(c) M. L. Jackson, Professor, Chemical Engineering.

(d) Experimental; applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) A 75 ft column has been used to demonstrate the deep- tank biological treatment process. The advantage of the deep-tank process is more efficient use of oxygen which is pumped in at the bottom of the column. This treatment method has potential application to many other industrial and municipal waste treatment problems.

(g) The process has been perfected on the 75 ft column and is now being scaled up to a 25 ft diameter by 36 ft high tank

of the Inland Empire Paper Company.

052-09860-870-60 A COLUMN-FLOTATION PILOT FACILITY FOR SINGLECELL PROTEIN FROM POTATO WASTES

(b) State of Idaho.

(c) M. L. Jackson, Professor, Chemical Engineering.

(d) Experimental; applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) This project is developing a semi-pilot scale fermentation

facility to produce single-cell protein from potato processing wastes using a 75 ft column aerator. (g) The work is nearing completion and a report will soon be

available. 052-09861-870-10 PILOT PLANT WORK ON AMMONIA CONTROL:

DWORSHAK NATIONAL FISH HATCHERY

(b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) A. T. Wallace, Professor, Civil Engineering.

(d) Experimental; design, M.S. thesis. (e) Evaluate various schemes for water treatment in large fish hatcheries which reuse their rearing water.

(g) A pilot plant using a floating media for attachment of

nitrifying bacteria has been developed. 052-09862-860-33 PHYSICAL AND DECISION-MAKING ALTERNATIVES FOR

FLOW REGULATION AND USE OF SNAKE RIVER

THROUGH HELLS CANYON

(b) OWRT.

42
(c) C. C. Warnick, Professor, Civil Engineering.

(d) Field study operation; M.S. thesis. (e) A study of alternatives for use of water of the Snake River through the Hells Canyon area. (g) An M.S. thesis has been completed which evaluates pump

storage sites in the Hells Canyon region. 052-09863-110-54 LASER VELOCIMETER STUDIES OF MHD ENTRANCE

FLOWS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) W. J. Thomson, Professor, Chemical Engineering.

(d) Experimental; applied research, Ph.D. dissertation.

(e) A theoretical/experimental study of the influence of a strong magnetic field on the fluid mechanic behavior of

electrically conducting fluid. The studies include measure- ments of point velocities during both laminar and turbulent flow with a split beam, laser Doppler velocimeter.

(g) A Ph.D. dissertation will be completed in 1977. 052-09864-140-52 HEAT TRANSFER IN FLUIDIZED BEDS

(b) ERDA.

(c) W. J. Thomson, Professor, Chemical Engineering.

(d) Experimental; applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) Direct comparisons of the heat transfer rates from im- mersed tubes to various sized fluidized beds equipped with

different distribution plates and two sizes of particulates are being conducted.

(g) Results of this work may be used in various processes where heat transfer in fluidized beds is being used. 052-09865-370-470 RIVER MECHANICS MANUAL ADDENDUM

(fc) Federal Highway Administration.

(c) F. J. Watts, Professor and Chairman, Civil Engineering.

(d) Operations.

(e) A manual is being prepared which will help highway engineers apply recently published river mechanics material

in the analysis and design of river crossings and en- croachments.

(g) A report will be completed in 1977.

IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Engineering Research Division, 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, 111. 60616. Dr. K. E. McKee, Director. 053-10404-630-70 EVALUATION OF NOISE FROM HYDRAULIC PAVEMENT

BREAKER

(b) Industrial. (c) Dr. R. S. Norman, Riverbank Acoustical Laboratory.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Acoustic measurements were made on different hydraulically driven, pavement breakers. A free-field environment was used during actual breaking of concrete.

(/) Completed.

(g) Several noise sources were identified. Noise comparisons were made between pneumatic and hydraulic breakers. 053-10405-870-70 WIND TUNNEL MODELING OF PLANT MODERNIZATION

(b) Industrial. (c) Dr. R. S. Norman, Dr. H. M. Nagib.

(d) Experimental evaluation.

(e) In order to predict odor pollution levels from a major

plant expansion, comprehensive computer and wind tunnel modeling techniques were used. Using a scale model of the

plant and surrounding buildings, different stack velocities, temperature ratios, and heights were evaluated as a function of wind conditions. Smoke visualization techniques

were used to qualitatively study pollution concentrations in the nearby community. Parallel measurements of effluent concentration were made using heated stack gases as a

scalar tracer. (g) Minimum stack heights and gas velocities are being

selected to reduce cdor levels in the residential neighbor- hood.

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY, Box 232, Urbana, 111. 61801. William C. Ackermann, Chief. (A list of publications is available upon request from Illinois State Water

Survey.)

054-0991 3-350-60 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR THE

MIDDLE FORK VERMILION RIVER RESERVOIR

(b) Division of Water Resources, Illinois Department of Transportation.

(c) Mr. H. W. Humphreys.

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) Hydraulic model study was made of the service spillway and associated structures for the proposed Middle Fork

Vermilion River Reservoir near Danville, Illinois. Study

objectives were 1 ) test the preliminary design to identify the features where the hydraulic performance could be im- proved; 2) modify the features and test in the model; and

3) make recommendations for hydraulic design.

(f) Completed.

(g) Final report submitted to sponsor.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, Col- leges of Agriculture and Engineering, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Urbana, 111. 61801. Frank B. Lanham, Department Chairman.

055-08024-820-07 NITROGEN AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY FACTOR-DETERMINING AND MODELING THE VARIOUS

STEPS OF THE N CYCLE

(i>) USDA-CSRS, Illinois; Rockefeller Foundation; Illinois In- stitute for Environmental Quality; U.S.-E.P.A.

(c) Dr. P. N. Walker.

(d) Field and laboratory investigation; basic research.

(e) See WRRC 9, 5.0615.

(g) It has been found that 65 percent of rainfall falling on

concrete feedlots runs off. Although a fertilizer benefit is possible through the effective use of this runoff water, this benefit is not large in terms of total area that can be

adequately fertilized. For example, an 0.8 acre feedlot will

fertilize about 1 1 acres in terms of the nitrogen require- ment of corn. A major part of the nitrogen study was

completed in 1975 with the following conclusions: (1) Livestock or human waste is the primary source of nitrates

in shallow farmstead wells in Southern Illinois. (2) Livestock waste can be controlled by existing systems but

at a relatively high cost. (3) Farm ponds polluted by ru- noff from livestock areas have low nitrate levels when

compared to wells in the same area. Pollutants, including

nitrogen, make pond water difficult to treat economically. Data has been collected for one growing season on the use of vegetative filters as a method to treat feedlot runoff

prior to discharge. Initial observations are encouraging

that this method is feasible, but this must be confirmed by

further evaluation. A study is being conducted to deter- mine the nutrient loss below the root zone of corn under

sprinkler irrigation on a sandy soil. It has been found that manure releases nitrogen at a slower rate than chemical

fertilizer or sludge. It has been found also that well fertil- ized corn removes water and nutrients from a deeper zone

in the soil than corn grown with a low fertility. 43
(h) Denitrification in Laboratory Sand Columns, L. A. Davenport, W. D. Lembke, B. A. Jones, Jr., Trans. ASAE 18:1,

pp. 95-99, 105 (1975). Planning Irrigation and Drainage Systems Using Retention and Extraction Limits, M. D. Campbell, W. D. Lembke,

Trans. ASAE 18:3, pp. 514-517 (1975). Pond Water Quality in a Claypan Sod, E. C. Dickey, J. K.

Mitchell, Trans. ASAE 18:1, pp. 106-1 10 ( 1975). How Manure Applications Affect Erosion and Runoff, R. W. Gunther, W. D. Lembke, J. K. Mitchell, ///. Res. 17:4, pp. 11-12 (1975).

Nutrient Losses from Livestock Waste During Storage, Treatment and Handling, D. H. Vanderholm, Proc. 3d Intl. Symp. on Livestock Wastes, ASAE PROC-275, pp. 282-285

(1975) . Dixon Springs Pond Water Quality Studies Summary, C. D.

Baker, W. D. Lembke, L. E. Arnold, ///. Agr. Exp. Sta. Update 76, pp. 1-8 (1976).

Feedlot Runoff Control Research Program-Final Report,

III. Inst, for Environmental Quality Document No. 76/08, (1976) . Performance of Livestock Feedlot Runoff Control Systems,

E. C. Dickey, D. H. Vanderholm, ///. Res. 18:1, pp. 10-11 (1976). Control of Runoff from Uncovered Swine Confinement

Facilities, D. H. Vanderholm, E. C. Dickey, Proc. Intl. Pig

Veterinary Soc. Cong., Ames, Iowa, (1976). 055-08681-810-07 RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN IL- LINOIS.

(b) U.S. Department of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. J. Kent Mitchell,

(e) See WRRC 9, 2.0497.

(g) The 1974 rainfall-runoff data showed considerable periods of above normal rainfall and runoff. The total rainfall for 1974 was 47.40 inches which was approximately 10 per- cent higher than the 43.59 inches recorded at the Urbana

station and 10.10 inches greater than the long-term average collected at the watersheds. Most of the above

normal rainfall occurred in May (8.10 inches), June (8.55

inches) and August (6.56 inches). May rainfall events were not exceptional but there were 16 days with rainfall. There were 1 5 days of rainfall in June with only one large event of 4.71 inches. August rainfall was in three events of

1.60, 3.43, and 0.74 inches. Runoff events were also quite numerous and exceptionally high for these stations with

6.39 inches of runoff recorded from Watershed Al. The

greatest runoff amounts occurred in June with 3.60 inches

recorded, all occurring from June 21 to June 23. The max- imum runoff rate for this storm was 7 cfs (.87 iph). There was rainfall of 4.71 inches during that period with two

rainfall events totalling 1.52 inches in the 7 days prior to the June 21-23 event. The watershed was entirely fallow during this period. The history, literature, data collection methods, watershed characteristics, and the rainfall and

runoff data is being summarized for 25 years of operation. 055-08682-820-00 HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC MODELS OF COMPONENTS OF SOIL AND WATER CONTROL SYSTEMS

(c) Dr. W. D. Lembke.

(e) See WRRC 9, 2.0498.

(g) At 79 farm installations in Illinois, the deflection of corru- gated plastic tubing was measured after the tubing had been installed for a minimum of 18 months. Commercial

tubing sizes varied in diameter from 127 mm (5 to 8 in.). The amount of deflection that occurred was related to pipe stiffness; groove angle; soil type; duration; cover; trench width; stretch; and installation technique. A field study was initiated with the cooperation of Agricultural

Engineering and Agronomy Departments during the growing season of 1976 to compare sprinkler irrigation, surface

irrigation and no irrigation of corn on a claypan soil using

two replications. Yield averages were 139, 152 and 36

bushels per acre, respectively. It was evident that with the water stress on corn plants that occurred during 1976, ir- rigation could be a profitable venture depending on the water supply cost.

(/?) Micro-Relief Surface Depression Storage: Analysis of Models to Describe the Depth Storage Function, J. K.

Mitchell, B. A. Jones, Jr., Water Reso. Bui. 12:6, pp. 1205- 1222 (1976).

Deflectometer Profiles Drain Tubing, P. N. Walker, C. J. W. Drablos, Agricultural Engrg. 57:6, pp. 44-45 (1976).

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Hydrosystems Laboratory, De- partment of Civil Engineering, Urbana, 111. 61801.

Professor V. T. Chow.

056-07339-810-33 STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS

(b) Office of Water Resources Research.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Develop a practical procedure by which the stochastic behavior of a hydrologic system can be adequately simulated. In the study a watershed is treated as the stochastic hydrologic system whose components are simulated by

time series models. Emphasis is given to application of the procedure to the planning of rural and urban watersheds

in Illinois. (h) Analysis of Residual Hydrologic Stochastic Processes, S. J. Kareliotis, V. T. Chow, J. Hydrology 15, 2, Feb. 1972, pp. 113-130. Theory of Stochastic Modeling of Watershed Systems, V. T. Chow, T. Prasad, J. Hydrology 15, 4, Apr. 1972, pp. 261-

284.

Analysis of Multiple-Input Stochastic Hydrologic Systems,

Res. Rept. No. 67, Water Resources Center, Univ. III. at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, III., July 1973, 66 pages. A Scheme for Stochastic State Variable Water Resources Systems Optimization, V. T. Chow, D. H. Kim, D. R. Maidment, T. A. Ula, Water Resources Center, Research

Rept. No. 105, Univ. of 111., Urbana-Champaign, Oct. 1975, 102 pages. 056-07340-310-00 EVALUATION OF HYDROLOGIC RISKS

(b) University of Illinois and Kanazawa University.

(c) Professors V. T. Chow, N. Takase.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Hydrologic extremes such as floods and low flows are treated as independent random variables. Accordingly,

probabilistic models are derived for two approaches of adopting hydrologic extremes as design criteria in water

resources project planning. One approach is to use the hydrologic event of a given recurrence interval, and the other is to use the extreme event observed in the record. The models are verified agreeably by the flood data of ten

Illinois rivers. Both models give essentially the same results when the period of design is less than one-tenth of the recurrence interval and the length of record. Also, by the Monte Carlo method, synthetic hydrologic extremes are generated by a time-series model for use in water

resources systems analysis. (h) Design Criteria for Hydrologic Extremes, V. T. Chow, N. Takase, J. Hyd. Div., Proc. ASCE 103, HY4, pp. 425-436,

Apr. 1977. 056-08030-860-00 OPTIMAL OPERATION OF RESERVOIRS

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Operations research techniques are used to optimize the operation of a system of reservoirs. The procedure so developed is used to determine operating policies for exist- 44
ing reservoir systems or for potential system designs in connection with simulation studies. An actual flood control system located in the Upper Wabash River Basin in Indiana is used as an illustrative example.

(h) Multireservoir Optimization Model, J. S. Windsor, V. T. Chow, J. Hydraul. Div., ASCE 98, HY10, Oct. 1972, pp. 1827-1845.

Multireservoir Optimization Model, J. S. Windsor, V. T. Chow, Trans. ASCE 138, 1973, pp. 532-533. On Multipurpose Storage Pumping Schemes, V. T. Chow,

Proc. Intl. Symp. Multipurpose Storage Pumping Schemes,

Centra de Estudios Hidrograficos, Comite Espanol de la IWRA, pp. 19-25, Nov. 1974. 056-08031-800-33 ADVANCED METHODOLOGIES FOR WATER RESOURCES

PLANNING-PHASE II

(b) Office of Water Resources Research.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Refine the new methodologies that have been developed in Phase I of the research program, to develop additional new water resources planning tools, and to perform sensitivity tests for proposed or existing water resources projects by means of the new planning tools so developed in order to examine the system responses due to hydrologic,

economic urban and other factors affecting water

resources problems. The proposed research proceeds in two stages. The first stage is to refine the DDDP technique

for variable width of its corridor and for its conjunctive use with the successive dynamic programming technique in order to achieve maximum efficiency of utilization. The

second stage is devoted to investigate new water resources problems such as water quality control and urban water development, and then to apply the new DDDP and MLOM techniques to these models. During the past two years, mathematical models for evaluating computer time and memory were developed for dynamic programming and discrete differential dynamic

programming in water resources systems analysis. The

models are: Execution time = TaMNriQfnPj, and Memory = 2nQ, + NDnQ, with i= 1,..., S and j= 1.....D; where T„ is the time for unit operation; M, the number of optimization

iterations; N, the number of stages; and Q( and P( , numbers of feasible values that state variable i and decision

variable j, respectively, can take in each iteration or in optimization. Problems of operations of reservoir networks and design of storm sewer systems and aqueducts were

used to verify the models.

(h) Application of DDDP in Water Resources Planning, V. T. Chow, G. Cortes-Rivera, Water Resources Center, UILUWRC-74-0078, Res. Rept. No. 78, Univ. 111. at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, 111., 89 pages, Jan. 1974. Model for Farm Irrigation in Humid Areas, J. S. Windsor,

V. T. Chow. Trans. ASCE 137, 1972, pp. 687-688. Computer Memory Requirements for DP and DDDP in Water Resources Systems Analysis, D. R. Maidment, V. T. Chow, G. W. Tauxe, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 55,

4, p. 249, Apr. 1974. Computer Time Requirements for DP and DDDP in Water

Resources Systems Analysis, V. T. Chow, D. R. Maidment,

G. W. Tauxe, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 55, 4, p. 249, Apr. 1974. Water Resources Systems Planning, V. T. Chow, Proc. Modern Engrg. and Technology Seminar 8,c Water

Resources Session, Chinese Institute of Engineers, 1974. Computer Time and Memory Requirements for DP and

DDDP in Water Resources Systems Analysis, V. T. Chow,

D. R. Maidment, G. W. Tauxe, Water Resources Research

11, 5, pp. 621-628, Oct. 1975. 056-08032-8 10-00 MODELING OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A lumped, deterministic, nonlinear mathematical model

proposed for the simulation of hydrologic systems is developed from expansion of a general storage function of

input and output in Taylor's series about a steady state. The model recommended for practical application is based on the system model in the form of a third-order dif- ferential equation, the coefficients of which are considered

as functions of the peak discharge of direct runoff. In the

analysis of the model, watershed is taken as the hydrologic

system. Nine watersheds with more than 70 major and minor storms were used in the analysis and verification of

the recommended model. The results indicate a very

satisfactory simulation of watershed hydrologic systems by

. the model.

(h) Hydrologic Modeling-The Seventh John R. Freeman

Memorial Lecture, Proc. Boston Soc. of Civil Engrg. 60, 5, Jan. 1972, pp. 1-27. Discussion on General Hydrologic System Model, V. T. Chow, V. C. Kulandaiswamy, J. Hydraul. Div., ASCE 98, HY10, Oct. 1972, pp. 1873-1874. General Hydrologic System Model, V. T. Chow, V. C. Kulandaiswamy, Trans. ASCE 137, 1972, p. 704. An Introduction to Systems Analysis of Hydrological

Problems, V. T. Chow, Proc. 2nd. Intl. Sem. for Hydrology

Professors, Aug. 2-14, 1970, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State Univ. 1973, pp. 15-41. Systems Analysis for Hydrologic Input to Water Resources Management, Proc. Symp. System Analysis Applied to Water

Resources Development, Mar del Plata, Argentina, Argentina Society of Water Resources System, Intl. Water

Resources Assoc., Intl. Federation for Automatic Control, CONFAGUA/C^fl9, Mar. 1977, 14 pages. 056-08709-310-33 FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT EXPANSION MODELING

(b) Office of Water Resources Research.

(d) Applied research.

(e) A mathematical model is developed for a flood control project planning process which considers the combined

use of structural and nonstructural alternatives for flood damage reduction. The model is solved by parametric

linear programming and discrete differential dynamic pro- gramming. It is then applied to an actual project on the Embarras River, Illinois, proposed by the U.S. Corps of

Engineers. 056-08710-810-36 METHODS FOR DETERMINING URBAN STORM RUNOFF

(b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) Professors V. T. Chow and B. C. Yen.

(e) An investigation has been made to develop a method of depth-duration-frequency analysis for rainfall events having short return period; develop a new high-accuracy urban stormwater runoff determination method; and compare and evaluate the following eight selected urban storm

runoff prediction methods: the rational method, unit hydrograph method, Chicago hydrograph method, British Transport and Road Research Laboratory method, University of Cincinnati Urban Runoff method, Dorsch method,

EPA Storm Water Management Model, and Illinois Storm Runoff method. The comparison and evaluation was done

by using four recorded hyetographs for the Oakdale Avenue drainage basin in Chicago to produce the pre- dicted hydrographs by the methods; the results were compared with recorded hydrographs.

(h) Urban Stormwater Runoff: Determination of Volumes and

Flowrates, V. T. Chow, B. C. Yen, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Develop- ment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/2-

76-1 16, Environmental Protection Technology Series, May

1976, 239 pages. Prediction Model for Urban Storm Runoff, A. O. Akan, B. C. Yen, V. T. Chow, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 57,

4, p. 247, Apr. 1976. 45
Prediction of Urban Storm Runoff, B. C. Yen, A. O. Akan,

V. T. Chow, A. S. Sevuk, in Utility of Urban Runoff

Modeling, ASCE Urban Water Resources Research Program,

Tech. Memo. No. 31, pp. 108-1 17, July 1976. 056-08711-810-54 HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING OF FLOOD FLOWS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professors V. T. Chow and B. C. Yen.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Develop an improved advanced mathematical simulation model for analyses of flood flows. The most appropriate forms of the St. Venant equations and their various levels of approximations for flood routing in streams as well as on watershed surfaces have been investigated. These partial differential equations have been solved numerically

using a four-point implicit scheme. The model will be

further tested and the results will be useful in many engineering and environmental problems related to flood

flows. (h) A Laboratory Watershed Experimentation System, V. T. Chow, B. C. Yen, Civil Engrg. Studies, Hydraulic Engrg.

Ser. No. 27, Univ. 111., Aug. 1974, 200 pages. The Evaluation of a Hydrodynamic Watershed Model (IHW

Model IV), C. H. Hsie, V. T. Chow, B. C. Yen, Civil Engrg. Studies, Hydraulic Engrg. Series No. 28, Univ. 111., Aug. 1974, 143 pages. Experimental Investigation of Watershed Surface Runoff, Y. Y. Shen, B. C. Yen, V. T. Chow, Civil Engrg. Studies, Hydraulic Engrg. Series No. 29, Univ. 111., Sept. 1974, 197

pages.. Time Concentration for a Watershed, Y. Y. Shen, V. T. Chow, B. C. Yen, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 54, 11, p. 1087, 1973. Laboratory Study of Effect of A real Distribution of Rainfall on Surface Runoff, V. T. Chow, Y. Y. Shen, B. C. Yen, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 54, 11, p. 1083, 1973. Formulation of Mathematical Watershed-Flow Model, C. L. Chen, V. T. Chow, Trans. ASCE 137, pp. 267-268, 1972. The Illinois Hydrodynamic Watershed Model III (IHW

Model II), V. T. Chow, A Ben-Zvi, Civil Engrg. Studies, Hydraulic Engrg. Ser. No. 26, Univ. 111., Sept. 1973, 47

pages. Hydrodynamic Modeling of Two-Dimensional Watershed

Flow, J. Hydraul. Div., ASCE 99, HY11, pp. 2023-2040, Nov. 1973. A Constant Discharge Siphon for Flow Measurement and

Control, B. C. Yen, V. T. Chow, Proc. Koblenz Symp. 1, W. Germany, UNESCO-WMO-IASH, pp. 444-452, 1973. Role of WES in the Development of Hydrodynamic

Watershed Models, V. T. Chow, Intl. Assoc. of Hydrological Sciences, 1AHS-AISH Publication No. 101, pp. 775-

783, 1974. 056-10092-810-47 FEASIBILITY STUDY ON RESEARCH OF LOCAL DESIGN

STORMS

(b) U.S. Federal Highway Administration.

(c) Professors V. T. Chow and B. C. Yen.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) Investigate the feasibility of a comprehensive study on na- tion-wide determination of the local design rainstorm hyetographs for urban highway storm drainage facilities. Conditional probabilities will be used in the analyses. 056-10093-810-36 STORM RUNOFF IN STEEP URBAN AREAS

(b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) Professors V. T. Chow and B. C. Yen.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) In the previous part of this project a new computer based urban storm runoff quantity and quality determination

method was developed and this method was compared

with seven other methods (rational, unit hydrograph,

Chicago hydrograph, British TRRL, Univ. of Cincinnati, Dorsch Hydrograph Volume, and EPA Storm Water Management Model). In this part of the research efforts are concentrated on storm runoff in steep urban areas. Reasons for the failure or inaccuracy of the existing methods to predict storm runoff on steep slopes are in- vestigated and alternative method is suggested. 056-10094-810-33 DECISION ANALYSIS FOR THE DESIGN OF WATER

RESOURCES SYSTEMS UNDER HYDROLOGIC UNCERTAINTY

(b) Office of Water Resources Research.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) This study deals with the analysis of the uncertainty in hydrologic time series which consist of model uncertainty and parameter uncertainty, and the development of a procedure which explicitly accounts for the parameter uncertainty in the decision analysis for the design of water

resources systems. Various models proposed for stream- flow simulation are reviewed, including Markov models and

the fractional Gaussian noise process for streamflow modeling. A new model, a second-order autoregressive

model with a data-based transformation, is developed. Estimation of and inferences about the model parameters

are made by employing both the maximum likelihood method and the Bayesian approach. A design example in- dicates that the decision procedure which ignores the parameter uncertainty could lead to suboptimal design. 056-10095-300-33 MONTHLY STREAMFLOW GENERATION WITH EMPHASIS ON PARAMETER UNCERTAINTIES

(b) Office of Water Resources Technology.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) This study considers a realistic approach to generate streamflows that will recognize and account for the sampling errors inherent in the estimates of model parameters. Two verions of a linear model of generation are considered. One is the conventional case in which errors are assumed to be uncorrected; the other is a more general case in which errors are assumed to be generated by a sta- tionary Markov process. The two cases are compared

through an application in order to access any significant changes in the generated streamflows. In the study, the al- gorithms for the two cases are developed for generation of monthly streamflow sequences. Such generated streamflows are useful as input to the planning and design of water resources systems. 056-10096-810-00 HYDROLOGIC MODELING FOR URBAN DRAINAGE

DESIGN

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) This study involves the development of a hydrologic

model, which may be deterministic or stochastic, lumped

or distributed, for practical use in urban drainage design. Various hydrologic models that are now available for such purposes have been reviwed. It was found that a state vari- able model coupled with stochastic input may be developed with great flexibility for the urban drainage

situation. 056-10097-800-33 OPTIMIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS

(b) Office of Water Resources Technology.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) The physical dynamics of both the controllable and uncontrollable parts of a water resource system are formulated

using the state variable approach. The model so formulated can be used by itself for the simulation of the behavior of the system. As such, the state variable ap- 46
proach represents a generalized framework within which

many different kinds of existing system models may be ex- pressed and combined. This model is then used within optimizational procedures so that the optimal policy for the

controllable part of the system may be found. A

methodology is developed in which a stochastic state vari- able model of the system may be incorporated within a

stochastic dynamic programming procedure to find the optimal closed loop policy for the operation of the system.

(h) A New Approach to Urban Water Resources Systems Optimization, D. R. Maidment, V. T. Chow, in The Environ- ment of Human Settlements, Human Well-Being in Cities 1 , Proc. Conf. held in Brussels, Belgium, Pergamon Press, pp. 249-259, Apr. 1976. 056-10098-310-61 FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT THROUGH OPTIMAL AL- LOCATION OF LAND USES

(b) University of Illinois, Water Resources Center.

(c) Professors L. D. Hopkins, E. D. Brill, Jr., J. C. Liebman,

H. G. Wenzel.

(e) Develop means for identifying and achieving more nearly

optimal patterns of land use with respect to flooding. The

immediate objective is to formulate a land allocation model involving economic theories of externalities and

land-use. The Hickory Creek watershed in northeastern Il- linois will serve as a study area for the development of an

initial model. A hydrologic simulation model will be developed for the purpose of assessing flood damages as a function of land use. This will be incorporated in a land- use optimization model based on dynamic programming. 056-10099-300-00 TRANSPORT OF EFFLUENTS IN RIVERS

(c) Professor E. R. Holley.

(e) Evaluation of potential effects of an effluent discharged

into a river includes analyzing the effluent transport in the

river. Similar analyses are needed for the effects of ac- cidental spills of hazardous substances. Depending on the type of effluent or spill, the necessary predictions can in- volve analysis of transverse and/or longitudinal mixing, both of which are being studied analytically. For trans- verse mixing, the diffusion equation will be solved taking

into account both natural changes in width, depth, and

transverse diffusion coefficient for the river and the

distance between tributary streams. For longitudinal mixing, the natural stream geomtry, including the irregularities

in boundary geometry, will be included in a reevaluation of the initial-convective period duration and the longitu- dinal dispersion coefficient. Results will be comapred with

available data.

(/?) Stratified Flow in Great Salt Lake Culvert, E. R. Holley,

Inst. Eng. Australia, Qld. Div. 6, 4, pp. 1-16, 1975. 056-10100-050-00 ENTRAINMENT OF TURBULENT JETS DISCHARGED

INTO FLOWING AMBIENT FLUIDS

(c) Professor W. H. C. Maxwell.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) Develop techniques for evaluation of entrainment coeffi- cients when there is a horizontal surface discharge of heated water from a rectangular open channel into a flowing river. Entrainment is assumed proportional to the vector difference between the centerline jet velocity and the free-stream velocity. A set of first-order, nonlinear, ordinary differential equations is developed, together with a numerical scheme for solving these equations. Empirical

coefficients are determined using available data. 056-10101-050-00 SUBMERGED JETS

(c) Professor W. H. C. Maxwell.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Sewage and thermal wastes are commonly disposed into

rivers, lakes, and oceans. A single outfall submerged at some depth below the surface of the receiving water is a popular disposal technique. Prediction of the resulting dilutions and the extent of the affected area is of primary

importance for design and operation of such disposal schemes. This purpose can be achieved by deriving a mathematical model based on the conservation of the jet mass and momentum fluxes. In a stagnant homogeneous

ambient fluid, the conservation considerations, when coupled with a suitable entrainment function, yield a system

of six simultaneous differential equations. Such a system may be solved numerically for the range of prototype initial and boundary conditions. The solutions are compared

with the available experimental data to verify the model

performance. 056-10102-290-00 BUBBLE SCREENS

(c) Professor W. H. C. Maxwell.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Air bubbles have long been used as pneumatic breakwaters, as ice deterrents in waterways, to control density currents and shoaling in estuaries, and to prevent stratifi- cation and promote mixing in lakes and reservoirs. Nevertheless, little is known about the design principles for these applications although field data are available for specific developments. A mathematical model is being

developed to describe the flow field induced by a single nozzle discharging air into a stagnant body of water, taking

into account bubble compressibility. Solutions are sought

numerically to obtain the induced flow field for a practical range of submergences and air flows. 056-10103-870-00 DIFFUSER OUTLETS

(c) Professor W. H. C. Maxwell.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Compare different numerical models for diffusers and outlets and their predictions of the mixing of the effluent with

the ambient fluid with available field and experimental

data. Various techniques for increasing the mixing are being considered, together with methods of adapting the

available mathematical models to incorporate these techniques. 056-10104-870-33 CONTROL OF MIXING AT HEATED WATER OUTLETS

Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Professor W. H. C. Maxwell.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) A shallow submerged horizontal water discharge deflects toward the free surface. For a heated discharge the flow

pattern is complicated by buoyancy effects. Wing-walls

limiting lateral entrainment result in a roller vortex over

the discharge outlet. Its effect is so overwhelming as to mask any effect of density difference. By regulating flow over the wing-wall crests the flow pattern may be controlled. This investigation provides laboratory data includ- ing velocity and temperature traverses showing how flow over the wing-walls and variations in the length of the wing-walls affect the flow pattern. 056-10105-060-33 MECHANICS OF HEATED SURFACE DISCHARGES TO

RIVERS-PHASE II

(£>) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Professors E. R. Holley and W. H. C. Maxwell.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Thermal power plants frequently discharge their waste

heat to natural water bodies as heated water. In this connection, this research is conducting analytical and experi- mental studies of both surface and submerged heated

discharge. For the surface discharges, a three-dimensional 47
analytical representation has been developed to account

for strong ambient currents, jet curvature, unequal lateral entrainment on the sides of the jet, and asymmetry of the

velocity and temperature profiles. Laboratory experiments

are being conducted to check the analytical model. Also,

the effects of a vertical cross-flow induced by an air bubble screen are being studied experimentally for a sub- merged discharge. A preliminary mathematical model has been developed and will be refined using data obtained on

velocity and temperature profiles. (h) Study of Stratified Overflows and Underflows, W. H. C. Maxwell, E. R. Holley, C. Y. Lin, S. Tekeli, Res. Rept. No.

98, Univ. of 111. Water Resources Center, 1975. 056-10106-810-33 RISK-BASED HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC DESIGN

(£>) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Professors B. C. Hen and W. H. C. Tang.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) The major purpose of this research is to develop a new

method for hydraulic and hydrologic design of engineering

projects avoiding the conventionally used and arbitrarily chosen return period and safety factor. The new method is based on conditional probability theory considering vari- ous uncertainties in an engineering project, including uncertainties on rainfall, runoff, and other hydrologic

aspects, on formula reliability, channel, or pipe roughness and other hydraulic factors, on structural variables, and on

material and construction reliabilities. The method has been applied successfully to storm sewer design. (h) Risk-Based Design of Storm Sewers, B. C. Yen, Rept. Hydraulic Research Station, Wallingford, England, 1975. 056-10107-870-00 HYDRAULICS OF STORM SEWERS

(c) Professor B. C. Yen.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) This research covers a broad scope consisting of many

aspects of hydraulics related to design and operation of storm sewers. Reliabilities of various routing methods for the unsteady flow in a single sewer as well as sewer net- works are investigated, with particular emphasis on the ef- fect of the junctions. The influence of on-line retention, surcharge, and roughness factors are all considered. The

results are particularly useful for improvement of sewer

designs.

(/i) Design of Sewer Networks, B. C. Yen, A. S. Sevuk, J. Environ. Eng. Div., Proc. ASCE 101, EE4, pp. 535-553, Apr.

1975. 056-10108-870-33 ADVANCE METHODOLOGIES FOR DESIGN OF STORM

SEWER SYSTEMS

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Professors B. C. Yen, H. G. Wenzel and W. H. C. Tang.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) Develop an improved methodology for design strategies and procedure for storm sewer systems on the basis of an

integrated consideration of hydraulics, risk analysis, cost- damage-benefit relationships, optimization, and system

analysis. The developed method provides a rational means

for the determination of the size and slope of sewer pipes on the basis of minimum total cost for the entire sewer

system. A discrete differential dynamic programming

technique is used in the optimization. The model also has

several simpler versions, each suitable for certain special conditions. (h) Worth of Data for Optimal Design of Storm Sewers, L. W.

Mays, B. C. Yen, W. H. Tang, Proc. 16th Congr. Intl. Assoc. for Hydraulic Res. 4, pp. 34-42, 1975. 056-10109-870-33 RISK-BASED METHODOLOGY FOR COST-EFFECTIVE

DESIGN OF STORM SEWER SYSTEMS-PHASE II

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Professors H. G. Wenzel, B. C. Yen and W. H. C. Tang.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) The initial work of this project was concerned with the development of a storm sewer design computer model in which decisions on pipe sizes and elevation were made for a specific layout on the basis of minimum expected costs. This study extends this work in several areas. Current ef- forts are to incorporate a hydrologic model to determine

inflow hydrographs. Also, refinements in the risk model,

i.e., the procedure for including uncertainties, as well as an improved method of including damage costs in the design are being investigated. (h) Optimal Cost Design of Branched Sewer Systems, L. W.

Mays, B. C. Yen, Water Resources Research 11, 1, pp. 37- 47, Jan. 1975. 056-10110-200-00 FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF THE FORMULATION OF

OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW EQUATIONS

(b) University of Illinois; University of Karlsruhe.

(c) Professor B. C. Yen.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Equations of continuity, momentum, and energy for a

point are integrated over a cross section to formulate the

unified one-dimensional equations for spatially varied, unsteady, turbulent flow of homogeneous or nonhomogeneous fluid in open channels of arbitrary cross-sectional shape and alignment. Both natural coordinate systems and

gravity-oriented coordinate systems are considered. Simplified equations for special cases are derived, and assumptions of commonly used open-channel flow equations are examined. Backwater Surface Profile Computer Program, A. K.

Rostogi, W. Rodi, B. C. Yen, Sonderforschungesbereich 80,

Publ. No. SFB/80/T/48, Univ. of Karlsruhe, W. Germany,

1975. Further Study on Open-Channel Flow Equations, B. C. Yen, Sonderforschungesbereich 80, Publ. No. SFB/80/T149,

Univ. of Karlsruhe, W. Germany, 1975. Open Channel Roughness-A Review of Manning's

Roughness Factor, B. C. Yen, Sonderforschungesbereich 80,

Publ. No. SFBI80/TI57, Univ. of Karlsruhe, W. Germany,

1975.

Spiral Motion and Erosion in Meanders, B. C. Yen, Proc. 16th Congr. Intl. Assoc. for Hydraulic Res. 2, pp. 338-346,

1975.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics

Laboratory, Department of Theoretical and Applied

Mechanics, Urbana, 111. 61801. Professor R. T. Shield,

Department Head. Professor J. M. Robertson, Area

Coordinator for Fluids. 057-04143-270-60 APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF FLUID MECHANICS

TO ANALYSES OF PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE

CEREBRAL CIRCULATION

(b) Illinois Department of Mental Health.

(c) Professor M. E. Clark, Talbot Laboratory.

(d) Computational, applied research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Project concerns fluid mechanic aspects of blood circula- tion in the brain and with factors which control this circulation in the brain and both for normal and diseased states. One-dimensional timewise development of flow and pres- sure are calculated on finite difference basis using im- proved dissipation terms and viscoelastic vessel wall. 057-05778-030-00 BODY FLOWS AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS

(c) Professor J. M. Robertson, Talbot Laboratory.

(d) Basic analytical and experimental research. 48
(e) Except for flat plate, analytical flow and drag relations are

available only in the creeping motion and boundary layer regimes. Experimental data is available only for a few

other bodies in the intermediate (Navier-Stokes) range. Objective of study is to help fill this gap.

(f) Suspended. 057-07351-010-00 TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW ON FLAT PLATE

(c) Professor J. M. Robertson, Talbot Laboratory.

(d) Basic research; experimental and review of literature. (e) Refurbishing of theory for layer,_ assessment of transition occurrences in terms of leading edge, stream turbulence

level and roughness or trips; a second phase concerns ef- fect of high stream turbulence level on a turbulent layer. Current work concerns leading edge study-effect of nose

curvature on laminar transition vs separation occurrences and virtual origin of turbulent layer. 057-07352-120-00 FORCES ON BODIES IN NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

(c) Professor J. M. Robertson, Talbot Laboratory.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Nature of body-force relations (particularly drag) for bodies in relative motion with fluids such as Bingham

plastics. Experiments have been carried out with clay- water mixtures (and on their viscometry) and are planned

for other fluids. Analytical work on extending theoretical formulations.

(/) Suspended.

(g) Numerical solution for viscoplastic laminar boundary layer on flat plate gives drag results close to experimental ones.

{h) Forces on Bodies in Bingham Fluids, H. Pazwash, J. M.

Robertson, J. Hydraul. Res. 13, pp. 35-55, 1975. Couette Viscometry of Clay-Water Mixtures as Bingham

Fluids, H. Pazwash, J. M. Robertson, Iranian J. Science and Technology 4, pp. 107-14, 1976. 057-07353-630-70 NOISE PRODUCTION IN FLUID-POWER SYSTEMS

(b) Sundstrand Aviation.

(c) Professor J. M. Robertson, Talbot Laboratory.

(d) Basic research, analytical in nature with experiments

planned.

(e) The manner of noise generation by pressure transients in the cylinders of positive-displacement pumps is being stu- died via analysis and analog experiments (water table) of wave motions.

(/) Discontinued. 057-07355-000-88 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF LAMINAR OSCILLATORY NA- VIER-STOKES FLOWS PAST TWO-DIMENSIONAL AND

AXISYMMETRIC CONDUIT NON-UNIFORMITIES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor M. E. Clark, Talbot Laboratory.

(d) Theoretical and experimental research.

(e) Fluid dynamic occurrences in simple conduits for flows through various types of geometric barriers are being

theoretically and experimentally correlated for comparison

with hemodynamic occurrences in similar physiological

situations. This research attempts to develop the analysis

by finite difference solution of the appropriate Navier- Stokes equations for pressure, shear and vorticity. A trans- form is being exploited to treat irregular fixed and moving

walls. Bends, bifurcations and valves are being modeled

two-dimensionally.

(g) The simple transform has been found to be extremely useful and general in a myriad of applications. (h) Development and Demise of Secondary Flows in Unsteady

Disturbed Flow, L. C. Chang, M. E. Clark, Proc. 28th Ann.

Conf. on Eng. in Med. and Biol. 17, 275, 1975.

Analytical Approximation of Pulsatile Flow in Wavy Conduits, L. C. Cheng, M. E. Clark, Proc. Canadian Conf. on

Appl. Mech., pp. 621-622, 1975.

Effect of Channel Constriction on Oscillatory Flow in Plane Wavy Conduits, L. C. Cheng, M. E. Clark, W. C. Peng,

Proc. ASME 1975 Biomech. Symp. AMD 10, pp. 31-34,

1975. Numerical Analysis of Unsteady Viscous Flow in Nonuniform Channels, M. E. Clark, J. M. Robertson, L. C. Cheng, Proc. 29th Ann. Conf. on Eng. in Med. and Biol. 18, 334, 1976. Viscous Flow Around a Cylinder in a Plane Conduit, L. C. Cheng, M. E. Clark, J. M. Robertson, Developments in Mechanics 8, Univ. of Illinois at Chicago Circle, pp. 215-

217, 1977. 057-08034-110-54 LIQUID-METAL CHANNEL FLOWS WITH STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor J. S. Walker, Talbot Laboratory.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Project involves a large number of separate but closely re- lated studies of three-dimensional liquid-metal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows in the presence of strong applied magnetic fields. An extensive study of flows through rectangular and circular expansions and contractions has recently been completed. Currently active studies of liquid-metal MHD flows include periodic and solitary compressive waves, variable-depth open-channel flow, ef- fects of temperature-dependent physical properties, duct

flows in non-uniform fields and analysis of low-frequency

rectangular A.C. induction pumps.

(h) Uniform Open Channel Liquid Metal Flows with Transverse Magnetic Fields, J. S. Walker, Dev. in Meek, Proc.

1 4th Midwestern Mech. Conf. 8, pp. 421-436, 1975. Entry Lengths for Circular and Rectangular Ducts in Strong Magnetic Fields, J. S. Walker, G. S. S. Ludford,

Magnitnaya Gidrodinamika (in Russian) 1, pp. 75-78, 1975. MHD Flow in Circular Expansions with Thin Conducting

Walls, J. S. Walker, G. S. Ludford, Int. J. Eng. Sci. 13, pp. 261-269, 1975. Open Channel MHD Flows, J. S. Walker, MHD Flows and

Turbulence, ed. H. Branover. New York: Wiley, pp. 41-8. Compression Waves in MHD Duct Flows, J. S. Walker,

MHD Flows and Turbulence, ed. H. Branover. New York:

Wiley, pp. 33-9. On Establishing Fully Developed Duct Flow in Strong Magnetic Fields, J. S. Walker, G. S. S. Ludford, MHD Flows and Turbulence, ed. H. Branover. New York: Wiley, pp. 7-

15. Periodic Fluid Transients in Rectangular Ducts witn Transverse Magnetic Fields, II, J. S. Walker, Zeitschrift for ange- wandte Matematik and Physik 27, pp. 71-82. Duct Flows in Strong Magnetic Fields, J. S. Walker, G. S. S. Ludford, Recent Advances in Engrg. Science 6, pp. 329-

35. 057-08035-130-00 FLUID CONVEYANCE OF PARTICLES IN VERTICAL

PIPES

(c) Professor J. M. Robertson, Talbot Laboratory.

(d) Basic research; student project.

(/) Discontinued. 057-09036-210-52 WATERHAMMER WAVES IN CURVED PIPES

(b) Argonne National Laboratory.

(c) Professor J. W. Phillips, Talbot Laboratory.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

49
(e) Study treats the effects of tube curvature on waterhammer

waves propagating along helical tubes or through tube

bends. The results will be applied to disaster predictions

for liquid-metal fast breeder reactors.

(g) Improvement on usual waterhammer approach has been

developed.

(h) Pulse Propagation in Fluid-Filled Tubes, J. S. Walker, J. W. Phillips, TAM Rept. No. 404, UIUC (1975).

Perturbation Solutions for Steady One-Dimensional Water- hammer Waves, J. S. Walker, J. Fluids Engrg. 97, pp. 260-

262, 1975. 057-09037-110-00 FERROHYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARY LAYERS

(c) Professor J. D. Buckmaster, Talbot Laboratory.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Study treats boundary layers on bodies moving through

ferroliquids in the presence of magnetic fields. Ferroliquids

promise to play a major role in fluidic control devices and

in high-speed printers using jets of ferroliquid ink controlled by magnetic fields. A good understanding of boundary layers in ferroliquids will be needed to make design

predictions for these devices. 057-09038-000-54 STEADY FLOW THROUGH ROTATING VARIABLE-AREA

DUCTS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor J. S. Walker, Talbot Laboratory.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Study treats liquid flows in expansions and contractions

rotating about axes perpendicular to their centerlines. The

results will relate directly to flows inside the impellers of

hydraulic turbines and centrifugal pumps and indirectly to the effects of bottom topology on ocean currents.

(h) Steady Flow in Rapidly Rotating Variable-Area Rectangular Ducts, J. Fluid Mech. 69, pp. 209-227, 1975. 057-09039-030-54 LARGE AMPLITUDE MOTION OF SELF-PROPELLING

FILAMENTS

(b) National Science Foundation, Ford Foundation.

(c) Professor T. J. Lardner, Talbot Laboratory.

(e) An analysis of the hydrodynamics of filaments moving with

finite amplitude sinusoidal motions has been completed.

Expressions for various important physical quantities, such

as propulsive velocity, normal and tangential drag coefficients, and power dissipation were obtained. The results can be used for a simplified analysis for filaments of nonzero thickness undergoing large amplitude motions.

(h) Large Amplitude Motion of Self-Propelling Slender Fila- ments at Low Reynolds Numbers, T. J. Lardner, J. Shen, P. Tarn, W. Shack, J. Biomech. 8, pp. 229-236, 1975. 057-09040-030-80 APPLICABILITY OF HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSES OF

SPERMATOZOAN MOTION

(b) Ford Foundation, National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor T. J. Lardner, Talbot Laboratory.

(e) An investigation of the applicability of a simplified

hydrodynamic analysis to the quantitative description of

the motion of both sea urchin and mammalian sperm has been completed. A comparison of experimentally measured and theoretically predicted motions was made to check the validity of the analysis. The results for the sea urchin sperm showed good agreement, while the results for mammalian sperm showed poor agreement.

(h) A Long Wave Length Approximation to Spermatozoan

Swimming in a Channel, T. J. Lardner, W. Shack, Bull. Math. Biology 36, pp. 435-442, 1974. The Swimming of Spermatozoa in An Active Channel, T. J. Lardner, R. Smelser, W. Shack, Bull. Math. Biology 7, pp. 349-355, 1974.

057-09041-020-54 STATISTICAL THEORY OF TURBULENCE

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Ronald J. Adrian, Talbot Laboratory.

(d) Theoretical.

(<?) A model equation for the probability density of temperature and velocity has been used in the investigation of

various turbulent flows with buoyancy, including

homogeneous stratified shear flows with arbitrary Richard- son number, inhomogeneous Rayleigh convection and in- homogeneous Richardson numbers. In the last case it is found that the empirical power laws for local free convection are similarity solutions of the p.d.f. equation. 057-09042-020-54 TURBULENT FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Ronald J. Adrian, Talbot Laboratory.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Unsteady turbulent free convection over large horizontal surfaces is an important phenomenon in the planetary

boundary layer that is being studied experimentally on the laboratory scale. Fluctuating velocities and temperatures

are measured using a two component laser—Doppler

velocimeter and very small temperature sensors which are scanned through the fluid to obtain the terms appearing in the balance equations for mean turbulent kinetic energy and heat flux and the application of conditional averaging

techniques in order to better define quasi deterministic structures within the flow. Current higher order closure models are modified to include buoyancy effects for homogeneous and inhomogeneous boundary-layer type

flows. (h) Turbulent Convection in Water Over Ice, R. J. Adrian, J. Fluid Mech. 69, pp. 753-781, 1975. 057-09043-700-54 EFFECTS OF SNR ON THE FREQUENCY DEMODULATIONS OF LDV SIGNALS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Ronald J. Adrian, Talbot Laboratory, Professor

J. H. Whitelaw, Imperial College, Mr. J. C. Humphrey, Imperial College.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The laser-Doppler velocimeter is becoming an increasingly more important tool in hydraulics research. In general, the measured frequency of a laser-Doppler velocimeter signal that contains noise is not equal to the frequency of the pure Doppler signal. The relationship between measured and true frequency is being investigated theoretically for the limiting cases of very small and very large scattering

particle concentrations.

(h) Frequency Measurement Errors Due to Noise in LDV

Signals, R. J. Adrian, J. A. C. Humphrey, J. H. Whitelaw,

in The Accuracy of Flow Measurements by Laser Doppler

Techniques, ed. Buchhave, Delhage, Durst, George, Ref- slund and Whitelaw. Copenhagen: Tech. Univ. Denmark,

pp. 287-311, 1976. 057-09044-700-54 TWO-DIMENSIONAL BI-POLAR LASER DOPPLER

VELOCIMETER

(c) Professor Ronald J. Adrian.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A laser-Doppler velocimeter is being developed for the measurement of local, instantaneous fluid velocities in the range of 0.01 cm sec

-1

. The instrument utilizes an equilateral three-beam configuration in which two of the beams are frequency shifted by an acousto-optic modulator. This arrangement permits measurement of two

orthogonal velocity components, and their signs in regions

close to a flow boundary. In particular, measurements of

the normal component in wall turbulence are possible. (h) Two Component Laser-Doppler Velocimeter, R. J. Adrian,

J. Phys. E. 8, pp. 723-726, 1975. 50
057-09045-700-54 ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING THEORY OF LASERDOPPLER VELOCIMETERS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Ronald J. Adrian.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) In the measurement of both liquid and gas velocities, the performance of an LDV can be substantially up-graded by

suitable choices of scattering particles and light receiving

apertures. In this study the strength and quality of an LDV

signal obtained from a single scattering particle depend

strongly on the particle's scattering properties and on the

size and shape of the light collecting aperture. Using the Mie scattering theory, an analysis of these effects is being

performed which predicts the magnitude, phase and

polarizing of the Doppler and pedestal components of an LDV signal in terms of the illuminating beam geometry,

the particle properties, and the receiving aperture. Systems

having either two or three illuminating beams with arbitrary polarization are considered.

(/;) Evaluation of LDV Performance Using Mie Scattering

Theory, R. J. Adrian, W. E. Earley, Proc. Symp. Laser Anemometry, Minneapolis, Minn., pp. 426-54, 1976. 057-10275-020-00 TURBULENCE MODELING VIA CONDITIONAL

AVERAGES

(c) Professor R. J. Adrian.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Conditional averages, as the expected values of the

velocity at one point in a turbulent flow given the velocities at other points, are the highest order unknowns in certain theories of turbulence. Closure of the theories requires approximations for the conditional averages. The

theories include the equation for the probability density of

the velocity and optimal algorithms for integrating the tur- bulent Navier-Stokes equations. Optimal linear estimation

is being studied experimentally and closures of the twopoint probability-density function equation are being stu- died theoretically. 057-10276-030-00 FLOW PHENOMENA OF PRISMATIC BODIES

(c) J. M. Robertson with colleagues at Colorado State University. (d) Experimental.

(e) Buildings in winds are subjected to steady and unsteady

forces and pressures, the nature of which are intimately as- sociated with the flow field. A significant feature of the flow past prismatic shapes is the separation-reattachment

phenomenon. For the square prism the reattachment lo- cale and steady/unsteady pressure field are studied in terms of orientation of the prism to the flow. (h) Pressure Field at Reattachment of Separated Flows, J. M.

Robertson, Proc. 2nd U.S. Natl. Conf. on Wind Engrg. Res. IV-26-1-3, 1975. A Reynolds Number Effect on Flow Past Prismatic Bodies,

J. M. Robertson, Mechanics Research Comm. 2, pp. 279-

282, 1975. 057-10277-700-00 PITOT RODS FOR LARGE PIPELINES

(c) J. M. Robertson.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Special Pitot-static heads at the ends of long rods are often used to determine the water flow rate in large pipelines. Velocity-indication uncertainties due to wall proximity,

blockage, vibration and manometer-pulsation effects are being studied.

057-10278-210-54 NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF VISCOUS FLOWS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONDUITS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) M. E. Clark.

(d) Computational.

(e) The moderate-Reynolds number flow of an incompressible

fluid through a short radius 90-degree bend in a pipe is being calculated via finite-difference techniques in the primitive variables. The appearance of appreciable secon- dary flows is a significant occurrence. Modes of simply

evidencing such secondary flows are being reviewed.

(g) Calculations of an asymmetric square hump in straight pipe at a Reynolds number of 25 has brought out the strong secondary currents developed, especially their change in sense as the hump is passed.

INDIANA UNIVERSITY, Department of Geology, 1005 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Ind. 47401. Dr. Haydn H. Murray, Department Chairman.

058-10562-820-00 CHLOROFLUOROMETHANES IN GROUNDWATER

(c) Professor John Hayes. 058-10563-860-00 HYDROLOGIC CIRCULATION, SEDIMENTATION, AND

NUTRIENT INPUT AND UTILIZATION IN MONROE

RESERVOIR NEAR BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA

(c) Professor Robert Ruhe. 058-10564-870-00 DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN URBAN

HYDROLOGY

(c) Professors Warren Meinschein and Robert Ruhe. 058-10565-870-00 EFFECTS OF HEATED DISCHARGE UPON AQUATIC

RESOURCES OF WHITE RIVER AT PETERSBURG, INDI- ANA

(c) Professor Robert Ruhe.

INGERSOLL-RAND RESEARCH, INC., Fluid Mechanics and

Thermal Sciences Section, P.O. Box 301, Princeton, N. J. 08540. Dr. W. A. McGahan, Director of Research.

059-09030-630-70 COVER GAS SEAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

(b) Breeder Reactor Dept., General Electric Co.

(c) Dr. G. W. Pfannebecker, J. F. Gardner.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied research and develop- ment.

(e) Technology development of a non-rubbing hydrostatic gas

seal for the LMFBR Demonstration Plant main circulating pumps.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) Static mode testing demonstrated the design of the hydrostatic non-rubbing seal to perform the cover gas sealing function with adequate gas film stiffness at acceptable

leakage flow rates. (h) Design and test reports submitted to sponsoring agency. 059-10612-630-00 PUMP PERFORMANCE STUDY USING AIR TESTING

(c) Dr. G. W. Pfannebacker, D. P. Sloteman.

(d) Experimental, applied research and development.

51

254-330 O - 78 - 5
(e) Develop air testing techniques for hydraulic design of pumps. Wind tunnel testing of pump components con- ducted and correlated with existing pump test data.

(g) Currently awaiting hydraulic test data on redesigned pump

components to assess validity of air testing techniques as design tool.

(/i) Internal report. 059-10613-260-34 INJECTOR FOR CONTINUOUS INJECTION INTO A

PIPELINE OF RUN OF THE MINE COAL FROM A CONTINUOUS MINER-JET PUMP MODEL STUDY.

(b) U.S. Bureau of Mines.

(c) K. D. Paul, A. Saad, R. Malsbilry, J. L. Dussourd.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied research and develop- ment.

(e) A study involving the design and development of a coal in- jector for coarse slurry transport.

(g) An investigation during the first phase of this project con- cluded that a jet pump injector receiving coarse dry coal was the most promising concept for underground coal mining applications. An experimental subscale model study

established the design parameters as well as operational

problems. This study concluded the over-all performance and operability of the injector is very attractive. A study is underway to determine the best way to integrate the injec- tor in a complete haulage system.

(h) Phase I and Phase II A Reports submitted to sponsor.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION,

Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Post Office Box 218,

Yorktown Heights, N. Y. 10598. R. E. Gomory, IBM

Vice President and Director of Research.

060-07367-810-20 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-HYDROLOGY

(c) J. R. Wallis.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Stochastic hydrology.

(h) Statistics of Data Transfer, N. C. Matalas, E. Todini, J. R.

Wallis, World Meteorological Organization Operational

Hydrology Rept. No. 8, Hydrological Network Design and

Information Transfer, Proc. Intl. Seminar, Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne (U.K.) and World Meteorological Organization and the Intl. Assoc. of Hydrological Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, pp. 103, 1974. Using CLS for Daily or Longer Period Rainfall-Runoff Modeling, E. Todini, J. R. Wallis, Mathematical Models for

Surface Water Hydrology, Ed. T. A. Ciriani, A. Mianone, J. R. Wallis, John Wiley & Sons, Apr. 1977. CLS: Constrained Linear Systems, S. Martelli, E. Todini, J. R. Wallis, Mathematical Models for Surface Water Hydrology, Ed. T. A. Ciriani, A. Mianone, J. R. Wallace, John Wiley & Sons, Apr. 1977. Comment Upon Multivariate Synthetic Hydrology, G. Finzi,

E. Todini, J. R. Wallis, Water Resour. Res. 6, p. 844, Dec.

1975. SPUMA: Simulation Package Using Matalas Algorithm, G.

Finzi, E. Todini, J. R. Wallis, Mathematical Models for Sur- face Water Hydrology, Ed. T. A. Ciriani, A. Mianone, J. R.

Wallis, John Wiley & Sons, Apr. 1977. MALSAK: Markov and Least Squares ARMA Kernels, G.

Finzi, E. Todini, J. R. Wallis, Mathematical Models for Sur- face Water Hydrology, Ed. T. A. Ciriani, A. Miaone, J. R.

Wallis, John Wiley & Sons, Apr. 1977. On the Value of Information to Flood Frequency Analysis,

J R. Slack, J. R. Wallis, N. C. Matalas, Water Resour. Res.

5, p. 629, Oct. 1975. Regional Skew in Search of a Parent, N. C. Matalas, J. R.

Slack, J. R. Wallis, Water Resour. Res. 6, p. 815, Dec.

1975.

Effect of Sequence Length on the Choice of Assumed Dis- tribution of Floods, J. R. Wallis, N. C. Matalas, J. R. Slack, Water Resour. Res. 3, p. 457, June 1976.

Distribution Functions for Statistics Derived from Bivariate Normal and Bivariate 2-Parameter Log-Normal Populations, J. R. Slack, J. R. Wallis, N. C. Matalas, IBM

Research Rept. RC5794, Thomas J. Watson Research

Center, Yorktown, N.Y., Jan. 1976. Apparent Regional Skew, J. R. Wallis, N. C. Matalas, J. R. Slack, Water Resour. Res. 1, p. 159, Feb. 1977. 060-09992-300-00 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-GEOMORPHOLOGY

(c) J. S. Smart.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Fluvial geomorphology.

(h) Channel Networks, J. S. Smart, Advances in Hydroscience

VIII, Academic Press, N.Y., 1972. Quantitative Characterization of Channel Network Structure, J. S. Smart, Water Resour. Res. 8, pp. 729-736, 1972. Some New Methods of Topologic Classification of Channel

Networks, C. Werner, J. S. Smart, Geog. Analysis 5, pp. 271-295, 1973. The Random Model in Fluvial Geomorphology, J. S. Smart,

Proc. Symp. on Fluvial Geomorphology, pp. 25-49, Suny, Binghamton, 1973.

Joint Distribution Functions for Link Lengths and Drainage

Areas, J. S. Smart, Random Processes in Geology, D. F. Merriam ed., Springer-Verlag, New York-Heidelberg-Berlin, 1976.

Applications of the Random Model of Drainage Basin Composition, J. S. Smart, C. Werner, Earth Surface Processes 1, pp. 219-233, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1976. The Analysis of Drainage Network Composition, J. S. Smart, IBM Research Report RC6316, Thomas J. Watson

Research Center, Yorktown, N.Y., Dec. 1976. (To be

published in Earth Surface Processes.) 060-09993-800-00 OPTIMIZATION OF THE OPERATION OF A WATER

RESOURCE SYSTEM

(c) Kai-Ching Chu.

(d) Applied research, operation.

(e) Development of a computer program for the management

of water resources: Modeling of a water resources system. The model concerns the water release and distribution problem of Karun River and its tributaries in Khuzestan,

Iran. The system consists of three dams with three hydroelectric plants, 16 irrigation areas and 13 municipal/industrial demand locations. Water inflows fluctuate. A large nonlinear stochastic programming model was

formulated to determine the optimal monthly water releas- ing rules from the dams for the whole year. Detailed water

distributions to various sectors are treated as subproblems

of linear programmings.

(g) The project has resulted in an advance, general

methodology for treating the optimal operation of such water resource systems. Uncertainties in water inflows and

water demands have been considered in determining the optimum water releasing rules. (h) Optimization of a Water Resources System by Stochastic Programming with Resource and Linear Rules, R. J. Peters, K. C. Chu, M. Jamshidi, 9th Intl. Symp. on Math. Programming, Budapest, Hungary, Aug. 1976. Modeling the Operation of Khuzestan Water Resources System by Stochastic Programming, R. J. Peters, K. C. Chu, M. Jamshidi, Intl. Conf. on Computer Applications in Developing Countries, Bankok, Thailand, Aug. 1977.

52
IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242. Dr. John F. Kennedy, Director. 061-00066-810-05 HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED

(b) Agricultural Research Service and U.S. Geological Survey.

(c) Professors J. W. Howe and T. E. Croley II. (d) Field investigation, applied research, and M.S. theses.

(e) Study continuously in progress since 1924 on the three square-mile north branch of Ralston Creek. An area of

similar size on the south branch of Ralston Creek came

under observation in 1967. The study involves discharge measurement by the U.S.G.S. and rainfall measurement at three automatic recording stations. Rainfall data are col- lected by the Agricultural Research Service and published

by the Weather Bureau. A record of the urbanization of

the area through aerial photos and numerous pictures taken at the same point year after year is being accumulated. Records on rainfall, runoff, groundwater levels, sedi- ment transportation, and land use are combined in an an- nual report.

(g) Yearly records available for examination at Iowa Inst, of

Hydraulic Research.

(h) Reports prepared annually since 1924 available in files at the Iowa Inst, of Hydraulic Research. Summary of 33-year record published as Bull. 16 of the Iowa Highway Research Board in 1961; available on loan from Iowa Highway Commission, Ames, Iowa. 061-00067-810-30 COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN IOWA

(b) U.S. Geological Survey, Agric. Research Service, Natl. Weather Service, IIHR, Graduate College.

(c) District Chief, Water Resources Div., U.S. Geol. Surv., Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; collection of basic streamflow data.

(e) Streamflow and sediment measuring stations maintained throughout the State of Iowa cooperatively on a continu- ous basis. Records collected by standard methods of

U.S.G.S.

(g) Records of streamflow and sediment discharge computed

yearly.

(/i) Records contained in open-file reports published annually, and in Water-Supply Papers published at five year intervals; available from U.S. Geological Survey. 061-02091-520-20 RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY

(b) Office of Naval Research and Naval Ship Research and Development Center.

(c) Dr. L. Landweber.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Determine the laws governing the forces, moments, and

motions of ships. Work is under way on development of procedure for computing potential flow about ship forms;

higher-order gravity wave theory for ship forms; effect of tank size on ship-model resistance, resolution of viscous and wave drag by means of wake and surface-profile measurements; conformal mapping of ship sections; thick boundary layers about bodies of revolution.

(/:) On a Solution of the Lavrentiev Wake Model and Its Cascade, A. C. Lin, L. Landweber, J. Fluid Mechanics 79,

4, Mar. 1977. Flow Interaction Near the Tail of a Body of Revolution, Part 1: Flow Exterior to Boundary Layer and Wake, A. Nakayama, V. C. Patel, L. Landweber, ASME J. Fluids Engrg. 98, 3, pp. 531-537, Sept. 1976. Flow Interaction Near the Tail of a Body of Revolution, Part 2: Iterative Solution for Flow Within and Exterior to Boundary Layer and Wake, A. Nakayama, V. C. Patel, L. Landweber, ASME J. Fluids Engrg. 98, 3, pp. 538-549,

Sept. 1976.

Accurate Parametric Representation of Ship Sections by Conformal Mapping, L. Landweber, M. Macagno, Proc.

1st Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Oct. 1975. Further Development of a Procedure for Determination of Wave Resistance from Longitudinal-Cut Surface-Profile Measurements, C. E. Tsai, L. Landweber, J. Ship Research

19, 2, June 1975.

Effect of Tank Walls on Ship-Model Resistance, L. Landweber, A. Nakayama, Proc. 14th Intl. Towing Tank Conf.

3, Ottawa, Aug. 1975. Technique for Determining the Viscous Drag of a Ship

Model, L. Landweber, Proc. 14th Intl. Towing Tank Conf,

Aug. 1975.

Prediction of the Viscous Resistance of Ships Using

Equivalent Bodies of Revolution, A. Nakayama, V. C.

Patel, L. Landweber, Proc. 1 7th American Towing Tank

Conf., Calif. Inst. Tech., Pasadena, June 1974.

Effect of Wake on Wave Resistance of a Ship Model, L. Landweber, M. Moreno, L. Perez-Rojas, Iowa Inst. Hydr.

Res. Tech. Rept. No. 180, Aug. 1975. 061-07368-410-11 SEDIMENT ENTRAINMENT AND SUSPENSION BY SHOALING WAVES

(b) Coastal Engrg. Res. Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) J. R. Glover and J. F. Kennedy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Experiments were conducted in oscillatory flow, "U-Tube"

water tunnel, with the goal of determining the spatial and

temporal distributions of suspended sediment concentration and velocity in oscillatory flows over rippled beds. Both a rippled, sediment bed and a rigid bed with a

limited supply of sediment on it were utilized. Suspended

sediment concentrations were measured by means of the Iowa electro-optical system, while crossed, coated hot wires were used to measure velocities. The outputs of the concentration and velocity transducers were sampled by means of an on-line computer using a signal-averaging

procedure. The distributions of the mean, periodic, and random components of the concentration and velocity dis- tributions were determined, as were the cross-correlations

significant to the sediment continuity relation.

(f) Completed.

(g) The experiments indicate that the mean sediment concentration diminishes very rapidly with elevation above the bed. Within each wave period there are four concentration

peaks; each of these traces its origin to the sediment entrained from a ripple crest and swept past the probe. The

peak magnitude of the periodic component of the concentration is comparable in magnitude and nearly linearly pro- portional to that of the mean concentration at a point. Considerable difficulty was encountered in measuring the

velocities, due to the interaction between the sediment

particles and the hot wire probes. The experimental data on the cross correlations interpreted in the light of the one-dimensional sediment continuity relation (the Schmidt

equation) indicated that the longitudinal transport of sedi- ment is very important, i.e., a simple balance does not

exist between the settling velocity and the upward sedi- ment diffusion velocity. The ripples were found to play a very dominant role in the sediment entrainment and

suspension process. The large, captive eddy generated in the lee of each ripple during each half-period and the in- tense shear stress on the stoss side of each ripple throw

the sediment into suspension and are largely responsible

for maintenance of the suspended sediment field. The

presence of sediment significantly alters the flow characteristics, amplifying both the mean and fluctuating components of the turbulent components of the velocity. (h) Sediment Entrainment by Oscillatory Flow, T. Nakato, F. A. Locher, J. R. Glover, J. F. Kennedy, Proc. of 16th Congress of IAHR, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Aug. 1975.

Characteristics of Iowa Sediment Concentration Measuring

System, T. Nakato, F. A. Locher, J. R. Glover, J. F. Ken- 53
nedy, Proc. 15th Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., Honolulu,

Hawaii, July 1976. Wave Entrainment of Sediment from Rippled Beds, T. Nakato, F. A. Locher, J. R. Glover, J. F. Kennedy, Proc. ASCE, J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Div. 103, WWl, Feb. 1977. 061-07376-270-40 FLUID MECHANICS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

(b) National Institutes of Health.

(c) Dr. E. O. Macagno.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research, graduate

theses.

(e) Determination of flow properties of chyme with U-tube,

single-pulse, computer controlled, new apparatus. Analysis of flow induced by ring contractions with a longitudinal

component; experiments on flow induced by conduit wall motions of circular and longitudinal types; experimental and theoretical study of mass transfer through walls. (g) An analytical study has been completed of creeping flow due to ring contractions. An analytical model has been

developed for flow induced by local unbiased oscillations of the conduit wall. (h) Longitudinal Contractions in the Duodenum: Their Fluid- Mechanical Function, J. Melville, E. O. Macagno, J. Christensen, Amer. J. Physiology 228, 6, 1975. Phase Lock of Electrical Slow Waves and Spikes in Cat Duodenum, A. Sancholuz, T. Croley, J. Christensen, E. O. Macagno, J. Glover, Amer. J. Physiology 229, 3, 1975.

Distribution of Spike Bursts in Cat Duodenum, A. Sancholuz, T. Croley, E. O. Macagno, J. Glover, J. Christensen, Amer. J. Physiology 229, 4, 1975. An Analytical Model of Flow Induced by Longitudinal Contractions in the Small Intestine, N. Denli, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Dec. 1975. 061-08036-060-33 MIXING AND TRANSFER OF HEAT IN OPEN CHANNEL

FLOW

(b) Office of Water Resources Research, Dept. of the Interior. (c) Dr. W. W. Sayre.

(d) Experimental (laboratory) and theoretical; applied

research, contributing toward M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Investigation of the processes by which effluent heated

water mixes with flowing streamwater, and the excess heat

is transferred to the surrounding environment, and how

these processes combine to produce a particular temperature distribution pattern in the stream. Influence of density

gradient on vertical distribution of longitudinal velocity.

(/) Completed.

(g) Depth-averaged vertical mixing coefficients, €„/u1 d, found

to vary from about 0.005 for initial densimetric Froude number, IFDo , of 1 to an asymptotic value of 0.063 for IFDo

5* 10. In addition to suppressing vertical turbulent mixing,

vertical density gradient suppresses corner-generated

secondary circulation. Buoyancy-induced secondary circulation significantly increases initial rate of transverse spreading. For u, (Apgd/p)"2 buoyancy effects are especially strong, and bimodal transverse temperature distribu- tions occur. Buoyancy effects can either increase or decrease the rate of longitudinal spreading by an amount

which is not large. In a density-stratified flow, the velocity

is increased slightly near the water surface and retarded

slightly in the lower part of the flow. The effect is insignifi- cant for IF0o > 1.5. (h) Vertical Temperature Profiles in Open-Channel Flow, E. J. Schiller, W. W. Sayre, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 101, HY6,

Proc. Paper 11389, pp. 749-761, June 1975. Buoyancy Effects in Thermally-Stratified Open-Channel

Flow, G. J. Hwang, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, July 1975. Longitudinal Mixing of Heated Water in Open-Channel

Flow, J. Grimm-Strele, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Dec.

1975.

061-08828-340-73 MOVABLE-BED HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY FOR

COOPER NUCLEAR STATION INTAKE SYSTEM

(b) Nebraska Public Power District. (c) Dr. William W. Sayre.

(d) Experimental (laboratory); applied research, design.

(e) Model study to reduce amount of sediment taken into cir- culating- and service-water systems, and amount of sedi- ment deposited in the intake structure.

(/) Completed.

(g) Seven different schemes, designed to reduce the amount of sediment entering the intake structure and circulating- and

service-water systems by modifying the approaching flow, were investigated in this study. The best results were obtained with a combination training wall-skimming weir placed parallel to the face of the intake structure. A

number of variations of this scheme were tested before ar- riving at an optimum configuration which satisfied the channel-encroachment constraint of the Corps of Engineers. The model results indicate that the configuration

finally adopted should effect a 40 to 70 percent reduction

in the amount of suspended sediment entering the circulat- ing- and service-water systems, for the river flow conditions which prevail most of the time. A very large reduction in the amount of gravel entering the intake structure

is also expected.

(h) Undistorted Movable-Bed Model Study for a River and Power Plant Intake System, Y. Onishi, M. J. Hroncich, W.

W. Sayre, Proc. Symp. Modeling Techniques, ASCE, San

Francisco, pp. 521-539, Sept. 1975. 061-08830-870-73 FIELD TESTING OF DIFFUSER PIPE SYSTEM FOR

DISCHARGING CONDENSER COOLING WATER AT

QUAD CITIES NUCLEAR POWER STATION

(b) Commonwealth Edison.

(c) Dr. W. W. Sayre.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, operation; contributing toward Ph.D. thesis. (e) Periodic temperature and velocity distribution measure- ments in the Mississippi River upstream and downstream

from the diffuser pipe discharge system to ensure that the plant discharge is meeting the thermal standards of the Il- linois Pollution Control Board and other concerned en- vironmental protection authorities. Comparison of proto- type performance with laboratory model predictions.

(f) Completed.

(g) The diffuser-pipe system was found to be in compliance

with the applicable thermal standards by a comfortable margin during all of the river surveys. The results of the study indicate that satisfactory performance in the full open-cycle mode should be achievable for river discharges

as low as about 18,000 cfs. The gross behavior of the jets

in the initial mixing region was found to be in rough ac- cordance with the behavior of a momentum jet discharging

into a quiescent, infinite body of water. The momentumjet type behavior began to break down when the confining

effects of the free-surface and bottom boundaries came

into play. Buoyance effects only became evident farther downstream in cases where the momentum was largely dif- fused before complete mixing was achieved. For the most

part, good agreement was obtained between prototype and model data.

(/i) Prototype and Model Studies of the Diffuser-Pipe System

for Discharging Condenser Cooling Water at the Quad Cities Nuclear Power Station, A. D. Parr, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, May 1976. 061-08831-870-75 INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE-JET THERMAL OUTFALL

FOR IATAN STEAM ELECTRIC GENERATING STATION

(b) Black and Veatch Consulting Engineers.

(c) Dr. William W. Sayre.

(d) Computational; design, operational.

54
(e) Preliminary feasibility investigation of a surface-jet thermal

outfall system for discharging the condenser cooling water from the proposed Iatan Steam Electric Generating Station

into the Missouri River.

(/) Completed.

(g) Hydrographic measurements by the U.S. Geological Sur- vey show that the geometry of and distribution of flow in the river channel is favorable for a surface-jet scheme. Downstream temperature-rise distributions are predicted

for surface jets discharging both at right angles and parallel to the ambient flow for selected river discharges. The

prediction technique takes into account the properties of

the ambient flow, including the mixing mechanisms, as well as those of the jet. The right-angle discharge is pre- dicted to be superior in almost every respect. For one-unit operation at full plant load and a river discharge of 10,000

cfs, it is predicted that the 5°F temperature-rise isotherm would cover a horizontal area of less than 0.5 acres and

the zone-of-passage wherein the temperature rise is less than 5°F exceeds 85 percent of the river flow. (h) Investigation of Surface-Jet Thermal Outfall for Iatan Steam Electric Generating Station, W. W. Sayre, Iowa Inst, of Hydr. Res. Rept. No. 167, Apr. 1975. Transverse Flow Distribution in Natural Streams as In- fluenced by Cross-Sectional Shape, O. Sium, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, July 1975. 061-08832-870-73 THERMAL OUTFALL SYSTEM FOR DRESDEN NUCLEAR

STATION

(b) Commonwealth Edison.

(c) Dr. W. W. Sayre.

(d) Laboratory model study, computational; applied research,

design, operation; contributing to M.S. thesis. (e) Laboratory model study to guide design of slot-jet thermal

outfall system for discharging circulating water from Unit

1 and blowdown discharge from Units 2 and 3 of Dresden

Nuclear Station. Development of monitoring criteria based on laboratory and field measurements. Frequency analysis of river discharge and temperature data to determine

limitations on plant operating conditions necessary to achieve compliance with thermal standards of Illinois Pollution Control Board for various background environmental conditions.

(/) Completed.

(g) The results of hydraulic model studies and field temperature surveys are used to relate the mixing performance of

the outfall structure to plant discharge conditions and the

Illinois River discharge. A probabilistic model for computing the probability of violation for a given set of plant

discharge conditions is then derived. In this model the discharge and temperature of the Illinois River and the temperature difference between the Illinois and Kankakee

Rivers are represented as random variables. Finally, probabilities of violation are computed for different periods of

the year and different plant operating conditions. In general, larger probabilities of violation were found for the summer months when combinations of low Q,LL and high

T/jx are more apt to occur. Compliance-test procedures and criteria for computing reductions in plant load necessary to achieve compliance when violation is indicated are presented.

(h) Investigation and Evaluation of the Thermal Discharge

Systems of Dresden Nuclear Station, J. C. Hwang, M.S.

Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, May 1976. 061-08833-870-70 AQUATIC ECOLOGY AND MIXING CHARACTERISTICS

OF BEAVER SLOUGH, MISSISSIPPI RIVER, NEAR CLIN- TON, IOWA

(b) E. I. DuPont deNemours and Co.

(c) W. W. Sayre.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Field investigation to collect hydrographic and chemical

data for evaluating environmental impact of present and

improved systems for treating chemical wastes discharged

into Beaver Slough from the DuPont Film Processing Plant

at Clinton. Data includes detailed measurements of sulfate concentrations, pH, temperature, transverse velocity dis- tribution, and bottom benthic samples in the region of the slough occupied by the plume, and background measure- ments upstream from the plant.

(/) Completed.

(g) Mixing rates in the slough were found to be highly sensitive to a number of density-related phenomena and cannot be depended upon for any significant contribution to nearfield dilution. From a theoretical and laboratory study of

the natural buffering mechanisms and chemical equilibri- um relationships for the slough, it was determined that a physical dilution of at least 60 to 1 is needed to meet the applicable mixing-zone standards at the critical low flow

conditions. In addition to the physical dilution, sufficient vertical mixing and surface renewal to release excess car- bon dioxide to the atmosphere-a prerequisite to the attain- ment of an equilibrium pH level-is needed. To achieve the required dilution and release of C02 to the atmosphere

within the allowed mixing zone, an outfall structure consisting of a mulitple-port, submerged jet diffuser system was proposed.

(h) Assessment of the Chemical Impact of Clinton Film Plant Wastewater on Beaver Slough Water Quality, K. D. Tracy, W. W. Sayre, D. B. McDonald, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Limited Dist. Rept. No. 28, Mar. 1975.

Investigation of Wastewater Outfall for Clinton Film Plant: Assessment of Chemical Impact and Analysis of Physical

Mixing Characteristics of Beaver Slough, W. W. Sayre, K

D. Tracy, D. B. McDonald, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 183, Dec: 1975. 061-08834-010-21 FURTHER STUDIES OF THE THICK AXISYMMETRIC

TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

(b) Naval Ship Research and Development Center.

(c) Dr. V. C. Patel. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) To make detailed measurements in the thick boundary

layer and the near wake of a body of revolution and use

the data to verify and improve methods for the prediction of the flow in the tail region of such bodies.

(g) Mean flow and turbulence measurements have been made

in the boundary layer and the wake of a low-drag body of

revolution. Some aspects of the data are reported in the publications listed below. The data are being analyzed and

used to guide the development of a differential method for the continuation of the boundary layer calculation into the wake.

(h) Flow Interaction Near the Tail of a Body of Revolution, Part I: Flow Exterior to Boundary Layer and Wake, A. Nakayama, V. C. Patel, L. Landweber, ASME J. Fluids Engrg. 98, 3, pp. 531-537, Sept. 1976. Flow Interaction Near the Tail of a Body of Revolution, Part II: Iterative Solution for Flow Within and Exterior to Boundary Layer and Wake, A. Nakayama, V. C. Patel, L. Landweber, ASME J. Fluids Engrg. 98, 3, pp. 538-549,

Sept. 1976. Importance of the Near Wake in Drag Prediction of Bodies

of Revolution, V. C. Patel, O. Guven, AIAA J. 14, pp. 1132-1133, 1976. Measurements in the Thick Axisym metric Turbulent Boundary Layer and the Near Wake of a Low-Drag Body of Revolution, V. C. Patel, Y. T. Lee, O. Guven, Proc. PennState Univ. Symp. Turbulent Shear Flows, pp. 9.29-36, 1977. 061-10359-870-60 MIXING OF POWER-PLANT HEATED EFFLUENTS WITH

THE MISSOURI RIVER

(b) Iowa Energy Policy Council.

(c) Dr. William W. Sayre.

(d) Analytical; applied research; M.S. thesis. 55
(e) Thermal plume data obtained in the Missouri River downstream from the Fort Calhoun and Cooper Nuclear

Stations, together with detailed information about the channel geometry needed to synthesize the transverse flow

distribution are used to adapt and refine a mathematical model for steady-state transverse mixing in natural streams

for the purpose of predicting thermal plumes in fast-flow- ing turbulent rivers.

(/) Completed.

(g) The model is found to provide a good basis for predicting thermal plumes in the Missouri River and similar streams.

In addition to the transverse distribution of flow, applying

the model requires the determination of two parameters, one relating to the initial near-field dilution resulting from

the interaction of the thermal discharge with the ambient

flow, and the other governing the far-field transverse mixing due to mechanisms associated with the ambient flow. The variation of the empirically determined initial-dilution and transverse diffusion parameters with different plant

discharge, channel geometry, and ambient flow characteristics is examined with mixed results. (h) Mixing of Power-Plant Heated Effluents with the Missouri

River, R. Caro-Cordero, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, May

1977. Mixing of Power-Plant Heated Effluents with the Missouri

River, R. Caro-Cordero, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 203, June 1977. 061-10360-220-30 TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT AND BED FORMS IN ICE- COVERED ALLUVIAL STREAMS

(b) U.S. Geological Survey and Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research.

(c) Dr. William W. Sayre.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied research; M.S. thesis. (e) A series of experiments with equivalent (same slope and

discharge) free- and covered-surface flows was conducted

in a sand-bed laboratory flume for the purpose of deter- mining the effect of an ice cover on sediment transport and bed forms. In the covered-surface experiments, an ice cover was simulated by a system of hinged plywood

panels. In both the covered- and free-surface flows, detailed data were obtained on bed forms, velocity, suspended sediment distribution, and total sediment load.

(g) Experiments completed, analysis in progress. 061-10361-750-00 EFFECTS OF VERTICAL DISTORTION ON THE HYDRAULIC MODELING OF SURFACE JETS IN RIVERS

(<») Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(c) Dr. William W. Sayre.

(d) Experimental; applied research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) A series of 36 experiments conducted in triplets, wherein

experiments were repeated with two- and four-fold in- creases in depth but with constant jet densimetric Froude number, jet aspect ratio, and jet-to-ambient velocity and

discharge ratios, was performed in a 12-foot wide rectan- gular flume. The purpose of the investigation is to evaluate

the effect of vertical distortion on the following thermal plume properties: centerline temperature decay, jet trajec- tory, lateral spread, vertical thickness, areas enclosed by

surface isotherms, and the cross-sectional area enclosed by

the 5 °F excess temperature isotherm.

(g) Experiments completed, analysis still in progress. 061-10362-300-15 MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS OF RIVER ICE JAMS

(b) Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hanover, New Hampshire, and

National Science Foundation.

(c) J. C. Tatinclaux.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research; Master's

theses.

(e) An experimental and analytical study of the initiation and

development of ice jams in narrow rivers and of compression strength of fragmented ice covers.

(/) Completed.

(g) The conditions of initiation of an ice jam by a simple sur- face obstruction in a channel, the equilibrium thickness of

a jam in a narrow channel, and the compression strength of floating, fragmented ice covers were studied. The

minimum concentration of ice floes in the opening of a

simple obstruction at which a jam is initiated was found to be nearly independent of the ratio of width of constricted passage to channel width, and to be proportional to a

negative power of the ratio of floe width to width of constricted passage. From energy analysis of floe submergence, a relationship between the equilibrium thickness of a narrow river jam and the approach floe characteristics was derived and verified experimentally. It was also found

that the conditions of initiation of a jam and its equilibri- um thickness were strongly influenced by the wetting or nonwetting properties of the material used for model ice

floes. The compressive strength of floating, fragmented ice covers was found to be inversely proportional to loading

rate, proportional to cover thickness, and independent of cover length. (h) Ice Jam Initiation by Partial Surface Obstructions, C. L. Lee, M.S. Thesis, The Univ. of Iowa, May 1976. Thickness of Ice Jams Due to Accumulation and Submergence of Ice Floes, T. P. Wang, M.S. Thesis, The Univ. of Iowa, May 1976. A Laboratory Investigation of the Mechanics and Hydraulics of River Ice Jams, J. C. Tatinclaux, C. L. Lee, T. P. Wang, T. Nakato, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 186, Mar. 1976. Ice-Jam Mechanics, J. F. Kennedy, 3rd Intl. Symp. Ice Problems, Hanover, N.H., 1975. 061-10363-190-15 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF FRESHWATER AND SALINE

ICE

(b) Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hanover, New Hampshire.

(c) J. C. Tatinclaux.

(d) Experimental; basic research; Master's thesis. (e) Small ice beams of variable salt concentration were tested under pure bending and concentrated load to determine

the bending strength and modulus of elasticity of fresh- water and saline ice.

(/) Completed.

(g) Small freshwater ice beams with homogeneous temperature distribution were tested under pure bending and concentrated load applied either on the top or on the bottom

surface of the specimens. The direction of loading showed

significant influence on the measured strength and elastic modulus of the specimens. This difference was tentatively attributed to the variation in ice crystal size between the top and bottom surfaces of an ice sheet. Fresh water and

saline ice specimens were also tested semi-submerged in a water bath, with the top surface exposed to air of variable temperature. Loading rate had no effect on the flexural strength; the elastic modulus increased only slightly with

increasing loading rate. In the range of air temperature in- vestigated (0 °C to -15 °C), no significant variation of bending strength and elastic modulus was observed. On

the other hand, bending strength and elastic modulus were found to be very rapidly decreasing functions of the square

root of the brine volume.

(h) An Experimental Investigation of Flexural Strength of Ice, C. Y. Wu, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, July 1976. Laboratory Study of Flexural Strength and Elastic Modulus

of Freshwater and Saline Ice, J. C. Tatinclaux, C. Y. Wu,

Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 190, June 1976. 061-10364-220-13 FIELD STUDY OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS AT THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER NEAR FOX

ISLAND (RM 355-6) AND BUZZARD ISLAND (RM 349-50)

(b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, Rock

Island, Illinois. (c) T. Nakato and J. F. Kennedy.

56
(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) The field study was 'conducted to elucidate the mechanisms and processes responsible for the recurrent

shoaling which has been experienced in the reaches of the

Mississippi River in the vicinities of Fox Island (between

RM 355 and 356) and Buzzard Island (between RM 349

and RM 350), in Pool 20 between Keokuk, Iowa, and

Canton, Missouri. Detailed data on transverse and streamwise distributions of flow velocity, suspended sediment

discharge, bed-load discharge, bed-material properties, and

flow depth were directly obtained in the field to describe

the local unit sediment discharge of the stream and its de- pendence on the local flow properties and bed characteristics. From this information recommendations were

developed for corrective measures which could be implemented to reduce the frequency and volume of dredging

required to maintain the 9-foot navigation channel. Evaluation of the reliability of several existing sedimentdischarge formulas also were made.

(/) Completed.

(g) The sediment responsible for the recurrent shoaling in the study reaches of the Mississippi River was found to originate from the Des Moines River. The relatively large quantity of sand transported by the Des Moines River as both bed load and suspended load tends to be deposited

downstream from the confluence of the two rivers; the reduced sand transport capacity of the Mississippi River is in large measure a consequence of its relatively small ener- gy slope. The field data showed that the bed-load

discharge varies approximately as the fourth power of the mean velocity or the water discharge, while the suspendedload discharge was found to vary as the square of the water discharge. In the Buzzard Island reach the Mississippi River flow was found to bifurcate, with more than 25

percent of the water discharge passing through the secon- dary side channel, resulting in a considerable reduction of

the mean velocity in the main channel. Closure of this side channel would roughly double the river sediment-transport

capacity according to the empirical sediment-discharge

formulas. None of the sediment discharge predictors tested (Engelund-Hansen, Inglis-Lacey, Einstein-Brown, Colby, and Toffaleti) was found to yield reliable results. (h) Field Study of Sediment Transport Characteristics of the

Mississippi River Near Fox Island (RM 355-6) and Buzzard

Island (RM 349-50), T. Nakato, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 201, May 1977. 061-10365-350-75 MODEL STUDY OF THE LAKE CHICOT PUMPING PLANT

(b) Stanley Consultants, Inc., Muscatine, Iowa.

(c) T. Nakato and J. F. Kennedy.

(d) Experimental investigation; basic research; M.S. thesis. (e) A l:24-scale laboratory model was constructed of the ap- proach channel, forebay, pump sumps, pump bells, and

gravity flow section of the Lake Chicot Pumping Plant which is to be constructed upstream from Lake Chicot in Chicot County, Arkansas, to pump flood waters into the

Mississippi River. The pumps in the proposed plant will divert up to 6,500 cfs directly into the Mississippi River

during high river stages, and up to 12,500 cfs will pass through the gravity-flow sections at low river stages. The

plant will have twelve pumps consisting of ten identical pumps' rated at 600 cfs each and two identical units rated

at 250 cfs each. Each pumping bay will be 23-ft wide, and

three gravity-flow bays, each 26-ft wide, will be located at the center of the plant structure. The principal purpose of

the model investigation was to ascertain if the flows in the forebay and pump bays, and the flows to and through the

gravity-flow sections of the structure display any objectionable features. The specific concern surrounding the forebay and pump bays was whether they provide ap- proach flows to the pumps which are sufficiently uniform

to allow satisfactory performance of the pumps.

(g) It was found that during pump operation, the forebay

flows approaching the closed gravity bays located in the center of the pumping station were diverted laterally and

entered the pump bays with a strong transverse component

of velocity, leading to the production of separation, large captive eddies, and strong lateral nonuniformities in the pump-approach flows in the pump sumps. Modified trash- racks, with 12-in deep vertical bars on 6-in centers were found to serve as effective turning vanes and under most

operating combinations, to produce pump-approach flows

that are acceptably uniform. The possibility of scale effects affecting the performance of the modified model trash- racks was investigated in two idealized model sump bays

with scales of 1:10 and 1:24, and it was found that no undesirable scale effects were present in the 1 :24-scale model trash-racks. However, during the test with the 1:10- scale model, strong concentrated vortices were observed

to occur within the model pump bell and to extend downward to the sump floor. Therefore, a four-vane vor- tometer was installed in the straight portion of the pipe

line just above the suction bell to measure net flow circulation in the intake flow. Five pressure transducers also were installed on the sump floor immediately beneath the pump bell to record pressure fluctuations due to the concentrated floor vortices. With the aid of these instruments

the best sump configuration in reducing vortex activity around the pump bell was sought. (h) Model Study of the Lake Chicot Pumping Plant, T. Nakato,

J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 188, Aug. 1976. 061-10366-300-61 ICE SUPPRESSION BY THERMAL DISCHARGES

(fo) ISWRRI, OWRR and NSF.

(c) J. F. Kennedy and E. O. Macagno.

(d) Theoretical; experimental; field investigation.

(e) A computer-based numerical model has been developed to predict the winter-time temperature distributions and

lengths of ice-free reaches in rivers subjected to artificial thermal inputs. Simplified relations have been developed

to calculate the surface heat transfer from water to the at- mosphere. Also, a closed-form relation has been derived to predict the water temperatures under stable meteorological conditions. The usefulness of the numerical solution is compared and verified with laboratory test results and

field investigation data. The melting rate of ice covers due

to warm water flow has also been investigated experimentally and theoretically and mathematical relations developed to calculate the melting rate under known flow and temperature conditions of water and overlying air. (f) Completed.

(h) Winter Regime Surface Heat Loss from Heated Streams, P. P. Paily, E. O. Macagno, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr.

Res. Tech. Rept. No. 155, Mar. 1974. Winter-Regime Thermal Response of Heated Streams, P. P. Paily, E. O. Macagno, J. F. Kennedy, Proc. ASCE, Hydr.

Div. 100, Apr. 1974. Thermal Response of Heated Streams, Solution by the Implicit Method, P. P. Paily, E. O. Macagno, Iowa Inst. Hydr.

Res. Tech. Rept. No. 165, May 1974. Winter-Regime Thermal Response of Heated Streams, P. P. Paily, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, May 1974.

Influence of Air and Water Conditions on the Melting Rate

of Ice Covers, M. A. Roman, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa,

July 1974. Numerical Prediction of the Thermal-Regime of Rivers, P.

P. Paily, E. O. Macagno, Proc. ASCE, Hydr. Div., Mar.

1976. Hydrologic Response of Ice-Covered Streams, P. P. Paily, E. O. Macagno, J. F. Kennedy, ISWRRI Report, Ames,

June 1973. Rate of Recession of the Leading Edge of Ice Covers on Open Channel Flows, Ben Yao Hewlett, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, July 1976. 57
061-10367-860-00 SUBJECT REVIEW FOR STATE-OF-THE-ART OF THE

METHODS THAT CONSIDER RISK OR RELIABILITY IN THE DESIGN OR OPERATION OF RESERVOIR SYSTEM

(b) Institute of Hydraulic Research, University of Iowa.

(c) Dr. Thomas E. Croley II. (d) Theoretical, applied research; graduate thesis. (e) This study is interested in the methods that consider risk or reliability in the design or operation of single or multiple reservoir systems. The relevant literature is reviewed and critical assessments of these methods and of the state- of-the-art of the development and application of these methods are made. There are several types of uncertainties

that contribute to the risk in reservoir design or operation.

The efforts of this study focus on the basic uncertainty in- herent in the natural stochastic processes involved in the design or operation of a reservoir system.

(g) Up to now, about fifteen methods concerning the risk in reservoir design or operation have been reviwed, from the

earlier Moran's storage theory to the recent operation

research approaches. Most of these methods are illustrated with a practical example; however the applicability of them is limited by their assumptions. 061-10368-810-33 URBAN GROWTH, RUNOFF, EXTERNALITIES AND IN- COME DISTRIBUTION EFFECTS IN RALSTON CREEK

WATERSHED

(b) U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Office of Water Research and

Technology, Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute. (c) Dr. Thomas E. Croley, Institute of Hydraulic Research and

Dr. Jerald R. Barnard, Institute for Economic Research.

(d) Applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Urbanization-induced flood hazard estimates are desired

for Ralston Creek in Iowa City, Iowa. A deterministic watershed model and a stochastic precipitation model are used to circumvent the problem of nonstationarity induced

in stream flow records by urbanization. By utilizing backwater analyses for the creek to estimate the probability of flooding for each residential property, the impact of

flood hazard can be estimated using an econometric model

of property values. (g) A very efficient hourly precipitation data generation model

for Ralston Creek area was developed. Point flooding

frequency and flooding magnitude for different urban conditions is estimated for recurrence intervals up to 1000

years by using the precipitation and watershed models. The analysis of the property market indicated that flood hazard has a negative impact on property value.

(/i) Physical and Economic Aspects Associated with Runoff from Urban Growth: A Methodological Approach, J. R. Barnard, T. E. Croley II, Proc. Natl. Symp. Urban Rainfall and Runoff and Sediment Control, Univ. Kentucky, Lexington, Ky., July 29-31, 1974. Scheduling of Non-Stationary Hourly Precipitation, R. N.

Eli II, T. E. Croley II, Proc. Natl. Symp. Precipitation Analysis for Hydrologic Modeling, Univ. California, Davis,

Calif., June 26-28, 1975.

Increased Runoff from Urban Growth and Its Impact on

Property Values, J. R. Barnard, J. Economics Proc. of Missouri Valley Economics Assoc. 2, pp. 133-136, Feb. 1976. Ralston Creek Flooding Induced by South Branch Urbanization, T. E. Croley, J. R. Barnard, Proc. Natl. Symp.

Urban Rainfall and Runoff and Sediment Control, Univ. Kentucky, Lexington, Ky., July 26-28, 1976. An Hourly Precipitation Model for Ralston Creek, R. N. Eli

II, T. E. Croley II, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No.

192, Aug. 1976.

Externalities from Urban Growth: The Case of Increased Runoff and Flooding, J. R. Barnard, Institute for Economic

Research, Univ. of Iowa, Oct. 1976. Increased Runoff and Flooding from Urban Growth, J. R. Barnard, T. E. Croley II, Institute for Economic Research,

Univ. of Iowa, Dec. 1976.

Economic Costs Associated with Increased Flood Hazard

from Urban Growth, J. R. Barnard, Institute for Economic

Research, Univ. of Iowa, Mar. 1977. 061-10369-340-33 OPTIMUM COMBINATION OF COOLING ALTERNATIVES

FOR WATER AND FUEL ECONOMIES OF ELECTRIC

POWER PLANTS

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of

the Interior. (c) Dr. Thomas E. Croley II. (d) Theoretical; applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) It has been demonstrated that water and fuel consumption

in electric power plants will increase at an alarming rate if the projected growth of the power industry is realized in the years to come. Although the water and fuel require- ments of a power plant are closely related to the type of cooling system used, present cooling system designs do not take adequate account of the operating costs which are primarily water and fuel consumption. Furthermore, combinations of cooling systems now in use are based on ad hoc considerations of the recent environmental legislation rather than on detailed analysis of the water and fuel economies during operation. In the national interest, consideration of water and fuel economy as well as the ad- verse environmental aspects of open-cycle cooling will un- doubtedly lead to increased popularity of L alternative cooling system combinations. The research provides a

basis for the proper selection of cooling systems and their combinations at the preliminary design stage. The ap- proach taken is to systematically evaluate the various cool- ing systems and their combinations and identify the most

promising ones. Computer optimization models are constructed for each alternative and for the various combinations utilizing standard thermodynamic models, j capital

costs, fuel and water costs, turbine characteristics, modes

of operation and loading, meteorological conditions, size of power plant, and fogging and other environmental constraints. (g) A comprehensive computer code has been developed for the assessment of the economics of various types of combination cooling systems for electric power plants. The

model considers the basic thermodynamics of evaporative heat transfer, steam turbines, and condensers. The in- fluence of different power loading patterns and changing

meteorological conditions, as well as the various economic

parameters is studied. The computer models have been

used to investigate the thermodynamic and economic per- formance of several wet cooling tower-cooling pond configurations. 061-10370-870-73 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE HEAT TRANSFER AND AS- SIMILATION CAPACITIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND

MISSOURI RIVERS IN THE MAPP GEOGRAPHICAL

AREA

(i>) Mid-Continent Area Power Pool (MAPP), Minneapolis, Minn.

(c) Dr. J. F. Kennedy.

(d) Analytical investigation.

(e) A computer-based numerical model has been developed to predict the thermal regimes of rivers under variable cli- matic conditions, thermal input rates, and flow conditions. The model can be applied to any practical river situation for temperature predictions. The model was applied to predict the seasonal thermal regimes of the Mississippi and

Missouri Rivers lying in and adjacent to the MAPP geographical area.

(f) Completed.

(/)) A Computational Model for Predicting the Thermal

Regimes of Rivers, P. P. Paily, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 169, Nov. 1974. The Thermal Regimes of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, P. P. Paily, T. Y. Su, A. R. Giaquinta, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 182, Oct. 1976. 58
Selected Appendices to II HR Report No. 182: The Thermal

Regimes of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, P.

P. Paily, T. Y. Su, A. R. Giaquinta, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa

Inst. Hydr. Res. Limited Dist. Rept. No. 47, Oct. 1976. Thermal Regimes of Upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and Hybrid Once-Through-Wet Tower Cooling Systems for Power Plants, T. Y. Su, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, May

1977. Cooling Water Resources of Upper Mississippi River for Power Generation, P. P. Paily, T. Y. Su, A. R. Giaquinta,

J. F. Kennedy, Proc. Conf. on Waste Heat Management and

Utilization, Miami Beach, Fla., May 9-1 1, 1977. 061-10371-870-33 DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE, COMPUTERBASED, NUMERICAL MODEL OF THE THERMAL

REGIMES OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND MISSOURI RIVERS

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of

the Interior; Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute. (c) Dr. A. R. Giaquinta.

(d) Theoretical, applied research; Master's thesis. (e) The steady-state Iowa Thermal Regime Model is used to compute the thermal regimes of the Mississippi River from Keokuk, Iowa, to the mouth and the Missouri River from

the southern Iowa border to its confluence with the Mississippi River. This model, based on the steady one-dimensional heat equation, includes the effects of hydrological and meteorological variables on the heat transfer across

the river surface. Temperature distributions downstream

from each existing and proposed future power plant using

once-through cooling are predicted for a range of meteorological and hydrological conditions. The most

desirable sites for future once-through-cooled power plants

are identified in terms of river heat assimilation capacity determined in light of existing thermal standards. 061-10372-700-11 AN IMPROVED MODEL OF THE IOWA SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION ANALYZER

(b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(c) Dr. John R. Glover.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Redesign of the electronic circuits for both the light source and sensor was required to improve the frequency

response characteristics of the system. With the prior in- strument, particle velocity was limited to a maximum of

1/3 m/s without error both in the mean measurements and

estimates of the mean square fluctuations of sediment concentration.

(g) The improved frequency response was accomplished by in- creasing the light source frequency to 50 kHz, raising the

cutoff frequency of the high-pass filter blocking the dc component of the light detected to 25 kHz, and changing

the Butterworth filter in the detector to a Bessel filter with

a cutoff frequency of 2.5 kHz. Simulated particle tests in- dicate that mean measurements' are unaffected by particle

velocities as high as 8 m/s, and that fluctuations are correctly reproduced for particles with velocities less than 3 m/s.

(h) Characteristics of Iowa Sediment Concentration Measuring

System, T. Nakato, F. A. Locher, J. R. Glover, J. F. Kennedy, Proc. of 15th Intl. Conf. on Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, Hawaii, July 1976. 061-10373-310-33 FLOOD CONTROL MANAGEMENT IN SEDIMENTING

RESERVOIRS SUBJECT TO RECREATION DEMANDS

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept, of

the Interior; Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute. (c) Dr. Thomas E. Croley II. (d) Theoretical, applied research, operation, development;

Doctoral thesis.

(e) A present conflict exists on the Coralville reservoir near Iowa City, Iowa, between recreation users and the managing agency of the reservoir. The research considered vari- ous operation management plans to determine operations

whereby both the flood control and the recreation in- terests can be served with minimum conflict. Consideration was given to operation rules, recreation demands,

flood occurrences, flood consequences, reservoir use, in- flows, outflows, evaporation, other relevant hydrological time series, and the dynamic reservoir characteristics. Computer models were constructed to detail the reservoir sedimentation, the reservoir profile changes, and the con- sequent routing characteristic changes. Stochastic models

of all relevant input time series were used to construct

probability statements for levels of attainment of various

objectives. The study analyzed different operation plans so

that a "best" operation plan was designed. The choice of an operation plan was based upon separate objective ful- fillments for a multipurpose reservoir without resorting to assignment of a common measure to all objectives (such

as dollars), or reduction of some objectives to operation

constraints. The models and the techniques for modeling and analysis were generally formulated allowing for their use in other multiple-objective applications.

(/) Completed.

(g) The stochastic trade-off methodology developed in this study enables the estimation of risks or probabilities as- sociated with achievement of various levels of a reservoir operation objective while maintaining minimum levels of another operation objective. Trade-offs are constructed by

maximizing benefits with respect to one objective with the constraint that minimum levels of benefits also must be

realized with respect to other objectives. By repeating the optimization for many constraint levels, the trade-off function between objectives is constructed. The Coralville reservoir was originally designed and is currently being operated as a flood-control reservoir. At

the present time there is conflict between recreation users and the operating agency. The former demand enhance- ment of recreation opportunities and consequent higher and consistent pool levels, and the latter maintain that the

reservoir was originally designed for flood control and that any deviation from current operation plans will impair

flood control benefits. This study evolves operation plans, based on selected objective trade-offs and risks between

flood control and recreation objectives. The existing and the evolved operation rules are tested in a comprehensive reservoir model which adjusts the reser- voir profile for sediment distribution, deposition, and

recompaction of all sediment layers biannually. The model

reflects the influence of the reservoir profiles, sediment

consistency, evaporation, inflows, and reservoir operations.

The model is used to simulate the behavior of the reser- voir for the next ten years and calculations of reservoir sedimentation, flood control benefits, and recreation use

are made. The evolved operation rules are shown to provide more flood control and recreation benefits than the

existing operation rule without increasing sedimentation

rates. (h) Quantification of Recreational Use of the Coralville Reservoir, T. E. Croley II, R. Chen, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 181, Aug. 1975. Iowa River Flood Damage Related to Coralville Reservoir Operations, T. E. Crolwy II, F. Karim, Iowa Inst. Hydr.

Res. Tech. Rept. No. 194, Oct. 1976. Reservoir Sedimentation Calculations Using Continuing Dis- tribution, Recompaction and Sediment Slump, T. E. Croley

II, K. N. R. Rao, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No.

198, 1977. Hydrologic Time Series Deseasonalization and Reconstruction, T. E. Croley II, K. N. R. Rao, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 199, 1977.

Stochastic Trade-Offs for Reservoir Operation, T. E. Croley II, K. N. R. Rao, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 197, Jan. 1977. 59
Adaptive River Basin Management with Single or Multiple

Objectives, T. E. Croley II, Proc. XVIth Congress, Intl. Assoc. for Hydr. Res., Sao Paulo, Brazil, July 27-Aug. 1, 1975. Multipurpose Reservoir Operation Using Stochastic Tradeoff Analyses, T. E. Croley II, K. N. R. Rao, Proc. 2nd Intl. Symp. Stochastic Hydraulics, . Lund, Sweden, Aug. 2-4, 1976. 061-10374-340-61 OPTIMUM MECHANICAL DRAFT WET COOLING

TOWERS TO SUPPLEMENT ONCE-THROUGH COOLING

AT SELECTED MISSOURI RIVER SITES

(b) Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute; Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interi- or. (c) Dr. Thomas E. Croley II. (d) Analytical, applied and basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) To construct necessary computer-based, numerical models

and methodology for determining the most economical

size of mechanical draft wet cooling tower for use as a "helper" to once-through cooling for utilities on the Missouri River.

(g) Thermodynamic and economic models of combined

mechanical draft wet cooling towers and once-through

cooling systems have been developed. The search for the most economical arrangement and operation mode of the combined cooling system was carried out with two configurations: open-cycle parallel arrangement and partially closed-cycle parallel arrangement. Each system was

analyzed by incorporating it in a proposed future unit (rated capacity of 1150 MW) along the Missouri River at Fort Calhoun, Nebraska. Capital and operating costs of

the two configurations were determined for condensers

having flow rates of 900,000 gpm and 585,000 gprh. From

the cases studied it is seen that the minimum unit cost of energy production results from a combined cooling system

with an 1100 ft cooling tower operating in a partially closed-cycle mode with the smaller condenser. However,

the economy of this mode of operation is partially offset by the disadvantage of greater water losses. 061-10375-870-73 COOLING WATER DISCHARGE THERMAL-HYDRAULIC

MODEL, ST. LUCIE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

(b) Florida Power and Light Company, and Ebasco Services

Inc., New York.

(c) Dr. S. C. Jain and Dr. J. F. Kennedy.

(d) Experimental, applied and basic research.

(e) Various thermal and hydraulic model tests were performed

in connection with the design and performance of the

offshore thermal outfalls for St. Lucie Nuclear Power

Plant. These tests included model investigations of (i) the multiple-port discharges of Unit II, (ii) the submerged Youtlet discharge for unit I, (iii) hydraulic characteristics

for Y-nozzle and discharge ports.

(/) Completed.

(g) On the basis of thermal-hydraulic model tests, it was found

that a multiport diffuser with 58 discharge nozzles aimed

offshore at >25° from the pipe axis would meet the ther- mal criterion. The momentum of the discharge produces

an off-shore drift of the diluted warm-water plume.

(h) Investigation of the Thermal Near-Field for an Alternating

Multiport Diffuser Pipe, A. Nospal, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of

Iowa, Dec. 1974. Cooling Water Discharge Thermal-Hydraulic Characteristics Model of the St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant, S. C.

Jain, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No.

176, July 1975. 061-10376-870-75 HYDRO-THERMAL MODEL STUDY OF THE KAHE

POWER PLANT CONDENSER WATER DISCHARGE

SYSTEM

(b) Bechtel, Inc., San Francisco, California.

(c) Dr. S. C. Jain and Dr. J. F. Kennedy.

(d) Experimental, applied and basic research.

(e) Various model tests were performed in connection with

the design of the outfall structure for the condenser cooling water discharge for the Kahe Power Plant.

(/) Completed.

(g) The recommended discharge structure consists of two 12-

ft diameter pipes, each terminating with an 1 1 -ft diameter

nozzle discharging offshore at an angle of 20° above the

horizontal. The nozzles will be located at water depth of 27 ft below MLLW.

(h) Preliminary Report-Thermal-Hydraulic Model Study of Offshore Discharge System of Kahe Power Plant, S. C.

Jain, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Limited Dist. Rept. No. 38, Jan. 1976. Thermal-Hydraulic Model Study of Offshore Discharge

System for Kahe Power Plant, Hawaii, S. C. Jain, M.

Leonard, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 184, Jan. 1976. 061-10377-410-13 EVALUATION OF MOVABLE BED TIDAL INLET MODELS

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(c) Dr. S. C. Jain and Dr. J. F. Kennedy.

(d) Theoretical, applied and basic research.

(e) The results of movable bed tidal inlet hydraulic model stu- dies conducted by Waterways Experiment Station were compared with the observation made in the prototype to evaluate the effectiveness of such models.

(g) Some quantitative indications, including correlation coeffi- cients and root-mean-square error are used to check the accuracy of model performance.

(h) Evaluation of Movable Bed Tidal Inlet Models, S. C. Jain,

J. F. Kennedy, Proc. 15th Coastal Engrg. Conf., Honolulu, Hawaii, June 1976. 061-10378-870-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL TESTING FOR LAKE ERIE GENERATING STATION

(i>) Envirosphere Company, a Division of Ebasco Services, New York, and Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation,

Syracuse, New York.

(c) Dr. S. C. Jain. (d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Various thermal-hydraulic model tests were performed in connection with the blowdown discharge structure for the blowdown discharge of the cooling tower at the propsoed

Lake Erie Generating Station.

(f) Completed.

(g) On the basis of thermal hydraulic model tests, a diffuser with alternative nozzles was recommended.

(h) Hydraulic-Thermal Model Study of the Blowdown

Discharge of the Lake Erie Generating Station, S. C. Jain, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Limted Dist. Rept. No. 41, June

1976. 061-10379-870-73 PREDICTION AND MODELING NEAR FIELD BEHAVIOR

OF MECHANICAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER PLUMES

(b) Electric Power Research Institute. (c) Dr. S. C. Jain and Dr. J. F. Kennedy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic and applied research.

(e) This research program is to develop techniques for small

scale model tests of cooling tower installations which will provide relatively complete data on near field characteristics of the plumes and their effects on cooling tower performance and to validate model testing as a reliable means of plume prediction for use in resolving questions and guiding decisions related to power plant siting and

layout. 60
061-10380-870-73 THERMAL-HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF THE COOLING WATER DISCHARGE FROM NPPD'S GERALD GENTLEMEN STATION INTO SUTHERLAND RESERVOIR

(b) Nebraska Public Power District, Columbus, Nebraska.

(c) Dr. S. C. Jain and Dr. J. F. Kennedy.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Near field mixing characteristics of the thermal discharge from the auxiliary cooling pond and Sutherland Reservoir were investigated.

(g) Near field dilution was found to be not sensitive to jet densimetric Froude number for the discharge studies tested in the model. 061-10381-010-14 THREE-DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYERS AND THE

ORIGIN OF LIFT ON BODIES OF REVOLUTION AT IN- CIDENCE

(b) U.S. Army Research Office and Lockheed-Georgia Co.

(c) Dr. V. C. Patel. (d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research; graduate

theses.

(e) The objective of this research is to make an experimental and theoretical study of the behavior of the boundary

layer on bodies of revolution at incidence. The study has

relevance to the design of aircraft fuselages, missiles, and

underwater vehicles and is expected to yield information

necessary for the prediction of forces on such shapes.

(g) The study has been organized into two phases. The first of

these, involves the development of a suitable three-dimensional boundary-layer calculation procedure. A computer

program has been developed for calculating potential flow

past an arbitrary inclined body of revolution. A finite-dif- ference program for the calculation of the three-dimensional boundary layer on the surface is under develop- ment. The second phase of the project involves an experi- mental study of the three-dimensional boundary layer. As

a preliminary to detailed measurements, flow visualization studies over different bodies of revolution were carried out

in a large water flume and later in a wind tunnel. Colored

dyes were used to observe the surface flow patterns in the flume, while wool tufts glued on the body surface were

used in the wind tunnel experiments. These flow visualiza- tion studies served to provide an understanding of some ol the basic features of three-dimensional flows such as separation, flow reversal, vortex roll-up, etc. These experi- ments also provided the necessary information for the design of a suitable body shape which will be used for detailed tests in the large wind tunnel of the Institute. A 4-

ft long X 1-ft maximum diameter hemisphere-spheroid

body, fully instrumented for boundary layer studies, is presently being fabricated for these wind tunnel tests. (h) Advances in Turbulent Boundary Layer Calculation Methodology, J. F. Nash, V. C. Patel, Proc. of Perm State Univ. Symp. Turbulent Shear Flows, pp. 5.1-1 1, 1977. 061-10382-340-36 ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF

BACKFITTING POWER PLANTS WITH CLOSED-CYCLE

COOLING SYSTEM

(b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) T. E. Croley II and V. C. Patel. (d) Experimental, design.

(e) Investigation of the engineering and economic (including

environmental) consequences of backfitting a steam-electric power plant (both fossil and nuclear fueled) with four

closed-cycle cooling systems: mechanical draft evaporative

towers, natural draft evaporative towers, cooling ponds, and spray canals.

(/) Completed.

(g) Development of computational models for several closed- cycle cooling systems which allow economic consideration of sizing. Examples illustrating analysis of each type of

cooling system are shown.

(h) Economic Assessment of Backfitting Power Plants with Closed-Cycle Cooling Systems, A. R. Giaquinta, T. E. Croley II, V. C. Patel, J. G. Melville, M. S. Cheng, A. S. Uzuner, Rept. No. EPA-600-2-76-050, U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C., Mar.

1976. Available from NTIS. 061-10383-290-14 COMPRESSIBLE RECOIL MECHANISM

(b) Army Research Office.

(c) Dr. C. J. Chen.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic; graduate theses. (e) Study of unsteady laminar and turbulent flow in shock-absorbing system. 061-10384-190-15 FRAZIL ICE FORMATION IN TURBULENT FLOW

(b) Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hanover, New Hampshire.

(c) Dr. J. F. Kennedy.

(d) Experimental, applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) The criteria for establishing design standards for structures

that must pass super-cooled water and frazil ice (namely

hydro-electric and municipal intakes and possibly nuclear

cooling systems) are not firmly established. Frazil ice can form in water which is supercooled only to a few hundredths of a degree Celsius below zero. These frazil ice particles initially form as small discs, apparently

throughout the fluid and collect on the water surface forming what appears to be snow slush. Heavy concentrations can block intake structures and even form ice jams

in rivers due to its adhesive capabilities during the growth

stage of the crystals. An experimental apparatus has been

designed to study systematically the formation of frazil ice under controlled laboratory conditions. The development

of reliable predictors for frazil ice formation based on the

rate of water supercooling, degree of turbulence, the as- sociated heat transfer at the particle-fluid interface, and

the presence of foreign impurities will be studied. (g) Preliminary results have shown that impurities such as silt or sand have no noticeable effect in the formation of frazil ice. The major ingredient necessary for frazil ice formation

is the presence of ice crystals to trigger the nucleation

process. In rivers these ice crystals will be present in the shore ice that forms first along the banks and in pools, and

in the splash zone of high velocity rapid reaches provided

that cold air temperatures are present. 061-10385-030-70 POTENTIAL FLOW AROUND CIRCULAR COOLING

TOWERS

(b) The Marley Company.

(c) Dr. J. C. Tatinclaux and Dr. L. Landweber.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Development of a mathematical model for calculating air flow patterns for an array of round cooling towers. Viscous effects are neglected and the intake through the periphery of each tower is known. Each tower can then be

represented by a distribution of singularities and the cor- responding flow potential determined. The corresponding

flow field can be calculated.

(f) Completed.

(g) Two mathematical models for the flow around a round

mechanical draft cooling tower, either isolated or part of an array of towers, in a uniform ambient wind have been

derived. The first one takes into consideration the effect of exhaust flow through the tower stack and the influence of

the ambient wind on the magnitude and distribution of an

intake around the periphery of the tower which the second, simpler model neglects. Examples of application are presented.

(h) Mathematical Model of the Flow About a Circular Cooling

Tower, J. C. Tatinclaux, B. Y. Ting, L. Landweber, Iowa

Inst. Hydr. Res. Limited Dist. Rept. No. 40, Apr. 1976-revised Apr. 1977. 61
Flow Around Circular Cooling Towers-Effect on Plume

Rise, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Limited Dist. Rept. No. 46, Mar. 1977. 061-10386-340-70 PLUME RECIRCULATION AND INTERFERENCE IN MECHANICAL DRAFT COOLING TOWERS

(b) The Marley Company.

(c) Dr. S. C. Jain. (d) Experimental; Master's thesis. (e) Model studies are being conducted on small scale models

of various types of mechanical draft cooling towers to determine the trajectories of the plumes they produce and

the interaction between the plumes and the tower from

which it originates, as well as downwind towers. The ex- periments are being conducted in a specially designed flume which is 10 ft wide, 60 ft long, and 7.5 ft deep.

Modeling is based on kinematical similarity and on equality of the densimetric Froude number in model and prototype. Buoyancy is achieved by heating or cooling the stack

effluent. Ambient fluid is withdrawn into the intake faces of the tower. The recirculation ratio (the fraction of stack

effluent in the tower's ingested fluid) and plume configuration are determined from temperature measurements made

with thermistor banks interfaced with an on-line computer.

(g) Experiments have been conducted for densimetric Froude numbers (based on the stack effluent velocity and the stack diameter) from 2 to 7, and ratios of jet ambient

velocity of 0.4 to 12. Rectangular, circular, and annular towers of different overall dimensions and with different stack heights and spacing have been investigated. Experi- ments have also been made for wet-dry towers. It was

found that recirculation generally increases with decreasing Froude number for negative buoyancy plumes and with

increasing Froude number for positive buoyancy plumes.

With increasing velocity ratio the recirculation ratio generally decreases for positive buoyancy plumes; for negative buoyancy plumes recirculation first decreases then increases with velocity ratio. Increasing stack height and spacing both reduce the recirculation. The plume configuration is slightly sensitive to the densimetric Froude number in the range investigated, and is strongly affected by the velocity ratio. Round towers have much lower

recirculation ratios than rectangular ones. The recircula- tion ratio for a two-tower system, with a second tower

directly downwind from the first, is relatively insensitive to Froude number, but decreases markedly with increasing

velocity ratio. For the case of a single rectangular tower,

the recirculation ratio of the downwind face of a six-stack tower oriented at 90° to the ambient wind ranges from

about 2 to 1 2 percent, while for a single circular tower the

recirculation ratio is always less than about 2 percent. The

recirculation ratio of the downwind tower of two 12-stack towers spaced half a tower length apart can be as great as 20 percent. Very large recirculation ratios frequently occur when the wind is nearly aligned with the tower axis; in this case the cross wind deflects the plume over the whole tower resulting in very large ingestion of stack ef- fluent. (h) Plume Recirculation and Interference in Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers, J. F. Kennedy, H. Fordyce, presented

Symp. Cooling Tower Environment-1 974, Univ. of Maryland, Mar. 4-6, 1974. Plume Recirculation and Interference in Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower, T.-L. Chan, S.-T. Hsu, J.-T. Lin, H.-H. Hsu, N.-S. Huang, S. C. Jain, C. E. Tsai, T. E. Croley II, H. Fordyce, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech.

Rept. No. 160, Apr. 1974. 061-10387-220-05 SEDIMENT DISCHARGE OF ALLUVIAL STREAMS CALCULATED FROM BED-FORM STATISTICS

(b) Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service; and

Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(c) Dr. J. C. Willis and Dr. J. F. Kennedy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) The total sand load of a stream is being treated as the sum

of two parts: that contributed by the downstream migration of the bed forms as "dune load"; and that carried over the separation zones of the troughs and above the bed as suspended load. The overall objective of this study

is to develop methods for calculating these sediment loads from concepts closely related to the physical transport processes involved. Other related objectives are to define the various functions used in the calculational procedure and to relate the parameters of the functions to measureable flow variables. (g) The dune load has been derived as a sum of contributions by the Fourier frequency components of bed-elevation

records. These sine or cosine waves are characterized by

amplitudes proportional to their contribution to the stan- dard deviation of the bed surface and migration velocities calculated from cross-spectral phase angles between dual records of bed elevation. The contribution to the standard

deviation is obtained by differentiating the variance contribution defined as the spectral density function of the bed surface. The distribution of the flux of sediment trans- port over the flow depth has been derived from published models of velocity and concentration distributions. The

suspended load is calculated from the integral of the flux distribution for our reference concentrations based on ^he

effective bed concentration. This effective bed concentration is defined as the product of bulk density of the bed

material and the fraction of the time or distance during

which the bed surface remains above the reference level. New data from a series of laboratory flume experiments

with equilibrium flows and bed forms are being used to supplement existing data and to define the various functions and parameters entering the load calculations. These

data include temporal and spatial elevation records for dif- ferent flow rates and water temperatures. Total load measurements provide a check of the load calculations and aid

in developing the empirical aspects of the calculational procedure.

(h) Sediment Discharge of Alluvial Streams Calculated from Bed-Form Statistics, Ph.D. Thesis, Mechanics and Hydraulics Program, Univ. of Iowa, Dec. 1 976. Sediment Transport in Stochastic Bed Forms, J. C. Willis,

J. F. Kennedy, manuscript under preparation. 061-10388-200-00 FLOW IN ALLUVIAL CHANNEL BENDS

(b) Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(c) M. Falcon and Dr. J. F. Kennedy.

(d) Theoretical; Ph.D. thesis. (e) An analytical model is being developed to describe the

spatial distributions of water- and sediment-transport quantities of flows in irregular meandering channels. The

analytical scheme is based on the balance of torque result- ing from channel curvature and vertical nonuniformity of

the mean-velocity distribution; torsional inertia of the water mass; and boundary shear acting in radial planes

perpendicular to the channel axis. (g) An improved model has been developed to describe the

cross-sectional distribution of radial velocities in channel- bend flows. It has been found that for flows in typical river bends the Coriolis force is small but still not negligible in evaluating the streamwise momentum balance. (h) Transverse Bed Slopes in Alluvial Streams, C. Zimmer- mann, J. F. Kennedy, submitted to ASCE, Mar. 1976. 061-10389-010-00 OSCILLATING BOUNDARY LAYER

(b) Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(c) Dr. B. R. Ramaprian.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) The project involves an experimental study of a transi- tional boundary layer in the presence of a sinusoidally

oscillating free stream. The boundary-layer velocity measurements are made using laser-Doppler anemometry. This study forms the initial effort to understand the effect of flow unsteadiness on turbulent shear flows. The study has 62
important applications in the areas of helicopter and missile aerodynamics.

(g) Measurements made so far indicate the following important features: (i) the flow close to the wall leads the outer flow while the flow in the middle region of the boundary

layer slightly lags behind the outer flow; (ii) significant amount of random motion exists near the wall in the neighborhood of the maximum velocity during the cycle. 061-10390-000-00 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PULSATILE FLOW IN A

ROUND TUBE AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER

(fe) University of Iowa.

(c) Dr. B. R. Ramaprian.

(d) Experimental, basic research; Master's thesis. (e) The project involves an experimental study of sinusoidally

oscillating flow in a round tube at transitional Reynolds number. Laser-Doppler anemometry will be used to measure the periodic and random components of the velocities

in the pulsating flow. The study is of immediate relevance

to biofluid flow problems such as arterial blood flow. However, the experimental data are expected to contribute to the basic understanding of the effect of flow unsteadiness on the structure of turbulent shear flows. 061-10391-010-70 MEAN FLOW MEASUREMENTS IN THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYER OVER A BODY OF

REVOLUTION AT INCIDENCE

(b) Lockheed Co., Marietta, Georgia.

(c) Dr. B. R. Ramaprian.

(d) Experimental, basic research; Doctoral thesis. (e) The project involves the measurement of the mean

velocity and flow angles in the three-dimensional boundary

layer over a body of revolution placed at an angle of in- cidence to the free stream. The measurements will be made using a three holed yaw-probe. Boundary-layer measurements will be made at several longitudinal and circumferential locations of the body. These measurements are expected to be useful in the development/calibration of

calculation methods for three-dimensional boundary

layers. 061-10392-030-54 AERODYNAMICS OF HYPERBOLIC COOLING TOWERS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. C. Farell. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research; graduate theses.

(e) The influence of distributed and rib-type roughnesses on

the mean pressure distributions on circular cylinders and

hyperbolic cooling tower models was investigated. The

major aims of the study were to assess the beneficial ef- fects of surface roughness on wind loading, to identify

criteria for the modeling of prototype conditions in windtunnel tests, and to develop a method for predicting the wind loads on prototype structures fitted with different types and sizes of roughness. Empirical corrections for wind-tunnel blockage effects have been developed. The

analytical results include a simple model for two-dimensional mean flow at very large Reynolds numbers around a

circular cylinder with distributed roughness, and calculations of boundary layer development over a ribbed

cylinder. (h) Wind Loading on Hyperbolic Cooling Towers, F. Maisch, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, July 1 974.

External Roughness Effects on the Mean Wind Pressure

Distribution on Hyperbolic Cooling Towers, C. Farell, F. Maisch, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 164, Aug.

1974.

Effect of Wind Tunnel Walls on the Flow About Circular Cylinders and Cooling Towers, S. Carrasquel, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Sept. 1974.

Surface Roughness Effects on the Mean Flow Past Circular

Cylinders, O. Giiven, V. C. Patel, C. Farell, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 175, May 1975. Wind Loading on Hyperbolic Cooling Towers, C. Farell, O.

Giiven, F. Maisch, V. C. Patel, Proc. 2nd U.S. Natl. Conf. on Wind Engrg. Research, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo., June 1975. An Experimental and Analytical Study of Surface- Roughness Effects on the Mean Flow Past Circular Cylinders, O. Giiven, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Dec. 1975. Laboratory Simulation of Wind Loading on Rounded Structures, C. Farell, O. Giiven, V. C. Patel, Proc., IASS World

Congress on Space Enclosures, Montreal, July 1976. Mean Wind Loading on Rough-Walled Cooling Towers, C.

Farell, O. Giiven, F. Maisch, J. Engrg. Mechanics Div., ASCE 102, EM6, pp. 1059-1081, Dec. 1976. Flow Around Ribbed Cylinders: Experimental and Analytical Studies, C. Farell, V. C. Patel, O. Giiven, presented

2nd Ann. ASCE Engrg. Mechanics Div. Specialty Conf., Raleigh, N.C., May 1977. 061-10393-030-54 MEAN AND FLUCTUATING PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS

ON CIRCULAR CYLINDERS WITH LARGE ROUGHNESS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. C. Farell. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research; graduate theses.

(e) The effect of distributed roughness on the mean and fluc- tuating pressure distributions on circular cylinders is being

investigated, with the aims of extending the theoretical un- derstanding of the flow phenomena and obtaining quantifi- cation of results using up-to-date boundary-layer calculation procedures, and developing an interaction model to couple the boundary-layer and wake behavior with the external potential flow.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ames, Iowa

50011.

062-09792-480-54 LABORATORY AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TORNADOES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor C. T. Hsu.

(</) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied; Master and Doctoral thesis. (e) A unique facility was designed for simulating the interac- tion of a main vortex (tornado cyclone) with a ground

plane. Numerical analysis was also being carried out for analyzing the flow field resulting from the interaction of a main vortex with a plane boundary.

(g) It was found that the interaction of the main vortex with a ground plane is responsible for the formation of a tornado

funnel. High speed photography used to measure the in- stantaneous velocity components indicates that the radial distribution of tangential velocities at low levels is in good

agreement with Hoecker's observation of the Dallas tor- nado. Pressure deficit measured at the vortex center ranges across the boundary layer from 1.5 to 4 times the values obtained from the conventional cyclostrophic rela- tion. A new turbulence model, which consists of one dif- ferential equation for the turbulence energy and three empirical equations for the turbulent diffusivity, the rate of

diffusion of the turbulence energy and the rate of viscous

dissipation of turbulence energy was developed to further analyze the flow field of vortex and boundary interaction. Our preliminary result of the time dependent solutions in- dicates that a four-cell vortex may exist in the boundary

layer. This result is in good qualitative agreement with observations from natural tornadoes as well as from our

laboratory simulations. 63
(h) Mechanism of Tornado Funnel Formation, C. T. Hsu, B. Fattahi, Physics of Fluids 19, 12, pp. 1853-57, Dec. 1976. Turbulent Modeling of a Vortex Boundary Layer Flow, C.

T. Hsu, H. Tesfamariam. To be published in Mathematics and Computers in Simulation. Wind and Pressure Fields of a Tornado-Like Vortex, C. T. Hsu, B. Fattahi, Iowa State University, ER1 Report 77246, 1977 (request from correspondent (c)). 062-09793-220-50 EOLIAN EROSION ON MARS

(b) NASA, Ames Research Center.

(c) Professor J. D. Iversen. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research.

(e) Investigation of mechanism of solid particle entrainment due to strong winds, particularly at low atmospheric density, such as on Mars.

(h) Windblown Dust on Earth, Mars, and Venus, J. D. Iversen, R. Greeley, J. B. Pollack, J. Atmospheric Sciences 33, pp. 2425-2429, 1976. The Effect of Vertical Distortion in the Modeling of Sedi- mentation Phenomena; Martian Crater Wake Streaks, J. D.

Iversen, J. Geophysical Res. 81, pp. 4846-4856, 1976.

Eolian Erosion of the Martian Surface; Part I: Erosion Rate Similitude, J. D. Iversen, R. Greeley, B. R. White, J. B. Pollack, Icarus 26, pp. 321-331, 1975.

Saltation Threshold on Mars; The Effect of Interparticle Force, Surface Roughness, and Low Atmospheric Density,

Icarus 29, pp. 381-393, 1976. 062-09794-540-50 AIRCRAFT TRAILING VORTICES

(b) NASA, Ames Research Center.

(c) Professor J. D. Iversen. (d) Experimental, theoretical, applied research.

(e) Wind tunnel measurements of interacting and merging corotating vortices. (h) Merging of Aircraft Trailing Vortices, S. A. Brandt, J. D.

Iversen, AIAA Paper 77-8, 1977. Merging Distance Criteria for Co-Rotating Trailing Vortices, J. D. Iversen, S. A. Brandt, P. Raj, Proc. Aircraft Wake Vortices Conf, U.S. Dept. Transportation, Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Mass., 1977.

Inviscid to Turbulent Transition of Trailing Vortices, J. D.

Iversen, AIAA Paper 75-883, 1975.

Correlation of Turbulent Trailing Vortex Decay Data, J. of

Aircraft 13, pp. 338-342, 1976.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ames, Iowa

5001 1. Dr. H. P. Johnson, Professor. 063-001 7W-8 10-07 PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WATERSHEDS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 6.0339. 063-0264W-870-33 MOVEMENT OF PESTICIDES AND NUTRIENTS WITH

WATER AND SEDIMENT AS AFFECTED BY TILLAGE

PRACTICES

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 5.0658. 063-0265W-840-07 QUALITY OF TILE EFFLUENT

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 5.0659.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics,

Ames, Iowa 5001 1. Professor Donald F. Young.

064-07392-270-40 EFFECT OF STENOTIC OBSTRUCTIONS ON FLOW IN TUBES

(b) Iowa State Univ. Engr. Research Inst.; National Institutes of Health.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Project is concerned with steady and unsteady flow of

liquids through circular tubes which contain some type of

constriction. Flow characteristics which may be of im- portance to blood flow through arteries containing

stenoses are being studied. These include pressure distribution, laminar separation phenomena, transition Reynolds

numbers for the initiation of turbulence, and turbulence. Both in vitro and in vivo tests are under consideration. (h) Pressure Drop Across Artificially Induced Stenoses in the Femoral Arteries of Dogs, D. F. Young, N. R. Cholvin, A.

C. Roth, Circulation Research 36, pp. 735-743, 1975. Wall Vibrations Induced by Flow Through Simulated

Stenoses in Models and Arteries, R. L. Kirkeeide, D. F. Young, N. R. Cholvin, Proc. 28th Ann. Conf. Engr. Med. and Biology, p. 408, 1975.

Effect of Collateral and Peripheral Resistance on Blood Flow Through Arterial Stenoses, A. C. Roth, D. F. Young,

N. R. Cholvin, J. Biomechanics 9, pp. 367-375, 1976.

Effect of Geometry on Pressure Losses Across Models of Arterial Stenoses, B. D. Seeley, D. F. Young, J. Biomechanics 9, pp. 439-448, 1976.

Effect of Elevated Flow Rates on Pressure Losses Across

Arterial Stenoses, D. F. Young, N. R. Cholvin, R. L. Kir- keeide, A. C. Roth, Proc. llth Intl. Conf. Med. and Biol. Engr., pp. 334-335, 1976. 064-09020-000-00 OSCILLATING INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN A TORUS

(b) Iowa State Univ. Engr. Research Institute. (c) Dr. Bruce R. Munson.

(d) Theoretical, experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of the secondary flows within a coiled pipe or

torus when the flow is driven by sinusoidal oscillations of

the torus or by sinusoidal pressure gradient in a stationary

torus. The qualitative and quantitative nature of the secon- dary flows generated are strongly dependent on the dimensionless frequency of oscillation. (g) Secondary flow in an oscillating torus is directed from the outside of the bend toward the inside even at low frequencies of oscillation. This phenomenon is opposite to the outward centrifuging secondary flows for steady flow in a curved pipe or for flow driven by a slowly oscillating pres- sure gradient in a torus. Experimental results verify the perturbation theory solutions. (h) Secondary Flow in a Slowly Oscillating Torus, B. R. Munson, Phys. Fluids 9, 11, pp. 1823-1825, 1976. Experimental Results for Oscillating Flow in a Curved Pipe,

B. R. Munson, Phys. Fluids 19, 12, pp. 1607-1609, 1975. 064-09021-000-00 FLOW IN A SPHERICAL ANNULUS

(fc) Iowa State Univ. Engr. Research Inst.; National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Bruce R. Munson.

(d) Theoretical, experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of the basic laminar flow within the spherical annulus between two spheres rotating about a common

axis. Investigation of the stability properties of spherical annulus flow and the transition to turbulence.

(g) Theoretical stability limits (critical Reynolds numbers) are obtained from linear hydrodynamic stability theory for the flow in a spherical annulus. Experimental and theoretical

results show that the nature of transition from the basic 64
laminar flow is strongly dependent upon various parameters of the flow-radius ratio, angular velocity ratio, etc. Experimental torque measurements are obtained for a wide range of Reynolds numbers-from Stokes flow to boundary layer flow. (h) Viscous Incompressible Flow Between Eccentric Coaxially

Rotating Spheres, B. R. Munson, Phys. Fluids 17, 3, pp. 528-531, 1974. Experimental Results for Low Reynolds Number Flow

Between Eccentric Rotating Spheres, M. Menguturk, B. R. Munson, Phys. Fluids 18, 2, pp. 128-130, 1975. Viscous Incompressible Flow Between Concentric Rotating

Spheres. Part 3: Linear Stability and Experiment, B. R. Munson, M. Menguturk, J. Fluid Mecli., in press. Flow in a Spherical Annulus, M. Menguturk, Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Mech. Engr., Duke Univ., July 1974. Experimental Investigation of Flow Between Rotating

Spheres, A. M. Waked, Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Engrg.

Sci. and Mech., Jan. 1977.

Stability Characteristics of Eccentric Spherical Annulus

Flow, Developments in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

8, Proc. 8th SECTAM, 1976. 064-09022-000-00 SELF EXCITED FLOW OSCILLATIONS

(b) Iowa State Univ. Engr. Research Institute. (c) Dr. David K. Holger.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Project is concerned with steady flow geometries in which

the interaction between a free shear layer and solid boundary causes a periodic oscillation of the flow. Special applications of interest are pressure oscillations propagating

into the surrounding fluid as sound and structural vibra- tions resulting from the flow solid boundary interaction.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ames, Iowa

5001 1 . Professor Arthur E. Bergles, Chairman.

065-10784-630-26 MULTISTAGE AXIAL-FLOW TURBOMACHINE WAKE

PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND INTERACTION

(b) U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Iowa State University Engineering Research Institute. (c) Theodore H. Okiishi, Professor.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) An experimental study intended to lead to better un- derstanding of the three-dimensional and unsteady aspects of multistage axial-flow turbomachine wake production,

transport and interaction and to determining how this knowledge might be used to improve the aerodynamic

acoustic and/or aeromechanical performance of such

devices.

(g) Slow- and fast-response instrumentation has been employed to obtain time-average and periodic-average flowfield measurements between blade rows in a low-speed,

multistage, axial-flow research compressor. Data indicate

that rotor and stator blade exit flow patterns can vary sig- nificantly with the relative circumferential positioning of

the stationary blade rows and with the sampling positions of rotor blades. Differences in aerodynamic and acoustic

characteristics resulting from changes in unsteady wake in- teraction patterns have been observed.

(h) Multistage Axial-Flow Turbomachine Wake Production,

Transport and Interaction, D. P. Schmidt, T. H. Okiishi, AlAA Journal 15, pp. 1138-1145, 1977. 065-10785-050-54 PREDICTION OF BUOYANT TURBULENT JETS AND

PLUMES

(b) National Science Foundation, Affiliate Research Program

in Electrical Power.

(c) R. H. Pletcher, Professor.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) A finite-difference approach in a curvilinear, orthogonal

coordinate system is being used for the analysis of turbulent, axisymmetric, buoyant jets and plumes issuing at ar- bitrary angles to a flowing ambient. The turbulent shear

stress and heat transfer terms in the governing equations

are evaluated through turbulent viscosity and conductivity models which contain parameters related to buoyancy and

streamline curvature.

(g) Solutions have been obtained for the vertical buoyant jet discharging into a thermally stratified, quiescent ambient,

the nonvertical buoyant jet discharging into a quiescent

ambient, and the buoyant jet discharging at arbitrary angles into a cross-flow.

(/;) Prediction of Turbulent Jets in Coflowing and Quiescent

Ambients, I. K. Madni, R. H. Pletcher, J. Fluids Engineering 97, pp. 558-567, 1975. A Finite-Difference Analysis of Turbulent, Axisymmetric

Buoyant Jets and Plumes, Tech. Rept. HTL-10, ISU-ERI- Ames-76096, Iowa State University, 1975.

Prediction of Turbulent Forced Plumes Issuing Vertically Into Stratified or Uniform Ambients, I. K. Madni, R. H.

Pletcher, J. Heat Transfer 99, pp. 99-104, 1977. Buoyant Jets Discharging Nonvertically into a Uniform,

Quiescent Ambient-A Finite-Difference Analysis and Turbulence Modeling, I. K. Madni, R. H. Pletcher, J. Heat

Transfer 99, Nov. 1977.

Prediction of Plumes from Power Plants, S. S. Hwang, R. H. Pletcher, Annual Rept. ISU-ERl-Ames-77338, Affiliate Research Program in Electric Power, Iowa State University, pp. 1 1.1-1 1.13, 1977. 065-10786-000-54 PREDICTION OF SEPARATED FLOWS

(b) National Science Foundation; Army Research Office.

(c) R. H. Pletcher, Professor.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) A finite-difference approach is being used for the prediction of incompressible laminar and turbulent separated

flows, including regions of reversed flow and accounting

for viscous-inviscid interactions. (g) Studies indicate that current algebraic turbulence models

perform poorly in the neighborhood of separation and in regions of recirculation. Predictions have been significantly improved by the use of a simplified transport equation for turbulence length scale.

( h ) A Direct Method of Calculating Through Separated Regions

in Boundary Layer Flow, R. H. Pletcher, C. L. Dancey, J. Fluids Engineering 97, pp. 568-572, 1976. 065-10787-020-54 PREDICTION OF ANNULAR TURBULENT FLOWS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) R. H. Pletcher, Professor.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) Finite-difference methods are being used to solve the governing of partial differential equations of mass, momentum, and energy for the prediction of turbulent flow and

heat transfer with property variations in straight annular

passages.

(g) A turbulence model has been developed which utilizes a

simplified transport equation for the characteristic mixing

length scale in the central part of the flow. The model correctly predicts the center-line velocity overshoot in developing flow between parallel plates.

IOWA, UNIVERSITY OF, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research (see Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research listing).

65
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, see CALIFORNIA IN- STITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

LAMONT-DOHERTY GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY of Columbia University, Palisades, N. Y. 10964. Dr. Manik

Talwani, Director. 066-08827-450-52 TRANSPORT AND TRANSFER RATE IN THE WATERS OF

THE CONTINENTAL SHELF

(b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Dr. Pierre E. Biscaye, Senior Research Associate.

id) Project incorporates experimental and theoretical aspects but it very importantly involves field investigations in the area of basic research.

(e) To obtain detailed, quantitative knowledge of the rates of mixing within coastal waters (including the Hudson Estuary) and across the continental slope, and the exchange of water masses and species transported within them between

shelf waters and adjacent ocean water masses; and, by im- proved, quantitative knowledge of the chemical, physical and biological processes which control the origin, dispersal and fate of particulate matter, to understand and ultimately be able to model the impact of energy-related pollutants on the continental shelf.

(f) Active through September 1977.

(h) Suspended Particulate Concentrations and Compositions in the New York Bight, P. E. Biscaye, C. R. Olsen, Middle Atlantic Continental Shelf and the New York Bight, Limnology and Oceanograpy, Special Symposia 2, pp. 124-137, 1976. New York Bight Water Stratification-October 1974, A. L. Gordon, A. F. Amos, R. D. Gerard, Middle Atlantic Continental Shelf and the New York Bight, Limnology and

Oceanography, Special Symposia 2, pp. 45-57, 1976.

LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Geosciences Group, Group Leader: P. A. Witherspoon.

067-09983-820-52 HOT WATER STORAGE IN AQUIFERS

(b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Dr. Chin Fu Tsang.

(rf) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Detailed studies of the complex three-dimensional fluid and thermal flow patterns of a given aquifer system during

injection of hot water and during retrieval later. The pur- pose of these studies is to evaluate the efficiency of energy

storage and recovery, and to determine the feasibility of

using aquifers as storage of hot water produced either as a by-product of electric power plants or from solar energy

collectors. (g) Surprisingly high storage-retrieval efficiencies are found. For seasonal storage with annual cycles, the percentage of energy recovered over energy stored is greater than 80

percent, and for daily storage, the figure is higher than 90

percent. (h) Numerical Modeling of Cyclic Storage of Hot Water in Aquifers, C. F. Tsang, M. J. Lippmann, C. B. Goranson, P. A. Witherspoon. Presented Symp. Cyclic Storage of Water

in Aquifers, AGU Fall Ann. Mtg., San Francisco, Dec. 6-

10, 1977. Modeling Underground Storage in Aquifers of Hot Water

from Solar Power Systems, C. F. Tsang, C. B. Goranson, M. J. Lippmann, P. A. Witherspoon. Presented Intl. Solar Energy Soc. (Amer. Sect.) Conf, Orlando, Fla., June 6-9, 1977.

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering,

Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Bethlehem, Pa. 18015. Dr. Robert L. Johnson, Director, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Division. 068-07403-370-60 DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED DRAINAGE INLETS

(b) Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Highways.

(c) Dr. Arthur W. Brune.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Highway drainage inlets currently in use are tested at a model: prototype ratio of 1:2 to determine the capacity of each for the conditions in which it is used. This information will be used to develop more efficient drainage inlets. (/) Completed.

(h) Hydraulic Performance of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage

Inlets Installed in Grassed Channels, E. Appel, M.S. Thesis, Lehigh University Library, 1972. Hydraulic Performance of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage

Inlets Installed in Paved Channels, A. W. Brune, P. P. Yee, W. H. Graf, 52nd Ann. Mtg. Highway Research Board, Washington, D.C., 22 Jan. 1973. Hydraulic Performance of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage

Inlets Installed in Grassed Channels, E. Appel, A. W.

Brune, W. H. Graf, FLR 364.4, 1973. Hydraulic Performance of Highway Inlet Gratings, A. W.

Brune, W. H. Graf, E. Appel, P. P. Yee, ASCE Natl. Convention, Preprint 2390, Kansas City, Mo., 21 Oct. 1974. Performance of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage Inlets, A. W. Brune, W. H. Graf, E. Appel, P. P. Yee, ASCE HY12,

PaperJ 180 1, pp. 1519-1536, Dec. 1975. 068-10566-370-60 OPTIMAL DIMENSIONS FOR INLET GRATINGS

(i>) Pennsylvania Department of Transportation.

(c) Dr. Arthur W. Brune.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Half-scale models of inlet gratings are tested for hydraulic

efficiency with varying length-width ratios, the width being

held constant. (A) Optimal Dimensions of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage Inlets in Paved Channels, A. D. Spear, M. S. Thesis, Lehigh

University Library, 1976. Optimal Dimensions of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage

Gratings Installed in Grassed Channels, A. D. Spear, A. W.

Brune, Fritz Engrg. Lab. Rept. No. 401.2, 1976. Optimal Dimensions of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage

Gratings Installed in Paved Channels, A. D. Spear, A. W.

Brune, Fritz Engrg. Lab. Rept. No. 401.3, 1976. 068-10567-810-88 STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

(b) Urban Observatory, Allentown, Pennsylvania.

(c) Dr. Robert L. Johnson.

(d) Field investigation; design and operation.

(e) Calibration and verification of computer model for predicting storm water quantity and quality. Development of

design criteria for storm water retention basins and collec- tion system evaluation. (h) Storm Water Management for Little Lehigh and Cedar

Creek Drainage Basins, R. L. Johnson, P. J. Usinowicz, R. D. Reardon, Fritz Engrg. Lab. Rept. No. 416.2, 1976. 068-10568-860-54 SEDIMENTATION IN RESERVOIRS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. W. A. Murray.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Development of analytical and numerical methods to predict delta formation in reservoirs. Studies include in- vestigation of sediment sorting, suspended and bed load contributions to reservoir sedimentation. 66
(g) Computer program for prediction of delta formation has been extended to include sediment sorting and real river- reservoir systems. An additional computer program has been developed to describe the gradually varied profile defining the interface between heavy turbid water of the underflow and the lighter sediment-free surface waters.

(h) Numerical Investigation of Variable Density Underflow

Currents, J. J. Warwick, W. A. Murray, Fritz Engrg. Lab.

Rept. No. 410.2, 1977. 068-10569-060-00 TURBIDITY PLUME FLOW IN UNIFORM AND

STRATIFIED OCEAN WATER

(c) Dr. W. A. Murray.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Physical and numerical modeling of steady discharge of

fine-grain sediment slurry into ocean waters.

(g) Experimental results indicate that the flow of turbidity plumes is adequately described by equations of flow for simple, steady, fully turbulent plumes with a coefficient of entrainment, a, at 0.12 which is significantly greater than

the value used for simple plumes without suspended solids. (h) Turbidity Plume Flow in- Uniform and Stratified Ocean

Water and Implications for Sediment Disposal, C. R. Paola, W. A. Murray, Fritz Engrg. Lab. Rept. No. 410.1, 1976. 068-10570-220-54 ERODIBILITY OF SAND/CLAYEY SILT MIXTURES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. W. A. Murray.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Studies of the impact of varying fractions of clayey silt on

the erodibility of coarse and/silt mixtures.

(/) Completed.

(g) Required bed shear stress to transport a given rate of sedi- ment increased as the percent of fine material increased. (h) Erodibility of Coarse Sand/Clayey Silt Mixtures, W. A. Murray, Fritz Engrg. Lab. Rept. No. 41 1.2, 1976.

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Bethlehem, Pa. 18015. Professor J. A. Owczarek.

069-10460-480-54 USE OF SPLINES IN NUMERICAL WEATHER MODELING

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. A. Macpherson.

(f) Completed. 069-10462-210-54 UNSTEADY TURBULENT FLOW IN TUBES

(6) National Science Foundation,

(c) Dr. F. T. Brown. 069-10463-650-73 FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION

(b) PSEF and PP and L.

(c) Drs. J. C. Chen and E. K. Levy. 069-10464-690-52 CENTRIFUGAL COMBUSTION OF COAL

(b) ERDA.

(c) Drs. E. K. Levy and J. C. Chen.

069-10465-480-73 SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY MEASUREMENTS

(b) PP and L.

(c) Drs. R. Sarubbi and D. Leenov.

LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY of The University

of California, Group T-3, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos,

N. Mex. 87545. C. W. Hirt, Group Leader.

070-09014-640-54 WIND LOADS ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Leland R. Stein. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Three-dimensional calculations are being performed on

high-speed computers to verify that steady-state calculations of wind stresses agree with wind tunnel results. Also being examined are the pressure history on a structure when a unidirectional wind varies suddenly in speed and

the effects of a wind that varies rapidly in directions, per- haps simultaneously changing its strength. (g) Three-dimensional steady-state calculations of wind- produced stresses on simple structures agree well with wind tunnel data. (h) Prospects for Numerical Simulation of Bluff Body

Aerodynamics, C. W. Hirt, J. D. Ramshaw, Proc. Symp.

Aerodynamic Drag Mechanisms of Bluff Bodies and Road

Vehicles, General Motors Res. Lab., Warren, Mich., pp. 27-28, Sept. 1976. Prospects for Studying Bluff Body Aerodynamics by High

Speed Computer, C. W. Hirt, J. D. Ramshaw, L. R. Stein, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engrg. (submitted for publication). 070-0901 6-270-52 NUMERICAL STUDY OF PULSATILE FLOW IN ARTERIES

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Bart J. Daly.

(d) Theoretical; applied research, development.

(e) A numerical procedure is being developed for the purpose

of studying the pulsatile flow of blood through distensible

arteries, utilizing a computational method that permits vir- tually arbitrary and time-varying boundary configurations.

The technique development has concentrated on the effective simulation of two crucial characteristics of blood flow

in large arteries: a nonisotropic and space-varying elastic model of distensible arteries, and an efficient procedure

for calculating pulsatile flow.

(f) Suspended.

(g) A study has been made of pulsatile flow through stenosed canine femoral arteries for lumen constrictions in the range 0-61 percent. Quantitative measurements of the pressure drop across the stenosis, the peak wall shear, and

the development of local flow reversal in the wake of the

stenosis are presented. Comparisons with in vivo measure- ments are made wherever possible. A second study ex- amines changes in systolic flow development and blood

pressure that result from the implantation of rigid prostheses of varying diameters in a canine thoracic aorta. The results of the study indicate that the greatest threat to

graft survivability occurs when the prosthesis cross section

is the same as the normal diastolic cross section. Optimum

flow conditions exist when the prosthesis diameter is equal

to the normal systolic diameter.

(/?) A Numerical Study of Pulsatile Flow Through Stenosed Canine Femoral Arteries, B. J. Daly, Biomechanics 9, pp. 465-475, 1976.

Pulsatile Flow Through a Tube Containing Rigid and

Distensible Sections, B. J. Daly, Proc. 5th Intl. Conf. Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics, Twente Univ., The

Netherlands, June 1 976, Springer-Verlag.

A Numerical Study of the Effect of Prosthesis Size in Reconstructive Vascular Surgery, B. J. Daly, submitted for publication. 070-09260-740-20 NUMERICAL STUDY OF FREE SURFACE FLOWS PAST

CURVED, RIGID BOUNDARIES

(b) Office of Naval Research, Fluid Dynamics Program.

(c) B. D. Nichols. 67

254-330 0 - 78 -6
(d) Theoretical; applied research; development.

(e) Numerical methods are being developed to calculate in two and three dimensions the transient dynamics of free surface flows past arbitrarily shaped bodies. These finite difference techniques are being used to numerically deter- mine hydrodynamic forces on stationary, floating, and impacting cylinders. Particular attention is being given to nonlinear effects. (g) The two-dimensional SOLA-SURF code was used to calculate the added mass and damping coefficients for rectangular and triangular cylinders in forced heave, sway, and roll motions. The numerical data for these calculations are in good agreement with linear theory. At large amplitudes,

stronger secondary flow and other nonlinear effects become important. The three-dimensional SOLA-3D code was used to calculate the finite length effects associated with a triangular wedge in sway. It has been determined

that the end effects are not significant for low amplitudes

of motion for cylinder length to draft aspect ratios greater than two.

(h) SOLA-A Numerical Solution Algorithm for Transient Fluid Flows, C. W. Hirt, B. D. Nichols, N. C. Romero, Los Alamos Scientific Lab. Rept. LA-5852 (1975) and LA5852, Addendum (1976). Methods for Calculating Multi-Dimensional, Transient Free

Surface Flows Past Bodies, B. D. Nichols, C. W. Hirt, Proc.

1st Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Gaithersburg, Md., 1975. Numerical Calculation of Wave Forces on Structures, B. D.

Nichols, C. W. Hirt, Proc. 15th Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, Hawaii (1976).

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A&M COLLEGE, Agricultural

Engineering Department, Baton Rouge, La. 70803. William H. Brown, Department Head.

071-05915-810-00 FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF ON SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN LOW, FLAT, ALLUVIAL

AREAS

(c) Tom S. Chisholm, Asst. Professor.

(d) Field investigation; applied research; not specifically for

thesis. (e) Rainfall and runoff were measured on an event basis on a 50-acre pastured watershed graded to approximately 0.3

percent, located on the Mississippi River alluvial flood

plain. The objective was to correlate runoff rates and

volumes to rainfall rates and volumes.

(/) Terminated.

(g) Analysis was made of rainfall and runoff data from 43

storms which occurred during the period 1966 through

1969. Relationships were established between rainfall amount and runoff amount, and between rainfall amount

and runoff peak rate. Comparisons were also made

between the results from this watershed study and a

similar study which was conducted on nearby cropland.

(h) Raindrop Characteristics in South Central United States, C.

E. Carter, J. D. Greer, H. J. Braud, J. M. Floyd, Trans. ASAE 17, 6, pp. 1033-1037, 1974. Hydraulic Elements of a Partially Silted Round Section Flowing Partially Full, W. Talbot, H. J. Braud, ASAE Paper No. 74-250 7, Dec. 1974. Runoff from a Pastured Watershed in Louisiana, T. S. Chisholm. Manuscript approved for publication as a bulletin of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station.

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A&M COLLEGE,

School of Engineering, Baton Rouge, La. 70803.

072-08693-820-61 EFFECT OF VISCOSITY RATIO ON THE RECOVERY OF

FRESH WATER STORED IN SALINE AQUIFERS

(b) La. Water Resources Research Institute. (c) Dr. O. K. Kimbler, Professor, and W. R. Whitehead, Asst. Professor, Department Petroleum Engineering.

(d) Experimental, basic research, M.S. theses.

(e) The effect of viscosity difference on the extent of fluid mixing that occurs when an injected fluid miscibly dis- places the native fluid was studied experimentally in two

artificially consolidated sandstone miniaquifers of differing thicknesses. Fourteen experimental injection/storage/prod- uction runs were made with the injected fluid to native

fluid viscosity ratio ranging from 0.25 to 4. (f) Completed, June 1976.

(g) It was found that during an I/S/P run the amount of mixing

which occurred could be described in terms of an

"effective" dispersivity which was a function of viscosity

ratio. The effective dispersivity can be used in existing computer programs (which are for viscosity ratios of one)

to predict the recovery efficiency of an I/S/P run when the

injected fluids have both differing viscosities and densities. (h) Completion report in press, April 1977.

Effect of Viscosity Ratio on the Recovery of Fresh Water

Stored in Saline Aquifers, B. K. Agrawal, M.S. Thesis, La.

State Univ., Baton Rouge, La., Dec. 1975. 072-09926-890-61 EFFECT OF MIXED ZONE LENGTH ON THE GROWTH OF

VISCOUS FINGERS DURING A MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT

(b) Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute. (c) W. R. Whitehead, Asst. Professor, and O. K. Kimbler,

Professor, Department of Petroleum Engineering; R. G. Kazmann, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) See WRRC 11, 4.0084. 072-09927-350-61 PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF

FAILURE OF THE OLD RIVER CONTROL STRUCTURE

(b) Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute. (c) Professor R. G. Kazmann, Asst. Professors E. B. Jernigan and R. D. Gilbert, Department of Civil Engineering; Professor D. B. Johnson, Department of Economics.

(d) Applied research.

(e) See WRRC 11, 8.0017. 072-09928-820-61 EVALUATION OF AQUIFER SYSTEMS AS PROCESSING

PLANTS FOR THE MODIFICATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF INJECTED WATER

(b) Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute. (c) Dr. J. S. Hanor, Professor, Department of Geology.

(d) Experimental, applied research, both M.S. and Ph.D.

(e) To quantify understanding of the mechanisms which control water composition in selected Gulf Coast aquifers. Research concentrated on identifying natural processes which control water composition in fresh-water aquifers in East Baton Rouge and West Baton Rouge Parishes (counties), Louisiana. A study was made of the evolution

in water composition that has occurred over the last 40

years, and 60 additional well water samples were collected and analyzed. This work will have application in evaluating

the modification of water composition caused by diffusion of dissolved species from aquicludes into injected bodies

of fresher water. A series of experiments were run in which Mississippi River water was reacted in closed systems with various sedimentary materials. 68
(g) Calcium-rich fresh waters were introduced into sediment column containing sand, montmorillonite, and Na-rich

saline waters. The Ca-rich waters were then pumped out

of the columns and analyzed. It was found that ion- exchange with the montmorillonite significantly modified

the composition of the waters. Calcium was preferentially removed from the injected waters by exchange with sodi- um initially adsorbed on the clays. (h) The Sedimentary Genesis of Hydrothermal Fluids, J. S. Hanor, The Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Fluids, H. L. Barnes (ed.), (in press). A Non-Steady-State Method for Determining Diffusion

Coefficients in Porous Media, R. K. Stoessell, J. S. Hanor,

J. Geophys. Res. 80, pp. 4979-4982, 1975. Reprint No. l- 76 available from Director, La. Water Resour. Res. Inst., 146 Engrg. Drawing Bldg., La. State Univ., Baton Rouge,

La. 70803.

072-09929-820-61 THE STORAGE OF FRESH WATER IN SALINE

AQUIFERS-THE EFFECT OF AQUIFER DIP ON THE EF- FICIENCY OF A MULTI-WELL SYSTEM

(b) Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute. (c) R. G. Kazmann, Professor Department of Civil Engineering; O. K. Kimbler, Professor, and W. R. Whitehead, Asst. Professor, Department of Petroleum Engineering.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) When fresh water is injected into a salaquifer, due to density difference the fresh water tends to rise to the roof of

the aquifer. In a dipping a.quifer the fresh water not only tends to rise to the roof of the aquifer, but also tends to

slide updip, away from the well field. This results, as ex- perimentally demonstrated, in a marked decrease in recovery efficiency of the process which depends on density difference, dip angle, and duration of the cycle. Nineteen experimental runs were conducted in one of our

miniaquifers to determine how dip angle, density dif- ference, and static storage time would affect the recovery

of an injected fluid.

<J) Completed, June 1976.

(g) For a density difference of 0.077 gm/cc, recovery efficien- cies ranged from a high of 64.3 percent for a dip angle of 0 degrees and static storage time of 250 minutes to a low

of 12.6 percent for a dip angle of 10 degrees and static storage time of 48 hours. From the results of the nineteen experimental runs it was concluded that the greater the

density difference, dip angle, or static storage time, the lower the recovery efficiency. (h) Completion report in preparation.

Cyclic Storage of Fresh Water in Saline Aquifers, O. K. Kimbler, R. G. Kazmann, W. R. Whitehead, La. Water

Resour. Res. Inst. Bull. 10, La. State Univ., Baton Rouge,

La., Oct. 1975. Available from Director, La. Water

Resour. Res. Inst., 146 Engrg. Drawing Bldg., La. State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803.

Effect of Dip on the Storage of Fresh Water (or the Disposal of Waste), P. T. Tate, M.S. Thesis, La. State

Univ., May 1976.

Effect of Dip on the Subsurface Storage or Disposal of Fluid in Saline Aquifers, J. A. D'Amico, M.S. Thesis, La.

State Univ., Aug. 1975.

Effect of Viscosity Ratio on the Recovery of Fresh Water

Stored in Saline Aquifers, B. K. Agrawal, M.S. Thesis, La.

State Univ., Dec. 1975. Use of Bounding Wells to Counteract the Effects of Pre-Existing Groundwater Movement, W. R. Whitehead, E. J. Langhetee, Preprint H-46, presented AGU Fall Ann. Mtg., San Francisco, Dec. 6-10, 1976.

MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION, Martin Marietta

Laboratories, 14S0 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, Md.

21227. Dr. Albert C. Westwood, Director of MML.

073-08069-010-26 AERODYNAMICS-BOUNDARY LAYER

(b) Air Force Office of Scientific Research (in part). (c) Dr. K. C. Wang.

id) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Development of numerical methods for exact calculations of three-dimensional laminar boundary layers and to ex- amine thereby the nature of such viscous flows, and in particular to study laminar flow near separation.

(g) Calculation of three-dimensional laminar boundary layer has been extended to cases involving reversed flow. Ideas developed for three-dimensional steady case are found

directly applicable to two-dimensional unsteady case. Separation patterns in general three-dimensional flow have been studied, including typical inclined bodies of revolution, finite wings at incidence and corners between inter- secting bodies. (h) Aspects of "Multi-Time Initial-Value Problem" Originating from Boundary Layer Equations, K. C. Wang, Phys. of

Fluids 18, 8, pp. 951-955, 1975. Boundary Layer Over a Blunt Body at Low Incidence with Circumferential Reversed Flow, K. C. Wang, J. Fluid Mech. 72, 1, pp. 49-75, 1975. Laminar Boundary Layer Over a Spinning Blunt Body at Incidence, K. C. Wang, Martin Marietta Lab. Rept. TR 76- 14C, 1976. Concentrated Vortex on the Nose of an Inclined Body of Revolution, T. Hsieh, K. C. Wang, AlAA J. 14, 5, pp. 698-

700, 1976. Separation of Three- Dimensional Flow, K. C. Wang, Martin

Marietta Lab. Rept. TR 76-54C, 1976. (Also to appear in Proc. Viscous Flow Symp., Lockheed-Georgia Co., Marietta, Ga.). 073-08070-540-26 LIFTING AERODYNAMIC SYSTEMS

(b) Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

(c) Dr. P. F. Jordan.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Review of the methods of steady and unsteady lifting sur- face analysis to obtain better engineering analytical methods.

(g) For steady flow, an exact lifting surface solution has been

found. For unsteady flow, a new approach which yields highly accurate results with relative little effort has been proven and is being developed.

(h) On Lifting Wings with Parabolic Tips, P. F. Jordan, ZAMM 54, pp. 463-477, Aug. 1974. Numerical Evaluation of the 3-D Harmonic Kernel, P. F. Jordan, Z. Flugwiss. 244, pp. 205-209, July/Aug. 1976.

Integration of the 3-D Harmonic Kernel, AFOSR-TR-76-

0948, Aug. 1976. 073-08695-870-60 PLUME RISE AND DISPERSION MODELS FOR STACK

EMISSIONS

(b) Maryland Department of Natural Resources.

(c) Dr. J. C. Weil.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Development of simple analytical models for predicting the rise and dispersion of heated stack emissions in flat and complex terrain and testing of the models with field data around large fossil-fueled power plants. (g) The Gaussian plume model has been evaluated at three power plants in relatively flat terrain to determine the best method for estimating plume dispersion. Studies are planned to investigate meteorological perturbations caused by large rivers adjacent to two power plants and to ex- amine the effect of these perturbations on plume disper- 69
sion. A modified Gaussian plume model to account for the

effect of elevated terrain on plume transport is presently

being evaluated with field measurements around a large

sulfur dioxide source located in mountainous terrain. (h) Evaluation of the Gaussian Plume Model at the Dickerson Power Plant, J. C. Weil, A. E. Jepson, Atmospheric Environment (in press). Evaluation of the Gaussian Plume Model at Maryland

Plants, J. C. Weil, Maryland Power Plant Siting Program,

Dept. Natural Resources, Ref. No. PPSP-MP-16 (Mar.

1977). 073-09998-630-52 WIND TURBINE ROTORS

(b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), Division of Solar Energy.

(c) Dr. P. F. Jordan.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Develop the concept of aeroelastically self-adjusting rotor

blades. (g) The concept appears to be feasible and technically promising. (h) Segmented and Self-Adjusting Wind Turbine Rotors, P. F. Jordan, R. L. Goldman, ERDA Rept. COO-2613-2,

presented 12th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engrg. Conf, Washington, D C., Aug. 28-Sept. 2, 1977.

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, Institute for Physical Science and Technology, College Park, Md. 20742. Dr. J. Silver- man, Director. 074-08072-130-50 TWO-PHASE FLOW OF A MIXTURE OF A FLUID AND

SMALL SOLID PARTICLES

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) Dr. S. I. Pai, Research Professor.

(d) Theoretical studies of two-phase flow.

(e) The fundamental equations of two-phase flow of a mixture

of a gas and small solid particles are discussed from the

two-fluid theory of continuum point of view. Some insights about the pseudo-fluid of solid particles were obtained. The fundamental equations were numerically solved for the case of lunar ash flow.

(/) Completed.

(g) Recently Professor S. I. Pai and Dr. Y. Hsu applied the two-phase flow theory to study the volcanic flows on the earth and on the moon. Under dynamically similar conditions, it was found that the exit velocity of lunar volcanic flow might be higher than the lunar escape velocity. This

result confirms the hypothesis that Australian tektites came from the moon as a stream of a mixture of rock and

gas at extremely high speed.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Civil Engineering, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory

for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Cambridge,

Mass. 02139. Donald R. Harleman, Laboratory Director.

Requests for reprints and reports should be addressed to Professor Donald R. F. Harleman, Laboratory Director, Room 48-311, M. I T. 075-05544-440-00 THERMAL STRATIFICATION AND WATER QUALITY IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS

(b) Ford Professorship.

(c) Professor D. R. F. Harleman.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research (Master's *\id Doctoral theses).

(e) Development of mathematical models for the prediction of

the seasonal distribution of temperature and water quality parameters in lakes and reservoirs with horizontal stratifi- cation.

(g) A mathematical model has been developed which predicts the yearly cycle of temperature distribution within a reser- voir and the outlet water temperature. The model ac- counts for heat input from inflowing streams, solar radiation, heat output from evaporation, radiation and at the

reservoir outlet. The mathematical model was verified by

comparison with temperature observations in a laboratory

reservoir having artificial insolation and with field data for Fontana and Flaming Gorge Reservoirs. A water quality model has been coupled with the temperature distribution model to predict the distributions of conservative and nonconservative substances. Current work involves the incor- poration of wind mixing in the prediction of the transient

vertical temperature distribution. This avoids the specifica- tion of vertical diffusivities which have usually been used

as "fitting" parameters.

(/;) Simulation of the Vertical Thermal Structure of Lakes under Transient Meteorological Conditions, D. R. F. Har- leman, K. A. Hurley, Workshop on Dynamics of Stratifica- tion and Stratified Flow in Large Lakes, Great Lakes Research Advisory Board, Windsor, Ontario, Feb. 1976. 075-06413-420-20 SURFACE WAVE STUDIES

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Professor C. C. Mei.

(d) Theoretical (M.S. and Ph.D. theses).

(e) Harbor oscillations, floating bodies, waves and currents. (g) Harbor resonance: Finite amplitude effects are studied in a rectangular bay of small depth. Theory and experiments

are compared. Transient effects. Near shore circulation due to breaking waves: Around

islands and along beaches. Possible inferences on mass

transport in waves and tides. Effect on sand deposit. Wave

power extraction from floating booms.

(h) Resonant Scattering by a Harbor with Two Coupled Basins, C. C. Mei, U. Unluata, J. Engrg. Mathematics, Sept. 1976. Longshore Circulation Around a Circular Conical Island, C. C. Mei, D. Angelides, Intl. J. Coastal Engrg., Jan. 1977. Power Extraction from Water Waves, C. C. Mei, J. Ship Research 20, 2, pp. 63-66, 1976. The Effect of Periodic Topography on Near Shore Circulation, C. C. Mei, J. Estuary and Marine Sciences, 1977. Transient Response in Harbors, J. Risser, M.S. Thesis, 1976.

Effects of Topographical Variations on Mass Transport in Oscillatory Flows, J. Lamoure, M.S. Thesis, 1976. Ship Waves in Canals of Continuously Varying Depth, M.

Darras, M.S. Thesis, 1976. 075-08083-450-44 THE SEA ENVIRONMENT IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY AND

ADJACENT WATERS

(£>) Sea Grant Office, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

(c) Professors J. J. Connor and B. R. Pearce.

(d) Field studies and theoretical; basic and applied research (S.M. and Ph.D. theses).

(e) An interdisciplinary study with the objective of a comprehensive understanding of the physical environment of

the waters of Massachusetts Bay and adjacent waters. Pri- mary emphasis is on the definition and solution of pollu- tant transport problems. Initially, work was oriented toward methods and instruments for data acquisition and

analysis and for the collection of baseline data throughout

the Bay and at specific regions of man's intervention into the coastal zone. Increased surveillance of the Bay en- vironment and development of mathematical models

describing the physical environment of Massachusetts Bay

are the present objectives. 70
(g) The special instrumentation developments have been

completed. An extensive field program including physical and chemical parameter measurements is being conducted

in support of modeling efforts for this project. Finite ele- ment models for circulation and dispersion in well-mixed

shallow water masses have been developed and distributed. Work on the establishment of suitable numerical stability criteria is continuing. The formulation and computer im- plementation of two-layer models has been completed.

(h) A User's Manual for "CAFE-1" a Two-Dimensional Finite Element Circulation Model, Pagenkopf, Christodoulou,

Pearce, Connor, TR-217, R. M. Parsons Lab., M.I.T., Sept. 1976. A User's Manual for "DISPER-1" A Two-Dimensional

Finite Element Dispersion Model, Pagenkopf, Christodoulou, Pearce, Connor, TR-218, R. M. Parsons Lab., M.I.T.,

Sept. 1976. A User's Manual for "CAFE-2" a Two-Layer Finite Ele- ment Circulation Model, Pagenkopf, Christodoulou,

Pearce, Connor, R. M. Parsons Lab., M.I.T., Oct. 1976. A User's Manual for "DISPER-2" a Multi-Layer Finite Ele- ment Dispersion Model, Christodoulou, Pagenkopf, Pearce, Connor, R. M. Parsons Lab., M.I.T., Nov. 1976. Mathematical Modeling of Dispersion in Stratified Waters,

Christodoulou, Connor, Pearce, TR-219, R. M. Parsons

Lab., M.I.T., Sept. 1976. 075-08084-820-36 ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION OF SUBSURFACE WATER

QUALITY

(c) Professor J. L. Wilson.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) Several aspects of mass transport in porous media are being explored using mathematical models and laboratory

experiments. The emphasis is on phenomena which are of importance in describing and forecasting groundwater

quality. Mathematical methods of describing longitudinal

dispersion in general nonuniform and unsteady flows are being studied. Also included are mixing phenomena in unsaturated flows and the convective and dispersive mixing

process near pumping wells. (g) Analytical solutions of the convettive dispersion equation

for uniform flow and certain nonuniform, unsteady flows have been obtained using singular perturbation techniques.

Analytical solutions for mass transport in one-dimensional

infiltration unsaturated flows have been applied to problems of practical interest. A conceptual mathematical "random tube" model of dispersion in unsaturated porous media has been developed. A user oriented hybrid 2D

finite-difference/analytical model of mass transport in phreatic or confined aquifers has been developed. The

model solves for the piegometric head distribution and

flow field, then calculates tracer travel time along

specified flow lines. Numerically integrating along the flow

lines, the model determines the amount of dispersive mixing and calculates tracer concentration.

(h) A Statistical Model of a Partially Saturated Porous Medi- um, J. L. Wilson, L. W. Gelhar, presented Symp. Solute Transport in Subsurface Water, AGU Fall Mtg., 1975.

Solute Transport in the Unsaturated Zone, L. W. Gelhar, J. L. Wilson, presented Symp. on Solute Transport in Subsur- face Water, AGU Fall Mtg., 1975. 075-08719-410-11 DYNAMICS OF COASTAL CURRENTS

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center, U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers.

(c) Professor C. C. Mei.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research (Doctoral

thesis). (e) Mean currents induced by waves incident on a long

straight beach interrupted by a long jetty or an offshore breakwater. Relation to sand transport by waves.

(f) Completed.

(g) To provide a semi-empirical theory of nearshore currents due to breaking waves in the presence of a shore-con- nected breakwater or an offshore breakwater. In particular, the effects of diffraction are studied in addition to refraction by shoaling waters. The concept of radiation

stresses recently applied to uniform longshore current and

rip currents forms the starting point of the theory. Ignoring

inertia and lateral turbulent diffusion, the governing equations are solved numerically by the method of finite dif- ferences. Sample results for stream functions and mean sea

levels are plotted for various beach profiles or incidence

angles. For the offshore breakwater the predicted current

pattern is consistent with available laboratory observations and the known tendency of tombolo formation. For the shore-connected breakwater, the computed flow pattern

exhibits" cells in both down-wave and up-wave regions. Directly relevant observations have not been found but

part of the predicted features have indirect experimental

support. More experimental and theoretical work is sug- gested. (h) Water Motion Near a Breakwater on a Beach; Waves, II: Mean Currents, C. C. Mei, P. L. F. Liu, J. Geophysical Research 81, 18, pp. 3078-3094, 1976. 075-08721-520-54 STUDIES OF SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS IN SHALLOW AND

RESTRICTED WATER

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor C. C. Mei and Professor J. N. Newman (Ocean

Engineering).

(d) Basic research (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) Behavior of ship motion in channels of variable depth or

width. Ship to ship interactions in shallow water, effects on

channel banks and nonlinear effects. (g) In the first phase, efforts have been focused on an analyti- cal-numerical study of two-dimensional surface waves

generated by a steadily moving body. The bottom depth is finite and the body shape is arbitrary. A hybrid-element

approach has been developed which discretizes into finite elements a limited region near the body. This approach is based on a variational principle which incorporates the matching conditions between regular and super-elements

as natural boundary conditions. A theory is developed for ships in shallow water moving at any speed (including the critical speed U = Vgh). The

equation is shown to have both nonlinearity and dispersion. Some analytical solutions have been worked out. Further numerical studies are underway to find the ship wave and the wave forces, especially near the critical speed where usual theories fail. (h) A Hybrid Element Method for Steady Two-Dimensional

Free Surface Flows, C. C. Mei, H. S. Chen, J. Numerical Methods in Engrg. 10, 5, pp. 1 153-1 176 (1976). Flow Around Thin Ships Moving in Shallow Water, C. C. Mei, to appear in J. Fluid Mechanics, 1977. 075-08723-410-75 SAND TRANSPORT BY WAVES

(b) Dames and Moore, Inc., and Public Service Elec. and Gas. Co. (New Jersey).

(c) Professor O. S. Madsen.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research (Doctoral thesis). (e) Development of an analytical model for the sand transport associated with the combined action of waves and currents.

(f) Completed.

(g) Shields' criterion for the onset of motion in steady, uniform flow has been shown to apply also for the unsteady, oscillatory flow associated with wave motion. By

reanalyzing experimental data for the average rate of sand

transport under purely oscillatory flow conditions, an empirical expression for the rate of sediment transport as- sociated with oscillatory flow has been developed. This

analytical model of sediment transport in unsteady flow is

71
used in conjunction with the sediment continuity equation

to develop a general computer program predicting the rate of erosion and/or deposition due to a spatially varying wave and current field. As an example the program is applied to obtain the erosion and deposition patterns in the

vicinity of a semi-infinite breakwater subject to incident waves and a current parallel to the breakwater.

(h) Sediment Transport in the Coastal Environment, O. S. Madsen, W. D. Grant, R. M. Parsons Lab., Tech. Rept. No. 209, M.I.T., Dec. 1975. Sediment Transport in the Coastal Zone, W. D. Grant, O.

S. Madsen, Proc. 3rd Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conf., Denver, Colo., pp. 628-638, Mar. 1976.

Quantitative Description of Sediment Transport by Waves,

O. S. Madsen, W. D. Grant, Proc. 15th Coastal Engrg.

Conf., Hawaii, July 1976. 075-08724-430-11 POROUS BREAKWATERS

(b) National Science Foundation (previously supported by

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center).

(c) Professor O. S. Madsen.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research (Master's and Engineer's theses).

(e) Determination of the reflection and transmission characteristics of porous rubble-mound breakwaters.

(g) A simple yet accurate analytical approach to the deter- mination of the reflection and transmission of relatively long waves normally incident on a porous rubble mound

breakwater. An explicit analytical, totally predictive model

for the reflection from and transmission through crib-style breakwaters has been developed. For trapezoidal breakwaters the energy dissipation taking place on the seaward

slope is evaluated by a combined theoretical and experi- mental approach and is used in conjunction with the

results for the reflection and transmission characteristics of

a crib-style breakwater to predict the wave reflection from

and transmission through trapezoidal, porous breakwaters. The present effort is aimed at obtaining an improved

theoretical model for the interaction of an incident wave

and the porous seaward slope of the breakwater, and will be followed by an experimental investigation. (h) Reflection and Transmission Characteristics of Porous Rubble-Mound Breakwaters, O. S. Madsen, S. M. White, R. M.

Parsons Lab., Tech. Rept. No. 207, Jan. 1976. (S.M. and

C.E. Thesis of S. M. White)

Energy Dissipation on Rough Slopes, O. S. Madsen, S. M.

White, ASCE J. Waterways, Harbors and Costal Engrg. 102, WW1, pp. 31-48, Feb. 1976.

Reflection and Transmission Characteristics of Porous Rubble-Mound Breakwaters, O. S. Madsen, S. M. White, U.S. Army, Coastal Engrg. Res. Center, Misc. Rept. No. 76-5, Mar. 1976. 075-08727-870-73 Thermal studies-atlantic generating station

(b) Public Service Electric and Gas Company, N. J. (c) Professors K. J>. Stolzenbach and D. R. F. Harleman, and

Dr. E. E. Adams.

(d) Theoretical and experimental (field studies) (Master's and

Doctoral theses); basic and applied research.

(e) Pertinent features of the offshore site are a breakwater enclosure for the floating nuclear units, associated facilities for intake and discharge of condenser cooling water, and

natural heat processes at the site. This includes predictions of the near and far field temperature distributions for al- ternative thermal discharge schemes and for a range of

naturally occurring conditions in the receiving water.

(g) Experimental studies have been conducted to determine

the interaction of the ocean bottom with heated surface and sub-surface discharges. Objective is to develop analyti- cal or numerical techniques for prediction of the near and

far-field temperature distribution in coastal waters. Results of measurements of ocean currents and temperature distribution and dye diffusion observations at the proposed

site have been incorporated into a mathematical model of

the far-field temperature distribution. Statistical characterization of receiving water states have been developed in conjunction with the application of this model.

(h) The Stochastic Simulation of Ocean Currents, D. V. In- graham, S.M. Thesis, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T., Jan. 1976.

Initial Temperature-Area Calculations for the Atlantic Generating Station, D. R. F. Harleman, E. E. Adams, D.

V. Ingraham, S. Freudberg, K.. D. Stolzenbach, Progress Rept. No. 10, to Public Service Electric and Gas Co., Oct. 1975. Near and Far Field Excess Temperature and Velocity Calculations for the Atlantic Generating Station, E. E. Adams,

S. A. Freudberg, K. D. Stolzenbach, D. R. F. Harleman,

submitted to Public Service Electric and Gas Co., Oct. 1976. 075-08728-400-36 PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR UNSTEADY SALINITY AND

TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN ESTUARIES

(b) Environmental Protection Agency and Environmental Devices Corporation.

(c) Professor D. R. F. Harleman.

(d) Theoretical; basic research (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) Development of a finite difference model to predict time- dependent longitudinal salinity and temperature distribu- tions in an estuary or reservoir. The model couples the continuity and momentum equations for the tidal motion

with the one-dimensional transport equations for salinity and temperature. The model incorporates the time-depen- dent boundary conditions of tidal range at the ocean end and variable fresh water inflows at the head of the estuary and from tributaries along the estuary.

(f) Completed.

(g) Recent applications include use of the model to predict ambient temperature distributions in Conowingo Reservoir under time varying meteorological conditions and unsteady

flows due to the operation of hydroelectric reservoirs at the upstream and downstream boundaries. Comparisons

with field data taken prior to the operation of Peachbot- tom Nuclear Power Station have been made. Model is being used for post-operational studies. (h) One-Dimensional Temperature Predictions in Unsteady

Flows, D. N. Brocard, D. R. F. Harleman, Proc. ASCE 102, HY3, Mar. 1976. 075-08729-400-36 NUMERICAL MODEL FOR INTERACTING WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN ESTUARIES

(£>) Environmental Protection Agency and Ford Professorship.

(c) Professors D. R. F. Harleman.

(d) Theoretical; basic research (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) An estuary consisting of channels and junctions is modeled

mathematically by a network of one-dimensional channels. A finite element model is used for solution of the equations of motion and mass transfer with tidal advection and

dispersion included for each branch of the network. These

equations are solved, subject to interactions among

branches and boundary conditions on the network as a whole, to provide time-dependent concentration distribu- tions for non-conservative water quality parameters. Current research is on the development of a predictive model

for interacting water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, and nutrients under transient tidal, fresh water inflow and variable waste loading conditions.

(g) Seven components of the total nitrogen cycle have been

included in the model due to their relevance to the study of eutrophic processes in estuarine environments. Of the inorganic forms of nitrogen the model includes NH4 + -N, N02 ~-N and N03 ~-N. The organic forms of nitrogen are phytoplankton-N, zooplankton-N, particulate organic-N

(PON) and dissolved organic-N (DON). Simulation runs have been made for the Potomac estuary and studies of

the Willemette River (Oregon) are currently underway.

72
(/i) A Real-Time Model of Nitrogen-Cycle Dynamics in an

Estuarine System, T. O. Najarian, D. R. F. Harleman, Proc. Conf. on Nitrogen as a Water Pollutant 2, Intl. Assoc. Water Pollution Research, Copenhagen, Aug. 1975. Real Time Models for Salinity and Water Quality Analysis

in Estuaries, D. R. F. Harleman, Symp. on Estuaries, Geophysics and The Environment, AAAS Mtg., Boston,

Feb. 1976. Model of Nitrogen Cycle in an Estuary, T. O. Najarian, D.

R. F. Harleman, ASCE Natl. Water Resources and Ocean

Engrg. Convention, San Diego, Apr. 1976.

User's Manual for the M.I.T. Transient Water Quality Net- work Model Including Nitrogen-Cycle Dynamics for Rivers and Estuaries, D. R. F. Harleman, J. E. Dailey, M. L. Thatcher, T. O. Najarian, D. N. Brocard, R. A. Ferrara, Tech. Rept. 216, R. M. Parsons Lab. Water Resources and

Hydrodynamics, Dept. of Civil Engrg., M.I.T. , Sept. 1976. 075-08732-870-52 EVALUATION OF WATER TEMPERATURE PREDICTION

MODELS

(b) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Laboratory In- ternal Funds.

(<?) Professors D. R. F. Harleman and K. D. Stolzenbach; Drs. G. H. Jirka and E. E. Adams.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Study to assist the nuclear power plant licensing branch of ERDA in the assessment of environmental impacts of proposed plants. This will consist of a critical review of temperature prediction models, examining approximations,

limitations, degree of field verification and utility. Emphasis is on the formulation of quantitative criteria for model

applicability and on the development of a prediction

methodology.

(g) The mathematical formulations of various mathematical models have been analysed. Models have been compared

to available laboratory and field data in the following

categories: surface discharges (near-field), far-field dispersion, cooling ponds. Also experimental techniques have been reviewed.

(h) An Assessment of Techniques for Hydrothermal Prediction, G. H. Jirka, G. Abraham, D. R. F. Harleman, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T., Ralph M. Parsons Lab. Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Tech. Rept. No. 203, July 1975; also published by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm., Rept. NUREG-0044, Mar. 1976 (Available NTIS, Springfield, Va. 22161). Heat Disposal in the Water Environment, D. R. F. Harleman, G. H. Jirka, K. D. Stolzenbach, P. R. Ryan, E. E. Adams, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., to be published

Spring 1977. 075-08734-440-75 DYNAMICS OF SHALLOW COOLING PONDS

(b) Commonwealth Edison Company, Chicago, and NUS Corporation.

(c) Professor D. R. F. Harleman; Drs. G. H. Jirka and M.

Watanabe.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Development of a predictive model for the cooling characteristics of shallow, artificially diked cooling ponds; analysis of specific ponds of this type within the CECO system; development of a user's manual; establishment of design

criteria to control pond behavior and maximize cooling ef- ficiency. (g) Schematic laboratory experiments and analysis of field data have demonstrated the importance of the velocity

field on the cooling efficiency. Both lateral circulations in the form of eddies and longitudinal dispersion have signifi- cant effects. Criteria have been developed which predict

the degree of stratification in a pond as a function of site, shape, loading and mixing. Transient mathematical models

have been developed for the lateral circulation and the

dispersive effects and applied to the laboratory experiments and prototype tests. Design modifications on several

existing ponds have been investigated. 075-08735-410-00 DIFFUSER INDUCED CIRCULATIONS IN SHALLOW

COASTAL ZONES

(b) Waste Heat Management Research Program of the M.I.T. Energy Laboratory.

(c) Professor D. R. F. Harleman, Dr. G. H. Jirka. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research (Doctoral thesis). (e) Submerged multiport diffusers for the disposal of waste

heat from thermal-electric power generating facilities discharge a considerable amount of cooling water with

substantial momentum. In shallow coastal waters these dif- fusers have the potential of inducing currents of considerable magnitude. An understanding of the induced current

pattern is necessary to assess potential heat re-entrainment and the effect on coastal morphology. A theoretical in- vestigation combined with a series of basic experiments is underway.

(g) The experimental investigation has been completed, dif- ferent diffuser configurations have been tested with and

without ambient currents and their near-field and far-field behavior has been analyzed. Preliminary criteria for the ef- fect of model size on far-field circulations have been

developed. A model which predicts the temperature dis- tribution downstream from a unidirectional diffuser discharge has been developed including the following mechanisms: basic entrainment due to the diffuser momentum, side entrainment due to lateral shear and bottom fric- tion. 075-08736-340-73 HEAT DISPOSAL FROM EMERGENCY CORE COOLING

(b) Offshore Power Systems.

(c) Professor D. R. F. Harleman and Dr. G. H. Jirka. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research (Master's thesis). (e) Nuclear power plants release a transient heat load to the environment in case of normal and emergency shutdown

procedures. The study is concerned with the external fluid mechanics of this heat disposal into a body of receiving water. The primary objective is an investigation of the cooling characteristics of offshore floating nuclear power

plants which release the heat into a breakwater enclosure and are subject to regulatory specifications.

(f) Completed.

(g) A numerical stratified flow model for emergency heat

releases has been developed. Major components of the model are: jet entrance mixing, stratified counterflow at breakwater openings, selective withdrawal at submerged

intakes and surface heat dissipation. The model results have been verified in a concurrent schematic experimental

study. The model demonstrates the importance of the design of the breakwater openings for the ultimate heat

sink mechanism.

(h) Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Emergency

Heat Releases from Floating Nuclear Power Plants, G. H.

Jirka, D. W. Wood, D. R. F. Harleman, Tech. Rept. No.

206, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T., Ralph M. Parsons Lab. Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Oct. 1975. Transient Heat Releases from Offshore Nuclear Plants, G.

H. Jirka, D. W. Wood, D. R. F. Harleman, J. Hydraulics

Division, ASCE, Feb. 1977. 075-08738-340-54 POLICY OPTIONS IN REGIONAL POWER PLANT SITING: METHODOLOGY AND A NEW ENGLAND CASE STUDY

(b) National Science Foundation-Energy Traineeship.

(c) Professor D. H. Marks.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Methodology and quantitative models for examining the impact on a regional power expansion plan of fuel options

(particularly coal) and environmental controls. (g) Model development phase.

73
075-08741-820-88 TRAINING OF SPANISH ENGINEERS IN THE FIELD OF

GROUNDWATER POLLUTION

(b) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

(c) Professors J. L. Wilson, R. L. Lenton.

(d) Training program; applied research (Master's thesis). (e) A training program for four Spanish engineers and an economist in the field of groundwater pollution was

developed. The program was structured around formal

subjects, special seminars, work-study trips, a case study, and a state-of-the-art review. Areas of interest included

the causes, types and extent of pollution; methods of analysis: simulation, prediction and optimization; technology of groundwater pollution prevention, monitoring, detection and control; and methods and effects of pollution control: environmental, economic, legal and social.

(J) Completed.

(g) The Spanish team completed a case study of the water

resources of the Valencia Plain of Spain and a review of

the economics, management and technology of groundwater pollution. The review paper describes various

aspects of groundwater pollution problems, and presents

the application of some well-known concepts in pollution

management and economics to groundwater.

(h) Groundwater Pollution: Technology, Economics and Management, J. L. Wilson, R. L. Lenton, J. Porras, Tech.

Rept. No. 208, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T., Ralph M. Par- sons Lab. Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, 1976. 075-08749-800-54 BAYESIAN METHODOLOGY FOR WATER RESOURCES

RESEARCH

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professors I. Rodriguez and R. L. Lenton.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Development of Bayesian methodologies for application in hydrologic analysis and water resources planning. The

work focused on Bayesian regression analysis; Bayesian ap- proach to multivariate Markov models; and model selec- tion in hydrologic problems.

if) Completed.

(g) During the first year, the work concentrated on the development of Bayesian multivariate Markov models for streamflow generation. A model was developed that explicitly accounted, in addition to the natural uncertainty in the hydrologic variables, for the uncertainty existing in the

estimation of the parameters of the model due to the finite size of the historical sample. During the second year, three frequently asked questions about the use of regression models in hydrology were answered in a Bayesian framework. These were what the prediction-variables that are included in a regression model should be; what the

structural form of the regression model should be; and

what the form of the covariance matrix of the disturbances should be. (h) Linear Model Discrimination Theory Applied to the Choice

of Structure and Form of Hydrologic Regression Models, J. B. Valdes, I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, Tech. Rept. No. 212, Dept.

Civil Engrg., M.I.T., Ralph M. Parsons Lab. Water

Resources and Hydrodynamics, June 1976.

Discrimination of Alternative Hydrologic Regression Models: A User's Manual, J. B. Valdes, Tech. Note No. 19, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T., Ralph M. Parsons Lab. Water

Resources and Hydrodynamics, July 1976. Bayesian Generation of Synthetic Streamflows: Part II: The

Multivariate Case, J. B. Valdes, I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, G. J. Vicens, submitted for publication. Water Resources

Research, 1976. Bayesian Discrimination of Hydrologic Regression Models,

J. B. Valdes, G. J. Vicens, [. Rodriguez-Iturbe, to be sub- mitted to Water Resources Research, 1976. A Bayesian Approach for the Use of Regional Information

in Hydrology, G. J. Vicens, I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, J. C. Schaake, Water Resources Research, 1975.

Bayesian Generation of Synthetic Streamflows, G. J. Vicens, I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, J. S. Schaake, submitted for publication, Water Resources Research, 1975. 075-08750-810-44 A FRAMEWORK FOR LINKING THE ECONOMICS,

PHYSICS AND STATISTICS IN THE DESIGN OF AN OP- TIMAL RAINFALL DATA COLLECTION NETWORK

(b) National Weather Service, NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce.

(c) Professor R. L. Bras.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Network design schemes which allow consideration of spatial correlation of measured process (prior knowledge);

physics describing the measuring system; errors involved in the measuring techniques; errors in the modeling of the

area; and joint consideration of statistical and economic

properties of the possible designs.

(f) Completed.

(g) A procedure in designing an optimal network to measure

the total precipitation of an event once a fixed area has been given. The methodology allows the consideration of

spatial correlation, errors of measurement and non- homogeneous sampling costs. A statistically non-stationary, multi-dimensional rainfall generator has been proposed.

The model has been used together with a runoff model to study the accuracy of discharge prediction as a function of

the rainfall sampling network.

(h) Evaluation of Mean Square Error Involved in Approximating the Areal Average of a Rainfall Event by a Discrete Summation, R. L. Bras, I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, Water Resoureces Research 12, 2, Apr. 1976.

Rainfall Generation: A Nonstationary Time-Varying Multidimensional Model, R. L. Bras, I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, Water Research 12, 3, June 1976. Network Design for the Estimation of the Areal Mean of an

Event, R. L. Bras, I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, Water Resources

Research, 1976.

Rainfall Network Design for Runoff Prediction, R. L. Bras,

I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, Water Resources Research, 1976. 075-08753-800-33 EXPLORATIONS IN MULTIOBJECTIVE WATER

RESOURCE HISTORY

(b) Office of Water Resources Research.

(c) Professor D. C. Major.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Key selected American water resources projects and pro- grams from 1900-1960 are analyzed from the standpoint of multiobjective theory. 075-08757-870-00 DESIGN OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMS

(b) Waste Heat Management Group, M.I.T. Energy Laboratory- (c) Dr. S. F. Moore and Professor S. W. Chisholm.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Development of quantitative methodologies for the design and management of hydrothermal and biological monitoring programs for coastal waters subject to heated water and other waste discharges.

(g) Ecological monitoring is defined as an interative experi- mental design problem in which the overall working

hypothesis is: heated water discharges from a coastal power plant do not effect the aquatic community into which they are released in a statistically and ecologically

significant manner. Management of a monitoring program

consists of cyclic process of experiment design; data col- lection and analysis; and program evaluation (objective

specification and comparison of actual with desired

results). 74
075-08760-870-44 MUTUAL INTERACTION BETWEEN PHYTOPLANKTON

GROWTH AND TRACE METAL SPECIATION

(b) Sea Grant Office, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

(c) Professor F. M. M. Morel.

(d) Fundamental and applied research.

(e) In the fundamental part of this project, the interactions between trace metals (particularly copper) and various

species of fresh water and marine phytoplankton are being

studied systematically. Free copper ion concentration is presumed to be an important factor in inhibiting algal growth and limiting primary productivity. The role that or- ganic ligands, either exuded by the cells or from external

sources, play in controlling the biologically availability of

trace metals is being explored. This interdisciplinary project is carried on jointly with the Chemistry Department.

(g) Chelating properties of released cellular organics have been characterized by potentiometric titrations. A major

effort to isolate and characterize these chelators by high

pressure liquid chromotography is now underway. Comparison of the copper sensitivity of various phytoplankters and the protective role of iron with respect to copper toxicity have been investigated. 075-08765-880-54 DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY

FRAMEWORK FOR MINING OF HARD MINERAL

RESOURCES IN THE COASTAL ZONE

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor M. S. Baram.

(d) Applied research leading to development of policy and

regulatory program recommendations.

(e) Review and assessment of information on mineral

resources in the coastal zone, feasible technologies for extraction, potential impacts and externalities, monitoring

capabilities, legal and regulatory authorities and their deci- sion-processes. Analysis and development of appropriate

legal and regulatory framework, for conduct of coastal mining.

(f) Completed.

(h) Final report in progress. 075-08767-340-00 ARTIFICIAL ISLANDS FOR OFFSHORE ENERGY FACILI- TIES

(b) Brookhaven-ERDA.

(c) Professor M. S. Baram.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Review of available information on artificial islands-concepts and developments to-date. Evaluation of economic feasibility, elements of which include siting of

islands; construction of islands; operations of multiple energy facilities thereon; and associated activities. Assess- ment of adequacy of state and federal policies and regulatory programs.

(/) Completed.

(h) Economic Feasibility of the Cluster Concept for Artificial Islands and Legal Considerations, two-volume final report, M. S. Baram, (published by Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1976). 075-09795-420-44 NUMERICAL THEORY OF WATER WAVES

(b) Sea Grant Office, NOAA.

(c) Professor C. C. Mei.

(d) Fundamental and applied (Master's theses).

(e) Wave forces and scattering effects for large offshore structures.

(/) Completed.

(g) Based on a hybrid approach, the method of finite elements

is used to solve linearized three-dimensional wave

problems numerically. Convergence and accuracy are

tested and computer codes are written in a manual. Potentially useful for many ocean structural problems.

(h) A Hybrid Element Method for Three Dimensional Water

Waves, D. K. P. Yue, H. S. Chen, C. C. Mei, Proc. llth Symp. on Naval Hydrodynamics, London, Apr. 1976. A Hybrid Element for Calculating Three-Dimensional Water Wave Scattering, D. K P. Yue, H. S. Chen, C. C. Mei, Tech. Rept. No. 215, R. M. Parsons Lab. Water

Resources and Hydrodynamics, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T., 1976. 075-09796-420-44 OCEAN WAVE ENERGY SYSTEMS

(b) Sea Grant Office, NOAA.

(c) Professors C. C. Mei and A. D. Carmichael (Ocean Engrg.

Dept.).

(d) Theoretical, experimental and applied.

(e) Hydrodynamics, design and engineering evaluation of a

floating device for wave power.

(g) This is a joint project with the Department of Ocean Engineering. At Parsons Laboratory attention is focused on

the hydrodynamic aspects, optimal body shape, wave

forces, etc. 075-09797-410-44 LONGSHORE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

(b) Sea Grant Office, NOAA.

(c) Professor O. S. Madsen.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research (Master's and

Doctoral theses).

(e) Development of an analytical model capable of predicting the rate and distribution of longshore sediment transport. (g) Louguet-Higgins' solution for the wave induced longshore

current on an infinite, plane beach is adopted in a slightly modified form. The sediment transport resulting from the combined action of this longshore current and the incident waves is estimated by adopting the sediment transport

relationship described in the "Sand Transport by Waves"

project. Calculated net rates of longshore sediment trans- port are compared with field and laboratory measurements

to assess the accuracy of the theoretical model.

( h ) An Analytic Model for Longshore Sediment Transport, A.

S. Reyman, S.M. Thesis, Civil Engrg., Sept. 1976.

075-09798-420-44 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION OF CURRENTS IN THE

PRESENCE OF WAVES

(b) NOAA, AOML/Miami.

(c) Professor O. S. Madsen.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research (Doctoral and Master's theses).

(e) Development of an analytical model for the vertical velocity distribution of a steady current in the presence of

waters.

(g) The combined action of waves and currents is of extreme

importance to the problem of sediment transport in the coastal environment. At present very little information is available on the bottom shear-stress associated with the combined action of an unsteady oscillatory flow (waves) and a steady current. Only for a pure wave motion, or for a pure current is it possible to estimate the magnitude of

the bottom shear stress as a function of flow characteristics and bottom roughness. For waves and currents the flow resistance experienced by the steady current is found

to be a function of the physical roughness of the boundary and the wave characteristics. A general computer program

capable of evaluating the effective boundary roughness ex- perienced by the current, and therefore the velocity dis- tribution of current, in the presence of waves has been

developed. Possibility of comparing the model with field measurements planned by NOAA/AOML exists. 75
075-09799-870-73 CIRCULATION AND DISPERSION STUDIES AT THE PIL- GRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION, ROCKY POINT,

MASSACHUSETTS

(b) Boston Edison Company.

(c) Professor B. R. Pearce.

(d) Theoretical (Master's thesis). (e) Mathematical modeling of near and far field convective and dispersive processes in coastal areas. Supplemented by

field measurements of physical parameters.

(g) Calculation of the dispersion of winter flounder from Duxbury Bay into Cape Cod Bay. Assessment of the increased cooling water throughout the proposed addition to the Pil- grim Nuclear Power Station and its affect on the resident flounder population in Duxbury Bay.

(h ) Circulation and Dispersion Studies at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, J. R. Pagenkopf, G. Christodoulou, B. R. Pearce, J. J. Connor, Tech. Rept. 210, R. M. Parsons Lab. Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Dept. Civil Engrg.,

M.I.T., Feb. 1976. 075-09800-450-44 THREE-DIMENSIONAL CURRENT MODELING

(b) National Weather Service.

(c) Professor Bryan Pearce.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Development of a weighted residual scheme to calculate the 3-D structure of currents in coastal areas using a depth

varying eddy-viscosity. Project will include comparisons to current meter data in order to estimate the eddy-viscosity

variation in the vertical. 075-09801-870-75 SOMERSET HYDROTHERMAL MODEL STUDY

(b) United Engineers and Constructors, Inc. (for New York

State Electric and Gas Company).

(c) Professor K. D. Stolzenbach.

(d) Applied research (Master's thesis). (e) A physical model study was conducted to determine the performance of proposed condenser water discharge configurations for the Somerset Power Plant which is sited on

the south shore of Lake Ontario. An analytical study of

the far field temperature distribution is being conducted to supplement the near field temperature distribution obtained by the physical model.

(f) Completed.

(g) The model study results indicated agreement with semiempirical formulations for discharge behavior. The far

field calculations indicate that induced far field temperatures will be relatively small and intermittent at any point. (h) Analytical and Experimental Studies of Discharge Designs

for the Caguya Station at the Somerset Alternate Site, K. D. Stolzenbach, C. W. Almquist, E. E. Adams, S. A.

Freudberg, Tech. Rept. No. 211, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T. V Ralph M. Parsons Lab. Water Resources and

Hydrodynamics, May 1976. Staged Diffusers in Shallow Water, C. W. Almquist, K. D.

Stolzenbach, Tech. Rept. No. 213, Dept. Civil Engrg.,

M.I.T., Ralph M. Parsons Lab. Water Resources and

Hydrodynamics, June 1976. 075-09802-870-80 MEASUREMENT, ANALYSIS AND REGULATION OF EN- VIRONMENTAL IMPACTS RESULTING FROM HEATED

DISCHARGES FROM NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

(i>) Shell Oil Companies Foundation (through the M.l.T. Energy Laboratory).

(c) Professor K. D. Stolzenbach.

(d) Case study review and analysis (Master's thesis). (e) A review of existing literature and technical analyses is being performed for the purpose of documenting the rela- tionship between the measurement, analysis, and regulatory functions involved in licensing nuclear power plants. Attention is being focused on the licensing of open cycle condenser water systems. The purpose is to develop

recommendations regarding possible improvements in the

existing framework for interdisciplinary evaluation and

regulation of environmental impacts.

(f) Completed.

(g) The review resulted in a documentation of present state water quality standards relating to water temperature; a summary of Federal discharge permits issued; a categorization of the types of engineering and biological studies per- formed in support of these efforts. A final report is in preparation. 075-09803-720-44 UNDERWAY BOAT SAMPLING OF HEATED DISCHARGES

IN COASTAL WATERS

(6) Engineering Development Laboratory, National Ocean

Survey, NOAA.

(c) Professors K. D. Stolzenbach and D. R. F. Harleman; Dr.

E. Eric Adams.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Study involves the deliniation of requirements for a high

speed underway boat survey system for application to the

analysis of heated discharges.

(/) Completed.

(g) A scenario was developed that used the heated discharge from the Atlantic Generating Station as a case study for the application of an underway boat system. The tasks defined for the boat system were ( 1 ) sampling of dye concentrations to determine diffusion coefficients and (2) monitoring of far field temperatures.

(h ) Use of an Underway Water Sampling System for the Analysis and Monitoring of the Heated Discharge from the Atlantic Generating Station, K. D. Stolzenbach, E. E. Adams, S. A. Freudberg, D. R. F. Harleman, R. M. Parsons Lab. Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, M.l.T. , Aug. 1976. 075-09804-870-44 REVIEW OF OIL SPILL TRAJECTORY MODELS

(b) Deepwater Ports Office, Environmental Data Service, NOAA.

(c) Professors K. D. Stolzenbach, O. S. Madsen, B. R. Pearce,

J. J. Connor; Dr. E. Eric Adams.

(d) Theoretical basic and applied research (Master's theses).

(e) Purpose of the first phase of the study was to review and

evaluate currently available techniques for modeling oil spill behavior, making recommendations for future data

collection and basic research needs. A second phase will perform sensitivity analysis to further quantify the relative importance of the various processes affecting oil spill behavior.

(g) A workshop was held among invited experts in this field to discuss and evaluate the project draft report. The final re- port on the current phase of the project is in preparation.

(/OA Realistic Model of the Wind-Induced Ekman Layer, O. S. Madsen, J. Physical Oceanography 2, 1977. 075-09805-350-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF THE TENSAS-COCODRIE

PUMPING PLANT FOREBAY

(b) Burk and Associates, Inc. and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) Professors J. L. Wilson and K. D. Stolzenbach.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A hydraulic model of the proposed Tensas-Cocodrie Pumping Plant Forebay was designed, constructed and

operated. The objective of the study was to identify and

correct features of the proposed forebay that are objec- tionable from a hydraulic standpoint.

(f) Completed.

(g) The model was tested for the original design configuration.

The test results indicated the need to redesign the channel

transition leading to the forebay because of large scale vortex formation in the transition area. In addition, changes in the geometry of the pump bays were made to prevent the formation of vortices at the pump bells. 76
(h) Vortex Visualization in Hydraulic Models, C. A. Gowan,

S.M. Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engrg., M.I.T., May 1976. 075-09806-350-75 MEROM STATION HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY

(b) United Engineers and Constructors, Inc. (c) Professor K. D. Stolzenbach.

(d) Applied research (Master's thesis). (e) A physical model study is being conducted to determine

the performance of proposed inlet and discharge structures associated with the Merom Station cooling lake dam. Alternative designs will be investigated to correct any

problems indicated by the model study.

(g) The model is presently under construction. 075-09807-870-75 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF DEEP COOLING LAKES WITH

SIDE ARM CONVECTION

(fc) Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation and Virginia

Electric Power Company.

(c) Professor D. R. F. Harleman; Drs. G. H. Jirka and M.

Watanabe.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research

(Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e> Basic study of the buoyancy driven vertical circulation of

cooling water into long shallow side arms of cooling

ponds; development of a transient cooling pond model for heat distribution in shallow cooling ponds with lateral and

vertical restrictions; development of a two-layered finite element model for solution of the mass heat and momentum conservation equations. Specific application of this in- vestigation is the North Anna Cooling Lake in Virginia. Long-term predictions of cooling pond behavior under

natural and various thermal loading conditions are being made.

(g) An experimental schematic study of the side arm circula- tion has been conducted, investigating different boundary

conditions at the side arm entrance, bottom slopes and

lateral constrictions. An analytical model of the side arm

circulation has been developed.

A segmented transient cooling pond model has been for- mulated for the North Anna Cooling Lake taking account

of the distinct geometric features. A two-layered finite element model for the heat and

velocity distributions in the upper layer of a cooling pond

has been developed and verified with laboratory data. Long-term meteorological data has been obtained through

multiple correlation with several meteorological stations and subsequent synthetic data generation. Predictions for long-term pond performance have been given.

The existing M.l.T. Deep Reservoir Model has been

modified to include the vertical heat transport processes which are generated by the wind shear effect at the water

surface. (h) Buoyancy-Driven Circulations in Side Arms of Cooling

Ponds, D. N. Brocard, G. H. Jirka, D. R. F. Harleman,

Preprint No. 2628, ASCE Ann. Convention, Denver, Colo., Nov. 1975. Mathematical Modeling of a Stratified Cooling Pond, M.

Watanabe, J. J. Connor, Applied Mathematical Modeling 1, 2, Sept. 1976. 075-09808-870-54 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL BY

WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS

(b) Ford Professorship and National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor D. R. F. Harleman.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) Develop a method for prediction of the dynamic behavior

of waste stabilization ponds under transient conditions. A

mathematical model has been formulated for use in the design of new ponds as well as for the analysis and improvement of existing facilities. The model will apply the "element cycle" method to track the transformation of

nutrients into their various organic and inorganic forms.

(g) Initial investigations indicate that the application of the carbon cycle more completely simulates pond characteristics than the traditional B.O.D. approach. Analysis of

data on laboratory model and field stabilization ponds is underway. 075-09809-430-52 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION

(b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA).

(c) Dr. G. H. Jirka and Professor D. R. F. Harleman.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants have been proposed as a method of generating electrical power

using the thermal energy difference between the warm

upper layer and the cold lower layer which exists in the

tropical oceans due to insolation. OTEC plants represent

the only solar energy option for electrical base load power. They have a low thermal efficiency and thus require large water flows. An experimental and theoretical study is aimed at the determination of the external fluid dynamics

of OTEC plants, i.e. mixing and withdrawal effects in the thermally stratified ocean, with the purpose of ascertaining whether these plants can fully utilize the available energy

potential or whether local recirculations take place which would reduce the plant efficiency. (g) A schematic experiment has been constructed in a shallow

laboratory basin, simulating the mixing and dispersion processes in the upper layer of the ocean. Data from the experiments are being used in a concurrent mathematical zone modeling study at M.l.T. and for numerical modeling

at the Naval Research Laboratory. 075-09810-870-52 WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER

INDUSTRY: ISSUES OF ENERGY CONSERVATIONS AND

STATION OPERATION UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS

(b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA).

(c) Professor D. R. F. Harleman, Drs. E. E. Adams and B. Andeen (Mechanical Engineering); Dr. L. Glicksman

(Mechanical Engineering); Dr. G. H. Jirka, Professor F. C. Schwe^pe (Electrical Engineering); Professor K. D. Stol- zenbach and Dr. M. Watanabe.

(d) Theoretical research and assessments; applied research.

(e) Assessment of environmental impacts and energy conservation in waste heat management: Evaluation of the long- term and short-term tradeoff issues which arise from the choice of different cooling systems. Evaluation of regional

effects; meteorological and hydrological transients; degree

of internal design refinement in the plant-cooling system combination; effects of backfitting requirements and other environmental regulatory aspects. Investigation of long- term simulation methodologies of transient cooling system

behavior. Development of control technologies for supplementary

cooling systems: Investigation of real-time control strate- gies which can be used to switch between different cooling

modes such as to maximize system efficiency while meeting environmental constraints. Case study of the Browns

Ferry Nuclear Power Plant as a typical river site offering

alternative once-through cooling and cooling tower modes. Development of a probabilistic river temperature model and control algorithm; evaluation of monitoring require- ments, regulatory constraints, tower performance characteristics and switching rules. 075-09811-820-00 PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF GROUNDWATER

SYSTEMS

(£>) M.l.T. Sloan Research Fund. 77
(c) Professors J. L. Wilson and R. L. Lenton.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research (Master's thesis). (e) Assessment of existing parameter estimation methods for groundwater flow models. First order sensitivity analysis of

estimators. Development of state-space forms of the model

and explicit solutions convenient for parameter estimation,

sensivity analysis, groundwater management applications,

etc. (g) A comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art revealed a

lack of unification and unsatisfactory performance of applied methods. A new and unified approach in a Bayesian framework has been developed and applied. The results obtained indicate that since in most real-world cases the estimation of parameters must take place from effectively small samples, and in some cases from non-uniform data,

it is necessary to use prior information about the parameters, combined in an optimal way with information obtained from the data. (h) A Unified Approach to the Parameter Estimation of Groundwater Models, P. Kitanidis, S.M. Thesis, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T., Feb. 1976. 075-09812-820-36 WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES SITING: GROUNDWATER

POLLUTION EFFECTS

(b) Environmental Protection Agency Traineeship.

(c) Professors J. L. Wilson and D. H. Marks.

(d) Applied research (Doctoral thesis). (e) Site selection and environmental impact assessment are two related components of the process in which large public facilities are proposed and eventually constructed. Research focused on the groundwater pollution impact of waste disposal facilities will examine the issues involved in choosing a site and how these are translated into social decision. Simple methods for estimating order of magnitude impacts on groundwater quality will be examined. 075-09813-870-54 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF WESTERN STRIP MIN- ING

(b) National Science Foundation Energy Traineeships.

(c) Professors J. L. Wilson and D. H. Marks.

(d) Applied research (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) A number of important issues relating to the impact of western strip mining on groundwater resources will be

evaluated. These include the effects of aquifer destruction on available water supply, base flow reduction, aquifer

renovation, water chemical quality, and alternative water

supplies and water uses. 075-09814-070-54 DISPERSIVE MIXING OF NEGATIVELY BUOYANT

PLUMES IN POROUS MEDIA

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor J. L. Wilson.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research

(Master's thesis). (e) Theoretical and experimental investigation of plumes of denser water which sink as they travel downstream, and

which result from the introduction of liquids of a higher

density into ambient aquifer flows. The analysis will incor- porate the effects of density difference between ambient and aquifer flows, and will account for the effects of hydrodynamic dispersion on the mixing. 075-09815-800-33 SCREENING MODELS FOR REGIONAL PLAN FORMULATION

(b) Office of Water Resources Research-Rockefeller Foundation. (c) Professors D. H. Marks, D. C. Major and S. A. West.

(d) Theoretical and applied research.

(e) Investigations to show the role of analytic models in the

regional planning process. Emphasis is on water and related land use planning such as the ongoing project in the 4,400 square mile South East New England Study by the New England River Basin Commission. Objectives of the study are: 1 ) single resource supply models, such as water

supply, water quality management, power plant siting; 2) land use-water resource impacts modeling; 3) resource al- location models; and 4) evaluation-indices for quality of

life, eliciting preferences for alternative development

plans. 075-09816-800-75 INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT ON THE

VARDAR/AXIOS, YUGOSLAVIA AND GREECE

(b) Tippetts Abbott McCarthy and Stratton (through UNDP).

(c) Professors D. H. Marks, R. L. Lenton and J. L. Wilson.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The Vardar-Axios is a river system that starts in Yugoslavia and flows through Greece to the Aegean Sea. There are numerous plans for development in both countries for power, agricultural, water supply and flood control. The purpose of the M.I.T. project is to provide the modeling component for a study that will eventually lead

to a draft compact between the two countries for in- tegrated water resource planning and management.

075-09817-800-87 CAPACITY EXPANSION IN URBANIZING AREAS OF

COLOMBIA

(b) USAID, Universidad de los Andes, Bogata.

(c) Professor D. H. Marks.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Planning methodologies for capacity expansion under uncertainty, demand forecasting and decentralized planning

will be explored. A Colombian counterpart group will help

in applications and user orientation. 075-09819-810-54 HYDROLOGIC ESTIMATION FROM GEOMORPHOLOGY

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Peter S. Eagleson.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) In the size, shape and topology of the stream channel net- work, the landform carries the distinctive signature of the integrated effects of geologically recent fluvial processes. This project seeks to establish relationships between these features and the current climatic and hydrologic regimes

with a view toward their use in reducing the uncertainty of hydrologic estimation in the absence of hydrologic data. 075-09820-810-00 THE DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL WATER YIELD

(b) M.I.T. Sloan Basic Research Fund.

(c) Professor P. S. Eagleson.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Probability densities are derived for the separate components (precipitation, infiltration evapotranspiration) of

the one-dimensional annual water cycle from the probability densities of the individual storm and interstorm periods using the physics of the processes.

(g) The water balance is expressed in terms of a set of physi- cally-derived dimensionless parameters which incorporate

the coupling of climate and soil dynamics and which provide a rational means for hydrologic classification of re- gions. The theoretical recurrence interval of annual water

yield is given in terms of physical parameters of the cli- mate-soil system.

(h) The Annual Water Balance-Its Statistical-Dynamics and Dynamic Similarity, P. S. Eagleson, Tech. Rept. R. M. Par- sons Lab., M.I.T., 1976 (in preparation). 075-09821-810-00 SHORT TERM RAINFALL PREDICTION FOR THE REAL

TIME CONTROL OF URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

(c) Professors R. L. Bras and D. H. Marks. 78
(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Real-time decisions for the operation of flood control systems in urban areas depend upon knowledge of the current state and a prediction of future inputs. Due to the

relatively fast response of an urban drainage system prediction of future flows requires a short-term prediction of

rainfall. This work will develop a methodology to continuously update and forecast estimates of rain-fall using data from a telemetered network. 075-09822-300-44 ON-LINE RIVER DISCHARGE FORECASTING USING FIL- TERING AND ESTIMATION THEORY

(b) National Weather Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce.

(c) Professor R. L. Bras.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) An on-line procedure of estimation and forecast is being

developed using the Kalman Filter as the analytical tool to process real time information of rainfall and runoff. 075-09823-800-00 M.I.T.-ARGENTINA PROJECT: TEACHING MATERIALS

(c) Professors D. C. Major and R. L. Lenton.

(d) Curriculum development.

(e) Reports from the M.I.T.-Argentina project describe the application of modern investment criteria and mathematical modeling techniques to the development of plans for the Rio Colorado, Argentina. These reports are being edited

to produce teaching materials. 075-09824-870-44 THE ROLE OF COPPER IN NEW ENGLAND RED TIDES

(b) Sea Grant Office-NOAA, International Copper Research

Association and Doherty Professorship.

(c) Professor F. M. M. Morel.

(d) Fundamental and applied research.

(e) The role of trace metal chelation, particularly that of copper in controlling and triggering blooms of the

dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis is being investigated

systematically.

(g) Concentrations of Cupric ion that are toxic to the red tide organism have been determined in laboratory batch cultures. Encystment and excystment processes in function of

the free copper ion activity have been studied in laboratory and natural populations.

(h) Copper Induced Encystment in Gonyaulax Tamarensis, D. M. Anderson, S.M. Thesis, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T.

,

1976. 075-09825-870-36 CHEMICAL MODELING OF METALLIC WASTE DISPOSAL

(b) Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) Professor M. M. Morel.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The ultimate goal is to develop a predictive model for the

fate and impact of trace metal pollutants in natural waters.

(g) A compact and more efficient computer program for chemical equilibrium calculations has been designed and

implemented. A laboratory project is currently underway

to test the validity of the predictions of the thermodynamic calculations for complex aqueous systems. The main

focus is on the adsorption of trace metals by amorphous

iron oxides. A new adsorption model has been developed and implemented as a subroutine for that purpose. Deter- mination of the fundamental parameters is being per- formed experimentally.

(h) A General Algorithm for the Computation of Chemical

Equilibrium in Aqueous Systems, J. C. Westall, J. L. Zachary, F. M. M. Morel, presented Amer. Chemical Soc. Cent. Mfg., San Francisco, Calif., Aug. 1976.

075-09826-870-54 NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND GROWTH OF PHYTOPLANKTON UNDER UNSTEADY CONDITIONS

(b) NSF and Doherty Professorship.

(c) Professors S. W. Chisholm and F. M. M. Morel.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Experimental examination of the characteristics of nutrient uptake and growth in nutrient limited phytoplankton cul- tures under transient conditions. A simulation model will be developed to attempt to satisfactorily describe (with

three state variables) the dynamics of nutrient uptake and

growth of a phytoplankter limited by one nutrient. (g) Initial efforts have focused on a theoretical treatment of

three models for the steady state growth of phytoplankton

limited by one nutrient. Mathematical analysis of the three models (often presented as alternative models in current

literature) proves them equivalent, which forces the conclusion that each model is an equally valid-or equally in- valid- statement of algal growth at steady state. Future ex- perimental and theoretical research will be designed to ex- amine the validity of these models under conditions of unsteady phytoplankton growth. It is anticipated that the models will not be equivalent under unsteady conditions, and that a new model will have to be developed to satisfactorily describe the system under both steady state and transient conditions. (h) The Continuous Culture of Phytoplankton; Mathematical

Equivalence Among Three Steady State Models, D. E. Bur- master, submitted J. Marine Research, 1976. Modeling Algal Growth Dynamics in Steady State Systems,

J. P. Chaplik, S.M. Thesis, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T., 1976. 075-09827-870-00 PHASED CELL DIVISION IN MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON:

CHARACTERISTICS, MECHANISMS, AND SIG- NIFICANCE

(c) Professor S. W. Chisholm.

(d) Basic research; experimental.

(e) Identify and describe those aspects of phytoplankton

growth and physiology that are influenced by daily light/dark cycles. The specific characteristics and control mechanisms of the timing of cell division in individual species will be examined as well as the potential ecological

significance of the phenomenon. Inherent in these objectives is the evaluation of the possible impact that the inclu- sion of rhythmic processes could have on current models

dealing with phytoplankton growth.

(g) The timing of cell division in at least seven species of marine diatoms is phased (i.e., occurs over a restricted time interval when cells are grown in a 24-hour light/dark

cycle) and is species-specific. Strong indirect and direct evidence suggests that phased cell division in diatoms and

dinoflagellates occurs in situ, and that individual species

may divide at different times of day. Several hypotheses

concerning the phasing mechanism and the adaptive sig- nificance of the phenomenon are being considered and

tested. (h) Silicic Acid Incorporation in Marine Diatoms in Light/Dark

Cycles: Use as an Assay for Phased Cell Division, S. W.

Chisholm, F. Azam, R. W. Eppley, submitted Limnology

and Oceanography. Phased Cell Division in Natural Populations of Marine

Dinoflagellates from Shipboard Cultures, C. S. Wieler, S. W. Chisholm, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., in press. 075-09828-870-73 SHORT-TERM FORECASTING OF SALEM HARBOR

WATER TEMPERATURE

(b) New England Power Company.

(c) Dr. S. F. Moore.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Development of system for predicting discharge water temperatures from Salem Harbor Power Plant on a 24- 79
hour basis with 1 °F, 90 percent of the time. The system

combines a model of temperatures in Salem Harbor with

on-line temperature measurements and meteorologic

forecasts using estimation theory. The purpose is to reduce

frequency of unscheduled outlays presently incurred by ex- ceeding discharge temperature standards.

(f) Completed.

(g) A working model and estimation scheme is developed. Additional work remains to identify model parameters and

structure which yields results consistent with the ± 1 °F, 90

percent time criteria. (h) Hydrothermal Modeling for Optimum Temperature Control: An Estimation-Theoretic Approach, B. P. Schrader, S. F. Moore, Tech. Rept. No. 214, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T., Ralph M. Parsons Lab. Water Resources and

Hydrodynamics, July 1976. Once-Through Cooling at Salem Harbor Generating Station: Short-Term Temperature Forecasting and Policy Aspects of a Temperature Standard, B. P. Schrader, S.M.

Thesis, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T., 1976. 075-09829-860-88 DESIGN OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEMS

FOR RIVERS

(b) CSIRO Fellowship.

(c) Dr. S. F. Moore,

(d) Theoretical and applied research.

(e) Design of cost-effective water quality monitoring systems

for rivers using estimation theory techniques. Abatement

and prevention objectives are included. Account is taken

or sources of uncertainty due to boundary conditions, in- puts and uncertain parameters.

(/") Completed.

(h) Design of Water Quality Sampling Systems for River Net- works, G. C. Dandy, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. Civil Engrg.,

M.I.T., 1976. 075-09830-880-00 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: SPECIAL PROBLEMS

(b) M.I.T.

(c) Professor M. S. Baram.

(d) Applied research.

(e) On legal and regulatory processes, and the analytical methods (e.g., cost-benefit analysis, assessments, etc.) used by decision-makers in setting standards, issuing permits and evaluating agency regulations and judicial decisions. (h) Analysis of Regulation and Decision-Making on Radioactive Emissions from Nuclear Power Plants and Legal and Ethical Issues in the Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis for Regulatory

Decision-Making, M. S. Baram, two chapters of Rept. of

Natl. Acad. Sciences Committee on Biological Effects of

Ionizing Radiation (Fall 1976). Legal Aspects of EPA Manpower Decision Making, M. S. Baram, a chapter in Natl. Acad. Sciences Rept. on EPA

(Winter 1976). Environmental Law and the Siting of Facilities: Issues in Land Use and Coastal Zone Management, M. S. Baram,

Ballinger Press, Apr. 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, School of Engineering,

Amherst, Mass. 01002. Dr. Russel C. Jones, Dean.

076-043 1W-860-00 DEVELOPMENT OF A PROCEDURE FOR FIELD MEASUREMENT OF RIVER REAERATION RATES

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 5.1357. 076-0432W-870-00 COST EFFECTIVE STREAM AND EFFLUENT MONITORING

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 7.007.

076-06666-430-20 UTILIZATION OF MOBILE BREAKWATER DEVICES TO

REDUCE SURFACE MOTIONS OF SUBMERSIBLE VEHI- CLES FOR DEEP OCEAN ENGINEERING PURPOSES

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The attenuation characteristics of a pneumatic and

hydraulic breakwater used singly as well as in tandem have been investigated in the UMass Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Wind-Generated Wave Facility. Deep water wave spectra upstream and downstream of the breakwaters are measured as well as the power input to both breakwaters. The

reduction in mean wave height is used as a measure of wave attenuation. The wind speed is held constant and

discharge rates of air and water to the breakwaters are

varied. Both devices are submerged to a depth of two feet. The surface current velocities due to the air and water jet action are measured with a midget current meter.

(f) Completed.

(h) Attenuation of Wind-Generated Deep Water Waves by Vertical Jet Breakwaters, J. M. LaCouture, J. M. Colonell, C.

E. Carver, Jr., Univ. of Mass. School of Engrg., Rept. No. UM-72-6, June 1972.

Attenuation of Wind-Generated Waves by Pneumatic and

Hydraulic Breakwaters, J. M. Colonell, J. M. Lacouture,

C. E. Carver, Jr., Proc. Conf. on Floating Breakwaters, Newport, R.I., pp. 131-158, Apr. 23-25, 1974. 076-06682-540-14 A STUDY OF AIRBORNE TOWED VEHICLE DYNAMICS

(£>) U.S. Army Research Office, Durham.

(c) Drs. C. R. Poli, D. E. Cromack, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering.

(d) Basic and applied; theoretical and experimental; Masters and Ph.D. theses. (e) Stability of slung loads.

(f) Completed.

(h) Dynamics of Slung Bodies Using a Single-Point Suspension

System, C. Poli, D. Cromack, J. Aircraft 10, 2, Feb. 1973,

pp. 80-86. Dynamics of Slung Bodies Utilizing a Rotating Wheel for

Stability, E. Micale, C. Poli, J. Aircraft 10, 12, Dec. 1973,

pp. 760-763. Dynamics of Slung Loads, L. Feaster, C. Poli, R. Kirchoff,

J. Aricraft 14, 2, pp. 115-121, Feb.1977. 076-08773-620-70 STUDY OF COATING (LUBRICATION) FLOWS

(b) Kendall Corp., P. J. Schweitzer Company, Eastman Kodak.

(c) Dr. Stanley Middleman, Dept. of Chem. Engineering.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic and applied, Ph.D. and

M.S. theses. (e) Theoretical and experimental studies of lubrication type

flows, with special application to the dynamics of coating of thin liquid layers onto moving surfaces, is underway. Of

particular interest is the role of viscoelasticity in these

flows, and the development of appropriate theoretical analyses for viscoelastic fluids. (g) To date an analytical method based on perturbation theory has been carried out, which indicates the direction of

viscoelastic effects.

(/i) Blade Coating of a Viscoelastic Fluid, Y. Greener, S. Middleman, Polymer Engrg. and Sci. 14, pp. 791-796, 1974. 076-08774-120-00 MODELING OF POLYMER FLOW PROCESSES

(c) Dr. Stanley Middleman, Dept. of Chem. Engineering.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied; M.S. and

Ph.D. theses.

(e) Computational methods are being developed for analysis of flows of complex (no;i-Newtonian viscoelastic) fluids in complicated flow fields. Experiments are performed in suppor of f *>e heoretical work. 80
(/>) Laminar Mixing of a Pair of Fluids in a Rectangular Cavity, D. Bigg, S. Middleman, / and EC Fund. 13, pp. 66-71,

1974. Mixing in a Screw Extruder. A Model for Residence Time

Distribution and Strain, / and EC Fund. 13, pp. 66-71,

1974. 076-08776-120-54 GROWTH AND COLLAPSE OF BUBBLES IN VISCOELASTIC FLUIDS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Stanley Middleman, Dept. of Chem. Engineering.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research, Ph.D.

(e) The dynamics and kinematics of bubble growth or collapse

are being studied as a means of measuring the elongational

viscosity of viscoelastic fluids. (g) Elongational viscosity in polymeric solutions is observed to decrease with increasing strain rate. (h) Comments on a New Method for Determination of Surface Tension of Viscous Liquids, G. Pearson, S. Middleman,

Chem. Engrg. Sci. 29, pp. 1051-1053, 1974. 076-10466-630-00 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF A

SAVONIUS ROTOR AS A POWER GENERATING DEVICE

(c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr. (d) Experimental.

(e) Torque, power output and efficiency characteristics are determined for a Savonius rotor 3 feet high and 1 .5 feet in diameter tested in a wind tunnel at speeds ranging from

15.6 to 21 feet per second.

(f) Completed.

(g) Maximum efficiency was found to be 33 percent occurring

at a ratio of wind speed to rotor tip speed of about 0.88. (h) Experimental Investigation of the Use of a Savonius Rotor

as a Power Generating Device, C. E. Carver, Jr., R. B. MacPherson, Proc. Symp. Wind Energy: Achievements and

Potential, University of Sherbrooke, pp. 137-156, May 29, 1974. 076-10467-030-70 VIRTUAL MASS OF A CYLINDER IMMERSED IN WATER

(b) Combustion Engineering Inc., Windsor, Conn. 06095.

(c) Dr. Gabriel Horvay.

(d) Theoretical, basic and applied research.

(h) Beam Modes of Vibration of a Thin Cylindrical Shell Flexibly Supported and Immersed in Water Inside of a Coaxial

Cylindrical Container of Slightly Larger Radius, G. Horvay, Nuclear Engrg. and Design 26, p. 291, 1974.

Influence of Entrained Water Mass on the Vibration Modes

of a Shell, G. Horvay, 7. Fluids Engrg. 97, p. 21 1, 1975. Forced Vibrations of a Shell Inside a Narrow Water Annulus, G. Horvay, Nuclear Engrg. and Design 34, p. 221,

1975. 076-10468-000-70 LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER ENTRANCE FLOWS

Kenics Corporation, North Andover, Mass.

(c) Dr. Robert L. Laurence.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied, Ph.D.

thesis. (e) Theoretical and experimental studies of the flow field developed in a stationary mixing device with spatially periodic elements are underway. The goal is to understand

the mixing function.

(g) A mathematical model has been developed and solved,

yielding excellent pressure drop predictions. Residence

time distributions have been used to check velocity field predictions with modest success.

(h) A Coordinate Frame for Helical Flows, T. T. Tung, R. L. Laurence, Polymer Engrg. and Science 15, p. 401, 1975.

076-10469-000-00 STABILITY OF PERIODIC FLOWS

(c) Dr. Robert L. Laurence.

(d) Theoretical, basic, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Stability of modulated circular couette flow to disturbances of arbitrary magnitude was studied. (g) Modulation is destabilizing and it enlarges the region open

to subcritical instability. (h) Linear Stability of Modulated Circular Couette Flow, P. J. Riley, R. L. Laurence, J. Fluid Mechanics 75, p. 625, 1976. Energy Stability of Modulated Circular Couette Flow, P. J. Riley, R. L. Laurence, J. Fluid Mechanics 79, p. 535, 1977. 076-10470-870-60 NON POINT POLLUTION FROM URBAN RUNOFF

(b) Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control.

(c) Dr. Donald Dean Adrian.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Loading factors for the U.S. Environmental Protective Agency's Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) are being measured for various land uses in Greenfield and Northampton, Mass. Both stormwater quantity and quality are monitored. The SWMM has been calibrated and

verified for the study areas. (g) An improved calibration and verification procedure for the quantity and quality portions of SWMM has been

developed.

(h) Methodology for Predicting Urban Stormwater Pollutant Loadings, T. K. Jewell, T. J. Nunno, D. D. Adrian,

presented 1977 Amer. Geophysical Union Mfg., Washington,

D.C., 25 pages, May 30-June 3, 1977. Available trom the authors. 076-10471-870-60 NON POINT POLLUTION FROM SANITARY LANDFILL

LEACHATE

(b) Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control.

(c) Dr. Donald Dean Adrian.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The production of metal and organic-laden leachate from

a sanitary landfill at Barre, Mass. is being monitored. Production rates are being related to hydrologic factors. (g) Leachate flowrates ceased during the winter freeze. The

flowrate responds quickly to spring thaw and rainfall. (h) Specific Conductance as a Measure of Treatability of Landfill Leachate, P. Walker, D. D. Adrian, Proc. 32nd Ann. Purdue Industrial Wastes Conf., 15 pages, May 10-12, 1977, in press. 076-10472-860-36 SLUDGE THICKENING AND DEWATERING RATES

(b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) Dr. Donald Dean Adrian.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) The research is to develop and verify a new model of

sludge thickening and dewatering. The model involves

visualizing the thickening process as flow through a deforming porous medium, rather than as a sedimentation

process.

(g) The proposed theoretical model fits experimental results very well and makes it easier to predict the effect of temperature change on flowrates. (h) Transport Phenomena Applied to Sludge Dewatering, P. Kos, D. D. Adrian, J. Env. Engrg. Div., ASCE 101, EE6,

pp. 947-965, Dec. 1975. Gravity Thickening of Water Treatment Plant Sludges, J. Amer. Water Works Assn. 69, 5, pp. 272-282, May 1977. Fundamental Principles and Mechanisms of Gravity Sludge

Thickening, P. Kos, D. D. Adrian, Boston Soc. of Civil Engrs. Sect, of ASCE, T. R. Camp Lecture Series on Waste- water Treatment and Disposal, pp. 94-129.

81
MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATED, Research and Development Division, 968 Albany-Shaker Road,

Latham, N.Y. 12110. C. Boyajian, General Manager,

Research and Development Division. 077-10574-130-52 PARTICLE SEPARATION FROM GAS STREAM BY CENTRIFUGING

(b) ERDA-Division of Fossil Energy Research.

(c) J. T. McCabe, Project Manager.

(d) A theoretical study to determine the feasibility of particle separation from a gas by a concept called a Cyclocentrifuge. (e) Determine the effectiveness and economic advantage of employing centrifuges for gas particulate clean-up in processes relating to coal conversion and utilization. A

theoretical aerodynamic analysis was made covering the blading characteristics required to impart the necessary

swirl to the air to separate out dust particles in a reasonable path length, achieving zero exit swirl velocity.

(/) Phase I-Feasibility Study completed. Phase II-Model Testing and demonstration not yet started. (g) Gas cleanup was determined to be an area in which the

special characteristics of modified centrifuge offered

technical and economic advantages over existing ap- "proaches. A new concept, called a Cyclocentrifuge, was

evolved during the study which combined the best gas cleanup features of cyclones and centrifuges in a compact

design capable of separating fine particulate matter from

hot gas at large flow rates. A design example showed the Cyclocentrifuge to be capable of achieving a purity of 1 ppm of solids with a nominal maximum particle diameter

of one micron when processing low Bjju fuel from a coal

gasifier.

(/i) MTI Tech. Rept. MTI 77R34, available Tech. Info. Center,

Special Asst. for Reproduction and Processing, U.S. ERDA, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830. 077-10575-630-20 RESEARCH PROGRAM ON HELIUM FLOW IN CLOSED

CYCLE GAS TURBINES

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Thomas J. Ivsan, Project Engineer.

(d) An experimental program to determine the factors affect- ing the performance of axial flow compressor stages using helium gas as contrasted to air. The study includes the performance of suitable helium gas lubricated bearings.

(e) Project is concerned with two facets of component

development for a closed-cycle gas turbine powerplant.

One task is to experimentally evaluate a high-reaction

axial compressor using helium gas to determine the effects of gas characteristics different from air. The second task is to analytically and experimentally evaluate support of the

rotor on bearings lubricated by the helium.

(/) Analysis and test facility preparation in progress.

(g) The project will evaluate helium gas flow through both sin- gle and multistage axial compressors. The end objective is to determine axial compressor characteristics with helium

gas and to supplement the compressor design procedure

by test results. The gas bearing development will address

those problems incurred in the design of gas film bearings

for the gas turbine powerplant, i.e., shock and vibrations conditions under test evaluations which will extend steady

state design theory by including dynamic effects. 077-10576-620-27 THIN FILM HYDRODYNAMICS

(b) Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Air Force Aero-Propulsion Laboratory.

(c) Jed A. Walowit, Manager.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research.

(e) A theoretical and experimental investigation of very thin lubricant films under conditions of high load, speed and

shear rate simulating those occurring in concentrated contact elements such as ball and roller bearings, gears, cams

and rolling contact drives.

(/) Completed.

(g) Traction characteristics were measured and characterized with semiempirical relationships. Comparisons were obtained between theoretical film thickness predictions and measurements obtained by both optical and capacitive

techniques. Results of research showed that conventional

viscometric measurements do not characterize adequately

the lubricant properties and need to be supplemented by

measuring effective viscosity under conditions of high pressure and shear rate. (h) Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication, J. M. McGrew, A. Gu,

H. S. Cheng, S. F. Murray, AFAPL-TR-70-27, 11/70. Research on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of High

Speed Rolling-Sliding Contacts, R. L. Smith, J. A. Walowit,

P. K. Gupta, J. M. McGrew, AFAPL-TR-71-54, 12/71. Research on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of High

Speed Rolling-Sliding Contacts, R. L. Smith, J. A. Walowit,

P. K. Gupta, J. M. McGrew, AFAPL-TR-72-56.

Elastohydrodynamic Traction Characteristics of SP4E

Polyphenyl Ether, R. L. Smith, J. A. Walowit, J. M. McGrew, ASMEJ. Lub. Tech. 95, 3, pp. 353-362, 7/73. Traction Characteristics of a MIL-L-7808 Oil, J. A. Walowit, R. L. Smith, ASME J. Lub. Tech. 98, Ser. F, 4, pp. 607-612, 10/76.

UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI, Department of Mechanical En- gineering, School of Engineering and Environmental

Design, P.O. Box 248294, Coral Gables, Fla. 33129.

078-09023-870-50 REMOTE SENSING APPLIED TO NUMERICAL MODELING

OF THERMAL POLLUTION

(£>) NASA-Kennedy Space Center.

(c) Samuel S. Lee, Ph.D. and Subrata Sengupta, Ph.D.

id) Theoretical, field experiments, applied numerical.

(e) A generalized three-dimensional, predictive, numerical model package for analyzing thermal discharges from power plants is being developed. The model package can

be applied to near-field thermal effects as well as basin wide effects. Remote sensors from aircraft and satellites are used to provide data for, boundary conditions, calibra- tion and verification. Ground truth and in-situ measure- ments provide the necessary temperature and velocity

fields for this integrated approach to thermal pollution

modeling. Sites in Biscayne Bay in south Florida and

Hutchinson Island in central Florida have been modeled. The models simulate effects of wind, tide, discharges,

meteorological parameters and bottom topography.

(g) The rigid-lid model has been verified for near-field studies of thermal discharges. Far-field versions of the model have been verified for velocity and temperature fields in Biscayne Bay. The free-surface model has been verified in Biscayne Bay and Hutchinson Island. (h) Three-Dimensional Thermal Pollution Models, S. Lee, S. Sengupta, NASA-CR-144858.

Three-Dimensional Model Development for Thermal Pollution Studies, Proc. Conf. Environmental Modeling and

Simulation, Cincinnati, 1976. 078-09832-870-50 APPLICATION OF NUMERICAL MODELING AND

REMOTE SENSING FOR THERMAL DISCHARGE ANALYSIS IN LAKE BELEWS

(b) NASA-Kennedy Space Center.

(c) Samuel S. Lee, Ph.D. and Subrata Sengupta, Ph.D.

(d) Applied numerical, field experiments.

82
(e) A generalized three-dimensional, rigid-lid model has been

used to study the heat and mass transport in Belews Lake, N.C. Discharges from a power plant of Duke Power Company has been modeled. Model calibration and verification

efforts have used extensive remote sensed data from air- borne thermal scanners. Ground truth and in-situ measure- ments for velocity and temperature have provided the necessary three-dimensional data base.

(g) Four field experiments covering the seasonal cycle have been completed,* calibration and verification of model is ongoing.

(h) Three-Dimensional Modeling of Thermal Discharges into Lake Belews, S. S. Lee, S. Sengupta, Mid-Term Report.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering, East Lansing, Mich.

48824. Dr. William C. Taylor, Chairman.

079-04 16W-870-00

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AT A WASTEWATER SPRAY

SITE

(e) See WRRC 2, 2.0107. 079-08777-210-54 THE EFFECT OF RELEASED GASES ON HYDRAULIC

TRANSIENTS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) David C. Wiggert, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Experimental and applied numerical research including Master's thesis. (e) Investigation of hydraulic transient response with gas

released from liquid in a long pipeline. Includes experi- mental study with gaseous cavitation in a pipe loop, and

numerical modeling of two-component transient flow.

(J) Due for completion August 1977.

(g) Experimental work completed. Significant gas release is encountered with initial dissolved gas contents ranging from 50 to 200 percent by volume. Numerical analysis based on the method of characteristics satisfactorily predicts the transient phenomenon.

(h) Pressure Wave Propagation in Two-Phase Bubbly Air- Water Mixtures, C. S. Martin, K. Padmanabhan, D. C.

Wiggert, Proc. 2nd Intl. Conf. on Pressure Surges, Sept. 1976. Some Observations Concerning Gas Release in Unsteady

Flow, D. C. Wiggert, 3rd Intl. Conf. Water Column Separation, May 1976.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, East Lansing,

Mich. 48824. Dr. J. F. Foss. 081-08990-020-22 THE INFLUENCE OF MOLECULAR DIFFUSIVITY IN TURBULENT MIXING

(b) Project SQUID.

(c) J. F. Foss.

(d) Experimental; basic; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Species concentration measurements for both diffusive and

non-diffusive gases inside a closed mixing chamber will be made by light scattering techniques; the comparison of

these results will reveal the influence of molecular dif- fusivity for uniform and non-uniform distributions of the

fluid densities and turbulence field. Results obtained to date include measures of the non-diffusive mixing of air/air and Freon 12/Freon 12 at UM/v= 104 and 6X 10" respectively. (Non-diffusive: the lower gas volume was marked

with submicron particulate matter.)

if) Suspended.

(g) The present results suggest that the low viscosity Freon gas

involves non-diffusive mixing (spatial striations) scales of a

size smaller than the 0.2 diameter x 0.35 length cylindrical scattering volume. A comparison of width measures from

the ensemble mean and instantaneous scans suggests that the mixed region is relatively narrow and is laterally trans- ported by the large scale convective action to achieve the observed mean values. 081-10609-010-50 EFFECT OF LAMINAR/TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

STATE ON DEVELOPMENT OF SHEAR LAYER

(b) NASA Langley.

(c) J. F. Foss. (d) Experimental, basic.

(e) For otherwise identical experimental conditions (U = 20

mps), the effects of a laminar and a turbulent boundary

layer at the initiation of a shear layer were evaluated via u and u measurements. Pronounced differences in the development region were observed; the flow appeared to

lose the influence of its origin conditions.

(/) Completed.

(/;) The Effects of the Laminar/Turbulent Boundary Layer

States on the Development of a Plane Mixing Layer, Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows, pp. 11. 33, The Pennsyl- vania State University, Apr. 18-20, 1977. 081-10610-700-50 VORTICITY MEASUREMENTS

(b) NASA Langley Research Center.

(c) J. F. Foss. (d) Experiments (supporting analysis) basic. (e) Fabrication of probes and development of computing al- gorithms to utilize adjacent x and parallel hot-wire arrays

to infer the transverse vorticity in a shear flow is in progress. The desired result is to obtain a high rate (50,000 samples/sec) time series for du/dy-dv/dx)- Parallel electronics work is in progress to allow a real time calculation with a special purpose digital processor.

(g) Initial measurement achieved, second iteration to gain

precise Ou/9y) ' n progress.

081-10611-050-50 OBLIQUE JET IMPINGEMENT FLOW

(b) NASA Langley Research Center.

(c) J. F. Foss. (d) Experimental; basic. (e) The far field acoustic noise from the impinging jet flow is considered as a function of the vorticity structure in the impact region of the flow. A digital electronics circuit to process four hot-wire signals from which two velocity components and the transverse vorticity can be extracted is under development. Mean flow measurements for 45

degree and more shallow impingement angles have been

acquired. Results obtained to date include measures of the non-diffusive mixing of for air/air and Freon 12/Freon 12

at UM/V= 104 and 6X104 respectively. (Non-diffusive:

the lower gas volume was marked with submicron particulate matter.)

(f) Suspended.

(g) The present results suggest that the low viscosity Freon gas

involves non-diffusive mixing (spatial striations) scales of a

size smaller than the 0.2 diameter x 0.35 length cylindrical scattering volume. A comparison of width measures from

the ensemble mean and instantaneous scans suggests that the mixed region is relatively narrow and is laterally trans- ported by the large scale convective action to achieve the observed mean values.

83

254-330 0 - 78 -7
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, College of Engineering, De- partment of Aerospace Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich.

48104. Professor R. M. Howe, Department Chairman.

082-07442-010-20 AN INVESTIGATION OF WALL PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS AND STRUCTURE OF A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

(b) Office of Naval Research and National Science Foundation. (c) Professor William W. Willmarth.

(d) Experimental, basic research, Doctoral thesis. (e) Fluctuating velocity and pressure measurements in and

beneath turbulent boundary layers on cylinders and plane

surfaces. Purpose is basic research on turbulence.

(g) Study of mean velocity profiles, wall shear stress and wall pressures beneath boundary layers on cylinders primarily

aligned with the flow in order to reveal the effect of trans- verse curvature and slight cross flow velocities produced

by yaw and free stream turbulence. Measurements of the

small scale structure of turbulence are also being carried out using extremely small scale hot wires.

(/i) Structure of Turbulence in Boundary Layers, W. W. Will- marth, Advances in Applied Mechanics 15, ed. C. S. Yih, 159 pages, 1975.

Axially Symmetric Turbulent Boundary Layers on Cylinders: Mean Velocity Profiles and Wall Pressure Fluctuations, W. W. Willmarth, R. E. Winkel, L. K. Sharma, T. J. Bogar, J. Fluid Mech. 76, 1 , p. 35, 1976. The Effect of Cross Flow and Isolated Roughness Elements on the Boundary Layer and Wall Pressure Fluctuations on

Circular Cylinders, W. W. Willmarth, L. K. Sharma, S. Inglis, Rept. 014439-01, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Aerospace Engrg., Jan. 1977.

stage, large oil droplets are formed from eruption of sur- face waves at the oil-water interface. In the second stage acoustic cavitation causes these large drops to break up

into smaller drops.

The criterion of instability for the initial stage of emulsifi- cation has been derived from a linearized stability analysis of the oil-water interface under acoustic excitation. The

characteristic droplet diameter produced by the instability

is related to the induced capillary wavelength at the inter- face. The theoretical threshold amplitude of vibration necessary for the instability of the interfacial waves and

the ultrasonic transducer amplitude are virtually the same.

In addition the size of the large droplets present in the suspension systems at short irradiation times agree closely with the predicted droplet diameters.

It is known that intense cavitational Shockwaves can be

generated in the water medium under the influence of an

ultrasonic field. In conjunction with the liquid-liquid emulsification phenomenon, a theoretical model for the defor- mation and break-up of an oil droplet was examined on

the basis of the droplet being exposed to a cavitation shock. A relation from the model is expressed in terms of two dimensionless quantities, the Ohnesorge number and

the critical Weber number ratio. These values, are then

plotted and compared with the ones obtained from the stu- dies on the liquid droplet exposed to shock impact from a gas stream, and the remarkable agreement leads one to the conclusion that large oil droplets originally formed from

the oil-water interface as a result of the instability were

disintegrated into smaller ones by the cavitation force until a critical size, characteristic of the oil-water system is reached.

(h) Ultrasonic Emulsification, M. Li, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Michigan, 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, College of Engineering, De- partment of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Science,

Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109. Professor W. P. Graebel, Acting Department Chairman.

083-08604-060-20 STRATIFIED FLOWS

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Professor C.-S. Yih.

(d) Basic research, mainly theoretical.

(e) All aspects of stratified flows. (h) Vortices and Vortex Rings of Stratified Fluids, J. Applied

Mathematics, SIAM 28, pp. 899-912, 1975. Comparison Theorems for Water Waves in Basins of Variable Depth, Quar. Applied Math. 33, pp. 387-394, 1976.

Internal Waves in Pipes, J. Hydraulic Research 13, 3, pp. 329-342, 1975.

Internal Waves in Circular Channels (with W.-H. Yang), J. Fluid Mechanics 74, pp. 183-192, 1976.

Instability of Surface and Internal Waves, Advances in Applied Mechanics 16, pp. 369-419, 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109. Professor H. S. Fogler. 084-09818-130-00 ACOUSTIC EMULSIFICATION (I)

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) A technique has been developed to study the phenomenon

of acoustic emulsification in which oil is dispersed as a

fine suspension into water at 20 kHz. The acoustic emulsification process takes place in two stages. In the first

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, College of Engineering, De- partment of Civil Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104.

Dr. E. F. Brater, Professor of Hydraulic Engineering. 085-08850-410-60 A STUDY OF SHORE PROTECTION PROCEDURES

(b) Michigan Department of Natural Resources and NOAA

Sea Grant Program.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation. (e) The effectiveness and durability of various shore protection procedures are being investigated. (g) The effectiveness of various shore protection procedures have been compared with unprotected conditions. (h) Laboratory Investigation of Shore Erosion Process, presented 15th Intl. Conf. on Coastal Engrg., July 1977. 085-08851-070-54 NONLINEAR SATURATED SOIL MOTIONS RESULTING

FROM EARTHQUAKES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professors V. L. Streeter, E. B. Wylie.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Study of liquefaction of soils during seismic activity. (h) Characteristics Method for Liquefaction of Soils, E. B. Wylie, V. L. Streeter, Conf. on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, VPI, Va., pp. 938-954, June 1976. A Numerical Method for Liquefaction in Sand Deposits, C.

P. Liou, Ph.D. Thesis, submitted to the Univ. of Michigan, Apr. 1976. 085-08853-210-54 TRANSIENT FLOW THROUGH OPEN AND CLOSED CONDUITS

(c) Professors V. L. Streeter, E. B. Wylie.

i

I
(e) Study of unsteady fluid flow in pipes and liquid flow in open channels.

(h) Waterhammer Analysis with Air Release, J. P. Tullis, V. L.

Streeter, E. B. Wylie, 2nd Intl. Conf. on Pressure Surges, BHRA, Bedford, England, Sept. 1976.

Fluid Transients, E. B. Wylie, V. L. Streeter, McGraw-Hill

Book Co., 1977. 085-08854-820-00 TRANSIENT FLOW IN AQUIFERS

(c) Professor E. B. Wylie.

(d) Development.

(/) Complete.

(h) Transient Aquifer Flows by Characteristics Method, E. B. Wylie, ASCE, J. Hyd. Div. 102, HY3, pp. 293-305, Mar.

1976. Numerical Predictions of Two-Dimensional Transient Groundwater Flow by Method of Characteristics, D. C.

Wiggert, E. B. Wylie, Water Resources Research 12, 5, pp. 971-977, Oct. 1976. 085-09994-420-00 FORCES DUE TO WAVES AND CURRENTS ON RUBBLE

COVERING PIPES BURIED IN OCEAN OR LAKE BOTTOMS

(b) University Research Funds.

(c) Professor E. F. Brater.

(d) For Doctoral thesis. (e) The development of design criteria for cover layers ex- posed to waves and currents. 085-09995-390-54 NONLINEAR SHEAR WAVE PROPAGATION IN SOILS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professors V. L. Streeter, E. B. Wylie.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Study of one-dimensional shear wave transmission in layered soils. (h) One-Dimensional Soil Transients by Characteristics, E. B. Wylie, V. L. Streeter, Conf. on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, VPI, Va., June 1976.

Influence of Dynamic Soil Properties on Response of Soil Masses, F. E. Richart, E. B. Wylie, Structural and

Geotechnical Mechanics, pp. 141-162, Prentice Hall, N.J., 1977.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Cavitation and Multiphase

Flow Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109. Frederick G. Hammitt,

Professor-in-Charge (reports on all projects available by

writing to laboratory). 086-06147-230-54 BUBBLE NUCLEATION, GROWTH AND COLLAPSE

PHENOMENA

(b) Office of Naval Research and Industry.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for various Ph.D. theses.

(e) Study of the details of inception, growth and collapse of vapor and gas bubbles in liquids. This has included the development of methods for measuring entrained gas microbubble spectra in water and correlating with cavitation nucleation pressure thresholds. Effects of fast neutron

irradiation and strong magnetic fields have been included

along with variation of temperature, pressure, settling- time, total gas content, etc. Present work emphasizes

acoustic bubble collapse measurements and correlation with measured erosion rates.

086-08123-230-70 CAVITATION EROSION TESTING

(ft) ONR and Industry.

(e) Measurement of chemical vs. mechanical effects in cavita- tion erosion as well as other details of erosion process. 086-08779-130-54 WET STEAM FLOWS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental and theoretical Ph.D. theses research.

(e) Experimental and theoretical investigation of low pressure wet steam flows (pertinent to low pressure end of large steam turbines) across blading profiles. Includes measure- ment of liquid film thicknesses on profiles, and downstream droplet size, velocity and population distributions, as well as theoretical studies of liquid film stability under high-velocity steam flows. Downstream liquid parti- cle size and velocity distributions can be used as input for our droplet impact erosion work described in the previous

project description.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Naval

Architecture and Marine Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich.

48104. T. Francis Ogilvie, Chairman.

087-09866-520-22 SHIP MOTIONS IN SHALLOW WATER

(b) General Hydromechanics Research Program, Naval Ship

Systems Command.

(c) Armin Troesch, Robert Beck.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(c) Experiments were conducted on a model in shallow water and the results were compared with theory. Special atten- tion was paid to the problems of wave generation.

(/) Completed.

(g) Experiments and theory do not compare well, possibly because of non-linear effects. (h) Experiments on Ship Motions in Shallow Water, A.

Troesch, R. F. Beck, Rept. 149, Dept. Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg., Mar. 1974. 087-09867-520-22 ANALYSIS. OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL CAPTURED AIR BUBBLE

(b) General Hydromechanics Research Program, Naval Ship

Systems Command.

(c) Susan Atkins.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The prediction of the added mass and damping of a heaving two-dimensional, captured air bubble is verified, within

limits. The results are applicable to the motions of an air cushion vehicle (ACV).

(/) Completed.

(g) Only the depth of the lip, relative to the width of the bubble, appears to exert a strong influence on the results. (h) Experimental Analysis of a Two-Dimensional Captured Air Bubble, S. O. Atkins, Rept. 166, Dept. Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg., Dec. 1974, $1.25. 087-09868-520-54 FORCES AND MOMENTS ON A SHIP MOVING IN A

CANAL

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Robert F. Beck.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) The method of matched asymptotic expansions is applied

to the problem of a ship moving with constant velocity in a channel of rectangular cross section.

if) Completed.

(g) Numerical results show good agreement with experiments.

85
(h) Forces and Moments on a Ship Moving in a Canal, R. F. Beck, Rept. 1 79, Dept. Naval Architecture and Marine

Engrg., $3.00. 087-09869-520-54 SHIP MANEUVERING IN SHALLOW WATERS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Nabil Daoud, T. Francis Ogilvie. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research.

(e) Both an experimental and analytical approach to the problem of ship operations in restricted waters is being undertaken. Shallow water effects on maneuverability are sig- nificant and the purpose of this research is to understand

these problems more fully. (g) Experiments and theoretical calculations show the clearance between the ship's hull and the sea bottom is an

important factor in the stability of the vessel. (h) Maneuverability in Restricted Waters: State of the Art, M.

Fujino, Rept. 184, Dept. Naval Architecture and Marine

Engrg., Aug. 1976, $5.00.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Department of Aerospace

Engineering and Mechanics, Minneapolis, Minn. 55455.

Professor P. R. Sethna, Department Head.

088-07488-000-54 HYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Daniel D. Joseph.

(d) Theoretical; basic research; M.S., Ph.D. theses.

(e) Theoretical research on the stability of a broad class of

fluid motions.

(g) The implications of energy analysis for the stability of classical motions (Couette and Poiseuille flows in annuli, pipes, channels, etc., and variations on the Benard

problem) are emphasized. A global theory of stability is sought in which linear theory, energy theory and the theory of branching solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations play unique and complementary roles. Also

developed are aspects of near-linear perturbation theories. (h) Nonlinear Diffusion Induced by Nonlinear Sources, D. D.

Joseph, E. M. Sparrow, Quart. Appl. Math. XXVIII, pp. 327-342, Oct. 1970.

Stability of Convection in Containers of Arbitrary Shape,

D. D. Joseph, J. Fluid Mech. 47, pp. 257-282, 1971. Quasilinear Dirichlet Problems Driven by Positive Nonlinear Sources, D. D. Joseph, T. S. Lundgren, Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 46, pp. 241-269, 1973. Contributions to the Nonlinear Theory of Stability of Viscous Flow in Pipes and Between Rotating Cylinders, D.

D. Joseph, W. Hung, Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 44, pp. 1-22, 1971. Global Stability of Spiral Flow, Part II, D. D. Joseph, W.

Hung, B. Munson, /. Fluid Mech. 51, pp. 593-612, 1972. Viscous Incompressible Flow Between Concentric Rotating

Spheres: Part I, Basic Flow, D. D. Joseph, B. Munson, J. Fluid Mech. 49, pp. 289-303, 1971. Viscous Incompressible Flow Between Concentric Rotating

Spheres: Part II, Hydrodynamic Stability, D. D. Joseph, B. Munson, J. Fluid Mech. 49, pp. 305-318, 1971. Heat Transport in a Porous Layer, F. H. Busse, D. D.

Joseph, J. Fluid Mech. 54, 3, pp. 521-543, 1972.

Bifurcating Time Periodic Solutions and Their Stability, D.

D. Joseph, D. Sattinger, Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 45, pp. 79-

109, 1972.

Subclinical Bifurcation of Plane Poiseuille Flow, D. D.

Joseph, T. S. Chen, J. Fluid Mech. 58, p. 337, Apr. 1973. Remarks About Bifurcation and Stability of Quasi-Periodic

Solutions Which Bifurcate from Periodic Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations, in Nonlinear Problems in Physical Science and Engineering, Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Ed. Stakgold, Joseph and Sattinger), 1973.

Heat Transport in a Porous Layer, D. D. Joseph, V. Gupta, J. Fluid Mech. 57, p. 521, 1973. Energy Theory of Hydromagnetic Flow, D. D. Joseph,

Proc. Conf. on Mathematical Topics in Stability Theory,

Washington State Univ., 1972. Domain Perturbations: The Higher Order Theory of In- finitesimal Water Waves, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 51, p. 295, 1973.

Friction Factors in the Theory of Bifurcating Poiseuille Flow Through Annular Ducts, D. D. Joseph, T. S. Chen, J. Fluid Mech. 65, p. 189., 1974. Response Curves for Plane Poiseuille Flow, D. D. Joseph,

in Advances in Applied Mechanics XIV, (Ed.: C. S. Yih), Academic Press, New York, 1974. Repeated Supercritical Branching of Solutions Arising in the Variational Theory of Turbulence, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 53, p. 101, 1974. 088-07489-020-54 THEORETICAL RESEARCH ON TURBULENCE

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor T. S. Lundgren.

(d) Theoretical basic research; M.S., Ph.D. theses. (e) Appropriate closure hypotheses are sought for hydrodynamic turbulence.

(f) Completed.

(g) The work centered on the statistical mechanics of two

dimensional vortices as a model for two-dimensional tur- bulence. A second area of interest was turbulent diffusion. (h ) Statistical Mechanics of Two-Dimensional Vortices, T. S. Lundgren, Y. B. Pointin, J. Stat. Phys. 17 (1977). Equation of State of a Vortex Fluid, Y. B. Pointin, T. S. Lundgren, Physical Review A 13, pp. 1274-1275 (1976).

Statistical Mechanics of Two-Dimensional Vortices in a Bounded Container, Y. B. Pointin, T. S. Lundgren, Phys. Fluids 19, pp. 1459-1470 (1976). Non-Gaussian Probability Distributions for a Vortex Fluid, T. S. Lundgren, Y. B. Pointin, Phys. Fluids 20, pp. 356- 363 (1977). Turbulent Self-Diffusion, T. S. Lundgren, Y. B. Pointin, Phys. Fluids 19, pp. 355-358 (1976). 088-08859-120-14 STUDIES IN THE VISCOMETRY OF SLOW MOTIONS OF

RHEOLOGICALLY COMPLEX LIQUIDS

(b) U.S. Army Research Office.

(c) Professors D. D. Joseph, G. S. Beavers.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research; M.S., Ph.D. theses. (e) Experimental and mathematical studies of the mechanics

of flow of Theologically complex liquids are being carried

out. The immediate aim is to enrich the science and

technology of viscometry by developing sets of standard experiments, founded on sound mathematical analysis, which will lead to reliable viscometric data characterizing the slow motion of Theologically complex fluids. There is also interest in certain mathematical studies of the mechanical foundations of rheology and in the evolution of new methods of analysis. (g) The following projects are active: (1) The rotating rod

viscometer. (2) The Tilted Trough Viscometer. (3) Hele- Shaw flows. (4) Free surface viscometers driven by ther- mal convection. (5) Torsion flow viscometry.

(h) The Free Surface on a Liquid Between Cylinders Rotating

at Different Speeds-Part I, D. D. Joseph, R. Fosdick, Arch.

Rat. Mech. Anal. 49, pp. 321-380, 1973. The Free Surface on a Liquid Between Cylinders Rotating

at Different Speeds-Part II, D. D. Joseph, G. S. Beavers,

R. Fosdick, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 49, pp. 381-401,

1973.

Tall Taylor Cells in Polyaerylam ide Solutions, G. S. Beavers, D. D. Joseph, Physics of Fluids 19, p. 650, 1974. 86
Slow Motion and Viscometric Motion; Stability and Bifurcation of the Rest State of a Simple Fluid, D. D. Joseph,

Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 56, 2, pp. 99-157, 1974. The Free Surface on a Liquid Filling a Trench Heated From Its Side, D. D. Joseph, L. Sturges, J. Fluid Mech. 69,

3, pp. 565-589, 1975. The Rotating Rod Viscometer, G. S. Beavers, D. D. Joseph,

J. of Fluid Mech. 69, 3, pp. 475-51 1, 1975. Slow Motion and Viscometeric Motion. Part V: The Free

Surface on a Simple Fluid Flowing Down a Tilted Trough,

L. Sturges, D. D. Joseph, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 59, 4, pp. 359-387, 1975. The Free Surface on a Simple Fluid Between Cylinders Undergoing Torsional Oscillations, D. D. Joseph, G. S. Beavers, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 62, 4, pp. 323-352,

1976. Novel Weissenberg Effects, G. S. Beavers, D. D. Joseph, J. Fluid Mech. 81, 2, pp. 265-273, 1977. 088-08860-000-70 ROTATING FLOWS

(b) Union Carbide Corporation, Nuclear Division.

(c) Professors A. S. Berman, T. S. Lundgren.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research; M.S., Ph.D.

theses.

(e) Study of spin up with and without density stratification and free surfaces. 088-10573-070-54 FLUID FLOW THROUGH DEFORMABLE POROUS MEDIA

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Gordon S. Beavers.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research; M.S., Ph.D. theses.

(e) The project aims to formulate and test mathematical models which will be capable of predicting the flow through deformable porous media, and which can be used

for incompressible and compressible flows through many

types of deformable media for geometries involving more

than one principal flow direction.

(g) A model, based on the Forchheimer extension of the Darcy Law for flows through incompressible media, has been developed to describe the one-dimensional flow of an

incompressible fluid through a deformable porous material. Mass flow rate predictions of the model agree well with experimental observations.

(h) Compressible Gas Flow Through a Porous Material, G. S. Beavers, E. M. Sparrow, Intl. J. Heat and Mass Transfer

14, 11, pp. 1855-1857, 1971. Experiments on the Resistance Law for Non-Darcy Compressible Gas Flows in Porous Media, J. Fluids Engrg., Trans ASME 96, Series I, 4, pp. 353-357, 1974. Flow Through a Deformable Porous Material, G. S. Beavers, T. A. Wilson, B. A. Masha, J. Appl. Mech. 42,

Trans. ASME 97, Series E, pp. 598-602, 1975.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory (see ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY listing).

MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Aerophysics and Aerospace Engineering, Mississippi

State, Miss. 39762. Professor C. B. Cliett, Department

Head.

089-10135-530-20 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS FOR 2D HYDROFOILS

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. Joe F. Thompson, Professor. (d) Basic research, M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) A finite-difference solution of the full time-dependent, in- compressible Navier-Stokes equations with gravity forces included was developed fcr laminar flow about a 2D

hydrofoil of arbitrary shape below or in a free surface.

(f) Completed.

(g) The numerical solution uses boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinate system generated numerically from two coupled elliptic partial differential equations for the coordinates. This coordinate system maintains coordinate lines coincident with the deforming free surface and with the

arbitrary hydrofoil contour while allowing all computations

to be done on a fixed square mesh in the transformed

field. The hydrofoil may be in pitching, plunging, or lon- gitudinal oscillation as well as translation. Results were obtained for Reynolds numbers up to 100, but the solution is thought to be extendable to higher Reynolds numbers.

(h) Numerical Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations for 2D

Hydrofoils In or Below a Free Surface, S. P. Shanks, J. F. Thompson, Proc. 2nd Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship

Hydrodynamics, Berkely, Calif., 1977. Numerical Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations for 2D

Hydrofoils, J. F. Thompson, S. P. Shanks, R. L. Walker,

MSSU-EIRS-ASE-77-5, Engrg. and Industrial Research

Station, Mississippi State Univ., 1977. 089-10136-030-26 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE MEAN TURBULENT

FLOW EQUATIONS

(b) Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

(c) Dr. Z. U. A. Warsi, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Solve the complete mean turbulent shear flow equations

for incompressible flows past arbitrary two-dimensional

bodies. A method of numerical coordinate transformation has been utilized to solve the model equations of momentum and energy along with the equation of continuity. (g) Model equations of Kolmogorov and Saffman have been

transformed tensorially to a general coordinate system. This general coordinate system is made specific by numerically generating a non-orthogonal coordinate system which

depends on the body contour past which the flow takes place and an outer boundary which is assumed to be at infinity. The problems of mean turbulent flow past a circular cylinder started impulsively from rest and of the steady flow past on NACA airfoil are under investigation. (h) Numerical Solutions for Laminar and Turbulent-Viscous Flow over Single and Multi-Element Airfoils Using BodyFitted Coordinate Systems, J. F. Thompson, Z. U. A.

Warsi, B. B. Amlicke, Advances in Engineering Science, 13th Ann. Mtg. Engrg. Science, Hampton, Va., Nov. 1-3, 1976. Published in vol. 4 as NASA CP-2001, pp. 1397-

1408. Improve Algebraic Relation for the Calculation of Reynolds

Stresses, Z. U. A. Warsi, B. B. Amlicke, AlAA J. 14, 12, pp. 1779-1781 (1976).

Machine Solutions of Partial Differential Equations in the Numerically Generated Coordinate Systems, Z. U. A. Warsi, J. F. Thompson, MSSU-EIRS-ASE-77-1 , Engrg. and

Industrial Research Station, Mississippi State Univ., 1976.

Structure of The Near-Wall Region In A Turbulent Flow,

Z. U. A. Warsi, B. B. Amlicke, MSSU-EIRS-ASE-77-3,

Engrg. and Industrial Research Station, Mississippi State Univ., 1976. 089-10137-000-26 DEVELOPMENT OF PARTIAL CHANNEL FLOW FOR AR- BITRARY INPUT VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS USING

BOUNDARY-FITTED COORDINATE SYSTEMS

(b) U.S. Army Research Office.

(c) Leslie R. Heater, Assoc. Professor. (d) Basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Work consists of applying the technique of boundary-fitted coordinate systems to the solution of the Navier-Stokes 87
equations for partial channel flow. The boundary-fitted coordinate system provides a method whereby a rectangular grid in a transformed plane can be obtained for any

channel configuration in the physical plane. The Navier- Stokes equations are then solved on the rectangular grid in the transformed plane. This eliminates the need for inter- polation on the boundaries and the channel configuration

the physical plane is merely an input into the program. An

additional feature of this numerical procedure provides for a concentration of coordinate lines in the areas of flow where viscous effects are expected to dominate,

(g) The work thus far has dealt with applying this numerical procedure to a partial channel configuration that consists of a main channel flow that splits into a two channel flow and various combinations of input and output ports located on either side of the main channel flow. The numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for two

dimensional unsteady laminar flow has been obtained in the primitive variables of velocity and pressure. Comparison with experimental work is also underway. 089-10138-000-54 INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF

THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) The technique of numerically-generated boundary-fitted coordinate systems was used with the integro-differential form of the Navier-Stokes to develop a finite-difference solution for time-dependent, incompressible laminar flow about arbitrary two-dimensional bodies.

(f) Completed.

(g) The integro-differential formulation allows all computation

to be confined to the region of significant vorticity near

the body and in the wake without losing the elliptic nature

of the solution. The boundary-fitted coordinate system is generated numerically from two elliptic partial differential equations for the coordinates. This system maintains coordinate lines coincident with the arbitrary body contour and

with the moving outer boundary of the expanding vorticity region while allowing all computation to be done on a

fixed in the transformed field square mesh. Results were

obtained at Reynolds numbers up to 106 for NACA airfoils. (h) Numerical Solution of Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation in the Integro-Differential Formulation Using Boundary-Fitted Coordinate System, R. N. Reddy, J. F. Thompson, Proc. AIAA 3rd Computational Fluid Dynamics Conjf., Albuquerque, N. Mex., 1977. 089-10139-000-50 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS FOR ARBITRARY TWO-DIMENSIONAL MULTIELEMENT AIRFOILS

(b) NASA, Langley Research Center.

(d) Applied research, Ph.D. theses.

(e) Numerically-generated boundary coordinate systems are being used to develop a finite-difference solution of the time-dependent, incompressible or compressible, Navier- Stokes equations for laminar flow about arbitrary two- dimensional airfoils. (g) The boundary-fitted coordinate system is generated numerically by solving two coupled elliptic partial differential equations for the coordinates. This system allows all computation to be done on a square grid in the transformed

plane regardless of the shape or number of bodies in the

field. Results have been obtained for Reynolds numbers up

to 106. A potential flow solution has also been developed.

(/i) Numerical Solutions for Viscous and Potential Flow about

Arbitrary Two-Dimensional Bodies Using Body-Fitted Coordinate Systems, F. C. Thames, J. F. Thompson, C. W.

Mastin, R. L. Walker, accepted for publication in J. Computational Physics, (1977). TOMCAT-A Code for Numerical Generation of BoundaryFitted Curvilinear Coordinate Systems on Fields Containing

Any Number of Arbitrary Two-Dimensional Bodies, J. F.

Thompson, F. C. Thames, C. W. Mastin, accepted for publication in J. Computational Physics, 1977. Numerical Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations for Arbitrary Two-Dimensional Airfoils, F. C. Thames, J. F. Thompson, C. W. Mastin, Proc. NASA Conf. Aerodynamic

Analyses Requiring Advanced Computers, NASA SP-347,

Langley Research Center, 1975. Numerical Solutions of the Unsteady Navier-Stokes Equations for Arbitrary Bodies Using Boundary-Fitted Curvilinear Coordinates, J. F. Thompson, F. C. Thames, R. L. Walker, S. P. Shanks, Proc. Arizona/AFOSR Symp. Unsteady Aerodynamics , Univ. of Arizona, 1975. Use of Numerically Generated Body-Fitted Coordinate Systems for Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations, J. F. Thompson, F. C. Thames, C. W. Mastin, S. P. Shanks,

Proc. AIAA 2nd Computational Fluid Dynamics Conf., Hartford, Conn., 1975.

Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations in Various Flow Regimes on Fields Containing Any Number of Arbitrary Bodies Using Boundary-Fitted Coordinate Systems, J. F. Thompson, F. C. Thames, S. P. Shanks, R. N. Reddy, C. W. Mastin, Proc. V Intl. Conf. on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics, Enshede, The Netherlands, Lecture Notes

in Physics 59, Springer Verlag, 1976. Boundary-Fitted Curvilinear Coordinate System for Solution of Partial Differential Equations on Fields Containing

Any Number of Arbitrary Two-Dimensional Bodies, J. F. Thompson, F. C. Thames, C. W. Mastin, NASA CR-2729,

1977. Numerical Solution of Potential Flow About Arbitrary TwoDimensional Multiple Bodies, J. F. Thompson, F. C. Thames, NASA CR, to be published 1977. 089-10140-720-44 FLOW IMPROVEMENT MODIFICATIONS AND FLOW

QUALITY EVALUATION OF THE NOIC CURRENT

METER CALIBRATION FACILITY

{b) National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center, NOAA,

Department of Commerce.

(c) Dr. George Bennett.

(d) The project is experimental. It should be classified as applied research. There was no thesis connected with the work.

(e) Improve the quality of the flow in the NOIC 15-inch diameter submerged jet current meter calibration facility.

It had been determined that very large speed fluctuations (of order 10-30%) were present in the flow which was

unacceptable for current meter calibration. The flow uniformity across the jet could not be determined due to the large fluctuations.

(f) Completed.

(g) Several modifications were made to the NOIC Current Meter Calibration Facility to reduce the large scale speed

fluctuations and to improve the flow uniformity across the

jet. The centerline speed fluctuations were reduced to ± 3 percent at 0.198 knots and near ±1 percent over the speed range 0.487 to 4.31 knots. At 1.89 knots a level of ±0.4 percent was achieved. Flow uniformity was to be

well within the allowable 3 percent over the operating range except at 0.437 knots where a variation of 3.7 per- cent was found. The maximum jet speed achieved was

4.31 knots, 6 percent less than the specified 4.5 knots. (h) Flow Improvement Modifications and Flow Quality Evaluation of the NOIC Current Meter Calibration Facility, G.

Bennett, G. Wells, ElRS-ASE-75-2, College of Engrg., Miss. State Univ., Apr. 1975. 089-10141-720-44 TURBINE METER INSTALLATION AND FLOW

VISUALIZATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE NOIC CURRENT METER CALIBRATION FACILITY

(b) National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center, NOAA,

Department of Commerce.

(c) Dr. George Bennett. 88
(d) The project is experimental. It should be classified as applied research. There was no thesis connected with the work.

(e) Further improve the utility of the NOIC Current Meter

Calibration Facility through the installation of turbine flow meters for precise definition of jet flow speed and through

the development of hydrogen bubble flow visualization equipment.

(f) Completed.

(g) The installation of the four turbine flow meters, flow

straightening vanes, associated piping and jet speed indicators was accomplished. System calibration tests were con- ducted using an HP 9820 data acquisition system and a

Delft reference current meter. It was found that the re- peatability of the turbine meters was better than the Delft meter. However, more refined calibration of the reference

current meter will be required before final precision jet speed versus turbine meter output frequency charts can be

established. Both the hydrogen bubble and dye filament flow visualization techniques worked very well, due to the low turbulence levels in the jet. The persistence of the hydrogen bubbles exceeded all expectations. A control box was constructed to permit continuous and periodic

hydrogen bubble filaments to be generated. A 1150 watt submersible slit light source was constructed to illuminate the hydrogen bubble and dye filaments. (h) Turbine Meter Installation and Flow Visualization Develop- ment for the NOIC Current Meter Calibration Facility, G.

Bennett, G. Wells, MSSU-EIRS-ASE-77-2, College of

Engrg., Miss. State Univ., Sept. 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA, Department of Geology, Columbia, Miss. 65201. George W. Viele,

Chairman.

091-10062-220-54 CONTINENTAL VOLCANICLASTICS, VOLCAN DE FUEGO,

GUATEMALA

(b) National Science Foundation; Institute Geografico Nacional, Guatemala.

(c) Professor David K. Davies.

(d) Field investigation, basic research.

(e) Investigation of debris flow and stream flow characteristics

in an active volcanic region. The study seeks to determine

length of time taken to erode the products of a single eruption; time taken for sediment being fluvially trans- ported from the cones to the sea; nature of fluvial flow from the headwaters to the river mouths; mechanics of sediment transport (including boulders) in the fluvial system; and effect of fluvial transport on the composition and texture of the sediment load.

(g) Since the 1974 eruption of the volcano Fuego, Guatemala, some 25 million tons of sediment have been transported

annually from the cone. Ejecta from this eruption will be

completely eroded and fluvially transported from the vol- canic highlands within approximately 10 years assuming no

substantial revegetation. Individual flood surges on the Rio

Guacalate have discharges up to 2200 m3/sec, velocities as high as 7.6 m/sec, and transport as much as 98 tons/sec of

coarse grained bed load. Some 90 percent of the total sediment load is transported during the rainy season (MayOctober). Flow is supercritical from the cone to the river mouth. Plane bed and antidunes are the common bed

forms. Fluvial deposits are dominantly planar laminated, with some small to large scours. Non-bedded conglomeratic deposits also occur in the fluvial systems. 091-10063-300-00 CHANNEL INCISION CHRONOLOGY AND

PALEOHYDRAULICS OF THE DEARBORN RIVER, MONTANA

(c) Asst. Professor Michael G. Foley.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied research.

(e) The present lower course of the Dearborn River is deeply

incised into bedrock, but was apparently established by

glacial diversion in very late Pleistocene time. A relict braided outwash channel formerly occupied by the Dear- born River, and now occupied by Flat Creek, an underfit stream, appears to have been a sluiceway at the time of

diversion. Thus, if the diversion chronology can be

established by detailed mapping and dating procedures, and if paleoflow characteristics can be determined by

hydraulic analysis of the abandoned channel, a quantitative rate of bedrock channel incision and adjustment can be determined. Also, the Dearborn River chronology can be used toward the end of establishing an along-river inci- sion chronology for the Missouri River. 091-10064-300-00 INCISION MECHANISM AND HYDRAULICS OF THE

SALINE RIVER, ARKANSAS

(c) Asst. Professor Michael G. Foley.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied research, Master's

thesis. (e) The Saline River displays a bead-on-a-string pattern re- lated to its riffle-and-pool morphology. Reconnaissance in- dicates that some of the riffle-and-pool morphology is in- cised in bedrock, and therefore does not indicate direct control by alluvial sediment transport, as does riffle-and- pool morphology of an alluvial stream channel. Field mapping and hydraulic studies will be used to investigate the relation between bedrock channel geometry and alluvial transport processes. 091-10065-820-33 HYDROGEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICAL DELINEATION OF

BURIED GLACIAL RIVER VALLEY AQUIFERS IN NORTHWESTERN MISSOURI

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology (U.S.D.I.).

(c) Asst. Professors John M. Sharp, Jr. and Russell F. Burmester.

(d) Project combines field investigations and applied research. One Master's thesis will be involved.

(e) Examine the hydrogeology of buried glacial river valley (or preglacial valley) aquifers; delineate these aquifers; determine their lateral and vertical extent; and to compare

geoelectric, gravity, and seismic refraction geophysical

methods for groundwater exploration in this particular

hydrogeologic setting. We plan to quantitatively estimate:

1) aquifer hydraulic conductivity and storativity, 2) areas of groundwater recharge and discharge, 3) the hydrologic

budget, and 4) groundwater salinities. We shall also deter- mine the direction and rates of groundwater flow and the existence of any hydrostratigraphic units. Long-range goals are to determine the aquifer's potential water yield and to provide information for regional planning. A clearly subsidiary objective is to provide data to assist in the reconstruction of Missouri's Pleistocene (Ice-age) history. (g) Results are still inclusive with the exception that gravity

profiling has proven an effective tool in reconnaissance of buried valley aquifers. 091-10066-300-33 HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MISSOURI RIVER VALLEY FLOOD PLAIN

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology (U.S.D.I.).

(c) Asst. Professor John M. Sharp, Jr. (d) Project combines field investigation and application of ap- propriate digital models. At least one Master's thesis is in- volved.

(e) Examine quantitatively the hydrologic and geologic

characteristics of the Missouri River flood plain in a

selected area and to determine their effects on ground- water movement, usage, and pollutability. A subsidiary objective is to develop a generalized digital model for groundwater movement in the flood plain. The long-range

goal is to employ the above information and model to the

selection of utilization criteria for waste disposal and water

supply in the Missouri River flood plain. 89
(/) Suspended.

(g) Twenty observation wells were installed by a combination

of boring and hydraulic jetting. Samples of soils were obtained at each site. These wells have been monitored for changes in water level since August 1975. Maps of the potentiometric surface and soil types were prepared.

A series of finite difference computer models have been

developed to simulate observed fluctuations in hydrogeologic conditions. Our conclusions are as follows:

1 ) The flood plain shows greater hydrogeologic variability than was previously assumed; 2) influence of local streams and springs can lead long-term perturbations in "normal"

flood plain hydrogeology; 3) many of the assumptions

commonly made in bank storage models are erroneous; 4)

flood plain groundwater systems may be separated into

local and regional systems; 5 ) hydraulic jetting of wells has proven to be an economical method for installation of piezometers; 6) the flood plain is a major untapped

groundwater resource which will be increasingly developed

for supplemental irrigation, industrial, and domestic use; and 7) hydrogeologic information is vital to the proper

land use selection in flood plains. Sites most suitable for water supply and waste disposal have been evaluated and

criteria established.

( h ) -Hydrogeology of a Portion of the Missouri River Flood

Plain, N. Grannemann, J. M. Sharp, Jr., Trans. Mo. Acad.

Sci. 4, p. 1 1, 1976. Hydrogeology of Missouri River Flood Plain, J. M. Sharp,

Jr., N. G. Granneman, Geol. Soc. America, Abs. with Pro- grams, (North-Central Sec.) 8, 4, p. 443, 1976.

Application of Missouri River Flood-Plain Hydrogeology in Land Use Planning, J. Soil Water Conservation 31, 2, pp. 73-75, 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA, College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Columbia, Mo. 65201. Paul W. Braisted, Department Chairman.

092-09831-050-54 HETEROGENEOUS JET MIXING STUDY USING LASER

ANEMOMETER

(b) National Science Foundation ENG-74- 10074.

(c) Dr. John B. Miles, Professor.

(d) Experimental; basic research; Master's and Doctoral

theses.

(e) Investigate both the overall and the detailed nature of the heterogeneous turbulent mixing region formed by the in- teraction of two parallel streams (one air, the other Freon)

initially separated by a thin dividing plate. Instantaneous

local velocities are measured (2 components) by a laser anemometer system. Local concentration is measured by

an aspirating probe in conjunction with a hot wire anemometer. All data is recorded on an FM tape recorder

for subsequent evaluation in terms of power spectrums,

time averages, and various correlations. (g) Heterogeneous jet mixing data presently being evaluated.

(h) Similarity Parameter for Two-Stream Turbulent Jet-Mixing

Region, J. B. Miles, J. S. Shih, AIAA J. 6, 7, pp. 1429-

1430, 1968. Two-Stream Heterogeneous Mixing Measurements Using

Laser Doppler Velocimeter, J. B. Miles, D. A. Johnson, AIAA J. 10, 10, pp. 1353-1355, 1972. The Turbulent Heterogeneous Mixing Region, J. L. Brown,

M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia.

J. L. Brown, Ph.D. Dissertation (in preparation).

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI—ROLLA, School of Engineering,

Department of Chemical Engineering, Rolla, Mo. 65401.

Dr. J. L. Zakin, Professor. 093-06405-250-00 TURBULENCE INTENSITIES IN DRAG REDUCING ORGANIC SOLUTIONS

(c) Dr. J. L. Zakin or Dr. G. K. Patterson.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Details of the turbulence structure of drag reducing and

non-drag reducing solutions are being investigated. Turbulence intensities, frequency spectra, integral scales and

other turbulence quantities are being compared for drag

reducing and non-drag reducing solutions. (g) The results of turbulence measurements in solvents using

wedge probes closely check the accepted values for measurements in air. A comparison of wedge, parabolic, cone and cylindrical hot-film probes showed the wedge and

parabolic probes gave identical results while cone probes gave slightly low intensities. Cylindrical data were erratic because of eddy shedding. In viscoelastic solutions, high and low values of turbulence intensities are observed de- pending on the flow velocity. The frequency response of

hot-film wedge probes was shown to be flat up to 100 cps

so that frequency response of the probe cannot account

for these discrepancies. Pressure probe intensity results were found to be inaccurate in viscoelastic fluids except at the center line of a tube. (h) Response of Hot-Film Wedge Probes in Viscoelastic Fluids,

J. M. Rodriguez, G. K. Patterson, J. L. Zakin, Proc. Symp.

on Turbulence Measurements in Liquids, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla Continuing Education Series, 1971. Measurement of Turbulence Intensities with Piezoelectric Probes in Viscoelastic Fluids, J. M. Rodriguez, G. K. Pat- terson, J. L. Zakin, J. Hydronautics 5, p. 101, 1971. Turbulence Structure in Drag-Reducing Polymer Solutions, accepted by Phys. Fluids. Split-Film Anemometry in a Drag Reducing Solution, J. Chosnek, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Missouri-Rolla, 1975. 093-06408-120-00 VISCOSITY OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS

(c) Dr. K. G. Mayhan.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The effects of polymer concentration, molecular weight,

solvent-polymer interactions and polymer structure on

viscosity are being investigated. (g) Viscosity-concentration data of a number of polymer solu- tions in "good" solvents fit a single curve when plotted as

7}.,„/C(t}) vs. /.'_(t))C up to the region of incipient molecular overlap. Data on "fair" solvent solutions also fit a sin- gle curve. Generalized curves over wider concentration ranges are obtained for tj b

vs. C(tj) data. (h) Generalized Correlations for Molecular Weight and Concentration Dependence of Zero-Shear Viscosity of High

Polymer Solutions, J. Poly. Sci. (Poly. Phys. Ed.), 14, p. 299 (1976). 093-07501-130-84 SOLID SUSPENSION DRAG REDUCTION

(b) Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical

Society.

(c) Dr. J. L. Zakin or Dr. G. K. Patterson.

(d) Experimental, basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) An investigation of the particle, fluid and flow variables in- fluencing drag reduction in the flow of solid suspensions.

(f) Complete.

(g) Drag reduction in solid-liquid systems has been shown to be possible only with fibrous materials, contrary to previ- ous reports in the literature. Increased 4/d and fiber flexi- bility both enhance drag reduction. Concentration effects are complex. There is a similarity between fiber-liquid drag reduction and particle-gas drag reduction results ob- served by some authors. The latter may be due to charge

90
effects in the gas-solid systems and variations in charge ef- fects may account for the variations in pressure drop

results from system to system,

(/i) Drag Reduction in Solid-Liquid Suspensions in Pipe Flow, I. Radin, J. L. Zakin, G. K. Patterson, Nature Pliys. Science 246, p. 1 1, 1973. Drag Reduction in Solid-Fluid Systems, I. Radin, J. L. Zakin, G. K. Patterson, AlChEJ. 21, p. 358 (1975).

Solid Fluid Drag Reduction, I. Radin, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ.

of Missouri-Rolla, 1974. 093-07502-120-00 MEASUREMENT OF COMPLEX MODULUS IN DILUTE

POLYMER SOLUTIONS

(c) Dr. Gary K. Patterson.

(d) Experimental, basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) An instrument has been developed which is capable of measuring complex shear modulus at audio frequencies in dilute (below interaction) concentrations. Studies of effect of concentration and molecular weight dispersion on complex modulus are planned. The instrument has been

modified to also accommodate soft solid materials so that shear modulus measurements may also be made on them.

(g) The instrument has been used for measurements in dilute polymer solutions and greases and seems to perform well, giving data of a reproducible character and similar to ac- cepted literature data on solutions already measured.

Preliminary results with soft solids show promise for this application as well. 093-07503-020-00 SEGREGATION INTENSITIES AND REACTION RATES IN A STIRRED-TANK REACTOR

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Gary K. Patterson.

(d) Theoretical, basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Segregation intensity and reaction conversion distributions are being measured and modeled for stirred-tank flow

reactors under various conditions.

(g) Results of mixing and reaction conversion measurements

are compared with the model calculations. Extension of

the basic model to transient (unsteady) conditions has been made and a number of model computations for reactor upsets, batch operation, and semi-batch operation have been made. The model is being extended to include mixing

effects on polymerization and fermentation reactions.

(/i) Segregation Intensity Distribution in Tank Mixer With and

Without Second-Order Reaction, G. K. Patterson, Proc. Chemeca 70, Butterworth's, Sydney, Australia, 1971. A Fundamental Dynamic Response Model for CSTR's, G.

K. Patterson, L. L. Otte, presented at 1st ISA Joint Spring

Conf., St. Louis, Mo., Apr. 25, 1973. Model With No Arbitrary Parameters for Mixing Effects on

Second-Order Reaction With Unmixed Feed Reactants, G.

K. Patterson, Proc. ASME Mixing Symp., Atlanta, Ga., June 22, 1973. Simulating Turbulent-Field Mixers and Reactors or Taking

the Art Out of the Design, G. K. Patterson, presented at 77th Natl. AlChE Mtg., Pittsburgh, June 1973, a chapter

of Application of Turbulence Theory to Mixing Operations,

ed. by R. S. Brodkey, Acad. Press, N. Y., in press. Simulation and Scale-Up of Turbine and Propeller Agitated

Vessels, G. K. Patterson, Proc. BHRA Symp. on Mixing and

Separation, Cambridge, Sept. 1974. Modell zur Computer-Berechnung des Turbulenten Mischens mit Reaktionen 2. Ordnung, G. K. Patterson, Chemie-lngenieur-Technik 46, p. 999, 1974. Turbulence Level Significance of the Monte-Carlo Interaction Parameter, R. M. Canon, A. W. Smith, K. W. Wall, G. K. Patterson, submitted to Client. Eng. Sci. Average Molecular Weight Distributions in Stirred-Tank

Reactors By a Random Coalescence-Dispersion Simulation, G. K. Patterson, presented at 78th Natl. AlChE Mtg., Houston, Tex., Mar. 1975.

093-08861-050-15 COHERENCE OF HIGH PRESSURE JETS

(b) U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Res. and Dev. Ctr., Fort

Belvoir.

(c) Dr. J. L. Zakin or Dr. D. A. Summers.

(d) Experimental, applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) The effects of pressure, nozzle size, fluid properties and

traversing speed on the coherence length of high pressure

turbulent liquid jets are being studied. Such jets are useful

in cutting, mining, drilling and earth moving.

(g) The influence of pressure and nozzle size on jet coherence

varies depending on the jet Reynolds number range. The

addition of small amounts of certain viscoelastic additives

to the liquid greatly increases the coherent length of the

jet.

(/?) The Effect of Pressure, Jet Diameter and Viscoelastic Additives on High Velocity Jet Structure and Cutting Ability, D. A. Summers, J. L. Zakin, presented to 67th Ann. AlChE

Mtg., 1974. The Effect of Viscoelastic Additives on Jet Structures, J. L. Zakin, D. A. Summers, presented 3rd Jet Cutting Technolo- gy Symp., Chicago, 1976. 093-10075-370-54 TRANSPORT OF CRUDE OIL AS OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS

(b) NSF.

(c) Dr. J. L. Zakin.

(d) Experimental, applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) The use of concentrated oil-in- water emulsions as a technique for transporting high viscosity and/or high pour

point curdes is being compared with conventional heating

techniques. Experimental results for turbulent flow of concentrated emulsions is being obtained and a feasibility study will be made.

(g) The variables of oil concentration, oil viscosity, pumping

temperature and tube diameter, were investigated. At- tempts to correlate turbulent pressure losses with the Dodge-Metzner correlation showed predicted pressure

losses were generally high.

(/i) Reduction of Drag in the Turbulent Transport of Solid and

Liquid Suspensions in Water, J. L. Zakin, M. E. Borg- meyer, G. K. Patterson, presented Intl. Symp. on Freight

Pipelines, Washington, 1976. Transport of Crude Oil as Oil-In-Water Emulsions, J. L. Zakin, R. Pinaire, M. E. Borgmeyer, presented ASME

Fluids Engrg. Mtg., New Haven, 1977. The Rheology of Oil-In-Water Emulsions, M. E. Borg- meyer, M.S. Thesis, Univ. Missouri-Rolla, 1975.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI—HOLLA, Deportment of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Mo. 6S401. Joseph H. Senne, Department Chairman.

094-06287-810-00 MODIFIED STATION-YEAR METHOD FOR FLOOD

FREQUENCIES

(c) Dr. T. E. Harbaugh.

(d) Design.

(e) Determination of flood peaks for small drainage areas in Missouri based on physiographic data. 094-07504-200-00 EFFECTS OF RAINDROP IMPACT ON OVERLAND FLOW

(c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Experimental.

(e) Work is being performed in the laboratory to determine

the effect of raindrop impact as a contributing factor in the resistance to flow for short overland flow conditions.

(/i) Ph.D. Dissertation pending.

91
094-07505-350-88 TIME SEQUENCED DAM FAILURES

(b) National Defense Education Act.

(c) Dr. T. E. Harbaugh.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Determination of the influence of a controlled breaking of

a dam upon the ensuing downstream flood wave.

(/i) Ph.D. Dissertation completed. 094-07506-220-33 EVALUATION OF A SINGLE LAYER OF GRADED GRAVEL

AS A PROTECTIVE FILTER ON EMBANKMENT SLOPES

(b) Office of Water Resources Research.

(c) C. D. Muir, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Determine the effect of thickness and gradation on the

ability of a single graded filter layer to prevent the migration of finer particles through the layer. (h) Master's Thesis completed. 094-07507-200-00 A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIALLY VARIED

UNSTEADY FLOW EQUATIONS

(c) Dr. T. E. Harbaugh.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Computer solutions of the spatially varied flow equations

are being performed for various boundary, finite dif- ference, mesh sizes, and inputs to determine the sensitivity of the equations to a variety of parameters.

(h) Ph.D. Dissertation (G. T. Stevens, Jr.) completed. 094-08862-220-13 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION VERSUS SEDIMENT IN THE

MISSOURI RIVER

(b) Dept. of the Army, Kansas City Dist., Corps of Engineers.

(c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Applied research.

(e) An attempt was made to fit experimentally developed sedi- ment transport equations to the Missouri River.

(f) Completed. 094-08863-300-13 THE MISSOURI RIVER COMPUTERIZED DATA BANK

(b) Dept. of the Army, Kansas City Dist., Corps of Engineers.

(c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Applied research.

(e) Collection and storage of all available velocity and sedi- ment data that is needed in the development of a typical Missouri River velocity and sediment concentration

profile. These profiles then can be utilized in a sediment

transport relationship for the Missouri River.

(/) Completed. 094-08864-810-00 UNIT HYDROGRAPH FOR OZARK SECTION OF

SOUTHWEST MISSOURI

(c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Design.

(e) Development of a synthetic unit hydrograph for the Ozark

section of Missouri and Arkansas using readily available physiographic data.

(ft) Master's Thesis completed, Melvin Schaefer. 094-08865-310-00 A MULTIPLE-PLAN EVALUATION MODEL FOR SMALL

UNGAGED WATERSHEDS

(c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Design.

(e) A computer model for simulation of the effect of alternative measures for flood damage reduction. The goal is to optimize the value of an objective function which will

maximize the amount of net benefits returned by the project. (h) Completed Master's Thesis, J. R. Dexter. 094-08866-810-00 A COMPARISON OF THREE URBAN HYDROLOGY

MODELS

(c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Design, Master's thesis. (e) A comparison of three models used for the calculation of urban stormwater runoff is presented. Simulation results are based on the capability of these models to reproduce observed peak discharges, time to peak and the direct ru- noff volume.

(/i) Completed Master's Thesis, R. F. Astrack. 094-08867-810-00 A STATISTICAL HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION MODEL

(c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Applied research, design.

(e) A simulation model for small watersheds using probabilistic models derived from short term rainfall-runoff records are developed. The model is used to generate a

synthetic flood series which is compared to the observed

flood series.

(/i) Completed Master's Thesis, R. L. Wycoff. 094-08868-350-00 RESERVOIR DESIGN: SIMULATION TECHNIQUES

(c) Dr. G. T. Stevens.

(d) Design, applied research.

(e) A computerized simulation model using hydrologic routing

techniques is developed to aid in the analysis of small dams to reduce the possibility of inadequate spillway

design. Simulation equation derived from the continuity

equation to describe reservoir storage and outflow. Newton's iteration technique is utilized to solve the simulation

equations. The resulting model determines an optimum

size auxiliary spillway having a minimum crest length for a range of spillway elevations.

(/i) Completed Master's Thesis, L. W. Mays. 094-08869-880-13 MISSOURI RIVER ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY

(b) Dept. of the Army, Kansas City Dist., Corps of Engineers.

(c) Dr. P. R. Munger.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Study was conducted to obtain baseline information which

could be used in preparation of an operation and maintenance environmental impact statement by the Corps. The investigation consisted of a literature review and

selected field studies of the aquatic ecosystems and natural resources bordering the river.

(/) Completed. 094-08870-880-13 A BASE LINE STUDY OF THE MISSOURI RIVER

(b) Dept. of the Army, Kansas City Dist., Corps of Engineers.

(c) Dr. P. R. Munger.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) To increase the understanding of the interrelationships which exist between the activities conducted by the Corps

of Engineers in, on, and in the vicinity of, the Missouri River and the environment of the region traversed.

(/) Completed. 094-08871-870-00 ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT OF

AREAS I, II, III, AND IV, ARKANSAS RIVER CHLORINE

CONTROL PROJECT, OKLAHOMA AND KANSAS

(c) Dr. Ju-Chang Huang.

(d) Field investigation. 92
(e) Collect background information of environmental

resources, including geological feature, hydraulic and

hydrological characteristics, water quality, socio-economical conditions, aquatic and terrestrial biology, etc., of the four study areas associated with the Arkansas River Chloride Control Project. Assessments of potential en- vironment impacts which will be incurred as a result of the chloride control project implementation will be made in

this investigation. 094-10011-300-13 LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DISTRICT POTAMOLOGY

STUDY (T-l)

(b) Department of the Army, St. Louis District, Corps of Engineers.

(c) Paul R. Munger.

(d) Field investigation and applied research.

(e) To compile available data on revetments and dikes, geolo- gy and hydrology, morphology, and levees, over a large reach of the Mississippi River. To indicate, where possible, relationships between the changes that have taken place in the river over time and the above factors. To inspect field information and to indicate insufficiencies and data gaps

that presently exist. (/) Completed. 094-10012-300-13 LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DISTRICT POTAMOLOGY

STUDY (S-7)

(b) Department of the Army, St. Louis District, Corps of Engineers.

(c) Jerome A. Westphal.

(d) Field investigation and applied research.

(e) To document changes which occurred in the Middle Mississippi River along with the associated human activity which influenced changes. River elements were examined

for changes in top-bank width, cross sectional area at selected locations, invert profile, and river length along the thalweg. Human activities were examined in conjunction

with changes in river channel elements. These included

construction of dikes, levees, revetments, and bank clearing. All comparisons and anaysis reflected conditions from

the earliest recorded description through 1974. 094-10013-700-13

ST. LOUIS DISTRICT POTAMOLOGY STUDY (S-3)

(b) Department of the Army, St. Louis District, Corps of Engineers.

(c) Glendon T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Field investigation and applied research.

(e) Comparison of velocity measuring equipment and

discharge calculating techniques; to determine if there is a

difference between present day and those previously used

techniques.

MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Experiment Station,

Bozeman, Mont. 59715. Professor William E. Larsen,

Department Head.

095-08161-840-31 SURFACE IRRIGATION HYDRAULICS

(b) U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(<:) Professor C. C. Bowman.

{d) Research is based on theoretical and field investigations. The theoretical phase has been completed and it is now

being applied to field conditions.

(e) Theoretical equations were developed for computing the flows required to give efficient application of water by sur- face flow systems. Curves were developed for design and management tools. Complete automation is being studied

with the development of a soil moisture monitoring system

to activate full radio controls.

(g) An electronic soil moisture monitor has been developed

which warns of plant stress before it is visible to the operator, thus allowing irrigation at the proper time for op- timum production.

MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil En- gineering and Engineering Mechanics, College of Engineering, Bozeman, Mont. 59715. Dr. William A. Hunt,

Acting Department Head.

096-07513-260-06 PIPELINE TRANSPORT OF WOODCHIP AND WATER MIX- TURES

(b) U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service.

(c) Dr. W. A. Hunt.

(d) Theoretical and experimental studies of applied research on 2000-ft test loop of 8-in. dia. pilot line. (e) Obtain head loss correlations for mixtures of woodchips and water in pipelines; development of mechanical injec- tion system for woodchips; preliminary analysis of corrosion effects of mixtures of water and woodchips on steel pipes; operation of remote pump in by-pass line; compilation of data for design and operation of woodchip

pipelines.

(f) Studies and report completed.

(g) A correlation for calculating the Weisbach friction factor,

f, for mixtures of wood chips in water is presented. The

correlation, based on concentration of wood chips, pipe

diameter, size of wood chips, kinematic viscosity of water and gravitational acceleration, was determined from analysis of 922 data points observed in tests conducted on 3-, 4-,

6-, 8-, and 12-inch-diameter pipelines. Preliminary stu- dies of corrosion studies were initiated; operational

problems of pipelines are discussed with strip chart data of conditions prior to intentional line plugging shown.

(h) Final report due in July, 1977.

096-08162-800-61 OPERATIONS MODEL FOR MONTANA'S WATER

RESOURCES

(b) Montana University Joint Water Resources Research

Center.

(c) Theodore T. Williams, Professor. (d) Theoretical study of an applied research project for a Ph.D. degree.

(e) See WRRC 8, 6.0823.

(f) Completed.

(h) Sequential Optimization of Multiple Non-Monetary Objectives in the Operation of Reservoir Systems, G. V. V. Rao,

Ph.D. Thesis, Montana State Univ., 1974. Final Report

pending. 096-08872-820-61 IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGE ON THE GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF THE BOZEMAN, MONTANA

AREA

(fc) Montana University Joint Water Resources Research

Center.

(c) Dr. R. L. Brustkern.

(d) Theoretical study of an applied research project for a M.S.

degree.

(e) Impact of land use changes in an area of rapid devlopment around Bozeman, Montana, are under study. A ground- water model using finite difference techniques is being

developed to investigate the effects of projected land use changes on the groundwater flows.

(f) Final report being written. 93
096-10615-870-36 A COOPERATIVE PROGRAM TO EVALUATE SURFACE

AND GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH

POTENTIAL STRIP MINE SITES

(/>) EPA-Mining Pollution Control Branch.

(c) Professor Theodore T. Williams.

(d) Field investigation of an applied research problem.

(e) The impact of strip mining on the surface and ground- water systems is being investigated. Field sites in three

states (Montana, Wyoming, and North Dakota) are being monitored. Models of the hydrologic systems are being

developed. 096-10616-370-36 CONTAMINATION OF TRANSPORT WATER IN COALSLURRY PIPELINES

(b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) Dr. Howard S. Peavy.

(d) Experimental studies of applied research.

(e) A slurry of 50 percent water, 50 percent coal (by weight)

is to be pumped in an 8-inch 240-foot, closed-loop

pipeline for an extended period of time. Primary purpose

is to determine contamination of transport water by ele- ments in the coal and to determine possible treatment

techniques at the pipeline discharge point. Hydraulic data

will also be recorded.

(It) Final report due July 1978. 096-10617-870-36 THE EFFECTS OF SEPTIC TANK DRAINFIELD ON WATER

QUALITY IN AREAS OF HIGH GROUNDWATER

(b) U.S. EPA (through the local Areawide Planning Organization). (c) Dr. Howard S. Peavy.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Wells have been sunk around septic tank drainfields located in high groundwater. The movement of contaminants from the drainfield through the groundwater flow is being monitored.

(/i) Final report due Sept. 1, 1977.

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lincoln, Nebr. 68588. Alex- ander R. Peters, Chairman.

097-09833-010-00 TRANSIENT BOUNDARY LAYER IN CHANNELS WITH

SUCTION-BLOWING

(c) Professor Pau-Chang Lu.

(d) Theoretical; basic; M.S. thesis. (e) Analysis is made of a transient, fully developed, laminar

flow of an incompressible fluid in a porous, parallel-plate channel. The crossflow through the plates is uniform, but

is allowed to vary with time. In addition to a pressure

gradient due to pumping, the flow is also under the indu- cement of the motion of one of the plates. Numerical

results are obtained through the (final or nonfinal) use of

the finite Fourier sine transform. Asymptotic flow patterns showing transient boundary layers are investigated. Finally, the formation of the flow from the start is described in physical terms.

(f) Completed.

(/») Transient Boundary Layers between Porous Plates, W. A.

Fiveland, P.-C. Lu, J.AM. 98, pp. 555-558, 1976. 097-09834-110-00 FLOW OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING LIQUIDS IN DUCTS

(c) Professor Pau-Chang Lu.

(d) Theoretical; basic; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) It is demonstrated numerically that regions of backflow do

exist in steady, fully-developed, laminar magnetohydrodynamic flows inside straight, insulating ducts of

circular sectorial cross sections when the applied field generated by a current through a wire (parallel to the flow and concentric with the two cylindrical walls) is strong enough. This phenomenon of backflow seems to be more

prominent as the sectorial angle of the duct increases. When it does appear, it tends to be located near the walls, thus destroying the boundary layer structure usually as- sociated with magnetohydrodynamic duct flows at large Hartmann numbers. A physical explanation based on

sketched configurations of the induced current is offered

in support of the numerical results.

(/) Completed.

(/i) A Magnetohydrodynamic Problem with Backflow in Ducts

of Sectorial Cross Sections, P.-C. Lu, H. S. Izawa, Dev. in Th. App. Mech. 8, pp. 565-574, 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF NEW ORLEANS, School of Engineering,

New Orleans, La. 70122. Dr. E. P. Russo, Professor of Mechanical Engineering. 098-09996-330-10 FLOW OF POLLUTANTS THROUGH A LOCK

(b) U.S. Corps of Engineers.

(d) Field investigations; design.

(e) The project studies the flow of pollutants through a lock in order to provide a basis for estimating their effects.

(f) Inactive.

(/j) Flow of Pollutants through a Lock, Proc. ASCE 102, WW2,

May 1976. 098-09997-220-10 FLOW-SEDIMENTATION MODEL

(b) U.S. Corps of Engineers.

(d) Theoretical; design.

(e) An easily applicable method of computing sediment trans- port, including determination of areas of scour and deposition, is presented.

(h) Application of Flow-Sediment Model to Red River, ASCE J. Hydr. Div., pp. 11-18, Jan. 1977.

NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY,

Socorro, N.M. 87801. Dr. Vijay P. Singh. 099-09847-810-33 A SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF WATERSHED iRUNr OFF

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(d) Theoretical and applied.

(e) Develop a systematic approach based on kinematic wave

theory to investigate watershed runoff and compare it with

existing approaches.

(g) Kinematic wave models have been developed to study watershed surface runoff. A comparison of models has been made to develop objective criteria for their selection. To all watershed models precipitation forms input. An in- vestigation of this input was carried out.

(/;) Studies on Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: 1. Estimation of Mean Areal Rainfall, V. P. Singh, Y. K. Birsoy, WRR1

Rept. 061, N. Mex. Water Resources Res. Inst., N. Mex.

State Univ., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 70 pages, 1975. Comparison of the Methods of Estimating Mean Areal

Rainfall, V. P. Singh, Y. K. Birsoy, Nordic Hydrology 6, 4, pp. 222-241, 1975. A Rapid Method of Estimating Mean Areal Rainfall, V. P. Singh, Water Resources Bulletin 12, 2, pp. 307-315, 1976. Studies on Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: 2. A Distributed Kinematic Wave Model of Watershed Surface Runoff, V. P. 94
Singh, WRRl Rept. 065, N. Mex. Water Resources Res.

Inst., N. Mex. State Univ., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 154

pages, 1976.

Studies on Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: 3. Converging Overland Flow, V. P. Singh, WRRl Rept. 073, N. Mex. Water

Resources Res. Inst., N. Mex. State Univ., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 290 pages, 1976.

Studies on Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: 4. Estimation of Parameters of Two Mathematic Models of Surface Runoff,

K. V. Shelburne, V. P. Singh, WRRl Rept. 076, N. Mex. Water Resources Res. Inst., N. Mex. State Univ., Las

Cruces, N. Mex., 96 pages, 1976.

Studies on Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: 5. A Uniformly Nonlinear Hydrologic Cascade, V. P. Singh, WRRl Rept. 078,

N. Mex. Water Resources Res. Inst., N. Mex. State Univ., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 47 pages, 1976.

Studies on Rainfall-Runoff: 6. A Statistical Analysis of Rainfall-Runoff Relationships, V. P. Singh, Y. K. Birsoy,

WRRl Rept. 081, N. Mex. Water Resources Res. Inst., N. Mex. State Univ., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 47 pages, 1976.

Derivation of Surface Water Lag Time for Converging

Overland Flow, V. P. Singh, Water Resources Bulletin 11,

6, pp. 1091-1 102, 1975. Hybrid Formulation of Kinematic Wave Models of Watershed Runoff, V. P. Singh, J. Hydrology 27, pp. 33-

50, 1975. A Distributed Approach to Kinematic Wave Modeling of Watershed Run-off, V. P. Singh, Proc. Natl. Symp. Urban

Hydrology and Sediment Control, pp. 227-236, Lexington,

Ky., 1975.

Derivation of Time of Concentration, V. P. Singh, J. Hydrology 30, pp. 147-166, 1976. A Note on the Step Error of Some Finite Difference Schemes Used to Solve Kinematic Wave Equations, V. P. Singh, J. Hydrology 30, pp. 247-255, 1976. Comparison of Two Mathematical Models of Surface Runoff, V. P. Singh, IAHS Bulletin 21, 2, pp. 285-299, 1976. A Distributed Converging Overland Flow Model: 1. Mathematical Solutions, B. Sherman, V. P. Singh, Water

Resources Research 12, 6, pp. 889-896, 1976. A Distributed Converging Overland Flow Model: 2. Effect

of Infiltration, B. Sherman, V. P. Singh, Water Resources Research 12, 6, pp. 897-901, 1976. A Distributed Converging Overland Flow Model: 3. Application to Natural Watersheds, V. P. Singh, Water Resources Research 12, 6, pp. 902-908, 1976. Mathematical Aspects of Surface Runoff, V. P. Singh, Proc. ASCE Symp. Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood Control and Water Diversions, Fort Collins, Colo., pp.' 773-792,

1976.

NEW YORK OCEAN SCIENCE LABORATORY of Affiliated Colleges and Universities, Incorporated, Box 867,

Edgemere Road, Montauk, N.Y. 11954. John C. Baiardi, President and Director.

100-1 0071 -450-00 NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE CIRCULATION AND

TRANSPORT OF BLOCK ISLAND SOUND AND AD- JACENT WATERS

(c) Dr. Rudolph Hollman.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) A two-dimensional time dependent modej is being applied

to Block Island Sound and parts of the Peconic Bay

System using environmental data as inputs. (g) The model is currently being updated and applied to these

waters.

(/;) Environmental Atlas of Block Island and Eastern Long

Island Sound Waters, Vol. 1: Description of the Programs

Associated with the Data Base and Listing on Micro-Fiche,

NYOSL Tech. Rept. No. 0034, 32 pages.

Vol. 2: Physical and Chemical Database at Observed and

Standard Depths: 1970 through 1973, NYOSL Tech. Rept. No. 0035, 419 pages, 875 Station Entries. Vol. 3: A Histogram Analysis of the Annual Variations of Physical and Chemical Parameters: 1970 through 1973, NYOSL Tech. Rept. No. 0036, 401 pages.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF NEW YORK, Aerodynamics

Laboratories, Route 110, Farmingdale, N.Y. 1 1735. Professor M. H. Bloom, Director. 101-09893-740-50 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Air Force

Office of Scientific Research.

(c) Professor Stanley G. Rubin.

(d) Basic theoretical research; Masters theses. (e) In order to increase computational efficiency for viscous flow calculations, higher-order polynomial (spline) methods have been applied to laminar and turbulent boundary layer flows, as well as the incompressible Navier- Stokes equations. The laminar flow in a rectangular inlet has been critically examined in order to accurately deter- mine the secondary motion and demonstrate a predicted

Reynolds number independence principle. The strong ef- fect of turbulent stresses on the secondary motion near an

axial corner flow has been examined in order to more

clearly understand the nature of turbulent corner flow in- teractions.

(/;) Numerical Methods Based on Polynomial Spline Interpolation, S. G. Rubin, P. K. Khosla, Proc. 5th Intl. Conf. Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics (Lecture Notes in Physics 59), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1976. Laminar Flow in Rectangular Channels. Part I-Entry Analysis. Part II-Numerical Solution for a Square Channel, S. G. Rubin, P. K. Khosla, S. Saari, Proc. ASME Symp. Numerical!Laboratory Computer Methods in Fluid Mechanics,

N.Y., Dec. 1976. Higher-Order Numerical Methods Derived From ThreePoint Polynomial Interpolation, S. G. Rubin, P. K. Khosla, NASA CR-2735, Aug. 1976. The Turbulent Boundary Layer Near a Corner, M. Shafir,

S. G. Rubin, J. Appl. Mech. 43, Series E, 4, Dec. 1976. 101-09894-630-52 VORTEX AUGMENTOR CONCEPT FOR WIND ENERGY

CONVERSION

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Professor P. M. Sforza.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation, applied research and design.

(e) Research design, and development on aerodynamic

devices which can concentrate and augment natural winds

is being performed. The keystone element is the generation and control of discrete vortices of high power density

by the appropriate interaction of suitably designed

aerodynamic surfaces with natural winds of low power

density. Properly configured turbines are utilized to trans- form the energy in this compacted vortex field to useful

shaft work. This idea is termed the Vortex Augmentor

Concept (VAC, patent pending).

(g) The concept has been reduced to practice in wind tunnel

tests. Flow measurements in vortex fields and theoretical calculations indicate power augmentation factors of 2 to 9 over conventional turbines for a given rotor diameter. An

outdoor wind characteristics facility has been constructed

in which field tests of large scale prototypes are carried

out. Computer acquisition and processing of performance

data are used.

(/i) Vortex Augmentors for Wind Energy Conversion, P. M.

Sforza, Proc. Intl. Symp. Wind Energy Systems, BHRA

Fluid Engrg., Cambridge Univ., England, Sept. 7-9, 1976

(to be published Apr. 1977). 95
Flow Measurements in Leading Edge Vortices, P. M. Sforza, et al., AIAA Paper No. 77-11, 1 5th AIAA Aerospace

Sciences Mtg., Los Angeles, Calif., Jan. 1977. 101-09895-700-50 LASER DIAGNOSTICS

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Naval Research, National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor S. Lederman.

(d) Basic experimental research, Masters and Ph.D. theses.

(e) The development of nonintrusive diagnostic techniques in flow fields is the aim of this work. The techniques in- vestigated are the spontaneous Raman diagnostics for concentration and temperature measurements, Laser Doppler

Anemometry for velocity and turbulence measurements,

Brillouin scattering for flow field fluctuation measurements, and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering for concentration and temperature measurements in situations where the spontaneous Raman may not be applicable. The

aforementioned diagnostic techniques are applied to coaxial turbulent jets, flames and combustion, both high and

low pressure.

(h) Some Applications of Laser Diagnostics to Fluid Dynamics,

S. Lederman, AIAA Paper 76-21, AIAA 1 4th Aerospace

Sciences Mtg., Washinton, D.C., Jan. 1976. Modern Diagnostics of Combustion, S. Lederman, AIAA

Paper 76-26, AIAA 1 4th Aerospace Sciences Mtg., Washington, D.C., Jan. 1976. Experimental Techniques Applicable to Turbulent Flows, S. Lederman, AIAA Paper 77-213, AIAA 15th Aerospace

Sciences Mtg., Los Angeles, Calif., Jan. 1977. 101-09896-720-60 STRATIFIED FLOW AND RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL

WIND-TUNNEL FACILITIES

New York State Science and Technology Foundation, Advance Research Projects Agency, New York City Fire Department.

(c) Professor. M. H. Bloom.

(d) Experimental research of basic and applied nature.

(e) Development and calibration of a thermally stratified wind-tunnel of 4 x 5 ft cross-section to provide simulation of atmospheric boundary layers and of the ocean ther- mocline. In the unstratified mode the wind-tunnel serves as a conventional low-speed facility. Research involved turbulent wake behavior in stratified ocean regions, flow around

urban building systems relevant to internal fume control

within high-rise buildings, and internal flows in high rise buildings for fire control. (h) Wind Tunnel Experiments on Wakes in Stratified Flow In- cluding Criteria and Development of Experimental Equipment, G. H. Strom, POLY-AE/AM Rept. No. 76-11, June

1976.

Fire Safety Design for Buildings, R. J. Cresci, Proc. 2nd

Conf. Designing Buildings for Environmental Protection, Rutgers Univ., N.J., Apr. 1975. 101-09897-010-50 WING-BODY AERODYNAMICS

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Air Force

Office of Scientific Research.

(c) Professor S. G. Rubin or Professor A. R. Krenkel.

(d) Basic and applied theoretical and experimental research; Masters thesis projects.

(e) Boundary layer interactions and secondary motion due to

wing-tail assemblies have been examined with a viscous

slender body theory. Effects of different geometries and

small incidence angles are considered in order to predict

possible separation and vortex phenomena near edges and

corners. Wing-body interference effects are evaluated by

vortex lattice techniques. Large angles of attack are to-be considered by using a modified finite-step method. Span

loadings are to be evaluated at subsonic speeds. The ef- fects of high lift devices, rotary motion, interference and

multipanel wings are under investigation.

(h) Boundary Layer Induced Crossflow Due to Wing-Body In- terference, J. M. Lyons, Master's Thesis, June 1976. The Boundary Layer on a Finite Width Flat Plate, M. E. Mandel, Master's Thesis, June 1976.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF NEW YORK, Department of

Civil Engineering, 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

1 1201. Henry F. Soehngen, Department Head.

102-08873-300-00 STREAMFLOW ROUTING UNDER LOW FLOW CONDITIONS

(c) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor.

(d) Theoretical, applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Develop a computational method to estimate flow characteristics such as stage, velocity and discharge at any stream

section, given values of these variables at an upstream lo- cation. Low flow conditions are assumed with unsteady,

spatially varied flow. Surface runoff from rainstorms and snowmelt are not operative, and groundwater distributions and local interflows are basic variables affecting streamflow.

(f) Doctoral thesis completed. May 1975.

(g) One-dimensional, non-linear, partial differential equations

of motion and continuity were derived for a channel with

arbitrary cross-section and flows along the channel were

solved by an implicit finite difference numerical technique.

Starting with known initial flow conditions and an up- stream hydrograph, a Taylor's expansion was used to ap- proximate a trial value of flow depth downstream, and a hydrograph at a downstream point was derived.

102-09947-820-80 EMERGENCY WATER SUPPLIES FOR GROUNDWATER IN HUMID REGIONS

(b) Partial support by Engineering Foundation.

(c) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor. (d) Theoretical, applied research; Doctoral thesis, Engineer's report and Project report.

(e) Determination of feasibility and potential of a scheme for obtaining emergency water supplies from groundwater in humid regions such as northeastern United States. Water

balance and hydraulic model approaches are used to define conditions during periods of pumping and periods

when groundwater storage is replenished by natural or artificial recharge.

(g) Doctoral thesis completed January 1977 on the develop- ment and testing of mathematical model. Work is continuing on model testing and on other aspects related to feasibility of application.

(/i) Copy of thesis will be available through University Microfilms. 102-09948-870-60 CORRELATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR

WATER TEMPERATURE WITH AERIAL INFRARED

WATER TEMPERATURE SURVEYS

(b) New York State Energy Research and Development

Authority.

(c) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Development of phenomenological and analytic hydrother- mal models to predict subsurface temperatures from sur- face isothermal maps obtained from infrared overflight scans, to extend the utility of remote sensing. (g) Phase 1 focusing on phenomenological model has been

completed; for four lake discharges, the model predicted subsurface temperatures to a depth of 10 feet with an ac- curacy of 0.5 °C. Phase 11 work is continuing.

(/i) Phase I report is available through P.I.N.Y. N.Y.S. ERDA.

96
102-09949-340-60 CONCEPTUAL REVIEW AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF

MULTIFARIOUS WATER INTAKE STRUCTURE

(b) New York State Energy Research and Development

Authority.

(c) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor.

(d) Theoretical, applied research and design.

(e) Review of intake structure for thermal power plant, previously developed conceptually to improve biological per- formance. Analysis and design for feasibility from operational and other engineering standpoints. Recommendations to be made to confirm design which may include

physical model and/or prototype testing, in situ field studies, and other investigations. 102-09950-810-00 PREDICTION OF FLOOD DISCHARGES FROM WETLANDS

(c) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor.

(d) Theoretical, applied research; for Doctoral thesis. (e) Formulation and testing of a mathematical model using

correlation techniques, to predict flood discharges from

wetland areas, considering effects of future land develop- ment.

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO, Department of Civil Engineering, Buffalo, N Y. 14214. Professor Dale D. Meredith, Acting Department Chairman.

103-09966-410-44 PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF STRAWBERRY

ISLAND

(fc) Sea Grant Program, NOAA, Dept. of Commerce.

(d) Field investigation, applied research, Masters thesis. (e) Determine if protective measures are necessary to preserve Strawberry Island from loss by erosive activity and to ex- amine various alternative protective devices as to their ef- fectiveness and cost. 103-09967-420-44 EFFECT OF AN OFFSHORE BARRIER UPON THE WAVEHEIGHT DISTRIBUTION IN A HARBOR

(b) Sea Grant Program, NOAA, Dept. of Commerce.

(c) Dr. Volker W. Harms, Asst. Professor.

(d) Theoretical, applied research. Masters thesis. (e) The boundary value problem associated with the diffrac- tion of water waves will be solved by a technique based upon the method of Green Functions that is applicable to

cylindrical structures of arbitrary cross-sectional geometry. 103-09968-860-33 OPTIMAL OPERATION RULES FOR MULTI-RESERVOIR

WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS

(b) Office Water Research and Technology, Dept. of the Interior. (d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) To formulate, refine, and demonstrate methodologies for determining optimal operation rules for multiple purpose,

multireservoir systems with stochastic inflows. 103-09969-440-44 OPERATING RULES FOR REGULATION OF GREAT

LAKES WATER LEVELS

(b) Sea Grant Program, NOAA, Dept. of Commerce.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Develop a methodology for determining optimal regulation

rules for Lake Ontario.

103-09970-410-44 HYDRAULIC AND SEDIMENTATION ANALYSIS OF SAL- MON RIVER INLET

(b) Sea Grant Program, NOAA, Dept. of Commerce.

(d) Theoretical with field investigation, applied research.

(e) To ascertain the relative importance of river flows, waves, and longshore currents in determining the sediment budget and morphology of the spit, inlet and lower Salmon River

channel. 103-09971-860-33 CHLORIDE MANAGEMENT IN LAKE ERIE BASIN

(b) OWRT, Dept. of the Interior. (d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) The effects of selected salt management programs on fu- ture chloride levels in Lake Erie are examined. Also a simulation model for evaluating effects of deicing salt is developed and applied to a case study.

(f) Completed.

(g) The use of deicing salt is at least twice as much as can be economically justified. (h) Runoff of Deicing Salt in Buffalo, New York, R. Rumer, R. Apmann, C. Chien, 4th Symp. on Salt 1, The Northern Ohio Geological Soc, Cleveland, Ohio, pp. 407-41 1, 1973. Chloride Build-Up and Control in Lake Erie, C. C. Chien, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. Civil Engrg., State Univ. N.Y. at Buffalo, 1974. Chloride Build-Up and Control in Lake Erie, R. R. Rumer,

D. D. Meredith, C. C. Chien, Proc. 17th Conf. Great Lakes

Res., Intl. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., pp. 520-534, 1974. Chlorides in Lake Erie Basin, D. D. Meredith, R. R. Rumer, C. C. Chien, R. P. Apmann, Water Resources and

Environmental Engrg. Res. Rept. No. 74-1, Dept. Civil Engrg., State Univ. N.Y. at Buffalo, 82 pages, 1974. Chloride Management in Lake Erie Basin, D. C. Meredith,

R. R. Rumer, Water Resources and Environmental Engrg.

Res. Rept. No. 76-2, Dept. Civil Engrg., State Univ. N.Y.

at Buffalo, 65 pages, 1976. 103-09972-440-13 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF LAKE ERIE

(b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo District. (c) Dr. Kenneth M. Kiser, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, applied research.

if) Completed.

(g) A physical model of Lake Erie has been constructed with

a horizontal scale ratio of 1:100,000 and a vertical scale

ratio of 1 :250. The model was operated according to Froude law similitude requirements and rotated to incor- porate the effect of the earth's rotation. The experimental

testing program included studies of the circulation with and without a prevailing wind, studies of the flushing characteristics of the model lake and studies of the fate of

selected tributaries including the Detroit River. Comparison of experimentally observed circulation patterns has been made with computed currents using a numerical model adapted and applied specifically to the distorted geometry of the physical model basin. Reactor-type mixing models were formulated and calibrated for the western

basin of the physical model. Frictional calibration of the model was accomplished through analysis of the decay of seiche motion.

(h) Hydraulic Model Study of Lake Erie, R. R. Rumer, K. M.

Kiser, A. Wake, K-H. Yu, Water Resources and Environ- mental Engrg. Res. Rept. No. 76-1, Dept. Civil Engrg.,

State Univ. N.Y. at Buffalo, 1 17 pages, 1976.

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO, Department of Engineering Science, Aerospace Engineering and

97
Nuclear Engineering, Buffalo, N. Y. 14214. Dr. Richard

P. Shaw, Professor. 104-08171-470-00 HARBOR RESONANCE

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) Analytical/numerical studies of resonance of harbors and

long waves.

(g) Review Article. Numerical Study of Variable Depth Harbors using Finite Element-Boundary Integral Equation Methods.

(h) Forced Long Period Harbor Oscillations, R. P. Shaw, Topics in Ocean Engineering III, Ed. C. Bretschneider, Gulf

Publishing Co., 1976. FEBIE-A Combined Finite Element-Boundary Integral Equation Approach, R. P. Shaw, W. Falby, Intl. Symp. In- novative Num. Analysis in Eng. Science, Paris, May 1977. 104-10023-420-00 WATER WAVES

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) Effects of variable topography on water wave scattering. (g) Several papers published on scattering by island; harbor

resonance; scattering by continental slope. (h) Time Harmonic Scattering by Obstacles Surrounded by an

Inhomogeneous Medium, R. P. Shaw (presented 87th

Acoustical Soc. Amer. Mtg., N.Y.C., Apr. 1974), J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 56, 5, pp. 1354-1360, Nov. 1974. An Outer Boundary Integral Equation Applied to Transient Wave Scattering in an Inhomogeneous Medium, R. P. Shaw

(presented JSME/ASME Applied Mechanics Mtg., Honolulu, Hawaii, Mar. 1975), J. Appl. Mech. 42, 1, pp. 147-152, Mar. 1975. Boundary Integral Equation Methods Applied to Water

Waves, R. P. Shaw, Boundary Integral Equation Method

AMD-II, ASME, N.Y.C., pp. 7-14, 1975. Tsunami Scattering by an Island Surrounded by Water of Variable Depth, R. P. Shaw (presented IUGG Tsunami

Symp., Wellington, New Zealand, Jan. 1974), Proc. Intl. Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Bull. 15, pp. 133-140,

Royal Soc. N.Z., 1976. FEBIE-A Combined Finite Element-Boundary Integral Equation Approach, R. P. Shaw, W. Falby.

Long Waves Obliquely Incident on a Continental Slope and

Shelf with a Partially Reflecting Coastline, R. P. Shaw,

presented IUGG Tsunami Symp., Ensenada, Mex., Mar.

1977 (in press).

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Buffalo, N.Y. 14214. Benjamin Gebhart, Department Chairman.

105-10117-140-54 CONVECTIVE CIRCULATIONS AND HEAT TRANSFER IN COLD PURE AND SALINE WATER

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) B. Gebhart, Professor; J. C. Mollendorf, Asst. Professor.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; fundamental research; M.S. and Ph.D. thesis. (e) A new, simple and accurate equation-of-state has been

developed for pure and saline water. Effects of density ex- trema on flow and transport are being investigated for several buoyancy-induced flows. (g) An equation has been developed for the density of pure and saline water. It contains only one term in temperature,

as an expansion around the temperature at the density ex- tremum. The salinity and pressure effects appear in the equation in an ordered way. The density variation is fitted

in the temperature, salinity and pressure ranges to 20 °C, 40 °/oo and 100 bars abs. The most accurate form is in

agreement with the pure water correlation of Fine and

Millero, (1973) Journal of Chemical Physics, 59, 5529-

5536, to an rms difference of 3.5 ppm. For saline water it agrees to 10.4 ppm with the data of Chen and Millero (1976), Deep-Sea Research, 23, 595-612. The overall rms

difference, for both pure and saline water, is 9.0 ppm. In- ferences concerning the inherent accuracy of the data

arise from the comparisons. Our results also suggest the pressure effect on the extremum temperature, for both pure and saline water. The equation is also separately

fitted to the 1-atm correlation of Fofonoff and Bryden

(1975), Journal of Marine Research, 33, 69-82, to 2.5 ppm, over the salinity range from 8 °/oo to 40 °/oo, and from 0 to 20 °C. The effects of density extrema on buoyancy-induced flows

in water are analyzed using a new density relation for pure and saline water. This new equation-of-state is accurate in the vicinity of maximum density for a wide range of temperature, salinity and pressure. Vertical boundary layer flows resulting from the simultaneous diffusion of momentum, thermal energy and salinity are considered. The simplicity of the temperature dependence of the density rela- tion permits a buoyancy force formulation which dispenses with previously encountered restrictions, and results in a minimum number of additional new parameters. Conditions for similarity are determined considering all important physical effects and a new Grashof number arises which correctly reflects the vigor and direction of the flow near density extrema. Extensive calculations are presented

for a vertical isothermal surface for a wide range of

Prandtl number and pressure levels, for flows without

salinity gradients. Heat transfer and convective inversion predictions are in good agreement with recent previous measurements for a melting vertical ice slab in pure water. The possibility of multiple extrema in combined diffusion flows was investigated.

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT STONY BROOK,

Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook, N. Y.

1 1 794. F. G. Roberts, Associate Director. 106-09001-870-00 POLLUTION TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN THE EAST

RIVER, NEW YORK

(b) The Research Foundation of the State University of New

York.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Investigate the complex tidal, estuarine, and non-tidal transport mechanisms of the East River. These mechanisms are responsible for the transport of large quantities of sewage effluents, originating in the New York

Harbor and the East River itself, into Long Island Sound. Although the tidal characteristics of the East River, as a

hydraulic tidal strait, are relatively well-documented, the

historical data on the non-tidal fluxes are extremely confused. A large collection of tidal, current, meteorological and sewage data is held by various governmental and city agencies. These data are being analyzed using established hydrodynamical methods to understand and quantify these various mechanisms. These results will enable more accurate estimates to be made of sewage effluent flux from the East River into Long Island Sound.

(f) Completed.

(g) About 400 MGD of sewage effluent is transported by the East River into western Long Island Sound. This

represents ~ 32 percent direcdy into the entire Sound.

This figure also represents ~ 70 percent of effluents released from the four sewage plants in the Upper East

River. The remaining 30 percent is transported to New

York Harbor.

(h) The Hydrodynamic Characteristics of the East River Tidal

Strait, New York, M. J. Bowman, Memoires Societe Royale

des Sciences de Liege, Tome X, pp. 1 65-174, 1976. 98
Tidal Locks Across the East River: An Engineering Solution to the Rehabilitation of Western Long Island Sound,

Estuarine Processes 1, pp. 28-44, 1976. The Tides of the East River, New York, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 9, pp. 1609-1616, 1976. The Physical Oceanography and Water Quality of New

York Harbor and Western Long Island Sound, Tech. Rept. No. 23, Marine Sciences Research Center, 1975. 106-10058-870-10 FIELD INVESTIGATION OF THE NATURE, DEGREE AND

EXTENT OF TURBIDITY GENERATED BY OPEN-WATER

PIPELINE DISPOSAL OPERATIONS

(£>) Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) Dr. J. R. Schubel or H. H. Carter.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Studies at five selected dredging sites for a quantitative in- vestigation of turbidity generated by open-water pipeline

disposal operations. The objective is to construct a simple mathematical model that can be used to predict the extent and character of turbid plumes without the need for extensive field studies. 106-10059-470-44 EFFECTS OF BATHYMETRIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED

WITH SAND AND GRAVEL MINING ON CIRCULATION

IN LOWER NEW YORK HARBOR

(b) Sea Grant.

(c) R. E. Wilson, Asst. Professor.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Using a vertically integrated hydrodynamical-numerical

model, determine changes in the tidal and residual circula- tion in the Lower Bay that would result from various sand and gravel mining strategies. Assess the environmental im- pact of the altered circulation patterns. 106-10060-220-36 SUSPENDED SEDIMENT DATA FROM THE CHESAPEAKE

AND DELAWARE CANAL

(b) EPA.

(c) J. R. Schubel, Director.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Reduction and interpretation of existing suspended sedi- ment samples to determine the suspended sediment dispersal system of the Canal. 106-10061-100-54 THE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF SILICIC ACID IN SEA- WATER

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Iver W. Duedall.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research.

(e) Determine experimentally the partial molar volume and

partial molar compressibility of silicic acid in various ionic media at temperatures, pressures and concentrations en- countered in the ocean environment.

NORTHERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY, School of Arts and

Sciences, Department of Geography, Earth Science and

Conservation, Marquette, Mi<zh. 49855. Dr. John D. Hughes, Department Head.

107-06053-440-00 DRIFT BOTTLE STUDY OF THE SURFACE CURRENTS OF

LAKE SUPERIOR

(c) Dr. John D. Hughes, Professor.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine the surface current pattern of Lake Superior

as it exists during each of the four seasons of the year.

if) Suspended.

(g) 617 returns from 4845 drifters released (Dec. 1969). One

preliminary qualitative paper published in Michigan

Academician, Winter 1970.

(/i) Drift Bottle Study of the Surface Currents of Lake Superior, Michigan Academician HI, 4, Spring 1971. Reprints

available from above address.

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Institute, Evanston, 111. 60201.

108-08888-340-52 MODELING OF CLADDING AND FUEL MOTION IN A LOSS-OF-FLOW SITUATION FOR GAS COOLED FAST

REACTOR SAFETY ANALYSIS

(b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) Professor D. T. Eggen, Dept. of Engineering

Sciences/Applied Mathematics.

(d) Develop models for safety analysis of gas-cooled fast reactors; experimental and numerical.

(e) Program includes both experiments and the development

of analytical computer models of cladding and fuel motion under GCFR loss-of-flow conditions. Three series of scoping experiments of increasing complexity will be per- formed on the motion, freeze-out, and coolant channel

plugging of molten cladding. Computer models of these and related phenomenon are to be developed.

(/) Testing and modeling continues.

(g) Several experiments have been completed using Pb/Sn

simulated and stainless steel cladding to study freezing in lower blanket. Analytical and numerical models have been

correlated with the experiments. Melting experiments with

loss of flow have been initiated using Pb/Bi alloy. The ef- fects of gas flow and spacers are being studied and a nu- merical model of the melting and motion is under develop- ment.

(h) Simulation of Cladding Melting and Resolidification in GCFR under LOF Using Pb/Sn Alloy, N Chu, T. J. Scale, D. T. Eggen, Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc, 1976. Simulation of Transient Freezing of Cladding in GCFR

Blanket Channels, N. Y. Chu, D. T. Eggen, E. Khan, Proc.

Natl. Mtg. Fast Reactor Safety and Related Physics, CONF

761001, p. 1993, Oct. 5-8, 1976. Behavior of Fission Gas in Oxide Fuels in a Transient Overpower, T. Wehner, D. T. Eggen, Proc. 4th SMiRT

Conf., San Francisco, Aug. 1977, to be published.

The Effects of Spacers on the Blockage of Coolant Channels

in Clad Melting Accidents, D. T. Eggen, T. J. Scale, S. Hsieh, Proc. 4th SMiRT Conf., San Francisco, Aug. 1977,

to be published.

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Department of Aerospace

and Mechanical Engineering, Notre Dame, Ind. 46556.

Professor K. T. Yang, Department Chairman.

109-08891-020-54 TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS AND MODELING

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor R. Betchov:

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research.

(e) The process of fluid deformation and vorticity concentration in turbulent flows is studied. It is found that the stretching of the vorticity is always associated with colli- sion between advancing fluid masses. This produces thin regions, where most of the energy dissipation occurs. Numerical models for three-dimensional time dependent

flows give results which confirm data from hot-wire studies, and provide insight on the rate of deformation tensor

in turbulent flow.

(f) Completed.

(/i) Numerical Simulation of Isotropic Turbulence, R. Betchov,

Physics of Fluids 18, p. 1230, 1975. 99

254-330 0 - 78 -8
Phase Relations in Isotropic Turbulence, C. Lorenzen, R. Betchov, Physics of Fluids 17, p. 1503, 1975. Non-Gaussian Events in Turbulent Flows, R. Betchov,

Physics of Fluids 17, p. 1509, 1975. 109-08896-630-50 INFLUENCE OF BLADE LOADING ON THE ACOUSTIC

RESPONSE OF A CASCADE

(b) NASA, Lewis Research Center.

(c) Assoc. Professor .H. Atassi. (d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) The unsteady lift forces acting upon cascade blades in a nonuniform flow are investigated. The study accounts for the effects of the different -parameter of the cascade, namely, the aerodynamic load, angle of attack, camber

and thickness of cascade blades, cascade solidity, stagger

angle, and deviation angle. The results will be applied to calculating the dipole noise field as well as the quadruple

originated noise. Optimization and sensitivity studies will equally be carried out so as to determine the optimal

parameters of the cascade yielding minimum fluctuating

lift for a given aerodynamic performance.

(h) Influence of Loading on the Unsteady Aerodynamics of Turbomachine Blades, H. Atassi, Unsteady Flows in Jet Engines, Proc. Intl. Workshop, United Aircraft Research Lab.,

pp. 449-464, 1974.

Influence of Loading on the Sound Field of Turbomachine

Blades at Low and Moderate Mach Numbers, H. Atassi, Transportation Noise, Proc. 3rd Interagency Symp. University Research, Univ. of Utah, pp. 352-360, Nov. 1975.

Effect of Loading and Rotor Wake Characteristics on the Acoustic Response of Stator Blades, H. Atassi, AIAA Paper

76-566, 1976. Unsteady Aerodynamic Forces Acting on Loaded TwoDimensional Blades in Nonuniform Incompressible Flows, H. Atassi, IUTAM Symp. Aeroelasticity in Turbomachines,

Paris, pp. 47-56, 1976. 109-08897-030-54 EFFECTS OF TURBULENCE AND SHEAR ON FLOW PAST

BLUFF BODIES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor A. A. Szewczyk.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Determine the effect of shear on the flow past finite bluff bodies. It is envisioned that the initial investigation will take place with a tailored linear velocity profile with low

turbulence. In later studies the effect of turbulence su- perimposed on the shear flow will be studied past the same

bluff bodies used in the initial experiments. The following

sets of experiments will be carried out: 1 ) investigation of shear flow with low intensity turbulence, 2) investigation of a shear flow with medium intensity turbulence, and 3)

investigation of a shear flow with high intensity turbulence.

(h) Flow Characteristics of a Bluff Body in a Low Turbulence. Shear Flow, A. A. Szewczyk, Proc. 12th Biennial Fluid Dynamic Symp., Poland, 1975. 109-08901-870-70 PRESSURE DROP IN FABRIC FILTRATION

(b) Dustex, Division of American Precision Industries.

(c) Assoc. Professor T. Ariman.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, applied research.

(e) An analytical and experimental research program has been underway to develop a semi-empirical model for the deter- mination of the pressure drop during the filtration process

of dust laden gases. Particle size and size distribution, particle shape, gravity, dust cake thickness, gaseous properties, such as viscosity and density, filtering velocity, relative humidity, temperature, cleaning mechanism and fabric structure have been incorporated into the proposed pres- sure-drop model. An experimental program based on a bench scale filter system and a dust bag simulator has been underway for the correlation of the pressure drop

formulation.

(/:) Electrostatic Filtration and the Apitron-Design and Field Performance, D. J. Helfritch, T. Asiman, Workshop on Novel Concepts, Methods, and Advanced Technology in Par- ticulate-Gas Separation, Univ. of Notre Dame, Apr. 1977. 109-08902-270-54 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA RELATED TO PROSTHETIC

HEART VALVE THROMBUS FORMATION AND

ERYTHROCYTE DAMAGE

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor T. J. Mueller and Assoc. Professor J. R. Lloyd.

(d) Experimental; applied and basic research.

(e) The transport phenomena in the vicinity of prosthetic heart valves are studied numerically and experimentally. Extensive data have been obtained with hot wire/film techniques which provide insight into the shear and nor- mal stresses which the red blood cells experience as they flow through the valve. Shear stresses sufficient to damage

erythrocytes have been found. Mass transfer rates have been measured around disc and ball valve prosthesis, and

numerical prediction for low Reynolds number flows have been performed as a basis for comparison of the results. (h ) In Vitro Measurements of Fluid Stresses in the Vicinity of a Disc-Type Prosthetic Heart Valve, R. S. Figliola, T. J. Mueller, Proc. 29th Ann. Conf. Engrg. in Medicine and

Biology, Boston, Nov. 1976. Shear Induced Variations in Red Blood Cell Morphology, J. R. Lloyd, T. J. Mueller, P. C. Johnson, E. H. MacDonell,

ASME 1976 Advances in Bioengineering, pp. 30-32, 1976. 109-08906-890-54 FIRE AND SMOKE SPREAD IN CORRIDORS

(£>) National Bureau of Standards.

(c) Professors K. T. Yang, J. R. Lloyd, A. M. Kanury, S. T. McComas, V. W. Nee, A. A. Szewczyk.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic and applied research.

(e) This study is directed toward a better understanding of fire and smoke spread, and is to be accomplished through the development of numerical analytical models which can be

used for predictive as well as guidance purposes. Radiation

effects will be fully accounted for in these models. Data

gathered at NBS and the University of Notre Dame will be used for an assessment of the validity of the analytical ap- proach. The analysis will be applied to small-scale and full- scale fire spread problems such as the E-84 tunnel, model

corridors, the full-scale corridor, to mention a few applications. With the availability of such an analysis, the rela- tionship in terms of scaling between full-scale and smallscale tests can be examined. The analysis can be used for guidance on the usefulness of hazard tests as well as ex- plaining the behavior of full-scale tests.

(/i) Numerical Modeling of Unsteady Buoyant Flows Generated by Fire in a Corridor, A. C. Ku, M. L. Doria, J. R. Lloyd,

1 6th Intl. Symp. on Combustion, Aug. 1976. 109-08907-140-54 HEAT TRANSFER IN NEAR SUPERCRITICAL TURBULENT

FLOW IN PIPES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor K. T. Yang.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) Develop a rational semi-empirical theory based on relevant physical mechanisms which are known to affect the heat

transfer characteristics for turbulent pipe flow of near supercritical fluids. Anomalies relative to pipe size, pipe

orientation, and level of heat flux with existing data are examined in detail. 109-08908-140-54 RADIATION INTERACTION IN CONVECTIVE HEAT

TRANSFER

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Assoc. Professor J. R. Lloyd and Professor K. T. Yang.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research. 100
(e) An analytical and experimental investigation of the in- teraction of thermal radiation with convection. The in- vestigation will center on situations arising in combustion

problems such as non-homogeneous gases and geometries

that require finite-difference solutions. Although this proposal is centered on two specific problems, the basic knowledge gained from this research can be extended to other situations where the interaction of radiation with the other modes of heat transfer is important. The ability of

being able to realistically predict the influence of radiation on heat transfer in furnaces, combustors, and unwanted

fire spread as well as on pollutant formation, to cite a few

examples, is extremely important.

( h ) Local Nonsimilarity Applied to Free Convection Boundary

Layers with Radiation Interaction, J. L. Novotny, J. R. Lloyd, J. D. Bankston, AIAA Progress in Astronautics and

Aeronautics 39, p. 309, 1975. 109-10118-030-26 HIGH ANGLE OF ATTACK SUPPORT INTERFERENCE

(£>) Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

(c) Asst. Professor R. C. Nelson.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) The influence of sting or strut support systems on the flow

field around slender bodies of revolution at large angles of

attack is studied experimentally. Data will include pressure

distribution around the cylinder, pressure drag coefficient and wake characteristics over a Reynolds number of 104 to

3 X 105. These data will be useful for designing improved

support systems which minimize model-support inter- ference as well as providing a means of correcting existing high angle of attack aerodynamic measurements. 109-10119-630-50 CORRELATION OF SINGLE STAGE DATA TO OBTAIN IM- PROVED MODELS FOR LOSS IN AXIAL COMPRESSORS

(b) NASA Lewis Research Center.

(c) Asst. Professor W. B. Roberts.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) The available single stage data generated by the NASA

research effort over the past decade are analyzed. The

data provide a detailed examination of the flow entering and leaving the blade rows in multiple radial and circumferential locations and can be used to study loss effects around part span dampers, end wall-effects on blading per- formance, and to develop improved stall criteria. 109-10120-540-50 STUDY OF BURNING OF LIQUID POOLS IN REDUCED

GRAVITY

(b) NASA, Lewis Research Center.

(c) Assoc. Professor A. Murty Kanury.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) The merits and demerits of conducting pool-burning

research in space are assessed on the basis of a critical ex- amination of the existing theoretical and experimental

work in the field. 109-10121-020-54 TURBULENCE MODELING

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor R. Betchov.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research.

(e) Three-dimensional turbulent flows are studied by numerical methods. A code already developed and tested against

experimental results is expanded so that it can handle

flows limited by simple walls as well as flows around moving, walls, with sharp edges. The method is intended for flows at high Reynolds numbers. Laboratory experiments

are conducted to compare results with that of the numerical calculations.

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Department of Civil En- gineering, Notre Dame, Ind. 46556. Dr. James I. Taylor,

Department Chairman.

111-08909-870-36 INTERDISCIPLINARY EVALUATION OF EUTROPHIC

LAKE RESTORATION

(b) Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) T. L. Theis, Q. Ross, and R. Greene.

(d) Theoretical, experimental and field investigation; M.S. and

Ph.D. theses.

(e) Demonstrate on a full-scale basis, a lake reclamation method, using a fly ash and lime treatment. The initial phases of the project have been devoted to research and development of the treatment methodology. The present

project is devoted to the actual application of fly ash and

lime to the east side of Lake Charles East which is a 20

acre over nutrified lake in Steuben County, Indiana. The

emphasis of this project is the monitoring of the results of

the treatment of the 7.2 acres of the east portion of the lake as compared to the control (west) side of the lake. Differences in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics between the treated and control sides will be noted with particular interest in the success of the treatment in retarding algal blooms and their related problems will be evaluated. In addition, the potential detri- mental effects of the treatment method on higher trophic

levels will be monitored. Water quality will be monitored

to determine the probability of trace metal release downstream from the treated portion of the lake. A second aspect of this project is to study some of the various aspects of lake eutrophication which are directly or indirectly related to reclamation methods by physical and chemical manipulation. Continued laboratory algal assay studies will be performed to determine algal regrowth in treated water, and the effect of cations on

phosphorus uptake. Study is currently underway to deter- mine the rate and extent of nutrient regeneration from

algal decomposition and the availability of these nutrients

for further algal growth during a growing season. Continued evaluation of trace metal releases from fly ash treatment will be conducted both in the laboratory and on

a field basis in Lake Charles East as well as the uptake of

these metals in the biological community. Another study

will analyze the effect of fly ash on the growth, regrowth, and distribution of macrophytes in the lake. (g) Results thus far suggest that certain power plant fly ashes

are effective in retarding the release of phosphorus from

lake sediments. Full scale treatment plus nutrient diversion has brought about much lower phosphorus levels and a

shift in algal successional patterns away from blue-green

species. (h) The Role of Sediments in Hypereutrophic Lakes: Factors

Effecting Phosphorus Exchange, P. J. McCabe, Ph.D. Thesis, 1977. Eutrophic Lake Restoration by Phosphorus Control, B. P.

J. Higgins, Ph.D. Thesis, 1977.

Effects of Sodium and Potassium Ions on Transport of Phosphorus in Selanastrum Capricornutum and Microcystis

Aeruginosa, S. C. Mohleji, Ph.D. Thesis, 1976.

111-09911-820-52 THE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER BY HEAVY

METALS FROM THE LAND DISPOSAL OF FLY ASH

(b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) T. L. Theis, Asst. Professor.

(d) Theoretical, experimental laboratory and field investigations; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Characterize and monitor in the field trace metals as- sociated with power plant fly ash and fly ash disposal

operations with special reference to groundwater and soil contamination. Studies include laboratory analysis of

several kinds of fly ash utilizing selective chemical extrac101
tants in order to define the available fraction of trace metals. Intensive field investigations of disposal sites are being performed. A model of metal distribution patterns

will be made.

(g) Results thus far indicate that relatively conservative trace metals (such as nickel and zinc) migrate most readily in the disposal environment under study. Soil distribution of heavy metals is dependent largely on the site hydrologic

characteristics. (h) Sorbtive Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Fly Ash-Soil Environments, T. L. Theis, J. J. Marley, R. O. Richter,

Proc. 3 1st Purdue Industrial Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., 1976.

Field Investigations of Trace Metals in Groundwater from

Fly Ash Disposal, T. L. Theis, J. D. Westrick, J. J. Marley,

Proc. 32nd Purdue Industrial Waste Conf., Purdue University, 1977.

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, P.O. Box X, Oak

Ridge, Tenn. 37830. Dr. Herman Postma, Director.

11 2-09266-870-36 FILTRATION WITH CROSS FLOW

(b) Environmental Protection Agency and ERDA.

(c) James S. Johnson, Jr. (d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Laboratory and field investigations of treatment of industrial and municipal waste streams by filtration carried out

with cakes (dynamic membranes) appropriate to desired

separations, from dissolved materials to particulates, the

unifying aspect being circulation of the solution being fil- tered past the filter to control polarization and reduce

fouling. Field tests have used a mobile low-pressure cross- flow filtration unit for evaluation of solids-liquid separations after addition of physical-chemical additives to pri- mary sewage effluent; a mobile intermediate and high

pressure unit for ultrafiltration and hyperfiltration tests with municipal sewage and with textile wastes; and ultrafil- tration and hyperfiltration pilot units now operating in a

kraft pulping installation.

(J) Sewage studies completed, reported in EPA reports ORD

17030EOH01/70 (hyperfiltration) and EPA-600/2-76-025

(cross flow filtration). Textile work continued at Clemson

University. Pulp mill ongoing.

(g) Only preliminary from pilot plants at International Paper

Co. installation in Moss Point, Miss. Ultrafiltration (dynamic hydrous Zr(IV )-Si(IV) oxide membrane) of bleach plant caustic extract was carried to over 12 percent

solids, with excellent removal of color and organics, and

flux about 65 gpd/ft2 at high water recovery. Hyperfiltration (dynamic hydrous Zr(IV) oxide-polyacrylate membrane) of decker effluents gave good removals, but flux decline from fouling was severe. Breakage of supports,

particularly with hyperfiltration, indicates need for further development of ceramic tubes or identification of alternatives.

11 2- 1002 1-340-55 NOISE DIAGNOSTICS FOR SAFETY ASSESSMENT

(£>) Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) D. N. Fry, Instrumentation and Controls Division, Bldg. 3500, ORNL, P.O. Box X, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830.

(d) Experimental: measurement and diagnostics of the fluc- tuating component (noise) from neutron detectors in nuclear reactors.

(e) Provide specialized engineering seivices (analytical, ex- perimental, and technical review) to NRC in the areas of

reactor surveillance, diagnostics, and loose-parts monitoring, making available the broad interdisciplinary skills, extensive reactor instrumentation and measurement science development experience, and advance experimental and

analytical capabilities of the Laboratory. These services

will aid NRC in evaluating the performance of specific nuclear power plants now in operation and assessing the adequacy of existing noise monitoring and diagnostic

techniques; and reviewing and upgrading surveillance in- strumentation designs and diagnostic procedures currently

in the planning stage. As deemed desirable by NRC, we

will perform diagnostic measurements in operating nuclear power plants suspected of anomalous behavior and/or review measurement performed by others; and demonstrate analytical methods by which observable quantities may be related to unobservable physical properties of in- terest within the nuclear steam supply system.

(g) Neutron noise specialists Dwayne Fry and Bob Kryter and

their groups, composed of Instrumentation and Controls

Division staff and consultants and students from the University of Tennessee, provided measurement and consulting services to the Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation which resulted in increased power production of BWR-4 reactors. When flow-induced, internal vibrations developed in eleven BWR-4 reactors, NRC requested that ORNL provide technical assistance in diagnosing the problem, determining its safety implications and determining a safe operational power level for each reactor. This

generic problem involved excessive vibrations of the in- strument tubes that run the length of the core. These tubes were impacting nearby channel boxes, sometimes hard enough and frequently enough to wear holes in the ad- jacent fuel channel boxes. Since the integrity of the channel boxes must be maintained because of LOCA safety

restrictions, NRC had to decide whether to shut down the reactors completely or to allow their operation at reduced power levels. By measuring the frequency spectrum of the fluctuating component (noise) of the signals from neutron

detectors already installed inside these detector tubes, we

and our colleagues from industry and the affected utilities determined not only which instrument tubes were vibrating but also which ones were impacting the adjacent fuel channel boxes. With this' information at hand, the decision could be made to allow continued operation of these eleven reactors at a power level just below the value where channel box impacting occurred until a more

thorough corrective action (changing the coolant flow pat- tern in the core) could be engineered and accomplished.

The full impact of our contribution is hard to estimate, but

in one particular plant our measurements showed that the reactor could be safely operated at a power level 20 per- cent higher than the value initially fixed by NRC when the vibration problem was first discovered. This single instance could have more than paid for the cost of research and development associated with ORNL's participation in this problem. Our involvement is not yet completed. We are now monitoring the performance of reactors that have been

modified by the manufacturer and are helping NRC

prepare surveillance procedures for instrument tube vibra- tions so that better historical data will be available if problems of this type reappear.

(h) Summary of ORNL Investigation of In-Core Vibrations in BWR-4s, D. N. Fry, R. C. Kryter, M. V. Mathis, J. E. Mott, J. C. Robinson, ORNL/NUREG/TM-101 (1977).

Inference of Core Barrel Motion from Neutron Noise Spectral Density, J. C. Robinson, F. Shahrokhi, R. C. Kryter, ORNL/NUREG/TM-I00 (1977). Determination of Void Fraction Profile in a BWR Channel

Using Neutron Noise Analysis, M. A. Atta, D. N. Fry, J. E. Mott, submitted as Tech. Note to Nucl. Sci. Eng. ( 1977). Bandwidth-Related Errors in the Inference of PWR Barrel Motion from Ex-Core Neutron Detector Signals, J. C. Robinson, R. C. Kryter, Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc. 24, 1, pp. 413-415, Nov. 1976.

U.S. Experience with In-Service Monitoring of Core Barrel Motion in PWRs Using Ex-Core Neutron Detectors, R. C.

Kryter, J. C. Robinson, J. A. Thie, submitted for presentation Intl. Conf. on Vibration in Nuclear Plant, May 9-11, 1978, Keswick, England.

102
112-10022-340-55 PWR-BLOWDOWN HEAT TRANSFER SEPARATE EFFECTS

PROGRAM

(b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) D. G. Thomas.

(d) Experimental and analytical applied research.

(e) The ORNL Pressurized-Water Reactor Blowdown Heat

Transfer (PWR-BDHT) Program is an experimental

separate-effects study of the relations among the principal variables that can alter the rate of blowdown, the presence

of flow reversal and rereversal, time delay to critical heat

flux, the rate at which dryout progresses, and similar timerelated functions that are important to LOCA analysis. Pri- mary test results are obtained from the Thermal-Hydraulic

Test Facility (THTF), a large nonnuclear pressurized- water loop that incoporates a 49-rod electrically heated

bundle. Supporting experiments are carried out in several additional test loops-the Forced Convection Test Facility (FCTF), a small high-pressure facility in which single heater rods can be tested in annular geometry; an air- water loop which is used to evaluate two-phase flow-measuring instrumentation; a transient steam-water loop which

is also used to evaluate two-phase flow-measuring instru- mentation; and a low-temperature water mockup of the THTF heater rod bundle, containing a large number of

pressure taps and conductivity probes to quantify THTF

bundle hydraulics using COBRA.

(g) Supporting two-phase flow instrumentation studies have shown that accurate reduction of two-phase flow data

requires drag disk calibration and use of a two-velocity model; that increased gamma densitometer stability can be

achieved by replacing scintillation detectors with high- pressure ionization chambers; that the signal-to-noise ratio of drag disks is substantially increased by replacing the

disk with a full flow screen; and that the effective THTF

turbine meter time constant may be markedly reduced by

replacing the variable reluctance pickoff probes with an eddy current pickoff probe. Evaluation of mixing coefficients, /3, for air-water flow in the THTF water mockup in- dicates that at the lowest mass flow rates, values of /3 were up to 10 times greater than the single-phase value, with

the maximum occurring at the transition from bubbly to slug flow. At the highest flow rates the value of the two- phase mixing coefficient was only slightly greater than the single-phase value in the limited range for which data were

obtained. Thirteen powered rod blowdowns have been conducted in the THTF through March 1977. The first of these tests were made with powers up to 122 kW/rod and outlet sub- cooling of 20 °F (11 °C) on all 49 rods. Subsequent tests have been made with inactive (zero-power) rods at dif- ferent locations. Depressurization rates, and core inlet and

outlet mass flow rates are similar to the values predicted

for a cold leg offset guillotine break obtained from SAR's

for different vendor PWR's, except that inlet flow remains

negative for 2 to 3 sec longer than predicted. This is believed to be due to the location of the pressurizer in the THTF.

In general, RELAP predictions of the thermal-hydraulic behavior of the coolant during transients was' quite good.

RELAP predicted the appearance of pressurizer fluid at

vertical outlet spool piece; made an excellent prediction of

the depressurization curve; made a very good prediction of

fluid density for the first 1 2 sec of the transient but missed

later events because of limitations on handling energy

fronts; and did a reasonably good job of predicting both

volumetric and mass flows. At a power of 122 kW/rod and an outlet subcooling of ~

22 °F (*~ 12 °C), mean time to critical heat flux (CHF)

was ~ 0.7 sec with a range of 0.2 to 3.2 sec. Decreasing

the rod power and increasing the outlet subcooling in- creased the time to CHF somewhat. Some preliminary cal- culations of the transient heat transfer coefficient have

been completed. In one case, the steady-state value of the heat transfer coefficient, h, was ~ 44,000 Btu/hr ft

2 °F; shortly after the occurrence of the CHF the value of h decreased to ~ 400 Btu/hr ft2 °F and remained there until ~ 2 sec into the transient. From 2 until 1 2 sec into the transient the value of h was near ~ 100 Btu/hr ft2

. For the remainder of the transient the value of h oscillated between 2 and 100 Btu/hr ft

2 °F.

(/i) The following reports are available from NTIS, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161.

Project Description, ORNL PWR Blowdown Heat Transfer

Separate Effects Program-Thermal Hydraulic Test Facility (THTF), ORNL/NUREG/TM-2, Feb. 1976. Quarterly Progress Reports on Blowdown Heat Transfer Separate Effects Program: ORNL/NUREG/TM-14-San.-

Mar. 1976; ORNL/NUREG/TM-46-ApT.-June 1976; ORNL/NUREG/TM-61-July-Sepl. 1976; ORNL/NUREG/

TM-92-Oct.-Dec. 1976. 112-10048-870-55 ANALYSES OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS IN WATER BODIES RECEIVING POWER STATION COOLING WATER DISCHARGES

(b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Energy Research and Development Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) Howard A. McLain, Group Leader.

(d) Theoretical; applied.

(e) Predictions and correlations of temperature distributions in water bodies receiving power station cooling water

discharges as part of the environmental assessment of

these stations. Receiving water bodies include rivers, lakes, coastal areas and estuaries. Existing analytical models are used and often these models are modified to apply to new

situations. New predictive models are being developed on

a generic basis.

(It) A Critical Evaluation of the Nonradiological Environmental

Technical Specifications; Vol. 2: Surry Power Plants Units

1 and 2, S. M. Adams, P. A. Cunningham, D. D. Gray, K. D. Kumar, Oak Ridge Natl. Lab. Repl. ORNL/NUREG/TM-70, Feb. 1977. A Critical Evaluation of the Nonradiological Environmental

Technical Specifications; Vol. 3: Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station Units 2 and 3, S. M Adams, P. A. Cunningham, D. D. Gray, K. D. Kumar, A. J. Witten, Oak

Ridge Natl. Lab. Rept. ORNLINUREG/TM-71 , Apr. 1977. Topical reports of the modified and new predictive models

will be issued as work on each model is completed. 112-10049-870-55 DEVELOPMENT OF A UNIFIED TRANSPORT APPROACH

FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF POWER PLANT IMPACT

(b) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear

Regulatory Research.

(c) Dr. M. R. Patterson, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Prof. A. H. Eraslan, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

(d) Theoretical (computer modeling); applied research; primarily non-thesis.

(e) Hydraulic transport models and their associated computer

codes are being developed and verified for the movement

of thermal energy, sediment, dissolved and adsorbed

radionuclides, and chemical species, primarily in the farfield. A separate task is concerned with matching of near- and far-field flow regimes. A systematic methodology exploits the common features of convective transport and

dispersion for fast-transient, tidal-driven rivers, lakes, estuaries, and costal regions in estimating the impact of power plant operations. One and two dimensional models

are being developed for each type of transport such that

all models for a given dimensionality share common data

sets for the basic geometrical and meteorological parameters. Preprocessors and graphics modules have been writ- ten to aid in preparation and display of data and results.

(f) Funded through FY 1977. 103
(g) Applications of the models have been made for a number

of sites and documentation is being prepared.

(/i) Development of a Unified Transport Approach for the Assessment of Power-Plant Impact, A. H. Eraslan, et al., Rept. ORNL/NUREG/TM-89, 47 pages. Mar. 1977. A Kinetic Model for Predicting the Composition of Chlorinated Water Discharged from Power Plant Cooling

Systems, M. H. Lietzke, Rept. ORNL/NUREG-13, 45

pages, Apr. 1977. LINSED: A One Dimensional Multi-Reach Sediment Transport Model, D. E. Fields, Rept. ORNL/CSD-15, 84 pages, Oct. 1976. GRAFAR: A Computer Code for Graphic Display of Input Data to the FAR2D/FAROUT Code, B. Thomas, J. L. Bledsoe, J. T. Holdeman, Rept. ORNL/CSD/TM-22, May 1977. PREPR2: A Program to Aid in the Preparation of Input Data for the FAROUT Two-Dimensional Discrete-Element Code, J. T. Holdeman, Rept. ORNL/CSD/TM-19, May

1977. 112-10439-390-55 SOLUTION-MINING OF URANIUM

(b) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and U.S. Energy, Research, and Development Administration.

(c) M. Reeves, Bldg. 4500N, Rm. A-212.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Computer codes have been developed to solve the appropriate water- and mass-transport equations. The pur- pose of this work is to predict both environmental impact and production rates. (h) Report in preparation.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Columbus, Ohio 43210. Dr. G. O. Schwab.

113-0165W-890-00 STABILIZATION OF STEEP LAND SLOPES

(e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 8.0363.

11 3-0382W-840-00

DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN FOR POLLUTION CONTROL

AND CROP PRODUCTION

(e) For summaries, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0816 and 4.0163.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy,

Columbus, Ohio 43210. Professor George S. Taylor.

11 4-1 0609-820-54 SIMULATING HEAT AND WATER FLOW DURING SOIL

FREEZING AND THAWING

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Simulation; applied research.

(e) A numerical analysis study of simultaneous heat and water

flow during freeze-thaw in soil. Flow cases are analyzed

for various heat and water fluxes at the ground surface and for different initial water contents and temperature

distributions. The simulation yields water and ice contents, temperature and water table elevations at various times. Frost thawing is simulated by expanding the soil matrix for

large ice contents. The entire operation is programmed on

an electronic computer. Fulfillment of the project objectives will yield information on the physical process of

freezing and thawing and improve predictions of frost thawing for different soils. (g) Evaluations have been made of water redistribution in soils during freeze-thaw and of water table recession during

freezing. The agreement between simulated and experi- mental data has been demonstrated,

(/i) Numeric Results of Coupled Heat-Mass Flow During Freezing and Thawing, G. S. Taylor, J. N. Luthin, Proc. 2nd

Conf. Soil-Water Problems in Cold Regions, Amer.

Geophysical Union, pp. 155-172, 1976.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical En- gineering, Columbus, Ohio 43210. E. R. Haering, Acting

Chairman.

115-07551-010-54 A VISUAL INVESTIGATION OF THE LAMINAR-TURBULENT TRANSITION

(c) Robert S. Brodkey or Harry C. Hershey.

(d) Experimental; basic; Doctoral theses.

(e) An experimental study into the basic mechanism of the entire laminar turbulent transition for both boundary layer and pipe flow, to elucidate clearly the steps that occur in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow and to clarify which, if any, theories apply for the various steps known

to exist.

(J) Suspended until student assigned to project.

1 1 5-07552-020-54 TURBULENT MOTION AND MIXING

(c) Robert S. Brodkey.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic; Doctoral thesis. (e) An experimental and theoretical approach to the basic in- teractions of turbulence and the mixing of a scalar quantity such as mass. Mixing of heat or mass in a turbulent field can in principle be determined from a knowledge of the

existing turbulence in the system and the molecular properties of the material being mixed. The object is to ac- complish this prediction.

(f) Completed, publications being prepared.

(g) A number of papers have been published by the investigators of this work. We have been able to accomplish the prediction for pipe flow in a mixing tank, and for a reactor configuration. Furthermore, we have been successful in ex- tending the analysis to the prediction of the effect on

chemical kinetics. (h) Turbulence in Mixing Operations, ed. R. S. Brodkey,

Academic Press, Inc. (1975). Mixing in Turbulent Fields, in Turbulence in Mixing Operations, ed. R. S. Brodkey, Academic Press, Inc. (1975). Turbulent Mixing Studies in a Chemical Reactor, in Turbulent Mixing in Nonreactive and Reactive Flows, ed. S. N. B. Murthy, Plenum Press (1975). Turbulent Motion Mixing and Kinetics in a Chemical Reactor Configuration, R. S. Brodkey, K. N. McKelvey, H.-C. Yieh, S. Zakanycz, AlChEJ. 21, p. 1 165 (1975).

115-07553-250-54 A VISUAL INVESTIGATION OF DRAG REDUCTION AND

DRAG REDUCTION IN NONAQUEOUS SOAP SOLUTIONS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Harry C. Hershey.

(d) Experimental; basic; Doctoral theses.

(e) Experimental study into the basic mechanism of drag

reduction in pipe flow using high molecular weight

polymer or soap solutions and into the laminar and turbulent behavior of soap solutions. Flow in the wall region of

a drag reducing fluid is being compared visually to the flow of a pure solvent. The technique involves high speed

photography of colloidal-size particles. A parallel in- vestigation is studying the laminar and turbulent behavior

of various aluminum soaps in nonaqueous solvents.

104
115-08216-010-54 VISUAL INVESTIGATION OF THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

(c) Robert S. Brodkey or Harry C. Hershey.

(d) Experimental; basic; Doctoral theses.

(e) An experimental study into the basic mechanism of boundary layer flow with emphasis on the interaction of the

inner and outer regions. Stereoscopic viewing of the flow

has been accomplished and currently simultaneous anemometry measurements by hot-film and laser methods

are being investigated.

(/i) Reynolds Stress and Joint Probability Density Distribution

in the U-V Plane of a Turbulent Channel Flow, R. S. Brodkey, J. M. Wallace, Phys. Fluids 20, p. 351, 1977. Mass Transfer at the Wall as a Result of Coherent Structures in a Turbulently Flowing Fluid, K. N. McKelvey, H.

C. Hershey, S. G. Nychas, Intl. J. Heat and Mass Trans.

(to appear).

Pattern Recognized Structures in Bounded Turbulent Shear

Flows, J. M. Wallace, H. Eckelmann, J. Fluid Mech. (to appear).

Vorticity and Turbulence Production in Pattern Recognized Turbulent Flow Structures, S. G. Nychas, J. M. Wallace,

H. Eckelmann, Phys. Fluids Sup. (to appear). 115-09835-130-00 TURBULENT MOTION AND MIXING OF SOLIDS

(c) Robert S. Brodkey.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic; Doctoral thesis. (e) A cross-correlation technique has been developed to measure the turbulent statistics of solid particle motions in a

turbulent field. A mixing tank was used to develop the complex flow field. Stereoscopic visualizations were used

to aid in establishing the nature of the flow field. (g) The cross-correlation technique can be used to establish the distribution of velocity vectors of solid particle motions in a complex three-dimensional flow field. Stereo- scopic flow visualization can aid in understanding the nature of the flow field.

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, School of Mechanical and

Aerospace Engineering, Stillwater, Okla. 74074. Dr. K

N. Reid, Professor and Head.

116-08939-250-54 FLOW VISUALIZATION OF DRAG REDUCING CHANNEL

FLOWS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. W. G. Tiederman.

(d) Experimental basic research for Ph.D. and M.S. theses.

(e) The flow processes in the near-wall region of a fully developed, turbulent, two-dimensional channel flow are being studied. The flow processes are marked by dye,

photographed and then analyzed to determine how small concentrations of long-chain polymer molecules alter the flow structure and thereby lower the viscous friction. (g) Generally the polymer additives suppress the momentum

exchange between the near-wall region of the flow and the outer region. While none of the mixing processes are

totally suppressed, some are altered. As the amount of drag reduction increases, the high-momentum eddies in the outer regions of the flow do not pentrate as close to the wall. The characteristics of the longitudinal eddy struc- ture in the wall region also change. The average spanwise

spacing of these eddies increases as drag reduction in- creases. Similarly, the spatially averaged bursting rate of

these low-momentum streaks also decreases as drag reduction increases. (h) An Experimental Investigation of the Near-Wall Flow

Structure During Drag Reduction, D. K. Oldaker, M.S.

Thesis, Oklahoma State Univ., Dec. 1974.

Structure of the Viscous Sublayer in Drag-Reducing Channel Flow, W. G. Tiederman, A. J. Smith, D. K. Oldaker,

Proc. 4th Biennial Symp. Turbulence in Liquids, Univ. of

Missouri-Rolla, Sept. 1975. An Investigation of the Bursting Events in Drag Reducing

Turbulent Channel Flows, A. J. Smith, M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State Univ., Dec. 1975.

Spatial Structure of the Viscous Sublayer in Drag-Reducing Channel Flows, D. K. Oldaker, W. G. Tiederman.

Presented IUTAM Symp. Structure of Turbulence and Drag

Reduction, Washington, D.C., June 1976. Calculation of Velocity Profiles in Drag-Reducing Flows, W.

G. Tiederman, M. M. Reischman, Trans. ASME J. of

Fluids Engrg. 98, p. 563, Sept. 1976. 116-08940-700-00 LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETRY FOR TURBULENT

FLOWS

(b) Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

(c) Dr. W. G. Tiederman, and Dr. D. K. McLaughlin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research for Masters and Doctoral theses.

(e) Define the operational limits of individual realization laser Doppler anemometry for the measurement of highly turbulent fluid flows. Major emphasis is placed on data reduction algorithms which account for biased sampling in naturally seeded flows. (g) The technique has been successfully used to measure the mean velocity and turbulence intensities in several flow

situations including a jet in cross flow, fully developed tur- bulent channel flow of water, and drag reducing channel

flows of polymer solutions. Corrections have been

developed and verified experimentally to account for biased sampling when the flow is uniformly seeded with a narrow range of particle sizes. (h) Experimental Evaluation of Sampling Bias in Individual

Realization Laser Anemometry, M. S. Quigley, M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State Univ., Dec. 1975.

Effect of Finite-Size Probe Volume upon Laser Doppler Anemometer Measurements, M. E. Karpuk, W. G. Tiederman, AIAA J. 14, p. 1099, Aug. 1976. Experimental Evaluation of Sampling Bias in Individual

Realization Laser Anemometry, M. S. Quigley, W. G. Tiederman, AIAA J. 15, p. 266, Feb. 1977. 116-08941-440-61 HYDRAULIC MODELING OF MIXING IN STRATIFIED

LAKES

(b) Oklahoma Water Resources Research Institute. (c) Dr. P. M. Moretti and Dr. D. K. McLaughlin.

(d) Experimental, applied research for several M.S. theses.

(e) Lake models with vertical distortion and saline stratifica- tion are used to develop methods of modeling the disper- sion of inflows and the operation of mechanical destratifi- cation devices. Results are verified against data from the prototype lakes. (g) Destratification processes can be modeled by maintaining prototype Richardson number, on a time scale derived from the ratio of total water volume to the volume flow

rate. The lower Reynolds numbers in the model lead to somewhat more abruptly stepped density profiles.

(/>) Evaluation of Hydraulic Models of Stratified Lakes, P. M.

Moretti, D. K. McLaughlin, AlChE Mtg. (Microfiche), Atlantic City, N.J., Aug. 1976. Hydraulic Modeling of Mixing in Stratified Lakes, P. M.

Moretti, D. K. McLaughlin, J. Hydraulic Div., ASCE 103, HY4, pp. 367-380, Apr. 1977. 116-10571-610-12 HYDRAULIC VORTEX RESISTORS

(b) U.S. Army Harry Diamond Laboratories.

(c) Dr. Karl N. Reid.

(d) Experimental and analytical, applied research for Doctoral

thesis. 105
(e) This project involves the derivation and validation of

analytical models for symmetric and nonsymmetric

hydraulic vortex resistors. The vortex resistor exhibits a negative temperature sensitivity in certain ranges of

geometrical design and operation; it can be used as a temperature compensating resistor in fluid control systems.

(g) One-dimensional and two-dimensional steady-state and dynamic models have been derived for symmetric and nonsymmetric vortex resistors. Experimental data tends to confirm the validity of the models in certain ranges of

operation. The feasibility of designing temperature-insensitive and compensating vortex resistors in practical sizes has been established. (h) An Analytical and Experimental Study of Hydraulic Vortex

Resistors, K. N. Reid, S. Hamid, Rept. No. HDL-CR-76-

028-1, to the U.S. Army Material Development and Readiness Command, Harry Diamond Lab., Adelphi, Md., June

1976. 116-10572-030-82 FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN TUBE BUNDLES

(b) Tubular Exchanger Manufacturer's Association, Woverine

Tube Div., U.O.P., and State of Oklahoma.

(c) Dr. P. M. Moretti and Dr. R. L. Lowery.

(d) Experimental studies related to flow-induced vibrations in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, for several Masters theses.

(e) Determination of natural frequencies of tube bundles in air and water; and investigation of flow-induced vibration mechanisms in a water tunnel.

(/) Suspended.

(g) The influence of hydrodynamic inertia coupling between

tubes has been identified for some combined motions.

(/() A Critical Review of the Literature and Research on Flow- Induced Vibrations in Heat Exchangers, P. M. Moretti, Heat Transfer-Research and Design, AlChE Symp. 70, 138,

pp. 185-189, 1974. Natural Frequencies and Damping of Tubes on Multiple Supports, R. L. Lowery, P. M. Moretti, AlChE Paper No.

I, ASME/AIChE Natl. Heat Transfer Conf., San Francisco,

Aug. 11, 1975.

Structural Characteristics of Helical-Corrugated Heat- Exchanger Tubes, P. M. Moretti, R. L. Lowery, T. A.

Withers, ASME Paper 75-WAIHT-14, ASME, Houston,

Tex., Dec. 1, 1975. Hydrodynamic Inertia Coefficients for a Tube Surrounded

by Rigid Tubes, P. M. Moretti, R. L. Lowery, Trans. ASME, J. Press Vessel Tech. 98J, 3, pp. 190-193, Aug.

1976.

OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY, Institute of Oceanography,

Norfolk, Va. 23508. Dr. John C. Ludwick, Institute Director.

1 17-08914-450-44 HYDRAULIC SENSOR INSTRUMENTATION OF A SHORE

FACE IN A TIDAL, NON-TIDAL CURRENT CONVERGENCE ZONE-CAPE HENRY, VIRGINIA

(b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- tion-Environmental Research Laboratory.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Tide, wave, and current sensors are mounted on a sea

floor tripod and hard-wired to shore. The purpose is to learn how to separate wave surge from other current

fields.

(f) Nearing completion.

(g) In 9-15 m of water offshore of Virginia Beach, Va., currents are competent to move bed sediment 15 percent of

the time. Tidal currents acting alone are incompetent.

Aperiodic wind-generated and slope-generated currents meet the current deficits for transportation.

117-10614-700-52 RADIOACTIVE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSMISOMETER

(b) ERDA (Oak Ridge National Laboratories)/NOAA

(Miami).

(rf) Experimental, with field work; basic, and instrument and equipment design, development, and operation.

(e) The attenuation of a beam of radioactive particles is recorded as a function of time at an underwater location 5 cm, 20 cm, and 40 cm above a sand bed during tidal cur- rent sediment transport conditions.

(g) Second stage instrument has been constructed and is un- dergoing field tests.

OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering, Corvallis, Oreg. 97331. W. L. Schroeder, Asst. Dean,

Research and Graduate Studies.

1 1 8-09766-430-44 APPLICATIONS OF NONLINEAR RANDOM SEA SIMULATIONS FOR DESIGN OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES

(b) U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and At- mospheric Administration, Sea Grant College Program.

(c) R. T. Hudspeth, Asst. Professor of Civil Engineering.

(d) Theoretical analyses using measured field data recorded

during Hurricane Carla in the Gulf of Mexico, Masters

thesis. (e) Evaluate methods for the nondeterministic dynamic

analyses of offshore structures using an actual offshore platform with both theoretical and measured wave spectra. Evaluate the effects on the response of an offshore plat- form to a stochastic wave field by equivalently linearizing hydrodynamic damping.

(J) Completed June 30, 1977.

(g) Results include the effects of spectral shape on the root- mean-square response of an actual structure and the in- fluence of the Winkler soil model on the natural frequency

of the structure.

1 1 8-09768-430-44 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR OCEAN AND NEARSHORE

STRUCTURES-WAVE FORCES ON PIPELINES

(b) U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and At- mospheric Administration, Sea Grant College Program.

(c) J. H. Nath, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, and T. Yamamoto, Asst. Professor, Civil Engineering.

(d) The nature of the project is to develop design criteria for

difficult ocean engineering problems, i.e., to gain

knowledge on the true forces which act perpendicular to and parallel to the nearby boundary represented by the ocean floor, on time-dependent forces from vortex shedding as influenced by the nearby boundary, on the flow regimes, accelerations and velocities around the cylinder which can create devastating scour under pipes, and on the influence on hydrodynamic forces from marine growths which accumulate on pipes and cause deviations from smooth pipe conditions.

(e) The OSU Wave Research Facility will be utilized together with a three-inch diameter model mounted with a force measuring section at mid-span which will utilize strain gauge force dynamometers. The distance between cylinder and boundary will be varied as well as wave length, height and water depth. A four-inch diameter cylinder will be

used with strain force dynamometers in the test section at mid-span. The OSU Wind Tunnel will be used with wind

velocities up to 45 feet per second. Both free stream conditions and submergence in a boundary layer will be in- vestigated. Turbulence measurements will be made behind

a smooth cylinder (and if time permits behind the sand- grained roughened cylinders). The turbulence spectra will be recorded in analog form, digitized at the OSU Wave

Research Facility. If time permits, an application of the

106
circle theorem to a smooth cylinder near a plane boundary

subjected to the velocity potential of a small amplitude wave will be attempted.

(/) Completed.

(/i) Forces From Fluid Flow Around Objects, J. H. Nath, T. Yamamoto, Proc. 14th Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., Copenhagen, June 1974. Yet Another Report on Cylinder Drag or Wave Forces on

Horizontal Submerged Cylinders, Engrg. Exp. Sta. Bull. 47, 139 pages, Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis, Oregon, 1973. Wave Forces on Cylinders Near a Plane Boundary, T. Yamamoto, J. H. Nath, L. S. Slotta, J. Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE 100, pp. 345-359, Nov.

1974.

1 1 8-09986-420-54 HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

NEAR A PLANE BOUNDARY

(b) National Science Foundation, Engineering Division, Mechanics Section, Fluid Mechanics Program.

(c) J. H. Nath, Professor, Mechanical Engineering, and T. Yamamoto, Asst. Professor, Civil Engineering.

(d) To determine the hydrodynamic forces parallel and per- pendicular to the nearby boundary for oscillatory flow wherein the water particle displacements are several times

the cylinder diameter. The wake formation influence on

the forces, as influenced by the nearby boundary, were

determined for high Reynolds numbers.

(e) The work consisted of oscillating a 12-inch diameter

cylinder, with an instrumented center section, through a maximum of 20 feet displacement for Reynolds numbers

ranging from 5 x 1

0

s to 2 x 1

0

6

. (f) Completed.

(/i) High Reynolds Number Oscillating Flow by Cylinders, 15th

Conf. Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, Hawaii, July 1976. 118-09987-420-54 NONLINEAR RANDOM SEA SIMULATIONS IN AN OCEAN

OF FINITE DEPTH

(b) National Science Foundation, Research Initiation Grant.

(c) R. T. Hudspeth, Asst. Professor of Civil Engineering.

(d) Theoretical evaluation of nonlinear simulation of random

sea in an ocean of finite depth.

(e) Results applied to Oregon State University Wave Research

Facility by programming PDP-1 1 mini-computer to drive a wave board.

if) Completed.

(g) Theoretical spectral shapes compared in simulating nonlinear random waves by x

2 error with Gram-Charlier dis- tribution using measured statistics from hurricane generated waves.

1 1 8-09988-450-44 LABORATORY TESTS OF DRIFTING BUOYS

(b) NOAA Data Buoy Office, National Space Technology

Laboratories.

(c) John H. Nath, Director, Environmental Fluid Dynamics

Laboratory.

(d) Conducted test programs which provided data for validat- ing a numerical model of a drifting buoy and drogue

system and supplementary data on hydrodynamic characteristics of the system elements.

(e) A buoy was constructed to about a scale ratio of 1:4 for the spar-type buoy utilized by NDBO. The model was con- nected to a windowshade drogue by a tether and the bot- tom of the drogue was attached to a towing device which

in turn was attached to the towing carriage at the OSU

Wave Research Facility. The system was towed slowly and

subjected to waves of various frequencies and wave

heights.

(f) Nearly-completed.

1 1 8-09989-430-87 DYNAMIC SOIL/WATER PRESSURES UNDER CAISSONS

(b) Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, The Netherlands.

(c) J. H. Nath, Director, Environmental Fluid Dynamics

Laboratory.

(d) To experimentally determine the dynamic pressures in sand under caissons due to standing waves and caisson motion.

(e) A large test was built in the OSU Wave Research Facility wherein a test caisson was placed on a specific type of sand and the caisson was subjected to water waves. Dynamic pore water pressures were measured in the foun- dation under the caisson and the caisson movements were

measured.

(/) Nearly completed.

(g) Excellent measurements were made.

(h) Report in progress.

1 1 8-09990-430-52 BIOLOGICAL AND HYDRODYNAMIC INFLUENCES ON

THE SCREENS OF THE INTAKE SYSTEMS OF OTEC

(b) United States Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) J. H. Nath, Professor, Mechanical Engineering, and C. B.

Miller, Assoc. Professor, Oceanography.

(d) To develop first order design criteria for the screens of the intakes of an ocean thermal energy conversion power

plant (OTEC).

(e) To evaluate the plant and animal forms that must be ex- cluded from the heat exchanger by the screens; to deter- mine the hydraulic energy losses associated with candidate

designs for the screens that evolve from the study and the development of design criteria. 118-09991-430-54 DYNAMICS OF TAUT MOORINGS FOR FLOATING

BREAKWATERS

(£>) National Science Foundation, Water Resources, Urban

and Environmental Engineering.

(c) T. Yamamoto, Asst. Professor, Civil Engineering, and J. H. Nath, Professor, Mechanical Engineering.

(d) To experimentally investigate the fundamental problems in response of elastically moored floating breakwater to ran- dom waves as well as regular periodic waves.

(e) The OSU Wave Research Facility will be utilized. The project will concentrate on rectangular floating breakwaters at

this time. The theoretical fundamental principle will be ex- perimentally verified for small amplitude waves and nonlinear waves at two scales including one nearly prototype

scale.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University

Park, Pa. 16802. Dr. Barnes W. McCormick, Department Head.

119-08221-010-00 INVESTIGATION OF THE VISCOUS SUBLAYER

(c) John L. Lumley.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Extension of the work of Bakewell to measurement of space-time correlations among all components in the viscous sublayer, and extraction of three-dimensional space-time eigenvalue from the correlation measurements. 119-10043-550-50 FLOW PHENOMENA IN AXIAL FLOW INDUCERS

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) Dr. B. Lakshminarayana.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research. 107
(e) To gain sufficient knowledge and understanding of the flow in axial flow inducers to permit a systematic improve- ment in the flow, based on such knowledge and understanding. The flow measurements carried out so far in- clude detailed hot-wire survey of the rotor passage result- ing in quantitative knowledge of the three-dimensional mean velocity, as well as the turbulence flow field. In addition, solution of the flow field, based on viscous equations of motion in rotating coordinates, has been obtained.

(g) See Item (e). (h) Three Dimensional- Flow Field in Rocket Pump Inducers: Part 2, B. Lakshminarayana, C. A. Gorton, J. Fluids Engrg. 99, Series I, 1, p. 176, Mar. 1977. 119-10044-630-22 THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW THROUGH PROPELLER

PUMPS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. B. Lakshminarayana.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(<?) Develop a method of predicting the three-dimensional in- viscid effects and to verify the theory by experimental measurements. An additional objective is to study the ef- fect of blade dihedral on the pump performance.

(J) Completed.

(g) A three-dimensional lifting surface theory has been

developed to predict the potential flow around blades, represented by vortices and sources, spanning an annulus. A rotor was designed, built and tested (with air as the test medium) for comparison with the theory. Static pressures on a rotating blade were measured, with and without

dihedral. The deviation of the flow from commonly used

two-dimensional methods was found to be substantial. The

agreement between theory and experiment was found to be good for the radial bladed case. (h) Three-Dimensional Potential Flow and Effects of Blade

Dihedral in Axial Flow Propeller Pumps, R. Howells, B. Lakshminarayana, J. Fluids Engrg. 99, Series I, 1, p. 167, Mar. 1977.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory, University Park, Pa. 16802. Dr. Joseph R. Reed,

Associate Professor. 121-08222-870-00 MODEL STUDY OF STORM SEWER EXIT BELOW AN

OVERFLOW NAPPE

ib) College of Engineering Central Research Fund.

(c) Dr. Gert Aron, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Applied research; experimental.

(e) A model of an ogee overflow structure has been built and

installed in a laboratory flume. A modeled storm sewer

outlet emerges under the nappe of the overfall, thus using

the characteristically low pressure at this point to increase

the hydraulic gradient available in the sewer for full flow storm water conveyance.

if) Suspended.

(g) Data thus far indicates no persistence in negative pressure

in the outlet. However, atmospheric pressure at the outlet was maintained for flow conditions which could be ex- pected to cause severe storm sewer back-up. 121-08223-200-00 UNIFORM FLOW RESISTANCE IN OPEN CHANNELS

(c) Dr. J. R. Reed.

(d) Applied research; experimental; Master's thesis. (e) The effect of shape on the Manning equation has been stu- died in a variably sloped plywood flume utilized in an

earlier project. A transition did connect rectangular and

trapezoidal sections of the flume and at any given time the two shapes had identical flows and slopes. Study is being continued where the entire flume is rectangular.

(g) The Manning n values are significantly different for the rectangular and trapezoidal sections under the same flow

conditions. In addition, the n values varied with flow in the rectangular section, but remained relatively constant in the trapezoidal section. Initial results in the rectangular flume appear to show the n values dependent on slope.

(/?) Variability of Manning's Roughness Coefficient in a Smooth

Regular Shaped Non-Prismatic Channel of Constant Bottom

Slope, D. F. Garvey, M.S. Thesis, Penn. State Univ., Aug.

1975. 121-08928-200-00 EVALUATION OF FRICTION SLOPE AVERAGING

TECHNIQUES FOR VARIED CHANNEL FLOW

(b) U.S. Army graduate fellowship.

(c) Dr. J. R. Reed.

(d) Analytical; applied research; Master's thesis. (e) This research evaluates seven different energy gradient

averaging techniques which are now used in direct step solutions of gradually varied flow profiles. One of the techniques tested was that used in HEC-2. Computer

results of step computations in prismatic channels are compared against mathematically accurate solutions using numerical quadrature for increasingly shorter steps in a given channel reach. Both M and S profiles are analyzed.

Chow's integration and a suggested improvement of it are

also tested. Further study is being conducted on the development of an even better friction slope model.

(g) All techniques showed a convergence to the true length as the number of steps increased from 1 to 50. However,

each technique remained consistently separated from all the others in the quality of its estimate for a given profile throughout the range of steps. Each profile type studied had its own best friction slope model. Overall, two models

fared well: one reported in a textbook by Vennard, and

another used by the U.S.G.S.

(/?) An Evaluation of Energy Gradient Averaging Techniques Used in Computing Varied Flow Profiles, A. J. Wolfkill, M.S. Thesis, Penn. State Univ., May 1975. Evaluation of Friction Slope Models, J. R. Reed, A. J. Wolfkill, Rivers '76, Proc. 3rd Ann. Symp. Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE II, pp. 1 159-1178, Colorado State Univ., Aug. 1976.

121-08929-870-65 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE IMPLICATIONS OF

URBAN STORM RUNOFF ABATEMENT MEASURES

(b) The City of Philadelphia in cooperation with the Institute for Research on Land and Water Resources.

(c) Dr. Gert Aron, Dr. A. C. Miller, et al. (d) Analytical field investigation; developmental; Master's thesis. (e) Develop viable alternatives to the extremely expensive

replacements and/or additions to storm sewer networks of

insufficient capacity. Situations were studied where no

suitable reservoir sites were available at acceptable costs.

(f) Completed.

(g) An urban storm runoff model was developed which fills the gap between long-hand runoff estimating and highly complex computer models.

(/i) Reports are being finalized. 121-10084-220-60 SEDIMENT FLOW PREDICTION AT HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION SITES

(£>) Pennsylvania Department of Transportation with the Federal Highway Administration.

(c) Dr. Arthur C. Miller, Asst. Professor.

(d) Field investigation; developmental; Master's theses. (e) Develop a method to predict sediment erosion from

Pennsylvania highway construction sites which are instru- mented by U.S.G.S. 108
121-10085-710-00 DETECTION OF SOIL MOISTURE LEVELS BY REMOTE

SENSING

(c) Dr. David F. Kibler, Assoc. Professor, and Dr. Gert Aron.

(d) Experimental; applied research; Master's thesis. (e) The feasibility of using multi-spectral scanner data to detect soil moisture changes on natural watersheds and spray

irrigation plots is being studied.

(g) Preliminary results show more promise for irrigated plots than for natural watersheds. 121-10086-300-60 MODEL STUDY OF LOYALSOCK CREEK

(b) Pensylvania Department of Transportation.

(c) Drs. Arthur C. Miller and Ronald A. Chadderton, Asst. Professors.

(d) Experimental; design; Master's thesis. (e) A model of a meander immediately upstream from a state highway is being constructed as an aid in the design of channel stabilization devices.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University

Park, Pa. 16802. Dr. Donald R. Olson, Department

Chairman.

122-08930-630-50 UNSTEADY BLADE PRESSURES

(b) NASA, Lewis Research Center, and Naval Sea Systems

Command.

(c) Professor Robert E. Henderson.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) An instrumented blade is being developed to permit the measurement of unsteady pressure distribution on the

rotor of an axial flow fan operated in a spatially varying

inlet flow. A series of miniature pressure transducers are located along the blade chord to give the instantaneous

pressure. The measurements will be compared with availa- ble unsteady cascade theories to demonstrate the effects of

stagger angle, solidity and reduced frequency on the unsteady blade pressure distribution and lift. (h) Unsteady Pressure Distributions of Airfoils in a Cascade, R.

E. Henderson, E. P. Bruce, R. Specht, Proc. Symp. Transportation Noise, Nov. 1975. 122-08931-060-70 WALL PLUMES

(b) U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Center for Fire Research.

(c) Professor G. M. Faeth.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; M.S. and Ph.D. thesis research.

(e) The investigation considers the properties of laminar and

turbulent thermal plumes along upright surfaces. Parameters of interest include mean velocity and temperature

profiles, turbulence quantities, and heat transfer rates to the wall. Both combusting and noncombusting plumes are considered for two-dimensional flow conditions.

(g) Measurements have been completed for mean velocity and

temperature profiles on vertical adiabatic and isothermal

walls. Turbulence quantities and heat transfer rates have been measured for the isothermal wall. Correlations of mean quantities and heat transfer rates have been obtained through the assumption of local similarity in the plumes. Measurements in laminar combusting plumes have also been completed which agreed with predicted characteristics from numerical integration of the boundary layer equations.

(/i) Measurements In a Two-Dimensional Thermal Plume Along

a Vertical Adiabatic Wall, J. J. Grella, G. M. Faeth, J. Fluid Mech. 71, pp. 701-710, Oct. 1975.

Theory of a Steady Laminar Thermal Plume Along a Vertical Adiabatic Wall, J. A. Liburdy, G. M. Faeth, Letters in Heat and Mass Transfer 2, pp. 407-418, 1975. An Experimental Investigation of a Turbulent Thermal Plume Along An Isothermal Wall, J. A. Liburdy, G. M.

Faeth, Symp. on Turbulent Shear Flows, Penn. State Univ., University Park, Pa., Apr. 1977.

Investigations of Thermal Plumes Along Vertical Surfaces,

J. A. Liburdy, Ph.D. Thesis, Penn. State Univ., University Park, Pa., Dec. 1976. 122-10020-290-50 SPRAY COMBUSTION

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) Professor G. M. Faeth.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; M.S. and Ph.D. thesis research.

(e) The investigation considers the properties of liquid fuel combustion as a spray in a stagnant environment. Parameters of interest include profiles of mean quantities in both combusting and noncombusting sprays with axial symmetry.

(g) Measurements of spray boundaries have been completed

for combusting sprays at pressures from 1-90 bar. A lo- cally homogeneous integral model of the two phase

process, which was developed for gas-gas and gas-liquid flows, was found to underpredict the spray boundaries,

suggesting important slip effects for liquid-gas systems.

(h) High Pressure Spray Combustion, A. J. Shearer, M.S. Thesis, Penn. State Univ., University Park, Pa., June 1977.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Institute for Research on Land and Water Resources, University Park, Pa. 16802. Dr. John C. Frey, Director. 123-09836-860-33 PREDICTION OF WATER TEMPERATURE FOR THERMALLY-LOADED STREAMS

(b) USDl, Office of Water Research and Technology and

Agricultural Experiment Station, Penn State University.

(c) David R. DeWalle, Assoc. Professor of Forest Hydrology.

(d) Field and theoretical investigation, both applied and basic research, non-thesis.

(e) Determine effects of atmospheric stability, wind direction, and vegetative shade removal on heat exchange of streams

with applications to thermal-loading problems.

(g) A modified form of Shulyakovskiiy 's evaporation equation can adequately account for unstable atmospheric effects over thermally-loaded streams. Wind direction and

velocity must be used for streams to compute relative velocity of air with respect to water. Shade removal on

small streams causes natural thermal pollution great enough to cause a fourfold increase in the diurnal range of water temperature at a given stream depth. Forest streams

flowing into unshaded reaches will heat in a nearby linear fashion with downstream distance until water temperature

increases sufficiently to permit temperature-dependent

heat loss to compensate for solar radiation gains. Channel bottom conduction may be a major energy exchange

mechanism for streams flowing through unshaded reaches.

(/]) Effect of Atmospheric Stability on Water Temperature Predictions for a Thermally Loaded Stream, D. R. DeWalle,

Water Resources Res. 12, 2, 1976. Estimating Effects of Summer Water Temperatures of Small Streams, D. R. DeWalle, W. M. Kappel, Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 1974.

Predicting the Effect of Shade Removal on Maximum

Stream Temperatures, D. R. DeWalle, S. L. Taylor, J. A. Lynch, 3rd Intl. Hydrol. Symp., IAHS, 1977.

109
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Institute for Science and Engineering, Applied Research Laboratory, P.O. Box

30, State College, Pa. 16801. J. C. Johnson, Laboratory

Director. 124-03807-230-50 THERMODYNAMIC EFFECTS ON CAVITATION

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) Dr. J. William Holl. (d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Investigations are carried out in the high speed cavitation tunnel employing various working fluids. At the present

time, the primary fluid is Freon 113. Thermodynamic ef- fects are investigated for both developed and limited

cavitation over a range of temperatures and velocities. Analytical investigations are also being conducted.

if) Completed.

(g) The experimental data for developed cavitation obtained

in this investigation and by other investigations was correlated in terms of an entrainment theory.

(/i) Thermodynamic Effects on Limited Cavitation, J. W. Holl, M. L. Billet, D. S. Weir, IAHR Symp., Grenoble, France, Mar. 1976.

124-08235-230-21 VORTEX CAVITATION

(b) David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center, Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. J. William Holl and Mr. M. L. Billet. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. thesis research.

(e) Study various forms of limited cavitation in vortex flows,

i.e., vaporous and non-vaporous cavitation; determine the

factors which control the CPmi „ of the vortex; noise

characteristics. (h) Cavitation Research at the Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel,

J. W. Holl, R. E. A. Arndt, M. L. Billet, C. B. Baker, Proc. Conf. on Cavitation, Inst. Mech. Engr., Sept. 1974. 124-08236-230-22 THE EFFECT OF POLYMER ADDITIVES ON CAVITATION

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. Roger E. A. Arndt; Dr. J. William Holl.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Determine the effect of polymer additives on cavitation in a shear flow and on streamlined bodies.

(J) Completed.

(/;) Influence of Gas Content and Polyethylene Oxide Additive Upon Confined Jet Cavitation in Water, C. B. Baker, J. W.

Holl, R. E. A. Arndt, Proc. ASME Cavitation and

Polyphase Flow Forum, 1976. A Note of the Inhibition of Cavitation in Dilute Polymer

Solution, R. E. A. Arndt, M. L. Billet, J. W. Holl, C. B. Baker, Proc. ASME Cavitation and Polyphase Flow Forum,

1976. 124-08916-230-22 SCALING LAWS FOR CAVITATION DAMAGE

(£>) Applied Research Laboratory E&F Program, Naval Sea

Systems Command.

(c) Dr. J. William Holl. (d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Problem concerns the determination of scaling laws for cavitation damage in a flow system. Initial tests are con- cerned with effect of velocity on cavitation damage on

ogive nosed bodies. (h) Scaling of Cavitation Damage, D. R. Stinebring, M.S. thesis, Penn State University, 160 pages, Aug. 1976.

Scaling of Cavitation Damage, D. R. Stinebring, AlAA 13th Ann. Mtg., Washington, DC, Jan. 10-13, 1977.

124-08917-630-20 INVESTIGATION OF UNSTEADY FORCES AND MOMENTS

ON AN AXIAL FLOW FAN ROTOR BLADE

(b) Office of Naval Research (Project SQUID), Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Mr. Edgar P. Bruce.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Measure and analyze the unsteady normal force and

pitching moment on the mid-span segment of a blade of an

axial flow fan rotor operating in a flow whose axial velocity component varies sinusoidally in the circumferential direction. The program variables are blade camber, reduced frequency, blade space-to-chord ratio, blade stagger angle, and blade mean angle of attack. The

experimental results will be used to provide design information and to assess the validity of available theoretical models.

(g) Test results are being reduced and analyzed at reduced

frequencies from 0.2 to 5.0.

(/i) Design and Evaluation of Screens to Produce Multi-Cycle

Sinusoidal Velocity Profile, E. P. Bruce, AlAA Paper 74- 623, July 1974. The ARL Axial Flow Research Fan, E. P. Bruce, ASME

Paper 74-FE-27, May 1974.

Axial Flow Rotor Unsteady Response to Circumferential In- flow Distortions, E. P. Bruce, R. E. Henderson, Project SQUID Tech. Rept. PSU-13-P, Sept. 1975. 124-08919-550-22 PROPELLER TIME-DEPENDENT THRUST DUE TO TURBULENT INFLOW

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. Donald E. Thompson.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Measurements of the time-dependent thrust generated by each of a series of propellers due to operation in various turbulent inflows have been made. The power spectra of

the time-dependent thrust over a frequency range including blade passing frequency were made. Comparisons of

the measured power spectra with those predicted by each

of several analytical methods were made. It was shown

that the broadband hump, centered at blade passing

frequency, can be predicted and can be significant. (h) Propeller Time-Dependent Forces Due to Nonuniform In- flow, D. E. Thompson, Ph.D. Thesis, Penn State University, Mar. 1976. 124-08920-160-21 RADIATED SOUND DUE TO ROTOR OPERATING IN A

TURBULENT INFLOW

(b) David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(c) Dr. B. Lakshminarayana and Dr. Donald E. Thompson.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research; M.S. thesis. (e) Measurements were made of the radiated sound due to a ducted rotor operating in turbulent inflows with various length scales and intensities. Radiated sound spectra and

directivity patterns were measured. Comparisons with pre- dictions made with two different analytical methods were made. The parameters investigated include blade speed and flow coefficient. The current investigation centers on nonhomogeneous, nonisotropic turbulent inflows as produced by boundary layers, strut wakes, and secondary

flows.

(/i) Noise Due to Interaction of Boundary Layer Turbulence

with a Compressor or a Propulsor Rotor, N. Moiseev, B. Lakshminarayana, D. E. Thompson, 3rd AlAA AeroAcoustics Conf., Paper No. 76-568, Palo Alto, Calif, July 20-23, 1976. Noise Due to the Interaction of Boundary Layer Turbulence

with a Marine Propulsor or an Aircraft Compressor, N. A. Moiseev, M.S. Thesis, Penn. State Univ., Mar. 1977.

110
124-08922-630-22 WOBBLE PLATE PUMP INVESTIGATION

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Walter S. Gearhart.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research; M.S. thesis. (e) The development and experimental evaluation of a pump

configuration capable of pumping fluids with a high amount of suspended materials has been completed. The

pump utilized a wobble plate impeller and a series of wobble plate geometries were evaluated to determine their head and capacity characteristics. A preliminary investiga- tion of a configuration design to grind suspended solids as they passed through the pump was also completed.

(f) Completed.

(/i) Development of a Wobble Plate Slurry Pump, G. Smith, W.

S. Gearhart, H. D. Bartlett, presented 1976 North Atlantic Region Mtg., Rutgers Univ., Aug. 15-18, 1976. Development of a Wobble Plate Slurry Pump, G. L. Smith, M.S. Thesis in Agricultural Engrg., Penn. State Univ., 1975. 124-08923-550-22 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROPULSORS FOR

SUBMERGED VEHICLES AND HIGH SPEED SURFACE

SHIPS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. R. E. Henderson and Mr. W. S. Gearhart.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) A continuing program is being conducted to develop

propulsors having specific performance goals with respect

to noise, cavitation, weight and efficiency. Single and

counterrotating propellers, ducted propellers, pumpjets, and waterjet propulsion devices are considered. Propulsor

design, fabrication and experimental evaluations are con- ducted to determine the steady state propulsive and cavitation performance. Theoretical studies included propulsor

trade-off evaluations, blade design and axisymmetric flow

field predictions.

(/?) Refinement of the Mean-Streamline Method of Blade Section Design, M. W. McBride, ASME Paper 76-WA/FE-l 1

,

Dec. 1976.

Cavitation Breakdown of a Pump Operating in Water Having a Dilute Polymer Concentration, M. L. Billet, W. S. Gearhart, ARL TM 75-66, Mar. 1975. 124-08924-550-22 ROTOR RESPONSE TO INLET DISTORTIONS

(b) NASA, Lewis Research Center; Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. R. E. Henderson.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; M.S. thesis. (e) The unsteady response of an axial-flow rotor to various

inlet velocity distortions is studied by the investigation of

the flow at the inlet and exit of the blades. The influences of rotor geometry-solidity, stagger angle, camber-are in- vestigated. Detailed surveys of the flow field are con- ducted and the results compared with theoretical predictions.

(/i) The Response of Turbomachine Blades to Low Frequency

Inlet Distortions, J. H. Horlock, E. M. Greitzer, R. E. Henderson, ASME Paper 76-GT-19, 1976. 124-08926-030-22 MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON MODELS IN A WATER

TUNNEL

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command and Sandia Laboratories.

(c) Mr. George Gurney, Mr. W. R. Hall, and Mr. Fred E. Smith.

(d) Experimental; some basic and applied aspects.

(e) The program involves the measurement of body forces on

various hydrodynamic configurations. Measurements were made over a range of velocities up to 73 ft/sec in noncavitating flow. The drag changes due to the addition of appendages have been investigated. Forces on right circular cylinders of various end geometries and L/D ratios were obtained.

(/:) Experimental Determination of the Hydrodynamic Coefficients of Finite Circular Cylinders as a Function of Angleof-Attack and Slenderness Ratio, G. L. Sanders, W. R.

Hall, G. B. Gurney, ARL Report 75-05, 8 Jan. 1975.

1 24-08927-030-22 TUNNEL WALL INTERFERENCE FOR BODIES OF

REVOLUTION

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Mr. William R. Hall and Mr. Fred E. Smith.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Body forces measured with large model-to-tunnel diameter

ratio bodies require substantial corrections to predict vehicle performance under free-field condition. This investiga- tion is intended to develop better corrections for various model configurations.

(g) New test programs using various body shapes have been

developed. Hardware design in progress. 124-10045-630-31 RESEARCH INTO PREVENTION OF DRAFT-TUBE SURGING IN HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND PUMP-TURBINES

(b) Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo.

(c) Walter S. Gearhart.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(e) Evaluate a technique intended to prevent the occurrence

of draft tube swirl in hydroelastic turbines and pump-turbines. The results of this program will be used to deter- mine the feasibility of applying this method in preventing

draft tube surging and to what range and type of tur- bomachine it is most applicable. 124-10046-630-21 THE EFFECT OF POLYMER ADDITIVES ON PUMP

CAVITATION

(b) David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center.

(c) Professor Walter S. Gearhart and Mr. M. L. Billet. (d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Determine the effect of polymer additives on the pump

performance near cavitation breakdown.

(f) Completed.

(h) Cavitation Breakdown of an Axial Flow Pump Operating in Water Having a Dilute Polymer Concentration, Proc. Conf. Scaling for Performance Prediction in Rotordynamic

Machines, Univ. of Stirling, England, 6-8 Sept. 1977. 124-10047-230-22 APPLICATION OF LDA SYSTEM TO MEASURE CAVITATION NUCLEI

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Mr. M. L. Billet. (d) Experimental.

(e) A method is being developed to measure the size and dis- tribution of cavitation nuclei in a high-speed water tunnel.

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, Department of Chemical

and Biochemical Engineering, Philadelphia, Pa. 19174. E.

B. Dussan V, Asst. Professor. 125-09951-100-54 MUTUAL DISPLACEMENT OF IMMISCIBLE VISCOUS

FLUIDS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research, for Ph.D.

thesis. (e) The mutual displacement of immiscible viscous fluids: The

aim is to perform a detailed fluid mechanical analysis of

111
the flow near the moving contact line, and to deduce the appropriate boundary conditions needed to analyze the wetting and spreading of fluids on a solid surface; the aim

is also to be able to predict dynamic contact angles,

(/i) Immiscible Liquid Displacement In A Capillary Tube: The

Moving Contact Line, AlChE J. 23, pp. 131-133, 1977. The Moving Contact Line: The Slip Boundary Condition, J. Fluid Mech. 77, pp. 665-681, 1976. On the Difference Between a Material Surface and a Boundary Surface, J. Fluid Mech. 75, pp. 609-623, 1976. Hydrodynamic Stability and Instability of Fluid Systems

with Interfaces, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 57, 4, pp. 363-379, 1975. On the Motion of a Fluid-Fluid Interface Along a Solid Surface, (with S. H. Davis), J. Fluid Mech. 65, pp. 71-95,

1974.

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH, School of Engineering, De- partment of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Pitts- burgh, Pa. 15261. Dr. George E. Klinzing, Associate

Professor and Graduate Coordinator.

126-08934-290-00 EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED EFFECT OF ARTIFI- CIALLY ROUGHENED SURFACES ON HYDRAULIC

LOSS COEFFICIENTS

(d) Experimental, applied.

(e) Experimental data obtained for flow of water between "smooth" and an artificially roughened plate for the pur- pose of determining the effect of artificially roughened

surfaces of moderate to large relative roughness. Reduced

data indicates significant increase in the hydraulic loss coefficient which results in decreased flow rates between

two parallel plates.

(f) Suspended.

(h) Experimentally Determined Effect of Artificially Roughened

Surfaces of Hydraulic Loss Coefficients, IEC Process Design

& Development, Apr. 1977. 126-09837-000-00 LAMINAR FLOW INSTABILITY

(d) Theoretical; applied.

(e) The stability of flow in single channels has been shown by

analytical methods. Multiple channels present considerable

difficulty in analysis and numerical techniques are employed with overall correlation of the stability criteria with

the parameters of the system.

(/i) Temperature-Viscosity Induced Laminar Instabilities in a Gaseous Heated Channel, Nuclear Engrg. & Design 40, p. 225, 1977. 126-09838-130-00 PULSED FLUIDIZATION OF POWDERS

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) The fluidization of powders of particles sizes 1-10 fim is only possible by use of pulsed flow. This pulsed technique

is proposed as a method for characterizing powder properties in flow situations.

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH, Department of Civil Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering Pro- gram, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15261. Professor Chao-Lin Chiu,

Program Chairman.

127-08240-810-54 STOCHASTIC HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Rafael G. Quimpo.

(d) Theoretical with field investigation and data analysis.

(e) Stochastic models of hydrologic systems are investigated with a view of unifying their formulation under a common

framework with models of parametric hydrology.

(f) Completed.

(g) A second order model for a hydrologic system was

developed. The second order kernel was expressed in terms of two parameters. A parameter estimation technique from input-output data was developed.

(/i) Parameter Estimation in a Second Order Runoff Model, R. G. Quimpo, Sun-Quan Yuan, presented 3rd Intl. Hydrology

Symp., Fort Collins, Colorado, June 1977. 127-08935-300-54 SECONDARY CURRENTS IN NATURAL STREAMS AND

RIVERS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Analytical, with field data.

(e) Develop a technique and procedure for computing secon- dary currents in natural streams and rivers, and use the technique to study the characteristics, development, and

sensitivity of secondary currents to various factors affect- ing them.

(g) A technique for computing secondary currents has been

developed with which the three-dimensional structure of flow in streams and rivers can be computed, simulated, and analyzed. Such a result enables investigating many

other transport processes in streams and rivers which are inherently three-dimensional.

(h) Simulation of Hydraulic Processes in Open Channels, ChaoLin Chiu, H. C. Lin, K. Mizumura, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 102, HY2, Feb. 1976. 127-09845-200-00 APPLICATIONS OF KALMAN FILTERING THEORY IN ESTIMATION OF HYDRAULIC PROCESSES

(d) Analytical, experimental.

(e) Modern estimation theory using Kalman filters is being

tested for its effectiveness in estimation of parameters and

variables of hydraulic systems, such as the open channel

flow, stream temperature fluctuation, and sediment trans- port, etc. (g) Early results indicate that the use of Kalman filtering can

reduce the estimate-error variance and, hence, increase the accuracy of estimation.

(/i) Applications of Estimation Theory to Hydraulic Problems,

Chao-Lin Chiu, N. C. Matalas, D. R. Dawdy, K. Mizumura, Proc. 2nd Intl. Symp. Stochastic Hydraulics, Lund,

Sweden, Aug. 2-4, 1976.

Application of Kalman Filter in Modeling Daily Stream

Temperature, Chao-Lin Chiu, E. Isu, Proc. XVII Cong.

Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic Research, Baden Baden, Germany,

Aug. 15-19, 1977.

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Department of Aerospace and

Mechanical Sciences, Moody Hydrodynamics Laboratory,

Princeton, N.J. 08540. Professor Seymour M. Bogdonoff, Department Chairman.

128-10414-050-54 INCOMPRESSIBLE AXISYMMETRIC WAKES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Francis R. Hama.

(d) Primarily experimental basic research.

(e) Characterization of unstable waves and clarification of tur- bulent breakdown mechanism in basically axisymmetric wakes behind various increasingly blunt bodies of revolution.

(/i) An Experimental Study of Instability and Transition in an Axisymmetric Wake, L. F. Peterson, Ph.D. Thesis, 1975. Axisymmetric Laminar Wake Behind a Slender Body of Revolution, F. R. Hama, L. F. Peterson, J. Fluid Mech. 76,

pp. 1-15, 1976. 112
Instability and Transition in A xisym metric Wakes, F. R. Hama, L. F. Peterson, S. C. de la Veaux, D. R. Williams,

AGARD Laminar-Turbulent Transition Symp. Proc, 1977. 128-10415-010-20 BOUNDARY LAYER TRANSITION

(£>) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. Francis R. Hama.

(d) Experimental basic research in a newly constructed boundary layer channel.

(e) Detailed mapping of instantaneous, three-dimensional,

time-dependent flow fields in the process of laminar-turbulent transition of a flat-plate boundary layer.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural Engineering, West Lafayette, Ind. 47907. Dr. G. W. Isaacs, Department Head.

129-03808-830-05 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND GROSS EROSION FROM FARMLAND AND DISTURBED AREAS (also see Agri. Research

Serv., North Central Region, Project 04275).

(b) Agricultural Research Service, USDA; Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Purdue University.

(c) Dr. G. R. Foster.

(d) Experimental investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) The relationships of rainfall, soil, topographic, land-use, and management parameters to runoff and soil erosion are evaluated from field-plot and laboratory data, and the mechanics of soil erosion by water are studied as a basis

for mathematically simulating the soil erosion process.

(g) Effects of slope concavity, runoff rate, entrained sediment, and particle size on the deposition of noncohesive particles by overland flow were investigated. One study with rills showed that a critical discharge exists below which little erosion occurs, the erosion rate varies linearly with

discharge minus the critical discharge, a nonerodible layer decreases erosion but widens the rills, and, while tillage in- creases rill erosion, buried pieces of large crop residue

greatly reduce rill erosion. A national erosion conference

(proceedings available) was held at Purdue University in May 1976 to discuss the extent of erosion problems, appli- cation of the Universal Soil Loss Equation, and contribution to water pollution by soil erosion. The USDA Agricultural Handbook No. 282 for estimating field soil loss is currently being revised.

(It) Hydraulics of Flow in a Rill, G. R. Foster, Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue Univ., 1975. New Developments in Estimating Water Erosion, W. H. Wischmeier, Proc. 29th Ann. Mtg. Soil Cons. Soc. Amer.,

pp. 179-185, 1974.

Effect of Flow Rate and Canopy on Rill Erosion, L. D. Meyer, G. R. Foster, S. Miklov, Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engrs. 18, 5, pp. 905-911, 1975. Erosion Modeling on a Watershed, C. A. Onstad, G. R.

Foster, Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engrs. 18, 2, pp. 288-292,

1975. Control of Water Pollution from Cropland, B. A. Stewart, D. A. Woolhiser, W. H. Wischmeier, J. H. Caro, M. H.

Frere, ARS-H-51, Agri. Research Serv., USDA, Vol. I and

II, 1975. Use and Misuses of the Universal Soil Loss Equation, W. H. Wischmeier, J. Soil and Water Cons. 31, 1, pp. 5-9, 1976. 129-07584-820-61 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LAND AND WATER

RESOURCES

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) Dr. E. J. Monke.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field investigation, applied

research.

(e) Study the dynamics of water and pollutant movement in

soil, to evaluate the effects of subsurface drainage on crop

production, to evaluate erosion and related chemical trans- port from agricultural soils, and to simulate the effects of land use on sedimentation and related-pollution of streams and lakes. (g) The effect of land treatment on the movement of sediment and chemicals from a 4950 ha agricultural watershed is being studied. Best management practices for controlling the offsite effects of erosion are conservation tillage which

provides protection of the soil surface over critical periods

of the year and parallel, tile-outlet terraces or small detention reservoirs which temporarily store runoff thus providing time for sediment deposition to occur. Soils with im- proved tilth were shown to substantially reduce both sedi- ment and nutrient losses from land and to alter the composition of the transported materials. A distributed watershed model was developed as an aid for quantifying sediment yield reductions from specific land use treat- ments. The model will also be useful as a planning tool for controlling nonpoint source pollution of water resources. (h) Movement of Pollutant Phosphorus in Unsaturated Soil, E.

J. Monke, E. D. Millette, L. F. Huggins, Tech. Rept. No.

46, Water Resources Research Center, Purdue Univ., 1974. Sediment Contributions to the Maumee River, E. J. Monke,

D. B. Beasley, A. B. Bottcher, EPA-905/9-75-007, Proc. Non-Point Pollution Seminar, pp. 71-85, Reg. V, USEPA,

Chicago, 1975. Land Use and Sediment Yields in the Black Creek

Watershed, E. J. Monke, Proc. Workshop on Non-Point

Sources of Water Pollution, pp. 70-80, Water Resources Research Center, Purdue Univ., 1976. Sediment Yield from an Agricultural Watershed into the Maumee River, E. J. Monke, EPA-90519-76-005 , Proc. Best Management Practices for NPS Pollution Control, pp. 131-140, Reg. V, USEPA, Chicago, 1976. Runoff, Erosion, and Nutrient Movement from Interrill Areas, E. J. Monke, H. J. Marelli, L. D. Meyer, J. F. DeJong, Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engrs. 20, 1, pp. 58-61, 1977. 129-07585-810-33 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HYDROLOGY OF SMALL

WATERSHEDS

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University; Office of Water Research and Technology, USDI; U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency.

(c) Dr. L. F. Huggins.

(d) Experimental, basic, applied, design.

(e) Develop an analytical method to accurately describe the hydrologic response of natural watersheds to real or

hypothetical storms independent of gaged records for a watershed.

(g) Emphasis is being placed on the development of a dis- tributed parameter watershed model which is capable of

simulating both the hydrology and nonpoint source pollution process at all points throughout a complex area. The

primary nonpoint pollution process receiving attention is soil erosion/transport and its associated chemicals.

(h) Simulation of the Hydrology of Ungaged Watersheds, L. F. Huggins, J. R. Burney, P. S. Kundu, E. J. Monke, Tech. Rept. No. 38, Water Resources Research Center, Purdue

Univ., 1973. Computer Monitoring of Environmental Conditions in a Watershed, L. F. Huggins, EPA-905/9-75-007, Proc. NonPoint Source Pollution Seminar, pp. 151-161, Reg. V, USEPA, Chicago, 1975. Hydrologic Simulation Using Distributed Parameters, L. F. Huggins, T. H. Podmore, C. F. Hood, Tech. Rept. No. 82, Water Resources Research Center, Purdue Univ., 1976. A Systematic Approach to Data Reduction Using GASP IV, G. A. Wong, S. J. Mahler, J. R. Barrett, L. F. Huggins,

Proc. Winter Simulation Conf, pp. 403-410, 1976.

113
Environmental Data Acquisition and Real-Time Computers,

L. F. Huggins, S. J. Mahler, EPA-90519-76-005, Proc. Best Management Practices for NPS Pollution Control, pp. 164-

170, Reg. V, USEPA, Chicago, 1976.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Chemical Engineering,

West Lafayette, Ind. 47907. Professor Lowell B. Koppel,

Head.

131-07592-130-00 DRAG REDUCTION IN TWO-PHASE FLOW

(c) Professor R. A. Greenkorn or Professor D. P. Kessler. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic; M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) To measure and correlate drag coefficients in tubes,

fittings, pumps, etc., in the laminar, transitional, and tur- bulent regimes for the annular flow of two liquids plus a suspended solid phase. The outer liquid will be

viscoelastic. Experiments will be run in flow slip at Reynolds number up to 1 00,000. Pressure drop measurements, velocity profiles, and visual observations will be

used to postulate mechanisms for such flow and derive

predicting equations. The data will be correlated according

to these equations.

(h) A Study of Liquid-Liquid Flow in Pipes, W. P. Garten, M.S. Thesis, available Purdue Univ. Library.

A Study of Annular Two-Phase Oil-Water Flow in Conduits, M. H. Stein, M.S. Thesis, available Purdue Univ.

Library. 131-08242-020-00 STATISTICAL AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS OF

TURBULENT ENERGY EQUATION

(c) R. N. Houze, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical; basic. (e) Solutions of the turbulent energy equation are being obtained utilizing various statistical and phenomenological models for the turbulent stresses. Solutions are being compared with available published data. Methods are to be ex- tended to free surface flows, with aim of predicting turbu- lence characteristics pertinent to interphase transport

processes. 131-08243-130-00 FREE BOUNDARY TURBULENCE

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor T. G. Theofanous; Assoc. Professor R. N. Houze.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic; M. S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) A two-dimensional fully developed, stratified, gas liquid flow system is being studied with special emphasis on the turbulent characteristics of the liquid phase in the im- mediate vicinity of the interface. (h) Horizontal, Stratified, Gas-Liquid Flow: The Interfacial Region, T. G. Theofanous, R. N. Houze, D. M. Johns, 15th

Natl. Heat Transfer Conf., San Francisco, Calif., Aug.

1976.

Structure of Free Boundary Turbulence with Interphase Mass Transport, T. G. Theofanous, R. N. Houze, L. K. Brumfield, D. M. Johns, PCHE 76-1, Two-Phase Flow and Mass Transfer Lab., School of Chemical Engrg., Purdue

University. 131-08244-130-00 TURBULENT TRANSPORT AT FREE INTERFACES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor T. G. Theofanous; Assoc. Professor R. N. Houze.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic; Ph.D. theses.

(e) Statistical and eddy turbulence models are being devised

to elucidate the mechanism of the fluid mechanical interaction of bulk turbulence and a free interface and

hence arrive to a quantitative description of the mass

transfer characteristics of the interface,

(/i) On the Prediction of Heat Transfer Across Turbulent

Liquid Films, L. K. Brumfield, T. G. Theofanous, J. Heat

Transfer 98, 3, Aug. 1976. Turbulent Mass Transfer at Free, Gas-Liquid Interfaces, with Applications to Open-Channel, Bubble and Jet Flows,

T. G. Theofanous, R. N. Houze, L. K. Brumfield, Intl. J. Heat Mass Transfer 19, pp. 613-624, 1976. Turbulent Mass Transfer at Free, Gas-Liquid Interfaces with Applications to Film Flows, L. K. Brumfield, R. N. Houze, T. G. Theofanous, Intl. J. Heat Mass Transfer 18, pp. 1077-1081, 1975. Turbulent Mass Transfer in Jet Flow and Bubble Flow: A

Reappraisal of Levich's Theory, L. K. Brumfield, T. G. Theafanous, AlChE J. 22, 3, May 1976. 131-09839-820-54 THE ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW OF TRACE METALS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor R. A. Greenkorn.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, applied; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Specific objectives are to estimate the flow properties of a groundwater reservoir; construct a resistance analog of the aquifer to study water movement; program necessary cal- culations to trace metals movement; design and construct an observation well system; sample aquifer sand and water

at various depths to determine trace metals present; use

the well system to confirm estimate of aquifer properties

by analysis of the pumping characteristics of the well system; develop the hydrology for the aquifer; determine

the movement of the trace metals using the calculations obtained to trace metals movement and the hydrology for the aquifer; monitor the system by measurements in the wells and by calculation of fluid movement.

(/i) Exploratory Study of the Flow Characteristic and the Movement of Trace Metals in the East Chicago Cadmium

Project Test Site, A. Mathews, M.S. Thesis (1975), availa- ble Purdue Univ. Library.

131-09840-820-00 THE EFFECT OF PORE STRUCTURE ON THE SATURATION OF FLUIDS IN POROUS MEDIA

(b) Purdue Research Foundation.

(c) Professors R. A. Greenkorn and D. P. Kessler. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) A study of the effect on nonuniformity on saturation of a

fluid in a porous medium to determine more precisely the relationship between dimensionless capillary pressure and

pore size distribution. In most recovery processes the necessary condition for moving oil by flooding is that a pressure drop be available to move oil. In the tertiary processes using surface active materials more of the pres- sure drop is available to move oil from the smaller pores and less is required to overcome interfacial tensions. A

sufficiency condition to make this method applicable is that the oil be present, that is, we must have knowledge

about the volume of small pores which contain oil follow- ing a conventional recovery operation. This implies that in order to understand and design recovery operations a more precise knowledge of capillary pressure-saturation behavior must be known.

(h) An Experimental Investigation of Capillary Pressure Behavior as a Function of Pore Size Distribution, M. F. Smith, M.S. Thesis, 1976, available Purdue Univ. Library.

114
PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Mechanical Engineering,

West Lafayette, Ind., 47907. Professor R. Viskanta.

1 32-09841 -440-33 LABORATORY SIMULATION OF MIXING IN THERMALLY

STRATIFIED, HEATED LAKES, RESERVOIRS AND

PONDS

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Internal mixing processes play a critical role in the convective and dispersive transport of oxygen, material pollutants, nutrients and biota, in the dispersal of thermal ef- fluents, and in the internal energy transport for establish- ing the thermal structure (temperature distribution) in the

water. The specific objective of the research program is to

investigate the internal mixing and energy transport processes in thermally stratified, heated and/or cooled

water by performing laboratory experiments under carefully controlled environment simulating as closely as possi- ble the conditions existing in stagnant natural waters such

as lakes, reservoirs, and ponds. The internal mixing and

energy transport in water will be simulated in a tank filled with water. The water will be first stratified by irradiating

it from "solar heaters" and then cooled from the free sur- face. The unsteady temperature distribution in the water

will be measured with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The internal mixing and flow field in the water will be

visualized and measured using tracer techniques. The ex- perimental data will be analyzed with the view of obtaining

vertical mixing (turbulent eddy diffusion) coefficients and

local (molecular and turbulent diffusive as well as convective) energy fluxes. In the analytical phase of the investigation, a mathematical model will be developed to predict

internal free convective flow and energy transfer in a

stratified layer of water resulting from cooling and/or heating at the surface. (h) Laboratory Study of Unsteady Energy Transfer in Surface Layers of Stratified Water, R. Viskanta, J. R. Parkin, Water Resources Research 12, 6, pp. 1277-1285, 1976. A Study of Cooling Initially Uniform and Thermally

Stratified Layers of Water, M. Behnia, M.S. Thesis, Purdue

Univ., Dec. 1976', obtainable Purdue Univ. Library.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Nuclear Engineering, West Lafayette, Ind. 47907. Paul S. Lykoudis, Professor and Head.

133-10087-110-54 THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

OF SINGLE-PHASE AND TWO-PHASE LIQUID METAL

FLOWS IN THE PRESENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELDS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research; M.S. and

Ph.D. theses.

(e) The Magneto-Fluid-Mechanic Facility at Purdue University

consists of isothermal and heat transfer loops in which the working medium is mercury. 300 gallons per minute of mercury are pumped through test sections simulating tur- bulent Hartmann channel flow. An electromagnet with

pole faces 1'X50' provides a magnetic field of 1.5 Testa

at a gap of 3 inches. Hot film anemometry is used to probe the flow. The range of Hartmann and Reynolds

numbers is 1500 and 500,000, respectively. Nucleate boil- ing in liquid metals is being studied in an experimental ap- paratus consisting of a horizontal heated surface in the presence of a horizontal magnetic field. The boiler has a

capability of 300 kw/m2 heat flux. Platinum resistance thermometers are used for the bulk and surface temperature measurements. At the present time water has been

used in our nucleate boiling experiment for testing purposes. We are in the process of proceeding with our ex- periments with mercury and then potassium. The work is relevant for liquid metal MHD power generation and also proposed blankets of fusion reactors.

(g) Prandtl's mixing length theory has been extended to ac- count for the damping of turbulence due to the presence

of the magnetic field. The damping function is equal to exp (AM /Re 175

). The constant A depends on the geometry of the magnetic field (aligned or perpendicular). This function was used to predict the skin friction and u'v' data for two-dimensional channel Hartmann flows with

vertical field and found to be in agreement with experi- ments performed in our laboratory. A semi-empirical theory was also developed for the ratio of eddy diffusivities for heat and momentum transfer ac- counting for the magnetic field. Heat transfer measure- ments in pipes with aligned fields were found to agree with

theoretical predictions.

The growth of the bubble in the presence of a magnetic

field was investigated. The work reveals the existence of a new nondimensional number which physically represents

the ratio of the ponderomotive forces over pressure forces computed on the basis of length-scale and time related to the coefficient of thermal diffusion. It was found that for a

spherical magnetic field, growth of the bubble remains

parabolic in time but the rate of growth is slower. Heattransfer estimates indicate that heat transfer is reduced in the presence of magnetic fields. This reduction is more

substantial for potassium than it is for mercury. The as- sumption of spherical symmetry for the field has been

relaxed. (h) Liquid-Metal Heat Transfer in Pipes with Aligned Magnetic

Fields, P. S. Lykoudis, M. Andelman, Trans. Amer. Nuclear

Soc. 1975 Ann. Mtg. 21, pp. 36-37, June 8-! 3, 1975. The Effect of Liquid Inertia on Bubble Growth in the Presence of a Magnetic Field, P. S. Lykoudis, L. Y. Wagner, Paper No. AIChE-37, Proc. ASME, AIChE 16th

Natl. Heat Transfer Conf., St. Louis, Mo., Aug. 8-1 1, 1976. Bubble Growth in the Presence of a Magnetic Field, P. S. Lykoudis, Intl. J. Heat Mass Transfer !9, pp. 1357-1362,

1976. Short Description of Current Work in the MFM Laboratory of Purdue University, P. S. Lykoudis, from MHD-Flows

and Turbulence, H. Branover, ed., Proc. Bat-Sheva Intl. Seminar, Beersheva, Israel, pp. 103-118, Mar. 17-20, 1975. 133-10088-130-55 TRANSIENT DEVELOPMENT OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL

TWO-PHASE FLOW BOILING

(b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) Professor T. G. Theofanous.

(d) Theoretical; applied, research; M.S. and Ph D. theses. (e) Certain accidental transients in Liquid Metal Fast Breeder

Reactors may lead to liquid sodium boiling which is two- dimensional in character. The transient development of

this coolant boiling is important in determining the result- ing neutronic feedback and resulting power transient. The

work involves the numerical modeling of this process. The

unique aspect of the work is in taking the view that the boiling flow process within a tight matrix of fuel rods can

be modeled as one in a porous body.

(g) Current results indicate that significant differences as far as reactor response is concerned may be attributed to the two-dimensional nature of actual boiling versus the previ- ously employed simplified treatment of one-dimensional

boiling. (h) A Numerical Simulation of the Two-Dimensional Boiling

(Voiding) in LMFBR Subassemblies, C. Miao, T. G. Theofanous, Proc. Intl. Mtg. Fast Reactor Safety and Related Physics, Chicago, 111., Oct. 1976. 133-10089-340-55 PROPAGATION OF THERMAL EXPLOSIONS

(b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) Professor T. G. Theofanous.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic; Ph.D. thesis. 115

254-330 O - 78 - 9
(e) Development of hydrodynamic-in-origin mechanisms for rapid and extensive fragmentation of one liquid into another. Effects of shock waves and collapse of vapor

blankets are of particular interest. Such fragmentation is the crucial propagation step in vapor explosions and a

better understanding will help determine the likelihood of such explosions for reactor accident conditions. 133-10090-340-55 STABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLUMETRICALLY

HEATED MULTICOMPONENT BOILING POOLS

(b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) Professor T. G. Theofanous.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic; Ph.D. thesis. (e) This problem is relevant to the hypothetical occurrence of

a core meltdown accident of a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder

Reactor. The stability characteristics of such fuel pools would determine the power transient and total energy

deposition during the accident. The work involves model

experiments (using a microwave facility) and theoretical

studies. 133-10091-110-54 TURBULENT STRUCTURE IN NONISOTHERMAL LIQUID

METAL

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Alexander Sesonske.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic; M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) To measure the statistical turbulent behavior of the

velocity and temperature fields in mercury pipe flow; to use turbulent structure parameters, including turbulent heat flux, to verify and develop heat transport predictive models; and to explore how the pipe flow results might be extended to complex geometries. Turbulence measure- ments are being made, using hot-film anemometry, in a

flexible heat transfer facility provided with various test section flow and temperature traversing arrangements.

(g) Axial and radial turbulent heat fluxes, as well as other

structure parameters, were derived from hot-film measure- ments using digital time-series analysis. These results provide a basis for the analysis and development of transport

predictive models. In addition, the eddy diffusivity concept

appears to have a useful role when based on turbulence

length scales.

(/i) Turbulent Structure of Isothermal and Nonisothermal

Liquid Metal Pipe Flow, L. E. Hochaeiter, A. Sesonske,

Intl. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 17, p. 113, 1974. Non-Isothermal Mercury Pipe Flow Turbulent Characteristics, T. W. Flaherty, L. L. Eyler, A. Sesonske, Proc. 4th Biennial Symp. Turbulence in Liquids, Univ. of Mo.,

Rolla, Mo., 1975. A Predictive Technique for Temperature and Eddy Diffusivity Distributions in Liquid Metal Turbulent Pipe Flow, G. A. Klein, A. Sesonske, Proc. 1976 Natl. Heat Transfer Conf, 1976. Turbulent Heat Fluxes in Liquid-Metal Channel Flow-Models and Experiments, L. L. Eyler, A. Sesonske,

Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 24, p. 368, 1976. Space-Time Correlations of Temperature in Turbulent Mercury Pipe Flow, S. C. Caruso, M.S. Thesis, available Pur- due University.

THE RAND CORPORATION, Department of Physical

Sciences, 1700 Main Street, Santa Monica, Calif. 90406.

Dr. E. C. Gritton, Department Head. (Publications may

be purchased.)

1 34-08952-400-33 DEVELOPMENT OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL

FOR ESTUARIES AND COASTAL SEAS

(b) Department of the Interior, Office of Water Research and

Technology.

(c) Dr. J. J. Leendertse.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research and

development.

(e) Develop a finite difference model which can be used to compute the flow in estuaries with nonisotropic density. The model is intended to be used in engineering and scientific investigations of estuaries with complicated

bathymetry and flow patterns.

(/t) A Three-Dimensional Model for Estuaries and Coastal Seas: Volume 1, Principles of Computation, J. J. Leendertse, R. C. Alexander, S.-K. Liu, R-1417-OWRR, Dec. 1973. A Three-Dimensional Model for Estuaries and Coastal Seas: Volume II, Aspects of Computation, The Rand Corporation, R-I764-OWRT, June 1975. A Three-Dimensional Model for Estuaries and Coastal Seas: Volume HI, The Interim Program, The Rarid Coporation,

R-1884-OWRT, Oct. 1975. 134-09908-010-18 LAMINAR FLOW HYDRODYNAMICS

(b) Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

(c) Dr. E. C. Gritton.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied.

(e) With the purpose of obtaining extended regions of laminar

flow and accompanying low hydrodynamic drag, this is an

investigation of the effects of pressure gradient, heat

transfer, and other means of boundary-layer control on the development, stability, and transition of water boundary

layers. (g) Analytical and numerical studies have been made of water boundary layers with combined pressure gradient and heat

transfer. The results provide the basis for predicting the ef- fects of flow geometry and heat transfer on hydrodynamic

performance.

(h) Controlling the Separation of Laminar Boundary Layers in Water: Heating and Suction, J. Aroesty, S. A. Berger, The

Rand Corporation, R-1789-ARPA, Sept. 1975. On the Effects of Wall Temperature and Suction on Laminar Boundary- Layer Stability, W. S. King, The Rand

Corporation, R-1863-ARPA, Apr. 1976. Buoyancy Cross-Flow Effects on the Boundary Layer of a Heated Horizontal Cylinder, L. S. Yao, I. Catton, The

Rand Corporation, R-1907-ARPA, Apr. 1976; also J. Heat

Trans., Trans. ASME 97, Series C, pp. 122-124, 1977. The Buoyancy and Variable Viscosity Effects on a Water Boundary Layer Along a Heated Longitudinal Horizontal Cylinder, S. A. Berger, J. Aroesty, The Rand Corporation,

R-1966-ARPA, Feb. 1977.

e": Stability Theory and Boundary-Layer Transition, J. Aroesty, The Rand Corporation, R-1898-ARPA, Feb. 1977.

1 34-09909-870-52 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS OF LARGE POWER-GENERATING FACILITIES

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Dr. L. Randall Koenig.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Investigate the possibility that rejection to the atmosphere

of large amounts of waste heat can induce the develop- ment of large-scale convective cloudiness and precipitation. Two approaches are used, the study of natural and

industrial analogs, and development of hydrodynamical at- mospheric models.

(g) Time lapse photography shows refineries to be good

analogs. Satellite imagery is useful. A two-dimensional nu- merical cloud model simulates an observed refinery cloud

well, pointing to its use for power facilities with larger heat

rejection.

(/i) Difference in Atmospheric Convection Caused by Waste

Energy Rejected in the Forms of Sensible and Latent Heats,

L. R. Koenig, F. W. Murray, P. M. Tag, submitted to At- mospheric Environment. 116
Numerical Simulation of an Industrial Cumulus and Comparison with Observations, F. W. Murray, L. R. Koenig, P. M. Tag, to be submitted to J. Applied Meteorology. 134-09910-270-40 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR STUDYING SICKLE CELL

DISEASE

(b) National Institutes of Health.

(c) Dr. William S. King.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Develop mathematical models and computer simulations

to examine the interplay among the fluid mechanics of the microcirculatory system, bipod chemistry, oxygen trans- port phenomena, and red cell sickling. Particular emphases

are placed on modeling the blockage of capillaries by

sickled red blood cells. The ultimate goal is to simulate mathematically a vascular occlusive crisis. (g) Analytical models have been developed to study the physicochemical aspect of the sickling process as well as the kinetics of sickling. These models are being incor- porated into our capillary flow models.

RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Troy, N. Y. 12181. Dr. Richard

C. DiPrima, Department Chairman.

135-06772-000-20 VISCOUS FLOW STABILITY

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Professors R. C. DiPrima, D. A. Drew.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Stability and two-phase effects are studied in an effort to achieve basic understanding of fluid flows which have im- portance in applications.

(g) Work in nonlinear hydrodynamic stability has centered on

the calculation of Taylor-vortex flow between eccentric

rotating cylinders so as to determine the torque and force on the inner cylinder which is of interest in lubrication theory; the calculation of torque and amplification rates

for Taylor vortices between concentric cylinders; and the

stability of spatially periodic secondary flows for slightly supercritical conditions. In lubrication theory, interest has

centered on asymptotic analysis of the nonlinear Reynolds

equation for slider gas bearings operating at very high

bearing numbers when the film thickness has a discontinu- ous slope at a point. It is shown that the derivative of the pressure has a boundary layer at the point of discontinuity. Results are given for taper-flat and taper-taper slider bearings. Investigations in two-phase flows have followed two central themes. First, studies have been made to determine the appropriate form for the interphase force in a particle-fluid mixture, and its effect on fundamental

flows. They include studies of the effects of the pressure

gradient and lift forces on the particulate phase and the mixture Reynolds stresses. Second, studies have been made of the effect of turbulence in two-phase flows. These

include a calculation of the concentration and velocity

profiles in sediment flow; a study of the role of dissipation

by interfacial drag in a turbulent flow, and its relation to drag reduction. Also see 135-06773-000-14.

(/i) The Nonlinear Calculation of Taylor-Vortex Flow Between

Eccentric Rotating Cylinders, R. C. DiPrima, J. T. Stuart,

J. Fluid Mechanics 67, pp. 85-1 11, 1975. Asymptotic Methods for an Infinite Slider Bearing with a

Discontinuity in Film Slope, J. A. Schmitt, R. C. DiPrima,

J. Lubrication Technology 98, pp. 446-452, 1976. Low Concentration Two-Phase Flow Near a Stagnation

Point, D. A. Drew, Physics of Fluids 17, pp. 1688-1691,

1974. Lift-Generated Instability of the Plane Couette Flow of a

Particle-Fluid Mixture, D. A. Drew, Physics of Fluids 18, pp. 935-938, 1975.

Macroscopic Streamline Integral Relations for Two-Phase

Flows, D. A. Drew, J. Applied Mechanics 42E, pp. 766-

770, 1975. Two-Phase Flows: Constitutive Equations for Lift and

Brownian Motion and Some Basic Flows, D. A. Drew,

Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 62, pp. 149-

163, 1976. Production and Dissipation of Energy in the Turbulent Flow of a Particle-Fluid Mixture, with Some Results on Drag Reduction, D. A. Drew, J. Applied Mechanics 43E,

pp. 543-547, 1976.

Effect of the Lift Force on the Stability of Uniform

Fluidization, D. A. Drew, Physics of Fluids 19, pp. 1716- 1720, 1976. 135-06773-000-14 ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR PROBLEMS IN FLUID

MECHANICS

(b) U.S. Army Research Office.

(c) Professors R. C. DiPrima, L. A. Segel.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Investigation of nonlinear mathematical problems arising

in fluid mechanics (particularly stability problems), chemically-oriented motions of organisms, and pattern formation. (g) Work has centered on 1) the calculation of the Taylor- vortex flow between eccentric rotating cylinders so as to determine the torque and force on the inner cylinder

which is of interest in lubrication theory; 2) the effect of

finite amplitude on the decaying torsional oscillations of a sphere and a disk-a problem of interest in viscometry; and

3) extension of basic principles of continuum physics to permit mathematical investigation of biological phenomena

such as spatio-temporal pattern formation. For 3 ) random

dispersal in predator-prey problems is modeled by diffu- sion-like terms in both discrete and continuous situations.

It is shown that under some circumstances uniform conditions will be succeeded by a new steady state wherein

predator and prey are more concentrated in certain re- gions. (h) The Nonlinear Calculation of Taylor-Vortex Flow between

Eccentric Rotating Cylinders, R. C. DiPrima, J. T. Stuart,

J. Fluid Mechanics 67, pp. 85-1 1 1, 1975. A Nonlinear Model for Double-Diffusive Convection, W. L. Siegmann, L. A. Rubenfeld, SIAM J. Applied Mathematics

29, pp. 540-557, 1975. Hypothesis for Origin of Planktonic Patchiness, S. A.

Levin, L. A. Segel, Nature 259, p. 659, 1976. On the Relation between the Local Interaction of Cells and

Their Global Transformation, L. A. Segel, Theoretical Physics and Biology, Proc. 4th Intl. Conf, Versailles 1973, Amsterdam: North Holland Press, 1976.

Application of Nonlinear Stability Theory to the Study of the Effects of Diffusion on Predator-Prey Interactions, L. A. Segel, S. A. Levin, Topics in Statistical Mechanics and

Biophysics, American Institute of Physics AIP Conf. Proc. 27, 1976. Incorporation of Receptor Kinetics into a Model for Bacterial Chemotaxis, L. A. Segel, J. Theoretical Biology 57, pp. 23-42, 1976.

Effect of Secondary Flow on the Decaying Torsional Oscil- lations of a Sphere and a Plane, R. C. DiPrima, N. Liron, Physics of Fluids 19, pp. 1450-1458, 1976. Relaxation Oscillations Governed by a Van der Pol Equation with Periodic Forcing Term, J. Grasman, E. J. M. Veling, G. M. Willems, SIAM J. Applied Mathematics 31, pp. 667-676, 1976. On Peristaltic Flow and Its Efficiency, N. Liron, Bull. Mathematical Biology 38, pp. 573-596, 1976.

117
RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aeronautical Engineering and

Mechanics, Jonsson Laboratory, Troy, N.Y. 12181. Henry

A. Scarton, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

1 36-09653-270-00 BIOMECHANICS OF KOROTKOFF SOUND PRODUCTION,

VALSALVA MANEUVER INDUCED VENA CAVA

FLUTTER, URETER VALVE FLUTTER, AND OTHER RE- LATED PHENOMENA

(e) A self-excited large deformation elastic snap-through

streaming viscous fluid relaxation oscillation of the brachial artery, vena cava, and ureter have been experimentally

shown to be produced as a result of a condition where the external pressure exceeds the internal static tube pressure.

In the brachial artery, these oscillations are responsible for the production of Korotkoff sounds which are used in the auscultatory method of blood pressure determination; in the vena cava, these oscillations are an unwanted and dan- gerous source of viscous pressure drop; in the ureter, these

oscillations serve the useful purpose of inhibiting backflow into the kidney from the bladder during bladder expulsion. Similar phenomena also occur in the cochlea of

the inner ear. In all of these applications it is desirable to know the precise parametric nature of the oscillation. To

date basic analysis done at RPI are being extended in order to further predict oscillation characteristics experimentally measured in our laboratory. Further analytical and experimental work are now being carried out to characterize the effect of constriction induced vortex shedding and wall flutter effects. 136-09654-270-00 BIOMECHANICS OF AORTIC ATHEROMA AND AORTIC

COMMON ILIAC BIFURCATION

(e) The spatial distribution of early atheroma has been shown

experimentally to be coincident with those regions of the curved aortic wail where the velocity gradient, and hence

wall shear and mass transport, is low; for the proximal

ascending aorta, this region is the inside wall closest to the center of aortic curvature. Independent experiments have shown that the entry aortic fluid core velocity distal to the

left ventricle behaves as if it were inviscid so that it varies

as the reciprocal of the tube principal radius of curvature and hence is paradoxically lower near the outside than near the inside curved wall. The presence of a centrifugally induced secondary flow is then required in order to

thin the outer wall viscous boundary layer and consequently steepen the radial velocity gradient to produce

an increase in outer wall mass transfer. Both experimental

flow visualization techniques and the analytical determination of this three-dimensional boundary layer in the entry region of the proximal ascending aorta show the existence of two counterrotating trapped inner wall vortices which

are coincident with regions of wall streaking and ulceration. In addition to observing these lesions in the aortic arch in cadavers we have also observed similar lesions in the aorto-common iliac region. We attribute this latter phenomena to observed assymmetry of the cross-section leading to different radii of curvature for the right and left side of the bifurcation. This difference and the associated

difference in centripetal acceleration is responsible for flow separation in the section of larger radius of curvature. Additional detailed studies are being performed in our full scale aortic test chamber. Attempts are being made to minimize the effect of reversed flow by variation of

reversed flow through alteration of local anatomic

geometry. 136-09655-030-00 FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN NUCLEAR FUEL PLATE

ASSEMBLIES

(c) Henry A. Scarton.

(e) Flow-induced stability and collapse phenomena caused by

mechanisms similar to that in 0965 3 above, also occur in nuclear fuel rod bundles and reactor heat exchanger plating. These oscillations and buckling phenomena are an un- wanted and dangerous effect that must be properly un- derstood in order that proper preventative design

techniques can be employed. Analytical treatments of the problem are being undertaken to consider the role of local entrance effects.

1 36-09656-600-00 SIGNAL SIMULATION OF STEADY PERIODIC WAVES,

ACOUSTIC TRANSIENTS, AND ACOUSTIC STREAMING

IN FLUIDIC DELAY LINES

(e) In recent years much attention has been focused on the propagation of small amplitude steady-periodic pressure waves through fluids confined in rigid tubes. Although a problem long of intrinsic interest to acousticians, most of

the recent research has been spurred on by technological

developments in fluid transmission lines and acoustic delay

lines, and the desire for better mathematical models of

biological flows, particularly arterial blood flow. The ef- fects of viscosity cannot be ignored in these applications,

in contrast to the customary acoustic approach. But in the few instances where viscosity has been considered, the analyses have been confined to simplified dynamic models

(e.g., quasi-steady and/or plane pressure waves have been

assumed), or else incomplete. Analytic studies are being

employed to study steady-periodic signal simulation, acoustic transients, and acoustic streaming in viscous compressible liquid-filled rigid delay lines.

136-09842-630-70 QUIET AIR TOOL DEVELOPMENT

(b) General Electric Company.

(e) Acoustic and noise control research studies are being pur- sued with specific application to quieting excessively noisy

air tools. Various experimental and theoretical considerations are being studied so as to lower acoustic emissions below. the anticipated OSHA noise requirement of 85dBA

sound pressure level exposure for an eight-hour day.

136-09843-140-54 STUDIES OF NUCLEATE BOILING ACOUSTIC EMISSION

(e) Analytical and experimental research is being conducted

into the fundamental mechanisms of nucleate boiling as they relate to the far field acoustic pressure. The motivation for the work lies in being able to detect and characterize the existence of unwanted boiling of the liquid sodi- um coolant in a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR). The phases of boiling studied are nucleation, departure, steady-state free and forced vibration, and

cavitational collapse and rebound.

136-09844-620-54 STUDIES OF STICK SLIP INDUCED ACOUSTIC EMISSION

(b) National Science Foundation.

(e) The fundamental mechanism associated with rolling contact involves a transition in an annular slip contact region

during which there is small scale relative motion at the in- terface. Similarly rapid thermal excursions in structures such as the core of the LMFBR (See 09843) have been shown to produce thermally induced stick slip events between the various mating structural elements. Both

scenerios have similar governing physical mechanisms

relating to various aspects of the contact stress problem. Both theoretical and experimental work has been con- ducted to further the understanding of this process.

118
UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER, Department of Mechanical

and Aerospace Sciences, Rochester, N.Y. 14627. Professor Alfred Clark, Jr., Chairman.

137-09958-440-54 NUMERICAL MODELING OF STEADY WIND-DRIVEN

CURRENTS IN LAKE ONTARIO

(b) National Science Foundation and Office of Naval

Research.

(c) John H. Thomas, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical investigation; basic research; associated field program.

(e) A fully three-dimensional model of wind-driven circulation

in Lake Ontario under winter conditions, based on shal- low-water theory, has been developed and tested against observations. Both the basic theory and the numerical model have been extended to include a depth-dependent

eddy viscosity.

(f) Completed.

(g) See (h). (h) Numerical Calculation of Steady Wind-Driven Currents in Lake Ontario and the Rochester Embayment, G. BonhamCarter, J. H. Thomas, Proc. 16th Conf. Great Lakes Res.,

Intl. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., pp. 640-662, 1973. A Theory of Steady Wind-Driven Currents in Shallow Water with Variable Eddy Viscosity, J. H. Thomas, J. Phys.

Oceanogr. 5, pp. 136-142, 1975. Wind-Driven Circulation in Large Lakes with Spatially Variable Eddy Viscosity, A. J. Witten, Ph.D. Thesis, 1975. Steady Wind-Driven Currents in a Large Lake with DepthDependent Eddy Viscosity, A. J. Witten and J. H. Thomas,

J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6, pp. 85-92, 1976.

Calculation of Steady Currents in Lake Ontario with Variable Eddy Viscosity, A. J. Witten, J. H. Thomas, J. Great Lakes Res., in press.

137-09959-440-00 TRANSIENT WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATIONS IN LARGE

LAKES

(c) Alfred Clark, Jr., Professor.

(d) Theoretical investigation; basic research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Identify the time-scales in the transient response of large lakes to time-varying winds.

(/) Completed.

(g) Analytical results are obtained for three-dimensional

transient currents produced by a suddenly imposed, spatially variable wind stress, acting on a homogeneous lake of constant depth. The inertial period is always present in the response. The spin-up time is important only when the wind stress has a nonvanishing curl. The exact solution is compared with boundary layer theory, and it is shown that many features of interest are suppressed by boundary layer theory.

(h) Time-Scales in Transient Wind-Driven Lake Circulations, M. Zaki, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Rochester, 1976. 137-09960-450-00 ROSSBY WAVES ON A MULTIPLE BETA-PLANE

(c) John H. Thomas, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical investigation; basic research.

(e) A multiple beta-plane is introduced to simulate the varia- tion of the Coriolis parameter with latitude. The problem

of reflection and refraction of plane Rossby waves at a

discontinuity in beta has been solved. The multiple beta

plane leads to Rossby waves trapped in a band about the

equator, as is the case on the full sphere. Related laboratory experiments are planned.

(h) Refraction of Rossby Waves on a Multiple Beta-Plane, J. H. Thomas, R. A. Lux, in preparation.

137-09961-440-60 LONG-RANGE FORECASTING OF THE LAKE ONTARIO

WATER LEVEL

(b) Sponsored in part by the New York State Assembly Scientific Staff with a grant from the National Science Foundation. (c) John H. Thomas, Assoc. Professor. (d) Theoretical investigation; applied research.

(e) A method for generating a forecast of the Lake Ontario water level one year or more in advance is developed, based on a transfer function relating the water level to

rainfall on the upper Great Lakes. General procedures are outlined for integrating this new forecast procedure into the outflow control plan used in the St. Lawrence ri^er.

(f) Completed.

(h) A New Method for a Long-Range Forecast of the Lake Ontario Water Level, F. Sciremammano, Jr., Ph.D. Thesis, 1976. 137-09962-000-20 PATHOLOGICAL BOUNDARY LAYERS

(b) Center for Naval Analyses, Office of Naval Research.

(c) Roger F. Gans, Asst. Professor. (d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

(e) Objective is to understand observed eruption from singular

circles in a rotating fluid by experimentally forcing this eruption. A theoretical picture is to be developed simul- taneously. 137-O9963-29O-O0 LABORATORY PLATE TECTONICS

(c) Roger F. Gans, Asst. Professor. (d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

(e) A model of plate tectonic dynamics driven by heating from above, the object being to isolate phenomena caused by lateral temperature inhomogeneities in the lithosphere and the asthenosphere.

(g) Measurement of spreading rates as a function of ambient

temperature and power levels of heating. (h) Laboratory Plate Tectonics: A New Experiment, R. F. Gans, Science 191, pp. 1276-1278 ( 1976).

1 37-09964-O0O-O0 ROTATING GAS DYNAMICS

(c) Roger F. Gans, Asst. Professor.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Calculation of various flow phenomena expected in rapidly

rotating gas-filled cylinders and cylindrical annuli, includ- ing inertial and acoustic oscillations, resonance effects, steady-state flows, stability and nonlinear phenomena. A

paradigm for fully compressible (non-Boussinesq)

geophysical fluid dynamic phenomena. Applicable to high

speed centrifuges. (g) Identification and separation of inertial and acoustic modes; establishment of an inviscid stability criterion; identification of a viscosity-limited resonance.

(h) On the Poincare Problem for a Compressible Medium R. F. Gans, J. Fluid Mech. 62, pp. 657-675 (1974). On the Gravitationally-Forced Motions of a Compressible

Fluid Within a Horizontally-Rotating Container, R. F. Gans, J. Fluid Mech. 67, pp. 61 1-624 (1975). On the Stability of Shear Flow in a Rotating Gas, R. F. Gans, J. Fluid Mech. 68, pp. 403-412 (1975).

Poiseuille-Like Flow in a Rotating Gas, R. F. Gans, Phys. Fluids 19, pp. 1821-1823 (1976). 137-09965-000-54 FLOW IN PARTIALLY-FILLED CYLINDERS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Roger F. Gans, Asst. Professor. (d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research, thesis. 119
(e) A continuing effort to understand stability and nonlinear phenomena observable in a partially-filled cylinder with its rotation axis horizontal.

(g) A steady-state, nonlinear, viscous analysis of the flow has been completed. Careful measurements of the flow at the

air-water interface have been made.

(h) On Steady-State Flow in a Partially-Filled Rotating

Cylinder, R. F. Gans, J. Fluid Mech. (in press).

ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, Rocketdyne

Division, 6633 Canoga Avenue, Canoga Park, Calif. 91304.

138-10181-550-50 ENGINE HYDRAULIC STABILITY

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Johnson

Space Center).

(c) Dr. Robert C. Kesselring.

(d) Theoretical, applied research/design.

(e) Development of an analytical (computer) model and

design criteria for the prevention of instability coupling between the injector hydraulics and the combustion

process in liquid rocket combustors.

(f) Completed.

(g) An analytical liquid propellant rocket injector model was

developed specifically, using the "lumped parameter"

technique, to analyze combustion instability coupling between the injector hydraulics and the combustion

process. This digital computer dynamic injector model

will, for any imposed chamber or inlet pressure profile with a frequency ranging from 100 to 3000 Hz

(minimum), accurately predict/calculate the instantaneous

injector flowrates. The model was correlated with experi- mental data from three injectors-the Rocketdyne Lance XRL Booster injector, the Aerojet Space Shuttle OME

Technology injector, and the Rocketdyne Space Shuttle OME Technology injector. Each of these injectors experimentally exhibited hydraulic coupling in the 100- to 3000- Hz range. In addition, experimentally proven hardware

fixes which successfully eliminated the instability, exist for each of the three "correlation" injectors. The engine

hydraulic stability computer model was run for each of the "correlation" injectors with both pre-fix and post-fix injec- tor model input. Examination and analysis of the model

output revealed that the computer model successfully pre- dicted that the fixes applied to each correlation injector would increase combustor stability with respect to the in- stability model actually observed. The establishment of in- jector design criteria was attempted by conducing a sensitivity analysis with the model through a systematic study of various injector design variables using the model to constantly gauge the effects relative to injector gain

(stability).

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, The State University of New Jersey, College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical,

Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Piscataway, N.J. 08854. Dr. C. F. Chen, Department Chairman.

139-07616-090-00 SEPARATED FLOWS

(c) Professor R. H. Page and Assoc. Professor C. E. G. Pr- zirembel.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Basic research in separated flows is being carried out to determine a much more fundamental understanding of the thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms.

(g) Special experimental research facilities have been

developed and theoretical models of various separated or

separating flows have been formulated.

( h ) Time-Dependent Behavior of Separated Flow Regions, T. A. DeRossett, C. E. G. Przirembel, Proc. 20th Intl. Instrumentation Symp., Instr. Soc. of Amer., Albuquerque, N. Mex., May 1974. Cinematographic Study of Separated Flow Regions, R. H. Page, C. E. G. Przirembel, Paper No. 38, AGARD Con}.

Proc. No. 168 on Flow Separation, Gottingen, Germany,

May 1975. Convective Heat Losses from Single-Dwelling Residential Units, C. E. G. Przirembel, L. S. Fletcher, E. W. Harding,

R. S. Nacht, Proc. 12th Southeastern Sem. on Thermal

Sciences, Univ. of Virginia, June 1976.

Discussion on Generalized Flow Across an Abrupt Enlarge- ment, C. E. G. Przirembel, T. A. DeRossett, J. Engrg. for Power, ASME Trans. 98, Series A, 3, July 1976. Heat Transfer in Separated and Reattached Flow: An Annotated Review, L. S. Fletcher, D. G. Briggs, R. H. Page,

IsraelJ. Technology 12, 3-4, pp. 236-261, 1974. Subsonic Separation from Bluff Bodies, R. H. Page, Bull, of APS, Series 11, 21, 10, p. 1233, 1976. 139-07618-720-80 EMIL BUEHLER WIND TUNNEL

(b) Emil Buehler Foundation.

(c) Professor R. H. Page.

(d) Design; development.

(e) Design, operation, and development, of a supersonic varia- ble Mach number wind tunnel and auxiliary apparatus for teaching and research programs. A variable Mach number

wind tunnel (up to Mach 4.0) has been used extensively since it was first operated on April 21, 1964. It is used for teaching and research programs.

(g) Improvements in the tunnel's operation have been continuously made.

(h) Aerothermodynamic Base Heating, Y. Inoue, R. H. Page, AIAA 12th Thermophysics Conf, Paper No. 77-755, Al- buquerque, N. Mex., 1977. 139-07619-600-00 FLUIDICS RESEARCH

(c) Professor R. H. Page.

(d) Theoretical and experimental investigations.

(e) Theoretical analyses of separating and reattaching flows

are being carried out and verified with specially designed

experiments.

(g) Basic fluid mechanics of separation and reattachment of

fluidic devices has been formulated. 139-07621-030-26 THE TURBULENT WAKE OF AN AXISYMMETRIC BODY

AT SUBSONIC SPEEDS

(b) Rutgers Research Council.

(c) Associate Professor C. E. G. Przirembel.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

(e) The near-wake of an axisymmetric body, which is im- mersed in a uniform subsonic flow field, has been in- vestigated experimentally and theoretically. The basic model was a circular cylinder aligned with the free stream

direction. The geometry of the base was varied depending on the purpose of the particular investigation. Fundamental understanding of this near-wake flow field is necessary

for the prediction of base drag, base heat transfer, and the configuration of the associated far wake. For example, this type of flow field characterizes fluid motion around such

diverse objects as missiles, aircraft, buses and flowmeter

elements.

if) Completed.

(g) The support system for these models was designed to eliminate any support interference effects on the free stream and the approaching boundary layer. Detailed pres- sure and velocity measurements in all regions of the near- wake and in the approaching flow have been obtained for numerous base geometries. Results are discussed in the various publications listed below. 120
(h) The Effect of Mass Removal From a Subsonic Axisymmetric Near-Wake, C. E. G. Przirembel, R. A. Riddle, Developments in Mechanics Conf., Oklahoma Univ., Mar.

1975. Incompressible Turbulent Wakes of Axisymmetric Bodies, C. E. G. Przirembel, Proc. 12th Southeastern Sem. Thermal

Sciences, Univ. of Virginia, June 1976.

1 39-08259-020-54 TURBULENCE AND TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN STRATIFIED FLOW

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Richard L. Peskin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental research.

(e) Determine atmospheric turbulence parameters which control turbulent diffusion under varying stability conditions. Multi-tower hot-wire arrays were used to acquire data on

atmospheric turbulence in the lower boundary layer. Horizontal space-time statistics have been acquired for three stability conditions. Coherence, phase and space- time correlation have been processed from the data and

estimates made of the turbulent diffusion coefficients. Studies were also undertaken into the feasibility of developing

, a rotating hot-wire system for atmospheric applications.

( h ) Free-Shear Layer Instability Due to Probe Rotating Source

Sink Flows, C. Cerasoli, J. Fluid Mechanics 72, 1975.

Baroclinic Instabilities of Deep Fluid, J. Hyun, R. L. Peskin, J. Atmospheric Sciences 33, 1976.

Application of Integral Methods to Rotation Dominant

Stratified Flows, J. Hyun, Japanese J. Oceanography , 1976.

Field Measurements of Space-Time Correlations in the At- mospheric Boundary Layer, R. M. C. So, R. L. Peskin, S. Guimard, Proc. 2nd U.S. Conf. Wind Engrg., 1975. 139-08950-290-15 ANALYSIS OF RESONANCE TUBES

(b) Rutgers Research Council.

(c) Associate Professor C. E. G. Przirembel.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

(e) The flow fields associated with two-dimensional and ax- isymmetric resonance tubes are being investigated. The

test parameters, which are being varied in the experimental program, are the nozzle jet stagnation pressure, the separation distance between the nozzle and the resonance

tube entrance, and the relative length of the resonance

tube. Time-dependent and time-averaged pressures and

temperatures are being obtained in the resonance tube. Color Schlieren, Schlieren and shadowgraph flow visualiza- tion techniques, in conjunction with high speed motion

picture techniques, are used in observing and analyzing the

jet and resonance tube flow fields. (g) For a two-dimensional resonance tube with a blunt leading

edge, it has been determined that the maximum resonant

condition exists when the leading edge is located in the

third compression cell of the underexpanded jet. Resonance also occurs for subsonic jet flow field in order

to initiate a resonant condition. The time-dependent pres- sure measurements have been used to construct wave dia- grams for the flow in the resonance tube.

(/i) The Aerothermodynamics of a Simple Resonance Tube, C.

E. G. Przirembel, L. S. Fletcher, AIAA Paper No. 75-687,

AlAA 10th Thermophysics Conf., Denver, Colo., May 1975. Thermodynamic Characteristics of a Blunt, Two-Dimensional Resonance Tube, C. E. G. Przirembel, D. E. Wolf, L.

S. Fletcher, AIAA Paper No. 76-145, AIAA 14th Aerospace

Sciences Mtg., Washington, D.C., Jan. 1976. Aerothermodynamics of a Simple Resonance Tube, C. E. G.

Przirembel, L. S. Fletcher, AIAA J. 15, 1, Jan. 1977. Aerothermodynamic Characteristics of a Resonance Tube

Driven by a Subsonic Jet, C. E. G. Przirembel, D. E. Wolf, AIAA Paper No. 77-236, AIAA 1 5 th Aerospace Sciences Mtg., Los Angeles, Calif., Jan. 1977.

139-08951-050-00 HIGH SPEED WATER JET

(c) Professor R. H. Page.

(d) Theoretical and experimental investigations.

(e) Stability of high-velocity liquid jets are investigated. Ex- perimental program utilizes a small diameter pulsed liquid

jet with several nozzle designs at a maximum velocity of 1,000 meters per second.

(g) A model based on small perturbation theory with

linearized equations of motion was chosen for analysis. Short time duration laser photographs of water and

glycerine-water jets exhibited a ring-type instability having

a small wave length. A non-interfering probe consisting of

a miniature pressure cell utilizing strain gages was

developed in order to measure pressures in the water jet.

(/i) Measurements in a Small High Pressure Jet, A. M. Misuraca, R. H. Page, Proc. 5th Canadian Congress of Applied

Mechanics, May 1975. High Velocity Water Jet Stability, J. C Dunn, R H Page,

Fluid Mechanics in the Petroleum Industry, ASME, pp. 29-

36, 1975. An Instrument for Measurements in a Small High-Pressure Water Jet, A. M. Misuraca, R. H. Page, Proc. Southeastern Sem. Thermal Sciences, Univ. of Virginia, 1976. 139-10127-020-54 DOUBLE-DIFFUSION CONVECTION

(6) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor C. F. Chen.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Objective of research is twofold, to continue a basic study

in double-diffusive convection, in particular to investigate theoretically the stability of double-diffusive convection along a sloping wall; and to apply the basic knowledge to practical problems. Specifically, the tasks to be accomplished are the experimental investigation of the effect of boundary inclination on double-diffusive convection; stability analysis of double-diffusive convection in the presence of a sloping boundary; experimental investigation of a laboratory solar pond; and thermal dispersion in stratified surroundings.

(g) The experimental investigation of the effect of boundary

inclination on double-diffusive construction, and the ex- perimental investigation of a laboratory solar pond are

finished and the results are reported in publications listed below.

(h) Double-Diffusive Convection in an Inclined Slot, C. F. Chen, J. Fluid Mech. 72, pp. 721-729, 1975.

Cellular Convection in a Density Stratified Fluid: Effect of Inclination of the Heated Wall, C. F. Chen, R. C. Paliwal,

S. B. Wong, Proc. 1976 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics

Inst., pp. 18-32, Stanford Univ. Press, 1976.

Sizes and Shapes of Salt Fingers Near the Marginal State, C. F. Chen, R. D. Sandford, J. Fluid Mech. 72, pp. 601-

607, 1976. Laboratory Solar Pond, C. F. Chen, S. Thangam, Proc. Solar Cooling and Heating Symp., Univ. of Miami, 13-15 Dec. 1976. 139-10128-130-54 DROPLET MOTION INDUCED BY SHOCK WAVES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor S. Temkin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) This study is concerned with the unsteady motion of small water droplets responding to the passage of weak shock

waves. The study was undertaken with the purpose of determining some of the effects of unsteadiness on the motion of the droplets, particularly on instantaneous drag

coefficients. (g) For small, nondeforming water droplets, i.e. those with small Weber numbers, it has been found that the measured

drag coefficients are larger than the "standard" coeffi121
cients at the same Reynolds number. The departures are smaller than those reported by other investigators in the

past. Nevertheless, as the Reynolds number decreases, the departures increase. These departures are ascribed to the unsteadiness of the flow in the vicinity of the droplets. Other parts of this investigation include that of measure- ments of droplet deformation, and of analytical study of motion due to sound fields,

(/i) On the Response of a Sphere to an Acoustic Pulse, S. Ternkin, J. Fluid Mechanics 54, pp. 339-349, 1972. A Study of the Motion, Deformation and Breakup of Accelerating Water Droplets, J. M. Reichman, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Mech., Industrial and Aerospace Engrg., Rutgers

Univ., 1973. A Study of the Deformation and Breakup of Accelerating Water Droplets, J. M. Reichman, S. Temkin, Proc. Intl. Colloquium on Drops and Bubbles, Pasadena, Calif., pp. 446-464, 1974. On the Velocity of a Rigid Sphere in a Sound Wave, S. Temkin, J. Sound and Vib. 49, pp. 75-92, 1976. An Experimental Study of Droplet Response to Weak Shock

Waves, S. S. Kim, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Mech. Industrial and Aerospace Engrg., Rutgers Univ., 1977. 139-10129-010-26 BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION FROM A SLENDER

BODY AT HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK

(b) Air Force Office of Scientific Research ( AFSC).

(c) Assoc. Professor C. E. G. Przirembel.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The three-dimensional boundary layer separation process and the roll-up of the associated free-shear layer, which

characterize the flow field in the vicinity of a slender body

at moderate to high angles of attack, are being in- vestigated. The improved understanding of these flow

characteristics will assist in the rational modification of existing numerical calculations of aerodynamic forces and moments for slender bodies at high angles of attack.

(/i) Aerodynamics of Slender Bodies at Angles of Attack-A

Critical Review, C. E. G. Przirembel, High Speed Aero

Performance Branch, Aeromechanics Division, Air Force

Flight Dynamics Lab., AFFDL-TM-76-92-FXG, Aug.

1976. 139-10130-060-54 COUETTE INSTABILITY OF STRATIFIED FLUIDS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor C. F. Chen.

id) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Investigate Couette instability of stably stratified fluid between two concentric rotating cylinders both experimentally and theoretically. Experiments will be carried out in a Couette apparatus which is capable of providing radius

ratios of 0.5 and 0.9. For the small gap case, the analogy between the stratified Couette flow and rotating Benard

connection will be examined. Furthermore, linear stability analysis of this flow will be carried out assuming asymmetric disturbances.

(g) The stability of such a system with respect to axisymmetric

disturbances has been analyzed. Results compare favorably with experimental results obtained previously.

(/>) Stability Analysis of Rotational Couette Flow of Stratified Fluids, E. M. Withjack, C. F. Chen, J Fluid Mech. 68, pp. 157-175, 1975. 139-10559-020-54 TURBULENCE STRUCTURE FOR APPLICATION TO WIND

ENGINEERING

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Richard L. Peskin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental research.

(e) To study turbulent shear flow as it occurs under real conditions and model turbulent diffusion and Reynolds stress for applications to problems in wind engineering. Emphasis

is on measurements obtained from field experiments in the lower atmospheric boundary layer to provide parameters

for predicted models for turbulent diffusion from point sources in real shear flows. Lagrangian correlations were

used to construct diffusion coefficients which accurately

reflect effects of shear gradients. Studies were also done on Reynolds stress models for the atmospheric boundary

layer.

(/i) A Turbulence Philosophy Scale for Curved Shear Flows, R. M. C. So, J. Fluid Mechanics 70, 1975. Some Fundamental Research Problems in Gas-Solid Flows,

R. L. Peskin, AIChE Svmp. Ser. No. 147, Air Pollution 71, 1975.

Digital Computer Simulation of Turbulent Diffusion, R. L. Peskin, Advances of Computer Methods for Partial Dif- ferential Equations, AICA, 1975. Entry Flow in Curved Channels, R. M. C. So, J. Fluids Engrg., 1976. An Approximate Method for Curved Shear Layers, R. M.

C. So, J. Fluids Engrg., 1976. The Effects of Streamline Curvature on the Law of the Wall, Proc. 12th Ann. Mtg. Soc. Engrg. Science, 1975. Momentum Integral for Curved Shear Layers, R. M. C. So,

J. Fluids Engrg. 97, 1975.

SANDIA LABORATORIES, Fluid and Thermal Sciences De- partment 1260, Albuquerque, N. Mex. 87115. Dr. K. J. Touryan, Department Manager.

141-08266-020-52 STATISTICAL TURBULENCE

(£>) Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Dr. R. L. Fox.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Develop tractable statistical methods for predicting turbulent flow. (g) The turbulence field is represented as a system of interact- ing fluid elements. The movement of the fluid is deter- mined by a set of relations which reproduce the Navier- Stokes equations when appropriate averages are applied. Prediction of the behavior of isotropic flow and free shear flow have been developed for incompressible fluids, and

the method has been extended to compressible flows and

mixing flows.

(/i) Solution of the Multipoint Distribution Function Equations

for Non-Isotropic Free Turbulence, R. L. Fox, Research

Rept. SAND 76-0187, request from author. Multipoint Distribution Function Hierarchy for Compressible Turbulent Flow, Phys. Fluids 18, p. 1245 (1975). 141-08973-010-52 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS FOR INTERNAL

FLOWS

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Dr. Frederick G. Blottner.

(d) Development.

(e) Development of numerical codes that are to be used in the design and evaluation of coal-combustion-operated MHD

generators and diffusers. (g) A computer code has been developed for predicting the two-dimensional flow in channels where the slender channel approximation is utilized. The technique solves the flow across the complete channel and allows the wall boundary layers to be either laminar or turbulent. The

code includes a quasi-two-dimensional option which provides an approximate technique for calculating three- dimensional duct flows. Flows with or without MHD forces can be calculated and the gas model assumes either a perfect gas or chemical equilibrium. Comparison of the nu- merical results with several experiments corroborate the

validity of the code and governing equations being used.

122
(/i) Numerical Solution of Slender Channel Laminar Flows, F. G. Blottner, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and

Engrg. 10, 3, 1977. Entry Flow in Straight and Curved Channels with the Slender Channel Approximation, F. G. Blottner, J. Fluids Engrg., to be published. (ASME Paper No. 77-FE-2). 141-10014-190-52 ISOTOPE ENRICHMENT

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Dr. R. L. Fox and Dr. R. R. Eaton.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) The failure of the Navier-Stokes equations for calculating

certain classes of problems such as flows involving trace elements and/or disparate mass gas mixtures requires the development of alternate methods. A set of equations are derived from the Boltzmann equations using an ordering

system based on relative collision frequency and effective- ness of collisions between the individual constituents. The

second method developed is a Monte Carlo type particle tracing method referred to as the tracer-field method.

Trace molecules are followed dynamically. They collide with the time-dependent field molecule distribution functions. Several computational solutions are given comparing

both methods.

(g) Geometries for which the above method have been used to obtain solutions include colliding jets, curved nozzles, and

- two-dimensional channels.

(h) Investigation of Nozzles, Jets, and Channels for the Separation of Heavy Isotopes, R. L. Fox, R. R. Eaton, 10th Intl. Rarefied Gas Dynamics Symp. Proc, July 1976.

Isotope Enrichment by Aerodynamic Means: Some

Theoretical Considerations, R. R. Eaton, R. L. Fox, K. J. Touryan, AlAA J. of Energy, June 1977. Computational Methods for Flows Involving Trace Ele- ments and Disparate Masses, R. R. Eaton, R. L. Fox, Proc. 3d Computational Fluid Dynamics Conf., June 1977. Flow Equations for Ternary Gases in Aerodynamic Separation of Uranium Isotopes, R. L. Fox, R. R. Eaton, Research

Rept. SAND 75-0176, Jan. 1977, request from author.

Investigation of Nozzles, Jets, and Channels for Separation

of Heavy Isotopes, R. L. Fox, R. R. Eaton, Research Rept. SAND 76-0598, Dec. 1976, request from author. Calculation of Multicomponent Flows in the Aerodynamic

Separation of Uranium Isotopes, R. R. Eaton, R. L. Fox,

Research Rept. 76-0004, Mar. 1976, request from author.

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. 92093. William A.

Nierenberg, Director; Professor Douglas L. Inman,

Head, Hydraulics Laboratory, and John Powell, Resident

Engineer.

142-10394-420-44 STEADY STREAMING AROUND CIRCULAR BODIES

UNDER LINEAR SURFACE WAVES

(b) NOAA, Sea Grant.

(c) Dr. Douglas L. Inman or Scott Kenkins (graduate stu- dent).

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research with design

considerations approached.

(e) Measurements of the forces resulting from laboratory scale waves on submerged spheres and cylinders. Measurements

of the drift currents produced around these bodies with unseparated flow. Theoretical descriptions for these steady- currents are being developed through successive approxi- mations to the wave boundary layer equations.

(g) The streaming gives rise to Kutta-Joukowski forces which

reduce the resultant of the wave pressure. The streaming

has been described approximately by boundary layer theory for a flow regime limited to unseparated motion. Long chain polymer surfaced bodies exhibit reduced

streaming.

(/;) Forces on a Sphere Under Linear Progressive Waves, Jenkins and Inman, Proc. 15th Intl. Conf. on Coastal Engrg., ASCE 3, 1976. 142-10395-420-44 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE HYDRODYNAMIC

FORCES ON BLUFFED BODIES AT SHALLOW SUBMERGENCE IN UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENTS

(b) NOAA, Sea Grant.

(c) Dr. Douglas L. Inman or Scott Jenkins (graduate student).

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research with design considerations approached.

(e) Measurements of wave form drag on bluffed bodies moving through still water at shallow submergence. Studies in reducing wave and form drag by means of pressure recovery using Stratford's criterion for separation of a tur- bulent boundary layer. (g) The form drag has been found to exceed the wave drag by an order of magnitude. The wave drag has been found to be comparable in size to that predicted in recent nonlinear

potential flow solutions. 142-10396-130-44 DUCT FLOW FLUIDIZATION STUDY

(b) NOAA, Sea Grant; Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. Douglas L. Inman or James A. Bailard (graduate stu- dent).

(d) Experimental and theoretical applied research.

(e) Development of an analytic model predicting pressures and velocities in both the pipe and fluidized duct.

(g) Laboratory experiments verified theory. Field tests now in progress.

(It) An Analytic Model of Duct-Flow Fluidization, J. A. Bailard, D. L. Inman, Symp. on Modeling Techniques, ASCE, pp. 1402-21, 1975. 142-10397-430-22 TETHERED FLOAT BREAKWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

(b) U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command; U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers; California Department of Navigation and Ocean Development; Maritime Administration.

(c) Dr. Richard J. Seymour, Program Director.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigations followed by

field verification; Ph.D. thesis resulted.

(e) Hydrodynamic investigations of dynamic breakwater consisting of a large number of buoyant tethered floats which

oscillate vigorously in a wave field and attenuate wave

energy by drag dissipation. (g) Scaling laws verified, predictive model developed for per- formance in random seas. Functional breakwater for limited fetch waves demonstrated.

(h) TFB: A Transportable Open Ocean Breakwater, M. E. Es- soglou, R. J. Seymour, J. B. Berkley, Proc. 1 1th Ann. Conf. Marine Tech. Soc, San Diego, Sept. 1975.

Resistance of Spheres in Oscillatory Flows, R. J. Seymour,

Ph.D. Dissertation, 1974. Wave Induced loads on Multielement Structures, R. J. Seymour, Proc. Symp. Modeling Techniques for Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg., San Francisco, Sept. 1975. Tethered Float Breakwater: A Temporary Wave Protection System for Open Ocean Construction, R. J. Seymour, OTC

2545, Proc. 8th Ann. Offshore Tech. Conf., Houston, Tex., May 1976.

Project status report containing bibliography of numerous

project reports available from Project Director. 142-10398-420-54 WAVES ON BEACHES

(b) National Science Foundation; Office of Naval Research,

Geography Programs.

(c) Robert T. Guza, Asst. Professor of Oceanography.

123
(d) Combined experimental-theoretical-field, basic research.

(e) Investigations into the dynamics of breaking and near- breaking gravity waves in shallow water.

(g) Nonlinear interactions, both resonant and nonresonant,

play an important role in the overall wave energy distribu- tion in very shallow water. There may be considerable resonant energy transfer from incident wave periods (10

sec) to rather longer surges (60 sec).

(/i) Resonant Interactions for Waves Breaking on a Beach, R.

T. Guza, A. J. Bowen, Proc. 15th Intl. Conf. on Coastal

Engrg., ASCE, 1977.

Finite Amplitude Edge Waves, R. T. Guza, A. J. Bowen, J. Mar. Res. 34, 1, pp. 269-93, 1976. 142-10399-420-20 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SHOALING WAVES

(b) Office of Naval Research, Geography Programs, Code

462.

(c) Dr. Douglas L. lnman. Dr. Robert T. Guza, Mr. Reinhard

E. Flick (graduate student).

(d) Experimental, basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Measurement of wave shoaling induced nonlinear energy

transfer in single frequency and biharmonic surface gravity waves on gentle slopes. Elevation measurements using high

resolution resistance wire gauges. Velocity measurements

using hot film anemometers to describe turbulent fluctuations under spilling and plunging breakers. The effects of

the paddle generation process, long channel dissipation, reflection and standing waves were measured.

if) Completed. Thesis and papers in preparation.

(g) Comparison of harmonic amplitudes measured with a nonlinear Stokes theory and cnoidal theory. Description of

turbulent velocity fluctuations under spilling and plunging

breakers. Analytic breaking criterion for spilling type breakers based on the acceleration at the crest.

(/i) Thesis and papers in preparation. Progress reports 1975-

1976, 1977 from ONR Code 462, Geography Programs,

c/o Dr. James Bailey. 142-10400-420-20 LABORATORY STUDIES OF BREAKING INTERNAL

WAVES

(b) Office of Naval Research, Geography Programs.

(c) Dr. Clinton D. Winant, Alan Bratkovich (graduate stu- dent).

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Observation of velocity and density microstructure at the leading edge of nonlinear internal waves (internal bores). Measurements are made in a Lagrangian frame fixed to the wave front in order to identify and describe related mixing processes. 142-10401-420-54 INTERACTION OF SOLITARY WAVES WITH BOUNDARIES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Experimental basic research.

(d) Dr. Kenneth Melville, Asst. Research Geophysicist.

(e) Measurements of surface displacements of propagating waves in converging and diverging channels. Measure- ments of regular and Mach reflection of solitary waves

against an inclined wall. To test recent theoretical predictions. 142-10402-410-60 ANISOTROPIC SAND TRANSPORT IN TIDAL INLETS

(b) California Department of Navigation and Ocean Development; Foundation for Ocean Research; and Institute for Marine Research.

(c) Steven L. Costa, Foundation for Ocean Research, 11696-

D, Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, Calif. 92126.

(d) Experimental, applied research, part of Ph.D. thesis. (e) Experimental investigation of sediment transport dynamics

in tidal inlets and the possible modification of inlet systems

to enhance transport characteristics.

(f) Work continuing on theoretical aspects.

(g) Tidal inlets operate in a highly nonlinear sediment trans- port regime (both in model and field scales). Small changes to inlet channel flow result in inordinately large changes in sediment transport on the channel bed. (h) Anisotropic Sand Transport in Tidal Inlets, S. L. Costa, J. D. Isaacs, Proc. Symp. Modeling Techniques, ASCE, 1975. The Modification of Tidal Inlet Transport Dynamics Using

Secondary Augmentation Flows, S. L. Costa, J. D. Isaacs,

in preparation to be published in Proc. Symposium on

Coastal Sediments, ASCE, Charleston, S.C., Nov. 1977.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University Park, Los Angeles,

Calif. 90007. Dr. John Laufer, Department Chairman.

143-09177-020-54 LABORATORY STUDIES OF A TURBULENT, STRATIFIED

SHEAR LAYER

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Frederick K. Browand, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) The mixing layer is formed by merging two streams of dif- ferent velocity and density. The purpose is to study the ef- fect upon the turbulence of a statically stable density dif- ference, with application to mixing in the ocean and at- mosphere. 143-09178-010-26 GENERATION OF TURBULENCE IN THE TRANSITION OF

A LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER

(b) Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

(c) Drs. Richard E. Kaplan and Edward R. Van Driest. (d) Experimental and theoretical, applied research.

(e) Predictions and measurements of the location and nature of boundary layer transition. (g) See publications below.

(h) The Intermittently Turbulent Region of the Boundary

Layer, R. E. Kaplan, J. Laufer, Proc. 12th Intl. Cong. Appl. Mech., Stanford Univ., Aug. 26-31, 1968; Springer, 1969.

Spatial Structure in the Viscous Sublayer, A. K. Gupta, J. Laufer, R. E. Kaplan, J. Fluid Mech. 50, p. 493, Dec. 14, 1971.

Statistical Characteristics of Reynolds Stress in a Turbulent Boundary Layer, A. K. Gupta, R. E. Kaplan, Physics of

Fluids 15, 6, June 1972.

Intermittent Structures in Turbulent Boundary Layers, R.

E. Kaplan, J. Laufer, Symp. volume for AGARD Specialist Mtg. on Turbulent Shear Flows, AGARD-CP-93, Technical

Editing and Reproduction Ltd., London, 1972. On the Wall Structure of the Turbulent Boundary Layer,

R. F. Blackwelder, R. E. Kaplan, J. Fluid Mechanics 76, 1, pp. 89-1 12, 1976. The Coupling Between Freestream Disturbances, the Forced

Oscillations, and the Natural Oscillations in a Spatial Analysis of a Boundary Layer, H. L. Rogler, presented

AGARD-NATO Fluid Dynamics Panel Symp.: Laminar-Turbulent Transition, Copenhagen, Denmark, May 1977. 143-09179-010-54 RESEARCH ON BOUNDARY LAYERS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Drs. John Laufer and Richard E. Kaplan.

(d) Experimental, basic research; Master's and Doctoral

theses.

(e) Experimentally determine the large scale and wall struc- ture of the turbulent boundary layer. (g) Both the outer and inner regions of the turbulent boundary layer have been studied by multiple hot-wire and hotfilm anemometer probes and by a mild heating of the wall. The measurements were analyzed on a digital computer by

124
the techniques best described as conditional sampling, and Hodograph plane joint probability densities and Lindeberg

statistics. Much novel information about the nature of

these structures has been found including their spatial geometry and evolution; the entrainment mechanisms; the

statistics of the wall streaks; deep penetration of outer, poorly mixed fluid, and wall bursts. Additionally, experi- ments in artificial driving of disturbances have been per- formed with little success. (h) See Project 143-09178-010-26 above. 143-09180-450-54 INTERNATIONAL SOUTHERN OCEAN STUDIES: LABORATORY MODELING STUDIES OF THE ANTARCTIC CIR- CUMPOLAR CURRENT

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Tony Maxworthy.

(d) Experimental, basic research, for Doctoral theses.

(e) Basic experimental study of rotating flows with and

without stratification that are important in the study of ocean circulations. For the A.C.C. the constricting effect of the Drake Passage and other topographical features has been emphasized.

(f) Completed.

(g) The Drake Passage geometry has been found to greatly af- fect the circumpolar flow and accounts for the majority of

the energy dissipation in the whole system.

(h) Proc. 10th Ann. Mfg., Soc. Engrg. Sci., Raleigh, N.C.,

1972. Topographic Effects in Rapidly Rotating Fluids, Z.AM. P., Oct. 1977. 143-09181-010-14 RESEARCH ON WALL TURBULENCE

(b) U.S. Army Research Office-Durham.

(c) Ron Blackwelder, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Experimental, basic research; Master's and Doctoral

theses.

(e) Experimentally determine the large scale and wall struc- ture of the turbulent boundary layer.

(/i) Pressure Perturbation of a Turbulent Boundary Layer, R.

F. Blackwelder, H. H. W. Woo, Phys. Fluids 17, 3, Mar.

1974. On the Wall Structure of the Turbulent Boundary Layer,

R. F. Blackwelder, R. E. Kaplan, J. Fluid Mechanics 76, 1, pp. 89-112, 1976. 143-09182-000-54 THE DYNAMICS OF CONCENTRATED VORTICES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Tony Maxworthy.

(d) Experimental, basic research, for Doctoral theses.

(e) Experimental investigation of vortex rings, thermals and

aircraft wakes in stratified and unstratified environments,

using laser Doppler and photographic techniques.

(f) Completed.

(g) See publications below.

(/i) Turbulent Vortex Rings, T. Maxworthy, J. Fluid Mech. 64,

pp. 227-239, 1974. The Motion of Aircraft Trailing Vortices, T. Maxworthy, J. Appl. Mech. (to be published).

On the Motion of Turbulent Thermals, M. P. Escudier, T. Maxworthy, J. Fluid Mech. 61, pp. 541-552, 1973. On the Dynamics of Turbulent Thermals, Mohamed GadEl-Hak, Abstract, Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc. 19, 10, Paper

CB6, Nov. 1974. Some Experimental Studies of Vortex Rings, J. Fluid Mech., in press. 143-09183-020-20 LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE AND ENTRAINMENT IN THE

TURBULENT MIXING LAYER

(b) Office of Naval Research, Project SQUID.

(c) Frederick K. Browand, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Additional sampling techniques are applied to the two- dimensional mixing layer to isolate and study the large- scale structure. Work should provide understanding of the

basic nature of turbulent mixing and entrainment. 143-09902-420-50 DYNAMICS OF THE JOVIAN ATMOSPHERE

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) Drs. Tony Maxworthy and Larry G. Redekopp.

(d) Experimental-theoretical, basic research, for Doctoral

theses.

(e) A basic study of solitary wave motions in rotating-stratified and stratified media. These entities are used to model vari- ous atmospheric features in both the Jovian and terrestrial atmospheres.

(g) See h. (h) A Solitary Wave Theory of the Great Red Spot and Other Observed Features in the Jovian Atmosphere, T. Maxworthy, L. G. Redekopp, Icarus 29, pp. 261-171, 1976. On the Production and Interaction of Planetary Solitary Waves: Application to the Jovian Atmosphere, T. Maxworthy, L. G. Redekopp, P. D. Weidman. Submitted to Icarus. 143-09903-450-20 THE DYNAMICS OF ROTATING AND NON-ROTATING IN- TRUSIONS

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Drs. Tony Maxworthy and Frederick K. Browand.

(d) Experimental, basic research, for Doctoral theses. (e) A basic experimental study of the formation of oceanic

microstructure from the interleaving of fluid layers with

different origins. A variety of facilities are used in which

both the steady and unsteady motion of intrusive features can be studied in both rotating and nonrotating-stratified surroundings.

(g) See h. (h) On the Generation of Internal Solitary Waves from the Gravitational Collapse of Mixed Regions, T. Maxworthy.

Submitted to J. Fluid Mechanics. 143-09904-160-54 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SUPERSONIC JET

NOISE

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Richard E. Kaplan.

(d) Experimental, basic research, Ph.D. dissertation. (e) Investigate sources of "extra noise" for supersonic ideally expanded jets. Augment data acquisition facilities.

SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE OF LONG ISLAND UNIVERSITY,

Department of Geology, Southampton, N Y. 1 1968. 144-09873-820-65 SALT WATER INTRUSION IN SE LONG ISLAND

(Collaborative Project with Department of Geology and

Geophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison)

(b) Town of Southampton, Suffolk County, N.Y.

(c) Professor C. Alan Berkebile, Southampton College or Mary P. Anderson, Asst. Professor, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

(d) Field and theoretical, applied and development.

(e) Establish a network of groundwater observation wells in the Town of Southampton in order to determine the extent of salt water intrusion and to monitor sea water en- croachment on a routine basis. (g) A survey of 124 wells conducted during 1974-75 showed

that water from 26 wells had chloride concentrations of 50

mg/1 or greater and in 1 7 wells the chloride concentration exceeded 200 mg/1. These high concentrations are very

125
likely due to salt water intrusion. Nineteen of the con- taminated wells are located in two densely populated areas

in which private wells are used for water supply. (h) Evidence of Salt Water Intrusion in Southeastern Long

Island, M. P. Anderson, C. A. Berkebile. Groundwater 14,

5, pp. 315-319, 1976. Unsteady Groundwater Flow Beneath Strip Oceanic

Islands, M. P. Anderson, Water Resources Research 12, 4, pp. 640-644, 1976. Town of Southampton, Groundwater Resources Monitoring

Program, 1974-75, Report to the Town of Southampton,

110 pages, July 1975. Loan copies available from Southampton College.

SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Civil and Mechanical Engineering Department, Dallas, Tex. 75275. Dr. Michael A.

Collins, Assoc. Professor. 145-09930-210-33 SOLUTION OF LARGE SCALE PIPE NETWORKS BY IM- PROVED MATHEMATICAL APPROACHES

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology, United States Department of the Interior.

(c) Dr. Michael A. Collins, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) New theoretical models are being established for the classical pipe network analyses problems. It is proven there

exist nonlinear optimization models whose solution yield the heads and discharge for a pipe network. Thus, as op- posed to the traditional iteration methods, i.e., Hardy

Cross, Newton Raphson, and linearization, nonlinear optimization techniques can be used to solve the classical pipe network analysis problem. Numerical experiments are being conducted to compare the relative efficiency of

traditional methods to optimization solution methods.

(g) The existence of two complementary optimization models

for nonlinear networks has been established. Numerical

experiments on large scale networks have demonstrated

the feasibility of an optimization approach to solving pipe network analyses problems.

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 8500 Cuiebra Road,

P. O. Drawer 28510, San Antonio, Tex. 78284. H. Nor- man Abramson, Vice President, Engineering Sciences. 146-09299-340-70 STUDIES OF EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED FLUID MOTIONS

IN TOROIDAL RESERVOIRS

(£>) General Electric Nuclear Energy Division.

(c) Dr. D. D. Kana, Manager, Structural Dynamics and

Acoustics.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Experimental and analytical studies of earthquake-induced wave motions in the shallow, toroidal "suppression pool"

reservoir of typical nuclear reactors. (g) Both vertical and horizontal earthquake motions are simulated, using a two degree-of-freedom shake table. Various methods of damping the wave motions are also under in- vestigation. 146-09300-110-70 STUDIES OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) MOTIONS

IN PARTIALLY FULL TANKS

(b) Methane Tanker Service.

(c) Dr. Robert L. Bass, Manager, Hydro-Mechanical Systems.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Experimental determination of wave-impact pressures on

tank walls.

(g) Scale-model studies using liquids with various physical properties, realistic tank geometries, and tank motions were conducted to determine correlating equations for wall pressures in full-scale tanks. 146-09301-620-70 SQUEEZE FILM DAMPERS FOR HIGH-SPEED ROTATING

MACHINERY

(b) Union Carbide Nuclear Company.

(c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer.

(d) Analytical; applied research and development.

(e) Analytical investigation of hydrodynamic squeeze film dampers for flexible, high-speed rotors. 146-09302-190-50 UNCONFINED VAPOR EXPLOSIONS

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center.

(c) Dr. W. E. Baker, Institute Scientist, and Dr. R. A.

Strehlow, University of Illinois. {d) Applied research; theoretical and experimental.

(e) Assess damage potential of unconfined vapor explosions and other non-ideal explosions; determine energy released by back-calculations from measured pressure-time histories. (g) A survey of damage mechanics and scaling relationships for non-ideal explosions has been completed. An analysis, using the method-of-characteristics, has been developed to determine the entire flow field and the energy flows result- ing from a non-ideal explosion, using experimental pres- sure-time histories at one location. Calculations of the energy release and flow fields of bursting glass spheres under high pressure are underway to evaluate equivalent

TNT yields of non-ideal explosions.

(/i) The Characterization and Evaluation of Accidental Explosions, R. A. Strehlow, W. E. Baker (to be submitted). 146-09303-000-50 FLUID MECHANICS, THERMODYNAMICS, AND HEAT

TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center,

(c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Determine meritorious experiments in fluid mechanics,

thermodynamics, and heat transfer that must be conducted

in space but have results applicable to earth-bound phenomena.

if) Completed.

(g) An overstudy committee of nine members from university and research institute engineers and scientists was formed. Many experiments were identified and evaluated. The im- pact of a space laboratory environment on the conduct of

the experiments was assessed. (h) Fluid Mechanics, Heat Transfer, and Thermodynamics Ex- periments for a Space Laboratory, F. T. Dodge, H. N. Abramson, S. W. Angrist, 1. Catton, S. W. Churchill, R. J. Mannheimer, S. Ostrach, S. H. Schwarts, J. V. Sengers, NASA CR-1 34742, (submitted to Science). 146-09304-050-15 CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-SPEED COMBUSTING JETS

(£>) U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory.

(c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of combusting jets issuing from tanks of compressed LPG.

(g) Using literature results and original analyses, predictions of

the flow characteristics of highly-underexpanded two- phase jets of reacting LPG are being made. The heat

transfer to insulated steel plates, placed at various distances from the jet orifice, are computed, with the eventual aim of reducing the "torching" hazard in LPG

tank car derailments.

(h) SwRI Contractor Reports. 126
146-09305-740-00 FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS FOR FLUID MECHANICS

(b) SwRI Internal Research Panel.

(c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer and Mr. R. E. Ricker, Engineer.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Use of finite-element methods to analyze various potential flows with a free surface and environmental flow problems and to extend the usefulness of the method. 146-09306-640-00 FLUID-SHOCK PHYSICS

(b) SwRI Internal Research Panel.

(c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Explore various techniques of predicting shock or blast- wave interactions with structures or other flow fields. 146-09310-550-22 WATERWHEEL TEST FACILITY FOR SURFACE EFFECT

SHIPS SEAL FINGER PERFORMANCE STUDIES

(b) Surface Effect Ships Project Office, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. R. L. Bass, Manager, Hydro-Mechanical Systems.

(d) Experimental applied research and test facility design.

(e) Design of a large-scale waterwheel to provide high-speed

hydrodynamic free surface testing. (g) Hydrodynamic problems of propulsion, stability, and sea- keeping on surface effect ships employing flexible bow and

stern seals are secondary compared to seal service life shortcomings. Seal service life is adversely affected by wear and fatigue incurred in normal SES operation, and

the relatively short service life of the seals is a major limit- ing factor in SES design and operation. To gain additional information for improving seal life, large scale test facili- ties are needed to monitor seal life in realistic environmental and operating conditions. A paper study was performed

to determine the feasibility of utilizing a large-scale waterwheel as a test facility for measuring SES seal failure modes and fatigue service life. The operational and design

requirements of such a facility have been established and

the design of a waterwheel test rig for determining lower

seal wear is currently underway.

(h) SwRI Contractor Reports. 146-10354-130-70 SCALE MODELING STUDIES OF BWR SLOWDOWN FLUID

PHYSICS

(fc) General Electric Nuclear Energy Systems Division.

(c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied research.

(e) Formulate scale-modeling laws and interpret results of

tests of massive air/steam injection into water pools. 146-10355-050-50 LIQUID JET IMPINGEMENT ON CLOSELY-WOVEN

SCREENS

(b) NASA-Lewis Research Center.

(c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer.

(d) Analytical; applied research.

(e) Develop math model of through-put of incompressible jet impinging on a screen.

(g) Good correlation with test data has been achieved; final report is in preparation. 146-10356-650-70 SLOSH DYNAMICS OF OIL PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT

(b) AMOCO.

(c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer.

id) Analytical; applied research.

(c) Determine susceptibility of conventional 3-phase separators, glycol de-gassers, etc., to performance degradation by

slosh effects encountered on flexible off-shore platforms.

146-10357-540-50 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS OF BELLOWS

(b) NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center.

(c) Mr. J. E. Johnson, Engineer.

(d) Analytical; applied research.

(e) Extend previous research to cover bellow sizes used in the Space Shuttle. 146-10358-520-45 BULK CARRIER SAFETY ENHANCEMENT

(b) Maritime Administration.

(c) Dr. R. L. Bass, Manager, Hydro-Mechanical Systems.

(d) Analytical and experimental; applied research.

(e) Analyses and scale-model tests of ventilating and gas-free- ing large supertanker tanks. (g) Phase 1 Final Report issued June 1976.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Applied Earth

Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Stanford, Calif. 94305.

Professor Irwin Remson.

147-08979-810-54 HYDROLOGIC MODELS FOR LAND-USE MANAGEMENT

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Cooperative project with Department of Geology.

(d) Theoretical research with field applications; applied

research; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Development of deterministic and optimization computer

models of subsurface hydrology for use in studying and managing watershed hydrology.

(g) List of papers available on request.

147-10473-820-54 HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF IN- FLUENT STREAMS AND RECHARGE OF UNDERLYING

AQUIFERS (See also Stanford Civil Engineering Department,

148-1049)

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professors Joseph B. Franzini and Irwin Remson

(cooperative project with Department of Civil Engineering). (d) Theoretical research with laboratory and field applications; applied research; M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Use of theoretical models and laboratory and field data to study the behavior of influent streams.

(g) Only preliminary results.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering,

Stanford, Calif. 94305. Professor R. L. Street, Department Chairman.

148-10406-420-14 THE GROWTH OF OCEAN WAVES UNDER THE ACTION

OF THE WIND

(b) U.S. Army Research Office, Durham, N.C.

(c) Professor E. Y. Hsu.

(d) Experimental; basic research for Doctoral theses. (e) To study the effect of turbulence in the energy transfer process from wind to water waves. The proposed experi- ments include studies of the detailed flow structure by

measuring the instantaneous wind profiles over the air- water interface. (h) Complete list of reports and papers available on request to correspondent.

127
148-10407-010-54 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN THE STRUCTURE OF TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER GROWING ON A

DEFORMABLE AIR-WATER INTERFACE

(b) Engineering Division, National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor E. Y. Hsu.

(d) Experimental; basic research for Doctoral theses.

(e) The proposed research is devoted to the more precise establishment of the similarities and differences in the

structure of turbulence in boundary layers over rigid and

deformable (wave-perturbed) surfaces. (h) Complete list of reports and papers available on request to correspondent. 148-10408-420-20 WIND-GENERATED WATER WAVES

(b) Professors E. Y. Hsu and R. L. Street. (d) Experimental; basic research for Doctoral theses.

(e) The program is devoted to measurement of wave-induced

turbulent Reynolds stresses and their contribution to the momentum transfer from the wind to the surface wave

field at the air-water interface. (h) Complete list of reports and papers available on request to correspondents. 148-10409-820-54 HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF IN- FLUENT STREAMS AND RECHARGE OF UNDERLYING

AQUIFERS

(b) Engineering Division, National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil Engineering, and Professor Irwin Remson, Dept. of Applied Earth

Science.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for Doctoral

theses.

(e) Initially the kinematic wave equation for flow in a very wide channel on a constant slope will be linked numerically to the one-dimensional Richard's equation for unsteady, unsaturated flow in soils. In later work the in- vestigation will be extended to include variation in channel

slope, width and depth, variation of the characteristics of

the underlying strata, and the effect of lateral spreading of

the seepage water. 148-10410-860-36 RECLAIMED WATER IN PALO ALTO

(b) Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) Professors Perry L. McCarty (Principal Investigator) and

Paul V. Roberts (Project Manager).

(d) Basic and applied research; development of theoretical models followed by calibration and verification in the laboratory and in the field; Doctoral theses.

(e) The effects of injecting treated wastewater into an aquifer

are being investigated with special emphasis on the trans- formations and fates of trace contaminants and changes in the hydrogeologic and mineralogic characteristics of the

aquifer. A coupled model describing flow and water quality characteristics is being developed.

(/i) Preproject Water quality Evaluation for the Palo Alto Water Reclamation Facility, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Tech.

Rept. No. 206, Apr. 1976. 148-1041 1-530-21 FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW ABOUT FULLY CAVITATING

HYDROFOILS

(b) Naval Ship Research and Development Center.

(c) Professor R. L. Street. (d) Theoretical, numerical computation, basic research for Doctoral theses.

(e) Develop a numerical finite element computational method

for the solution of three-dimensional, irrotational, steady and fully-cavitating flow past arbitrary hydrofoils or other

bodies. A fully nonlinear computation method, as is being

developed, will have application in the design of hydrofoils and propellors.

(g) Numerical Methods Applied to Fully Cavitating Flows, with Emphasis on the Finite Element Method, R. L. Street, P. Y. Ko, Symp. on Hydrodynamics of Ship and Offshore Propulsion Systems, Det Norske Veritas, Oslo, Norway, 1977. 148-10412-440-33 SIMULATION OF THERMALLY-INFLUENCED

HYDRODYNAMIC FLOWS

(b) Office of Water-Resources Research, Department of the

Interior. (c) Professor R. L. Street. (d) Theoretical, numerical computation, basic research for Doctoral theses.

(e) Under the project we developed a time-dependent, three- dimensional numerical model which simulates the hydrodynamics and thermal regime of lakes and reservoirs; and a two-dimensional (horizontal-vertical) hydrostatic nu- merical model for simulation of hydrodynamics and ther- mal regimes (e.g., thermocline development) in long and narrow reservoirs and lakes.

(/) Completed.

(g) Complete list of reports and papers available on request to correspondent. 148-10413-140-54 HEAT TRANSFER AT A MOBILE BOUNDARY

(b) Engineering Division (Heat Transfer Program), National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor R. L. Street. (d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research for Doctoral

theses.

{e) The work is focused on the transport processes occurring

at a gas-liquid interface under the action of a turbulent gas

flow. We seek experimental determination of, and

theoretical bases for, the heat transfer in the liquid layer and the partitioning of the sensible and latent heat and mass transfers across the interface under various conditions. (g) Publications from related previous work available from

correspondent.

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Mississippi River at Third Avenue, S. E., Minneapolis, Minn. 55414. Dr. Roger E. A. Arndt,

Director.

Inquiries concerning Projects 00111, 01168, 07677, and 10592 which are conducted by the Agricultural Research

Service (see also project reports from U.S. Government

laboratories; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; North Central Region Project No. 01723) should be addressed to Fred W. Blaisdell, Research Leader, Hydraulics of Structures Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory, at the above address.

Inquiries concerning Project 00194 should be addressed to John V. Skinner, Engineer in Charge, Federal Inter-Agen- cy Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory at the above address.

Inquiries concerning all other projects should be addressed

to Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, at the above address.

1 49-028 1W-060-36 MIXING AND DISPERSION AT A WARM WATER OUTLET

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 5.0349. 128
1 49-0285W-800-33

COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND SIMULATION MODELS IN WATER RESOURCES: SCOPE AND AVAILABILITY

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0623. 149-0437W-870-00 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF ADDITIONS TO

MAYFIELD HYDROPOWER PROJECT

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 10, 8.0098. 149-0438W-870-00 STOCHASTIC MODEL OF WATER TEMPERATURES IN STREAMS AND LAKES

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 1.0027. 149-0439W-870-00 DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS TO SEPARATE SEDI- MENTS FROM STORM WATER ASSOCIATED WITH

CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0378. 149-00111-350-05 CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY

(£>) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agric. Expt. Sta. and the

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research for develop- ment and design.

(e) Recent work has been a model test of a closed tall two- way drop inlet with a crest section twice as long as the drop inlet and a structural transverse wall at the drop inlet midlength. The effect of these deviations from current

design standards was determined and modifications suggested. Flow-induced vibrations were also investigated.

(g) The theory of closed conduit spillways has been

developed, verified, and published. Results of tests on many forms of the closed conduit spillway entrance have been published. Pipe culverts laid on steep slopes may

flow completely full even though the outlet discharges

freely. Generalized methods for analysis and reporting of

the results have been developed. The use of air as the model fluid has been verified by comparing test results with those obtained using water as the model fluid. The

two-way drop inlet with the horizontal anti-vortex device

causes the spillway to act as a self-regulating siphon when

the headpool level approximates the anti-vortex plate elevation. The height of the anti- vortex plate above the drop inlet crest and the overhang of the anti-vortex plate determine the effectiveness of the plate as an anti-vortex device. For one form of the inlet, tests have been made to determine the crest loss coefficient, the barrel entrance

loss coefficient, the pressures on the plate and the drop

inlet, the general performance of the inlet, minimum and maximum permissible plate heights, and the headdischarge relationship for plate control. Variables have been the length of the drop inlet, the barrel slope, the height and overhang of the anti-vortex plate, and the

sidewall thickness. Tests of low-stage orifices in the two- way drop inlet have shown that improper location and im- proper proportioning of the orifices can prevent priming of

the spillway. The proper location and size of the orifices have been determined. To supplement the experiments,

potential flow methods have been used to determine the

theoretical coefficient of energy loss at the crest of the two-way drop inlet. Six shapes of elbow between the two- way drop inlet and the transition were tested. The elbows were evaluated on the basis of high minimum relative pres- sures and the presence of adverse pressure gradients. The

theoretical free streamline elbow had small areas of ad- verse pressure gradient. The best elbow is an ellipse with semi-major and semi-minor axes of 2D and ID. (D is the barrel diameter.) An elbow made up to two 45-degree cir- cular segments of radii D/2 and 3D/2 also has generally

satisfactory hydraulic characteristics. Seven transitions between the half-square crown, half-circular invert cross section at the elbow exit and the circular barrel were

tested. The best transition is warped and ID long. (See 1968 issue for details,-ed. ) The entrance loss coefficients are low and identical within the limits of experimental

precision for all elbow-transition combinations. Tests on

the hood drop inlet have shown that the hood barrel en- trance can be used to reduce the minimum required height of the drop inlet. Minimum sizes of drop inlet and anti- vortex devices have been determined. Undesirable per- formance of an operating spillway was traced to air-en- training hydraulic jumps in the barrel, inadequate size and

debris-plugged air vents, and delayed venting from under

the cover plate skirts that extended below the spillway

crest. Adequate venting corrected the undesirable per- formance. This was achieved by removing a manhole

cover in the cover plate. The manhole opening required an

antivortex device and a trashrack. The point of termination of the transverse wall near the base of the drop inlet affects the flow in the two drop inlet shafts. Initial designs of the transverse wall resulted in unequal water levels in the two drop inlet shafts prior to priming, and caused sub- mergence of the upstream and downstream crests at dif- ferent respective stages. To eliminate this effect, the trans- verse wall should terminate ID above the beginning of the elbow curvature, or the bottom of the transverse wall should be curved downstream,

(/i) The following reports and papers are in various stages of completion:

Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways-Part XVI. Elbows and Transition for the Two-Way Drop Inlet; Part XVII. The Two-Way Drop Inlet With a Semicylindrical Bottom.

Hydraulic Model Investigation of a Two-Way Drop Inlet for Floodwater Retarding Structure No. 3, Banklick Creek

Watershed, Boone and Kenton Counties, Kentucky.

Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways, Part XIII: The

Hood Drop Inlet, K. Yalamanchili, F. W. Blaisdell, Agric. Res. Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric, ARS-NC-23 , 78 pages, Aug. 1974. Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways, Part XIV: Antivortex Walls for Drop Inlets; Part XV: Low-Stage Inlet for the Two-Way Drop Inlet, C. A. Donnelly, F. W. Blaisdell, Agric. Res. Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric, ARS-NC-33, 37

pages, Mar. 1976. Copies of these two publications may be obtained from the Agric. Res. Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraul. Lab., at the above address. The Two-Way Drop Inlet Self-Regulating Siphon Spillway,

F. W. Blaisdell, C. A. Donnelly, K. Yalamanchili, Proc. Design & Operation of Siphons & Siphon Spillways Symp.,

British Hydromechanics Research Assoc., Paper C4, pp. C4-31 to C4-53, 1975. The Hood Drop Inlet Self-Regulating Siphon Spillway, F. W. Blaisdell, K. Yalamanchili, Proc. Design & Operation of Siphons & Siphon Spillways Symp., British Hydromechanics

Research Assoc., Paper C-6, pp. C6-69 to C6-88, 1975. Theory of Flow in Long Siphons, F. W. Blaisdell, Proc. Design & Operation of Siphons & Siphon Spillways Symp.,

British Hydromechanics Research Assoc., Paper C7, pp. C7-89 to C7-98, 1975. The Hood Inlet Self-Regulating Siphon Spillway, F. W.

Blaisdell, C. A. Donnelly, Proc. Design & Operation of Siphons & Siphon Spillways Symp., British Hydromechanics

Research Assoc., Paper CI I, pp. CI 1-137 to CI 1-154, 1975. 129
149-00194-700-10 A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND

ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS (Inter- Agency Sedimentation Project in cooperation with St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory)

(b) Committee on Sedimentation, Water Resources Council; personnel of the U.S. Army Corps of Engrs. and the U.S. Geological Survey are actively engaged on the project. (d) Experimental; applied research and development.

(e) Develop equipment and procedures to facilitate both the

collection and analysis of sediment transported by natural streams. The project develops sampling equipment to meet

special requirements then, as a service to all governmental

organizations and to educational institutions, stocks,

calibrates, and repairs sampling and analyzing equipment.

Major equipment items stocked for resale include a single stage sampler, 4-, 22-, and 62-pound depth integrating

samplers, 100-, 200-, and 300-pound electrically operated

point-integrating samplers, and an intermittent pumpingtype sampler. For the collection of bed material the project stocks piston-type hand operated samplers, 30-, and

100-pound scoop-type samplers. For particle size analysis the project can supply bottom-withdrawal tubes and visual- accumulation sedimentation tubes complete with recorders. The project's long-range objective is to develop an

instrument to automatically record the concentration of suspended sediment transported by natural streams. Testing of bed-load samplers is scheduled to begin in 1978.

(g) To facilitate field sampling, the project is continuing to design light-weight suspended-sediment samplers that collect large-volume samples for sediment and chemical analysis. For automatic pump-samplers, reliable solid-state clocks have been designed to replace older mechanical

clocks. A light-weight capacitive-discharge power supply

for point-integrating samplers is now being produced. For

basic research of large rivers, the project designed an in- strumented body that contained a fathometer, a current meter, and an auxiliary compression-chamber to extend

the depth range of point-integrating samplers. To facilitate particle-size analysis, an automated pipette withdrawal

system was designed and tested. In cooperation with the

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory staff, the project is preparing a facility for full scale tests of bed-load samplers.

(/i) A Study of Methods Used in Measurement and Analysis of Sediment Loads in Streams, Report U, An Investigation of a Device for Measuring the Bulk Density of Water-Sediment

Mixtures, J. P. Beverage, J. V. Skinner, 35 pages, Aug.

1974. A catalog and numerous progress and letter reports are

available upon request. Contact the District Engineer, St. Paul District, Corps of Engrs., 1135 U.S. Post Office and Custom House, St. Paul, Minn. 55101. 149-01168-350-05 A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric. in cooperation with Minnesota Agric. Expt. Sta. and St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research for design.

(e) Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe of the earth dam. Attempts are being made to determine quantitatively the size of the scour hole to be expected under various field conditions. Rectangular cantilever outlets with a deflector at the exit to throw the water away from the structure and move the scour hole further downstream are also scheduled for in- vestigation.

(g) In earlier tests, material scoured from the hole deposited

in the downstream channel and was left in place. These

tests have been repeated with the scoured material continuously removed during the test, thus eliminating the

deposit. Analysis of the data will begin soon.

149-07677-220-05 SCOUR AND PROTECTION AGAINST SCOUR AT STRUCTURES

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agric. Expmt. Sta. and

the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research for develop- ment and design.

(e) Laboratory studies to determine for the box inlet drop

spillway, the straight drop spillway, and the SAF stilling basin, the size and shape of the scour in sand beds and the

size and placement of riprap to protect against scour.

(J) Suspended. 149-08993-300-05 HYDRAULICS OF ALLUVIAL CHANNELS-CHANNEL STA- BILITY AS RELATED TO CHANNELIZATION

(i>) Agricultural Research Service in cooperation with the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The factors which lead to instability in river channels are being studied. Particular attention is being given to the processes of meandering and braiding, and to the hydraulic conditions necessary for the establishment of a channel

of stable width. Experimental work is being conducted in

initially straight model sand rivers, which are freely al- lowed to erode their banks and develop meandering or braided channels. The problem is also being investigated

theoretically using, for example, stability analysis. The

processes being studied in the laboratory are relevant in estimating the stability of channelized streams.

(f) Completed.

(g) The data obtained from these experiments are being combined with other laboratory and field data in order to test some theoretical developments. Preliminary results include new criteria for dividing river morphologyJnto straight, meandering, and braided regimes, a critique of various methods for estimating meander length and an extension of tractive force theory to the case where stable banks

coexist with sediment load.

( h ) The Flow and Stability Characteristics of Alluvial River Channels, A. G. Anderson, G. Parker, A. Wood, Univ. of Minn., St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Proj. Rept. 161,

Sept. 1975. 149-08994-300-54 INVESTIGATION OF MEANDER SYSTEMS WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO THE DISCHARGE SPECTRUM

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Study was a continuation of a previous investigation con- ducted to ascertain the influence of the significant varia- bles on the development of meander systems. Detailed measurements were made of the time development of meanders, to follow the development of the meander

system in time.

(f) Completed.

(g) Meandering and braiding of alluvial rivers are complex

phenomena. All variables appear to be interdependent and

a river appears to be always in transition. Nevertheless, there must be a basic mechanism and certain primary fac- tors governing the process. The development of a vertical fiber-optic probe initiated under a previous grant was

completed under this grant. This probe is capable of auto- matically measuring the bed profile and greatly facilitating experimental procedure. Both experimental and analytical work with a specific emphasis on determining the in- fluence of the hydrograph on the meandering process were

carried out. The experiments essentially confirmed the analytical postulate that meandering is determined by the bankful flow and is independent of lower flows. Other analytical

results concerning the stability criteria and the meander wave length were also confirmed by the experiments.

130
(/i) On the Cause and Characteristic Scales of Meandering and

Braiding in Rivers, G. Parker, J. Fluid Mechanics 76, 3, pp. 457-480, 1976. Modeling of Meandering and Braiding in Rivers, G. Parker, A. G. Anderson, presented 2nd Ann. Symp. Modeling

Techniques for Waterways, Harbors, and Coastal Engrg., San Francisco, Sept. 3-5, 1975. To be published in a

Proceedings. 149-08995-870-73 STUDY OF COOLING WATER DISCHARGE EFFECTS ON

WINTER CONDITIONS IN MINNESOTA

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 10, 2.0221. 149-08996-210-54 THE MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE IN STEADY HELI- CAL PIPE FLOW

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental, basic, Ph.D. thesis. (e) An experimental study of the basic mechanics of turbu- lence and turbulent shear stress distribution in flow in heli- cally corrugated pipes was undertaken. Measurements

were taken to relate velocity profiles and friction factors to turbulence characteristics and to study the properties of

three-dimensional boundary layers. The experimental work

was conducted in a 12-inch diameter helical pipe using air as the fluid and hot-film anemometer equipment was used

to measure turbulent fluctuations, energy spectra and

shear stress in the flow.

if) Suspended (data taking completed).

(g) An analysis of the measurements of pressure distribution across the rotational flow in a helical pipe shows that the influence of turbulence is practicably negligible.

(/i) Discussion based on above result will appear in ASME, J. Fluids Engrg., June 1977. 149-08997-480-44 STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA

IN THE UPPER MIDWEST

(b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

(d) Applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Provide a stochastic analysis or model of meteorological and hydrological data during the spring flood period in the Upper Midwest for use with digital simulation models.

(f) Completed.

(g) During the first quarter a statistical analysis of temperature and precipitation data at St. Cloud, Minnesota was undertaken. The following resulted: 1 ) the temperature data were stabilized, 2) it was concluded that temperature and

precipitation could be treated as independent variables, 3)

the deterministic component of temperature was computed, 4) auto-correlation, partial auto-covariance and

spectra of the stochastic component of temperature were

computed, 5) parameters of the Markov chain were esti- mated for each period for precipitation, and 6) the parameters of gamma distribution were estimated.

(h ) Stochastic Analysis of Spring Meteorological Data in the Upper Midwest, K. Kim, C. E. Bowers, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Proj. Rept. 156, June 1975. 149-08998-220-47 FILM INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSES OF FAILURE OF

THE BIG SIOUX BRIDGE

(b)

.

Federal Highway Administration.

(d) Field and laboratory investigation.

(e) A training film was prepared for use by the Federal Highway Administration. It includes footage of an in- vestigation of the causes of failure of the river crossing conducted in the laboratory' and field films taken by the Federal Highway Administration after the failure and during a subsequent flood to delineate the flow pattern through the structure. The film incorporates additional

scenes showing the nature of scour around piers, a discus- sion of the parameters influencing the scour, and illustrate the hydraulic factors that influenced the failure.

(f) Completed.

(/i) Investigation of the Causes of Failure of the Big Sioux

Bridge, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Film No. 92, 1975. 149-08999-350-75 STABILITY TESTS OF DAM SEALING MATERIAL

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 10, 8.0251. 149-09000-430-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF THAMES RIVER, CONNECTICUT PIER

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 10, 8.0031. 149-10592-350-05 FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN TWO-WAY DROP IN- LETS

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agric. Expmt. Sta. and

the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; basic and generalized applied research for development and design.

(e) Determine if fluctuating hydrodynamic forces generated by

flows in two-way drop inlets are sufficiently intense to cause destructive structural vibration or if they merely

produce acoustical noise. Develop a generalized analytical model and computer program for qualitatively and quantitatively predicting the vibration of models or prototypes. Develop means of minimizing or eliminating objectionable

pulsating forces and/or flow-generated noise in these structures. 149-10593-390-70 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES QF GENESEE RIVER IN- TERCEPTOR, S.E. DROPSHAFT STRUCTURES

(b) Chas H. Sells Construction Engineers.

(d) Laboratory investigations to develop optimum dropshaft

design.

(e) Examine the hydraulic characteristics of a vertical dropshaft model. Particular attention being focused on air entrainment in the vertical dropshaft, air release, and ener- gy dissipation in a sump at the bottom of the shaft, air venting back to the ground surface, and flow conditions in the exit conduit to the storage tunnels.

(/) Suspended. 149-10594-540-75 TESTS OF SOUND SUPPRESSION WATER SYSTEMS

(b) Reynolds, Smith & Hills Architects-Engrs-Planners (NASA

subcontract).

(d) Theoretical and experimental applied research.

(e) For noise suppression, NASA space shuttle launchings will require delivery of 200,000 gals of water in 20 seconds from an elevated storage tank to a spray nozzle system surrounding the rocket engines. A 1 to 10 model of the flow system was studied and larger models of the nozzles were tested.

(f) Completed.

(g) The studies clarified and improved the system and

procedures to eliminate critical water hammer and cavita- tion problems. Nozzle spray patterns were evaluated.

(/i) Hydraulic Flow Studies For the Elevated Water Tank of a Sound Suppression Water System, J. F. Ripken, J. M. Wetzel, W. Q. Dahlin, J. E. Ferguson, C. S. S. Song, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Memo. No. 138, Oct. 1976. Hydraulic Transient Flow Studies for a Sound Suppression Water System, J. M. Wetzel, C. S. S. Song, J. F. Ripken, J.

131

254-330 O - 78 - 10
E. Ferguson, W. Q. Dahlin, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Lab. Mentor. No. 139, Dec. 1976. Hydraulic Model Studies of the Spray Nozzles for a Sound

Suppression Water System, J. M. Wetzel, J. F. Ripken, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Memor. No. 143, Mar. 1977. 149-10595-710-70 DYE DILUTION EVALUATION

(b) FMC Corporation.

(d) Experimental applied research.

(e) A validation of the precision of flow measurement by

fluorescent dye-dilution techniques was undertaken at the Laboratory by comparing volumetrically measured flows over the range of 50,000 to 80,000 GPM. Subsequently,

the method was applied in a field acceptance test of a

large variable speed vertical turbine pump handling ef- fluent from a wastewater treatment plant.

if) Completed.

(g) Results of the validation tests were demonstrated to be

within 3 percent of volumetrically determined flows and

the field application of the dye-dilution method for deter- mining hydraulic performance was shown to be within 1 .5 percent of the predicated head-capacity pump curve.

(h) Validation of Use of Dye-Dilution Method for Flow Measurement in Large Open and Closed Channel Flows, W.

Morgan, D. Kempf, R. E. Phillips, Proc. NBS Flow Measurement Symposium, Gailhersburg, Md., SP-484, Feb. 23-

25, 1977. 149-10596-720-13 PREPARATION OF DESIGNS AND DRAWINGS FOR A

BEDLOAD SEDIMENT CALIBRATION FLUME AT ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

(b) St. Paul District Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental and design.

(<?) Design a flume in the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory for the purpose of testing bedload samplers.

(f) Completed.

(g) A design has been completed which would permit the

calibration of full scale bedload samplers with coarse bed

materials. The existing 9 ft wide main laboratory channel would be fitted with sediment traps, a system for continuously measuring the rate of bedload transport and a sedi- ment recirculating system. The facility would be capable

of handling sediment material with D50 of up to 64 mm

and transport rates of up to 5 Ib/ft-sec. Funds for construction and maintenance of the facility have been pro- vided by the U.S. Geological Survey. 149-10597-220-13 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE BED REGIME OF ALLUVIAL

CHANNELS AS INFLUENCED BY SUBMERGED GROINS

(b) St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Experimental studies were conducted to determine the dynamic equilibrium depth of scour associated with sub- merged constrictions or groins. Tests were carried out with

various groin geometries in both rigid- and movable-bed

models. Velocity traverses were made over the groins and

in the constricted region to establish the relationship between the ratio of discharge through the constriction to the total discharge and the relative groin submergence and

geometry.

(/) Completed.

(g) Measurements of the eroded b^d profile in the constricted region indicated that the equilibrium relative depth of

scour was related primarily to the discharge ratio and the

constriction ratio. All groin geometries tested demonstrated the capability of providing relatively large scour

depths at low stages, and less scour depths at high stages

for which a larger portion of the total discharge passed over the groins. Reasonable agreement with predicted relative scour depth was noted for the relatively large sedi- ment-transport rates used in the study.

(h) Model Studies of the Bed Regime of Alluvial Channels as Influenced by Submerged Groins, S. Dhamotharan, W. Q.

Dahlin, J. M. Wetzel, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.

Project Rept. 159, Mar. 1976. 149-10598-720-70 HYDRODYNAMIC DESIGN OF LABORATORY WAVE

FACILITIES

(£>) MTS Systems Corporation.

(d) Experimental; hydrodynamic design.

(e) Experimental investigations were carried out to determine

the wave making characteristic of a two-hinged, flap type random wave generator to be used at the U.S. Naval Academy. A design for a wave absorber with low reflec- tion coefficients over a wide range of wave conditions was

also developed.

if) Completed.

(g) The proposed wave generator design proved to meet the design specifications. The final design of the wave ab- sorber consisted of an impermeable plate of discontinuous

slope, overlain with a permeable layer of square bars providing a porosity of about 70 percent. Reflection coefficients of less than ten percent were measured over the design wave spectrum. 149-10599-870-60 DIFFUSER FOR STORM SEWER OUTLET

(b) Minnesota Department of Transportation.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 12 ft diameter tunnel will carry a stream plus storm water runoff from an interstate highway into the Mississippi River just below St. Anthony Falls where regulated river depth is about 10 ft to the sandstone bed. River traffic en- route to a lock entrance passes close to the bank where

the outlet will be located. The outlet must be designed to not interfere with barge traffic, especially during maximum

flood discharges when the tunnel velocity is as much as 15

fps.

(/) Completed.

(g) A diffuser in the horizontal plane consisting essentially of

four 7-1/2° channels with baffle blocks at the channel en- trances fulfilled the requirements.

(h) Hydraulic Study for Storm Sewer Outlet, E. Silberman, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. 166, Mar.

1977. 149-10600-210-70 FRICTION FACTORS FOR HELICAL ALUMINUM PIPES WITH RE-CORRUGATED ANNULAR END RINGS

(b) Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Sales Company.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Evaluate effect of joint connectors on friction factors for flow in helically corrugated pipes.

(/) Completed.

(g) Connectors cause a small additional loss in head per pipe

length, of the order of 5 percent. The major problem is leakage at the connectors. If enough care is taken to prevent leakage, the same effort can also reduce frictional loss at the connectors.

(h) Further Studies of Friction Factors for Helical Corrugated

Aluminum Pipes with Re-Corrugated Annular Rings on Each End, W. Q. Dahlin, E. Silberman, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. 160, Apr. 1976. 149-10601-350-75 GURI PROJECT FINAL PHASE: HYDRAULIC MODEL

FABRICATION

(b) Harza Engineering Company.

(d) Design and construction.

(e) Provide expertise in the form of assistance and supervision of local personnel in the construction of the Guri model

(Venezuela) involving machine ship work; steel fabrica- tions and piping work; carpentry work; and concrete and masonry work. 132
149-10602-870-75 RECIRCULATING CONDENSER WATER FOR A COOLING

TOWER

(i>) Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The collecting basin beneath a circular plan form, natural

draft cooling tower will also be used as a storage basin for cooling water. An investigation was made of the relation- ship between water depth in the basin and in the pump

bay as influenced .by connecting channel design for given tower support pedestals (some of which must stand in the basin outlet) and pumping rates.

{/) In progress at end of 1976.

(g) Channel configuration and pedestal streamlining are being

designed to meet storage and pumping criteria.

(/j) Hydraulic Model Studies For A Cooling Tower Circulating Water System, Callaway Plant Unit-Union Electric Company, E. Silberman, W. Q. Dahlin, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. 167, Apr. 1977. 149-10603-390-75 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS STUDIES

(b) Lozier Engineers.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Construct a mathematical model of the Culver-Goodman

and Cross-Irondequoit Tunnels, Rochester, N.Y., flow system and run it for various operating conditions.

(g) The transient two-phase flow model developed for the Culver-Goodman Tunnel is being expanded and applied to a larger system including Cross-Irondequoit Tunnel. The

model is being used for the purpose of optimum design and control of the system.

(h) Hydraulic Transient Analysis for the Culver-Goodman Tunnel, Rochester, New York, C. S. Song, T. M. Ring, A. C.

H. Young, K. S. G. Leung, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Lab. Project Rept. No. 157, Dec. 1975. Two-Phase Flow Hydraulic Transient Model for Storm

Sewer Systems, C. S. Song, 2nd Intl. Conf. Pressure Surges, London, Sept. 1976.

Interfacial Boundary Condition in Transient Flows, C. C. S. Song, Advances in Civil Engrg. Through Engrg. Mechanics,

2nd Ann. Conf., Engrg. Mech. Div., ASCE, May 1977. 149-10604-860-36 WATER TEMPERATURE STUDIES AT THE MONTICELLO

FIELD STATION

(£>) Environmental Protection Agency.

(d) Project involves field measurements, theoretical analysis, and development of a numerical model for temperature

prediction in a narrow channel.

(e) Study conducted to provide information on the temperature characteristics encountered in the Monticello Field Channels. The channels are used for ecological experi- ments.

(g) A numerical model for water temperature distribution in the MFS channels has been developed. Convective and

evaporative heat transfer through the water surface, as

well as longitudinal dispersion were studied. A wind speed

function and a longitudinal dispersion value were derived by analysis of weather and water temperature and weather

data.

(/i) In preparation. 149-10605-350-75 CALUMET PUMPING STATION HYDRAULIC MODEL

STUDY

(b) DeLeuw, Cather and Company.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) A hydraulic model study was conducted for the un- derground storm water pumping station to be built in Chicago. Air entrainment, entrainment of fuel from oil

spills, grit transport, and head losses were investigated.

(J) Completed June 1977.

(g) The design of the structure was modified in two places. It then performed satisfactorily with respect to the above

four elements.

(/>) Calumet Pumping Station Hydraulic Model Study, H.

Stefan, A. Wood, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. No. 164, May 1977. 149-10606-870-73 HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES AT BLACK DOG LAKE

(b) Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis, Minn.

(d) Analytical, numerical and field investigation; applied

research.

(e) Study relates to the operation and possible redesign of a cooling pond for an electric power generation plant. The

effectiveness of the pond, which has been in operation for many years, was evaluated by numerical modeling and

analysis of field data.

(f) Completed.

(g) The cooling pond was found to dissipate in the average 60

percent of the plant's waste heat. Flow conditions through

the pond could be improved to increase waste heat dis- sipation. Predicted effluent temperatures were found to agree very well with measured ones for the summer

months. Density stratification was found to develop in the

winter. (h) Waste Heat Dissipation and Effluent Water Temperatures from Black Dog Lake, H. Stefan, C. V. Nguyen, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. 162, July 1976. 149-10607-440-73 STURGEON LAKE STUDY

(b) Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis, Minn.

(d) Analytical and numerical; applied research with some

basic elements.

(e) The exchange of water between the Mississippi River mainstem and Sturgeon Lake near Red Wing, Minnesota was investigated. The Prairie Island Nuclear Power

Generating Plant is located in the vicinity of Sturgeon

Lake. Flow rates past the cooling water intake and past the cooling water outlet were determined from a numerical model.

(f) Completed.

(g) The flow past the power plant through a series of backwater channels was found to depend on river flow

rates and weather. The predictive model developed will be

used in plant operation and monitoring.

(/i) Analysis of Flow Through Sturgeon Lake and Backwater

Channels of Mississippi River Pool No. 3 Near Red Wing,

Minnesota, H. Stefan, K. Anderson, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. 165, Apr. 1977.

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Davidson Laboratory, Castle Point Station, Hoboken, N. J. 07030. Dr. John

P. Breslin, Director. 151-08980-520-21 ANALYSIS OF THE PNEUMATIC-HYDRODYNAMIC EF- FECTS ATTENDING OSCILLATORY HEAVING OF SUR- FACE-EFFECT SHIPS

David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(c) C. H. Kim, S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division. (d) Theoretical; applied.

(e) Ascertain the relationship between plenum pressure and heave amplitude at any Froude number. In this study the presence of the vehicle is simulated by a pressure patch of

oscillatory nature of constant amplitude moving uniformly

at the free surface of a three-dimensional flow field. Analysis has been developed to evaluate the waves generated

by a uniformly moving oscillatory surface-effect ship. Waves Generated by Uniformly Moving Oscillatory Surface

Effect Ship, Davidson Laboratory Letter Report 1874. 133
151-08981-520-21 ANALYSIS OF THE AERODYNAMICS OF THE CHAMBER

OF A WATERBORNE AIR CUSHION CRAFT

(6) David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division, W. R. Jacobs and M. R. Ali. (d) Theoretical; applied.

(e) Two mathematical models simulating air-cushion sup- ported vehicles have been studied analytically. The models

have the form of an inverted box equipped with a system

of fans for continuous supply of air to the chamber and

with openings of variable area near the interface for the

outflow. Velocity potential functions for the perturbed

flow field have been determined analytically and a computer program adapted to a high-speed digital computer

has been developed, furnishing information on the mean

and first harmonic of the pressure in the chamber and on

the resulting forces and moments.

(/) Completed.

(g) Systematic calculations indicate a spatial variation of the

pressure in the plenum such as detected in the tests when

the vehicle is moving in head seas and is free to heave and

pitch. Reasonable agreement has been exhibited between

theoretical predictions of pressures and heaving motion

and experimental values. (h) Plenum Pressure of an Air-Cushion Supported Vehicle, Davidson Laboratory Report 1902. 151-08983-550-21 COUNTER-ROTATING PROPELLERS IN A SPATIALLY

VARYING THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW FIELD: LOADING AND THICKNESS EFFECTS

(b) David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division, W. R. Jacobs and M. R. Ali. (d) Theoretical; applied.

(e) The linearized usteady lifting surface theory has been applied to the evaluation of blade loadings and hydrodynamic forces and moments of counterrotating propeller systems with equal and unequal number of blades operating in uniform and nonuniform inflow fields, both units rotating with the same RPM. The mathematical model

takes into account as realistically as possible the geometry

of the propulsive device, the mutual interaction of both

units and the three-dimensional spatially varying inflow

field. The thickness effects have been taken into account

by utilizing the "thin body" approach. A computer pro- gram has been developed adaptable to high-speed digital computers (CDC6600-7600) for counterrotating propulsive systems of equal and unequal blade number in uniform inflow due to the loading and thickness effects.

(f) Completed.

( h ) Steady and Unsteady Loadings and Hydrodynamic Forces on Counterrotating Propellers, Davidson Lab. Rept. 1899,

presented 1 Ith Symp. Naval Hydrodynamics, London, Apr.

1976. 151-08984-550-21 PROPELLER BLADE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION DUE TO

LOADING AND THICKNESS EFFECTS

(b) David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division, W. R. Jacobs and M. R. Ali. (d) Theoretical; applied.

(e) A theoretical approach is developed and computational

procedure adaptable to a high speed digital computer is established for the evaluation of the blade pressure dis- tribution of a marine propeller due to loading and

thickness when operating in a nonuniform inflow field. The analysis treats both design and off-design conditions in steady-state and unsteady flows with the proper selection of chordwise modes.

(f) Completed.

(g) The numerical solution yields the blade loading and result- ing hydrodynamic forces, moments, blade bending moments and the blade pressure distribution on both faces (suction and pressure sides). Predicted results compare

well with those of experiments.

(h) Davidson Laboratory Report 1869. 151-08985-520-54 LATERAL STABILITY DERIVATIVES OF A SHIP IN SHALLOW WATER

(£>) National Science Foundation, Engineering Division,

(c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division, C. H. Kim,

H. Eda and W. R. Jacobs.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) The theoretical part treats the solution of an integro-dif- ferential equation, which determines the local lateral speed

along the hull provided the hull geometry, water depth and Froude number (depending on water depth) are all specified. An analytical method for the evaluation of the "blockage" parameter is established and a program

adapted to CDC6600 or 7600 high speed digital computer

has been developed, furnishing: a) blockage parameters,

b) local lateral speed, c) significant hydrodynamic coeffi- cients of the equations of motion in the lateral and rota- tional modes. A systematic set of experiments were con- ducted for the Series 60 with CB = 0.60 and a full tanker

of 250,000 DWT. Results of these experiments, as well as those of Fujino's and Norrbin's, and some of a proprietary nature, have been compared with theoretical predictions. The comparisons show varying degrees of agreement from poor to satisfactory, depending on the nature of the hydrodynamic coefficients and very much on the depthdraft ratio.

(/) Completed.

(g) The comparisons of theoretical results with experimental

information show varying degrees of agreement from poor

to satisfactory, depending on the nature of hydrodynamic

coefficients and very much on the depth-draft ratio. (h) Davidson Laboratory Report 1905. 151-08988-520-22 STUDY OF THE APPLICATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL

POLYNOMIAL INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL TO ADDED RE- SISTANCE IN WAVES

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command, General Hydromechanics

Research Program.

(c) J. F. Dalzell. (d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) Attempt synthesis in the time domain of the long period

fluctuations of added resistance.

(/) Completed.

(g) Demonstrate by means of analyses of experimental data

that a functional polynomial model for added resistance in waves is an adequate engineering approximation. The

results obtained indicate that this is so. It was demonstrated that it is possible to identify the quadratic frequen- cy response function for added resistance from experi- ments in both irregular and periodic waves; and that, given

the frequency domain response, it is possible to synthesize

at least the nonlinear low frequency resistance components

in the time domain.

(/>) Application of the Functional Polynomial Model to the Ship

Added Resistance Problem, J. F. Dalzell, llth Symp. on

Ship Hydrodynamics, University College, London, Apr.

1976. 151-10035-550-20 INTERMITTENT CAVITATION ON HYDROFOILS IN TRAVELING GUSTS

(b) Office of Naval Research, Fluid Dynamics Branch.

(c) T. R. Goodman, Senior Staff Scientist and J. P. Breslin, Director.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Ship propellers develop intermittent cavitation on each

blade as they pass through the region of reduced velocity

134
in the region of 12 o'clock abaft the hull. To determine

the blade sectional behaviors, a theory for two-dimensional

partially cavitating hydrofoils is being developed to deter- mine cavity geometry, lift and drag. This solution will ulti- mately be used as the inner solution to be matched to an

outer, three-dimensional theory for the cavitating propeller

blade. Coupled integral equations have been reduced to equations which must be solved numerically by use of a computer. 151-10036-550-21 MODIFICATION OF THEORY FOR PROPELLER UN- STEADY LOADING AND FORCES TO ACCOUNT FOR

SHIP MEAN WAKE AND MEAN PROPELLER INDUCTION

(b) David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division and W. R.

Jacobs.

(d) Theoretical; applied.

(e) Modify the existing analysis and corresponding program

for the evaluation of propeller unsteady loading and forces

to account for the ship mean wake and mean propeller in- duction, also to perform systematic calculations and compare these with the results of the presently available method and with experimental measurements.

151-10037-630-21 A THEORY AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR VIBRATORY FORCES OF PUMP-JETS

(b) David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division, W. R. Jacobs and M. R. Ali. (d) Theoretical; applied.

(e) To develop a theory and corresponding program for the evaluation of the unsteady loading distribution on all lift- ing surfaces of a pump-jet propulsive unit and the resulting vibratory forces and moments exerted on the system. 151-10038-520-45 PROPELLER-GENERATED VIBRATORY HULL FORCES

AND MOMENTS

(b) Office of Maritime Technology-Maritime Administration.

(c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division and J. P. Breslin, Director, Davidson Laboratory.

(d) Theoretical; applied.

(e) Develop a theoretical approach and corresponding computer program to evaluate the propeller-induced vibratory forces on a hull. The Hess-Smith program will be utilized

in conjunction with the propeller-induced velocity field program to evaluate the source strengths representing the

hull in the presence of the propeller. Then by application of the extended Lagally theorem, the hydrodynamic forces and moments are determined. In addition, the forces and moments due to the propeller pressure field in which the

hull is immersed, is also evaluated and thus the total hydrodynamic forces and moments are determined. 151-10039-420-54 WAVE REFRACTION CAUSED BY HORIZONTAL SHEAR

FLOWS

(b) National Science Foundation-Engineering Division.

(c) C. H. Kim, S. Tsakonas and H. T. Chen.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A theory will be established for the refraction of a wave

train caused by the presence of a horizontal shear flow by

using the Green's function techniques in conjunction with

the "small parameter" expansion method. The theory will be evaluated for a series of shear flow modes.

151-10040-520-22 ESTIMATION OF THE SPECTRUM ON NON-LINEAR SHIP ROLLING

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command, General Hydromechanics

Research Program.

(c) J. F. Dalzell. (d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) Apply functional polynomial input-output model to the nonlinear single degree of motion ship rolling equation.

(/) Completed.

(g) In the equation of the nonlinear model to the conventional

ship rolling equation analytic coefficients are required. A

mixed linear plus cubic approximation was found reasonable as a replacement for the usual quadratic damping

representation, and there were indications that the model may be more generally valid than had been thought. Expressions for the roll spectrum through terms of fifth degree nonlinearity were developed and partially evaluated. Comparisons with previously simulated results in- dicated that the functional polynomial model approach

might be practical with some further developments.

(/i) A Note on the Form of Ship Roll Damping, J. F. Dalzell, SIT-DL-76-1887, Davidson Lab.. Stevens Inst. Tech., May

1976. Estimation of the Spectrum of Non-Linear Ship Rolling: The Functional Series Approach, SIT-DL-76-1984, David- son Lab., Stevens Inst. Tech., May 1976. 151-10041-590-22 FEASIBILITY OF WAVE PULSE TECHNIQUES FOR EX- PERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF ADDED RE- SISTANCE

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command, General Hydromechanics

Research Program.

(c) J. F. Dalzell. (d) Analytical and computational, applied research.

(e) Investigate the possibility that, by exploiting the properties of the functional polynomial model for added resistance, a

practical wave pulse experimental technique can be

developed.

(f) Completed.

(g) Attention 'was concentrated upon possible techniques in- volving only one wave pulse run. No promising technique was found. It appears that there is not enough information

in a single resistance transient to enable the identification of any part of the quadratic frequency response function from a single transient experiment.

(/>) A Study of the Feasibility of Wave Pulse Techniques for Experimental Determination of Added Resistance, J. F. Dalzell, S1T-DL-76-1928, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst. Tech., Dec. 1976. 151-10042-590-22 ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE QUADRATIC

FREQUENCY RESPONSE FOR ADDED RESISTANCE

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command, General Hydromechanics

Research Program.

(c) J. F. Dalzell and C. H. Kim.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) Develop and verify method for computation of the quadratic frequency response function for added re- sistance.

if) Completed.

(g) Analytical and experimental estimates of the quadratic

frequency response function were found to be in good

qualitative agreement and fair quantitative agreement. Many of the existing experimental estimates of the function are thought to be of low accuracy so that there seems

reasonable evidence that it is feasible to make

hydrodynamic estimates of the quadratic frequency

response function required for the prediction of nonlinear

fluctuations of resistance in random seas.

(/]) Analytical Investigation of the Quadratic Frequency

Response for Added Resistance, J. F. Dalzell, C. H. Kim,

135
SIT-DL-76-1878, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst. Tech., Aug.

1976.

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering, College Station, Tex. 77843. Dr. John B. Herbich,

Professor and Head, Coastal, Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering Group.

152-07708-410-44 SCOUR OF GULF COAST SAND BEACHES DUE TO WAVE

ACTION IN FRONT OF SEA WALLS AND DUNE BARRIERS

(b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Sea

Grant Project.

(c) Professor R. E. Schiller, Jr. (d) Experimental, applied research; Master's thesis and Ph.D.

dissertation.

(e) A series of transient beach scour tests are being carried out on a laboratory wave tank using beach slopes of 1 :40, 1:50 and 1:70 to arrive at beach scour profiles under vari- ous wave conditions. A computer program is being used in an attempt to measure shallow water wave reflection coefficients.

if) Completed.

(h) Scour of Gulf Coast Beaches Due to Wave Action, C. B. Chesnutt, R. E. Schiller, Jr., Offshore Technology Conf

,

Paper No. 1352, 1971. Experimental Studies of Beach Scour Due to Wave Action, W. O. Song, C.O.E. Rept. 166, TAMU-SG-73-2 1 1 , Texas A&M Univ., 1973. Experimental Studies of Beach Scour, W. O. Song, R. E.

Schiller, ASCE Hydraulics Specialty Conf, Aug. 1977. 152-08311-870-48 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CURRENTS

AND WAVES ON A FLOATING OIL SLICK RETAINED

BY A BARRIER

(£>) United States Coast Guard.

(c) Dr. L. A. Hale, Dept. of Mech. Engrg., Dr. D. R. Basco,

Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(d) Experimental, basic and applied research, M.S. and Ph.D.

theses.

(e) Investigate the individual and combined effects of surface

gravity waves and currents on the behavior of an oil slick.

(J) Completed.

(g) Empirical equations developed to estimate set-up of oil slick by waves only and to predict oil entrainment in currents as a function of oil properties and flow field.

(/i) The Effects of Currents and Waves on an Oil Slick Retained by a Barrier, L. A. Hale, D. J. Norton, C. A. Rodenberger, USCG, DOT-CG-23327A, Dec. 1974. An Investigation of the Effects of Progressive Waves on an

Oil Slick Retained by an Absorber Beach, Y.-M. Huang,

M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M, Aug. 1973. 152-09047-420-13 EFFECTS OF CURRENT ON CHARACTERISTICS OF

GRAVITY WAVES

(£>) Texas A&M University and U.S. Army Engineers Water- ways Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. J. B. Herbich and Dr. L. Z. Hales.

(d) Experimental and analytical research.

(e) Changes occur in the characteristics of surface waves

propagated in a region of streaming water. The velocity

field of the wave motion interacts with the velocity dis- tribution of the current pattern. The effect of the nonuniform current on the rate of energy propagation through

the inlet was investigated by combining the results of the experiments with previously developed theoretical work. It was found that under certain specific conditions both flood and ebb currents enabled the waves to propagate more

energy through the inlet than in the absence of a current

as a result of the interaction of the two velocity fields.

(f) Completed.

(/i) Effects of a Steady Nonuniform Current on the Characteristics of Surface Gravity Waves, L. Z. Hales, J. B. Herbich, Misc. Paper H-74-11, U.S. Army Engr. Waterways

Exp. Station, Dec. 1974. The Influence of Tidal Inlet Currents on the Propagation of Wave-Energy into Estuaries-Physical Model Indications, L. Z. Hales, J. B. Herbich, Intl. Symp. River Mechanics, Intl. Assoc. for Hydraulic Research, pp. C15-1-12, Bangkok,

Thailand, 1973. Tidal Inlet Current-Ocean Wave Interaction, L. Z. Hales,

J. B. Herbich, Proc. 13th Coastal Engrg. Conf, Chapter 36, pp. 669-688, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 1972. 152-09048-590-22 THREE-DIMENSIONAL RESPONSE OF DEEP WATER

LINES IN STEADY STATE FLOWS

(b) Naval Facilities Engineering Command.

(c) Dr. Richard F. Dominguez, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) A systematic study of cable parameters in relation to deep

water mooring applications under three-dimensional steady

state loading conditions has been made. Included in this study are both negatively and neutrally buoyant cables in water depths from 5 to 25 thousand feet. A finite element model cable was used to predict three-dimensional configuration, cable reactions and internal stress distribution

in the cable under directional hydrodynamic loading conditions.

(/) Completed.

(g) A systematic study of various hydrodynamic cable loading models indicated that the choice of loading criteria is rather arbitrary. Results are presented which permit direct evaluation of three-dimensional cable configurations and

reactions for cables of arbitrary geometry, diameter and

weight in currents up to one knot. (h) Three-Dimensional Response of Deep Water Mooring Lines

in Steady State Flows, R. F. Dominguez, G. E. Owens,

Texas A&M Univ. Rept. COE-157, Dec. 1972. 152-09049-590-00 HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON CABLES SUBJECT TO

FREQUENCY VARIED MOTION

(c) Dr. Richard F. Dominguez, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of

Civil Engineering.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) The dependency of hydrodynamic forces under unsteady,

oscillatory conditions is studied with respect to the behavior of a highly flexible cable subjected to forced motion in a fluid. Experimental investigation is supplemented

with the use of a finite element model of a cable structure. (g) Results to date show that significant errors are possible by

using classical descriptions based on the steady state derived added mass and drag coefficients for part of the

cyclic loading history.

(/i) Hydrodynamic Forces on Cables Subject to Frequency

Varied Motion, R. W. Haas, R. F. Dominguez. Presented

16th Cong. Intl. Assoc. Hydraul. Res., San Paulo, Brazil, Aug. 1975.

1 52-09050-220-44 SCOUR AROUND OFFSHORE PIPELINES

(b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

(d) Master's theses.

(e) Determine through physical modeling, the effect of storm waves on buried pipelines approaching and crossing the

shoreline. Scour depth and scour patterns have been eval- uated in a two-dimensional wave tank and future tests will be conducted in a wave basin to evaluate three-dimensional effects. Analysis of two-dimensional data indicates relationships between scour depth and wave height; scour

length and wave length; and wave height and wave

length/water depth for a range of wave steepness values. Estimates of burial depth have been made and are being

136
verified experimentally. Rock cover is also considered in an effort to reduce burial depth. Forces on partially buried

pipelines are measured in a laboratory wave channel.

(h) Factors Influencing Equilibrium of a Model Sand Beach, D.

C. Smith IV, J. B. Herbich, TAMU-SG-77-203 , Texas A&M Univ., 1976. Scour Around Model Pipelines Due to Wave Action, J. B. Herbich, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1976. Wave-Induced Scour Around Offshore Pipelines, J. B. Herbich, Off-shore Technology Conf., OTC 2968, Houston,

Tex., 1977. 152-09051-420-44 WAVE INDUCED PRESSURE FIELDS AROUND A BURIED

PIPELINE

(b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Sea Grant Program.

(c) Dr. Richard F. Dominguez, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of

Civil Engineering.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) Numerical computer models using both the finite dif- ference and finite element technique were developed to simulate the interaction of a two-dimensional wave system

with a submerged pipeline and its surrounding soil media. Both computer models were validated by comparison with

existing analytical and experimental results defining the pressure distribution in the soil media without a pipeline. Models are being used to study possible liquification

failure phenomena and to establish rational criteria for designing offshore pipelines.

(/i) Numerical Solutions for Determining Wave-Induced Pres- sure Distributions Around Buried Pipelines, N. W. Lai, R.

F. Dominguez, Texas A&M Univ., Sea Grant Rept. TAMUSG-75-204, Dec. 1974. 152-09052-490-44 DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF COMPUTER MODELS

OF HYDRAULIC PIPELINE DREDGE

(b) Center for Dredging Studies, Sea Grant (NOAA).

(c) Dr. David R. Basco, Associate Professor.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) A computer based model of a hydraulic pipeline dredge and system has been developed to study the relative im- portance of many variables involved (pump design, sedi- ment size, etc.) on the solids output for various pumping

distances (horsepower limitation) and digging depths

(cavitation limitation). The model can be used to predict

optimum solids production for any given hydraulic-pipeline

dredging operation. In addition, problems associated with

field studies of hydraulic dredges have been identified and

a field research program proposed to obtain field data to validate the results of the computer model.

(g) Preliminary comparisons between model-results and

limited field data show good agreement. Pump design can

be one of the most important variables in output of similar dredges.

(h) Systems Engineering and Dredging-The Feedback Problem,

D. R. Basco, Sea Grant Publication TAMU-SG-74-204.

Parameter Study of Variables Affecting the Performance of a Hydraulic Pipeline Dredge Model, D. R. Basco, Proc. 7th Dredging Seminar, CDS Rept. 181, Sea Grant Rept. TAMUSG-75, 1975. An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Flow Field Surrounding a Suction Pipe Inlet, W. J. Apgar, D. R. Basco, Sea Grant Publication TAMU-SG-74-203 ; Texas A&M Thesis by W. J. Apgar.

Analytical Model of Hydraulic Pipeline Dredge, D. R. Basco, J. Waterways, ASCE 101, WW1, Feb. 1975. Feedback from Field Studies of Hydraulic Dredges, D. R. Basco, J. Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE 101, WW3, Aug. 1975.

152-09053-490-00 METHODS FOR OFFSHORE DREDGING

(b) Center for Dredging Studies, Texas A&M University.

(c) Dr. J. B. Herbich, Dr. Y. K. Lou, Ocean Engineering Pro- gram.

(d) Conceptual design.

(e) Conventional, river cutterhead dredges are not designed

for operation in open waters under wave conditions. There

is a need for development of seaworthy pipeline dredges

capable of operating in waves up to 6 feet in height. Several different catamaran twin-hulls are evaluated for possible use to provide a stable platform for offshore dredging.

(h) Methods for Offshore Dredging, J. B. Herbich, Proc. 6th World Dredging Conf, Taipei, Taiwan, 1974.

Stable Catamaran Hulls for Cutterhead Dredges, J. B. Herbich, Y. K. Lou, Offshore Technology Conf, OTC 2290,

1975. Catamarans for Offshore Dredging, J. B. Herbich, Y. K. Lou, The Work Boat, 1975. 152-09054-370-47 PAVEMENT AND GEOMETRIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR

MINIMIZING HIGHWAY HYDROPLANING

(b) Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development.

(c) Professor B. M. Gallaway, D. D. L. Ivey, Dr. W. D. Ledbetter, Dr. H. E. Ross, Jr., Dr. R. E. Schiller, Jr., Dr. Don

Woods.

(d) Study of literature and reanalysis of previous Texas A&M

University data on water films, hydroplaning, skid re- sistance. Use of computer program HVOSM to study vehicle control. Investigation of surface drainage criteria of the various State Highway Departments.

(e) A study involving required texture for portland cement

concrete pavement surfaces to minimize hydroplaning;

partial and full dynamic hydroplaning of vehicle tires; required texture and cross-slope combinations for asphalt concrete surfaces; the relationship of pavement cross slope

to vehicle control; the hydraulic flow phenomena of thin films of water on pavement surfaces and under tires; and

deficiencies in existing surface drainage design methodology for sag vertical curves.

(f) Phase I part of study to be completed in April 1975. Phase

II to start Spring 1975.

(g) Phase I, draft submitted to project sponsor. Revised final report, Phase I to be submitted April 1975.

(/i) Pavement and Geomatrice Design Criteria for Minimizing

Highway Hydroplaning, Phase I, Final Report, Federal Highway Admin. Rept. No. FHWA-RD-74, Office of Res. and Dev., Washington, D. C. 20590, about July 1975. 152-09055-220-44 INVESTIGATIONS OF THE SPREAD AND EROSION OF UN- CONFINED DREDGE SPOIL MOUNDS

(b) NOAA, Sea Grant Program; Corps of Engineers, Office of Dredged Material Research.

(c) Dr. David R. Basco, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Field and analytical, applied research, M.S. and Ph.D.

theses.

(e) A field investigation was conducted to determine the rate and extent of spread of unconfined, maintenance (silt) material in Galveston Bay, Texas, adjacent to the Gulf In- tracoastal Waterway (GIWW). A review of previous

dredging histories (quantities, locations, times, etc.) is also

in progress together with a study of the local environment

in an attempt to identify the sources of sediment contributing to shoaling problems in the waterway. It is desired to develop the capability to predict the rate at which dredged material, placed adjacent to dredged channels, will return to the channel due to gravity spreading,

local currents and wind and wave erosion of the material. This information is desired to assess spoil disposal alternatives on a sound economic basis. Additional field studies 137
and hydraulic model, sediment transport investigations are planned to correlate time scales for spoil island erosion between field and hydraulic model results. (g) In the completed field study in Galveston Bay, immediately following deposition, over 40 percent of the spoil left the designated spoil area and spread out over the bay floor primarily as a mud-density current. Eventually spoil covered an area three-times larger than the original spoil area. Return of the spoil to the newly dredged channel was

not significant during the study period primarily because

of the presence of a submerged dike along the channel and the tidal direction.

(/i) Field Study of an Unconfined Spoil Disposal Area of the GIWW in Galveston Bay, Texas, D. E. Bassi, D. R. Basco,

Sea Grant Rept. TAMU-SG-74-208; Texas A&M M.S. Thesis, D. E. Bassi. Assessment of the Factors Controlling the Long-Term Fate

of Subaqueous Spoil Banks, D. R. Basco, A. H. Bouma, W.

A. Dunlap, Army Corps of Engrs. Contract. No. C-0129,

Jan. 1975.

1 52-09056-030-00 THE EFFECT OF VISCOSITY ON THE DYNAMICS OF A

SUBMERGED SPHERICAL SHELL

(c) Dr. Jack Y. K. Lou, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(d) Theoretical; basic. (e) The axisymmetric vibrations of a spherical shell immersed

in a compressible, viscous fluid are studied. The dynamic

response of the shell is determined by the classical normal mode method while a boundary layer approximation is employed for the fluid medium.

(g) It is found that for free oscillation, fluid viscosity may

produce noticeable effects on the damping components of

the complex natural frequencies and is particularly important for the non-radiating modes. For forced vibrations, the present study reveals that the contribution of viscous

effect is of small order, except in the vicinity of peak shell responses.

(/:) The Effect of Viscosity on the Dynamics of a Submerged

Spherical Shell, T.-C. Su, Y. K. Lou, presented Vibrations Conf.,ASME, Sept. 17-19, 1975.

1 52-09058-420-00 FORCES DUE TO WAVES ON SUBMERGED STORAGE

TANKS

(c) Dr. J. B. Herbich.

(d) Experimental and analytical research.

(e) The existing theories describing wave forces on large sub- merged structures have been reviewed. Inertial forces are predominant on submerged structures which have the principal dimension equal to or larger than the vertical dimension. Wave forces on model submerged structures were

determined experimentally and results for geometrically

simple structures were obtained.

(/i) Forces Due to Waves on Submerged Structures, G. E. Shank, J. B. Herbich, NOAA, Sea Grant, TAMU-SG-70-

212, Texas A&M Univ., 1970. Wave Forces on Models of Submerged Offshore Structures,

P. E. Versowsky, J. B. Herbich, NOAA, Sea Grant, TAMU-SG-72-215, Texas A&M Univ., 1975. Wave Forces on Underwater Storage Tanks, J. B. Herbich,

Tech. Bull. No. 74-4, Texas Engrg. Experiment Station, Texas A&M Univ., 1974. 152-10577-470-70 SURGE ATTENUATION AT BARGE SLIP HARBOR AT

HARBOR ISLAND FABRICATION YARD

(b) Brown & Root, Inc., Houston, Tex.

(c) Dr. J. B. Herbich and Dr. Y. K. Lou, Ocean Engineering

Program.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory.

(e) An experimental investigation on the wave and surge motions in a barge slip harbor along the Corpus Christi ship channel. Field measurements indicated surges as high as

four feet with a period from 2-4 minutes. Laboratory ex- periments were conducted to evaluate various wave and

surge attentuation devices for different slip entrance configurations. Three alternatives were suggested including

timing of barge loading operations, complete temporary

blockage of slip entrance and bottom pontoon support for the barge.

(f) Completed.

(/i) Surge Attenuation at Barge Slip Harbor at Harbor Island Fabrication Yard, J. B. Herbich, Y. K. Lou, Rept. No. COE-190, Ocean Engrg. Program, Texas A&M Research

Foundation, 1976. 152-10578-330-82 ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF THE GULF INTRACOASTAL

WATERWAY IN TEXAS

(6) Texas Ports Association, Texas Coastal and Marine Council, NOAA Sea Grant Program.

(c) J. Miloy, et al. (d) The Gulf Intracoastal, an integral artery in the water trans- portation system of Texas, extends 426 miles along the

coast. A continuing problem of the Corps of Engineers is disposal of dredged materials. Both upland disposal sites and deep ocean dumping are considered too costly; and

securing diked dredged material disposal sites in the ad- jacent coastal area may even be more expensive due to ownership and environmental considerations. The study

comprises six tasks: environmental implications, engineering aspects, sociological characteristics, economic impact,

funding alternatives, legal aspects.

(f) Completed.

(/i) Summary Report: Analysis of the Role of the Gulf In- tracoastal Waterway in Texas, TAMU-SG-75-203 , Texas A&M Univ., 1975. Analysis of the Role of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway in Texas, TAMU-SG-75-202, Texas A&M Univ., 1975. Engineering Aspects of Maintenance of the Gulf In- tracoastal Waterway in Texas, J. B. Herbich, Proc. 7th World Dredging Conf., WODCON VII, San Francisco, 1976. 152-10579-330-10 PREDICTION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF DEEP-DRAFT VES- SELS IN RESTRICTED WATERWAYS

(b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) Dr. J. B. Herbich.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Deep-draft navigation channel analysis, design and review

is based on empirically-derived ratios of the design vessel's dimensions. Because of the radical changes in vessel operational purposes and characteristics, these ratios can no longer be safely or economically applied. The objective of this research is to develop a mathematical model which

will provide the engineer with a comprehensive tool in the design and review of deep-draft navigation channels. The

model will estimate values of squat, bank suction forces and moments, equilibrium drift and rudder angles and

heights of ship-generated waves for varied channel configurations, ship positions and ship velocities. 152-10580-330-00 SEDIMENT MOVEMENT INDUCED BY SHIPS IN RESTRICTED WATERWAYS

(c) Dr. J. B. Herbich.

(d) Applied research.

(e) A numerical model utilizing the momentum theory of the propeller and Shields' diagram is being developed to study sediment movement induced by a ship's propeller in a

restricted waterway. The velocity distribution downstream

of the propeller is simulated by the Gaussian normal dis- tribution function and the shear velocity and shear stress were obtained using Sternberg's formulas.

(/?) Sediment Movement Induced by Ships in Restricted Waterways, Y. C. Lou, J. B. Herbich, TAMU-SG- 76-209, Texas A&M Univ., 1976. 138
152-10581-230-00 INFLUENCE OF THE SUPRAMOLECULAR MARINE EN- VIRONMENT ON PITTING CORROSION

(c) Dr. D. B. Harris, B. M. Gallaway and Dr. J. B. Herbich.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) Process of corrosion pit nucleation in the marine environ- ment is being investigated.

(f) Completed.

(g) Rupture of the passive film is described in terms of its sensitivity to attack by negatively hydrated ions. A corollary is suggested which describes the inhibiting effect of various

positively hydrated ions. The role of marine microorganisms is being evaluated as it relates to those environmental

modifications that may contribute to pit nucleation.

(/i) Influence of the Supramolecular Marine Environment on

Pitting Corrosion, D. B. Harris, B. M. Gallaway, J. B. Herbich, TAMU-SG-76-21

1

, Texas A&M Univ., 1976. 152-10582-490-44 OFFSHORE MINING TECHNOLOGY

(b) Marine Board, Assembly of Engineering, National Research Council and NOAA.

(c) Dr. J. B. Herbich, Ocean Engineering Program.

(d) Applied research, planning.

(e) The study was to identify, assess and evaluate the technological needs for mining of hard minerals in both

territorial and international waters. Of particular interest

in this part of the study was the evaluation of sand, gravel and shell mining.

(g) Present methods of recovering sand, gravel and shell have been reviewed and recommendations will be made to im- prove efficiency and lessen the environmental impact.

(/i) Recovery of Sand, Gravel and Shell From the Ocean, a

brief summary of Technology Development Projects Sponsored by NOAA, CDS Rept. No. 191, Center for Dredging

Studies, Texas A&M Univ., Mar. 1976. 152-10583-330-44 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE TEXAS GULF IN- TRACOASTAL WATERWAY

(b) Sea Grant.

(c) Dr. Wesley P. James, Civil Engineering Department.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Study provides baseline environmental information from

literature reviews and a field sampling program. It gives a

basic understanding of the environmental aspects of in- tracoastal waterway transportation system including evaluation of activities directly associated with waterway and the potential of the waterway to transport pollutants from one area of the coast to another.

(/) Project completed January 1977.

(g) Poor water quality in the channel was generally associated with fresh water inflows. A model was developed to evaluate the flow between Galveston Bay and Sabine Lake.

Satellite imagery of the Lower Laguna Madre was used to evaluate flow patterns in bays. High shoaling rates were

located where the prevailing flow patterns crossed the channel.

(/i) Final report. 152-10584-810-33 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIG- NITE RESERVES ON WATER RESOURCES OF EAST

TEXAS

(b) Office of Water Resources Research.

(c) Dr. Wesley P. James.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Project was concerned with identifying potential adverse

effects of lignite strip mining and lignite utilization on the hydrology and water quality of the area. Both field and

desk studies were conducted to evaluate the potential impact of lignite development on water resources of the area. Field studies included ( 1 ) monthly water sampling for a

one-year period of streams, lakes and wells near the strip- mined areas at Fairfield and Rockdale and at' control sta- tions located away from the lignite development; (2) leaching studies of the lignite and overburden at Fairfield and Rockdale; (3) precipitation samples collected under

the airborne waste plume from the lignite-fueled electric generating plant at Fairfield; and (4) a limited trace ele- ment enrichment study in the' soils around the plant at Fairfield.

(/) Project completed August 1976.

(g) Strip mining can change the hydrologic characteristics of

the area and full development of the near-surface lignite reserves in east and east central Texas could have a signifi- cant impact on the groundwater resources of the region. (h) Final report. 152-10585-800-33 ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF WATER RESOURCES

DEVELOPMENT

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Dr. Wesley P. James.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The environmental effects of channelization and surface impoundments are discussed for twelve physiographic re- gions of Texas as delineated on black and white satellite (LANDSAT- 1

) mosaic of band 7. With the aid of LANDSAT- 1 imagery, representative or typical transects were

chosen within each region. Profiles of each site were constructed from topographic maps and environmental data were accumulated for each site and related to low altitude

aerial photography and enlarged LANDSAT-1 false color composites.

if) Project completed July 1976.

(g) Each diagrammatic transect, with accompanying data and

photographs, provides significant information for input of environmental amenities on a local and regional scale into preliminary water resources development studies. The

utilization of the transects provides a visual display of

available information, aids in the identification and inventory of resources, assists in the identification of data gaps and provides a planning tool for additional data acquisition.

(/i) Final report. 152-10586-330-44 SHOALING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GULF IN- TRACOASTAL WATERWAY IN TEXAS

(b) Sea Grant.

(c) Dr. Wesley P. James, Civil Engineering Department.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Maintenance dredging records were used to compute

average shoaling rates in 5000-foot reaches for the entire Texas Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. Environmental data

pertinent to the waterway were gathered from published and unpublished sources. Computed shoaling rates and

selected environmental features were plotted on Composite Factors Maps. Similar reaches were grouped and ex- amined using analysis of variance techniques to determine

the effect of selected environmental factors on shoaling

rates. A model was also developed to predict shoaling rate

in a reach with known environmental factors.

(f) Project completed May 1976.

(g) The average shoaling rate over the entire waterway was

found to be 10.5 inches per year. Shoaling in open bay

areas was found to be an average of 3 inches per year

greater than in land-cut areas. The combination of dredged material mounds, or fetch greater than 5 miles, with water depths less than 6 feet (surrounding bay depth)

increased average shoaling rates 5 inches per year. The

placement of dredged material in mounds on the windward

side of the waterway increased the average shoaling rate of open bay areas by 7 inches per year. In bay areas with long fetches and depths less than three feet, it was found

that windward placement of dredged material was actually advantageous. Hurricanes did not appear to have a drastic impact on shoaling rates; however, localized effects were

noted in several areas. 139
(/i) Final report. 152-10587-870-43 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF BRINE

DISPOSAL

(b) Federal Energy Administration.

(c) Dr. Wesley P. James.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Pursuant to the requirements of the Energy Policy and

Conservation Act of 1975, the Federal Energy Administration proposes to implement the Strategic Petroleum

Reserve. One hundred fifty million barrels of oil are to be

stored by December 22, 1978, in the Early Storage

Reserve, and at least 500 MMB are to be stored by

December 22, 1982, under the full program. Among the storage options studied, the most attractive from an economic and environmental standpoint is storage in solu- tion-mined salt cavities near existing petroleum distribu- tion facilities along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Water quality is one of the most critical among the sensitive environ- mental issues and large quantities of raw water will be

required and large quantities of brine will be produced in the construction and operation modes of solution-mined

caverns. Disposal of brine into the sea is an alternative being considered for seven of the sites. if) Project will be completed September 1, 1977.

(g) Strategic Petroleum Reserve Workshop was held on the Environmental Considerations of Brine Disposal near

Freeport, Texas. Site specific reports are being prepared

by several sites alor-g the Gulf.

(/i) Workshop proceedings. 152-10588-330-00 MAJOR PORT IMPROVEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR THE

TEXAS COAST

(c) Dr. J. B. Herbich, J. W. Berriman, Ocean Engineering Pro- gram.

(d) Applied research.

(e) With the advent in recent years of very large commercial

craft (VLCC) and ultra large commercial craft (ULCC),

the U.S. ports have fallen behind many other maritime

countries in providing suitable docking facilities. (g) Ship channel design criteria have been reviewed in terms

of minimum width and depth requirements for various size

vessels. Improved channel designs are considered for the

ports of Port Arthur, Galveston, Freeport and Corpus

Christi, Texas.

(h) Major Port Improvement Alternatives for the Texas Coast,

J. W. Berriman, J. B. Herbich, TAMU-SG-77-205, 1977. 152-10589-430-00 BENEFICIAL USES OF DREDGED MATERIALS

(b) Center for Dredging Studies.

(c) Dr. J. B. Herbich and Mr. B. S. Hubbard, Ocean Engineering Program.

(d) Applied research, documentation.

(e) A review of an international list of publications was made

to gather examples of locations where dredged material was put to a productive use. Mail questionnaires revealed about 143 sites where dredged material, as a by-product of maintenance of capital dredging, was put to productive

use. The classifications were commercial, industrial, recreational, wildlife habitats, agricultural, hydraulic control, transportation, future and research, and miscellaneous.

(g) Analysis of results to-date indicate the commercial and in- dustrial uses to be the most prevalent. Maintenance

dredging generated the material for most of the sites. Sound planning for the disposal of material generated from

each dredging project has become a necessary consideration. (h) Productive Land Use of Dredged Material Containment

Areas: International Literature Review, B. S. Hubbard, J. B. Herbich, CDS Report No. 199, Center for Dredging Studies, TEES, Texas A&M Univ., 1977.

152-10590-590-00 APPLICATION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD TO

TOWED CABLE DYNAMICS

(c) Dr. Y. K. Lou, J. Ketchman.

(d) Basic, theoretical.

(e) Project deals with towing an object through a fluid by means of a cable. For a slender, neutrally buoyant tow- body, the planar configuration of the towed system is determined for steady motion and for time-dependent maneuvers of the towing vehicle. A formulation of the

finite element method that applies to towed cable dynamics is presented including bending deformation and stretch of the elements, and nodal forces caused by acceleration,

distributed weight, and hydrodynamic loading. Although

based on established forms for fluid drag, the treatment and expressions for nodal hydrodynamic loading forces are new. The resultant system of equations for the- unknown

nodal displacements is solved by step-by-step integration in time using a scheme that eliminates troublesome longitu- dinal oscillations. Lumped and distributed systems are compared with respect to the treatment of mass and hydrodynamic loading and the effects of bending stiffness are illustrated.

(J) Completed.

(/i) Application of the Finite Element Method to Towed Cable Dynamics, J. Ketchman, Y. K. Lou, Proc. Ocean 1975

Conf., pp. 98-107, Sept. 1975. 152-10591-350-75 MODEL TESTS OF SPILLWAY AND STILLING BASIN,

COLETO CREEK DAM, NEAR VICTORIA, TEXAS

(b) Forrest and Cotton, Dallas, Tex.

(c) Dr. John B. Herbich and Dr. R. E. Schiller, Jr., Professors of Civil and Ocean Engineering.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The testing program involved testing of a two-dimensional model (three bays of a total of seven) on a 1/50-scale of

the spillway, tainter gates and low Froude number stilling basin to establish the design of piers, length of stilling basin and placement of blocks in the stilling basin. A

three-dimensional model ( 1/100-scale) was then tested at flow rates up to a prototype value of 306,000 cfs to establish proper design of the approaches to the spillway. The three-dimensional model (except the spillway and

stilling basin) was constructed of fiberglas over hardware

cloth.

(f) Experimental work completed. Preparation of report in progress.

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY, College of Geosciences, Dept. of Oceanography, College Station, Tex. 77843. Dr. Worth

D. Nowlin, Jr., Professor and Department Head.

153-09914-420-54 APPLICABILITY OF QUASI-LONG WAVE EQUATIONS TO

NUMERICAL MODELING OF DISPERSIVE WAVES IN TWO DIMENSIONS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) R. O. Reid and A. C. Vastano.

(d) Theoretical applied research.

(e) A numerical algorithm based on the Korteweg-DeVries

type equations in one and two horizontal coordinates and

time are employed to investigate both dispersive and nondispersive gravity wave phenomena including tsunamis and

modification of solitary waves over variable topography and reflection from vertical walls for oblique angles of in- cidence.

(g) A study has been completed of the spectral response around the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands to a broad band wave input from the Aleutian source region for frequencies in the tsunami range. Studies are underway of the ef- fect of an irregular "bumpy" bottom on the modification 140
of tsunamic waves. Also studies are in progress on the numerical simulation of Mach stem phenomena produced by

reflection of a solitary wave from a vertical wall of oblique

angles of incident and of refraction and reflection of soli- tary waves moving obliquely over an inclined sea bed and

over a step. (h) Numerical Computation of Tsunami Response for Island Systems, E. N. Bernard, A. C. Vastano, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 1977 (in press). 153-09915-420-44 INVESTIGATION OF TSUNAMI RESPONSE SPECTRA IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

(b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- tion/Environmental Research Laboratories.

(c) A. C. Vastano.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The numerical model employed in the study by Bernard and Vastano referenced above (see 09914) will be employed to determine the spectral response for a set of many directions of incident tsunami waves for the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands. (g) Refinements are in progress of the radiation condition to be employed in the numerical model before extensive runs

are carried out.

(/i) None. Project started in March 1977.

153-09916-450-44 DEVELOPMENT OF A DEPTH-VARYING CURRENT PRE- DICTION MODEL FOR THE GULF COAST

(b) Sea Grant.

(c) J. C. H. Mungall, R. E. Whitaker.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Program and compare results of three long wave

Hydrodynamic Numerical Models that provide three- dimensional current information. The methods are based on those of J. J. Leendertse, N. S. Heaps, C. P. Jelesnianski. (g) The three finite-difference schemes have been tested in simple applications and are currently being prepared for application to more general cases.

(/i) Reports describing use of the three programs will be

available from Texas A&M Sea Grant Office, Sept. 1977.

153-09917-420-11 STORM SURGE SIMULATION IN TRANSFORMED COORDINATES

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(c) R. O. Reid, A. C. Vastano, and R. E. Whitaker.

(d) Theoretical applied research.

(e) Develop a two-dimensional time dependent numerical storm surge model employing orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. The coordinate system is based on a conformal mapping of the interior region bounded by the coast, 180 m depth contour, and two parallel lateral boundaries.

(/) Completed.

(g) Three regions of the continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico and two regions of the eastern seaboard of the United

States have been mapped. The model is used to simulate

the surge inducted by Hurricanes Carla (1961), Camille

( 1969), and Gracie ( 1959). Computed and observed water

levels are compared.

(/i) Storm Surge Simulation in Transformed Coordinates, Vol.

I. Theory and Application, J. J. Wanstrath, R. E. Whitaker,

R. O. Reid, A. C. Vastano, Coastal Engrg. Res. Center,

Dept. of the Army, Ref. 76-3, Nov. 1976.

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY, Texas Water Resources Institute, College Station Tex. 77843. Dr. J. R. Runkles, Institute Director.

1 54-0383W-820-33 ATTITUDES AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ON THE HIGH

PLAINS TOWARD GROUNDWATER PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Frank Baird, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Tex. 79409.

(e) See WRRC 10, 4.0057. 154-0385W-800-33 INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS AND CONJUNCTIVE

MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN WEST

TEXAS

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Otis Templer, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Tex. 79409.

(e) See WRRC 10, 3.0101.

1 54-0386W-820-33 SIMULATION OF POLLUTANT MOVEMENT IN GROUNDWATER AQUIFERS

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Donald Reddell.

(e) See WRRC 10, 4.0056.

1 54-0387W-870-33 TREATMENT OF WOOD PRESERVING WASTEWATER

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Tom Reynolds.

(e) See WRRC 10, 5.0668.

1 54-0388W-820-33 ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE DUE TO EX- CESSIVE GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL IN THE

TEXAS GULF COAST AREA

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Lonnie Jones.

(e) See WRRC 10, 6.0090. 154-0389W-840-33 THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING INPUT AND PRODUCT

PRICES ON THE DEMAND FOR IRRIGATION WATER IN TEXAS

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Ronald Lacewell.

1 54-0390W-840-33 ESTIMATION OF THE ECONOMIC DEMAND FOR IRRIGA- TION ON THE HIGH PLAINS AND RIO GRANDE PLAIN REGIONS OF TEXAS

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Bruce Beattie.

1 54-0391 W-870-33 DESIGN AND DEMONSTRATION OF A NON-CONVENTIONAL DENITRIFIC ATION SYSTEM

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Robert Sweazy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Tex. 79409. 154-0392W-800-33 LEGAL ASPECTS OF LAND USE REGULATION OF LAKE

SHORELANDS BY STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

FOR THE PROTECTION OF LAKES

(b) OWRT.

141
(c) Dr. Corwin Johnson, University of Texas, Austin, Tex. 78712.

1 54-0393W-840-33 THE IMPACT OF ENERGY SHORTAGE ON IRRIGATION

IN THE HIGH PLAINS AND TRANS PECOS REGIONS OF

TEXAS

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Ronald LaceweU. 154-0394W-800-33 OPTIMAL USE OF GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE

WATER TO REDUCE LAND SUBSIDENCE

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Donald Reddell.

1 54-0395W-820-33 HEAT TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Donald Reddell. 154-0396W-8 10-33 EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF TEXAS LIGNITE

DEVELOPMENT ON TEXAS WATER RESOURCES

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. C. C. Mathewson.

1 54-0397W-840-33 NEW IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN FOR MAXIMIZING

IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY AND INCREASING RAIN- FALL UTILIZATION

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. William Lyle. 154-0398W-880-33 PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO WATER IN TEXAS

LAKES AND STREAMS: AN ANALYSIS

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Otis Templer, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Tex. 79409. 154-0399W-8 10-33 METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYZING EFFECTS OF UR- BANIZATION ON WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Larry Mays, University of Texas, Austin, Tex. 78712.

1 54-0400W-800-33 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF PRIORITY WATER

RESOURCES PROBLEMS TO DEVELOP A COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR THE SOUTHERN

PLAINS RIVER BASIN REGION

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. J. R. Runkles.

1 54-0401 W-840-33 INFLUENCE OF TRICKLE IRRIGATION ON THE QUALITY

OF IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Kirk Brown.

(e) See WRRC 9, 5.1561. 154-0402W-820-33 ADJUSTMENTS DUE TO A DECLINING GROUNDWATER

SUPPLY: HIGH PLAINS OF NORTHERN TEXAS AND

WESTERN OKLAHOMA

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Ronald Lacewell.

1 54-0404W-820-33 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE

GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT TO HALT LAND SUB- SIDENCE

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Lonnie Jones.

1 54-0405 W-4 10-33 IMPACT OF WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ON

COASTAL EROSION, BRAZOS RIVER, TEXAS

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. C. C. Mathewson.

1 54-0406W-800-33 ANALYSIS OF PRIORITY WATER RESOURCES FOR THE

SOUTHERN PLAINS REGION

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. J. R. Runkles.

1 54-0409W-820-33 UTILITY ANALYSIS FOR THE URBAN GROWTH INSIDE THE RECHARGE ZONES OF GROUNDWATER

RESOURCES IN SAN ANTONIO AREA

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. C. S. Shih, University of Texas at San Antonio, San

Antonio, Tex. 78285.

(e) See WRRC 10, 6.0019.

1 54-04 10W-8 10-33 WATERSHED IMPACTS OF RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE GUADALUPE MOUNTAINS NATIONAL

PARK, TEXAS

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Ernest Fish, Dr. Marvin Dvoracek, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Tex. 79409.

1 54-041 1W-860-33 RESERVOIR EUTROPHICATION: FACTORS GOVERNING

PRIMARY PRODUCTION

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Owen Lind, Baylor University, Waco, Tex. 76703.

154-041 2W-880-33 STREAM BOTTOM ORGANISMS AS INDICATORS OF

ECOLOGICAL CHANGE OF PHASE II

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Richard Harrel, Lamar University, Beaumont, Tex. 77710.

1 54-041 3W-860-33 EFFECTS OF WATER QUALITY ON RECREATIONAL USE

OF WATER IN EAST TEXAS

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. David Gates, Lamar University, Beaumont, Tex. 77710.

(<?) See WRRC 10, 5.0429.

154-041 4W-800-33 REGIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT WITH FULL CONSUMPTIVE USE

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Bruce Beattie.
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN, Center for Research in Water Resources, Balcones Research Center, Austin, Tex. 78758. Leo R. Beard, Director. 155-09918-870-33 DESIGN OF URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS FOR

DOWNSTREAM FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT

(b) Department of the Interior-Office of Water Research and

Technology.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; for thesis. (e) Investigators developed procedures for the hydrologic

design of drainage and storage facilities in urban areas to prevent increased downstream flooding and/or regulate storm runoff for treatment purposes. Such facilities could

also provide adequate storm drainage in coordination with

flood plain management and insurance measures for areas

within and downstream of urban developments.

if) Completed.

(g) General guides for design of storage facilities were

developed, and a computer model for evaluation of the system operation under various expected storm conditions was formulated and documented. These studies will enable

planners to formulate and evaluate a variety of develop- ment plans in a reasonable amount of time and at a reasonable cost. 155-09919-350-07 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY OUTLET WORKS FOR

RUNNING WATER DRAW SITE NO. 3

(£>) U.S. Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Walter L. Moore, Professor of Civil Engrg., Dept. of Civil Engrg., ECJ 8.6, The Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex. 78705.

(d) Applied research, design. Masters thesis. (e) Study evaluated the hydraulic performance of spillway outlet works for Running Water Draw Site Number 3, which

is proposed for construction in West Texas by the Soil Conservation Service. The proposed facility will serve to help prevent erosion from water flowing through the area. Investigators sought to identify any potential difficulties with the facility and to develop changes that may be

necessary to eliminate any problems encountered.

(f) Completed.

155-09920-310-33 OPTIMAL FLOOD ROUTING USING STOCHASTIC

DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

(b) Department of the Interior-Office of Water Research and

Technology.

(c) Charles S. Beightler, Professor of Mechanical Engrg., Taylor Hall 147, Univ. Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex. 78705.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Research focuses on the development of flood control policy decisions using an objective function that expresses the economic consequences of flood flows. Flood flows at a

particular location were analyzed for conditional probabilities between flows in successive time periods. Using these conditional probabilities, investigators derived optimal

flood control policies by use of stochastic dynamic pro- gramming. These optimal policies are expressed as matrices which relate operating decisions to future flows and associated probabilities.

(/) Completed.

(g) The optimal policies developed can be used for real time

flood control as well as in planning studies and can also be

used for evaluating benefits of flood forecasts. The

proposed method is limited to a peak-flow related objective function and therefore allows more rational flood management by use of realistic economic functions where damage is also related to factors such as duration of inundation.

155-09921-800-33 WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT FOR IN- CREASED POWER PRODUCTION

(b) Department of the Interior-Office of Water Research and

Technology.

(d) Theoretical, applied research. Masters thesis, Doctoral dis- sertation.

(e) Develop technology for determining the optimum integra- tion of a large hydroelectric power system into a predominantly thermal power system, thus producing maximum

usable energy and peaking capability. Consideration is given to the seasonal variation of trade-offs with other water resource system functions such as flood control, water supply, recreation, and low-flow regulation. The particular objective is to develop, in coordination with the Corps of Engineers, the Southwestern Power Administration, and the Federal Power Commission, specific operation criteria for 1 3 major reservoirs and 1 1 hydropower

plants in the Arkansas, Red, White, and Osage River

Basins that would maximize the generation of power consistent with other system functions and environmental considerations. 155-09922-810-07 WATER YIELD, FLOOD CONTROL AND SEDIMENTATION

EFFECTS OF TRINITY RIVER BASIN SCS STRUCTURE

(b) U.S. Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service.

(d) Applied research, thesis. (e) Investigators are developing procedures for evaluating the various effects of flood water retarding structures at key

locations throughout the Trinity River Basin, emphasizing

the effects on the operation of Corps of Engineers reservoirs. Specific objectives are to: review literature and past work relative to such determinations; to develop, test, and

apply a computer model for evaluating the combined ef- fects of seepage, evaporation, and transpiration at retard- ing structures on monthly streamflows at any downstream

point, including points downstream of Corps of Engineers

reservoirs under various modes of operation of those reservoirs; to develop, test, and apply a computer model for evaluating the effects of seepage at retarding structures and in downstream channels on aquifers; to develop, test, and apply a computer model for evaluating the effects of retarding structures on scour and sediment deposition in downstream channels and reservoirs. 155-09923-430-00 THE OFFSET REFLECTING SURFACE CONCEPT, AP- PLIED TO FLOATING BREAKWATERS AND FLOTATION SYSTEMS FOR WORK BARGES IN THE OCEAN

ENVIRONMENT

(b) Hydraulic Engineering Program.

(c) Walter L. Moore, Dept. Civil Engrg., College of Engrg., Univ. Texas, Austin, Tex. 78705.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) The offset reflecting surfaces concept is a new principle

applied to the design of floating wave protection structures and flotation systems for stable platforms. It provides a

basis for a rational design of a floating breakwater to meet known wave conditions and shows promise of being

adaptable to a barge flotation system that will restrict barge motion and also provide a sheltered lee for docking

of supply vessels. Additional work is to be done on

modified configurations both for wave protection and

barge flotation. Model studies are underway to evaluate

the motion response of a 500 ft by 250 ft work barge with an offset surfaces flotation system. A breakwater installed

at Marshal Ford Marina on Lake Travis has been in use

for a year and a half and another at a boat launching ramp

in Galveston Bay for a year. Improved structural and construction systems are being explored and other installations contemplated. Additional model studies on anchoring

forces are underway at the Center for Research in Water

Resources.

143
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN, College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Austin, Tex. 78712. Dr. Walter L. Moore.

156-02162-810-30 HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED

(£>) Cooperative with U.S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a 4-square mile and a 2-square mile portion of the Waller Creek watershed

are being made to provide basic information for estimating runoff from small urban watersheds in the Southwest area. Two stream flow stations and a rain gage net are in operation. Studies of the correlation between runoff, rainfall, and the characteristics of the drainage basin are being

made by various proposed methods to serve as a base comparison with the data as it is collected.

(g) Data has been collected since 1956 by the U.S.G.S. and

for later years is available in special reports listed below. Data has been used in a number of hydrologic studies and

its use will continue.

(h) Compilation of Hydrologic Data, Waller and Wilbarger

Creeks, Colorado River Basin, Texas 1966, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Austin, Tex. 156-05456-810-15 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR RELATING RUNOFF TO

RAINFALL

(d) Master's and Doctoral research based on computer analysis and field data.

(e) Starting with the Stanford Watershed Model a revised procedure for numerical simulation of watershed hydrolo- gy was developed with emphasis on providing a more

realistic simulation of infiltration and soil moisture movement. Most recently the simulation program is being used

to investigate the effect of lawn watering on runoff on the Waller Creek Watershed in Austin, Texas, where both

rainfall and artificial watering support lawn growth. The

program is being used to see if the higher level of soil moisture maintained by lawn watering affects the amount

of runoff from natural rainfall and thereby compensates to some extent for water used for lawn irrigation. Also some

comparisons are made between a few measured soil moisture measurements and simulated values of the soil moisture.

(g) Current results show some increase in simulated runoff when lawn irrigation is included, indicating a compensating effect.

(/;) Evaluation of Urban Runoff by Watershed Simulation, W.

E. Skipwith, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex., May 1976. 156-08314-430-00 FLOATING BREAKWATER DESIGN

(c) Dr. Walter L. Moore.

(d) Experimental; applied research; Master's or Doctoral thesis. (e) Active investigation was started in 1970 of a new concept

for a floating breakwater. The breakwater minimizes the required anchoring forces and the amplitude of the trans- mitted wave by causing the wave forces on different parts of the structure to balance one another. Two sets of

reflecting surfaces are arranged so the offset between them

is approximately one-half the wave length of the largest waves anticipated at the site. Tests in wind generated waves indicated effective wave attenuation for the full range of waves from 1.2 times the design wave down to the

smallest wave lengths. A patent on the invention was

granted in 1974.

(h) The WAVEGUARDTM Offset Surface Floating Barge, R. J. Taylor, D. B. Jones, TM M-42-76-16, Civil Engrg. Lab., Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, Calif. 93043, Sept. 1976.

Corps of Engineers Technical Letter, Engrg. &

Design-Floating Breakwater, Engrg. Tech. Letter 1 1 10-2- 202, Dept. of the Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Mar. 1975. A Stable Offshore Work Barge Using the Offset Reflecting Surfaces Principle, W. L. Moore, J. E. Dailey, J. M. Nash,

D. P. Tuterea, Proc. 3rd Intl. Ocean Development Conf., Tokyo, Japan, Aug. 1975. 156-09065-870-00 PREDICTION OF COOLING POND RESPONSE TO WASTEWATER INFLOWS

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research.

(c) James. E. Daily, Asst. Professor of Ocean Engrg., Dept. of

Civil Engineering.

(e) In water-short areas such as South Texas, an attractive

possibility for improving stream quality and/or supplying

anticipated cooling water requirements of electric power

plants is direct flow of wastewater effluents to cooling

ponds. Feasibility of direct inflows depends on algae buil- dup with subsequent condenser fouling and the quality of water discharged from ponds to natural streams. Objective

of the research is to develop a predictive ecological model

of cooling pond response to wastewater inflows. Quantitative prediction of algae buildup and discharge water quality by this model will enable accurate assessment of waste- water inflow feasibility. 156-09066-470-60 LOW COST BUOY BARRIERS FOR BOAT RAMP PROTECTION

(b) State of Texas, Parks and Wildlife Department.

(c) James E. Dailey, Asst. Professor of Ocean Engrg., Dept. of

Civil Engineering.

(e) At state boat ramp facilities, waves created by passing

ships or sudden storms occasionally create uncontrollable

situations for boatmen launching or recovering their boats. To reduce the risk of personal injury and property damage, the feasibility of using commercially available

plastic shapes to erect a barrier which will dissipate the energy of wave action is being studied. A comparatively

low-cost barrier is sought which can be installed easily in the field, using minimum manpower and equipment. 156-09067-410-54 ESTABLISHMENT OF OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR

TEXAS COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

(b) National Science Foundation, Research Applied to National Needs Program, Office of the Governor, State of Texas, Division of Planning Coordination.

(c) James E. Dailey, Asst. Professor of Ocean Engrg., Dept. of

Civil Engineering, or E. G. Fruh.

(g) See WRRC 9, 6.0941.

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY, Utah Water Research Laboratory and Utah Center for Water Resources Research, Logan,

Utah 84322. Dr. L. Douglas James, Director.

1 57-04 18W-8 10-00 SORPTIVITY: A FEASIBLE CONCEPT FOR INFILTRATION

ESTIMATION ON SMALL RANGE AND WATERSHEDS?

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0294.

1 57-041 9W-840-00

IMPACT OF WATER AND SOILS WITH HIGH SOURCESINK POTENTIALS ON IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0418. 144
157-042 1 W-440-00 157-09076-890-33 A MATHEMATICAL HYDRODYNAMIC CIRCULATION

MODEL OF GREAT SALT LAKE FOR RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0041. 157-0422W-820-0Q

GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR

UTAH

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0099.

1 57-0423W-840-00 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES TO IDENTIFY AND PREDICT THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON THE SALINITY OF AGRICULTURAL RETURN

FLOWS

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 5.1436. 157-0424W-800-00 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS AND

THE IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES AND SALINITY

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0048. 157-0425W-800-00 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR

HYDROPOWER AND GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0124. 157-0426W-800-00 DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERACTIVE PLANNING

METHODOLOGY FOR DISPLAYING EFFECTS AND

ESTABLISHING PUBLIC PREFERENCE AMONG MULTIOBJECTIVE WATER RESOURCE PLANS

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0125. 157-0427W-870-00 A STUDY OF THE OVERALL ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY

CONVERSION PROCESSES

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0126. 157-0428W-860-00 INNOVATIONS IN DESIGN OF RURAL DOMESTIC WATER

SUPPLY SYSTEMS

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0127. 157-0429W-860-00 THE IMPACT OF ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

ON UTAH WATER ALLOCATIONS

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0179. 157-0430W-870-00 IMPACTS OF WATER QUALITY DISCHARGE PERMIT

PROGRAMS ON WATER RIGHTS ADMINISTRATION

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0219.

FEASIBILITY OF STATE WATER-USE FEES FOR FINANCING WATER DEVELOPMENT AND COST SHARING

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Dr. Daniel H. Hoggan.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation, applied research.

(e) As a result of decreasing appropriations of federal funds

for water projects in recent years, state and local govern- ments are feeling the pressure to finance a larger share of

the costs. One innovative approach to obtaining state funds for water development which appears to have promise is the application of state water-use fees to many

or all of the major uses of water. This research project will analyze various use-fee arrangements to determine fund

generating potential and feasibility. 157-09078-860-33 OPTIMIZING CROP PRODUCTION THROUGH CONTROL

OF WATER AND SALINITY LEVELS IN THE SOIL

(b) U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Office of Water Resources and

Technology.

(c) Dr. J. Paul Riley, Professor (project coordinator).

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Field studies are being conducted to examine the response of crops (in terms of dry matter and grain yield) to root

stresses applied at different stages of crop growth. Root

stresses are induced through both salinity concentrations

in the soil moisture solutions and by soil moisture deficiencies. A model will be developed for general application of

the results. 157-10142-870-60 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF DETRIMENTAL EF- FECTS OF ALUMINUM ADDITION TO FRESHWATER

LAKES IN NORTHERN UTAH

(£>) State of Utah.

(c) Dennis B. George.

(d) Field investigation, data collection.

(e) Determine aluminum concentrations in freshwater, which

are typical of those found in Utah, which may be detri- mental to fish growth and survival.

(/) Completed. 157-10143-860-33 NITROGEN CYCLING AS A WATER QUALITY FACTOR IN GREAT SALT LAKE

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology, USD1.

(c) Frederick J. Post. (d) Field investigation, basic research.

(e) Nitrogen is considered to be the limiting factor in the Great Salt Lake. Certain nitrogen processes were studied: namely, nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, and

uptake and mineralization.

(f) Completed.

(g) The nitrogen cycle was studied using weekly lake samples and sediment-water microcosms. Results from the lake in- dicated a high level of organic nitrogen as well as undetectable amounts of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrogen fixation. Ammonia was the only detectable inorganic nitrogen form and occurred in the lake only at times of low algal activity or high excretion rates by the invertebrates or high bacterial activity. Microcosm studies demonstrated that ammonia, nitrate, and urea did not stimulate the bacteria

directly but did so only indirectly through increased algal

activity. Glutamic acid, an organic form of nitrogen, stimulated the bacteria directly. No nitrification was observed in the microcosms although nitrite was observed when the microcosms were fed nitrate (denitrification).

(/i) Nitrogen Cycling in Microcosms and Application to the Biology of the Northern Arm of the Great Salt Lake, PRJ- SBA-016-1, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84322. 145
157-10144-860-33 157-10147-440-33 DEVELOPMENT OF A HYDROQUALITY MANAGEMENT

MODEL OF GREAT SALT LAKE

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) J. Paul Riley.

(d) Theoretical, development.

(e) To formulate a hierarchical-multilevel management model.

(J) Completed.

(g) The development of a model capable of predicting the long term (seasonal) distribution of water quality constituents within Great Salt Lake was undertaken as a portion of the ongoing Great Salt Lake project at USU. This

study provides a model capable of monitoring the long term distribution of quality constituents within the lake. This capability is a necessary component of the modeling framework since it will allow the investigation of the ef- fects which alternative water quality management plans

will have on the distribution of water quality constituents within the lake.

(/;) Development of a Water Quality Simulation Model Applicable to Great Salt Lake, Utah, PRJEW-026-l, Utah Water

Research Lab., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84322. 157-10145-800-33 IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURAL LAND USE, INCOME AND

EMPLOYMENT RESULTING FROM WATER TRANSFERS

TO FACILITATE OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) B. Delworth Gardner.

(d) Theoretical, development.

(e) Review and evaluate the hypothesized water needs of an

oil shale industry of various sizes and will investigate the

alternative options of meeting these requirements. Impacts on agricultural land use, income and employment will be

analyzed as the primary thrust of the study. Programs and

policies to facilitate resource adjustments will receive at- tention, with focus upon alternative arrangements for

transferring water.

(/) Completed.

(g) Historical development of the appropriation doctrine of water allocation was outlined and Utah water policy was

examined. These factors are analyzed in light of the proto- type oil shale development in the Uintah Basin and potential impact on the area's agricultural sector. Oil shale water estimates are compared with Uintah Basin water

availability and examined with regard to population projections and municipal water use.

( h ) The Effects of Agriculture in Utah of Water Transfers to Oil Shale Development, PRJAE-027-1, Utah Water

Research Lab., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84322. 157-10146-800-33 WATER AS A FACTOR IN ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

(fc) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) A. Bruce Bishop.

(d) Theoretical, development.

(e) Determine the amount of water available in Utah for development of coal and oil shale and the amount of water

used for strip mining and energy conversion processes which are proposed for the region. Also, the trade-offs will be examined for locating the energy activities on alternative sites. (/) Completed.

(g) For the initial application of the model, optimal solutions were obtained for both energy maximization and water

minimization which illustrate composite system effects and

potential conflicts that could arise from various combinations of water allocation to energy resources developments.

(/i) Water as a Factor in Energy Resources Development,

PRJER-028-l, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State

Univ., Logan, Utah 84322.

A STUDY OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES OF THE GREAT

SALT LAKE

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology and the State of Utah.

(c) Anching Lin. (d) Field investigation, basic research.

(e) Establish, through the understanding of the transport processes of the water in the lake, inter-relationship between the various elements of resources development in the lake and thus provide scientific bases for sound policy- making in the planning and management of the lake.

(/) Completed.

(g) Of some interest to limnologists is the meromixis

(sustained two-layer stratification) in the south basin. The

conspicuous two-layer lake was made possible by the presence of the railroad causeway. It is found that the rate of entrainment of the chemocline obeys the general rules applicable to other large two-layer basins. (h) A Survey of the Physical Limnology of Great Salt Lake, Utah Div. of Water Resources-Comprehensive Water

Planning Program, 435 State Capitol Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah 84114. 157-10148-870-33 INTERMITTENT SAND FILTER SCRAPINGS-DEPOSITION,

UTILIZATION, AND SAND RECOVERY

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) James H. Reynolds.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Intermittent sand filtration of wastewater stabilization pond effluent is an extremely effective means of removing

algae from wastewater. However, an algae laden crust frequently forms on the filter surface, and the filter must

be scraped to be fully rejuvenated. Scraping is a time and money consuming process especially if fresh sand must be

applied to municipal scale filters. This research tested and

evaluated methods by which sand scrapings could be util- ized.

(/) Completed.

(g) Results indicated that three disposal alternative methods

were viable recourses for sewage sand filter, sand deposition, and utilization. Cost analyses indicated that an irriga- tion technique may be less expensive.

(h ) Disposal Alternatives for Intermittent Sand Filter Scrapings

Utilization and Sand Recovery, PRJER-033-1, Utah Water

Research Lab., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84322. 157-10149-870-73 USE OF WARM AND/OR SALINE EFFLUENT WATERS

FROM ELECTRICAL GENERATING POWER PLANTS

FOR FOOD PRODUCTION

(b) Utah Power & Light Company.

(c) Jay M. Bagley.

(d) Field investigation, operation.

(e) Explore management techniques for solving some of the problems of power generation and food production simul- taneously or in combination. 157-10150-810-60 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON MOUNTAIN

WATERSHEDS

(b) State of Utah.

(c) E. Joe Middlebrooks.

(d) Field investigation, development.

(e) Describe and define the impact of recreational develop- ment on mountain watersheds in a quantitative sense. 157-10151-210-70 TESTING A MCNALLY 24" BUTTERFLY VALVE

(b) McNally Pittsburg Mfg. Corporation.

(c) Calvin G. Clyde.

(d) Experiment, operation.

146
(e) Test of a large butterfly valve will verify its performance

prior to its acceptance by the buyer. 157-10152-890-06 STUDIES TO INVESTIGATE PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL

IN PHOSPHATE MINES IN RELATIONSHIP TO OP- TIMUM DESIGN OF SPOIL DUMPS

(b) U.S. Forest Service.

(c) Roland W. Jeppson.

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) Engineering and nutrient properties will be determined from each separately identifiable geologic formation constituting the overburden material of the phosphate mines

in Southeast Idaho by laboratory tests. 157-10153-480-60 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CLOUD SEEDING

POTENTIAL IN WINTER OROGRAPHIC STORMS

(b) State of Utah.

(c) Geoffrey E. Hill. (d) Field investigation, operation.

(e) Cloud seeding material is injected into winter clouds by- aircraft upwind of a target area, wherein an instrumented

aircraft detects resulting changes. 157-10154-480-60 CLIMATOLOGY OF HAILSTORMS IN UTAH-THE HAIL

SUPPRESSION POTENTIAL BY CLOUD SEEDING

(b) State of Utah/Division of Water Resources.

(c) Kenneth G. Hubbard.

(d) Experimental, development.

(e) Identify and analyze the climatology of Utah hailstorms as a means of determining the potential for hail suppression

through the use of cloud seeding. 157-10155-480-06 COOPERATIVE DATA SYSTEM

(i>) USDA/Wasatch National Forest Service.

(c) Duane G. Chadwick.

(d) Field investigation, data collection.

(e) Gather data on wind energy and related parameters. 157-10156-860-60 EVALUATION OF CONSTRAINING ELEMENTS IN MAKING WATER USE CHANGES

(b) State of Utah/Division of Water Rights.

(c) Jay M. Bagley.

(d) Theoretical, development.

(e) A guide, based on a systematic consideration of the factors involved in any change from one water use to another, will be developed for administrators who make decisions about

water change use applications. 157-10157-870-36 SEPARATION OF ALGAE CELLS FROM WASTEWATER

LAGOON EFFLUENTS

(b) Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) E. J. Middlebrooks.

(d) Experimental, development.

(e) Develop a practical, reliable, cost-effective method for the removal and disposal of algae cells from waste stabilization lagoon effluents. 157-10158-860-60 THE BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF SPECIFIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS PRODUCED BY

OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT

(b) State of Utah.

(c) V. Dean Adams.

(d) Experimental, operation.

(e) Evaluate the biological role of specific organic compounds

and the effects of salinity on the stream hiota in the Colorado River Basin. 157-10159-860-60 HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY IMPACTS OF CONSERVATION MEASURES ON UTAH RIVER BASINS

(b) State of Utah.

(c) Eugene K. Israelsen. (d) Experimental, operation.

(e) Estimate the distribution of water quantity and quality in time and space resulting from implemented conservation measures in Utah river basins. 157-10160-820-60 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR

UTAH: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

(b) State of Utah.

(c) John E. Keith. (d) Theoretical, development.

(e) Economic analysis of the current groundwater use restric- tion and of various legal-institutional controls. 157-10161-870-60 MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE

RUNOFF CONTROL IN UTAH

(b) State of Utah.

(c) James H. Reynolds.

(d) Experimental, operation.

(e) Identify and quantify the impact of animal feedlot runoff on the water quality of Cache Valley, specifically; and of

the State of Utah in general. 157-10162-870-60 RESIDUAL HEAVY METAL REMOVAL BY A WASTEWATER GROWN ALGAE-INTERMITTENT SAND FIL- TRATION SYSTEM

(b) State of Utah.

(c) Daniel S. Filip. (d) Field investigation, operation.

(e) Feasibility of using phytoplanktonic algae to incorporate

heavy metals from wastewater for subsequent removal by

intermittent sand filtration. 157-10163-480-54 FACTORS CONTROLLING THE SIZE, SPACING, AND

LIFETIME OF CUMULUS CLOUDS AS REVEALED BY

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Geoffrey E. Hill. (d) Field investigation, development.

(e) Develop an increased understanding of convective-cloud

behavior, thereby aiding in the prediction of precipitation and ultimately in the prediction of severe storms. 157-10164-480-60 EXPERIMENTAL WEATHER MODIFICATION

(b) State of Utah/Division of Water Resources.

(c) Geoffrey E. Hill. (d) Field investigation, development.

(e) What meteorological conditions are most suitable for in- creasing precipitation by cloud seeding. Precipitation amounts received during seeded storms are compared (by

use of a numerical prediction model) with amounts ex- pected if seeding were not done. 157-10165-860-60 DEVELOPMENT OF A CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE MAP

FOR UTAH

(b) State of Utah/Division of Water Rights.

(c) Jay M. Bagley.

(d) Experimental, design.

147

254-330 O - 78 - 11
(e) Develop a better understanding of consumptive water use and will prepare maps which present the information in an

easily usable form. 157-10166-870-33 OVERLAND FLOW AND SPRAY IRRIGATION TO UP- GRADE WASTEWATER LAGOON EFFLUENT

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Daniel S. Filip. (d) Field investigation, operation.

(e) Compare and evaluate overland flow and spray irrigation as final upgrading processes for municipal wastewater

lagoon effluent. 157-10167-810-33 HYDROLOGIC IMPACT OF GRAZING SYSTEMS ON IN- FILTRATION AND RUNOFF: DEVELOPMENT OF A

MODEL

(£>) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Gerald F. Gifford.

(d) Field investigation, operation. . (e) Synthesizing from literature all available information re- garding impacts of grazing on infiltration and runoff. 157-10168-630-33 A COST-EFFECTIVE SOLAR-POWERED WATER PUMP

(£>) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Duane G. Chadwick.

(d) Experimental, operation.

(e) Perfect a prototype solar-powered water pump now in existence which will be cost effective for use on small farms

having a nearby groundwater or surface water supply that requires moderate lifting. 157-10169-840-33 POTENTIAL FOR USING WASTE WATER FROM ELECTRICAL POWER PLANTS FOR IRRIGATION

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) R. John Hanks.

(d) Field investigation, operation.

(e) Possibility of using wastewater from electrical power plants

in a productive way-as an irrigation water supply. 157-10170-860-33 A CHEMICAL MODEL OF HEAVY METALS IN THE

GREAT SALT LAKE

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) J. J. Jurinak.

(d) Basic research, theoretical.

(e) Formulation and validation of a thermodynamic model to define the natural physico-chemical processes that control

the solubility of heavy metals in Great Salt Lake brine. 157-10171-860-33 ESTIMATING THE UNCERTAINTY ASSOCIATED WITH

PREDICTED SALINITY LEVELS IN THE UPPER

COLORADO RIVER BASIN

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) William J. Grenney.

(d) Basic research, theoretical.

(e) Estimate the statistical uncertainty associated with predicting future salinity levels in the Upper Colorado River

Basin. 157-10172-870-33 INVESTIGATIONS OF VIRUS REMOVAL FROM WATER

WITH AN EVALUATION OF A NEW VIRUS DETECTION

PROCEDURE

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Rex S. Spendlove.

(d) Experimental, development.

(e) Evaluate virus removal and inactivation capability of sand

filters used in water treatment. Determine the chlorination

inactivation rates of two model viruses in water of selected

quality. Determine in situ kinetics for virus inactivation in sewage lagoons and fresh water sources. Evaluate the fluorescent virus precipitin test for use in routine screening of water and wastewater for enteric viruses. Determine the

potential use of reovirus as a standard in water studies. 157-10173-860-33 VULNERABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS TO

DROUGHTS

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) David S. Bowles.

(d) Experimental, development.

(e) A drought severity index will be developed to describe the

state of a drought as it affects beneficial uses of water. This index will be useful as a basis for I ) assessing the

relative vulnerability to drought of water supply systems;

2) prioritizing the use of funds for reducing drought vul- nerability of different water management alternatives; and

3 ) allocating water to drought susceptible communities and other water users. 157-10174-860-33 SALINITY MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR THE

COLORADO RIVER

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology (regional pro- ject-Colorado State University, BLM, University of

California-Riverside, University of Arizona).

(c) Jay C. Andersen.

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) Designed to aid local, state and federal agencies in ameliorating the salinity problem of the Colorado River. 157-10175-800-33 OPTIMIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS USING

INTERACTIVE INTEGER PROGRAMMING-SIMULATION

MODELS

{b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) William J. Grenney.

(d) Theoretical, design.

(e) Develop and apply integer optimization and simulation modeling to two important dimensions of water resources management problems. 157-10176-800-33 STOCHASTIC MODELING OF WATER SURFACE ELEVATIONS FOR TERMINAL LAKES

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology/State of Utah.

(c) L. Douglas James.

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) A technique for establishing the frequency distribution of

terminal lake stages at different time horizones will be

developed. 157-10177-860-33 IDENTIFICATION OF PRESUMPTIVE CARCINOGENIC

COMPOUNDS RELEASED TO WATER SUPPLIES BY OIL

SHALE

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology/State of Utah.

(c) V. Dean Adams.

(d) Field investigation, operation.

(e) Determine the potential mutagenic and carcinogenic hazards posed by the development of oil shale in Utah,

Wyoming, and Colorado.

VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY, Environmental and Water

Resources Engineering, Nashville, Tenn. 37235. Dr. R. H.

148
French, Asst. Professor, Hydraulic and Water Resources

Engineering.

158-09900-060-33 INTERFACIAL STABILITY OF A TWO LAYER FLOW

WITHOUT SHEAR IN THE PRESENCE OF BOUNDARY

GENERATED TURBULENCE: FIELD VERIFICATION

(b) U.S. Department of Interior, University of Tennessee Water Resources Center.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research; Master's thesis. (e) Field verification of a model to determine whether super- posed layers of fluid are stable or unstable; i.e., is there

substantial mixing across the interface or not.

(/i) Interfacial Instability in Stratified Flow, R. H. French, I5th

Intl. Coastal Engrg. Conf., Honolulu, Hawaii, July 1976.

Interfacial Stability of a Two Layer Flow Without Shear in the Presence of Boundary Generated Turbulence: Field

Verification, S. McCutcheon, M.S. Thesis, Vanderbilt

University, 1977.

Interfacial Instability in Stratified Flow, S. McCucheon, R. French, ASCE Hydraulics Div. Specialty Conf., College Station, Tex., Aug. 1977. 158-09901-200-00 THE EFFECT OF STABLE DENSITY STRATIFICATION IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW, ON THE VERTICAL VELOCITY

PROFILE AND THE CHEZY ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) A theoretical investigation of how density stratification ef- fects the shape of the vertical velocity profile in open

channel flow and hence the Che zy roughness coefficient. (h) Stratification and the Chezy Coefficient, R. H. French,

ASCE Hydraulics Div. Specialty Conference, College Station, Tex., Aug. 1977.

VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE, COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA, Department of Estuarine Processes and Chemical Oceanography, Gloucester Point, Va.

23062. Dr. B. J. Neilson, Department Head.

159-09889-390-41 ENGINEERING DESIGN OF OYSTER DEPURATION

PLANTS

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

(d) Design, applied research.

(e) Develop guidelines for the design and operation of an

oyster depuration plant. Of special importance were the design characteristics of the tank in which the oysters are held during the several day depuration period. Full scale experiments were made varying water flow, quantity of

oyster per tank and the hydraulic characteristics of the' tanks. Final recommendations are based on analysis of the

findings of these studies plus review of procedures at exist- ing shellfish depuration plants in New England.

(f) Completed.

(/i) A Mathematical Approach to Depuration, B. J. Neilson, 1975 Proc. Natl. Shellfisheries Association.

Practical Considerations for the Bacterial Depuration of Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay Region, B. J. Neilson, D. S. Haven, F. O. Perkins, Contract Report to Food and Drug

Administration, Jan. 1977. 159-09890-870-36 STORMWATER SAMPLING

(£>) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hampton Roads

Water Quality Agency.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Twenty-five sites within the Peninsula and Southeastern

Virginia Planning Districts were sampled twice each to determine the runoff quantity and quality. These sites included a broad range of soil types, topographies, and land

uses. In general, each site was sampled once in the spring and once in the fall of 1976, with a light rainfall on one

occasion and a heavy rainfall on the other sampling. Water

quality measures which were monitored are: fecal coliforms, nutrients, 30-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand

and suspended solids. The" data generated by this field sampling program will be used to calibrate stormwater models of the river basins in the Hampton Roads area, in order to predict future non-point source pollution loads.

(f) Completed.

(g) Runoff characteristics for the Coastal Plains are different from those for other geological provinces. Sandy, highly

permeable soils and very gentle stream gradients result in lower runoff rates and, therefore, less pollutant transfer.

(/i) Stormwater Sampling in the Hampton Roads Area, B. J. Neilson, Contract Report to Hampton Roads Water Quality

Agency, Feb. 1977. 159-09891-400-36 WATER QUALITY AND MODELING STUDIES OF THE

SMALL COASTAL BASINS

(b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Intensive field surveys and slack water monitoring surveys were made of four small coastal basins on the Chesapeake

Bay: Back River, Poquoson River, Little Creek Harbor, and the Lynnhaven Bay System. The data from these sur- veys have been used to evaluate present water quality conditions and to calibrate mathematical models. The Back

and Poquoson rivers are being simulated by one -dimensional, time varying models developed under the Cooperative State Agencies program by VIMS. For Little Creek

and Lynnhaven, Ketchum's tidal prism model has been

modified to suit local conditions. Water quality measures

that have been modeled are: dissolved oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, chlorophyll *'a", nutrients, and fecal coliforms. These models will be used to assess the relative impacts of point and non-point sources of pollution. Waste

load allocation schemes will be developed to assure

satisfactory water quality conditions in the future.

(/i) A Model of Tidal Flushing for Small Coastal Basins, A. Y. Kuo, Proc. Conf. Environmental 'Modeling and Simulation,

Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. EPA, Apr. 1976. Water Quality in the Small Coastal Basins, B. Neilson, Report to Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency, Aug. 1976.

1 59-09892-400-36 WATER QUALITY AND MODELING STUDIES OF THE

LOWER JAMES AND YORK ESTUARIES

(b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Intensive field surveys and slack water monitoring surveys were made of several tributaries of Chesapeake Bay: the York River and the James River including the Elizabeth

River, Nansemond River and Pagan River. Data from

these surveys will be used to evaluate present water quality conditions and to calibrate mathematical models. All models are time-varying and include the following water

quality measures: fecal coliforms, dissolved oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, chlorophyll "a", and

nutrients. These models will be used to assess the relative impacts of point and non-point sources of pollution. Where necessary, waste load allocation schemes will be developed to bring ambient water quality up to the ap- propriate stream standards.

VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE, COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA, Department of Physical Oceanog149
raphy and Hydraulics, Gloucester Point, Va. 23062. Dr.

C. S. Fang, Department Head.

161-08332-870-52 FATE OF WASTE HEAT DISCHARGED INTO THE JAMES

RIVER ESTUARY BY THE SURRY NUCLEAR POWER

STATION AT HOG POINT, SURRY COUNTY, VIRGINIA

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Temperature profiles in the vicinity of the mixing zone of

the heated water discharge plume were determined. Deduced thermal patterns were compared with those obtained from previous model studies under similar wind and

flow conditions to evaluate the relevance of model studies

for these purposes. The importance of winds on the move- ment of the thermal effluent were under particular consideration. (g) Data collected indicated that there were any extreme temperatures outside the near field region of the outfall that would cause biological damage. Continued monitoring of

the area was necessary to identify yearly variation of parameters and to monitor under higher plant output conditions. Data 1973 indicated that the thermal plume is not

as extensive as predicted by the James River Hydraulic Model. The model is best suited for far field analysis of

the thermal plume.

(h) The Design of the Monitoring System for the Thermal Effects Study of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant on the James

River, R. L. Bolus, S. N. Chia, C. S. Fang, VIMS SRAMSOE 16, Oct. 1971. Thermal Effects of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant on the James River, Virginia, Part II. Results of Monitoring Physical Parameters of the Environment Prior to Plant Operation, S. N. Chia, C. S. Fang, R. L. Bolus, W. J. Hargis, Jr., VIMS SRAMSOE 21, Feb. 1972. Thermal Effects of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant on the James River, Virginia, Part III. Results of Monitoring

Physical Parameters of the Environment Prior to Plant Operation, E. A. Shearls, S. N. Chia, W. J. Hargis, Jr., C.

S. Fang, R. N. Lobecker, VIMS SRAMSOE 33, Feb. 1973. Thermal Effects of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant on the James River, Virginia, Part IV. Results of Monitoring

Physical Parameters During the First Year of Plant Operation, VIMS SRAMSOE 51, Feb. 1974. An Estuarine Thermal Monitoring Program, C. S. Fang, G.

C. Parker, E. A. Shearls, W. J. Hargis, Thermal Pollution Analysis Conf., VP1 and SU, Blacksburg, Va., May 1974. Hydrothermal Monitoring: Surry Nuclear Power Plant, C.

S. Fang, G. Parker, W. Harrison, 14th Intl. Conf. Coastal

Engrg., Copenhagen, Denmark, June 1974. The Design of a Thermal Monitoring System, R. L. Bolus, C. S. Fang, S. N. Chia, Marine Tech. Soc. J. 7, 7, 1973. Thermal Effects of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant on the James River, Virginia, Part V. Results of Monitoring Physical Parameters During the First Two Years of Plant Operation, G. C. Parker, C. S. Fang, VIMS SRAMSOE 92, 1975. Thermal Effects of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant on the James River, Virginia, Part VI. Results of Monitoring

Physical Parameters of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant, C.

S. Fang, G. C. Parker, V1MSJRAMSOE 109, Feb. 1976. Thermal Discharges; Prototype Versus Hydraulic Model, G.

C. Parker, C. S. Fang, A. Y. Kuo, 15th Conf. Intl. Coastal

Engrg., May 1976. 161-09151-450-00 A TWO-DIMENSIONAL TIME-DEPENDENT NUMERICAL

MODEL INVESTIGATION OF THE COASTAL SEA CIR- CULATION AROUND THE CHESAPEAKE BAY EN- TRANCE

(c) A. Y. Kuo, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Ph.D. dissertation.

(e) A numerical study was made of the flow field arising from

the discharge of a tidal estuary onto the continental shelf.

The approach was to: 1 ) vertically integrate the continuity, momentum, and mass balance equations assuming incompressible flow and using hydrostatic assumption and

Boussinesq approximation; 2) numericably integrate the

vertically integrated equations; 3) apply the equations to a

simplified coastal geometry and determine the effect of

different physical factors on the flow field. (/) Completed.

(g) The conclusions from the study show that the outflow from an estuary can be divided into three types; dispersive, entraining, and a mixture of the two. The study also shows

the existence of a northern flow above the Chesapeake.

Bay entrance and a weak residual eddy motion above and below the Bay mouth.

(/i) A Two-Dimensional Time-Dependent Numerical Model In- vestigation of the Coastal Sea Circulation Around the Ches- apeake Bay Entrance, E. M. Stanley, Ph.D. Dissertation, College of William and Mary, 1976. 161-09152-450-50 WIND GENERATED INERTIAL CURRENTS

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Wallops

Island Station; Virginia Institute of Marine Science.

(c) C. S. Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Thesis research, W. Saunders (College of William and

Mary).

(e) A study of the effects of wind generation on inertial cur- rents in the Atlantic Ocean. Data from current meters and anemometers are being used in addition to a mathematical model used to predict inertial currents. This model in- cludes the effects of wind field over the array. 161-09163-860-88 THE CHESAPEAKE BAY: A STUDY OF PRESENT AND FU- TURE WATER QUALITY AND ITS ECOLOGICAL EF- FECTS

(b) National Commission on Water Quality.

(c) A. Y. Kuo, Assoc. Marine Scientist, Vol. 1, Morris H.

Roberts, Jr., Assoc. Marine Scientist, Vol. 2. (d) Applied research.

(e) Prepare descriptions of present Chesapeake Bay water

quantity and quality, projections of future water quality and assessing the biological, ecological and environmental

impacts.

(/) Completed.

(g) The result of this project was two volumes describing the

analysis of present water quality and quantity and ecological conditions in the area and projections for the future water quality and ecological effects. (h) The Chesapeake Bay: A Study of Present and Future Water

Quality and Its Ecological Effects. Vol. 1: Analysis and Projection of Water Quality, A. Y. Kuo, A. Rosenbaum, J. P. Jacobson, C. S. Fang.

Vol. 2: Analysis and Projection of Ecological Conditions, M. H. Roberts, Jr., D. F. Boesch, M. E. Bender. Submitted to National Commission on Water Quality, June

1975. 161-09165-400-60 COOPERATIVE STATE AGENCIES (CSA) ESTUARINE

WATER QUALITY MODELING PROGRAM

(b) Virginia State Water Control Board, Richmond, Virginia.

(c) A. Y. Kuo, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Experimental, including field investigation and numerical modeling; applied research.

(e) A sequence of water quality models is being developed for Virginia estuaries for use by planning agencies as a management aid. The James, York, Rappahannock, and

several smaller estuaries are included. The project com- menced with one-dimensional salinity intrusion and dis- solved oxygen models of the major estuaries but has ex- panded to encompass dynamic modeling, modeling of nitrogenous BOD and two-dimensional and two-layer

modeling. Also planned are ecosystem models including

the nutrient cycle and the growth of phytoplankton.

150
(g) Field studies indicate that low oxygen conditions and high

algal populations occur on a localized and seasonal basis, indicating the need for modeling to assess the impact of development on critical conditions. Estuarine stratification and water quality are clearly influenced by the annual

hydrologic cycle. (h) Hydrography and Hydrodynamics of Virginia Estuaries, Part IV. Mathmatical Model Studies of Water Quality in the James Estuary, C. S. Fang, et al.. Spec. Rept. No. 41, Va. Inst, of Marine Science, Sept. 1973. Mathematical Modeling of Virginia Estuaries for Management, C. S. Fang, A. Y. Kuo, P. V. Hyer, presented Virginia Academy of Science, Norfolk, Va., May 1974. Hydrography and Hydrodynamics of Virginia Estuaries. VI. Mathematical Model Studies of Water Quality of the Rappahannock Estuary, A. Y. Kuo, A. Rosenbaum, P. V. Hyer, C. S. Fang, W. J. Hargis, Jr., VIMS Sramsoe 102, 1975. Hydrography and Hydrodynamics of Virginia Estuaries.

VIII. Mathematical Model Studies of Water Quality of the York River System, P. V. Hyer, A. Y. Kuo, C. S. Fang, W.

J . Hargis, Jr., VI MS Sramsoe 104, 1975. Hydrography and Hydrodynamics of Virginia Estuaries. VII. Mathematical Model Studies of Water Quality of the Pagan Estuary, A. Y. Kuo, J. K. Lewis, C. S. Fang, VIMS

Sramsoe 107, Jan. 1976. A Model of Tidal Flushing for a Small Coastal Basin. Environmental Modeling and Simulation, A. Y. Kuo, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 600/9-76-06 1

.

161-09874-400-60 A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECOSYSTEM MODEL FOR THE

LOWER JAMES RIVER

(b) Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency, Virginia State Water Control Board.

(c) A. Y. Kuo, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (e) A two-dimensional (in horizontal plane) model is being

developed for the James Estuary from the confluence of

the Chickahominy to its mouth. The model includes two

sub-models: the hydrodynamic sub-model simulates the in- teraction of tidal wave and freshwater runoff; the water

quality model simulates the distribution of salinity, dis- solved oxygen, various forms of nutrients and phytoplankton. After calibration and verification, the model will be

used to study the circulation and the transport of pollutants in the Lower James Estuary and Hampton Roads.

(/i) Ph.D. Dissertation, G. M. Sisson, College of William and

Mary. 161-09875-720-50 EOLE BUOY DATA PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Langley Research Center).

(c) E. P. Ruzecki, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Experimental, field investigation, applied research.

(e) Examine data from drifting buoys which were released near Chesapeake Light and other locations on the Virginia continental shelf and tracked by the French EOLE satellite. The relations between the buoy tracker, weather conditions, and hydrographic structure are being examined.

(/)) The Use of the EOLE Satellite Systems to Observe Continental Shelf Circulation, E. P. Ruzecki, et. al, Offshore

Tech. Conf, May 1977.

Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)-NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) EOLE BUOY Program, C. S. Welch, AlAA Tech. Comm. Marine Systems and Technologies Symp. Free Drifting Buoys, 1974. 161-09876-450-00 ON THE IMPORTANCE OF NORFOLK CANYON AND CONTINENTAL SHELF WATER CIRCULATIONS

(c) E. P. Ruzecki, Assoc. Marine Scientist.

(e) This study is intended to determine the importance of sub- marine canyons as an avenue of exchange for waters between the continental shelf and continental slope areas. (h) Ph.D. Dissertation, Evon P. Ruzecki, University of Virginia. 161-09877-450-34 OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF BENCHMARK STU- DIES-PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

(b) U.S. Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management).

(c) E. P. Ruzecki, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and micronutrients (nitrites, nitrates, and phosphates) at approximately 50 stations will be used to identify water masses in the study area. Data will be presented as cross- shelf sections of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and density (sigma-t) and also as T-S plots for each station or group of stations. 161-09878-870-68 FINE SCALE CIRCULATION NEAR "FOXTROT" IN HAMPTON ROADS, VIRGINIA

(b) Hampton Roads Sanitation District Commission; National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) C. S. Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation, applied research, design.

(e) A definitive surface circulation study was performed to ex- amine tidal circulation from a definite proposed outfall site for a sewage treatment plant. The study was performed

using the remote sensing-dye buoy technique and recom- mendations were made based on the results to the Hampton Roads Sanitation District Commission.

(/) Completed, January 1976.

(/;) Fine Scale Circulation Near "Foxtrot" in Hampton Roads,

Virginia, C. S. Welch, B. J. Neilson, Addendum to Oceanographic Water Quality and Modeling Studies for the Outfall from a Proposed Nansemond Waste Water Treatment Plant, report submitted to McGaughy, Marshall & MacMillan-Hazen & Sawyer: A Joint Venture, 1976. 161-09879-720-00 OMEGA BUOY PROJECT

(c) Chris Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Experimental, design, development.

(e) A remote navigation system utilizing the Omega Navigation net is being developed at VIMS. This system is suita- ble for the automatic and continuous tracking of at least five drogued buoys in the major estuaries of Virginia, the Chesapeake Bay, and the continental shelf waters. It fea- tures automatic operation, unattended during weekends

and holidays, low operating cost, continuous availability, and moderate accuracy. A prototype field test has been

run of the entire system loop for the navigation system.

ill) X Prototype Langrangian Current Buoy Using the Carrier

Plus Sideband CSB Retransmission of Omega Navigation

Signals, D. Baker, C. S. Welch, presented 1st Ann. Mtg.

Intl. Omega Assoc., Arlington, Va., July 27-29, 1976. 161-09880-400-60 A TIDAL PRISM MODEL

(b) Virginia State Water Control Board.

(c) A. Y. Kuo, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (e) An empirical theory was developed to calculate the equilibrium distribution of pollutants introduced into an

estuarine system. The theory was adapted from Ketchum's

modified tidal prism method for predicting flushing time in an estuary. The application of this method requires that there be complete mixing at high tide within each seg- ment. The model, which was applied to the Pagan River, was derived from the principle of mass balance.

(/) Completed.

151
(g) The model was used to calculate high water salinity concentration throughout the estuary so that the predicted

results could be compared with actual field data. Having

verified the model in this way, other conservative pollutants can be used as input so that a high tide concentration of these substances can be calculated.

(/i) Development of a Tidal Prism Model and Its Applications

to the Pagan River, Virginia, A. D'Amico, Master s Thesis, College of William and Mary, 1976. 161-09881-400-60 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEAR-FIELD MODEL FOR

THE PREDICTION OF POLLUTANT DISTRIBUTION IN ESTUARIES

(f>) Virginia State Water Control Board; McGaughy, Mashall & McMillan-Hazen and Sawyer.

(c) A. Y. Kuo, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation, theoretical, applied research.

(e) A method was developed for predicting the distribution of sewage constituents which would result from a proposed sewage outfall in estuaries or coastal seas. The method is based on the mathematical relationship between the solutions of the mass balance equations with and without a decay term and on the assumption that both the dispersion and decaying processes are linear, acting independently.

The application of the method requires dye dispersion ex- periments and a numerical model employing the results of

the experiments. This approach makes it possible to predict the concentration field of sewage constituents with

differing decay rates by using a tracer release experiment

employing a conservative tracer.

(f) Completed.

(g) The method has been applied to assess the environmental impact of a proposed sewage outfall in Hampton Roads,

Virginia. Two dye dispersion experiments were performed.

The results were used to predict the concentration fields of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, coliform bacteria, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen deficit and

chlorine residuals, which would result from the proposed sewage outfall.

(It) Prediction of Pollutant Distribution in Estuaries, A. Y. Kuo, J. P. Jacobson, Proc. 15tlt Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., 1976. 161-09882-400-60 CHINCOTEAGUE BAY SYSTEM HYDROGRAPHICAL AND

WATER QUALITY SURVEY STUDY

(fc) Maryland Department of Natural Resources; Virginia State Water Control Board.

(c) P. V. Hyer, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) A joint project involving the states of Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware was carried out to quantify the existing water quality of and the non-point pollution sources into the Chincoteague-Sinepuxent-lsle of Wight-Assawoman

Bay complex. VIMS reviewed and analyzed existing physical, biological, and chemical data which was used to design a detailed sampling program of the coastal basin. VIMS plans to supervise, and coordinate all field surveys

as outlined in the sampling program. The data collected

will be used for calibrating and verifying a water quality

computer model of the Bay system for use in prevention,

control, and abatement of pollution and for wasteload allo- cation. (h) Index of Existing Data Sources for Chincoteague, Sinepuxent, Assawoman and Little Assawoman Bays, P. V. Hyer, J. P. Jacobson, C. S. Fang, Report to the Maryland Depart- ment of Natural Resources, Nov. 1975. 161-09883-490-52 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF

SALINITY GRADIENT AND OCEAN WAVE ENERGY

CONVERSION

(b) Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) P. V. Hyer, Assoc. Marine Scientist.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Project dealt with wave and salinity gradient energy conversion. A resulting report was concerned with the en- vironmental effects such power projects might have on the

coastal zone.

if) Completed.

(/t) Environmental Effects Arising from Salinity Gradient and Ocean Wave Power Generating Plants, J. M. Zeigler, P. V. Hyer, M. L. Wass, presented ERDA Wave and Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion Workshop, Newark, Del., May

24-26, 1976. 161-09884-400-00 A MODEL OF CHINCOTEAGUE BAY WITH APPLICATIONS

(c) C. S. Fang, Department Head and Senior Marine Scientist. (e) A two-dimensional vertically averaged hydrodynamic

model was applied to Chincoteague Bay, Virginia. The

model yielded current velocities in the horizontal plane and water elevations due to tidal input. This was coupled

to a water quality model for conservative and nonconservative properties.

(/) Completed.

( h ) Hydrography and Hydrodynamics of Virginia Estuaries, X. A Mathematical Model of Chincoteague Bay, Virginia, J. Jacobson, J. Vaccaro, Vims Sramsoe 121, Sept. 1976. Master's Thesis, John Vaccaro, College of William and Mary.

161-09885-400-73 BATHYMETRIC STUDY OF LOWER YORK RIVER AD- JACENT TO VEPCO YORKTOWN POWER STATION

(b) Virginia Electric and Power Company.-

(c) C. S. Fang, Department Head and Senior Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation.

(e) VIMS performed three comprehensive nearshore bathymetric surveys of the York River adjacent to the Yorktown Power Station. These surveys were carried out

just prior to installation of a new discharge pipe-diffuser system, just after completion of the pipe-diffuser and two

years after the system had been in place.

(f) Completed.

(/i) Three survey reports supplied to VEPCO and the Army

Corps of Engineers, Norfolk District.

161-09886-870-68 YORK RIVER STP RECIRCULATION DYE STUDY

(b) Hampton Roads Sanitation District Commission.

(c) C. S. Fang, Department Head and Senior Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation.

(e) The use of the VEPCO outfall on the York River by the Hampton Roads Sanitation District to discharge treated waste water was under consideration. During part of the

tidal cycle, a portion of effluent plume is entrained into the intake. Recirculation of the STP (sewage treatment

plant) effluent could pose a problem although none was

anticipated for the thermal discharges. The purpose of the project was to determine what percentage of the water is recirculated by introducing dye into the effluent and measuring the concentration in the intake.

(J) Completed.

161-09887-870-68 DAM NECK CURRENT ANALYSIS

(b) Hampton Roads Sanitation District Commission through

Malcolm Pirnie Engineers.

(c) C. S. Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) An analysis of current meter data gathered by EG&G during summer and fall 1973 offshore from Virginia Beach,

Va., is being performed. The object of the analysis is the determination of current parameters of interest in design and construction of a sewage treatment plant outfall dif- fuses Those discussed include mean current, tidal ellipses

152
for the M2 tide, currents during winter storms, definition of the winter storm season and currents during hurricanes,

(/i) Dam Neck Current Analysis Study (draft), C. Welch, sub- mitted January 1977. 161-09888-450-34 ANALYSIS OF THE GULF STREAM INTERACTION IN THE

SOUTH ATLANTIC BIGHT

(b) Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management),

Environmental Research Technology, Inc. (ERT).

(c) Chris Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Theoretical, applied research, data interpretation.

(e) The strength of interaction between the Gulf Stream and

the continental shelf between Cape Hatteras and Cape

Canaveral is being investigated. The technique of in- vestigation involves remote sensing data and analysis of hydrographic data. A report containing the estimates will be submitted to BLM via ERT.

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Blacksburg, Va. 24061. Dr. R. D. Walker, Department Head.

162-09170-860-33 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF STREAMFLOW AND

WATER QUALITY IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE

CHOWAN RIVER

(fc) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) D. N. Contractor, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; Master's thesis. (e) Two computer programs have been developed. The first is an implicit flow-routing model for the Chowan River

system. This program can take into account lunar and

wind tides. The second is a program which solves for the concentration of the following water quality parameters: BOD, COD, phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and four nitrogen parameters (organic, ammonia, nitrite-nitrate,

algal). The four nitrogen parameters are solved for simul- taneously. The results from the computer program have been compared with measured field data and reasonable agreement was obtained.

(g) The results of the computer simulation show that algal concentrations can become very high in the summer

months when the temperatures are high and the flows are

low. The relative contribution of each major source of

nutrients to the algal concentration has also been obtained.

(/i) Optimal River Crossections for Flood Routing, V. Seetharama Rao, D. N. Contractor, C. Tiyamani, Proc. Rivers 76, Symp. Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood

Control and Water Diversions, ASCE, Fort Collins, Colo., Aug. 76, I, pp. 421-433.

Optimization of Parameters used in Routing Flood Flows in Rivers, V. Seetharama Rao, D. N. Contractor, C. Tiyamani, Proc. 1976 Summer Computer Simulation Conf., Washington, DC, pp. 249-254, July 1976. 162-09905-870-00 OXYGEN DEPLETION AND SULFATE PRODUCTION IN STRIP MINE SPOIL DAMS

(c) D. N. Contractor, Assoc. Professor or C. S. Desay, Professor. (d) Theoretical and numerical analysis; Ph.D. degree.

(e) This study investigates the production of sulfates and the depletion of dissolved oxygen when water seeps through a dam constructed of strip mine spoil materials. The method

of solution is a three-part finite element analysis. Part one

deals with the steady state seepage problem involving the

solution of the Laplacian of the piezometric head. Using

this output, parts two and three solve the diffusion-convection equation, including a chemical reaction term, for the

sulfate and dissolved oxygen concentrations.

(f) Completed.

(g) No field data was available to check the results of the computer program. Results are presented in the form of nodal concentrations of sulfate for specific reaction rates and diffusion coefficients. Summary curves are also presented giving the sulfate and oxygen concentrations of

the effluent leaving the dam as a function of pyritic reaction rates and soil permeabilities.

(It) Oxygen Depletion and Sulfate Production in Strip Mine

Spoil Dams, J. H. Amend, D. N. Contractor, C. S. Desai, Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, 2nd Intl. Conf. VPl &

SU, Blacksburg, Va., pp. 1 155-1167, June 1976. Proceedings published by ASCE.

162-09906-200-00 DETERMINATION OF MANNING'S COEFFICIENT FOR

OVERLAND FLOW USING A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

(c) D. N. Contractor, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Manning's coefficient "n" for open channel flows with

vegetative growth are available in the technical literature. However, when routing rainfall excess over a watershed

area, the appropriate "n" values to be used as a function of land use are not available. This study is directed at obtaining these values using an optimization technique

together with a finite element model of overland flow. The

South River watershed near Waynesboro, Va., is used as a

test area. For a given rainfall, the program first calculates the rainfall excess and then routes the excess over the land and then in the stream. Comparisons are made between

the computed and measured streamflows at Waynesboro.

The error between these two curves is systematically reduced by the optimization technique. The optimized "n"

values will be tested for validity using other storms. 162-09907-870-00 SIMPLE-INTEGRATED-MODULAR WATERSHED

PLANNING MODEL

(c) D. N. Contractor, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical study; applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) The model attempts to develop a series of linked, modular programs which provide indicators of environmental quality and the ramifications associated with a broad range of

land use development, environmental quality and budgetary objectives. The case study is one for the South River Watershed in Augusta County, Virginia. (g) The simple, integrated, modular framework permits the modules of the model to evolve in response to the changing nature of the problems of the watershed when the model is being applied. Key objectives of the modeling

strategy are to develop a model which can be employed by

local and regional planning agencies and to limit data base requirements to those which can be maintained through

existing sources of data. The four modules are: I ) Module

I, Runoff and Routing; 2) Module II, Water Quality, as measured by DO, BOD, P; 3) Module III, TOPAZ (Sewer and Water Submodel), the infrastructure requirements in dollars associated with the land use plans and levels of water quality; and 4) Module IV, Goal Programming, a technique similar to linear programming which links the environmental quality objectives, priorities and costs to the broader public budgeting process. Tradeoffs associated with multiple watershed development objectives are made

explicit thereby being more easily integrated into the deci- sion process.

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Blacksburg, Va. 24061. Dr. J. B. Jones, Department Head.

163-08363-030-00 THE INTERACTION OF THE WAKE OF A CYLINDER AND

A FLAT-PLATE BOUNDARY LAYER

(d) Experimental; basic research partly for Doctoral thesis. 153
(e) A basic study has been made of the incompressible flow

field 80 and more diameters downstream from a circular cylinder which is located with its axis normal to a flat plate on which a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer is developing. The cylinder diameter is less than the boundary layer thickness, and the cylinder is essentially infinite in length.

(f) Completed.

(g) Secondary flows initiated by the stagnation pressure

gradient on the upstream face of the cylinder affect the

velocity distribution in the wake-boundary layer interaction region within approximately 100 cylinder diameters downstream of the cylinder. The interaction region as far as 200 diameters downstream has characteristics which are those of wakes and boundary layers in approximately

equal proportions. 163-08367-550-20 INVESTIGATION OF PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS AND

STALLING CHARACTERISTICS ON ROTATING AXIAL- FLOW COMPRESSOR BLADES

(b) Office of Naval Research-Project SQUID.

(c) Dr. W. F. O'Brien, Assoc. Professor; Dr. H. L. Moses,

Professor.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied research for Master's and Doctoral theses.

(e) Radio-telemetry techniques have been developed for the transmission of flow data from the rotating blades of an

axial-flow compressor. Of special interest are the blade

surface pressures under off-design and stall conditions. The analytical approach includes the inviscid flow and

boundary layer interaction. (g) A six-channel telemetry system has been developed for the simultaneous transmission of six pressure signals from

transducers embedded in the rotor blade. Chord-wise pres- sure distributions (both mean and fluctuating) have been measured at different radial positions for various flow

rates, including stall. Current experiments are conducted on a relatively low-speed compressor. A new high-speed

research facility has been constructed which will provide

for similar experiments on state-of-the-art compressor rotors. (h) The V. P. I. Gas Turbine and Turbomachinery Research

Laboratory, W. F. O'Brien, H. L. Moses, R. R. Jones, J. F. Sparks, ASME Paper No. 77-GT-73, 1977. 163-09184-550-70 TRANSONIC NOZZLE FLOW METHODS

(b) Douglas Aircraft Co., McDonnell Douglas Corporation.

(c) Dr. E. F. Brown, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical; applied research for Master's thesis. (e) Develop a fast and accurate computational method for predicting the performance of aircraft propulsion nozzles

using the method of type-dependent relaxation. (g) For a convergent-divergent nozzle of hyperbolic geometry

the calculated lines of constant Mach number were in excellent agreement with a previously published series ex- pansion solution. These results were obtained in approximately one-tenth of the time which would be required for a solution by time dependent methods. Runs have also been made with a wide range of aircraft propulsion nozzle

geometries.

(h) A Survey of Methods for Exhaust-Nozzle Flow Analysis, E.

F. Brown, G. L. Hamilton, J. Aircraft 13, 1, pp. 4-11, Jan. 1976. A Relaxation Method for the Solution of Rotational Transonic Nozzle Flow, T. Brecht, Masters Thesis, Va.

Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ., Aug. 1975. A Relaxation Solution of Transonic Nozzle Flows Including

Rotational Flow Effects, AIAA Paper No. 76-674, July 1976.

163-09185-000-54 NEAR-WALL SIMILARITY IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL

FLOWS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. F. J. Pierce.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Direct measurements of local wall shear stress with

velocity field data emphasizing near-wall measurements and pressure field data will be studied to determine the ex- istence and limits on hypothesized near wall similarity in three-dimensional turbulent flows. 163-09187-600-12 INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF GEOMETRICAL

CHANGES DUE TO CONTAMINATION ON FLUIDIC

COMPONENT PERFORMANCE

(b) Harry Diamond Laboratories.

(c) Dr. H. L. Moses, Professor.

(</) Experimental; applied research for Master's thesis. (e) Experiments were conducted on a fluid amplifier in which

there were known amounts of contaminant deposits at dif- ferent points. An effort is being made to correlate changes

in performance with these geometrical changes.

(f) Completed.

(h) The Effect of Geometric Changes Due to Contamination on

Fluid Amplifier Performance, H. L. Moses, E. Sancaktar, Harry Diamond Laboratories, HDL-CR-75-192-1 , Final

Rept., Contract No. DAAG 39-74-C-0192, Nov. 1975.

UNIVERSTIY OF VIRGINIA, Chemical Engineering Department, Charlottesville, Va. 22901. Dr. J. L. Hudson,

Chairman.

164-10015-120-00 VISCOELASTIC FLUID BEHAVIOR

(c) Dr. L. U. Lilleleht, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Experimental and theoretical for Doctoral theses.

(e) Investigation of the kinematics and the stress fields near

the stagnation point with polyisobutylene solutions flowing

in T-shaped and in expanding/contracting channels.

(f) Temporarily suspended.

(g) Velocity field was determined by Laser-DopplerAnemometry and the normal stress differences by flow

birefringence. These data were used to evaluate a number

of constitutive equations. A "stagnant" zone of finite thickness was detected near the stagnation point.

(/i) The Behavior of Viscoelastic Fluids in Stagnation Flow, P.

J. Leider, Ph.D. Dissertation, U. Va. Library, May 1972.

Viscoelastic Behavior in Stagnation Flow, P. J. Leider, L. U. Lilleleht, Trans. Soc. Rheology 17:3, 501-524, 1973. Kinematics of Plane Stagnation Flow, A. Berker, Ph.D. Dissertation, U. Va. Library, Nov. 1975. Wiggle Flow of a Viscoelastic Fluid, Mahir Arikol, Ph.D.

Dissertation, U. Va. Library, May 1976.

VOUGHT CORPORATION ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

CENTER, INC., P.O. Box 6144, Dallas, Tex. 75222. Dr. F. W. Fenter, President and Chairman of the Board.

165-09925-250-20 COMPLIANT WALL DRAG REDUCTION

(t>) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. C. H. Haight, Mgr.-Aerodynamics and Propulsion.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Evaluate systematically the effects of compliant membrane/substrate properties on turbulent skin friction. This

is directed towards the achievement of a practical means

for reducing drag on hydrodynamic vehicles. 154
(g) Rotating disk tests of compliant surfaces completed and

documented. Water tunnel tests of compliant flat plates in progress.

(h) Hydrodynamic Drag of Disks with Compliant Membrane/Substrate Faces, T. D. Reed, Advanced Technology

Center, Inc. Rept. No. B-94300/7CR-1 , Jan. 1977.

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, The R. L. Albrook

Hydraulic Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environ- mental Engineering, Pullman, Wash. 99164. Professor John A. Roberson, Laboratory Head.

166-08375-210-54 FLOW IN ROUGH CONDUITS

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research for Ph.D.

theses.

(e) Previous basic research has developed the method for predicting the resistance to flow in artificially roughened conduits and in rock bedded streams. This research is primarily focused on developing the method to analytically predict the resistance in commercially rough conduits.

(g) Initial developments indicate that the method has promise

for commercially rough pipes.

(/?) A Statistical Roughness Model for Computation of Large

Bed-Element Stream Resistance, R. Calhoun, Ph.D. Thesis, Washington State University, 1975. 166-09189-280-60 AIR ENTRAINMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF PLUNGING

WATER JETS

(b) Washington State Department of Ecology.

(c) Alan F. Babb, Assoc. Hydraulic Engineer; Walter C. Mih,

Assoc. Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; basic research; M.S. thesis. (e) Study of the fluid mechanics of the air entrainment of plunging water jets. Experiments have been made on two- dimensional jets and methods have been developed to measure air concentration using the principles of gamma

ray attenuation and hot film anemometry.

(/;) Air Entrainment Characteristics of Plunging Water Jets and their Relationship with Nitrogen Supersaturation in Rivers-Instrument Development, A. F. Babb, W. C. Mih,

H. C. Aus, submitted to the Washington State Department

of Ecology, Olympia, Wash., 31 pages, Dec. 31, 1974. Available Albrook Hydraulics Laboratory, Washington

State University, Pullman, Wash. 99164. 166-09196-340-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF ROCK TRAPS-HELMS

PUMPED STORAGE PROJECT

(b) Pacific Gas and Electric Company.

(c) Claud C. Lomax, Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Alternate bids on the tunnel construction resulted in a tunnel shape not previously tested. The project has been ex- tended to study the surge tank orifice coefficients for two

surge tank orifices and to study the effectiveness of the rock trap in the tunnel selected for construction. 166-09197-800-33 INSTREAM FLOW NEEDS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST:

A REGIONAL STUDY OF INSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY,

METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) John F. Orsborn, Chairman and Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering.

(d) Assessment of the legal, political, biological, and engineering aspects.

(e) To address the work which has been done and is planned, on the problem of reserving flows in streams for such

needs as fisheries, recreation, and aesthetics. The analysis

of this regional problem includes a collection, collation, assessment of legal, political and methodological components of the total problem. Workshops for practitioners have been held and an information dissemination system

for this user group is being developed.

J~) Completed.

(g) Numerous operational problems have been identified through the workshops, questionnaires and personal inter- views. A few of these include lack of communication and

coordination between regional program participants in state and federal agencies, as well as within agencies and

within states; the need for incremental flow methodology

to evaluate tradeoffs for competing uses of the stream; new laws without funds to enforce, and short time frames

within which to preserve flows; and a lack of quantification of flow diversions out-of-stream.

(/i) Report on workshops held in Sept. and Oct., 1974, for dis- tribution to participants, Jan. 1975.

Project Report to OWRT, Apr. 15, 1975. Reports will be available from State- of Washington Water

Research Center, Wash. State Univ., Pullman, Wash.

99163. 166-09198-860-60 HYDRAULIC AND WATER QUALITY RESEARCH STUDIES

AND ANALYSIS OF CAPITOL LAKE SEDIMENT AND

RESTORATION PROBLEMS, OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON

(b) Washington State Department of General Administration.

(c) John F. Orsborn, Chairman and Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering.

(d) Field; laboratory; hydraulic model and computer model

analysis.

(e) The first phase of the study has dealt with an analysis of

the sediment entering Capitol Lake from the Deschutes

River. Hydraulic model studies have been conducted to determine how to dredge the Upper Lake to trap sediment and keep it out of the Middle and Lower Lakes. Hydrologic analyses, coupled with hydraulic model dye dispersion and detention studies will provide water quantity information for the water quality prediction model. Field tests of bottom muds and water quality conditions have been con- ducted by the Environmental Research Section.

(/) Completed.

(g) Design geometry for dredging the Upper Lake to trap sedi- ment has been determined through field and hydraulic

model studies. Also, method of estimating future sediment

load based on precipitation for accounting procedures of maintenance dredging have been determined. Dredging of

the rest of the lake will be done to depths needed to remove nutrient-rich bottom muds, to minimize weed

growth, and optimize boating safety and usability. (h) Preliminary Report on a Sediment Removal and Maintenance System for the Upper Basin of Capitol Lake, Olympia, Washington, Aug. 15, 1974., Supplement No. 1, Sept.

6, 1974, Supplement No. 2, Sept. 13, 1974, W. C. Mih, J. F. Orsborn; Summary Report, Dec. 20, 1974, J. F. Orsborn. 166-09199-800-88 WATER RESOURCES OF THE COEUR D'ALENE INDIAN RESERVATION

(b) Coeur d'Alene Indian Tribal Council.

(c) John F. Orsborn, Chairman and Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering.

(d) Field, laboratory, and analytical investigation.

(e) The various phases of the project include the determination areal precipitation distribution; gaged and ungaged

stream flows in subbasins; floods, average and low flows; geologic investigations; Well testing; analysis of ground- water level records; summary of existing water rights; and

potential water resources available.

if) Completed.

(g) Field data acquisition is complete and analytical work is underway.

(h) Final project report due June 30, 1975. 155
166-09200-030-54 EFFECTS OF TURBULENCE ON DRAG AND VIBRATION

OF ANGULAR BODIES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) John A. Roberson, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental basic research; M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Investigate the effect of free-stream turbulence on the pressure distribution, drag and vibration of angular bodies.

(g) The most recent research has focused on the effects of

turbulence on bodies of finite length whereas earlier research was concentrated on two-dimensional bodies.

(/i) Aeroelastic Response of Square and H-Sections in Turbulent Flows, J. Tai, C. T. Crowe, J. A. Roberson. Contributed by the Fluids Engrg. Div. of the ASME for presentation at the Winter Ann. Mfg., N. Y., Dec. 5, 1976, 76- WA/FE-19, 4 pages, Aug. 11, 1976. Copies available until Sept. 1, 1977 through ASCE, United Engrg. Center, 345

E. 47th St., N.Y., N.Y. 10017. $3.00 per copy, $1.50 to ASME members.

166-10131 390-60 LITERATURE SEARCH ON THE RESTORATION OF

STREAM GRAVEL FOR SPAWNING & REARING OF

SALMON SPECIES

(b) Washington State Department of Fisheries.

(c) Walter C. Mih, Assoc. Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Applied research.

(e) This was the initial phase of a study to develop new and

practical methods for restoration of salmon spawning and

rearing beds in natural streams. When large amounts of

fine material are present in the intragravel spaces, the growth of eggs and alevins will be severely limited due. to lack of oxygen and nutrition. This study is to search the

literature and communicate with people who have been

active in spawning bed maintenance. Particular attention

will be focused on the cleaning of stream by hydraulic jet action.

if) Completed.

(g) The second phase, laboratory testings to determine a suita- ble jet-suction system, will be carried out in 1977. 166-10132-300-34 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE YAKIMA

RIVER FOR ANADROMOUS FISHERIES

{b) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fisheries Program.

(c) Howard D. Copp, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Field investigation, applied research, development.

(e) Determine stream flowrates that are conducive to spawning and rearing by Pacific Salmon species in the Yakima River, Washington. Systematic measurement of

velocities and depths at various flowrates have been made

over a period of 1 8 months. Comparing these with known

spawning and rearing habitat of the species, preferred

spawning and rearing discharges have been identified at eight locations along the 200 mile river. (g) Existing flow regimes are conducive to spawning and rear- ing in most locations studied. In some instances, regulated low flows may have to be increased. Riverbed erosion and

deposition would hinder egg survival in certain locations.

(/i) In preparation, available about July 1, 1977. 166-10133-350-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF CABINET GORGE

HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT PERFORMANCE

(b) Washington Water Power Company.

(c) Howard D. Copp, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental, applied research, operations.

(e) Spillway operation on the Clark Fork River, Idaho, has caused considerable erosion of concrete in the plunge pool

at the base of the concrete arch dam. Experiments were made to learn about the mechanics of falling jets into the deep pool and the dissipation of energy in the pool as it related, to erosion of concrete. Remedial measures were

sought also.

(f) Completed.

(g) Erosion causes were determined. The plunging jet created two vertical eddies; one was located immediately above

the riverbed below the plunge pool which entrained stones and small boulders. These were forced into the plunge

pool where the other eddy rolled them continously along concrete surfaces. Elimination of future erosion requires

costly construction or, in some cases, tight control on spill- way and power unit operation.

(/i) Hydraulic Model Studies of the Cabinet Gorge Plunge Pool

Basin, H. D. Copp, Research Rept. 1 3J-38 1 5-1 376, College

of Engrg., Washington State Univ., Pullman, Wash., 69

pp., 1976. 166-10134-300-88 LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION OF THE UMATILLA RIVER

FOR ANADROMOUS FISH SPECIES

(6) Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.

(c) Howard D. Copp, Professor & Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, applied research.

(e) Hydrologic water balances are being developed for several watersheds comprising the Umatilla basin above

Pendleton, Oregon. Existing runoff patterns are being

developed and will be compared with those required for spawning and rearing by anadromous fish. Water availability for augmentating low summer flows and streamflow

regulation possibilities are being studied. 166-10440-350-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF THE BOARDMAN RESERVOIR SPILLWAY

(b) Bechtel Incorporated, San Francisco, California.

(c) Alan F. Babb, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental, applied research; development.

(e) The head-discharge relationship for a labyrinth weir was

developed in a model to provide water surface control for a thermal powerplant cooling reservoir. Fluctuating pres- sures, chute training wall requirements and erosion characteristics downstream from a dissipator structure were also studied.

(f) Completed.

(h) Hydraulic Model Study of the Boardman Reservoir Spill- way, Project Report, A. F. Babb. Available Albrook

Hydraulics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pull- man, Wash. 99164. 166-10441-350-73 MORRIS DAM AND SPILLWAY FLOOD PASSING CAPABILITY

(b) Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.

(c) Alan F. Babb, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental, applied research; development.

(e) Investigation of methods to permit overtopping of a concrete dam to pass flood flows.

if) Completed.

(/i) Morris Dam and Spillway Flood Passing Capability, Project Report, A. F. Babb. Available Albrook Hydraulics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash. 99164.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Department of Civil En- gineering, Seattle, Wash. 98195. Professor R. O. Syl- vester, Department Chairman.

167-09204-470-60 RELATIONSHIP OF FLUSHING AND WATER QUALITY

CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL-BOAT MARINAS

(b) State of Washington Water Research Center (1973-74);

State of Washington Department of Ecology (1974-75).

(c) Professor R. E. Nece, or Professor E. B. Welch.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Determine to what extent tidal flushing characteristics of enclosed small-boat marinas can be related to water quali156
ty within the marinas, and more specifically, to determine how well the marina flushing characteristics as determined from small-scale hydraulic models serve as predictors for

relative alterations in significant water quality parameters.

Existing marinas in Puget Sound are to be studied through

laboratory models to obtain hydraulic performance and by

routine field sampling of the quality parameters.

(J) Completed.

(h) Flushing Criteria for Salt Water Marinas, R. E. Nece, E. B. Welch, J. R. Reed, C. W. Harris Hydraulics Lab Tech.

Rept. 42, June 1975.

Application of Physical Tidal Models in Harbor and Marina

Design, R. E. Nece, E. P. Richey, Proc. Symp. Modeling

Techniques, ASCE, San Francisco, Calif, pp. 783-799,

Sept. 1975. 167-09205-430-44 FLOATING BREAKWATER RESEARCH

(b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Sea

Grant Program.

(c) Professor E. P. Richey, or Professor B. H. Adee, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; both basic and applied

research.

(/) Completed.

{e) Studies include design of instrument package for acquisition of field data on performance characteristics of float- ing breakwaters, data acquisition, and development of a two-dimensional mathematical model for predicting break- water performance characteristics using the basic theoretical approach.

(g) Reported in (h).

(/t) Theoretical Analysis of Floating Breakwater Performance,

B. H. Adee, W. Martin, 1974 Floating Breakwaters Conf.

Papers, pp. 21-41, 1974. Prototype Performance Characteristics of a Floating Breakwater, D. Christensen, E. P. Richey, 1974 Floating Breakwaters Conf. Papers, pp. 159-181, 1974.

167-09206-430-11 FLOATING BREAKWATER FIELD ASSESSMENT PROGRAM, FRIDAY HARBOR, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(c) Professor E. P. Richey, or Professor B. H. Adee, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) An extension of the basic steps in part (e) of 175-09205- 430-44 to a particular site with extensions of theory to ex- amine non-linear aspects and with an initial step in generalizing floating breakwater performance characteristics and design criteria.

(/) Completed.

(g) Reported in (h).

(/t) Floating Breakwater Field Assessment Program, Friday

Harbor, Washington, B. H. Adee, E. P. Richey, D. R.

Christensen, U.S. Army Corps of Engrs. Coastal Engrg. Res.

Center, Tech. Paper No. 76-17, Oct. 1976, Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060. 167-10182-410-00 TIDAL INLET STUDIES

(c) Professor E. P. Richey or Professor R. E. Nece.

(d) Field investigation, basic research; Master's thesis. (e) Field studies of the hydraulics of two half-tidal inlets on

Puget Sound, Washington. Attention focused on stability of inlets across gravel beaches.

(/i) Hydraulics of Two Small Gravelly Tidal Inlets, D. Simpson,

M.S. Thesis, 1976. Changes in Beach Equilibrium Caused by a Backwater at a Small Tidal Inlet, A. Murray, M.S. Thesis, in process.

167-10183-470-13 MIXING AND FLUSHING CHARACTERISTICS OF SQUALICUM SMALL BOAT BASIN

(b) Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Seattle District. (c) Professor E. P. Richey.

(d) Experimental, applied research; Master's thesis. (e) Design of basin with regard to optimization of tidal flush- ing action and internal mixing. 167-10184-860-60 CORRELATION OF WATER QUALITY AND HYDRAULIC

PARAMETERS IN BIRCH BAY MARINA

(b) Washington State Department of Fisheries.

(c) Professor E. P. Richey.

(d) Experimental and basic research; Master's thesis. (e) Correlate hydraulic parameters as dependent upon tidal action with water quality parameters important to fish and

shell fish in the marina. 167-10185-870-61 EFFECTIVENESS OF FLUSHING AND SEWAGE TREATMENT IN MOSES LAKE EUTROPHICATION CONTROL

(b) State of Washington Water Research Center.

(c) Professor R. E. Nece, or Professor E. B. Welch.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) A physical hydraulic model of lower Moses Lake,

Washington, was constructed and tests conducted to deter- mine the flushing achieved in the lake due to pulsed in- flows of freshwater which could be delivered to the lake through an existing irrigation canal system. Flushing results were to be correlated with water quality models and prior

field measurements in Moses Lake to estimate the relative effectiveness of proposed flushing schedules.

(/) Completed.

(h) Dilution for Eutrophication Control in Moses Lake; Hydraulic Model Study, R. E. Nece, J. R. Reed, E. B. Welch, C. W. Harris Hydraulics Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 49,

July 1976. 167-10186-470-00 PLANFORM GEOMETRY INFLUENCE ON FLUSHING OF

SMALL HARBORS

(c) Professor R. E. Nece, Director, C. W. Harris Hydraulics

Laboratory.

(d) Experimental, applied and basic research; Master's thesis. (e) Laboratory study to examine relationships of planform

geometry (length-width ratio, entrance width) on the

overall tidal flushing and interior circulation patterns of

small constructed, enclosed, single-entrance harbors.

(/) Completed.

(/i) Tidal Circulation Effects in Rectangular Harbors, R. A.

Falconer, M.S. Thesis, 1974. Planform Geometry Influence on Flushing and Circulation

in Small Harbors, R. E. Nece, R. A. Falconer, T. Tsutsumi, Proc. 15th Conf. Coastal Engrg., ASCE, Honolulu,

Hawaii, July 1976 (in press). 167-10187-800-60 CONJUNCTIVE MANAGEMENT OF GROUND AND SURFACE WATERS

(b) State of Washington Department of Ecology (partial). (c) Professor S. J. Burges.

(d) Theoretical and applied research.

(e) An extensive literature review was conducted to assess the

state-of-the-art in conjunctive management. Categories of problems were identified together with numerous interde- pendencies. Current work is focused on use of optimization tools to explain impacts of management strategies and

different water right structures upon yield from irrigated farms. A hypothetical case approach is used for sensitivity analyses. 157
(g) Issues in Conjunctive Use of Ground and Surface Waters,

S. J. Burges, R. Maknoon, Harris Hyd. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 44, 1975.

Issues in Conjunctive Use of Ground and Surface Waters,

R. Maknoon, S. J. Burges, Proc. AWWA 96th Ann. Conf., New Orleans, 1976. 167-10188-300-33 OPERATIONAL COMPARISON OF STOCHASTIC STREAMFLOW GENERATION PROCEDURES

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Professor S. J. Burges.

(d) Theoretical numerical experiments.

(e) Comparisons were made between Fast Fractional Gaussian

Noise, ARMA (1.1) and ARMA-Markov models of long- term persistence in annual streamflow. Implications for storage reservoir design were identified in a series of

papers.

if) Completed.

(h) Operational Comparison of Stochastic Streamflow Generation Procedures, S. J. Burges, D. P. Lettenmaier, Harris Hyd. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 45, 1975. Operational Assessment of Hydrologic Models of Long- Term Persistence, D. P. Lettenmaier, S. J. Burges, Water

Resources Research 13, 1, pp. 113-124, 1977. An Operational Approach to Preserving Skew in Hydrologic Models of Long-Term Persistence, D. P. Lettenmaier, S.

J. Burges, Water Resources Research 13, 2, 1977. A Comparison of Annual Streamflow Models, S. J. Burges, D. P. Lettenmaier, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE, 1977. 167-10189-810-00 ANALYSIS OF EXTREME HYDROLOGIC EVENTS

(c) Professor S. J. Burges.

(d) Theoretical numerical analysis.

(e) A linear programming formulation was used to determine

the maximum (or minimum) probability associated with a given magnitude event subject to satisfying moments and a unimodal spline approximated density function.

(h) A Linear Programming Approach to Estimating Probability Bounds for Extreme Flood Events, J. O. Noetzelman, M.S.

Thesis, 1976. 167-10190-870-33 ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF DETENTION IN URBAN AND SUB- URBAN WATERSHEDS

(£>) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Professor S.J. Burges.

(d) Theoretical and applied research.

(e) Research involved investigating the consequences of runoff

control ordinances that require runoff peak flows after development to equal those before development. Porous pavements were investigated as one method for providing

runoff control.

(f) Completed.

(g) Principal conclusions show that blanket control ordinances can significantly worsen downstream flood problems.

(h) Some Consequences of Area-Wide Runoff Control Strategies in Urban Watershed, R. A. Hardt, S. J. Burges, Harris Hydraulics Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 48, 1976. Use of Porous Pavements in Urban Watersheds as a Peak

Runoff Mitigation Measure, C. Olivers, M.S. Thesis, 1976. 167-10191-860-00 EXAMINATION OF THE NATURE OF WATER SUPPLY

DEFICITS

(c) Professor S. J. Burges.

(d) Theoretical basic and applied research.

(e) Physical measures, notably probability distributions and

conditional distributions of the magnitudes and durations of supply deficits for a single facility, are sought to give

design information not currently used.

(g) Results have been obtained for annually operated facilities where input follows a lag-one Markov model. Further work is to be done for seasonally distributed flows and for flows exhibiting long term persistence. (h) An Empirical Investigation into the Nature of Water Supply

Deficits Experienced in a Single Purpose Reservoir System, N. R. Stefero, M.S. Thesis, 1977. 167-10192-870-00 OPTIMAL DESIGN OF STORMWATER SEWER SYSTEMS

(c) Professor S. J. Burges.

(d) Theoretical basic and applied research.

(e) Feasibility was demonstrated for completely incorporating

unsteady hydrograph routing (implicit scheme) into a dynamic programming model to determine least cost combinations of major conduit elements and storage units for major storm sewer design. The approach requires prelimi- nary plan location of the conveyance links and accurate

estimates of inlet hydrographs.

(f) Completed.

(/>) Least Cost Control Strategies in Urban Drainage Design-A

Dynamic Programming Approach, S. Froise, Harris Hydraulics Lab Tech. Rept. No. 46, 1975. 167-10193-810-33 IMPROVING RESERVOIR OPERATION THROUGH

FORECASTING INTRASEASONAL SNOWMELT RUNOFF

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology; City of Seattle; State of Washington Department of Ecology.

(c) Professor S. J. Burges.

(d) Theoretical basic and applied research.

(e) The worth of a forecast is estimated by using a change

constrained linear programming formulation of reservoir operation. Economic returns from forecasts having differ- ing refinements are estimated. Snowmelt models are ex- amined (and will possibly be modified to explicitly incor- porate uncertainty propagation) to determine which are appropriate for incorporation into prediction schemes and

reservoir operation models. 167-10194-470-75 TIDAL CIRCULATION STUDY, PROPOSED SOUTHEAST

HARBOR DEVELOPMENT, SEATTLE

(b) CH2M-HU1, Inc., Bellevue, Washington.

(c) Professor R. E. Nece, Director, C. W. Harris Hydraulics

Laboratory.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Changes in tidal currents at the mouth of the Duwamish

River Estuary in Elliott Bay, Seattle, were studied for vari- ous pier revision and fill extension proposals by physical

model tests. (f) Completed.

(h) Tidal Circulation Study, Proposed Southeast Harbor

Development, R. E. Nece, R. Lowthian, C. W. Harris Hydraulics Lab Tech. Rept. No. 47, Jan. 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Seattle, Wash. 98195. Dr. Morris E. Childs,

Chairman.

168-10072-700-40 MEASUREMENT OF FLUID TURBULENCE BASED ON

PULSED ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUES

(b) National Institutes of Health (N1H).

(c) J. E. Jorgensen, Assoc. Professor; F. K. Forster, Research

Associate; J. L. Garbini, Research Assistant. (d) Theoretical investigation with experimental comparison.

(e) Theoretical study involves stochastic modeling of the pulsed ultrasonic Doppler velocimeter for turbulent flow with the aim of determining feasibility limits for the measurement of turbulence spectra and related parameters. The model results are compared with experimental ul158
trasonic and hot-film measurements of pipe flow turbulence. Improved procedures using dual-measurement-point

techniques are also being investigated.

(g) Early results indicate good experimental agreement with

the model and that practical uses for ultrasonic measure- ment of turbulence exist. (h) Hemodynamic Turbulence Measurements Using Ultrasonic Techniques, F. K. Forster, J. L. Garbini, Proc. 4th New England Bioengrg. Conf., Pergamon Press, May 7-8, 1976. 168-10073-520-54 FLUID FLOW AROUND SHIP HULLS

(i>) National Science Foundation.

(c) Bruce H. Adee, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Flow around ship hulls is computed under the assumption

that the fluid is inviscid. Comparisons are drawn between computed results and previous experimental results for the wave profile, streamlines and pressure distribution at constant forward speed.

(f) Completed.

( h ) An Investigation of the Fluid Flow About Ships, K Fung,

National Technical Information Service (RB26I084/AS).

Fluid Flow Around a Ship's Hull, Proc. 1st Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, 20-22 Oct. 1975. Wave-Making and Frictional Resistance of Practical Ship Forms, Intl. Sem. on Wave Resistance, Japan, Feb. 1976. 168-10074-430-44 FLOATING BREAKWATER RESEARCH

(b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Sea

Grant Program; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(c) Bruce H. Adee, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Includes experimental, theoretical and field data.

(e) To increase our knowledge of the effectiveness of floating breakwaters and develop predictive models for design.

(g) Computer programs for prediction of the transmission per- formance, motions and mooring line focus have been

developed. These have been verified through wave-tank

experiments and the results obtained in the field.

(/i) Theoretical Analysis of Floating Breakwater Performance,

B. Adee, W. Martin, 1974 Floating Breakwater Conf.

Papers, Univ. of Rhode Island Marine Tech. Rept. Series No. 24, Newport, R.I., pp. 21-40, 23-25 Apr. 1974. Prototype Performance Characteristics of a Floating Breakwater, D. Christensen, E. Richey, 1974 Floating Break- water Conf. Papers, Univ. Rhode Island Marine Tech. Rept.

Series No. 24, Newport, R.I., pp. 159-180, 23-25 Apr.

1974.

Floating Breakwaters-State of the Art, E. Richey, R. Nece, 1974 Floating Breakwater Conf. Papers, Univ. Rhode Island Marine Tech. Rept. Series No. 24, Newport, R.I., pp. 1-20, 23-25 Apr. 1974.

Analysis of Floating Breakwater Performance, B. Adee,

Symp. Modeling Techniques, 2nd Ann. Symp. Waterways

Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE, San Francisco,

Calif., pp. 1585-1602, 3-5 Sept. 1975.

Floating Breakwaters: An Idea Whose Time Has Returned,

B. Adee, Ocean 75, San Diego, Calif., pp. 707-715, 22-25

Sept. 1975.

Analysis of Floating Breakwater Mooring Forces, B. Adee, Ocean Engineering Mechanics, presented Winter Ann. Mtg.

ASME, Houston, Tex., pp. 77-92, 30 Nov.-5 Dec. 1975. A Review of Developments and Problems in Using Floating

Breakwaters, B. Adee, Offshore Tech. Conf. Proc. II, Houston, Tex., pp. 225-236, 3-6 May 1976. Prototype Performance Characteristics of Two Floating

Breakwaters, D. Christensen, E. Richey, Offshore Tech.

Conf. Proc. II, Houston, Tex., pp. 225-236, 3-6 May 1976.

Floating Breakwater Performance, B. Adee, 1 5th Conf.

Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, Hawaii, 11-17 July 1976.

Floating Breakwater Field Assessment Program, Friday

Harbor, Washington, B. Adee, E. Richey, D. Christensen,

U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engrg. Research

Center, Tech. Paper No. 76-17, Oct. 1976. Operational Experience with Floating Breakwaters, B. Adee, Pacific Nortwest Section, Soc. Naval Architects and

Marine Engrs., Jan. 1977.

WEBB INSTITUTE OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, Crescent Beach Road, Glen Cove, N. Y. 11542. Dr. Edward V.

Lewis, Director of Research.

169-08398-520-48 STUDIES OF HIGH FREQUENCY SHIP HULL RESPONSE

TO WAVES ("Springing")

(b) U.S. Coast Guard.

(d) Experimental (model) and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Tests with a jointed model, having variable natural frequency of vertical two-noded vibration, in regular waves

in a model basin. Magnitude of the vertical bending mo- ment excited at different encounter frequencies, particularly at and near resonance, are measured. Theoretical computer calculations were made and results compared

with experiments.

(/) Completed.

(g) Excellent results have been obtained in tests at various speeds in short waves. Calculations give good agreement in certain cases, but more extensive experimental and

theoretical work is needed.

(/;) Feasibility Study of Springing Model Tests of a Great Lakes Bulk Carrier, D. Hoffman, R. W. van Hooff, Intl. Shipbuilding Progress, Mar. 1973. Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation of Springing on a Great Lakes Bulk Carrier, D. Hoffman, R. W. van Hooff, D.O.T., USCG Rept. CG-D-8-74, July 1973. Intl. Shipbuilding Progress, June 1 976. 169-09216-420-21 ANALYSIS OF OCEAN WAVE SPECTRA FOR APPLICATION TO SHIP DESIGN

(b) U.S. Navy, General Hydromechanics Research Program, Naval Ship Research and Development Center.

(c) Dr. Dan Hoffman.

id) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Analyzing wave spectra from various ocean weather ships and comparing trends of wave and weather parameters. Developing "families" of spectra of different levels of

severity for use in ship design and comparing these with various ideal formulations. Purpose is to provide more reli- able ocean wave data and show how they can best be applied in design.

(/) Completed.

(g) Significant trends established, differing from generally-used

ideal formulations.

(h) Analysis of Measured and Calculated Spectra, D. Hoffman,

Proc. Intl. Symp. Dynamics of Marine Vehicles and Structures in Waves, Univ. College, London, Apr. 1974. Analysis of Wave Records and Application to Design, D. Hoffman, Proc. Intl. Symp. Ocean Wave Measurement and

Analysis, New Orleans, Sept. 1974. Wave Data Application for Ship Response Predictions, D. Hoffman, Final Report to Naval Sea Systems Command,

Oct. 1975. 169-09217-520-45 IMPROVED AUTOMATIC STEERING OF SHIPS

(b) National Maritime Research Center (Maritime Administration), Kings Point, N. Y.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A model of a fast container ship is arranged for automatic

steering in following waves in a towing basin. A PDP-8

159
minicomputer in the control loop permits changes in the control equations and constants to be made for experimental evaluation. Purpose is to improve quality of steering control in rough seas for modern high-speed ships.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests demonstrated feasibility of digital control method of

evaluating a control system. For one particular model conclusions were reached regarding optimum choice of coeffi- cients in control equation.

(/i) A Model Steering Study, Femenia, Lewis, van Hooff, Zubaly. Report issued by National Maritime Research Center, Kings Point, N. Y. Ship Model Evaluation of Automatic Control Systems, R. van Hooff, 4th Control Systems Svmp., The Netherlands,

Oct. 1975. Model Steering Tests with Digital Control, R. van Hooff, E. V. Lewis, NMRC Rept. NMRC-KP-169, Oct. 1976. 169-10343-520-45 EVALUATION OF HEAVY WEATHER DAMAGE

AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

(b) National Maritime Research Center (Maritime Administration), Kings Point, N.Y.

(c) Dr. Dan Hoffman.

(d) Shipboard investigation; applied research.

(e) Evaluating effectiveness of an Edo/MarAd System for giv- ing warning of high accelerations, high stresses or shipping

of water and predicting effect of course and speed

changes. Numerous instrumented voyages on S.S. Lash

Italia are being monitored and data analyzed.

(g) System is proving to be very effective when ship officers become familiar with its use.

(/i) Heavy Weather Damage Avoidance System on the S.S. Lash

Italia, D. Hoffman, Preliminary Report, Dec. 1976 (to be

published by NMRC).

WESTERN WASHINGTON STATE COLLEGE, Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Bellingham, Wash.

98225. Dr. Thomas A. Terich.

171-10403-410-61 THE EFFECTS OF WOOD DEBRIS AND DRIFT LOGS ON

ESTUARINE BEACHES OF NORTHERN PUGET SOUND

(b) State of Washington Water Research Center, Washington

State University.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Large volumes of wood debris and logs are washed from

forested slopes and clear cut sites into Pacific Northwest

streams and rivers. Their concentrations often significantly

alter stream physiography and flow. Similar effects may be found along the shore-lines of Puget Sound, the ultimate depository for much river-borne debris. This study is designed to investigate the effects wood debris have on

beach sediment erosion and deposition. Thirty beach sites over two-hundred mile of shoreline are being monitored to determine seasonal movements and volumetric changes of

deposited drift logs. Additionally, a time lapse camera is used to detect short term movements of drift logs under

various tides and wave conditions.

WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY, Department of Mechanical

Engineering and Mechanics, Morgantown, W. Va. 26506.

Dr. E. F. Byars, Department Chairman.

172-10016-700-54 PULSATILE FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) R. A. Bajura.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; M.S. and

Ph.D. theses.

(e) The flow and pressure fields in the neighborhood of a standard flow metering orifice are being studied experi- mentally to determine the details of the flow field in both

steady and pulsatile flow conditions. Weigh tank calibra- tions of water flow rates through the orifice under pulsatile flow are performed for the purpose of determining the flow metering error. An analytical model of the flow through the orifice is being developed for flow metering

purposes.

{h) Studies of Pulsating Incompressible Flow Through Orifice Meters, R. A. Bajura, M. T. Pellegrin, Proc. Natl. Bureau

of Standards Flow Measurement Symp., Gaithersburg, Md.,

Feb. 1977, NBS SP484 (Sept. 1977). 172-10017-060-33 INFLUENCE OF PUMPED STORAGE FLOWS ON THERMAL STRATIFICATION IN RESERVOIRS

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) R. A. Bajura and S. H. Schwartz.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Determine procedures for distortion modeling of pumped

storage reservoir systems and determine the influence of

the discharge and withdrawal cycles on thermal stratifica- tion and mixing.

172-10018-210-75 FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN MANIFOLDS

(b) Babcock & Wilcox Company.

(c) R. A. Bajura.

(d) Experimental and analytical; M.S. thesis. (e) The distribution of flow into the lateral branches of typical manifold systems is studied experimentally to obtain

characteristic pressure loss coefficients for the system. These coefficients are employed in an analytical model for predicting the flow distribution in manifolds systems. (h) Flow Distribution Manifolds, R. A. Bajura, E. H. Jones, J. Fluids Engrg., ASME 98, 4, Dec. 1976.

172-10019-210-60 PULVERIZED COAL TRANSPORT MANIFOLD DESIGN

STUDY

(b) State of West Virginia.

(c) R. A. Bajura.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Determine design methods for the prediction of flow dis- tribution in manifold systems transporting pulverized coal

in water slurries or air/coal suspensions.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON, Department of

Civil and Environmental Engineering, Madison, Wis. 53706. Professor T. Green.

173-10026-220-50 VERTICAL TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT DUE TO FINGERING PROCESSES

(b) NASA.

(d) Experimental, field work; basic research; Masters thesis. (e) Sediment fingering, analogous to "salt fingering" in the ocean, may govern the vertical transport of muddy surface water associated with spring run-off. The process is being

quantified in the laboratory, and looked for in the field. (g) See (h) below.

(h) Suspension Fingers, Houk and Green, Deep-Sea Research

20, pp. 757-761, 1973.

160
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Madison, Wis. 5 3706. Mary P. Anderson, Asst. Professor. 174-09870-820-33 GROUNDWATER-LAKE INTERACTION

(£>) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of

the Interior. (d) Field and theoretical, applied; M.S. thesis. (e) Investigate the importance of groundwater in the water budget of seepage lakes. A representative lake in northwest Wisconsin has been instrumented. Field data

will provide input to a model of the groundwater flow system in the vicinity of the lake. 174-09871-820-36 HEAT TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER

(b) EPA.

(d) Field and theoretical; applied and development; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Seepage of heated water from a cooling lake and move- ment of the heat through the groundwater system are -being monitored at a site in south central Wisconsin. Field data will provide input for a mathematical model. 174-09872-820-36 GROUNDWATER-SURFACE WATER RELATIONSHIPS IN THE MENOMONEE RIVER BASIN

(b) EPA in cooperation with the International Joint Commission. (d) Field, applied; M.S. thesis. (e) Groundwater conditions adjacent to the Menomonee River

in southeast Wisconsin are being studied with regard to groundwater flow and water quality. Purpose is to assess the nature and amount of pollutants transported to the Menomonee River by groundwater.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON, Marine Studies

Center, 1225 W. Dayton Street, Madison, Wis. 53706.

175-10028-420-44 WAVE DECAY DUE TO BUOYANCY-DRIVEN TURBULENCE

(b) NOAA (Sea Grant).

(c) Professor T. Green.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Long wave decay is studied in the presence of highRayleigh-number convective turbulence. The decay rate is correlated with a bulk Rayleigh number, and interpreted in terms of a convectively induced Reynolds stress. Long,

standing wave interaction is studied using the method of

multiple time scales. The theoretical results are cor- roborated with experimentally obtained energy transfer

rates.

(f) Suspended.

(g) See (e) and (h).

(/i) Long-Wave Decay Due to Convective Turbulence, Green

and Kang, J. Fluid Mechanics 73, pp. 427-444, 1976. 175-10029-440-54 STUDIES OF THE KEWEENAW CURRENT IN LAKE SU- PERIOR

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor T. Green.

(d) Field (and some theoretical) work; basic research; Masters, Doctoral theses.

(e) The strong Keweenaw Current along the north shore of

the Keweenaw Peninsula in Lake Superior is measured

using hydrography, moored current meters, and aerial techniques. Particular attention is paid to surface kinetic

energy transfer (obtained mainly with airborne photogrammetry), and upwelling events (using hydrography and air- borne thermal scanning).

(f) Data analysis ongoing.

(g) See (h).

(/;) Short-Period Variations in a Great Lakes Coastal Current

by Aerial Photogrammetry, Yeske and Green, J. Physcial

Oceanography 5, 1, pp. 125-135, 1975.

Horizontal Turbulent Energy Transfer Associated with a Great Lakes Coastal Current, Green and Yeske, Telius 27,

pp. 384-396, 1975. Coastal Upwelling/Down welling Cycles in Southern Lake

Superior, Niebauer, Green, Ragotzkie, J. Physical

Oceanography (in press). 175-10030-870-60 POWER PLANT THERMAL PLUMES IN LAKE MICHIGAN

(t>) Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; Wisconsin power companies.

(c) Professor T. Green.

(d) Field work; applied research.

(e) All significant thermal plumes along the Wisconsin Shore

of Lake Michigan were scanned with an airborne thermal scanner approximately weekly for over a year. Surface

areas within various isotherms were calculated.

(f) Completed.

(g) Reports with all data have been given to the funding agencies. See also (h). (h) Types of Thermal Plumes in Coastal Waters, Green, Madding, and Scarpace, Water Research 11, pp. 123-127,

1977. Thermal Plumes Along the Wisconsin Shore of Lake

Michigan, Madding, Scarpace, and Green, Trans. Wise. Academy of Sciences (in press). 175-10031-470-44 ELECTROMAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS OF HARBOR

FLUSHING

(b) NOAA (Sea Grant).

(c) Professor T. Green.

(d) Field, laboratory, theoretical; basic, applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Electromagnetic potentials associated with flowing water

are used to estimate channel flow, and harbor flushing. 175-10032-870-33 HIGH-FREQUENCY TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS IN THERMAL PLUMES

(fc) OWRT, Sea Grant.

(c) Professor T. Green.

(d) Field work; basic research; Masters thesis. (e) Temperature fluctuations have been measured at seven

points in the vertical in a power-plant thermal plume. The

results are being interpreted in terms of boundary-layer entrainment mechanisms.

(f) Suspended. 175-10033-440-44 CURRENT MEASUREMENTS IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN

COASTAL ZONE

(b) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory

(NOAA).

(c) Professor T. Green.

(d) Field work; basic research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Thirteen current meters were moored in the coastal zone

of south-eastern Lake Michigan in the spring and summer

of 1976. The data will be processed to measure coherence and phase propagation along the shore. 175-10034-330-10 FLOW IN THE KEWEENAW WATERWAY, IN LAKE SU- PERIOR

(b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

161
(c) Professor R. A. Ragotzkie.

(d) Field work; applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Flow in the Keweenaw Waterway is related to forcing by

runoff, by Lake Superior water-level variations, and by at- mospheric pressure variations.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON, Department of Mathematics, Madison, Wis. 53706. Professor Peter E. Ney, Department Chairman.

176-08400-420-61 WATER WAVES IN LAKES AND OCEANS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professors R. E. Meyer and M. C. Shen.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Physical oceanography research.

(h) Planetary Waves over the Rotating Earth, M. C. Shen,

Phys. Fluids 18, p. 1225, 1975. Gradual Reflection of Short Waves, R. E. Meyer, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 29, pp. 481-492, 1975. Uniform Asymptotic Approximation for Viscous Fluid Flows Down An Inclined Plane, M. C. Shen, S. M. Shih, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 6, pp. 560-581, 1975. Leakage and Response of Waves Trapped by Round

Islands, R. E. Meyer, C. Lozano, Phys. Fluids 19, pp. 1075-1088, 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN—MADISON, Department of Meteorology, Madison, Wis. 53706. Professor T. Green.

177- 10027-460-33 SURFACE MIXING DUE TO RAIN

(b) OWRT.

(d) Experimental, field; basic, applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Warm rain mixes cool, fresh receiving surface water downward to distances up to a meter. The same phenomenon occurs when rain falls into salt water. This mixing is measured as a function of time, raindrop size, rain temperature, and intensity.

(f) Completed.

(g) See (h).

(/i) A Note on Surface Waves Due to Rain, D. Houk, T. Green,

J. Geophys. Res. 81, 24, Aug. 20, 1976. Surface Mixing Due to Rain, T. Green, D. Houk, J. Fluid Mechanics (in press).

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, Woods

Hole, Mass. 02543. Dr. Paul M. Fye, Director. 178-07786-450-20 DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN THE DEEP SEA

(b) Office of Naval Research; National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. W. S. Schmitz, Jr., and Dr. N. P. Fofonoff.

(d) Field investigations.

(e) Time series observations in the deep ocean support

theoretical work on the nature of dynamic processes in the

sea. Several experiments are usually in progress simultaneously.

(g) Several recent experiments have yielded the following in- formation: ( 1

) data from an array of current meters in the deep Gulf Stream recirculation region suggests that this recirculation is driven by the oceanic eddy field; (2) Gulf

Stream rings have been identified as possible sources for enhanced fine-structure activity near Bermuda through the generation of internal waves by eddy interaction with the

island slope and subsequent mixing by the internal wave

field; (3) a new current was found near 4,000 in depth

along the western foot of the Bermuda Rise,

(/i) On the Deep Circulation in the Western North Atlantic, W.

J. Schmitz, Jr., J. Mar. Res. (in press).

1 78-09224-440-44 COASTAL CIRCULATION IN THE GREAT LAKES

(b) NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory.

(c) Dr. Gabriel T. Csanady.

(d) Analysis of field data, theoretical work.

(e) Data collected during the International Field Year on the Great Lakes are analyzed and interpreted in terms of the concepts of fluid mechanics.

(g) Concentrated bands of relatively fast currents are produced by storms near the shore of large lakes within what is now known as the "coastal boundary layer." The

physical properties of the coastal currents depend not only on the size and shape of the lake basin, but also signifi- cantly on the density distribution of the water and the rotation of the earth.

(It) Hydrodynamics of Large Lakes, G. T. Csanady, Ann. Review Fluid Mechanics 7, pp. 357-383, 1975.

Circulation, Diffusion and Frontal Dynamics in the Coastal Zone, G. T. Csanady, J. Great Lakes Res. 1, 1, pp. 18-32, Oct. 1975. Topographic Waves in Lake Ontario, G. T. Csanady, J. Physical Oceanog., pp. 93-103, 1975. Mean Circulation in Shallow Seas, G. T. Csanady, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 30, pp. 5389-5399, 1976. The Coastal Jet Conceptual Model in the Dynamics of Shal- low Seas, G. T. Csanady, The Sea 6, pp. 1 17-144, 1977.

Intermittent "Full" Upwelling in Lake Ontario, G. T. Csanady, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 3, pp. 397-419, 1977. 178-09225-450-52 COASTAL BOUNDARY LAYER TRANSECT

(b) Brookhaven National Laboratory; Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Dr. Gabriel T. Csanady.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations. (e) Current, temperature and salinity measurements in the

coastal zone (0-12 km from shore) south of Long Island are used to elucidate flow structure in the coastal boundary layer. (g) The transient and the long-term circulation over continental shelves is determined by impulses received from winds and tides as well as by the density distribution of the water. An important part of the transient shelf-wide flow

pattern is the coastal boundary layer where storms produce concentrated bands of currents. Time-averaged

flow is, by contrast, controlled by density variations con- sequent upon fresh water runoff near shore.

( /; ) Lateral Momentum Flux in Boundary Currents, G. T. Csanady, J. Physical Oceanography 5, 4, pp. 705-717,

1975. Wind-Driven and Thermohaline Circulation Over the Continental Shelves, G. T. Csanady, Effects of Energy Related

Activities on the Atlantic Continental Shelf, Session II (Characteristic Physical Processes of the Atlantic Continental Shelf; Chairman, G. T. Csanady), pp. 31-46. Nearshore Currents off Long Island, J. T. Scott, G. T. Csanady, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 30, pp. 5401-5409, 1976.

1 78-09226-450-20 OCEANIC VARIABILITY AND DYNAMICS

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. Thomas B. Sanford.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations.

(e) Most of the effort concentrates on the measurement and

interpretation of motionally induced electric fields arising with water moving through the geomagnetic field. Theoretical studies and field observations are combined to define the spatial and temporal structure of flow in shallow channels and in the deep ocean. 162
(g) A better understanding of the physics of induction in broad shallow channels has been achieved. This un- derstanding allows, under certain circumstances, the trans- port of a stream to be electrically monitored. In the deep

ocean measurements of electric current profiles have

revealed new data on the vertical structure of horizontal

currents. Much of the depth-dependent variability is contributed by inertial currents. (h) A Velocity Profiler Based on Acoustic Doppler Principles, R. G. Drever, T. B. Sanford, WHOl Ref. No. 76-96, 36

pages, 1976 (unpublished manuscript).

Vertical Energy Propagation of Inertial Waves: A Vector

Spectral Analysis of Velocity Profiles, K D. Leaman, B. Sanford, J. Geophysical Research 80, 15, pp. 1975-1978,

1975. A Study of Velocity Profiles Through the Main Thermocline, H. T. Rossby, T. B. Sanford, J. Physical Oceanography 6, 5, pp. 766-774, 1976. Observations of the Vertical Structure of Internal Waves,

T. B. Sanford, J. Geophysical Research 80, 27, pp. 3861-

3871, 1975. Volume Transport Measurements on a Salt Marsh Drainage Channel Using Geomagnetic Induction, T. B. Sanford, Limnology and Oceanography (in press). A Velocity Profiler Based on the Principles of Geomagnetic

Induction, T. B. Sanford, R. G. Drever, H. Dunlap, Deep

Seajiesearch (in press). 178-09227-450-20 BENTHIC BOUNDARY LAYER STRUCTURE IN THE VEMA

CHANNEL

(b) National Science Foundation, Oceanography Section.

(c) Dr. David A. Johnson.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) New data from closely spaced hydrocasts, thermograd

profiles, vertical nephelometer profiles, and direct bottom

current observations in the Vema Channel (southwest Atlantic Ocean) allow an interpretation of the flow regime and the structure of the benthic boundary layer.

(f) Completed.

(g) The data are consistent with a model of an asymmetrical

flow regime wherein strongest northward current velocities are adjacent to the western wall of the channel; frictional effects due to the presence of the wall induce strong tur- bulence in the flow; turbulent mixing results in a

"blurring" of the benthic thermocline and a slight elevation of near-bottom temperatures in the channel axis; and

upslope advection in a bottom boundary Ekman layer

results in a veering of the mean velocity vector and the transport of coldest water upslope to the eastern margin of

the channel.

(/>) Abyssal Hydrography, Nephelometry, Currents, and

Benthic Boundary Layer Structure in the Vema Channel, J. Geophys. Res. 81, pp. 5771-5786, 1976.

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Aider. Research

Laboratories, Holden, Mass. 01520. Professor George E. Hecker, Director, Research Laboratories. 179-06509-870-73 INDIAN POINT NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION

(b) Consolidated Edison Company of New York.

(d) Experimental applied research.

(e) Hydraulic model studies were conducted to reduce the en- vironmental effects of the discharge of condenser circulat- ing water into the Hudson River by design of the outfall structures and to demonstrate compliance to pertinent

New York State thermal discharge criteria. Two models

were required: A 1 to 75 uniform scale model simulating

the near-field temperature rise patterns where initial discharge momentum governed flow phenomena, and

distorted scale model, 1 to 400 horizontal and 1 to 80 vertical scales, simulating far-field temperature rise patterns where temperature induced buoyance and surface heat

transfer were governing phenomena. The far-field model

simulated time varying tidal stage and velocity and in- cluded cumulative temperature effects.

(f) Project completed-report on file. (g) Temperature patterns were determined at hourly intervals during the tidal cycle for various outfall geometries, plant

operating conditions, and freshwater runoff flow rates. Specific model tests were conducted to simulate field conditions occurring during the field surveys. Model results were then compared to field survey data to demonstrate

the usefulness and limitations of physical modeling

techniques as applied to an estuary.

(/i) Hydrothermal Model Studies of Existing Shoreline Outfall and Offshore Diffusers for Indian Point Units 1 through 3,

J. B. Nystrom, G. E. Hecker, ARL Rept. No. 61- 74/M118CF.

179-10416-340-73 NORTH ANNA POWER STATION-CONDENSER INLET TUNNEL

(b) Virginia Electric and Power Company, Richmond, Virginia. (d) Experimental, for design.

(e) The operating efficiencies of steam turbines will be af- fected by the distribution of cooling water flow among

condensers. A hydraulic model constructed to a scale ratio of 1:14 was used to determine flow distribution, flow patterns, and head losses for the North Anna condenser inlet tunnel design and flow patterns within the condenser

waterboxes.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) The flow rate through any individual condenser line was

within -1.5% and +2% of the average flow rate through all six condenser lines. At all condenser inlet riser locations, the flow patterns within the waterbox were dominated by

the waterbox geometry and were relatively unaffected by

the intake area geometry.

(/i) Hydraulic Model Test of Condenser Inlet Tunnel, North Anna Units 3 and 4, P. A. March, ARL Rept. No. 60- 77/M250BF.

179-10417-340-73 SEABROOK STATION-DISCHARGE STRUCTURES

(b) Yankee Atomic Electric Company, Westborough, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) Knowledge of the head losses associated with discharge

structures during normal operation and backflushing

operation is important for sizing the pumps in the circulat- ing water system, calculating normal plant circulating water flow and temperature rise, and predicting backflushing transients. Information on the velocity distribution in the discharge jets is required to determine whether or not

the assumptions in previous analytical models and the operating conditions in the hydrothermal model are adequately satisfied. Models of proposed designs for the bifurcated discharge structures, constructed to a scale

ratio of 1:11, were used to determine velocity distribution

in the discharge jets and loss coefficients for operation in the discharging mode and backflushing mode. An analyti- cal investigation was also conducted to determine the potential for flow-induced vibrations in the proposed guard

bars.

(/) Tests completed.

(g) The original discharge structure design produced swirling, unstable discharge jets. The discharge loss coefficient (based on the velocity head in the discharge riser) for this design was 2.4, and the backflushing loss coefficient (also based on the velocity head in the discharge riser) was 1.3. The recommended discharge structure design produced

stable, well-defined discharge jets which were relatively uniform in velocity. The discharging loss coefficient for the recommended design was 2.0, and the backflushing

loss coefficient was 0.7. The analytical investigation in- 163

254-330 0 - 78 - 12
dicated the potential for flow-induced guard bar vibrations during normal discharging operation with the proposed

guard bar design,

(/i) Experimental Study of Discharge Structures-Seabrook Station, P. A. March, P. J. Smith, ARL Rept. No. 130- 76/M296CF, Nov. 1976. 179-10418-340-73 SEABROOK STATION-INTAKE STRUCTURES

(b) Yankee Atomic Electric Company, Westborough, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental, for design and evaluation.

(e) Knowledge of the head losses associated with intake struc- tures during normal operation and backflushing operation

is important for sizing the pumps in the circulating water

system, calculating normal plant circulating water flow and

temperature rise, and predicting backflushing transients. Information on the flow patterns and velocities in the

vicinity of the intake structures is required to help evaluate the potential for entrainment of marine organisms.

Sectional models constructed to a scale ratio of 1:35 were

used to determine vertical flow patterns and velocities in the vicinity of individual intake structures. An overall model constructed to the same scale was used to deter- mine loss coefficients and to determine horizontal flow

patterns in the vicinity of an array of three intake structures.

(J) Tests completed.

(g) The velocity profiles at the upstream face of the recom- mended intake design were relatively uniform and

generally less than 1 ft/sec for ambient currents of 0, 0.2, and 0.4 kt. Downstream velocity profiles were skewed for ambient currents of 0.2 and 0.4 kt, and the maximum

measured velocity was 1.3 ft/sec. For all of the ambient

currents tested, each intake appeared to operate independently from the other intakes. Each intake's range of in- fluence was limited horizontally to about one intake diameter on either side of the intake periphery for an ambient current of 0.2 kt and to about one-half intake diameter to either side for an ambient current of 0.4 kt. For the recommended intake design, the average intaking loss coefficient (based on the velocity head in the intake riser) was 0.35 and the average backflushing loss coefficient

(also based on the velocity head in the intake riser) was

1.04.

(It) Experimental Study of Intake Structures, Seabrook Station,

P. A. March, R. G. Nyquist, ARL Rept. No. 131- 76/M296DF, Nov. 1976. 179-10419-390-70 BIRD MACHINE COMPANY-SPRAY COOLING TESTS

(£>) Bird Machine Company, S. Walpole, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) Spray cooling equipment is typically evaluated from ther- mal performance tests for single units, and the results of

single unit tests are then used to predict the performance

of an array of spray cooling units. Thermal performance of

five experimental spray cooling nozzles was evaluated on

the basis of cooling efficiency (degrees of cooling divided by ambient temperature minus wet bulb temperature),

NTU (number of transfer units), and power factor (the

ratio between the rate of heat transfer from the sprayed water and the pumping power required for the unit).

(f) Tests completed.

(g) When tested under identical conditions, the cooling effi- ciency values and NTU values for one of the experimental

nozzles averaged about 2.0 times as high as corresponding

values obtained for a standard spray unit using a conical

deflector, and power factor values averaged about 1.7 times as.high.

(/i) Draft report completed, final report available soon.

179-10420-340-73 SALEM NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION-CONDENSER

INLET WATERBOX

(b) Public Service Electric and Gas Company, Newark, New

Jersey.

id) Experimental, for design.

(e) A high content of abrasive silt in the circulating water in- creases the potential for rapid condenser tube erosion. If the inlet waterbox design produces regions of high velocity within the waterbox, this could result in accelerated erosion, as well as decreased condenser efficiencies and in- creased losses. A hydraulic model, constructed to a geometric scale ratio of 1:10, was used to determine flow

patterns, velocity distribution, and losses within an inlet waterbox. The potential for erosive wear was evaluated on

the basis of particle impingement angles and velocities. Using this criterion, the original design and a variety of

revisions were investigated in the model.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) A revision which included a vaned inlet elbow and an open grid of rectangular bars in the inlet waterbox reduced the potential for erosive wear by producing a more uniform velocity distribution at the tubesheet. No

significant increase in inlet area losses was measured for

this revision.

(/i) Hydraulic Model Study of Condenser Inlet Waterbox, P. A. March, ARL Rept. No. 25-77/M302 BF, Jan. 1977. 179-10421-710-20 INVESTIGATION OF SCHLIEREN SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING PRESSURE FIELDS

(fc) Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C.

(d) Basic research.

(e) A high-velocity water tunnel was constructed, and experi- ments were conducted to determine the utility of the Schlieren flow visualization technique for quantitative measurement of the pressure distribution around projectiles during water entry.

(/) Tests completed.

(g) Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of Schlieren photographs revealed no trends which could be related to pres- sure gradients around the test objects for approach velocities up to the maximum obtainable value of 100 ft/sec. Sensitivity tests indicated a minimum observable pressure gradient of 3,700 psi/inch, which would require an ap- proach velocity of over 500 ft/sec. (h) Investigation of Schlieren System for Determining Pressure

Fields, P. A. March, ARL Rept. No. 26-77/M6387F, Jan. 1977. 179-10422-350-73 TURNERS FALLS FISH PASSAGE

(b) Northeast Utilities Service Company, Hartford, Connecticut. (d) Experimental for design.

(e) Two hydraulic models were constructed of two portions of

a fish ladder to be constructed on the Connecticut River

at the Turners Falls dam. The ladders will provide up- stream passage for migrating shad and Atlantic salmon. A

1/16 model included a portion of the dam with its control

gates and the river immediately downstream where the fish ladder entrance was located. The objective of the model was to locate the entrance in a velocity zone that would be

acceptable to the migrating fish. The second model was

1/9 scale and included vertical slotted weirs for the migrating fish. The slotted weirs had to operate under a wide

range of head and tailwater levels. The objective of the model was to determine if the slotted weirs produced

equal head loss over the range of flows.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) The entrance to the fish ladder was optimized so that a favorable velocity distribution was produced in the river in the approach to the entrance. For the 1/9 model, testing showed that an additional weir was necessary to reduce

the drop per weir so that velocities through the slots would

be lower. 164
(/i) Model Studies of the Proposed Turners Falls Fish Passage

Facilities, B. J. Pennine G. E. Hecker, ARL Rept. No. 73- 75/M295F.

179-10423-340-73 NEW HAVEN HARBOR STATION-SWIRLING FLOW

STUDY

(b) United Illuminating Company, New Haven, Connecticut.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Asymmetrical velocity distribution and increased swirl due

to upstream piping bends contributed to excessive impeller erosion in a main boiler feedwater pump. A full scale model, operating at a Reynolds number of 2.3 x 106

, was

used to investigate axial and tangential (swirl) velocity dis- tributions for the original piping configuration and several modified configurations.

(/) Tests completed, report in progress.

(g) A uniform axial velocity distribution was provided and

swirl was eliminated by a configuration which included a

splitter plate, a multiply-vaned upstream elbow, and an in- creased length of straight pipe immediately upstream from

the inlet. (h) Final report available soon. 179-10424-340-73 CHARLESTOWN NUCLEAR STATION DIFFUSER

(b) New England Power Company, Westborough, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) A 1/90 scale model of a portion of the coastline near Charlestown, Rhode Island was constructed in which vari- ous staged diffuser designs were tested at a prototype depth of 30 ft. The model is 150 ft long by 75 ft wide and

built in wood on an elevated platform to minimize bottom

heat loss. Surface and vertical structure of the plume are measured by 370 thermistor in transient cross flow conditions. Temperature distributions resulting from transient backflushing operations are also to be tested. An analytical model will be used for the intermediate field plume predictions.

(f) Tests in progress.

(g) A final diffuser configuration was established meeting im- posed discharge criteria. Near-field thermal characteristics are being compared with existing mathematical models for staged diffusers in shallow water. 179-10425-340-73 HOPE CREEK BLOWDOWN

(b) Public Service Electric & Gas Company, Newark, New

Jersey. (d) Analytical.

(e) The cooling tower blowdown of the Hope Creek Generating Station will be discharged in the Delaware River through a single pipe. The net concentration of the discharge is larger than ambient and the discharge is, therefore, negatively buoyant. A mathematical model was

developed for the prediction of the plume characteristics including the following regions: Buoyant round jet, bottom impingement region, bottom flow away plume. Various

discharge designs will be tested. 179-10426-170-00 FIELD MEASUREMENT OF AIR WATER INTERFACIAL

HEAT TRANSFER

{b) Experimental basic research for Master's thesis. (e) Purpose of the study is to develop a method to directly measure the net heat transfer from a water surface to the atmosphere to compare the experimental results to results predicted from existing prediction formulations and to develop new prediction techniques which perform better under various meteorologic conditions. The experimental

method developed utilizes an energy budget method for two control volumes in a 1 200 acre lake to determine net heat transfer rate and to separate the effects of water surface temperature dependent mechanisms from those which

are independent.

(g) Existing prediction formulations have been shown to un- derestimate evaporative conductive heat losses by from

15-30 percent on the average. 179-10427-340-75 PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE HYDRAULIC PER- FORMANCE OF A CIRCULATING WATER SCREENWELL

(b) Offshore Power Systems, Jacksonville, Florida.

(d) Experimental applied research.

(e) A 9.6 to 1 hydraulic model was constructed of a single bay

of the circulating water intake structure for the proposed

floating nuclear power plant. Flow patterns within the pump bay were evaluated with respect to smooth and effi- cient pump operation for various strengths of flow parallel to the face of the bay and for various traveling screen lo- cations. Flow withdrawal of adjacent bays were simulated

to determine the effect of operation of adjacent bays on

flow patterns within the pump bay. Abnormal flow disturbances such as vortex formation were of particular

interest.

if) Project completed-report on file. (g) Velocity distributions in back of the bar screen at the en- trance to the pump bay and in front of the pump bell- mouth are shown as functions of current parallel to bar screen and traveling screen location. Flow patterns beneath the bellmouth are also presented. The effect of operation of adjacent bays on velocity distribution is also shown.

(/i) Parametric Evaluation of the Hydraulic Performance of a Circulating Water Screenwell, J. B. Nystrom, ARL Rept. 55-77/M353F.

179-10428-340-75 CAYUGA GENERATING STATION

(b) United Engineers & Constructors, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental applied research for design.

(e) A 100 to 1 scale model of a section of Lake Cayuga was

used to develop a diffuser outfall for the proposed Cayuga

Station condenser circulating water which would meet applicable New York State thermal discharge criteria. A field study of the thermal plume from a nearby existing power

station was conducted to verify the model operation. The

interaction of the existing plant with various proposed outfall structures was determined for various conditions of ambient temperature, current speed and water surface

elevation. Four diffuser alternatives and two surface discharge alternatives were evaluated.

(/) Project completed-report on file. (g) Steady state surface temperature patterns were determined

as well as selected vertical profiles for various water sur- face elevations, ambient temperatures, and lake current

speeds. Results using tee, angled tee, and staged diffusers, as well as two surface discharges, were compared to deter- mine the optimum configuration based on site constraints such as maximum and minimum diffuser submergence, cir- culating water temperature rise, and the interaction with

the existing station.

( h ) Hydrothermal Model Studies of Diffuser Alternatives for the Cayuga Station Site, J. B. Nystrom, ARL Rept. No. 73- 76IM252B.

179-10429-340-73 MITCHELL NUCLEAR POWER STATION

(b) American Electric Power, New York, New York.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1/10 model of a cooling tower pump intake and screenwell area was constructed to test for vortices in an existing

station.

(/) Study completed.

(g) Vortices occurred in the model and they were eliminated by a sloping plate extending from the surface to the soffit of the horizontal pump intake. 165
(/j) Report in progress. 179-10430-340-75 PERRY NUCLEAR STATION

(b) Gilbert Associates, Inc., Reading, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) Two models are being constructed to determine flow patterns in a cooling tower basin and the effect of these flow

patterns on vortices at the circulating water pumps. A

1/64 overall basin model will determine flow patterns to impose on a 1/16 local model of the pump intakes. Any

vortices at the pump intakes are to be observed' and

modifications to be recommended to remove the vortices and improve the flow patterns. The strength of vorticity is to be measured by a vortimeter in the pump column and

fluctuating pressures are to measure and correlate with

vortices.

(/) Study to be completed in summer 1977. 179-10431-360-73 PIT 6 SPILLWAY

(b) Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco, California. {d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1/40 hydraulic model was constructed of the Pit 6 dam

with its spillway gates, stilling basin, and river immediately downstream. The stilling basin has experienced floor block

failure and severe erosion due to cavitation. The objective of the study was to modify the stilling basin so that energy

dissipation was accomplished with more stable floor blocks.

(J) Testing essentially completed.

(g) Testing showed that more stable streamlined floor blocks could produce the same energy dissipation as the original design. The streamlining would reduce the cavitation damage. Wall heights in the dissipator were increased and

horizontal and lateral forces were measured on the floor blocks.

(/i) Report in progress. 179-10432-340-73 BAD CREEK PUMPED STORAGE PROJECT

(b) Duke Power Company, Charlotte, North Carolina.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1/58 model of the upper reservoir and radial flow intake

structure was constructed. The purpose of the study is to

test for vortices in the generating mode and modify the

structure so that velocities and head losses are minimized

in both modes. Forces on the roof are to be determined.

(f) Study to be completed summer 1977. 179-10433-870-75 SHOCKOE CREEK COMBINED SEWER DIVERSION

STRUCTURES

(b) Hayes, Seay, Mattern and Mattern, Roanoke, Va.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1/18 nondistorted model was constructed of two inter- connected sewers located in Richmond, Virginia. Diversion structures will be constructed in these sewers to bypass combined storm runoff to a treatment plant where

it will be stored for treatment. The objective of the study was to minimize the increase in sewer water levels due to the newly constructed diversion structures.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) The diversion structures were streamlined to minimize the pressures in upstream sewers. The diversion tunnels were

streamlined and designed for maximum capacity.

(/i) Model Tests of the Shockoe Creek Combined Sewer Diversion Structures, B. J. Pennino, D. K. White, G. E. Hecker,

ARL Rept. No. 127-76/M307F.

179-10434-350-73 HYCO LAKE CHUTE SPILLWAY

(b) Carolina Power and Light Company, Raleigh, North

Carolina.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1/26 hydraulic model was constructed of an existing curved chute spillway whose floor had been damaged during a large flow.

(/) Tests completed.

(g) Testing showed that the floor had been damaged due to

uplift caused by a hydraulic jump that moved up and down

the chute due to the noncontrolled tailwater. Flow pat- terns on the chute were nonuniform because of the curve and flow had overflowed on one wall where scour occurred. A drop structure was designed that contained the

supercritical flow. The spillway was rated and a tailwater operation plan was developed. 179-10435-340-73 FAIRFIELD PUMPED STORAGE PROJECT

(£>) South Carolina Electric and Gas Company, Columbia, South Carolina.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1/70 nondistorted hydraulic model of the upper reser- voir intake structure and portions of the reservoir. The

studies involved the optimizing of the intake structure to minimize vortices, head losses and velocities at the trash

racks. A diffuser was designed and tested so that minimum

velocities were obtained in the pumping mode. The effect of mixing in the reservoir and selective withdrawal was in- vestigated.

(/) Tests completed.

(g) A diffuser reduced reservoir mixing during pumping and a skimmer wall for generation was shown to be ineffective. Peak pumping velocities at the trash racks were reduced from 21 ft/sec to 1 1 ft/sec. (h) Hydraulics and Thermal Model Study for the Fairfield Pumped Storage Intake Structure, B. J. Pennino, A. G.

Ferron, ARL Rept. No. 63-75/M260A.

179-10436-340-75 HYDRODYNAMICS OF VORTEX SUPPRESSION IN THE

REACTOR BUILDING SUMP

(b) Burns and Roe, Inc., and General Public Utilities. (d) Experimental.

(e) To establish the outflow characteristics of the reactor sump for the decay heat removal system, a hydraulic

model of the reactor sump and surrounding area was

fabricated to the geometric scale of 3:1. The main purpose

of the study was to verify that the reactor sump would

properly drain the emergency cooling water without the development of free surface vortices or other flow irregularities which might adversely influence the operation of

the decay heat removal system. In the event that undesirable flow conditions occurred, means of improving flow

patterns were to be developed.

(/) Completed.

(g) Tests showed that the original design could be improved

with respect to free surface vortices. Considering the prototype operating conditions and possible scale effects on modeling vortices, it seemed desirable to improve the flow characteristics. Various changes to the screens were made, and grids were installed over the sump to attenuate flow rotation. Tests at increased model flow rate and water temperatures were conducted to investigate possible scale effects on vortices, and the resulting data indicated that the recommended prototype installation will operate

satisfactorily.

(/>) Hydrodynamics of Vortex Suppression in the Reactor

Building Sump Decay Heat Removal System, W. W. Durgin, L. C. Neale, R. L. Churchill, ARL Rept. No. 46- 77IM202FF, Feb. 1977. 166
179-10437-710-00 VELOCITY-AREA METHODS OF MEASURING ASYMMETRIC FLOWS IN RECTANGULAR DUCTS

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research, Master's thesis. (e) Several commonly used velocity-area methods of flow rate determination are being investigated to establish sensitivity to velocity and locational errors as well as disturbed

velocity profiles. Comparisons are being made with data obtained in square ducts using a flow calibration facility. 179-10438-240-00 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research, Master's thesis. (e) Syncronization of vortex shedding with the elastic modes

of a structure are being studied using a vertical wind tunnel. Particular attention is directed towards characterizing

the fluid mechanic forces acting on a cylinder and the nature of the "locking on" process.

(h) The Interaction of Elastically Mounted Cylinders with Secondary Vortex Streets, J. Stasaitis, M.S. Thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, July 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING, College of Engineering, De- partment of Mechanical Engineering, University Station,

Box 3295, Laramie, Wyo. 82071. Dr. Don L. Boyer.

181-09267-020-00 DD7FUSION AND LAGRANGIAN STATISTICS IN TURBULENT FLOWS

(b) National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is sponsored by the National Science Foundation, computer support.

(c) W. R. Lindberg.

(d) Theoretical; numerical.

(e) Research in both single particle and relative dispersion in turbulent flows. Effects of spectral structure, inertia and

gravity are being investigated for homogeneous flows. (h) A Simulation of Turbulent Dispersion and Lagrangian

Statistics, W. R. Lindberg, Proc. 6th Canadian Cong. Appl. Mech., pp. 665-6 (1977). 181-09268-060-00 TURBULENCE IN STABLY STRATD7IED FLOWS

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) W. R. Lindberg.

(d) Experimental; theoretical.

(e) Turbulent structure of a stably stratified wake flow at moderate Reynolds numbers. Simultaneous measurements

of u, w and p are analyzed to determine the spatial and

spectral characteristics of the turbulent wake. Additionally, a stratified, turbulent Ekman layer is being in- vestigated experimentally.

167

PROJECT REPORTS FROM U.S. GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE NORTH CENTRAL REGION, 2000 West Pioneer Parkway,

Peoria, 111. 61614. E. R. Glover, Deputy Administrator.

300-01 85W-81 0-00 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW FROM LOESS

AND CLAYPAN WATERSHEDS IN MISSOURI AND IOWA

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0671.

300-0 186W-220-00

RATES AND PROCESSES OF RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION IN THE CORN BELT

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0670.

300-01 88W-8 10-00 SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS IN THE CORN BELT

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0672.

300-01 89W-81 0-00 MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF,

EROSION, AND TILTH-CLAYPAN SOILS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 4.0133.

300-01 92W-81 0-00 THE MOVEMENT AND YIELD OF NUTRIENTS FROM

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 5.0934.

300-0342W-860-00 RELATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES TO WATER

QUALITY IN THE NORTH APPALACHIAN REGION

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0818.

300-0344W-860-00 RELATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND NATURAL VEGETATION TO NUTRIENT CONTENT OF

WATERS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 5.0903.

300-0346W-830-00 WATER EROSION PROCESSES IN RELATION TO WINDS

IN THE GREAT PLAINS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0545.

300-0347W-870-00 USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ON AGRICULTURAL LANDS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 5.0910.

300-0433W-820-00 EFFECT OF SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON WATER AND NUTRIENT MOVEMENT AND

STORAGE IN THE SOIL

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 3.0100. 300-0434W-8 10-00 CORNBELT WATERSHED SEDIMENT LOSSES

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0381. 300-0435W-820-00

WATER CONSERVATION FOR NORTHERN PLAINS SOILS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 3.0109. 300-0436W-8 10-00 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY OF WATERSHEDS

SUBJECTED TO SURFACE MINING

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0138. 300-01723-350-00 HYDRAULICS OF WATER CONTROL STRUCTURES AND

CHANNELS

See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Nos. 00111,

01 168, 07677, and 08993.

(b) Cooperative with the Minnesota Agric. Expmt. Station; and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(c) Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Research Leader, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab., 3rd Ave. S. E. at Mississippi River, Minneapolis, Minn. 55414.

(d) Experimental; applied research for development and

design.

(e) Research dealing with the design, construction, and testing of structures for conserving and controlling soil and water

are carried out. Cooperation with and coordination of the

tests at the Stillwater, Oklahoma, Water Conservation

Structures Laboratory is maintained. Model tests of the Marsh Creek Dam principal spillway. Contra Costa County, California, have been completed. Present research is a generalized investigation of the scour at cantilevered pipe

outlets. The objective is to develop criteria for the design of plunge pool energy dissipators for any pipe size, discharge, and bed material.

(Ii) The following reports and papers are in various stages of completion: Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways, Part

XIII. The Hood Drop Inlet; Part XIV. Antivortex Walls for Drop Inlets; Part XV. Low-Stage Inlet for the Two-Way

Drop Inlet; Part XVI. Elbows and Transitions for the Two- Way Drop Inlet; Part XVII. The Two-Way Drop Inlet with a Semicylindrical Bottom.

Hydraulic Model Investigation of Marsh Creek Dam Principal Spillway, Contra Costa County, California; Theory of Flow in Long Siphons; The Hood Inlet Self-Regulating

Siphon Spillway; The Two-Way Drop Inlet Self-Regulating

Siphon Spillway. 300-04275-830-00 MECHANICS AND CONTROL OF EROSION BY WATER

(b) Cooperative with Purdue University Agricultural Expmt.

Station.
(c) W. C. Moldenhauer, Agronomy Dept., Life Science Bldg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic, applied and developmental research.

(e) Field, laboratory, and analytical studies of soil detachment

and transport by rainfall and runoff; effects of plant covers, crop residues, tillage methods, and soil treatments on erosion and runoff; hydraulics of eroding runoff and

rainfall; and mathematical models of the soil erosion process as a basis for improved methods of erosion prediction and erosion control.

(g) A mathematical model was developed for deposition of noncohesive sediment on concave slopes by steady over- land flow. The model successfully described the spatial and temporal variation of the deposited material and sedi- ment yield. An applied sediment transport equation was

developed that can be used in conjunction with the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to estimate sediment

yield from farm fields and construction sites. The influence of flow rate on rill erosion and the stability of surface mulches was studied. Basic, mathematical erosion analysis indicated how the slope length exponent of the USLE varies with slope length, soil erodibility, steepness, and runoff. Delineation of interrill and rill erosion and the physical characteristics of eroded particles from the two

processes were studied in the field under simulated rainfall. Recent user's manuals were prepared on using the USLE in the development of plans to control agricultural

pollution. The main guideline manual, USDA-Agriculture

Handbook 282, for the USLE is also currently being

revised.

(/i) Mathematical Simulation of Upland Erosion by Fundamental Erosion Mechanics, G. R. Foster, L. D. Meyer. In: Present and Prospective Technology for Predicting Sediment

Yield and Sources, ARS-S-40, Agric. Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC, pp. 190-207, 1975. The Influence of Vegetation and Vegetative Mulches on Soil Erosion, L. D. Meyer, G. R. Foster, S. Niklov, Trans. ASAE 18, 5, pp. 905-91 1, 1975. Source of Soil Eroded by Water from Upland Slopes, L. D. Meyer, G. R. Foster, M. J. M. Romkens. In; Present and

Prospective Technology for Predicting Sediment Yield and

Sources, ARS-S-40, Agric. Research Service, USDA,

Washington, D.C., pp. 177-189, 1975. Erosion Modeling on a Watershed, C. A. Onstad, G. R.

Foster, Trans. ASAE 18, 2, pp. 288-292, 1975. Control of Water Pollution from Cropland-Volume I and

II, A Manual for Guideline Development, B. A. Stewart, D.

A. Woolhiser, W. H. Wischmeier, J. H. Caro, M. H. Frere, ARS-H-5I, Agric. Research Service, USDA, Washington,

D.C., 1 1 1 pages, 1975. Estimating the Soil Loss Equation's Cover and Management

Factor for Undisturbed Areas, W. H. Wischmeier. In: Present and Prospective Technology for Predicting Sediment

Yield and Sources, ARS-S-40, Agric. Research Service, USDA, Washington, D.C., pp. 1 18-124, 1975. Use and Misuses of the Universal Soil-Loss Equation, W. H. Wischmeier, J. Soil and Water Conservation 31, 1, pp. 5-9, 1976. 300-09272-810-00 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW FROM

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE NORTH AP- PALACHIAN REGION

(6) Cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691.

(c) W. R. Hamon, Location/Research Leader, USDA-ARS

North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Coshocton,

Ohio 43812.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) Watershed studies to describe infiltration, percolation,

groundwater, and overland and channel flow components

of the hydrologic cycle with a mathematical model and to

relate these components to definable physical parameters;

predict watershed flow, including transport of water, sedi- ment and agricultural chemicals and wastes; describe areal precipitation characteristics; and relate ET losses to soil, vegetation, and meteorological factors. (g) Rainfall caught by national gages, on the average, was

96.6 percent of that measured by a pit gage in a WMO in- ternational comparison of raingauges in 15 countries. Runoff volumes for 10- and 25-year design storms were pre- dicted for an unpaved cattle barnlot using the most probable antecedent :soil moisture. A numerical model was

developed for solving axisymmetric infiltration problems.

The USDAHL Watershed Model was used to assess the hydrologic effects of land-use change and was found suffi- ciently accurate to establish the statistical significance of such changes.

(h) Comparisons of Measured and Estimated Daily Potential Evapotranspiration in a Humid Region, L. H. Parmele, J. L. McGuinness, J. Hydro!. 22, pp. 239-251, 1974. Preliminary Report on Measurements of Precipitation In- tercomparisons Between Pit Gauge and National Gauges, L.

Schiff, F. R. Dreibelbis, Intl. Conf. Results of the Intl. Hydro. Decade and On Future Programmes in Hydro.

(ENDEQDoc. 7-Appendix 2), Versailles, France, Sept. 1974. A Watershed Soils Index of Runoff Potential, J. L. McGuinness, W. M. Edwards, J. Soil & Water Conservation

30, July-Aug. 1975. Estimating Quantity and Quality of Runoff from Eastern Beef Barnlots, W. M. Edwards, J. L. McGuinness, Proc. 3rd Intl. Symp. Livestock Wastes, ASAE, Champaign, 111., pp. 408-41 1, Apr. 1975. Use of Axisymmetric Infiltration Model and Field Data to Determine Hydraulic Properties of Soils, R. W. Jeppson, R. W. Rawls, W. R. Hamon, D. L. Schrieber, Water Resources

Res. 11, 2, Feb. 1975. Using a Mathematical Model to Assess the Hydrological Effects of Land-Use Change, K. J. Langford, J. L. McGuinness, ARS-NC-31, pp. 1-38, June 1976. Runoff Sampling: Coshocton Vane Proportional Sampler, W. M. Edwards, H. E. Frank, T. E. King, D. R. Gallwitz, ARS-NC-50, Nov. 1976. A Comparison of Modeling and Statistical Evaluation of Hydrologic Change, K. J. Langford, J. L. McGuinness,

Water Resources Research 12, 6, pp. 1322-1324, Dec.

1976. 300-09273-870-00 FIELD DETERMINATION OF NUTRIENTS AND SEDI- MENTS FROM NON-POINT SOURCES

(£>) Cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment

Station, St. Paul, Minn. 55108.

(c) R. A. Young and C. A. Onstad, Agric. Engineers, North

Central Soil Conservation Research Center, Morris, Minn. 56267.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) Assess the impact of man on nutrient enrichment of lakes and streams. Develop hydrologic and nutrient budget for agricultural and non-agricultural watersheds. Relate water

quality and sediment yield to watershed land use practices. Model agricultural chemical transport.

(g) Agricultural and non-agricultural non-urban watersheds in west central and northern Minnesota were instrumented. Data collection began in 1974. Data are being used to test agricultural chemical transport models, develop water and

nutrient budgets for the watersheds, and to relate water

quality and sediment yields to land use practices. 300-10561-220-00 PREDICTING EROSION AND SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS

(£>) Cooperative with Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minn. 55108. 170
(c) C. A. Onstad and R. A. Young, Agricultural Engineers, North Central Soil Conservation Research Center, Morris, Minn. 56267.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations, basic and applied research.

(e) Models have been developed to estimate erosion and sedi- ment yield from ungaged agricultural basins. Simulation timeframes range from single storms to average annual amounts. Spatial distribution of sediment sources within

the basin are also predicted. Plot experiments, indoor and

outdoor, are being conducted to provide quantification of sediment characteristics deemed pertinent for the trans- port of agricultural chemicals. Data are also being col- lected from agricultural basins to relate water quality and

sediment yield to land use practices. (g) Sediment yield models incorporating hydrologic and

hydraulic flow properties have been designed for single storms and annual amounts. Validation tests have begun

and comparisons with results from other models have been

conducted with favorable results. A method has also been

developed and tested to determine the particle size dis- tribution of eroded soil based on original soil matrix properties.

(/;) Watershed Erosion Model Validation for Southwest Iowa,

C. A. Onstad, R. F. Piest, K. E. Saxton, Proc. 3rd Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conf., pp. 1-22 to 1-34, 1976.

Prediction of Particle Size Composition of Eroded Soil, R. A. Young, C. A. Onstad, Trans. ASAE 19, 6, pp. 1071-

1075, 1976.

Basin Sediment Yield Modeling Using Hydrological Variables, C. A. Onstad, A. J. Bowie, Proc. Intl. Symp. Erosion and Solid Matter Transport in Inland Rivers, Paris, France,

July 4-8, 1977. A Sediment Yield Model for Large Watersheds, C. A. Onstad, A. J. Bowie, C. K. Mutchler, Paper No. 76-2536,

ASAE Winter Mtg., Chicago, 111. Dec. 14-17, 1976.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE NORTHEASTERN REGION, Room 333, B-003, Agricultural

Research Center, West Beltsville, Md. 20705. Dr. S. C.

King, Deputy Administrator. 301-0440W-870-00 CONTROL OR PREVENTION OF SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION FROM FERTILIZERS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 5.1355. 301-08432-810-00 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND STREAM FLOW FROM

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE NORTHEAST

(b) Cooperative with the Vermont Agric. Expmt. Sta., New

Hampshire Agric. Expmt. Sta., and NOAA.

(c) Ronald Z. Whipkey, Research Leader, 150 Kennedy

Drive, South Burlington, Vt. 05401.

(d) Experimental and field observations-applied and operational research.

(e) Hydrologically characterize important physiographic areas of the northeast, to study the effects of land use in local watershed hydrology and on downstream water supply and

water quality. Specific research includes runoff processes

(surface and subsurface) kinematics of overland flow, water input to watersheds from spring melt of northern snowpack, and hydrologic characteristics of watersheds as they affect water storage, transmission, drainage, and

water availability for crop growth.

(g) A runoff model developed for Pennsylvania uplands aids in determining maximum areas of the watershed that contribute storm runoff as well as changes of contributing area depending on time and storm characteristics. Shallow

water equations were tested on a major watershed stream

and kinematic and dynamic wave motions studied; physical

factors of importance in flood routing through natural channels were determined from this. Water input to watersheds arising from snowmelt is greatly affected by

slope-aspect-cover and elevation in the physiographical

complex watersheds of northern New England. 301-09276-810-00 PREDICTING THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF RUNOFF

AND STREAMFLOW FROM AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS IN THE NORTHEAST

(i)Cooperative with The Pennsylvania State University

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. Harry B. Pionke, Soil Scientist, Northeast Watershed

Research Center, 1 1 1 Research Building A, University Park, Pa. 16802.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research, development.

(e) The hydrologic, geologic properties and water quality of

selected watersheds are being investigated. The purpose is to develop concepts and then to develop and test predictive models of water, sediment and chemicals origin and

transport on a watershed basis. (g) A storm hydrograph model based on the partial contributing area concept was developed that utilizes a physically based infiltration capacity for computation of rainfall ex- cess and two stages of kinematic routing. Predictions of

four storm hydrographs from a single watershed using this model closely approximated the observed hydrographs.

A method for selecting initial soil moisture for simulation of storm hydrographs was developed, tested and found to be highly correlated with observed data. The method as- sumes soil moisture values can be represented by normal

probability distributions. A number of techniques for esti- mating daily potential evapotranspiration were evaluated. Based on lysimeter data, methods utilizing measured net or

solar radiation were superior to techniques which did not

utilize this input. A modified combination equation

developed at Coshocton, Ohio, appeared to have considerable potential for estimating actual daily ET in the humid northeastern United States. A snowmelt and water input model has been developed and partially tested on New England data. The model

requires, as input, 10 day meteorological data and, as out- put provides snowmelt delivered to the ground surface at selected points over a watershed. Seasonal variations of soluble phosphate output (PO^-P) from an agricultural Pennsylvanian watershed ranged from

an average of 20-30 ppb in winter. Concentration in base

flows averaged about 10 ppb, and were relatively constant. A simulation of partial area hydrologic contribution pre- dicted the phosphate concentration from washoff of ripari- an lands to contain upwards of 100 ppb.

(/i) Partial Area Hydrology and Its Application to Water

Resources, E. T. Engman, Water Resour. Bull. 10, 3, pp. 512-521, 1974. A Partial Area Model for Storm Flow Synthesis, E. T. Eng- man, A. S. Rogowski, Water Resour. Res. 10, pp. 464-472,

1974.

Soluble Phosphate Output of an Agricultural Watershed in Pennsylvania, W. J. Gburek, W. R. Heald, Water Resour.

Res. 10, pp. 1 13-1 18, 1974. Comparisons of Measured and Estimated Daily Potential Evapotranspiration in a Humid Region, L. H. Parmele, J. L. McGuinness, J. Hydrol. 22, pp. 2 39-251, 1974. Transient Response of a Layered, Sloping Soil to Natural

Rainfall in the Presence of a Shallow Water Table: Experi- mental Results, A. S. Rogowski, E. T. Engman, J. L. Jacoby, Jr., U.S. Dept. of Agric, ARS-NE-30, 61 pages, 1974. Seasonal Snow Accumulation, Melt and Water Input-A

New England Model, R. L. Hendrick, R. J. DeAngelis, J. Appl. Meteor. 15, pp. 717-727, 1976. 171
Predictability of Effects of a Severe Local Storm in Pennsylvania, W. J. Gburek, R. L. Hendrick, A. S. Rogowski, M.

L. Paul, J. Appl. Meteor. 16, 2, pp. 136-144, 1977. Other publications available on request. 301-10622-810-00 PREDICTING THE EFFECTS OF LAND USE AND

MANAGEMENT ON RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD

(b) Cooperative with Howard University, Washington, D.C., and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.

(c) Dr. E. T. Engman, Chief, Hydrograph Laboratory, Plant Physiology Institute, Northeastern Region, ARS-SWAS,

Beltsville, Md. 20705.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) The mission of the USDA-ARS Hydrograph Laboratory is to conduct research on methodology for predicting and

evaluating water yield from large areas in the United

States and to work directly with the USDA Soil Conservation Service and other action agencies in the development

and transfer of current research results for their immediate

use. The Hydrograph Laboratory functions as a national laboratory by extending and modifying the research results from local and regional studies to broader geographical

areas. Research emphasis is placed on determining the ef- fects of land use, climate variability and hydrologic variability on water yield from large areas. An interdisciplinary approach to the problem is being used and relies heavily on mathematical modeling, sensitivity analysis and remote

sensing.

(g) A digital model of watershed hydrology was developed for application to areas limited in size only by representation of aerial rainfall by a single raingage. Satisfactory applications have exceeded one-hundred square miles. The model

is unique in that it uses linear dimensions readily available by surface or remote sensing surveys to compute volumes

for storage including soil porosity, surface depressions, and

contour furrows. Rates such as infiltration, surface runoff, and drainage outflow as well as groundwater recharge are then computed as exhaustion phenomenon with the rate diminishing as storage is depleted. Watersheds are zoned

by similarity of most important storages (i.e. soil porosity

for infiltration, or if overland flow is more important,

topography would be used for zoning). Each zone is then used as a unit for hydrologic computations to derive inflow

to the channel from experienced rainfall. The influences of

vegetation and tillage practices are readily discernable. Plant characteristics and growth indexes are used to compute the effects of land use and treatment in modification

of soil porosity. Copies of the model and computer pro- gram have been requested by a great number of action agencies and educational institutions, both foreign and

domestic. A model was developed for routing high-velocity flood flows in the main channel separately from the low-velocity flows on the floodplain. This removes the necessity for using average velocities since the uneven water surface derived from separate routings is now used to compute

lateral attenuation between the main stem and the floodplains. This procedure is particularly useful in computing

the energies for sediment transport, particularly in the main channel and for using the differences in energies to determine depositions on the floodplain. The model is still in the testing stage and is in process of application to actual cases in cooperation with action agencies. Both models are available in digital form either on tape or punched cards and can be obtained at no cost.

ill) The Hydrograph Laboratory maintains current bibliogra- phies and abstracts of papers published since the inception of the Laboratory in 1961. These are available upon

request at no cost.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE SOUTHERN REGION, P.O. Box 53326, New Orleans, La. 70153. Dr. A. W. Cooper, Deputy Administrator. 302-0203W-830-00 SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO WATERSHED FEA- TURES IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1 175. 302-0205W-8 10-00 HYDROLOGIC PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL

LANDS IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1177 and

2.1 180. 302-0206W-8 10-00 PRECIPITATION PATTERNS ON UPSTREAM

WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1 179. 302-0207W-8 10-00 STREAMFLOW REGIMES OF AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1 181.

302-0208W-8 10-00 RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW REGIMES OF AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE WESTERN GULF RE- GION

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1366.

302-0209W-8 10-00 SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO WATERSHED FEA- TURES IN THE WESTERN GULF REGION

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1367.

302-02 10W-830-00 WATER EROSION CONTROL PRACTICES FOR THE

TEXAS BLACKLAND PRAIRIE

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1377.

302-02 13W-8 10-00 PRECIPITATION PATTERNS ON UPSTREAM

WATERSHEDS IN THE WESTERN GULF REGION

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1368. 302-02 14W-8 10-00 HYDROLOGIC PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL

LANDS IN THE WESTERN GULF REGION

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1369.

302-021 5W-8 10-00 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW FROM

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE WESTERN

GULF REGION

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1376.

302-021 6W-830-00

SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO WATERSHED AND

CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE WESTERN

GULF REGION

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1379.

172
302-0444W-8 10-00 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW FROM

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHEAST

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0139 and

2.0141. 302-0445W-220-00 SEDIMENT DEPOSITION

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0379. 302-0446W-220-00 SOURCE AND MAGNITUDE OF SEDIMENT YIELD FROM

WATERSHEDS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0380. 302-0447W-300-00 STREAM CHANNEL STABILITY AND STABILIZATION

PRACTICES

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0170. 302-0448W-810-00 MODELING OF SOIL MOISTURE AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ON UNIT SOURCE WATERSHEDS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0052. 302-0449W-8 10-00 PREDICTION OF GROUNDWATER CONTRIBUTIONS TO

RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0053. 302-0450W-860-00 INVESTIGATION OF EVAPORATION AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.01 1 1. 302-045 1W-8 10-00 RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP FROM UNIT SOURCE

WATERSHEDS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0164. 302-0452W-860-00 ONSITE WATER CONSUMPTION AT FLOODWATER RE- TARDING STRUCTURES

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 3.0020. 302-0453W-8 10-00 EFFECT OF FLOODWATER RETARDING STRUCTURES

ON RUNOFF IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0033. 302-0454W-870-00 TRANSPORT AND LOSS OF WATER-BORNE POLLUTANTS

FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 5.0405. 302-045 5W-8 10-00 MODELING SURFACE RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX

WATERSHEDS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0173. 302-0456W-8 10-00 MODELING HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES ON AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN WESTERN GULF REGION

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0064.

302-7002-390-00 DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES AND

WATERFLOW MEASURING DEVICES

See U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research

Service, North Central Region, Project 01723.

(b) Cooperative with the Oklahoma Agric. Exp. Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(c) Dr. W. R. Gwinn, Research Leader, Water Conservation

Structures Laboratory, P.O. Box 551, Stillwater, Okla. 74074.

(d) Experimental, applied research for development and

design.

(<?) The laboratory conducts hydraulic research to ( 1 ) develop

structures for the conveyance, storage, and disposal of sur- plus runoff water; (2) develop stream flow devices needed

to monitor stream flow quantity and quality; (3) develop

basic knowledge of the hydraulics of surface flows and

determine the ability of vegetation and/or various manufactured materials to protect constructed water conveying

channels from eroding and releasing sediments to the stream below. (Also listed in Water Resources Research

Catalog 9, 7.0314. See also U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Region,

Project 300-01723-350-00.)

(g) A stepped baffle trash rack on closed conduit spillways for floodwater retarding reservoirs has been tested with models and prototype size structures. A berm installation with riprap approach is currently under study. A structural low-drop spillway using a baffle to dissipate energy and

control grade in channels is currently under study using a movable-bed basin. A drop-box entrance for H and HL

flumes was developed for use in water quality flow measurement. A hydraulic jump is formed on a sloping floor upstream of the flume to provide mixing and suspension of

particles. New research is beginning on a mathematical model of the removal of soil from the surface of a large

soil mass by flowing water using geology and soil characteristics as parameters. Physical evaluation of the model

will be made in the laboratory and field.

(/?) Estimating Annual Water Yield from Oklahoma

Watersheds for Drought Periods, W. R. Gwinn. Presented

Industrial Waste and Advanced Water Conf., Apr. 1973. Model Study of Supercritical Flow Channel Transition for Nichols Creek, Kenedy, Tex., W. O. Ree, D. K. McCool,

U.S. Dept. of Agric, ARS-S-1I, 28 pages, July 1973. Hydraulic Model Studies of Little River Gaging Station B, W. R. Gwinn, U.S. Dept. of Agric, ARS-S-38, 32 pages, June 1974. A Laboratory Evaluation of Trash Racks for Drop Inlets, W. R. Gwinn, G. G. Hebaus, USDA Technical Bulletin 1506, 70 pages, Sept. 1975. Dependable Yield of Reservoirs with Intermittent Inflows, W. R. Gwinn, W. O. Ree, ASAE Trans. 18, 6, pp. 1085- 1088, 1975. Discharge Equations for Hs, H, and HL Flumes, W. R. Gwinn, D. A. Parsons, J. Hydr. Div., ASCE 102, HY1, pp. 73-88, Jan. 1976. Stepped Baffled Trash Rack for Drop Inlets, W. R. Gwinn,

ASAE Trans. 19, 1, pp. 97-104 and 107, 1976. Emergency Spillway Performance at Site 39, Upper Black Bear Creek Watershed, Oklahoma, W. O. Ree, U.S. Dept.

of Agric, ARS-S-109,6 pages, Mar. 1976. Emergency Spillway Performance, Upper Red Rock Creek

Watershed, Oklahoma, W. O. Ree, U.S. Dept. of Agric,

ARS-S-108, 18 pages. May 1976. Comparison of Chute and Stilling Basin Performance for Three Different Drop Box Inlets, W. O. Ree, U.S. Dept. of Agric, ARS-S-126, 1 1 pages, July 1976. Rooftop Runoff for Water Supply, W. O. Ree, U.S. Dept. of Agric, ARS-S-133, 10 pages, Aug. 1976.

Effect of Seepage Flow on Reed Canarygrass and Its Ability

to Protect Waterways, W. O. Ree, U.S. Dept. of Agric,

ARS-S-154, 8 pages, Nov. 1976. 173
Friction Factors for Vegetated Waterways of Small Slope, W. O. Ree, F. R. Crow, U.S. Dept. of Agric, ARS-S-151,

56 pages, Jan. 1977. Performance Characteristics of a Grassed-Waterway

Transition, W. O. Ree, U.S. Dept of Agric, ARS-S-I58,

1 1 pages, Feb. 1977. 302-09286-810-00 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW FROM

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHEAST

(b) Cooperative with the Univ. of Georgia Agric. Exp. Sta., Univ. of Florida Agric. Exp. Sta., Soil Conservation Service, and the South Florida Water Management District. (c) Loris E. Asmussen, Geologist and Technical Director, Southeast Watershed Research Program, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, Ga.

30604.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Determine statistics of rainfall and runoff, develop methods to estimate design values of runoff and streamflow for basin development, build models to predict

hydrologic response of watersheds with improved agricultural management. Watershed processes will be conceptualized in mathematical models, each specific to a prediction problem. Models will be verified and improved

through field research on agricultural watersheds in the Coastal Plains of Georgia, North Carolina, Florida, and

Mississippi, but centered in Little River, Tifton, Georgia.

Basin precipitation, streamflow, groundwater, and climate data will be processed by mathematical-statistical techniques to develop base data and model components.

Mapping techniques will be developed to incorporate

physical, geological, and management practice characteristics in the models.

(g) A comprehensive report of Taylor Creek, Fla., is being

made to determine the effect of channelization and water

level control structure on streamflow and groundwater. Streamflow and groundwater duration analyses have been

made. Phreatic water profiles near the main stream show

little effect of channelization. Evapotranspiration averaged

35.2 inches per year and did not change with channelization. Annual and 4-month water-yield analyses showed no

significant effects of channelization. Streamflow duration

(cfs) shows that after channelization durations of high

flows and low flows are greater than before channelization while the duration of intermediate flows is less than before

channelization. Groundwater duration showed that channelization and control structures had little effect. Fifty years of rainfall records at 16 Coastal Plain Weather Bureau locations have been analyzed for seasonal probabilities of specified precipitation amounts and for quarterly

number of drought days for specified recurrence intervals. Continuous stage data for the Little River Streamflow are

stored on magnetic tape for the period, 1968-1975. Filling and coding of missing data periods through 1975 was

completed. Programs have been developed for building

discharge tapes and for computing and storing summary

information such as mean daily discharge, maximum daily- instantaneous discharge, and daily area runoff. Daily alluvial groundwater discharge has been computed for Stations

I, J, and K for the record period, 1971 to 1976. A land-cover map of Little River Watershed being

prepared from Landsat imagery will be compared to "ground truth" maps derived from conventional sources. This is a step in examination of satellite imagery as a

possible source for acquiring and maintaining up-to-date

physiographic watershed data necessary for accurate ru- noff prediction. A sub-model of a previously developed

storm event model computes watershed distributed rainfall, partitioned into runoff and not-runoff amounts, thus forming maps of storm potential runoff across the

watershed.. Newly developed mathematical cascading

techniques route this runoff overland and downchannel to form the storm hydrograph at watershed outlet, making it

possible to account for the magnitude and location of varij ous watershed management changes and to calculate explicitly their effect on the hydrograph. Development of a regional streamflow recession model is continuing while a groundwater recession model for Florida watersheds is

j being developed. Techniques employing probability , generating functions derived for transforming the probabilistic structures of rainfall and hydrologic system state to obtain a probability distribution of system output were

translated into a computer program. The program is struc- tured in modular form so that different deterministic or parameteric hydrologic models can be inserted, providing

selection of the hydrologic model best suited to a specific evaluation or planning problem.

(h) Continuous Seasonal Probability of Extreme Rainfall Events, W. M. Snyder, Hydrological Sciences Bull. 20, 2, pp. 275-283, June 1975. A System for Computer Reduction of Digital Precipitation Data, T. K. Woody, published Proc. Natl. Symposium

Precipitation Analysis for Hydrologic Modeling, Amer.

Geophys. Union, pp. 18-27, June 1975. A System for Collection and Translation of Digital Precipitation Data, W. G. Knisel, Jr., published Proc. Natl. Symp. Precipitation Analysis for Hydrologic Modeling, Amer. Geophys. Union, pp. 7-17, June 1975.

Stochastic Time Distribution of Storm Rainfall, W. G.

Knisel, Jr., W. M. Snyder, Nordic Hydrology 6, pp. 242-

262, 1975.

Predicting Recessions Through Convolution, P. Yates, W.

M. Snyder, Water Resources Research 11, 3, pp. 418-422, June 1975. Developing a Parametric Hydrologic Model Useful for Sedi- ment Yield, W. M. Snyder, Proc. Sed.-Yield Workshop, Oxford, Miss. USDA, ARS-S-44, pp. 220-230, June 1975. The Role of the Watershed in Hydrologic Research, W. G.

Knisel, Jr., Water Resources Symp., Ft. Valley, Ga., Chap.

2, pp. 7-32. A Proposed Index for Comparing Hydrographs, R. H. McCuen, W. M. Snyder, Water Resources Research 11, 6, pp. 1021-1024, Dec. 1975. Time Series Data Analysis and Synthesis for Research Watersheds, W. M. Snyder, USDA, ARS-S-112, 33 pages,

Jan. 1976. Estimation of Pond Evaporation in the Georgia Coastal

Plain, R. H. McCuen, L. E. Asmussen, USDA, ARS-S-89, Mar. 1976.

Interpolation and Smoothing of Experimental Data with

Sliding Polynomials, W M Snyder, USDA, ARS-S-83, 34

pages, Apr. 1976. The Variability of the Net Radiation Ratio, R. H. McCuen,

L. E. Asmussen, Nordic Hydrology 7, pp. 135-144, 1976. Calibration of Selected Infiltration Equations for the Georgia Coastal Plain, W. Rawls, P. Yates, L. Asmussen, USDA, ARS-S-1 13, pp. 1-110, 1976. Use of a Piece-Wise Linear Model with Spatial Structure and Input for Evaluating Agricultural-To-Urban Hydrologic Impact, W. C. Mills, W. M. Snyder, T. K. Woody, R. B. Slack, J. D. Dean, Natl. Symp. Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Sediment Control, pp. 191 and 215-223, July 1976. Design Construction and Operation of Streamflow Measuring Facilities in the Little River Watershed, Georgia, P. Yates, ARS-S-148, 15 pages, Oct. 1976. 302-09287-860-00 DEVELOP METHODS FOR EVALUATING, PREDICTING,

AND REDUCING POLLUTION OF SOIL, WATER, AND

AIR BY AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS

(b) Cooperative with Univ. of Georgia Agric. Exp. Sta., Univ. of Florida Agric. Exp. Stat., Soil Conservation Service, and

the Central & Southern Florida Flood Conservation District. 174

\
(c) Loris E. Asmussen, Director. USDA-ARS, Athens, Ga., Area Southeast Watershed Research Program, P.O. Box

5677, Athens, Ga. 30604.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Develop methods for evaluating, predicting, and reducing

pollution of soil and water by mineral matter and chemicals and model the movement of agricultural minerals and

chemicals from and within agricultural land. Concentration and load of chemicals and minerals will be related to hydrologic parameters, cultural practices, and land-physical descriptions.

(g) Chemical and sediment concentration and load was deter- mined from complex-cover agricultural watersheds for the period 9/74 to 12/76. Both sediment and agricultural chemical load were determined to be quite low on these Southeastern Coastal Plain Watersheds. Samples of surface and subsurface flow from natural rainfall events were col- lected from two small (0.85 and 0.106 ac) single-cropped

(soybeans-spring, summer, and fall, oats-winter) watersheds treated with treflan and MSMA. Pesticides as

well as nitrate + nitrite-nitrogen, orthophosphorus,

chloride and conductivity determinations were made. Max- imum observed MSMA concentration was 72 ppb. Max- imum observed treflan concentration in surface runoff was

19 ppb. Subsurface runoff did not contain detectable

levels of treflan. Simulated rainfall events were applied to small (512 ft2

) subplots of Z at intervals of 2, 9, and 33

days after pesticide application to determine the persistence of treflan and MSMA in surface runoff. Maximum

observed treflan concentration was 22 ppb. Soil samples

were' also taken to determine the persistence of these

pesticides in the upper 24 inches of the soil. Grassed waterway tests were conducted to determine the reduction

of pesticide load in runoff flowing down a grassed water- way. Water quality has been surveyed at approximately 2- week intervals at selected locations in Taylor Creek

watersheds. Characteristics surveyed include nitrate- nitrogen, ortho-phosphorus, conductivity, and chloride from dairy, beef, and citrus areas of the watershed.

(h) Seasonal Variation in Water Quality of Streamflow in the Coastal Plain of Georgia, L. E. Asmussen, Ga. Coastal PI. Exp. Sta., Univ. of Ga., Res. Bull. 168, 1975. A Model for Runoff of Pesticides from Small Upland

Watersheds, R. R. Bruce, L. A. Harper, R. A. Leonard, W.

M. Snyder, A. W. Thomas, J. Environ. QualA, 4, pp. 541-

548, 1976. Downstream Dilution of Urban-Suburban Streamflow by

Rural-Agricultural Runoff in the Coastal Plain of Georgia,

L. E. Asmussen, J. M. Sheridan, Univ. of Ga., Res. Bull. 191, pp. 1-23, 1976. Reduction of 2,4-D Load in Surface Runoff Down a Grassed Waterway, L. E. Asmussen, A. W. White, Jr., E. W. Hauser, J. M. Sheridan, J. Envir. Qual. Regist. No. Q880:2, 1977.

Seasonal Variation in Runoff and Water Quality in the Taylor Creek Watershed, Okeechobee County, Florida, L. H. Allen, Jr., E. H. Stewart, W. G. Knisel, R. B. Slack, Soil & Crop Sci. Soc. of Florida Proc. 34, pp. 126-138, Nov. 18- 20, 1975. Loss of 2,4-D in Runoff from Plots Receiving Simulated

Rainfall and from a Small Agricultural Watershed, A. W.

White, Jr., L. E. Asmussen, E. W. Hauser, J. W. Turnbull,

J. of Envir. Qual. 5, 4, Oct.-Dec. 1976.

Nutrient Movement in Streamflow from Agricultural Watersheds in the Georgia Coastal Plain, L. E. Asmussen,

J. M. Sheridan, C. V. Booram. Abstract presented at the 1976 winter meeting of ASCE, Chicago, 111. A Technique for Evaluating Chemical Movement from Land Application of Agricultural Wastes and Chemicals in the Southeastern Coastal Plain, C. V. Booram, Jr., L. E. Asmussen. Abstract presented at 1976 ASAE meeting,

Lincoln, Nebraska.

Nutrient Movement in Streamflow from Agricultural Watersheds in the Georgia Coastal Plain, L. E. Asmussen,

J. M. Sheridan, C. B. Booram, Jr. Abstract presented at ASAE Winter Mtg. MSMA Losses in Runoff from Small Watersheds in the Mississippi Delta and Georgia Coastal Plain, R. D. Wauchope, L. E. Asmussen, E. W. Hauser, Jr. Abstract published in Proc. Sou. Weeds Sci. Soc. 30, 1977. Water Quality Inventory of the Southern Coastal Plain and

Atlantic Coast Flatwoods of Georgia, L. E. Asmussen, J. M.

Sheridan, H. D. Allison, Agr. Res. Serv., USDA, ARS-S49, pp. 1-27, 1975. 302-09290-220-00 EFFECTS OF BED FORMS ON THE SUSPENSION AND

BEDLOAD TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT

(c) Joe C. Willis, Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) An analytical and experimental investigation of the basic mechanics of bed forms and bedload transport. Part of the

results were applied to a Doctoral thesis at the University of Iowa.

(e) Statistical descriptions of bed forms along with measure- ment of the total sand load were obtained for different flows and temperatures in a laboratory test channel. These

data were analyzed according to a theoretical derivation of

the bed load from bed-form spectra.

(/) Nearing completion.

(g) A new method was derived for calculating the bed load as the sum of contributions by Fourier frequency components

of bed-elevation records. The amplitude of each component was taken proportional to the contribution to the

total standard deviation, which was obtained by dif- ferentiating the variance (spectral density). The celerity of each component was computed from cross spectral phase

angles between two records from points separated 0.5 ft along the flume. The sum of the bed load computed by

this method and the suspended load computed from

published models for the velocity and concentration dis- tributions agreed well with the measured sand load. No ef- fects of temperature on bed-form properties were in- dicated by the experimental data.

(/i) Sediment Discharge of Alluvial Streams Calculated from Bed-Form Statistics, J. C. Willis, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Iowa, 200 pages, Dec. 1976. 302-09292-200-00 TIME AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BOUNDARY

SHEAR STRESS IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS

(b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) C. V. Alonso, Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Computer-aided experimental studies to determine the

spatial distribution of instantaneous shear stresses exerted by turbulent flows on open-channel boundaries. These boundary stresses are being measured in an 1 8-meter

recirculating flume using hot-film anemometry techniques.

The anemometer signals are digitized in a real-time mode,

and subsequently subject to time-series analysis in order to evaluate the stochastic properties of the boundary unit tractive forces. 302-09293-220-00 LOCAL FLOW AND FORCES EXERTED ON A

STREAMBED PARTICLE

(c) N. L. Coleman, Geologist, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1 157, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Experimental, basic and applied research.

(e) Laboratory experiments to determine lift and drag coeffi- cient functions for particles on a streambed. Measure- ments of drag and lift forces, flow velocities, and other

relevant variables are being made during experiments in a water tunnel. 175
(/) Near completion. 302-09294-350-00 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WATER CONTROL STRUCTURES

(b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi, Mississippi State University and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Dr. W. C. Little, Hydraulic Engineer and Mr. J. B. Murphey, Geologist, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory,

P.O. Box 1 157, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) Develop and evaluate techniques for the design of riprap

grade control structures. Investigate, by hydraulic model

studies and field studies, the optimum geometry of energy

dissipation pools for loose-rock drop structures. Areas of

investigation include the influence of plan geometry, channel shape, channel gradient, flow parameters and rock

size. Additionally, various techniques for energy dissipa- tion within a preformed scour hole are being investigated.

(g) Model studies have shown that additional energy dissipa- tion mechanisms are needed even with preformed, rock

lined scour holes. Model studies showed that when the

ratio of specific head to drop is greater than one, a well- developed hydraulic jump does not occur and an undulating jump generates undesirable standing waves which persist large distances downstream. Various forms of both

baffle blocks and baffle plates have been shown to be ex- tremely effective in destroying the undulating waves and

reducing the erosion potential of the water as it enters the downstream channel. Prototype structures of two struc- tures have performed well. 302-09295-300-00 STREAM CHANNEL STABILITY

(b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi, Mississippi State University and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Dr. Earl H. Grissinger, Soil Scientist and Dr. W. C. Little, Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedimentation

Laboratory, P.O. Box 1 157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. . (d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) Using multivariate statistical techniques, identify the soil physiochemical properties that are significant channel

erodibility parameters and statistically relate eroding shear

stress to the soil parameters.

(g) Field erodibility studies, using a portable flume, were continued. Analysis of the data at hand indicates the stability of fine grained materials of low plasticity indices cannot be

adequately described by the D50 value. Sample morphology, clay content, and infiltration (wetting) characteristics influenced the measured erosion rates. In general, the measured erosion rates varied inversely with sample clay content. The rates were excessive for samples which had

visible, but small scale, sand lensing or other zones of relative weakness and for samples of low hydraulic conductivity which were initially tested at low antecedent water content. The pin hole test appears to have potential as a "quick" measure of erodibility for materials of this type. 302-09296-220-00 SEDIMENT PROPERTIES THAT AFFECT AGRICULTURAL

CHEMICAL TRANSPORT

(b) Cooperative with Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Ex- periment Station and with the Forest Hydrology Laboratory, USDA Forest Service.

(c) L. L. McDowell and J. D. Schreiber, Soil Scientists, USDA

Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) Determine quantity and forms of farm chemicals trans- ported in surface runoff from upland and Delta croplands;

evaluate relative significance of solution-and sediment- phase chemical transport; evaluate minimum tillage practices for reducing chemical losses from farmlands; determine physical and chemical properties of sediments that affect chemical transport; develop sediment-water-chemical relationships needed for predicting the transport of farm chemicals.

(g) Toxaphene, DDT, DDE, P and clay yields in runoff from

flat cotton land (mean slope 0.2%) in the Mississippi Delta were linearly related to sediment yield (cooperative research with the USDA-ARS Soil and Water Pollution Research Unit, Baton Rouge, La.). Mean sediment yield was 27.6 metric tons/ha/year when mean annual rainfall was 43.8 cm above the 30-year average of 125 cm. Im- proved erosion control practices are needed on Delta

lands during the tillage period when the major portion of

the annual sediment and farm chemical yields is produced.

Rapid decrease in toxaphene concentrations in the soil and

in sediment in runoff, following application, suggests that other processes such as volatilization and degradation, are responsible for its rapid dissipation. Aerodynamic and

energy balance methods were used to measure the

volatilization rates of dicofol, toxaphene, and DDT from

post application to cotton in an USDA-ARS cooperative

field study (1976) by personnel from Baton Rouge. La., Watkinsville, Ga., and Oxford, Miss. N, P, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) losses in runoff and sediments from no-till corn grown on highly erodible upland soils in north Mississippi were 9, 1.7, and 96 kg/ha,

respectively, compared to 118, 21, and 1075 kg/ha from

conventional till. Crop residues can contribute significant concentrations and yields of soluble organic carbon (C) to runoff. Mean annual concentrations of organic C in runoff were 10.3 and 7.8 mg/1 from no-till corn for grain (residues left) and silage, respectively, compared with 7.4 and 4.8 mg/1 from conventional till grain and silage. By

controlling erosion, no-till is effective in reducing sediment and total plant nutrient yields in runoff from agriculture. Total P yields (aqueous + sediment) in runoff from pine watersheds on loessial and Coastal Plain soils in north Mississippi were low, averaging only 300 g/ha. Total dissolved P input to the watersheds in rainfall was 400 g/ha, indicat- ing a net gain of P to the watersheds. Of the total P lost from the watersheds, 70 percent was transported via suspended sediment; the rest, in solution. Even though sediment yields were low (185 to 950 kg/ha), the major

part of the total P loss was via suspended sediment,

(/i) Erosion and Water Quality, L. L. McDowell, E. H.

Grissinger, Proc. 23rd Natl. Watershed Congress, pp. 40-56, 1976. Callahan Reservoir: I. Sediment and Nutrient Trap Effi- ciency, D. L. Rausch, J. D. Schreiber, accepted for publi- cation in Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engrs. 20, 1977. Callahan Reservoir: II. Inflow and Outflow Suspended Sediment Phosphorus Relationships, J. D. Schreiber, D. L. Rausch, L. L. McDowell, accepted for publication in Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engrs. 20, 1977. Sediment Yields from a Mississippi Delta Watershed, C. E. Murphree, C. K. Mutchler, L. L. McDowell, Proc. 3rd

Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conf., pp. 1-99 to 1- 109, 1976.

Pesticide Concentrations and Yields in Runoff and Sedi- ment from a Mississippi Delta Watershed, G. H. Willis, L.

L. McDowell, J. F. Parr, C. E. Murphree, Proc. 3rd

Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conf., pp. 3-53 to 3-64, 1976.

Dissolved Nutrient Losses in Storm Runoff from Five Southern Pine Watersheds, J. D. Schreiber, P. D. Duffy, D. C. McClurkin, J. Environmental Qual. 5, pp. 201-205,

1976. 302-09297-220-00 SEDIMENT DEPOSITION

(£>) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi, the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Minnesota- 176
Minneapolis, the Great River Environmental Action Team

I, the Vicksburg, District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Jackson, Mississippi and St. Paul Minnesota.

(c) Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist; F. E. Dendy, Hydraulic Engineer; J. C. Ritchie, Soil Scientist; F. R. Schiebe, Hydraulic Engineer; C. M. Cooper, Biologist; J. May, Chemist; USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford,

Miss. 38655.

(d) Experimental laboratory and field studies; basic and applied research.

(e) Evaluate watershed, reservoir, hydrologic, hydraulic,

chemical, and microbiological parameters which affect, or

are affected, by the rates, amounts, character and areal

distribution of sediment in reservoirs, lakes, streams, estuaries and valleys. Study the biochemical, physiochemical, and geohydrological aspects of sediment-water systems in lakes, impoundments, and estuaries and relate these to management techniques. Design, develop, test, evaluate, modify, and adapt techniques, methods and instrumentation to characterize significant variables in sediment-water

systems in field and laboratory. Compile and analyze exist- ing reservoir sedimentation data including trap efficiency percentages directly by inflow and outflow measurements

and indirectly using nuclear and remote sensing

techniques. Sedimentation rates and ages are determined

by nuclear means and remote sensing techniques are applied to re-evaluation of sedimentation data. Data collection automation and mathematical modeling by digital computer of sedimentation rates and parameters are essential. (g) Measurements of sediment detention in three small north

Mississippi watersheds built in 1953, indicate deposition

rates of sediment have decreased from 2.00 to about 0.4 ac ft/yr. Annual loss of storage in the reservoirs decreased from 2.3 ~ 2.9 percent to less than 1 percent. At these

rates, the useful life of these structures will substantially exceed their 50-year design life. Automatic recording

equipment and pumping type samplers have been installed on the Bear Creek Watershed, Yazoo Basin, Mississippi and velocity, stage, pH, DO, temperature, and conductivity

of Bear Creek are monitored continuously and sediment

concentration and chemical loads are determined from pumped samples. One year's data have been collected from manual monitoring stations on Bear Creek. Similar data are being collected on Lake Chicot, southeastern Arkansas. Preliminary findings indicate dissolved oxygen is limited during the later summer, even in the deeper ox- bow lakes. Turnover of lake water in these delta lakes oc- curred in September, before the dissolved oxygen content

rose. Chemical concentrations were high but daily discharges were so low that the observed high chemical

concentrations may be misleading. Measurements of within field soil erosion by determining

the fallout Cs-137 content of soil profiles shows promise.

With this technique it may be possible to determine the

factor applicable to a given field or watershed to convert

the USLE values to actual field soil losses. The Cs-137

technique was used also to evaluate the rate of sedimentation in Pool 9, upper Mississippi River. In calm areas up to

2 feet of sediment has accumulated since 1937. The

amounts deposited from 1937 to 1954 and from 1954 to date appear about equal. The apparent rate of deposition

has not differed significantly in the past 40 years. Measurements of temperature, pH, conductivity and dis- solved oxygen in six north Mississippi reservoirs all in- dicated stratification in the reservoir but such stratification was not correlated with suspended sediment stratification. A positive relationship was found, however, between the extinction coefficient of white light and concentration of suspended sediment. Thus determinations of the extinction

coefficient profile with depth in a reservoir or lake can be

related to the suspended sediment concentration profile. In

field use it was found that this method needed individual

site calibration to provide quantitative information. In

another study the absorption of solar radiation in the sur- face waters of large water bodies was determined for in- dividual wavelengths and the whole spectrum. Measure- ments of this absorption by water with various suspended

sediment concentrations indicated that suspended sedi- ments do influence the amount of solar radiation ab- sorbed. A series of studies have shown that the total suspended

sediment load of a water body can be reliably estimated from the concentration of suspended sediments in the sur- face water. It has been shown in north Mississippi that measurements of reflected solar radiation can be used to estimate the suspended sediment concentration of surface

waters. It appears possible to determine quickly and accurately the total sediment load in a large reservoir or lake by measuring the reflected solar radiation using aerial or

satellite imagery. Such a method would permit almost an

instantaneous measurement of the suspended sediment in a

reservoir.

(/i) Comments on the paper Use of Rivers to Predict Accumulation in Sediment of Radionuclides Discharged from

Nuclear Power Plants, by P. Plato, D. N. Edgington, J. C

Ritchie, J. A. Robbins, Health Physics 29, pp. 429-431,

1975. Recent Sedimentation Rates in the Lower Mississippi Valley: Lake Verret-Lake Palourede, Louisiana, J. R. McHenry, J. C. Ritchie, J. May, Proc. Mississippi Water Resources

Conf., 1975, pp. 13-23, 1975.

Redistribution of Cesium-137 in Southeastern Watersheds,

J. R. McHenry, J. C. Ritchie. In: F. G. Howell, J. B. Gentry, M. H. Smith (eds.), Mineral Cycling in Southeast- ern Ecosystems, ERDA Symp. Series CONF-7005 13, pp. 452-461, 1975.

Deposition Rates in Valleys Determined Using Fallout Cs137, J. C. Ritchie, P. H. Hawks, J. R. McHenry, Geological

Soc. Amer. Bull. 86, pp. 1 128-1 130, 1975. A Comparison of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Carbon in Sediments and Soils of Cultivated and Noncultivated Watersheds in the North Central States, J. C. Ritchie, A.

C. Gill, J. R. McHenry, J. Environmental Quality 4, pp. .339-341, 1975.

Fallout Cs-137: A Tool in Conservation Research, J. C.

Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, J. Soil and Water Conservation 30,

pp. 283-286, 1975. Sun Angle, Reflected Solar Radiation and Suspended Sedi- ments in North Mississippi Reservoirs, J. C. Richie, F. R. Schiebe, R. B. Wilson, J. May. In: F. Shahrokhi (ed.), Remote Sensing of Earth Resources IV, Univ. Tennessee Space Inst., Tullahoma, Tenn. 1975.

Fallout Cs-137 in Estuarine Sediments, J. C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, J. Mississippi Acad. Sciences 20, pp. 34-39, 1975. Suspended Sediments in Four North Mississippi Reservoirs,

F. R. Schiebe, J. C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, J. May, Proc.

Mississippi Water Resources Conf. 1975, pp. 31-44, 1975.

Influence of Suspended Sediment on the Temperature of Surface Water of Reservoirs, F. R. Schiebe, J. C. Ritchie,

J. R. McHenry, Verh. Intl. Verein. Limnol. 19, pp. 133-

136, 1975. Color Measurements and Suspended Sediments in North

Mississippi Reservoirs, F. R. Schiebe, J. C. Ritchie. In: F. Shahrokhi (ed.), Remote Sensing of Earth Resources IV, Univ. Tennessee Space Inst., Tullahoma, Tenn., 1975. Suspended Sediment, Solar Radiation, and Heat in Agricultural Reservoirs, F. R. Schiebe, J. C. Ritchie, J. R

McHenry, Proc. 3rd Federal Interagency Sedimentation

Conf. 1976, pp. 3:1-3:12, 1976. Discussion of Temperature Dynamics of Dimictic Lakes, H.

Stefan, D. F. Ford, F. R. Schiebe, J. Hydraulics Div. ASCE

101, 1 1, pp. 1456-1458, 1975. 177
Sediment Yield-Runoff-Drainage Area Relationships in the United States, F. E. Dendy, G. C. Bolton, J. Soil and Water

Conservation 31, pp. 264-266, 1976. Development of Remote Sensing Techniques for Estimating

Suspended Sediment Concentrations, J. C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, Proc. ARS Remote Sensing Workshop, pp. 40-41,

1976. Remote Sensing in Sediment Research, J. C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, F. R. Schiebe, Proc. Mississippi Water Resources

Conf. 1976, pp. 85-92, 1976. Heat Content of North Mississippi Reservoirs, F. R. Schiebe, J. C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, Proc. Mississippi Water Resources Conf. 1976, pp. 93-102, 1976.

Fallout Cs-137 in Soil and Sediments of Some Texas Watershed Ecosystems, J. C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry. In: C.

E. Cushing, J. (ed.), Radioecology and Energy Resources,

Ecological Soc. Amer., Special Publication No. 1, Dowden,

Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. Stroudsburg, Pa., pp. 299-303,

1976.

Efficiency of Nitrogen, Carbon, and Phosphorous Retention by Small Agricultural Reservoirs, J. Environmental Quality

5, pp. 310-315, 1976. Sedimentation Rates in the Upper Mississippi River, J. R. McHenry, J. C. Ritchie, J. Verdon. In: River '76, Symp.

Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood Control and Water

Diversion, ASCE, N.Y., pp. 1339-1349, 1976. Suspended Sediment, Solar Radiation and Heat in Agricultural Reservoirs, F. R. Schieve, J. C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, Proc. 3rd Interagency Sedimentation Conf. 1976, pp.

3:1-3:12, 1976. Remote Sensing of Suspended Sediments in Surface Water,

J. C. Ritchie, F. R. Schieve, J. R. McHenry, J. Amer. Soc. Photogrammetric Engrg. and Remote Sensing 42, pp. 1539-

1545, 1976. Phosphorus in the Sediments of Lake Verret-Palourde,

Louisiana, J. May, J. R. McHenry, J. C. Ritchie, J. Mississippi Acad. Science 21, pp. 4-13, 1976. 302-09298-830-00 SOURCE AND MAGNITUDE OF SEDIMENT FROM SMALL

WATERSHEDS

(b) Cooperative with Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Ex- periment Station and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Calvin K. Mutchler, Research Leader, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1 157, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Experimental; applied and basic research.

(e) Develop methods for describing and controlling the move- ment of water and sediment from upland, field, and channel sources to a watershed outlet. The field facilities are 1

)

Pigeon Roost Creek Watershed in North Mississippi, consisting of ten subwatersheds covering 1 17 square miles; 2)

six flatland watersheds in the Mississippi Delta, a divided one of 83 acres, a natural Delta watershed of 640 acres, two 7-acre graded field segments and two 5-acre ungraded

fields; 3) Toby Tubby Creek Watershed, 1000 acres and

partly urbanized; 4) erosion plots sited on the North Mississippi Branch Experiment Station; and 5) a rainulator and computer facilities shared with other research units at the Laboratory. Primary objectives of the research are to document runoff and sediment yield from watersheds under changing cover, agricultural usage, and urbanization; to determine delivery ratios and other sediment yield prediction methods; to develop methods for controlling erosion from farm fields and other watershed sediment

sources; to investigate hydraulic and hydrologic effects of channel dredging; to determine effects of urbanization on

water and sediment yield. (g) The no-till system reduced soil losses from corn grown on

a five-percent slope to less than 0.5 tons per acre. When

the corn was cultivated twice for weed control, soil losses were maintained at less than 1 ton per acre. Calculations made using raindrop data collected in northern Mississippi supported the use of the Wischmeier

and Smith equation for calculating the rainfall erosion index used in the universal soil loss equation. Data from a Mississippi Delta watershed show that erosion can be a serious problem on very low slopes. Estimates for annual soil loss from normal rainfall were about 7 tons per

acre from cotton grown on a slope of 0.2 percent. Roughness coefficients for two sand bed channels in Pigeon Roost Creek Watershed varied with stage and time. The variation was attributed to changing bed forms and bank-bed resistance differences. Two-year annual sediment yield from a 640-acre Delta watershed was about 2 tons per acre. This watershed has

natural land slopes and has numerous small impoundments

that are typical of many Delta watersheds.

(h) Erosion Measured from a Lister-Till System, J. D. Greer,

K. C. McGregor, G. E. Gurley, B. R. Arnold, Proc. Water

Resources Conf., Apr. 29, 1976.

Status of R-Factor in North Mississippi, K C. McGregor,

C. K. Mutchler. Erosion Control with No-Till Cropping Practices, K. C. McGregor, J. D. Greer, G. E. Gurley, Trans. ASAE 18, 5, pp. 918-920, 1975. Sediment Yields Related to Characteristics of Two Adjacent

Watersheds, A. J. Bowie, G. C. Bolton, J. A. Spraberry,

ARS-S-40, June 1975. Sediment Yields from a Mississippi Delta Watershed, C. E. Murphree, C. K. Mutchler, L. L. McDowell, Proc. 3rd Fed. Interagency Sedimentation Conf., pp. 1-99 to 1-109, Mar.

22-25, 1976. Water Resources Council.

Effect of Land Use on Sediment Delivery Ratios, C. K. Mutchler, A. J. Bowie, Proc. 3rd Fed. Interagency Sedimentation Conf., pp. 1-11 to 1-21, Mar. 22-25, 1976. Water

Resources Council. 302-10628-250-00 TURBULENT CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAG-REDUCING

FLOWS

(b). Cooperative with the University of Mississippi.

(c) C. V. Alonso, Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Turbulence measurements were made in water and in polyethylene oxide aqueous solutions, using hot-film anemometry. Mean velocities, turbulent intensities, energy

spectra, and energy -dissipation rates were measured in a turbulent smooth-pipe flow.

</) Completed.

(g) Mean flow structure showed that the mean velocity follows Virk's interactive-layer profile, and that the wall shear

velocity is the proper velocity scale for polymer flows. Using Lumley's concept of an effective viscosity, the polymer spectra were cast into universal form and compared with Newtonian spectra. Results coincide reasonably

well with the universal equilibrium theory. The major ef- fect of the polymer additive appears to be an increase of

the dissipative scales of the turbulence without signifi- cantly altering the basic structure of the flow, except near

the wall.

(/i) Spectrum Analysis of Water and Drag Reducing Polymers

in Pipe Flow, W. H. Klaus, M.Sc. Thesis, Dept. Mech.

Engrg., Univ. of Mississippi, 1973. Turbulent Characteristics of Drag-Reducing Flows, C. V. Alonso, W. H Klaus, K. F. Wylie, J. Hydraulic Res. 14, 2, pp. 103-1 13, 1976. 302-10629-200-00 ANALYSIS OF SURFACE FLOWS OVER PARTIALLY

ERODING BEDS

(b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) C. V. Alonso, Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. 178
(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(f) Development of an analytical steady-state model to calculate the cross-sectional distribution of velocity and boundary tractive force in alluvial channels with regular sections. The wetted perimeter is divided into an inner region

in whiph the known critical tractive forces are exceeded, surrounded by a region where the fluid velocity is known

to vanish. This mixed boundary value problem was formulated in terms of a dual series which lead to the solution of

a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. This

solution determines the extent of the eroding zone and the

distribution of the bed-slip velocity. (g) Close-form solutions have been obtained for the particular cases of rectangular channels with incipient erosion at the bed center, and with fully eroding bed. In the first case, the agreement between the predicted maximum unit tractive forces and available experimental data is satisfactory.

In the second case, the analysis predicts an outward shift of the isotachs that leads to a significant increase of the

wall unit tractive forces. This finding is significant increase of the wall unit tractive forces. This finding is significant in that it may help to explain the severe bank erosion observed in alluvial channels following dredging operations. Research continues on the general analysis of a bed eroding over an arbitrary span, and the extension to other

cross-sectional shapes.

(h) Integral-Equation Analysis of Flows Over Eroding Beds, S. N. Prasad, C. V. Alonso, Proc. ASCE Symp. Inland Water- ways for Navigation, Flood Control and Water Diversions I, pp. 760-772, 1976. 302-10630-220-00 COMPUTER SIMULATION OF LOCALIZED SCOUR

AROUND OBSTRUCTIONS IN ERODIBLE-BED CHANNELS

(b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi.

(c) C. V. Alonso, Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Development of a three-dimensional finite-element model

to calculate the erosive flow pattern around bridge piers, spur dikes, and similar obstructions in alluvial channels. The purpose of the model is to predict the evolution in time of the scour around structures so that they can be

designed against undermining and failure. 302-10631-810-00 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR ROUTING WATER AND

SEDIMENT IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS AND AS- SOCIATED STREAM-CHANNEL SYSTEMS

(b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) C. V. Alonso and D. G. DeCoursey, Research Hydraulic

Engineers, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box

1 157, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Develop a continuous simulation watershed model that will include water and sediment components. The model will be oriented towards providing planners with an adequate

tool to assess alternative watershed management practices. Computational modeling techniques will be used to simulate the physical processes by which water and sediment move from the upland areas down to the channels draining

the watersheds. The processes to be modeled include rainfall interception, runoff, infiltration and groundwater

movement, evapotranspiration, sediment production due to raindrop impact, sheet erosion and streamflow entrain- ment, and movement of water and sediment through the channel system. A nonlinear kinematic-wave scheme will be used to simulate the movement of water and sediment

overland and in small streams, while a nonlinear dynamic- wave scheme will be developed to describe total sediment

concentration and both channel aggradation and degradation along larger channel systems. This model will be sub- sequently incorporated into a systems analysis approach to watershed problems. Such an approach will enable consideration of watershed-dynamics in terms of specific objectives and, at the same time, implementation of the objectives through optimization techniques. 302-10632-830-00 SOIL EROSION PRINCIPLES AND PROCESS

(b) Cooperative with the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station.

(c) L. D. Meyer, Agricultural Engineer, and M. J. M.

Rbmkens, Soil Scientist, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory,

P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Analytical, experimental, and field studies; basic and applied research.

(e) Investigate basic principles and processes of soil detachment, transport, and deposition by rainfall and

upland runoff. Study water movement across and into the

soil as it affects erosion and runoff rates. Evaluate erosion,

runoff, and sediment characteristics for typical land uses. Develop improved methods of predicting soil erosion and

infiltration rates. Design improved equipment to conduct

soil erosion research. Identify soil characteristics that in- fluence soil erosion and infiltration. Develop better management practices for controlling upland soil erosion by water.

(g) Concepts and methods were developed to separate soil eroded from upland sources into that from rills, due

primarily to concentrated runoff, and that from interrill areas between rills, due primarily to raindrop impact. The

amount of iron and aluminum oxide content was shown to

affect soil erodibility, particularly on high-clay soils. Sedi- ment from well-aggregated soils was found to often be much coarser than the dispersed sediment and thus affect sediment transportability. A rainfall simulator with a wide

range of intensities was developed for row-sideslope erosion research on typical field conditions. Methods of using Portland cement for soil stabilization were evaluated. (h) Influences of Mulch Rate and Slope Steepness on Interrill Erosion, A. R. Lattanzi, L. D. Meyer, M. F. Baumgardner,

Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer. Proc. 38, 6, pp. 946-950, Nov. -Dec. 1974. Overview of the Urban Erosion and Sedimentation

Processes, L. D. Meyer, Proc. Natl. Symp. Urban Rainfall and Runoff and Sediment Control, Univ. of Ky., BN 106, pp. 15-23, 1974. Stage Recorder with Direct Float-To-Pen Linkage, L. D. Meyer, G. R. Foster, Trans. ASAE 17, pp. 666, 667, 672,

1974. The Influence of Vegetation and Vegetative Mulches on Soil Erosion, L. D. Meyer, Biological Effects in the Hydrological

Cycle, Proc. 3rd Intl. Sent. Hydrology Professors, pp. 355-

366. A Similarity During Early Stages of Rain Infiltration, L. R. Ahuja, M. J. M. Romkens, So/7 Sci. Soc. of Amer. Proc. 36,

3, pp. 541-544, May-June 1974.

Soil Erosion on Selected High Clay Subsoils, M. J. M.

Romkens, D. W. Nelson, C. B. Roth, J. Soil and Water

Conser. 30, pp. 173-176, 1975. A Laboratory Rainfall Simulator for Infiltration and Soil Detachment Studies, M. J. M. Romkens, L. F. Glenn, D. W. Nelson, C. B. Roth, Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer. 39,

pp. 158-160, Jan.-Feb. 1975. Erosion and Sediment Control on Reshaped Land, L. D. Meyer, M. J. M. Romkens, Proc. 3rd Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conf, Denver, Colo., pp. 2.65-2.76, Mar.

22-25, 1976. Source of Soil Eroded by Water from Upland Slopes, L. D. Meyer, G. R. Foster, M. J. M. Romkens, ARS-S-40, pp. 177-189, June 1975.

Effect of Flow Rate and Canopy on Rill Erosion, L. D. Meyer, G. R. Foster, S. Nikolov, Trans. ASAE 18, 5, pp. 905-91 1, 1975. Mathematical Simulation of Upland Erosion by Fundamental Erosion Mechanics, G. R. Foster, L. D. Meyer, ARS-S40, pp. 190-207, June 1975. 179

254-330 O - 78 - 13
Soil Erosion Concepts and Misconceptions, L. D. Meyer, D. G. DeCoursey, M. J. M. Romkens, Proc. 3rd Federal Inter- Agency Sedimentation Conf., Denver, Colo., pp. 2.1-2.12, Mar. 22-25, 1976.

Prediction and Control of Urban Erosion and Sedimentation, L. D. Meyer, M. A. Ports, Natl. Symp. Urban

Hydrology, Hydraulics and Sediment Control, Univ. of Ky., Lexington, Ky., pp. 323-331, July 26-29, 1976. Philosophy of Erosion Simulation for Land Use Management, D. G. DeCoursey, L. D. Meyer, Proc. Natl. Erosion

Conf., West Lafayette, Ind., May 1976. 302-10633-300-00 STREAM CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY AND STABILIZATION

AND PRACTICES FOR WATER EROSION

(b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi.

(c) W. C. Little, Research Hydraulic Engineer, and E. H.

Grissinger, Soil Scientist, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1 157, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Field investigations.

(e) Determine mode and causes of channel instabilities and

develop, test and evaluate techniques and criteria for design, stabilization and maintenance of stream channels.

Investigate, by model and field studies, mode and causes

of bank failures and methods and means of channel sta- bilization and protection. Determine by both laboratory and field experiments the effects of geology, geomorphology, soils, land use and climate on runoff and sediment

production and the integrated effects of these factors on

channel stability. 302-10634-810-00 MODELING STORM RAINFALL PATTERNS IN THE

SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS

(c) Dr. A. D. Nicks, Agricultural Engineer, and E. H. Seely, Hydraulic Engineer, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 400, Chickasha, Okla. 73018.

(d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(e) Deterministic and stochastic models of rainfall patterns

will be developed by classifying and analyzing at least 1

years of storm data collected from a dense rain gage net- work. Nonlinear least squares and principal components

regression techniques will be used in the analysis to esti- mate parameters of both storm- and area-centered deptharea-duration relationships. Storm rainfall patterns will be

characterized by amount, duration, pattern shape, size and

orientation, and statistical distribution of the characteristics will be constructed. Parameters of these distribu- tions and Monte Carlo sampling techniques will be used to develop synthetic records of rainfall. The approach used

will be oriented toward modeling runoff producing storm

events of a size pertinent to the design of flood control and water supply reservoirs and aiding the development

and testing of hydrologic models on watersheds ranging from 1 to 300 square miles in area. Purpose of the work is to develop improved deterministic and stochastic models

of areal rainfall patterns as related to maximum depth, storm duration, and frequency of storm occurrence.

(g) The model has been tested on several large storms in the Great Plains, Black Hills, and Enid, as well as storms occurring on the Chickasha network. It was concluded that the model has predictive capability in other areas of the Great Plains.

(It ) Stochastic Generation of Hydrologic Model Inputs, A. D.

Nicks, Dissertation, Univ. Oklahoma, 1975. 302-10635-810-00 PREDICTING SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM LARGE

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS

(c) P. B. Allen, Hydraulic Engineer and N. H. Welch, Soil

Scientist, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box

400, Chickasha, Okla. 73018.

(d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(e) Deterministic sediment predictive models for large watersheds require a channel transport capability component in addition to land erosion variables. Using existing transport equations as guides and sediment transport data from seven gaged watersheds, a new transport relation will be developed for the Southern Plains. After removing the transport effects from the sediment yield data, regression and optimization techniques will be used to develop the land erosion portion of the model. Parameters of the ero- sion portion of the model will be similar to those used in the Universal gross erosion equation. However, an attempt

will be made to use parameters that do not use the

prohibitively large amount of time and effort that is required in using the Universal equation. An improved

rainfall energy-intensity relation (EI) will be sought. The

purpose of the work is to develop a sediment prediction

model capable of predicting sediment yield from large (20

to 200 sq.mi.) agricultural watersheds in the Southern

Plains. The model will be able to predict storm sediment

yield under different basin management patterns by parti- cle sizes, and from reasonably available input data. (g) Sets of turbidimeter readings and suspended sediment concentrations were critically analyzed to determine if a tur- bidimeter could be used for routine measurement of sedi- ment concentrations. It was concluded that the turbidimeter was too inaccurate for research studies because the readings are sensitive to changes in particle size. The

meter is more sensitive to fine particles than to coarse particles. Percentages of area in each soil type in six tributary watersheds have been compiled for watershed modeling

studies. Separate soil areas in each Thiessen rainfall area of one watershed have also been compiled.

(/;) Total Sediment Load by the Extrapolated Data Procedure,

P. B. Allen, B. B. Barnes. In: Present and Prospective

Technology for Predicting Sediment Yield and Sources, pp. 100-108, USDA-ARS-S-40, 285 pages, 1975. 302-10636-810-00 PREDICTION OF SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM SMALL

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHERN

PLAINS

(c) N. H. Welch, Soil Scientist, and P. B. Allen, Hydraulic Engineer, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box

400, Chickasha, Okla. 73018.

(d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(e) Utilize hydrologic data collected from several small unit source watersheds representing various land uses and other sediment source areas to predict sediment yield from small

agricultural watersheds. The watersheds include cropland,

rangeland, and gullied areas ranging in size from 12 to 45

acres for the cropland and rangeland, and less than 10 acres for the gullied area. The cropland areas are in alluvial soils and consist of dryland and irrigated row crops and

dryland winter wheat. The rangeland areas are in good to excellent and poor to fair range condition. Techniques

developed on the small watersheds will be used with data from a 35-square-mile subdivided watershed to predict sediment yield from larger and more complex watersheds. The purpose of the work is to develop procedures to predict the amount, rate, source, and character of sediment

yield from agricultural watersheds.

(g) Gully sediment yields from individual storms on a watershed where the gully occupied 22 percent of the area were highly related to precipitation and runoff. Both linear and logarithmic relations fitted on 2 years of data un- derestimated storm sediment yields in the succeeding 2

years. Soil properties needed to calculate soil erodibility values were measured on samples from six mapping units. The variability of the calculated erodibility within a mapping unit averaged 30 percent over the six mapping

units. Variability of this magnitude could be important in erosion model evaluation, calibration, and prediction.

(/>) Sediment Yield Characteristics from Unit Source Watersheds, pp. 125-129. In: Present and Prospective

Technology for Predicting Sediment Yield and Sources, E. D. Rhoades, N. H. Welch, G. A. Coleman, ARS-S-40, 285

pages, 1975. 180
The Modified Chickasha Sediment Sampler, P. B. Allen, N.

H. Welch, E. D. Rhoades, C. D. Edens, G. E. Miller, ARSS-107, 13 pages, 1976. 302-10637-870-00 CHEMICAL TRANSPORT FROM AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS

(c) Dr. M. H. Frere, Soil Scientist, Dr. A. D. Nicks, Agricultural Engineer, and J. W. Naney, Geologist, USDA,

Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 400, Chickasha,

Okla. 73018.

(d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(e) Chemical content of water and sediment from various watersheds at Chickasha as well as data in the literature

will be used to evaluate existing chemical transport models. Tracers and various chemical analyses will be used

to measure and characterize leaching, base flow, and

groundwater movement. Additional data indicated by the models will be collected to further verify and improve the models. Purpose of the work is to test, modify or develop models for predicting various chemical pollutants in sur- face runoff, base flow, groundwater, and sediment from

agricultural watersheds. 302-10638-810-00 DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF HYDROLOG1C

MODELS FOR WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHERN

GREAT PLAINS

(c) Dr. A. D. Nicks, Agricultural Engineer, G. A. Gander,

Mathematician, and Dr. M. A. Frere, Soil Scientist, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 400,

Chickasha, Okla. 73018.

(d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(e) Various existing continuous simulation models will be

tested with data for Southern Great Plains watersheds

ranging in size from 10 to 250,000 acres and containing

various soils and land uses. The responses of the models to a range of climatic conditions will be tested by using 10 to

15 years of recorded observations. The sensitivity of vari- ous model parameters to the climatic and physiographic

characteristics of the region and the criteria for selecting values of model parameters will be determined, as well as evaluating the accuracy of the simulated results. Modifications of the models will be coordinated with the testing and development of chemical and sediment transport models to assure compatibility. The purpose of the work is to evaluate and develop continuous simulation models for predicting the water resources of large Southern Great

Plains watersheds with mixed and changing land use, and

for predicting water movement associated with chemical and sediment transport. 302-10639-860-00 INCREASING THE BENEFICIAL USE OF STREAMFLOW

(c) R. R. Schoof, Hydraulic Engineer, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 400, Chickasha, Okla. 73018.

(d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(e) Transmission loss from selected storm runoff events and

base flow will be determined for streams with tandem gaging stations. The effect of dredging two channels on trans- mission losses will be investigated with before and after measurements. Water will be released from selected flood- water retarding reservoirs during the irrigation season to determine all losses between the reservoirs and irrigated

fields. Water budget records will be collected at four floodwater retarding reservoirs and the effect of storage and extensive releases of water from reservoirs for irriga- tion on the reservoir onsite water loss will be determined. The purpose of the work is to evaluate transmission losses from flow in both natural and dredged channels with storm

flows and with irrigation water releases, and to evaluate

the impacts of using water stored in floodwater retarding

reservoirs for supplemental irrigation in the Southern

Plains.

302-10640-820-00 EVALUATION OF ALLUVIAL AND TERRACE DEPOSITS

FOR AQUIFER PERFORMANCE AND WATER SUPPLY

CAPABILITY

(b) Cooperative with the Geology Department, Oklahoma

State University, Stillwater; and the Oklahoma Water

Resources Board, Oklahoma City. (c) Dr. D. C. Kent, Geologist, Oklahoma State Univ., Still- water, Oklahoma 74074, and J. W. Naney, Geologist,

USDA, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma 73018.

(d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(e) A USGS model of groundwater flow will be tested using 10 years of records from the ARS study area. These

records include precipitation, streamflow, and groundwater

levels and hydrogeologic properties of the alluvium. The

calibrated and tested model will then be used to estimate optimum well spacing and safe pumping rates to meet Oklahoma Water Rights laws. The computer output will be used to develop maps of groundwater resources. Purpose

of the work is to ( 1 ) calibrate and validate an existing mathematical model for predicting changes in groundwater

storage; and (2) make preliminary estimates of ground- water storage and determine the maximum yield and cor- responding well spacing requirements in the ARS study area of the Washita River basin and Tillman terraces in Tillman County, Oklahoma.

(g) A USGS model (Trescott-Pinder) has been calibrated with ARS data in the study reach of the Washita and found to operate adequately. 302-10641-810-00 SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO WATERSHED AND

CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE WESTERN

GULF REGION

(b) Cooperative with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Tex. 77843.

(c) J. R. Williams, Hydraulic Engineer, Blackland Conservation Research Center, P.O. Box 748, Temple, Tex. 76501.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Procedures for describing sediment movement from

uplands to downstream points are being developed for use

in flood control planning, water quality modeling, and land use management. Mathematical models are being

developed to predict sediment yields and graphs from

small agricultural watersheds. Also sediment routing models are being designed to route sediment yields from

small watersheds to the outlets of large watersheds.

(g) A sediment-runoff model for predicting sediment yield and

runoff from ungaged watersheds was developed by at- taching the modified universal soil loss equation (MUSLE)

to a runoff model. Techniques for determining the average

slope length and gradient of a watershed from topographic

maps were developed. Delivery ratios were computed on

ungaged watersheds by dividing long-term sediment yield by sheet erosion. Sediment yield was predicted with the sediment-runoff model and sheet erosion was predicted with the USLE. The computed delivery ratios were related

to watershed characteristics to obtain a prediction equation for use on ungaged watersheds. A sediment graph

model based on an instantaneous unit sediment graph

(IUSG) was developed for use on small agricultural watersheds. The IUSG is the distribution of sediment from

a burst of rainfall that produces one unit of runoff. Thus

the IUSG is convolved with source runoff to obtain the storm sediment graph.

(/i) Predicting Sediment Yield Frequency for Rural Basins to Determine Man's Effect on Long-Term Sedimentation, J. R. Williams, Proc. Paris Symp., 1AAS-AISH Publ. No. 113, pp. 105-108, Sept. 1974. Sediment Routing for Agricultural Watersheds, J. R. Williams, Water Resources Bulletin, A WRA 11, 5, pp. 965-974,

1975. Sediment-Yield Prediction with Universal Equation Using Runoff Energy Factor, ARS-S-40, pp. 244-252, 1975. 181
302-10642-870-00 PREDICTION OF WATER QUALITY AS AFFECTED BY

FERTILIZER APPLIED TO AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS

(b) Cooperative with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Tex. 77843.

(c) J. R. Williams, Hydraulic Engineer, Blackland Conservation Research Center, P.O. Box 748, Temple, Tex. 76501.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Mathematical models are being developed to predict

nitrogen and phosphorus yields from small agricultural watersheds and to route N and P through streams and val- leys to large reservoirs and rivers. Also a land management

model is being developed to maximize agricultural production on a watershed within sediment, N, and P constraints

at the outlet. These models will be useful in planning water resources projects and land management.

(g) A sediment-phosphorus-nitrogen model (SPNM) is being

developed to predict sediment, P, and N yields for in- dividual storms on small watersheds and to route these

yields through streams and valleys. Sediment predictions

are based on the modified universal soil loss equation and

sediment routing. N and P yields are predicted with equations developed by Midwest Research Institute for EPA. The equations related annual N and P yield to annual sedi- ment yield, soil concentrations, and enrichment ratios. SPNM applies the equations to single storms so the varia- tion in soil concentration between fertilizer applications can be included. Also, since sediment routing is used, particle size distribution is always available for computing en- richment ratios. 302-10643-810-00 RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS IN THE WESTERN GULF REGION

{b) Cooperative with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Tex. 77843.

(c) C. W. Richardson, Agr. Engr., Blackland Conservation Research Center, P.O. Box 748, Temple, Tex. 76501.

(d) Experimental, field investigations; applied research and

development.

(e) Precipitation amounts and intensities and resulting rates and amounts of runoff are being determined from agricultural watersheds in central Texas. Soil water measurements

are made on selected watersheds. The data are used to define the effects of crops, agricultural treatments, and

watershed physical characteristics on the quantity and spatial and temporal distribution of surface runoff.

(g) Hydrologic effects of rangeland brush control by chemical and mechanical methods were evaluated. In the Blackland

Prairie of Texas a small watershed infested with honey

mesquite was treated with a herbicide to kill the mesquite. Runoff data was compared to that from an untreated area. The results indicate that killing the mesquite increased sur- face runoff approximately 10 percent. In the Edwards

Plateau of Texas the brush on a small watershed with mixed species of brush was removed by mechanical root plowing. Surface runoff was reduced approximately 20

percent after root plowing.

(/i) Occurrence of 2,4,5-T and Picloram in Surface Runoff Water in the Blacklands of Texas, R. W. Bovey, E. Burnett, C. W. Richardson, M. G. Merkle, J. R. Baur, W. G.

Knisel, J. Env. Qual. 3, pp. 61-64, 1974. Occurrence of 2,4,5-T and Picloram in Subsurface Water

in the Blacklands of Texas, R. W. Bovey, E. Burnett, C. W.

Richardson, J. R. Baur, M. G. Merkle, D. E. Kissel, J. Env.

Qual. 4, pp. 103-106, 1975.

Losses of Nitrogen in Surface Runoff in the Blackland

Prairie of Texas, D. E. Kissel, C. W. Richardson, E. Burnett, J. Env. Qual. 5, 3, pp. 288-302, 1976.

302-10644-810-00 MODELING HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES ON AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN WESTERN GULF REGION

(b) Cooperative with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Tex. 77843.

(c) C. W. Richardson, Agr. Engr., Blackland Conservation Research Center, P.O. Box 748, Temple, Tex. 76501.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) Develop models of hydrologic processes on agricultural watersheds. The processes to be modeled include the stochastic characteristics of precipitation over an area, watershed infiltration and evapotranspiration processes, and other hydrologic processes.

(g) A model of the stochastic structure of the tjme-area daily precipitation process was developed. The square roots of

daily precipitation at a point approximated a sample from

a truncated univariate normal distribution. Maximum

likelihood estimates of daily means and standard deviations were obtained from the truncated samples. The

periodic means and standard deviations were described

with Fourier series. The truncated multivariate normal dis- tribution was used to describe the time-area variation of

daily precipitation over an area. The serial correlation for each station was a regional constant, and the cross correlation between stations was a function of inter-station distance. Precipitation sequences were generated for two

areas. The new sequences were not significantly different from the observed sequences in the daily means and stan- dard deviations, the lag-one serial correlation coefficients, the lag-zero cross correlation coefficients, the wet-dry

transition probabilities, and the distributions of 28-day and

annual precipitation. The model should be useful for generating long samples of daily precipitation over an area

for input to deterministic hydrologic models.

(/i) Modeling Evaporative Components of Multi-Land-Use

Watersheds, C. W. Richardson, J. T. Ritchie, Am. Soc. of

Agr. Engr. Paper No. 75-2029, 15 pages, 1975.

Calculating Evaporation from Native Grassland Watersheds, J. T. Ritchie, E. D. Rhoades, C. W. Richardson, Trans. ASAE 19, 6, pp. 1098-1 103, 1976. A Model of Stochastic Structure of Daily Precipitation Over An Area, C. W. Richardson, Colorado State Univ., Dept.

Civil Engrg, Dissertation, 188 pages, 1976.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE WESTERN REGION, 2850 Telegraph Avenue, Berkeley,

Calif. 94705. Dr. H. C. Cox, Deputy Administrator. 303-0201W-810-00 EFFECT OF RUNOFF, PRECIPITATION, CLIMATE, SOIL,

VEGETATION, LAND USE, AND LANDFORM ON SEDI- MENT YIELD

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 4.0120. 303-0202W-8 10-00 CLIMATE, SOIL, AND VEGETATION INFLUENCES ON

HYDROLOGY OF RANGELANDS IN THE NORTHWEST

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 7.0093. 303-0226W-820-00 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE AND MANAGEMENT IN CALIFORNIA

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 4.0044. 303-0227W-8 10-00 CLIMATE, SOIL AND VEGETATION INFLUENCES ON

HYDROLOGY OF RANGELANDS IN THE SOUTHWEST

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.0045. 182
303-0228W-8 10-00 STREAM FLOW REGIMES OF SEMIARID RANGELAND

WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHWEST

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.0046.

303-0229W-8 10-00 PRECIPITATION PATTERNS ON RANGELAND

WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHWEST

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.0047. 303-0234W-820-00 SOIL WATER MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO THE CONSERVATION OF WATER SUPPLIES

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 3.0004. 303-0235W-840-00 EFFICIENT IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURAL WATER

USE

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 3.0005. 303-0236W-860-00 INCREASING AND CONSERVING FARM WATER SUP- PLIES

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 3.0006. 303-024 1W-840-00 IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR EFFICIENT WATER USE

See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 8.0004. 303-0350W-840-00 MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER IN RELATION

TO CROP REQUIREMENTS, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION

AND LABOR REQUIREMENTS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 3.0122. 303-0351 W-840-00

ALLEVIATION OF SALT LOAD IN IRRIGATION WATER

RETURN FLOW

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 5.0247. 303-0352W-840-00 DESIGN AND OPERATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS TO

MAXIMIZE EFFICIENCIES OF WATER USE

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 8.0123. 303-0353W-860-00 PLANT GROWTH AND WATER USE IN THE NORTHERN

PLAINS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 3.01 13. 303-0354W-070-00 FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA IN RELATION TO DRAINAGE

DESIGN AND DISPOSAL OF POLLUTANTS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 8.0122. 303-03S5W-820-00 MEASUREMENT, PREDICTION AND CONTROL OF SOIL- WATER MOVEMENT IN ARID SOILS

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0322. 303-0356W-8 10-00 RUNOFF CONTROL BY MANIPULATION OF SOIL PROPERTIES

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 4.0079.

303-0360W-830-00 TILLAGE, CROP AND RESIDUE PRACTICES FOR CONTROL OF EROSION IN THE NORTHWEST

See Water Resources Research Catalog 8, 3.0394.

303-0361 W-880-00

INTERAGENCY FRAIL LANDS STUDY-MONTANA

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0696. 303-0362W-8 10-00 EFFECT OF RANGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SURFACE RUNOFF

See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 4.0140. 303-0441 W-860-00

INCREASING, CONSERVING, AND MANAGING SURFACE

WATER SUPPLIES FOR AGRICULTURAL USE

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 3.001 1. 303-0442W-8 10-00 INFILTRATION, EROSION CONTROL AND SOIL WATER

MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION

See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 3.0128. 303-05209-840-00 DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED SURFACE IRRIGATION

SYSTEMS

(c) A. S. Humpherys, Agr. Engr., Snake River Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho.

(d) Experimental, field investigations; applied research and

development.

(e) Develop improved surface systems for the control and application of irrigation water. Devices, structures and

techniques for manual, semiautomatic and automatic application of irrigation water will be developed to enable more efficient use of farm water supplies and reduce soil erosion and sedimentation. Structures and devices are

tested in the laboratory and the field to determine their hydraulic characteristics and to evaluate the design, per- formance and adaptability to field conditions. Complete

systems will be field tested to evaluate their water and

labor requirements and ability to control erosion.

(g) Automatic, low pressure pipeline valves and the associated controls for surface irrigation have been developed. These

are particularly well-suited for use with gated pipe and

have been designed for 6-, 8- and 10-inch pipe. The valves operate on water from the pipeline and the battery- powered control units use both mechanical and electrical timers. In addition to being used in conventional gated

pipe systems, the valves are being tested in automatic-cut- back and multiset furrow irrigation systems to increase water use efficiency and to reduce field runoff and soil loss. Concrete-pipe ditch turnouts are being semi-auto- mated using timers for border irrigation.

(/>) Automatic Controls for Surface Irrigation Systems, A. S. Humpherys, Proc. IFAC Symp. Automatic Controls for

Agriculture, C-6, pp. 1-16, Comm. Automatic Control,

Natl. Res. Council of Canada, Saskatoon, June 18-20, 1974. Automated Valves for Surface Irrigation Pipelines, A. S. Humpherys, R. L. Stacey, Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., J. Irrig. Drain Div. 101, IR2, pp. 95-109, Proc. Paper 1 1380. How to Get the Most Benefit from Plastic Pipe, A. S. Humpherys, Irrig. Age 10, 6, pp. 28, 30 and 32. An Experimental Buried Multiset Irrigation System, R. V.

Worstell, Trans. ASAE 19,6, pp. 1 122-1128.

Cast-In-Place 2-Foot Concrete Trapezoidal Flow Measuring

Flumes, A. S. Humpherys, J. A. Bondurant, USDA Tech.

Bull, (in press). Energy and Irrigation System Planning, A. S. Humpherys

(Contributing Editor), Irrig. Age 11, 7, pp. 73 and 75. 183
303-09312-840-00 DESIGN AND OPERATION CRITERIA FOR IRRIGATION

RETURN FLOW SEDIMENT PONDS

(c) James A. Bondurant, Agr. Engr., USDA-ARS-WR, Route

1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho 83341.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Many irrigation systems have runoff streams which contribute sediment to a receiving stream. The sediment may

carry pesticides, herbicides, phosphorus and nitrogen which may contribute to further degradation of receiving

streams. Much of this sediment may be trapped in ponds

built either for an individual field, farm, or for a project

wasteway. The purpose of this study is to develop methods

and criteria to use in designing efficient sediment ponds

considering flow rates, sediment size, and quality. (g) Sediment ponds have been constructed for study purposes. Trapping efficiencies have ranged from 30 to 90 percent, and was best at higher flows which have a greater concentration of larger particle sizes. (h) Some Aspects of Sedimentation Pond Design, J. A. Bondurant, C. E. Brockway, M. J. Brown. Pages C-35-41, In: C.

T. Haan (ed.), Proc. Natl. Symp. Urban Hydrology and

Sediment Control, Univ. Ky., Lexington, July 28-31, UKYBU109.

303-09315-810-00 INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC, BIOLOGIC, AND PHYSICAL

FACTORS ON RANGELAND WATERSHED HYDROLOGY

(b) Soil Conservation Service.

(c) L. M. Cox, Hydrologist, Northwest Watershed Research

Center, P.O. Box 2700, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Develop, test, and apply methods for measuring and predicting snow water distribution for continuous and discon- tinuous (drift) snowpack areas; test and improve snowmelt

computation procedures for long-term and short-term (approaching real time) forecast periods. Provide

precipitation inputs compatible with watershed modeling

requirements. Develop and test watershed models for ru- noff prediction and stream channel flow conveyance consistent with needs for predicting environmental impact of rangeland management on water quality and supply. Approach will be to correlate with ground truth snowfall computed from dual gage system and photogrammetric

analysis. Analyze precipitation network to provide watershed model input and determine whether size can be

reduced. Compare snowmelt forecasts from models with

action agency forecasts and discuss improvements with

agencies. Test watershed models involving runoff production and channel routing procedures using existing data

sets and implement appropriate data network changes.

Cooperate with State and Federal units in utilization of watershed models to study environmental impact of range

uses. (g) Improved instrumentation tested for sensing snow water

content and meteorological parameters for improving

water supply forecasts. (h) Nature's Reservoir, Office of Communications, USDA, Washington, DC, Picture Story 293, Jan. 1976. A Device for Evaluating the Water Vapor Exchange

Between Snow and Air, L. M. Cox, J. F. Zuzel, L. Perkins, Water Resources Research 12, 1, p. 22, 1976. Optimizing Long-Term Streamflow Forecasts, J. F. Zuzel, D. C. Robertson, W. J. Rawls, J. Soil and Water Conservation 30, 2, pp. 76-78, 1975. Comparison of Precipitation Gage Catches with a Modified

Alter and a Rigid Alter Type Windshield, W. J. Rawls, D.

C. Robertson, J. F. Zuzel, W. R. Hamon, Water Resources Research 1 1, 3, pp. 4 1 5-4 1 7, 1975. Snow: Nature's Reservoir, L. M. Cox, W. J. Rawls, J. F. Zuzel, Water Resources Bulletin 11, 5, pp. 1009-1012,

1975.

Relative Importance of Meteorological Variables in Snowmelt, J. F. Zuzel, L. M. Cox, Water Resources Research 11,

1, pp. 174-176, 1975.

303-09316-810-00 INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGIC AND SOIL FACTORS ON RAN- GELAND WATERSHED HYDROLOGY

(b) Bureau of Land Management.

(c) C. L. Hanson, Agric. Engr., G. A. Schumaker, Soil Scientist, and G. R. Stephenson, Geologist, Northwest Watershed Research Center, P.O. Box 2700, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Investigate evaporative water losses from rangeland watersheds and develop models that describe evapotranspiration from rangeland watersheds. Evaluate the effects of range management practices on the hydrologic cycle and

incorporate rangeland watershed data into the develop- ment and testing of rangeland hydrology models. Deter- mine the relationships between soil-water changes and the associated rangeland watershed responses. Measure water

quality parameters and determine their relationships to snowmelt and rainfall runoff, soil and vegetation characteristics, land use, and topographic and physiographic fea- tures. Determine chemical and biologic constituents in channel flow, irrigation return flow, and runoff from small

feedlots. (g) Publication of a model for predicting evapotranspiration from native rangelands in the northern Great Plains. A

study on sagebrush control has been completed. Water

quality studies have found that water quality standards in upland rangelands streams are rarely exceeded; however,

in streams along irrigated pastures, where cattle are wintered, fecal coliform standards may be exceeded up to 50

percent of the time.

(/;) Model for Predicting Evapotranspiration from Native Rangelands in the Northern Great Plains, C. L. Hanson, Trans, of the ASAE 19, 3, pp. 471-477, 481, 1976.

Influence of Fertilization and Supplemental Runoff Water

on Production and Nitrogen Content of Western Wheatgrass and Smooth Brome, C. L. Hanson, G. A. Schumaker,

C. J. Erickson, J. of Range Management 29, 5, pp. 406-

409, 1976. 303-09318-830-00 EFFECT OF RUNOFF, PRECIPITATION, CLIMATE, SOIL,

VEGETATION, LAND USE AND LAND FORM ON SEDI- MENT YIELD

(b) Bureau of Land Management.

(c) C. W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer, Northwest Watershed

Research Center, P.O. Box 2700, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Measure sediment yield and determine its relationship to snowmelt and rainfall runoff, soil and vegetation characteristics, land use, and topographic and physiographic features. Sediment yields and runoff are measured for important sediment contributing areas. Erosion from hillslopes is determined by topographic surveys and, together with vegetation surveys, climatic and soils information will be used to evaluate the Universal and modified Universal Soil Loss Eqaution. Suspended and bedload samplers are providing data on sediment transport and sediment grainsize during runoff events.

(g) Sediment sources and yields are being established for ran- geland conditions. Water quality parameters are being measured and correlated with rangeland uses. (h) Sediment Sources and Yields from Sagebrush Rangeland

Watershed, C. W. Johnson, C. L. Hanson, Proc. Interagen- cy Sedimentation Conf., Denver, Colo., pp. 1-70 to 1-80, 1976. Idaho Rangeland Watershed Management and Research, C. W. Johnson, V. S. Webb, Watershed Management Symp., ASCE Irrigation and Drainage Div., Logan, Utah, 1975. Sediment Yield from Southwest Idaho Rangeland

Watersheds, C. W. Johnson, G. R. Stephenson, C. L. Hanson, R. L. Engleman, C. E. Englebert, Paper No. 74-2505,

ASAE Ann. Winter Mtg., Chicago, III., 1974. 184
303-09319-830-00 SELECTING A COMBINED WATERSHED RUNOFF-SOIL

EROSION MODEL FOR THE NONIRRIGATED

NORTHWEST

(b) Cooperative with University of Idaho Agricultural Experi- ment Station.

(c) Myron Molnau, Agr. Engr. Dept., Buchanan Engrg. Lab., Univ. of Idaho; and D. K. McCool, USDA, ARS, Agr.

Engr. Dept., 219 Smith Engr. Bldg., Washington State

Univ., Pullman, Wash. 99164.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic, applied, and developmental research; thesis. (e) Existing watershed runoff models will be examined as to

applicability for adequately describing runoff under Pacific Northwest conditions. Each watershed model will be as- sessed as to input requirements, applicability to small watersheds (10 to 500 acres), snowmelt component

modeling, and suitability of outputs for potential erosion models. The potential erosion models will be most criti- cally evaluated as to ability to distinguish between rain- drop impact erosion and erosion resulting from overland

flow. Promising models will be made operational on a computer and some tests as to adequacy for prediction purposes will be made using available data.

(g) A snowmelt model has been developed for the Palouse

agricultural area. The model is based on the degree day

equation with the melt factor a function of accumulated

degree days. Because of the cloudy winters, solar radiation apparently does not play as important a role here as in other areas of the nation. The model is capable of handling up to four watershed zones based primarily on slope and aspect. The new snowmelt model was introduced into the USDAHL-74 watershed model; then the USDAHL-74

model, the Kentucky watershed model, and the TVA API

runoff model were all tested with data from Missouri Flat Creek, a 7100-hectare (27.1-sq mile) watershed on the Washington-Idaho border. All three models gave adequate

simulation of annual and monthly total runoff even though

the TVA model has no snowmelt routine. This is probably because the snowfall is typically high density and mixed

with rain. The USDAHL-74 and Kentucky models did well on daily simulation with the USDAHL-74 model slightly better. Comparison of hydrographs is thus far inconclusive.

(h) Simulation of the Snow Hydrology of the Palouse Prairie, D. L. King, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Idaho, 1976.

Application of Runoff Models to a Palouse Watershed, M.

Molnau, K. H. Yoo, ASAE Paper No. 77-2048, presented 1977 Summer Mtg. ASAE. Copy of paper can be obtained from first author. 303-09320-830-00 CAUSATIVE FACTORS AND SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF

EROSION IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST DRYLAND

GRAIN GROWING REGION

(b) Cooperative with Washington State University Agricultural

Experiment Station and University of Idaho Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) D. K. McCool and R. I. Papendick, USDA, ARS, 215

Johnson Hall, Washington State Unviersity, Pullman, Wash. 99163.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic, applied, and developmental research.

(e) Use field studies to determine the quantitative effects of

climatic influences, physiographic features, soil physical

conditions, and agricultural land treatment on water- caused soil erosion. Develop from these data gross empirical models for short-term use in predicting soil loss on Palouse soils. Develop and test, in laboratory and field, combined hydrologic/erosion-sedimentation models to deter- mine their usefulness in assessing the effect on soil erosion

of proposed cultural treatments and mechanical systems.

(g) A first-generation adaptation of the Wischmeier-Smith or

Universal Soil Loss Equation has been developed from

field soil loss data. The adaptation includes slope length and steepness relationships different from those used in

the midwest as well as climatic hazard factor (equivalent erosion index) that includes the effects of snowmelt ru- noff. The adapted equation is being used by the Soil Conservation Service in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington on a

trial basis. Research is continuing to improve the relationship.

(/i) Variation of Suspended Sediment Load in the Palouse Region of the Northwest, D. K. McCool, R. I. Papendick,

presented 1975 Winter Mtg. ASAE. Copy of paper can be obtained from first author. The Universal Soil Loss Equation as Adapted to the Pacific Northwest, D. K. McCool, R. I. Papendick, F. L. Brooks,

Proc. 3rd Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conf., Sedi- mentation Committee of the Water Resource Council, 1976. Recent Developments and Needs for Erosion Research in the Dryland Grain Region of the Pacific Northwest, D. K. McCool, M. Molnau, R. I. Papendick, F. L. Brooks, Proc. Natl. Soil Erosion Conf., SCSA, Purdue Univ., W.

Lafayette, Ind., 1976. A Portable Rill Meter for Measuring Soil Loss, D. K. McCool, M. G. Dossett, S. J. Yecha, presented 7 976 Summer

Mtg. ASAE. Copy of paper can \>e obtained from first author. 303-10623-810-00 RUNOFF QUANTITY AND QUALITY FROM PASTURE AND

CROPLAND WATERSHEDS IN THE PALOUSE REGION

OF WASHINGTON AND IDAHO

(b) Partially supported by EPA and cooperative with the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Washington State University and the University of Idaho.

(c) K. E. Saxton and D. K. McCool, USDA, ARS, 219 Smith

Agricultural Engineering, Washington State University,

Pullman, Wash. 99164.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) Several small agricultural watersheds are being studied to determine the hydrology, sedimentation, and water quality

as related to agricultural land management. Runoff from a well-managed grazed watershed and an adjacent ungrazed check watershed is being studied for sediment, chemical, and biological characteristics. Similar data from two meadow Watersheds will also determine water quality from

ungrazed areas. Runoff, sedimentation, and chemical

quality are being determined from three cropland watersheds approximately 2, 9, and 27 square miles in

size. Crops are primarily winter wheat in rotation with

spring wheat, barley, and peas. Tillage ranges from conventional plow-disk to heavy stubble mulch.

(f) Recently initiated. (g) No significant results yet available. 303-10624-870-00 NONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL FOR RANGELAND

WINTER LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Idaho.

(c) G. R. Stephenson, Geologist, Northwest Watershed

Research Center, P.O. Box 2700, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Evaluate alternative management practices, and develop

guidelines, for the control of waterborne pollutants from

cow-calf wintering operations. Sites will be selected along

Reynolds Creek in Owyhee County, Idaho; alternate management practices will be established on selected sites. All sites will be instrumental for water sampling, runoff and sediment measuring, and soil moisture and ground- water measurement. Water samples will be analyzed for

nitrate, nitrite, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, organic

carbon, coliform, fecal streptococci and other constituents including sediment from the evaluation of management

practices, guidelines for controlling runoff and potential

pollution will be developed.

(g) Project still in initiation phase.

185
303-10625-810-00 DEVELOP METHODS TO PREDICT PRECIPITATION AND

RUNOFF FOR BETTER USE AND PROTECTION OF SOIL

AND WATER RESOURCES OF SOUTHWESTERN RAN- GELANDS

(c) Herbert B. Osborn, Supr. Hydrologic Engr., USDA, ARS

Southwest Watershed Research Center, Tucson, Ariz. 85705.

(d) Experimental project based on rainfall and runoff data from semi-arid rangelands in Arizona and New Mexico.

(e) Determine statistics of convective rainfall and runoff on

experimental watersheds. Develop methods to estimate

rainfall patterns and runoff in ephemeral stream channels. Develop models to simulate hydrologic responses of watersheds to predict changes from rangeland restoration or management practices. (g) A rainfall occurrence model for the Southwest has been

developed which identifies seven types of rainfall occur- rence and assumes probability of occurrence for different locations based on latitudes, longitude, and elevation. The

occurrence model is part of a larger model to predict areal

rainfall amounts for selected locations. A runoff simulation model was improved by developing procedures to identify runoff source areas. A study on brush to grass conversion

of a 1 10-acre watershed indicted the importance of rainfall character and occurrence on runoff and sediment.

(h) Thunderstorm Runoff in Southeastern Arizona, H. B. Osborn, E. M. Laursen, J. Hydr. Div., ASCE 98, HY7, pp. 1129-1145, 1973. Management of Ephemeral Stream Channels, H. B. Osborn, K. G. Renard, J. Irrigation and Drainage Div., ASCE 99, IR3, pp. 207-214, 1973.

Stochastic Models of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Thunderstorm Rainfall, H. B. Osborn, L. J. Lane, R. S. Kagan, Proc. Symp. Statistical Hydrology, USDA Misc.

Pub!. 1275, pp. 21 1-231, 1974.

Simplifications of Watershed Geometry Affecting Simulation of Surface Runoff, L. J. Lane, D. A. Woolhiser, J. Hydrology, (in press). Simulation of a Partial Area Response from a Small Semi- Arid Watershed, L. J. Lane, D. E. Wallace, Hydrology and

Water Resources in the Southwest, Proc. AAS-AWRA 6, pp. 137-147, 1976.

Precipitation on Intermountain Rangelands in the Western

United States, K. G. Renard, D. L. Brakensiek, Proc. USIAustralia Rangeland Workshop, Boise, Idaho, 1976. Geomorphic Thresholds and Their Influences on Surface Runoff from Small Semi-Arid Watersheds, D. E. Wallace,

L. J. Lane, Hydrology and Water Resources in the Southwest, Proc. AAS-AWRA 6, pp. 169-176, 1976. 303-10626-810-00 SEDIMENT SOURCES, TRANSPORT AND PROPERTIES IN SEMI-ARID WATERSHEDS

(c) Kenneth G. Renard, Supr. Hydraulic Engr., USDA-ARS

Southwest Watershed Research Center, Tucson, Ariz. 85705.

(d) Experimental project to improve water erosion predicting and control on semi-arid rangelands.

(e) Develop improved methods to predict water and erosion and control to preserve and increase productivity of land and water resources.

(g) The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been evalu- ated as a tool for predicting or estimating soil erosion from

semi-arid rangelands. Extreme variability in rainfall over

short time and distances and nonuniform cover make esti- mates difficult. Incised channels also add to the uncertainties in adapting the USLE in the Southwest. Runoff simulation models which identify runoff sources areas, and thus

simulate partial area response, are being developed to

infer sediment sources areas.

( h ) Applicability of the Universal Soil Loss Equation to SemiArid Rangeland Conditions, K. G. Renard, J. R. Simanton,

H. B. Osborn, Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest, Proc'AAS-AWRA 4, pp. 18-32, 1974.

Thunderstorm Precipitation Effects on the Rainfall-Erosion Index of the USLE, K. G. Renard, J. R. Simanton, Hydrolo- gy and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest, Proc. AAS-AWRA 5, pp. 47-57, 1975. Use of the USLE in the Semi-Arid Southwest, H. B. Osborn, J. R. Simanton, K. G. Renard, Proc. Erosion Symp., Purdue Univ., 1976. J. Soil and Water Conservation,

(in press). 303- 10627-810-00 INCREASED WATER-USE EFFICIENCY IN SEMI-ARID RE- GIONS FOR GREATER AND STABLER FORAGE

(c) Robert M. Dixon, Soil Scientist, USDA, ARS, Southwest Watershed Research Center, Tucson, Ariz. 85705.

(d) Experimental project to determine principles and practices

for controlling point infiltration and onsite runoff.

(e) Develop principle and practices for controlling infiltration and runoff leading to improved forage production.

(g) To realize the objective of developing cultural practice for point infiltration control, a new minimum tillage imple- ment, referred to as a land imprinter, has been designed and fabricated, and is being tested. The land imprinter is designed to increase range productivity through more effi- cient soil and water use. A device for measuring surface microroughness was designed and fabricated, and runoff farming by waxing soils was tested.

(/i) Design and Use of Closed-Top Infiltrometers, R. N. Dixon,

Proc. Soil Science Soc. of America 39, 1975. Water Table Position as Affected by Soil Air Pressure, D.

R. Linden, R. M. Dixon, Water Res. Research, AGU 11, 1, pp. 139-143, 1975.

Soil Air Pressure Effects on Route and Rate of Infiltration, R. M. Dixon, Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. America 40, pp. 963-965,

1976.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, IN- TERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STA- TION, Ogden, Utah 84401. Roger R. Bay, Director.

304-06969-810-00 SNOWPACK HYDROLOGY

(c) Mr. Harold F. Haupt, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1221 South Main, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied research.

(e) Snowpack is being studied in northern Idaho for the applied objective of regulating yield and timing of streamflow. The particular research reported here pertains to im- proved instrumentation for measuring winter precipitation and estimated potential water yield as affected by slope exposure and early site recovery.

(/i) The hydrologic response of small clearcuts on north and

south slopes in northern Idaho was investigated. On north

slope, substantial gains (27 to 35 cm) in potential water

yield per year accrued from removal of transpiring sur- faces associated with plant cover, elimination of snow in- terception by a closed-canopied forest, perhaps some air- borne movement of snow from the south (windward) to north (lee) slope, and slow reoccupation of the soil mantle by invading plant species. In contrast, on south slope there appeared to be no long-term gain in potential water yield resultant from timber cutting. Small differences in esti- mated yield between forest and small clearcut were

evident in some years; in other years, none. Site factors , with compensating effect were the cause. In the south- slope forest, water losses from interception were light because of the open-canopied structure of the timber, whereas in the small clearcut, water gains from reduced

transpiration were more than used up by invading shrub

species. We conclude that managing for increased water

yield may be a valid consideration in the decision to log north but not south slopes similar to those studied.

186
A simple technique has been found to install soil moisture

access tubes in stony or bouldery forest soils with a minimum of site disturbance. The hole for the access tube

is made by driving a pointed, machine-tooled driving rod

to the depth required with a specially constructed 1 5 kg

king tube hammer. Under good soil conditions, 14 to 16

access tubes can be installed in a day, but when the soil is excessively bouldery, the number is reduced to five to seven. This method has the advantage of requiring substantially less capital outlay, causing less disturbance to surroundings and providing easier access to remote study

areas than methods using large heavy equipment, such as tractor-borne hydraulic rams or jackhammers.

(/>) Installation of Neutron Probe Access Tubes in Stony and

Bouldery Forest Soils, R. G. Cline, B. L. Jeffers, Soil Sci. 120, pp. 71-72, 1975.

Potential Water Yield Response Following Clearcut Harvesting on North and South Slopes in Northern Idaho, R. G. Cline, H. F. Haupt, G. S. Campbell, Res. Paper INT191, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA, 16 pages, 1977. 304-08436-810-00 FOREST PRACTICE EFFECTS

(c) Mr. Harold F. Haupt, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, P.O. Box 469, 1221 South Main, Moscow,

Idaho 83843.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied research.

(e) Forest practice studies on the impact of timber harvesting on the quality of stream water are presently in progress at several locations in northern Idaho. The monitoring pro- gram has a three-fold objective: to evaluate changes in the

physical and chemical quality of stream water on and off clearcut-burned units; to characterize nutrient losses from

different drainage patterns; and to determine the effective- ness of buffer strips in controlling sediment and nutrient

losses. (g) Leaf diffusive conductant, leaf water potential, and leaf osmotic potential measurements were made on one tree species and three woody brush species on north and south

aspects in the Priest River Experimental Forest of northern

Idaho. Douglas maple and western white pine occurred on

both aspects. Sitka alder and mallow ninebark occurred

only on north and south aspects, respectively. Mallow

ninebark on the south aspect attained osmotic and leaf water potentials near -30 bars and daytime leaf diffusive conductant (reciprocal of resistance) near 0.3 cm/s. The

white pine on the site attained osmotic and leaf water

potentials near -25 bars and leaf diffusive conductants

near 0.06 cm/s. Osmotic and leaf water potential decreased to a minimum specific to each deciduous species as the season progressed. The alder and maple species

exhibited osmotic potentials near -16 bars with the maple

leaf water potential decreasing further to near -20 bars. The white pine maintained a uniform osmotic potential between -20 and -25 bars throughout the year. Leaf diffusive conductants appeared to be controlled during the day

by a combination of atmospheric demand, soil moisture

availability, and plant adaptation to water stress. Stomatal

control of leaf water potential was evident in white pine on both aspects and in the brush species on the north but

not on the south aspect. (h) Clearcutting and Burning Slash Alter Quality of Stream Water in Northern Idaho, G. G. Snyder, H. F. Haupt, G.

H. Belt, Jr., Res. Paper INT-168, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA, ^4

pages, 1975.

Seasonal and Diurnal Water Relation of Selected Forest

Species, R. G. Cline, G. S. Campbell, Ecology 57, 2, pp. 367-373, Spring 1976.

304-09323-830-00 TREE PLANTING FOR EROSION CONTROL ON GRANITIC

ROADFILLS IN THE IDAHO BATHOLITH

(c) Dr. Walter F. Megahan, Project Leader, Intermountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, 316 E. Myrtle

Street, Boise, Idaho 83706.

(d) Field investigations, applied research.

(e) Road erosion on road fill slopes is a major concern follow- ing road construction in the Idaho Batholith. The objectives of the present study were threefold, to measure the reduction in surface erosion following tree planting

(ponderosa pine) with and without straw mulch; to provide information on tree survival and growth as affected by mulches, fertilizer, and tree spacing; and to define some

of the " basic soil erosion processes that are acting on

granitic roadfills. The study consists of 30 1/200-acre plots located on a large roadfill; four years of data are presently

available for the analysis.

(/) Work completed. Data analysis done. Final publication not

out. (g) Tree survival averaged about 97 percent for four years.

Fertilizer increased tree height growth up to 95 percent during the year of peak effect. Tree planting, coupled with straw mulch and erosion netting, reduced surface erosion about 95 percent. Trees, alone, provided surprisingly large reductions in erosion, ranging from 32 to 51 percent. Daily erosion rates average higher during summer periods

as compared to winter periods because of higher energy

inputs. Dry creep is an important erosion process that ac- counts for about 20 percent of the total erosion occurring

during summer periods. (h) Deep-Rooted Plants for Erosion Control on Granitic Road

Fills in the Idaho Batholith, W. E. Megahan, Res- Paper INT- 16 1, Intermountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Forest Service, USDA, 22 pages, 1974. 304-09324-830-00 EFFECTS OF LOGGING AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON

STREAM CHANNELS ON FORESTED WATERSHEDS IN THE IDAHO BATHOLITH

(c) Dr. Walter F. Megahan, Project Leader, Intermountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, 316 E. Myrtle

Street, Boise, Idaho 83706.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) First- and second-order drainages in forested areas have

the potential for storing considerable sediment because of

large volumes of debris in the channel (rocks, logs, etc.). Sediment storage information is required if realistic sedi- ment yield simulation models for forested lands are to be

developed. The design includes a detailed network of channel cross sections on seven study watersheds. Nu- merous data are collected to characterize channel conditions. (g) Four years of data are available for analysis. Sediment

storage during a low-flow year amounted to approximately 80 cubic feet per 100 lineal feet of channel (channel widths average about 3-feet wide). During a high-flow

year, sediment storage dropped to approximately 40 cubic

feet per 100 feet of channel.

(h) Sediment Storage in Channels Draining Small Forested Watersheds in the Mountains of Central Idaho, W. F. Megahan, R. A. Nowlin, Proc. 3rd Fed. Interagency Sedi- mentation Conf., Denver, Colo., pp. 4-115 to 4-126, Mar.

1976. 304-09325-810-00 EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT LOGGING AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON SUBSURFACE FLOW IN THE IDAHO

BATHOLITH

(c) Dr. Walter F. Megahan, Project Leader, Intermountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, 316 E. Myrtle

Street, Boise, Idaho 83706.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Coarse-textured, relatively shallow soils; steep slopes; granitic bedrock with relatively low hydraulic conductivity;

187
and large volume water inputs from snowmelt and/or large cyclonic storms are all conducive to the generation of subsurface flow. Road construction often incises the subsurface flow level, transforming subsurface to surface flow. This may interrupt the hydrologic function of the watershed containing the road, and has ecologic implications as well. Two micro-watersheds of 0.8 and 2.4 acres

in size have been instrumented. Instrumentation includes a

climatic station; snow lysimeters; a network of snow

stakes, soil moisture access tubes and piezometers; and

surface and subsurface flow measuring apparatus.

(g) No overland flow has been measured on either study watershed at any time. Subsurface flows occurred only

during periods of large volume water inputs to the soils, and was restricted to the spring snowmelt periods. Max- imum instantaneous peak flows have exceeded 20 cubic

feet per second per square mile. Flows varied slightly between watersheds, but were vastly different between

years. Yearly differences were related to amounts and

rates of inflow. A comparison of nearby perennial watersheds suggests that the weathered and fractured

granitic bedrock is more hydrologically active than previously thought. Interception of overland flow by roads is considerably greater than the flow generated by overland

flow from the road surface itself. (h) Subsurface Flow Interception by a Logging Road in Mountains of Central Idaho, W. F. Megahan, Proc. Symp.

Watersheds in Transition, Amer. Water Resources Assoc. and Colorado State Univ., Proc. Series No. 14, pp. 350-

356, 1972. 304-09326-810-00 THE EFFECT OF LOGGING AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION

ON STREAMFLOW, SEDIMENT PRODUCTION, AND

WATER CHEMISTRY IN THE SILVER CREEK STUDY

AREA, IDAHO BATHOLITH

(c) Dr. Walter F. Megahan, Project Leader, Intermountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, 316 E. Myrtle

Street, Boise, Idaho 83706.

(d) Long-term laboratory and field investigation; basic research that will lead to prescriptions (practical applications) for land use management. Computer modeling of

various land disturbances associated with logging and their

off-site (downstream) effects is emphasized.

(e) Seven research watersheds treated in the southwestern Idaho Batholith have been monitored for a calibration period up to 15 years, including streamflow-quantity and

regimen, sediment yield, water and sediment chemistry, and climate. Logging activities will commence in 1975 on

a rigid, predetermined schedule to isolate single and multiple downstream effects of different logging systems

(skyline and helicopter), differing cutting intensities (clearcut and select cut), and different attendant

disturbances (roads vs. no roads; various slash disposal systems, etc.). The purpose of this project is to quantify

off-site disturbances from advanced logging systems for fu- ture prediction.

(g) Accumulated baseline data on the undisturbed watersheds,

including streamflow quantity and regimen; sediment

production; water and sediment chemistry; and climatic

data. 304-09327-390-00 SLOPE STABILITY OF PHOSPHATE MINE SPOIL DUMPS

IN SOUTHEASTERN IDAHO

{b) Conducted in cooperation with College of Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(c) Mr. Paul E. Packer, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 860 North 12th East, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Field and laboratory investigation, design and developmental research.

(e) With the development of large earth-moving equipment

during the past decade, surface mining has increased very

rapidly. Larger depths of overburden are being removed

from above the ore mined. This overburden must be

placed in spoil dumps, resulting in manmade fills, often involving considerably more cubic yardage than in large earth fill dams. The overburden removal may result in steep cuts to depths of hundreds of feet. In addition, earthen roads with widths comparable to super highways must be built for the heavy equipment to haul out the ore. All of these involve, in some form or another, the design,

engineering, and placement of fills. Often these fills are given such cursory attention in the planning and construction phases that serious problems result from mass failures, massive erosion with heavy sediment loads carried by the

runoff, and barren landscapes on which vegetation does

not reestablish itself for many years-if at all. Recognizing the existing conditions and potential future problems associated with slope stability of overburdened

spoil dumps created during phosphate surface mining in southeastern Idaho, a study was undertaken to define and

delineate, in general terms, the design and construction

criteria for building spoil dumps in the steep terrain of the phosphate mines in southeastern Idaho which will be sta- ble against massive structural failure and result in minimum surface erosion and movement.

(g) In summary, the internal friction angle of the materials

tested indicates mass failure of the dump created from the overburden should not be subject to massive failure if placed on slopes of three to one or less, even under rela- tively adverse pore pressure conditions. If no pore pres- sures are permitted to develop, the dump fills might even

be stable if placed on steeper slopes up to 1.5 to 1. While

the structural strength of the material is good (i.e., internal

friction angles of 35° and above), it has low permeability and, consequently, is subject to high pore pressure if placed while at or near complete saturation. It will require about a year for pore pressures created in this manner to be dissipated. The material contains relatively large amounts of silt-size grains, and, consequently, is susceptible to surface erosion. The material is also of the composition making it susceptible to frost action. With frost action loosening the surface

material, its erodibility will be particularly great during the time of snowmelt and highest rainfall. The potential for large amounts of erosion during this season is great. Consequently, the slopes of the dump fills should be constructed taking into account the establishment of vegetation and minimization of erosion, as well as stabilizing against mass failure. Flatter slopes will generally be dic- tated by these latter considerations. (h) Slope Stability of Overburden Spoil Dumps from Surface Phosphate Mines in Southeastern Idaho, R. W. Jeppson, R. W. Hill, C. E. Israelson, Utah Water Res. Lab. Rept. RPWG 140-1, 69 pages, April 1974. 304-09328-810-00 CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-INTENSITY RAINFALL IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST

(c) Mr. Paul E. Packer, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 860 North 12th East, Logan Utah 84321.

(d) Field and laboratory investigation, design and developmental research.

(e) Basic data for the intrastorm occurrence of high intensity

rainfall bursts were obtained from precipitation records on

the Davis County Experimental Watershed and the Great

Basin Experimental Area. Analyses included intrastorm timing and number of rainfall bursts per storm, distribution of rainfall by increments of storm duration, and relation between depth of total storm rainfall and depth of burst

rainfall. In addition, data were presented for four different design storms for storm return periods of 2 and 10 years.

(/) Completed.

ig) Storm arguments are presented for discontinuing the practice of using an annual series frequency analysis as a design aid for construction of forest roads or other control

structures. Forest roads or control structures with an ex- pected life of 25 years or less should be designed with the

aid of a partial series frequency analysis of only those storms that contain high intensity rainfall bursts. 188
(/i) Some Intrastorm Characteristics of High Intensity Rainfall

Bursts, E. E. Farmer, J. E. Fletcher, in Distribution of

Precipitation in Mountainous Areas 2, Geilo Symp., Norway, pp. 525-531, July 31-Aug. 5, 1972.

304-09329-820-00 ACCURACY OF NEUTRON SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENTS

(c) Mr. Paul E. Packer, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences

Laboratory, 860 North 12th East, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Applied laboratory research project.

(e) The effects of voids on the accuracy of neutron soil moisture measurements in coarse and fine sand were in- vestigated, utilizing two 25-cubic foot plastic tanks. Test

voids, three inches and six inches in diameter and 10

inches long, were cut from aluminum tubing and fastened

to the neutron access tube in each tank. The difference in neutron measurements between the two tanks with the water at a given level measures the effects of the voids.

(J) Completed.

(g) A maximum error of +55 percent moisture by volume was

caused by the large void in coarse sand with the void saturated; with the void drained, the error was -12.3 percent

moisture. Errors in fine sand were slightly less than those

in coarse sand; and errors due to the small void were

about one-third the magnitude of errors due to the large

void. Graphs were developed for use in estimating the size of voids adjacent to access tubes and in calculating the probable magnitude of measurement errors due to these

voids when using field data.

(/i) Effects of Air Gaps and Saturated Voids on Accuracy of Neutron Moisture Measurements, B. Z. Richardson, E. R. Burroughs, Jr., Res. Paper INT-120, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA,

1972. 304-09330-810-00 EFFECTS OF LOGGING AND BURNING ON WATERSHED

CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIOR

(c) Mr. Paul E. Packer, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 860 North 12th East, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Applied field investigation.

(e) Sixty-five study units, from 10 to 58 acres in size, in the

larch and Douglas-fir forest type of western Montana,

were clearcut and the logging debris broadcast burned between 1967 and 1970. Multidisciplinary research on

these units included the effects of these treatments on soil stability and runoff. Overland flow and sediment were

caught in tanks below 24 runoff plots.

(f) Continuing. Extended to lodgepole pine type in the West.

(g) Logging and burning temporarily impaired watershed protection and increased overland flow and erosion of soils that are derived from Belt series rocks and occur on gentle-to-steep slopes. However, vegetal recovery returned

conditions to near prelogging status within four years. The

small increase in plant nutrient losses, which occurred in the sediment and the overland flow during the denuded

period, represented only a small fraction of the available

nutrients on these sites. This strongly indicates that damage to soil and water resources and to the nutrient

reservoir on these forest sites as a result of clearcut logging and burning is not serious from the standpoint of

future site stability and productivity. (h) Plant Nutrient and Soil Losses in Overland Flow from Burned Forest Clearcuts, N. V. DeByle, P. E. Packer,

Symp. on Watersheds in Transition, Amer. Water Res.

Assoc. and Colorado State Univ. Proc, pp. 296-307, 1972. Logging and Prescribed Burning Effects on the Hydrologic and Soil Stability Behavior of Larch-Douglas-Fir Forests in the Northern Rocky Mountains, P. E. Packer, Proc. Fire and Land Management Symp., Univ. of Montana, Missoula,

Oct. 1974.

304-09331-830-00 INHERENT ERODIBILITY OF IMPORTANT WESTERN

MOUNTAIN SOILS

(c) Mr. Paul E. Packer, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 860 North 12th East, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Applied laboratory and field research.

(e) To a large degree, raindrops provide the detaching force

that is prerequisite to the transport of soil particles by

either flowing water or raindrop splash. Disturbed surface

soil masses of three highly erodible soils, two coarsegranitic soils from the Idaho Batholith and one fine-tex- •tured clay soil from the Wasatch plateau in central Utah, were subjected to controlled simulated rainfall. The rela- tive detachability of 1 1 soil-size fractions was determined

by comparing the proportion of a given size fraction in the pretreatment soil mass with the proportion of that size fraction in the splashed soil. (/) Completed.

(g) Tests were conducted under two levels of rainfall intensity, three degrees of slope steepness, and in the presence or absence of overland flow. Effects of differences in rainfall intensity and slope steepness were small. Overland flow had a pronounced effect in increasing particle detachment

resulting from raindrop impact. The highest surface soil detachment hazard occurs in soils having high proportions

of medium-sand-size material (particles and aggregates). This includes most of the better mountain soils in the western United States. Because particle detachability does

not appear to be strongly affected either by slope steep- ness or by rainfall intensity, these detachability data probably can be generalized to many mountain slopes.

(/i) Relative Detachability of Soil Particles by Simulated Rainfall, E. E. Farmer, Proc. Soil Science Society of America 37,

4, July-Aug. 1973. 304-10645-820-00 THE EFFECT OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON PIEZOMETRIC HEAD IN A TYPICAL IDAHO BATHOLITH SLOPE

(c) Dr. Walter F. Megahan, Project Leader, Intermountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, 316 E. Myrtle

Street, Boise, Idaho 83706.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) A steep, forested slope has been instrumented with a series of piezometers. Two other stations are equipped with nuclear snow water, precipitation, and soil moisture

sensing devices and with hygrothermographs. Piezometers were installed in three transects of 1 8 piezometers each, 2 years prior to road construction and logging. Transects are located up and down the slope and extend for a total distance of about 1 20 feet. After 2 years of undisturbed measures a road will be constructed through the middle of

the transects and the area will be logged. Piezometer

transects are located to evaluate the effects of treatment on piezometric head. Measurements will be continued

after the disturbance for a 2 to 3-year period.

(g) An extremely low snowfall during the winter of 1976-77

resulted in no subsurface flow during the spring runoff

period. Measurements in the undisturbed state will be continued for another year.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

NORTH CENTRAL FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, 1992

Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, Minn. 55108. John H. Ohman,

Director. 305-03887-810-00 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN NORTHERN

MINNESOTA

(c) D. H. Boelter, USDA, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Grand Rapids, Minn. 55744.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied

research. 189
(e) Use basic hydrologic studies to develop management practices that will maintain or improve the quality and quantity of water yields from northern forest lands. Forest cultural practices (including timber harvesting, fertilization, use of

herbicides, and prescribed burning) are studied to deter- mine their effect on the water resources of northern conifer-hardwood forests. Of special concern will be the complex associations of uplands and bogs common to these forests. Methods will be developed for sampling and

analyzing both surface and subsurface flows from treated

areas. Shallow water impoundments developed for wildlife habitat will be monitored and water level management

guidelines developed to maximize desired habitat and

minimize any adverse effects on water quality. Peat filter beds used for sewage effluent treatment are being monitored to develop criteria for construction and maintenance which improve their effectiveness and minimize any effects on quality of associated water resources.

(g) Complete clearcutting of aspen on the upland portion of an upland-bog watershed did not change the chemical composition of streamflow from the watershed. Total streamflow increased 30 to 50 percent during each of the

first five years after cutting, but is expected to return to precutting levels in eight to ten years as new vegetation grows.

Baseline nutrient yield data were obtained for upland-peatland watersheds in north-central Minnesota. Concentrations of organic-derived nutrients are highest in streamflow from watersheds with oligotrophic peatlands; while concentrations of nutrients derived from acquifer minerals were higher in streamflow from watersheds with minerothrophic peatland.

A peat filter bed used to treat sewage effluent at a recreational campsite was monitored for three years. Annual

total nitrogen and total phosphorus renovation efficiency

ranged from 61.3 percent to 87.3 percent and 99.1 per- cent to 99.6 percent, respectively. Total coliform reduction was in excess of 99.9 percent each year,

(/i) An Electro-Optical Temperature Controller for Maintaining

a Constant or Relative Temperature, J. M. Brown, Agron.

J. 67, pp. 280-281, 1975. A Controlled Environment System for Measuring Plant-At- mosphere Gas Exchange, J. M. Brown, USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note NC-189, 4 pages, 1975.

Specific Conductance Identifies Perched and Groundwater

Lakes, C. F. Hawkinson, E. S. Verry, USDA Forest Serv. Res. Paper NC-120, 5 pages, 1975. Streamflow Chemistry and Nutrient Yields from UplandPeatland Watersheds in Minnesota, E. S. Verry, Ecology

56, pp. 1 149-1 1,57, 1975. Methods for Analyzing Hydrologic Characteristics of Organic Soils in Marsh-Ridden Areas, D. H. Boelter, in Hydrology of Marsh-Ridden Areas, Proc. of UNESCO

Symp., Minsk, Belorussian SSR, 1972. The Influence of Bogs on the Distribution of Streamflow from Small Bog-Upland Catchments, E. S. Verry, D. H.

Boelter, in Hydrology of Marsh-Ridden Areas, Proc. UNESCO Symp., Minsk, Belorussian SSR, 1972, Studies and Records in Hydrology 19, pp. 469-478, 1975. Diurnal Albedo Variation of Black Spruce and SphagnumSedge Bogs, E. R. Berglund, A. C. Mace, Jr., Can. J. Forest Research 6, pp. 247-252, 1976.

Peat Temperature Regime of a Minnesota Bog and the Effect of Canopy Removal, J. M. Brown, J. Appl. Ecol. 13, pp. 189-194, 1976. Minnesota's Peat Resources: Their Characteristics and Use

in Sewage Treatment, Agriculture, and Energy, R. S. Farn- ham, D. H. Boelter, Proc. Natl. Symp. Freshwater Wetlands and Sewage Effluent Disposal, Univ. of Mich., pp. 241-255,

May 1976. An Electric Analog Approach to Bog Hydrology, J. E. Sander, Ground Water 14, pp. 30-35, 1976.

Estimating Water Yield Differences Between Hardwood and

Pine Forests: An Application of Net Precipitation Data, E.

S. Verry, USDA Forest Serv. Res. Paper NC-128, 12 pages, 1976. Elements in Leaves of a Trembling Aspen Clone by Crown

Position and Season, E. S. Verry, D. Timmons, Can. J. Forest Research 6, pp. 436-440, 1976. 305-09332-870-00 SEWAGE DISPOSAL ON FOREST AND ASSOCIATED

LANDS

(b) Some aspects of project are in cooperation with Michigan

Department of Natural Resources.

(c) Dean H. Urie, USDA, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Stephen Nisbet Building, 1407

S. Harrison Road, East Lansing, Mich. 48823.

(d) Field investigations, basic and applied research.

(e) Research is conducted on the environmental impact of application of municipal and industrial sewage wastes to

forest lands. Studies are primarily concerned with nitrate pollution hazards to groundwater under irrigation of natural and planted short rotation forest types, under irrigation with sewage lagoon effluents and with municipal and pulp and paper sewage sludges. An associated problem is the

field and laboratory investigation of the use of sewage

sludge for rehabilitation of acid strip-mine spoil. Continuing studies include investigations on the effects of different

size sediment loads (primarily sand bedloads) on trout populations, development of techniques to reduce bedload, and effects of strip-cutting and clearcutting conifer planta- tions on groundwater yields and snowpack accumulation.

(g) Five years of sewage effluent irrigation of forests have shown that nitrogen is the principal hazard to groundwater

quality. After three years of irrigation a 23-year-old red pine plantation leached a relatively constant proportion of added N to groundwater, ranging from about 10 percent at 25 mm per week to about 30 percent at 88 mm per week. During the fourth year of growth hybrid poplars leached N03-N at approximately the same rate as pines on similar

soils. A cotton wood hybrid showed the best survival and

growth of all tree varieties and species tested under irriga- tion. Major impacts on stream morphology occurred fol- lowing four years of daily sand sediment accretions to a

brook-trout test area. Sewage sludge amelioration of acid strip-mine spoil has reduced concentrations of metals in leachate. Nitrate leaching from sludge sources reached a 4 foot depth

within 12 months under greenhouse conditions. Campground sewage injected into a sandy forest soil resulted in slight (<10 ppm) increases in nitrate-N in groundwater at 3 m depths. Herbaceous vegetation incor- porated about 40 percent of the added nitrogen during the

first growing season. (h) Effect of an Artificially Increased Sand Bed Load on Stream Morphology and Its Implications on Fish Habitat,

E. A. Hansen, G. R. Alexander, Proc. 3rd Federal In- teragency Sedimentation Conf, Sed. Committee of Water

Res. Council, pp. 3-65 to 3-76, 1976. Changes in Vegetation and Surface Soil Properties Following Irrigation of Woodlands with Municipal Wastewater, D.

P. White, G. Schneider, E. A. Erickson, D. H. Urie, Mich.

State. Univ., Inst, of Water Res., Proj. Compl. Report, NT1S-PB-244-798, 76 pages. Water Quality Implications of Strip-Mine Reclamation by Wastewater Sludge, R. S. Cunningham, C. K. Losche, R.

K. Holtje, in WateReuse, Proc. 2nd Natl. Conf. on Complete

WateReuse, Amer. Inst, of Chem. Eng., Chicago, May 4-8, pp. 643-646, 1975. Groundwater Pollution Aspects of Land Disposal of Sewage

from Remote Recreation Areas, N. Johnson, D. H. Urie, Ground Water 14, 6, pp. 403-410. Sewage Effluent Infiltrates Frozen Forest Soils, A. R. Harris, USDA, Forest Service Res. Note, NC-197, 2 pages, 1976.

190
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT

STATION, P.O. Box 3141, Portland, Oreg. 97208. Robert

F. Tarrant, Director. 306-04757-810-00 WATER YIELD AND EROSION, WENATCHEE, WASHINGTON

(c) Dr. A. R. Tiedemann, Project Leader.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) Generate information necessary to develop prescriptions

which improve or enhance quantity and timing of water

yield without decreasing water quality; reduce erosion and

restore land stability and productivity; and rehabilitate deteriorated sites in the mid-Columbia River Basin forests of eastern Oregon and Washington. Studies related to erosion reduction include characteristics of soil related to

erodibility; effects of climate, vegetation and parent

material on soil development, soil movement such as creep

or mass movement, characteristics of forest humus types; and physical control of erosion by increasing plant density of vegetation. Studies related to water quantity and quality include changes in volume and timing of runoff, water

chemistry and water temperature following timber harvest,

wildfire or defoliation by insects; changes in wind patterns,

soil moisture use, and snow accumulation and melt following common silvicultural practices; and water use rates by common tree species within the study area.

(g) Debris torrents following high intensity rainstorms on fire- denuded watersheds in north-central Washington during 1972 have been summarized by location soil type, topography, and land use history. The results of erosion protection seeding and fertilization were evaluated on watersheds of the Entiat Experimental

Forest, Washington. Average vegetative cover increased from 8.6 percent the first year following fire to 31 percent

at the end of 4 years. Differences between the autumnal soil-water deficit in the upper 120 cm of the soil profile of the Entiat Experimental Forest were estimated to be 11 .6 cm one year after vegetation removal by wildfire. This increase in soil water had a significant influence on streamflow. A new type of recording instrument for long-term monitoring of the role of wind in snow accumulation has been

developed and patented,

(/i) Soil-Water Trends Following Wildfire on the Entiat Experi- mental Forest, G. O. Klock, J. D. Helvey, Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conf, No. 15, pp. 193-199, 1977. Development of Vegetation After Fire, Seeding, and Fertilization on the Entiat Experimental Forest, A. R. Tiedemann, G. O. Klock, Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conf. No. 15, pp. 171-191, 1977.

Soil Moisture Depletion and Growth Rates After Thinning

Ponderosa Pine, J. D. Helvey, USDA Forest Service Res. Note PNW-243, 9 pages, illus., 1975. Climate and Hydrology of the Entiat Experimental Forest Watersheds Under Virgin Forest Cover, J. D. Helvey, W.

B. Fowler, G. O. Klock, A. R. Tiedemann, USDA Forest

Service General Tech. Rept. PNW-42, 18 pages, illus., 1976. Some Climatic and Hydrologic Effects of Wildfire in Washington State, J. D. Helvey, A. R. Tiedemann, W. B. Folwer, Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conf. No. 15,

pp. 201-222, 1977.

Versatile Wind Analyzer for Long Unattended Runs Using

C-MOS, W. B. Fowler, J. Physics E, Sci. Instrum. 8, pp. 713-714, 1975. An Application of the Utah State University Watershed

Simulation Model to the Entiat Experimental Watershed,

Washington State, D. S. Bowles, J. P. Riley, G. B. Shih, Utah Water Research Lab. Rept. PRWG 126-1, 1975. The Quantitative Description of Transfer of Water and

Chemicals Through Soils, M. Ungs, R. W. Cleary, L. Boersma, S. Yingjajaval, Proc. 1976 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management Conf, R. C. Loehr (Ed.), pp. 109-137, 1976. Estimating Two Indirect Logging Costs Caused by Accelerated Erosion, G. O. Klock, USDA Forest Service General Tech. Rept. PNW-44, 9 pages, illus., 1976. Seeding Recommendations for Disturbed Mountain Slopes

in North Central Washington, G. O. Klock, A R

Tiedemann, W. Lopushinsky, USDA Forest Service Res. Note PNW-244, 8 pages, illus., 1975. Impact of Five Postfire Salvage Logging Systems on Soils and Vegetation, G. O. Klock, J. Soil and Water Conserv.

30, pp. 78-81, 1975.

Forest and Range Soils Research in Oregon and Washing- ton-A Bibliography With Abstracts From 1969 Through

1974, G. O. Klock, USDA Forest Service Tech: Rept. PNW47, 1976. Shrub Plantings for Erosion Control in Eastern Washington-Progress and Research Needs, A. R. Tiedemann, G. O.

Klock, L. L. Mason, D. E. Sears, USDA Forest Service Res. Note PNW-279, 11 pages, illus., 1976.

Relationship of Shoot-Root Ratio to Survival and Growth of Outplanted Douglas-Fir and Ponderosa Pine Seedlings, W.

Lopushinsky, T. Beebe, USDA Forest Service Res. Note PNW-274, 7 pages, illus., 1976.

Effect of Black Polyethylene Mulch on Survival of DouglasFir Seedlings, Soil Moisture Content, and Soil Temperature,

W. Lopushinsky, T. Beebe, Tree Planters' Notes 27, 3, pp.

7-8. Irrigation Increases Rainfall?, C. K. Stidd, W. B. Fowler, J. D. Helvey, Science 188, pp. 279-281, illus., 1975.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT

STATION, P.O. Box 245, 1960 Addison Street, Berkeley,

Calif. 94701. Robert Z. Callaham, Director. 307-04996-810-00 WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT, CONIFER ZONE

(b) Cooperative with U.S. Bureau Reclamation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Univ. California. (c) Dr. James L. Smith, Project Leader, Water Yield Improve- ment, Conifer Zone.

(d) Experimental; field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) Determine the relationships which exist between the cli- mate and the snowpacks of the Sierra Nevada, and how

these relationships are affected by the presence or absence

of forest cover, so that the effect of forest cultural practices upon snow metamorphism and melt may be predicted

in advance of application of such practices. Present studies emphasize study of snow density changes, water holding

capacities, snow metamporphism and melt rates under a variety of meteorological and cover conditions, and the ef- fect of these changes upon timing of delivery of water to streams. Determine effect of evaporation suppressants upon reduction of water losses from snowpacks under a variety of aspect-cover conditions. Determine effect of weather modification upon snowpacks of Central Sierra Nevada of California. (g) Study of snowpacks under open and forested conditions shows that forest cover or its lack drastically affects both water holding capacity of snowpacks and delivery rate and

pattern to the streams, either via the soil under the pack

or through the snow, downslope over ice lenses. A manual

is being prepared which land managers may use to plan

harvests to accomplish desired objectives.

Analysis of snowpacks and simulation of potential snow- packs resulting from weather modification indicate that in the "warm" Sierra Nevada snow augmentation will only

increase time snow remains on the land from 0 to 14 days. 191
(/i) Snow Wetness Measurements for Melt Forecasting, W. I. Linlor, F. D. Clapp, M. F. Meier, J. L. Smith, Operational

Applications of Satellite Snowcover Observations. Proc,

Workshop, South Lake Tahoe, Calif., Natl. Aeronaut, and

Space Admin., NASA SP-391, pp. 375-397, 1975. Measurement of Snowpack Wetness, W. I. Linlor, J. L. Smith, M. F. Meier, F. D. Clapp, D. Angelakos, Proc. 43rd

Ann. Mtg. Western Snow Conf, Coronado, Calif., Apr. 23-

25, 1975, pp. 14-20, 1975. Remote Sensing of Snowpack Density Using Shortwave

Radiation, M. C. McMillan, J. L. Smith, Operational Appli- cations of Satellite Snowcover Observations, Proc. Workshop, South Lake Tahoe, Calif., Aug. 18-20, 1975,

Natl. Aeronaut, and Space Admin., NASA SP-391, pp. 361-371, 1975. Measurements and Methods for Estimating the Effects of Snow Augmentation Upon Snowpacks of the Sierra Nevada,

J. L. Smith, Proc. Special Regional Weather Modification

Conf. Augmentation of Winter Orographic Precipitation in the Western U.S., Amer. Meteorol. Soc, pp. 145-151,

1975. Water Yield Improvement Research of the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station and Its Usefulness to Wildland Resource Management, J. L. Smith,

Proc. Lake Tahoe Res. Seminar IV, Apr. 4, 1975, South Lake Tahoe, Calif., pp. 3-24, 1975. Climatic and Spatial Dependence of the Retention of D/H

and ()"/()" Abundances in Snow and Ice of North America, H. R. Krouse, K. West, R. Hislop, H. M. Brown, J. L. Smith, Proc. IUGG Symp. on Isot. and Impurities in Snow

and Ice, Grenoble, France, Aug. 28-30, 1975, (in press), 1976.

Forest Ecology, J. L. Smith, H. G. Halverson, in McGrawHill Yearbook of Science and Technology, McGraw-Hill

Book Co., N.Y., pp. 187-189, 1976. 307-04998-810-00 PARAMETERS AFFECTING MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS

ON UNSTABLE LANDS

(b) Cooperative with California Div. of Forestry and Humboldt State University.

(c) Dr. Raymond M. Rice, Project Leader, Pacific Southwest

Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1700 Bayview

Drive, Areata, Calif. 95521

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) The Unit's mission is to gain an understanding of the hydrological and biological processes of the ecosystems of

the north coast and Klamath Mountains of northern

California and southern Oregon; and to develop information needed for integrated resource management consistent with protecting the resources and environment on

unstable lands. Studies underway are aimed at developing methods for evaluating potential watershed damages from'

logging and road building, achieving rapid regeneration to insure the recovery of slope stability, appraising the impact

of logging and road building on anadromous fish habitats, and devising strategies for optimum monitoring of various nonpoint source pollutants. (g) An analysis has been completed relating site variables to the occurrence of debris avalanches on granitic terrain. Based on interpretation of 1:6000 aerial photographs, it revealed that the most cost effective equation for estimating landslide hazard was based on only three variables; slope, crown cover by overstory vegetation, and ground

cover by understory vegetation. A linear discriminant function based upon those variables correctly classified about 80 percent of the 235 sites used in the analysis. Analysis of 1 3 years of flood peaks from two experimental watersheds has confirmed that logging has a negligible ef- fect on important flood events. Roads had' been constructed in one of the watersheds and it had been selectively harvested over a 3 year period. The road construction was associated with no discernible change in flood runoff. During and following logging there were dramatic in- creases (over 300 percent) in small, mainly early season, peaks but no change in large winter runoff events. Prelimi- nary investigations suggest that subsurface hydrology of logged areas may be chemically disturbed as a result of timber harvest. Phenolic compounds, which are some of

the early decay products of wood, have been shown in laboratory tests to disperse clays. If operable in the field, this phenomenon might cause reduced hydraulic conductivity at critical layers in the soil profile. An analysis of 102 harvest areas in northwestern California has shown

that when tractors are restricted to gentle slopes, erosion

is greatly reduced but soil disturbance only moderately

reduced. In an area where tractor yarding was only con- ducted on slopes less than 30 percent erosion on tractor cut blocks was one-fifth of that on similar, steeper, cable yarded cutblocks, but soil disturbance was still 4 times

greater. In another area where a slope limitation was not

in effect tractor areas had 7 times the disturbance and 9 times the erosion of similar cable yarded areas. (h) Forest Management to Minimize Landslide Risk, R. M.

Rice, reprinted from Guidelines for Watershed Management, FAO Conservation Guide, Rome, pp. 271-287, 1977. 307-04999-810-00 MANAGEMENT OF CHAPARRAL AND RELATED

ECOSYSTEMS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

(6) Cooperative with California Div. of Forestry.

(c) C. Eugene Conrad, Project Leader, Pacific Southwest

Forest and Range Expmt. Sta., 110 North Wabash Ave., Glendora, Calif. 91740.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) To help solve the multi-functional problem facing managers on chaparral lands through an integrated, multidiscipline research approach. To gain understanding of the complex interrelationships between fire, water and vegetation in these environments and the effects of watershed,

recreation, wildlife, and fire management practices on

multiple-use land management goals. To develop enough

information and techniques to produce management

guidelines for chaparral and related ecosystems.

(f) Discontinued: Flood and Sediment Reduction from Steep Unstable Brushland of the Southwest.

(g) Water repellency affects the flow of water in unsaturated

soil and decreases both infiltration and evaporation. Diffusivity analyses suggest that water repellency has the greatest effect at lower levels of soil water and the effect diminishes as water content increases toward saturation. Flow across the particle surfaces seems to be affected most by water repellency. Several water flow equations,

containing a term for the wetting angle between water and.

the particle surface, have been used to quantify the vari- ous degrees of water repellency. Measurements of wetting heat suggest that vapor flow may be an important water

flow mechanism at lower soil water contents.

(/i) Mechanical Methods of Chaparral Modification, G. A. Roby, L. R. Green, U.S. Dept. Agric, Agric. Handbk. 487, 46 pages, illus. 1976.

Nutrients Lost in Debris and Runoff Water From a Burned

Chaparral Watershed, L. F. DeBano, C. E. Conrad, 3rd

Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conf. (Denver, Colo., Mar. 1976), pp. 3-13 to 3-27, 1976. The Transfer of Heat and Hydrophobic Substances During

Burning, L. F. DeBano, S. M. Savage, D. A. Hamilton, Soil

Sci. Am. J. 40, pp. 779-782, 1976.

Infiltration, Evaporation and Water Movement as Related

to Water Repellency, L. F. DeBano, Soil Conditioners, Soil

Sci. Soc. Amer. Spec. Publ. 7, Madison, Wise, pp. 155-164,

1975.

Infiltration, Evaporation and Water Movement as Related

to Water Repellency, L. F. DeBano, in Soil Conditioners,

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Spec. Publ. 7, Chapt. 15, pp. 155-164,

1975. 192
Fuelbreaks and Other Fuel Modification for Wildland Fire Control, L. R. Green, U.S. Dept. Agric, Agric. Handbk.

No. 499, 79 pages, illus., 1976. 307-09335-810-00 FOREST AND WATERSHED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH IN HAWAII AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLAND

AREAS

(b) Cooperative with Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources and University of Hawaii.

(c) Roger G. Skolmen, Project Leader, Timber and Watershed Management Research in Hawaii.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) Research on effects of land use on watershed hydrology;

effects of vegetation types on soil hydrology; stream sedi- ment relationships to watershed vegetation cover; and

water infiltration measurement systems.

(g) Water infiltration capacities are significantly greater for

soils under forest cover than under cultivation or grazing. (h) Forests and Water: Some Questions Answered, R. A. Merriam. Aloha Aina, pp. 12-14, illus., Jan. 1971. Splash Erosion Related to Soil Erodibility Indexes and

Other Forest Soil Properties in Hawaii, T. Yamamoto, H. W. Anderson, Water Resources Research 9, 2, pp. 336-345,

Apr. 1973. Hydrologic Differences Between Selected Forested and

Agricultural Soils in Hawaii, H. B. Wood, Soil Science Soc. Amer. J. 41, pp. 132-136, Jan. 1977.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT

STATION, 240 W. Prospect Street, Fort Collins, Colo. 80521.

308-02658-810-00 WATER YIELD IN THE BLACK HILLS

(c) Ardell J. Bjugstad, Project Leader, Forest Research

Laboratory, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology- (d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Determine geologic, geomorphic, and forest factors that influence or relate to quantity and timing of the water

yield and reclamation of surface mine spoils. (h) Reestablishment of Woody Plants on Mine Spoils and Management of Mine Water Impoundments: An Overview

of Forest Service Research on the Northern High Plains, A.

J. Bjugstad, in Reclamation of Disturbed Arid Lands Symposium, 1776 Mass. Ave. NW, Washington, D.C., Amer.

Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1977. A Study of the Green Area Effect in the Black Hills of South Dakota, B. L. Davis, D. N. Blair, L. R. Johnson, S.

J. Haggard, Atmospheric Environment 10, pp. 363-370,

1976. Geophysical Measurements of a Mountain Watershed, T. Yamamoto, J. Soil Water Conserv. 31, 3, pp. 105-109,

1976. Reclamation Research by the Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Station, H. K. Orr, in Reclamation of Strip Mined

Lands in the Great Plains, Dept. Min. Eng. S. D. Sch. Mines and Technol., Rapid City, S. Dak., pp. 27-31, 1975. Mine Spoil Reclamation Research at the Belle Ayr Mine,

Northeast Wyoming, H. K. Orr, Proc. Fort Union Coal

Field Symp. 3, Reclamation Section, pp. 304-407 (Mont.

Acad. Sci., Billings, Apr. 1975), 1975. Watershed Management in the Black Hills: The Status of Our Knowledge, H. K. Orr, USDA, For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-141, 16 pages, 1975. Coal Mine Spoil as a Growing Medium: AMA Belle Ayr

South Mine, Gillette, Wyoming, T. Yamamoto, 3rd Symp.

on Surface Mining and Reclamation 1, pp. 49-61,

NCA/BCR Coal Conf. and Expo., Oct. 21-23, 1975,

Louisville, Ky., 1975. Trend Surface Analysis of Powder River Basin, WyomingMontana, Teruo Yamamoto, Proc. Fort Union Coal Field Symp. 3, Reclamation Section, pp. 280-288 (Mont. Acad.

Sci., Billings, Apr. 1975), 1975. Recovery From Soil Compaction on Bluegrass Range in the Black Hills, H. K. Orr, Pap. No. 74-2561, 1974 Winter

Mtg., Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., Dec. 10-13, 1974, Chicago,

111., 1974. Seismic Refraction Analysis of Watershed Mantle Related

to Soil, Geology, and Hydrology, T. Yamamoto, Water

Resour. Bull. 10, 3, pp. 531-546, 1974. 308-03569-810-00 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE,

WYOMING

(b) Bureau of Land Management; Wyoming Highway Depart- ment.

(c) Ronald D. Tabler, Project Leader.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Water yield characteristics of big-sagebrush lands are being studied on plots and gaged watersheds, and

hydrologic effects of control measures are being deter- mined. Methods for increasing snow accumulation in wind- swept areas are also being developed and tested. (h) Hydrologic Relations on Undisturbed and Converted Big

Sagebrush Lands: The Status of Our Knowledge, D. L. Sturges, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM-140, 23 pages, 1975. Oversnow Runoff Events Affect Streamflow and Water

Quality, D. L. Sturges, Snow Manage, on Great Plains Symp. (Bismarck, N. Dak.), Proc. Great Plains Agric. Counc. Publ. 73, pp. 105-117, 1975. Sediment Transport from Big Sagebrush Watersheds, D. L. Sturges, Watershed Manage. Symp., ASCE Irrig. and Drain.

Div., Logan Utah, pp. 728-738, Aug. 1975. Estimating the Transport and Evaporation of Blowing

Snow, R. D. Tabler, Snow Manage, on Great Plains Symp.

(Bismarck, N. Dak.), Proc. Great Plains Agric. Counc,

Publ. 73, pp. 85-104, 1975. New Engineering Criteria for Snow Fence Systems, R. D. Tabler, Transp. Res. Rec. 506 NAS-NRC, Washington,

D.C., pp. 65-78, 1974.

Estimating the Profile of Snowdrifts in Topographic

Catchments, R. D. Tabler, Proc. West. Snow Conf. 43, pp. 87-97, 1975. An Improved Recording Gage for Blowing Snow, R. L.

Jairell, Water Resour. Res. 11, 5, pp. 674-680, 1975. 308-09338-810-00 MULTI-RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF SUBALPINE

CONIFEROUS FORESTS, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO

(c) Robert R. Alexander, Project Leader.

(d) Experimental, field investigations, basic and applied

research.

(e) Develop systems for integrating available and newly

developed information into decision-making tools for land management and planning, and predict the effects of

vegetation manipulation on water yield and quality.

(.'!) More Water from Mountain Watersheds, C. F. Leaf, Colorado Rancher 28, 7, pp. 11-12, 1974. A Model for Predicting Erosion and Sediment Yield from

Secondary Road Construction, C. F. Leaf, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-274 , 4 pages, 1974. Simulating Timber Yields and Hydrologic Impacts Result- ing from Timber Harvest on Subalpine Watersheds, C. F. Leaf, R. R. Alexander, USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM133, 20 pages, 1975. Land Use Simulation Model for Subalpine Coniferous

Forest Zone, C. F. Leaf, G. E. Brink, USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-135, 42 pages, 1975. 193
Watershed Management in the Rocky Mountain Subalpine Zone: The Status of Our Knowledge, C. F. Leaf, USDA

For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-137, 31 pages, 1975. Water Management in the Central and Southern Rocky

Mountains: A Summary of the Status of Our Knowledge of Vegetation Types, C. F. Leaf, USDA For. Serv., Res. Pap. RM-142, 28 pages, 1975. Watershed Management in Lodgepole Pine Ecosystems, M.

D. Hoover, Proc. Manage. Lodgepole Pine Ecosys. Symp.,

(Pullman, Wash., 1973) 2 Vols., D. M. Baumgartner, ed., Wash. State Univ., Pullman, pp. 569-580, 1975. Hydrology of Black Mesa Watershed, Western Colorado, E. C. Frank, H. E. Brown, J. R. Thompson, USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-I3, 11 pages, 1975.

Effects of Recreation on Water Quality in Wildlands, R. Aukerman, W. T. Springer, USDA For. Serv., Eisenhower

Consortium Bull. 2, 25 pages, 1976. 308-09339-810-00 WATERSHED REHABILITATION TO CONTROL EROSION

AND SEDIMENTATION IN THE SOUTHWEST, AL- BUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO

(c) Earl F. Aldon, Project Leader.

(d) Experimental, field investigations, applied research. . (e) See Water Resources Research Catalog.

(j) Discontinued.

(h) Influences of a Forest on the Hydraulic Geometry of Two

Mountain Streams, B. H. Heede, Water Resour. Bull. 8, pp. 523-530, 1972. Functional Relationships and a Computer Program for Structural Control, B. H. Heede, J. G. Mufich, J. Environ. Manage. 1, pp. 321-344, 1973. 308-10646-880-00 MINE SPOIL RECLAMATION IN THE SOUTWEST, AL- BUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO

(6) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Servie, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(c) Earl F. Aldon, Project Leader.

(d) Experimental, field investigation, applied research.

(e) Research has been directed specifically toward: Identify plant materials adaptable to coal mine spoil environments,

develop seeding and planting methods, devise means to augment water available for plant growth, design spoil banks to maximize stability, limit runoff, and enhance

cover development.

(h) Revegetating Coal Mine Spoils in New Mexico: A Laboratory Study, E. F. Aldon, H. W. Springfield, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-245, Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colo., 4 pages, 1973. Revegetating Disturbed Areas in the Semiarid Southwest, E.

F. Aldon, J. Soil Water Conserv. 28, pp. 223-225, 1973. Using Paraffin and Polythylene to Harvest Water for Growing Shrubs, E. F. Aldon, H. W. Springfield, Proc. Water

Harvesting Symp., Phoenix, Ariz., Mar. 26-28, 1974, USDA, Agric. Res. Serv. ARS w-22, pp. 251-257, 1975.

Establishing Alkali Sacaton on Harsh Sites in the Southwest, E. F. Aldon, J. of Range Manage. 28, 2, pp. 129-132, 1975. 308-10647-810-00 MULTIRESOURCE RESPONSE EVALUATION OF

MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR MIXED CONIFER,

CHAPARRAL, AND MOUNTAIN GRASSLAND

WATERSHEDS OF THE SOUTHWEST (FS-RM-1606)

(c) Leonard F. DeBano, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Arizona State University Campus, Tempe,

Ariz. 85281.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) Research is being conducted to determine responses by

watersheds to management alternatives and evaluate impacts on associated resource values in chaparral, mixed

conifer forests, and mountain grasslands; develop

methodology and procedures for predicting water-resource

reactions to comprehensive land management programs,

(/i) Chaparral Conversion Potential in Arizona. Part I., Water

Yield Response and Effects on Other Resources, A. R. Hibbert, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM-126, 36 pages, 1974. Runoff and Erosion After Brush Suppression on the Natural Drainage Watersheds in Central Arizona, P. A. Ingebo, A. R. Hibbert, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-175, 1 pages, 1974. Water Resources Research on Forest and Rangelands in Arizona, A. R. Hibbert, Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest , Proc. of Amer. Water Resour.

Assoc. (Ariz. Sect.) and the Arizona Academy of Sci. Hydrol. Sect., Flagstaff, Ariz., 4, pp. 1-9, Apr. 1974. Velocity-Head Rod and Current Meter Use in Boulder- Strewn Streams, B. H. Heede, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-271, 4 pages, 1974. Energy Budget Measurements Over Three Cover Types in Eastern Arizona, J. R. Thompson, Water Resources Research 10, 5, pp. 1045-1048, 1974. Watershed Management in Arizona's Mixed Conifer

Forests: The Status of Our Knowledge, L. R. Rich, J. R. Thompson, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM-130, 15 pages, 1974.

Field and Computer Procedures for Gully Control by

Check Dams, B. H. Heede, J. G. Mufich, J. Environ. Manage. 2, pp. 1-49, 1974. Stages of Development of Gullies in Western United States,

B. H. Heede, Zeitschrift ju r Geomorphologie 18, 3, pp. 260-271, 1974. Chaparral Conversion Potential in Arizona. Part II. An

Economic Analysis, T. C. Brown, P. F. O'Connell, A. R. Hibbert, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM-127, 28 pages, 1974. Chaparral Research for Water and Other Resources, A. R. Hibbert, 18th Ann. Arizona Watershed Symp. Proc, Phoenix Ariz., pp. 30-36, Sept. 25, 1974.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Germination of Alkali Sacaton, O. D. Knipe, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-268, 3 pages, 1974. Management of Phreatophyte and Riparian Vegetation for Maximum 'Multiple Use Values, J. S. Horton, C. J. Campbell, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM-117, 23 pages, 1974. Managing Chaparral for Water and Other Resources in Arizona, A. R. Hibbert, E. A. Davis, T. C. Brown,

reprinted from the Watershed Management Symposium,

ASCE, Irrigation and Drainage Division, Logan, Utah, pp. 445-468, Aug. 1 1-13, 1975. Karbutylate Residues in Stream Water Following a Brush

Control Treatment on a Chaparral Watershed in Arizona,

E. A. Davis, Res. Prog. Rep. W. Soc. of Weed Sci., pp. 22-

23, 1975.

Soil Wettability and Fire in Arizona Chaparral, D. G.

Scholl, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39, 2, pp. 356-361, 1975. Mountain Watersheds and Dynamic Equilibrium, B. H. Heede, ASCE Watershed Management Symposium, Logan,

Utah, pp. 407-420, Aug. 11-13, 1975. Watershed Indicators of Landform Development, B. H. Heede, Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest, Proc. of the Amer. Water Resources Assoc. (Arizona Section) and the Arizona Academy of Science Hydrology Section 5, pp. 43-46, Tempe, Ariz., Apr. 11-12, 1975. Snowmelt Runoff Efficiencies on Arizona Watersheds, R. M. Solomon, P. F. Ffolliott, M. B. Baker, Jr., G. J. Gottfried, J. R. Thompson, Univ. of Arizona, Ariz. Agricultural Exp. Sla. Res. Rept. No. 274, 50 pages, Summer, 1975. Hydrology of Black Mesa Watersheds, E. C. Frank, H. E. Brown, J. R. Thompson, USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Report RM-13, 11 pages, 1975. 194
Submerged Burlap Strips Aided Rehabilitation of Disturbed Semiarid Sites in Colorado and New Mexico, B. H. Heede,

USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-302, 8 pages, 1975.

Stages of Development of Gullies in the West, B. H. Heede,

in Present and Prospective Technology for Predicting Sedi- ment Yields and Sources, USDA ARS-S-40, pp. 155-161,

1975. Development and Testing of a Laser Rain Gage, A. D. Ozment, Hydrology and Water Resources, in Arizona and the Southwest, Proc. of the Amer. Water Resources Assoc. (Arizona Section) and the Arizona Academy of Sciences Hydrology Section 5, pp. 185-190, Tempe, Ariz., Apr. 11-

12, 1975. Water Yield Research in Arizona's Mixed Conifer Forests,

J. R. Thompson, 18th Annual Arizona Watershed Symp.

Proc, Phoenix, Ariz., pp. 15-18, Sept. 25, 1974. Management Alternatives for the Riparian and

Phreatophyte Zones in Arizona, J. S. Horton, 18th Ann.

Arizona Watershed Symp. Proc, Phoenix, Ariz., pp. 40-42,

Sept. 25, 1974. Energy Budgets for Three Small Plots Substantiate Priestley and Taylor's Large-Scale Evaporation Parameter, J. R. Thompson, J. of Applied Meteorology 14, pp. 1399-1401,

Oct. 7, 1975. Drip Pan for Field Plot Sprinkle Irrigation, F. Lavin, O. D.

Knipe, J. Range Manage. 28, pp. 155-157, 1975. Gully Development and Control, The Status of Our

Knowledge, B. H. Heede, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM169, 42 pages, 1976. Equilibrium Condition and Sediment Transport in an Ephemeral Mountain Stream, B. H. Heede, Hydrology and

Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest, Proc. of The

Amer. Water Resources Assoc. (Arizona Section) and the Arizona Academy of Sciences Hydrology Section 6, pp. 97-

102, Tucson, Ariz., Apr. -May 1976. Computer Simulation of Snowmelt, R. M. Solomon, P. F.

Ffolliott, M. B. Baker, Jr., J. R. Thompson, USDA For.

Serv. Res. Paper RM-174, 8 pages, 1976. Water Yields Resulting from Treatments on the Workman

Creek Experimental Watersheds in Central Arizona, L. R.

Rich, G. J. Gottfried, Water Resour. Res. 12, 5, pp. 1053-

1060, 1976. Induced Single-Flush Synchronous Growth of Shrub Live Oak, E. A. Davis, Geobios. 3, 6, pp. 181-184. Reprinted as USDA For. Serv. Res. Note Rm-333, 4 pages, 1976. Shade Materials for Modifying Greenhouse Climate, E. A.

Davis, F. D. Cole, USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM33, 6 pages, 1976.

Percolation and Streamflow in Range and Forest Lands, A.

R. Hibbert, Proc. 5th Workshop U.S./Australia Rangelands

Panel on Watershed Management on Range and Forest Lands, Boise, Idaho, June 15-22, 1975, pp. 69-80, 1976. Snow Damage in Arizona Ponderosa Pine Stands, P. F.

Ffolliott, J. R. Thompson, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note. RM-322, 2 pages, 1976. Correlation Between Transmissivity and Basal Area in Arizona Ponderosa Pine Forests, R. M. Solomon, P. F.

Ffolliott, J. R. Thompson, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM318, 3 pages, 1976. Windbreaks May Increase Water Yield From the Grassland

Islands in Arizona's Mixed Conifer Forests, J. R. Thompson, O. D. Knipe, P. M. Johnson, Hydrology and Water

Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 6, Proc. 1976 Mtg.

Ariz. Sect., Am. Water Resour. Assoc. and Hydrol. Sect., Ariz. Acad. Sci., (Tucson, Ariz., Apr. -May 1976), pp. 323-

329, 1976.

Soil Moisture Flux and Evapotranspiration Determined From Soil Hydraulic Properties in a Chaparral Stand, D. G. Scholl, Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. J. 40, 1, pp. 14-17, 1976.

308-10648-810-00 SNOWDRIFT MANAGEMENT AND AVALANCHE HAZARD

EVALUATION

(b) Colorado State University.

(c) M. Martinelli, Jr., Project Leader.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Determine methods for predicting and controlling the transport and deposition of the snow by winds in order to modify natural drift patterns for managerial purposes. Im- prove the evaluation and forecasting of avalanche hazard

to reduce the danger from snow avalanches in ski areas, mountain highways, mining operations and mountain home

sites. (g) Electronic snow particle counter has been modified to give mass flux of blowing snow. A real-time avalanche warning program has been operational for western Colorado for the past several winters. A quantitative orographic

precipitation model has been developed and tested for western Colorado. A numerical hydrological model of avalanche motion has been developed and is being tested. (h) Predicting Avalanche Intensity From Weather Data: A

Statistical Analysis, A. Judson, B. J. Erickson, USDA For.

Serv. Res. Pap. RM-112, 12 pages, 1973. Avalanche Warnings: Content and Dissemination, A. Judson, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note R-291, 8 pages, 1975. Colorado's Avalanche Warning Program, A. Judson, Weatherwise 29, 6, pp. 268-277, 1976. The Avalanche Warning Program in Colorado, A. Judson,

Proc. Western Snow Conf. (Albuquerque, N. Mex., Apr.

1977), 1977. Take the Plunge, M. Martinelli, Jr., Ski Management 11, 1, pp. 26-28, 1972. Avalanche, M. Martinelli, Jr., Yearbook of Sciences and

Technology, 1972, McGraw-Hill, pp. 1 15-1 17, 1973. Snowfence Experiments in Alpine Areas, M. Martinelli, Jr., J. Glaciology 12, pp. 291-303. Snow Avalanche Sites: Their Identification and Evaluation, M. Martinelli, Jr., USDA Agri. Inf. Bull. 360, 27 pages. Water-Yield Improvement from Alpine Areas: The Status

of Our Knowledge, M. Martinelli, Jr., USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-138, 16 pages. Meteorology and Ski Area Management and Operation, M.

Martinelli, Jr., Proc. 4th Natl. Conf. on Fire and Forest Meteorology, USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-32,

pp. 142-146, 1976. Avalanche Protection in Switzerland (Translated from Ger- man by U.S. Army CRREL), USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech.

Rept. RM-9, 168 pages, 1975. Avalanche Handbook, R. I. Perla, M. Martinelli, Jr., USDA

Agri. Handbook 489, 238 pages, 1976. Avalanche Dynamics: Engineering Applications for Land

Use Planning, C. F. Leaf, M. Martinelli, Jr., USDA For.

Serv. Res. Pap. RM-183, 51 pages, 1977. Analog Temperature Records from a Lineorized Thermistor Network, R. A. Schmidt, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM286, 4 pages, 1975. Weather Conditions that Determine Snow Transport at a

Site in Wyoming, The Role of Snow and Ice in Hydrology,

Symp. on Properties and Processes (UNESCO), (Banff, Alberta, Canada, Sept. 1972), 2 Vols., 1973. A Weibull Prediction of the Tensile Strength-Volume Relationship of Snow, R. A. Sommerfeld, J. Geophys. Res. 79,

pp. 3353-3356, 1974. An Automatic Data Acquisition and Reduction, R. A. Sommerfeld, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-260, 4 pages, 1974. Continuous Measurements of Deformations on an Avalanche Slope, Snow Mechanics Symposium,

(Grindelwald, Switzerland, Apr. 1974), 1ASH-A1SH Publ. 114, pp. 293-297, 1975. A Correction Factor for Koch's Stability Index of Slab Avalanche Release, R. A. Sommerfeld, R. M. King, F. Budding, J. Glaciology 17, 75, pp. 145-147, 1976. 195

254-330 0 - 78 - 14
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, P.O. Box

2570, Asheville, N. C. 28802. J. B. Hilmon, Director. 309-0247W-8 10-00 IMPROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY AND YIELD,

SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS-PIEDMONT

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 3.0262.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, T- 102 10

Postal Services Building, 701 Loyola Avenue, New Orleans, La. 701 13. Laurence E. Lassen, Director. 310-06973-810-00 MULTI-RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS IN THE

OZARK-OUACHITA HIGHLANDS

(b) Cooperative with the University of Arkansas.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) To formulate forest management alternatives to enhance

values of water, timber and related forest resources. Hydrologic research is aimed at determining the effects of

various silvicultural measures on streamflow and water

quality. Measurement of hydrologic responses from partial and complete vegetation removal on three small watersheds in the Quachita Mountains has been

completed. Hydrologic responses to planting pine and

natural regeneration on these watersheds are now being

studied. Calibration of three watersheds in the Springfield Plateau has been completed and the effects of two silvicul- tural treatments are to be investigated. Calibration of four watersheds in the Boston Mountains is being continued.

Soil water, surface runoff, sediment losses and nutrient

losses via runoff are being monitored on all watersheds.

(g) Results indicate significant increases in soil water and ru- noff following partial and complete vegetation removal from the Ouachita Watersheds. Sediment losses increased immediately after timber removal, but returned to pretreatment levels in three years. Herbicide residues in runoff were detected in only one of three years and they were minimal and of short duration. Diameter growth of

shortleaf pine was significantly increased as a result of understory removal and thinning the pine overstory. Soil water deficits in northern Arkansas were significantly dif- ferent on forested and clearcut areas, but were no dif- ferent on northwest and southeast aspects. Growing season

deficits on forested areas were over four times those on

cut areas. Spring deficits were very similar under both

cover conditions.

(/i) 2,4,5-T Residues in Storm Runoff from Small Watersheds,

E. R. Lawson, J. Soil & Water Conserv. 31, 5, pp. 217-219,

1976. Simulating Hydrologic Behavior on Ouachita Mountain

Drainages, T. L. Rogerson, USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. SO1 19, 9 pages, South. For. Exp. Stn., 1976.

Soil Water Deficits Under Forested and Clearcut Areas in Northern Arkansas, T. L. Rogerson, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 40, 5, pp. 802-805, 1976. 310-06974-810-00 HYDROLOGIC EVALUATION OF FOREST MANAGEMENT

ALTERNATIVES FOR THE SOUTHERN COASTAL PLAIN PINERY

(c) Stanley J. Ursic, Project Leader, U.S. Forest Service, Forest Hydrology Laboratory, P.O. Box 947, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0126 and

5.0969.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, U.S. ARMY BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORY, Aberdeen Proving Ground,

Md. 21005. Dr. Robert J. Eichelberger, Director. 311-09355-010-00 FLOW FIELD PERTURBATIONS CAUSED BY PROTUBERANCES IN BOUNDARY LAYERS

(c) Dr. Raymond Sedney, Launch and Flight Division, R. H. Kent Bldg.

(d) Theoretical and experimental applied research.

(e) Experimental flow visualization methods were developed and used to study the local changes to a smooth surface boundary layer caused by a three-dimensional protuberance. Physical models of the near flow field are constructed. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically for a two-dimensional square protuberance in Couette flow.

if) Completed.

(g) The optical-surface indicator technique, developed in this task, has been used to resolve the details of the multiple flow separations and reattachments which occur in the flow field near a protuberance immersed in a supersonic

turbulent boundary layer. We find that the number and

size of vortices formed in the separated flow region are de- pendent on the Reynolds number. We have visualized the flow off the surface using a laser-illuminated vapor screen

technique. Flow separation arid reattachment near square two-dimensional protuberances have been studied numerically using the full Navier-Stokes equations.

(/i) The Structure of 3-D Separated Flows in Obstacle-Boundary Layer Interactions, R. Sedney, C. W. Kitchens, Jr., AGARD-NATO Symp. Flow Separation, Gtittingen, Federal Republic of Germany, May 1975, AGARD Conference

Preprint 168. The Role of the Zone of Dependence Concept in Three- Dimensional Boundary-Layer Calculations, C. W. Kitchens,

Jr., R. Sedney, N. Gerber, Proc. AIAA 2nd Computational

Fluid Dynamics Conf., Hartford, Conn., pp. 102-1 12, June

1975. 311-09356-010-00 THREE-DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYERS

(c) Dr. Clarence W. Kitchens, Jr., Launch and Flight Division, R. H. Kent Bldg.

(d) Numerical and theoretical applied research.

(e) The role of the zone of dependence concept in three- dimensional boundary-layer calculations is investigated. This concept is especially important for calculating the boundary layer over a spinning body at incidence. A new

exact solution which simulates the essential features of the complex flow over a spinning body is used as a test case to

test four finite-difference schemes. The stability properties of the finite-difference equations are being studied. (g) A new exact solution is developed and used as a test case. Two new finite-difference schemes for three-dimensional boundary layers are developed. Four finite-difference schemes are tested to determine the effect of violating the zone of dependence rule. We show that error growth

results from violating this rule in numerical computations;

however, the two new schemes are shown to be fairly in- sensitive to these violations. We show that stability restric- tions and the zone of dependence rule are not the same.

(/i) The Role of the Zone of Dependence Concept in Three- Dimensional Boundary-Layer Calculations, C. W. Kitchens,

Jr., R. Sedney, N. Gerber, Proc. AIAA 2nd Computational

Fluid Dynamics Conf., Hartford, Conn., pp. 102-1 12, June

1975. 311-09357-540-00 SPIN-UP IN A LIQUID-FILLED SHELL

(c) Dr. Raymond Sedney, Launch and Flight Division, R. H. Kent Bldg.

(d) Theoretical investigation, applied research. 196
(f) Investigation of instabilities occurring early in the flight of

liquid-filled shells gives rise to the task of determining the unsteady flow of the liquid in a shell impulsively spun up

from rest. An approximate model (E. H. Wedemeyer) has

led to a single partial differential equation for the flow in a

completely-filled shell with a cylindrical cavity. Here an

economical, efficient and accurate numerical technique

has been developed and applied to this spin-up equation.

The program is set up for three "Ekman suction compatibility" conditions: 1) linear, laminar; 2) linear, turbulent;

3) Rogers and Lance, laminar. The program also in- tegrates the velocity profiles to provide the angular mo- mentum history of the fluid. (g) Numerical solutions have been obtained for wide ranges of

the parameters of the problem (dimensions of the cavity, kinematic viscosity and spin rate), providing a complete

picture of the effects of the parameters on the velocity

profiles. Comparison with analytical approximations show

the conditions under which the latter are valid. (h) Properties of Rigidly Rotating Liquids in Closed, PartiallyFilled Cylinders, J. Applied Mechanics 42, 3, Sept. 1975.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, COASTAL ENGINEERING

RESEARCH CENTER, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Kingman

Building, Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060. John H. Cousins,

Colonel, CE, Commander and Director. 312-02193-490-00 COASTAL CONSTRUCTION-DEVELOP FUNCTIONAL/STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

(c) R. A. Jachowski, Chief, Design Branch, Engrg. Develop- ment Division.

(d) Applied research and engineering design development.

(e) Development of functional and structural design criteria is directed at summarizing for design application, information obtained through research by the Corps and others, compiling and synthesizing it, and finally translating it into a form directly usable by coastal engineers, and in a sense,

is the end product of all CERC's research.

(g) An interim report was prepared on a steel pile corrosion

study at Dam Neck, Virginia. A final report has been

prepared on the stability of sand-filled nylon bag break- water structures. Work has been carried out on the reanalysis of wave runup on structures and beaches, and a final report and two coastal design memoranda have been

prepared. A coastal design memorandum was also prepared which reorganized material previously published on wave set-up on a sloping beach. Work has continued on preparation of the Coastal Engineering Manual.

(/O Shore Protection Manual, 2nd Edition, Vols. I, II, III, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research

Center, Stock No. 008-022-00077-1, U.S. Government

Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1,160 pages, 1973. Evaluation and Development of Water Wave Theories for Engineering Application R. G. Dean, Special Rept. No. I, (2 Volumes), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., Nov. 1974. Small-Craft Harbors: Design, Construction, and Operation,

J. W. Dunham, A. A. Finn, Special Rept. No. 2, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., Dec. 1974. 312-02195-430-00 EVALUATION OF SHORE PROTECTION STRUCTURES

(c) D. W. Berg, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engineering

Development Division.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Evaluation of Shore Protection Structures is directed at providing improved functional design criteria for coastal

projects through analysis of the behavior of selected prototype structures which have been built. Current design

practice depends on many empirical relationships and

coefficients that are generally based on insufficient data. By evaluating structure performance, techniques which

have been obtained through empirical or analytical efforts can be confirmed, and the accuracy of coefficients deter- mined. Data are collected before, during and after construction of shore structures, including repetitive surveys, material sampling, littoral forces (to the extent possible), and the techniques and materials of construction. Analysis of these data is aided by the use of electronic data processing techniques,

(g) Data processing continued for the following locations; Hampton Beach, N. H.-beach fill and nourishment; Wallis Sands Beach, N. H.-beach fill and terminal groin; Suffolk County, L. I., N. Y. -groin system; Carolina Beach Inlet, N. C.-dredging of throat of unimproved inlet; Carolina Beach, N. C.-beach fill, dunes, and nourishment;

Wrightsville Beach, N. C.-beach fill, dunes, and nourish- ment from littoral reservoir at experimental weir-type

jetty; Hunting Island, S. C.-beach fill and nourishment. 312-06995-880-00 COASTAL ECOLOGICAL STUDIES

(c) R. M. Yancey, Ecology Branch, Research Division. (d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Six work units representing ecological problem areas are under study. Three are concerned with vegetation and

three others with animals.

(g) The work units are listed as follows: Foredune Ecology: To define and evaluate the impacts of foredune construction upon the biotic communities of the beach and landward areas of barrier islands including ad- jacent shallow water areas of lagoons and sounds and to develop predictive models for use in planning.

Bank Erosion Control With Vegetation: To provide a natural, inexpensive, efficient method of bank erosion protection by use of living plants in areas of relatively low wave

energy.

Ecological Effects of Beach Nourishment: To define and

quantify the ecological effects of beach nourishment

operations in southern California, middle U.S., Atlantic and Florida Gulf coastal areas and make that information

available for planning and management purposes; to provide beach nourishment guidelines that adequately consider the effects of initial obtention (i.e. dredging) of beach fill material, and the effect of sand emplacement on

the living resources of the operations area such as clam

beds of commercial or recreational value and other animals in the sandy bottom or attached to nearby hard

surfaces. While long-term effects of sand emplacement

were considered, only the ecological effects of borrow pit creation are considered in this work unit (see separate work unit for long term effects of borrow pits). Ecological Effects of Rubble Structures: To define and

quantify the ecological effects of rubble mound structures

in three U.S. coastal areas. Effects of Construction and Operation of Field Research

Facility: To define, quantify and document the ecological

effects of the construction and initial operation of the CERC research pier on the biota of Currituck Banks, N.C.

Productivity of Western Salt Marshes: To obtain primary

productivity information, compare the information with western marsh productivity and evaluate the productivity of western marshes.

(h) Ocean Waste Dumping Operations Monitoring,

Anonymous, Sperry Systems Management Div., AD735378, Sperry Rand Corp., 1971. Animal Colonization of Man-Initiated Salt Marshes on Dredge Spoil, L. M. Cammen, E. D. Seneca, B. J. Copeland, CERC Tech. Paper 76-7, AD No. A028345, June

1976. Sampling Variation in Sandy Beach Littoral and Nearshore Meiofauna and Macrofauna, J. L. Cox, CERC Tech. Paper

76-14, Sept. 1976. 197
Construction and Stabilization of Coastal Foredunes with

Vegetation: Padre Island, Texas, B. E. Dahl, CERC Misc. Paper 9-75, AD No. A018065, Sept. 1975. Experimental Dunes of the Texas Coast, B. O. Gage, Misc. Paper No. 1-70, CERC, 1970.

Salt Marsh Establishment and Development, E. Garbisch,

CERC Tech. Memo. 52, AD No. A014136, June 1975. Preliminary Analyses of Urban Wastes, New York

Metropolitan Region, M. G. Gross, Tech. Rept. 7, AD734337, Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of N.Y. , Stony Brook, 1970. Survey of Marine Waste Deposits, N.Y. Metropolitan Region, M. G. Gross, Tech. Rept. 8, AD723431, 72 pages, Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of

N.Y., Stony Brook.

Evaluation of Potential Use of Vegetation for Erosion Abatement Along the Great Lakes Shorelines, V. L. Hall, J. D. Ludwig, CERC Misc. Paper 7-75, June 1975. The Marine Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Dredge Spoil in the Waters of the N.Y. Bight, R. A. Home, et al., Woods

Hole Oceanographic Inst., Woods Hole, Mass., Tech. Memo. 1-71, AD722791, 1971.

Vegetative Study of the Duck Field Research Facility, Duck,

North Carolina, G. F. Levy, CERC Misc. Rept. 76-6, Apr.

1976.

Effect of Engineering Activities Upon the Ecology of Pismo

Clams, J. Nybakken, CERC Misc. Paper 8-76, Sept. 1975. Ocean Dumping in the New York Bight: An Assessment of Environmental Studies, G. Pararas-Carayannis, CERC

Tech. Memo. 39, May 1973.

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Nearshore Zone of Sand Key, Florida Prior to Beach

Restoration, C. H. Saloman, Final Rept. Interservice Agree- ments No. CERC 71-18, 72-33, 73-27, 1975. A Selected Bibliography of the Nearshore Environment:

Florida West Coast, C. H. Saloman, CERC Misc. Paper No.

5-75, 1975. The Benthic Fauna and Sediments of the Nearshore Zone

Off Panama City Beach, Florida, C. H. Saloman, CERC

Misc. Rept. 76-10, Aug. 1976. The Effects of Waste Disposal in the N.Y. Bight, Sandy

Hook Laboratory, Summary Final Rept. (Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center) Natl. Marine Fisheries Service, AD743936, 70 pages, 1972. The Effects of Waste Disposal in the New York Draft Bight,

Sandy Hook Laboratory, AD739531 through AD739539.

Experimental Dune Building on the Outer Banks of North

Carolina: Shore and Beach, R. P. Savage, 30, 2, pp. 23-27,

Oct. 1962. Creation and Stabilization of Coastal Barrier Dunes, R. P. Savage, W. W. Woodhouse, Jr., Proc. 11th Conf. Coastal

Engrg., London, England, Sept. 1968; published by ASCE,

1969; CERC Reprint 3-69. Dune Stabilization with Panicum amarum Along the North

Carolina Coast, E. D. Seneca, W. W. Woodhouse, Jr., S. W. Broome, CERC Misc. Rept. 76-3, Feb. 1976.

Effects of Suspended and Deposited Sediments on Estuarine Organisms, J. A. Sherk, Jr., J. M. O'Connor, Ann. Rept. for 17 Sept. 1970-17 Sept. 1971, CBL Ref. No. 71-4D,

Natural Resources Inst., Univ. of Maryland, 1971.

Effects of Suspended and Deposited Sediments on Estuarine Organisms, J. A. Sherk, Jr., J. M. O'Connor, Ann. Rept. for 17 Sept. 1971-17 Sept. 1972, Ref. No. 72-9E, Natural Resources Inst., Univ. of Maryland, 1972.

Effects of Suspended and Deposited Sediments on Estuarine Organisms, J. A. Sherk, Jr., J. M. O'Connor, D. A. Neumann, R. D. Price, K. V. Wood, Final Rept. Contract DACW72-71-C-0003, Ref. No. 72-10, Natural Resources

Inst., Univ. of Maryland, Mar. 1974.

Effect of Suspended Solids on Selected Estuarine Planketon,

J. A. Sherk, Jr., J. M. O'Connor, D. A. Neumann, CERC

Misc. Rept. 76-1, AD No. A022653, Jan. 1976.

Smithsonian Advisory Committe Report on Studies of the

Effects of Waste Disposal in the New York Bight, M. A. Buzas, J. H. Carpenter, B. H. Ketchum, J. H. McHugh, V.

J. Nocton, D. J. O'Connor, J. L. Simon, D. K.. Young

(Smithsonian Advisory Committee), AD746960, 65 pages, 1972.

Vegetation Establishment and Shoreline Stabilization, Galveston Bay, Texas, J. W. Webb, J. D. Dodd, CERC Tech. Rept. 76-13, ADA030169, Aug. 1976. Dune Stabilization with Vegetation on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, W. W. Woodhouse, Jr., R. E. Hanes, CERC Memo. No. 22, 1967. Propagation of Sparina alterniflora for Substrate Stabiliza- tion and Salt Marsh Development, W. W. Woodhouse, Jr., E. D. Seneca, S. W. Broome, CERC Tech. Memo. No. 46, Aug. 1974. 312-09733-410-00 BEACH PROFILE STUDIES

(c) Allen DeWall, Coastal Processes Branch, Research Division. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Develop criteria for the design of protective sand beaches, and a predictive model that will provide early warning of

potentially dangerous beach depletion. The primary source

of data is repetitive surveys of beach profile lines at selected coastal localities. This profile data is correlated with environmental factors such as wave, tide, storm and

sand conditions, to the extent that they are known, and

with engineering works, such as beach fills and groins. (g) Results to date include a report on the residence time and

longshore travel of beach fill obtained from the data on

Atlantic City and the use of this data in more specific problems at certain localities,

(/i) Beach Profile Changes on Western Long Island, C. H.

Everts, Coastal Geomorpho. Symp., Sept. 1972. Behavior of Beach Fill at Atlantic City, New Jersey, C. H.

Everts, A. E. DeWall, M. T. Czerniak, 14th Coast. Engrg.

Conf., June 1974.

Basic Research to Analyze Time Sequence Changes in Beach Configuration in Response to Wind and Wave Conditions in the Coastal Region Between Hollywood and Jupiter, Florida, J. J. Richter, Final Report, 15 Feb. 1971. An Investigation of Beach Changes Between Hollywood and

Jupiter, Florida, J. J. Richter, Final Report, July 1974. Sand Level Changes on Torrey Pines Beach, California, C.

E. Nordstorm, D. L. Inman, Final Report, Aug. 1974. Shelves of the United States, C. H. Everts, AGU, Apr. 1973. Magnitude of Changes on Three New Jersey Beaches, C. H.

Everts, A. E. DeWall, M. T. Czerniak, AAPG/SEPM, Apr. 1974. Beach Changes Caused by the Atlantic Coast Storm of 17 December 1970, A. E. Dewall, P. C. Pritchett, C. J. Galvin, CERC TP 77-1, Jan. 1977. Beach Changes over the Period of a Tidal Cycle, C. H.

Everts, GSA, Sept. 1976.

Variations in Beach Erosion and Accretion Trends at Virginia Beach, Va. and Vicinity, V. Goldsmith, S. C. Sturm, G. R. Thomas, Final Rept., Mar. 1977. 312-09735-470-00 ALASKA HARBOR RESEARCH (SEDIMENTATION IN HIGH TIDE RANGE AREAS)

(c) Dr. Craig Everts, Chief, Geotechnical Engineering Branch,

Engineering Development Division. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Prediction of shoaling rates for Alaskan harbors prior to their construction, the application of this knowledge to sit- ing harbors in areas of least shoaling, and improved

guidelines for harbor design. Field data from Nushagak

Bay, Kenai and Knik Arm, Alaska, have been collected. Included are data on sediment concentration, sediment 198
size distribution and density; water salinity and temperature; water current velocity, wave characteristics, ice tidal elevations, estuary bathymetry, tidal flat topography, tidal

flat sediment characteristics and time changes in tidal flat surface elevation. Shoaling rates have been measured in a sedimentation test facility and in a prototype Alaskan halftide harbor. The resulting data are being analyzed and

techniques to predict shoaling rates will be developed.

Work on harbor siting continues.

(g) Results to date include a better understanding of the factors contributing to shoaling in Alaskan Harbors.

(/i) Shoaling Rates and Related Data from Knik Arm Near

Anchorage, Alaska, C. H. Everts, H. Moore, Coastal Engeg.

Research Center Tech. Paper 76-1, 84 pages.

Tidal Flat Accretion in Alaska, H. Moore, C. H. Everts,

Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 54, 4, 1973. Sediment Discharge by Two Glacial Melt-Water Streams in Alaska, C. H. Everts, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55, 4, 1974. Shoaling Rate Prediction Using a Sedimentation Tank, C.

H. Everts, Proc. Specialty Conf. Civil Engrg. In the Oceans

II, pp. 294-312, June 1975. Sedimentation in a Half-Tide Harbor, Assessment of the

Arctic Marine Environment, C. H. Everts, Selected Topics, Univ. of Alaska, pp. 131-160, 1976. Sediment Discharge by Glacier-Fed Rivers in Alaska, C. H.

Everts, Proc. Symp. Inland Waterways for Navigation Flood

Control and Water Diversions, ASCE, pp. 907-923, 1976. 312-09736-410-00 SEAWARD LIMIT OF EFFECTIVE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

(c) R. J. Hallermeier, Coastal Processes Branch, Research

Division.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic and applied research.

(e) To define, in operational terms, a zone seaward of which

wave-induced sediment transport can be considered

negligible for coastal engineering purposes. The seaward and landward edges of this zone will be established in laboratory investigations of sediment-hydraulic interactions. Tests in a prototype -scale oscillating-flow water tunnel at the National Bureau of Standards will define conditions for incipient sand motion and for ripple develop- ment. Suspended sediment measurements in CERC laboratory wave facilities will define conditions for significant sediment entrainment from a sand lab. (g) Using four quartz sands and various flow periods between

3 and 15 sec. a series of water-tunnel tests is presently in- vestigating the initiation of sand motion and of ripples, and

the height and length of ripples as they grow to equilibri- um with the flow. A CERC report on the test results will be published in 1977.

Office study investigated a hypothetical dimensionless parameter indicating if wave energy density is large enough to elevate fine sand a significant distance above

the bed. This parameter can be used to calculate the max- imum water depth for entrained sand in linear wave of a

certain height and period; calculated depths agree with measured depth over the shelf frequently cut into a plane sand shape by constant laboratory wave action. A CERC

report in preparation documents these results and

proposes a procedure to calculate a yearly limit depth to the active beach. Planned laboratory tests will investigate entrained sand

offshore of the breaker zone, using the Iowa Sediment

Concentration Measuring System. Results will be in- tegrated with previous findings from contracted research

at University of Iowa and with other reported results. Investigation o! the Operating Characteristics of Iowa Sedi- ment Concentration Measuring System, F. A. Locher, J. R. Glover, T. Nakato, Tech. Paper No. 76-6, U.S. Army

Coastal Engrg. Research Center, 99 pages, 1976. A Positive Displacement Oscillatory Water Tunnel, K. E. B. Lofquist, Misc. Rept. No. 77-1, Coastal Engrg. Research

Center, 26 pages, 1977.

Wave Entrainment of Sediment from Rippled Beds, T. Nakato, F. A. Locher, J. R. Glover, J. F. Kennedy, J. Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Div., ASCE 103, WWI,

Proc. Paper 12736, pp. 83-99, 1977.

Calculating a Yearly Limit Depth to the Active Beach, R. J. Hallermeier, to be published as a CERC Technical Paper, about 30 pages, 1977. 312-09737-700-00 DESIGN, ASSEMBLY, AND TESTING OF NEW RAPID SEDI- MENT ANALYZER

(c) C. W. Judge, Chief Petrology Laboratory, Research Support Division. (d) Applied research and development.

(e) The project designed and tested improved methods for determining particle diameters in the sand size range (

1

mm to 63 microns) based upon fall velocity through a 1.5 meter column of water 15 cm in diameter. Mass and wall

effects are reduced by the larger tube and increased sensitivity; the longer tube provides good separation of the coarse sands. Use of a suspended pan and electrobalance

for measuring the accumulated fall was investigated and

found to have significant oscillatory problems. Output from the rapid sediment analyzer system is provided to a computer system for computation of size class distribution and statistical parameters.

(g) The initial system has been built and tested. Alternate methods (such as pressure transducers) of measuring the accumulated fall versus time are being investigated. 312-09742-440-00 EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM GREAT LAKES WATER LEVEL

CHANGES

(c) William A. Birkemeir, Coastal Processes Branch, Research

Division.

(d) Field and office investigation; applied research.

(e) Evaluation of beach effects especially bluff recession

resulting from the current high lake levels and the prediction of probable beach changes that will occur during fu- ture episodes of high lake level. Field surveys of 17 profile

lines along the eastern coast of Lake Michigan were made

at four-week intervals between 1970 and 1974. These data have been correlated with environmental factors such as lake level, wave conditions and foreshore and backshore

sand samples. In addition semiannual aerial photographs of

5 miles of the Berrin County, Michigan shoreline are being

studied to evaluate the temporal and alongshore variations

in the shore and bluff lines between 1970 and 1974.

(g) Results to date include several reports that point out that

bluff recession is highly variable along the shoreline and

that the largest changes occur during late fall and early

spring. (h) Beach Profile Changes: Eastern Lake Michigan, 1970- 1973, R. A. Davis, W. C. Fingleton, P. C. Pritchett, CERC

MP 10-75, 97 pages, Oct. 1975. Coastal Changes, Eastern Lake Michigan, 1970-1973, R. A. Davis, CERC T. P. 76-16, 64 pages, Oct. 1976. 312-09743-410-00 LITTORAL TRANSPORT TESTING PROCEDURES

(c) Charles B. Chesnutt, Coastal Processes Branch, Research

Division.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Reduce unwanted laboratory effects in movable-bed models and research experiments of wave action on sandy beaches and to develop scale relationships for such models and experiments. Tests in CERC's wave tanks and basins will include: ( 1

)

Laboratory effects studies: (a) two-dimensional tests to empirically identify the magnitude of water temperature and tank length effects by testing extreme conditions, and

then, if important, by systematically testing intermediate

conditions; and (b) three-dimensional tests to evaluate dif- 199
fraction, refraction, and reflection effects; and (2) Scale

effects studies: (a) two-dimensional tests to empirically evaluate the performance of different sediments in predicting profile shape and simulating onshore/offshore transport; and (b) three-dimensional tests to empirically evaluate techniques for simulating longshore ' transport and

three-dimensional beach changes.

(g) The major conclusions drawn from the three lengthy ex- periments in Laboratory Effects in Coastal Movable-Beds Models were:

( 1

) The shoreline recession rate, averaged over the first 50

hours of the two experiments where the initial slope was

the same, but the distance from the generator to the shoreline and the water temperature were different, varied from 0.03 ft/hr to 0.10 ft/hr. This indicates that initial test length may be an important variable affecting rates of

profile change.

(2) Important differences in profile development and final profile shapes in the two experiments where initial test length was the same and the initial slope and water temperature were different indicates that the initial slope may

be an important variable affecting profile change.

(3) The evidence on the effect of water temperature supports the hypothesis that colder, more viscous water will transport more sediment. The modeler should be aware of

possible effects which could result from not maintaining a constant water temperature.

(4) Modelers should be cautious in determining

"equilibrium" conditions. Major conclusions drawn from the paper Tests on the Equilibrium Profiles of Model Beaches and the Effects of Grain Shape and Size Distribution and CERC TP 76-11

were:

( 1 ) The use of model materials which have strongly bimodal or very narrow unimodal size distributions should be avoided.

(2) The use of model materials which have smooth spherical grain shapes should be avoided.

(3) Noda's model law apparently predicts only the foreshore shape and its general use in predicting beach

shape and shoreline movement is not recommended.

(h) Laboratory Effects in Coastal Movable-Bed Models, C. B. Chesnutt, Proc. Symp. Modeling Techniques, pp. 945-961,

1975.

Tests on the Equilibrium Profiles of Model Beaches and the

Effects of Grain Shape and Size Distribution, J. I. Collins, C. B. Chesnutt, Proc. Symp. Modeling Techniques, pp. 907-

926, 1975. Grain Shape and Size Distribution Effects on Coastal Models, J. I. Collins, C. B. Chesnutt, TP 76-11, Coastal

Engrg. Research Center, July 1976. 312-09744-410-00 CHECKLIST FOR LONGSHORE TRANSPORT PREDICTION

(c) Philip Vitale, Hydraulic Engineer, Research Division.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) Develop a checklist for computing longshore transport

rates to be used by engineers in Corps Districts and Divisions. Laboratory, field and office procedures will be used

to evaluate existing methods for the prediction of

longshore transport rates. Laboratory and field procedures

will be used to test critical questions and office studies will be used to document and evaluate methods. Particular items include documentation of the existing longshore energy flux method; laboratory tests to compare energy

flux with longshore force as a predictor of transport rates; evaluation of the relative importance of suspended sedi- ment in contributing to total longshore transport rate; preparation of a recommended check list for longshore

transport rate prediction. Each of these four items would

be accompanied by a report documenting the results obtained.

(/i) Longshore Sediment Transport Rates: A Compilation of Data, M. M. Das, Coastal Engrg. Res. Center MP 1-71, Sept. 1971. Suspended Sediment and Longshore Sediment Transport Data Review, M. M. Das, 13th Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., Chap. 54, pp. 1027-1048, 1973. Longshore Transport of Suspended Sediment, J. C.

Fairchild, I3th Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., Chap. 56, pp. 1069-1088, 1973. A Gross Longshore Transport Rate Formula, C. J. Galvin, 13th Intl. Conf. Coast. Engrg., Chap. 50, pp. 953-970,

1973. Longshore Energy Flux, Longshore Force, and Longshore

Sediment Transport, C. J. Galvin, EOS, Trans. AGU 54, p. 334, Apr. 1973. Longshore Transport Prediction-SPM 1973 Equation, C. J. Galvin, P. Vitale, 1 5th Conf. Costal Engrg., July 1976. 312-09745-430-00 PROTOTYPE EXPERIMENTAL GROIN

(c) D. W. Berg, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engineering

Development Division.

(d) Experimental field investigation; applied research.

(e) The prototype experimental groin study investigates vari- ous configurations. The objectives of the study are to determine the manner in which a groin functions to entrap

sand; to determine the effect of groin dimensions and

shape on the volume of entrapped sand; and, to determine

the manner in which sand moves over, around, or through

a groin. To accomplish the above objectives entails measurements of the littoral factors such as beach and

nearshore underwater geometry, wave climatology, beach and nearshore underwater bottom sediment characteristics. The resulting relationships will be published and made

available to interested organizations for use in the functional design of groins and groin systems.

(g) A pier was built at Pt. Mugu, California, in 1969 by the Coastal Engineering Research Center. Using the pier as a work platform and supporting structure, two groins have been installed and tested. The first groin configuration was

long, high and impermeable; the second was short, low and impermeable. Both of the groins influenced the shoreline and offshore depths for a distance, in the downcoast direction, equal to about three times the effective length of the groin and in the up coast direction for a distance equal to about five times the effective length of

the groin. During 1974, Phase I a low, short, permeable groin configuration was installed. The permeability was achieved by

skipping every third piling in a sheet pile wall. In April 1975, Phase II, a second steel sheet piling wall was added,

the missing pile was staggered with respect to Phase I, November 1975, Phase III, the third piling wall was in- stalled, the missing pile was similar to Phase I. As of April 1976 no visible effect on the shoreline either upcoast or downcoast could be observed, the field experiment was

terminated 30 June 1976. The analysis continues. 312-09746-410-00 BEACH FILL SEDIMENT CRITERIA

(c) R. D. Hobson, Geotechnical Engineering Branch.

(d) Applied research involving theoretical and field investigations. (e) Provide guidelines for District use in scheduling optimum

available material for beach fills and determine amount of

material required. To obtain and analyze field and model

data in order to improve the characterization of littoral materials as guidance for specifying, in BEC studies those

materials which will provide a more stable beach considering slope, wave, and current regime of a particular coastal

sector. Information will be summarized in form of charts and tables suitable for engineers in planning, design, construction, and maintenance of beaches. To attain objectives, investigation includes collection of data related to 200
temporal and spatial changes in beach and offshore

profiles, as well as beach and offshore sediment characteristics; additionally, temporal modifications to the profile and sediment at beach nourishment/fill/bypass operations

will be monitored. Data obtained will be analyzed and in- formation incorporated into conceptual and mathematical models for interaction to subsequent field data collection programs. Field data from the Atlantic, Gulf, Pacific, and

Great Lakes will be obtained. Because a large number of sediment samples will need to be analyzed investigation of temporal and spatial variability of sediment textural properties will be examined in order to assess sampling error, measurement error, information loss through data

processing so as to improve the quality of sediment textural data collected by and stored at CERC and used as prime data base for this work unit. (g) Mathematical models have been developed to predict average requirements and renourishment needs by comparing composite granulometric properties of native beach and borrow source sediments. Effects of sediment handling

techniques or model predictions are also being in- vestigated. Field studies, including monitoring the per- formance of selected projects, are being conducted to test the models.

(/i) Techniques in Evaluating Suitability of Borrow Material for Beach Nourishment, W. R. James, CERC TM 60, 1975. Review of Design Elements For Beachfill Evaluation, R. D. Hobson, CERC Tech. Publ. (in press), 1977. 312-09747-710-00 COASTAL IMAGERY DATA BANK

(c) D. W. Berg, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engrg. Develop- ment Division.

(d) Field investigation, operational development.

(.e) Proposed project is to index available controlled aerial photography of coastal and estuarine areas of the United

States. (g) The indexing as described in (e) above is done on a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers District area basis. Indexing for the following Engineer Districts is complete: NAB, SAN,

NPS, NPP, SPN, SAJ, NAO, SAW, NAP, NCB, NCE,

NCC, NCS, NAN, SAM, and LMN.

(/i) Coastal Imagery Data Bank, A. Z. Szuwalski, Interim

Repi., Nov. 1972. 312-09750-410-00 GREAT LAKES INLET STUDIES

(c) R. M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Reversing currents in inlets along the Great Lakes are generated primarily by resonant response to long wave

seiching modes of the lakes rather than by the tide. In order to investigate the nature of long wave excitation and

the generating mechanism for significant inlet velocities, to

establish techniques for predicting inlet-harbor system

response, and to develop base data for future planning and

design studies, field measurements were conducted in 1974-75 at nine harbors on the Great Lakes. Data col- lected includes continuous harbor water level measure- ments at all sites, inlet velocity measurements at the pri- mary site (Pentwater, Michigan), and channel hydrographic surveys at the sites where more recent data were

needed. Historic water level and velocity data for some of

the harbor sites was also used.

(/) Completed.

(g) Amplified harbor response and generation of the highest

inlet channel velocities is caused by a coupling of the

inlet/bay Helmholtz resonance mode with low amplitude

( < 0-2 ft) high frequency modes of oscillation of the Great

Lakes. Typical resonance periods were between 1 and 3 hours. Cumulative frequency velocity distributions were

developed for the inlets studied. A spatially integrated numerical model developed for inlet hydraulic analysis was

applied to several of the study sites and found effective in predicting the hydraulic response of the inlet/bay systems.

(/i) Hydraulics of Great Lakes Inlet-Harbor Systems, R. M.

Sorensen, W. N. Seelig, Proc. 1 5th Conf. Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, July 1976. Hydraulics of Great Lakes Inlets, W. N. Seelig, R. M.

Sorensen, Tech. Memo., U.S. Army Coastal Engrg. Research Center, 1977. 312-09751-410-00 GENERAL INVESTIGATION OF TIDAL INLETS

(c) R. M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division. (d) Experimental; theoretical, and field; applied research and

development.

(e) Determine the effects of wave action, tidal flow, and re- lated forces on inlet stability and on the hydraulic,

geometric, and sedimentary characteristics of tidal inlets; to develop the knowledge necessary for design of effective navigation improvements and new inlets; to evaluate the water transfer and flushing capability of tidal inlets; and to define the processes controlling inlet stability. (g) An office study is being conducted to classify inlets on the

basis of their geometry, hydraulics, and stability. The

hydraulic characteristics of a number of idealized inlet configurations are being defined through the use of a fixed bed model. An evaluation of physical and mathematical modeling capabilities for prediction of inlet hydraulics is being conducted, as well as an evaluation of the state-of- the-art of inlet movable bed modeling. Field data from a number of inlets are being collected and analyzed to define the significant processes controlling the dynamics and hydraulics of tidal inlets.

(/i) The reports listed below have been published and are available from NT1S:

Catalog of Tidal Inlet Aerial Photography, J. H. Barwis, June 1975. Tidal Prism-Inlet Area Relationships, J. T. Jarrett, Mar.

1976. Annotated Bibliography on the Geologic, Hydraulic, and

Engineering Aspects of Tidal Inlets, J. H. Barwis, Jan. 1976. Notes on Tidal Inlets on Sandy Shores, M. P. O'Brien, Mar.

1976. Model Materials Evaluation, Sand Tests, E. C. McNair,

June 1976. Hydraulics and Dynamics of New Corpus Christi Pass, Texas; A Case History 1972-73, E. W. Behrens, R. L. Watson, C. Mason, Jan. 1977. Hydraulics and Dynamics of New Corpus Christi Pass, Texas; A Case History 1973-75, R. L. Watson. E. W.

Behrens, Sept. 1976. Hydraulics and Dynamics of North Inlet, S.C. 1974-75, R.

J. Finlet, Sept. 1976. 312-09752-410-00 CHANNEL ISLANDS LONGSHORE TRANSPORT STUDY

(c) D. W. Berg, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engrg. Develop- ment Division.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

.(e) Data including repetitive surveys, sand samples and wave

climatology are collected at the Channel Islands Sand Trap

area. The purpose is to determine an empirical relation- ship between longshore energy flux and longshore material

transport. (g) A preliminary analysis of the recently acquired data in- dicated that (transport versus energy flux) points plot above the existing (Shore Protection Manual) relationship. This relationship is a reasonable approximation to the actual relationship. A new integrated survey system

technique is being tested at the study site. This system

computes horizontal positioning of the survey vessel, sounding depth and transmits the data via radio to a shore based office. At the shore based office the incoming data

is processed in real time by a mini-computer and stored on

magnetic tape for processing immediately upon completion

201
of the survey. This system allows the survey vessel to be

guided along a preselected course by plotting the position of the vessel on a scope which is located in the shore based office.

( h ) Longshore Transport At a Total Littoral Barrier, R. O.

Bruno, C. G. Gable, presented 15th Intl. Conf. Coastal

Engrg., July 1976. 312-09754-430-00 FLOATING BREAKWATERS

(c) D. Lee Harris, Chief, Oceanography Branch, Research

Division.

(d) Applied research involving both theory and field investigations. (e) The floating breakwater at Friday Harbor, Washington,

has been instrumented to measure the wave attenuation, breakwater motion and anchor chain stresses. A theoretical model for the breakwater performance is being

developed. Actual performance and theoretical per- formance will be compared. Work is being performed by

the University of Washington.

if) Completed.

(/i) Floating Breakwater Field Assessment Program, Friday

Harbor, Washington, B. H. Adee, E. P. Richey, D. R. Christensen, CERC TP 76-17, Oct. 1976. 312-09756-420-00 STORM SURGE CALCULATIONS

(c) V. M. Hubertz, Oceanography Branch, Research Division.

(d) Theoretical and experimental applied research.

(e) A two-dimensional numerical storm surge model, previ- ously used for Galveston Bay, is being modified for use for the Charleston estuary and will later be generalized for use with any estuary. Wind fields are obtained from the National Weather Service. An open coast hurricane model such as SPLASH II, or the Wanstrath Reid model is combined with the estuary model

to obtain storm surge predictions for estuaries. The model

will be used to estimate the maximum water levels in the estuary for specified return periods.

(/;) Storm Surge Simulation in Transformed Coordinates,

Volume I Theory and Application, J. J. Wanstrath, R. E. Whitaker, et al.. Tech. Rept. No. 76-3, Nov. 1976. 312-09757-420-00 WAVE RUNUP AND OVERTOPPING

(c) R. M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division'. (d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Produce design curves relating the runup and overtopping

of a spectrum of waves on a variety of structures to the

basic characteristics of the structures and wave conditions. Testjng will be conducted in wave tanks using both monochromatic and irregular waves. The testing will use

structures having a variety of slopes, both plane and compound, and surface roughnesses. The runup of monochromatic and irregular waves will be related to make the large amount of existing runup data for monochromatic waves more useful for actual design conditions. The study will produce prediction methods for runup and overtopping

that are based on observable or predictable characteristics of real waves.

(g) Techniques have been developed to predict irregular wave

runup and overtopping rates using existing monochromatic wave data. These techniques are intended to provide in- terim guidance for the design of coastal structures until the results of the laboratory study are available.

(/i) Prediction of Irregular Wave Runup, J. P. Ahrens, Coastal Design Memo, (in publication), U.S. Army Coastal Engrg. Research Center.

Prediction of Irregular Wave Overtopping, J. P. Ahrens,

Coastal Design Memo, (in preparation), U.S. Army Coastal

Engrg. Research Center.

312-09758-420-00 WAVE REFLECTION FROM AND TRANSMISSION

THROUGH POROUS STRUCTURES

(c) R. M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division. (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Develop ia direct analytical method for predicting the wave

reflection and transmission characteristics of trapezoidal, multilayered rubble mound structures. This development was accomplished through a two-year contract with Dr. O.

S. Madsen at MIT.

(/) Completed.

(g) The method mentioned in part (e) was developed. First an

analytical procedure for determining the reflection and

transmission characteristics of homogeneous rectangular

crib-style breakwaters was developed. Then an analytical- empirical procedure for evaluating the rate of energy dis- sipation on a rough inclined impermeable slope was

developed. These two procedures are then synthesized to develop the final procedure for predicting the reflection and transmission characteristics of an equivalent trape- zoidal porous rubble mount structure. (h) Energy Dissipation on a Rough Slope, O. S. Madsen, S. M.

White, J. Waterways Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE, Feb. 1976.

Reflection and Transmission Characteristics of Porous Rub- ble-Mound Breakwaters, O. S. Madsen, S. M. White, Misc. Rept. 76-5, U.S. Army Coastal Engrg. Research Center, Ft. Belvoir, Va., 138 pages, Mar. 1976. Wave Transmission Through Trapezoidal Breakwaters, O.

S. Madsen, S. M. White, Proc. 15th Conf. Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, July 1976. 312-09759-420-00 LABORATORY MODELING OF OCEAN WAVES

(c) D. C. Esteva, Ocenography Branch, Research Division. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) An algorithm modeled on that used for the analysis of tide records will be used to develop the response function for a programmable wave generator. This response function will be used to develop the input to a mini-computer which

will control a hydraulic wave generator to produce desired wave spectra in laboratory wave tanks. 312-09761-410-00 INNER CONTINENTAL SHELF SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS

(c) S. J. Williams, Geotechnical Engineering Branch.

(d) Applied research involving field investigations. (e) To determine the characteristics and extent of materials combining the bottom and subbottom of the inner continental shelf in the zone shoreward of approximately the 120-foot (35 meter) depth contour for purposes of identi- fying those materials or deposits for beach fill or periodic

nourishment, other needs, and relationships of sediment

characteristics to regional geomorphology. To attain objectives, investigation includes collection of geophysical data

(e.g. bottom and subbottom acoustical energy responses) and nominal 20-foot (6 meter) long cores of the subbot- tom material. These data are analyzed to determine sedi- ment characteristics and areal extent of sand suitable for beach restoration or periodic nourishment purposes; col- lected data are also analyzed to better understand the sedi- mentation and regional geomorphology of the coastal seg- ment under study. Because constraints for obtaining bor- row material for beach fill purposes located inland or in backshore coastal zones are becoming more rigid, there is a need to perform the ICONS study along the entire Atlantic, Gulf, Pacific, and Great Lakes coast. (g) Studies of the U.S. inner continental shelf, conducted to date along most of the Atlantic coast and along the coast of southern California, have delineated nearly ten billion cubic yards of sand suitable for beach restoration projects. Additional field programs are planned for Lake Michigan

in 1975. 202
(h) Construction in the Coastal Zone-A Potential Use of Waste

Materials, S. J. Williams, D. B. Duane, Marine Geology 18,

I, pp. 1-15, Jan. 1975, CERC Reprint 2-75, AD No. A009388.

Neogene Sediments of Atlantic Inner Continental Shelf Off Northern Florida, E. P. Meisburger, M. E. Field, Amer.

Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 60, 11, pp. 2019-2037,

Nov. 1976. Sedimentation and Ocean Engineering: Placer Mineral

Resources, D. B. Duane, Marine Sediment Transport and

Environmental Management, ed. D. J. Stanley, D. J. P. Surft, pp. 535-556, 1976. Sedimentation and Coastal Engineering: Beaches and Harbors, D. B. Duane, Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management, ed. D. J. Stanley, D. J. P. Surft, pp. 493-517, 1975.

Post-Pleistocene History of the U.S. Inner Continental

Shelf: Significance to Origin of Barrier Islands, M. E.

Field, D. B. Duane, Geological Soc. America Bull. 87, pp. 691-702, May 1976. Geomorphology and Sediments of Western Massachusetts

Bay, E. P. Meisburger, CERC Tech. Paper 76-3, 78 pages, Apr. 1976. Geomorphology, Shallow Subbottom Structure and Sedi- ments of the Atlantic Inner Continental Shelf Off Long

Island, New York, S. J. Williams, CERC Tech. Paper 76-2, 123 pages, Mar. 1976. Geomorphology, Shallow Structure and Sediments of the Florida Inner Continental Shelf, Cape Canaveral to Georgia, E. P. Meisburger, M. E. Field, CERC Tech. Memo. 54,

1 19 pages. Anthropogenic Filling of the Hudson River (Shelf) Channel,

S. J. Williams, 3, 10, pp. 597-600, Oct. 1975. 312-09762-410-00 DATA COLLECTION OF LITTORAL MATERIALS AND

FORCES

(c) D. W. Berg, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engrg. Develop- ment Division.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Volunteer personnel use Littoral Environment Observation (LEO) techniques to measure basic forces and response elements in the nearshore beach zone. At each site daily observations are made of breaking wave height, period, and direction, type or character of breakers, longshore

current velocity, wind speed and direction, foreshore

slope, and rip current and cusp spacing. Monthly sand samples are analyzed to provide beach sediment characteristics. Dry beach profiles are made weekly. Where

possible a multitude of sites are established in cooperative

efforts (between State and local agencies and the local Corps of Engineers District Office), which continue daily data collection for several years. Computer compatible formated data are processed, collated and studied for long- term characteristics and trends. In addition to LEO other

data collection efforts for the Texas Gulf Coast, Lake

Michigan, northern and southern coast of California, and

coast of Hawaii Corps of Engineers District have been in- volved in procurance of profile data, sand samples, wave

data, and aerial photography. Objective is to procure and

develop data that will be of use in planning and designing

coastal projects. (g) Cooperative LEO data collection efforts have been or are continued in the following coastal regions: southern

California (8 sites, active), northern California (25 sites, inactive), Michigan (25 sites, active), Wisconsin, Indiana,

Illinois (15 sites, active), Texas (5 sites, active pilot pro- gram). Individual research efforts are not discouraged and

volunteer efforts have been or are continued in Massachusetts, Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Texas, Southern California, Pennsylvania, and Hawaii. Other data

collection in Texas, Lake Michigan, northern and southern

California, and Hawaii has been terminated and final re- ports are in preparation by Corps District Offices following

completion of data analysis.

(/i) Analysis and Interpretation of Littoral Environment Observation (LEO) and Profile Data Along the Western Panhandle Coast of Florida, J. H. Balsillie, Tech. Memo. 49, Coastal Engrg. Res. Ctr., Mar. 1975. Surf Observations and Longshore Current Prediction, J. H.

Balsillie, (in preparation). Coastal Engrg. Res. Ctr., 1974. Systematic Collection of Beach Data, D. W. Berg, Proc. llth Conf. Coastal Engrg., ASCE, Chap. 17, pp. 273-297,

1969.

Littoral Environmental Observation Program in the State

of Michigan, R. O. Bruno, L. W. Hiipakka, Proc. 16th

Conf. Great Lakes Research, Intl. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., pp. 492-507, 1973.

Characteristics of Lake Michigan Bottom Profiles and Sedi- ments from Lakeside, Michigan to Gary, Indiana, E. F. Hawley, C. W. Judge, Proc. 12th Conf. Great Lakes Res.,

Intl. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., pp. 198-209, 1969.

Littoral Environment Observation Program in California, A. Z. Szuwalski, preliminary report, Feb. -Dec, 1968, Coastal Engrg. Res. Ctr. Misc. Paper 2-70, p. 242. San Francisco District, Corps of Engineers, San Francisco,

California, U.S. Army, Technical Report on Cooperative Beach Erosion Study of Coast of Northern California, Point Delgada to Point Ano Nuevo, 1965. Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles,

California, U.S. Army, Beach Erosion Control Report, Cooperative Research and Data Collection Program of Coast of Southern California, Cape San Martin to Mexican Boundary, 1969. Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles,

California, U.S. Army Cooperative Research and Data

Collection Program, Coast of Southern California, three- year report, 1967-1969, 1970. 312-10649-420-00 SURF ZONE WAVE STATISTICS

(c) Michael G. Mattie, Physicist, Coastal Oceanography

Branch, Research Division.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) An array of wave gages will be analyzed statistically to determine wave statistics at the gaging points, the change

in these statistics along the pier, and the relation of these

statistics to a gage in deeper water at the end of the pier. Data will be used to evaluate theoretical concepts of the modification of waves in shallow water, and their transfor- mation into surf and through the surf zone. This work will provide a description of the statistics in the surf zone and

the relation of these statistics to those normally available

for engineering design. 312-10650-700-00 RADAR IMAGING OF WAVES

(c) Michael G. Mattie, Physicist, Coastal Oceanography

Branch, Research Division.

(d) Field investigation, development.

(e) Determine the feasibility of collecting wave direction in- formation with a ground based radar. A commercially

available X band marine radar has been procured for a system to image waves in coastal areas. The PPI scope

presentation is photographed and the photos are later in- terpreted to provide wave direction information. The

system is automated so that a climatology of wave

direction can be obtained.

(g) A Decca radar on loan from the Coast Guard has been

tested at Cape Cod, Maine, and good images of waves were obtained on the PPI. Comparison of a pressure wave

gage data with wave lengths measured on the radar pic- tures shows good agreement. A Raytheon Mariners

Pathfinder Radar has been purchased and installed in an automated radar wave imaging system. This system has been used to collect useful data at Channel Islands Harbor, Calif, and at San Diego, Calif, as part of the West

Coast Experiment which was conducted in March 1977 in preparation for the SEASAT launch. 203
312-10651-420-00 WAVE DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN

(c) .E. F. Thompson, Hydraulic Engineer, Research Division.

(d) Investigation of field data; applied research.

(e) Field wave measurements will be used to tabulate occurrences of hazardous individual wave conditions during a

variety of sea states and to develop general characteristics and probabilities of hazardous conditions. New analysis procedures which can identify two or more distinct wave

trains without presenting the full complexity of the wave

spectrum and which provide more information about wave

shape than can be obtained from wave spectra will be

developed. The usefulness of the developed procedures

will be evaluated.

(/i) The Use of Aerial Photography in the Study of Wave

Characteristics in the Coastal Zone, C. M. McClenan, D.

L. Harris, TM-48, Jan. 1975. Wave Characteristics as Revealed by Aerial Photography,

C. M. McClenan, D. L. Harris, OTC 2423, 1975.

Simplified Method for Estimating Refraction and Shoaling

Effects on Ocean Waves, C. M. McClenan, TM 59, Nov.

1975. Wave Climate at Selected Locations Along U.S. Coasts, E.

F. Thompson, TR 77-1, Jan. 1977. 312-10652-420-00 GREAT LAKES WAVE HINDCASTING TECHNIQUES

(c) E. F. Thompson, Hydraulic Engineer, Research Division.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Because wind wave generation in the Great Lakes is complicated by restricted fetches, shallow water, and variable wind field structure due to air-water temperature dif- ferences, existing wave hindcasting techniques can be

properly evaluated and modified only by comparing their

results to wave gage measurements. To provide data for evaluating existing hindcasting

techniques, pressure and buoy wave gages have been

operated in the Great Lakes.

(g) Wave gage data have been collected in lakes Erie and

Michigan during fall 1975-6. The data, in both digital and

pen and ink strip chart form, have been analzyed. They

are now being used to evaluate significant wave height, period, and energy spectrum produced by some available Great Lakes wave hindcasting techniques. 312-10653-720-00 DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD RESEARCH FACILITY AT

DUCK, NORTH CAROLINA

(c) L. L. Watkins, Chief, Research Support Division.

(d) Field investigations of coastal phenomena.

(e) The Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) Field Research Facility (FRF) currently under construction at Duck, North Carolina, will include a 3,300 foot section of

the barrier island, a 1 ,800 foot concrete pier spanning the dunes, beach and surf zone out to a 20 foot (MSL) water

depth, a laboratory building, and an instrumented research

vehicle to operate on the pier. The facility will provide a permanent field base of operations for carrying out physical and biological studies of an oceanfront site and

nearshore area as well as nearby sounds, bays, and barrier

islands. The facility will also allow a means of correlating small scale coastal engineering laboratory test results with

actual prototype results. Continuous data on coastal phenomena (such as waves, currents, tides, and beach

changes) will be monitored across the full width of the

surf zone during all weather conditions including severe

storms. The ensuing information will result in improved methods for predicting storm damage and in improved

designs for restoration and protection of eroded beaches and fragile coastal areas. (g) The concrete pier is nearly complete and is planned for acceptance during June 1977. Instrumentation of the pier

will begin during July 1977. Completion of the laboratory

building and research vehicle is anticipated during 1978.

312-10654-430-00 OFFSHORE BREAKWATERS FOR SHORE STABILIZATION

(c) R. M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division. (d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) This study will investigate the use of relatively low crested segmented offshore breakwaters for shore stabilization. The purpose is to determine the influence of crest elevation and width of breakwaters as well as their position and

spacing on wave characteristics in the lee in order to eval- uate the potential of offshore breakwaters to reduce shore

erosion. Two- and three-dimensional wave tank tests will be conducted. The three-dimensional tests will also in- vestigate current patterns, and segmented breakwater loca- tion and spacing factors. (g) A literature review has been completed. 312-10655-410-00 NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF SHORELINE EVOLUTION

(c) J. R. Weggel, Special Assistant, Engineering Development

Division.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) The study was initiated in CY 76 to investigate the feasibility of developing a numerical model that would predict the response of a shoreline to changes in wave energy act- ing on it. Initial conclusions are that an approximate

model suitable for use in planning studies can be developed that will provide estimates of the effects of vari- ous coastal structures on adjacent shorelines. A detailed

literature survey of publications relating to mathematical

prediction of shoreline evaluation is proceeding on

schedule.

(g) Current efforts are being directed toward the development

of a numerical computer model based on equations for longshore sediment transport and the mass balance equation for the sediment. The eventual product will be a computer program that will permit preconstruction estimates of the effects of proposed coastal structures, the interac- tion among several coastal structures along a shoreline and method for estimating the damages attributable to the construction of a given navigation project. 312-10656-430-00 WEIR JETTY STUDY

(c) D. W. Berg, Chief, Eval. Br, EDD and J. R. Weggel, Special Asst., Engineering Development Division. (d) Experimental, applied research, development.

(e) The three-phase research program will include two series of laboratory experiments and a field measurement pro- gram. A series of movable-bed laboratory tests will en- deavor to quantify the distribution of sediment transport across a weir jetty for various wave and tidal flow conditions. A second series of tests with a fixed-bed model will establish the hydraulic conditions that can be expected at a weir jetty in different tidal environments and for dif- ferent geometric configurations. The field measurement program will measure the distribution of sediment trans- port over a full-scale weir section by mounting sediment

traps at various locations along a weir section to determine

the transport rate at that section. (g) Expected output from the program will permit designers to use the empirical data in a prescriptive integration

procedure to evaluate proposed weir jetty designs and to establish weir crest elevation, orientation and length. 312-10657-410-00 STANDARD COASTAL REVETMENTS

(c) R. M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division. (d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) The purpose is to provide guidelines to aid in selecting an adequate, affordable revetment scheme for coastal protection along low energy shorelines. Two-dimensional tests are being conducted at prototype scale to evaluate various 204
protection schemes that use readily available low cost

materials which require only one or two people for instal- lation. The study will produce guidelines for design and in- stallation of schemes for protection, eroding shorelines from wave attack.

(g) Results of this study will be from a comparison of an un- protected 1 on 5 sand beach with a sand 1 on 1 5 fronting

slope to a similar protected beach for breaking wave

heights up to two meters and wave periods of 3.5, 4.6, and

6.0 seconds. Cinder building blocks, sand-cement bags, and Gabions have been selected for use in various protection schemes.

(h) Survey of Coastal Revetment Types, B. L. McCartney, MR

76-7, Coastal Engrg. Research Center, May 1976. Overlay of Large, Placed Quarrystone and Boulders to In- crease Riprap Stability, B. L. McCartney, J. P. Ahrens, TP

76-19, Coastal Engrg. Research Center, Dec. 1976.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, DIVISION HYDRAULIC

LABORATORY, NORTH PACIFIC DIVISION, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Bonneville, Oreg. 97008. Peter M. Smith,

Director. 313-04504-350-13 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LITTLE GOOSE DAM,

SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Little Goose Dam, at Snake River mile 70.3, is the third in a series of multiple-purpose dams being constructed above

the mouth of Snake River for power, navigation, and other

uses. Salient features include an 8-bay spillway, a navigation lock 86 feet wide by 675 feet long (maximum lift 101

feet), a powerhouse for six units (initial installation three 135,000-kW generators), and a 20-foot wide fish ladder on

the south shore. A model study was necessary to deter- mine minimum excavation requirements, to verify struc- ture locations, and to check the overall effects of these

structures on navigation, power generation, and fish passage. A general model, constructed to a linear scale

ratio of 1:100, reproduced the river channel and pertinent overbank areas for 1.35 miles upstream and .1.90 miles downstream from the project axis.

{f) Completed.

(h) Little Goose Dam, Snake River, Washington, R. L. Johnson, L. Z. Perkins, Div. Hydr. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 110-1, Apr. 1975. 313-05068-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LITTLE GOOSE DAM,

SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-04504 for description of project. A 3-bay section of the 8-bay spillway and stilling basin was reproduced in a

1 :42.45-scale model. The purposes of the tests were to check performance of the original spillway and to develop

revisions that would improve performance or reduce construction and maintenance costs.

(f) Completed.

(h) Spillway for Little Goose Dam, Snake River, Washington,

R. L. Johnson, L. Z. Perkins, Div. Hydr. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 114-1, Apr. 1975. 313-05069-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION LOCK FOR LITTLE

GOOSE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-04504 for description of project. The intake manifolds, longitudinal culverts (both in right wall), lock chamber, split lateral filling and emptying system, outlet

culverts, and portions of the approach and outlet areas were reproduced in a l:25-scale model. An alternative method for distributing flow to the lateral culverts from a

central junction chamber was studied in an auxiliary 1:25- scale model of the lock chamber. The purposes of the stu- dies were to check the suitability of the original design and

to develop improvements if necessary.

(/) Completed.

( h ) Filling and Emptying System, Little Goose Lock, Snake

River, Washington, L. Z. Perkins, A. J. Chanda, Div. Hydr.

Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 115-1, Sept. 1975. 313-05070-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR DWORSHAK DAM,

NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO

(6) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

id) Experimental; for design.

(e) Dworshak Dam, on the North Fork of Clearwater River

will furnish 400,000 kW of power from three units (initial installation) and, ultimately, 1,060,000 kW from six units. The spillway consists of two 50-foot wide bays, with crest

at elevation 1545, a chute, and a 1 14-foot wide, 27 1 -foot long stilling basin at elevation 931. Three 9- by 12.5-foot regulating outlets, upstream from the tainter valves, and

11 by 17 feet downstream from valves, discharge on the spillway chute. Total capacity of the spillway and regulat- ing outlets is 221,000 cfs at pool elevation 1604.9. Approximately 1.6 miles of river channel and pertinent over- bank topography were reproduced in a l:50-scale model

to study the cofferdam and diversion tunnel. A section of

forebay, the spillway, regulating outlets, stilling basin, powerhouse, tailrace, and exit channel were reproduced to determine hydraulic characteristics of these elements.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) See 1970 issue. 313-05071-350-13 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LOWER GRANITE DAM,

SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Lower Granite Dam, at Snake River mile 107.5, is 37.2

miles upstream from Little Goose Dam. The 8-bay spill- way, with 50- by 60.5-foot control gates (tainter) and the 498-foot wide, 167-foot long nonbaffled stilling basin are designed for a maximum discharge of 850,000 cfs. The 6- unit powerhouse will have a capacity of 810,000 kW; initial installation 405,000 kW from three units. The 86- by

675-foot navigation lock will have a maximum single lift of 105 feet. Fish facilities include a powerhouse collection system, three pumps for additional attraction flow (2550

cfs) and one 20-foot wide fish ladder with floor slope of 1 on 10. A l:100-scale general model reproduced the riverbed and pertinent overbank topography between Snake River miles 106.1 and 108.9 and successive phases

of construction. Construction stages, powerhouse tailrace limits and depths, navigation lock approaches, flow conditions affecting fish passage, and project operations were to be studied in the model.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) The first-step cofferdam and diversion channel were

satisfactory after the channel entrance was modified and

rock groins to aid fish migrations were added. Embankment and excavation limits for construction phases were

determined. The effects of several stages of erosion downstream from the original stilling basin were in- vestigated, and an improved basin design was developed

with estimated maximum erosion in the tailrace. Satisfac- tory energy dissipation was obtained with the stilling basin

raised 4 ft and a 9 -ft end sill (originally 1 1 ft high). An

undesirable eddy existed between the north fishway en- trance and the navigation lock wall. Several combinations

of walls, fills, and training wall extensions were tried in ef- forts to develop satisfactory conditions at the north fish- way entrance. Development of modifications to reduce

nitrogen supersaturation caused by spillway discharges was 205
begun. Preliminary results indicate that 12.5-ft wide

horizontal deflectors on the spillway ogee will produce sta- ble "skimming flow" in the stilling basin for river flows up

to the 10-year flood, and required energy dissipation will occur at high flows; see also 317-07120. 313-05315-350-00 MODEL STUDY OF REGULATING OUTLETS FOR

DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER

RIVER, IDAHO

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-05070 for description of project. The three regulating outlets, with intakes at elevation 1350, will operate under heads of from 95 feet at minimum pool elevation 1445 to 254.9 feet at maximum pool elevation 1604.9. Total outlet capacity will be 40,000 cfs at pool elevation 1604.9. Pressures, flow conditions, and discharge relation- ships were observed in a l:25-scale sectional model that reproduced a portion of the forebay, the right conduit, and

a section of the spillway chute. The purpose of the study was to check the adequacy of the original design and to develop revisions if necessary.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation,

(g) Four designs for a bellmouthed intake were studied. See 1970 issue for details. 313-05316-850-13 MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDER FOR LITTLE GOOSE

DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-04504 for description of project. A l:10-scale model was used for tests of a 20-foot wide fish ladder with

floor slope of 1 on 10.

if) Completed.

(/i) Fish Ladders for Little Goose and Lower Granite Dams,

Snake River, Washington, Div. Hydr. Lab. Tech. Rept. No.

129-1, Oct. 1976. 313-05317-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA RIVER, OAK POINT TO

VANCOUVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project will increase the navigation channel width from 500 feet to 600 feet and the depth from 35 to 40

feet between Columbia River miles 52 to 109 and from

the mouth of Willamette River to Portland, Oregon. Project depths and widths will be maintained by a system of

pile dikes and by dredging. Five separate movable-bed

models with 1:300 horizontal and 1:100 vertical scales will be required to cover improvements in the Columbia River. The models will be used initially to check plans for constructing and maintaining the 40-foot channel. Later the models will be used to check operation and maintenance

activities and new construction. The first two models in- clude river miles 53 to 65 and 64 to 78, respectively. Work on the remaining three models has not begun.

if) Scheduled tests of river miles 53 to 78 completed; final re- port in preparation.

(g) Shoaling indexes, based on results with an uncontrolled

40-foot deep navigation channel, were determined for each improvement plan tested in the models. Satisfactory

plans are being developed for all problem reaches covered

by both models. Alternative proposals, which would be more acceptable to local interests in the Longview-Rainier

area (mile 66), were tested and the benefits of these plans were determined. 313-07107-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SECOND POWERHOUSE FOR BONNEVILLE DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND

WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The existing project includes an 18-bay spillway with verti- cal gates lifted by 350-ton gantry cranes, a powerhouse

with total rated capacity of 518,000 kW from 10 main

units and one station service unit, a navigation lock with

net clear dimensions of 76 by 500 feet, and fish facilities on each side of the river. Head on the project varies between 30 and 70 feet. From four to ten additional units are proposed to utilize increased storage and peaking

operations at upriver projects. A 1: 100-scale fixed-bed model reproduces the existing structures, riverbed, and

pertinent overbank topography between river miles 142.2 and 146.8. A remote controlled towboat and tow are used

to evaluate the effect of additional power units on navigation. The purpose of the study is to confirm the site chosen for the second powerhouse and to study flow conditions affecting fish passage, navigation, and head on the

project. (g) Three structures and excavation plans were investigated. Tests of the recommended plan (with present lock and

provision for a future lock on the Oregon shore and an

eight-unit powerhouse on the Washington shore) were

continued. Tests indicated that 12-ft-long horizontal

deflectors at elev. 14 between piers on the spillway ogee

will produce stable "skimming flow" in the stilling basin

for normal tailwater levels with the present 10-unit power- house and spillway flows between 1,000 and 16,000 cfs per bay. This should reduce levels of dissolved nitrogen downstream from the spillway. Spillway operating schedules were developed to provide good conditions for upstream passage of fish. This information was used in 1974 to evaluate the effects on fish passage of prototype

deflectors in bays 13, 14, and 15 of the 18-bay spillway; see also 313-07108. Placement of construction spoil on

the floodplain downstream caused an acceptable rise in tailwater of 3 ft at the dam with the maximum probable

flood. 313-07108-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY GATE MODIFICATION

FOR BONNEVILLE DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON

AND WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-07107 for description of project. Additional pondage at Bonneville Dam will be required to accomodate

water released by future increased power peaking of up- stream dams. All spillway gates will be made 60 ft high

(some are 50 ft high) to provide the necessary pondage, and 10 of the gates will have individual hoists to allow remote control. The present gates cannot be operated under certain conditions because of vibration and a ten- dency to bounce. Remote control of spillway gates requires no known restrictions on spillway operation. A

l:25-scale model included one spillway bay, two half piers, one spillway gate, and a 60-ft wide section of stilling basin and adjacent approaches. The gate was free to move verti- cally in the gate slots. The s'udy was extended to include

the hydraulic characteristics of deflectors between the

piers on the spillway ogee. These devices may reduce

nitrogen supersaturation by causing air entrained by small

to moderate spillway discharges to remain near the water

surface. Purposes of the studies are to check performance

of existing gate bottoms and proposed deflectors and to develop improved designs if required.

(f) Completed.

(/;) Spillway Gate Modification, Bonneville Dam, Columbia

River, Oregon and Washington, T. D. Edmister, P. M.

Smith, Div. Hydr. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 136-1, May 1975. 313-07109-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF INCREASED POOL ELEVATIONS AT

SPILLWAY OF CHIEF JOSEPH DAM, COLUMBIA

RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

206
(e) The existing project, located 51 miles below Grand Coulee Dam and 545 miles from the mouth of Columbia River, in- cludes an excavated channel leading to an intake for 27

penstocks, a 20-unit powerhouse (initial installation 16

Francis turbines), and a spillway with nineteen 40-ft-wide bays surmounted by 9-ft-wide piers and 56.2-ft-high tainter

gates. The spillway ogee was designed for a head of 41.6 ft on the crest, or 75 percent of the computed maximum

total head of 55.4 ft at the project design flow of

1,250,000 cfs. Construction of a third powerhouse at Grand Coulee Dam will require additional storage and power units at Chief Joseph to use the increased flow. Present plans include raising the Chief Joseph pool from

existing elevations 946 to maximum elevations 970, or up

to 1 .7 times the design head: Preliminary data on surge

characteristics at the spillway were obtained in an existing spillway model that contained a standard high dam crest and piers with elliptical noses. The most suitable modifications (13-foot thick piers, 36-foot wide bays, gate radius 55 feet, gate trunnions at elevation 920 and 61.83 feet from existing crest axis) were studied in a 1 :43.35-scale model. Water-surface elevations at the outlet of a 4-foot diameter relief tunnel in the right training wall were deter- mined for uniform and varied operations of spillway gates during spillway flows of 50,000 to 550,000 cfs (powerhouse discharge 250,000 cfs).

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) The tests indicated that the original crest and stilling basin would be satisfactory. Surging of flow on higher, narrower

spillway gates was severe at large partial gate openings. This unstable periodic surge resulted from the combined

effects of structural geometry, large heads, and gate openings required to release desired flows. Surging in the narrow bays was reduced from a maximum of 10.8 feet (pool elevation 961.2 and gates open 35 feet) to 2.8 feet by suppressors that extended 4 feet from the side of each

pier above the maximum nappe at free flow. Closing the

right spillway gate allowed the relief tunnel to drain until the river discharge exceeded 800,000 cfs. A vertical deflector projecting 2 feet from the training wall just up- stream from the relief tunnel outlet would reduce water

levels in the tunnel and allow uniform spillway operation

for most discharges. 313-07110-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF CONDUIT ENTRANCES FOR

DWORSHAK DAM, IDAHO, AND LIBBY DAM, MONTANA

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla and Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Normal reservoir outflows at Dworshak and Libby Dams

will discharge on the respective spillway chutes through

conduits that operate under heads up to 250 feet on the regulating valves (tainter). Although conduit dimensions upstream from the valves differ (9 by 12.5 feet at Dworshak and 10 by 17 feet at Libby), the same type of bellmouthed intake will be used at both dams. The tentatively adopted "no-skew" intakes that were developed during the Dworshak conduit model study extended upstream

beyond the face of the dam. This would have complicated

design and use of unwatering bulkheads. A regulating conduit with streamlined entrance and a portion of forebay were reproduced in a l:20-scale model for measurements

of discharges, pressures, and other data. The purpose of

the study was to develop revisions- that could be used at Dworshak, Libby, or other projects.

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Three designs for short, skewed, bellmouthed entrances

for the Dworshak and Libby conduits were tested. Satisfactory plans for both entrances were developed.

(h) Skewed Entrance for High-Head Conduits, Engineer

Technical Letter No. 111-2-41, Dept. of the Army, Office of the Chief of Engrs., Washington, D. C, May 1968.

313-07111-850-13 MODEL STUDY OF FISHWAY DIFFUSER FOR DWORSHAK

DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-05070 for description of project. Adult fish will be attracted into a collection channel leading to a holding

pool from which they will be transported to a hatchery, to the reservoir, or to another stream. Water for operation of

the fish facilities will be pumped from tailwater, and dis- tributed by means of six diffusion chambers into the col- lection system holding pool, and hopper pool. A typical diffusion chamber and portions of the adjoining supply- conduit and collection channel were reproduced in a 1:10- scale model. Flow in the conduit varied from 100 to 480

cfs, diffuser discharge was 60 cfs, and a differential head

of 2.5 feet existed between the supply conduit and collec- tion channel. The purposes of the study were to check the adequacy of a typical diffusion chamber and to develop

revisions if required.

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) See 1970 issue. 313-07112-850-13 MODEL STUDY OF HATCHERY JET HEADER FOR

DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER

RIVER, IDAHO

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-05070 for description of project. A new type of

rearing pond, developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, will be adapted for use at the Dworshak fish hatchery. Circulation in each pond will be provided by two

jet headers that discharge between 70 and 400 gpm (0.17

to 0.89 cfs). One header, constructed full-scale of alu- minum pipe, was attached to an existing water supply, tank, and weir box. The purpose of the study was to deter- mine head-discharge relations and jet velocities for 1-1/4 and 1 -inch nozzles.

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) See 1970 issue. 313-07114-850-13 MODEL STUDY OF REVISIONS FOR FISH LADDERS AT

JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND

WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

{d) Experimental; for design.

(e) John Day Dam is on the Columbia River 25 miles up- stream from The Dalles, Oregon. The 5900-foot-long dam

provides 76 miles of slack water for navigation to McNary

Dam and 500,000 acre-feet of flood storage. The dam has

a 20-bay spillway (2,250,000 cfs), 20-unit powerhouse

(16-135,000 KW units installed), 113-foot single lift navigation lock, and two fish ladders. Based on tests in a previous model (3578 in 1970 issue of HRUSC) an 18- pool submerged orifice regulating section was developed

for - the north fish ladder. The design incorporated a

horizontal counting station between the fixed weir and

regulating sections. A similar type of regulating section was used in the south fish ladder; a vertical-board-type

counting station was located in the sloping portion of the

ladder. Difficulties with passage of fish (especially shad)

led to studies of vertical-slot regulating sections for both

the north and south ladders. A 1:1 0-scale model was used

for tests of 23 pools of the north fish ladder and then the

exit, regulating section, auxiliary water diffusion chamber,

fish counting station, and eight pools downstream from the counting station. The model was used to check proposed

revisions and to develop modifications to them. Similar

tests were made for the south ladder where the design dif- fered from the north ladder.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) A new, very effective design of vertical-slot regulating sec- tion incorporating twice the usual number of pools with a 207
maximum water surface drop of 6 in. per pool was

developed. After full-scale test of six pools with fish in the National Marine Fisheries Service Laboratory, North Bonneville, Wash., the south ladder at John Day was modified

to this design. After a full season of very successful fish passage, the north ladder also was revised. 313-07117-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LIBBY DAM,

KOOTENAI RIVER, MONTANA

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Libby Dam, at Kootenai River mile 219, 17 miles up- stream from Libby, Montana, will include a spillway with two 48-ft wide bays with crests at elevation 2405, three

10- by 17-ft regulating outlets, and a powerhouse for eight Francis units (ultimate installation 840,000 kW). Three powerhouse units (total capacity 315,000 kW) will be in- stalled initially. At maximum pool elevation 2459, spillway

capacity will be 145,000 cfs and total capacity of regulat- ing outlets will be 61,000 cfs. The 116- by 300-ft stilling basin, at elevation 2073, is designed for a maximum spill- way discharge of 50,000 cfs. A l:50-scale model

reproduced a portion of the forebay, all hydraulic ele- ments of the spillway and powerhouse, and 1600 ft of exit channel. The initial purpose of the model was to check the adequacy of the spillway, regulating outlets, stilling basin, and excavated outlet channels. The scope of the study was

increased to include tests of diversion plans and flow conditions with a powerhouse selective withdrawal structure.

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) The model tests showed that the original spillway abut- ments, center pier, chute, and stilling basin were not

satisfactory. During development tests, the bulkhead slots and upstream projections of pier and abutments were

eliminated and the circular abutments were changed to elliptical. The center pier was narrowed from 24 to 20 ft, and both sides of the pier were tapered. A tapered extension of the center pier was used to reduce undesirable

rooster tail in flow down the chute. The original stilling basin was 120 ft wide and 172.8 ft long at elevation 2074, and the basin walls were at elevation 2127. The adopted

basin is 116 ft wide, 300 ft long, at elevation 2073, and

the sidewalls are at elevation 2142. Sizes of rock needed

for riprap in exit areas were determined. Six diversion plans were studied before an acceptable plan was selected. Several types of deflectors to prevent debris from lodging

against the legs of a contractor's tower were investigated

for flows greater than 50,000 cfs during second-stage construction. The adopted plan consisted of two concrete

piers 1 5 ft high and 87 ft long. Each pier acted as a

deflector and later would become part of the mass

concrete monolith. Tests of the selective withdrawal struc- tures indicated that overflow bulkheads on the face of the

intake must be submerged about 20 feet to supply the tur- bine unit flow of 5800 cfs at pool elevation 2459. The pier nose shapes were revised and a floating skimmer device was developed to prevent vortex action and air entrain- ment at intakes of the selective withdrawal structure. Scheduled studies with flow into a single powerhouse unit from a density-stratified reservoir have been completed.

(/;) Selective Withdrawal System, Libby Dam, Kootenai River, Montana, A. G. Nissila, P. M. Smith, Div. Hxdr. Lab. Tech.

Rept. No. 125-2, Dec. 1975. 313-07118-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS FOR LOST CREEK

DAM, ROUGE RIVER, OREGON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Lost Creek Dam on the Rouge River will provide 315,000

acre-feet of usable storage for flood control and other uses and 49,000 kW of electric power. A multiple-use intake tower with openings at four levels will lead to a 15-foot diameter penstock and to a 12.5-foot diameter regulating

outlet. A 6- by 12-foot bypass will permit reservoir

releases through the penstock when the intake tower is un- watered. The spillway will include three 45-foot bays, i Design discharges are as follows; outlets works 9860 cfs at j minimum pool elevation 1812, and 11,460 at maximum I pool elevation 1872; bypass 2000 cfs; spillway 158,000 cfs.

j A 1 :40-scale model reproduced a portion of forebay, the multiport intake tower, regulating outlet intake valve sec- I tion, conduit and chute, stilling basin, penstock intake and

curve, powerhouse, and a section of downstream channel. Flow conditions and pressures in the tower bypass system were studied in a separate 1:40 scale model. The purposes

of the study were to investigate flow conditions and pres- sures in the intake tower, regulating outlet, and penstock;

to measure discharges through the regulating valves and

bypass intake; and to check performance of energy dis- i sipator, tailrace, and downstream channel.

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Flow conditions and pressures at the intakes of both

j models were satisfactory. An 80 ft long section of chute

walls of original design was overtopped as much as 3 ft during the chute design discharge of 12,000 cfs. The

stilling basin was adequate from a hydraulic standpoint.

However, the air entrainment and resulting nitrogen super- saturation downstream from this type of basin were not ac- ceptable. Tests indicated that an alternative design with

revised chute and a 30-degree, 50-ft radius flip bucket would be satisfactory. Wave suppressors 4 ft wide by 8 ft long were required on the chute walls to prevent over- topping. 313-07119-850-13 MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDER FOR LOWER GRANITE

DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-05071 for description of project. The l:10-scale model included weirs at the upper end of the 20-foot wide, l-on-10 slope ladder, followed in turn by a 17-foot long

diffuser pool, the l-on-32 slope regulating section with 10

orifice and slot bulkheads on 16-foot centers, the 6-foot wide exit channel, and a section of forebay. The purposes

of the investigation were to determine the adequacy of the proposed orifice-slot control section and to develop im- provements if required.

(J) Completed.

( h ) Fish Ladders for Little Goose and Lower Granite Dams,

Snake River, Washington, Div. Hvdr. Lab. Tech. Rept. No.

129-1, Oct. 1976. 313-07120-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LOWER GRANITE

DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-05071 for description of project. The 1:42.47-

scale model included a 3-bay section of the 8-bay spillway,

stilling basin, and approach channels. The study was ex- panded to include the hydraulic characteristics of horizontal deflectors with and without dentates on the spillway ogee. These devices may reduce nitrogen supersaturation

by causing air entrained by small to moderate spillway

discharges to remain near the water surface in the stilling basin. The purposes of the model are to check designs for the spillway crest, piers and abutments, chute, stilling basin, excavated channel, deflectors on the spillway ogee, and to develop revisions if required.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) No revisions of the original crest and piers were required.

Discharge rating curves for both free and gated flows were

obtained. Satisfactory agreement was not obtained between tailwater-jump curves measured in the spillway model and in the general model (study 5071). Return flow

into the stilling basin from the powerhouse tailrace and ex- pansion of flow along the lower lock guard wall were

responsible for the differences. The final design for the

stilling basin will be based on tests in the general model. 208
Tests in the spillway and general models indicate that a

12.5-foot wide horizontal deflector at elevation 630 (crest elevation 681) will produce desired stable, shallowly

aerated, "skimming flow" in the stilling basin for spillway

discharge 10,000 cfs per bay. Skimming action was im- proved by adding three rows of 1.8- by 2.6-ft dentates to ogee and deflector. Pressures on the deflector were positive.. Cavitation may develop on the dentates. Use of

deflectors and dentates does not reduce the energy dis- sipating capability of the stilling basin at high flows. 317-07121-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION LOCK FOR LOWER

GRANITE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) See 313-05071 for description of project. In the unusual

hydraulic system, a central junction chamber connects

both longitudinal culverts to eight symmetrically-located

longitudinal port manifolds (four upstream and four downstream) in the floor of the lock. There are six pairs of ports in each manifold. A l:25-scale model reproduced

a portion of the forebay and floating guide wall, the hydraulic system, the lock chamber, and portions of exit areas and downstream approach. The purposes of the in- vestigation were to check the adequacy of the proposed

design and to develop modifications if required.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) See 1970 issue. 313-07123-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION LOCK FOR LOWER

MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Except for the intake manifolds, which are staggered in the upstream channel, essential features of the hydraulic

system are similar to those previously model-tested and

adopted for use at John Day Dam. The l:25-scale John Day lock model was revised for this study by using the

longitudinal culvert intake (John Day elevation 114 =

Lower Monumental elevation 396) for elevation control,

installing new upstream culvert transition and intake manifolds, and lowering the approach floor 4 feet for correct depth at intakes. The main purpose of the model

study was to obtain acceptable flow conditions (no vortex formation) over the intake manifolds. Pressures in the cul- vert and hydraulic loads on a proposed revision of the lock emptying valves (skin plate upstream) were measured in the Lower Granite lock model.

(/) Completed.

(h) Intake Manifolds and Emptying Valves for Lower Monumental Lock, Snake River, Washington, L. Z. Perkins, H.

P. Theus, Div. Hydr. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 105-1, May

1975. 313-08442-850-13 FISH HATCHERY AERATOR AND DEAERATOR TESTS

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Filtered water, aerated, deaerated, and temperature regulated, will be recirculated through systems of headers and

nozzles into rearing and holding ponds of several fish hatcheries that are being installed by the Corps of Engineers. Each pair of nozzles is designed to discharge 250 gpm ( 125 gpm per nozzle). One bank of 28 pairs of aerator nozzles (total discharge 7000 gpm) will be supplied by

a 16-inch header pipe. Another bank of 16 nozzles (4000

gpm) will be supplied by a 12-inch header. Two banks of

deaerators will be supplied by 6- and 8-inch headers

(respective discharges 750 and 1000 gpm). Equal pres- sures are desired in both sets of headers. The purpose of

the investigation was to calibrate aerator and deaerator

systems of commercial black iron and PVC plastic pipe.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Pressures, discharges, and air demands were measured for four sizes of aerator pipe. Pressures and discharges were

determined for four sizes of deaerator pipe. 313-08443-350-13 MODEL TESTS OF RELIEF PANEL FOR SELECTIVE

WITHDRAWAL GATES AT DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH

FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-05070 for description of project. Selector gates of

the multi-level power intakes will have 90 pressure relief panels per power intake to protect the gates against failure from internal waterhammer or excessive differential pres- sures caused by misoperation of the gates or power units. The panels will consist of butterfly valves mounted on tor- sion bars. A l:5-scale model was used to determine torque on the shaft of a 1- by 4-foot panel and discharge for vari- ous openings under differential heads of 3 to 20 feet. The

data were needed to verify and supplement design computation.

(/) Tests completed.

(g) Torque and discharge were measured for panel openings

of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 45 degrees and heads of approximately 3 to 20 feet. Torque decreased with panel opening

until a negative value was reached at an opening of 47

degrees. The maximum torque, 1 869 foot-pounds, was measured at a differential head of 18.37 feet and a panel

opening of 10 degrees. 313-08444-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF POWERHOUSE SKELETON UNIT FOR

LOWER GRANITE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-05071 for description of project. A l:40-scale model reproduced a proposed powerhouse skeleton unit and sections of approach and exit channel. The study was

to determine the maximum discharge as limited structurally that could be released through a unit without entraining air and causing or increasing nitrogen supersaturation of flow passing the project, and the best method of

controlling the discharge.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Initially, the operating gates were tested as flow controls. Then the gates in combination with stoplogs in the gate and intake slots were investigated. From these studies, a bulkhead with slots or converging tubes was developed for prototype tests in a similar unit at Little Goose Dam during the spring freshet in 1971. Slots in the top seven rows were 4 inches high; the lower eight slots were 6 inches high (area 95 sq. ft.). The slot tubes converged on slopes of 1 on 4.27 and 1 on 4.78, respectively. The skeleton unit discharged 21,200 cfs (discharge coefficient 0.932) under 99 feet of head between forebay and tailwater. Positive pressures were measured within the converging tubes and on the piers at the operating gate slots. Flow conditions within the skeleton bay were turbulent but satisfactory. Full-height, 12-inch deflectors attached to the left faces of

intake piers reduced upwelling in the left downstream

corner of the bay. Measurements at Little Goose Dam

showed no increase in nitrogen supersaturation in flow downstream from a bulkhead skeleton unit. Discharges were measured and flow conditions were determined with and without slotted bulkheads upstream from partially- completed units with scroll case and wicket gates installed. 313-08445-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF POWERHOUSE SKELETON UNIT FOR

ICE HARBOR DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Ice Harbor Dam is located on the Snake River 9.7 miles upstream from the Columbia River. Principal features in- clude a six-unit powerhouse, an eight-bay spillway, a 103- 209
foot single lift navigation lock, and two fish ladders. The

study was made to develp a satisfactory design for slotted bulkheads which would allow passage of the maximum

flow through a skeleton unit without entraining air. Entrained air would cause or increase nitrogen supersaturation of flow passing the project. A 1 :40-scale model

reproduced an existing powerhouse skeleton unit and sections of approach and exit channel.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) The original bulkhead design, which was based on the design developed in the Lower Granite skeleton unit model (3131-08444), was not satisfactory when tested in the Ice Harbor model because of submergence differences. An alternative plan with three 8-inch, four 6-inch, and five 4-inch slots (bottom to top, area 84.5 sq. ft.), provided

satisfactory control of turbulence and aeration and a discharge of 19,200 cfs per unit. Nearly unrestricted movement of operating gates when activating or deactivating the skeleton unit was possible. 313-08446-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF ORIFICE BULKHEADS FOR POWERHOUSE SKELETON UNITS AT JOHN DAY DAM,

COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The purpose of the study was to develop a design for orifices

in bulkheads to control discharges through skeleton powerhouse units without air entrainment that would increase nitrogen supersaturation below the dam. These skeleton units

differ from those tested for other projects in that more

concrete was added to the turbine bays. A final stage skeleton

unit and sections of approach and discharge channels were

tested in a l:40-scale model.

(f) Completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Modifications tested included a temporary roof over the turbine bay, a partition on the intake roofs, and slotted bulkheads in the intake bays. Tests were made on four

plans with a bulkhead in all three intakes and on seven

plans with a bulkhead in the center intake only (no flow through the other intakes). Although conditions with the temporary roof and three bulkheads were acceptable,

these modifications would be very costly. With a single bulkhead, heads on interior walls, pressures on the bulk- head, and air entrainment were excessive. 313-08447-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LOWER MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Develop spillway flow deflectors that will produce stable "skimming flow" in the stilling basin, reduce deep air penetration and nitrogen supersaturation, and still allow good energy dissipation at high discharges. A three-bay

section of upstream approach, spillway, stilling basin, and downstream channel were reproduced in a l:42.47-scale model.

(f) Completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Air pentration, flow directions and flow stability in the

stilling basin were observed with and without deflectors on

the spillway chute. Without deflectors, flows of 5,175 to 15,000 cfs per bay carried large amounts of entrained air to the invert of the stilling basin. Three lengths of deflectors (15, 12.5, and 10 ft) were tested for discharges of 2,560 to 106,250 cfs per bay. The best design, a 12.5-ft deflector at elevation 434, provided stable skimming flow

for river discharges to 25 1,000 cfs (15,000 cfs per bay

with flow through six powerhouse units). These deflectors did not reduce stilling basin capacity at higher flows. Three rows of 1.8-ft-wide by 2.6-ft-high dentates located on and just upstream from the deflectors further reduced

air penetration and stabilized flow in the stilling basin. Tests in one prototype bay in 1972 indicated that the

deflector did reduce nitrogen supersaturation, but areas of

concrete just downstream from the dentates were severely damaged by cavitation and debris. Additional tests, without dentates, were made in a general spillway model

(see separate report). 313-09341-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY DEFLECTORS FOR ICE HARBOR DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-08445 for description of project. The purpose of

the study was to develop deflectors on the spillway ogee to reduce deep air entrainment in the stilling basin and

nitrogen supersaturation downstream from the spillway. A

three-bay section of upstream approach, spillway, and exit channel were reproduced in a l;40-scale model.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Spillway discharges of 17,500 cfs or less per bay (river discharge 250,000 cfs or less) were of primary concern because these flows occur during the most important runs

of fish. The best overall reduction in depth and quantity of

air penetration was obtained with 12.5-ft-wide by 50-ft- long deflectors at elevation 336. With these deflectors, surging occurred in the stilling basin for spillway flows of 13,000 to 25,000 cfs per bay. Additional tests will be made in a l:50-scale general spillway model. 313-09342-350-00 MODEL STUDY TO REDUCE NITROGEN SUPERSATURATION, LIBBY REREGULATING DAM, KOOTENAI RIVER,

MONTANA

(f>) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-09345 for location of project. The study was made to develop a spillway structure that would reduce

dissolved nitrogen in supersaturated water flowing over it to approximately 100 percent saturation.

(f) Completed; final report in preparation.

(g) In a full-scale test facility dissolved nitrogen was removed

from supersaturated water as it was highly aerated and

agitated while passing down a baffled chute. Three shapes and two sizes of baffles and two chute slopes were tested. A special baffle shape was developed. In a 25.11-scale model a spillway with tainter gates, a stilling area, and a chute with the special baffles was developed. The spillway would pass 8,500 cfs per 50-foot bay with the hydraulics

developed in the test facility and pass a probable max- imum flood flow of 42,000 cfs per bay satisfactorily. Pres- sures on the baffles were measured to determine hydraulic

loading. 313-09343-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF PRESSURE RELIEF PANELS FOR

SELECTOR GATES, LIBBY DAM, KOOTENAI RIVER,

MONTANA

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-071 17 for description of project. Each power unit

is protected by 36 relief panels in bulkheads of the selective withdrawal structure. The purpose of the study was to assure that the proposed pressure relief panels will protect the selective withdrawal structure from excessive upstream

or downstream heads caused by powerhouse load rejec- tions or misoperations. A l;5-scale model reproduced a 3- by 6-ft relief panel, hinged at the top, and the panel frame.

(f) Completed.

(/i) Selective Withdrawal System, Libby Dam, Kootenai River, Montana, A. G. Nissila, P. M. Smith, Div. Hydr. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 125-2, Dec. 1975. 313-09344-350-13 MODEL STUDY TO REDUCE NITROGEN SUPERSATURATION, LIBBY DAM, KOOTENAI RIVER, MONTANA

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

210
(e) See 313-07117 for description of project. The purpose of

the study was to develop flow deflectors or other devices on the sluices and spillway that will allow discharge

through the stilling basin with a minimum of air entrain- ment and nitrogen supersaturation downstream from the

project. The spillway, regulating outlets, stilling basin, and

portions of the forebay and tailrace were reproduced in a

1 :50-scale model.

(/) Completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Flip buckets and deflectors below the sluice outlets and

slotted bulkheads in the sluice intakes were investigated

singly and in combination. Flow conditions with three

short 10-degree deflectors were good for a sluice flow of

10,000 cfs and unsatisfactory at discharges higher than 20,000 cfs. None of the plans was adequate for the initial period of no power flow. The tests were discontinued. 313-09345-350-00 MODEL STUDY OF LIBBY REREGULATING DAM,

KOOTENAI RIVER, MONTANA

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Flow conditions at the dam during construction and after completion are to be studied in a l:80-scale model. The

model reproduces the Kootenai River channel and pertient overbank topography for one upstream and two miles downstream for the dam site. All pertinent interim and permanent structures will be reproduced. The project

design and probable maximum flood discharges for the

project are 42,000 and 210,000 cfs. The dam will be near

Libby, Montana, 1 1 miles below the existing Libby Dam.

(/) Active; being verified. 313-09346-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF FALSE WEIR AND FISH LADDER,

CHARLES RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Division, New England.

(e) To check the adequacy of proposed designs for the false weir and slot-type fishway and to develop improved

designs if necessary. A 1 :4-scale model reproduced the

false weir, inflow pipe and part of the first pool downstream from the false weir. A l:8-scale model in- cluded the false weir, 29-pool fish ladder, diffusion chambers for attraction flow, and a section of downstream ap- proach.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) The ladder developed in the model study has 29 pools that are connected by vertical slots that provide fish passage between the entrance and a false weir with exit chute to the upstream basin. Velocities in the slots ranged from 1 .

1

to 7.2 fps. No upwelling that might attract or trap fish oc- curred along walls or in comers. Velocities over the false weir were between 4.1 and 4.9 fps, downstream discharge

of the weir was 14 to 15 cfs, and discharge to the chute was 1 .23 to 2.48 cfs. Attraction flow from the entrance

penetrated 50 to 60 ft into tailwater. 313-09347-350-00 MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS FOR ELK CREEK

DAM, ROUGE RIVER BASIN, OREGON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland,

(rf) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project will be located on Elk Creek, 1.7 miles up- stream from the Rouge River and 27 miles north of Medford, Oregon. The dam will be a 238-foot-high rockfill embankment with a concrete gravity spillway and a twin-conduit outlet tunnel with a flip bucket dissipator. The tunnel

is to pass a discharge of 7,200 cfs. The outflow of the flip bucket, the size of the plunge pool, and an adult fish col- lection facility entrance were studied in a 1 :40-scale model.

if) Tests completed; final report in preparation. Tests were

terminated when design of the project was deferred because of environment problems.

(g) The outflow of the flip bucket was satisfactory, and the plunge pool was a minimum size for satisfactory velocities along the excavated sides. The proposed fish collection en- trance at the side of flip bucket was not satisfactory; reverse flow occurred in the approach path with some modes of outlet operation. Preliminary tests indicated an

entrance in the upstream corner of the plunge pool would

be satisfactory; however, testing was terminated before a complete study was made. 313-09348-350-00 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF CHIEF JOSEPH DAM,

COLUMBIA RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-07109 for description of project. The study was made to determine the effects of spillway deflectors and

ultimate 27-unit powerhouse on flow conditions in the tail- race. A section of forebay, the 19-bay spillway with piers and gates for the pool raised 10 ft to elevation 956 (bays 36 ft wide instead of as-built 40-ft bays), downstream side of 27-unit powerhouse, and tailrace to the mouth of Foster Creek were reproduced in a l;72-scale model.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Velocities, wave heights, water-surface elevations, and

overall flow conditions were observed with uniform and nonuniform spillway gate openings. River discharges of 190,000 to 1,200,000 cfs and operation of 0, 9, 18, and 27 powerhouse units were studied. With 12.5-ft-wide deflectors at elevation 775 (see separate report), wave rideup

along the banks and wave heights at the powerhouse

created by the deflectors was reduced by nonuniform

openings of the spillway gates. 313-09349-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY DEFLECTORS FOR CHIEF

JOSEPH DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-07109 for description of project. The purpose of

the study was to develop a flow deflector to produce sta- ble "skimming flow" instead of plunging flow in the stilling basin, thereby reducing nitrogen supersaturation

downstream from the spillway. A four-bay, 1 :43.35-scale sectional model reproduced the existing stilling basin, exit channel, and spillway agee. The piers and gates were for the raised pool, elevation 956, with 36-ft-wide bays, rather than with as-built 40-ft bays.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) A 12.5-ft-wide deflector at elevation 775 on the spillway chute provided the best overall performance. Skimming

flow existed up to 1 4,000 cfs per bay with tailwater for 27-

unit powerhouse operation, 10,000 cfs with 18-unit operation, and 6,500 cfs per bay with the powerhouse closed. Either surging or plunging flow occurred above these

limits. Surging flow may increase wave action along the downstream side of the powerhouse. Deflectors on piers adjacent to ends of spillway were required to minimize

overtopping of training walls. Tests of the entire structure were made in a l:72-scale model (see separate report). 313-09350-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY DEFLECTORS FOR LITTLE

GOOSE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-04504 for description of project. Deflectors on

the spillway just below tailwater were developed to reduce deep air entrainment in the outflow and nitrogen super- saturation downstream from the spillway. A three-bay section of upstream approach, spillway, and exit channel were

reproduced in a 1 :42.47-scale model.

(/*) Test completed; final report in preparation,

(g) Four deflector widths and three elevations were studied, and the width and location that performed best with 211

254-330 0 -78-15
discharges from 4,700 to 106,250 cfs per bay was selected. Effects of the deflector on flow conditions downstream

from the dam, especially on adult fish passage, were stu- died in a l:50-scale general spillway model (see separate

report). 313-09351-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY DEFLECTORS FOR MCNARY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND

WASHINGTON

(6) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The existing project, located about 2.5 miles upstream from Umatilla, Oregon, includes a 22-bay spillway, a 14-

unit powerhouse, an 86-ft by 675-ft navigation lock with maximum single lift of 92 ft, and facilities to pass migratory fish upstream over the dam. Flow under or between

upper and lower halves of the vertical-lift spillway gates

carries entrained air deep into the stilling basin. This

results in excessive amounts of dissolved gases (chiefly nitrogen) that are harmful to fish downstream from the

project. The purpose of the tests was to develop a means

of spilling flood waters without increasing nitrogen supersaturation. A 1 :40-scale model reproduced a three-bay

section of the forebay, spillway, stilling basin downstream

from bays 1 to 19, and exit channel.

(/) Completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Air penetration, flow stability, and current directions in the stilling basin, and pressures were determined with and

without deflectors. Flow was passed underneath or between upper and lower sections of the gates. Spillway

discharges of 13,500 cfs and less per 50-ft bay were of pri- mary concern. Without deflectors, flow for either method

of gate operation plunged to the floor of the stilling basin; highly aerated water was distributed uniformly throughout

the basin. With 12.5-ft-long horizontal deflectors at elevation 256 and discharge beneath the gates, stable "skimming flow" (with air bubbles confined to the top

layer of water) occurred for an 8-ft range in tailwater elevations (257 to 265). Deflectors 20 ft long at elevation 256 were required when flow was passed between gate

sections. Additional tests, with deflectors on the spillway chute, will be made in a general spillway model. 313-09352-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET FOR MOOSE CREEK DAM,

CHENA RIVER LAKES PROJECT, ALASKA

(£>) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Alaska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Moose Creek Dam, to be located on the Chena River about 17 miles east of Fairbanks, Alaska, will have an

average height of about 30 ft and will have an overall length of 7.1 miles. The earthfill dam will divert Chena

River flood waters into the Tanana River and provide non- damaging flows in the existing Chena River channel. A

proposed outlet channel with riprapped bottom 80 ft wide and riprapped side slopes of IV on 2H will divert the river from its natural channel upstream of the dam, through the

outlet structure, and back to the river downstream from

the dam. The outlet works was sized to pass river flows up

to 9,000 cfs, small recreation boats, and fish underneath

four 25- by 1 8-ft vertical-lift gates. Two fishways and a

fish ladder are proposed for use when velocities through open gate bays exceed 2.5 fps and when flows are being

regulated. The purposes of the model study are to check

hydraulic performance of the proposed design and to develop revisions if required.

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) A shallow stilling basin with baffles and a sloping end sill were developed in single-bay, l:20-scale model. The four- bay outlet structure with fishways and a fish ladder entrance was studied in a 1 ;40-scale model. The outlet and

fishways were satisfactory. The outlet piers were shortened

at the downstream end. The upstream approach channel to the outlet was lengthened to produce adequate hydraulic

drop between the natural river and the outlet with ungated

flows.

313-10658-350-13 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY OF LOWER

MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Lower Monumental Dam is located on the Snake River at mile 41.6 about 32 miles from Ice Harbor Dam. Principal features include a six-unit powerhouse, a 103-foot single

lift navigation lock, an eight-bay spillway, and two fish lad- ders. The spillway was studied in a l:50-scale general

model of the project to determine the effects of flow

deflectors on flow conditions at adjacent fishway entrances and to develop an operation schedule for optimum conditions for fish passage.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Satisfactory flow conditions for fish passage and reduction of nitrogen supersaturation were obtained with flow

deflectors in five, six, and eight bays of the spillway. An

optimum spillway operation schedule was developed. 313-10659-350-13 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY OF MCNARY

DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-09351 for description of project. The spillway was

studied in a l:50-scale general model of the project to determine the effects of flow deflectors on flow conditions

at adjacent fishway entrances and to develop an operation schedule for optimum conditions for fish passage.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Satisfactory flow conditions for fish passage and reduction of nitrogen supersaturation were obtained with flow

deflectors in all but the end bays of the spillway. An op- timum spillway operation schedule was developed.

313-10660-350-13 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY OF LITTLE GOOSE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-04504 for description of project. The spillway was

studied in a 1 :50-scale general model of the project to determine the effects of flow deflectors on flow conditions

at adjacent fishway entrances and to develop an operation schedule for optimum conditions for fish passage.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Satisfactory flow conditions for fish passage and reduction

of nitrogen supersaturation were obtained with flow

deflectors in all but the end bays of the spillway. Poor fish passage conditions occurred when flow was spilled uniformly from all bays. An optimum spillway operation schedule of nonuniform spills was developed.

313-10661-350-13 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY OF ICE HARBOR DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-08445 for description of project. The spillway was

studied in a l:50-scale general model of the project to determine the effects of flow deflectors on flow conditions

at adjacent fishway entrances and to develop an operation schedule for optimum conditions for fish passage.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Satisfactory flow conditions for fish passage and reduction of nitrogen supersaturation were obtained with flow

deflectors in six, eight, or ten bays of the spillway. An op- timum spillway operation schedule of nonuniform spills was developed.

212
313-10662-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY DEFLECTORS FOR JOHN

DAY DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-07114 for description of project. Deflectors on

the spillway just below tailwater were developed to reduce deep air entrainment in the outflow and nitrogen supersaturation downstream from the spillway. A three-bay section of upstream approach, spillway, and exit channel were

reproduced in a 41.14-scale model.

(/) Test completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Three deflector widths and four elevations were studied

with two configurations of downstream topography, and

the optimum width and elevation were selected for discharges of 3,000 to 19,300 cfs per bay. Effects of the

deflector on flow conditions downstream from the dam,

especially on adult fish passage, will be studied in a 1:50-

scale general spillway model. 313-10663-850-13 TEST OF FISH SCREENS

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Div., North Pacific, Hydro-Electric

Design Branch.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Rotating fish screens are utilized in intakes of powerhouses on the Columbia and Snake Rivers to divert fingerling fish into an intake gate well where they are channeled around

the turbines to the tailrace. Little hydraulic data were

available for the steel mesh screen in use, and none was

available for new plastic meshes being proposed for use. Hydraulic characteristics of flow through four types of mesh with various arrangements of perforated metal plate behind them were observed in a 14.6- by 16-inch water

tunnel.

(f) Completed.

(g) With steel mesh and three plastic mesh screens and vari- ous arrangements of perforated metal plates behind them

the head drop across the screens and the pull-away force of a simulated fingerling were determined for four ap- proach velocities. The pull-away forces were for comparative use only. 313-10664-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS, BONNEVILLE DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER,

OREGON AND WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-07107 for description of the project and the model. The study was made to determine the effect of a new navigation lock location, enlargement of certain nar- row reaches of channel, and a new moorage location on

the ability of tows and barges to navigate at Bonneville Dam.

if) Scheduled tests completed; other tests might develop.

(g) Two new navigation lock sites on the Oregon shore near

the existing lock have been found satisfactory for navigation. Excavation of a portion of Bradford Island in the forebay enlarges the entrance to the forebay and greatly improves tow maneuverability. A new moorage in the forebay coupled with excavation of a portion of Bradford

Island greatly aids navigation with the existing lock. A

proposed spur dike extending upstream from the ex- cavated section of the island did not improve fish passage

conditions. 313-10665-850-13 CALIBRATION OF MODEL "A" ALASKA STEEPPASS FISH LADDER

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Alaska.

(d) Experimental; for field operation.

(e) The model "A" Alaska steeppass fish ladder is a denil-type ladder with side and bottom vanes developed by the

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. The study was made to determine the hydraulic characteristics of the ladder when inclined at slopes less than 15 percent and to determine the feasibility of using the ladder in field tests of passage of Arctic grayling.

(J) Completed.

(g) Observations indicated that the steeppass fish ladder on a mild slope would have the desired flow characteristics for passage of Arctic grayling and would be suitable for field

tests. A slope of 7.5 percent had the best characteristics. The results extended the hydraulic data previously

published by Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Infor- mational Leaflet No. 12, April 27, 1962.

(/i) Alaska Steeppass Model "A" Fish Ladder, Memo. Repl. No. 1, Div. Hydr. Lab., Oct. 4, 1976. 313-10666-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LIBBY REREGULATING DAM, KOOTENAI RIVER, MONTANA

(£>) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-09345 for description of project. The spillway and

the intake and outlet for a bulb turbine of a hydrocombine

structure are to be developed in a three-bay model.

Preliminary development of the spillway section is to be made in a one-bay, l:50-scale model.

(g) Hydraulic characteristics of two spillway shapes have been

determined for preliminary design. 313-10667-210-13 CALIBRATION OF PIT ORIFICES AND SERVICE LOOP

FOR DOMESTIC WATER SYSTEMS IN ALASKA

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Alaska.

{d) Experimental, for design.

(e) Pairs of pit orifices 3/4, 1, and 1-1/4 inch in diameter in- serted in a 6-inch water main and connected to 25-foot- long service loops of the same size as the pit orifice were

tested to determine the head loss in the main due to the

orifice, the head drop through the loop, and the water

velocity in the loop with various velocities in the main. The data were to be used in determining head loss and

heat exchange.

if) Completed; memorandum report in preparation.

(g) Head loss in the 6-inch main, head drop through the 25-

foot loop, and velocities in the loop were determined for three pit orifice and loop sizes with 2- and 4-fps velocities

in the main.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT

STATION, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, P.O. Box 631,

Vicksburg, Miss. 39181. F. R. Brown, Engineer, Technical Director. These project summaries are abridged from more detailed descriptions appearing in the FY 1977 Civil Works Annual

Research Summary, Vols. 1 and 2, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D. C. 20314. 314-06849-400-13 MODEL STUDY OF CHESAPEAKE BAY

(b) Baltimore District, North Atlantic Division.

(c) David Bastian, Estuaries Branch.

(e) The Estuaries Branch has been given the responsibility for assisting the Baltimore District in the design, construction,

verification, and testing of a hydraulic model of the Ches- apeake Bay. The model will be utilized to develop a water- land management plan for use of the Chesapeake Bay and

tributaries. A fixed-bed, comprehensive model of the Chesapeake Bay and tributaries with linear scale ratios of 1:100 vertically and 1:1000 horizontally will be constructed. The model will have the capability of reproducing tides, current velocities, salinities, hurricane surges, and freshwater inflows. 213
314-06859-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF SMITHLAND LOCKS AND DAM

(b) Ohio River Division, Nashville.

(c) B. K. Melton.

(e) Determine the suitability of the location of proposed locks and dam from a navigation standpoint and to develop

plans for the elimination or reduction of shoaling in ap- proach channels. The study was conducted on a 1:150-

scale model extending from river mile 916.5 to 925.0 which was convertible from fixed bed for navigation stu- dies to coal bed for channel development studies. (g) The study has resulted in the development of plans that would provide satisfactory conditions in both upper and

lower lock approaches and in the dredged navigation channel downstream. Plans also have been developed that would reduce or eliminate shoaling in the lower lock ap- proach and in the dredged navigation channel downstream. The model has been rehabilitated to test bank scouring below the Cumberland River with the cof- ferdam in place and to test the stability of the cofferdam

cells which will become a part of the fixed weir section of

the dam. Bank scouring tests have been completed and the

test results in preliminary form have been forwarded to the

District. 314-07171-470-13 INVESTIGATION OF SHOALING AT HARBOR EN- TRANCES

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) B. K. Melton.

(<?) Conduct a study of shoaling at harbor entrance in alluvial streams under laboratory conditions to determine corrective measures to be taken at St. Louis, Mo., Greenville,

Miss., and Lake Providence, La. The study was conducted

in a movable-bed model in which the harbor entrances were modified to fit existing conditions or in accordance

with proposed plans. (h) Report in process. 314-09663-820-13 ANALYSIS OF ARBITRARY WELL SYSTEM

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) J. B. Warriner.

(e) Formalize the results as have been previously obtained from electrical analog model studies into a computer pro- gram, accompanied by example problems and a fully docu- mented user guide, that can give the designer the capability of predicting flow and drawdown associated with fully and partially penetrating wells placed arbitrarily within ir- regular boundaries. This work is being performed to aid in the design of numerous construction dewatering systems

for projects in LMVD. A complete review of the results previously obtained for single wells will be performed, fol- lowed by an extension of the results to multiple well systems. An existing computer will be modified to include

the results of the review and then used to check specially designed electrical analog tests. (g) A technique has been devised for calculating discharges from wells of random spacing and different locations. (h) Report in preparation. 314-09666-830-13 LEVEE WAVE WASH PROTECTION

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) C. R. Styron, III. (e) To determine the effectiveness of a dust control system as

a temporary protective cover for soil embankments subject

to wave wash. A silty clay soil was placed in a wave flume and compacted with the soil surface sloping one vertical to three horizontal. The dust control system (DCA-1295, a

polyvinyl acetate liquid, reinforced with fiberglass scrim) was applied at three different rates and tested against wave-action forces. Six other liquid materials were also

tested, and these materials compared with a prefabricated

neoprene-coated nylon membrane.

if) Completed.

(g) It was concluded that the dust control system and AC-8

asphalt cement gave a little better overall performance

than did the other liquid materials but that none of these would provide any appreciable protection against wave

wash for any considerable length of time. The

prefabricated membrane material performed in a satisfac- tory manner without any damage when subjected to wave wash action for a period of four hours. Indications were

that the membrane would have continued to water proof and protect a soil embankment for an indefinite period. It was concluded that this membrane, or a similar fabric, when properly anchored to a soil embankment would pro- vide wave wash protection. A report in the form of a Memorandum for Record was reviewed in the S&PL and

forwarded to the sponsor 5 May 1976. 314-09667-330-13 LOCK AND DAM 26, MISSISSIPPI RIVER

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) L. J. Shows.

(<?) Determine whether the existing structure should be modernized by adding an additional lock or whether a new

structure should be provided. A model study is being con- ducted which encompasses the reach between river miles 199.0 and 205.7 on the Mississippi River, and the model is built to an undistorted scale of 1:120. The model is of the fixed-bed type reproducing locks and dam structures and

adjacent overbank area between the levees.

(f) Tests completed. 314-09670-300-13 MISSISSIPPI RIVER PASSES MODEL STUDY

(b) New Orleans District; Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) G. M. Fisackerly.

(e) Investigate plans for the reduction of shoaling in the exist- ing 40-ft channel and determine the feasibility of a deeper

channel. A fixed-bed model reproduces the Mississippi River downstream from 14 miles above Head of Passes, in- cluding South and Southwest Passes and portions of Pass a Loutre and Cubits Gap and a segment of the Gulf of Mexico. Model scales are 1:100 vertically and 1:500 horizontally. Fixed-bed shoaling tests using artificial sediments will be used to evaluate improvement plans. (g) Hydraulic adjustment of the model and shoaling verifica- tion of the Head of Passes area have been completed. Base

shoaling tests and tests of dredging methods have been

completed. Tests of plans to reduce shoaling at Head of Passes with the existing channel depth have also been

completed. Tests to assure proper reproduction of hydraulic phenomena and salinity intrusion in Southwest Pass have been completed. Tests to obtain a shoaling verifica- tion of Southwest Pass below Head of Passes are currently under way. Additional plan tests have been requested by

the district. 314-09671-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF ALEXANDRIA REACH, RED RIVER

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) L. J. Shows.

(e) Determine the modification required to bridges in the reach and the type and location of regulating structures required to develop a satisfactory navigation channel through the reach. An undistorted fixed-bed model has been constructed to a scale of 1:100, model to prototype. The model encompasses about four miles of the river channel including the five bridges through the reach as well as adjacent overbank areas between levees.

(f) Tests completed. 314-09672-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF EMERGENCY BULKHEAD CLOSURE,

MISSISSIPPI RIVER GULF OUTLET LOCK

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) J. H. Abies, Jr. 214
(f ) Study design details and the plan for emergency closure of

the 150-ft-wide and 1200-ft-long lock. A l:50-scale model

will be used to reproduce the entire chamber and an appropriate length of canal at each end. The bulkheads will be reproduced accurately to scale, size, shape, and weight.

One pair of miter gates may be accurately reproduced to

scale so that the possibility of their use for emergency clo- sure can be tested. Model tests will be concerned with determining loads acting on the closure during emergency

placement. The problem will be unusual due to the width

of the lock being 40 ft greater than closures previously

studied. 314-09673-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM

FOR MISSISSIPPI RIVER-GULF OUTLET LOCK

(if?) Lower Mississippi Valley Division,

(c) J. H. Abies, Jr. (e) Develop a side wall port filling and emptying system for lockage of both barge and ship traffic. All elements of the system must be adequate under normal and reverse head

conditions common to the proposed site. A l:25-scale physical model that reproduces portions of the upper and

lower approaches and the entire filling and emptying

system is being used for study and evaluation of per- formance of the proposed 150-ft-wide and 1290-ft-long lock chamber. Barge tows and ships of variable drafts are simulated as well as the usual culvert valve control equip- ment and instrumentation to measure hawser forces.

(g) Tests completed on side port system. 314-09674-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF MERAMEC PARK RESERVOIR OUTLET WORKS

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) B. P. Fletcher.

(e) To develop an adequate stilling basin design and deter- mine the size and extent of stone protection required for the exit channel. The scales of the model were changed to conform with the change in conduit size (22-ft wide reduced to 14-ft wide)

specified by the District. Tests were conducted in a 1:25.5-

scale model in which a 160-ft-wide and 260-ft-long ap- proach area, the intake structure, transition, conduit,

stilling basin, and 650 ft of exit channel were reproduced.

(f) Tests complete. Report in progress. 314-09676-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF RED RIVER SPILLWAYS NOS. 1 AND 2

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) N. R. Oswalt.

(e) Assist in design of the subject spillways and determine the

size and extent of downstream riprap protection required

with single-gated operations. A l:36-scale hydraulic model

reproducing about 600 ft of the approach area, the full width of spillway, and 1400 ft of the exit channel was used

to evaluate and refine the proposed designs.

(J) Tests complete. Reports in progress. 314-09677-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF SHOALING IN SAWYER BEND AND

ENTRANCE TO CHAIN OF ROCKS CANAL (MISSISSIPPI

RIVER)

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) J. E. Foster.

(e) Investigate various plans to eliminate shoaling in Sawyer

Bend and improve shoaling conditions in the lower entrance to Chain of Rocks Canal. A movable-bed model

with scale ratios of 1:250 horizontally and 1:100 vertically reproducing the Mississippi River from about river mile

169.0 to 190.8 is being used for the study.

(g) Plans have been developed to eliminate shoaling in Sawyer

Bend and reduce shoaling in the entrance to Chain of

Rocks Canal. Tests indicated Phase 1 of the construction program would be effective in improving shoaling in Sawyer Bend. Testing has been completed and preliminary

results furnished the District. Data are being prepared for inclusion in the final report. 314-09680-350-00 OLD RIVER DIVERSION MODEL STUDY

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) T. J. Pokrefke.

(f ) Obtain data to permit development of plans for the repair of damages that occurred to the low-sill structure during

the 1973 flood and to aid in the selection of a site for another low-sill structure. Initially the study was conducted on a 1:120 scale, fixed-bed model from Mississippi River

mile 313.0 to 318.5. Subsequently, the model was ex- tended downstream to mile 306.0.

(g) Tests requested by the District on the existing structures and channel with the August 1973 conditions have been

completed. Tests of proposed rock weirs and of a series of

piling in the ouflow channel to control the distribution of

flow through the existing structures and to insure the continued security of the low sill structure have been

completed. Inflow channel improvement tests have been

completed. Tests have been undertaken on a barge barrier

to reduce the possibility of loose barges entering the in- flow channel. Tests to provide data for the proposed

Operation and Maintenance Manual are being conducted

intermittently as time permits. 314-09681-330-13 RED RIVER WATERWAY, LOCK AND DAM NO. 1 MODEL

STUDY

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) J. E. Foster.

(e) Investigate alignment problems and the effectiveness of

training works needed to satisfy navigation conditions and

requirements in the vicinity of the proposed cutoff and

lock. A movable-bed model with scale ratios of 1:120

horizontally and 1:30 vertically reproducing about five miles of the Red River in the vicinity of the proposed

Lock and Dam is being used for the study.

(g) Fixed-bed tests have been conducted to check navigation conditions at the entrance to the lock at the proposed lo- cation. The model has been converted to movable bed and

tests are being conducted to ascertain the channel development to be expected upon construction of the lock and dam and what channel structures will be needed in the

area. 314-09682-300-13 REHABILITATION OF MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL, IN- CLUDING VERIFICATION TO 1973 CONDITIONS, AND

INITIAL TESTING RELATIVE TO PROJECT FLOOD

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) J. E. Foster.

(e) Rehabilitate the portion of the Mississippi Basin Model

from Hannibal to Baton Rouge in preparation for future

testing and verify to 1973 stage-discharge relationships and

to conduct initial tests of the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project Design Flood.

(g) The model has been verified to the 1973 Flood except for the Atchafalaya River Basin and tests of the Mississippi River Project Design Flood have been initiated. 314-09684-350-13 RIGOLETS CONTROL STRUCTURE

(b) New Orleans District; Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) R. A. Boland, Jr. (e) Determine the adequacy of the design for the flow control

structures in the hurricane surge protection barrier across

the Rigolets at the original and alternate locations. The

tests will be conducted on a fixed-bed model constructed

to an undistorted scale of 1:100 with an area of about 215
22,000 sq. ft. The model will be equipped with the necessary pumps, pipes, and valves to establish steady-state flow regimes in either the flood or ebb direction with equip- ment required to measure water-surface elevations and

velocities.

(f) Completed.

(/i) Hydraulic Characteristics of Rigolets Pass, Louisiana, Hurricane Surge Control Structures, TR H-76-16, Sept. 1976. 314-09685-070-13 SEEPAGE MODEL STUDIES

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) C. L. McAnear.

(e) Develop experimental and numerical techniques to obtain

solutions to some of the more complex seepage problems

encountered within the Lower Mississippi Valley Division. A three-dimensional electrical analogy model will be used

to solve underseepage problems and a viscous flow model

will be used to solve transient groundwater flow problems. Numerical techniques will be developed for analysis of

fluid flow through soils on the basis of the finite difference and finite element methods.

(/i) Finite Element Method of Analysis and Design of Banks

Subjected to Seepage, C. S. Desai, Aug. 1976. 314-09686-300-13 LITTLE BLUE RIVER CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT MODEL

STUDY

(b) Kansas City District. (c) B. Brown.

(e) Develop design data for the resistance caused by ( 1

) shear

interface caused b'y addition of berms to low flow channels, (2) low flow channel crossing from side to side in the main channel, (3) resistance to bends, and (4) resistance caused by trees and other plantings. The model is constructed in a 5-foot wide by 96-foot long tilting flume. Tests will be conducted to develop normalized rating curves for each cross-section and to define energy losses

as a function of channel geometry. Representative velocity determinations are being obtained for the various channel

configurations.

if) Report in preparation. 314-09687-470-13 NEWBURYPORT HARBOR MODEL STUDY

(b) New England Division.

(c) N. J. Brogdon, Jr. (e) Investigate proposed plans and/or modifications to existing projects in an effort to determine their effects on channel

shoaling in the harbor entrance, small boat navigation, erosion of Plum Island Point, existing salinity conditions, and water quality. A combination fixed-bed and movable- bed model has been constructed, which includes a portion of the Atlantic Ocean, Newburyport Harbor, and the Merrimack River to head of tide. Linear scales are 1:100 verti- cally and 1:300 horizontally. The model is equipped to reproduce tides, tidal currents, wave action, density currents, and freshwater inflows. 314-09692-430-13 JAMAICA BAY HURRICANE SURGE STUDY

(b) New York District; North Atlantic Division.

(c) R. F. Athow, Jr. (e) Develop a barrier plan that will prevent flooding within

the bay and associated lowlands during periods of

northeasterly winds or hurricanes, and to determine the ef- fects of the plan on tides, velocities, salinities and dye concentrations within Jamaica Bay, and navigation, and to im- prove circulation and water quality in the bay by developing the required design and operating procedure for the

tidal passages in the barrier and, if necessary, developing

the design for training dikes and/or channel improvements.

The comprehensive fixed-bed model of New York Harbor,

with linear scale ratios of 1:1000 horizontally and 1:100

vertically, is being used for the physical model of Jamaica Bay study. This will be augmented by construction of an

undistorted section of the selected barrier to solve erosion problems and operating techniques. A model developed as a separate study by Dr. Leendertse (Rand Corporation) is being used for the mathematical model.

(f) Completed.

(/i) Effects of Hurricane Surge Barrier on Hydraulic Environ- ment, Jamaica Bay, N.Y., Final Technical Report H-76-14,

Sept. 1976. 314-09701-330-13 BAY SPRINGS CANAL SURGE STUDY

{b) Ohio River Division, Nashville,

(c) J. P. Bohan.

(e) Determine the effect of the releases from Bay Springs

Lock on Navigation in the relatively small canal below the

lock. A l:80-scale model of 4000 ft of canal below the Bay Springs will be constructed. The lock release hydrograph will be simulated using electrically automatic equip- ment. Water level detectors will be used to plot surge

heights. Strain gages will be used to instrument a model

tow while moored at various locations in the canal.

(/) Tests complete. Report in progress. 314-09702-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM

FOR BAY SPRINGS LOCK, TENN-TOMBIGBEE WATERWAY

(b) Ohio River Division.

(c) J. H. Abies, Jr. (e) Develop a longitudinal floor culvert filling and emptying

system for a 1 10-ft by 600-ft lock with a maximum head

of about 84 feet. The model will reproduce the entire

filling and emptying system and short portions of the ap- proaches at a scale of 1:25. Usual instrumentation will be

provided.

(f) Tests completed. 314-09703-350-13 CHUTE DISSIPATOR MODEL STUDY IN DIVIDE CUT,

TENN-TOM WATERWAY

(b) Ohio River Division.

(c) J. H. Abies, Jr. (e) The four major drainage structures or baffled chutes will be designed to accommodate 50-year frequency

discharges, and the height of sidewalls will be increased in an attempt to contain the 100-year flows. The side slopes of the Divide Cut will also be established. Because the proposed slopes of the chute dissipator have not been

tested or reported and the magnitude of unit discharge is at the upper end of available data for other slopes, a model study was recommended. The study of the chute energy dissipators is being conducted in a l:25-scale model including approximately 300 ft of the approach

channel, the transition to the 168-ft-wide chute, the energy

dissipator and stilling pond, and a section of the canal ap- proximately 600 by 275 feet. (g) In an effort to simplify the structural design, a hydraulic

jump type stilling basin that produced satisfactory energy

dissipation immediately downstream from the structure was developed for the major drainage structure. However,

the velocities at a depth of 6 feet entering the canal were

not equally distributed. As a result, baffle blocks were

placed on the chute to simulate the baffled chute spillway

design shown in GDM No. N-l for these structures. The

height of the sidewalls on the chute was increased from 1

feet to 12 feet in order to contain the design flow of 9700

cfs within minimum canal stage at elevation 408. The

stilling pool was reduced from a constant width of 250 feet (original design) to 168 feet at the end of the chute walls and to 240 feet at the canal. The optimum shape and

limits of riprap were determined. Although the other three major structures will have different widths, they should be proportioned geometrically the same as the structure that was tested. 216
314-09704-350-13 SPLITTER WALL DISSIPATOR MODEL STUDY IN DIVIDE

CUT, TENN-TOM WATERWAY

(b) Ohio River Division.

(c) J. H. Abies, Jr. (e) Due to the unusual nature of the splitter wall basin and

the problems that may be encountered with the hydraulic

jump in the closed conduit upstream from this basin, a model study was recommended. The dissipator located in the floor of the canal may be a potential source of trouble during maintenance dredging. The study of the splitter wall is being conducted in a l:10-scale model that reproduces three exit channels downstream from the Type

VI basins, a portion of the connecting channel, the entrance transition, the chute, the splitter wall basin, and a portion of the canal approximately 200 by 140 feet. The

hydraulic characteristics of the structures are not readily determined by mathematical analyses and will be deter- mined by model tests. (g) Calibration data were obtained with various lengths and

depths of the drop structure. These data for the recom- mended design were furnished as ratios of the width of the chute so that the dimensions of the structures can be determined for a known discharge and allowable head. All data were obtained with an abutment radius equal to three times the width of the chute. The splitter wall energy dis- sipator of the original design was replaced with a hydraulic

jump type energy dissipator which was recommended for use at the downstream end of the chutes where flow enters

the navigation energy dissipator where flow enters the

canal. 314-09707-430-13 MODEL STUDIES OF OREGON INLET, NORTH CAROLINA

(c) Dr. C. L. Vincent.

(e) To determine optimal plan of improvement to stabilize the navigation channel through the inlet by testing proposed

plans of improvement in a physical model. To determine

jetty stability damage as a function of increasing storm waves (breaking waves) in excess of the design wave. A physical model of Oregon Inlet and adjacent areas of Pamlico Sound has been constructed to scales of 1:300

horizontally and 1:60 vertically. Various plans of improve- ments will be tested. The testing includes measurements of

tidal elevations and velocities, surface photographs, wave

heights, and movable-bed shoaling/scouring.

Typical two-dimensional cross sections and three-dimensional head sections of rock and dolos armor are being model tested using maximum breaking waves (depth

limited) to determine the amount of damage that will occur for waves (and water depths) that exceed the design

condition.

(g) Verification of the physical model is essentially complete. 314-09717-300-13 MODEL STUDY OF SUCK BEND, CHATTAHOOCHEE

RIVER

(b) Mobile District. (c) J. E. Glover.

(e) Develop plans to reduce or eliminate shoaling in Suck

Bend; Chattahoochee River. A movable-bed hydraulic model reproducing a section of the river from navigation

mile 73.0 to 74.4 to an undistorted scale of 1:72 was used

to study the problem.

(/) Tests complete.

(g) A plan which would reduce shoaling and provide a

satisfactory navigation channel through the reach has been

developed. 314-09719-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF ALICEVILLE LOCK AND DAM, TENNTOM WATERWAY

(b) Mobile District.

(c) L. J. Shows.

(e) Study navigation conditions in the lock approach and cur- rent conditions in the diversion canal during construction of the lock and dam. The model is of the fixed-bed type constructed to an undistorted scale of 1:100, reproducing about three miles of the Tombigbee River Channel near

Pickensville, Alabama, Lock and Dam diversion canal and

adjacent overband areas.

(g) All scheduled testing has been completed. Analysis of the

results of completed tests has been undertaken. Satisfactory navigation conditions can be developed in both the up- stream and downstream lock approaches at the proposed

site. 314-09721-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBUS LOCK AND DAM, TENNTOM WATERWAY

(b) Mobile District. (c) L. J. Shows.

(e) Determine flow conditions and their effects on navigation and develop modifications in the plan that might be considered desirable for the complex arrangement of the vari- ous channels and diversions. A fixed-bed model was constructed to an undistorted scale of 1:120. The model

reproduces the Tombigbee River Channel from about

8,000 ft downstream to about 18,000 ft upstream of the dam, about 10,000 ft of the lower Tibee River Channel,

pertinent adjacent overbank areas, and the lock and dam

and navigation canals.

(/) Complete.

(g) All scheduled testing has been, completed. Analysis of the

results of completed tests has been undertaken. Satisfactory navigation conditions can be developed in both the up- stream and downstream lock approaches at the proposed

site. 314-09722-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF ABERDEEN LOCK AND DAM, TENNTOM WATERWAY

(b) Mobile District. (c) L. J. Shows.

(e) Develop plans which will provide good navigation conditions in the lock approaches and minimize the adverse ef- fects of the left overbank flow on tows moving through the navigation channel during high stages. The model is of the fixed-bed type, constructed to an undistorted scale ratio of

1:120, and reproduces a short reach of the Tombigbee

River upstream and downstream of the dam, the approach

channel to the lock, the lock and dam structure, and the adjacent overbank areas.

if) Tests complete. Report in preparation.

(g) Satisfactory navigation conditions can be developed in both the upstream and downstream lock approach at the proposed location. The effects of the cofferdam on flood flow stages would be minor and the effects on current

velocities would be local. 314-09723-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF GAINESVILLE LOCK AND DAM,

TENN-TOM WATERWAY

(b) Mobile District. (c) L. J. Shows.

(e) Investigate navigation conditions near the upstream en- trance to the proposed lock canal and flow conditions in the approach to the spillway, and develop modifications required to eliminate any undesirable conditions. The

model is of the fixed-bed type constructed to an

undistorted scale of 1:100. The model reproduces about 2- 1/2 miles of the Tombigbee River between river miles 283 and 286, about 1-1/2 miles northeast of Gainesville, Alabama, adjacent overbank areas, gated spillway, upper

reach of the lock approach canal, fills, and overflow sections.

(J) Completed.

217
(g) Satisfacory navigation can be developed at the entrance to the lock approach canal and in the waterway upstream of

the canal. The development of basic plans required for

satisfactory navigation for one- and two-way traffic has been completed. 314-09725-350-13 WALNUT CREEK CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT-CALIFORNIA

(b) Sacramento District. (c) Glen Pickering.

(e) The hydraulic capacity of the existing Broadway Conduit

at the confluence of Walnut, San Ramon, and Las Trampas Creeks, Walnut Creek, California, is to be determined. Should the conduit be inadequate to pass design flows, appropriate modifications to the structure will be in- vestigated. As the capacity of the structure cannot be reliably calculated, a hydraulic model study will be employed.

(f) Tests completed. 314-09726-400-13 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY

AND SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA, CALIFORNIA

(£>) San Francisco District, (c) Mr. Marshall A. Blank.

(e) The purpose of the model studies is threefold: ( 1 ) to support the San Francisco Bay and Sacramento-San Joaquin

Delta Water Quality and Waste Disposal Investigation (this relates to model studies of interdistrict and interagency

proposed plans that can influence water quality in the Bay

and/or Delta), (2) to provide a means of evaluating other

plans and operating procedures in the Bay-Delta Estuary, and (3) to provide a laboratory for research and develop- ment for studies and proposals of academic and regional

interests. One plan is to prepare a velocity grid of the San

Francisco Bay system which will indicate by arrows on a

series of charts the surface current at two-hour intervals throughout the tidal cycle. This information will be of re- gional interest to the Coast Guard (oil spill planning),

yachtsmen, and other local users of the San Francisco Bay

Waters. The method of evaluation consists of measurement and

observation, including photographic methods, of tides, currents, salinity, sedimentation, and dispersion patterns under existing conditions of development and determination of changes in these items for various projects, proposals or concepts. Base and Plan tests were conducted during the report period for various operating conditions for the J. F. Bald- win and Stockton ship channels project and for the proposed Peripheral Canal. Methods of operation and measurements were improved to achieve dependable re- peatability of tests. Devices were added and improved to simulate both quantity and salinity of agricultural drainage from the islands in the Delta to the rivers and sloughs. The

salinity results for both base and plan conditions have been put into a computer program which plots the input data and computes and plots the average of surface and

bottom salinity. Model tests combining both the Peripheral Canal and the J. F. Baldwin and Stockton Channels projects have been completed. One objective was to deter- mine the freshwater releases required to restore salinity to the base conditions.

(A) Model Verification and Results of Sensitivity Tests, Tech. Memo. No. 1 , in preparation. 314-10741-310-00 IDENTIFYING AND MONITORING SELECTED FLOODPLAIN CHARACTERISTICS

(c) J. H. Shamburger, H. K. Woods.

(e) The objective of this study is to determine the utility of | LANDSAT to monitor changes in selected floodplain • characteristics: 1) Wetlands including extent and duration | of flooding; 2) Present and potential land utilization; 3) Physical characteristics such as river channel changes,

areas of erosion and deposition, and flood susceptible I areas. This investigation will utilize the spectral signatures of

floodplain environments to determine pedological, vegetative, morphological, and hydrological characteristics that are pertinent to environment control of physical or cultural changes. The study will be conducted in a selected portion of the Mississippi River floodplain where extensive ground truth data and historical imagery are available. As

a result of the spring 1973 and spring 1975 floods, considerable changes in the river regime have taken place. 1 Pre-, during-, and postflood LANDSAT and aircraft

j imagery is available. 314-10742-320-00 EFFECTS OF WATER FLOW ON RIPRAP IN FLOOD

CHANNELS

(c) J. L. Grace, Jr., N. R. Oswalt. m

(e) To develop adequate criteria for design of stable riprap

protective linings for flood channels. A large discharge

capacity (500 cfs) channel research facility is scheduled

for construction during FY 77 and 78 which will permit

( conduct of systematic tests and collection of appropriate data needed to develop adequate criteria for design of sta-

| ble riprap protection in straight and curved reaches of

flood channels. During the interim, FY 76 and 77, generalized data analyses of recent specific project model studies

will be conducted to correlate the interrelations between

geometric and hydraulic characteristics with initial dis- placement of various sizes, weights and gradations of

riprap. Testing of riprap stability on channel side slopes

will be conducted in existing model facilities. In addition,

efforts will be continued to develop an adequate means of

predicting the distribution of velocity and flow in natural and man-made flood channels. This is a prerequisite for applying either the critical shear, maximum permissible

velocity or Froude number of flow design concept to determine the size and extent of riprap required in flood channels. 314-10743-330-00 RELATIONSHIP OF BENDS AND CHANNEL WIDTHS FOR

PUSH TOWING

(c) L. J. Shows.

(e) To develop criteria which would establish a basis for reasonable design for navigation channel width in bends on inland waterways. With a known tow size and the maximum deflection angle (angle between the tow and a tangent to the curve at the stern of the tow) assumed by

the tow in navigating a particular bend, the required channel width can be easily computed. However, the deflection angle is dependent on many factors, some of the most

critical of these are: (1) Radius of curvature, (2) Degrees

of curvature traveled by tow, (3) Tow draft, width, and

length, (4) Speed of tow in relation to currents, (5) Direction and velocities of currents, (6) Direction of travel of tow (upstream or downstream), (7) Tow flanking or

drifting around the bend, (8) Alignment and position of tow entering bend, (9) Relationship of navigable channel

limits to the bank lines (particularly the concave bank). An undistorted semi-fixed bed hydraulic model reproducing typical river bends to a scale ratio of 1 : 1 20 and remote

control model towboats will be used in model tests to establish the relationship between bend radii and tow

deflection angles. The model will be operated with a constant flow condition in the bendways with different radii. The model towboat representing the different tow sizes

will be operated through the model and the channel section wil be altered to provide a minimum channel which would be considered safe for a particular size tow. 218
314-10744-330-00 IMPROVED CRITERIA FOR LOCK DESIGN

(c) G. A. Pickering, J. H. Abies, Jr. (e) To provide improved design criteria for the several types of lock filling and emptying systems. In the past, designs have been accomplished largely by empirical methods

based on results of hydraulic model studies of specific structures. Comprehensive tests are being conducted on

different types of filling and emptying systems to obtain data over a wide range of conditions. Analysis of tests and

other available data will result in improved generalized

design information. 314-10745-630-00 PUMP STATION INFLOW-DISCHARGE HYDRAULICS

(c) J. L. Grace, Jr., B. P. Fletcher.

(e) To determine the effect of upstream flow conditions, in- flow introduction and sump arrangement on approach

flows to the pumps. To develop the criteria needed to design sumps hydraulically that will not necessitate extensive post construction modifications to obtain satisfactory flow conditions and pump performance. During FY 75,

field investigations of a number of completed structures were made to familiarize laboratory personnel with the types of structures being constructed, with the problems

involved and with some of the solutions used. These in- vestigations will also provide a basis for determining the design of the experimental facilities and the type of tests needed to meet the objectives. Studies will be conducted in facilities used for specific project studies of pump station sumps. Upon completion of

the specific project studies, the results and the facility will be used in an effort to develop generalized design

guidance. The facilities will be used to conduct additional

tests and analyses which were not required for the specific project studies. Through studies conducted on the models using the vari- ous combinations of upstream conditions and applicable

sump arrangements and variations thereof, the resultant ef- fect on pump performance can be determined. When undesirable conditions are encountered and the cause ascertained, corrective modifications will be developed.

The results of the tests and data analyses will be used to develop practical design guidance which can be used by

the engineer in designing the pumping station substructure. The criteria developed will be applicable to all but the more complicated and unique stations occasionally en- countered. The guidance developed will be distributed in- termittently by means of ETL's. Upon completion of the

study, an Engineer's Manual will be prepared to furnish guidance to the field. 314-10746-350-00 GENERAL SPILLWAY TESTS

(c) J. L. Grace, Jr., N. R. Oswalt.

(e) To obtain additional basic knowledge and improved

criteria for design of spillway crest shapes and stilling basin sidewalls based on dynamic loadings caused by water

flow. Tests will be conducted to verify the design

procedure recommended for low spillways in MP H-73-5,

"Spillway Crest Design." Discharge coefficients, pressures, and pier and abutment effects will be investigated. Various approach depths and upstream slopes will be studied. Direct and continuous measurement of the magnitude and

frequency of dynamic loads on various sizes of monoliths composing a typical spillway stilling basin sidewall will be recorded on oscillograph paper and magnetic tape. The

data will be analyzed to determine the magnitudes of loads corresponding to various frequencies. The Froude number

of flow entering the stilling basin and the actual depths of

tailwater relative to the theoretical depth required for a

hydraulic jump will be used to correlate hydraulic flow conditions with the magnitude and frequency of the dynamic loads imposed on the separate sidewall monoliths. Various sizes and configurations of baffles and endsills will be put into the basin in order to determine their effect on

the dynamic loadings.

Discharge characteristics and periodic surging of flow on

tainter gates will be investigated and drawdown at abut- ments of high spillways will be studied to determine the ef- fects on stilling basin performance and to develop ap- propriate design guidance. 314-10747-330-00 LOCK CULVERT VALVE VENTILATION

(c) G. A. Pickering, J. H. Abies, Jr. (e) To obtain satisfactory air venting at lock culvert valves by means of floor contraction and expansion immediately up- stream and downstream of the valve with resulting negative pressures as a means of venting and reducing cavita- tion potential in lieu of expensive lowering of the culverts

to accomplish the same objective. Many tests have been conducted in efforts to raise the minimum pressure gradient immediately below a valve to eliminate cavitation tendencies, but no tests have been conducted toward

lowering this gradient. The result of the proposed contraction and expansion of the floor may result in negative pressures on the roof of the culvert adequate to assure

satisfactory venting at a cost of only a few tenths of a minute in filling time. Existing lock models of specific structures would be used for the study as they become

available. Various degrees of contraction and expansion would be tested on these models to determine their effect on the pressure gradient immediately downstream from the

valves. This information could offer an inexpensive

method of reducing and/or eliminating cavitation at lock

culvert valves as well as improving the quality of water

released. 314-10748-700-00 INTEGRATED DENSITY PROBE AND DEPTH SOUNDING

SYSTEM

(c) B. K. Melton, T. J. Pokrefke.

(e) To develop an integrated system consisting of a depth sounder and remote density sensor which together will in- dicate a deposition of sediment, both depth and density, that would interfere with navigation and require dredging.

The approach to this study includes: ( 1 ) An overall review

of the problem to include published literature, USAE District experience, and state-of-the-art from a hardware

standpoint. (2) Field sampling and laboratory analysis to determine the exact characteristics of the low density

"fluff" material and the point where it becomes a problem

for navigation. (3) Development of equipment capable of

indicating the point at which the low density material must

be removed to prevent hindrance to navigation. 314-10749-410-00 EDUCTOR SYSTEMS FOR SANDTRAP BYPASSING

(c) E. C. McNair, Jr., W. B. Fenwick.

(e) To develop effective systems for bypassing sand at tidal in- lets and other obstructions to littoral transport. The

research is directed to the development of a system which

could be portable or permanently fixed and operated by a remote, probably land-based pumping plant. Evaluation of

the techniques that have been attempted or proposed, a survey of possible existing equipment that could be applied, and definition of the most effective possibilities have been completed. A series of laboratory tests to define

basic system parameters has been completed and a second

series of tests to measure system performance under a variety of pumping conditions has been initiated. Initial field tests on the Gulf of Mexico and Middle Atlantic Coast have been completed. A field test at a Pacific Coast

site will be initiated in the fourth quarter FY 76, and a 219
field test on the Great Lakes in FY 77 is in planning

stages. Both laboratory and field tests will be completed,

recommended equipment and procedures will be deter- mined, and a user manual oriented to field use will be

prepared and published. 314-10750-750-00 DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF PHYSICALLY

SCALED RESERVOIR/WATERSHED ECOSYSTEM

MODELS

(c) Dr. R. L. Eley, Mr. D. L. Robey.

(e) To develop and evaluate the concepts, techniques, and

facilities necessary to design and apply scaled models and

other physical simulation techniques to reser- voir/watershed ecosystems for the purpose of determining environmental impacts of reservoir operation and manage- ment strategies, including the management of environmental quality problems. To provide CE District offices with guidance on appropriate applications and techniques for using scaled reservoir/watershed ecosystem models for en- vironmental impact prediction and the management of en- vironmental quality problems. 314-10751-880-00 EVALUATION AND APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL

RESERVOIR ECOSYSTEM MODELS

(c) Dr. R. L. Eley, Mr. D. L. Robey.

(e) To evaluate selected existing mathematical water quality and ecological models which appear to be applicable to CE reservoir environmental problems. To incorporate the more desirable existing mathematical modeling techniques

into a mathematical reservoir ecosystem model suitable for application to field problems. To develop improved al- gorithms for water quality and biological processes to be

used in mathematical ecosystem models. To test the applicability of these models to a variety of priority CE District environmental problems on a regional basis. To

develop user-oriented guidance on the selection, application, and interpretation of water quality and ecological models as predictive tools in the form of Engineering

Manuals, Technical Reports, and Miscellaneous Papers. 314-10752-860-00 RESERVOIR HYDRODYNAMICS (SIMULATION OF QUALITY IN WATER RESOURCES)

(c) J. L. Grace, Jr., D. G. Fontane.

(e) To investigate new and modified methods and techniques

for simulating, predicting and regulating the hydrodynamics of reservoirs and physical water quality parameters.

Results will be incorporated into existing mathematical and physical modeling techniques to provide the improved

capability required to simulate, predict and control water

quality in proposed and existing lakes. Physical investigations of a generalized reservoir in conjunction with development of predictive mathematical

techniques will be used to deveiop adequate means for describing the hydrodynamics and budgeting physical water quality parameters in reservoirs. The physical model

will be capable of simulating the heat transfer at the air- water interface, the inflow temperatures, and the inflow and outflow hydrographs. The model operation and data

collection will be computer controlled. One- and two- dimensional mathematical modeling techniques will be im- proved based on the results of the physical model. 314-10753-860-00 METHODS OF ENHANCING WATER QUALITY

(t- ) J. L. Grace, Jr., D. G. Fontane.

(e) To use physical models to investigate various techniques

including destratification, reaeration and hypolimnion ox- ygenation for improving the quality of water in lakes and

rivers. The destratification studies are being conducted in a 40-ft-long x 3-ft-wide x 2-ft-deep plastic flume. Initial

testing consisted of a comparison of pumping water versus

air to achieve various degrees of mixing of a two-layered

stratification. The water pumping technique is being stu- died in detail to determine relationships between degree of

mixing, initial stratification, efficiency, time, reservoir size, input power requirements and pumping configuration. Reaeration studies are being conducted to determine the

factors which affect gas transfer in flow passing over and

through hydraulic structures. A prototype spillway has been selected on which gas transfer measurements have been made. A model of the prototype has been constructed and model data are being collected. Various

structural modifications are being made to the model to determine the respective effects on gas transfer characteristics. The same procedure will be followed for flow through an outlet works structure. These studies will provide guidance for designing hydraulic structures not only

to pass desired rates of flow and dissipate energy, but also

to degas or reaerate flows as desired. Practical guidelines

for reaerating flow and destratifying lakes will be developed and published for field use. 314-10754-860-00 PREDICTION AND CONTROL OF WATER QUALITY

(c) D. G. Fontane, B. Loftis. (e) To develop, document and distribute a one-dimensional mathematical model and users manual capable of simulating, budgeting and routing physical water quality characteristics through a reservoir. A one-dimensional simulation model, to be identified as "WESTEX," has been

developed at WES and has been used to route temperature, dissolved oxygen and turbidity through lakes. Further model development areas can be identified now and the expanding technology will provide new descriptions of

processes affecting water quality. These descriptions will be included in the WESTEX model and the model will be

fully documented and the user's manual published. 314-10755-060-00 IMPROVED CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF SELECTIVE

WITHDRAWAL STRUCTURES

(c) M. S. Dortch, D. G. Fontane.

(e) To develop an improved understanding of the mechanics

of density stratified flow and to develop improved criteria for design of selective withdrawal structures. Physical models will be used to evaluate blending of densitystratified flows in outlet works and to evaluate the selective withdrawal characteristics of various port configurations. The results of the physical models will be used to update the existing WES Generalized Selective Withdrawal Techniques and to develop design guidance for selective withdrawal systems. 314-10756-870-00 FIELD STUDIES ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY

OVERLAND FLOW

(c) Dr. P. G. Hunt, Dr. R. L. Eley.

(e) To evaluate in natural conditions, treatments, and treat- ment combinations and theory that appeared promising in greenhouse modeling research. The research is to be con- ducted at Utica, Mississippi, on a 5-acre plot adjacent to the city's facultative lagoon. Eight plots in 15-X150-ft

dimensions (normal length) will be established at 2, 4, and

8 percent slopes. The initial cover crop will be Reed ca- nary grass. Wastewater will be applied at rates varying from 0.33 acre-in in 18 hr to 1.0 acre-in in 6 hr. Volumes

applied per week will vary from 1.5 to 3.0 acre-in. Waste- water will be collected at various locations down the slope and analyzed for N, P, and heavy metals as will grass and

soil samples. These test combinations should verify earlier

test results on overland flow models. They should provide

the basis for direct design of small systems, less than 3 or

4 mgd, and the basic information for the design of large- scale demonstration systems for overland flow. Weather

information and replicated plots will provide the basis for 220

i
sound modeling of the overland flow systems in the

southeast. These data along with physiochemical and

biological data can be analyzed to allow correlations to be

established as well as provide the field test proof of overland flow theory. 314-10757-870-00 WATER, WASTE, AND WASTEWATER SYSTEM-ROLE OF

LAGOONS IN SMALL-SCALE WASTE TREATMENT

SYSTEMS

(c) A. J. Green, N. R. Francingues.

(e) To collect, develop, and disseminate implementable infor- mation on the design, operation, and costs of wastewater

treatment lagoons as they apply to small-scale systems at Corps of Engineer facilities. A review of current lagoon technology and on-going

lagoon research will be made. Promising techniques and

practices revealed by this review, which apply to Corps of Engineer areas of responsibility, will be recommended for possible implementation.

An in-depth survey will be made of Corps divisions and

districts to assess the extent of lagoon use at recreation and other areas with particular emphasis on identification of problems and successes in existing lagoon treatment

systems. Problem areas may indicate possible research

areas, and markedly succesful operations will be examined

for techniques implementable elsewhere.

Plans will be made to develop and conduct field studies where necessary to fill information gaps in the area of

quantitative lagoons performance characteristics and to develop new design and operation methods for use in im- proving lagoon performance to meet Federal standards (PL 92-500), etc. An underlying driving force inherent in this study is that lagoons are potentially one of the lowest cost (both capital and O&M) means of achieving satisfactory treatment of

wastewater. Accordingly, the development of realistic cost data and money savings techniques will be accomplished

concurrently with technical aspects. A comprehensive document will be prepared which will provide operating and design guidance for new lagoon

systems as well as the upgrading of existing ones. It will in- clude cost and performance data usable to engineering as

well as operations personnel and specifically applicable to Corps of Engineer facilities and activities. 314-10758-870-00 EVALUATION AND APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL

WATERSHED/RIVERINE ECOSYSTEM MODELS

(c) Dr. R. L. Eley, Mr. D. L. Robey.

(e) To evaluate selected existing mathematical

watershed/riverine ecosystem models. To modify and im- prove specific models for environmental impact prediction and water quality management. To develop user-oriented guidance on the selection, application, and interpretation of mathematical watershed/riverine ecological models as predictive tools. 314-10759-330-00 CHANNEL DIMENSIONS AND ALiGNMENT FOR SAFE

AND EFFICIENT NAVIGATION

(c) G. A. Pickering, H. O. Turner.

(e) To determine the minimum dimensions of navigation channels compatible with the assurance of safe operating conditions. It is imperative that rational maintenance

procedures be established in order that channel dimensions can be minimized while still maintaining safe navigation conditions. There are several items that influence design and maintenance of navigation channels. Some of these are ship

dimensions, ship power to weight ratio, rudder and

propeller assemblies, type of traffic, ship speed, pilot abili- ty and weather conditions. Curves will be developed to define channel dimensions in terms of these pertinent vari- ables. The data will be published in a comprehensive

research report. The research program will be carried out

primarily as a physical model study utilizing free running

model ships. 314-10760-350-00 PIPING AND RAINFALL EROSION IN DISPERSIVE CLAY

EMBANKMENTS

(c) E. B. Perry.

(e) To study piping and rainfall erosion in dispersive clay em- bankments such as Grenada Dam, Mississippi. Pinhole erosion tests, soil pore water chemistry, SCS

dispersion tests, and Crumb tests will be conducted on

both undisturbed and remolded soil samples from Grenada

Dam to determine the susceptibility to dispersive clay erosion.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS, INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS,

CRYOGENICS DIVISION, CRYOGENIC FLUID DYNAMICS

SECTION, Boulder, Colo. 80302. D. B. Mann, Acting

Section Chief. 315-07005-110-00 CRYOGENIC FLOWMETERING

(b) Joint NBS-Compressed Gas Association Program.

(c) Mr. J. A. Brennan, Mechanical Engineer.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Determine performance of flowmeters under controlled cryogenic conditions, investigate new flow measurement

methods, provide transfer standard calibrations. (g) The facility is presently operational and is being used to evaluate measurement devices such as turbine, momentum, vortex shedding, and orifice meters.

(/i) NBS-CGA Cryogenic Flow Measurement Program, J. A. Brennan, R. W. Stokes, C. H. Kneebone, D. B. Mann, ISA

Transactions 4, 3, pp. 237-247, 1975. Progress Report on Cryogenic Flowmetering at the National Bureau of Standards, J. A. Brennan, J. F. LaBrecque, C.

H. Kneebone, Instrumentation in the Cryogenic Industry 1, Proc. 1st Biennial Symp. on Cryogenic Instrumentation, ISA, Paper 621, Oct. 11-14, 1976.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS, INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS,

MECHANICS DIVISION, FLUID MECHANICS SECTION,

Washington, D. C. 20234. P. S. Klebanoff, Section

Chief. 316-07243-060-20 MEASUREMENT OF LEE WAVE DRAG ON SPHERES

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Karl Lofquist, Physicist. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Measurement of difference in drag between sphere moving

in linearly stratified salt water and in fresh water.

(/) Experiments completed. Report pending. 316-07824-410-11 SAND TRANSPORT BY WAVES

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(c) Mr. Karl Lofquist, Physicist. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. 221
(e) Investigation of the effect of seepage flows, caused by

passage of waves over a permeable bed, on the sand trans- port in the offshore zone.

(f) Completed.

(g) A positive permeability effect was found, in that sand rip- ple profiles move in the onshore direction. The velocity of

this motion was measured and is described in terms of wave and bed parameters.

(/i) An Effect of Permeability on Sand Transport By Waves, K.

E. Lofquist, CERC Tech. Memo. TM-62, Dec. 1975. 316-08652-700-00 WATER POLLUTION FLOW MEASUREMENTS

(c) G. Kulin, Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied.

(e) To develop liquid velocity measurement standards and

provide flow measurement support to Government and in- dustry. To evaluate and improve flow measuring instru- ments and procedures needed in water pollution control and devise means for transferring flow measurement capability from laboratories to field users. To bring on line a new high performance water tunnel to serve as a velocity standard and to do supporting development of tunnel in- strumentation in a temporary gravity-flow tunnel. To in- vestigate turbulence effects on bucket-type current meters. To evaluate the performance of rotating element current meters at velocities lower than those at which they are

routinely calibrated and under conditions encountered in velocity-area traversing of small conduits for flowrate determination. To evaluate procedures for field calibration of measuring flumes, weirs and other devices by current meter traverses and by other methods, and to identify and

quantify errors caused by improper installation of those in- struments. To prepare publications aimed at transferring these results and related measurement capability to field users, particularly to industrial dischargers performing

compliance monitoring to meet EPA discharge permit

requirements. To improve communication among manufacturers, users, regulators and NBS by arranging conferences and working groups.

(g) Work was completed on Price and Pygmy water current

meters, including investigations of their low-velocity per- formance, accuracy of individual vs. group ratings, and

selected studies on effects of boundaries, velocity gradients and method of suspension (rod or cable). Experiments on

the effects of geometry changes on a three-inch Parshall flume were completed and a paper was prepared which in- cludes guidelines for estimating these effects for larger flumes. A numerical model was developed and experimentally verified for flow through a class of two-dimensional

flumes. Efforts are now in progress to develop a numerical model for three-dimensional flume flow, specifically for the Parshall flume. An adjustable-slope open channel with

a rectangular section three-feet wide by one and one-half

feet deep was placed in service. A six-inch Parshall flume

has been installed in it to examine effects of various up- stream velocity distributions collaboratively with the numerical modeling effort. Construction of a high-per- formance water tunnel was continued on an outside contract.

(/i) A Guide to Methods and Standards for the Measurement of Water Flow, G. Kulin, P. R. Compton, NBS Spec. Publ. 421, May 1975, GPO Cat. No. C13. 10:421. Discussion by G. Kulin of Simplified Application of Palmer-Bowlus Flumes, R. G. Ludwig, J. D. Parkhurst, J. Water Poll. Com. Fed. 48, 1, pp. 200-201, Jan. 1976. Discussion by G. Kulin of Sediment Transport in Smooth

Fixed Bed Channels, P. Novak, C. Nalluri, Proc. ASCE

102, HY10, pp. 1601-1602, Oct. 1976.

Effect on Parshall Flumes of Slope and Geometry Changes,

G. Kulin, R. W. Davis, submitted to ASCE.

Numerical Modeling of Two-Dimensional Flumes, R. W.

Davis, Proc. NBS Flow Measurement Symp., NBS SP 484,

Feb. 1977. Some Error Sources in Price and Pygmy Current Meter

Traverses, G. Kulin, Proc. NBS Flow Measurement Symp.,

NBS SP484, Feb. 1977.

316-09731-020-52 STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE

(c) P. S. Klebanoff, NBS, and F. N. Frenkiel, DTNSRDC, Car- derock, Md.

(d) Experimental, and analytical, basic research.

(e) To develop and devise measurement techniques incor- porating analog and digital methods for the measurement

of the statistical properties of turbulence, and to provide

significantly new data which will extend our knowledge of turbulent processes. The microstructure of turbulence will be investigated using hot-wire instrumentation and highspeed computing methods. Analog recordings of turbulent data are made on multi-channel magnetic tape for a turbulent field established in the NBS wind tunnel. The analog data is digitized and analyzed at NSRDC. Both isotropic and anisotropic turbulent fields will be studied with special emphasis being given to the flow downstream of a turbu- lence producing grid and in a turbulent boundary layer. However, apart from the forementioned investigation, which is carried out in collaboration with NSRDC, there

is, in addition, an investigation of the relatively unexplored

turbulence structure of low Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers which will be studied using laser velocimetry and hot-wire anemometry.

(g) Higher-order moments of the gradient of the longitudinal

velocity fluctuation were measured at higher free stream

turbulence levels. The higher free stream turbulence was

created by fluttering aluminum tags attached to a 1-inch mesh grid. The results obtained at the higher free stream

turbulence were in good agreement with those obtained at lower turbulence levels. Measurements of the higher-order moments of the gradient of the longitudinal velocity fluc- tuation in a turbulent field downstream of a grid in the 3-ft water tunnel at DTNSRDC were completed. These also showed the same behavior of the higher-order moments.

Further measurements were made using a probe to measure simultaneously the three components of turbulent

velocity fluctuations. Higher-order moments of transverse

velocity fluctuations have been obtained and are currently being evaluated. Measurements of distributions in the boundary layer of mean velocity have been made down to a free-stream speed of 9 ft per second. It is planned to in- vestigate to how low a Reynolds number a characteristic turbulent boundary layer can be maintained. It is also planned to make measurements of turbulence quantities in the low Reynolds number turbulent bounday layer.

(/i) On The Lognormality of The Small-Scale Structure of Turbulence, F. N. Frenkiel, P. S. Klebanoff, Boundary Layer

Meteorol. 8, 2, p. 173, 1975. 316-09732-250-50 DRAG REDUCTION

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center.

(c) Dr. J. M. McMichael.

(d) Experimental and analytical, basic and applied research.

(e) Determine the feasibility of obtaining drag reduction by

the use of compliant boundaries. The investigation will be conducted on a specially designed flat plate in the 5-ft x 7-

ft test section of the NBS dual-test section wind tunnel. Several types of compliant surfaces will be examined. Parameters to be varied include the lateral and longitu- dinal tensions in the surface, the thickness of the substrate, boundary layer thickness, and free-stream velocity. Provi- sions will be made for obtaining overall surface drag by a direct method. In cases where significant drag reduction is obtained, the affected structure of the boundary layer will be investigated in detail. (g) The study of the rigid reference surface in air has been

completed. This study consisted of overall skin friction measurements over a range of air speeds, detailed mean

velocity and turbulence intensity distributions within the boundary layer, and a detailed evaluation of the "gap" effect. The latter arises from having a floating panel

222
mounted within a much larger plate. The forementioned measurements had to be made to demonstrate not only in- ternal consistency but the accuracy of the methods

adapted before proceeding to a study of the compliant surface. The compliant surface is currently being prepared for

installation in the wind tunnel. Construction drawings have been submitted to the NBS

machine shop for the flat plate to be used in the drag

reduction study to be conducted in the NBS water tunnel. Different methods for measuring the overall skin friction drag and for applying tension to the compliant membranes

for the investigation in water had to be devised from those used in the wind tunnel investigation, and these have been

designed.

The study of the compliant surface in air will be initiated. Measurements of overall skin friction drag will be made

over a range of air speeds for varying lateral and longitu- dinal tensions of the compliant membrane. Other parameters to be varied are the nature of the substrate and the boundary layer thickness. The vibrational modes of the compliant surface will also be monitored. In addition to overall skin friction measurements, measurements of ap- propriate mean flow and turbulence properties will be made.

Progress in regard to the drag reduction investigation in water depends on delivery of the NBS water tunnel arid how soon it can be made operational. In the interim it is planned to have the NBS machine shop proceed with the construction of the flat plate as rapidly as possible to avoid any untoward delay. Once the plate is installed in the water tunnel, the flexure balance that has been designed

for the measurement of overall skin friction drag will be

evaluated, and the behavior of the rigid reference will be

investigated. 316-10779-410-1

1

OSCILLATORY WATER TUNNEL

{b) Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(c) K. E. Lofquist, Physicist.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Description of a positive displacement oscillatory water

tunnel.

(f) Completed.

(g) See (h). (h) A Positive Displacement Oscillatory Water Tunnel, K. E. Lofquist, CERC Misc. Repl. 77-1, Feb. 1977. 316-10780-410-11 OBSERVATIONS OF OSCILLATORY SAND RIPPLES

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(b) K. E. Lofquist, Physicist. (d) Experimental.

(e) Observation of the initiation, growth and final stable forms

of oscillatory sand ripples in relation to given wave and

bed parameters.

(/) Completed.

(g) Previous results that the size of two-dimensional equilibri- um ripples is proportional to the amplitude of the water

flow were confirmed and extended. New results were obtained regarding the development and growth of ripples and the variability of their Final forms. Observations of Oscillatory Sand Ripples in a Water Tunnel, K. E. Lofquist, CERC Tech. Memo, (in preparation

1977). 316-10796-700-00 FLUID MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS

(c) P. S. Klebanoff.

(d) Basic research; theoretical and experimental.

(e) To improve the technical base for fluid mechanical measurements, and provide the technical data and the ex- tended measurement services required by the nation's technology.

Flow processes involving the measurement of air and

water velocity play important roles in such areas of national concern as health and safety, energy and the en- vironment. Public awareness has focused on problems as- sociated with the discharge of pollutants into the' at- mosphere, and the nation's water resources, the occur- rence of water shortages, and the air flow to be maintained in connection with industrial ventilation. As a result more stringent requirements have developed for the accuracy of air and water velocity measurements, and im- proved measurement methods for steady and turbulent

flows. All surface water flows in nature and most waste- water flows occur as open-channel flows, yet many characteristics of these flows need to be better defined. Improved

water flow measurements are therefore needed not only

for water measurement and control, but also to further the understanding of the flow process itself. Regulations con- cerned with health and safety have also imposed require- ments for extending the range and precision of air velocity measurements. Concomitantly, all flows important to the environment, and many aspects of the nation's technology

are turbulent, imposing a need for a competence in turbu- lence measurement, and an understanding of the effect of turbulence on fluid mechanical instrumentation. By theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation achieve an improved understanding of the performance of aerodynamic and hydraulic instrumentation. This incor- porates developing methods for describing the properties of free-surface flows, with emphasis on partly full circular channels, developing capabilities for improved low velocity measurements in air and water, investigating the effect of turbulence on the performance of anemometers and water

current meters, and by analog and high speed digital computing techniques improve instrumentation and methods

for turbulence measurements.

(g) Progress was hampered by the fiscal situation and although

work on some aspects had to be delayed, substantive progress was made in a number of areas. A survey of

available information on flow in part-full circular pipes was completed. The publication, "Hydraulic Research in the United States and Canada, 1976," was prepared and

edited. A modification to the NBS laser velocimeter was

completed which decreased the standard deviation of the

individual particle velocities in the averaging process by a

factor of five. A calibration capability for the dynamic response of anemometers has been established. The experimental

phase of an investigation concerned with the nonlinear

spectral characteristics of a helicoid anemometer has been

completed. The first draft of a report describing the NBS

Unsteady Flow Facility has also been completed.

(Ii) The Dynamic Response of Helicoid Anemometers, J. M.

McMichael, P. S. Klebanoff, NBSIR 75-772, Nov. 1975. 317-10797-700-34 ANEMOMETER PERFORMANCE AT LOW VELOCITIES

(b) Bureau of Mines.

(c) L. P. Purtell. (d) Applied research.

(e) Evaluate the behavior of anemometers considered for mine use at low-flow velocities. The Federal Coal Mine,

Health and Safety Act of 1969 (Public Law 91-973,

December 30, 1969) authorizes the Secretary of the Interi- or to establish flow velocity requirements for mine ventilation, and to designate appropriate instrumentation for such measurments. The Mine Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA) of the Department of Interior, established

in 1972, has the responsibility for establishing and enforcing the regulatory standards for appropriate mine ventila- tion procedures. A major difficulty, in the past, in establishing flow velocity standards was the lack of a capability to evaluate the performance and applicability of ex- 223
isting and new instrumentation for the measurement of

very low air velocities. The development of the NBS LowVelocity Airflow Facility has provided this capability and

enabled NBS to respond to the need of the Bureau of Mines and MESA.

Using the low-velocity facility, and the recently developed

laser velocimeter, an experimental evaluation will be con- ducted of the behavior of standard and prototype air speed

measuring instruments as a function of previously characterized low-velocity air flows. Particular emphasis will be

given to the speed range 10 ft/min to 600 ft/min. The in- struments will be supplied by the Bureau of Mines. Also to meet the needs of the Department of the Air Force, the

feasibility of designing a scaled-down version of the NBS

Low-Velocity Airflow Facility will be investigated.

(g) Six instruments that may serve as possible transfer stan- dards have been evaluated. These instruments consisted of

four anemometers of the vane type, a vortex shedding

anemometer, and a vane deflection anemometer. A draft of a typical instrument evaluation report has been

prepared and is presently being iterated with the Bureau of Mines as to the final format. It is planned to continue with

the evaluation of other types of instrumentation for mine

use. 316-10798-010-27 BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL

(b) Arnold Engineering Development Center.

(c) P. S. Klebanoff.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To improve the performance of compressible flow wind

tunnels as laboratory instruments for obtaining reliable test and design data. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow in boundary

layers is one of the important problems in fluid mechanics, and an important design parameter for aeronautical and

aerospace vehicles. The present state of affairs is nrh that no reliable design data on transition can be obtained from model tests in compressible flow wind tunnels. This has

raised significant questions as to the adequacy of compressible flow tunnels for such measurements. With the many millions of dollars invested in such facilities such a

limitation is naturally of great concern, but more important is the lack of adequate design data. Apart from the

fact that transition test results in the laboratory cannot be

extrapolated to flight conditions, the present situation is such as to prevent the proper study and development of laminar flow control methods for reducing drag and heating on vehicle components, and inhibits fundamental

research on boundary layer stability and transition. A

number of major technical meetings, both national and in- ternational, have been held on the subject, and a study group has been established with the sponsorship of the Air

Force. The result has been that improving the per- formance of ground based facilities has become a high pri- ority objective. Two aspects of the problem are being investigated. One

which has been under investigation for a number of, years

is to determine the feasibility of laminarizing boundary

layers in the test sections of compressible flow tunnels by

using suction. This aspect utilizes the NBS Mach 2, 3-inch by 4-inch tunnel. The other is the effectiveness of boundary layer "trips" at transonic speeds. Involved herein is a study of modifications to the Mach 2 tunnel in order to operate in the transonic regime, and a fundamental study,

at incompressible flow speeds, of the behavior of three- dimensional roughness elements in inducing transition which will be conducted in the NBS unsteady wind tunnel.

(g) Good progress has been made in increasing the region over which laminarization of the wall boundary layers in the test section of a supersonic tunnel can be obtained. Using the adjustable-tapered-rodded sidewall laminar

boundary layer flow has been achieved over practically the

entire sidewall at a stagnation pressure of one atmosphere,

corresponding to a Reynolds number per inch of 0.3 x 106

. At stagnation pressures above one atmosphere the degree

of laminarization begins to deteriorate. Apparently the thinner boundary layer at the higher stagnation pressure becomes more sensitive to surface irregularities. Design and construction drawings for an adjustable-rodded nozzle block that minimizes these irregularities have been completed and have been submitted to the NBS machine

shop. Construction should be completed shortly. The nozzle block is critical to the design of supersonic tunnels in that its shape characterizes the quality of the flow and the Mach number. The NBS design of the nozzle block, apart from the fact that it has been designed to minimize the surface irregularities referred to above, represents a new

departure from traditional nozzle block design. In anticipation of the need to determine the effectiveness of boundary layer laminarization in reducing the level of disturbances in test sections, as well as to have sufficient background data for assessing the performance of the newly designed rodded-nozzle block, detailed distributions of the disturbance levels in the test section were made

with turbulent boundary layers on both sidewalls and

blocks. These measurements reveal several new features characterizing these disturbances and raise interesting questions as to their origin. In regard to that aspect of the program concerned with boundary layer "trips," a 4-foot by 12-foot plate, with a 5 micro-inch finish, has been obtained, and a 5-degree

wedge leading edge has been machined. The component

parts for traversing downstream along the plate have been

received, and construction drawings for a traverser to traverse across the boundary layer as well as in the span- wise direction have been completed and submitted to the NBS machine shops. A system for mounting the plate in the wind tunnel has been designed. The necessary hard- ware has been ordered and shop drawings are now being

prepared. The design of the false wall for adjusting the pressure gradient along the plate has been initiated.

It is planned to continue with the program concerned with

the laminarization of the wall boundary layers in the test section of supersonic tunnels by evaluating the per- formance of the newly designed rodded-nozzle block, and

concomitantly to investigate the effect of wall laminarization on the level of disturbances in the test section.

In connection with that aspect concerned with the study of roughness elements on boundary layer "trips" it is planned

to install the plate in the unsteady wind tunnel, and

complete adjustment of the pressure gradient. The traver- sers will also be installed in the tunnel, and it is expected

that measurements of the transition position, as well as the nature of the mean flow, induced by three-dimensional roughness elements will be carried out. 316-10799-010-18 BOUNDARY LAYER TRANSITION

(b) ARPA (via ONR).

(c) P. S. Klebanoff.

(d) Basic, experimental.

(e) To investigate the interrelationship between the fundamentals of boundary layer stability and such environmental I factors as free-stream turbulence and surface cooling. The state of the flow in boundary layers, i.e., whether t laminar or turbulent, is a phenomenon of great practical importance, and an understanding of the fundamental

processes that govern the transition from one state to the other can have a profound influence on many important : technological problems. The particular technological thrust of this investigation is the impact an improved understand- j ing of such processes can have on the design of air and i water vehicles. The problem has long been in the forefront of the fluid mechanics discipline and has not only been the
theme of numerous technical meetings but has also led to the establishment of a number of advisory committees on

the subject. The technological importance of the problem

has led the Department of Defense to mount a major

governmental and industrial effort, and it is essential to progress that an improved technical base be established. The investigation will be carried out in the NBS Dual-Test

Section Wind Tunnel. The effect of free-stream turbulence on the transition Reynolds numbers will be studied using an axisymmetric body supplied by NAVSH1PS. Squaremesh grids will be used to generate the free-stream turbulence. The same body will be instrumented and adapted

for investigating the effect of surface cooling on transition Reynolds number. Hot-wire anemometry will be used to quantify the free-stream turbulence and the state of the boundary layer. Longer range aspects include the interaction between free-stream turbulence, the laminar boundary

layer, and the instability process.

(g) Much of the progress was concerned with making the necessary preparations for the investigation. These

preparations for the most part consisted of the design and

construction of square-mesh grids of varying sizes for generating free-stream turbulence, and the design and in- stallation of an appropriate cooling system for the axisymmetric body using chilled water as the cooling agent. A

challenging problem that had to be surmounted was the accurate positioning of thirty thermocouples on the interi- or surface of the body for the monitoring of surface temperature and surface temperature gradients. Measurements

of the effect of free-stream turbulence and scale on the

position of transition on the body in the presence of a

favorable pressure gradient have been carried out in the 5- foot by 7-foot test section of the dual-test section wind

tunnel at wind speeds up to 130 feet per second. In order

to extend the range of wind speed, the investigation has been transferred to the 4-foot by 5-foot test section. A

mount for installing the body, and appropriate traversing

equipment for the 4-foot by 5-foot test section were

designed and constructed. Further measurements of the ef- fect of free-stream turbulence and scale are currently

being conducted.

It is planned to complete measurements of the effect of

free-stream turbulence and scale on transition position. It is then planned to proceed with the effect of surface cooling on transition in a systematic and controlled manner for varying surface temperature differences from the ambient

in the presence of favorable and unfavorable pressure

gradients, and for free-stream turbulence of varying intensity and scale.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS, INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS,

MECHANICS DIVISION, FLUID METERS SECTION, Washington, D. C. 20234. Dr. George E. Mattingly, Section

Chief. 317-07242-700-22 AUTOMATED FLOW SYSTEMS

(b) Naval Air Systems Command.

(c) Dr. David W. Baker, Mechanical Engineer.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) During the adjustment and calibration of gas turbine fuel controls, an operator manually sets input test parameters

which remain stationary during a short time interval when

test output data are manually recorded. Adjustments are made on the fuel control under test to bring performance

within specified limits. In this program, methods and

equipment for automatic testing and calibration of aircraft

fuel controls were investigated. A prototype system was

developed in which a minicomputer and digital-oriented control and readout equipment was used to automate a manually controlled test stand installed at NBS.

(f) Terminal efforts subcontracted to other agencies; NBS in- volvement completed.

(g) A software system was designed for operation of the prototype test system. This system was designed for simul- taneous operation of up to five test stands. Development

efforts were terminated at the completion of the design. In another phase of the program, computer programmed

diagnostic aids for the fuel control adjustment process were developed. These programs were based on adjust- ment procedures devised by Bendix Corporation. A pilot run using several unadjusted fuel controls together with

the diagnostics, indicates the adjustment process can be

simplified by requiring fewer operator passes and effectively save operator time and effort. These diagnostic pro- grams are being implemented into a Navy production

facility.

(/i) A Prototype Automated Test System for J52 Engine Fuel

Controls, Part 1. Hardware Systems Summary, D. W.

Baker, A. L. Koenig, V. Brame, Jr., National Bureau of Standards, NBSIR 76-1071, Apr. 1976. ACJET, Accessory Calibration for Jet Engine Tuneups 1- 10, W. C. Haight, H. W. Hawes, National Bureau of Standards, Final Progress Report. A Software System for Calibration Diagnostics of Bendix Model CJ-N1 and CJ-G8 Fuel Controls 1-6, W. C. Haight, National Bureau of Standards, Final Progress Report. An Automated Tune Up, Calibration of Jet Engine Fuel

Controls, W. C. Haight, H. W. Hawes, ASSC 74 Symp.

Record, Automatic Support Systems, Symp. for Advanced

Maintainability, IEEE, Oct. 30-Nov. 1, 1974. 317-10789-750-00 MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR DYNAMIC VOLUME

MEASUREMENTS

(c) Dr. R. W. Davis.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) The objective of this project is to improve dynamic

volume measurement capabilities by providing a basic un- derstanding of the performance of closed-conduit measuring devices. The most important immediate objectives are

to determine the effects of swirling flow on various types

of measuring devices and to design an optimum upstream

flow conditioner to improve the devices' reliability. The current almost complete lack of knowledge concerning the internal workings of dynamic volume measuring

devices is causing severe measurement uncertainty

problems in American industry. Flow meter manufacturers and oil and gas pipeline users are among those who are concerned about this and who will benefit from this study. The NBS goal of dynamic volume measurement assurance

will be aided by this project. Improvements in measure- ment accuracy related to fluid volume transfer will lead to more equitable usage and pricing in such areas of national concern as energy (e.g., natural gas prices). Our approach here is to use mathematical modeling (in conjunction with carefully planned validation experiments conducted under (317-10793) in order to completely

analyze the flowfields inside closed-conduit dynamic volume measuring devices operating under realistic conditions. Effects of changes in the operating environment of these devices (particularly the poorly understood target meter) will be assessed, with specific attention given to swirl effects. An attempt will be made to design an axially symmetric upstream flow conditioner which will minimize

the effects of environmental changes on the measuring

device. We currently have several computer codes with proven reliability available. These will be used and

modified as required. New codes will be added as necessary- (g) Using support from a related project, a turbulence modeling code (TEACH) developed at Imperial College, London, England, was obtained, modified and validated. This code was used to simulate turbulent flows through orifice meters operating under realistic conditions. 225
Initially, we plan to add a swirl subroutine to the TEACH

code. Once this has been validated, we intend to perform

a study of target meters both with and without swirl using

the modified TEACH code. In addition, we will also study

the effects of swirl on orifice plates. We will then make a study of flow conditioners in an attempt to find an op- timum configuration for axially symmetric flow. Such a flow conditioner will markedly increase the reliability of dynamic volume measurements.

(h) Numerical Modeling of Turbulent Flow Through Thin Orifice Plates, R. W. Davis, Proc. NBS 1977 Flow Measure- ment Symposium: Errors in Open Channel and Closed Conduit Flow Measurement: Their Sources, Assessment, and

Resolution, NBS SP 484 (2 vols.), issued Oct. 1977. 317-10790-700-27 EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION FOR MODELING A UVT

(b) U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson.

(c) Dr. G. E. Mattingly.

(d) Applied, theoretical.

(e) Design, construct, and perform an experiment to produce

the required data to validate a mathematical model of a

particular Universal Venturi Tube (UVT) in conjunction

with conventional calibration data. The essential feature of

the validation is to document any flow characteristics in the meter which would improve the performance of criti- cal density and temperature instrumentation located downstream of the UVT.

The UVT meter will be one of four such meters used to measure flow in the USAF's new Compressor Research

Facility being built at the Wright Patterson Air Force

Base. The planned experiment will establish traceability to NBS for the flow measurement made at this facility. An extensive calibration will be done for a scaled model of

the particular meter. In addition, for three flows spanning

the range of the meter, detailed velocity profile and pres- sure distribution measurements will be made and compared to results obtained by mathematically modeling this flow field. (g) A scaled model of the particular meter has been ordered from the manufacturer of the full scale meters. Auxiliary

equipment needed for the velocity and pressure measure- ments has been selected and ordered. 317-10791-700-00 INTERLABORATORY FLOW METER TEST

(c) Dr. G. E. Mattingly.

(d) Applied; experimental.

(e) As a preliminary step in establishing Flow Measurement

Assurance Programs (MAPs), an interlaboratory flow meter test program has been conducted using small, momentum-type meters in water flows. Five laboratories, in- cluding NBS, voluntarily participated in setting up a test procedure which was designed to quantify interlaboratory

agreement, or indicate the nature of variability that may

exist among laboratories. (g) Several rounds of tests have been conducted with the

results appropriately reported to the participants. Anonymity of participants, testing details, and the results have been preserved as per the agreement desired by the

participants until unanimous agreement is reached for making these items known. Limited expansion of the initial group of participants has incorporated one additional American laboratory and one foreign national laboratory.

(It) By agreement with participants, the report on the test and

the results shall be limited to distribution only among the

participants. 317-10792-700-00 AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST FLOWMETER

(c) Dr. B. Robertson.

id) Applied; theoretical.

(e) Develop and evaluate an essentially nonintrusive flowmeter for use along with existing real-time pollutant concentration detectors for measuring pollutant emissions from

automobile tailpipes in real time. The flowmeter will be

used on automobile production lines and in local testing stations to verify compliance with EPA regulations. It will also be used for engine testing. At present there is no

flowmeter that can measure exhaust gas flow. The flowmeter uses a new long wavelength acoustic principle which

requires a loudspeaker and two microphones just inside a

pipe. Electronic circuitry is used to produce the ap- propriate frequencies at the loudspeaker and to process

the microphone signals to obtain an output proportional to the volume flow rate of the exhaust.

(g) A preliminary version of the flowmeter was constructed and tested. The results suggested modifications which have been incorporated in a new design. Preliminary evaluation of the new technique indicates that it will be successful. Six and one-half of the seven printed circuit boards

required for a prototype flowmeter have been completed,

wired together, and tested.

(/j) Effect of Arbitrary Temperature and Flow Profiles on the Speed of Sound in a Pipe, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Oct. 1977. Synchronous Marker for Measuring Phase in the Presence

of Noise, B. Robertson, J. E. Potzick, Rev. Sci. lustrum. 48, pp. 1290-1294, 1977. 317-10793-750-00 VALIDATION OF MATH MODEL OF DYNAMIC VOLUME

(c) Dr. B. Robertson.

(d) Applied; theoretical.

(e) Measure the velocity profile and turbulence levels of water

flowing through various flowmeters and pipeline elements

for validating the predictions of the mathematical model

(see 317-10789). The results will be useful in designing new flowmeters and pipeline elements and in improving

existing ones in order to obtain more accurate volume and

flow measurements under adverse conditions. Velocity profiles will be measured in a 5 cm orifice meter

using the flow visualization method. This involves photographing hydrogen bubbles released in isolated bursts from a wire across the flow. The bubbles are electrochemically generated by applying 600 volt pulses to the wire. Future plans include other flowmeters and other pipeline elements and also turbulence measurements using a dual laser-Doppler velocimeter and a dual-channel signal processor. A positioning mechanism for our present one- channel LDV will be developed when funded,

(g) A new two-probe laser-Doppler velocimeter system has been designed that will be able to measure the cross correlation of the turbulent velocities in two independently movable 1 mm2 x 4 mm volumes. The LDV has been used

to measure the velocity of automobile exhaust in support

of project 317-10792. Preliminary evaluation of the feasibility of using that project's long wave length acoustic flowmeter in liquid flow has been completed. 317-10794-700-00 BULK MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR FUEL

(c) Dr. J. A. Simpson.

(d) Experimental, applied.

(e) Develop and disseminate measurement methodology for bulk measurements in nuclear fuel plants, validate measurement procedures for in-plant flow meters and evaluate

the usefulness of reference standards to enhance the safeguard system. Acountability of special nuclear materials, often called Safeguards, has attracted the attention of all levels of Government. It impacts on proliferation, possible terrorism and on the form of the future world-wide nuclear industry.

It appears that energy demands of the future will require

the completion of the fuel cycle and the resultant increase

in production of special, i.e., weapon quality, nuclear

material. The measurement of bulk quantities is central to any system of physical accountability.

226
Existing measurement technology will be adapted and combined with well-established Measurement Assurance

techniques to validate the measurement systems in situ as they are realized in industry. Selected commercial components will be evaluated and knowledge of their characteristics combined with appropriate measurement

methodology to enhance measurement methods as used in the field. 317-10795-700-00 SAFEGUARD: BULK MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY

(c) Dr. J. A. Simpson.

(d) Experimental, applied.

(e) A well-characterized measurement methodology for bulk measurements, adequate for the control of special nuclear

materials, will be developed.

Accountability of special nuclear materials, often called Safeguards, has attracted the attention of all levels of Government. It impacts on proliferation, possible terrorism and on the form of the future world-wide nuclear industry.

It appears that energy demands of the future will require

the completion of the fuel cycle and the resultant increase

in production of special, i.e., weapon quality, nuclear

material. The measurement of bulk quantities is central to any system of physical accountability. Current bulk measurement methods, based on over-simplified concepts and equipment designed according to NBS

HB44, has been time consuming and only marginally

adequate. The approach is to assemble selected commercially available components into systems which optimize

the performance of the components, thereby improving

bulk measurement capabilities. The activities include ( 1

)

density and temperature corrections for fluid volume

determination via simulated process tanks, (2) dynamic

volume measurements, and (3) mobile meter testing facility- (g) Planning and early design stages were completed for special purpose equipment that will be acquired to conduct

experiments.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL OCEANIC

AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, GEOPHYSICAL

FLUID DYNAMICS LABORATORY, P.O. Box 308, Princeton

University, Princeton, N. J. 08540. Dr. Joseph

Smagorinsky, Director. 318-08449-450-00 GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS

(d) Basic research.

(e) Work is directed toward improving understanding of the

physical and dynamical processes responsible for structure and variability of the atmosphere and oceans on a wide

range of time and space scales. Numerical models are developed and simulation experiments are run on very

large computers.

(It) Budget Analysis of a Tropical Cyclone Simulated in an Axisymmetric Numerical Model, Y. Kurihara, J. Atmospheric

Sciences XXXII, 1, pp. 25-59, Jan. 1975. A Global Ocean-Atmosphere Climate Model. Part I. The

Atmospheric Circulation, S. Manabe, K. Bryan, M. J. Spel- man, J. Physical Oceanography V, 1, pp. 3-29, Jan. 1975. A Global Ocean-Atmosphere Climate Model. Part II. The

Oceanic Circulation, K. Bryan, S. Manabe, R. C. Pacanowski, J. Physical Oceanography V, 1, pp. 30-46,

Jan. 1975. The Effects of Doubling the CO> Concentration on the Cli- mate of a General Circulation Model, S. Manabe, R. T. Wetherald, J. Atmospheric Sciences XXXII, 1, pp. 3-15,

Jan. 1975.

The Geostrophic Momentum Approximation and the Semi- Geostrophic Equations, B. J. Hoskins, J. Atmospheric

Sciences 32, 2, pp. 233-242, Feb. 1975. The Energy and Angular Momentum Budgets of a Three- Dimensional Tropical Cyclone Model, R. E. Tuleya, Y. Kurihara, J. Atmospheric Sciences XXXII, 2, pp. 287-301,

Feb. 1975. Recent Experience with the DRXBT, D. P. Delisi, G. R. Stegen, Proc. 3rd SIT/O Conf. and Workshop, Feb. 12-14, 1975, San Diego, Calif., pp. 83-91, 1975.

Effect of Arabian Sea-Surface Temperature Anomaly on In- dian Summer Monsoon: A Numerical Experiment with the GFDL Model, J. Shukla, J. Atmospheric Sciences XXXII, 3, pp. 503-51 1, Mar. 1975. The Seasonal Variation of the Hydrologic Cycle as Simulated by a Global Model of the Atmosphere, S. Manabe, J. L. Holloway, Jr., J. Geophysical Research CXXX, 12, pp. 1617-1649, Apr. 20, 1975. A Test of the Role of Longwave Radiative Transfer in a General Circulation Model, S. B. Fels, L. D. Kaplan, J. At- mospheric Sciences XXXII, 4, pp. 779-789, Apr. 1975. On the Variability of the General Circulation of the At- mosphere as Deduced from Aerological Data, A. H. Oort, The Physical Basis of Climate and Climate Modeling, Rept. of the Intl. Study Conf. in Stockholm, 29 July-10 Aug.

1974, GARP Publications Series No. 16, pp. 95-105, Apr. 1975. The Use of Comprehensive General Circulation Modeling

for Studies of the Climate and Climate Variation, S. Manabe, The Physical Basis of Climate and Climate Modeling, Rept. of the Intl. Study Conf. in Stockholm, 29 July-10

Aug. 1974, GARP Publications Series No. 16, pp. 148-162, Apr. 1975. The Critical Richardson Number and the Ratio of the Eddy

Transport Coefficients Obtained from a Turbulence Closure Model, T. Yamada, J. Atmospheric Sciences XXXII, 5, pp. 926-933, May 1975. A Rational Subdivision of Scales for Atmospheric Processes,

I. Orlanski, Bull. Amer. Meteorological Soc. LVI, 5, pp. 527-530, May 1975. On the Role of Density Jumps in the Reflection and Breaking of Internal Gravity Waves, D. P. Delisi, I. Orlanski, J. Fluid Mechanics LXIX, 3, pp. 445-464, June 1975. A Portable, Digital Recording, Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) System, G. R. Stegen, D. P. Delisi, R. C. Von

Colin, Deep-Sea Research XXII, pp. 447-453, 1975. A Comparative Study of Curved Flow and Density

Stratified Flow, G. L. Mellor, J. Atmospheric Sciences XXXII, 7, pp. 1278-1282, July 1975. The Simplified Exchange Approximation: A New Method

for Radiative Transfer Calculation, S. B. Fels, M. D. Schwarzkopf, J. Atmospheric Sciences XXXII, 7, pp. 1475-

1488, July 1975. Momentum Transport by Quasi-Geostrophic Eddies, I. M.

Held, J. Atmospheric Sciences 32, 7, pp. 1494-1497, July 1975. Some Ocean-Jupiter Connections, G. Williams, MODE Hot

Line News, No. 78, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., Woods Hole, Mass., pp. 1 and 4, Aug. 15, 1975. The Role of Mountains in the South Asian Monsoon Circulation, D. G. Hahn, S. Manabe, J. Atmospheric Sciences XXXII, 8, pp. 1515-1541, Aug. 1975. The Structure and Dynamics of the Southern Hemisphere

During Late Winter, 1973, D. Hartmann, Unpublished Thesis, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Program, Princeton

University, Aug. 1975. Dropped Horizontal Coherence Based on Temperature

Profiles in the Upper Thermocline, G. R. Stegen, F. Ostapoff, K. Bryan, J. L. Held, J. Geophysical Research 80,

27, pp. 3841-3847, Sept. 20, 1975. 227

254-330 O - 78 - 16
A Numerical Investigation into the Dynamics of Estuarine

Circulation, A. F. Blumberg, Tech. Rept. 91, Chesapeake

Bay Inst., The Johns Hopkins Univ., Oct. 1975. The Structure and Dynamics of the Ocean Surface Mixed

Layer, G. L. Mellor, P. A. Durbin, J. Physical Oceanography 5, pp. 718-728, Oct. 1975. On the Generation of Mesoscale Eddies and Their Contribution to the Oceanic General Circulation. I. A Prelimi- nary Numerical Experiment, W. R. Holland, L. B. Lin, J. Physical Oceanography 5, 4, pp. 642-657, Oct. 1975. On the Generation of Mesoscale Eddies and Their Contribution to the Oceanic General Circulation. II. A Parameter Study, W. R. Holland, L. B. Lin, J. Physical Oceanography 5, 4, pp. 658-669, Oct. 1975. A Baroclinic Numerical Model of the World Ocean:

Preliminary Results, M. D. Cox, Proc. Symp. Numerical

Models of Ocean Circulation, Oct. 17-20, 1972, Durham,

N.H., Ocean Science Committee, Ocean Affairs Board,

Natl. Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., pp. 107-

120, 1975. Three-Dimensional Numerical Models of the Ocean Circulation, K. Bryan, Proc. Symp. Numerical Models of Ocean

Circulation, Oct. 17-20, 1972, Durham, N.H., Ocean

Science Committee, Ocean Affairs Board, Natl. Academy

of Sciences, Washington, D.C., pp. 94-106, 1975.

Energetics of Baroclinic Oceans, W. R. Holland, Proc. Symp. on Numerical Models of Ocean Circulation, Oct. 17-

20, 1972, Durham, N.H., Ocean Science Committee, Ocean Affairs Board, Natl. Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. pp. 168-177, 1975.

Jupiter's Atmospheric Circulation, G. P. Williams, Nature

257, 5529, p. 778, Oct. 1975. The Effects of Changing the Solar Constant on the Climate

of a General Circulation Model, R. T. Wetherald, S. Manabe, J. Atmospheric Sciences 32, 11, pp. 2044-2059, Nov. 1975. A Simulation of the Wangara Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Data, T. Yamada, G. Mellor, J. Atmospheric Sciences 32,

12, pp. 2309-2329, Dec. 1975.

Baroclinic Waves and Frontogenesis. Part I: Introduction and Eady Waves, B. J. Hoskins, Quart. J. Royal

Meteorological Soc. 102, 431, pp. 103-122, Jan. 1976. Non-Singular Resonance of Equatorial Waves Under the Radiation Condition, Y. Hayashi, J. Atmospheric Sciences 33, 2, pp. 183-201, Feb. 1976.

Vertical Heat Flux Components in the Northern At- mosphere, M. Hantel, W. Peyinghaus, Monthly Weather Review 104, 2, pp. 168-179, Feb. 1976. Weather Forecasts and the Effects of the Sub-Grid Scale

Processes, K. Miyakoda, Seminars on Scientific Foundation

of Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Part II, European

Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading,

England, pp. 380-593, 1-12 Sept. 1975 (1976).

Structural Changes of Growing Baroclinic Waves, R. Gall,

J. Atmospheric Sciences 33, 3, pp. 374-390, Mar. 1976. A Comparison of Linear Baroclinic Instability Theory with

the Eddy Statistics of a General Circulation Model, R. Gall,

J. Atmospheric Sciences 33, 3, pp. 349-373, Mar. 1976. On the Vertical Eddy Transports in the Northern At- mosphere. 1. Vertical Eddy Heat Transport for Summer

and Winter, M. Hantel, J. Geophysical Research 81, 9, pp. 1577-1588, Mar. 20, 1976. Review of 'Numerical Models of Ocean Circulation', I. Orlanski, EOS, May 1976. The Trapeze Instability in an Equatorial b-Plane, J. At- mospheric Sciences 33, 5, May 1976. Meridional Structure and Energy Transport of Tropical Wave Motions, D. H. Tang, Unpublished Thesis, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Program, Princeton University, Feb.

1976.

On the Similarity Functions A, B and C of the Planetary

Boundary Layer, T. Yamada, J. Atmospheric Sciences 33,

5, pp. 781-793, May 1976. The Near-Real Time Global Four-Dimensional Analysis Ex- periment During the GATE Period, Part I, K. Miyakoda,

L. Umscheid, D. H. Lee, J. Sirutis, R. Lusen, F. Pratte, J. Atmospheric Sciences 33, 4, Apr. 1976. Numerical Models of the Ocean Circulation, S. Pond, K. Bryan, Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 14, 2, May

1976. Some Results from a Simplified Numerical Model of At- mospheric Turbulence, C. E. Schemm, F. B. Lipps, J. At- mospheric Sciences 33, 6, June 1976. On the Development of Spiral Bands in a Tropical Cyclone, Y. Kurihara, J. Atmospheric Sciences 33, 6, June 1976. An Iterative Time Integration Scheme Designed to Preserve

a Low Frequency Wave, Y. Kurihara, G. J. Tripoli, Monthly Weather Review 104, 6, June 1976. On the Variability of the Atmospheric Energy Cycle Within

a 5-Year Period, A. H. Oort, J. P. Peixoto, J. Geophysical Research 81, 21, July 1976. Data Assimilation with a One-Level, Primitive Equation,

Spectral Model, 1. Simmonds, J. Atmospheric Sciences 33,

7, July 1976. Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Benard Convection in Air, F. B. Lipps, J. Fluid Mechanics 75, 1, pp.

1 13-148, Aug. 1976.

Instabilities of Zonal Equatorial Currents, S. G. H.

Philander, J. Geophysical Research 81, 21, July 1976. Review of: Numerical Models of Ocean Circulation, I. Orlanski, R. O. Reid, A. R. Robinson, K. Bryan, eds., reprinted from Earth Sciences. 57, 7, July 1976. Copyright 1976 by American Geophysical Union. The Structure of the Stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere During Late Winter 1973 as Observed by Satellite, D. L. Hartmann, J. Atmospheric Sciences 33, 7, July 1976. Trapeze Instability Modified by a Mean Shear Flow, R. Rotunno, J. Atmospheric Sciences 33, 8, Aug. 1976. A Method for Calculating More Accurate Budget Analyses

of 'Sigma' Coordinate Model Results, J. D. Mahlman, W. J. Moxim, Monthly Weather Review 104, 9, Sept. 1976. Topographically Generated Eddies, H. E. Huppert, K. Bryan, Deep-Sea Research 23, 8, pp. 655-679. The Dynamical Climatology of the Stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere During Late Winter 1973, D. L. Hartmann, J. Atmospheric Sciences 33, 9, Sept. 1976. The Effect of Seasonally Varying Insolation on a Simple Al- bedo-Feedback Model, M. J. Suarez, I. M. Held, submitted

to Proc. WMO/IAMAP Symp. Long-Term Climatic Fluctuations, Norwich, England, pp. 18-23, Aug. 1975. Modeling Climatic Response to Orbital Parameter Variations, M. J. Suarez, I. M. Held, Nature 263, 5572, pp. 46-

47, Sept. 2, 1976. Simulation of Seasonal and Interhemispheric Variations in the Stratospheric Circulation, S. Manabe, J. D. Mahlman,

J. Atmospheric Sciences 33, 1 1, Nov. 1976. On the Observed Annual Cycle in the Ocean-Atmosphere

Heat Balance Over the Northern Hemisphere, A. H. Oort,

T. H. Vonder Haar, J. Physical Oceanography 6, 6, Nov.

1976. Some Fundamental Limitations of Simplified-Transport Models as Implied by Results from a Three-Dimensional

General-Circulation/Tracer Model, J. D. Mahlman, U.S. Dept. Transportation, 4th Conf. CIAP, Feb. 1975. Reply, D. G. Hahn, S. Manabe, J. Atmospheric Sciences 33,

11, Nov. 1976. Reply, J. Shukla, J. Atmospheric Sciences 33, 11, Nov.

1976. A Simple Boundary Condition for Unbounded Hyperbolic

Flows, I. Orlanski, J. Computational Physics 21, 3, July 1976.

228
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL OCEANIC

AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, GREAT LAKES EN- VIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, 2300 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48103. Dr. Eugene J. Aubert, Director. 319-10668-440-00 WATER MOVEMENTS AND TEMPERATURE

(c) Dr. D. B. Rao.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Develop improved climatological information on the dis- tribution and variability of currents and temperatures and

to study their dependence on meteorological and

hydrological forces. Develop and test improved numerical hydrodynamic

models that can simulate and predict the temperature and

current distributions in the Lakes. Develop and test improved models to simulate and predict

the transport and diffusion of pollutants and to participate

in coupling these models to aquatic ecology and water

quality models. A hierarchy of such numerical models of

different complexities will be developed and tested for use

as tools in water resources planning.

Improve the understanding of physical processes occurring

in the lake by analyzing data and the results from the numerical models.

(h) Saginaw Bay Water Circulation, L. J. Danek, J. H. Saylor, NOAA Tech. Rept. ERL 359-GLERL 6, 1975. Water Motion, P. C. Liu, G. S. Miller, J. H. Saylor, in Great Lakes Basin Framework Study, Appendix 4: Limnology of Lakes and Embayments, ed. A. P. Pinsak, pp. 119-

149, 1976. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Basin Commission. Harbor and Nearshore Currents, Oswego Harbor, New

York, G. S. Miller, NOAA Tech. Rept. ERL 360-GLERL 7, 1976. Intercomparison of Canadian and U.S. Sutomatic Data

Buoys, R. L. Pickett, Mar. Technol. Soc. J. 9, pp. 20-22,

1975. Lake-Averaged Temperatures and Currents in Lake Ontario in July 1972, R. L. Pickett, IFYGL Bull. No. 15, pp.

7-58, 1975. Lake Ontario Circulation in November, R. L. Pickett, Limnol. and Oceanogr. 21, pp. 608-61 1, 1976. Lake Ontario Temperature and Current Profiles, R. L.

Pickett, IFYGL Bull. No. 18, pp. 53-55, 1976. Lake Ontario Mean Temperatures and Currents in July

1972, R. L. Pickett, F. P. Richards, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 5, pp. 775-781, 1975. Lake Ontario Mean Surface Temperature, R. L. Pickett, B.

J. Eadie. IFYGL Bull. No. 17, p. 59, 1976. Lake Ontario Mechanical Energy, R. L. Pickett, S. Bermick, IFYGL Bull. No. 18, pp. 56-58, 1976.

Physical Characteristics, A. P. Pinsak, Great Lakes Basin Framework Study, Appendix 4: Limnology of Lakes and

Embayments, A. P. Pinsak, ed. pp. 23-69, 1976. Ann

Arbor: Great Lakes Basin Commission.

Great Lakes Basin Framework Study, Appendix 4: Limnology of Lakes and Embayments, A. P. Pinsak, ed. 1976. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Basin Commission.

Numerical Studies of the Response of Lakes to Atmospheric

Forcing, D. B. Rao, in Proc. 2nd World Congress, Intl. Water Resources Assoc. Ill, pp. 369-375, 1975. New Delhi:

Intl. Water Resources Association. Two-Dimensional Normal Modes in Arbitrary Enclosed

Basins on a Rotating Earth: Application to Lakes Ontario and Superior, D. B. Rao, D. J. Schwab, P/n7r Trans. R. Soc. (Lond.) A. 281, pp. 69-97, 1976. Water Volume Transport and Oscillatory Current Flow Through the Straits of Mackinac, J. H. Saylor, P. W. Sloss,

J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6, pp. 230-237, 1976.

Measurements of Current Flow During Summer in Lake

Huron, P. W. Sloss, J. H. Saylor, NOAA Tech. Rept. ERL

353-GLERL 5, 1975. Large-Scale Current Measurements in Lake Huron, P. W.

Sloss, J. H. Saylor, J. Geophys. Res. 81, pp. 3069-3083,

1976. Large-Scale Current Measurements in Lake Superior, P. W. Sloss, J. H. Saylor, NOAA Tech. Rept. ERL 363- GLERL 8, 1976. 319-10669-440-00 SURFACE WAVES AND WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS

(c) Dr. D. B. Rao.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Improve climatological information on the distribution and

variability of surface waves, wind set-ups, surges, and

seiches. Develop improved theoretical and empirical models for the above phenomena for prediction purposes. Develop models for the atmospheric boundary layer above

the Lakes to provide the necessary input into the above

prediction models. Improve understanding of the physical processes involved

so that numerical models can be improved,

(/i) An Evaluation of Parameters for the Theoretical Distribution of Periods and Amplitudes of Sea Waves, P. C. Liu, J. of Geophys. Res. 81, pp. 3161-3162, 1976. Surface Wave Data Recorded in Lake Ontario During

IFYGL, P. C. Liu, T. A. Kessenich, NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL GLERL-2, 1975.

Surface Normal Modes of Lake Michigan: Calculations Compared with Spectra of Observed Water Level Fluctuations, D. B. Rao, C. H. Mortimer, D. J. Schwab, J. Phys.

Oceanogr. 6, pp. 575-588, 1976. 319-10670-810-00 HYDROLOGIC PROPERTIES

(c) Dr. F. H. Quinn.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Develop a hydrologic data base of sufficient quality for both scientific and water resource studies of the Great

Lakes. Parameters to be included are precipitation, runoff, ground water, evaporation, connecting channel flows, changes in lake storage, and beginning-of-month lake

levels. Develop improved numerical models to predict and simulate the water levels and flows through the Great Lakes

system. Models to be developed include hydrologic response models of the entire system, hydraulic transient models for the connecting channels, water supply prediction models, and watershed hydrologic models. Develop improved understanding of the hydrologic processes of the Great Lakes Basin as they relate to objective ( 2 ) above. Provide a Great Lakes advisory service on water supply parameters, water levels, and flows.

( h ) Estimating Energy Budget Components to Determine Lake Huron Evaporation, S. J. Bolsenga, Water Resour. Res. 11, pp. 661-666, 1975. Lake Huron Surface Water Temperature, S. J. Bolsenga, Water Resour. Bull. 12, pp. 147-156, 1976. Eastern Lake Ontario Precipitation Network, S. J. Bolsenga, D. C. Norton, NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL GLERL-5,

1975. On the Selection of Representative Stations for Thiessen Polygon Networks to Estimate Lake Ontario Overwater

Precipitation, S. J. Bolsenga, J. C. Hagman, IFYGL Bull. No. 16, pp. 57-62, 1975. Evaporation from Lake Erie, J. A. Derecki, NOAA Tech. Rept. ERL 342-GLERL 3, 1975. Hydrometeorology: Climate and Hydrology of the Great

Lakes, J. A. Derecki, in Great Lakes Basin Framework

229
Study, Appendix 4: Limnology of Lakes and Embaymerits, A. P. Pinsak, ed., pp. 71-104, 1976. Ann Arbor: Great

Lakes Basin Commission.

Multiple Estimates of Lake Erie Evaporation, J. A.

Derecki, J. Great Lakes Res. 2, pp. 124-149, 1976. Lake Huron Beginning-of-Month Water Levels and

Monthly Rates of Charge of Storage, F. H. Quinn, NOAA

Tech. Rept. ERL 348-GLERL 4, 1975. Lake Ontario Beginning-of-Month Levels and Changes in Storage, F H. Quinn, IFYGL Bull. No. 15, pp. 59-65,

1975.

Detroit River Flow Characteristics and Their Applications

to Chemical Loading Estimates, F. H. Quinn, J. Great Lakes Res. 2, pp. 71-77, 1976.

Effect of Fort Gratiot and St. Clair Gage Relocations on the Apparent Hydraulic Regime of the St. Clair River, F. H. Quinn, GLERL Open File Report, 1976. Lake Erie Beginning-of-Month Water Levels and Monthly

Rates of Change of Storage, F. H. Quinn, J. A. Derecki,

NOAA Tech. Rept. ERL 364-GLERL 9, 1976. Lake Ontario Beginning-of-Month Water Levels and

Monthly Rates of Change of Storage, F. H. Quinn, J. A.

Derecki, NOAA Tech. Rept. ERL 365 GLERL 10, 1976. Annual and Seasonal Flow Variations Through the Straits of Mackinac, F. H. Quinn, Water Resources Research 13, 1, Feb. 1977.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL OCEANIC

AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL

WEATHER SERVICE, Silver Spring, Md. 20910. Dr. Robert

A. Clark, Associate Director of National Weather Service (Hydrology).

321-10671-300-00 RIVER MECHANICS RESEARCH ON UNSTEADY FLOWS

(c) Dr. Danny L. Fread, Research Hydrologist, Hydrologic Research Laboratory.

(d) Theoretical and field; applied research.

(e) Investigations are conducted to develop improved operational forecast mathematical models of one-dimensional

unsteady flow in rivers, reservoirs, and estuaries. The

models' computational efficiency, numerical accuracy,

simulation accuracy, calibration effort, and data input

requirements are investigated. Also, the modeling

problems associated with meandering rivers with wide

flood plains, stream-aquifer interactions, hurricane storm

surges advancing upstream, dendritic system of rivers, dam-break flood waves, sediment transport effects on flow

in sand-bed rivers are investigated.

(g) An efficient and flexible implicit finite difference solution of the one-dimensional equations of unsteady flow has been developed to form the basis of an operational model

for predicting stages and discharges in rivers and estuaries. The model has powerful data handling features and has been successfully tested on the Ohio-Mississippi Rivers and

the lower Columbia River. An efficient automatic calibration program has been developed to serve as a convenient procedure for calibrating the operational model.

(/i) Implicit Dynamic Routing of Floods and Surges in the Lower Mississippi, D. L. Fread, presented AGU, 1974.

Available Hydrologic Research Lab., W23, Natl. Weather

Service, NOAA, Silver Spring, Md. 20910.

Flood Routing in Meandering Rivers with Flood Plains, D.

L. Fread, Rivers 1976, Symp. Waterways I, Fort Collins, Colo., pp. 16-35, Aug. 1976. Dynamic Routing: Theoretical Development and User's Guide, D. L. Fread, G. F. Smith, Dec. 1976. Available Hydrologic Research Lab., W23, Natl. Weather Service, NOAA, Silver Spring, Md. 20910.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF RECLA- MATION, DIVISION OF GENERAL RESEARCH, Attention

1530, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225.

Howard J. Cohan, Division Chief. (Address all inquiries

to Division Chief.

)

322-06321-340-00 DRAFT TUBE SURGES

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Surging flow in draft tubes of Francis turbines causes rough operation and often produces power swings. The

surging flow is produced by vortex breakdown, creating an

unsteady flow condition. The purpose of the project is to investigate the basic nature of draft tube surging, to correlate model test and field test data, and to investigate air in- jection and speed variations as a means of reducing the- magnitude and range of the surging.

(g) In a laboratory air model, surge data were obtained for over 50 draft tube shapes, including draft tube models,

straight circular cylinders, truncated diverging cones, and

circular cross-section elbows. The studies show that the degree of divergence of the draft tube throat is the most

significant geometric feature affecting surging characteristics. Bends and length have lesser influence. Increasing

the draft tube throat expansion angle generally reduces the range of surging as well as reducing the amplitude of surging. The draft tube surge range of a model turbine has been defined and limited prototype correlation data have been obtained. The swirl momentum method has not been

refined to allow general prediction of the limits of the surging range.

(/i) Model and Prototype Turbine Draft Tube Surge Analysis

by Swirl Momentum Method, U. J. Palde, 1AHR Symp.,

Vienna, Austria, Sept. 1974. 322-07022-340-00 GRAND COULEE PUMP-TURBINE INTAKE AND TRANSITION

(d) Experimental; for modification.

(e) Laboratory studies are continuing to determine the benefits which could be derived by lowering the floor of

the Banks Lake Feeder Canal.

if) Completed.

(g) The conduit exits, designed and built for pumped flow

only, must be modified to operate satisfactorily as inlet- outlet structures for the pump-turbine concept. A satisfac- tory design developed by model study included reshaping 78 feet of the conduit exits, and adding one vortex-sup- pressing wing wall.

(/i) Report in preparation. 322-07028-350-00 AUBURN SPILLWAY GATE STUDY

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:24 scale model was used to study the rectangular bell- mouth entrance, downstream seal fixed-wheel gate, gate frame, and the conduit through the dam.

(J) Completed.

(g) The entrance shape produced positive pressures throughout its length. An elliptical frame which protruded

into the flow downstream from the gate slots was

developed to prevent cavitation damage in the frame area. An aeration offset downstream from the gate frame was

developed to allow the jet to be aerated on all surfaces before reaching the sloping conduit. A slope was established

for the downstream conduit to prevent filling of the bot- tom aeration offset for all heads and gate openings en- countered. Hydraulic downpull data was obtained for the gate to place seal contact blockouts to eliminate areas of

unstable vertical forces.

(/i) Report in preparation.

230
322-07030-320-00 CANAL AUTOMATION

(d) Experimental development; applied research.

(e) Continue the development of controls for automation of water distribution systems.

(g) The EL-FLO plus RESET method of automatic downstream control has been permanently installed on two

canal systems in California and has worked successfully for

2 years. Modifications were required to improve protection of electronic equipment during electrical storms. The

development of prototype equipment for the "set-operatevariable-rest" method for upstream or downstream control of outlet works of diversion dams continues. The develop- ment of the "Harder-Smith Predictor Method" (HSPM)

for automatic downstream control of canal check gates was started. The HSPM is a highly responsive control system and has the potential of being competitive to remote supervisory control systems.

(h ) Stability of Automatic Canal Systems Utilizing the Frequency Response Method, C. P. Buyalski, Dr. H. T. Falvey, Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic Research (IAHR), Symp. Fluid Motion

Stability in Hydraulic Systems With Automatic Regulators,

Bucharest, Romania, 10 pages, Sept. 26-29, 1976. 322-07035-350-00 AUBURN DAM SPILLWAYS

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:72 model is used to study flow conditions in the

chutes, stilling basins, and river channel. The service spill- way is located on the left abutment and discharges into a hydraulic jump stilling basin. The emergency spillway on

the right abutment terminates in a flip bucket. Each spill- way discharges up to 160,000 cfs through controlled ori- fices located up to 150 feet below the maximum water surface. The model is also being used to determine optimum

sequencing of the orifices.

(J) Completed.

(g) Tests confirmed that the hydraulic jump energy dissipator

for the service spillway was satisfactory. Testing was continued to develop alternate means for distributing the flow from the service spillway. Efforts have been directed toward terminating the chute about midway between the

orifice spillway and the river channel. A flip-type bucket was developed to deflect the flow into an excavated

plunge pool in the river channel.

(/i) Report in preparation. 322-08472-750-00 ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATION

(d) Experimental; research.

(e) A study using salt water density gradients in a model to represent atmosphere.

(/) Completed.

(g) The technique of simulating atmosphere with a stratified liquid was satisfactory. The results were verified by observations of field data. A detailed flow field for three at- mospheric conditions was determined for a field site.

( h ) Atmospheric Simulation Using Stratified Liquid Models, H.

T. Falvey, R. A. Dodge, REC-ERC-77-8, 1977. 322-09379-390-00 HAVASU PUMPING PLANT INTAKES AND SUCTION

TUBES

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A l:9.4-scale model was used to study flow conditions in the approach channel to the pumping plant, through the suction tube intakes, and through the suction tubes. Each

of the six units in the plant has a maximum discharge of 500 ft'/s with a vertical lift of approximately 800 feet. The pumps have a submergence of approximately 70 feet with

a resulting suction tube length of approximately 140 feet. The effects of the sequence of pump operation and the in- take water surface elevation were considered.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests confirmed that the suction tube design was satisfac- tory, yielding quite uniform flow with only slight rotation

at the pump eye. For the two suction tube intakes studies (gate sections of 9 feet by 9 feet and 9 feet by 12.5 feet) no difference was observed in their hydraulic performance. At various operating conditions vortex tendencies were ob- served above the suction tube intake. Placement of the trash-racks on the intakes reduced the intensity of the vortices and eliminated the potential for air to be drawn into the suction tubes. A unit sequencing was found to minimize adverse flow patterns in the intake channel.

(h) Hydraulic Model Studies of the Intake and Suction Tubes

for Havasu Pumping Plant, Central Arizona Project, Arizona, P. O. Johnson, Rept. GR-19-76, Oct. 1976. 322-09380-340-00 TWIN LAKES PUMPED STORAGE PROJECT

{d) Experimental; design.

(e) Two models were used to determine the effect of the pumping and generating flow on a natural lake used as the afterbay during the generating cycle and forebay for the pumping cycle. A distorted model (1:100 vertical - 1:600

horizontal) was made of the recipient lake and a con- nected companion lake which was thermally stratified and

the effect of several weeks of plant operation on the

stratification was determined. The second model was

undistorted on a 1:100 scale and contained the pumpinggenerating plant and a section of the recipient lake. This model was to determine the best configuration for the channel between the plant and lake to prevent the flow from disturbing glacial flow deposits on the bottom of the

lake.

(/) Completed.

(g) An alinement for a channel between the pumping-generating plant and the lake was developed that withdrew water from middepth in the lake during the pumping cycle and

influenced the inflowing jet during the generating cycle so

that it had less tendency to move along the bottom of the

lake. Flow was well distributed across the channel as it en- tered the lake during the generating cycle. During the pumping cycle the flow entered the channel along the left bank of the lake but was evenly distributed by the time it reached the plant. The glacial flour deposits on the bottom

of the lake should not be disturbed by plant operation. This configuration had only minor influence on temperatures and stratification in the lower lake.

(/i) Report in preparation. 322-09382-350-00 STEWART MOUNTAIN SPILLWAY

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:72 model was used to study flow patterns across a rock surface downstream from the spillway chute. The

spillway, which is 265 feet wide and 450 feet long, will pass a maximum discharge of 140,000 ft'/s. The flow

returns to the river from the spillway chute by passing over the granite terrain. When the chute was constructed

in 1936 it was thought that the rock was adequate to prevent significant erosion. This has not proven to be the case and now the chute structure is being compromised.

The study was done to find a solution that would reduce and protect against adverse hydraulic action on the rock.

(/) Completed.

(g) Tests developed an excavated topography that eliminated adverse hydraulic action at poor rock zones near the chute

structure. Impact pressures and flow velocities were deter- mined for use in the design of protective surfacing.

(/i) Hydraulic Model Studies of Stewart Mountain Dam Spill- way, P. L. Johnson, Rept. GR-6-75, July 1975. 322-09383-360-00 LOW FROUDE NUMBER STILLING BASINS

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Studies are being performed to generalize a hydraulic

jump-type stilling basin for spillway flows having an enter- 231
ing Froude number less than 4.5. Studies will be directed

to determining dimensions and appurtenances that will provide effective energy dissipation in the basin and smooth water surface downstream from the basin. Parameters will be reduced to dimensionless relationships and will be a supplement to the USBR Monograph No. 25, "Hydraulic Design of Spillways and Energy Dissipators."

(J) Completed.

(g) A basin has been developed for a specific project with Froude number of about 3.0. Studies are continuing for a

different slope on the entrance chute and other Froude

numbers.

(h) Low Froude Number Stilling Basin for Spillway Flows, R.

L. George, in preparation. 322-09384-390-00 ICE RESEARCH

(d) Experimental, field research.

(e) To improve designs and to reduce expenses of operating and maintaining water resource projects in cold regions. Present areas of investigations include frost action, ice jam

observations, coatings to reduce ice adhesion, and

development of a supercooled water temperature measuring device.

(/i) Prevention of Frazil Ice Clogging of Water Intakes by Application of Heat, T. H. Logan, Rept. REC-ERC 74-15,

Sept. 1974. Design and Operation of Shallow River Diversions in Cold

Regions, R. B. Hayes, Rept. REC-ERC 74-/9, Sept. 1974. 322-09385-210-00 HORIZONTAL MULTUET SLEEVE VALVE

(d) Basic research; development.

(e) The multijet sleeve valve has potential for use in pressure systems of municipal and industrial water supply lines for dissipation of pressure heads up to 500 feet. The investiga- tion involves sizing the multijet ports and stilling chamber

and determining the discharge coefficients for the valve and stilling chamber.

(/) Completed.

(g) A multijet sleeve has been developed where a combination

of nozzles and slots are used to efficiently pass the design

flow.

(/i) Hydraulic Tests and Development of Multijet Sleeve Valves,

P. H. Burgi, report in preparation. 322-09388-850-00 McCLUSKY CANAL FISH SCREEN

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A full scale sectional model was used to study the per- formance of a screen structure designed to stop the passage of fish, fish eggs, and fish larvae. Laboratory tests were conducted to optimize the screen size while maintaining adequate screening and self-cleaning. The prototype structure will pass a maximum design discharge cf

1 ,950 ft

:, /s. (J) Completed.

(g) The purpose of the study was accomplished and the prototype structure is now under construction.

(/i) Hydraulic Model Study of a Fish Screen Structure for the McClusky Canal, P. L. Johnson, Rept. REC-ERC-75-6,

Dec. 1975. 322-09389-390-34 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES FOR BACKFILLING MINE

CAVITIES

(b) U.S. Bureau of Mines.

(c) E. J. Carlson, Code 1532.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Hydraulic models of idealized coal mines were tested to demonstrate the pattern of deposition of sand and coal waste material by pumping slurries of fine sand and of coal waste in water into the mine cavities. Distorted scale and

undistorted scale models have been tested. The most

recent tests were conducted with a 1 to 48 undistorted

scale for various types of coal mine conditions including two mines, one above the other, (g) Soil mechanics tests of both fine sand and coal waste

backfill materials to be used in the field have been made.

Bearing strengths expected to develop for resistance to subsidence at the surface have been determined,

(/i) Hydraulic Model Studies For Backfilling Mine Cavities, E.

J. Carlson, REC-ERC 73-19. Hydraulic Model Studies for Backfilling Mine Cavities (Second Series of Tests), E. J. Carlson, REC-ERC-75-3

Report in preparation for test with the two mine levels. 322-09390-220-00 CONTROL OF TURBIDITY OF CONSTRUCTION SITES

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A study team was assembled to review current methods and techniques currently used for control of turbidity at construction sites. Research projects will be conducted in areas related to turbidity control where information is lacking.

(g) Ongoing research and factual information concerning tur- bidity and presently used methods of measurement and

control of turbidity were assembled. A report is being

prepared which will be made available to planners,

designers, construction engineers, and other field construction personnel.

(h) Control of Turbidity at Construction Sites, E. J. Carlson, 3rd Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conf., 1976. Environmental Control During Construction, J. C. Peters, Internal Report. 322-09391-840-00 FLOW INTO INTERCEPTOR DRAINS ON SLOPING LAND

NOT INSTALLED PERPENDICULAR TO THE WATER

TABLE GRADIENT

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Field experience has shown that agricultural drains in- stalled on an angle not perpendicular to the water table gradient are not effective when installed according to

criteria for drains on level land. A 60-foot long, 2-foot wide, 2-1/2 foot-deep sand tank whose slope can be ad- justed up to 12 percent will be used to determine adjust- ments in drain spacing that are necessary.

(g) Tests with drains at a 45° angle to hydraulic gradient with gradient slopes up to 10 percent have been tested,

(/i) Report in preparation. 322-09393-350-00 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF PALMETTO BEND DAM

SPILLWAY

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Hydraulic model studies aided in the design of the inlet channel to the spillway, the stilling basin, and the channel downstream from the spillway.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests with a 1:100 scale overall model resulted in verifica- tion and slight changes to the initial design. The inlet channel was widened and a bend of the inlet channel

placed further upstream. To improve flow entering the left side of the spillway a dike was placed upstream from the dam along the left side of the inlet channel. Length of the

stilling basin was reduced by 30 feet and elevation of the

floor raised 5 feet. Also it was found beneficial to add

floor blocks and a dentated end sill to the stilling basin. Water flowed from the stilling basin onto a flood plain. Embankments were placed on each side of the stilling basin downstream for a 400-foot distance to channelize water leaving the spillway. The embankments prevented

excessive circulation eddies near each end of the stilling basin. Because of the low Froude number stilling basin a 1:30 scale sectional model was used to finalize the design of the floor blocks and dentated end sill. (/i) Report in preparation.

232
322-09394-840-00 DRAIN ENVELOPE STUDIES

(d) Applied research.

(e) A corrugated plastic drain tube, surrounded by a gravel envelope, was hydraulically tested and test results compared to an electrical analogy study. Present gravel en- velope head loss design criteria are based on test results of

the electrical analogy study, which did not simulate turbulent flow.'

(J) Completed.

(g) Turbulent flow occurred for the hydraulic tests, but for discharges greater than normally occur with field drains. Flow through the gravel envelope for the hydraulic tests was 30 times greater than indicated by the electrical analogy study. This difference was caused by non- homogeneity of the gravel envelope medium in the

hydraulic tests. The gravel did not completely fill corrugations of the plastic drain tubing and large particles formed

stratifications in the envelope. Water more readily flowed

through the less dense portion of the gravel envelope than

current through the uniformly resistive conductor of the

electrical analogy tests. (h) Report in preparation. 322-10672-210-00 CORRUGATED PLASTIC DRAIN TUBING

(d) Applied research.

(e) Friction, grade deviation, and limited sedimentation tests were made using an 18-m (60-ft) length, lOO-mrn (4-in) diameter, nonperforated corrugated plastic drain tube. Four bends, 2.4 m (8 ft) long, with one- and two-tube diameter offsets above and below grade, formed the grade

deviations; and a fine uniform 0.2-mm mean diameter sand was used for the sedimentation tests.

(J) Completed.

(g) Mannings "n" varied from 0.015 to 0.016 for full-tube flow and from 0.015 to 0.018 for free-surface flow. Only

with bends above grade, and for conditions of free-surface

flow, was the hydraulic gradeline seriously affected. The

hydraulic gradeline raised upstream from the bend, ap- proximately the amount of the bend offset. The sediment

did not prevent waterflow through a two-diameter offset bend below grade, with a 0.001 slope of the straight tubing.

(/i) Report in preparation. 322-10673-340-00 GRAND COULEE THIRD POWERPLANT-VORTEX STUDY

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:120-scale model was used to study whether air-en- training vortices would form near the penstock intakes and

study the use of rafts for preventing formation of air-en- training vortices.

(f) Completed.

(g) Vortex modeling is difficult because of lack of similitude between model and prototype. A literature search dis- closed an Equal Velocity Method of vortex modeling and

this method was used in the study. Without model

trashracks, air-entraining vortices readily formed, and with model trashracks, vortex action was reduced. Rafts, either

floating or submerged, suppressed vortex formation. In- vestigations were made to determine the prototype area in the forebay that may be susceptible to vortex action and may need raft protection.

(/i) Hydraulic Model Vortex Study-Grand Coulee Third Powerplant, E. R. Zeigler, Rept. REC-ERC-76-2 , Feb. 1976. 322-10674-350-00 ABRASIVE MATERIALS IN STILLING BASINS

(d) Applied research.

(e) Some stilling basins have required expensive repairs because of abrasive materials circulating with the water. These materials entered the basins in different ways; water

circulation at the downstream end of the basin draws rock

into the basin, rock and debris thrown in by spectators.

and/or debris left by the contractor. Hydraulic model stu- dies may show design changes that will provide better flushing and lessen the tendency for material to be drawn

from downstream into the basin. However, information is needed before starting laboratory studies. A survey will be made of Bureau of Reclamation stilling basins to deter- mine what structures have abrasion problems. If possible, whether the material entered by man or flowing water, if by flowing water from what source, the location and ex- tent of damage, and operating conditions causing the damage.

322-10675-350-00 CURECANTI DROP PIPE, SPIRAL FLOW INTAKE, AND

STILLING BASIN

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:22.5-scale model was made of the 142-m-high drop

structure to develop a spiral flow intake to force the flow

to cling on the wall of the 2286-mm-diameter vertical pipe and to provide satisfactory stilling basin. (g) The intake dropped the flow at 55° and converged at 15° on both sides to form a tangential slot 0.305 metres wide. The flow remains spiral for about 40 metres. The remaining fall is straight but the flow clings to the wall. The

stilling basin was about 5 metres deep and long. A wave

suppressor was needed to dampen wave action.

(/i) Report to be prepared. 322-10676-350-00 BLANCO DIVERSION DAM

(d) Experimental for rehabilitation design.

(e) A 1 : 16-sediment model was used to develop a sediment

excluding system to prevent coarse sediment from abrading the diversion tunnel and to make sluicing operations

less obtrusive downstream. A large portion of the sediment

gradation was scaled to account for armoring.

if) Completed.

(g) A trapping system requiring more frequent sluicing of

smaller quantities of sediment was developed. The

trapping system reduced tunnel sediment intake by about

25 percent.

(/i) Report in preparation. 322-10677-350-00 KLANG GATES DAM

(d) Experimental for design of modification to enlarge reser- voir capacity.

(e) A l:36-scale model was used to determine if the spillway and stilling basin would still be adequate after adding four

top-seal radial gates to increase the maximum reservoir elevation about 7 metres.

(J) Completed.

(g) Pressure measurements indicated no excessively low pressures. Calibrations were provided for the gates which were

located just downstream of the ogee crest. Optimum gate operations for one- and two-gate combinations for low

discharges were determined.

(/i) In-house memorandums.

322-10678-320-00 HYDRAULIC STUDIES OF STEEP CANAL LATERALS

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Small, unreinforced, concrete-lined, trapezoidal cross-section canal laterals with maximum flow velocities less than

5 m/s and with maximum discharges less than 1 m'/s are often used on irrigation projects. The grades of these

laterals of concern tend to follow the ground surface and,

thus, flow velocities vary. Both subcritical and supercritical flows may occur in the same lateral reach. Studies are being conducted to evaluate wave heights developed by undular hydraulic jumps on these laterals and to evaluate

uplift pressures that develop under the lining, at lining breaks, and offsets. 233
(g) The first phase of testing is complete. Based primarily on a

literature search, curves have been developed which allow

evaluation of undular jump wave heights, wavelengths, and jump position. Based on flume tests, curves have also been

developed which relate maximum uplift pressure develop- ment to various combinations of vertical and horizontal

lining offset and to flow velocity over the offset. This work, to date, is based on a two-dimensional model study. {h) Two internal memorandums serve as reports on the completed first phase work. 322-10679-860-00 DESTRATIFIC ATION DIFFUSER EFFICIENCY TESTS

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A 210-metre-long compressed air line diffuser is being

operated at a 3 x 108 m3 reservoir. Total energy input from

the diffuser and reservoir stability are being closely monitored. Historical records of reservoir stability prior to dif- fuser operation are available. The objective of the study is to evaluate the influence of unit air flow rate on total dif- fuser mixing efficiency. Laboratory data are being used to augment field data.

(g) Diffuser is installed and is operating. Field data are being

collected. 322-10680-350-00 STEWART MOUNTAIN DAM, HIGH TAILWATER STUDY

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A new dam may be built downstream of Stewart Mountain Dam. Under severe flooding the new reservoir could cause

very high tailwater at Stewart Mountain. A l:72-scale hydraulic model is being used to study the influence of the

tailwater on the hydraulic performance of the structure. Of

primary interest is the spillway which has a radial gate- controlled crest and a chute which contains a su- perelevated horizontal bend. The tailwater may actually

rise above the crest. Flow conditions which could undercut

or endanger the structure are of primary interest. (g) The model is constructed and testing is underway. 322-10681-350-00 POT HOOK MORNING GLORY SPILLWAY

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A l:24-scale hydraulic model is being used to develop a morning glory spillway design. The maximum discharge for the spillway will be 145 m3 /s. Approach flow conditions to the spillway crest, vortex suppression, pressures on the

crest, shaft, and vertical bends, tunnel deflectors, air de- mand, and approach flow conditions to the stilling basin

will all be evaluated.

(g) The model is constructed and testing is about to begin. 322-10682-350-00 MODIFICATION OF NAVAJO DAM AUXILIARY OUTLET

WORKS AND BYPASS TO REDUCE DISSOLVED GAS SU- PERSATURATION

(e) A l:48-scale hydraulic model was used to refine and eval- uate modifications to the auxiliary outlet works and 762- mm, hollow-jet valve bypass. The structures are being modified to reduce high dissolved gas supersaturation

levels which have resulted during operation. Depth of jet penetration, degree of energy dissipation, strength of back

eddies returning into the stilling basin, potential for cavitation development, and design simplicity were factors considered.

(/) Completed.

(g) It was observed that both unmodified structures caused deep penetration of their release flow into the stilling basin

pool. By flattening the angle of release of the hollow-jet

valve, and by placing a flip lip on the auxiliary outlet works, this penetration was greatly reduced. It is expected

that this will, in turn, greatly reduce resulting dissolved gas

supersaturation levels. The final modifications were also found to be hydraulically acceptable with respect to the other parameters considered.

(ft) Hydraulic Model Studies of Navajo Dam Auxiliary Outlet Works and Hollow-Jet Valve Bypass-Modifications to Reduce Dissolved Gas Supersaturation, P. L. Johnson,

Rept. REC-ERC-76-5, Apr. 1976. 322-10683-350-00 PACHECO

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A 1:11.54 hydraulic model of the high pressure slide gate and stilling basin was constructed and tested to develop a

satisfactory design for these components of the Pacheco

tunnel. The discharge of the tunnel could vary from less than 1.1 m3 /s (40 ft

:'/s) to 13.6 nrVs (480 ftVs). The max- imum head on the slide gate was 73.8 m (242 ft) of water. The effect of the high velocity discharge from the slide gate was studied.

if) Completed.

(g) The control structure of the Pacheco tunnel is a 1.52-m X

2.14-m (5-ftX7-ft) high pressure slide gate with a stilling basin immediately downstream. The initial design per- formed satisfactorily except for subatmospheric pressures downstream from the control gate and on the energy dis- sipator baffle piers. The subatmospheric pressures oc- curred only for heads above 67.1 m (220 ft) of water and

gate openings between 3 and 8 percent. An elliptical section 152 mm (6 in) wide was placed on both sidewalls donwstream from the gate slot, which raised the pressures downstream from the gate. Also, the bypass was enlarged

to a 508-mm (20-in) pipe so that the gate would not be

required to operate at gate openings less than 5 percent open. The potential cavitation pressures measured on the

original round-top baffle pier were minimized by using a modified flattop baffle pier, which resulted in pressures only slightly below atmospheric. 322-10684-350-00 CHOKE CANYON

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A l:80-scale model was used to study the stilling basin and

the approach channel to the spillway. The spillway will be about 112 metres wide and will have a maximum

discharge of 7100 m3/s. A stilling basin was designed ac- cording to the criteria developed for low Froude number

stilling basin and is being tested in the model. 322-10685-340-00 PENSTOCK ENTRANCE RESEARCH

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Hydraulic model studies are being conducted to aid in the development of design criteria for economical, efficient penstock entrances.

(g) Tests on a 1:15.74 model have confirmed the proposed

penstock entrance design for Auburn Dam. Several modified entrances will be studied to determine the effects of various entrance configurations on head loss, pressure

distribution on the entrance flow surfaces, and velocity distribution in the penstock. 322-10686-390-00 CLAMSHELL GATE

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A 203-mm (8-in) clamshell type flow control gate is being

tested to determine its operating characteristics. The gate

is free of slots or offsets in the flow passage, eliminating

cavitation to the valve body. A high discharge coefficient equal to that of a wide open pipe results when the valve is in the fully open position. (g) Tests have been completed on the valve for free releases. Spray results for some partial openings; however, the main body of the jet is well directed. Light walls would be adequate for confining the spray. The valve is being modified for submerged releases. 234
322-10687-350-00 AMALUZA DAM SPILLWAY

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1:70 model was used for radial gate calibration, design

of the overfall spillway, and the study of the downstream

riverbed scour.

(/) Completed.

(g) The capacity of the six radial gates was determined for flows up to a maximum of 7724 m:'/s at a head of 13.5 m

above the crest. The spillway was designed for the steepest acceptable fall to produce the thinnest possible section for the thin arch dam. A flip bucket 1 14.5 m below the crest was designed to flip the flow a minimum of 125 m away

from the toe of the dam and aline the jet along the river centerline.

( h ) Hydraulic Model Studies of the Amaluza Dam Spillway, Paute Project, Ecuador, South America, D. Colgate, Rept. GR-25-76, Dec. 1976. 322-10688-820-00 GRAVEL PACKS AND WELL SCREENS FOR WATER

WELLS

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A 4.88-m (16-ft) deep, full-scale, simulated water well has been constructed in the hydraulic laboratory to test gravel

packs and well screens. Forty-five piezometers were in- stalled on five levels to measure pressures inside the well screen in the gravel pack and in the base aquifer material. A full-scale pump and piping system recirculates water from a sump, through the aquifer and gravel pack, into the

well. Discharge is measured with a magnetic flowmeter. A

mini (MAC) computer system is used to obtain data

rapidly and store it on magnetic tape. 322-10689-370-47 BICYLE SAFE GRATE INLETS

(b) Federal Highway Administration.

(c) P. H. Burgi, Code 1531.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) The purpose of this study was to develop new designs and/or improve existing designs of grate inlets on paved

roads to maximize bicycle safety, hydraulic efficiency, and

freedom from clogging. Over 500 bicycle and pedestrian

safety tests were conducted on 1 1 test grates. Eight of

these grates were selected for an indepth investigation of

their hydraulic performance. Debris tests were also con- ducted to determine the clogging tendencies of each grate

design.

( h ) Bicycle-Safe Grate Inlets Study, Vol. 1 -Hydraulic and

Safety Characteristics of Selected Grate Inlets on Continuous Grades, FHWA-RD-77 -24 , in preparation. 322-10690-320-00 FREQUENCY-RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATED

CANALS

(c) Henry T. Falvey, Code 1530-A.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The determination of parameters for feedback controllers on automated canals is frequently a trial-and-error procedure. The purpose of the project was to develop an

analysis method using modern control theory which would

facilitate the parameter determinations.

(f) Completed.

(g) The project resulted in the application of classical frequen- cy-response analysis methods to canals. Nonlinear effects are considered. With this method, the control parameters can be readily determined.

(/>) Frequency-Response Analysis of Automated Canals, H. T.

Falvey, REC-ERC-77-3, 1977. 322-10691-230-00 MECHANICS AND PREVENTION OF CAVITATION EROSION

(d) Experimental and field investigation.

(e) This study was undertaken to investigate methods of preventing cavitation damage to surfaces subjected to high

velocity flow. Inadvertent misalinements or roughnesses wich may cause cavitation include such surface conditions

as offsets, waviness, depressions, protrusions, bug holes, and surfaces that slope or curve too rapidly away from the

flow. Design features such as gate slots and dentates may

also cause cavitation and the protection of flow surfaces in the vicinity of such features is included in the study.

(g) Field tests have been made to determine the effectiveness of an aeration slot in a spillway tunnel to prevent cavita- tion damage to concrete subjected to high velocity flow. Studies have been completed to evaluate aeration slots or other configurations to draw air into a high velocity stream

for surface protection. An aeration device has been in- stalled in a prototype structure and a second is presently

being installed in an outlet works where cavitation damage

has occurred annually. Selected hydraulic structures in which cavitation damage has occurred will be observed as opportunities arise.

(/;) Report in preparation. 322-10692-360-00 BAFFLED SPILLWAY ENERGY DISSIPATOR

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory studies were performed to develop a baffled spillway to be used when conventional energy dissipators might not be appropriate due to marginal siting conditions.

(/) Completed.

(g) Test determined that the design criteria used for the canal drop type baffled aprons with a limiting unit discharge of

5.6 m3 /s per metre of width (60 ftVs per foot of width) could be extrapolated to a spillway use with a unit discharge of 28 m3 /s (300 ft

3/s or greater. Construction

difficulties and physical size of the structure seem to be

the only limiting conditions. (h) Report in preparation.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WATER RESOURCES DIVISION, 12201 Sunrise Valley

Drive, Reston, Va. 22092. J. S. Cragwall, Jr., Chief

Hydrologist.

323-0368W-200-00

TURBULENCE IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

(c) R. S. McQuivey.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0641. 323-0369W-220-00 TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS

(c) C. F. Nordin.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0336.

323-0371 W-300-00

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC

PROCESSES IN RIVERS, ESTUARIES, AND EMBAYMENTS

(c) R. A. Baltzer.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0956. 323-0372W-090-00

HYDRODYNAMIC STUDY ON THE TRANSPORT OF THERMAL, PHYSICAL, AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN TURBULENT SURFACE WATER

(c) N. Yotsukura.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0965. 235
323-0373W-220-00 SEDIMENT MOVEMENT AND HILLSLOPE MORPHOLOGY

IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN REGION

(c) G. P. Williams.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0966. 323-0375W-8 10-00 PHYSICAL MODELING OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS

(c) V. R. Schneider.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 6.0514. 328-0377W-740-00 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC

PHENOMENA BY DIGITAL COMPUTER

(c) V. C. Lai. (d) See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 6.0992. See also 332-08481-740-00 in 1972 HRUSC.

323-0457W-300-00 CHANNEL ADJUSTMENTS DOWNSTREAM FROM

COCHITI DAM ON THE RIO GRANDE, NEW MEXICO

(c) J. D. Dewey.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0740. 323-0458W-300-00 LONG TERM CHANNEL CHANGES

(c) L. B. Leopold.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 8, 2.0428. 323-0459W-860-00 WATER QUALITY MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLE- MENTATION

(c) R. A. Baltzer.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 5.1631. 323-0460W-220-00 ESTIMATION OF SEDIMENT YIELD AT UNSAMPLED

SITES IN MISSOURI RIVER BASIN

(c) P. R. Jordan.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 10, 2.0258. 323-046 1W-220-00 BEDLOAD TRANSPORT RESEARCH

(c) W. W. Emmett.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 10, 2.0254. 323-0462W-220-00 RATES AND PROCESSES OR EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION IN NATURAL AND DISTURBED FORESTED

DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE PACIFIC COAST (ABBREV)

(c) R. J. Janda.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 10, 4.0005. 323-10693-860-00 OPERATIONAL MODELS OF SURFACE-WATER SYSTEMS

(c) M. E. Jennings.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(e) The research objective is to develop operational digital models of surface-water systems. The models may be classified into four categories: (1) Overland flow, (2) channel

flow, (3) lake and reservoir, and (4) estuary. Within each

type of model both flow and water-quality processes will be considered. Flow processes will include hydrodynamics,

stream routing, flow regulations, evaporation, and seepage. Water quality processes will include sedimentation production, transport and disposition, heat transfer, oxygenation and deoxygenation, and chemical and biological reactions.

323-10694-300-00 CHANGES IN VALLEY MORPHOLOGY, COON CREEK,

WISCONSIN

(c) S. W. Trimble.

(d) Applied field research.

(e) To explain changes in stream and valley morphology that have occurred since the late 1930's in terms of stream sediment loads as related to changes in land use and/or cli- matic changes. 323-10695-860-00 MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF HYDROGEOLOGIC

SYSTEMS

(c) R. L. Cooley.

(d) Basic research.

(e) The research objective is to evaluate presently used equations and, where necessary, ( 1 ) formulate new approxi- mate equations pertaining to flow of fluids through porous

or fractured rock emphasizing equations that are tractable for field use, (2) apply and (or) compare the best techniques available, or derive new ones, to solve the equations, (3) derive efficient techniques for estimations of parameters contained in the equations, (4) assess the degree of reliability and significance of both the model formed by the basic equations and the parameters esti- mated for it in terms of the input data, and (5) assess the degree of reliability and predictive capability of the model. The fundamental equations are developed utilizing the methods of mathematical physics together with basic physical concepts from geology, geochemistry, geophysics,

etc. Solutions to the equations are to be developed analyti- cally and (or) numerically, depending on the problem.

Analysis of error propagation, stability, and convergence

using techniques of linear and nonlinear algebra will ac- company numerical solution procedures where feasible and appropriate. Parameter calculation is to be ap- proached through techniques of nonlinear regression so

that the reliability and significance of estimated parameters and the predictive capability of the model can be as- sessed. 323-10696-400-00 HYDRODYNAMIC AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF

CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN A TIDAL ESTUARY

(c) R. T. Cheng.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) By means of computer simulation, a hydrodynamic and

mathematical model of a tidal affected estuary will be developed. This model should provide sufficient resolution of the hydrodynamic characteristics describing a tidal af- fected ecosystem. The mathematical model will be general and will be calibrated and verified by actual field measurements. San Francisco Bay system will be considered as a

test case; basic data will be collected to support the

theoretical investigation, if necessary. Using a hydrodynamic study as a basis, the transport phenomena

in this ecosystem will be modeled and verified. Circulations in a tidal estuary are driven by tides, discharges of fresh water into the estuary, wind, gravity and density stratification. Topography of the estuary basin (3-dimensional), air-water interaction, turbulent mixing

mechanisms, viscous resistance at the bottom and rota- tional effects of the earth, together with the above mentioned driving forces constitute a very complicated balance

in order to conserve mass, momentum and energy of the system. At the beginning of this project, a simple model which preserves the most important features of the hydrodynamic characteristics will be considered. This computer program will be constantly implemented to bring the secondary mechanism into the model. A data collec- 236
tion program will be initiated which is designed mainly for the purpose of calibrating the mathematical model.

Meteorological data, new modeling concept, new measure- ment techniques will be incorporated and updated

throughout the course of investigation. 323-10697-300-00 INFLUENCE OF SEDIMENT AND OTHER VARIABLES ON

ACTIVE-CHANNEL GEOMETRY

(c) W. R. Osterkamp.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Information on the effect of particle size on channel

shape, which can change in response to land use and

hydraulic structures, is desirable for practical purposes. Knowledge of how sediment influences channel shape and

stability can permit anticipation and correction of undesirable effects of man's activities. The study will determine the controls that sediment exerts on the geometry of alluvial streams. The manner in which

silt-clay content of bed and bank material influences the

regression relation between channel geometry and

discharge will be studied. Thus, the intention is to define

the quantitative influence that sediment of a stream has on

active-channel geometry, this information will result in better estimates of discharge from ungaged basins. Another objective is accumulation of field experience that

will indicate the types of data leading to continued refine- ment of the channel-geometry method. The study will have three phases: basic-data collection, data analysis, and report preparation. Active-channel

widths and depths will be measured, and bed and bank

samples collected at established gages of the Missouri

River basin. Size analyses will be performed on the samples. Correlation of the geometry to discharge, bed silt- clay, and bank silt-clay, will be analyzed by computer

(multiple regression). The equations developed will express the effect of sediment, and possibly other variables, on the channel geometry relation through a large range of

climates and topographies. Results are expected to have

wide transfer power. 323-10698-880-00 SEDIMENT YIELD OF STREAMS DRAINING THE

PICEANCE BASIN, NORTHWESTERN COLORADO

(c) V. C. Norman.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Mining and associated activities have been shown to have

a dramatic impact on the sediment yield of streams draining mined areas. In other areas, mining has been shown to increase sediment yield, alter channel geometry and channel morphology, and reduce the conveyance of streams. Prototype oil-shale development in the Piceance basin will involve the mining, processing, and disposal of over 150,000 tons of oil shale per day. Handling and disposal of such large quantities of spent shale may greatly increase

the sediment load in streams. Define the sediment yield of streams draining the Piceance

basin and the lands that are scheduled to be mined, define

the sediment yield prior to mining. This data will be used

to determine the "natural" sediment yield of streams in the basin. After oil-shale mining begins, continue to collect data and define the sediment yield of streams from mined

areas to evaluate the impact of oil-shale mining on sedi- ment yield.

Install automatic suspended sediment samplers at key sta- tions throughout the basin to define the sediment yield of

the basin and streams draining the leased tract that are scheduled for oil-shale mining. In addition, monitor channel cross-sections and profiles on hillslope erosion

transects established during the previous water resources

investigation of the Piceance basin. Data from these stations will be used to define the "natural" sediment yield and monitor changes resulting from development. During

the third year, the approach will be evaluated in light of

objectives and current status of development and a proposal for continued funding will be prepared. 323-10699-300-00 SEDIMENT MOVEMENT AND CHANNEL CHANGES IN RIVERS

(c) R. H. Meade.

(d) Applied research.

(e) To assess: ( 1 ) Changes in river sediment loads over

periods of decades or longer, and the factors (natural and

artificial) that cause the changes; (2) Rates at which rivers change their courses, shapes, and other morphologic fea- tures, both in their natural state and in response to artifi- cial influences; (3) Effects of infrequent catastrophic events or large-scale human influences on the "equilibrium" sediment movement and channel morphology in rivers; (4) Sources, pathways, and sinks of sediment

in rivers. Basically a historical approach, using available records and making some first-hand field studies. Records will include sediment-load data previously collected by USGS and

other agencies; changes in channel morphology will be in- terpreted by comparing old and new maps plus available

aerial photographs of selected rivers in the upper Missouri

Basin. Field studies will include repeated surveys of

selected channels and tracer studies of sediment movement. 323-10700-820-00 DIGITAL MODELING OF GROUNDWATER FLOW

(c) S. P. Larson.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) The objectives of this study are to develop new or to

refine existing groundwater flow models for 3-dimensional problems. Optimum model efficiency in terms of computer

core storage and computational work required is necessary

to permit application to field problems. The resulting groundwater flow model will be used to determine 3- dimensional velocity distributions and subsequently prediction of 3-dimensional movement of contaminants in satu- rated porous media. Various numerical techniques, such as SIP, ADI, and LSOR, will be evaluated as to their utility in solving 3- dimensional groundwater flow problems. An optimum

combination of computer core storage and computational

work required will be emphasized in the development of new models or refinement of existing models. This will require efficient programming of algorithms and use of computer techniques that minimize core storage require- ments. Emphasis will also be placed upon making the resultant model or models applicable to a wide variety of

field problems within constraints imposed by problem size and computational work. 323-10701-820-00 GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT AND HYDRODYNAMIC

DISPERSION EVALUATED BY SINGLE-WELL TRACER

INJECTION

(c) R. J. Sun.

(d) Experimental, basic and applied research.

(e) To properly evaluate sites for disposal of radioactive wastes it is necessary to estimate the actual groundwater

flow velocity, the natural hydraulic gradient and the

characteristics of hydrodynamic dispersion and the trans- missivity of the system. These factors can be determined

by pumping and tracer tests. For a preliminary site evaluation, it is usually proposed that enough information to evaluate a site be obtained by a single well, thus reducing

the cost. It is believed, but needs to be verified, that a sin- 237
gle well can provide not only geological knowledge during

drilling, the transmissivity during pumping, but also local groundwater velocity and hydraulic gradient during tracer

injection. Before using the single-well tracer injection for site evaluation, it is necessary to compare the results obtained both from single-well and multi-well tests to determine whether

they will give the same or similar results for the system. Because the study will be conducted at a fractured reservoir, the second objective of the study is to determine whether hydraulic parameters of fractured rocks can be

obtained by pumping test. An adequate mathematical model will be evaluated and/or developed to interpret

pumping data obtained at a fractured reservoir. Using the existing wells at the Amargosa site southwest of

the Nevada Test Site to conduct the study, the following

steps will be taken during the study. ( 1 ) modify the well conditions at the site; (2) at least 1 pumping and recovery

test and 1 step-drawdown test will be made; (3) one twowell tracer test to determine hydrodynamic dispersion and

effective porosity of the formation; (4) 2 single-well tracer

injection tests to determine hydraulic gradient, dispersion and the actual groundwater velocity. The technology developed at the test site can be used in

site evaluation for waste disposal, whether the ground- water at the site flows through porous media or fractured

rocks. The results of the research are not only applicable

to low-level radioactive waste disposal problems, but are

also applicable to other subsurface waste disposals. 323-10702-820-00 HYDRODYNAMICS AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE GULF

COAST GEOPRESSURED AQUIFERS

(c) P. C. Trescott.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) The hot water aquifers in the Gulf Coast occur in geopres- sured zones in which the high pressure may be due to one

or more of several possible mechanisms including: sedi- mentary loading at a rate greater than the rate water can

migrate from the consolidating confining beds; clay mineral diagenesis (for example, dehydration of raont- morillonite) generating pore fluids and affecting aquifer

chemistry; membrane properties of clay that yield anomalous fluid pressures and affect dissolved solid concentrations in different zones by osmotic processes. The signifi- cant physical and chemical processes affecting this aquifer

system need to be described theoretically and modeled numerically.

1 ) To describe the significant physical and chemical

processes affecting groundwater flow in the Gulf Coast

geopressured aquifer system; 2) to incorporate the signifi- cant physical and chemical processes into digital simulation models which can be used to evaluate the energy

potential of the hot water aquifers. Derive theoretical descriptions (and write numerical

analogs for use in simulation models) of physical and

chemical processes affecting the pressure and chemistry of

the geopressured aquifer system. Included are: a mass

balance/solution equilibria model for evaluation of the ef- fects of clay mineral diagenesis; a model of clay membrane

properties which evaluates osmotic effects in the system;

evaluation of the effects of consolidation using existing consolidation models. The membrane model may require

the measurement of membrane properties of clay in the laboratory and in the field. Use the models to describe the hydrodynamics of geopressured aquifers using pressure and geochemical brine data from wells in the Gulf Coast

region.

323-10703-220-00 MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF SEDIMENT

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

(c) D. W. Hubbell.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(e) The objective is to develop, over a wide range of hydraulic

conditions, in sand-bed and gravel-bed streams, means for predicting quasi-equilibrium bed configuration, sediment

transport, and other pertinent hydraulic and sedimentologic variables. Emphasis is on providing definitive criteria for predicting bed forms which will permit better estimates of channel conveyance, mass-transfer coefficients, channel

stability, and aggradation-degradation.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION,

AMES RESEARCH CENTER, Moffett Field, Calif. 94035.

Dr. Hans Mark, Director. 324-10704-810-00 REMOTE SENSING FOR SNOW AND ICE MAPPING, AND

IN-SITU SOIL MOISTURE

(£>) Cooperative with U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station; U.S. Geologic Survey; State of California Snow

Surveys Branch; and University of California.

(c) Dr. William I. Linlor, Applications Division, MS 245-5.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Important factors in forecasting water runoff rate from snowpacks include the wetness state of the snow and the melting speed (i.e., net heat input rate to the snow). Per- colation of meltwater through the snow as well as rainfall affect the wetness state. No automated instrumentation is presently available for measuring snowpack wetness. The

present work is investigating methods for wetness deter- mination, using microwave attenuation and phase shifts between a source and receivers. Natural snowpacks at the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory (Donner Summit) are employed. Radar backscatter measurements are also in progress to determine the electromagnetic characteristics of snowpacks, including the effects of layering, dielectric constant, and wetness. The information is to be applied in surface systems to provide assessment of watershed

resources on a time -progressive basis, operated automatically, with data transmission via microwave links, or satellites. The microwave techniques are also intended for use

in airborne and satellite-based systems.

(g) Three new methods for measuring the wetness of snow

samples have been developed: ( 1 ) The change in capacitance value before and after freezing; (2) the ratio of displacement current to conduction current; and (3) the attenuation of a transmitted microwave beam. Vertical

profiles of snow and earth wetness are obtained by the phase shift and attenuation of a microwave beam between

a source and receivers, which move vertically in towers

that are fixed in the snow and extend into the earth. The

backscatter of microwave beams from the snow surface

exhibits a diurnal variation of the order of 10 db, depending on the wetness of the region near the surface of the snow. The backscatter of the microwave beams varies with frequency because of interferometric effects of the snow

layers and the earth, the magnitude being of the order of 20 db.

(h) Snowpack Water Content by Remote Sensing, W. I. Linlor, Proc. Banff Symp. 1, pp. 713-726, 1973. Remote Sensing and Snowpack Management, W. I. Linlor,

J. Amer. Water-Works Assoc., pp. 55 3-558, Sept. 1974.

Electronic Measurements of Snow Sample Wetness, W. I. Linlor, J. L. Smith, Proc. Symp. Advanced Concepts and

Techniques in the Study of Snow and Ice Resources, Natl. Acad, of Sciences, Washington, D.C., pp. 720-728, 1974. Microwave Profiling of Snowpack Free-Water Content, W.

I. Linlor, M. F. Meier, J. L. Smith, Proc. Symp. Advanced 238
Concepts and Techniques in the Study of Snow and Ice Resources, Natl. Acad, of Sciences, Washington, D.C., pp. 729-736, 1974. Electromagnetic Reflection from Multilayered Snow

Models, W. 1. Linlor, G. Jiracek, J. Glaciology 14, 72, pp. 501-515, 1975. Measurement of Snowpack Wetness, W. 1. Linlor, J. L. Smith, M. F. Meier, F. D. Clapp, D. Angelakos, Proc. 43rd

Ann. Western Snow Conf, pp. 14-20, 1975.

Multilayered Models for Electromagnetic Reflection Amplitudes, W. 1. Linlor, NASA Tech. Rept. TR-438, Dec.

1975. Snow Wetness Measurements for Melt Forecasting, W. 1. Linlor, F. D. Clapp, M. F. Meier, J. L. Smith, Workshop on

Operational Applications of Satellite Snowcover Observations, NASA Spec. Publ. SP-391, pp. 375-398, 1975.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION,

LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER, Langley Station, Hampton,

Va. 23665. Donald P. Hearth, Acting Director for Space. 325-09395-420-00 WAVE REFRACTION MODELING OF THE BALTIMORE

CANYON CONTINENTAL SHELF REGION AND MODEL

VERIFICATION WITH REMOTE SENSING DATA

(c) Dr. Charles H. Whitlock, Marine Environments Branch,

Mail Stop 272.

(d) Theoretical and experimental applied research.

(e) A first-order wave refraction model for the mid-Atlantic

continental shelf region between 37.5° and 40° N latitudes

is being developed, and remote sensing data are being

taken in the region to provide data for verifying the model. Ocean waves are monitored from the edge of the continental shelf until they reach the shoreline to evaluate how the waves are modified by continental shelf bathymetry. This particular region was selected because it fits as a subgrid to a planned National Weather Service ocean wave forecasting system and can be used for coastal wave experiment under the planned SEASAT satellite.

(/;) Random-Access Technique for Modular Bathymetry Data

Storage in a Continental-Shelf Wave-Refraction Program,

L. R. Poole, NASA TM X-3018, July 1974. Comparison of Techniques for Approximating Ocean Bot- tom Topography in a Wave Refraction Model, L. R. Poole, NASA TN D-8050, Nov. 1975. Transformation of Apparent Ocean Wave Spectra Observed

from an Aircraft Sensor Platform, L. R. Poole, NASA TN

D-8246, June 1976. Comparison of Remotely Sensed Continental Shelf Wave

Spectra with Spectra Computed by Using a Wave Refraction Computer Model, L. R. . Poole, NASA TN D-8353,

Dec. 1976. Wave Refraction Diagrams for the Baltimore Canyon Region of the Mid-Atlantic Continental Shelf Computed by

Using Three Bottom Topography Approximation

Techniques, L. R. Poole, NASA TM X-3423, Dec. 1976. 325-09396-710-00 REMOTE SENSING OF COASTAL WATERS

(b) Joint Langley and Old Dominion University Project.

(c) Dr. Charles H. Whitlock, Marine Environments Branch,

Mail Stop 272.

(d) Experimental, field investigation; applied research.

(e) Major effort has been to monitor suspended sediment (as a natural water tracer) and chlorophyll (as an indicator of water quality). Analysis techniques have been developed

for measuring pollutants in water. Future efforts will be

directed at automatic analysis of remotely sensed data, through the development of spectral signatures of pollutants, for monitoring water quality in the Coastal Zones.

(f) Completed.

( h ) Correlation of ERTS Multispectral Imagery with Suspended

Matter and Chlorophyll in Lower Chesapeake Bay, D. E. Bowker, P. Flerscher, T. A. Gosnik, W. J. Hanna, J. Ludwick, NASA SP-327, Mar. 1973. Transmissometry and Suspended Matter in Lower Ches- apeake Bay. Correlation with ERTS Multispectral Imagery,

D. E. Bowker, P. Flerscher, T. A. Gosnik, W. J. Hanna, J. Ludwick, Amer. Soc. Photogramtnetry, Proc. Fall Convention, Oct. 1973. Evaluation of ERTS MSS Digital Data for Monitoring Water in the Lower Chesapeake Bay Area, D. E. Bowker, W. G. Witte, presented 4th Ann. Remote Sensing of Earth Resources Conf., Tullahoma, Tenn., Mar. 24-25, 1975. An Investigation of the Waters in the Lower Chesapeake

Bay Area, D. E. Bowker, W. G. Witte, P. Fleischer, T. A. Gosink, W. J. Hanna, J. C. Ludwick, presented 10th Intl. Symp. Remote Sensing of Environment, Ann Arbor, Mich., Oct. 6-10, 1975. Evaluation of Water Samples Collected During Landsat-1 Overpasses of the Lower Chesapeake Bay Area, D. E. Bowker, W. G. Witte, The Institute of Electrical and Elec- tronics Engineers, Inc., Annals No. 75CH1004-1 16-3. The Use of ERTS-1 to More Fully Utilize and Apply

Marine Station Data to the Study and Productivity Along

the Eastern Shelf Waters of the United States, H. G.

Marshall, D. E. Bowker, W. G. Witte, Final Report for the Period August 1 972-December 1974, prepared under Contract NAS5-21816, Feb. 1976. Correlation of Chlorophyll Suspended Matter, and Related Parameters of Waters in the Lower Chesapeake Bay Area

to Landsat-1 Imagery, P. Fleischer, T. A. Gosink, W. J. Hanna, J. C. Ludwick, D. E. Bowker, W. G. Witte, Inst, of Oceanography, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va., Tech. Report No. 28, Aug. 1976. 325-09397-860-00 THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL WATER QUALITY

MODEL FOR CONTINENTAL SHELF APPLICATION

(b) Joint Langley and University of Rhode Island Project.

(c) Mr. Albin O. Pearson, Head, Marine Environments

Branch, Mail Stop 272.

(d) Numerical, applied research.

(e) An alternating-direction implicit finite difference computational scheme is being used to develop a numerical model

of the three-dimensional, time dependent continental shelf mass transport equation for water quality parameters. The

model is being verified using one-, two-, and three-dimensional analytical solutions and by predicting the distribu- tion of coliform concentration in the tidal portion of the Providence River. The verified model will then be employed to study the optimum location of a sewage outfall for New Shoreham in Block Island Sound.

(h) Derivation of a Three-Dimensional Numerical Water Quality Model for Estuary and Continental Shelf Applications, M. L. Spaulding, NASA TM X-71930, 1974. 325-09398-870-00 NUMERICAL-ANALYTICAL POLLUTION TRANSPORT

MODEL FOR ESTIMATING ENVIRONMENTAL

PARAMETERS FROM REMOTE SENSING DATA

(c) Mr. Albin O. Pearson, Head, Marine Environments

Branch, Mail Stop 272.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) The mass diffusion equation is being solved by using a nu- merical quadrature formulation of the advection transport

effects and an analytical formulation of the diffusion trans- port effects. The resulting solution is being used to develop simplified models of the pollution dispersion from

point and area sources in uniform flows with and without

shear. The models will be used to study techniques for estimating environmental parameters from remote sensing

data. Parameters included are diffusion coefficients, velocity vectors, velocity gradients and pollutant source

strength and location. 239
(f) Suspended.

(/i) An Integrated Approach to the Study of Pollution Transport and Waves in the Coastal Zone-Part II-Modeling, G.

R. Young, C. H. Whitlock, T. H. Rees, J. T. Suttles, R. E. Turner, presented IEEE Intl. Conf. Engrg. in the Ocean

Environment, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Aug. 21-23,

1974. 325-09399-450-00 CONTINENTAL SHELF CIRCULATION MODEL DEVELOPMENT

(c) Mr. Albin O. eearson, Head, Marine Environments

Branch, Mail Stop 272.

(d) Numerical, applied research.

(e) A model of the circulation in a continental shelf region is being developed based on using a primitive variable for- mulation and numerically solving the conservation equations for mass, momentum, internal energy and salt. The

hydrostatic and Boussinesq approximations are made and

turbulent transfer coefficients are assumed. An empirical

equation of state is used to obtain density from salinity, temperature, and pressure. The equations are solved in a

finite difference form using an explicit, leap-frog

technique. Methods of treating open boundaries are being

studied and parametric studies will be performed to deter- mine the effects of wind stress, bottom topography,

stratification, and run-off.

(f) Suspended.

(g) A "rigid-lid" approximation has been developed to filter external gravity waves. This has produced a significant in- crease in the time step of the computations.

(/<) An Integrated Approach to the Study of Pollution Transport and Waves in the Coastal Zone-Part II-Modeling, G.

R. Young, C. H. Whitlock, T. H. Rees, J. T. Suttles, R. E. Turner, presented IEEE Intl. Conf. Engrg. in the Ocean

Environment, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Aug. 21-23,

1974.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION,

LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER, Cleveland, Ohio 44135.

Warner L. Stewart, Director of Aeronautics.

326-07040-630-00 COMPENDIUM ON THE DESIGN OF TURBOPUMPS AND

RELATED MACHINERY

(c) Cavour H. Hauser, MS 5-9, Head, Single Stage Compressor Section, Fluid System Components Division.

(d) Exposition of theoretical and applied research.

(e) Compile pertinent information on turbopumps developed

by NASA, the various contract research and development

programs, and in-house research. This information will be

correlated, and considered in proper perspective to provide a coherent presentation of the important principles of turbomachintry design. The Compendium will be

published as a NASA Special Publication.

(g) The Compendium is in final editing in preparation for publication. 326-09403-540-00 LIQUID JET IMPINGEMENT ON SOLID SURFACES UNDER

REDUCED GRAVITY CONDITIONS

(c) Thomas L. Labus, Aerospace Engineer; Professor Kenneth

J. DeWitt, University of Toledo.

(d) Numerical, experimental, applied research.

(e) An inviscid model was chosen to describe the flow field of an axisymmetric liquid jet impinging normally to a circular

disc under reduced gravity conditions. Numerical solutions

to this free-boundary problem were obtained for a number

of discrete cases including those in which surface tension

effects were significant. This study has applications to a fundamental understanding of liquid jet delivery, liquid

transfer, baffle liquid interactions and fire extinguishment.

if) Reduced and normal gravity experiments completed. Analysis including inertial and surface tension effects continuing. (g) Normal gravity liquid flow patterns were observed to jump

from one apparently stable flow pattern to another until a completely stable configuration was reached. The plume

radius was experimentally correlated in terms of the system Weber number.

(/i) Liquid Jet Impingement Normal to a Disc in Zero Gravity,

T. L. Labus, NASA TMX-73405, 1976. 326-10705-340-55 NITROGEN EBULLITION RATES DURING SUDDEN

DEPRESSURIZATION OF WATER

(b) The Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) Dr. Robert J. Simoneau, Mail Stop 301-1.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) In a laboratory test, the physical conditions of pressurized water in a safety system for a thermal reactor are simulated. The purpose is to determine the nature of the water

flow should the safety system ever be employed in an emergency shutdown. 326-10706-700-00 AN AUTOMATED SECONDARY STANDARD FOR

CALIBRATING LIQUID FLOWMETERS

(c) Howard F. Hobart, Aerospace Research Engineer.

(d) Experimental development.

(e) The secondary standard uses six previously calibrated tur- bine-type flowmeters built into two manifold systems containing automatically switched flow valves. The pair of systems is capable of covering the flow range of 0.0004 to 19 1/s with an uncertainty in volume flow rate not exceeding ±0.25 percent over the range 0.06 to 19 1/s and not exceeding ±0.5 percent over the range 0.0004 to 0.06 1/s. (J) Completed.

(g) Description, performance, data collection, and data reduction are presented in NASA TMX-71876, Proc. 22nd Intl. Instrumentation Symp., May 25-27, 1976.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION,

WALLOPS FLIGHT CENTER, Wallops Island, Va. 23337. Mr. Robert L. Krieger, Director. 327-10707-460-00 MICROSCALE AIR-SEA INTERACTIONS AS APPLIED TO

REMOTE SENSING OF THE OCEAN

(c) Dr. Norden E. Huang, Directorate of Applied Science.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research: possible joint work with Johns Hopkins University for Doctoral thesis. (e) A new wind, wave, and current interaction tank with

several unique features has been completed at Wallops

Flight Center. The test section dimensions are 18.29 m

(60 ft) in length, 0.91 m (3 ft) in width, and 1.22 m (4 ft) in height and filled to a depth of 0.76 m (2.5 ft). Currents

are reversible and variable up to 0.51 m/sec and wind

speeds of up to 25 m/sec are available. The major measuring device consists of a laser probe for slope measure- ments utilizing a new concept for its receiving antenna, producing data accurate to 1° of surface slope for slopes up to 48° and a frequency response beyond 100 Hz. This new device is used in conjunction with an improved

capacitance height probe and anemometry equipment to produce wind, wave, and current interaction data which is then processed to yield frequency spectra, auto- and cross- correlations, and probability densities. The processing

equipment is managed and controlled by an electronic programmable system controller with computing, scaling, and plotting capabilities. (g) A new laser device has been used to make direct waveslope measurements in the capillary-gravity range. Owing

to the design principles, the digital nature of the system 240
and the use of a laser beam as a probe, the earlier problems of intensity variations and meniscus effects were

avoided. Using this new technique, wave-slope spectra both down and across the channel were obtained for dif- ferent wind conditions, along with corresponding meansquare slope values. Comparisons are made with existing

data. The results indicate that a quasi-equilibrium state may exist for each wind speed and that it increases in in- tensity .with increasing wind, which may imply an asymptotic nature for the equilibrium-range coefficient Caa. From the data, two significant frictional velocities, 17.5 and 31 cm/s, respectively, are identified as critical values

for different ranges of wave development. Laboratory measurements utilizing this laser probe are made also for the slopes of wind waves generated on both positive and

negative currents at different values of fetch. These spectra are used to obtain the growth of the spectral components at various frequency bands for increasing wind

and different values of fetch and current. The results in- dicate that the growth of these components is not monotonic with the frictional wind speed U *, but rather

exhibits an "overshoot" phenomena at lower values of U*,

and in addition, displays a significant effect due to current

condition. The peak location and spectral intensity of the spectra also show strong influence by the current condition. This results in the rms surface slope value increasing with negative current and decreasing with positive current. The results agree qualitatively with some theoretical predictions. The potential use of the current-induced effects as a means for remote sensing of ocean current is also

briefly discussed,

(/i) On the Variation and Growth of Wave Slope Spectra in the Capillary-Gravity Range with Increasing Wind, S. R. Long,

N. E. Huang, J. Fluid Mechanics 77, pp. 209-228, 1976. Observations of Wind-Generated Waves on Variable Current, S. R. Long, N. E. Huang, J. Physical Oceanography 6, pp. 962-968, 1976. Observations of Wind Generated Waves on Variable Current, S. R. Long, N. E. Huang, presented Spring Ann. Mtg. Amer. Geophysical Union, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union

57, 4, 267, 1976. Boundary Layer Instabilities as Observed in the Growth of Wave Slope Spectra in the Capillary-Gravity Range with

Increasing Wind, S. R. Long, N. E. Huang, presented

Conf. Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves and Stability, American Meteorological Society, Bull. Amer. Meteorological Soc. 57, 1, 99, 112, 1976. A Laboratory Study of the Influence of Fetch and Current

on Wave Slope Spectra, S. R. Long, N. E. Huang,

presented Fall Ann. Mtg. Amer. Geophysical Union,

Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 56, 12, 1004, 1975. On the Variation and Growth of Wave Slope Spectra in the Capillary-Gravity Range with Increasing Wind, N. E. Huang, S. R. Long, presented Fall Ann. Mtg. Amer.

Geophysical Union, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 56,

12, 1005, 1975. A Laboratory Study of the Influence of Currents on Wind

Generated Waves, S. R. Long, N. E. Huang, presented Fall Mtg. Amer. Geophysical Union, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 56, 12, 1 137, 1974.

Interaction of Capillary-Gravity Waves With Nonuniform

Current, S. R. Long, N. E. Huang, presented Spring Mtg. Amer. Geophysical Union, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union

55, 4, 320, 1974. Modification of Capillary Waves by Gravity Waves, S. R. Long, N. E. Huang, presented Spring Mtg. Amer.

Geophysical Union, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 54, 4, 315, 1973.

UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY, DEPARTMENT OF THE

NAVY, Division of Engineering and Weapons, Annapolis,

Md. 21402. Captain J. R. Wales, USN, Division

Director. 328-10708-420-22 DEVELOPMENT OF PSEUDO RANDOM WAVE GENERATION TECHNIQUES

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. Bruce Johnson, Naval Systems Engineering Depart- ment.

(d) Computer controlled experiments; development.

(e) Working with MTS corporation, the wavemaker contractor

for the USNA Hydromechanics Labs, "Zero variance" pseudo random wave generation techniques are used to produce desired spectra in the towing tank which have sta- tionary statistical properties for relatively short sample

lengths. (g) Desired spectra achieved within ±ldb for 60 second sample. Encountered wave frequency prediction and generation technique still under development.

(/i) Published in Proc. 18th Amer. Towing Tank Conf., Aug.

1977. 328-10709-420-00 EFFECT OF OCEAN WAVES ON STRUCTURES

(b) Conducted for Naval Academy Research Council.

(c) Dr. T. H. Dawson, Department of Naval Systems Engineering.

(d) Theoretical project in applied research.

(e) Develop a better understanding of the responses of ocean

structures to surface-wave loadings and their interaction with the waves.

(g) Approximate scaling relations have been developed and examined by comparison with special analytic solutions.

(/i) Scaling of Fixed Off-Shore Structures, T. H. Dawson, Ocean Engineering 3, pp. 421-427, 1976.

NAVAL CONSTRUCTION BATTALION CENTER, CIVIL EN

GINEERING LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY,

Port Hueneme, Calif. 93043. Officer in Charge, Code

L40.

329-08498-430-22 TRANSPORTABLE BREAKWATERS

(£>) Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Director of Navy

Laboratories.

(c) Director, Foundation Engineering Division, Code L42.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; applied

reseaich, development.

(e) A continuing survey of new developments and occasional

analyses of particular concepts for breakwaters are un- dertaken to identify and evaluate concepts having potential application in a "transportable" or "portable" breakwater.

(g) An extensive survey of reports and published papers was

conducted and reported. Analyses of flexible blankets, tethered floats, and offset surfaces have been made.

(/i) The WAVEGUARDTM Offset Surfaces Floating Breakwater,

R. J. Taylor, D. B. Jones, Civ// Engrg. Lab. Tech. Memo.

M-42-76-16, 24 pages, Sept. 1976. 329-09410-430-22 DYNAMICS OF FLEXIBLE CABLES IN THE OCEAN

(b) Naval Facilities Engineering Command.

(c) Dallas Meggitt, Ocean Structures Division, Code L44.

(d) Theoretical, laboratory, field studies; applied research.

(e) Development of the capability to predict and control dynamic responses of cable/buoy arrays in the deep ocean. The research has been divided into large-displacement

low-frequency dynamics, and small-amplitude highfrequency dynamics (strumming). Mathematical models

have been developed and tested through laboratory experi241
merits. The models are also being validated with field ex- periments.

(g) Predictive models for the frequency, amplitude and in- creased drag of strumming cables have been developed and limited comparisons to at-sea measurements have been made. A study of strumming-suppression devices has been started to determine the fluid mechanic mechanisms

by which these devices work. An extensive series of

laboratory and at-sea experiments have provided a large data base for comparison with computer prediction of

large-scale dynamic behavior of cable structures. {h) In-Line and Transverse Oscillations of a Circular Cylinder

in Uniform Flow, T. Sarpkaya, Naval Postgraduate School

Tech. Rept. NPS-59SL7507 1 , May 30, 1975. Strumming Predictions for the SEACON II Experimental

Mooring, R. A. Skop, O. M. Griffin, S. E. Rambert,

Offshore Tech. Conf. Paper OTC 2319, 1977. Strumming Suppression-An Annotated Bibliography, B. E. Hafen, D. J. Meggitt, F. C. Liu, Civil Engrg. Lab. Tech. Note N-1456, Oct. 1976. The Mooring Dynamics Experiment-A Major Study of the Dynamics of Buoys in the Deep Ocean, R. G. Walden, D. G. DeBok, D. J. Meggitt, J. B. Gregory, W. A. Vachon,

Offshore Tech. Conf, Houston, Tex., May 2-5, 1977. 329-09411-220-22 CONTROL OF SEDIMENTATION IN NAVY HARBORS

(b) Naval Facilities Engineering Command.

(c) R. J. Malloy, Foundation Engineering Division, Code L42.

(d) Applied experimental research.

(e) Several conceptual alternatives to conventional dredging

are being investigated through laboratory and field experi- ments, to obtain environmentally cleaner and less expensive techniques/equipment to control sedimentation in Navy harbors.

(g) This multi-year project began in FY75.

329-09413-600-22 HYDRAULIC FLUIDIC LEVEL CONTROL UNIT

{b) Director of Navy Laboratories.

(c) E. R. Durlak, Mechanical Systems Division, Code L63.

(d) Experimental, theoretical investigation; applied research, development.

(e) Determine the feasibility of using fluidic concepts to develop a fluidic control unit that will detect and correct angular variations in position such as those experienced by

a bulldozer blade.

(/) Completed.

(g) A hydraulic fluidic proximity sensor was developed and

tested. This sensor was incorporated into a control unit consisting of an invented pendulum and a fluid damping

system. Initial testing has indicated the control unit capable of detecting and correcting angular variations, such as those experienced by a bulldozer grader blade. The fluidic control unit requires only an input pressure source, nor- mally available from the hydraulic control system of the

vehicle. Additional development work remains on the dynamic response of the control unit.

(/i) Hydraulic Fluidic Level Control Unit, R. H. Fashbaugh, E.

R. Durlak, Civil Engrg. Lab. Tech. Note 1419, Dec. 1975. 329-10710-870-22 VACUUM WASTEWATER TRANSFER SYSTEMS

(b) Naval Facilities Engineering Command.

(c) Director, Environmental Protection Division, Code L54.

(d) Experimental, theoretical and field investigation; applied

research, development.

(e) Develop design criteria for wastewater collec- tion/transportation systems employing a single vacuum

transport main in the collection of wastewaters from multiple sources (toilets, kitchens, laundry, showers).

(g) The transport efficiency of a vacuum system (i.e., gallons of wastewater transferred per unit of energy input) is a

function of air to water ratio. The design head for a

vacuum transport system must include the total head that

results from the cummulative positive sloping portions of

the line, and pipe line velocity and friction heads. Vortexing has been found to produce about a 40 percent decrease in vacuum wastewater transfer rate.

U.S. NAVAL OCEAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY, Bay St. Louis, NSTL Station, Miss. 39529. Dr. Ralph Goodman, Technical Director.

330- 10788-420-00 WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTION STUDIES IN A LARGESCALE OUTDOOR SIMULATION FACILITY

(c) Ming-Yang Su. Address same as above.

(d) Basic theoretical and experimental study.

(e) Investigate the influence of the steady nonuniform currents, either with or without curvature, on the wave

propagation and its power spectra density. The experimental facility is an outdoor flood plain simulation facility with

a dimension of 300' wide, 4500^ long and 3^ deep. The

waves with a crest length of 50'' are generated mechanically.

(/) In the process of design and fabrication of a wave maker

and sensors/data acquisition system.

NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTER, Department of the Navy, San Diego, Calif. 92152.

331-07219-550-22 PROPULSOR DESIGN

(£>) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) D. M. Nelson, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code 6342.

(d) Theoretical, experimental, applied research.

(e) Develop advanced theoretical methods for the design of underwater propulsors to program them for high speed

computers, and to apply them to the design of hardware which may be experimentally verified. Work to date has concentrated on the development of a lifting-surface design method for counter-rotating propellers operating on

an axisymmetric body.

(/) Completed.

(g) The two sets of counter-rotating propellers designed in the past using the lifting-surface design method performed

very close to the design specifications. Hence, the method

appeared to be a very useful engineering tool which should be maintained. Consequently, the computer programs have been consolidated into an easily used design package

which can be supplied to other facilities. Final documentation of the design package has been published. Three new

sets of counter-rotating propellers are currently in various

stages of design and fabrication. When tested, these designs will provide further checks on the accuracy of the design method.

(h) Development and Application of a Lifting-Surface Design

Method for Counter-Rotating Propellers, D. M. Nelson, NUC TP 326, Nov. 72. A Computer Program Package for Designing WakeAdapted Counter-Rotating Propellers: A User's Manual, D. M. Nelson, NUC TP 494, Dec. 1975. 331-07221-160-20 FLOW NOISE WITH POLYMERS

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) J. M. Caraher, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code 6342.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Study the effect of dissolved polymers on wall pressure

fluctuations in a pipe.

(J) Completed.

(g) Measurements of the turbulent boundary layer wall pres- sure fluctuations of polymer-water solution concentration 242
of 25, 50, 100, and 200 parts per million by weight of polymer at velocities from 6.73 to 17.4 m/sec were made

in a 0.1016-meter-diameter pipe. Spectral data from

Polyox WSR-301 concentrations of 25 and 50 weights in parts per million (wppm) indicate increases in flow noise

levels at Strouhal numbers (&>U/R)of less than 4 and

greater than 100. Spectral data from the higher concentrations 100 and 200 wppm indicate little attenuation at low

Strouhal numbers but increasing attentuation at high

frequency with concentration. The attenuation at a Strouhal number of 100 was 25 db for a concentration of 200 wppm Polyox WSR-301. These results imply that polymers can be used as a noise-reducing agent in pipe flow, if the proper concentration of polymer is chosen. Space correlation measurements indicated that the pressure-fluctuation disturbances decayed at a higher rate in a 200-wppm

polymer solution than the pressure-fluctuation disturbances in water only.

( /? ) Measurement of Turbulent Boundary Layer Noise Reduction in Pipe Flow Using Polyox WSR-301, T. L. Lewis, J. M. Caraher, NUC TN 1698, June 1976. 331-09445-250-00 VELOCITY PROFILES IN DRAG-REDUCING FLOWS

(c) Dr. M. M. Reischman, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code

6342.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Accurately measure the mean and fluctuating components

of the stream-wise velocity of drag-reducing flows in a

fully-developed, two-dimensional channel flow. The pur- pose was to make measurements which would be sufficient

to describe the mean turbulent transport of momentum

and hence the mean velocity profile, test theoretical models, and make inferences about the drag-reduction

mechanism. This was accomplished by making laser Doppler anemometer measurements in a turbulent channel

flow of a dilute polymer solution. Measurements were also made in water to establish the "standard" character of the channel and to establish the accuracy of the laser anemometer. The laser anemometer was operated in the

individual realization mode. Velocity measurements were made using three polymers. Separan AP-273, Magnifloc

837-A, and Polyox WSR-301, and at several Reynolds

numbers. The flow conditions were varied to yield drag

reductions ranging from 24 percent to 40 percent. The

shear stress was calculated using the slope of the velocity

profile near the wall. The polymer concentration was held

constant at 100 wppm.

(/) Completed.

(g) The calculation procedure for predicting mean velocity

profiles in drag-reducing flows is presented. The procedure

is based upon the eddy diffusivity model of Cess and it requires only pressure drop, flow rate and geometry infor- mation. The predictions show excellent agreement with ex- perimentally measured profiles in both Newtonian and

drag-reducing flows.

(/j) Calculation of Velocity Profiles in Drag-Reducing Flows, W.

G. Tiederman, M. M. Reischman, ASME J. of Fluids Engrg., Sept. 1976. 331-09449-250-20 FRICTION-REDUCING SUSPENSIONS

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. J. W. Hoyt, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code 6301.

(d) Experimental research.

(e) Fibers of asbestos, glass, and acrylic were found to greatly reduce the turbulent-flow friction of aqueous suspending

fluids. Experiments show that fibers having the smallest diameter, and substantial length-to-diameter ratio gave the most friction reduction at the smallest weight concentration of fiber. Current work involves the study of the effect of these drag-reducing fibers on cavitation inception. An

acoustic-cavitation inception apparatus, operating at 12.5 kHz has been used to show that fibers with high length-to- diameter ratios are effective in reducing the cavitation in- ception index (in the same manner as long-chain

polymers). An asbestos fiber suspension required twice the acoustic energy for cavitation inception than did the suspending water alone, at a fiber concentration of 500 ppm.

(g) See (e). (h) Cavitation in Polymer Solutions and Fiber Suspensions, J. W. Hoyt, Cavitation and Polyphase Flow Forum, ASME

Spring Mfg., June 15-17, 1977, New Haven, Conn. 331-09450-250-20 WATER JET PHOTOGRAPHY

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. J. W. Hoyt, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code 6301.

(d) Experimental basic research.

(e) The effects of shape parameters on the performance of

water-jet nozzles discharging in air were investigated using

a camera specially adapted for jet photography. The boundary-layer developing on the exit surface of the nozzle is shown to account for the jet appearance revealed by high

speed photography. Optimum nozzles seem to have the boundary-layer transition to turbulence inside the nozzle;

transition outside the nozzle being accompanied by spray formation and early jet disruption. The effect of polymer

additives seems to be earlier transition and a thinner tur- bulent boundary layer inside the nozzle which improves jet performance. Also, instabilities occurring in high Reynolds

number water jets discharging in air have been made visi- ble. These instabilities include the axisymmetric mode ac- companying the transition from laminar to turbulent flow

at the nozzle exit, spray formation as a culmination of the axisymmetric disturbances, and further downstream, heli- cal disturbances which result in the entire jet assuming a

helical form. The final disruption of the jet is due to amplification of the helical waves. It is further shown that the amplification of the helical disturbances is due in part to aerodynamic form drag, since jets discharging into sur- rounding air moving at the same speed as the jet remain

relatively stable, compared with the case when the jet is discharged into stagnant air. (g) See (e). (h) Mechanism of Air Entrainment in a High-Speed Water Jet,

J. W. Hoyt, J. J. Taylor, Proc. IAHR Symp. Two-Phase Flow and Cavitation, Grenoble, p. 329, Apr. 1976. Turbulence Structure in a Water Jet Discharging in Air, J. W. Hoyt, J. J. Taylor, to appear Physics of Fluids. Effect of Nozzle Shape and Polymer Additives on Water Jet Appearance, J. W. Hoyt, J. J. Taylor, ASME Reprint 77- FE-16, June 1977 ASME Mtg., New Haven, Conn. Waves on Water Jets, J. W. Hoyt, J. J. Taylor, accepted

for publication, J. Fluid Mechanics. 331-09451-250-22 COMPLIANT SURFACE STUDIES

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. M. M. Reischman, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code

6342.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Define, characterize, and evaluate the concept of drag- reduction and noise suppression by the use of a variety of compliant surfaces. An experimental investigation of the interaction of flat plate compliant surfaces and adjacent shear flows was conducted using photographic techniques

in a recirculating water tunnel at NOSC. The flat plate ap- paratus containing a small area for the compliant surface was constructed and placed in the center of the water tun- nel flow field. The compliant surfaces were polyvinyl chloride plastisols.

(f) Terminated.

(g) A substantial amount of velocity, drag, and visual measurements have been made. Results show that the compliant surfaces interact with the adjacent flow not only on

the large scale (i.e. static divergence and drag increase) but also on a scale characteristic of the near-wall turbulent

flow. Several plastisol gels have been evaluated as a function of elapsed time and good reproducibility obtained in- dicating the formulation procedure is reliable. 243

254-330 0 - 78 - 17
331-10771-010-00 BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL BY SUCTION

(b) Naval Ocean Systems Center, Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. T. G. Lang, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code 631.

(d) Experimental basic and applied research.

(e) Tests are conducted on various 30-inch long, 2-inch diamter, sting-mounted, porous-shelled models in the NOSC water tunnel at Reynolds numbers up to 10 X 106

. Also, clogging tests are conducted on porous materials in the ocean. The objective is to obtain basic information on

boundary layer suction for underwater vehicles. (g) Laminar flow has been maintained up to 9 X 10" Reynolds number.

(h) Publication in process. 331-10772-250-20 POLYMER POLYDISPERSITY

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. M. M. Reischman, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code

6342.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) The effects of polydispersity in drag reduction were stu- died by testing two narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene samples individually and in mixtures.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results indicate that the largest molecules in the dis- tribution determine the value of the onset point and that

this value decreases with increasing molecular weight.

Above the onset point the magnitude of the drag reduction

effect is shown to be a complex function of both molecular weight and polydispersity.

(/i) The Role of Polydispersity in the Mechanism of Drag

Reduction, D. L. Hunston, M. M. Reischman, Ph\sics of

Fluids 18, 12, Dec. 1975. 331-10773-010-22 ROUGHNESS/TRANSITION EXPERIMENTS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. M. M. Reischman, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code

6342.

(d) Experimental applied research.

(e) The objective is to measure and evaluate the effects of

surface roughness, angle of attack and thermal transients on thermally stabilized boundary layers. Analytical efforts include verification of Transition Analysis Program System

(TAPS) computer code with respect to roughness simulation, and establishment of a more meaningful formula to characterize the roughness/flow interaction. Transition measurements will be made on all ellipsoid of revolution in the NOSC low-turbulence water tunnel with a laser Doppler anemometer. The basic shape is a 9:1 ellipsoid of

revolution, hence giving an essentially constant pressure body. Four surface configurations are to be tested with and without heat addition at the wall. The primary diagnostic tool is a TSI Series 1090 laser Doppler anemometer.

Heating of the ellipsoid is accomplished via hot water cir- culation within the model.

(g) Extensive data has been taken with a smooth, cold 9:1 el- lipsoid. Results agree well with theoretical analysis by McDonnell Douglas, which included complete transition and

stability calculations. Qualitative data has been obtained

for a cold 9:1 ellipsoid with a 30/j. inch rms finish and an

extensive data set has been made on an identical body

with a 120/x inch rms finish. Results thus far have confirmed the theory hence validating the model construction technique and water tunnel/hardware stability.

(/i) Roughness Effects on Transition on an Ellip- soid-Preliminary Results, G. L. Donohue, M. M.

Reischman, Proc. RAND Low-Speed Transition Workshop,

Sept. 1976. 331-10774-050-20 JET CAVITATION

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. J. W. Hoyt, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code 6301.

(d) Experimental basic research.

(f) Using a specially designed camera adapted for photography of water jets, a study was made of the effect of polymer additives on underwater jet cavitation. The

camera provides two exposures of the same field, separated in time by an adjustable period from 10 to 100/i

sec. Thus a determination of the rapidity of cavitation events can be made. In addition to providing information on the speed of cavitation event, the effect of polymer additives on the cavitation was studied. The drag-reducing

additive, polyacrylamide, at a concentration of 25 parts per million, greatly decreased the cavitation inception index (i.e., it was more difficult to cause cavitation), but more interestingly from the flow visualization standpoint,

greatly changed the appearance of the cavitation bubbles. Whereas the bubble appearance in pure water resembled ragged groups of small bubbles with the overall impression

of sharpness and roughness, the cavitation bubbles in polymer solution are larger, rounded, and of completely

different appearance. The implications of this result in in- dustrial flow operations and cavitation noise production is being studied.

(g) See (e).

(/i) Effect of Polymer Additives on Jet Cavitation, J. W. Hoyt,

Trans. ASME, J. Fluids Engrg. 98, p. 106, 1976.

Visualization of Jet Cavitation in Water and Polymer Solutions, J. W. Hoyt, J. J. Taylor, presented Intl. Symp. Flow

Visualization, Tokyo, Oct. 1977.

U.S. NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, Washington, D. C. 20375. L. M. Noel, CAPT, USN, Commander.

332-07063-020-00 DIFFUSIVITY OF HEAT AND SALINITY IN WATER

(c) Dr. Allen H. Schooley, Code 8304, Building 208.

(d) Experimental exploratory applied research.

(e) Molecular and eddy diffusivity of temperature and salinity

in water were measured with no turbulence and controlled amounts of increasing turbulence.

(f) Completed.

(g) The dissipation of turbulent power density (P) was found

to be on the order of 107 larger than the power density

(P') consumed in changing the thickness of the pycnocline. The experiments hint that P/P' may be relatively constant over a range of turbulence.

(h) Turbulent Diffusion of Temperature and Salinity: An Experimental Study, A. H. Schooley, 8th Symp. Naval Hydrodynamics, ONR, Cal. Tech., Aug. 1970. Symp. Proc. ARC-179, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Va. 332-07064-460-00 VISCOUS FLOW IN THE AIR AND WATER WITHIN THE

MOLECULAR SUBLAYERS AT THE NAVIFACE (SEA-AIR

INTERFACE)

(c) Dr. Allen H. Schooley, Code 8304, Building 208.

(d) Phenomenological applied research.

(e) Heat balance at the sea surface is assumed to be dominated by molecular evaporation, and molecular heat conduction very near to the undulating naviface, plus a radiation balance term. The effective thickness of the molecular layers is dependent on the conditions of wind

speed, phase position along the wave, air-sea temperatures, and cloud conditions. Laboratory wind-tunnel experiments

are being used to help understand limited observations at sea.

if) Completed.

(g) Some preliminary results are given under (h). (h) Diffusion Sublayer Thickness Over Wind Disturbed Water

Surfaces, A. H. Schooley, J. Phvs. Oceanog. 1, 3, p. 221,

July 1971. Whitecap Suppression by Cloud Shadows, A. H. Schooley,

J. Mar. Res. 30, 3, p. 315, Sept. 1972. 244
Wind-Swept Water Surface in Laboratory Cooled by Applying Heat, A. H. Schooley, J. Mar. Res. 31, 1, p. 93, Jan. 1973. 332-07065-420-22 MICROWAVE SCATTERING FROM WIND WAVES

(£>) Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. John W. Wright, Code 8344.

(d) Basic experimental research on wind-generated water waves using microwave radars; basic theoretical research on mechanisms for the growth of water waves by the wind.

(e) Understand the short gravity-capillary part of the oceanic water wave system. Microwave radars are used to measure

water wave speeds and amplitudes in laboratory wave

tanks. Emphasis is placed on the response of the spectrum

to external forces and other parts of the wave spectrum.

Theory of wave-wave interactions and how the wind

generates waves is conducted.

(g) The temporal growth of waves having wavelengths between 7 mm and 7 cm has been measured over a wide

range of windspeeds. Effects of straining due to long water waves on the short gravity -capillary part of the wave spec- trum have been studied both experimentally and theoretically; good agreement exists for wind speeds less than ten

knots.

(h) Wind-Generated Gravity-Capillary Waves; Laboratory Measurements of Tempord Growth Using Microwave

Sachscatter, T. R. Larson, J. W. Wright, J. Fluid Mech. 70,

pp. 417-436, Aug. 1975. Microwave Scattering and the Straining of Winds

Generated Waves, W. C. Heller, J. W. Wright, Rad SC 10, pp. 139-147, Feb. 1975. The Wind-Drift and Wavebreaking, J. W. Wright, J. Phys.

Oceanog. 6, pp. 402-405. Growth of Gravity-Capillary Waves in a Coupled Shear

Flow, G. R. Valenzuela,. J. Fluid Mech. 76, pp. 229-250,

Aug. 1976. Growth of Waves by Modulated Wind Stress, G. R. Valenzuela, J. W. Wright, J. Geopliys Res. 81, pp. 5795-5796, Nov. 1976. On the Highest and Other Solitary Waves, J. Witting, SIAM Journal of Applied Math. 28, pp. 700-719, 1975. Turbulent Structure in Benthic Boundary Layers, Book, Bottom Turbulence, J. C. J. Nihoul, ed., Elsevier Science

Publishing Co., Amsterdam, pp. 59-81, 1977. 332-07067-420-00 SEA SPECTRA ANALYSIS

(c) Denzil Stilwell, Jr. and R. O. Pilon, Code 7914.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigations of optical

techniques for the measurement of statistical descriptors of

the ocean surface.

(e) This program involves Sea Photo Analysis (SPA)

techniques wherein the two-dimensional spectrum of the ocean surface is obtained by coherent Fourier analysis of

transparencies exposed under a specified set of conditions. These procedures have been verified by simultaneous photographic and in situ measurements. Computer models

of the reflected and upwelling polarized radiances of the ocean surface have been developed.

(g) SPA techniques have been used to provide detailed ground

truth for radar, laser and acoustic scattering.

(/i) Determination of Ocean Surface Descriptors Using Sea

Photo Analysis Techniques, R. O. Pilon, NRL Rept. 7574,

July 1973.

Directional Spectra of Surface Waves from Photographs, D.

Stilwell, Jr., R. O. Pilon, J. Geophys. Res. 79. 9, pp. 1277-

1284, Mar. 1974. 332-08523-250-20 DRAG REDUCTION

(h) Office of Naval Research and Naval Ship Systems Command.

(c) R. C. Little, Code 6170.

id) Experimental and theoretical applied research.

(e) Combined experimental and theoretical investigations were made of the drag reducing ability of polymers and association colloids in both aqueous and nonaqueous environ- ments. An improved understanding of the mechanism of drag reduction will allow the synthesis of even more effective agents for both Naval and civilian applications. The

ultimate objective of the project was to relate the observed

drag reduction effect to the molecular and micellar struc- ture of the agents used.

(f) Suspended.

(/i) Some Observations on Drag Reduction in Polyacrylic Acid

Solutions, O. K. Kim, R. C. Little, R. Y. Ting, accepted for publication in Intl. Symp. Polyelectrolytes and Their Appli- cations, A. Rembaum, E. Selegny, eds., Reidel Pub. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 275, 1975. Drag Reduction: Polymer Homology, Solvent Effects and

Proposed Mechanisms, published in Polymeres et Lubrification. Editions due Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, R. C. Little, R. J. Hansen, D. L. Hunston, O.

K. Kim, R. L. Patterson, R. Y. Ting, 1975. Drag Reduction Characteristics of Poly( aerylamides) in Aqueous Magnesium Sulfate and Acetone Solutions, R. L. Patterson, D. L. Hunston, R. Y. Ting, and R. C. Little, J. Chem. Eng. Data 20, 381 (1975). Potassium Polyphosphate and Its Drag Reducing Properties, D. L. Hunston, R. C. Little (submitted to 1977 BHRA

Conference on Drag Reduction, England).

The Interaction of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and

Polyethylene Oxide, R. L. Patterson, R. C. Little, Nature

253, No. 5486 ( 1975). Some Observations on the Zinc Stearate-Toulene System R. C. Little, J. Colloid and Interface Sci. 51, 200 (1975 ). The Drag Reduction of Poly(cthy lene oxide)-Carboxylate

Soap Mixtures, R. L. Patterson, R. C. Little, J. Colloid and

Interface Sci. 53, 1 10 ( 1975). Number-Average and Viscosity-Average Molecular Weights

of Popular Drag Reducing Polymers, R. C. Little, R. Y.

Ting, ./. Chem. Eng. Data 21, 422 (1976).

The Drag Reduction Phenomenon: Observed Characteristics, Improved Agents and Proposed Mechanisms, R. C.

Little, et al., I & EC Fund. 14, 283 ( 1975). Characterization of the Drag Reducing Properties of Poly(ethyleneoxide) and Poly(acrylamide) Solutions in External Flows, R. C. Little, R. L. Patterson, R. Y. Ting, J. Chem. & Eng. Data 21, 281 (1976). Breaking Emulsions in Navy Bilge Collection and Treat- ment Systems, R. C. Little, R. L. Patterson (submitted to Environmental Science and Technology).

Breaking Emulsions in Navy Bilge Collection and Treat- ment Systems, R. C. Little, R. L. Patterson, NRL Memo

Rept. 3424, Nov. 1976. 332-08524-250-00 STABILITY OF LAMINAR PIPE FLOWS OF DRAG-REDUCING POLYMER SOLUTIONS

(c) R. J. Hansen.

(d) Experimental basic research.

(e) Experimental work is conducted to ascertain the nature of

the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in pipe flows where, by virtue of small pipe diameter or large solvent

viscosity, large shear rates are realized at subcritical Reynolds numbers. Experimental techniques employed in- clude pressure drop measurements and laser Doppler

anemometry.

(/) Completed.

(g) Laser Doppler anemometry is employed to measure the mean velocity and turbulence intensity in the early turbu- lence regime of the flow of a dilute polymer solution through a small-diameter tube. (This regime is initiated at an onset Reynolds number in the subcritical range, above which the polymer additive increases drag, and continues through the transitional Reynolds number range, where a continuous transition to turbulent flow with reduced drag

245
is observed.) When the onset flow rate for early turbulence is exceeded, the mean velocity profile becomes

progressively flatter with increasing flow rate. That is, a gradual transition from a laminar profile at onset to a more "turbulent-like" profile takes place. Turbulence in- tensities at the tube centerline are about one half those of

a fully-developed turbulent flow. The inference is drawn

from these results that the onset of early turbulence cor- responds to the flow becoming hydrodynamically unstable due to viscoelastic effects introduced by the polymer additive and that the character of the flow is intermediate between laminar and fully developed turbulent flow,

(/i) Laser Doppler Velocimetry Studies of Early Turbulence, J. L. Zakin, C. C. Ni, R. J. Hansen, M. M. Reischman,

Physics of Fluids, 1977. 332-09418-010-22 TURBULENT STRUCTURE OF GEOPHYSICAL BOUNDARY

LAYERS

(b) Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Clifford Gordon, Code 8342.

(d) Field studies of the benthic boundary layer in an estuary

including measurements of Reynolds stress, turbulent

kinetic energy and velocity profiles. (e) Establish whether the findings of contemporary wind tunnel and laboratory boundary layer investigations are

directly applicable to the large scale turbulent structure of geophysical boundary layers. The most specific interest is in the scaling behavior of the bursting phenomenon.

(g) Direct measurements have shown that most of the vertical transport of horizontal momentum in a marine boundary

layer occurs intermittently; 90 percent of the transport takes place in about 30 percent of the time. (h) A Pivoted-Vane Current Meter, C. M. Gordon, C. F. Dohne, Ocean 73, pp. 46-49, IEEE, Inc., N. Y., 1973. Some Observations of Turbulent Flow in a Tidal Estuary, C. M. Gordon, C. F. Dohne, J. Geophys. Res. 78, pp. 1971-1978, Apr. 20, 1973.

Intermittent Momentum Transport in a Geophysical Boundary Layer, C. M. Gordon, Nature 248, pp. 392-394, Mar.

29, 1974. The Period Between Bursts at High Reynolds Number, C. M. Gordon, Phys. Fluids, Feb. 1975. 332-09419-030-22 VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION OF UNDERSEA CABLES

(b) Naval Facilities Engineering Command.

(c) Owen M. Griffin, Steven E. Ramberg, Code 8441.

(d) Applied experimental and theoretical aesearch.

(e) The vortex-excited motions of marine cables are studied experimentally and theoretically. Of particular interest is the development of practical methods to predict the vibration response and increased drag of strumming cables.

(g) A heuristic model has been developed that can predict the maximum modal response provided that the modal

frequencies, damping, and in-water added mass are known.

Laboratory experiments have obtained the required modal

information over a wide range of conditions including taut and slack cables. The methodology, along with increased drag predictions, has been verified by comparison to the measured Seacon II cable array motions.

(/i) The Resonant Vortex-Excited Vibrations of Structures and

Cable Systems, O. M. Griffin, R. A. Skop, S. E. Ramberg,

Offshore Tech. Conf. Paper 2319 (May 1975). Some Resonant Vibration Properties of Marine Cables with

Application to the Prediction of Vortex-Induced Structural

Vibrations, S. E. Ramberg, O. M. Griffin, R. A. Skop,

ASME Ocean Engrg. Mechanics, OED 1, pp. 29-42 (1975). Free Vibrations of Taut and Slack Marine Cables, S. E. Ramberg, O. M. Griffin, ASCE J. Structural Div, 1977. Strumming Predictions for the Seacon II Experimental

Mooring, R. A. Skop, O. M. Griffin, S. E. Ramberg,

Offshore Tech. Conf. Paper 2884 (May 1977).

332-09420-250-00 INTERACTION OF A SHEAR FLOW WITH A COMPLIANT

BOUNDARY

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) R. J. Hansen.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) The effects of surface compliance on boundary layer flows

is examined experimentally and theoretically. Of particular

interest are alterations in skin friction drag due to surface compliance and deformations in the surface caused by the

fluid. (g) An experimental study of the flow over a compliant region

of a flat plate has been completed. Three major classes of

surface waves generated by the flow are identified in terms

of their origin and propagation velocities. The nondimensional onset velocity for two of the three types of waves is identical to that previously observed in rotating disk ex- periments. The third type of wave, associated with irregularities in the coating topography, has a lower onset

velocity. A high-aspect-ratio rectangular channel has been

constructed to conduct detailed studies of the effects of

various types of flexible surfaces on skin friction drag. (h) Further Observations on Flow Generated Surface Waves in Compliant Surfaces, R. J. Hansen, D. L. Hunston, J. Sound and Vibration 46, pp. 593-596 ( 1976). 332-1071 1-030-20 FLOW-INDUCED MOTIONS OF FLEXIBLE CABLES AND

CYLINDERS ALIGNED WITH THE MEAN FLOW

DIRECTION

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) C. C. Ni and R. J. Hansen, Code 8441, Bldg. 3-4. (d) Basic and applied experimental research.

(e) A large, blowdown water channel with a 14.8 m long, 19 cm i.d. transparent test section is used in this work. Flow

velocities in the test section of up to 9 m/sec can be real- ized. A rigid rod of the same diameter as the flexible test specimen is mounted on the axis of the test section for the

first twenty hydraulic diameters to produce a fully developed annular flow. The front end of the test specimen is attached to the downstream end of this rod, and the downstream extremity of the test piece may be

either free to move or fixed. The lateral, flow-induced motions of the flexible cable or cylinder are monitored optically. (g) Flow-induced lateral motions on the order of one cylinder diameter in amplitude are observed in 1.6 cm diameter

flexible cables and cylinders. The motions can be

described as a limited band stationary, random process of predominantly low frequency content (under 20 Hz). Above a critical flow velocity a stationary bending defor- mation (static divergence) is superimposed on the random

disturbances of a smooth cylinder with a free downstream

end.

(/i) An Experimental Study of Flow-Induced Motions of Flexi- ble Cables and Cylinders Aligned with the Mean Flow

Direction, ASME Paper 76-WA/FE-15 1976.

DAVID W. TAYLOR NAVAL SHIP RESEARCH AND DEVELOP- MENT CENTER, Department of the Navy, Headquarters,

Bethesda, Md. 20084.

ANNAPOLIS LABORATORY, Annapolis, Md. 21402. L. F. Marcous, Head, Propulsion and Auxiliary Systems Department; R. J. Wolfe, Head, Materials Department.

333-10712-550-22 WATERJET PROPULSION STUDIES

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) J. Strieker, Gas Turbines Branch (Code 2721).

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research and

development.

246
(e) Waterjet systems and components are being studied for high performance planing craft, hydrofoils, and surface ef- fect ships. System concepts aimed toward improving per- formance and reducing machinery weight have been

devised and analyzed, and promise of achieving gains in these areas shown for the following items: ( 1

) use of boundary layer-ingesting inlet designs for planing craft; (2) use of thrust augmentation devices for hydrofoil operation at low speeds; and (3) use of series-installed pumps and nozzles in surface effect ships. Design of axial flow and centrifugal pumps has been studied to identify possible im- provements in efficiency and weight. Effects of polymer

injection have been analyzed and scale model pump ex- periments run. Experimental studies of fixed and variable area pod-type inlets have been made, and analytical stu- dies in this area are underway. Model studies of flush inlets for planing hulls are currently underway, with emphasis on inlet-hull interaction and inlet added-drag characteristics. (g) Analyses of medium and high speed hydrofoil designs

show promise for take-off thrust augmentation systems in improving range and/or payload capabilities. Auxiliary fan

jet thrusters are the most likely candidates for this require- ment. Series-installed pumps with diverter valves show

promise of improving the part-power or cruise-condition range of high speed SES's, and also in improving the effi- ciency of large planing craft waterjet systems which are required to operate at medium-speed cruise and highspeed dash conditions. The effects of boundary layer flow

ingestion on planing craft efficiencies and total thrust requirements are currently being investigated, and model

test results are inconclusive at this time. Available design methods for high speed strut-pod inlet systems have been shown experimentally to be inadequate and current efforts are aimed at developing accurate design procedures.

(/i) DTNSRDC reports may be requested through NTIS:

Experimental Facility for Strut-Pod Inlets, No. SPD 671-

01, Dec. 1975. Performance Gains of Wide Boundary Layer Inlet Systems, No. PAS-75-45, Mar. 1976. Hydrodynamic Performance of a Variable Area Hydrofoil

Inlet, No. SPD-735-01, Feb. 1977. 333-10713-520-22 MATERIALS FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE SHIPS

(b) Naval Material Command, Support Technology Division (NAVMAT 034).

(c) A. Rufolo, Code 284 and J. J. Kelly, Code 2803.

(d) Experimental; applied research and development.

(e) Development of coatings and overlay materials which can

provide corrosion, erosion and antifouling protection; of

structural materials which can resist erosion, primarily that produced by cavitation; of fabric reinforced rubber for

seals and skirts of surface effect ships (SES) and surface

effect vehicles (SEV). Cavitation studies are performed on

(1) a rotating disk apparatus, (2) vibratory equipment, and (3) a high speed Venture nozzle. Dynamic per- formance studies on fabric reinforced rubber are carried out on a rotating drum impactor. Field trials have included experimental applications on Navy hydrofoils and air- cushion vehicles (ACV).

(g) Materials with high resistance to cavitation erosion have been evaluated and catalogued. Skirt/seal operational life, demonstrated to be a critical problem, has been increased through the discriminating selection of the components of

fabric-reinforced rubbers. Basic studies continue on the dynamic behavior of skirt/seal materials.

(/i) Development and Evaluation of Skirt/Seal Materials for Surface Effect Vehicles, J. J. Kelly, W. Klemens, H. S. Preiser, DTNSRDC, Annapolis, Md., in Hovering Craft A

Hydrofoil, Kalerghi Publications, U.K., Sept. 1976. 333-10714-610-22 FIRE-RESISTANT HYDRAULIC FLUIDS FOR NAVAL SURFACE SHIPS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA 035).

(c) R. W. McQuaid, Code 2831.

id) Experimental; research and development.

(e) Development of substitute fire-resistant hydraulic fluids to replace the currently used phosphate ester MIL-H-19457B

for surface ship hydraulic systems, including elevator systems of aircraft carriers, ram tension and sliding block systems of underway replenishment supply ships. The

requirements for the new hydraulic fluids are: increased

fire-resistance, thermal and oxidative stability, better load- carrying capability, higher viscosity index, improved compatibility with system materials, and environmental acceptability. Potential candidates as suitable replacement

fluids are water-base, silicone and phosphazene type fluids. Military specification MIL-H-22072 water-glycol fluid has been found adequate as an interim substitute for MIL-H19757B. It gave satisfactory performance in laboratory

tests of two weapons elevator pumps for approximately 1000 hours. It is currently being evaluated in pumps of lower fluid capacity. Longer term objectives of this pro- gram are to develop a water-based hydraulic fluid with su- perior properties to those of MIL-H-22072, particularly in the area of higher flash point residue, improved seawater

compatibility and better thermal characteristics. 333-10715-610-22 SEAWATER EMULSIF1 ABLE HYDRAULIC FLUIDS FOR

SUBMARINES

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command, NAVSEA 035.

(c) C. L. Brown, Code 2831.

(d) Experimental; research and development.

(e) Seawater and contamination of submarine external hydraulic systems is a continual problem for the U.S. Navy. The

currently used petroleum-based fluid (MS 2110TH, M1LL- 1 7672) does not provide adequate corrosion protection

for the degree of seawater contamination and the static conditions which the system sometimes experiences. A

new type of hydraulic fluid, meeting the military specifica- tions MIL-H-24430A has been developed and field tested

in four submarines for approximately one year. During this test period the hydraulic systems experienced seawater contamination of up to 4.2 percent; there was no signifi- cant change in the fluid properties resulting from this amount of seawater contamination, and the overall per- formance of the fluid was considered satisfactory. Laboratory analysis of the experimental fluid samples revealed unusually high concentration of insoluble particulate matter, which was identified as a very tight emulsion of

reaction products of an emulsifying additive. However, no

observable adverse effects, such as filter clogging or valve

sticking, were reported during the test period. The insolu- ble particles were for the most part smaller than 14 micrometers, thus they were not trapped by the shipboard

filter elements which have absolute porosities of 25 micrometers or larger.

(/) Service use of fluid awaits resolution of the significance of

particulates.

DAVID W. TAYLOR NAVAL SHIP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER, Department of the Navy, Headquarters,

Bethesda, Md. 20084.

CARDEROCK LABORATORY, Bethesda, Md. 20084. W. E. Cummins, Head, Ship Performance Department.

334-08529-040-22 TWO-DIMENSIONAL ADDED-MASS AND DAMPING FOR

BODIES OSCILLATING IN A FLUID OF FINITE DEPTH

(b) Naval Ship Systems Command.

(c) Mr. D. J. Sheridan, Ship Performance Department.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A method for predicting the two-dimensional added-mass and wave damping for arbitrary bodies was developed for shallow water flows using a closefit source distribution technique.

(f) Completed.

247
(g) The potential function for a single source oscillating in a

fluid of finite depth has been developed,

(/i) Computation of the Velocity Potential for a Pulsating Source in a Fluid with Free Surface and Finite Depth, D. J. Sheridan, DTNSRDC Rept. SPD-652-01, Dec. 1975. 334-08531-550-22 CONTRAROTATING PROPELLERS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) E. B. Caster, Mathematician, Propulsor Technology

Branch.

(d) Theoretical; development.

(e) To apply recent advances in propeller design-theory and

numerical computation procedures to the design of contrarotating propellers and thus permit improvements in the propeller operational characteristics including cavitation performance and vibration characteristics.

(/) Theoretical work completed; experimental phase awaiting

funds.

(g) A computer program for the preliminary design of single screw propellers, based on Lerbs moderately loaded

propeller theory, was recently developed to run on the CDC high speed computer. A similar new propeller design program has also been developed for contrarotating

propellers. The most important new feature of the contrarotating propeller design procedure was to use Kerwin's

field point velocity program based on finite bladed lifting surface theory to determine the interaction effects of the forward and aft propellers. The new and old contrarotating

propeller design programs gave similar results for the for- ward propeller but significantly different results . were obtained for the aft propeller. The new design computer pro- gram should give designers a better tool for designing and

predicting the performance of contrarotating propellers.

(Ii) A Lifting Line Computer Program for the Preliminary

Design of Propellers, E. B. Caster, et al., DTNSRDC Rept. SPD-595-01, Sept. 1976. A Computer Program for the Preliminary Design of Contrarotating Propellers, E. B. Caster, et al., DTNSRDC

Rept. SPD-596-01, Sept. 1976. 334-08533-550-22 BLADE TURNING EFFORT OF CONTROLLABLE PITCH

PROPELLERS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Robert J. Boswell.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) Provide data applicable to the prediction of blade turning

effort and blade spindle strength requirements of controllable-pitch (CP) propellers. This information is necessary

in order to improve the design technology and structural

reliability of CP propellers.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results of this project showed the effects of blade

width, pitch, advance coefficient, rake, and skew on blade

turning effort, as discussed in the report listed in para- graph (h).

(It) Experimental Spindle Torque and Open-Water Per- formance of Two Skewed Controllable-Pitch Propellers, R.

J. Boswell, et al., DTNSRDC Rept. 4753, Dec. 1975

(available Defense Documentation Center). 334-08540-250-00 POLYMER DRAG REDUCTION AND DEGRADATION STUDIES

(c) Dr. T. T. Huang, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Experimental and theoretical work; basic research.

(e) Experimental characterization of polymer drag-reduction

by pipe flow tests and shear degradation in rotating disk

tests. Use of data to develop reliable drag-reduction prediction techniques for plates and bodies.

(f) Completed.

(g) Gross characterization of polymer drag reduction and

degradation have been completed.

(/i) Drag Reduction and Shear Degradation of Dilute Polymer

Solutions as Measured by a Rotating Disk, T. T. Huang, N.

Santelli, DTNSRDC Rept. 3678, Sept. 1972. Drag Reduction of Degraded and Blended Polymer Solutions, T. T. Huang, N. Santelli, DTNSRDC Rept. 4096,

Dec. 1975. 334-08542-520-00 SHIP RESISTANCE COMPONENTS

(c) Dr. T. T. Huang, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Experimental work primarily; applied research.

(e) Shear stress pressure distribution, wake velocity, streamlines, and waves are being, measured for a Series 60/Block 60 surface ship model. The directionality of shear stress is determined from high aspect ratio hot films. The data will serve as a base for development and verification of re- sistance prediction techniques. Forces and free-surface elevations of a yawed surface-piercing plate are also in- vestigated. (g) Measurements of force and free-surface elevations for a yawed surface-piercing plate have been completed.

(/i) Experimental Forces and Free-Surface Elevations for a Yawed Surface-Piercing Plate, R. B. Chapman, DTNSRDC

Rept. 76-0002, Jan. 1977. 334-09430-550-00 WATERJET PUMP DEVELOPMENT FOR SHIP PROPULSION

(c) R. S. Alder.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) To incorporate current available theoretical procedures for the design of conventional and supercavitating propellers

into the design of a waterjet impeller/stator system in order to improve pump efficiency and/or impeller cavita- tion performance and the overall efficiency of waterjet systems. Waterjet propulsor systems fulfill specialized power requirements where appendage and draft restric- tions are critical to maneuverability and overall per- formance of the ship.

if) Discontinued.

(g) Performance tests have been completed on a 31-ft water- jet-powered planing craft equipped with a redesigned impeller. Inlet velocity measurements were also obtained in the experiments. Experimental results are presently being

analyzed. Further waterjet testing is planned using a static test stand.

(/i) Inlet Velocity Distribution of a Full Scale Flush Inlet Waterjet, R. S. Alder, DTNSRDC Rept. SPD-718-01, Aug.

1976. 334-09431-550-22 BLADE LOADING OF CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLERS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Robert J. Boswell, Code 1544.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A combined experimental and analytical program is under- way to develop improved techniques for predicting blade loading of controllable-pitch propellers over a complete

range of operating conditions. This is necessary in order to improve the design technology and structural reliability of

controllable pitch propellers. The six components of blade loading were measured behind a single screw hull and be- hind a twin screw hull under the following simulated conditions: steady ahead, crash astern (deceleration), crash ahead (acceleration), and ship motions. Dependent upon

the conditions simulated, the time average, transient, and

unsteady portions of each component of blade loading were determined. Additional experiments under idealized flow conditions will be conducted during FY77 in an at- tempt to isolate the reasons for discrepancy between

theory and experiments as described in paragraph (g). (g) The experimental results behind the model hulls showed

that hull pitching substantially increases the unsteady loading, and that unsteady loading during simulated crash 248
ahead and crash astern operation was smaller than the unsteady loading for full power steady ahead operation. For

steady ahead operation, circumferential variation of loading determined from the model experiments agreed fairly well with full-scale data, but was substantially larger than

the theoretically calculated values.

(/>) Experimental Determination of Mean and Unsteady Loads

on a Model CP Propeller Blade for Various Simulated Modes of Ship Operation, R. J. Boswell, et al., presented

1 1 th ONR Symp. Naval Hydrodynamics, University College

London, London, England, Apr. 1976. (Available Supt. of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C. 20402).

Experimental Unsteady and Mean Loads on a CP Propeller Blade on a Model of the FF1088 for Simulated Modes of Operation, DTNSRDC Rept. 76-0125, Oct. 1976 (available from Defense Documentation Center). 334-09432-550-22 PROPELLER BLADE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Robert J. Boswell, Code 1544.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) Provide experimental measurements of the pressure dis- tribution on models of controllable pitch (CP) propellers. Measurements will be made with the propellers operating

in uniform flow and in nonuniform flow for design conditions and for off-design conditions including backing, crash back and crash ahead operations. This information is required in order to evaluate the theoretical methods

being developed for predicting the hydrodynamic per- formance of propellers, and in order to improve the design

technology and structural reliability of CP propellers. During FY77 the pressure is being measured at 40 locations on one CP propeller in uniform flow and in inclined flow.

(g) Results of preliminary experiments indicate that the ex- perimental technique is promising. 334-09434-550-00 PROPELLER DESIGN THEORY FOR HIGHLY SKEWED

PROPELLERS

(c) Dr. T. Brockett, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Numerical analysis and computer program are being

developed for an analytical formulation of the propeller

design problem which includes the effect of the radial component of the blade-surface normal vector. Propellers with large variations in warp (or skew) angle, rake, or

pitch can have a significant radial component. Unless the

effect of this radial component is properly accounted for, uniformly satisfactory cavitation and powering per- formance is not likely to be achieved.

(/) Completed.

(g) Computer program suitable for routine propeller design

operations. Example propeller designed and manufactured.

Experimental evaluation showed improved cavitation and

propulsion performance relative to alternative design schemes.

(/i) LFTSUR-A Lifting-Surface Propeller-Design Program, J. H. McMahon, DTNSRDC Rept. SPD-731-01, Oct. 1976.

Cavitation Characteristics and Comparison of Model

Propellers 4620 and 4673, G. S. Belt, DTNSRDC Rept. SPD-731-02, Oct. 1976. 334-09436-550-00 TANDEM PROPELLER DESIGN

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Robert J. Boswell.

(d) Theoretical; experimental, design.

(e) A procedure has been developed for the design of tandem

propellers. The specific tandem propeller arrangement

considered is two propellers operating one behind the

other, on the same shaft with the same rotational speed and direction of rotation. The procedure has been proven

valid for the design of tandem units operating in uniform

inflow and should be applicable to wake-adapted design

cases. The ability to design tandem propeller units which meet prescribed performance criteria and which operate at acceptable propeller efficiencies could have considerable impact on ship powering technology. Tandem propellers can be applied to ships with high delivered horespower, where vibration and cavitation erosion are anticipated

problems, and where the physical constraints make a tan- dem arrangement attractive.

(/) Completed.

(g) A tandem propeller unit designed using this method was

constructed and evaluated for open-water propulsion and

cavitation performance. The performance data showed

that the unit produced the desired thrust at the design

revolution rate and that the open-water efficiency was as good as a single propeller carrying the same load at the same operating conditions. Cavitation performance was

comparable to an equivalent single propeller, but the cavitation on the aft propeller was somewhat dependent on clearance between the propellers.

(It) Cavitation and Open-Water Performance of a Set of Tan- dem Propellers, R. D. Kader, DTNSRDC Rept. SI'D-592-

01, Nov. 1974. A Procedure for the Design of Tandem Propellers, S. B. Denny, DTNSRDC Rept. 530-H-04, June 1974. 334-09437-010-00 STRUCTURE OF BOUNDARY LAYERS AND TURBULENCE

WITH APPLICATION TO DRAG REDUCTION, NOISE

GENERATION, AND WAKE DETECTION

(c) Dr. T. T. Huang, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Experimental work, basic research.

(e) Measure the structure of hydrodynamic turbulence by hotfilm anenometers and Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV)

in boundary layers, wakes, and jets, with emphasis on data

relevant to drag reduction, transition, noise generation,

cavitation, wake detection and diffusion. (g) Hot-film measurements and detailed computation of the structure of high Reynolds number turbulence behind a

grid in a water tunnel have been completed. Hot-wire measurements of turbulence structure on thick axisymmetric boundary layer. Pressure fluctuation in the regions of

flow transition have been measured. Analytical investiga- tion of the influence of viscous effects on a model/fullscale cavitation scaling has been made. Hot-wire measure- ments of turbulence structure on thick axisymmetric boundary layer have been completed.

(/>) Pressure Fluctuations in the Regions of Flow Transition, T.

T. Huang, D. E. Hannan, DTNSRDC Rept. 4723, Dec.

1975.

Influence of Viscous Effects on Model/Full-Scale Cavitation

Scaling, T. T. Huang, F. B. Peterson, J. Ship Research 20,

4, pp. 215-223, Dec. 1976. Pressure Fluctuations in the Transition Regions of Forebodies of Revolution, T. T. Huang, presented LowSpeed Boundary-Layer Transition Workshop: II, Santa Monica, Calif., 13-15 Sept. 1976 (RAND Corporation). Grid Turbulence in Air and Water, F. Frenkiel, P. Klebanoff, T. T. Huang, presented Amer. Physical Society, College Park, Md., Nov. 1975. 334-09438-010-00 LAMINAR FLOW BODIES

(c) P. S. Granville, K. P. Kerney, Naval Hydromechanics Division. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Analytical methods are being devised to predict viscous drag of bodies of revolution with maximum laminar boundary layer and hence, minimum drag.

(g) See (h).

(/i) Geometrical Characteristics of Streamlined Shapes, P. S. Granville, J. Ship Research 13, 4, Dec. 1969. The Prediction of Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow in Boundary Layers on Bodies of Revolution, 1 0th 249
Symp. Naval Hydrodynamics, June 1974, Office of Naval

Research, Arlington, Va.

Similarity-Law Entrainment Method for Thick Axisymmetric Turbulent Boundary Layers in Pressure Gradients, P. S. Granville, DTNSRDC Rept. 4525, Dec. 1975.

Description and Evaluation of a Digital-Computer Program

for Calculating the Viscous Drag of Bodies of Revolution,

K. P. Kerney, N. M. White, DTNSRDC Rept. 4641, Dec.

1975. 334-09439-520-00 VISCOUS DRAG OF SURFACE SHIPS

(c) P. S. Granville, Naval Hydromechanics Division.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Analytical method is developed for predicting the partial form factor of the viscous drag of surface ships which is required in extrapolating the total drag of ship models to

full-scale conditions by the classical Froude method. The

partial form factor is calculated from boundary-layer

theory for an equivalent body of revolution representing

the underwater hull of a surface ship. (g) See (h).

(/i) A Modified Froude Method for Determining Full-Scale Resistance of Surface Ships from Towed Models, P. S. Granville, J. Ship Res. 18, 4, Dec. 1974.

Partial Form Factors from Equivalent Bodies of Revolution

for the Froude Method of Predicting Ship Resistance, P. S. Granville, Proc. 1st Ship Tech. and Research Symp., Aug.

1975, Soc. Naval Architects and Marine Engrg., N.Y. The Drag and Turbulent Boundary Layer of Flat Plates at Low Reynolds Number, P. S. Granville, J. Ship Research

21, 1, Mar. 1977. 334-09441-550-00 PROPELLER-HULL INTERACTION

(£>) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) T-. T. Huang, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Experimental and theoretical work; applied research.

(e) Development of theoretical and computational methods to predict the effect of a propeller on thrust deduction and wake fraction. Experiments to determine propeller-induced

boundary-layer velocity perturbations will be made with a laser-Doppler velocimeter.

(g) Theoretical and experimental work for axisymmetric

bodies has been completed.

(/i) Propeller/Stern/Boundary-Layer Interaction on Axisymmetric Bodies: Theory and Experiment, T. T. Huang, H. T. Wang, N. Santelli, N. C. Groves, DTNSRDC Rept. 76- 0113, Dec. 1976.

Interaction of Afterbody Boundary Layer and Propeller, T.

T. Huang, B. D. Cox, presented Symp. Hydrodynamics of

Ship and Offshore Propulsion Systems, He vik, Oslo, Norway, 20-25 Mar. 1977 (sponsored by Det norske Veritas). 334-09442-030-00 FLOW TRANSITION AND TURBULENCE STIMULATION

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command..

(c) J. H. McCarthy, J. Power, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Experimental work primarily; applied research.

(e) Determination of the locations of flow transition and

laminar separation on axisymmetric models at Reynolds

numbers of up to 4 x 107

. Determination of effective tur- bulence-stimulation techniques and development of im- proved methods for predicting prototype drag from model

drag measurements.

(g) Experiments on nine bodies have been completed.

(/;) The Roles of Transition, Laminar Separation, and Turbulence Stimulation in the Analysis of Axisymmetric Body

Drag, J. McCarthy, J. Power, T. Huang, Proc. 11th ONR

Symp. Naval Hydrodynamics, London, Apr. 1976. The Role of Boundary-Layer Transition in the Analysis of Model Resistance Experiments and Cavitation-Inception

Scaling, J. McCarthy, Proc. Intl. Sem. Ship Technology , Seoul, Feb. 1976.

Drag, Flow Transition and Laminar Separation on Nine

Bodies of Revolution Having Different Forebody Shapes, J. Power, DTNSRDC Rept., 1977. 339-09444-520-20 NUMERICAL HYDROMECHANICS OF NAVAL VEHICLES

(b) Office of Naval Research and Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. Nils Salvesen, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Numerical and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Develop direct numerical methods for the prediction of

those free-surface performance characteristics of Naval

ships and advanced vehicles which cannot be satisfactorily predicted by conventional methods. Attention will be focused on the following problem areas: the nonlinear bow-wave; three-dimensional ship wave resistance; and the nonlinear surface-piercing strut. (g) See publications. (h) Survey of Numerical Solution Techniques for Water Wave

Problems, C. von Kerczek, 1st Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship

Hydrodynamics, Oct. 1975, DTNSRDC (Organizer),

Bethesda, Md. 20084. Comparison of Numerical and Perturbation Solutions of Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Water Wave Problems, N. Sal- vesen, C. von Kerczek, J. Ship Research, 1976. Numerical Solutions of Two-Dimensional Nonlinear BodyWave Problems, N. Salvesen, C. von Kerczek, 1st Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Oct. 1975, DTNSRDC (Organizer), Bethesda, Md. 20084.

Finite Difference Methods for Transient Potential Flows

with Free Surfaces, H. J. Haussling, R. T. Van Eseltine, 1st

Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Oct. 1975, DTNSRDC (Organizer), Bethesda, Md. 20084.

Free-Surface Effects of Yawed Surface-Piercing Plates, R.

B. Chapman, J. Ship Research, 1976. Numerical Solution for Hydrodynamic Coefficients of a Surface-Piercing Strut, R. B. Chapman, 1st Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Oct. 1975, DTNSRDC

(Organizer), Bethesda, Md. 20084. Numerical Analysis of Ship Maneuvering Problems, R. B. Chapman, presented 11th ONR Naval Hydrodynamics

Symposium, London, Apr. 1976. A Variational Principle Associated with a Localized Finite Element Technique for Ship-Wave and Cavity Problems, B. Yim, 1st Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Oct. 1975, DTNSRDC (Organizer), Bethesda, Md. 20084. A Fast Fourth Order Laplace Solver for Application to Numerical Three-Dimensional Water-Wave Problems, S. Ohrihg, 1st Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Oct. 1975, DTNSRDC (Organizer), Bethesda, Md. 20084. A Localized Finite Element Method for the Uniform Flow

Problems with a Free Surface, K. J. Bai, 1st Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Oct. 1975, DTNSRDC

(Organizer), Bethesda, Md. 20084. 334-10716-030-22 BODIES ON OR NEAR A FREE-SURFACE

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. Ming-Shung Chang, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Numerical and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Develop techniques to improve the predictions of ships' characteristics when operating on or near a free surface. Special problems of interest are the wave resistance of

ships and three-dimensional effects on the prediction of

ship motions in a seaway.

(g) See (h). (h) Hydrodynamic Forces on a Body Moving Beneath a Free

Surface, M. S. Chang, P. C. Pien, 1st Intl. Conf. Numerical

Ship Hydrodynamics, Bethesda, Md., 1975.

Velocity Potentials of Submerged Bodies Near a Free Surface-Application to Wave-Excited Forces and Motions, M.

S. Chang, P. C. Pien, 1 1th Symp. Naval Hydrodynamics,

1976. 250
334-10717-550-00 IMPROVED PREDICTIONS OF PROPELLER BLADE

LOADS

(c) Dr. T. Brockett, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Theoretical basis for predicting steady blade loading dis- tributions for conventional subcavitating propellers exists

in DTNSRDC Report 3880 for potential flow. Drag forces must be introduced empirically. Numerical analysis ap- proach must be formulated and programmed for computer

calculations. The final product will be a computerized tool for use in the design and analysis of propeller per- formance. The blade loading is of vital importance for

stress analysis and cavitation predictions. The range of applicability of the program will be to operating conditions

close to the design point. 334-10718-550-00 IMPROVED PREDICTION OF FLUCTUATING PROPELLER

FORCES

(c) Dr. T. Brockett, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) An analytical investigation will be undertaken to develop

equations to be programmed for the determination of the

fluctuating forces produced by a given propeller operating

in a nonuniform wake field. Two different types of singularities (vortex and dipole) will be analyzed and comments made as to the efficiency of computations. Better models

for computing fluctuating forces will lead to reduced

vibrations and improved cavitation predictions.

(g) The development of the dipole singularity representation is complete. 334-10719-520-00 PREDICTION OF MOTION OF MONO-HULL OR TWINHULL SHIPS

(c) K. K. McCreight, High Performance Craft Dynamics

Branch.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Development of computer program for predicting motion

of mono-hull and twin-hull ships in waves was made.

(/) Completed.

(g) Motion in five degrees of freedom, except surge, in regular or irregular waves for arbitrary headings and speeds of conventional surface ships, catamarans, and small water- plane area, twin-hull ships can be computed; theoretical

basis available in DTNSRDC Report 76-0046, 1976.

(/;) Manual for Mono-Hull or Twin-Hull Ship Motion Prediction Computer Program, K. K. McCreight, C. M. Lee, DTNSRDC Rept. SPD-686-02, 1976. 334-10720-520-00 COMPUTATION OF WAVE LOADS ON TWIN-HULL SHIPS

(c) R. M. Curphey, Submarine Dynamics Branch.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Development of computer program based on theoretical prediction of wave loads on cross structure and struts of

twin-hull ships in beam waves was made.

(/) Completed.

(g) Analytical basis available in DTNSRDC Rept. 77-0027,

1977; computer program operational and provides the

results which correlate with model experimental results excellently. (h) Computation of Loads Acting on the Cross Structure and

Struts of Twin-Hull Ships in Beam Waves, R. M. Curphey,

DTNSRDC Rept. SPD-651-01, 1975. 334-10721-520-22 MOTION, STABILITY, AND WAVE LOAD OF TWIN-HULL

SHIPS

(b) Naval Material Command.

(c) Dr. C. M. Lee, Ship Dynamics Division.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Theoretical methods of predicting motion, vertical-plane

stability and wave load of conventional catamarans and

small waterplane area, twin-hull (SWATH) configurations were developed. Linear equations of motion formulated in frequency domain were used with the hydrodynamic coefficients obtained by strip theory. The hydrodynamic in- teractions between the two hulls, viscous damping, and

stabilizing fin-body interactions are included in the hydrodynamic coefficients.

(f) Completed.

(g) Good agreement between predicted results and model ex- perimental results confirmed the validity of the theoretical prediction methods. The theoretical methods are being

utilized in the preliminary design stage of SWATH ships. (h) Theoretical Prediction of Motion of Small-Waterplane-Area, Twin-Hull (SWATH) Ships, C. M. Lee, DTNSRDC Rept. 76-0046, 1976. Determination of Size of Stabilizing Fins for Small Waterplane Area, Twin-Hull Ships, C. M. Lee, M. Martin,

DTNSRDC Rept. 4495, 1974.

Theoretical Prediction of Dynamic Wave Loads on Small Waterplane Area, Twin-Hull Ships, R. M. Curphey, C. M.

Lee, DTNSRDC Rept. 77-0027, 1977.

Prediction of Motion and Hydrodynamic Loads of Catamarans, C. M. Lee, H. D. Jones, R. M. Curphey, Marine Technology 10, 4, 1973. 334-10722-520-22 HYDRODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS OF A SMALL-WATERPLANE-AREA, TWIN-HULL MODEL

(£>) Naval Material Command.

(c) Dr. C. M. Lee, Ship Dynamics Division.

(d) Experimental work primarily; applied research.

(e) Experimental investigation of the hydrodynamic coeffi- cients associated with the vertical-plane modes was made. The stability coefficients, motion-induced coefficients and

wave-exciting coefficients were determined. Particular in- terest was placed on the hydrodynamic coefficients of fin- body interactions.

if) Completed.

(g) Experimental results were compared with the theoretical

results. Generally good agreement was obtained, especially

for the damping contributed by the stabilizing fins.

(/i) Experimental Investigation of Hydrodynamic Coefficients of a Small-Waterplane-Area, Twin-Hull Model, C. M. Lee, L. O. Murray, DTNSRDC Rept. SPD 747-01, 1977. 334-10723-520-00 MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOATING BODIES

(c) Dr. C. M. Lee, Ship Dynamics Division.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) The' motion characteristics of floating bodies, in and below

a free surface, that are subjected to surface waves were

examined. The effects of various degrees of approximation

of hydrodynamic coefficients on the computed results of motion were investigated.

(J) Completed.

(g) For submerged bodies, the motion can be computed with

satisfactory results with a crude approximation. If the added mass and wave-making damping are incorporated

into the equation of motion, the wave-exciting term should

include the wave-diffraction effects to predict motion correctly. Froude-Krylov hypothesis can lead into erroneous motion predictions. (h) Motion Characteristics of Floating Bodies, J. Ship Research

20, 4, 1976. 334-10724-520-22 AIR CUSHION VEHICLE LIFT SYSTEMS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command. Research Administered by

AALC Office, DTNSRDC, Code 118.

(c) George Wachnik, Code 118, David D. Moran, High Per- formance Craft Dynamics Branch.

(d) Theoretical, applied research. 251
(e) The static and dynamic behavior of the hydraulic (air supply and distribution) system which represents the lift system of an air cushion vehicle is investigated through the development of mathematical models and the examination

of experimental data collected for model and full-scale compressors and air distribution systems. The dynamic

performance of large centrifugal and mix-flow compressors which are subject to periodic variations in the downstream

or exit pressure are of particular importance. The purpose

of the research is to provide methods for the design of in- creased efficiency ACV lift systems for operation in ocean

waves.

(g) ACV lift sytems are subject to a hysteresis response in the performance characteristics. Compressors operated under dynamics conditions in an ACV exhibit looped per- formance curves (pressure-discharge fan maps) which

deviate significantly from static (zero frequency) per- formance curves.

(/i) Air Cushion Vehicle Fan Dynamic Response: A Review of

the Literature, D. D. Moran, DTNSRDC Rept. SPD-695-

01, June 1976. 334-10725-520-22 MOTIONS OF PLANING BOATS IN WAVES

(£>) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. M. Martin, Ship Dynamics Division.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) A theoretical method is derived for predicting the

linearized response characteristics of constant deadrise, high-speed planing boats in head and following seas.

(f) Completed.

(g) Comparisons of the theoretical predictions of the pitch and heave response-amplitude operators and phase angles with existing experimental data show reasonably good

agreement for a wide variety of conditions of interest. Notwithstanding severe nonlinear effects near the resonance encounter frequency as the speed approaches the porpoising limit, it is concluded that the linear theory in its present form can serve as a useful design tool, especially since it has already been shown that the effect of hull parameters on performance as obtained from data in the

linear range is valid for operation in realistic seas. (h) Theoretical Prediction of the Motions of High Speed Planing Boats in Waves, M. Martin, DTNSRDC Rept. 76-0069;

also submitted to J. Ship Research in Jan. 1977. 334-10726-520-22 PORPOISING OF PLANING BOATS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. M. Martin, Ship Dynamics Division.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) A theoretical method is derived for predicting trim angle and speed coefficient at the inception of porpoising of

prismatic planing hulls.

(/) Completed.

(g) Comparisons of theoretical predictions with existing ex- perimental data on porpoising for a wide range of operating conditions, show generally good agreement. The theory

may also be used for estimating the natural frequencies and damping characteristics of the boat in the stable planing range. It was also shown that the surge degree of freedom has only a very small effect on porpoising.

(/i) Theoretical Determination of Porpoising Instability of HighSpeed Planing Boats, M. Martin, DTNSRDC Rept. 76- 0068, Apr. 1976; also submitted to J. Ship Research in Oct. 1976. 334-10727-030-22 DYNAMICS OF BUOY-CABLE-BODY SYSTEMS

(b) Naval Air Development Center.

(c) Dr. Henry T. Wang, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Theoretical/numerical; applied research.

(e) A FORTRAN IV computer program has been developed

for the time domain analysis of the two-dimensional dynamic motions of general buoy-cable-body systems. A

variety of shapes are used to model the surface buoy and

intermediate bodies. The cable is modeled by a series of

finite elements.

(g) The computer program has been shown to be applicable

for a wide variety of cable systems. It is currently being

validated by a series of full-scale tests. (h) A FORTRAN IV Computer Program for the Time Domain

Analysis of the Two-Dimensional Dynamic Motions of General Buoy-Cable-Body Systems, H. T. Wang,

DTNSRDC Rept. 77-0046, 1977. 334-10728-010-22 BOUNDARY LAYER STABILITY AND TRANSITION

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. C. von Kerczek, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Theoretical/numerical; applied research.

(e) Development of efficient computer method based on Smith-Van Ingen linear stability "e9 " method to predict

transition in planar or axisymmetric, heated or unheated and with or without suction, boundary layers. Three- dimensional perturbations to flow, geometry and/or heating will be considered.

(g) Computer program for unheated flows completed. 334-10729-010-22 ASPECTS OF BOUNDARY LAYERS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. C. von Kerczek, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Theoretical/numerical; applied research.

(e) Development of methods and computer programs for cal- culating three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers on

ships' hull. {g) Three-Dimensional Cumpsty-Head momentum-integral

method with small cross flow approximation for ships' hull completed. Extension to arbitrary crossflow underway. 334-10730-550-22 THE EFFECT OF MODEL SIZE ON PROPELLER PER- FORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command, Code 037.

(c) Mr. Richard Hecker, Code 1524.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) It has been observed over the years that geometrically

similar model propellers of different sizes seem to have

different characteristics especially in open-water. Analysis and a literature survey have shown this to be generally

true. Further investigation has led to the belief that three- dimensional pressure gradients due to centrifugal forces af- fect the transition to turbulent boundary layer on the

blades.

(g) Only a small part of the experimental program has been completed but results to date show a systematic change in propeller characteristics with model propeller size. In general for pitch-ratio less than 1.0 the smaller propeller

gives the highest force coefficients while for higher pitchratios the reverse is true. 334-10731-550-22 PROPELLER-HULL INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS IN STOPPING OF SHIPS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command, various codes.

(c) Mr. R. Hecker, Code 1524.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Computer simulations are made to predict how fast a ship can be stopped without exceeding any limits throughout

the propulsion train from prime mover to propeller. The

input to this simulation are the dynamics of the propulsion

system and the propeller. In addition the transient hull in- teraction coefficients must be included.

(g) The transient coefficients are approximated by performing

quasi-steady model experiments over a wide range of conditions. This has been done for several ships and reports are being written. It has been concluded that there is enough difference in the interaction coefficient that it is desirable, if not necessary, to perform these experiments.

252
334-10732-550-22 FEASIBILITY OF OVERLAPPING, PARTIALLY SUB- MERGED, SUPERCAVITATING PROPELLERS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command, Code PMS 304.

(c) Mr. Robert F. Roddy, Code 1524.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) An investigation into the feasibility of using overlapping

partially submerged, supercavitating propellers as the means of propulsion for large surface effect ships was carried out. The rationale for this work is that partially sub- merged propellers should produce higher efficiency, and

longer range than waterjets.

(/) Temporarily suspended.

(g) This method of propulsion is shown to be feasible and a performance estimate is developed for an 8,000 ton sur- face effect ship with a cushion length to beam ratio of 5. Most significantly, overlapping, partially submerged, supercavitating propellers were demonstrated to be feasible with

the performance of each propeller in the set approximating that of a single propeller in undisturbed flow.

(/i) Investigation of the Feasibility of Propelling Large Surface

Effect Ships with Widely Spaced, Partially Submerged, Supercavitating Propellers, R. F. Roddy, DTNSRDC Rept. SPD-742-01, Dec. 1976 (obtain from DDC).

High Performance Marine Propellers-An Overview, R. Hecker, R. J. Altman, ASME Marine Propulsion, OED 2, Dec. 1976. Experimental Performance of a Partially Submerged

Propeller in Inclined Flow, R. Hecker, SNAME Paper F, Spring Mtg., Apr. 1973.

NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS CENTER, White Oak, Silver Spring, Md. 20910. Mr. J. Colvard, Technical Director. 335-04867-510-22 HYDROBALLISTICS RESEARCH

(b) NAVSEA.

(c) J. A. Iandolo, Head, Hydrodynamics and Applied

Mechanics Branch.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Under the hydroballistics research program experimental and theoretical research is being conducted to solve im- mediate and long-range Navy problems in high-speed water entry, underwater launching of ordnance from moving submarines, mine case motion and dynamics, and new

weapon system synthesis in these technical areas. Specifically the water-entry research program is aimed at providing basic data on forces and moments that can be

used in the design of Naval ordnance that is required to enter the water at high velocity. As part of the program

the ability to predict the complete underwater trajectory of the ordnance after entering the water is also being

developed.

In order to accomplish this, extensive studies are being

made of the cavity-running phase involving cavity growth and attrition, and cavity pressure. The NAVSURFWPNCEN Hydroballistics Facility measuring 35 ft x 100 ft X 70

ft is ideally suited for these studies since it permits at- mospheric pressure reduction for cavitation scaling. The underwater launch program is directed at establishing the actual flow conditions, forces and moments that exist during the launch of the missiles or torpedoes from moving submarines. The ultimate goal is to increase the weapon launch capability and flexibility of existing and fu- ture Naval submarines,

(g) Results of recent studies include prediction of water-entry impact drag coefficients for cones, ogives, blunt nose

shapes; experimental determination of cavity pressure and

approximate techniques for estimating cavity size. Shock

spectra for blunt nose mine shapes have been obtained from model tests which agree with full-scale tests. Methods

of stabilizing slender vehicles so that they can enter the water at high speed and low entry angle without broaching were developed. In the area of underwater launch, a simple method of stabilizing a missile when launched from a

vertical tube on a moving submarine was developed.

(/;) Vertical Water Entry of Spheres, J. L. Baldwin, H. K. Steves, NSWCIWOLITR 75-49, May 7, 1975. An Experimental Investigation of the Axial Forces Generated by the Oblique Water Entry of Cones, J. L. Baldwin, Shock and Vibration Bull. No. 46, Aug. 1976. Estimated Hydrodynamic Coefficients for a High Per- formance Vehicle, C. W. Smith, NSWCIWOLITR 76-27, Apr. 1, 1976.

Analytical Model for Predicting the Dynamic Behavior of Cavities, C. W. Smith, NSWCIWOLITR 76-114, Dec. 1976.

Prediction of Impact Pressures, Forces, and Moments During Vertical and Oblique Water Entry, Dr. A. B. Wardlaw,

Dr. A. M. Morrison, Dr. J. L. Baldwin, NSWCIWOLITR

77-16, Jan. 15, 1977.

NAVAL UNDERWATER SYSTEMS CENTER, NEW LONDON

LABORATORY, New London, Conn. 06320. Capt. W. L. Bohannan, Commanding Officer; Dr. C. N. Pryor,

Technical Director. 336-09453-160-22 FLOW-INDUCED NOISE PREDICTIONS FOR AN IDEAL- IZED SONAR DOME

(b) Chief of Naval Material (MAT 03L4).

(c) Russell Christman, Mechanical Engineer.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The characteristics of the pressure field generated by in- finite and finite plates excited by turbulent boundary layer flow in the presence of heavy fluid loading are examined.

(J) Completed.

(g) In estimating flow-induced noise, the effects of the fluid environment on the plate are important and represent

forces to the plate that may be interpreted as both inertial and resistive forces. Not including all the effects of the

fluid leads to substantial errors in the estimation of flow- induced noise. A comparison of finite and infinite plate pressure spectra reveals that only at the surface of the

plate does the infinite plate provide a good estimate of the

finite plate pressure. (h) Installation of a Rectangular Test Section for Acoustic Water Tunnel Studies of Flow-Induced Noise, H. H. Schloemer, NUSC Tech. Rept. No. 4763, Aug. 21, 1974. 336-09454-240-29 FLUID FINITE ELEMENT DEVELOPMENT

(b) Department of Defense.

(c) A. D. Carlson, Engineering Mechanics.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Calculate the response of a structure in a fluid subjected

to pressure pulses. (g) Continued reasonable correlation between analysis and

several experiments,

(/i) A Summary of NASTRAN Fluid/Structure Interaction

Capabilities, 5th NASTRAON Users Colloquium, Oct. 5-6, 1976, A. J. Kalinowski, J. S. Pattel, NASA TM X-3428,

Oct. 1976.

NAVAL UNDERWATER SYSTEMS CENTER, NEWPORT

LABORATORY, Newport, R. I. 02840. Captain W. L. Bohannan, Commanding Officer; Dr. C. N. Pryor,

Technical Director. 337-09455-250-00 DRAG REDUCTION MECHANISM; POLYSTYRENE

(c) R. H. Nadolink, Project Engineer.

253
(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Using special ultra high molecular weight, nearly monodisperse, polystyrene, conduct experiments to elucidate the mechanism of polymeric friction reduction. Since

polystyrene is easily characterized and many solvent/nonsolvent systems are available, although they are non-aqueous, and a family of molecular weights available, meaningful experiments can be conducted with clear results. Also,

different solvent-temperature reactions can be tested. This

is clearly opposed to experiments conducted with commercially available poorly characterized bulk polymers of broad molecular weight distribution and limited solvent systems. Preliminary results clearly indicate that the flow/molecular relaxation time scales are the controlling

parameter in achieving high friction reductions with very

dilute polymer solutions. Work will be completed in 1978

with a formal report summarizing results.

(/i) Friction Reduction in Dilute Solutions of Polystyrene: Part

1, R. H. Nadolink, NUSC TR 4422. May be obtained by

contacting R. H. Nadolink, NUSC, Newport Lab. Code

3635. 337-09456-250-22 POLYMER NOISE-DRAG REDUCTION: ADVANCED APPLI- CATIONS

(£>) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) M. Cincotta, Chemical Engineer.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Construct a facility which will incorporate a laser Doppler

velocimeter and a special rectangular test section to deter- mine boundary layer diffusion; boundary layer polymeric

hydration; turbulent intensity effects of polymers; and controlling factors in boundary layer hydration of polymers. These results should begin to describe the mechanism of polymeric friction reduction and allow for tailoring of polymer ejection schemes for specific applications. Basic

calibration has been completed and baseline diffusion data taken with a unique laser system which measures both

velocity profiles and concentration gradients. Final reports have been issued.

if) Completed.

(It) Design, Construction, and Initial Measurements in the Water Tunnel Facility Utilizing Laser Doppler

Anemometry, M. Cincotta, NUSC TM-SB323-4054-76.

Experimental Investigation of the Dispersion of Particles in a Flat Plate Boundary Layer Using a Laser Doppler

Anemometer, L. Dinola, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Rhode

Island, 1975.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, DATA SERVICES BRANCH, Knoxville, Tenn. 37902. Mr. Claude H. Smith,

Branch Chief. 338-026 1W-8 10-00 PINE TREE BRANCH WATERSHED

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1304. 338-00765-810-00 EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To provide data for estimating reservoir losses and derive

a general rule, applicable to the Basin, permitting computation of evaporation from pans at six locations in Basin, together with standard meteorological readings.

(/i) Results published in monthly and annual bulletins, Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin (Project 00768). 338-00768-810-00 PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) A comprehensive study of rainfall and other weather phenomena for purposes of water dispatching and im- provements in water control; storm studies as related to maximum precipitation, rainfall-runoff, spillway design and

operation, etc.

(/?) Monthly and annual bulletins. Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin. 338-00769-860-00 RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Study of water utilization and water movement as con- cerns industrial and steam plant locations and stream pollution. Variations in temperature from surface to bottom

in selected reservoirs are determined by soundings, and by

continuous recording gages in selected natural streams. Periodic observations are made at gaging stations. 338-00771-350-00 GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DRAINS

(d) Field investigations; design.

(e) Weirs are placed in main galleries and drainage measured

as check on tightness and stability. 338-00785-350-00 SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS

(d) Field investigation; design and operation.

(e) Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed and sounded,

volumetric samples are collected and analyzed, quantity and distribution of sediment are computed to determine

deposition by stream, probable life of reservoir, effect of sediment storage on navigation channels and sedimentation of down-stream reservoirs, and probable sedimentation in future reservoirs.

(/i) Sedimentation in TV A Reservoirs, Rept. No. 0-6693, TVA,

Feb. 1968.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, WATER RESOURCES

MANAGEMENT METHODS STAFF, Knoxville, Tenn. 37902.

Walter O. Wunderlich, Supervisor. 339-08575-800-00 DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

METHODS

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The project will develop for the Tennessee River system comprehensive procedures which will allow current evaluation and consideration of all essential objectives, such as navigation, flood control, power production, water

quality management, water supply and recreation. The

methods will be used as day-to-day decision aids for TVA's water resource planning and management activities. They will expand the present decision-making process by

using more comprehensive and automated procedures

which can respond to the steadily increasing complexities

of water quantity and quality management.

(/;) List of reports available on demand.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, WATER SYSTEMS

DEVELOPMENT BRANCH, Drawer E, Norris, Tenn. 37828.

E. Ely Driver, Laboratory Director. 341-07080-340-00 RACCOON MOUNTAIN-HYDRAULIC TRANSIENT STU- DIES

(d) Field investigations.

(e) Measurements of water hammer and surges during initial operation and acceptance testing of the pump/turbines.

254
Transient flows, pressures, surge magnitude, gate openings,

shaft torque, etc., will be measured and recorded simul- taneously during simulated load rejection and pump power

failure. 341-07083-870-00 BROWNS FERRY NUCLEAR PLANT-CONDENSER-WATER

THERMAL DIFFUSION IN A THREE-DIMENSIONAL

MODEL

(d) Applied research; for design.

(e) Condenser cooling water is mixed with the flow in Wheeler Reservoir by means of three diffuser pipes. Flows

through Wheeler Reservoir are controlled by two hydro

projects. Wheeler and Guntersville Dams. These projects, operated for peaking power requirement purposes, cause

highly variable flows in Wheeler Reservoir. A distorted

scale model, supplied with inflows of heated and cooled

water to simulate the condensate cooling problem, is being used to develop water temperature information.

(g) Data from the field will be taken, under several combinations of river flows and discharge conditions, so that comparisons may be made with model study results. 341-08570-860-00 FORT PATRICK HENRY REOXYGENATION STUDIES

(d) Field investigation; experimental.

(e) Tests on the performance of small oxygen bubble reaeration technique for increasing the dissolved oxygen in tur- bine discharges. At a pilot setup at Fort Patrick Henry

Dam, measurements were made of oxygenation uptake ef- ficiency as a function of water flow rate, oxygen flow rate, placement of the oxygen bubble generators and their pore

size. Flows up to 4400 cfs were used. Calculations of cost of a full scale system and its sensitivity to variations in the design were made.

(J) Completed.

(g) A final report of the study will be available in the summer

of 1977. 341-09458-870-00 WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT SULPHUR DIOXIDE

SCRUBBER

(d) 1:16 scale model study for design.

(e) A plexiglas model using hot air, cold air and water was

used to study the countercurrent air/water flow and hot

air/cold air reheater performance. Design information was

generated on guide vanes, baffle plates, grids, demister and

reheater gas mixing capacity for a particular duct configuration. In addition spray nozzle tests were made to deter- mine pressure loss and drop size distributions for 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8 scale geometrically similar nozzles. The results of these tests were used to simulate the water spray in the

1:16 scale gas duct model.

(/) Completed.

(g) Results of these tests were presented in internal TVA re- ports to the sponsoring organization. 341-09460-340-00 RACCOON MOUNTAIN PUMPED-STORAGE PROJECT,

HYDRAULIC TRANSIENT STUDIES, NUMERICAL

MODEL

(d) Applied research; for design.

(e) A numerical model was used to develop information for estimating the effects of changes in the tunnel system at Raccoon Mountain due to variations in mode of operations. A change from one steady-state to another such as due to turbine load acceptance, turbine load rejection or pump power loss would subject the tunnel system to transient pressures and produce fluid mass oscillations in the surge tank.

(J) Completed.

A monograph delineating the two numerical schemes

which can be used to describe this type of transient flow

behavior, the method of characteristics and the implicit method, is being prepared.

341-10733-350-00 COLUMBIA DAM SPILLWAY STRUCTURE

(d) Model study for design.

(e) A 1:80 scale hydraulic model was used to develop spillway

capacity curves, stilling basin geometry by scour tests, water surface profiles for training wall design, velocities and wave heights for riprap protection.

if) Completed.

(g) A set of Advance Reports covering the results of the vari- ous aspects of the model study have been issued to Divi- sion of Engineering Design. 341-10734-870-00 HYDROTHERMAL PHYSICAL MODELING OF THERMAL

DISCHARGE DIFFUSERS

(d) Applied research; for design.

(e) The performance of multiport diffuser systems for the discharge of blowdown from closed cycle cooling systems

at steam electric generating plants is studied using physical

hydraulic models. Positively or negatively buoyant

discharges are modeled using temperature as an indicator of diffuser induced dilution and plume structure. Multiport

diffusers are modeled using the equivalent slot concept, which equates port size and spacing to an equivalent slot of equal length and port area.

(/i) Effect of Orientation to Flow Direction on Diffuser Induced

Dilution and Plume Structure in a Shallow River, C. D. Ungate, E. E. Driver, XVIlth Congr. Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic

Research, Baden-Baden, Germany, Aug. 15-19, 1977. 341-10735-340-00 SEQUOYAH AND WATTS BAR NUCLEAR PLANTS-RHR

SUMP VORTEX STUDIES

(d) Experimental model study for design.

(e) Prior to licensing of nuclear generating plants, the efficacy of the Residual Heat Removal system must be demonstrated. Plans are underway to construct a scale model of

the containment structure and the sump from which the RHR pumps take suction. The aim of the study is to develop a geometry which results in no air entraining vortices at the sump. 341-10736-330-00 PICKWICK LANDING NAVIGATION LOCK STUDY

(d) Experimental model study for design.

(e) A new navigation lock is to be added at the Pickwick Landing Dam. The new lock will be 1 10 x 1000 feet long with a maximum lift of about 65 feet. This will be the lon- gest lock on the Tennessee River and it will be designed

with TVA's multi-port filling and emptying system. The

1 :25 scale model of the upstream approach, the lock chamber, and the downstream approach will be used to check the adequacy of the filling and emptying system. Transient pressures, surges, waves, and hawser forces will be measured. The object of the study is to minimize lock

filling and emptying times and also the water turbulence and hawser forces. 341-10737-850-00 SURVIVAL OF LARVAL FISH IMPINGED ON FINE MESH

SCREENS

(d) Experimental biological laboratory and field study-basic

research.

(e) Basic data is sought on the feasibility of screening larval

fish from a pump intake to mitigate adverse impact on the

fish population. Measurements were made in the laboratory of the degree of entrainment and mortality of fish impinged on fine mesh screens by flow normal to the screen

for different time intervals and approach velocities. Screens with openings from 0.5-2 mm were tested under

velocities from 0.5-2 fps with larval fish sized from 4-8 mm for impingement times of up to 8 minutes. Several fish species were tested. Also panels of fine mesh screens were 255
mounted on an existing condenser cooling water intake for

a coal fired steam generating plant equipped with standard

vertical traveling screens, and the size and numbers of impinged larval fish were analyzed and compared to the laboratory tests. (f) Completed.

(g) Final report will be completed in the summer of 1977. 341-10738-850-00 MODIFICATIONS OF VERTICAL TRAVELING SCREENS

TO IMPINGE AND RELEASE UNHARMED LARVAL FISH

(d) Experimental, biological, laboratory tests for design.

(e) A laboratory apparatus has been constructed by means of which the vertical motion of traveling screen baskets can

be simulated. The test basket with fine mesh screening

material is made to move through a stream of water, through the air and through a circular, emptying motion. The mortality of larval fish will be studied for different

species, different screen mesh sizes, varying approach

velocities and simulated screen traveling times. The effects of stress points like impingement, removal from the stream, washing off the screen, and dumping into a return

sluice will be studied separately. Modifications to the screening system will be made to obtain improved larval

fish mortality. 341-10739-340-00 BROWNS FERRY NUCLEAR PLANT-COOLING TOWER

LIFT CIRCUIT TESTS

(d) Experimental, field investigations for operations.

(e) Used condenser cooling water is pumped up to the top of mechanical draft cooling towers. Measurements have been made on the pumps, the pipes and the cooling towers as part of the acceptance testing. Measurements of pump

vibrations, pump performance, pressures, pressure pulsations, hydraulic transients, cooling tower flow distribution, water temperatures, and water flow rates have been made. The flow rate measurements were made with especially constructed and calibrated pitot-meter probes traverses. 341-10740-870-00 THERMAL DISPERSION AND FLUID DYNAMICS MODELING

(b) Environmental Protection Agency.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Computer models are being developed for analyzing the

effects of thermal discharges from steam plants on temperatures and velocities in the receiving body of water. A

three-dimensional, unsteady model provides relatively fine scale resolution within approximately a 10-kilometer reach

of the plant. A two-dimensional, unsteady model is used

for analyzing an entire reservoir or a long reach of river.

(/() Analysis of the Thermal Effluent from the Gallatin Steam

Plant During Low River Flows, W. R. Waldrop, F. B. Tatom, Tech. Repl. No. 33-30, June 1976. 341-10775-850-00 INTAKE AVOIDANCE TESTS WITH LARVAL FISH

(d) Experimental biological laboratory tests-basic research.

(e) A test flume is used to study the capability of larval fish of

different species to avoid impingement on a slotted, wedge-wire screen when the approach velocity is parallel to the screen surface and flow is provided by passing the

screen. Screens are tested in both the horizontal and verti- cal positions, with different slot widths and for different bypass flow ratios.

Washington, D. C. 20590. Charles F. Scheffey, Director

of Research.

342-08577-360-00 ENERGY DISSIPATORS FOR CULVERTS AND HIGHWAY

DRAINAGE STRUCTURES

(c) J. S. Jones.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Investigation of various schemes of dissipating the erosive force of water in highway drainage structures has been

completed. The investigation included a survey of energy

dissipation practices used by highway agencies. The in- vestigators developed design procedures based on past research reports and on recent laboratory testing of trans- verse roughness bars placed along the culvert floor. (g) A circular was prepared to provide design information for energy dissipation at culvert outlets and in open channels. Design information is included for the following types of

dissipators: hydraulic jump, forced hydraulic jump, impact

basin, drip structure, and preformed scour holes lined with

riprap.

( h ) Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators for Culverts and

Channels, Hydraulic Engrg. Circular No. 14, FHWA, Office of Engrg., Washington, D.C. 20590, Dec. 1975.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, Office of Research, HRS-42,

256
PROJECT REPORTS FROM CANADIAN LABORATORIES

ACRES CONSULTING SERVICES LIMITED, 5259 Dorchester

Road, Niagara Falls, Ontario L2E 6W1, Canada. Dr. I. K. Hill, Head, Hydraulic and Environmental Departments. 400-08156-340-75 NINE-MILE POINT THERMAL MODEL STUDY

(b) Quirk, Lawler and Matusky, Engineers.

(c) Mr. B. Pomerhn, Acres American Incorporated, Consulting Engineers, Liberty Bank Building, Main at Court, Buffalo, New York 14202.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) Construction and testing of a thermal hydraulic model to study thermal discharge into Lake Ontario by cooling water from the Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation NineMile No. I and No. 2 units. The 1:80 undistorted scale model covered a lake area 8,800 feet by 14,000 feet. Automated data acquisition and processing by computer was

utilized during testing.

if) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The study demonstrated acceptable dispersion patterns and surface temperatures under normal operating conditions. 400-09468-340-75 PERRY THERMAL MODEL STUDY

(b) NUS Corporation.

(c) Mr. D. Mayer, Acres American Incorporated, Consulting

Engineers, Liberty Bank Building, Main at Court, Buffalo, New York 14202.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) Design, construction and testing of a thermal hydraulic

model to study cooling water discharge into Lake Erie from proposed Perry Nuclear Power Plant (2,468 Mw) of Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company. The 1:75 undistorted scale model covered a prototype lake area 6,500 feet by 8,000 feet. Representative ambient currents, including onshore currents, were tested. Automated data

acquisition and processing by computer were utilized during testing.

(/) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The study demonstrated acceptable dispersion patterns and surface temperatures under normal operating conditions. 400-09472-330-20

ST. MARY'S RIVER ICE MODEL

(b) U.S. Corps of Engineers.

(c) Dr. J. Hayden, Acres American Inc., Consulting Engineers,

Liberty Bank Building, Main at Court, Buffalo, N.Y.

14202.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) An undistorted 1:120 scale model of a portion of the St. Mary's River has been modeled to assess alternative means

of ice control to assist winter navigation. The model

covers a prototype length of 22,320 feet, and reproduces

existing topography and underwater contours.

(/) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The model simulated the effects of relocating the ferry crossing, widening of the riverbed, the use of ice control booms and ice harvesting methods, the creation of ice-flow

diversions and ice suppression systems. Remedial measures recommended as a result of the study and put into service

in the winter of 1975-76 have proven highly successful. 400-09477-340-75 BRANDON SHORES STATION PRECIPITATOR

(b) Gilbert Associates.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The insertion of an electrostatic dust precipitator into the

flues of an existing thermal power plant generally requires extensive and complicated duct work. The requirements of minimizing head losses in the duct work and achieving a uniform flow distribution through the precipitator to maintain a high degree of efficiency require model studies. A

scale model of the precipitator and its dust collector curtains, hoppers, etc., and associated duct work was used for the study. The model was manufactured in Plexiglas with

the exception of the collector curtains, which were from

steel. The study is concerned with the necessity to distribute the gas glow evenly over the collector curtains with the minimum of turbulence and head loss. In the approach

duct work, space restrictions dictate short radius bends so

that the placing of guide vanes and diffuser screens constitutes the main part of the program. The study also in- cludes an investigation of the flow conditions in the duct work with particular reference to the location of possible areas of dust buildup. An anemometer with automatic

traversing and plotting capabilities is employed to ensure

uniformity of readings and continuous recording of the velocity profiles. 2,819,000 ACFM, 650°, 660 MW.

if) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-09485-340-70 1300-MW UNIT AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER

PRECIPITATOR

(b) Wheelabrator-Frye.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) See 400-09477-340-75. 563,000 ACFM, 1300 MW.

(f) Study complete, report submitted to client. 400-09486-340-70 JADISON COUNTY STEAM PLANT, UNIT 1, MISSISSIPPI POWER PRECIPITATOR

(b) Western Precipitation Division, Joy Manufacturing Company.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(<?) See 400-09477-340-75.

(f) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-09488-340-70 ROY S. NELSON STATION PRECIPITATOR, GULF STATES

UTILITIES COMPANY

(b) Western Precipitation Division, Joy Manufacturing Company.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) See 400-09477-340-75. 755,000 ACFM.

if) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 257
400-09489-340-75 WYODAK STATION, BLACK HILLS PRECIPITATOR

(b) Babcock and Wilcox.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) See 400-09477-340-75. 1,812,000 ACFM.

(/) Study complete, report submitted to client. 400-09490-340-70 UNIVERSAL SLAB MILL HOT SCARFER FACILITY

PRECIPITATOR, JONES AND LAUGHLIN STEEL CORPORATION

(b) Western Precipitation Division, Joy Manufacturing Company.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) See 400-09477-340-75. 125,000 ACFM.

if) Study complete, report submitted to client. 400-09491-340-70 WHITING REFINERY PRECIPITATOR, AMOCO OIL COMPANY

(£>) Precipitair Pollution Control.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) See 400-09477-340-75. 298,200 ACFM, scale 1:12.

(/) Study complete, report submitted to client. 400-10474-340-73 PENNSYLVANIA POWER AND LIGHT PRECIPITATOR

(b) Pennsylvania Power and Light Company.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) See 400-09477-340-75.

(f) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10475-340-75 CALGARY POWER PRECIPITATOR

(b) Research-Cottrell (Canada) Limited.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) See 400-09477-340-75.

(f) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10476-340-70

JOS. E. SEAGRAM PRECIPITATOR

(b) American Air Filter. (c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) See 400-09477-340-75.

(J) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10477-340-70 CO-OP POWER AND UNITED POWER PRECIPITATOR

(b) Wheelabrator-Frye.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e ) See 400-09477-340-75.

if) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10478-340-75 CINCINNATI PRECIPITATOR

(b) Research-Cottrell (Canada) Limited.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) See 400-09477-340-75.

(f) Study complete. Report submitted to client.

400-10479-340-70 BRASCEP PRECIPITATOR

(b) Electrosul.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(<?) See 400-09477-340-75.

(f) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10480-340-70 LAWRENCEBURG PRECIPITATOR

(b) American Air Filter. (c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) See 400-09477-340-75.

(/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10481-340-70 MAYO PLANT PRECIPITATOR

(b) Belco.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) See 400-09477-340-75. 400-10482-340-70 GEORGIA POWER PRECIPITATOR

(b) Western Precipitation Division, Joy Manufacturing Company.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) See 400-09477-340-75. 400-10483-340-70 BIG RIVERS PRECIPITATOR

(£>) American Air Filter. (c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(<?) See 400-09477-340-75. 400-10484-340-70 SASKATCHEWAN POWER PRECIPITATOR

(b) American Air Filter. (c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) See 400-09477-340-75. 400-10485-340-70

H. S. STEEL BAGHOUSE

(b) Wheelabrator-Frye.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Baghouses are an effective means of removing particulates from flue gases. The duct work leading to and from the bags is complicated and difficult to design to ensure equal

gas flow to all bags and that the pressure drop is minimal. Laboratory modeling provides the best way of ensuring

that field units operate as required.

(f) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10486-340-70 LOUISVILLE/CANE RUN SCRUBBERS

(b) American Air Filter. (c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Gas scrubbers installed in the flue gas systems remove

both particulates and sulphur dioxide. Their design must

ensure that pressure drops are reduced to a minimum;

separation of water droplets from the gas achieves the ef- fluent requirements; diluting stack gas with hot gas is ef- fective in raising the temperature of the stack gas above

dewpoint.

(f) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 258
400-10487-340-70 CANE RUN QUENCHER

(b) American Air Filter. (c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Same as (e) above (scrubbers).

(f) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10488-340-70 CANE RUN CHEVRON DRYER

(b) American Air Filter. (c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Same as (e) above (scrubbers).

(/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10489-340-70 MILL CREEK 3 SCRUBBER

{b) American Air Filter. (c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Same as (e) above (scrubbers). 400-10490-340-70 MOHAVE PLANT SCRUBBER

(b) Stearns Roger.

(c) T. White.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Same as (e) above (scrubbers).

(/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10491-870-73 BELL STATION THERMAL MODEL STUDY

(b) New York State Electric and Gas Corporation.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) A thermal hydraulic model to establish the conceptual

design of the condenser cooling water arrangements for the Bell Nuclear Generating Station proposed for construction on the eastern shore of Cayuga Lake near the existing Milliken Coal-Fired Generating Station.

(f) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) Once the basic arrangement of the discharge structures was established, performance was evaluated under a complete range of temperature, level and current conditions. It was found that the selected arrangement met the modified discharge criteria established. 400-10492-840-87 YAQUE DEL NORTE CANAL INTAKE

(b) Dominican Republic.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) Hydraulic model study of a diversion control structure for an irrigation canal intake.

(/) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The maximum discharge capacity of the structures pre- dicted by the model study was 2,200 ra

3|s at a headpond

elevation of 152 m. No subatmospheric pressures are ex- pected at any of the overall structures. The safety of the weir and sluiceway will not be affected by erosion if recommended protection measures are employed. Effective removal of sediments deposited in the approach to the canal intake will be possible with sluiceway discharges of

125 m3/s or more. 400-10493-350-75 GULL ISLAND DIVERSION TUNNEL MODEL STUDY

(b) Lower Churchill Consultants.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(<?) A study of the hydraulic losses in the 55 foot twin diver- sion tunnels scheduled for construction as part of the Gull

Island project.

(f) Study complete, report submitted to client.

(g) With outlet modifications, the diversion tunnel scheme

performs as intended and is satisfactory in hydraulic terms. The upstream cofferdam must be designed for a maximum

water level of 220 feet elevation to accommodate a discharge of 210,000 cfs. To prevent severe scour of the riverbed downstream of the outlet, the outlet must be widened and deepened, and invert sills added. Due to high

velocities during partial gate operation, the first 250 feet of the tunnels should be lined. To prevent bank erosion, riprap will be required on the north and south banks in the

inlet approach area and on the north bank of the outlet. 400-10494-350-75 GULL ISLAND SPILLWAY MODEL STUDY

(b) Lower Churchill Consultants.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) A spillway model study to rate the spillway and to study

the hydraulics of the approach channel, particularly energy

dissipation.

(/) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The approach and outlet channels can be altered and still provide satisfactory hydraulic performance while reducing

the total volume of rock excavation by 3.5 million cubic

yards. The spillway structure, as designed, cannot pass the maximum probable flood without exceeding the maximum

head pond level. Alternate spillway crest profiles were recommended and model testing of the selected profile

will be required. A converging chute, reducing the spillway width to 250 feet at the flip bucket crest can be used as part of the spillway to reduce excavation and mass

concrete costs. 400-10495-350-75 GULL ISLAND RIVER CLOSURE MODEL STUDY

(b) Lower Chruchill Consultants.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) To study the sequence of construction of closure dykes to effect diversion of the Churchill River at Gull Island.

(f) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The erosion potential of the natural riverbed is the most

restrictive feature of the proposed closure. The four dykes

should be constructed simultaneously so that the head loss across each is equal until the river is at least 90 percent

closed. Phase I construction must be limited to 15-20 per- cent closure in order to pass the design flood of 210,000

cfs without severe bed erosion. Final closure of the river can be accomplished without problems at a discharge of 50,000 cfs. 400-10496-350-87 KPONG DIVERSION MODEL

(/>) Volta River Authority.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) Brief model study to verify the hydraulic adequacy of the proposed Stage I diversion arrangement, including head

losses, local velocities in areas requiring erosion protection and excavated diversion channel geometry. 400-10497-350-87 KPONG SPILLWAY MODEL

(b) Volta River Authority.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) A 1:50 scale hydraulic model was constructed to rate the

spillway, to examine the approach flow conditions, and to establish operating constraints with regard to control of

the hydraulic jump on the spillway system.

(f) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) As a result of an initial series of model tests, the original spillway cross section was modified to increase the discharge capacity of the structure. The modified spillway

arrangement can pass the design flood of 20,670 m:, /s at the specified maximum head pond level of 17.7 m. Special gate operating procedures are necessary to prevent the hydraulic jump from either impinging on the back of the 259

254-330 O - 78 - 18
gates or sweeping off the apron. The spillway and powerhouse can discharge simultaneously without causing adverse hydraulic effects on the operation of either. 400-10498-340-75 LINGAN POINT INTAKE MODEL

(£») Albery, Pullerits, Dickson and Associates Limited.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) A study of the influence of the intake on flow patterns in the Bridgeport Channel. Nova Scotia. The study also considered the potential for siltation of the intake.

(/) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The construction of the proposed cooling water intake will not appreciably alter the flow patterns during either flood

or ebb tides. The large exterior excavation and the unexcavated areas within the ice boom, as initially proposed, had a tendency to collect sediment and resulted in ap- preciable sediment inflow into the cooling water channel. 400-10499-300-90 CAPITAL CITY WEIR

(£>) Alberta Department of Environment.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) The project was concerned with the feasibility of constructing a low-gated barrage across the North

Saskatchewan River at Edmonton. The pond created was

to be used for recreation. To avoid flooding low-lying re- sidential communities upstream, control of maximum

water levels during spring flood was critical, while the low head available across the structure limited discharge

capacity. A hydraulic model was commissioned to aid in the sizing, design and rating of the fish-belly gates. The

model comprised two of the six gates, contained in a glass- walled flume, with flow control and water level measuring

devices. The model was constructed of plexiglas, at a scale of 1:30, and employed a mobile bed of 2 mm sand for erosion studies.

(/) Suspended. 400-10500-340-75 FORKED RIVER CONDENSER MODEL

(b) Burns and Roe Incorporated.

(c) Mr. D. Mayer, Acres American Incorporated, Consulting

Engineers, Liberty Bank Building, Main at Court, Buffalo, New York 14202.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) The model was designed to examine flow distribution among three condensers in a cooling water system for a thermal electric generating station.

(/) Study complete, report submitted to client, (g) Results indicated that the design was adequate. 400-10501-340-75 PERRY SUPPRESSION POOL

(b) Gilbert and Associates Incorporated.

(c) Mr. D. Mayer, Acres American Incorporated, Consulting

Engineers, Liberty Bank Building, Main at Court, Buffalo, New York 14202.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) The safety outlets for steam water pressure relief valves were located in the bottom of the suppression pool. Velocities and water temperatures were taken to deter- mine the effects of cooling water injected through a jet in the pool.

(f) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) Results indicated that the design was adequate.

ALBERTA RESEARCH COUNCIL, TRANSPORTATION AND

SURFACE WATER ENGINEERING DIVISION, 303 Civil- Electrical Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton,

Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G7. Dr. S. Beltaos, Research Officer. (Note: The Council coordinates the Alberta Cooperative Research Program in Transportation and

Surface Water Engineering. Major participants in this program, in addition to Council, are the Department of

Civil Engineering, University of Alberta and two Provincial Government Departments-Alberta Environment and

Alberta Transportation.) 401-07886-370-96 ICE FORCES ON BRIDGE PIERS

(b) Alberta Transportation.

{d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurement of dynamic forces during spring break-up on two special piers in different rivers. (g) Measurements over ten seasons have produced maximum

instantaneous apparent pressures of up to 350 psi on a

vertical cylindrical pier and up to 170 psi on a pier inclined at 23° to the vertical. It has become evident that use of an apparent pressure on an inclined pier is not ap- propriate and an alternative has been formulated. A

limited evaluation of the dynamic response characteristics of one of the piers suggested that instantaneous peak loads should be considered if designing on an "elastic" basis. 401-10761-300-96 ICE THICKNESS DOCUMENTATION

(b) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment.

(d) Field; applied research.

(e) Ice thickness measurements are being carried out at selected sites in an effort to determine ice thicknesses which can be generated by different processes in a river such as clear ice, snow ice, aufeis and hummocked ice and

frozen frazil ice formation. Such information is required

for the design for ice loads on bridge piers. (g) Initial results indicate that ice flows much thicker than "usual" can result at breakup from the latter three processes. The possibility of such formations occurring up- stream of a bridge site must be assessed during design. 401-10762-300-96 SPRING BREAKUP OBSERVATIONS

(b) Alberta Environment, Alberta Transportation.

(d) Field, analytical; applied research.

(e) Ice breakup observations at selected bridge locations in Alberta. Emphasis on action of ice on bridge piers and documentation of ice jam characteristics. Pre- and post- breakup measurement of ice thickness, type and strength. (g) Documentation of several ice jams; yearly record of breakup at selected locations,

(/i) Preliminary Observations of Spring Ice Jams in Alberta, R. Gerard, Proc. 3rd Intl. Svmp. Ice Problems, Hanover, N.

H., USA, Aug. 1975. 1977 Breakup and Subsequent Ice Jam at Fort McMurray,

P. F. Doyle, Transportation and Surface Water Engrg.

Div., Alberta Research Council, Internal Rept. SWE/77/I,

June 1977. 401-10763-350-00 HYDRAULICS OF RIVER STRUCTURES

(b) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment.

(d) Field, experimental, analytical; applied research.

(e) Field measurements of flow and scour are made at bridges and river training works. Laboratory experiments on scour

at an abutment have been started. (g) Data have been collected at several sites during floods over past years but have yet to be analyzed. 401-10764-350-96 RIVER MORPHOLOGY

(b) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment.

(d) Field, analytical; applied research. 260
(e) Scour and channel shift are evaluated in various river types under different flow conditions to determine max- imum depths of scour and channel shift for use in design

of bridge piers, pipeline crossings, etc. (g) Data have been obtained in a number of rivers over a period of several years, and some analysis has been done.

( h ) Hydraulic and Morphologic Characteristics of Athabasca

River near Fort Assiniboine, C. R. Neill, Rept. REH/73/3,

Alberta Cooperative Research Program, 1973 (reports may be obtained from the above address). 401-10765-200-96 MIXING PROCESSES IN NATURAL STREAMS

(b) Alberta Environment.

(d) Field, analytical; applied research.

(e) Tracer tests in representative river types of Alberta for evaluating transverse and longitudinal mixing characteristics under both open-water and ice-covered conditions. Development of analytical and numerical techniques

for engineering predictions.

(g) Transverse mixing coefficients have been evaluated at four

river reaches. Longitudinal dispersion tests have been

performed at two of these sites. A method has been

developed for evaluating transverse mixing coefficients from slug-injection tests, based on the behaviour of timeintegrals of unsteady concentration distributions. Such

tests are occasionally preferable to the commonly employed, constant-rate injection tests. An explicit numerical

algorithm, free of numerical diffusion, is being developed

for simulating two-dimensional, time-dependent mixing in

rivers. Preliminary comparisons with pertinent published

data were satisfactory. The applicability of the conventional longitudinal disper- sion theory to natural streams has been questioned

recently. An alternative solution, using a time-variable

dispersion coefficient, was obtained and shown to agree

with some field data. However, a recent field test indicated

dispersive behaviour that could not be adequately- described by either of these approaches. The possibility of developing a more general theory and the role of rivers' lack of prismaticity are under study,

(/i) Transverse Mixing in an Ice-Covered River, J. E. O. Eng- mann, R. Kellerhals, Water Resources Research 10, 4, pp. 775-784, Aug. 1974. A Theory of Longitudinal Dispersion, S. Beltaos, Highway

and River Engrg. Div., Alberta Research Council, Internal Rept. REH/74/2, 1974. Evaluation of Transverse Mixing Coefficients from Slug

Tests, S. Beltaos, J. Hydraulic Research 13, 4, pp. 351-360,

1975. Longitudinal Dispersion in a Natural Stream: Lesser Slave

River, Alberta, S. Beltaos, T. J. Day, Transportation and

Surface Water Engrg. Div., Alberta Research Council, In- ternal Rept. REH/76/1, 1976. 401-10766-300-96 FIELD INVESTIGATION OF A FRAZIL ICE HANGING DAM

(b) Alberta Environment, Alberta Transportation.

(d) Field; applied research.

(e) A large accumulation of frazil ice under the ice cover was

detected during the 1974-75 winter season in the Smoky

River some 40 km above its confluence with Peace River.

Field investigations are in progress to elucidate the mechancis of formation and spring breakup, to evaluate

effects on spring breakup in the Smoky and Peace Rivers and to assess the possible action against hydraulic struc- tures of such frazil ice accumulations.

(g) Measurements revealed a local depression of the river bed

with a maximum depth of 17 m below winter water levels, located immediately downstream of a rapids reach. This

configuration is typical of conditions conducive to hanging

dam formation. At full size this hanging dam is 300 m long and has a maximum thickness of 15 m. Consecutive spring

breakup observations, beginning in 1975, suggest that the

hanging dam causes ice jamming extending some 5 km up- stream and a consequent local water level rise of about 4 m above pre-breakup levels. 401-10767-300-96 DOCUMENTATION AND PROBABILITY ANALYSIS OF

PAST ICE BREAKUP WATER LEVELS

(b) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment.

(d) Field, analytical; applied research.

(e) Information on past breakup water levels at several sites in Alberta is being collected and a method of analysis developed to determine estimates of the probability dis- tributions of annual peak breakup water levels at these

sites. Such information is required in the design for ice action on bridge piers, and in assessing flood frequencies at locations prone to ice jams.

(g) A method of analyzing such historical data has been

developed. Its application to information collected at one

site has shown that the flood frequency curve is dominated

by ice breakup water levels (i.e. ice jams) and not by summer flood water levels.

(7i) Probability Analysis of Historical Data on Ice Jam Floods,

R. Gerard, E. W. Karpuk, paper in preparation. 401-10768-310-96 REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF NORTHERN ALBERTA

(b) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment.

(d) Field, analytical; applied research.

(e) Hydrometric records for some 60 catchments in Northern

Alberta are being analyzed to determine the snowmelt

flood and rain flood for each year of record. The dif- ference in these flood populations is to be assessed and in- dices of the populations related (i) to catchment characteristics, and (ii) for an index flood of the combined population, to channel geometry, using weighted regression

analysis. (g) Initial analysis indicates that snowmelt and rainfall floods do form distinct populations. The use of weighted regres- sion has allowed the inclusion of very short records in the

analysis and explicit consideration of interstation correlation associated with both genuine and "lack of fit" errors. The separate regressions on catchment characteristics and on channel geometry allow two almost independent esti- mates of an index flood for an ungauged catchment. 401-10769-310-96 PEAK RUNOFF FROM SMALL CATCHMENTS

(b) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment.

(d) Field investigation, analytical; applied research.

(e) Monitoring of peak runoff due to snowmelt and rainfall at 43 culvert sites in north-central Alberta. Investigation of

culvert behaviour and confirmation of synthetic rating curves for these culverts under various flow conditions.

(g) Three years of snowmelt and rainfall runoff peak data on

43 small basins is presently being analyzed. 401-10770-830-96 SEDIMENT YIELD

(b) In cooperation with Department of Geography, University of Alberta, for Alberta Environment and Alberta Transportation.

(d) Field investigation; applied research; thesis. (e) Several investigations by Department of Geography are being partially supported by the Cooperative Program, (i) Measurement of precipitation, runoff, erosion and sedi- ment yield for a small catchment in the Red Deer River badlands and concurrent measurements of the actual rate of erosion at various locations in the catchment. The objective is to determine sediment yield, delivery ratio and

rainfall-runoff relations for this extreme environment, (ii) Intermittent sampling for suspended and dissolved solids at approximately 50 streamgauging stations during significant runoff events. An attempt was made to estimate approxi- mate sediment yields on the basis of rating and flow duration curves, and to relate them to geographic factors. 261
(/) (i) Active; (ii) completed.

(h ) Sediment Yields from Intermediate Sized Stream Basins in Southern Alberta, H. J. McPherson, J. Hydrology 25, pp. 243-257, 1975.

Soil Erodibility and Erosion in Part of the Bow River

Basin, Alberta, S. H. Luk, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Geography, Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, 1975.

Rainfall Erosion of Some Alberta Soils; A Laboratory

Simulation Study, S. H. Luk, Catena 3, 3/4, pp. 295-305, Mar. 1977.

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, Department of Civil Engineering, Edmonton T6G 2G7, Alberta, Canada. Dr. N. Rajaratnam, Professor of Civil Engineering.

402-06630-300-90 ALBERTAN COOPERATIVE STUDIES OF RIVER REGIME

(£>) University on NRC Grant.

(c) Dr. T. Blench.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) To aid the development of a formal quantitative inductive science of the self-adjustment of channels that form at

least part of their boundaries in sediment. Steps are to collect and assess data; analyze and coordinate them in terms

of an adequate "statement of case"; reduce the results to

readily intelligible form, usually graphical; publicize the

data, the results and their applications; and cooperate with

other agencies.

(g) Publication with or by cooperating agencies has expanded

since last report. Major coordinations of tabulated, graphed and discussed data are in Refs. 1 (rivers), 2

(flumes), 7 (all channels). A summary of major results and

opinions in extension and description of Ref. 7 is in Ref. 8. (h) Hydraulic and Geomorphic Characteristics of Rivers in Alberta, R. Kellerhals, C R. Neill, D. I. Bray, (Alberta Govt.

Publication) Alberta Research Council, 11315-87 Avenue,

Edmonton, Alberta, 1972. A Critical Review of Sediment Transport Experiments, R. H. Cooper, A. W. Peterson, T. Blench, J. Hydraulics Div., Proc. ASCE 98, HY5, Paper 8873, pp. 827-843, May 1972. Regime Problems of Rivers Formed in Sediment, T. Blench,

Chapter 5 of River Mechanics III, Shen, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Colorado State Univ., 1973. Comprehensive Graphs of Regime Data, T. Blench, A. W.

Peterson, R. H. Cooper, Research Symp. on River Mechanics, Bangkok, Thailand, Jan. 9-12, 1973. General Report on River Bed Form, T. Blench, Ibid, 1973.

Factors Controlling Size, Form and Slope of Stream Channels, T. Blench, Proc. 9th Hydrology Symp., Natl. Res. Council, May 1973, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, 1973. Regime Data, Volume I, Flume Data and Regime Basics, T. Blench, D. B. Simons, Commissioned by Intl. Comm. on

Irrigation and Drainage, 48th Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri,

New Delhi-21, India, 1974. Graphic Coordination of Mobile-Bed Channel Data, T. Blench, R. H. Cooper, A. W. Peterson, Hydrology Review,

Indian Natl. Comm. 1HD/1HP, Council of Scientifc and In- dustrial Research, Rafi Marg, New Delhi 1-110001, India, Oct. 1975. Observations of Natural and Man-Made River Spurs, T. Blench, V. J. Galay, E. K. Yaremko, 3rd Ann. Symp. of Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE, Aug.

10-12, 1976. 402-07836-220-00 FLOW IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS

(c) A. W. Peterson, Professor.

(d) Experimental studies of sediment transport in open channels and analysis of world data.

(e) The behavior of flow in alluvial channels is being studied by analyzing the majority of the available experimental flume data.

(h) Universal Flow Diagram for Mobile Boundary Channels, A. W. Peterson, Canadian J. Civil Engrg., 1975. Design of Mobile Boundary Channels, A. W. Peterson,

Proc. Natl. Symp. on Urban Hydrology and Sediment Control, Lexington, Ky., 1975.

Analysis of Hydraulic Resistance for Mobile Bed Channels, M. Michiue, A. W. Peterson, Bull. Disaster Prevention Research Inst. 25, Kyoto Univ., Sept. 1975. Coordination of Mobile Bed Channel Data, T. Blench, R. H. Cooper, A. W. Peterson, (updated) presented IUTAM

Mfg., Aug. 1976, Amsterdam.

402-09497-060-90 THERMAL DISCHARGES

(b) NRC of Canada.

(d) Basic research, experimental and analytical. (e) Understand and predict the behaviour of thermal

discharges in lakes and rivers. (g) Experiments were performed with bluff buoyant surface

jets for moderate and large Richardson numbers and the

results were correlated with our earlier theoretical analysis. These studies were also extended to include the effects of an ambient current.

(/>) An Experimental Study of Bluff Buoyant Turbulent Surface

Jets, B. B. L. Pande, N. Rajaratnam, J. Hydraulic Res., Delft, 1977. An Experimental Study of Heated Surface Discharges into Ambients with Cross-Currents, V. Chiu, M.Sc. Thesis, 1976. 402-09499-220-90 EROSION BY JETS

(6) National Research Council of Canada.

(d) Basic research; experimental.

(e) Study the erosion produced by fairly simple flows with the idea of advancing our understanding of the eFosion in practical situations. (g) It has been found that for circular wall jets as well as for impinging circular jets, the characteristic depth of erosion

first increases linearly with log time and later approaches

an asymptotic value. Using dimensional analysis and the experimental results, it has been possible to predict the prominent features of the erosion process.

(/;) Erosion by Circular Turbulent Wall Jets, N. Rajaratnam,

B. Berry, J. Hyd. Research, Delft, 1977. Erosion by Impinging Circular Turbulent Jets, N. Rajarat- nam, S. Beltaos, Proc. ASCE, J. of Hydraulics Div., (in press). 402-09500-440-90 SIMULATION OF LAKE LEVELS IN THE COOKING LAKE

MORAINE

(b) Inland Waters and Department of Environment, Alberta.

(c) Dr. J. P. Verschuren.

(d) Theoretical, applied research for M.Sc.

(e) Monthly lake levels for a period of 500 years were esti- mated by developing a water balance model from histori- cal meteorological data, physical characteristics of the basin and lake level records of Cooking Lake. A long record of meteorological data was generated using Monte

Carlo methods.

(f) Completed.

(g) Lake level fluctuations can be explained entirely by variability in climate without considering land use changes

resulting from changes in the agricultural use of the land.

(/i) Simulation of Lake Levels, D. Crawford, M.Sc. Thesis. 402-09501-310-90 FLOOD PREDICTION ROSS RIVER AND STUART RIVER,

YUKON

(b) Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development.

(c) Dr. J. P. Verschuren.

(d) Applied research. 262
(e) Development of a predictive model for flooding in communities near the Ross River and the Stuart River as a

function of climatic variables and preceding discharges so

that an early flood warning system can be established.

(J) Completed.

(g) Estimates of discharge can be made, one to four days in advance, depending on the lead time of the meteorological

forecasts. ih ) Spring Flood Forecasting for Mayo and Ross Rivers, Yukon

Territory, J. P. Verschuren, D. Crawford, Dept. Civil Engrg., Apr. 1976. 402-10282-300-90 ANALYTICAL RIVER MECHANICS

(b) National Research Council Grant.

(c) Dr. Gary Parker.

(d) Theoretical; basic, some applied aspects.

(e) Analytical techniques are being used to formulate and

treat a variety of features of flow-induced fluvial morphology. The work naturally divides into two aspects: (a) the interaction of flow and sediment in channels with imposed widths, and (b) the formation of river banks and

maintenance of channel width. Included in the former are treatments of antidune formation, incipient meandering

and braiding, and channel degradation and aggradation. In the latter category are two forthcoming treatments of self- formed banks in gravel, and sand-silt rivers. (g) Some progress has been made toward a treatment of bed

load from the point of view of continuum mechanics. A

unifying format for load and resistance relations for alluvial rivers has been determined. Criteria for the occurrence

of meandering and braiding have been derived. A model

has been presented for determining self-formed channel geometry and rational regime relations for rivers. (h) Sediment Inertia as a Cause of River Antidunes, G. Parker,

J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 101, HY2, pp. 211-221, Feb.

1975. Meandering of Supraglacial Melt Streams, G. Parker, Water Res. Research 11, 5, pp. 551-552, Aug. 1975. Modeling of Meandering and Braiding in Rivers, G. Parker, A. G. Anderson, Proc. ASCE, Modeling, 1975 S\mp., pp. 575-591, Sept. 3-5, 1975. On the Cause and Characteristic Scales of Meandering and

Braiding in Rivers, G. Parker, J. Fluid Mech. 76, 3, pp. 457-480, Aug. 1 1, 1976. Detrimental Effects of River Channelization, G. Parker, D. Andres, Proc. ASCE Rivers, 1976 Symp., pp. 1248-1266,

Aug. 10-12, 1976. Self-Formed Straight Rivers with Stable Banks and Mobile Bed in Coarse and Fine Noncohesive Material, G. Parker, Dept. Civil Engrg., Univ. of Alberta, June 1977. 402-10283-810-00 SOIL MOISTURE INDICES AND SNOWFALL CORRELATION TO SNOWMELT RUNOFF IN CENTRAL ALBERTA

(c) Dr. J. P. Verschuren, Civil Engineering.

(d) Applied research for M.Sc.

(e) The snowmelt runoff in the spring, not including the ru- noff due to spring rain, was determined as a function of

base flow storage, antecedent precipitation and a basin recharge coefficient at time of freeze-up in the previous

fall for 5 basins in the Alberta plains between 52° Lat. and

56° Lat.

(/) Completed.

(g) Curves are available to compute the expected runoff based on the snowfall during the winter and the parameters mentioned under "e."

(/i) Soil Moisture, Snow and Snowmelt Runoff Correlation, T.

P. S. Sandhu, M.Sc. Thesis. 402-10284-410-90 HYDRAULICS OF GROYNES

(b) NRC of Canada.

(c) N. Rajaratnam, Professor.

(d) Basic and experimental.

(e) Understand the nature of flow around groin-like obstacles and to develop a method of predicting erosion near such

structures.

(g) The results are being analysed at this time. 402-10285-810-90 A SIMULATION MODEL TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF

LOGGING ON THE RATE AND TIME DISTRIBUTION OF

RUNOFF

(b) NRC.

(c) Dr. J. P. Verschuren, Civil Engineering.

(d) Theoretical, applied research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) By dividing the watershed into modules, the water balance

of each module can be determined. The outflow from one module will be part of the inflow into the module down

slope. 402-10286-810-90 DISPOSITION OF WATER IN FOREST SOILS

(b) Canadian Forestry Service.

(c) Dr. J. P. Verschuren, Civil Engineering.

(d) Theoretical, basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Evaluate saturated and/or unsaturated transient flow through nonhomogeneous, anisotropic porous media, i.e., through typical forest soils, in response to the forces of

drainage, transportation and evaporation.

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1. Dr. R. R. Gilpin, Associate Professor. 403-10221-190-90 ABLATION OF ICE BY WATER JET

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research, M.Sc. thesis. (e) Studies have been made of the rate of melting of a hole in a block of ice by an impinging water jet. A numerical

simulation technique has been devised which predicts the

rate of penetration of the jet into the ice as well as the evolution of the shape of the hole melted. These results are compared with experimental measurements on the same phenomenon.

(f) Completed.

(g) It was found that the shape of the hole melted could be

predicted near the stagnation point. Also, the rate of penetration was predicted accurately for all conditions ex- amined.

(h) The Ablation of Ice by a Water Jet, R. R. Gilpin, Trans. Can. Soc. of Mechanical Eng. 2, 2, pp. 91-96, 1973. Laminar Jet Impingement Heat Transfer Including the Effects of Melting, A. W. Lipsett, R. R. Gilpin, Intl. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, in press. 403-10222-140-90 RADIATIVE HEATING OF ICE AND WATER

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(d) Experimental and theoretical applied research, M.Sc. thesis. (e) Studies were made to determine the distribution of radiative heating produced in ice and water layers that are ex- posed to radiative energy fluxes. A determination of the

effects of scattering in the ice and of the type of light source on the distribution of the heating produced were

the two main objectives of the ice study. For a water layer the effect of the radiative heating on natural convection in the layer was also examined.

if) Completed.

(g) It was found that the heating produced by a radiation source in either water or ice is best modeled by a power

law relationship rather than the normal Bouquer-Sanbert

exponential law. This occurs because of the strong 263
wavelength dependence of the absorption coefficients of

ice and water. For thin ice layers scattering in the ice was

found to actually increase the rate of heating produced in the ice. This effect was produced by a trapping of the

radiation due to scattering in the ice. For a water layer radiation absorption can produce a thermal instability and

subsequent natural convection,

(/i) Heat Transfer in a Horizontal Water Layer with Radiative

Heating, R. R. Gilpin, Trans. Can. Soc. of Mechanical Eng.

1, 4, pp. 213-218, 1972.

Radiative Heating in Ice, R. R. Gilpin, R. B. Robertson, B. Singh, J. Heal and Mass Transfer, May 1977, in press. 403-10223-010-90 THERMAL STABILITY OF A BLASIUS FLOW OVER A

FLAT PLATE

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. R. R. Gilpin or Dr. K. C. Cheng.

(d) Experimental research on basic phenomena.

(e) Studies are being made of the conditions for the onset of

instability in a laminar boundary layer over a flat plate due

to thermal effects. Heat transfer in the past critical region has also been measured. Other conditions that are being

examined are the instability in the presence of ice growth on the plate and the effect of the maximum density of water at 4 °C.

(g) Results show that the transition to turbulent flow in a laminar boundary layer can be induced by thermal instability as well as by hydrodynamic effects. The effects of

this thermal instability on heat transfer rates and also fric- tion factors can be considerable. 403-10224-190-90 A STUDY OF THE PIPE FREEZING PROCESS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(</) Experimental applied research.

(e) Studies have been made of the formation of ice in a pipe

containing stagnant water, that is, no through flow. These

tests have been designed to determine the time that a pipe can stand in a sub-freezing environment and not become

blocked by ice formation.

(g) It was found that dendritic ice formed as a result of super- cooling in the pipe can cause a pipe blockage early in the

freezing history of the pipe. Such a blockage would occur much sooner than a blockage due to the growth of a solid annulus of ice forming from the pipe wall. Since the latter form of ice is commonly assumed in calculations of the time required for a pipe blockage to occur, these calculations would appear to grossly overestimate the time during

which a pipe can safely stand with no main flow through

it. (It) Ice Formation in Pipes, R. R. Gilpin, Proc. 2nd Intl. Symp.

on Cold Regions Engrg., Univ. of Alaska, Aug. 1976. The Effects of Dendritic Ice Formation in Water Pipes, R.

R. Gilpin, Intl. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 20, in press.

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1W5, Canada. Professor Sam Lipson, Department

Head.

404-10225-630-90 INFLUENCE OF WATER HAMMER ON TURBINE

GOVERNING

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. E. Ruus.

(d) Theoretical; applied research. Doctoral thesis. (e) The influence of water hammer on turbine governing is considered at present by evaluating the former using rigid water column theory. This gives reasonably good results for relatively slow and small changes in turbine output,

i.e., where the water hammer effect is small. The aim of

this study is to incorporate the water hammer analysis ac- cording to the elastic water column theory into the turbine governing analyses, which would then yield satisfactory

results even for rapid changes in output of turbines served by long penstocks. 404-10226-630-00 INFLUENCE OF SPECIFIC SPEED ON PRESSURE SURGES

CAUSED BY PUMP FAILURE IN PIPELINES WITHOUT

ANY PROTECTIVE DEVICES

(c) Dr. E. Ruus.

(rf) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Maximum upsurges and downsurges are calculated and

plotted in nondimensional form for a simple pump

discharge line. Pipeline constant, the inertia of the motor

and the pump, pipe wall friction and pump characteristics

at specific speeds 1800, 3500, 7600 and 13500 are considered. The results can be used to determine the necessary pipe wall thickness.

(g) The specific speed has a relatively small influence on the maximum downsurge at the pump end of the pipeline; it has, however, a drastic influence on the maximum upsurge. A low specific speed pump yields the largest upsurge. 404-10227-340-90 MAXIMUM SURGES IN SIMPLE SURGE TANKS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. E. Ruus.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Maximum upsurges and downsurges resulting from linear decreases or increases in turbine discharge, gate opening

or power output are calculated for simple surge tanks. Tunnel friction and velocity head are considered. The

results are plotted in nondimensional form against conduit

friction and the time of closure or opening.

(/) Completed.

(g) Both friction and time of closure or opening reduce the upsurge and downsurge substantially,

(/i) Maximum Surges in Simple Surge Tanks, E. Ruus, F. A.

El-Fitiany, Canadian J. Civil Engrg. 4, 1, pp. 40-46, 1977. 404-10228-210-90 WATER HAMMER IN PIPELINES WITH AIR CHAMBERS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. E. Ruus.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Maximum upsurges and downsurges caused by pump

failure are calculated and plotted in nondimensional form

for a simple pump discharge line provided with an air chamber. Pipeline constant, air chamber parameter, pipe

wall friction and orifice resistance are considered. The

results can be used to determine the necessary volume of

the air chamber.

(f) Completed.

(g) While the assumption of the rigid water column and the concentration of pipe friction at the pump end of the pipeline yield reasonably good results at the pump end,

large errors in estimation of both upsurges and downsurges

occur at the midpoint and particularly at the quarter point of the pipeline.

(/i) Charts for Water Hammer in Pipelines with Air Chambers,

E. Ruus, Canadian, J. Civil Engrg. 4, 3, 1977. 404-10229-810-96 EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON STORM RUNOFF

(b) British Columbia Water Resources Service.

(c) Dr. S. O. Russell. (d) Applied research.

(e) Urbanization affects the response of a basin to storm rainfall. Rainfall and runoff are being measured from two ad- jacent basins-one from the university complex which can

be considered as urban, and one from an adjacent

completely undeveloped basin. 264
404-10230-370-90 CULVERT DESIGN STUDY

(b) National Research Council.

(c) Dr. S. O. Russell.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Culvert design depends on many uncertain factors. Decision theory is being used to determine an optimal design

for a test case considering flow uncertainties, probable

damage and culvert hydraulics. (h) Master's Thesis, in preparation, P. Neudorf, 1977. 404-10231-350-96 USE OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE IN SMALL

DROP STRUCTURES

(b) British Columbia Water Resources Service.

(c) Dr. S. O. Russell. {d) Applied research.

(e) In British Columbia there are many very steep gravel and

boulder creeks with a need for inexpensive drop structures. Fibre reinforced concrete has a tensile strength that can be counted upon. Its use for drop structures is being

investigated. 404-10232-300-96 FLOOD PROBLEMS IN GRAVEL RIVERS

(b) B. C. Disaster Relief Fund.

(c) Dr. M. C. Quick.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Gravel rivers in flood frequently undergo drastic changes

in their channel positions. Damaging flooding can result. The current research aim is to develop reasonable un- derstanding of the necessary channel width and available sediment storage so that a gravel river can be kept stable within a predetermined channel.

(g) Sediment routing coupled with a hydrologic flow model

has been developed,

(/i) Master's Thesis, in preparation, D. McLean, 1977. 404-10233-300-90 INTERACTION OF SEDIMENT AND RIVER FLOWS

(c) Dr. M. C. Quick.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Sediment bedforms and river channel cross-section and

planform are studied as a sediment-flow interaction.

(g) Meandering processes have been modeled numerically

using vorticity concepts. Bedforms are being studied

analytically and experimentally, the emphasis being a basic sediment and flow processes.

(/i) Mechanics of Streamflow Meandering, M. C. Quick, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 100, HY6, pp. 741-753, June 1974. 404-10234-810-96 FLOOD FORECASTING

(b) British Columbia Disaster Relief Fund.

(c) Dr. M. C. Quick, Professor.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Two sets of computer models, a watershed model and a channel/reservoir routing model have been developed. The

present emphasis concerns interpretation of local meteorological data in terms of basin wide behaviour for mountainous catchments. Snowmelt is a major contribution to these floods. (g) An improved method of snowmelt calculation from temperature data has been developed. Orographic precipitation influences have been modeled using a stability factor based on adiabatic lapse rates. (h) Daily and Seasonal Forecasting with a Water Budget

Model, M. C. Quick, A. Pipes, Proc. Intl. Sxmp. on the Role of Snow and Ice in Hydrology, UNESCO, WMO, and NRC, Canada, Banff, pp. 1017-1034, Sept. 1972. Nonlinear Channel Routing by Computer, M. C. Quick, A.

Pipes, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 101, HY6, pp. 651-665, June 1975.

A Combined Snowmelt and Rainfall Runoff Model, M. C. Quick, A. Pipes, Canadian J. Civil Engrg. 3, 3, pp. 449-

460. Sept. 1976. UBC Watershed Model, M. C. Quick, A. Pipes, Hydrological Sciences Bulletin XXII, 1, 3/1977. UBC Watershed and Flow Manuals, M. C. Quick, A. Pipes, Dept. of Civil Engrg., UBC, 1976. 404-10235-630-00 OPTIMUM PUMP SUMP DESIGN

(c) Dr. M. C. Quick.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) A basic investigation of vortex behaviour coupled with a study of flow patterns in sump configurations is being made. Conclusions arising from these studies are being used to develop an optimum design procedure for pump

sumps.

(/i) Efficiency of Air-Entraining Vortex Formation at a Water

Intake, M. C. Quick, Proc. ASCE, J. Hvdr. Div., 96, HY7,

pp. 1403-1416, July 1970. Master's Thesis-A Study of Formation of Vortices in a Multiple Pump Sump, J. W. K. Spurr, 1970.

404- 10236-400-90 SALINITY INTRUSION IN ESTUARIES

(£>) National Research Council.

(c) Dr. M. C. Quick.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Computer modeling of dynamic salt wedge behaviour is re- lated to a field program of data measurement.

(f) Completed.

(g) Salt-water intrusion in the Fraser River estuary was modeled numerically and compared with a field measure- ment program. The salt wedge was observed to have a

highly dynamic behaviour and yet to retain its stratified character. The main physical and computational problems

studied were the interfacial stress term; the necessary boundary conditions at the river mouth; and the computational stability. (h) Salinity Intrusion in the Fraser River Estuary, Ph.D. Thesis, D. O. Hodgins, Dept. of Civil Engrg., UBC, 1974. A Numerical Model of Stratified Estuary Flows, M. C. Quick, D. O. Hodgins, T. R. Osborn, J. Waterways, Har- bour and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE 103, WW1, Jan. 1977.

CANADA CENTRE FOR INLAND WATERS, Hydraulics Research Division, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6, Canada. T. M. Dick, Division Chief. 405-09507-300-00 DISPERSION IN MEANDERING CHANNELS

(c) Dr. B. G. Krishnappan and Dr. Y. L. Lau.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research.

(e) Project is aimed at measuring the transverse dispersion

coefficient in laboratory meandering channels for various geometrical configurations. Results of this project would

reveal the effects of the secondary currents caused by the meander on the dispersion process.

(J) Completed.

(g) Dispersion coefficients were measured in the laboratory in meandering channels with varying bottom topography. Dif- ferent assumptions for the variation of the dispersion coefficient were tested but none exhibited superiority over the

others. A numerical scheme was developed to calculate

the concentration distribution in a meandering channel.

(h) Transverse Mixing in Meandering Channels with Varying Bottom Topography, B. G. Krishnappan, Y. L. Lau,

Hydraulics Res. Div. Rept., CC1W, Burlington, Ontario, Nov. 1976. 265
405-09509-200-00 TRANSVERSE DIFFUSION IN OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

(c) Dr. Y. L. Lau.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Investigate the dependence of the diffusion coefficient on

the different flow variables.

(g) The dependence of the dispersion coefficient on friction factor and width-depth ratio in rectangular channels has been investigated. Effect of a cross-section shape and

variation of dispersion coefficient across the channel are being studied. (h) Effect of Friction Factor and Aspect Ratio on Transverse

Dispersion in Open-Channels, Y. L. Lau, B. G. Krishnappan, Hydraulics Res. Div. Rept., CCIW, Burlington, Ontario, 1976. 405-09510-870-00 CRITERIA FOR OIL SLICK CONTAINMENT IN FLOWING

WATER USING BOOMS

(c) Dr. Y. L. Lau.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Obtain criteria for oil spill containment and to produce

realistic estimates of volume of oil containable under given flow conditions, conditions under which no containment is possible and feasibility of diverting oil slicks using booms

under such conditions.

(/) Suspended.

(g) Experiments have been completed.

(/i) A Review of the Dynamics of Contained Oil Slicks, Y. L. Lau, S. A. Kirchhefer, Hydraulics Div., CCIW. Unpublished report. 405-09511-810-00 MODELING OF URBAN RUNOFF

(c) Mr. J. Marsalek.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation.

(e) Selected urban runoff models are evaluated by comparing

simulated runoff hydrographs and pollutographs with field observations.

(g) Uncalibrated, deterministic urban runoff models such as the Road Research Laboratory Model (RRLM), Storm Water Management Model (SWMM and University of

Cincinnati Urban Runoff Model (UCURM), reproduced

fairly well runoff events observed on small urban

catchments. On average, about 60 percent of the simulated runoff volumes and peak flows were within 20 per- cent of the observed values. When comparing the entire simulated and observed hydrographs, the SWMM simulations were marginally better than those produced by the RLL model, and both these models were found more ac- curate than the UCUR model.

(/i) Comparative Evaluation of Three Urban Runoff Mode's, J. Marsalek, T. M. Dick, P. E. Wisner, W. G. Clarke, Water

Resour. Bull. (AWRA) 11, 2, Apr. 1975. Review of Canadian Design Practice and Comparison of Urban Hydrologic Models, Canada-Ontario Agreement on

Great Lakes Quality, Res. Rept. No. 26, Dept. of Environ- ment, Ottawa, Oct. 1976. 405-09512-870-00 ENERGY LOSSES AT SEWER PIPE JUNCTIONS

(c) Mr. J. Marsalek.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Energy losses at sewer pipe junctions are determined ex- perimentally for various geometrical configurations under

free flow conditions.

(g) Report on straight-flow-through junctions is under

preparation. 405-09513-420-00 WAVE ENERGY AT POINT PELEE, LAKE ERIE

(c) Dr. M. G. Skafel.

(d) Field investigation, theoretical; applied research.

(e) Offshore wave data were collected on both sides of the

point. The longshore sediment transport rates were calculated and used to estimate the amount of erosion and/or

accretion along the shoreline.

(f) Completed.

(h) Longshore Sediment Transport at Point Pelee, M. G.

Skafel, Hydraulics Res. Div., CCIW Unpublished Report, 1975. 405-09515-300-00 FRICTION COEFFICIENT OF ICE COVERED RIVERS

(c) Dr. G. Tsang.

(d) Field, basic, applied.

(e) Study the friction coefficient of ice-covered rivers as compared with open water conditions.

(/) Temporarily suspended.

(g) Partly compiled. 405-09516-410-00 ICE PILING ON LAKE SHORES

(c) Dr. G. Tsang.

(d) Field, basic, applied.

(e) Study the cause and phenomena of ice piling on shores.

(f) Completed.

(g) Previous conclusions further confirmed. A field ice piling was filmed and the simultaneous meteorological data recorded.

(/t) A Field Study on Ice Piling on Shores and the Associated Hydro-Meteorological Parameters, G. Tsang, Proc. 3rd 1AHR Symp. on Ice Problems, Hanover, N.H., Aug. 1975. 405-09517-390-00 FORMATION OF FRAZIL ICE IN WATER WITH SURFACE

WAVES

(c) Dr. G. Tsang.

(d) Theoretical, basic. (e) Study the heat flux and the formation of ice in water when

subject to sinusoidal surface waves of various amplitude and frequency.

(/) Temporarily suspended.

(/>) Conceptual Design of a Multi-Purpose Instrument for Winter Stream Metering, G. Tsang, Proc. Interdisciplinary Symp. Advanced Concepts and Techniques in the Study of Snow and Ice Resources, National Acad. Sci., 1974. Preliminary Investigation and Experimental Set-Up for the Study of Frazil Formations in Water with Surface Waves,

G. Tsang, Proc. Seminar Ice Thermal Regimes, Laval

University, Oct. 1974. Paper may be obtained through

Division of Building Research, National Research Council, Ottawa. 405-10287-750-00 DISTORTED PHYSICAL MODELS

(c) Dr. Y. L. Lau.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The project is aimed at studying the effect of scale distor- tion on physical models used to study the dispersion of

materials in open-channel flows. (g) Experiments will begin shortly. 405-10288-710-00 TRACER MEASUREMENT OF RIVER EVAPORATION

(c) Dr. Y. L. Lau.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) A method of measuring evaporation from rivers is required. This study investigates the feasibility of calculat- ing the evaporation rate by measuring the loss of a

radioactive tracer which is released in the flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) Laboratory experiments were conducted in which transfers of water vapour and tritium out of a body of water took

place simultaneously. Conditions of wind as well as turbu- 266
lence in the water were varied. The mass transfer rate constants for the two species were compared. It was con- cluded that, for this method to be feasible, further work

onto the effect of turbulence in the water on the tritium

transfer rate is required,

(/i) Tracer Measurement of River Evaporation, Y. L. Lau, In- land Waters Directorate Scientific Series, Ottawa, 1977. 405-10289-420-00 WAVE FORCES ON INSTRUMENT TOWERS

(b) Engineering Services Section, Department of Fisheries and

the Environment, Canada Centre for Inland Waters.

(c) Mr. P. Engel.

(d) Operation, development.

(e) Provide our estimate of wave forces on lattice type, guyed

instrument towers for research in the Great Lakes.

(/) Completed.

(g) Design forces due to waves on instrument towers of small

effective diameter in lakes are developed using Stoke 's Second Order Wave Theory. Consideration is given to the

relative magnitude of inertial and drag forces indicating

that the first is not significant for design conditions. The

analysis shows that the total resultant force can be ex- pressed entirely as a drag force. For design purposes, dimensionless charts are developed

which permit easy determination of the resultant force given the value of wave length and still water depth. These

charts are prepared for horizontal and vertical forces. Considerations are also given to the force distribution along the length of the towers and the desirable distance

for instrument platforms above the still water level. Drag tests were conducted on three sections of lattice type towers of different geometry under steady state conditions

in the towing tank of the Hydraulics Research Division at the Canada Centre for Inland Waters. Wave forces on towers of the types tested and a tubular tower, were computed for conditions at the location of the Micro Met 1975 project in Lake Ontario. Toward this end

a wave climate was established and a design wave of 20

feet with a period of 7 seconds, recommended for design

purposes.

(/i) Wave Forces on Instrument Towers of Small, Effective Diameter, P. Engel, Hydraulics Research Div. Rept., Mar.

1975. 405-10290-700-00 CALIBRATION EQUATION FOR PRICE CURRENT METERS

(c) Mr. P. Engel.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Provide information on the effects of fluid properties on

the Price current meter.

if) Completed.

(g) A universal calibration curve has been developed using the

theoretical and empirical methods. The analysis shows that

for a meter of given rotor diameter and fixed frictional re- sistance, the rate of rotation of the meter rotor is dependent only on the speed of the fluid and the fluid density. It

is further shown that changes in temperature and small changes in density as experienced when changing from

fresh water to salt water, do not have a significant effect on measurement accuracy. A practical form of the calibration equation states that the

fluid velocity multiplied by the square root of fluid density

is a function of the rotation rate times the square root of

fluid density. Suggestions are made for applying the

universal calibration equation to the calibrations of current meters in wind tunnels. The principles developed can be

applied to other current meters used in oceanographic and

lake surveys as well as anemometers used to measure wind

velocities.

(/i) A Universal Calibration Equation for Price Meters and

Similar Instruments, P. Engel, Hydraulics Res. Div., Inland Waters Directorate Scientific Series No. 65, 1976.

405-10291-350-90 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF CONTROL STRUCTURES

(b) Water Planning and Management Branch, Department of

Fisheries and the Environment.

(c) Mr. P. Engel.

(d) Applied research, design, development.

(e) Model studies conducted on a fixed crest weir and a gated

control structure to develop rating curves, stilling basin and downstream channel protection.

(J) Completed.

(g) Study done in two separate reports. Fixed Crest Weir-A model of a proposed weir for the Richelieu River was constructed and tested. Model scale was 1:9.83. The tests were conducted to obtain the stage- discharge relationship and to investigate if the control of

the tailwater level will affect the discharge coefficient. It was found that the discharge coefficient was not affected

for flows lower than about 40,000 ft3 /s. Two modifications

to the toe of the weir were tested. Both showed significant reduction in scour of the river bed as compared with the

original weir design. A horizontal extension of the weir is the recommended modification. The rip-rap protection was designed and tested and found to be stable for the weir with the recommended extension. Gated Structure-A proposed gated structure for the Richelieu River was tested using a 1:12 scale hydraulic model. Discharge coefficients were obtained for various

settings of the gate under both natural and controlled tail- water conditions. Observations of the flow indicated that the proposed stilling basin design may not be adequate. A

revised design was proposed and tests showed that the flows leaving this basin were much less turbulent. Tests of

rip-rap protection for the river downstream of the basin were made and the required rip-rap mixture is recom- mended.

(It) Hydraulic Model Tests of the Proposed Weir for the Richelieu River at St. Jean, Quebec, P. Engle, Y. L. Lau,

Hydraulics Research Div. Rept., CCIW, Mar. 1977. Hydraulic Model Tests of the Proposed Gated Control

Structure for the Richelieu River at St. Jean, Quebec, P. Engel, Y. L. Lau, Hydraulics Res. Div. Rept., CCIW, Apr.

1977. 405-10292-220-00 HYDROGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE FOR BEDLOAD

DISCHARGE

(c) Mr. P. Engel.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To establish the feasibility of and the criteria for the deter- mination of bed load transport from spatial and temporal

survey of bedform movement in large rivers. 405-10293-470-90 WHEATLEY HARBOUR MODEL STUDY

(b) Small Craft Harbours, Department of Fisheries and the Environement (Canada).

(c) Dr. M. G. Skafel. (d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:60 scale model of Wheatley Harbour, Lake Erie, was

constructed to evaluate different schemes for protecting

the harbour entrance from storm waves out of the east and

northeast.

(f) Completed.

(/i) Wheatley Harbour Model Study, M. G. Skafel, Hydraulics

Res. Div., CCIW Unpublished Report, 1977. 405-10294-410-00 LITTORAL DRIFT AND EROSION MODEL

(c) Dr. M. G. Skafel. (d) Field, theoretical; applied research. 267
(<?) Waves, currents and sediment transport will be measured

on a sand beach to provide data for modeling sediment

transport in the littoral zone. Model concepts will be

developed. 405-10295-220-00 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT DUE TO WAVES AND CURRENTS

(c) Dr. M. G. Skafel and Dr. B. G. Krishnappan.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurements of sediment motion under waves with a su- perimposed unidirectional current will be made in a wave

flume to quantify their interactions. 405-10296-300-00 MATHEMATICAL RIVER RESPONSE MODEL

(c) Dr. B. G. Krishnappan.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) This study is aimed at developing a mathematical model

which will predict the response of a river for various physical changes.

(g) The development of the model is completed. This model is being tested for laboratory and field conditions. This model solves the continuity equation for the sediment- water mixture and the momentum equation numerically, and corrects the solution at each step using the continuity

equation for sediment.

(h) Mathematical Modeling of Sediment-Laden Flows in Natural Streams, B. G. Krishnappan, N. Snider, Inland Waters

Directorate Scientific Series No. 81 (in press). 405-10297-300-00 BASIC STUDY ON MEANDER FORMATION

(c) Dr. B. G. Krishnappan and Dr. T. M. Dick.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) In spite of numerous studies carried out in the past, the

basic mechanisms governing the formation of meanders

are still not understood. This study is undertaken to syste- matically conduct experiments and gather basic data which

could shed some light on these basic mechanisms. 405-10298-870-00 DEVELOPMENT OF AN ICE-OIL BOOM

(c) Dr. G. Tsang.

(d) Applied; development.

(e) The theoretical and later prototype development of a boom which can separate spilled oil and drifting ice floes

in flowing water by deflecting the ice to one side while permitting the spilled oil to flow through the perforated

openings to the ice-free area downstream, to be contained and collected by conventional means.

(g) Theoretical study showed that a timber boom which only- needs anchoring at one point can be developed. The boom

would be provided with fins and these can change the

angle of the boom with the on-coming current by altering

its rudder angle. An experimental boom is presently being constructed by the U.S. Coast Guard and will be tested

later. 405-10299-700-00 DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAZIL ICE INSTRUMENT

(c) Dr. G. Tsang.

(d) Development.

(e) To develop an instrument which can measure the point concentration of frazil ice in water.

(g) An experimental instrument has been constructed and

tested. This instrument showed that the concentration of

frazil ice in water can be quantitatively measured by measuring the effect of ice on the resistivity and di-electrical constant of water. A manufacturable prototype instrument

is presently being developed based on findings from the experimental instrument.

(/i) Development of an Experimental Frazil Ice Instrument, G.

Tsang, Proc. 3rd Canadian Natl. Hxdrotechnical Conf., Quebec City, May 1977.

405-10300-330-00 EFFECT OF SHIP PASSAGE ON UNDERHANGING ICE DAM FORMATION

(c) Mr. R. Carson, Dr. G. Tsang.

(d) Applied.

(e) To study the effect of ship passage on the formation of ice jam in a fragmented ice cover.

(g) Laboratory experiments showed that the passage of a ship

through an unconsolidated ice cover can cause an un- derwater ice dam to form; the criteria for such an ice dam

initiation is very much affected by the condition of the ice cover; for a given ice cover, a ship moving downstream is more likely to produce an ice jam than one moving up- stream; and both high and low ship speeds are not favourable for ice dam formation. Somewhere in between

there is a ship speed range at which ice dams are most

likely to form. 405-10301-300-00 CRITERIA OF ICE COVER STABILITY

(c) Dr. G. Tsang, Mr. R. Carson, Dr. E. C. Chen.

(d) Theoretical, applied.

(e) To study the parameters which will cause the collapse of

the upstream end of a loose ice cover and the formation of an ice jam. 405-10302-870-99 RECOVERY OF SPILLED OIL IN RIVERS FROM CUT

SLOTS IN THE ICE COVER

(b) Prairie Region Oil Spill Containment and Recovery Advisory Committee.

(c) Dr. E. C. Chen, Dr. G. Tsang, Mr. R. Carson.

(d) Applied.

(e) To study the feasibility and the best way of recovering

spilled oil from slots cut in the ice cover of rivers. 405-10303-870-00 OIL AND ICE STUDIES

(c) Dr. E. C. Chen, Dr. G. Tsang, Mr. R. Carson.

(d) Theoretical; applied.

(e) To study the rising of an oil jet; the managment of an oil slick; and the interaction of oil and ice under an ice cover and in ice-infested waters. 405-10304-300-90 ICE JAM FLOOD RISK MAPPING

(b) Atlantic Region, Inland Waters Directorate, Department of

Fisheries and the Environment.

(c) Mr. R. Carson.

(d) Applied.

(e) To map the sites of probable flooding due to ice jamming

in the Salmon River, Nova Scotia.

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY, Institute of Oceanography,

Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3J5. Dr. Lloyd M.

Dickie, Director. 406-09518-420-00 SURF ZONE AND NEARSHORE HYDRODYNAMICS

(c) A. J. Bowen and D. A. Huntley.

(d) Theoretical and field experimental; basic research.

(e) Develop theories of nearshore wave/motion and steady

currents, and test theories by field experiments. Investiga- tion of surf beat, edge waves and turbulent stresses on bot- tom sediment.

(g) See papers.

(/i) Hydraulic and Sedimentary Problems of Tidal Power

Development of the Shubenacadie River Estuary-A Pilot Study, A. J. Bowen, C. J. R. Garrett, Institute of Oceanography, Dalhousie Univ. Rept., 47 pages, 1976. 268
Finite Amplitude Edge Waves, R. T. Guza, A. J. Bowen, J. Marine Res. 34, pp. 268-293, 1976. Resonant Interactions for Waves Breaking on a Beach, R.

T. Guza, A. J. Bowen, Proc. 15th Conf. on Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, Hawaii, July 1976 (in press). Long Period Waves on a Natural Beach, D. A. Huntley, J. Geophys. Res. 81, pp. 6441-6449, 1976.

Lateral and Bottom Forces on Longshore Currents, D. A. Huntley, Proc. 15th Intl. Conf. on Coastal Engr., Honolulu,

Hawaii, July 1976 (in press).

ENVIRONMENT CANADA. DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND

THE ENVIRONMENT, INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES,

PATRICIA BAY; OCEAN AND AQUATIC SCIENCES, PACIFIC REGION, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada V8L 3S2. R. W. Stewart, Director. 407-09519-410-00 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF BURRARD INLET, B. C.

(c) Mr. A. B. Ages.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) A two-dimensional numerical model, using finite dif- ference methods for calculating tidal propagation in Burrard Inlet, including Vancouver Harbour, Indian Arm and

Port Moody.

407-10237-400-00 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF STRAIT OF GEORGIA AND

JUAN DE FUCA STRAIT, B.C.

(c) Dr. P. B. Crean.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) A two-dimensional numerical finite-difference model is under development for tidal propagation studies. 407-10238-420-00 STORM SURGE FORECASTING IN BEAUFORT SEA

(c) Dr. R. F. Henry.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) A two-dimensional numerical model has been developed

for operational forecasting of surge elevations, using pre- dicted surface winds as input.

IASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY LTD., 0250 St. Patrick

Street, Lasalle, Quebec, Canada H8R 1R8. R. Hausser,

President and General Manager.

408-09546-340-75 SENOKO POWER STATION THERMAL MODEL STUDY

(b) Montreal Engineering Company Limited.

(d) Experimental design.

(e) 1:600 horizontal and 1:150 vertical scale thermal model

study of dispersion characteristics of discharge plume, the change in the average cooling water inlet temperature above ambient temperature and determination of the water surface contour of 2 °C temperature rise above ambient of the discharge heat plume.

if) Completed.

(g) Initial design proved satisfactory. Combined density and

tidal currents helped to replenish the intake area with a constant supply of water at nearly ambient temperature.

(/j) Report submitted to MECO.

408-09547-340-96 SITE I POWER INTAKE STUDIES

(b) British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Hydraulic studies on a 1:48 partial model of the following

aspects: intake headloss for different transition shapes between the gate section and the penstock; gate downpull and risks of vibration; vortex formation at the intake.

(/) Completed.

(g) The study enabled to determine the best combination of

intake gate section, transition length and shape. It was

possible to combine headloss reduction and saving in construction costs. Persistence of vortex formation led to stu- dies on a comprehensive model.

(/i) Report submitted to B.C. H. P. A. 408-09548-870-90 OIL SPILLS

(b) Ministry of Transport-Canada.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Use of deflectors for diversion of a spill toward the North bank of the St. Lawrence River where the velocities are low enough for use of conventional means for recovery in case of oil spill along the Montreal refineries. Determination of the phenomenon and location of deflector stacks

for best efficiency.

if) Interim reports. (g) Possibility of greatly improving the recovery percentage in case of spill. 408-09549-330-90 NAVIGATION-TRAVERSE SPIT

(£>) Ministry of Transport, Canada.

(d) Experimental, operation.

(e) Study of the problems involving large vessels, such as su- pertankers, during passage, meeting or overtaking in restricted waters of the St. Lawrence navigation channel.

Specific case of Traverse Spit (at the top of He d'Orleans) under study, model and ships scale 1/100, radio and T. V. monitored ships.

if) Completed. 408-10239-340-70 GRAND GULF NUCLEAR STATION

(b) Ingersoll-Rand Company; Mississippi Power and Light Co.; Bechtel, Consultants.

(d) Model investigation; design.

(e) 1/10 scale model of circulating water pump well to develop internal configuration that will give acceptable

flow entry to the pump bellmouths.

(/) Completed. 408-10240-340-70 INDIAN RIVER STATION, UNIT 4

(b) Ingersoll-Rand Company; Delmarva Power and Light Co.; Gilbert/Commonwealth Engineers and Consultants.

(d) Model investigation; design.

(e) 1/10 scale model of a section of the cooling tower basin and the intake sump. Verification of flow conditions under

the bellmouth and in the sump in general.

(f) Completed. 408-10241-300-73 MANASAN CONTROL STRUCTURE

(b) Manitoba Hydro.

(d) Experimental design.

(e) 1/100 scale ice model studies. Under post diversion flow conditions of the Burntwood River at Thompson the risks of formation of a severe ice jam and consequent flooding due to rise in winter water levels imposed the need for construction of a control structure and ice boom preventing the formation of the aforementioned ice jam.

(J) Completed.

(g) The study enabled to determine the best design of the control structure and the minimum upstream level for satisfac- tory ice boom performance.

(/i) Report submitted to Manitoba Hydro.

269
408-10242-400-73 GREAT WHALE ESTUARY

(b) Hydro-Quebec.

(d) Model investigation; applied research.

(e) Estuary model constructed to a horizontal scale of 1/400 and vertical scale of 1/75. Problems studied included

shoaling of entrance (affected by wave action as well as

tidal and river currents), bed movement in the model, salt water intrusion, and the effects thereon of proposed

changes in the physical and hydraulic regimes of the estuary- (/) Final report in progress. 408-10243-400-75 LA GRANDE ESTUARY

(b)Vezina, Fortier and Associates, Consulting Engineers; James Bay Energy Corporation.

(d) Model investigation; design.

(e) Estuary model (horizontal scale: 1/600, vertical scale: 1/150). Clear water tests to study the erosion problem and

to optimize stabilization means. Ice tests ( ice cover formation, break-up conditions). Emphasis has been placed on

comparing conditions before and after the construction of La Grande Complex.

(/) Testing under way. 408-10244-210-70 RUPTURE DISC HEADLOSS TESTS

(b) Process Equipment Ltd., Montreal.

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) A complete 10 inch diameter flange and rupture disc as- sembly, which is designed to act as a safety relief valve in industrial plant piping systems, was set up in the laboratory. Precise flow and headloss measurements were made,

from which the headloss coefficient for the ruptured disc was calculated. Parameters were developed so the coeffi- cients could be applied to larger size installations as well.

(/) Completed. 408-10245-340-73 WASHINGTON PUBLIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM-UNITS 1 AND 4

(b) W.P.P.S.S., Richland, Wash., and United Engineers and

Constructors Inc., Philadelphia, Consulting Engineers.

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) The circulating water pump well supplying the cooling towers was studied on a model at 1/13.5 scale. Detailed modifications were developed inside the sump to ensure uniform flow supply to the four horizontal axis pump in- takes.

(/) Completed. 408-10246-340-73 CORNWALL PUMPED STORAGE SCHEME

(b) Consolidated Edison Company of New York.

(d) Experimental, applied research, design.

(e) A 1/84 scale model of the Hudson River was used to study

the flows in the vicinity of the intake-outlet screen structure. Zones of the river supplying water during pumping

and receiving the turbined effluent were defined over the complete tidal cycle. Theoretical analyses based on the model results allowed calculation of the amount of tur- bined water that was recirculated.

(/) Completed. 408-10247-340-73 NEAL STATION-UNIT 3

(h) Iowa Public Service Co., Sioux City; Ingersoll-Rand Pump

Co., Phillipsburg, N.J.

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) The likelihood that the Missouri River will drop to levels below those foreseen when the pumphouse was built introduced the possibility of vortex formation that would

disturb operation of the two vertical axis mixed flow pumps. A model at scale 1/11.55 was used to develop ex- treme remedial measures that should allow vortex-free operation of the pumps with very low river levels.

(/) Completed. 408-10248-340-73 LARAMIE RIVER STATION-UNITS 1 AND 2

(b) Missouri Basin Electric Power Cooperative; Burns and MacDonnell, Kansas City, Consulting Engineers; HaywardTyler Pump Co.

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) Two vertical axis propellor pumps, set in individual bays, supply water to the cooling system. Water returning from

the plant arrived in canals on each side of the sump, at right angles to the bay centerlines. A 1/16 scale model was

used to develop the sump modifications necessary to en- sure uniform and vortex-free approach flows to the pumps.

(f) Completed. 408-10249-440-73 LAKE WINNIPEG REGULATION ICE STUDY

(b) Manitoba Hydro.

(d) Theoretical, design.

(e) Water flowing out the north end of Lake Winnipeg goes through a complex network of natural and man-made

lakes and channels before arriving at Jenpeg Generating

Station. When the station begins operating, it will alter the natural flows through the channels, in particular during

winter. A computer study was carried out to define the ice cover conditions and levels all through the flow system, as a function of discharge and level in Lake Winnipeg. 408-10250-300-73 WINNIPEG RIVER ICE STUDY

(b) Manitoba Hydro, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

(d) Theoretical, design.

(e) It had been proposed that the six hydroelectric stations along the river be ' used to supply peak power for short periods each day, instead of the steady base load for which

they were originally designed. The resulting wide discharge

variations would modify the ice cover conditions in winter. A computer study was carried out to define the ice cover

relations and resulting water levels, as well as recommending ice boom locations to establish and hold stable covers.

(/) Completed.

408-10251-350-73 EASTMAIN SPILLWAY-JAMES BAY PROJECT

(b) James Bay Energy Corporation; Lalonde, Girouard, Letendre, and Associates, Consulting Engineers, Montreal.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Study on a 1/100 scale model of a spillway located in a

diversion canal and designed to carry a peak outflow of 211,000 cfs with a maximum head of 65 feet. Special at- tention was given to potential scouring of the riverbank and to flow conditions during winter.

408-10252-520-90 NAVIGATION-CRASH STOP ASTERN TESTS

(b) Transport Canada; Canadian Coast Guard.

(d) Experimental.

(e) 1/100 scale model study to evaluate the effect of certain parameters on the distance traveled by large vessels in coming to a stop. Use of radio-controlled self-powered tankers of 65,000, 1 10,000 and 227,000 DWT.

(/) Completed.

270
408-10253-630-68 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT-PUMPING STATION

(b) Montreal Urban Community; SNC Groupe, Montreal and

Asselin, Benoit, Boucher, Ducharme, Lapointe, Inc., Consulting Engineers, Montreal.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Study of a 1/16 scale model of flow conditions in four

wells housing 17 pumps (110,000 USGPM each) supplied

by two interceptors serving the Montreal Urban Community. Also on a 1/24 comprehensive scale model of the treat- ment plant between the 1 7 discharging syphons and the

settling tanks, study of flow and sediment distribution in canals leading to the screens and to the grit chambers.

if) Completed. 408-10254-870-68 WATER TREATMENT PLANT-SEWAGE OUTFALL

(b) Montreal Urban Community.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Study on a 1/600 by 1/150 scale model reproducing the

St. Lawrence River of the sewage outfall location for the 3,300 cfs water treatment plant.

(f) Completed.

408-10255-340-73 GENTILLY NUCLEAR POWER STATION UNIT NO

2-PUMPING STATION

(b) Hydro Quebec, Canatom Ltd.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) 1/16 scale model study of flow conditions at pump en- trance under various pumping conditions.

if) Completed. 408-10256-870-68 FLOW INTERCEPTION FROM A COLLECTOR TO AN IN- TERCEPTOR

(b) Montreal Urban Community.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Model study to verify the design of a diversion chamber

allowing interception of a nominal flow from a collector to an interceptor leading to a treatment plant (1/12 scale model).

(/) Completed.

408-10257-350-73 CANIAPISCAU DIVERSION TUNNEL AND SPILL- WAY-JAMES BAY PROJECT

(b) James Bay Energy Corporation; Lemieux, Monti, Nadon,

Roy, Inc., Consulting Engineers, Montreal.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1/100 scale model including a spillway and its tailrace canal (peak flow 130,000 cfs) and a diversion tunnel (peak flow 110,000 cfs). The main characteristic of the

project is the superimposed arrangement of the spillway and canal on top of the diversion tunnel with the tailrace canal of the tunnel serving as a dissipating basin for the

spillway flow. The model was used to investigate flow conditions mainly in the tailrace canal of the diversion tunnel and in the intake canal of the spillway. Calibration of both

structures was made and flow conditions during winter

with ice were examined. 408-10258-350-73 EASTMAIN, OPINACA, LA GRANDE (E.O.L.) CONTROL

STRUCTURE-JAMES BAY PROJECT

(b) James Bay Energy Corporation; Lalonde, Girouard, Letendre and Associates, Consulting Engineers, Montreal.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1/100 scale model study of a three-gated control struc- ture designed for a peak flow of 70,000 cfs. The study in- cludes the investigation of various flow conditions and

calibration of the structure. Excavation in the downstream

reach as required by winter ice flow conditions is also being studied. 408-10259-300-90 UPPER RICHELIEU RIVER

(£>) Environment Canada.

(d) Model investigation, design.

(e) Model constructed to a horizontal scale of 1/111 and a

vertical scale of 1/45. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of proposed water level controls, for flood control at high flows and to maintain environmentally acceptable levels at low flows.

if) Completed. 408-10260-520-90 MOORING FORCES OF LARGE VESSELS BERTHED AT

OFFSHORE TERMINALS

(b) Ministry of Transport, Canada.

(d) Model investigation; applied research.

(e) On a 1/100 scale model duplicating the Come-by-Chance

terminal conditions, VLCC models, the largest being

412,000 DWT, were used to study the dynamics of mooring line forces generated as a result of combinations of wave conditions, lines-pretensioning, line-elongation

characteristics, nylon-tail addition to steel lines, vessel loading, and mooring arrangements. With the view of developing practical guidelines for the general user, the program was expanded in a later phase to environmental

conditions beyond those expected at the site of Come-byChance terminal.

(/) First and second interim reports in 1976; studies under

way. 408-10261-430-96 GASPE COASTLINE ROD NO. 132

(b) Ministry of Transport, Quebec.

(d) Model investigation, design.

(e) Wave flume tests at scale 1/30 to determine design crest elevation of sea walls and protective slopes subject to breaking waves.

(f) Completed. 408-10262-430-96 RIMOUSKI SEA WALL

(b) Ministry of Transport, Quebec.

(d) Model investigation; design.

(e) Wave flume tests at scale 1/20 to investigate potential run- up and water projections on the road, as well as reflections from the wall towards the adjacent marina.

(f) Completed. 408-10263-350-73 LG3 WATER INTAKE

(b) James Bay Energy Corporation; S.N.C.-Cartier, Consulting

Engineers.

(d) Model investigation; design.

(e) 1/100 scale model of forebay and intake structure. Tests included vortex observations and preparation of chronophotographic surface velocity charts. New approach

walls and a higher elevation of the intake structure were

adopted as a result of the investigation.

(f) Completed. 408-10264-350-73 MANIC 2 SPILLWAY STRUCTURE

(b) Hydro-Quebec.

(d) Model investigation; design.

(e) 1/80 scale model of existing structure, power station and

tail-race to define remedial measures to hydraulic

problems caused by the functioning of the spillway struc- ture (high water levels and scour in the tailrace, water

projections on the pulp wood chute and on the electric

lines). 271
(f) Completed. 408-10265-340-73 LIMESTONE GENERATING STATION

(b) Manitoba Hydro through Crippen Acres Engineering.

(d) Experimental design.

(e) 1/500 horizontal and 1/150 vertical scale ice model studies. The Limestone Generating Station is to be built in a reach of the Nelson River subject to severe ice jamming.

During the winter, under existing conditions the staging of

the ice cover causes a rise in water level of about 15 meters above the open water conditions. The object of the model study is to determine winter water levels and stabili- ty of the ice cover under different diversion conditions.

(f) Study in progress. 408-10266-350-73 OUTARDES

(b) Hydro Quebec through Sometal Atlantic Limited and Asselin, Benoit, Boucher, Ducharme, Lapointe, Inc. (d) Experimental design.

(e) 1/30 scale partial model study of regulating and bulkhead

gates. Measurement of hydraulic downpull and determination of operating conditions giving gate vibration.

(f) Completed.

(g) The study enabled to determine gate knife edge shape giv- ing minimum hydraulic downpull and operating conditions under which risks of gate vibration are to be expected.

(/i) Report submitted to Hydro Quebec.

408-10267-860-65 WATER INTAKE FOR THE CITY OF MONTREAL WATER

SUPPLY

(b) Public Works Department of the City of Montreal through

Lalonde, Valois, Lamarre, Valois and Associates.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Prototype frazil transport measurements and assessment of heating requirements to assure unhindered water supply

during worst winter conditions.

(f) Completed.

(g) Investigation allowed to better understand the atmospheric and temperature conditions giving worst frazil ice trans- port and deposition at the Water Intake.

(It) Report submitted to the City of Montreal. 408-10268-350-73 LG3 SPILLWAY

(b) James Bay Energy Corporation through SNC Cartier. {d) Experimental design.

(e) 1/100 scale model study of hydraulic design of the spillway and the energy dissipation downstream.

(f) Completed.

(g) The study enabled to determine the spillway flip-bucket

design providing a desired jet dispersal and scour conditions for maximum probable discharge.

(/i) Report submitted to the James Bay Energy Corporation. 408-10269-870-73 MANITOUNUK SOUND

(b) Hydro Quebec.

(d) Experimental design.

(e) 1/2,000 horizontal and 1/150 vertical scale hydraulic model study to determine the effects of power discharge on the salinity of the water as well as a comparison of its impact on the flow velocities and ice cover formation in- side the sound under present conditions and after completion of the power project.

(f) Study in progress. 408-10270-350-87

SIDI SAAD DAM

(b) Ministry of Development, Tunisia, through SNC.

(d) Experimental design.

(e) 1/100 scale model study of hydraulic design of the spillway and energy dissipation downstream.

(J) Study in progress. 408-10271-350-73 FLOW DIVERSION FROM CANIAPISCAU RIVER TO LG4

RESERVOIR

(b) James Bay Energy Corporation; Lemieux, Monti, Nadon,

Roy and Associates, Consulting Engineers, Montreal.

(d) Theoretical, design.

(e) Study of the most appropriate route and required embankments and excavations to discharge 40,000 cfs over 136

miles of land, lakes or small rivers even during the worst

winter ice conditions. 408-10272-210-73 TEMENGOR HOLLOW CONE VALVES

(b) Hydroelectric Authority of Malaysia, Shawinigan Engineering Co. Ltd., Montreal, Consulting Engineers.

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) Operation of the two valves as short term bottom outlets

installed in a diversion tunnel had resulted in significant splashing of an actively used work platform. Model studies

at scale 1/30 were carried out to identify the source of the splashing and to develop remedial works required.

(f) Completed. 408-10273-340-73 POINT LEPREAU PUMPHOUSE

(b) New Brunswick Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) The pumphouse contains four small vertical axis propeller pumps and two large concrete volute pumps that circulate raw sea water through the cooling system of the thermal power plant.

if) Completed.

(g) Detailed modifications were developed in the three separate sumps so that water supply to all of the pumps

was uniform and free of vortexing tendencies. Particular care was necessary to guarantee consistent operation over

the complete tidal cycle involving water level changes up

to 50 ft in the supply canal from the Bay of Fundy. 408-10274-340-73 INDIAN POINT GENERATING PLANTS

(b) Consolidated Edison Company of New York.

(d) Experimental, applied research, design.

(e) A 1/84 scale model of the Hudson River was used to study

the flows in the vicinity of the cooling water intakes and common outlet. Zones of the river supplying the intakes were defined as well as the trajectories of the heated ef- fluent over the complete tidal cycle. Theoretical analyses based on the model results allowed calculation of the amount of effluent water that was recirculated.

(/) Completed.

McGILL UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3480 University St., Montreal, Quebec, Canada

H3A 2A7. Drs. A. S. Mujumdar and W. J. M. Douglas.

409-10781-050-90 IMPINGING JET FLOW, HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

(b) N. R. C, Ottawa; Pulp & Paper Research Institute of Canada.

(c) Dr. W. J. M. Douglas and Dr. A. S. Mujumdar.

(d) Computational; experimental; several Ph.D. and M.Eng.

theses.

(e) Numerical models have been developed to predict the flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics of two-dimensional/axisymmetric, laminar/turbulent jets of air impinging

normally on a permeable wall. Computer programs have 272
been developed to simulate round swirling impinging jet including effect of suction or blowing at the impingement

surface. Another code predicts the transfer rates under

conditions of coupled heat and mass transfer. A unique ex- perimental facility has been designed and made operational to measure the instantaneous heat flux on the sur- face of a porous metal drum rotating at high rpm's and ex- posed to heating and cooling slot jets. Parameters studied or under study include: effect of nozzle design, Reynolds

number, nozzle-suction rate at the wall, effect of inter-jet interaction for multiple slot jets, etc. Specific application

motivating this work is the high-speed drying of newsprint

using the Papridryer concept.

(g) Various new experimental rigs for testing the simulation programs are being designed and constructed.

(h) List of publications available upon request. 409-10782-140-00 COUPLED HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN ENTRY

FLOWS

(c) Dr. A. S. Mujumdar.

(d) Computational, basic.

(e) A computer code has been developed to predict the effect of high mass transfer rates on the flow, heat and mass

transfer in the entrance length of a laminar tube flow. The

code solves the full conservation of species (chosen to be

air-water vapor), Navier-Stokes equations and the energy

equation subject to appropriate boundary conditions for a Newtonian fluid. (g) The code is being extended to include effects of swirl of

arbitrary profile introduced at the inlet. 409-10783-020-00 TURBULENT FLOWS IN ASYMMETRIC CHANNELS

(c) Dr. A. S. Mujumdar.

(d) Experimental, applied.

(e) Hot-wire and laser Doppler velocimeter surveys of the mean velocity and turbulence characteristics of turbulent flow in specially designed asymmetric channels will be made. Results are of interest in design of headboxes of modern high-speed papermachine which are fully hydraulic. (g) Selection of various possible channel configurations is under way in consultation with papermachine manufacturers.

MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7.

410-10305-050-90 BUOYANT WALL JETS APPLIED TO OCEAN OUTFALLS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) J. J. Sharp, Associate Professor and B. D. Vyas, Post-Doctoral Fellow.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research.

(e) Study of various mathematical models of ocean outfalls and development of a mathematical model for dilution achieved by an axisymmetric buoyant wall jet, and comparison with experimental results.

(f) Studies on two-dimensional buoyant wall jets continued.

(g) The research results could be utilized for an efficient design of ocean outfalls. The buoyant wall jets are found

to have higher dilution capacity than the free jets discharged at the same Froude number and depth to diameter ratio.

( h ) The Use of a Buoyant Wall Jet to Improve the Dilution of a Submerged Outfall, J. J. Sharp, Proc. Instil. Civil Engrs.

59, 2, pp. 527-536, Sept. 1975.

Application of Dimensional Reasonings to Thermal Systems,

J. J. Sharp, J. Franklin Institute 299, 3, pp. 191-197, Mar.

1975.

The Buoyant Wall Jet, J. J. Sharp, B. D. Vyas, Proc. Instn. of Civil Engrs. (in press). Mathematical and Physical Models of the Ocean Outfall Performance, J. J. Sharp, B. D. Vyas, 7th Intersociety Conf. on Environmental Systems, San Francisco, July 11-14, 1977 (communicated). 410-10306-360-00 STUDIES ON HYDRAULIC JUMP

(c) J. J. Sharp, Associate Professor.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The formation of hydraulic jump at an abrupt step is compared to that at a step with rounded edge.

(It) Observations on Hydraulic Jump at Rounded Step, J. J. Sharp, ASCE 100, pp. 787-795, June 1974. 410-10307-210-90 RESPONSE OF A SUBMERGED COMPOSITE PIPE

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. D. B. Muggeridge.

(d) Experimental and theoretical-M. Eng.

(e) Vibration characteristics of anisotropic cylindrical shells in a fluid medium have been investigated theoretically and

confirmed experimentally. Numerical results are given for the following cases: A shell in air; a shell containing a

fluid; a shell immersed in a fluid, and a shell containing a

fluid that is immersed in a fluid. (g) The presence of a fluid decreases the natural frequency of

vibration by almost an order of magnitude.

Results for a shell immersed in a fluid and a shell containing a fluid are almost identical. Even lower frequencies occur when a shell containing a

fluid is submerged.

The natural frequency of a shell, that is partially sub- merged, decreases rapidly until the shell is approximately one quarter submerged. Thereafter the natural frequency

is relatively insensitive to further submergence,

(/i) Vibration Characteristics of Reinforced Plastic Pipes in a Fluid Medium, W. N. Dong, D. B. Muggeridge, IEEE

Ocean Intl. Conf., Halifax, N.S., pp. 418-424, Aug. 1974. Dynamics of a Fluid Carrying Fiber-Reinforced Pipe, W.N.

Dong, D. B. Muggeridge, Proc. 5th Canadian Congr. of Applied Mechanics, Fredericton, May 1975. Both reports available from the Ocean Engrg. Information Centre, Faculty of Engrg. and Applied Science, Memorial

Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada

A1C 5S7. 410-10308-430-90 WAVE FORCES ON MARINE STRUCTURES

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. D. B. Muggeridge.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, M. Eng. thesis. (e) A wave channel (60m X 4.5m x 3m) is being commissioned to study the effects of wave forces on marine structures. A closed-loop hydraulic system is used to actuate a sealed piston-type wave paddle and a variable slope beach

is employed to absorb the wave energy. Regular and ran- dom waves are capable of being generated and wave and

force spectra are analyzed by an HP 545 IB Fourier Analyzer system. 410-10309-840-90 SEASONAL FLOW IN CHANNELS DRAINING PEATLANDS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) J. Waterhouse, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Field investigation, experimental.

(e) Seasonal changes in groundwater level, in soil moisture, in peat characteristics and in the drainage channel conditions contribute to flow variations. The interrelationships will be

studied in laboratory and field, special attention being paid

to freezing conditions. 273
410-10310-140-90 HEAT, MASS, AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN THE

MELTING OF ICE IN SALINE WATER

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) N. W. Wilson, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied.

(e) The boundary layer regions near an ice wall melting into

saline water are being investigated to provide information concerning combined free and forced convection. Geometries considered include a horizontal ice sheet with

flow above or below the sheet, and a vertical ice sheet. Will provide information pertaining to characteristics of

iceberg and sheet ice melting in saline water.

(g) Enhancement of melting rates occur in the horizontal case because of buoyancy forces. Additionally, at combined

convection conditions, small recirculating zones occur

within the boundary layers. 410-10311-450-90 FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION OF VISCOUS SEA ICE

MODELS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) D. S. Sodhi, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) The drift of pack ice in the Strait of Belle Isle under dif- ferent environmental conditions is studied, using the finite element method.

(h) A Finite Element Formulation of a Viscous Sea Ice Drift Model, D. S. Sodhi, W. D. Hibler. Abstract sent for ac- ceptance at the ICSIIAIDJAX Symp. on Sea Ice-Processes and Models, Sept. 4-9, 1977, Seattle, U.S.A. 410-10312-450-90 EFFECT OF OCEAN CURRENT FIELD ON ICEBERG DRIFT

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) W. E. Russell, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical experimental and field investigation; applied

research.

(e) The effect of direction and velocity changes of ocean currents on the response of iceberg drift is studied. Numerical model is developed and verified by laboratory experiments and field observations.

(g) Laboratory and field work in progress.

(/i) Analysis of Iceberg Trajectories, N. Riggs, W. E. Russell, 2nd CSCE Atlantic Regional Hydrotechnical Conf., Amherst, N.S., 1976.

Field Study of Local Iceberg Motion, W. E. Russell, N.

Riggs, Q. Robe, POAC Conference, Memorial University,

Sept. 1977. Boundary Layer Flow Around a Drifting Iceberg, W. E. Russell, N. Riggs, POAC Conference, Memorial University,

Sept. 1977. 410-10313-210-88 PULSED FLOW IN CIRCULAR PIPES

(b) Institute of the Statistical Mechanics of Turbulence, Marseille, France.

(c) W. E. Russell, Associate Professor.

(d) Theoretical: basic research.

(e) The behaviour of pulsed flow at low and high frequencies

is studied.

(/i) Tourbillents annulairres on ecoulement pulse, C Beguier, W. E. Russell, Deuxieme Congnes des Mechanique, Toulouse, France, Sept. 1975. Systeme Stationairre en Ecoulement Pulse Axisymmetrique,

C. Beguier, W. E. Russel, Euromecli 73, Aix-en-Provence,

France, 1976.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical I Engineering, Hydraulics Section, Montreal Road, Ottawa, | K1A 0R6, Canada. J. Ploeg, Section Head.

I 411-06602-400-90 TIDAL HYDRAULIC MODEL OF THE ST. LAWRENCE

RIVER AND ESTUARY

(b) Ministry of Transport.

(c) Mr. J. Ploeg, Dr. B. D. Pratte. (d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) A hydraulic model of the tidal reach of the river has been

constructed and calibrated for the study of navigation im- provements.

(/;) Computer Control and Data Acquisition of a Tidal Model, i E. R. Funke, MH-110, Dec. 1972. 411-06603-400-90 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER

AND ESTUARY

(b) Ministry of Transport.

(c) N. Croolcshank.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A combined one- and two-dimensional numerical model,

using finite difference methods of calculating tidal propagation along the St. Lawrence River.

(/;) Numerical Model Studies of the St. Lawrence River, D.

Prandle, N. Crookshank, July 1972.

41 1-08133-420-90 FORCES ON OFF-SHORE STRUCTURES

(b) Public Works-Canada.

(c) Dr. G. Mogridge, W. Jamieson.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research.

(e) Using a scale model of a deep water off-shore mooring

point, wave forces sensed by strain gauges are recorded

on-line with an EA1-640 computer. Regular and random

waves are used.

(/j) A Design Method for the Estimation of Wave Loads on Square Caissons, G. R. Mogridge, W. W. Jamieson, LTRHY-57, Oct. 1976. Wave Loads on Large Circular Cylinders: A Design

Method, G. R. Mogridge, W. W. Jamieson, MH-11, Dec.

1976. 411-09562-330-90 MIRAMICHI CHANNEL STUDY

(b) Ministry of Transport.

(c) D. H. Willis. (d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) A scale model study of the Miramichi Estuary, N. B., to determine the effects of deepening the navigation channel on the flow regime and to define locations of dumping

grounds.

(J) Complete.

(h) Miramichi Channel Hydraulic Investigation, D. H. Willis, LTR-HY-56, Apr. 1977. 411-10314-430-90 BREAKWATER STABILITY STUDY

(b) Public Works-Canada.

(c) G. W. T. Ashe, J. Ploeg.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) A study to determine parameters effecting stability of rubble mound breakwaters, including various new types of ar- mour.

(g) It appears that wave grouping effects in irregular waves af- fect stability criteria.

(/i) The Problem of Defining Design Wave Conditions, J. Ploeg,

R. R. Johnson, Ports 1977 Conf, Mar. 1977. 274
411-10315-720-00 SIMULATION OF IRREGULAR WAVES IN LABORATORY

FLUMES

(c) E. Mansard, E. Funke.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research.

(e) A study to develop new techniques to simulate ocean wave

conditions, including wave grouping effects. 411-10316-420-00 MOORING FORCES ON FLOATING STRUCTURES

(c) R. R. Johnson, N. Crookshank, B. D. Pratte. (d) Experimental, theoretical, applied research.

(e) A study to determine forces on and motions of offshore

structures, including vessels moored in shallow water ex- posed to waves. 411-10317-420-00 PROPAGATION OF WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER

(c) R. R. Johnson, N. Crookshank.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) The development of numerical modeling techniques to propagate random wave conditions from deep into shallow

water, to define input conditions for other laboratory wave

studies.

UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK, Department of Civil Engineering, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3,

Canada. Dr. K. S. Davar, Professor of Hydrosciences.

412-09571-020-00 DISPERSION IN A RECTANGULAR CONDUIT WITH RELATIVELY LARGE ROUGHNESS ON ONE BOUNDARY

(fe) National Research Council of Canada.

{d) Theoretical and experimental (laboratory covered flume);

basic research; Doctoral dissertation,

(e) Evaluation of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient for varying roughness sizes and spacings.

(/i) Effects of Large Roughness on Resistance and Dispersion in Conduits, E. Ismail, N. Abd El-Hadi, K. S. Davar, Proc. 3rd Natl. Hydrotechnical Conf., Canadian Soc. Civil Engrg., Quebec City, pp. 453-474, May 1977. 412-09572-210-90 RESISTANCE TO FLOW IN A RECTANGULAR CONDUIT

WITH RELATIVELY LARGE ROUGHNESS ON ONE

BOUNDARY

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(d) Theoretical and experimental (laboratory study in rectan- gular duct); basic research with potential applications to

ice covered rivers; Doctoral dissertation.

(e) Composite resistance (conduit) and component resistances (very rough and smooth boundaries) evaluated in a rectan- gular conduit with very large roughness strips of various

sizes at different spacings.

(/) Nearing completion.

(/)) Effects of Large Roughness on Resistance and Dispersion in Conduits, E. Ismail, N. Abd El-Hadi, K. S. Davar, Proc. 3rd Natl. Hydrotechnical Conf., Canadian Soc. Civil Engrg., Quebec City, pp. 453-474, May 1977.

ONTARIO HYDRO, 700 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X6. Mr. J. B. Bryce, Manager,

Hydraulic Studies. 413-09573-340-00 BRUCE GENERATING STATION "B," COOLING WATER

OUTFALL DUCT

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:25 scale model of the closed duct used to convey

cooling water from the condenser to the open surface outfall channel. Model used to determine design details and

performance, i.e., head loss, for maximum economic effi- ciency.

if) Test programme completed; model dismantled. 413-09574-340-00 BRUCE GENERATING STATION "B," COOLING WATER

OUTFALL CHANNEL

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) A 1:60 scale model of the open-surface channel used to return spent cooling water from the plant to Lake Huron. Model used to determine design details and performance,

to reduce head loss and to promote effective mixing of the cooling water with the ambient body of water of Lake Huron for quick heat dispersion.

(f) Test programme completed; model dismantled. 413-09575-340-00 PICKERING GENERATING STATIONS "A" AND "B"

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:120 scale model of the condenser cooling water intake and outfall, including the adjacent area of Lake Ontario,

affected by the once-through cooling process. Model used

to study hydraulic design details of intake and outfall works, to prevent sediment intake, cooling water recircula- tion and to improve efficiency of heat dispersion of cooling water waste heat.

(/) Investigation completed; model dismantled.

41 3-09576-340-00 PICKERING GENERATING STATIONS "A" AND

"B"-SPENT FUEL BAY

(d) Experimental, operation.

(e) An investigation to determine impact velocities in case of

accidental and uncontrolled release into the spent fuel bay

of a flask containing spent fuel bundles. Model fuel flasks constructed to five scales, ranging from 1:100 to 1:12, to determine an allowance for "scale effects." High speed

movie techniques used in analysis.

(f) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-09577-340-00' PICKERING GENERATING STATION "B"-C. W. PUMPWELL

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:20 scale model of one condenser cooling water pumpwell. Model used to develop hydraulic design details for acceptable suction conditions.

if) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-09578-340-00 BRUCE HEAVY WATER PLANT-WATER HANDLING

SYSTEM

(b) Lummus Company of Canada Limited.

(c) Mr. D. Ross, 255 Consumers' Road Unit 2, Willowdale,

Ontario, Canada, M2J 4H4.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:50 scale model of the system comprising intake tunnel, forebays, pumps and intake and outfall channels to convey process and cooling water to and from the heavy

water extraction facilities. Model used to determine design

details and compliance with the exacting performance

specifications, as required by the extraction process.

(/) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-09579-340-00 WESLEYVILLE GENERATING STATION-CONDENSER

COOLING WATER SYSTEM

{d) Experimental; design.

275

254-330 0 - 78 - 19
(f ) A 1:25 scale model comprising the vertical inlet shaft, forebay, pumpwell inlets, condenser outlets, return duct,

outfall channel, as well as an internal recirculation duct to release warm water into the forebay under icing conditions and a tempering pumphouse to pump cold water into outfall channel for reduction of temperature of cooling water

at the point of return to Lake Ontario. Model used to determine details of hydraulic design and to check cooling water system performance for this 2000 MW oil-fired ther- mal station.

(/) Investigation continuing in the area of tempering and cooling water flow mixing. 413-09580-340-00 S02 SCRUBBER-PILOT PLANT

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:20 scale model of the gas intake, spray tower, demister and re-heat sections. Model used to develop the duct layout to obtain even flow distribution in the critical cross-sections.

(f) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-09581-340-00 ONCE-THROUGH CONDENSER COOLING WATER

SYSTEMS-INTAKE DEVELOPMENT

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A facility to carry out development work of off-shore sub- merged condenser cooling water intakes for large fossil- fired and nuclear thermal generating stations. Studies aim

at developing a number of intake designs with suitable characteristics regarding plant operation and protection of

the environment.

(/) Facility operational. 413-10318-420-00 SUBMERGED CONDENSER COOLING WATER INTAKE

STRUCTURES-WAVE FORCES

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A model test programme to ascertain dynamic wave loads on large submerged cooling water intake structures for several thermal generating stations. Tests conducted at a

scale of 1 :50.

(f) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 4 13- 103 19-850-00 PICKERING G. S. "A"-ELECTRIC FISH BARRIER

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:8 scale model of the barrier electrodes positioned at the inlet to the cooling water channel. Model used to develop an electrode design that would be stable under the

action of wave forces prevailing in the area.

(J) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-10320-340-00 PICKERING GENERATING STATION "B" COOLING

WATER OUTFALL TEMPERING

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:60 scale model of the condenser cooling water return

structure. Model used for the hydraulic design of a side outlet to introduce water at ambient temperature into the condenser coolant stream for reduction of temperatures to conform with environmental guide lines. Design objective:

efficient mixing of warm and cold water streams to achieve uniform temperatures at the monitoring point.

(f) Investigation completed, model inactive. 413-10321-340-00 WESLEYVILLE G.S.-C.W. PUMPWELL

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:6 scale model of one condenser cooling water pumpwell. Model used to develop hydraulic design details for acceptable suction conditions.

if) Investigation completed; model dismantled.

413-10322-340-00 WESLEYVILLE GENERATING STATION-GAS FLOW

STUDY OF PRECIPITATOR DUCTING

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:16 scale model comprising the electrostatic precipitator and gas ducting leading into and out of it. Model used

for design of flow guiding devices to ensure a flow dis- tribution in critical cross-sections as required for effective operation of precipitator.

(/) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-10323-340-00 BRUCE G.S. "A"-COOLING WATER INTAKE

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:25 scale model of the station's condenser cooling water intake. Studies aiming at producing hydraulic layout

that will satisfy economic, operational and environmental

criteria of plant design. 413-10324-340-00 BRUCE NUCLEAR COMPLEX

(d) Experimental; design; operation.

(e) A scale model-horizontal scale 1:240, vertical scale l:120-featuring the cooling water outlets of three nuclear generating stations and one large heavy water production

facility. Objective of study is to ascertain the deployment and interaction of the four thermal plumes to ensure

satisfactory operating conditions and compliance with en- vironmental guide lines.

(f) Model construction completed; installation of controls, in- strumentation and data acquisition and processing equip- ment in progress. 413-10325-340-00 DARLINGTON GENERATING STATIONS "A" AND "B"

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A scale model-horizontal scale 1:250, vertical scale l:125-of the condenser cooling water intake and outfall, including the adjacent area of Lake Ontario, affected by

the once-through cooling process. Model used to study

hydraulic design details of intake and outfall works to prevent cooling water recirculation and to improve effi- ciency of heat dispersion of cooling water waste heat.

if) Investigation in progress. 413-10326-340-00 DARLINGTON GENERATING STATION "A"-WASTE HEAT

MANAGEMENT

id) Experimental; development.

(e) A 1:120 scale model comprising the plant's cooling water

intake and outfall works and the shore region of Lake Ontario contiguous to the cooling water return structure. Model used to determine feasibility of using spent cooling water to create a warm water beach for public use.

(/) Investigation completed; model removed. 413-10327-340-00 THUNDER BAY GENERATING STATION EXTENSION-GAS

FLOW STUDY OF PRECIPITATOR DUCTING

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:16 scale model comprising the electrostatic precipita- tor and gas ducting leading into and out of it. Model used

for design of flow guiding devices to ensure a flow dis- tribution in critical cross-sections as required for effective operation of precipitator.

if) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-10328-220-00 MARMION LAKE-SEDIMENT ENTRAINMENT STUDY

(d) Experimental; field investigation; design.

276
(t) Field sampling and laboratory test programme to establish sediment entrainment characteristics. Results to be used to determine the response of Lake bed sediments, consisting of very fine grained mine tailings to flow in the Lake to be induced by the circulation of condenser cooling water by a proposed thermal generating station.

(f) Investiation completed. 413-10329-340-00 BRUCE GENERATING STATION "B" TUNNEL PORTAL

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:25 scale model of the transition from the condenser

cooling water tunnel into the pumphouse forebay. Model

used to minimize head losses in the transition to arrive at optimum hydraulic design.

(f) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-10330-340-00 BRUCE GENERATING STATION "A" SPRAY-DOUSING

SYSTEM-RISER PIPES

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:14 scale model of four riser pipes to convey water from a storage tank to dousing spray headers. Model used

to check a riser pipe redesign with respect to hydraulic

layout and structural soundness.

(/) Investigation completed; model inactive. 413-10331-350-00 WHITEDOG GENERATING STATION-SPILLWAY

CALIBRATION

(d) Experimental; operation.

(e) A 1:50 scale model of the powerhouse and spillway section of an existing hydroelectric plant. Model used to ascertain spillway discharge coefficients to improve accuracy of flow records for the station.

(f) Investigation completed; model inactive.

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering,

Kingston, Canada K7L 3N6.

414-10513-220-90 THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE GRADIENTS ON OSCILLATORY CURRENT MOTION ON SAND BEDS

(b) National Research Council.

(c) Dr. A. Brebner.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Oscillatory motion representing prototype wave currents at the sea bed are reproduced along with vertical water pres- sure gradients, both into and out of the sand bed to find the effect of the latter on the sand particle motion.

(h) Sea Bed Mobility Under Vertical Pressure Gradients, T. Carstens, A. Brebner, J. W. Kamphuis, B.O.S.S. Intl. Conf. Proc, Trondheim, Aug. 1976. 414-10514-430-90 THE EFFECT OF BREAKAGE ON THE STABILITY OF

DOLOS ARMOUR UNITS

(b) National Research Council.

(c) Dr. A. Brebner.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Oscillatory motion is effected on dolos units, both broken

and unbroken, and carried with quarry stone at the same

weight to find the effective value of K0 . 414-10515-370-90 BLOCKAGE, PLUG FLOW AND SLIDING BEDS IN PIPELINES TRANSPORTING SOLIDS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. K. C. Wilson.

(d) Experimental and theoretical project.

(e) This topic is directly associated with design problems

which occur in pipelines used industrially for transporting

solids. A mathematical model of the phenomena being in- vestigated has been proposed. Experimental investigations

will be combined with further analytical work on the model.

(/i) Slip Model Correlation of Dense Two-Phase Flow, K. C. Wilson, Proc. 2nd Intl. Conf. Hydraulic Transport of Solids

in Pipes, BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1972. Co-Ordinates for the Limit of Deposition in Pipeline Flow,

K. C. Wilson, Proc. 3rd Intl. Conf. Hydraulic Transport of

Solids in Pipes, BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1974. Stationary Deposits and Sliding Beds in Pipes Transporting

Solids, K. C. Wilson, Proc. 1st Intl. Symp. Dredging

Technology, BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1975. 414-10516-130-90 ENTRAINMENT OF SOLID PARTICLES BY TURBULENT

SUSPENSION

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. K. C. Wilson, Dr. W. E. Watt.

(d) Theoretical project.

(e) The efficiency of solids pipelining is directly linked to ef- fective turbulent suspension. However the effect of the

particle size relative to scale of turbulence has generally been ignored. The present work accounts for this effect and gives a formulation which is in accord with the experi- mental evidence.

( h ) Influence of Particle Diameter on the Turbulent Support of Solids in Pipeline Flow, K. C. Wilson, W. E. Watt, Proc. 3rd Intl. Conf. Hydraulic Transport of Solids in Pipes, BHRA Fluid Engrg!, 1974. 414-10517-370-90 UNIFIED ANALYTIC MODEL FOR SOLID-LIQUID PIPELINE FLOW

(f>) National Research Council of Canada.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research.

(e) Results from the previous projects on deposition and tur- bulent entrainment are combined into a unified analytical model. Comparison with pilot plant and prototype data shows high success in the predictions of the analytic model.

(/>) A Unified Physically-Based Analysis of Solid-Liquid

Pipeline Flow, K. C. Wilson, Proc. 4 th Intl. Conf. Hydraulic

Transport of Solids in Pipes, BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1976. New Techniques for the Scale-Up of Pilot-Plant Results to Coal Slurry Pipelines, K. C. Wilson, D. G. Judge, Proc.

Intl. Symp. Freight Pipeline, Washington, D.C., 1976. 414-10518-810-00 ECONOMIC APPROACH TO OPTIMIZING DESIGN

PARAMETERS

(c) Dr. K. C. Wilson, Dr. W. E. Watt.

(d) Theoretical (M.Sc. thesis), basic research.

(e) In the absence of uncertainty, the best design could be determined by economic optimization. It is found that the uncertainty inherent in the real-world use generally

requires a shift in the design optimum. The magnitude of

the shift and the cost associated with uncertainty are ex- pressed as functions of the uncertainty in the input data.

( h ) Economic Approach to Optimizing Design Parameters, W.

E. Watt, K. C. Wilson, Proc. 14th Coastal Engrg. Conf. 3, ASCE, 1974. Uncertainty in Mathematical Modeling of Northern Rivers,

K. C. Wilson, W. E. Watt, S. P. Trevellick, 3rd Natl. Hydrotech. Conf, CSCE, 1977. 414-10519-000-90 MEASUREMENT OF THE FLUCTUATING VELOCITIES OF

TURBULENCE IN A CIRCULAR COUETTE FLOW

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. M. S. Yalin. 277
(d) Theoretical and experimental. Basic research, carried out

by Dr. T. Tarimcioglu (Post Doctoral Fellow).

(e) The Couette flow is generated by two coaxial cylinders; speed variable, flow boundaries smooth. The root mean

square values of all three fluctuating velocity components

u' r , u'„ , u'j are measured as functions of the position (r,z). The measurements are carried out with the aid of a laser Doppler anemometer. Fluid is water, various values of the Reynolds number are achieved by varying the angular

velocity (t) and thus the relative linear velocity 6)R|. The

distribution of the cross-correlation coefficients if) fj is also being determined. 414-10520-200-90 THE INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATION OF SUSPENDED

SEDIMENT ON THE FLUCTUATING AND THE

AVERAGE VELOCITIES OF TURBULENCE IN AN OPEN

CHANNEL

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. M. S. Yalin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental (M.Sc. thesis), basic research.

(e) The contemporary approach rests on the assumption that the presence of suspended load alters the value of the Von

Karman constant, without affecting the logarithmic form

of the distribution of time average velocities. It appears

that this may be so in the special case of a uniformly dis- tributed sediment concentration. It is intended to reveal how the logarithmic form is affected depending on the nonuniformity degree (dC/dy) of the concentration dis- tribution C= f(y). The analogous case will be investigated

for the root mean square values of the fluctuating velocities Uj'. 414-10521-220-90 ON THE TIME GROWTH OF DUNES FORMED BY A TURBULENT OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. M. S. Yalin.

(d) Mainly experimental (M.Sc. thesis); basic research.

(e) It takes a certain duration (T) for dunes to grow to their

fully developed size, starting from the flat initial sand bed

(newly dredged bed of a river). The aim of the present measurements is to reveal how the "duration of develop- ment" T varies as a function of the parameters determining the flow and the bed material. An auxiliary objective

is to reveal the manner of growth of the dune size \ with

the time t (i.e., the form of \= f(t) for 0<t<T). The

bed topography is measured with the aid of an electronic bed plotter. 414-10522-220-90 ON THE TIME GROWTH OF RIPPLES FORMED BY AN

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. M. S. Yalin.

(d) Mainly experimental (M.Sc. thesis); basic research.

(e) Completely analogous to the preceding topic. The dif- ference is that sand waves were ripples (which are almost independent of the flow depth) rather than dunes (which

vary almost in proportion to flow depth). 414-10523-220-90 FORCES ACTING ON THE BED FEATURES OF AN OPEN

CHANNEL FLOW

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. M. S. Yalin.

(d) Mainly experimental (M.Sc. thesis); basic research.

(e) A shear plate was constructed for a direct measurement of

the fluid dynamic forces acting on the (rigid) bed features simulating the sand waves (ripples or dunes). Thus the

longitudinal magnitude of this force and consequently the

overall bed shear stress and the friction factor was obtained. These quantities were determined as certain

(experimental) functions of the relative size of bed fea- tures, their steepness and the roughness of their surface. 414-10524-220-90 ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN TRANSITIONAL REGIONS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. M. S. Yalin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental (Ph.D. thesis); basic research.

(e) Consider a clear fluid entering a cohesionless mobile bed. As a result of the dynamic action of flow the suspended

load will grow (from "zero" onwards) along the direction of flow in a manner analogous to the growth of the boundary layer thickness. A reverse process (the settlement of

the existing suspended load) will take place after the abrupt termination of the mobile bed. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the variation of the "ceiling" of concentration distribution in the flow

direction (x) for both of the cases mentioned. A laser- beam technique was used to measure the concentration

profiles (in the glass walled laboratory flume). 414-10525-810-90 MAGNITUDE AND PROBABILITY OF PEAK FLOWS ON

SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO

(b) The National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. W. E. Watt.

(d) Experimental and theoretical project; applied research for Masters and Doctoral theses.

(e) Determination of a technique for evaluating the peak

discharge corresponding to a given return period and development of a simple, mathematical watershed model

for small drainage basins.

(/i) SIMFLO-A Continuous Streamflow Simulation Model, W.

E. Watt, R. Bishop, Proc. Canadian Hydrology Symp. 75, Natl. Research Council of Canada, pp. 575-584, 1975. 414-10526-810-90 QUURM-QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY URBAN RUNOFF MODEL

(b) The National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. W. Edgar Watt.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation towards M.Sc. degree.

(e) Calvin Park Urban Drainage Basin has been instrumented

for rainfall, discharge and water quality. The Queen's

University Urban Runoff Model (QUURM) has been

developed and tested on a number of urban drainage

basins in the simulation mode.

(/i) QUURM-A Realistic Urban Runoff Model, W. E. Watt, C. H. R. Kidd, J. Hydrology 27, pp. 225-235, 1975. Hydrologic Effects of Urban Development, Proc. Canadian

Hydrology Symp. 75, Natl. Research Council of Canada,

pp. 708-717, 1975. QUURM-Implications for the Design of Urban Drainage

Basins, Environmental Aspects of Irrigation and Drainage,

ASCE, pp. 580-592, 1976. 414-10527-290-90 STATIC ICE FORCES

(£>) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor S. S. Lazier.

(d) Basic theoretical work and experimental work in the field; directed toward M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees.

(e) Temperature gradient with an ice sheet and internal stresses within an ice sheet have been measured in the

field. An examination of the role played by cracks has been carried out both in the field and in the laboratory, and related to the practical sources which may be exerted on extended structures.

(/) Inactive.

(It) Temperature Gradient in a Lake Ice Cover, M. Metge, S. S. Lazier, IAHR Ice Symp., Reykjavik, 1970, 5 pages. Thermal Cracks in Lake Ice Sheets, M. Metge, S. S. Lazier, IAHR Ice Symp., Leningrad, Sept. 1972, 5 pages. 278
Movements in Continuous Ice Sheets and Temperature

Gradients in Ice Sheets, F. A. MacLachlan, S. S. Lazier,

Natl. Research Council of Canada Symp. in Snow and Ice, Calgary, 1969. Proposals for Measuring the Thickness of Ice Sheets, S. S. Lazier, M. Metge, Eastern Snow Conf. Proc. 1973, pp. 92-

101. 414-10528-410-90 DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM PROFILES

(b) National Research Council.

(c) Dr. J. W. Kamphuis.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research toward M.Sc. and

Ph.D. degrees.

(e) Dynamic equilibrium profiles resulting from simulated an- nual wave climates are studied. The work encompasses beach profiles as well as rubble mound breakwater

profiles. (h) Placing Artificial Beach Nourishment, J. W. Kamphuis, S. G. Bridgeman, Civil Engrg. in the Oceans III, pp. 197-216,

Delaware, 1975. Three Dimensional Tests on Dynamic Equilibrium and Artificial Nourishment, Proc. 15th Conf. Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, 1976. 414-10529-410-90 ARTIFICIAL BEACH NOURISHMENT

(b) National Research Council.

(c) Dr. J. W. Kamphuis.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research toward M.Sc. and

Ph.D. degrees.

(e) Time and location of placement of artificial beach nourish- ment has been studied. Sediment particle movements and

littoral drift rates are being investigated. Effects of struc- tures will be investigated.

(/i) Placing Artificial Beach Nourishment, J. W. Kamphuis, S. G. Bridgeman, Civil Engrg. in the Oceans III, pp. 197-216,

Delaware, 1975. Three Dimensional Tests on Dynamic Equilibrium and Artificial Nourishment, Proc. 15th Conf. Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, 1976. 414-10530-420-90 RUNUP OF IRREGULAR NON-BREAKING WAVES

(b) National Research Council.

(c) Dr. J. W. Kamphuis.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research toward M.Sc.

degree.

(e) Runup on a smooth slope of Bretschneider and Scott spectra has been investigated.

(/) Completed.

(h) Runup of Irregular Waves on a Smooth Slope, J. W.

Kamphuis, N. Mohamed, submitted for publication by

ASCE Waterways Proceedings. 414-10531-470-90 MARINA AGITATION

(b) National Research Council.

(c) Dr. J. W. Kamphuis.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research toward M.Sc. and

Ph.D. degrees.

(e) Short wave agitation of marinas is studied. The forcing function (wave action outside and entrance conditions), as

well as the responding function (marina configuration,

perimeter protection, arrangement of docks and piers, placement of boats, etc.), are studied individually and in combination. 414-10532-870-00 THE EFFECT OF SEDIMENTATION WITH CENTRIFUGAL

FORCE ON THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS

(c) Dr. J. D. Boadway.

(d) Experimental project for a Master's thesis.

(e) A device which clarifies fluids using centrifugal force produces a dense sludge and has low retention time. The

project is to investigate how much the activated sludge process will benefit from the production of a sludge which

is fresher than normal.

UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saskatoon, Canada S7N OWO.

Dr. P. R. Ukrainetz, Department Head.

415-07895-130-00 THE EFFECT OF SHOCK WAVE INTERACTION WITH AN

ATOMIZED LIQUID JET

(b) DRB Canada.

(c) M. E. Stoneham, Associate Professor.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) The mechanism of interaction of a shock wave with in- dividual droplets and the effects upon droplet breakup that

arise from the proximity of one droplet to another in one- dimensional arrays of droplets has been studied. The work

has been undertaken as the first phase of a programme of

investigation with the ultimate objective of determining the

effects of shock waves on the breakup times and droplet

sizes and droplet distributions in atomized liquid jets. (g) Measurement of the breakup times of droplets in equally- spaced one-dimensional droplet arrays at pitches less than

3.0 times droplet diameter and subject to transverse shock waves indicate that significant reduction in breakup times may be expected compared with estimates given by models

for single droplets. (h) The Aerodynamic Breakup of Droplets in an Array, M. E. Stoneham, G. Raghavan, Proc. Combustion Inst. Tech. Mtg., Banff, 1977. 415-10332-810-90 THERMODYNAMICS OF SNOWMELT

(b) NRCC, IWD/DOE, Canada.

(c) D. H. Male, Professor.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Define as precisely as practicable the various climatological and topographical factors which influence the move- ment of water through snow and ice in a prairie environ- ment. The first phase of this work is an investigation of the thermodynamics of snowmelt designed to establish the

relative importance of the evaporation, convection and

radiation energy fluxes to the melt process for the range of

climatolpgical conditions normally encountered during the spring melt season. This phase is near completion. The

second phase of this work involves a study of melt rates when the snow cover is no longer continuous and bare patches appear. Major runoff events normally occur during

this period and an attempt is being made to quantify the

areal variability of melt rates under this condition. (h) Problems in Developing a Physically-Based Snowmelt

Model, D. H. Male, D. M. Gray, Can. J. of Civil Eng. 2, pp. 474-488, 1975. Energy Transfer in Snow, D. M. Gray, D. H. Male, Tech. Memo. No. 114, NRCC, pp. 28-43, 1974. A Dimensional Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer in a Snowpack, D. H. Male, D. 1. Norum, R. W. Besant, Proc.

Intl. Symp. Role of Snow and Ice in Hydrology, UNESCO,

WMO, IAHS, pp. 258-290, 1973.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Chemical En- gineering and Applied Chemistry, Toronto, Ontario,

Canada, M5S 1A4. Professor M. E. Charles, Chairman.

416-06950-050-00 IMPINGING JET STUDIES

(c) Dr. Olev Trass, Professor. 279
(d) Experimental and theoretical studies for graduate theses, basic research.

(e) Velocity profiles, turbulence and boundary layer develop- ment for liquid and gas jets impinging on flat surfaces. Pressure distributions and local mass transfer rates at the

surface. Application to heat and mass transfer situations of academic as well as industrial interest.

(f) Main aspects completed.

(g) Theoretical solutions and experimental verification of flow, turbulence and wall mass transfer. General impingement

region characterization model proposed. Initial study of mechanical erosion with and without diffusional mass

transfer completed.

(h) Mass Transfer from Crystalline Surfaces in a Turbulent

Impinging Jet. Part I. Transfer by Erosion, F. Giralt, O.

Trass, Can. Jour, of Chem. Eng. 53, pp. 505-511, 1975. Mass Transfer from Crystalline Surfaces in a Turbulent Impinging Jet. Part II. Erosion and Diffusional Transfer, F.

Giralt, O. Trass, Can. Jour. Chem. Eng. 54, pp. 148-155,

1976.

Characterization of the Impingement Region in an Axisymmetric Turbulent Jet, F. Giralt, C. J. Chia, O. Trass, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 16, 1, pp. 21-28, 1977. Mass Transfer in Axisymmetric Turbulent Impinging Jets, C. J. Chia, F. Giralt, O. Trass, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam.

16, 1, pp. 28-35, 1977. 416-06951-140-00 ROUGH SURFACE TRANSFER

(c) Dr. Olev Trass, Professor.

(d) Mainly experimental studies for graduate theses, basic

research.

(e) Flow patterns and mass transfer at surfaces having various

types and sizes of roughness. To elucidate influence of roughness patterns on momentum, heat and mass transfer. (g) Some mass transfer results for random and regular Vgroove roughnesses.

(h) Mass Transfer at Rough Surfaces, D. A. Dawson, O. Trass,

Intl. J. Heat Mass Transfer 15, pp. 1317-1336, 1972. 416-06952-710-00 FLOW VISUALIZATION STUDIES BY PHOTOCHROME

DYE TECHNIQUE

(c) R. L. Hummel, Professor.

(d) Experimental, basic and applied research, for Ph.D., M.A.Sc, postdoctorals and technical assistants. (e) The technique uses a dye indicator, for example 2-(2'4'- dinitrobenzyl) pyridine, which is converted from an almost

colourless form to one which is deep blue by a beamed ul- traviolet light. The light is generated by lasers, flash lamps,

etc., in a collimated beam which can generate dye lines. The dye lines are followed photographically, and properties of the flow, such as velocity profiles are measured. The

high speed automatic flow visualization computer

"POLLY," is used to log and analyse the data. (h) Fluid Velocity Profiles Near the Wall of Liquid-Fluidized Beds, B. G. Allen, J. W. Smith, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 41, pp. 430-438, 1971. Some Statistical Properties of Turbulent Momentum

Transfer in Rough Pipes, S. G. Dunn, J. W. Smith, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 50, pp. 561-568, 1972. An Experimental Study of Instabilities and Other Flow Properties of a Laminar Pipe Jet, A. De P. Iribarne, F. Frantisak, R. L. Hummel, J. W. Smith, AIChE J. 18, pp. 689-

698, 1972.

Studies of Fluid Flow by Photography Using a Non-Disturbing Light-Sensitive Indicator, J. W. Smith, R. L. Hummel,

J. SMPTE 82, pp. 278-28 1, 1973. Light-Induced Disturbances in the Photochromic Flow

Visualization Technique, J. W. Smith, J. A. C. Humphrey,

B. Davey, R. L. Hummel, Chem. Eng. Science 29, pp. 308-

312, 1974. Determination of the Position of Visualized Material Ele- ments in Growing Drops, J. A. C. Humphrey, R. L. Hummel, J. W. Smith, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 52, pp. 110-113, j 1974. Mass Transfer Enhancement Due to Circulation in Growing

Drops, J. A. C. Humphrey, R. L. Hummel, J. W. Smith,

Chem. Eng. Sci. 29, pp. 1496-1500, 1974. Experimental Profiles in Laminar Flow Around Spheres at Intermediate Reynolds Number, L. E. Seeley, R. L. Hummel, J. W. Smith, J. Fluid Mech. 68, p. 591, Apr. 1975. Experimental Study of the Fluid Dynamics of Forming

Drops, J. A. C. Humphrey, R. L. Hummel, J. W. Smith, i Can. J. Chem. Eng. 52, pp. 449-456, 1974. Laminar Flow in the Central Plane of a Curved Circular

Pipe, J. Kaczinsky, J. W. Smith, R. L. Hummel, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 53, pp. 221-224, 1975. Some Observations of Wake Behaviour in Laminar and

Turbulent Free Stream Flow, L. E. Seeley, R. L. Hummel,

J. W. Smith, Proc. 4th Biennial Symp. Turbulence in Liquids, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, Sept. 1975.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Mechanical En- gineering, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A4. Professor David

S. Scott, Department Chairman.

I 417-06817-360-00 TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor H. J. Leutheusser.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Evaluation of turbulence parameters in hydraulic jump.

(f) Completed.

(g) Measurements of turbulence characteristics, air entrain- ment and flow separation reveal significant effects of con- | dition of inflow onto flow inside jump body.

(h) Hydraulic Jump in a Rough Channel, H. J. Leutheusser, E.

J. Schiller, Intl. Water Power and Dam Construction 27, 5, pp. 186-191, May 1975. Thermodynamic Aspects of Hydraulic Aeration, H. J. Leutheusser, C. A. Ward, Proc. XVIth Congress of IAHR, \ Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1975. Entrainment d'Air et Reaeration en Ecoulement Hydraulique, F. J. Resch, H. J. Leutheusser, C. A. Ward, Proc. Symp. Grenoble, IAHR, Grenoble, France, 1976. Etude de la Structure Cinematique et Dynamique du Ressaut Hydraulique, J. F. Resch, H. J. Leutheusser, M. Coantic, J. Hydr. Research 14, 4, pp. 293-319, 1976. 417-07461-240-00 AERODYNAMIC OSCILLATIONS OF BLUFF CYLINDERS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor I. G. Currie.

(d) Experimental, basic research (but has applications) for Master's thesis. (e) Establish the effect of "mass ratio" on vortex-induced

oscillations. That is, it is intended to answer the question

"do heavy cylinders in air behave differently from light cylinders in water?" 417-07899-010-00 BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION ON BLUFF BODIES

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor I. G. Currie.

(d) Experimental basic research for Master's thesis. (e) Make refined measurements in the vicinity of a laminar

separation point in order to obtain a better understanding

of the physics of the flow. This is being attempted by use of a laser Doppler anemometer with a flow around a bluff body having a stabilized wake. 280
417-07903-020-00 INTERMITTENCY IN TURBULENT FLOWS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor James F. Keffer.

(d) Basic research, experimental and theoretical.

(e) Continuing investigation of the properties of the turbulent/non-turbulent interface at the free edge of shear

flows, e.g., boundary layers, wakes, jets and mixing layers. On-line digital sampling and processing techniques are

used. Passive contaminants are used to help identify the turbulent field. (g) Generalized method for deciding when fluid motion is tur- bulent has been studied. Improved detector functions have been derived as a result. Techniques have been applied to a turbulent boundary layer, thermal mixing layer, hot wake

and hot jet. (h) Intermittency in a Thermal Mixing Layer, J. F. Keffer, J. G. Kawall, G. J. Olsen, J. Fluid Mech. 79, pp. 595-607,

1977.

Intermittency Measurements in Contaminated Turbulent

Flows, J. F. Keffer, Arch, of Mech. 28, pp. 91 1-921, 1976. Spread of a Heated Plane Turbulent Jet, A. E. Davies, J. F. Keffer, W. D. Baines, Phvs. of Fluids 18, pp. 770-775,

1975. Entrainment by a Multiple Source Turbulent Jet, W. D.

Baines, J. F. Keffer, Advances in Geophysics 18B, pp. 289-

298, 1974. 417-07904-480-00 WIND STRUCTURE OVER URBAN AREAS

(c) Professor James F. Keffer.

(d) Basic research, experimental and theoretical, field study.

(e) Digital sampling and processing of data taken from field stations are used to determine the large-scale structure of wind generated by large buildings. Field sites are chosen

so that multi-point, spacetime correlation techniques can

be used.

(g) Preliminary results show a shift of energy in power spec- trum from high to low wave numbers. 417-09595-060-00 VERY HEAVY OR VERY LIGHT PLUMES

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor W. D. Baines.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Buoyant plftmes such as are produced by hot sources in steel foundries and gravity currents such as are produced

by snow movements have the characteristics in common

that the variations in density are of the same order as the

density and hence the Boussinesq approximation cannot be

used in an analysis. The rate of entrainment depends on

both the velocity and density of the free turbulent flow. Studies are under way to determine the effect of large density differences.

(g) Numerical solutions using different assumptions for en- trainment have been obtained. Experimental verification of

these solutions has not been achieved.

(/i) Non-Boussinesq Forced Plumes, P. F. Crapper, W. D.

Baines (in press). A Note on Forced Plumes with Negative Buoyancy, P. F. Crapper, W. D. Baines (in press). 417-09597-020-87 SPREAD OF HEAT AND MOMENTUM IN ASYMMETRICAL

TURBULENT FLOWS

(b) Institut de Mecanique Statistique de la Turbulence, Marseille, France and National Research Council of Canada,

(c ) Professor James F. Keffer.

(d) Basic research, experimental and theoretical.

(e) Examination of spread of contaminants in free turbulent shear flows with asymmetrical velocity and temperature

profiles. Experiments being carried out in mixing layer with jump in temperature and an asymmetrical, partially heated jet.

(g) It has been found for the velocity case of an asymmetric

wake flow that a relatively large region of "negative

production of turbulence" exists. For the case of a partially heated mixing layer the equivalent thermal situation

is found also.

(/i) Interpretation of Negative Production of Temperature Fluc- tuations by Spectral Analysis, C. Be guier, L. Fulachier, J. F. Keffer, Proc. Sxmp. on Turb. Shear Flows, Penn. State, 1977. Etude Spectrale d'un Ecoulement a Production Negative des

Fluctuations Turbulentes de Tempe rature, C. Be guier, L. Fulachier, J. F. Keffer, Comptes Rendus, Se r. B, p. 417,

1976. Production de Turbulence des Fluctuations de Vitesse en de Tempe rature dans les Ecoulements a Profile Moyens Dis- syme triques, C. Be guier, L. Fulachier, J. F. Keffer, J. de Physique 37, Cl-187, 1976. Epanouissement d'un Cre nau de Chaleur dans une Zone de Melange Turbulent, C. Be guier, L. Fulachier, J. F. Keffer,

R. Dumas, Comptes Rendus, Set. B, p. 493, 1975. Production Negative de Fluctuations Turbulentes de Tempe rature dans le Cas d'un Cre neau de Chaleur

s'Epanouissant dans une Zone de Melange, J. F. Keffer, L. Fulachier, C. Be guier, Comptes Rendus, Se r. B, p. 519, 1975. 417-09598-020-90 DISTORTION OF TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor James F. Keffer.

(d) Basic research, experimental and theoretical.

(e) Examination of gross uniform strain applied to various shear flows, e.g., wakes and mixing layers. (g) Results for a thermal mixing layer indicate that the self- preserving scales do not follow the predicted variation,

(/i) Doctoral thesis in preparation. 417-09599-210-00 SKIN FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW

(£>) National Research Council of Canada,

(c) Professor H. J. Leutheusser.

{d) Basic research, experimental and theoretical.

(e) Study of the mechanics of energy dissipation in transient flow. (g) U-tube oscillations and establishment-in-time of pipe flow have been studied both experimentally and analytically. Results indicate conclusively that the standard techniques

for approximating transient skin friction effects lead to er- roneous results.

( h ) Skin Friction in Unsteady Laminar Pipe Flow, M. F. Le tell- er, H. J. Leutheusser, J. Hvdr. Div., ASCE 102, HY1, pp. 41-56, 1976. Laminar-to-Turbulent Transition in Accelerated Fluid Motion, H. J. Leutheusser, K. W. Lam, Proc. XVllth Congress of IAHR, Baden-Baden, Germany, 1977. 417-10502-000-90 PLANE COUETTE FLOW

(i>) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor H. J. Leutheusser.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research.

(e) A fundamental investigation of the structure of turbulence

in a uniformly sheared flow with and without wall roughness is being undertaken. The Couette principle will also be applied to a study of the initial steps in surface- wave generation by applying a known shear stress to a water surface. 417-10503-250-90 EXTENSIONAL FLOWS OF DILUTE POLYMER SOLUTIONS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor D. F. James. 281
(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Dilute polymer solutions, with concentrations in the dragreducing regime, are being studied for the case of flow through small orifices. Measurements of flow rate and

pressure drop, reveal that the departure from Newtonian

behaviour is generally sudden, appreciable, and concurrent

with the onset of an unstable secondary flow pattern. 417-10504-250-90 MECHANICAL MODELS OF DISSOLVED

MACROMOLECULES IN CONVERGING FLOWS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor D. F. James.

(d) Theoretical, basic research for Master's thesis. (e) The validity of the Rouse model for macromolecules is ex- amined for radially converging flows of dilute polymer

solutions, that is, flows in a wedge or cone. The analysis shows that the Rouse model is valid and that the molecules do not cause any significant departure from Newtonian behaviour. A model having finite extension is proposed and is shown to produce large non-Newtonian

stresses.

(/") Analysis complete; thesis in preparation (H. King). 417-10505-210-70 SIMULATION OF WATERHAMMER

(b) Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd.

(c) Professor D. F. James.

(d) Experimental; design of test procedure.

(e) A method was developed to test 12-inch cement-asbestos

pipes for the sudden pressure loads that can be produced

by waterhammer. The pressure history due to water- hammer was simulated by subjecting test lengths of pipe,

filled with water, to suddenly released gas pressure. This technique produced a pressure jump in 0.2 seconds. The

pressure jump was raised until a pipe burst.

(/) Work completed, report submitted to sponsor.

(g) Cement-asbestos pipes can sustain a higher pressure applied suddenly than applied quasi-statically

417-10506-130-90 PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS IN TWO-PHASE FLOW

(b) National Research Council of Canada; Institut fuer Hydromechanik, Universitaet Karlsruhe, Germany.

(c) Professor H. J. Leutheusser.

(d) Experimental, basic research for Master's thesis. (e) It is known that the occurrence of two-phase flow in hydraulic systems tends to render fluctuating forces more

intense and regular. It is planned to study the fundamental

physical processes involved in this transformation. 417-10507-010-90 BOUNDARY LAYER BEHAVIOUR ON A CIRCULAR

CYLINDER IN CRITICAL REYNOLDS-NUMBER RANGE

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor W W. Martin.

(d) Experimental, basic research for graduate thesis. (e) Boundary layers on fixed and oscillating cylinders are in- vestigated in critical Reynolds-number range to high

blockage (3) using hot-wire anemometry. The aim of the

project is to investigate the possibility of self-induced oscillations. (g) Data on the formation and collapse of a separation "bubble" in critical Reynolds-number range have been obtained for a fixed cylinder and correlated with drag coefficient, Strouhal number and' spectral analysis of boundary

layer and wake fluctuations. 417-10508-000-00 FLOW OVER A RECTANGULAR CAVITY

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor W. W. Martin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The free shear flow across the cavity is studied using laser Doppler anemometry to measure the development with downstream position. The nature of the fluid dynamic

feedback which occurs for some flow conditions is being

considered.

TRENT UNIVERSITY, Department of Geography, Peter- borough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8. Dr. A. G. Brunger,

Chairman.

418-10618-810-90 SNOWFALL AND SNOWCOVER IN THE PETERBOROUGH

AREA

(b) Environment Canada.

(c) Dr. W. P. Adams.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Studies of methods of measuring snowfall; areal distribu- tion and stratigraphy of snowcover.

(/i) Areal Differentiation of Snowcover in East Central Ontario, W. P. Adams, Water Resources Res. 12, 6, pp. 1226-1234,

1976.

Limitations of the Bulk Density Method of Snow Course Measurement and the Need for More Detailed Snow Data, W. P. Adams, J. of Soil and Water Conservation (in press). 418-10619-440-90 SNOW AND ICE COVER OF LAKES

(£>) National Research Council of Canada, Environment

Canada.

(c) Dr. W. P. Adams.

(d) Field investigation, includes graduate research.

(e) A study of the growth and decay of the winter cover of

lakes with some reference to the biological roles of that cover.

(It) Field Determination of the Densities of Lake Ice Sheets, W.

P. Adams, Limnology and Oceanography 21, 4, pp. 602-

608, July 1976. Approaches to the Study of Ice-Push Features, with Reference to Gillies Lake, Ontario, W. P. Adams, S. A. Mathewson, Rev. Geogr. Montr. XXX, 1-2, pp. 187-196,

1976.

Diversity of Lake Cover and Its Implications, W. P. Adams,

Musk-Ox 18, pp. 86-96, 1976. 418-10620-810-90 EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAMFLOW, PETER- BOROUGH, ONTARIO

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. C. H. Taylor.

(d) Field investigation; M.Sc. thesis in progress.

(e) A study of the effects of on-going suburban development on the runoff response and sediment yield of a small stream in Peterborough, Ontario.

{/) The study has been on-going since 1973.

(-g) Results indicate that suburban development has increased peak discharges and direct runoff volumes significantly, and that the magnitude of the effect varies seasonally.

( /i ) Effects of Suburban Development on Streamflow in a Small

Basin in Peterborough, Ontario, C. H. Taylor, Proc. 9th Canadian Hydrology Svmp., Winnipeg, Aug. 1 1-14, 1975,

pp. 745-750.

Seasonal Variations in the Impact of Suburban Develop- ment on Runoff Response: Peterborough, Ontario, C. H. Taylor, Water Resour. Res. 13, 2, pp. 464-468, 1977. 418-10621-810-90 RUNOFF PRODUCTION IN A SMALL SWAMP NEAR

PETERBOROUGH, ONTARIO

(£>) National Research Council of Canada,

(c ) Dr. C. H. Taylor.

(d) Field investigation; M.Sc. thesis in progress. 282
(e) This study is an investigation of the processes that control

the runoff response of a small swamp-fed stream. Particular attention is being paid to the applicability of the varia- ble source area model, by relating seasonal and storm-to- storm fluctuations in the extent of the saturated area to the runoff response. Both snowmelt and rainstorm events

are included.

(g) Field data have been collected for two seasons and are

currently being analysed. Preliminary indications are that fluctuations in swamp area, related to variations in the

local water table, are the dominant control of the runoff

response.

UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO, Department of Civil Engineering, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.

419-09605-310-00 RESERVOIR OPERATION DURING FLASH FLOODS

(c) Professor N. Kouwen.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) The work examines the utility of a direct access computer

program with radar precipitation inputs in forecasting stream flow during flash floods. (h) Radar and Direct Access Computers in Flood Control, Meeting Preprint 2594, ASCE, Nov. 3-7, 1977. 419-09607-210-00 SLAMMING OF HYDRAULIC CHECK VALVES

(c) Professors N. Kouwen and David Weaver of McMaster

University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

(</) Theoretical and experimental; thesis. (e) Methods are sought to reduce the harmful effects of slamming of closing check valves in water lines. (f) Completed.

(h) Flow Induced Vibrations of a Hydraulic Valve and Their

Elimination, D. S. Weaver, F. A. Adubi, N. Kouwen,

Fluids Engrg. and Bioengrg. Conf., ASME, New Haven,

Conn., June 15-17, 1977. 419-09608-860-00 WATER QUALITY BEHAVIOR IN ICE COVERED RIVERS

(c) Professors E. McBean and G. J. Farquhar.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; thesis. (e) The changes in velocity profile, the potential alteration in depositional patterns and the effects of breaks in ice covers are a few of the factors which preclude direct

utilization of non-ice relationships in the presence of ice. The intent of this research is to identify, and define, the

role of the essential features affecting the water quality response under ice. 419-10509-400-90 NUMERICAL MODELING IN HUDSON BAY AND IN CHESTERFIELD INLET

(b) Environment Canada (Marine Sciences Directorate).

(c) Professor T. E. Unny.

(</) Finite difference modeling using implicit scheme and

sparse matrix techniques. 419-10510-440-00 DISPERSION MODELS FOR LAKES

(c) Professors G. J. Farquhar and N. Kouwen.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; thesis. (e) Methods are sought to physically model dispersion in lakes using distorted hydraulic models. A mathematical finite element model is used to interpret the results of measure- ments in a simple laboratory model. 419-10511-290-90 STOCHASTIC MODELING OF FLOWS IN HYDRAULICS

(b) National Research Council, Canada.

(c) Professor T. E. Unny.

418-10512-070-90 CONTAMINANT MIGRATION IN POROUS MEDIA

(b) Environment Canada and Ontario Ministry of the Environement.

(c) Professors G. J. Farquhar and J. F. Sykes.

(d) Experimental and field investigations; applied research.

(e) Research examines contaminant interactions through

laboratory experimentation. Purpose is to express them in model format in order to enable the simulation of field behaviour.

(g) Excellent agreement has so far been achieved between

laboratory and field methodologies for conservative and

simple nonconservative contaminant species.

WESTERN CANADA HYDRAULIC LABORATORIES LTD., 1186 Pipeline Road, Port Coquitlam, B. C, Canada

V3B 4S1. Mr. Duncan Hay, Managing Director. 420-10533-430-90 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF CAPE TORMENTINE

FERRY TERMINAL BREAKWATER MODIFICATIONS

(b) Transport Canada, Marine & Ferry Branch, Ottawa, Ontario. (d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Determine the effects of several alternative modifications

to the existing harbour and pressured ice in the harbour

area.

(/) Completed. 420-10534-470-90 ASSESSMENT OF FLUSHING CHARACTERISTICS OF

SMALL HARBOURS, PHASE I

(b) Small Craft Harbours Branch, Pacific Region, Vancouver,

B.C.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) To prepare guidelines for the study of flushing in small

craft harbours and to introduce predictive techniques

whereby potential flushing characteristics under varying

situations can be evaluated.

(/) Completed. 420-10535-350-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDHCS OF RIVER DIVERSION AT

PEACE RIVER SITE I

(b) British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Investigation of Phase B of the river diversion sequence

during construction of the facilities at Site 1 on the Peace

River including approach conditions, structure rating and

performance, optimum Phase A cofferdam excavations, scour potential downstream of the structures, and cavita- tion potential at the structure gate slots. (/) Completed. 420-10536-210-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF SOROAKO HOWELLBUNGER VALVE

(b) Canadian Bechtel Limited.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Investigate approach flow conditions to proposed Howell- Bunger valve locations as an aid in assessing the structural adequacy of the valves. These valves are to be used to control discharge through "water saving synchronous by- passes" in the Lamingko powerhouse of the Larona Hydro

Development, Soroako Nickel Project, Sulawesi, Indonesia. (f) Completed.

283
420-10537-350-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY, PEACE RIVER-SITE I. DIVERSION GATE STUDIES

(b) British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Determine the hydraulically induced forces on one of the

19 ft by 40 ft diversion sluice gates during closure. Modify

the gate to reduce excessive downpull force or control dynamic instability.

(/) Completed. 420-10538-340-73 COMPREHENSIVE HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY, IN- TEGRATED POWERPLANT LIMESTONE GENERATING

STATION

(b) Manitoba Hydro.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) This study was the final in a series of three: Sectional, gate and comprehensive models, to develop the integrated

powerplant concept for the Limestone Site. The purpose was modified to generate data which could be applied to other sites. (/) Completed. 420-10539-430-90 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF TIRE-FILLED,

CONCRETE WALL, AND CAISSON-TYPE FLOATING

BREAKWATERS

(b) Department of Environment, Canada.

(d) Experimental for design and operations.

(e) Study undertaken to obtain floating breakwater efficiency data for tire-filled, thin wall, and caisson-type breakwaters, and to compare efficiency data of other floating breakwaters.

(/) Completed.

420-10540-340-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF EMERGENCY COOLING SYSTEM PUMP INTAKE, DAVIS BESSIE NUCLEAR

POWER STATION

(b) Bechtel Corporation, U.S.A.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Investigate whether flow-reducing or air-entraining vortices would develop in the sump inlet of the emergency core

cooling system, and to develop modifications for the elimination of vortices. Later modifications were in- troduced.

(f) Completed. 420-10541-340-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF THE EMERGENCY

COOLING SYSTEM INTAKES, J. M. FARLEY NUCLEAR

POWER STATION

(b) Bechtel Corporation, U.S.A.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) The purpose was to investigate whether flow-reducing and

air-entraining vortices would develop in the intakes and to develop modifications for the elimination of vortices. Modifications were introduced. 420-10542-350-70 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF SKINS LAKE SPILL- WAY, NECHAKO-KITIMAT PROJECT

(b) Aluminum Company of Canada Ltd.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) The studies were to assess the hydraulic performance of a new spillway and test any necessary modifications. Measurement of hydraulic forces was taken to aid in the selec- tion of hoisting equipment.

(f) Completed.

420-10543-470-70 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF HORSESHOE BAY

FERRY TERMINAL, BERTH NO. 1

(b) Department of Highways and Public Works, B.C.

(d) Field investigation, and experimental design and operation.

(e) Determine the most economical means of protecting floats from ferry wash and debris caused by the propwash of the new 457 ft long ferries.

(J) Completed. 420-10544-340-70 PALO VERDE NUCLEAR GENERATION STATION

(b) Boving Division-Axel Johnson Corporation.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Improve flow conditions to pumps. 420-10545-300-90 ANALYTICAL AND HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES,

LOWER FRASER RIVER

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Investigate the feasibility of establishing 40 ft navigable

depths on the lower Fraser River. The studies were divided

into analytical studies, fixed bed hydraulic model studies, and movable bed hydraulic model studies.

(J) Completed. 420-10546-420-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF TAILING DELTA STA- BILIZATION

(ft) Klohn Leonoff Consultants Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Determine the foreshore characteristics required to achieve stable conditions for given rock sizes under attack by a given wave height, and to study the general

mechanism of longshore movement and beach develop- ment.

if) Completed. 420-10547-470-96 WIND AND WAVE STUDIES OF THE PROPOSED

GABRIOLA ISLAND FERRY TERMINAL

(b) Department of Highways, B.C.

(d) Field investigations and analytical studies. (e) To conduct wind, wave and current studies of the proposed ferry terminal and the assessment of protection

requirements at several potential sites. (/> Completed. 420-10548-340-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF TURBINE MANIFOLD,

TALSTON 4 MW EXTENSION, NORTHERN CANADA

COMMISSION

(b) W. F. Kelly and Associates Ltd., B.C.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(<?) Examine by physical modeling the flow distribution from a

four-unit flow distribution manifold to the turbine units under equal unit back pressures with and without splitter plates. Further modifications were introduced to improve

flow conditions.

(f) Completed. 420-10549-390-70 CONCEPTUAL HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF OUTFALL

PIPELINE SYSTEM, ISLAND COPPER MINE

(h) Utah Mines Ltd.

(d) Theoretical for design and operations.

(e) The preparation of a conceptual hydraulic design of

tailings outfall system.

(/) Completed.

284
420-10550-300-65 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES ON DON AND LION

ISLANDS DEVELOPMENT, FRASER RIVER

(b) Rivtow Straits Limited, B.C.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Evaluate the feasibility and effects of proposed causeways

connecting Don and Lulu Islands, Don and Lion islands; to determine an optimum design for the improvement of alignment and location of the causeways; to determine the

effectiveness of the tide in flushing pollutants from the backwater regions of the proposed development.

(f) Completed. 420-10551-410-96 STUDY OF THE CLIFF AND FORESHORE STABILIZATION

PROBLEM AT POINT GREY, VANCOUVER

(b) Vancouver Board of Parks and Public Recreation.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Review of all aspects of the Point Grey stabilization problem employing information from previous studies and

other sources of available data in order to provide recommendations for immediate and long term actions.

(/) Completed. 420-10552-420-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF QUANICASSEE UNITS 1 AND 2

(b) Bechtel Power Corporation.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Investigate three-dimensional wave characteristics as- sociated with the design storm for the Quanicassee Units 1 and 2 Power Plant.

(/) Suspended. 420-10553-350-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF SPILLWAY DIVERSION

STRUCTURE, LIMESTONE GENERATING STATION

(b) Manitoba Hydro.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Evaluate the performance of the spillway, potential erosion, diversion ports and the hydraulic forces on the diver- sion gates. 420-10554-220-90 ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT DATA TAKEN ON THE LOWER

FRASER RIVER

(b) Department of Supply and Services.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Define bivariate linear and nonlinear relations between

hydraulic and sediment parameter, sediment-rating curves. Furthermore, it would determine multivariate sediment

transport functions for the determination of total bed

material in washload transport, and generate bedload measurement techniques based on the regime channel

geometry. 420-10555-390-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF KITIMAT ARM SLIDE

(b) Hecate Straits Engineering Ltd.

(d) Experimental for basic research.

(e) Determine the effects of submarine slide on the surrounding areas at Kitimal Port. 420-10556-850-90 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF FISH TRANSFER FISH PUMP

(b) Department of Fisheries and Environment.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Examine the performance of discreet peripheral jet pump

in combination with air-lift pump in a typical fish pumping

application.

420-10557-350-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF REVELSTOKE PROJECT, COLUMBIA RIVER, B.C.

(b) B. C. Hydro and Power Authority.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Evaluate on two separate models the diversion tunnel with appertenant structures with respect to approach conditions, structure performance, hydraulic loadings, tailwater

levels, scour potential and operating procedures over a range of discharges.

THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO, Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and

Mathematical Sciences Building, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9. Professor S. C. R. Dennis, Department

Chairman.

421-07995-030-90 TIME DEPENDENT AND STEADY VISCOUS FLUID FLOW

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor S. C. R. Dennis.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) A number of studies of various flow configurations involv- ing viscous fluids are under way. The objects of the project are to understand the physical nature of the flows concerned, and also to develop numerical techniques of

solving the Navier-Stokes equations. Most of the recent work has been on steady flow in curved tubes. A major

project on flow near rotating spheres is also being carried out in conjunction with Dr. S. N. Singh of the University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.

(/i) Application of the Series Truncation Method to TwoDimensional Internal Flows, S. C. R. Dennis, Lecture Notes

in Physics 35, pp. 138-143, 1975. The Steady Motion of a Viscous Fluid in a Curved Tube, S. C. R. Dennis, W. M. Collins, Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math.

28, pp. 165-188, 1975. Viscous Eddies Near a 90° and a 45° Corner in Flow Down

a Curved Tube of Triangular Cross-Section, S. C. R. Dennis, W. M. Collins, J. Fluid Mech. 76, pp. 417-432,

1976. Steady Flow in a Curved Tube of Triangular Cross-Section,

S. C. R. Dennis, W. M. Collins, Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 352, pp. 189-21 1, 1976. A Numerical Method for Calculating Steady Flow Past a Cylinder, S. C. R. Dennis, Lecture Notes in Physics 59, pp. 165-172, 1977. 421-07996-020-90 DIFFUSION IN FLUID FLOWS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. P. J. Sullivan. (d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) A study of both mean and fluctuating concentration values of contaminant in incompressible flow fields is being un- dertaken. The concept of a local value of longitudinal dif- fusivity was explored both theoretically and experimentally

for a uniformly bound turbulent shear flow and this is currently being extended to the situation in which the flow is inhomogeneous in the streamwise direction. In a simul- taneous study of both the dispersion and diffusion problem

in a general incompressible flow from an instantaneous source of contaminant, some significant progress is being made.

(h) The Approach to the Final Stage of Dispersion in Turbulent

Pipe Flow, R. Dewey, P. J. Sullivan, Trans. CSME 3, 1, 1975. The Maximum Value of Concentration When a Pulse is Dispersed in an Open-Channel Flow, P. J. Sullivan, Trans. CSME 3, 2, p. 90, 1975. 285
The Approach to Normality of the Distance-Neighbour

Function When Used to Describe Relative Turbulent Diffusion, P. J. Sullivan, ZAMP 27, p. 727, 1976. Laminar Free Convection Due to a Point Source of Buoyancy, P. J. Sullivan, P. J. Sutherland, ZAMP 27, p. 671,

1976.

Dispersion of a Line Source in Grid Turbulence, P. J. Sullivan, Physics of Fluids 19, 1, 1976. The Asymptotic Stage of Longitudinal Turbulent Dispersion Within a Tube, R. Dewey, P. J. Sullivan, J. Fluid Mech.

19, 2, 1, 1977. 421-07997-010-90 THREE-DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. M. Zamir.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) The work is aimed at a reconstruction of boundary layer theory so as to accommodate three-dimensional boundary

layers within its scope. The main feature of the approach

is the use of tensor analysis to rederive the boundary layer equations in a form which is independent of the coordinate system. Three-dimensional boundary layers are of utmost importance since they arise in a wide variety of

practical situations such as the flow in rivers and channels of non-circular cross-section. (h ) On The Corner Boundary Layer With Favourable Pressure Gradient, Aeronaut. Quart. XXIII, 1972. Further Solution of the Corner Boundary Layer Equations, Aeronaut. Quart. XXIV, 1973. 421-09634-400-00 THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE SALINITY AND FLOW

PATTERN IN ESTUARIES

(c) Dr. H. Rasmussen.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) A theoretical study of the salinity distribution and the general flow pattern in estuaries is in progress. An approximate steady two-dimensional model has been derived for

slightly stratified estuaries and is now being analysed using

Galerkin's method.

(h) On Flow in Estuaries, Part I. A Critical Review of Some

Studies of Slightly Stratified Estuaries, H. Rasmussen, J. B. Hinwood, La Houille Blanche 209, pp. 377-395, 1972. Part

II. A Slightly Stratified Turbulent Flow, La Houille Blanche

209, pp. 396-407, 1972. Part III, Derivation of General and Breadth Integrated Models, La Houille Blanche 212,

pp. 319-337, 1973. 421-10558-820-90 NUMERICAL STUDY OF FREE-SURFACE GROUNDWATER

FLOW

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. H. Rasmussen.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Free-surface flow is modeled by Laplace equation for the

velocity potential and nonlinear first-order partial dif- ferential equation for the free surface. The potential

problem is reformulated as a variational problem and then

solved approximately by a Rayleigh-Ritz expansion. The

free-surface equation is solved using finite differences.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for Ph.D.

(e) The work done so far on d iffusers is experimental. The

aim is now to develop an analytical method for flows in diffusers with inlet swirl. (h) Effect of Inlet Swirl and Wall Layer Thickness on the Per- formance of Equiangular Annular Diffusers, R.

Coladipietro, M.A.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Windsor, 1974.

Effects of Inlet Flow Conditions on the Performance of Equiangular Annular Diffusers, R. Coladipietro, J. H.

Schneider, K. Sridhar, Paper No. 73-CSME-84, CSMEASME Fluids Engrg. Conf., Montreal, May 1974. Also

published in Trans. CSME 3, 2, pp. 75-82, 1975. 422-09636-600-90 BISTABLE FLUIDIC AMPLIFIERS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor W. G. Colborne.

(d) Experimental, basic research for bistable amplifiers. The

mechanism of switching in a bistable amplifier is also being studied by investigating the characteristics of the separation bubble. By developing an accurate model it is hoped that accurate predictions of switching time can be made for a variety of configurations and flows. (h) Splitter Switching in Bistable Fluidic Amplifiers, C. J. Williams, W. G. Colbome, CSME Paper No. 73-CSME-83,

EIC Accession No. 1541, ASME-CSME Fluids Engrg.

Conf., Montreal, Quebec, May 13-15, 1974. Fluidic State- of-the-Art Symp. 1, 1974, Harry Diamond Laboratories, Washington, D.C. 422-09637-600-90 ACOUSTICALLY CONTROLLED TURBULENCE AMPLIFIERS

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. K. Sridhar. (d) Experimental, theoretical and basic research for M.A.Sc. and Ph.D.

(e) Develop a design procedure for shrouded acoustically controlled turbulence amplifiers. (h) An Investigation of Acoustically Controlled Turbulence Amplifiers, G. W. Rankin, M.A.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Windsor,

1974. An Investigation of , the Dynamic Response of an Acoustically Controlled Turbulence Amplifier, G. W. Rankin, K. Sridhar, Paper B-l, Proc. 6th Cranfield Fluidics Conf,

Cambridge, England, Mar. 1974.

Static Characteristics Shrouded Acoustically Controlled Turbulence Amplifiers, G. W. Rankin, K. Sridhar, Paper 75

WAIFlcs-9, ASME Winter Ann. Mtg., 1975. Also published

in Trans. ASME, J. Fluids Engineering 98, pp. 476-482,

Sept. 1976. 422-09638-020-00 REYNOLDS STRESSES IN STRAINED FLOWS

(c) Dr. H. J. Tucker.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Determination of Reynolds stresses in a variety of pure

strain fields in yielding information which is useful in general calculation procedures for turbulent flows.

UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Professor W. G.

Colborne, Chairman, Graduate Studies, Department of

Mechanical Engineering. 422-09635-290-90 DIFFUSERS WITH INLET SWIRL

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. K. Sridhar.

286
SUBJECT INDEX

Aberdeen Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; 3 14-09722-330-13.

Ablation; Ice; Melting; Jets, water; 403-10221-190-90.

Abrasive materials; Stilling basins; 322-10674-350-00.

Acoustic emission; Boiling; Nucleate boiling; Reactors; 136- 09843- 140-54.

Acoustic emission; Contact stress; Reactors; Stick slip; 136- 09844-620-54.

Acoustic emulsification; Emulsification; Oil-water suspension;

Suspensions; 084-09818-130-00.

Acoustic excitation; Jets, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 048-

10203-050-50.

Acoustic field; Freon jets; Jet impingement; Mixing; 081-

10611-050-50.

Acoustic flowmeter; Automobile exhaust; Flowmeters; 317-

10792-700-00.

Acoustic harbor model; Harbor model, acoustic; Harbor oscillations; Harbor paradox; Harbor resonance theory; Tsunamis;

104-08171-470-00.

Acoustic measurements; Jet impingement; 048-10196-050-50.

Acoustic response; Cascade blade loading; 1 09-08896-630-50

.

Acoustic transients; Arterial blood flow; Biomedical flows; Fluidic delay lines; Pressure waves; 1 36-09656-600-00.

Activated sludge; Centrifugal clarifier; Sewage treatment; 414-

10532-870-00. Added mass; Oscillating bodies; Wave damping; 334-08529-

040-22. Added resistance; Quadratic frequency response; 151-10042-

590-22. Added resistance; Wave pulse techniques; 1 5 1 -10041 -590-22

.

Aeration; Air bubbles; Fort Patrick Henry Reservoir; Water

quality; 341-08570-860-00.

Aeration; Cavitation damage; 322-10691 -230-0G.

Aeration; Potato wastes; Waste treatment; 052-09860-870-60.

Aerator tests; Waste treatment; 052-09859-870-82.

Aerial photography; Wave data analysis; Waves, design; 312-

10651-420-00. Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel

flow; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; 3 16-10796-

700-00. Aerodynamic oscillations; Bluff cylinders; Submerged bodies;

Vibrations, flow induced; 417-07461-240-00. Aerodynamic pressure measurement; Air-water flow; Slug for- mation; Two-phase flow; Wave crests; 038-07979-130-00.

Aerosol filtration; Two-phase flow; 048-10217-290-54.

Agricultural chemical application; Irrigation systems; 052- 09850-840-82.

Agricultural land; Sewage sludge; 300-0347W-870-00.

Agricultural practices; Appalachian region; Water quality; 300- 0342W-860-00.

Agricultural practices; Nutrients; Vegetation; Water quality; 3 00-0344 W-860-00.

Agricultural soil; Pollutants, chemical; Phosphorus; Water

quality; 129-07584-820-61.

Agricultural water use; Irrigation water use; Water use; 303- 0235W-840-00.

Agricultural water use; Water management; Water supply, sur- face; Water use; 303-0441 W-860-00. Ahtanum-Moxee sub-basin; Groundwater; Mathematical model;

01 1-10010-820-60.

Air bubble, captured; Air cushion vehicle; Ship motions; 087- 09867-520-22.

Air bubbles; Fort Patrick Henry Reservoir; Water quality; Aeration ; 34 1 -085 70-860-00

.

Air chambers; Pipe flow; Transients; Water hammer; 404-

10228-210-90.

Air compressor, hydraulic; Tidal power; 007-09934-630-00

.

Air cushion chamber aerodynamics; Air cushion vehicle; 151- 08981-520-21.

Air cushion vehicle; Air cushion chamber aerodynamics; 151- 08981-520-21.

Air cushion vehicle; Ship motions; Air bubble, captured; 087- 09867-520-22.

Air cushion vehicles; Lift systems; Surface effect ships; 334-

10724-520-22.

Air, entrained; Pipe flow; Pressure transients; Transients; 044- 08814-210-54.

Air entrainment; Jets, plunging water; 1 66-09 1 89-280-60

.

Air entrainment; Jets, water in air; Photography; Polymer additives; Turbulence; 331-09450-250-20.

Air injection; Blowdown fluid physics; Model laws; Steam injection; 146-10354-130-70.

Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; 400-09477-340-75.

Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; 400-09486-340-70.

Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; 400-09488-340-70.

Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; 400-09489-340-75.

Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; 400-09490-340-70.

Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; 400-09491-340-70.

Air pollution; Baghouse; Power plant; 400-10485-340-70.

Air pollution; Computer model; Odor control; Plant model; Wind tunnel tests; 053-10405-870-70.

Air pollution; Dryer; Power plant; Scrubber; 400-10488-340-

70. Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; 400-09477-340-75.

Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; 400-09486-340-70.

Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; 400-09488-340-70.

Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; 400-09489-340-75.

Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; 400-09490-340-70.

Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; 400-09491-340-70.

Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10474-340-73

.

Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10475-340-75.

Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10476-340-70.

Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10477-340-70.

Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10478-340-75.

Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10479-340-70.

Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10480-340-70.

Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10481-340-70.

Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10482-340-70.

Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10483-340-70.

Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10484-340-70.

Air pollution; Power plant; Scrubbers; 400-10486-340-70.

Air pollution; Power plant; Scrubber; 400-10489-340-70.

Air pollution; Power plant; Scrubber; 400-10490-340-70.

Air pollution; Powerplant; Quencher; 400-10487-340-70.

Air tools; Noise control research; 1 36-09842-630-70.

Aircraft vortices; Vortices, trailing; 062-09794-540-50.

Airfoils; Numerical models; Submerged bodies; Turbulent flow; 089-10136-030-26.

Airfoils, two-dimensional; Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical

solutions; Potential flow; 089-10139-000-50.

Air-Freon streams; Jet mixing; Jets, heterogeneous; Laser anemometry; Mixing; 092-09831-050-54.

Air-sea interaction; Remote sensing; Wave slope measurement; Waves, wind; Wind wave facility; 327-10707-460-00.

Air-sea interface; Heat balance; Laminar sublayer; 332-07064-

460-00.

287
Air-water flow; Slug flow, vertically downward; Two-phase

flow; 044-09954-130-00.

Air-water flow; Slug formation; Two-phase flow; Wave crests; Aerodynamic pressure measurement; 038-07979-1 30-00.

Air-water interface; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence

structure; Waves; 148-10407-010-54.

Air-water interface; Energy transfer; Turbulence; Wave growth;

Waves, wind; 148-10406-420-14.

Air-water interface; Evaporation; Heat transfer; Lakes; 179- 10426-170-00.

Air-water interface; Mixing; Rain effects; Waves, raindrop

generated; 177-10027-460-33.

Air-water interface; Reynolds stresses; Waves, wind-generated; 148-10408-420-20.

Alaska; Harbors; Shoaling; 312-09735-470-00.

Alaska water systems; P.T. orifices; Water supply system; 313-

10667-210-13.

Alberta; Floods; Snowmelt; 401-10768-310-96.

Alberta; Runoff; Snowfall; Snowmelt; Soil moisture; 402-10283-

810-00.

Alberta; Sediment yield; Soil erosion; 401-10770-830-96.

Alberta catchments; Runoff; Snowmelt; 401-10769-310-96.

Alberta ice jams; Ice breakup; 401-10762-300-96.

Algae; Filtration; Heavy metal removal; Wastewater treatment; 157-10162-870-60.

Algae cell separation; Lagoons; Wastewater treatment; 157- 10157-870-36.

Algal assay; Lake Ozonia; Nutrients; Trophic level; Water

quality; 028-09975-860-00.

Aliceville Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; 314-09719-330-13.

Alluvial channel measurements; Error models; River channels; 043-10350-300-54.

Alluvial channels; Bed forms; Mathematical models; River

models; Sediment transport; 043-10347-220-54.

Alluvial channels; Bed regime; Groins, submerged; Scour; 149- 10597-220-13.

Alluvial channels; Bends; Meandering; Open channel flow; Sediment transport; 061-10388-200-00.

Alluvial channels; Braiding; Channel stability; Meanders; River

channels; 149-08993-300-05.

Alluvial channels; Canals; River mechanics; Sediment transport; 043-10345-300-54.

Alluvial channels; Channel geometry; Sediment effect; 323-

10697-300-00.

Alluvial channels; Erosion; Mathematical model; Open channel

flow; Velocity distribution; 302-10629-200-00.

Alluvial channels; Sediment concentration profiles; Sediment

sampler; Sediment transport, suspended; 043-10348-220-54.

Alluvial channels; Sediment transport; Transport processes; 323-0369W-220-00.

Alluvial channels; Sediment transport world data; 402-07836-

220-00.

Alluvial streams; Bed form statistics; Sediment discharge; 061-

10387-220-05.

Alluvial streams; Harbor entrances; Models, hydraulic; Shoaling; 314-07171-470-13. Aluminum concentrations; Fish growth; Lakes; Utah lakes; Water quality; 157-10142-870-60. Amaluza Dam; Hydraulic model; Spillway; 322-10687-350-00. Ammonia control; Fish hatchery; Water treatment; 052-09861-

870-10. Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; 316-

10796-700-00. Anemometers; Mine safety; Velocity measurement, low; Ventilation; 31 7-10797-700-34. Angular bodies; Drag; Submerged bodies; Turbulence effects; Vibrations; 166-09200-030-54.

Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent

flow; 003-09777-140-00. Annular flow; Finite difference method; Heat transfer; Turbulence model; 065-10787-020-54. Annular flow; Laminar flow; Rotating flow; Spheres, coaxial

rotating; 064-09021-000-00.

Antarctic circumpolar current; Ocean currents; Rotating flow; 143-09180-450-54. Antecedent conditions; Floods, frozen ground; Hydrology; 052- 09856-810-61.

Aortic atheroma; Biomedical flows; 136-09654-270-00. Appalachian region; Hillslope morphology; Sediment movement; 323-0373 W-220-00. Appalachian region; Water quality; Agricultural practices; 300- 0342W-860-00.

Appalachian watersheds; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Sediment transport; Watersheds, agricultural; 300-09272-810-00. Appalachian-Piedmont area; Water quality; Water yield; 309- 0247 W-8 10-00. Aquatic ecosystem; Colorado River basin; Oil shale develop- ment; Salinity; 157-10158-860-60.

Aquifer; Heat storage, subsurface; 009-09784-820-30.

Aquifer dip; Aquifers, saline; Groundwater; Water storage; 072- 09929-820-61.

Aquifer flow; Dispersion; Plumes, negative buoyancy; Porous media flow; 075-09814-070-54.

Aquifer hydrogeology; Missouri aquifers; 091-10065-820-33.

Aquifer hydrology; Groundwater flow; Trace metal flow; 131- 09839-820-54.

Aquifer model; Conveyance systems; Dispersion, open channel; Mathematical model; Water resource optimization; 030- 07247-800-00.

Aquifer parameters; Aquifer systems management; Aquifers,

leaky; 023-07928-820-00.

Aquifer pollution transport; Groundwater pollution; Pollution,

aquifers; 02 7-0 7934-870-41.

Aquifer simulation; Groundwater pollutant movement; 154- 0386W-820-33.

Aquifer subsidence; Groundwater storage; 035-08675-820-00.

Aquifer systems management; Aquifers, leaky; Aquifer parameters; 023-07928-820-00.

Aquifers; Computer model; Groundwater model; 302-10640-

820-00.

Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Seepage; Streamflow; 147- 10473-820-54.

Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Seepage; Streamflow; 148- 10409-820-54.

Aquifers; Hot water storage; Numerical model; Solar energy; 067-09983-820-52.

Aquifers, geopressured; Groundwater; Gulf Coast aquifers; Numerical model; 323-10702-820-00.

Aquifers, Gulf Coast; Diffusion; Groundwater; Porous media

flow; Water treatment; 072-09928-820-61.

Aquifers, leaky; Aquifer parameters; Aquifer systems management; 023-07928-820-00.

Aquifers, saline; Groundwater; Water storage; Aquifer dip; 072- 09929-820-61.

Aquifers, saline; Viscosity effect; Water storage; 072-08693-

820-61.

Archives; Coastal engineering; Information services; 039-

10459-730-44.

Argentina; Mathematical models; Rio Colorado; River develop- ment; 075-09823-800-00.

Arizona; Groundwater supplies; 008-0266W-820-60.

Arkansas River environmental inventory; Chloride control; 094- 08871-870-00.

Arterial blood flow; Biomedical flows; Fluidic delay lines; Pres- sure waves; Acoustic transients; 1 36-09656-600-00.

288
Arterial flow; Biomedical flows; Mathematical model; Pulsatile flow; 070-09016-270-52.

Asbestos fibers; Cavitation inception; Drag reduction; Polymer

additives; Suspensions, fiber; 331-09449-250-20.

Ashtabula river; Pollution; Water quality data; 025-09899-870-

36. Asymmetric; Velocity-area method; Ducts, rectangular; Flow

measurement; 179-10437-710-00.

Atlantic Bight; Gulf Stream interaction; 161-09888-450-34.

Atlantic continental shelf; Remote sensing; Wave refraction model; 325-09395-420-00.

Atlantic Ocean; Currents; Ocean dynamics; 178-07786-450-20. Atmospheric effects; Numerical models; Power plants; Waste

heat; 134-09909-870-52. Atmospheric effects; Stream temperature; Thermal loads; Vegetation effect; Water temperature; Wind effects; 123- 09836-860-33. Atmospheric flow dynamics; Shear flow stability; Waves, at- mospheric; Waves, turbulence effect on; 03 1-08812-480-54. Atmospheric simulation; Scaling laws; 322-08472-750-00

.

Atmospheric waves; Jovian atmosphere; Stratified fluids; Waves, solitary; 143-09902-420-50. Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump;

Hydraulic model; Spillway model; 322-07035-350-00. Auburn Dam; Gate model; Gate seals; Hydraulic model; Spill- way gates; 322-07028-350-00. Automated flow systems; Fuel control calibrations; 3 1 7-07242-

700-22. Automobile exhaust; Flowmeters; Acoustic flowmeter; 317-

10792-700-00. Avalanche forecasts; Snowdrift management; 308-10648-810-

00. Axial flow fan; Fan blade loading; 124-08917-630-20.

Axial flow inducers; Inducers; Propulsion; 1 19-10043-550-50. Backflow regions; Laminar flow; Magnetohydrodynamic duct

flow; 097-09834-1 10-00. Backwater computations; Open channel flow equations; 056-

10110-200-00. Backwater curve computations; Energy gradients; Open channel flow; 121-08928-200-00. Bad Creek project; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Pumped

storage project; 179-10432-340-73.

Baghouse; Power plant; Air pollution; 400-10485-340-70.

Barge flotation system; Breakwater design, floating; Reflecting

surfaces, offset; 155-09923-430-00.

Barrier effect; Diffraction; Harbor waves; Wave diffraction; 103-09967-420-44.

Bath county spillway; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; 044-

09956-350-75.

Bathymetric study; York River; 161-09885-400-73. Bay Springs Lock; Canal model; Navigation conditions; Surges; 314-09701-330-13. Bay Springs Lock; Canal model; Navigation conditions; Surges; 314-09702-330-13.

Bayesian methodology; Hydrologic analysis; Water resource

planning; 075-08749-800-54. Beach equilibrium profiles; Beach nourishment, artificial; 414-

10528-410-90. Beach erosion; Beach fill; Beach profiles; 312-09733-410-00. Beach erosion; Bluff recession; Great Lakes; Water level changes; 312-09742-440-00. Beach erosion; Coastal ecology; Dredging; Dune stabilization; 312-06995-880-00. Beach erosion; Coastal processes; Revetments; Riprap; 312-

10657-410-00. Beach erosion; Florida sand budget; Littoral drift; Nearshore

circulation; 039-09091-410-44. Beach erosion; Gulf Coast beaches; Sediment transport by

waves; Wave reflection; 152-07708-410-44.

Beach erosion; Log debris effects; Puget Sound; 17 1-10403- 410-61. Beach erosion; Sand tracing; Santa Rosa Island; 039-10446-

410-10. Beach fill; Beach profiles; Beach erosion; 312-09733-410-00. Beach fill sediment criteria; 312-09746-410-00. Beach nourishment, artificial; Beach equilibrium profiles; 414-

10528-410-90. Beach nourishment, artificial; 414-10529-410-90. Beach profiles; Beach erosion; Beach fill; 312-09733-410-00. Beach replenishment; Beach sand movement; 039-09093-410-

65. Beach sand movement; Beach replenishment; 039-09093-410-

65. Beaufort Sea; Numerical model; Storm surge; Surge elevations; 407-10238-420-00. Bed armoring; Open channel turbulence; Sediment transport, bed load; Turbulence measurements; 044-07300-220-00. Bed form statistics; Sediment discharge; Alluvial streams; 061- 10387-220-05. Bed forms; Bedload discharge; Sediment transport; 405-10292-

220-00. Bed forms; Braiding; Meandering; Morphology, river channels; Sediment transport; 402-10282-300-90. Bed forms; Channel forms; Meandering; River flow; Sediment

transport; 404-10233-300-90. Bed forms; Coastal sediment; Ripples; Sediment transport by

waves; 316-10780-410-11. Bed forms; Dune growth; Open channel flow; 414-10521-220-

90. Bed forms; Ice cover effects; Sediment transport; 061-10360-

220-30. Bed forms; Mathematical models; River models; Sediment

transport; Alluvial channels; 043-10347-220-54. Bed forms; Open channel flow; Ripple growth; 414-10522-220-

90. Bed forms; Open channel flow; Shear stress; 414-10523-220-90. Bed forms; River channels; Sediment transport; 323-10703-220-

00. Bed forms; Sediment transport, bedload; Sediment transport, suspended; 302-09290-220-00. Bed froms; River flow; Sediment transport; Temperature ef- fects; 019-10122-220-10. Bed particles; Drag; Lift; Sediment transport; 302-09293-220-

00. Bed regime; Groins, submerged; Scour; Alluvial channels; 149- 10597-220-13.

Bedload; Insects, stream; Sediment transport effects; 052- 09851-220-61. Bedload discharge; Sediment transport; Bed forms; 405-10292-

220-00. Bedload measurement; Bedload models; Sediment transport; 035-09944-220-54. Bedload models; Sediment transport; Bedload measurement;

035-09944-220-54. Bedload sampler; Sediment calibration flume; 149-10596-720-

13. Bedload transport research; Sediment transport; 323-0461 W220-00. Belews Lake, North Carolina; Cooling water discharge; Numerical models; Power plant; Remote sensing; Thermal effluent; 078-09832-870-50.

Bellows; Space shuttle; Vibrations, flow-induced; 146-10357-

540-50. Benard convection; Currents, ocean; Geophysical fluid dynamics; Internal waves; Mathematical models; Oceanography;

Waves, internal; 318-08449-450-00. Benchmark data; Continental shelf; Oceanography; Water

quality; 161-09877-450-34.

289
Bends; Channel width; Navigation channels; Towing; 314-

10743-330-00.

Bends; Meandering; Open channel flow; Sediment transport;

Alluvial channels; 061-10388-200-00.

Bicycle safety; Curb inlets; Drainage; Grates; Highway

drainage; 322-10689-370-47. Bingham plastic; Bottom materials; Clay-water mixtures; Drag; Non-Newtonian fluids; Submerged bodies; 057-07352-1 20-

00.

Biological effects; Ice cover; Lakes; Snow cover; 418-10619-

440-90. Biomedical flow; Blood; Sickle cell hydrodynamics; 134-09910-

270-40. Biomedical flow; Blood flow; Flow measurement; Turbulence measurement; Ultrasonic velocimeter; 168-10072-700-40.

Biomedical flow; Blood flow; Stenoses; Tube constrictions; 064- 07392-270-40.

Biomedical flow; Heart valve flow; Thrombus formation; 109- 08902-270-54.

Biomedical flow; Intestinal flow; 061-07376-270-40.

Biomedical flows; Aortic atheroma; 136-09654-270-00.

Biomedical flows; Blood flow; Cerebral circulation model; 057- 04143-270-60.

Biomedical flows; Blood flow; Laminar flow, oscillatory; Oscillatory flow; Wall obstacles; 057-07355-000-88.

Biomedical flows; Fluidic delay lines; Pressure waves; Acoustic

transients; Arterial blood flow; 136-09656-600-00.

Biomedical flows; Korotkoff sound production; Ureter valve

flutter; 136-09653-270-00.

Biomedical flows; Mathematical model; Pulsatile flow; Arterial

flow; 070-09016-270-52.

Black Dog Lake, Minnesota; Cooling pond, heat transfer; Numerical model; Power plant; Water temperature; 149-10606-

870-73. Black Hills; Water yield; 308-02658-810-00.

Blade pressures; Fan blades; 122-08930-630-50.

Blade turning effort; Propellers, controllable pitch; 334-08533-

550-22. Blanco Dam; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; Sediment exclusion; 322-10676-350-00.

Blast waves; Shock waves; Structures; 146-09306-640-00.

Block Island Sound; Circulation, ocean; Numerical model; 100- 10071-450-00.

Blockage; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 414-10515-370-90.

Blockage effects; Bodies of revolution; Submerged bodies; Wall

interference; Water tunnel; 124-08927-030-22.

Blood; Sickle cell hydrodynamics; Biomedical flow; 134-09910-

270-40. Blood flow; Cerebral circulation model; Biomedical flows: 057- 04143-270-60.

Blood flow; Flow measurement; Turbulence measurement; Ultrasonic velocimeter; Biomedical flow; 168-10072-700-40. Blood flow; Laminar flow, oscillatory; Oscillatory flow; Wall

obstacles; Biomedical flows; 05 7-07355-000-88. Blood flow; Pipe flow; Pulsatile flow; Unsteady flow; 061-

10390-000-00. Blood flow; Stenoses; Tube constrictions; Biomedical flow; 064-

07392-270-40. Blowdown; Boiling water reactor; Heat transfer; Nuclear reactor cooling; 041-07988-140-52. Blowdown; Heat transfer; Water reactor; 1 12-10022-340-55. Blowdown; Hope Creek plant; Mathematical model; Plumes,

negatively buoyant; Power plant; 179-10425-340-73. Blowdown discharge model; Cooling tower; Hydraulic model; 061-10378-870-73. Blowdown fluid physics; Model laws; Steam injection; Air injection; 146-10354-130-70.

Bluff bodies; Boundary layer separation; Cylinders, circular; Submerged bodies; 417-07899-010-00.

Bluff bodies; Drag; Wave drag; 142-10395-420-44.

Bluff bodies in shear flow; Submerged bodies; Turbulence ef- fects; 109-08897-030-54.

Bluff cylinders; Submerged bodies; Vibrations, flow induced; Aerodynamic oscillations; 4 1 7-0746 1 -240-00.

Bluff recession; Great Lakes; Water level changes; Beach erosion; 312-09742-440-00. Boardman reservoir; Hydraulic model; Spillway; Weir,

labyrinth; 166-10440-350-75. Boat accidents; Tomales Bay; Waves; 019-08781-520-60. Boat basin; Harbor; Mixing; Tidal flushing; 167-10183-470-13. Boat ramp protection; Breakwaters; Buoy barriers; 1 56-09066-

470-60. Boat sampling system; Cooling water discharge; Monitoring;

Thermal effluents; 075-09803-720-44.

Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Lift; Submerged bodies; 061-10381-010-14.

Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer computations; Boundary

layer, laminar; Boundary layer separation; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; 073-08069-010-26.

Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer, turbulent; Near wake;

Separated flow; Submerged bodies; Wakes; 139-07621-030-

26. Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer transition; Boundary

layer, laminar; Drag reduction; Submerged bodies; 334-

09438-010-00.

Bodies of revolution; Pressure distribution; Submerged bodies, support interference; 109-101 18-030-26. Bodies of revolution; Submerged bodies; Wall interference; Water tunnel; Blockage effects; 124-08927-030-22.

Bodies or revolution; Boundary layer transition; Drag; Sub- merged bodies; Turbulence stimulation; 334-09442-030-00. Body of revolution; Boundary layer, thick; Boundary layer, tur- bulent; 061-08834-010-21.

Bogs; Forest management; Minnesota watersheds; Sewage

disposal; Watershed management; Water yield; 305-03887-

810-00.

Boiling; Liquid metals; Numerical model; Reactors; Two-phase

flow; 133-10088-130-55.

Boiling; Nucleate boiling; Reactors; Acoustic emission; 136- 09843-140-54.

Boiling pools; Reactor safety; Stability; 133-10090-340-55.

Boiling water reactor; Heat transfer; Nuclear reactor cooling;

Blowdown; 041-07988-140-52.

Bonneville Dam; Gate model; Gates, spillway; Gate vibrations; Spillway model; 313-07108-350-13.

Bonneville Dam; Locks; Navigation channel improvement; 313-

10664-330-13.

Bonneville Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Powerhouse model;

3.13-07107-350-13. Boom towns; Resorts; Wastewater system design; Water system

design; 032-10776-870-88. Booms; Oil spill containment; 405-09510-870-00. Bottom materials; Clay-water mixtures; Drag; Non-Newtonian

fluids; Submerged bodies; Bingham plastic; 057-07352-120-

00. Boundary integral solutions; Groundwater; Numerical models; Porous media flow; 035-09945-070-54. Boundary layer; Compliant walls; Drag reduction; 316-09732-

250-50. Boundary layer; Laminar sublayer; Viscous sublayer; 119- 08221-010-00. Boundary layer; Wall protuberances; 31 1-09355-010-00. Boundary layer, atmospheric; Diffusion; Langevin model;

Stratified flow; Turbulent diffusion; 139-08259-020-54. Boundary layer, atmospheric; Diffusion; Turbulence structure; Wind engineering; 139-10559-020-54. Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great Lakes; Mathematical

model; Water level; Waves; Wind set-up; 319-10669-440-00.

290
Boundary layer, benthic; Ocean currents; Seamount; 178- 09227-450-20. Boundary layer channel; Boundary layer transition; 128-104 1 5- 010-20. Boundary layer computation; Boundary layer, turbulent; Computational fluid dynamics; 141-08973-010-52.

Boundary- layer computations; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer separation; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; Bodies of revolution; 073-08069-010-26. Boundary layer computations; Boundary layers, three-dimensional; Ship hulls; 334-10729-010-22. Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary

layer, stability; Suction; Transition; 134-09908-010-18. Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; Suction; 331-

10771-010-00. Boundary layer control; Compressible flow; Laminarization;

Suction; Wind tunnel; 316-10798-010-27. Boundary layer control; Drag reduction; Propulsion; Thrust

generation; 043-10353-550-00. Boundary layer interactions; Wing-body aerodynamics; 101- 09897-010-50. Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer separation; Boundary

layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; Bodies of

revolution; Boundary layer computations; 073-08069-010-26. Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, turbulent; Shear layer development; 081-10609-010-50. Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, suction and blowing;

Boundary layer, unsteady; Porous plates; Transients; 097- 09833-010-00. Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, stability; Suction;

Transition; Boundary layer control; 134-09908-010-18. Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer stability; Thermal effects; 403-10223-010-90. Boundary layer, laminar; Drag reduction; Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer transition; 334-09438-

010-00. Boundary layer, laminar; Suction; Boundary layer control; 331-

10771-010-00. Boundary layer, oscillating; Boundary layer, transitional; Oscillatory flow; Velocity measurements; 061-10389-010-00. Boundary layer plate; Compliant wall; Disks, rotating; Drag

reduction; 165-09925-250-20. Boundary layer separation; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer computations; Boundary layer, laminar; 073-08069-0 1 0-26. Boundary layer separation; Cylinders, circular; Submerged

bodies; Bluff bodies; 417-07899-010-00. Boundary layer separation; Slender bodies; 1 39-10129-010-26. Boundary layer stability; Boundary layer transition; Computer

program; 334-10728-010-22. Boundary layer, stability; Suction; Transition; Boundary layer

control; Boundary layer, laminar; 134-09908-010-18. Boundary layer stability; Thermal effects; Boundary layer, laminar; 403-10223-010-90. Boundary layer, suction and blowing; Boundary layer, unsteady; Porous plates; Transients; Boundary layer, laminar; 097- 09833-010-00. Boundary layer theory; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; 421-

07997-010-90. Boundary layer, thick; Boundary layer, turbulent; Body of

revolution; 06 1-08834-01 0-2 1

.

Boundary layer, three dimensional; Flow measurements; 061-

10391-010-70. Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Lift; Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; 061-10381-010-14. Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; Bodies

of revolution; Boundary layer computations; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer separation; 073-08069-0 1 0-26. Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Boundary layer theory; 421-

07997-010-90.

Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer, turbulent; Transition, turbulence effect; 057-07351-010-00. Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer channel; 128-10415-

010-20. Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence; Viscous sublayer; 143-09178-010-26. Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer, laminar; Drag

reduction; Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; 334- 09438-010-00. Boundary layer transition; Computer program; Boundary layer

stability; 334-10728-010-22. Boundary layer transition; Drag; Submerged bodies; Turbulence

stimulation; Bodies or revolution; 334-09442-030-00. Boundary layer transition; Ellipsoid; Roughness effects; Sub- merged bodies; 331-10773-010-22. Boundary layer transition; Laminar-turbulent transition; Pipe

flow; Transition visual study; 1 15-0755 1-010-54. Boundary layer transition; Stability; Surface cooling effect; Tur- bulence effect; 316-10799-010-18. Boundary layer, transitional; Oscillatory flow; Velocity measurements; Boundary layer, oscillating; 061-10389-010-00. Boundary layer, turbulent; Body of revolution; Boundary layer, thick; 061-08834-010-21. Boundary layer, turbulent; Compressible flow; Finite element method; Numerical model; 003-09776-010-14. Boundary layer, turbulent; Computational fluid dynamics;

Boundary layer computation; 14 1-08973-010-52. Boundary layer, turbulent; Current meter; Geophysical boundary layer; Turbulence structure; 332-094 1 8-0 1 0-22

.

Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduction; Noise generation; Turbulence measurement; Turbulence structure; Wake detection; 334-09437-010-00. Boundary layer, turbulent; Jets; Turbulence intermittency; Turbulent shear flows; Wakes; 417-07903-020-00. Boundary layer, turbulent; Near wake; Separated flow; Sub- merged bodies; Wakes; Bodies of revolution; 139-07621-030-

26. Boundary layer, turbulent; Pipe flow; Wall region visual study; 115-08216-010-54. Boundary layer, turbulent; Pressure fluctuations; Reynolds

stress; Wall pressure fluctuations; 082-07442-010-20. Boundary layer, turbulent; Shear layer development; Boundary

layer, laminar; 081-10609-010-50. Boundary layer, turbulent; Transition, turbulence effect; Boundary layer transition; 057-07351-010-00. Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence; Viscous sublayer; Boundary layer transition; 143-09178-010-26. Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Wall bursts; 143-09179-010-54. Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Wall bursts; 143-09181-010-14. Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Waves; Air- water interface; 148-10407-010-54. Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Turbulence,

grid; 316-09731-020-52. Boundary layer, turbulent supersonic; Wind tunnels; 139- 07618-720-80. Boundary layer, unsteady; Porous plates; Transients; Boundary

layer, laminar; Boundary layer, suction and blowing; 097- 09833-010-00. Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular

flow; 003-09777-140-00. Boundary layers; Cylinders, circular; Oscillations; Separated

flow; Submerged bodies; 417-10507-010-90. Boundary layers, three-dimensional; 3 1 1 -09356-010-00. Boundary layers, three-dimensional; Ship hulls; Boundary layer computations; 334-10729-010-22. Boundary layer-wake interaction; Cylinders; Wakes; 163- 08363-030-00.

291

254-330 O - 78 - 20
Boundary shear stress; Open channel flow; Secondary flow; 030-10341-200-54. Boundary shear stress; Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Turbulence structure; 302-09292-200-00. Box inlet drop spillway; Riprap; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; 149-07677-220-05.

Braiding; Channel stability; Meanders; River channels; Alluvial channels; 149-08993-300-05.

Braiding; Meandering; Morphology, river channels; Sediment

transport; Bed forms; 402-10282-300-90.

Brazos River, Texas; Erosion, coastal; Water resource develop- ment impact; 1 54-0405 W-4 10-33. Breakwater design, floating; Reflecting surfaces, offset; Barge

flotation system; 155-09923-430-00. Breakwater experiments; Breakwater, hydraulic; Ocean engineering; 076-06666-430-20.

Breakwater, hydraulic; Ocean engineering; Breakwater experi- ments; 076-06666-430-20.

Breakwater model; Hydraulic model; 420-10533-430-90.

Breakwater stability; Waves, design; 41 1-103 14-430-90.

Breakwaters; Buoy barriers; Boat ramp protection; 156-09066-

470-60.

Breakwaters; Currents, coastal; Jetties; Wave breaking; 075- 08719-410-11.

Breakwaters; Dolos unit breakage; 414-10514-430-90.

Breakwaters; Shore stabilization; 312-10654-430-00.

Breakwaters, floating; Computer program; 168-10074-430-44.

Breakwaters, floating; Hydraulic model; 420-10539-430-90.

Breakwaters, floating; Moorings; 1 18-09991-430-54.

Breakwaters, floating; 156-08314-430-00.

Breakwaters, floating; 167-09205-430-44.

Breakwaters, floating; 167-09206-430-1 1

Breakwaters, floating; 312-09754-430-00.

Breakwaters, perforated; Wave reflection; 017-10025-430-54.

Breakwaters, portable; Breakwaters, tethered float; 142-10397-

430-22.

Breakwaters, rubble mound; Wave reflection; Wave transmission; 075-08 724-430-11.

Breakwaters, tethered float; Breakwaters, portable; 142-10397-

430-22.

Breakwaters, transportable; 329-08498-430-22.

Breeder reactor safety; Heat transfer; Power plants; 012-10180-

660-55.

Bridge failure film; Scour; 149-08998-220-47.

Bridge piers; Ice forces; 401-07886-370-96.

Bridges; Field measurements; River structures; Scour; 401-

10763-350-00.

Bridges; Navigation channel; River model; Red River, Alexandria; 314-09671-330-13.

Brine disposal; Oil storage; Salt cavities; 152-10587-870-43. Broadway conduit model; Walnut Creek; 314-09725-350-13. Browns Ferry plant; Cooling tower lift circuit; Power plant, nuclear; 341-10739-340-00. Browns Ferry plant; Diffusion; Heated water discharge; Hydraulic model; Thermal discharge model; Wheeler Reservoir; 341-

07083-870-00.

Bubble dynamics; Cavitation damage; Cavitation mechanics; Gas bubbles; 014-01548-230-20. Bubble dynamics; Non-Newtonian fluids; Surface tension; Viscoelastic fluids; 076-08776-120-54.

Bubble screen theory; Mathematical model; 056-10102-290-00.

Bubbles; Drops; Gas-liquid flow; Non-Newtonian flow; Solidliquid flow; Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic fluid; 013-08702-

120-54.

Building aerodynamics; Separated flows; Submerged prismatic

bodies; Wind forces; 057-10276-030-00.

Building aerodynamics; Tornado winds; Wind loads; 070-

09014-640-54.

Building aerodynamics; Wakes; 007-09935-640-50.

Bulk carriers; Tanker safety; Ventilation model tests; 146- 10358-520-45. Buoy barriers; Boat ramp protection; Breakwaters; 1 56-09066-

470-60. Buoy data processing; Data acquisition; Satellites; 161-09875-

720-50. Buoy response; Cable dynamics; 329-094 10-430-22. Buoy tracking system; 161-09879-720-00. Buoyancy driven flow; Cavities; Convection; Heat transfer; Stratified flow; Turbulence model; 013-08704-060-54.

Buoy-cable-body systems; Cables; Submerged bodies; 334-

10727-030-22. Buoy-drogue tests; Drogues; 1 18-09988-450-44. Burning effects; Logging effects; Soil erosion; Watersheds,

forest; 304-09330-810-00.

Burrard Inlet, B. C; Inlets, coastal; Mathematical model; 407- 09519-410-00.

Butterfly valve; Valve tests; 157-10151-210-70. Cabinet gorge project; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model;

Hydroelectric plant; Plunge pool basin; 166-10133-350-73. Cable dynamics; Buoy response; 329-094 1 0-430-22

Cables; Cylinders; Flow-induced motion; Submerged bodies; 332-1071 1-030-20.

Cables; Drag; Mooring line response; 152-09048-590-22.

Cables; Drag; Mooring line response; Oscillatory flow; 152- 09049-590-00.

Cables; Submerged bodies; Buoy-cable-body systems; 334-

10727-030-22.

Cables, undersea; Vibrations, flow induced; 332-09419-030-22.

Caissons; Pore water pressure; Wave effects; 1 1 8-09989-430-

87. Calibration equation; Current meters; Density effects; Price meters; 405-10290-700-00.

Calibration facility improvements; Current meter calibration; Water tunnel; 089-10140-720-44.

Calibration facility improvements; Current meter calibration; Flow visualization; Turbine meters; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; 089-10141-720-44.

California; Groundwater management; Groundwater recharge; 303-0226W-820-00.

California forests; Erosion; Floods; Hydrology, forest; Logging

effects; Sediment yield; 307-04998-810-00. Calumet station; Hydraulic.model; Pumping station; 149-10605-

350-75. Canal automation; Gates; Turnouts; 322-07030-320-00. Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel flow; Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; Waves; 322-10678-320-

00. Canal model; Navigation conditions; Surges; Bay Springs Lock; 314-09701-330-13. Canal model; Navigation conditions; Surges; Bay Springs Lock; 314-09702-330-13. Canal response; Canals, automated; 322-10690-320-00. Canal system control; Open channel flow; Waves, wind; Wind

effect; 020-10079-200-60.

Canals; River mechanics; Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; 043-10345-300-54.

Canals, automated; Canal response; 322-10690-320-00. Cape Henry, Virginia; Current sensors; Data acquisition; Tide

sensors; Wave sensors; 1 17-08914-450-44.

Capillary pressure; Pore size effects; Porous medium flow; Saturation; 131-09840-820-00.

Capitol Lake, Washington; Lake restoration; Sediment trans- port; Water quality; 166-09198-860-60.

Carcinogens; Oil shale development; Water quality; 157-10177-

860-33. Cascade blade loading; Acoustic response; 109-08896-630-50. Catamarans; Computer program; Ship motions; 334-107 19-520-

00.

292
Catamarans; Ship motions; Ship stability; Wave loads; 334-

10721-520-22. Causeway; Don Island; Fraser River; Hydraulic model; Lion

Island; 420-10550-300-65.

Cavitation; Cavity flows; Freon; Thermodynamic cavitation ef- fects; 124-03807-230-50.

Cavitation; Corrosion; Fouling; Ship materials; Surface effect

ships; 333-10713-520-22.

Cavitation; Flow visualization; Jets; Polymer additives; 331-

10774-050-20.

Cavitation; Gas bubbles; Gas bubble collapse; Vapor bubbles; 086-06147-230-54.

Cavitation; Lock culverts; Valves; Ventilation; 3 14-10747-330-

00. Cavitation; Noise; Vortex flow; 124-08235-230-21

.

Cavitation; Polymer additives; 124-08236-230-22.

Cavitation; Polymer effects; Pump cavitation; 124-10046-630-

21.

Cavitation; Propulsor design; Pumpjets; Ships, high speed; 124- 08923-550-22.

Cavitation damage; Aeration; 322-10691-230-00.

Cavitation damage; Cavitation mechanics; Gas bubbles; Bubble

dynamics; 014-01548-230-20.

Cavitation damage; Scaling laws; 124-08916-230-22.

Cavitation erosion; Impact erosion; Materials testing; 086-

08123-230-70.

Cavitation inception; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Suspensions, fiber; Asbestos fibers; 331-09449-250-20.

Cavitation, intermittent; Hydrofoils; Propellers, marine; 151- 10035-550-20.

Cavitation mechanics; Gas bubbles; Bubble dynamics; Cavitation damage; 014-01548-230-20.

Cavitation nuclei measurement; Laser anemometry; 124-10047-

230-22.

Cavities; Convection; Heat transfer; Stratified flow; Turbulence

model; Buoyancy driven flow; 013-08704-060-54.

Cavity, flow over; Cavity, rectangular; 417-10508-000-00.

Cavity flows; Finite element method; Hydrofoils; Numerical

methods; 148- 1041 1-530-21

.

Cavity flows; Freon; Thermodynamic cavitation effects; Cavitation; 124-03807-230-50.

Cavity, rectangular; Cavity, flow over; 417-10508-000-00. Cayuga station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Lake Cayuga;

Plume; Power plant; Thermal effluent; 179-10428-340-75.

Central Valley Project; Reservoir system optimization; 023- 08701-860-33.

Centrifugal clarifier; Sewage treatment; Activated sludge; 414-

10532-870-00.

Cerebral circulation model; Biomedical flows; Blood flow; 057-

04143-270-60. Channel adjustments; Dam effects; Rio Grande; River channels; 323-0457 W-300-00. Channel changes; Morphology; River channels; 323-0458W300-00. Channel changes; Morphology; River channels; Sediment movement; 323-10699-300-00. Channel changes, human effects; Mississippi River Valley; River channels; 094-10012-300-13. Channel dimensions; Navigation safety; 3 14-10759-330-00. Channel erosion prediction; Erosion; Scour; Soil classification; 033-10778-220-88. Channel flow; Channels, asymmetric; Turbulence measurements; Turbulent flow; 409-10783-020-00. Channel flow; Estuaries; Lakes; Numerical models; Overland

flow; Surface water systems; 323-10693-860-00. Channel flows; Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical methods;

089-10137-000-26. Channel forms; Meandering; River flow; Sediment transport; Bed forms; 404-10233-300-90. Channel geometry; Sediment effect; Alluvial channels; 323-

10697-300-00.

Channel improvement; Flood control; Detention storage; 052- 09858-310-00. Channel improvement; Little Blue River; River model; 314- 09686-300-13. Channel improvement; Mathematical model; River channels; Sediment transport; Yazoo River; 030-10338-220-13. Channel incision chronology; Dearborn River, Montana;

Paleohydraulics; 091-1 0063-300-00. Channel incision mechanism; River morphology; Saline River, Arkansas; 091-10064-300-00. Channel Islands field study; Coastal sediment; Longshore trans- port; Sediment transport; 312-09752-410-00. Channel networks; Drainage basin models; Geomorphology;

River channels; 060-09992-300-00. Channel networks; Hydrology; Stochastic hydrology; 060- 07367-810-20. Channel shape effects; Manning equation; Open channel flow; Open channel resistance; 121-08223-200-00. Channel shifts; Morphology; River channels; Scour; 401-10764-

350-96. Channel stability; Erosion; Soil properties; Stream channels; 302-09295-300-00. Channel stability; Floods; Gravel rivers; River channels; Sedi- ment routing; 404-10232-300-96. Channel stability; Meanders; River channels; Alluvial channels;

Braiding; 149-08993-300-05. Channel stabilization; Erosion; Morphology; Stream channels; 302-10633-300-00. Channel stabilization; Hydraulic model; Loyalsock Creek; Meanders; River model; 121-10086-300-60. Channel stabilization; Stream channels; 3 02-0447 W-300-00. Channel width; Navigation channels; Towing; Bends; 314-

10743-330-00.

Channels; Erosion; Riprap; 314-10742-320-00.

Channels; Levee effects; Mississippi River Valley; Morphology

revetments; River channels; 094-1001 1-300-13. Channels, asymmetric; Turbulence measurements; Turbulent

flow; Channel flow; 409-10783-020-00.

Chaparral; Conifers; Grassland; Southwest watersheds; Watershed management; 308-10647-810-00.

Charleston estuary; Mathematical model; Storm surge calculation; Surges; 312-09756-420-00. Charlestown station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Plume; Power

plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; 179-10424-340-73. Chattahoochee River; Navigation channel; River bend; River model; Shoaling; 314-09717-300-13. Chemical equilibrium calculations; Computer programs; Metallic wastes; Pollution; 075-09825-870-36. Chemical transport models; Pollution; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10637-870-00. Chemotactic bacteria movement; Gas bearing theory; Lubrication; Stability theory; 135-06773-000-14. Chesapeake and Delaware canal; Sediment data, suspended;

Sediment transport; 106-10060-220-36. Chesapeake Bay; Water quality inventory; 161-09163-860-88. Chesapeake Bay area; Coastal basins; Mathematical models;

Tidal flushing; Water quality; 159-09891-400-36. Chesapeake Bay model; 314-06849-400-13. Chesapeake Bay mouth; Coastal sea; Mathematical model; 161- 09151-450-00.

Chesterfield inlet; Finite difference method; Hudson Bay; Numerical model; 419-10509-400-90.

Chief Joseph Dam; Dam model; 313-09348-350-00.

Chief Joseph Dam; Spillway deflector model; 313-09349-350-

13. Chief Joseph Dam; Spillway model; 313-07109-350-13. Chincoteague Bay; Computer model; Hydrographic survey; Pollution, non-point; Water quality; 161-09882-400-60. Chincoteague Bay; Estuary hydrodynamics; Mathematical

model; Water quality; 161-09884-400-00.

293
Chippewa River; Erosion; Sediment transport; Silt reduction; 030-10333-220-13.

Chloride control; Arkansas River environmental inventory; 094- 08871-870-00.

Chloride management; Lake Erie basin; Salt, deicing; Water

quality; 103-09971-860-33.

Chlorofluoromethanes; Groundwater; Water quality; 058-

10562-820-00.

Chlorophyll; Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; 325-09396-

710-00. Choke Canyon project; Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stilling basin; 322-10684-350-00. Chowan River; Mathematical model; Streamflow; Water quality; 162-09170-860-33.

Che'zy coefficient; Open channel flow; Stratification effect; Velocity profile; 158-09901-200-00.

Chute; Hyco Lake spillway; Hydraulic model; Spillway; / 79- 10434-350-73. Chute dissipator model; Energy dissipator; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; 314-09703-350-13.

Circulation; Coastal transport; Current meter data; Diffusion; 012-10178-450-52.

Circulation; Computer model; Estuaries; San Francisco Bay; 323-10696-400-00.

Circulation; Continental shelf; Continental slope; Oceanography; Submarine canyon; 161-09876-450-00.

Circulation; Continental shelf; Mathematical model; Pollution

transport; Waves; 325-09399-450-00.

Circulation; Convection; Equation of state; Heat transfer; Water density; 105-101 17-140-54.

Circulation; Currents, wind induced; Great Lakes; Lake Ontario; 178-09224-440-44.

Circulation; Hampton Roads; Sewage outfall; 161-09878-870-

68.

Circulation; Harbors; New York harbor; Sand mining effects; 106-10059-470-44.

Circulation; Mixing; New York Bight observations; 066-08827-

450-52.

Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; Reservoirs; Stratified flow; 075- 09807-870-75.

Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathematical model; Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; 075-09799-870-73.

Circulation, lake; Currents; Drift bottles; Lake Superior; 107- 06053-440-00.

Circulation, nearshore; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Numerical models; Surf zone; Wave effects; 035- 09942-410-54.

Circulation, ocean; Numerical model; Block Island Sound; 100- 10071-450-00.

Clark County, Washington; Groundwater; Mathematical model; 011-10009-820-75.

Claypan; Iowa watersheds; Loess; Missouri watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Watershed analysis; 300-01 85 W-8 10-00. Claypan; Runoff control; Soil erosion control; Tilth control; Watershed management; 300-0 1 89W-8 10-00.

Clays; Dispersive clay; Embankments; Piping (erosion); Rainfall erosion; 314-10760-350-00.

Clay-water mixtures; Drag; Non-Newtonian fluids; Submerged

bodies; Bingham plastic; Bottom materials; 057-07352-120-

00. Clearwater, Florida; Coastal inlet stability; Inlets, coastal; Remote sensing; 039-10452-410-50.

Clearwater, Florida; Coastal inlet hydraulics; Inlets, coastal; Jetty effects; 039-10453-410-65.

Clearwater River; Insects, stream; Streamflow data; 052-09848-

880-33.

Climatic effects; Hydrologic analysis; Rangeland hydrology; Soil

effects; Vegetation effects; Southwest rangelands; 303- 0227W-8 10-00. Climatic effects; Sediment yield; Watersheds, western Gulf; 302-02 16W-830-00.

Clinch River; Finite element method; Mathematical model; Radionuclide transport; Sediment transport; 01 1-10001-220-

55. Cloud seeding; Hail suppression; Utah hailstorms; 157-10154-

480-60. Cloud seeding; Numerical model; Weather modification; 157- 10164-480-60. Cloud seeding potential; Orographic winter storms; Precipitation; 157-10153-480-60.

Clouds, cumulus; Numerical experiments; 157-10163-480-54.

Coal; Combustion, centrifugal; 069-10464-690-52.

Coal; Energy resource development, Utah; Mathematical

model; Oil shale; Strip mining; Water needs; 157-10146-800-

33. Coal liquification; Filter cakes; 048-10218-290-54. Coal mining; Mine spoil reclamation; Water augmentation; 308- 10646-880-00. Coal pipeline; Pipeline transport; Slurry flow; Transport water

contamination; Water treatment; 096- 1 06 1 6-370-36. Coal slurry; Hydraulic transport; Particle size distribution; Slur- ry pipeline; 029-10279-260-88. Coal slurry; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase

flow; 414-10517-370-90. Coal slurry pipeline; Jet pump injector model; Pipeline trans- port; Slurries; 059-10613-260-34. Coal transport; Manifold design; Multi-component flow; Pipeline transport; Slurries; 172-10019-210-60.

Coastal basins; Mathematical models; Tidal flushing; Water

quality; Chesapeake Bay area; 159-09891-400-36.

Coastal boundary layer; Continental shelf; Currents, wind in- duced; 178-09225-450-52.

Coastal circulation; Currents; Estuaries; Remote sensing; Sedi- ment, suspended; 037-08856-450-50.

Coastal construction; Design criteria; Shore protection manual; 312-02193-490-00.

Coastal construction setback lines; Florida coastline; 039- 10443-410-60.

Coastal currents; Current measurements; Lake Michigan; 175- 10033-440-44.

Coastal ecology; Dredging; Dune stabilization; Beach erosion; 312-06995-880-00.

Coastal engineering; Information services; Archives; 039- 10459-730-44.

Coastal engineering education; Hydraulic demonstration model;

Ocean-inlet-bay model; 039-10451-730-00.

Coastal engineering field stations; Current measurements; Wave

measurements; 039-10442-410-60.

Coastal engineering field station; Laboratories; 3 12-10653-720-

00. Coastal imagery data bank; Photographic data; 312-09747-710-

00. Coastal inlet hydraulics; Current measurement; Inlets, coastal; Matanzas Inlet, Florida; 039-10450-410-10.

Coastal inlet hydraulics; Inlets, coastal; Jetty effects; Clear- water, Florida; 039-10453-410-65.

Coastal inlet stability; Inlets, coastal; Remote sensing; Clear- water, Florida; 039-10452-410-50.

Coastal plain; Erosion control; Piedmont; Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; 310-06974-810-00.

Coastal processes; Current measurement; Inlets, coastal; Matanzas Inlet, Florida; 039-10449-410-00.

Coastal processes; Remote sensing; 039- 1 0447-4 10-50. Coastal processes; Revetments; Riprap; Beach erosion; 312-

10657-410-00.

294
Coastal sea; Mathematical model; Chesapeake Bay mouth; 161- 09151-450-00.

Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; Computer model; Littoral processes; Sediment transport; Shoreline evolution; 312-

10655-410-00.

Coastal sediment; Eductors; Inlets, coastal; Littoral drift; Sand

by-pass; 314-10749-410-00.

Coastal sediment; Erosion; Littoral drift; Model laws; Sediment

transport; 405-10294-410-00.

Coastal sediment; Groin, experimental; 3 12-09745-430-00.

Coastal sediment; Inlets, tidal; Sand; Sediment transport; 142- 10402-410-60.

Coastal sediment; Jetties; Sediment transport; Weir jetty; 312-

10656-430-00.

Coastal sediment; Littoral drift estimation; Sediment transport; 039-10445-410-13.

Coastal sediment; Littoral processes; Scaling laws; Sediment

transport; Wave reflection; 312-09743-410-00.

Coastal sediment; Longshore transport computation; Sediment

transport; 3 12-09744-410-00.

Coastal sediment; Longshore transport; Sediment transport;

• Channel Islands field study; 3 12-09752-410-00.

Coastal sediment; Ripples; Sediment transport by waves; Bed

forms; 316-10780-410-1 1. Coastal structure; Computer model; Littoral processes; Sedi- ment transport; Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; 312-

10655-410-00.

Coastal structures; Florida coastline; Hurricane Eloise damage;

Shoreline changes; 039-10444-410-44.

Coastal transport; Current meter data; Diffusion; Circulation; 012-10178-450-52.

Coastal waters; Oil slick spread; 017-10024-870-54.

Coastal zone management; Texas coast; 1 56-09067-4 1 0-54

.

Coastal zone resource management; 075-08765-880-54. Coding water discharge; Diffusers; Plumes; Pollution; Thermal;

005-09780-870-52.

Coleto Creek Dam; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Stilling basin model; 152-10591-350-75. Colombia capacity expansion methodology; 075-098 1 7-800-87

.

Colorado River; Salinity management; 157-10174-860-33. Colorado River basin; Oil shale development; Salinity; Aquatic

ecosystem; 157-10158-860-60. Colorado River upper basin; Irrigation management; 157- 0419W-840-00.

Colorado River upper basin; Salinity level prediction; Water

quality; 157-10171-860-33. Columbia Dam; Hydraulic model; Spillway; 341-10733-350-00. Columbia River; Finite element method; Mathematical model;

Radionuclide transport; Sediment transport; 01 1-1 0000-220-

52. Columbia River; Navigation channel; River model; Shoaling; 313-05317-330-13. Columbus Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; 3 14-0972 1-330-13. Combustion; Convection; Heat transfer; Radiation; 109-08908-

140-54. Combustion; Fluidized beds; 069-10463-650-73. Combustion; Liquid-gas flow; Multi-component flow; Spray

combustion; 122-10020-290-50. Combustion, centrifugal; Coal; 069-10464-690-52. Compliant boundary; Drag reduction; 332-09420-250-00.

Compliant surfaces; Drag reduction; Noise suppression; 331-

09451-250-22. Compliant wall; Disks, rotating; Drag reduction; Boundary layer

plate; 165-09925-250-20. Compliant wall; Gelatin; Viscoelastic boundary^ 027-07936-

250-00. Compliant walls; Drag reduction; Boundary layer; 316-09732-

250-50.

Compressible flow; Disks, co-rotating; Rotating flows; Twophase flow; 007-09937-000-00.

Compressible flow; Finite element method; Numerical model; Boundary layer, turbulent; 003-09776-010-14.

Compressible flow; Laminarization; Suction; Wind tunnel; Boundary layer control; 316-10798-010-27.

Compressible flow; Porous media, deformable; 088-10573-070-

54. Compressible recoil mechanism; Shock-absorbing system; Unsteady flow; 061-10383-290-14. Compressor blades; Pressure fluctuations; Radio-telemetry

techniques; Stalling; 163-08367-550-20. Compressor, hydraulic; Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 007- 08698-630-00. Compressor loss models; Compressors, axial; 109-101 19-630-

50. Compressors; Gas turbines; Helium flow; 077-10575-630-20. Compressors, axial; Compressor loss models; 109-101 19-630-

50. Computational fluid dynamics; Corner flows; Laminar flow; Turbulent flow; 101-09893-740-50. Computational fluid dynamics; Boundary layer computation;

Boundary layer, turbulent; 141-08973-010-52. Computer model; Drainage system; Floodplain management;

Runoff storage; Urban drainage; 155-09918-870-33. Computer model; Embankments; Frost heaving; Soil freezing; 020-10078-820-54. Computer model; Estuaries; Fraser River; Salinity intrusion; 404-10236-400-90. Computer model; Estuaries; San Francisco Bay; Circulation; 323-10696-400-00. Computer model; Finite element method; Scour; 302-10630-

220-00. Computer model; Great Salt Lake; Water quality management

model; 157-10144-860-33. Computer model; Groundwater model; Aquifers; 302-10640-

820-00. Computer model; Hydrographic survey; Pollution, non-point; Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; 161-09882-400-60. Computer model; Hydrographs; Runoff, urban; Storm drainage; 056-10093-810-36. Computer model; Hydrologic model; Infiltration; Landslide

potential; Sediment yield; Water yield; 030-10339-810-06. Computer model; Hydrology; Lehigh basin; Runoff; Storm

water management; Water quality; 068-10567-810-88. Computer model; Idaho watersheds; Snowmelt; Soil erosion; 052-09852-830-61. Computer model; Injector; Propellant, liquid; Rocket propulsion; 138-10181-550-50. Computer model; Littoral processes; Sediment transport; Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; 31-2-10655-410-00. Computer model; Mississippi River; Missouri River; Thermal

regime; 061-10371-870-33. Computer model; Montana water resources; Reservoir operation; Reservoirs, multi-purpose; 096-08 162-800-61

.

Computer model; Odor control; Plant model; Wind tunnel tests; Air pollution; 053-10405-870-70. Computer model; Propeller-hull interaction; Ship stopping; 334- 10731-550-22. Computer model; Sediment routing; Water routing; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10631-810-00. Computer models; Cooling alternatives; Power plant economics; 061-10369-340-33. Computer models; Flood forecasting; Hydrology; Snowmelt; Watershed model; 404-10234-810-96. Computer models; Groundwater flow; 323-10700-820-00. Computer models; Hydrologic models; Water quality models; Watershed hydrology; 051-09912-810-36.

295
Computer models; Hydrologic models; Southern Great Plains; Watershed models; 302-10638-810-00. Computer models; Irrigation efficiency; Irrigation, surface; 020-

07927-840-05. Computer models; Irrigation system optimization; 052-09854-

840-31. Computer models; Mass transport; Uranium, solution mining; 112-10439-390-55. Computer models; Nutrient transport models; Pesticides; Runoff models; 051-0380W-870-00. Computer models; Power plant impact; Transport models; 112- 10049-870-55. Computer models; Water resource system optimization; 157- 10175-800-33. Computer program; Boundary layer stability; Boundary layer

transition; 334-10728-010-22. Computer program; Breakwaters, floating; 168-10074-430-44. Computer program; Hull forces; Ship hulls; Vibrations, propeller-induced; / 5 1-10038-520-45

Computer program; Propeller design; Propellers, skewed; 334-

09434-550-00. Computer program; Pump-jet propulsion; Vibrations; 151- 10037-630-21. Computer program; Ship motions; Catamarans; 334-10719-520-

00. Computer program; Ships, twin-hull; Wave loads; 334-10720-

520-00. Computer program availability; Water resource models; 149- 0285W-800-33. Computer programs; Lifting surfaces; Propellers, counter-rotating; Propulsor design; Undersea propulsion; 331-07219-550-

22. Computer programs; Metallic wastes; Pollution; Chemical

equilibrium calculations; 075-09825-870-36. Computer programs; Pipe flow; Submarine piping systems;

Transients, hydraulic; Transients, pneumatic; 040-09846-210-

00. Computer programs; Water resource system optimization; 060-

9993-800-00. Computer simulation; Embayments; Estuaries; Hydrodynamic

processes; River flow; 323-0371W-300-00. Computer simulation; Hydrodynamics; 328-0377W-740-00. Computer simulation; Irrigation system control; Water level sensors; 019-10126-840-31. Computer simulation; Water management models; 035-09939-

860-33. Computer simulation; Water resources planning; 035-09938-

800-33. Concrete cube stability; Drag; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; 046-10054-420-00.

Concrete, fiber reinforced; Drop structures; 404-10231-350-96. Condenser cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Pumpwell;

413-09577-340-00. Condenser flow model; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 400-10500-340-75. Condenser inlet tunnel; Hydraulic model; North Anna plant; Power plant; 179-10416-340-73. Condenser inlet waterbox; Erosion; Hydraulic model; Power

plant, nuclear; Salem plant; 179-10420-340-73. Condenser water circulating system; Cooling tower; Hydraulic model; 149-10602-870-75. Conduit entrance model; Dworshak Dam; Libby Dam; Outlet works model; 313-071 10-350-13.

Conduit, rectangular; Dispersion; Roughness effect; 412-09571-

020-00. Cones; Drag; Hydroballistics research; Missiles; Ogives; Water

entry; 335-04867-510-22.

Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; Snowpack

hydrology; Soil water movement; Water yield improvement;

307-04996-810-00.

Conifers; Grassland; Southwest watersheds; Watershed management; Chaparral; 308-10647-810-00. " Conjunctive management; Groundwater management; Surface

water; Water use; 167-10187-800-60.

Conservation effects; Hydrology; Utah river basins; Water

quality; Watersheds; 157-10159-860-60.

Conservation structures; Flumes, measuring; Hydraulic structures; Trash racks; 302-7002-390-00.

Constraining elements; Water use changes; 1 57-101 56-860-60. Construction site turbidity control; Turbidity measurement;

322-09390-220-00.

Contact stress; Reactors; Stick slip; Acoustic emission; 136- 09844-620-54. Contaminant effects; Fluid amplifiers; 163-09187-600-12. Contaminant migration; Pollution; Porous media flow; 418-

10512-070-90.

Continental shelf; Continental slope; Oceanography; Submarine

canyon; Circulation; 161-09876-450-00.

Continental shelf; Currents, wind induced; Coastal boundary

layer; 178-09225-450-52.

Continental shelf; Estuaries; Mathematical model; Water quality; 325-09397-860-00.

Continental shelf; Mathematical model; Pollution transport; Waves; Circulation; 325-09399-450-00.

Continental shelf; Oceanography; Water quality; Benchmark

data; 161-09877-450-34.

Continental shelf; Sediment characteristics; 312-09761-410-00.

Continental slope; Oceanography; Submarine canyon; Circulation; Continental shelf; 161-09876-450-00.

Contraction effects; Turbulence, free stream; 048-10197-020-

20. Control structure; Hydraulic model; Ice boom; 408-10241-300-

73. Control structure; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; 408- 10258-350-73.

Control structure failure consequences; Old River; 072-09927-

350-61.

Control structures; Hydraulic model; Weir; 405-10291-350-90.

Convection; Equation of state; Heat transfer; Water density; Circulation; 105-10117-140-54.

Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models;

Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; 003-09777-140-00.

Convection; Heat transfer; Radiation; Combustion; 109-08908-

140-54. Convection; Heat transfer; Stratified flow; Turbulence model; Buoyancy driven flow; Cavities; 013-08704-060-54.

Convection; Stratified flow; Turbulence, statistical theory; 057- 09041-020-54.

Convection; Turbulent free convection; 057^09042-020-54.

Convection, double-diffusive; Solar pond; Stratified fluid; 139- 10127-020-54. Conveyance systems; Dispersion, open channel; Mathematical

model; Water resource optimization; Aquifer model; 030- 07247-800-00.

Cooling alternatives; Power plant economics; Computer

models; 061-10369-340-33.

Cooling lakes; Groundwater heating; Heat transport; Seepage; 174-09871 -820-36. Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; Reservoirs; Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; 075- 09807-870-75.

Cooling pond dynamics; 075-08734-440-75.

Cooling pond, heat transfer; Numerical model; Power plant; Water temperature; Black Dog Lake, Minnesota; 149-10606-

870-73. Cooling ponds; Wastewater cooling water feasibility; 156- 09065-870-00.

Cooling system, closed cycle; Power plant backfltting; 061- 10382-340-36.

296
Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power

plant, nuclear; Pump intake; 420-10540-340-75.

Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power

plant, nuclear; Pump intake; 420-10541-340-75.

Cooling tower; Hydraulic model; Blowdown discharge model; 061-10378-870-73.

Cooling tower; Hydraulic model; Condenser water circulating system; 149-10602-870-75.

Cooling tower aerodynamics; Cooling towers, hyperbolic; Drag;

Roughness; Submerged bodies; Wind forces; 061-10392-030-

54. Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; Perry station; Power

plant, nuclear; Vortices; 179-10430-340-75.

Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; Intake sump; Power

plant; 408-10239-340-70.

Cooling tower emissions; Plume model; Stack emissions; 073-

08695-870-60.

Cooling tower lift circuit; Power plant, nuclear; Browns Ferry

plant; 341-10739-340-00.

Cooling tower model; Plume interference; Plume recirculation; 061-10386-340-70.

Cooling tower models; Plume near field; 061-10379-870-73.

Cooling towers; Cooling water economic models; 061-10374-

340-61. Cooling towers; Heat dissipation; Plume temperatures; 011-

10006-870-52.

Cooling towers; Mathematical model; Plumes; Potential flow; 061-10385-030-70.

Cooling towers, hyperbolic; Drag; Roughness; Submerged

bodies; Wind forces; Cooling tower aerodynamics; 061-

10392-030-54.

Cooling water; Spray cooling nozzle tests; 179-10419-390-70.

Cooling water discharge; Currents, coastal; Diffuser induced

circulation; 075-08735-410-00.

Cooling water discharge; Diffuser pipe; Power plant, nuclear; 061-08830-870-73.

Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; Hydraulic model; Power

plant; Somerset plant; Thermal effluent; 075-09801-870-75.

Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; Dilution; Plumes; Thermal

effluent; 341-10734-870-00.

Cooling water discharge; Dilution; Mathematical model; Power

plants, coastal; 01 1-10007-870-73.

Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathematical model; Pil- grim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Circulation, coastal; 075-09799-870-73.

Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mumerical model; Power

plant; Thermal effluent; 341-10740-870-00.

Cooling water discharge; Environmental impact prediction;

Monitoring data; Power plant, nuclear; 01 1-10005-870-55.

Cooling water discharge; Food production; Power plants; Ther- mal effluents; 157-10149-870-73.

Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 061-10375-870-73.

Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Ther- mal discharge dilution; 061-10380-870-73.

Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant, steam; Thermal discharge model; 179-06509-870-73.

Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 400-08156-340-75.

Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 400-09468-340-75.

Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Ther- mal model; 400-10491-870-73.

Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 408-

09546-340-75.

Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Manitounuk Sound;

408-10269-870-73.

Cooling water discharge; Ice; Minnesota rivers and lakes; 149- 08995-870-73.

Cooling water discharge; James River estuary; Monitoring

system design; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effects; .161- 08332-870-52.

Cooling water discharge; Jet, surface; Power plant; 061-08831-

870-75. Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; Sewage disposal; Wave

effects; 019-07151-870-61.

Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; Thermal discharges;

Outlets; 056-10104-870-33.

Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; Mathematical models; Temperature prediction; 075-08732-870-52

.

Cooling water discharge; Mathematical model; Power plant, nuclear; 075-08727-870-73.

Cooling water discharge; Mathematical model; Pollution, ther- mal; Remote sensing; 078-09023-870-50.

Cooling water discharge; Mathematical models; Power plants; Thermal effluent; Water temperatures; 1 12-10048-870-55. Cooling water discharge; Missouri River; Plume prediction;

Thermal effluent; 061-10359-870-60.

Cooling water discharge; Monitoring program design; 075- 08757-870-00.

Cooling water discharge; Monitoring; Thermal effluents; Boat

sampling system; 075-09803-720-44.

Cooling water discharge; Numerical models; Power plant; Remote sensing; Thermal effluent; Belews Lake, North

Carolina; 078-09832-870-50.

Cooling water discharge; Outfall model; Power plant, nuclear; 061-08832-870-73.

Cooling water discharge; Power plants; Salem Harbor plant; Thermal effluents; Water temperature forecasts; 075-09828-

870-73. Cooling water discharge; Stratified flow; Thermal discharge mechanics; 056-10105-060-33.

Cooling water discharge system; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 061-10376-870-75.

Cooling water economic models; Cooling towers; 061-10374-

340-61. Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; Sedimentation; 400-10498-340-75.

Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Condenser

flow model; 400-10500-340-75.

Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Pumpwell; 413-10321-

340-00. Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Outfalls; Power

plant; 413-10325-340-00.

Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Lake Ontario; Waste

heat use; 413-10326-340-00.

Cooling water intake; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 413-10323-

340-00. Cooling water intakes; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Wave forces; 413-10318-420-00.

Cooling water intakes; Intake design; Power plants; 413-09581-

340-00. Cooling water model; Model study; Pollution, thermal; 019- 08784-870-73.

Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; 413-09575-340-00.

Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; Mixing; 413-10320-

340-00. Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; Outfalls; Power plant; 413-10324-340-00.

Cooling water outfall channel; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 413-09574-340-00.

Cooling water outfall duct; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 413- 09573-340-00.

Cooling water system; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 413- 09579-340-00.

Cooling water tunnel; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Tunnel; 413-10329-340-00. Coon Creek; Morphology; River channels; 323-10694-300-00.

297
Copper; Pollution; Red tide; 075-09824-870-44. Corn belt reservoirs; Reservoir sedimentation; Sedimentation; 300-0 186W-220-00. Corn belt watersheds; Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; 300-0 188W-8 1 0-00. Corner flows; Laminar flow; Turbulent flow; Computational

fluid dynamics; 101-09893-740-50.

Cornwall plant; Hydraulic model; Pumped storage plant; 408-

10246-340-73.

Corrosion; Fouling; Ship materials; Surface effect ships; Cavitation; 333-10713-520-22.

Corrosion, pitting; Microorganism role; 1 52-10581-230-00.

Couette flow; Periodic flow; Stability; Unsteady flow; 076-

10469-000-00.

Couette flow; Poiseuille flow; Spheres, concentric rotating; Stability; 088-07488-000-54.

Couette flow; Rotating flow; Stability; Stratified flow; 139- 10130-060-54.

Couette flow; Rotating flow; Turbulence measurements; 414-

10519-000-90.

Couette flow; Turbulence structure; 417-10502-000-90.

Countercurrent flow flooding; Scale effects; Two-phase flow; 036-09790-130-55.

Creeping flow; Porous media flow; 048-10220-070-54. Crop practices; Erosion; Residue; Soil erosion; Tillage; 303- 0360W-830-00. Crop production; Drainage system design; Pollution control;

/ 1 3-0382W-840-00. Crop production optimization; Soil moisture control; Soil salini- ty control; 157-09078-860-33.

Cryogenic liquids; Flow meters; 3 15-07005-1 10-00. Culvert design study; 404-10230-370-90.

Culvert outlet; Drains, storm; Energy dissipator; Scour; 002- 09953-360-47.

Culverts; Drainage, highway; Energy dissipators; Highway

drainage; 342-08577-360-00. Curb inlets; Drainage; Grates; Highway drainage; Bicycle

safety; 322-10689-370-47.

Current effects; Structures, coastal; Wave forces; 028-09979-

420-00. Current measurement; Inlets, coastal; Matanzas Inlet, Florida; Coastal processes; 039-10449-410-00.

Current measurement; Inlets, coastal; Matanzas Inlet, Florida; Coastal inlet hydraulics; 039-10450-410-10.

Current measurement; Keweenaw current; Lake Superior; 175- 10029-440-54.

Current measurements; Lake Michigan; Coastal currents; 175- 10033-440-44.

Current measurements; Wave measurements; Coastal engineering field stations; 039-10442-410-60.

Current meter; Geophysical boundary layer; Turbulence structure; Boundary layer, turbulent; 332-09418-010-22.

Current meter calibration; Flow visualization; Turbine meters; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Calibration facility im- provements; 089-10141-720-44.

Current meter calibration; Water tunnel; Calibration facility im- provements; 089-10140-720-44.

Current meter data; Currents; Sewage outfall; Virginia Beach; 161-09887-870-68.

Current meter data; Diffusion; Circulation; Coastal transport; 012-10178-450-52.

Current meters; Density effects; Price meters; Calibration equation; 405-10290-700-00.

Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic

measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; 3 16-10796-

700-00. Current meters; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; 316-08652-700-00.

Current sensors; Data acquisition; Tide sensors; Wave sensors; Cape Henry, Virginia; 1 17-08914-450-44.

Currents; Drift bottles; Lake Superior; Circulation, lake; 107- 06053-440-00.

Currents; Electric fields; Ocean currents; / 78-09226-450-20.

Currents; Estuaries; Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended;

Coastal circulation; 037-08856-450-50.

Currents; Great Lakes; Lake circulation; Numerical models; Water temperature; 319-10668-440-00.

Currents; Lake circulation; Lake Michigan; Numerical models;

Pollutant transport; 005-09778-440-52.

Currents; Ocean dynamics; Atlantic Ocean; / 78-07786-450-20.

Currents; Sewage outfall; Virginia Beach; Current meter data; 161-09887-870-68.

Currents; Velocity distribution; Wave-current interaction; 075- 09798-420-44.

Currents, coastal; Currents, three dimensional; Mathematical

model; 075-09800-450-44.

Currents, coastal; Diffuser induced circulation; Cooling water

discharge; 075-08735-410-00.

Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Great Lakes

shoreline; Harbors; Numerical models; Sediment transport; 035-09941-440-44.

Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Numerical models;

Surf zone; Wave effects; Circulation, nearshore; 035-09942-

410-54.

Currents, coastal; Harbor oscillations; Wave refraction; Wave

theory; Waves, long; Waves, topographic effects; 075-06413-

420-20.

Currents, coastal; Jetties; Wave breaking; Breakwaters; 075- 08719-410-11.

Currents, Gulf coast; Numerical model; 1 53-09916-450-44.

Currents, longshore; Longshore sediment transport; Sediment,

coastal; Sediment transport by waves; 075-09797-410-44.

Currents, ocean; Currents, wind generated; Inertial currents; 161-09152-450-50.

Currents, ocean; Geophysical fluid dynamics; Internal waves; Mathematical models; Oceanography; Waves, internal; Be- nard convection; 318-08449-450-00.

Currents, ocean; Iceberg drift; Numerical model; Sea ice; 410-

10312-450-90.

Currents, three dimensional; Mathematical model; Currents,

coastal; 075-09800-450-44.

Currents, tidal; Harbors; Southeast Harbor, Seattle; Tidal circulation; 167-10194-470-75.

Currents, transient; Currents, wind-driven; Lake circulation; 137-09959-440-00.

Currents, wind driven; Lake circulation; Lake Ontario; Numerical model; 137-09958-440-54.

Currents, wind generated; Inertial currents; Currents, ocean; 161-09152-450-50.

Currents, wind induced; Coastal boundary layer; Continental

"shelf; 178-09225-450-52.

Currents, wind induced; Ekman layer; Oil spill behavior review; 075-09804-870-44.

Currents, wind induced; Great Lakes; Lake Ontario; Circulation; 178-09224-440-44.

Currents, wind-driven; Lake circulation; Currents, transient; 137-09959-440-00.

Cylinder; Submerged bodies; Vibrations, flow-induced, virtual mass; 076-10467-030-70.

Cylinder, circular; Oscillatory flow; Wave forces; 118-09986-

420-54.

Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; Numerical

methods; Sphere impulsively started; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; 421-07995-030-90.

Cylinder, vertical; Mathematical model; Submerged objects; Wave forces; 026-09013-420-00.

Cylinders; Drag; Force measurement; Submerged bodies; 124- 08926-030-22.

298
Cylinders; Flow-induced motion; Submerged bodies; Cables; 332-10711-030-20.

Cylinders; Free-stream perturbations; Vortex shedding; Wakes;

048-10198-030-20.

Cylinders; Ocean structures; Structure design criteria; Wave

forces; 118-09768-430-44.

Cylinders; Spheres; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; 142- 10394-420-44.

Cylinders; Wakes; Boundary layer-wake interaction; 163- 08363-030-00.

Cylinders, circular; Drag; Pressure distribution; Pressure fluc- tuation; Roughness; Submerged bodies; 061-10393-030-54.

Cylinders, circular; Oscillations; Separated flow; Submerged

bodies; Boundary layers; 417-10507-010-90.

Cylinders, circular; Submerged bodies; Bluff bodies; Boundary

layer separation; 417-07899-010-00.

Cylinders, eccentric rotating; Lubrication theory; Stability theory; 135-06772-000-20.

Cylinders, elastically mounted; Vibrations, flow-induced; Vortex streets; 179-10438-240-00.

Cylinders, part full; Rotating flow; Stability; 13 7-09965-000-54. Dam; Hydraulic model; Saskatchewan River; Weir; 400-10499-

300-90. Dam breaching; Dam removal effects; 028-09977-300-60. Dam break problem; Flood waves; Mathematical model; 020-

10076-310-54. Dam effects; Flood control; Hydrology; Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; Water yield; 155-09922-810-07. Dam effects; Rio Grande; River channels; Channel adjustments; 323-0457W-300-00. Dam failure; Flood wave; 094-07505-350-88. Dam model; Chief Joseph Dam; 313-09348-350-00. Dam model; Libby reregulating dam; 3 13-09345-350-00. Dam model; Little Goose Dam; 313-04504-350-13. Dam model; Lower Granite Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; 313-05071-350-13. Dam overtopping; Flood passing; Morris dam; Spillway; 166- 10441-350-73. Dam removal effects; Dam breaching; 028-09977-300-60. Dam sealing material; Dams, earth; Stability tests; 149-08999-

350-75. Damage avoidance system; Ship damage, heavy weather; 169- 10343-520-45. Dams; Gallery drainage; 338-00771-350-00. Dams; Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stewart Mountain Dam; Tail- water effects; 322-10680-350-00. Dams, earth; Stability tests; Dam sealing material; 149-08999-

350-75. Data acquisition; Longshore currents; Volunteer observers; Wave breakers; 312-09762-410-00.

Data acquisition; Satellites; Buoy data processing; 161-09875-

720-50. Data acquisition; Tide sensors; Wave sensors; Cape Henry, Virginia; Current sensors; 1 17-08914-450-44. Data acquisition system; Sediment analyzer; 3 1 2-09737-700-00. Data aquisition systems; Environmental study; Massachusetts

Bay; Mathematical models; Oceanographic instruments; 075-

08083-450-44. Data gathering system; Wind energy; 1 57-101 55-480-06. Dearborn River, Montana; Paleohydraulics; Channel incision chronology; 091-10063-300-00.

Delta formation; Reservoir sedimentation; Stratified flow; Turbidity current; 068-10568-860-54.

Denitrification system design; Water treatment; 154-0391 W870-33.

Density effects; Price meters; Calibration equation; Current meters; 405-10290-700-00.

Density probe; Depth sounding; Navigation; Sediment; 314-

10748-700-00.

Deposition; Red River; Scour; Sediment transport model; 098- 09997-220-10. Depth sounding; Navigation; Sediment; Density probe; 314-

10748-700-00.

Design criteria; Drop structures; Energy dissipation pools; Riprap; 302-09294-350-00.

Design criteria; Shore protection manual; Coastal construction; 312-02193-490-00.

Design paramater optimization; Mathematical models; River models; 414-10518-810-00.

Destratification; Reaeration; Stratified lakes; Water quality; 314-10753-860-00.

Destratification diffuser; Reservoirs; Stratified fluids; 322-

10679-860-00.

Detention storage; Channel improvement; Flood control; 052- 09858-310-00.

Diffraction; Harbor waves; Wave diffraction; Barrier effect; 103-09967-420-44.

Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Lake Cayuga; Plume; Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cayuga station; 179-10428-340-75.

Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Plume; Power plant, nuclear; Ther- mal effluent; Charlestown station; 179-10424-340-73.

Diffuser; Outlet, sewer; Sewer, storm; 149-10599-870-60.

Diffuser induced circulation; Cooling water discharge; Currents,

coastal; 075-08735-410-00.

Diffuser outlets; Numerical models; 056-10103-870-00.

Diffuser performance; Swirl; 422-09635-290-90.

Diffuser pipe; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; 061-08830-870-73.

Diffusers; Dilution; Plumes; Thermal effluent; Cooling water

discharge; 341-10734-870-00.

Diffusers; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Somerset plant; Ther- mal effluent; Cooling water discharge; 075-09801-870-75.

Diffusers; Plumes; Pollution; Thermal; Coding water discharge; 005-09780-870-52.

Diffusion; Circulation; Coastal transport; Current meter data; 012-10178-450-52.

Diffusion; Groundwater; Porous media flow; Water treatment;

Aquifers, Gulf Coast; 072-09928-820-61

.

Diffusion; Heated water discharge; Hydraulic model; Thermal

discharge model; Wheeler Reservoir; Browns Ferry plant; 341-07083-870-00.

Diffusion; Lagrangian statistics; Turbulence structure; 181- 09267-020-00.

Diffusion; Langevin model; Stratified flow; Turbulent diffusion; Boundary layer, atmospheric; 139-08259-020-54.

Diffusion; Numerical model; Sediment transport, suspended; 043-10346-220-54.

Diffusion; Open channel flow; 405-09509-200-00.

Diffusion; Salinity diffusivity; Thermal diffusivity; Turbulence; 332-07063-020-00.

Diffusion; Turbulence structure; Wind engineering; Boundary

layer, atmospheric; 139-10559-020-54.

Diffusion; Turbulent free shear flow; Wakes; 417-09597-020-

87.

Diffusion, molecular; Gases; Mixing; Turbulent mixing; 081- 08990-020-22.

Dilution; Jets, buoyant; Jets, wall; Outfalls; 410-10305-050-90.

Dilution; Mathematical model; Power plants, coastal; Cooling

water discharge; 01 1-10007-870-73.

Dilution; Plumes; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge;

Diffusers; 341-10734-870-00.

Discharge calculation techniques; Flow measurement; Mississippi River; Velocity measurement; 094-10013-700-13.

Discharge permit programs; Water rights administration; 157- 0430W-870-00.

Discharge structure; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Seabrook

plant; / 79- 104 1 7-340- 73. Discharge structure; Inlet structure; Hydraulic model; Merom

Station cooling lake; Power plant; 075-09806-350-75.

299
Disks, co-rotating; Rotating flows; Two-phase flow; Compressible flow; 007-09937-000-00.

Disks, co-rotating; Steam flow; Turbines, multiple-disk; Twophase flow; 007-09933-630-88.

Disks, rotating; Drag reduction; Boundary layer plate; Compliant wall; 165-09925-250-20.

Dispersion; Effluent transport; Mixing; Pollution; River flow; 056-10099-300-00.

Dispersion; Estuaries; Heat disposal; Pollution dispersion; 019-

08046-870-61.

Dispersion; Estuaries; Mathematical models; Salinity distribution; Temperature distribution; 075-08728-400-36.

Dispersion; Groundwater; Porous medium flow; Water quality; 075-08084-820-36.

Dispersion; Groundwater movement; Tracer injection; Waste

disposal; 323-10701-820-00.

Dispersion; Heated water discharge; Internal jump; Jets, buoyant; 149-0281 W-060-36.

Dispersion; Mathematical model; Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water

discharge; 075-09799-870-73.

Dispersion; Meandering channels; River flow; 405-09507-300-

00. Dispersion; Mixing; Numerical models; River flow; 028-09980-

020-00.

Dispersion; Mixing; Open channel flow; River flow; 401-10765-

200-96.

Dispersion; Model distortion effects; Open channel flow; Scal- ing laws; 405-10287-750-00.

Dispersion; Mumerical model; Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; 341-10740-870-00.

Dispersion; Plumes, negative buoyancy; Porous media flow; Aquifer flow; 075-09814-070-54.

Dispersion; Porous media flow; 028-09982-070-00.

Dispersion; Roughness effect; Conduit, rectangular; 412-09571-

020-00.

Dispersion; Turbulent shear flow; 421-07996-020-90.

Dispersion models; Hydraulic models; Lakes; Numerical model; 419-10510-440-00.

Dispersion, open channel; Mathematical model; Water resource

optimization; Aquifer model; Conveyance systems; 030- 07247-800-00.

Dispersion, thermal; Estuarine hydraulics; Mathematical model; 042-08679-400-73.

Dispersive clay; Embankments; Piping (erosion); Rainfall erosion; Clays; 314-10760-350-00.

Disposal operations; Dredging; Plumes; Turbidity; 106-10058-

870-10.

Diversion; Hydraulic model; Kpong project; 400-10496-350-87.

Diversion chamber; Hydraulic model; Sewer, interceptor; 408-

10256-870-68.

Diversion model; Old River diversion; River model; 3 1 4-09680-

350-00.

Diversion structure; Hydraulic model; Limestone Station; Spill- way; 420-10553-350-73.

Diversion structures; Hydraulic model; Sewers, combined; / 79- 10433-870-75.

Diversion studies; James Bay project; 408-1027 1-350-73

Diversion tunnel; Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; Tunnels; 400-10493-350-75.

Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; Sediment exclusion; Blanco Dam; 322-106 76-350-00.

Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Spill- way; 408-10257-350-73.

Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; Revelstoke project; 420-

10557-350-73.

Diversions; Fish protection; Intakes; 020-10080-350-60.

Dolos unit breakage; Breakwaters; 4 14-105 14-430-90. Don Island; Fraser River; Hydraulic model; Lion Island; Causeway; 420-10550-300-65.

Draft tube surges; Vortex breakdown; 322-06321-340-00.

Draft-tube surging; Pump-turbines; Transients; Turbines,

hydraulic; 124-10045-630-31.

Drag; Flat plate, normal; Oscillatory flow; Submerged bodies; 044-09955-030-00.

Drag; Force measurement; Submerged bodies; Cylinders; 124- 08926-030-22.

Drag; Hydroballistics research; Missiles; Ogives; Water entry; Cones; 335-04867-510-22.

Drag; Internal waves; Spheres; Stratified fluids; Submerged

bodies; Waves, internal; 316-07243-060-20.

Drag; Lift; Sediment transport; Bed particles; 302-09293-220-

00. Drag; Mooring line response; Cables; 152-09048-590-22.

Drag; Mooring line response; Oscillatory flow; Cables; 152- 09049-590-00.

Drag; Navier-Stokes flow; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Wedges; 057-05778-030-00.

Drag; Non-Newtonian fluids; Submerged bodies; Bingham

plastic; Bottom materials; Clay-water mixtures; 057-07352-

120-00. Drag; Pressure distribution; Pressure fluctuation; Roughness;

Submerged bodies; Cylinders, circular; 061-10393-030-54.

Drag; Roughness; Submerged bodies; Wind forces; Cooling tower aerodynamics; Cooling towers, hyperbolic; 061-10392-

030-54.

Drag; Ship viscous drag; 334-09439-520-00.

Drag; Spheres; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; 046-10055-

420-00.

Drag; Submerged bodies; Turbulence effects; Vibrations; Angular bodies; 166-09200-030-54.

Drag; Submerged bodies; Turbulence stimulation; Bodies or

revolution; Boundary layer transition; 334-09442-030-00.

Drag; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Concrete cube stability; 046-10054-420-00.

Drag; Wave drag; Bluff bodies; 142-10395-420-44.

Drag, harmonic water flow; Sphere, periodic rolling motion; Submerged bodies; 044-08816-030-00. Drag reduction; Boundary layer plate; Compliant wall; Disks,

rotating; 165-09925-250-20. Drag reduction; Boundary layer; Compliant walls; 3 16-09732-

250-50. Drag reduction; Compliant boundary; 332-09420-250-00. Drag reduction; Emulsions; Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; Pipeline transport; Suspensions; 093-10075-370-54. Drag reduction; Flow visualization; Polymer additives; Turbulence, near-wall; 1 16-08939-250-54. Drag reduction; Hot-film anemometer; Polymer additives; Tur- bulence measurement; Viscoelastic fluids; 093-06405-250-00. Drag reduction; Laser-Doppler anemometer; Turbulence measurements; 1 16-08940-700-00. Drag reduction; Noise generation; Turbulence measurement; Turbulence structure; Wake detection; Boundary layer, tur- bulent; 334-09437-010-00. Drag reduction; Noise reduction; Polymer ejection methods; 337-09456-250-22. Drag reduction; Noise suppression; Compliant surfaces; 331- 09451-250-22. Drag reduction; Numerical methods; Pipe networks; Polymer

additives; Unsteady pipe flow; Water distribution system; 044-06695-250-61. Drag reduction; Oil-water mixture; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase

flow; Viscoelastic flow; 131-07592-130-00. Drag reduction; Orifice flow; Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer

solutions; 417-10503-250-90. Drag reduction; Pipe flow; Polymers; Turbulence; 302-10628-

250-00. Drag reduction; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Polymer degradation; Rotating disks; 334-08540-250-00.

300
Drag reduction; Polydispersity; Polymer additives; 33 1-10772-

250-20. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Polymer characteristics; Pressure hole errors; 006-08825-250-54. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Potential flow; Prolate spheroid; Ship forms; Ship resistance; Ship waves; 061-02091-

520-20. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Viscosity; 093-06408-120-

00. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Shear modulus measuring

instruments; Viscosity; 093-07502-120-00. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Soap solutions; Wall region

visual study; 115-07553-250-54. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Velocity profile calculation; 331-09445-250-00. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Suspensions, fiber; Asbestos

fibers; Cavitation inception; 331-09449-250-20. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Solute effects; Surfactants; 332-08523-250-20. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Polystyrene; 337-09455-

250-00. Drag reduction; Propulsion; Thrust generation; Boundary layer

control; 043-10353-550-00. Drag reduction; Solid-liquid flow; Suspensions; Two-phase flow; 093-07501-130-84. Drag reduction; Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer, laminar; 334-09438-

010-00. Drag reduction; Transition; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; 332-

08524-250-00.

Drain tubing evaluation; Hydrologic model; Mathematical

model; Soil water; 055-08682-820-00.

Drainage; Grates; Highway drainage; Bicycle safety; Curb inlets; 322-10689-370-47.

Drainage; Highway drainage; Inlet grating hydraulics; Inlets, highway; 068-07403-370-60.

Drainage; Highway drainage; Inlets, highway; Inlet grating

hydraulics; 068-10566-370-60.

Drainage; Hydrologic model; Runoff, urban; Urban hydrology; 056-10096-810-00.

Drainage; Numerical model; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; 414-10526-810-90.

Drainage; Rainfall prediction; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; 075-09821-810-00.

Drainage; Runoff; Storm drainage; Urbanization effects; 404-

10229-810-96.

Drainage; Tile effluent; Water quality; 063-0265W-840-07.

Drainage basin models; Geomorphology; River channels; Channel networks; 060-09992-300-00. Drainage channels; Peatlands; 410-10309-840-90.

Drainage design; Pollutant disposal; Porous medium flow; 303- 0354W-070-00.

Drainage ditches; Erosion; Highway drainage; Tractive forces; 018-09786-220-60.

Drainage, highway; Energy dissipators; Highway drainage; Culverts; 342-08577-360-00.

Drainage, highway; Hyetographs; Storm drainage; Storms,

design; 056-10092-810-47.

Drainage on slopes; Drains, agricultural; 322-0939 1 -840-00

.

Drainage system; Floodplain management; Runoff storage; Urban drainage; Computer model; 155-09918-870-33.

Drainage system design; Pollution control; Crop production; 113-0382W-840-00.

Drains, agricultural; Drainage on slopes; 322-09391-840-00.

Drains, gravel envelopes; 322-09394-840-00.

Drains, storm; Energy dissipator; Scour; Culvert outlet; 002- 09953-360-47. Dredge pipelines; Dredge pumps; Mathematical model; 152- 09052-490-44. Dredge pumps; Mathematical model; Dredge pipelines; 152- 09052-490-44.

Dredge spoil spread; Erosion; Galveston Bay; Sediment trans- port; 152-09055-220-44. Dredged material uses; 152-10589-430-00.

Dredging; Dune stabilization; Beach erosion; Coastal ecology; 312-06995-880-00.

Dredging; Gulf intracoastal waterway; Navigation channel; 152- 10578-330-82.

Dredging; Plumes; Turbidity; Disposal operations; 106-10058-

870-10. Dredging alternatives; Harbor sedimentation; Sedimentation

control; 329-0941 1-220-22. Dredging effects; Sediment transport; Thames River; 034-

10115-220-44. Dredging methods; Wave effects; 152-09053-490-00.

Drift bottles; Lake Superior; Circulation, lake; Currents; 107- 06053-440-00.

Drogues; Buoy-drogue tests; 1 1 8-09988-450-44. Drop inlets; Hydraulic structures; Inlets; Pipe outlets; Scour;

Spillways, closed conduit; 300-01723-350-00. Drop inlets; Inlets; Inlet vortex; Spillways, closed-conduit; 149- 001 1 1-350-05. Drop inlets; Inlets; Vibrations, flow induced; 1 49-10592-350-

05. Drop pipe; Drop structure; Hydraulic model; Intake; Spiral flow; Stilling basin; 322-10675-350-00. Drop structure; Hydraulic model; Intake; Spiral flow; Stilling basin; Drop pipe; 322-10675-350-00. Drop structures; Concrete, fiber reinforced; 404-1023 1 -350-96. Drop structures; Energy dissipation pools; Riprap; Design

criteria; 302-09294-350-00.

Droplet deposition; Film flow; Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 048-10213-130-54.

Droplets; Jet, atomized; Shock wave effects; 415-07895-130-00.

Droplets; Shock wave effects; Water drops; 139-10128-130-54.

Droplets; Steam; Two-phase flow; 086-08779-130-54.

Drops; Gas-liquid flow; Non-Newtonian flow; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic fluid; Bubbles; 013-08702-120-

54. Dropshaft model; Genesee River interceptor; Hydraulic model; 149-10593-390-70.

Droughts; Water management; Water supply systems; 157- 10173-860-33.

Dryer; Power plant; Scrubber; Air pollution; 400-10488-340-

70. Duct flow; Fluidization; 142-10396-130-44. Duct flow, rectangular; Resistance; Roughness; 412-09572-210-

90. Ducts, rectangular; Flow measurement; Asymmetric; Velocity- area method; 179-1043 7-710-00. Dune growth; Open channel flow; Bed forms; 414-10521-220-

90. Dune stabilization; Beach erosion; Coastal ecology; Dredging; 312-06995-880-00. Dust filtration; Filters, fabric; 109-08901-870-70. Dworshak Dam; Fish hatchery; Hatchery jet header model; 313-07112-850-13. Dworshak Dam; Fishway diffuser model; 313-071 1 1-850-13. Dworshak Dam; Gate model; Selective withdrawal; 3 1 3-08443-

350-13. Dworshak Dam; Intake models; Outlet works model; 313- 05315-350-00. Dworshak Dam; Libby Dam; Outlet works model; Conduit en- trance model; 3 13-071 10-350-13. Dworshak Dam; Spillway model; 313-05070-350-13. Dye dilution evaluation; Flow measurement; 149-10595-7 10-70. Dye study; Recirculation; Sewage outfall; Thermal effluent; York River; 161-09886-870-68. Dye technique; Flow visualization; Photochromic dye; 416- 06952-710-00.

301
Dynamic loads; Spillway crest shape; Stilling basin walls; Tainter gates; 314-10746-350-00. Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Mathematical

model; Orifice meters; Swirl effects; Turbulence model; 317-

10789-750-00. Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble

technique; Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; 3 17-10793-750-00. Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Nuclear safeguard measurements; 317-10795-700-00.

Earthquake induced motions; Nuclear reactors; Reservoirs, annular; 146-09299-340-70. Earthquake loads; Oil storage tanks; Structures, offshore; 019- 10123-430-44.

Earthquakes; Liquefaction; Soil motions; 085-0885 1-070-54. East River; Pollution transport mechanisms; 106-09001-870-00.

Ecological change indicators; Stream bottom organisms; 154- 0412W-880-33.

Ecology; Environmental impact; Mississippi River; Mixing; Wastewater, industrial; 061-08833-870-70. Economic effects; Groundwater withdrawal; Land subsidence, Texas; 1 54-0388W-820-33

Economic effects; Oil shale development; Water transfers, Utah; 157-10145-800-33. Economics; Groundwater management alternatives; Utah; 157-

10160-820-60. Ecosystem management standards; Ecosystem resilience; Forest management system; 045-101 12-880-54. Ecosystem model; Mathematical model; Reservoirs; 314-10751-

880-00. Ecosystem models; Mathematical models; River system; Watersheds; 314-10758-870-00. Ecosystem resilience; Forest management system; Ecosystem

management standards; 045-101 12-880-54. Ecosystem resilience; Mathematical model role; Water quality

monitoring; 045-101 14-860-30. Eddy diffusivity; Lakes, stratified; Turbulence measurements;

035-09943-440-80.

Edgetones; Free shear layer; Tone phenomenon; 048-10206-

160-20.

Eductors; Inlets, coastal; Littoral drift; Sand by-pass; Coastal

sediment; 3 14-10749-410-00.

Effluent transport; Mixing; Pollution; River flow; Dispersion; 056-10099-300-00.

Ejectors; Jets; Propulsion; Thrust augmentation; Underwater

propulsion; 043-10352-550-22. Ekman layer; Oil spill behavior review; Currents, wind induced; 075-09804-870-44.

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication; Film hydrodynamics; Lubrication; 077-10576-620-27.

Electric analog model; Finite element method; Mathematical

model, seepage; 314-09685-070-13.

Electric analog model; Seepage; Wells, relief; 3 1 4-09663 -820-

13. Electric fields; Ocean currents; Currents; / 78-09226-450-20.

Electromagnetic measurements; Flow measurements; Harbor

flushing; 175-10031-470-44.

Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; 400-09477-340-75.

Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; 400-09486-340-70.

Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; 400-09488-340-70.

Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; 400-09489-340-75.

Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; 400-09490-340-70.

Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; 400-09491-340-70.

Elk Creek Dam; Outlet works model; 313-09347-350-00.

Ellipsoid; Roughness effects; Submerged bodies; Boundary layer

transition; 331-10773-010-22. Embankments; Frost heaving; Soil freezing; Computer model; 020-10078-820-54. Embankments; Piping (erosion); Rainfall erosion; Clays; Dispersive clay; 314-10760-350-00. Embayments; Estuaries; Hydrodynamic processes; River flow; Computer simulation; 323-037 1 W-300-00. Emulsification; Oil-water suspension; Suspensions; Acoustic

emulsification; 084-098 1 8-130-00. Emulsions; Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; Pipeline trans- port; Suspensions; Drag reduction; 093-10075-370-54.

Energy; Environmental effects; Ocean wave energy conversion;

Salinity gradient energy; 161-09883-490-52.

Energy; Floating devices; Wave power systems; 075-09796-420-

44. Energy; Geothermal development; Hydropower development;

/ 57-0425 W-800-00.

Energy; Intakes; Oceaw thermal energy; Screens; 1 18-09990-

430-52.

Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; Waves, design waves; 046-09280-420-52.

Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; 046-09282-340-54

Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; Thermal energy; 046-10051-490-88.

Energy; Ocean thermal energy; 075-09809-430-52.

Energy; Savonius rotor; Wind power; 076-10466-630-00.

Energy; Turbines; Wind turbine rotors; 073-09998-630-52. Energy conservation; Environmental impact; Power plants; Thermal effluents; Waste heat management; 075-09810-870-

52. Energy conversion; Energy efficiency; Pollution control technology; 157-0427 W-870-00. Energy development options; Salinity; Water resources; 157- 0424W-800-00.

Energy dissipation; Hydraulic model; Stilling basin; 179-10431-

360-73. Energy dissipation pools; Riprap; Design criteria; Drop structures; 302-09294-350-00. Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Auburn Dam; 322-07035-350-00. Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Hydroelectric plant; Plunge

pool basin; Cabinet gorge project; 166-10133-350-73

Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Spillway; 408-10270-350-

87. Energy dissipator; Scour; Culvert outlet; Drains, storm; 002- 09953-360-47. Energy dissipator; Splitter wall model study; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; 314-09704-350-13. Energy dissipator; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Chute dis- sipator model; 314-09703-350-13. Energy dissipator, flip bucket; Spillway capacity; Spillway model; Spillway piers; Wallace Dam; 044-08010-350-73. Energy dissipators; Highway drainage; Culverts; Drainage,

highway; 342-08577-360-00. Energy dissipators; Spillway baffles; 322-10692-360-00. Energy dissipators; Stilling basins, low Froude number; 322- 09383-360-00. Energy efficiency; Pollution control technology; Energy conversion; 157-0427W-870-00.

Energy gradients; Open channel flow; Backwater curve computations; 121-08928-200-00. Energy loss; Sewer junctions; 405-09512-870-00.

Energy, ocean thermal; Hydraulic model; Ocean thermal energy

plant; Stratified flow; 039-10458-430-20. Energy resource development; Utah; Water allocations; 157- 0429W-860-00. Energy resource development, Utah; Mathematical model; Oil

shale; Strip mining; Water needs; Coal; 157-10146-800-33. Energy separation; Jet impingement; 043-1035 1-050-54.

302
Energy shortage impact; Irrigation, Texas; 154-0393W-840-33

.

Energy transfer; Turbulence; Wave growth; Waves, wind; Air- water interface; 148-10406-420-14.

Entrainment; Jets, submerged; Jets, turbulent; 056-10100-050-

00. Entrance flow; Helical flow; Mathematical model; 076-10468-

000-70.

Entry flow; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Numerical model; Pipe

flow, laminar; 409-10782-140-00. Environment impact; Power plant licensing; Power plants, nuclear; Thermal effluents; 075-09802-870-80.

Environmental considerations; Gulf intracoastal waterway; Pollutant transport; Shoaling; 152-10583-330-44.

Environmental effects; Ocean wave energy conversion; Salinity gradient energy; Energy; 161-09883-490-52.

Environmental evaluation; Water resources development,

Texas; 152-10585-800-33.

Environmental impact; Mississippi River; Mixing; Wastewater,

industrial; Ecology; 061-08833-870-70.

Environmental impact; Power plants; Thermal effluents; Waste

heat management; Energy conservation; 075-098 1 0-870-52

.

Environmental impact prediction; Monitoring data; Power

plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; 01 1 -10005-870-55. Environmental law; Legal processes; Power plant siting; Regulatory processes; 075-09830-880-00.

Environmental study; Massachusetts Bay; Mathematical models; Oceanographic instruments; Data aquisition systems; 075-

08083-450-44.

Eolian erosion; Mars; Sediment transport; 062-09793-220-50. Ephemeral streams; Rainfall, thunderstorm; Runoff; Watersheds, semi-arid; 303-10625-810-00.

Equation of state; Heat transfer; Water density; Circulation; Convection; 105-101 17-140-54.

Erodibility; Sand-silt mixtures; Sediment transport; 068-10570-

220-54.

Erosion; Estuary model; Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; 408-

10243-400-75.

Erosion; Floods; Forest fire effects; Soil water repellency;

Watersheds, brushland; 307-04999-810-00.

Erosion; Floods; Hydrology, forest; Logging effects; Sediment

yield; California forests; 307-04998-810-00.

Erosion; Forest management model sediment yield; Water

yield; 030-10342-880-36.

Erosion; Galveston Bay; Sediment transport; Dredge spoil spread; 152-09055-220-44.

Erosion; Groin hydraulics; 402-10284-410-90.

Erosion; Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; River closure; 400-10495-350-75.

Erosion; Highway construction; Sediment prediction; 121- 10084-220-60.

Erosion; Highway drainage; Tractive forces; Drainage ditches; 018-09786-220-60.

Erosion; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Salem plant; Condenser inlet waterbox; 179-10420-340-73.

Erosion; Jets; Scour; 402-09499-220-90.

Erosion; Land use; Overland flow; Runoff; Soil erosion; 129- 03808-830-05.

Erosion; Littoral drift; Model laws; Sediment transport; Coastal

sediment; 405-10294-410-00.

Erosion; Mathematical model; Open channel flow; Velocity dis- tribution; Alluvial channels; 302-10629-200-00.

Erosion; Mathematical model; Sediment yield; Watersheds,

agricultural; 300-10561-220-00.

Erosion; Morphology; Stream channel's; Channel stabilization; 302-10633-300-00.

Erosion; Numerical model; Runoff; Sediment transport; Soil

loss; Timber access roads; 030-10340-220-06.

Erosion; Pacific coast watersheds; Sedimentation; Watersheds,

forested; 323-0462 W-220-00.

Erosion; Residue; Soil erosion; Tillage; Crop practices; 303- 0360W-830-00.

Erosion; Riprap; Channels; 314-10742-320-00.

Erosion; Scour; Soil classification; Channel erosion prediction; 033-10778-220-88.

Erosion; Sediment transport; Silt reduction; Chippewa River; 030-10333-220-13.

Erosion; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Watersheds, semi-arid; 303-10626-810-00.

Erosion; Sedimentation; Soil erosion principles; 302-10632-830-

00. Erosion; Shore protection procedures; 085-08850-410-60.

Erosion; Soil properties; Stream channels; Channel stability; 302-09295-300-00.

Erosion, coastal; Island protection; 103-09966-410-44.

Erosion, coastal; Water resource development impact; Brazos

River, Texas; / 54-0405 W-4 1 0-33

.

Erosion control; Forest fire effects; Soil erosion; Soil water; Water quality; Water yield; 306-04757-810-00.

Erosion control; Infiltration; Irrigation; Soil water movement;

303-0442W-810-00.

Erosion control; Levee protection; Soil stabilization; 314- 09666-830-13.

Erosion control; Mathematical model; Overland flow; Rain erosion; Soil erosion; Tillage methods; 300-04275-830-00.

Erosion control; Piedmont; Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Coastal plain; 310-06974-810-00.

Erosion control; Road fills; Tree planting; 304-09323-830-00.

Erosion control; Soil erosion; Texas blackland; 302-02 10W830-00.

Erosion control; Southwest watersheds; Watershed rehabilitation; 308-09339-810-00.

Erosion protection; Filter, gravel; 094-07506-220-33

.

Error models; River channels; Alluvial channel measurements; 043-10350-300-54.

Eruptions; Rotating flows; 137-09962-000-20.

Estuaries; Flow patterns; Salinity distribution; 421-09634-400-

00.

Estuaries; Fraser River; Salinity intrusion; Computer model; 404-10236-400-90.

Estuaries; Heat disposal; Pollution dispersion; Dispersion; 019- 08046-870-61.

Estuaries; Hydrodynamic processes; River flow; Computer

simulation; Embayments; 323-0371W-300-00.

Estuaries; James River; Mathematical model; Water quality; York River estuary; 159-09892-400-36.

Estuaries; James River; Mathematical model; Water quality; 161-09874-400-60.

Estuaries; Lakes; Numerical models; Overland flow; Surface water systems; Channel flow; 323-10693-860-00.

Estuaries; Mathematical model; Pagan River, Virginia; Pollutant

distribution; Tidal prism model; 161-09880-400-60.

Estuaries; Mathematical model; Pollutant distribution; Sewage

outfall; 161-09881-400-60.

Estuaries; Mathematical model; Water quality; Continental

shelf; 325-09397-860-00.

Estuaries; Mathematical model; River flow; St. Lawrence River; Tide propagation; 41 1-06603-400-90.

Estuaries; Mathematical models; Pollutant transport; 019- 10125-400-54.

Estuaries; Mathematical models; Salinity distribution; Temperature distribution; Dispersion; 075-08728-400-36.

Estuaries; Mathematical models; Nitrogen cycle; Water quality; 075-08729-400-36.

Estuaries; Mathematical models; 134-08952-400-33.

Estuaries; Mathematical models; Virginia; Water quality models; 161-09165-400-60.

Estuaries; Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; Coastal circulation; Currents; 037-08856-450-50.

303
Estuaries; River model; St. Lawrence River; Tidal motion; 411-

06602-400-90.

Estuaries; San Francisco Bay; Circulation; Computer model; 323-10696-400-00.

Estuaries; San Francisco Bay model; San Joaquin Delta; Waste

disposal; Water quality; 314-09726-400-13.

Estuarine hydraulics; Mathematical model; Dispersion, thermal; 042-08679-400-73.

Estuary circulation; Mass transport; Mixing; Stratified flow; 039-09087-400-54.

Estuary hydrodynamics; Mathematical model; Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; 161-09884-400-00.

Estuary model; Hydraulic model; Salinity intrusion; Shoaling; 408-10242-400-73.

Estuary model; Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; Erosion; 408-

10243-400-75.

Eutrophic lake restoration; Lakes; Mathematical model; 111- 08909-870-36.

Eutrophication; Limnological model; Mathematical model;

Reservoir; Water quality; 0 1 1 -09999-860-87

Eutrophication; Reservoirs; 154-041 1W-860-33. Eutrophication control; Flushing; Hydraulic model; Moses

Lake; Sewage treatment; 167-10185-870-61

Evaporation; Evapotranspiration; Reservoir losses; 302-0450W860-00.

Evaporation; Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; Numerical

model; Precipitation; Water level; 319-10670-810-00.

Evaporation; Heat transfer; Lakes; Air-water interface; 179- 10426-170-00.

Evaporation; Hydrologic models; Precipitation; Western Gulf

watersheds; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10644-810-00.

Evaporation; Reservoir losses; Tennessee basin; 338-00765-

810-00.

Evaporation; Soil moisture; Watersheds, unit source; 302- 0448W-8 10-00. Evaporation retardants; Lysimeter; Snow-melt; 020-10081-170-

31. Evaporation, river; Tracer method; 405-10288-710-00.

Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Sediment

transport; Watersheds, agricultural; Appalachian watersheds; 300-09272-810-00.

Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical models; Watersheds, rangeland; 303-09316-810-00.

Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; Snowpack hydrology; Soil water movement; Water yield improvement; Conifer forest; 307-

04996-810-00.

Evapotranspiration; Reservoir losses; Evaporation; 302-0450W860-00.

Evapotranspiration; Spray; Wastewater spray site; 079-04 1 6W870-00.

Evapotranspiration computation; Geostrophic drag; 035-08674-

810-54.

Explosion propagation; Reactor safety; Vapor blanket collapse; 133-10089-340-55.

Explosions; Vapor explosions; 146-09302-190-50.

Fairfield project; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mixing;

Pumped storage project; Selective withdrawal; Trash racks; Vortices; 179-10435-340-73. Fan blade loading; Axial flow fan; 124-08917-630-20. Fan blades; Blade pressures; 122-08930-630-50. Fan rotor, ducted; Noise; Turbulent inflow effect; 124-08920-

160-21. Farm chemical transport; Sediment samplers, suspended; Sedi- ment transport; 302-09296-220-00. Farm water supply; Water supply; 303-0236W-860-00.

Feedlot runoff management; Runoff; Wastewater; 1 57-10161-

870-60. Ferrohydrodynamic boundary layer; MHD flows; 057-09037-

110-00.

Ferry terminal; Hydraulic model; 420-10543-470-70.

Ferry terminal; Wave studies; Wind studies; 420-10547-470-96.

Fertilizer; Nitrogen; Ponds; Soil erosion; Water quality; 055- 08024-820-07.

Fertilizer; Soil pollution; Water pollution; 301-0440W-870-00.

Fertilizers; Mathematical model; Water quality; Watersheds,

agricultural; 302-10642-870-00.

Field measurements; River structures; Scour; Bridges; 401- 10763-350-00.

Film flow; Flow reversal; Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 048-

10211-130-55.

Film flow; Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Droplet deposition; 048-10213-130-54.

Film hydrodynamics; Lubrication; Elastohydrodynamic lubrication; 077-10576-620-27.

Filter cake washing; Non-Newtonian fluids; 048-102 15-120-00.

Filter cakes; Coal liquification; 048-10218-290-54.

Filter, gravel; Erosion protection; 094-07506-220-33

Filters, fabric; Dust filtration; 109-08901-870-70.

Filtration; Heavy metal removal; Wastewater treatment; Algae; 157-10162-870-60.

Filtration; Unsteady flow; 027-10083-290-00.

Filtration, cross-flow; Industrial wastes; Sewage treatment; Wastes, pulp; Wastes, textile; 1 12-09266-870-36.

Financing; Water developments; Water use fees; 157-09076-

890-33.

Finger growth, viscous; 072-09926-890-61

Finite difference method; Heat transfer; Turbulence model; Annular flow; 065-10787-020-54.

Finite difference method; Hudson Bay; Numerical model;

Chesterfield inlet; 419-10509-400-90.

Finite difference method; Jets, buoyant; Plumes; Turbulence; 065-10785-050-54.

Finite difference method; Laminar flow; Separated flow; Turbulent flow; 065-10786-000-54.

Finite element method; Great Lakes shoreline; Harbors; Numerical models; Sediment transport; Currents, coastal; 035- 09941-440-44.

Finite element method; Hydrofoils; Numerical methods; Cavity

flows; 148-1041 1-530-21.

Finite element method; Lake circulation; Numerical model;

Pollutant dispersion; 035-09940-440-54.

Finite element method; Mathematical model; Radionuclide

transport; Sediment transport; Columbia River; 011-10000-

220-52.

Finite element method; Mathematical model; Radionuclide

transport; Sediment transport; Clinch River; 01 1-10001-220-

55.

Finite element method; Mathematical model, seepage; Electric analog model; 314-09685-070-13.

Finite element method; Numerical model; Boundary layer, tur- bulent; Compressible flow; 003-09776-010-14.

Finite element method; Numerical models; Surf zone; Wave ef- fects; Circulation, nearshore; Currents, coastal; 035-09942-

410-54.

Finite element method; Numerical methods; Wave theory; 075- 09795-420-44.

Finite element method; Porous medium flow; Seepage; 044- 06693-070-00.

Finite element method; Pressure pulses; Structure response; 336-09454-240-29.

Finite element method; Scour; Computer model; 302-10630-

220-00.

Finite element method; Towed cable dynamics; 152-10590-590-

00.

Finite element model; Ice drift; Sea ice; 410-103 1 1-450-90. Finite-element methods; 146-09305-740-00.

Fire plume; Plumes, wall; 122-08931-060-70.

Fire resistance; Hydraulic fluids; 333-107 14-610-22.

Fire spread in corridors; Mathematical model; Smoke spread; 109-08906-890-54.

304
Fish barrier, electric; Wave forces; 413-10319-850-00.

Fish growth; Lakes; Utah lakes; Water quality; Aluminum concentrations; 157-10142-870-60.

Fish hatchery; Hatchery jet header model; Dworshak Dam;

313-07112-850-13.

Fish hatchery; Water treatment; Ammonia control; 052-09861-

870-10.

Fish hatchery aerator; Fish hatchery deaerator; 3 1 3-08442-850-

13. Fish hatchery deaerator; Fish hatchery aerator; 3 13-08442-850-

13. Fish ladder; Hydraulic model; Turners Falls dam; 179-10422-

350-73.

Fish ladder model; John Day Dam; 313-071 14-850-13.

Fish ladder model; Little Goose Dam; 313-05316-850-13.

Fish ladder model; Lower Granite Dam; 313-071 19-850-13.

Fish ladder model; 313-09346-350-13.

Fish ladder tests; 313-10665-850-13.

Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; Power plants; 341-10737-850-00.

Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; Power plant; 341-10738-850-00.

Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; Power plants; 341-10775-850-00.

Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Lower Monumental Dam; Spillway model; 313-10658-350-13.

Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; McNary Dam;

Spillway model; 313-10659-350-13.

Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; 313-10660-350-13.

Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway model; 313-10661-350-13.

Fish passage; Hydraulic model; John Day Dam; Spillway deflectors; Spillway model; 313-10662-350-13.

Fish protection; Intakes; Diversions; 020-10080-350-60.

Fish pump; Hydraulic model; 420-10556-850-90.

Fish screen; Hydraulic model; 322-09388-850-00.

Fish screen hydraulics; Power plant intakes; 313-10663-850-13.

Fish screens; Intakes; Power plants; Fish larval impingement; 341-10737-850-00.

Fish screens; Intakes; Power plant; Fish larval impingement;

341-10738-850-00.

Fish screens; Intakes; Power plants; Fish larval impingement; 341-10775-850-00.

Fish spawning; Flow augmentation; Runoff; Umatilla River; 166-10134-300-88.

Fish spawning; Streamflow; Yakima River; 166-10132-300-34.

Fish spawning beds; Gravel restoration; Hydraulic jet cleaning; 166-10131-390-60.

Fishway diffuser model; Dworshak Dam; 313-071 1 1-850-13.

Flat plate, normal; Oscillatory flow; Submerged bodies; Drag; 044-09955-030-00.

Flip bucket; Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; Spillway; 400-10494-350-75.

Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; 322-07035-350-00.

Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Spillway; 408-10268-350-73.

Floating bodies; Wave effects; 334-10723-520-00.

Floating devices; Wave power systems; Energy; 075-09796-420-

44.

Floating structures; Mooring forces; Waves; 41 1-103 16-420-00. Flood control; Detention storage; Channel improvement; 052- 09858-310-00.

Flood control; Hydraulic model; Pumping plant model; 061-

10365-350-75.

Flood control; Hydraulic model; Richelieu River; Water level; 408-10259-300-90.

Flood control; Hydrology; Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; Water yield; Dam effects; 155-09922-810-07.

Flood control; Recreation demands; Reservoir management;

Sedimentation; 061-10373-310-33. Flood control planning; Mathematical models; 056-08709-3 10- 33. Flood control policy; Flood routing; Stochastic dynamic pro- gramming; 155-09920-310-33. Flood damage reduction measures; Mathematical model; Watersheds, ungaged; 094-08865-310-00. Flood discharges, wetlands; Hydrology; Mathematical model; 102-09950-810-00. Flood flow; Hydrology; Land management; Numerical model;

Runoff; Water yield; 301-10622-810-00. Flood flows; Runoff; Watershed experimentation system; Watershed model; 056-0871 1-810-54. Flood forecasting; Hydrology; Snowmelt; Watershed model; Computer models; 404-10234-810-96.

Flood forecasting; Mathematical model; Reservoir operation; Watershed model; 419-09605-310-00.

Flood passing; Morris dam; Spillway; Dam overtopping; 166- 10441-350-73. Flood peak determination; Missouri floods; 094-06287-8 1 0-00

.

Flood plain; Hydraulic model; Meandering; River flows; 028- 09978-300-00.

Flood plain; Mathematical model; Overbank flow; River basin model; 028-09973-300-00. Flood plain hydrogeology; Groundwater; Hydrogeology; Missouri River; 091-10066-300-33. Flood plain management; Land use; 056-10098-3 10-61

.

Flood prediction; Ross River; Stuart River; Yukon; 402-09501-

310-90. Flood probability; Floods, extreme; Hydrologic events; 167- 10189-810-00. Flood risk evaluation; 056-07340-310-00.

Flood risks; Ice jams; River ice; Salmon River; 405-10304-300-

90. Flood routing; Floodplain channels; 049-10069-310-54. Flood routing; Mathematical models; River flow; Usteady flow; 321-10671-300-00.

Flood routing; Stochastic dynamic programming; Flood control

policy; 155-09920-310-33. Flood routing; 027-10082-310-00.

Flood tests; Mississippi Basin model; River model; 3 14-09682-

300-13. Flood wave; Dam failure; 094-07505-350-88. Flood waves; Mathematical model; Dam break problem; 020- 10076-310-54.

Floodplain channels; Flood routing; 049-10069-310-54.

Floodplain characteristics; Remote sensing; 3 14-10741-3 10-00. Floodplain management; Runoff storage; Urban drainage; Computer model; Drainage system; 155-09918-870-33.

Floods; Forest fire effects; Soil water repeflency; Watersheds,

brushland; Erosion; 307-04999-810-00.

Floods; Gravel rivers; River channels; Sediment routing; Channel stability; 404-10232-300-96.

Floods; Hydrology, forest; Logging effects; Sediment yield; California forests; Erosion; 307-04998-810-00.

Floods; Ice breakup; Probability analysis; 401-10767-300-96.

Floods; Snowmelt; Alberta; 401 -10768-3 10-96. Floods, extreme; Hydrologic events; Flood probability; 167- 10189-810-00.

Floods, frozen ground; Hydrology; Antecedent conditions; 052- 09856-810-61. Floodwater retarding reservoirs; Irrigation; Water transmission

losses; 302-10639-860-00.

Floodwater retarding structures; Water consumption; 302- 0452W-860-00.

Floodwater retarding structures; Runoff; Southern plains; 302- 0453 W-8 10-00. Florida coastline; Coastal construction setback lines; 039- 10443-410-60.

305
Florida coastline; Hurricane Eloise damage; Shoreline changes;

Coastal structures; 039-10444-410-44.

Florida sand budget; Littoral drift; Nearshore circulation; Beach erosion; 039-09091-410-44. Flow augmentation; Runoff; Umatilla River; Fish spawning; 166-10134-300-88. Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Lower Monumental Dam;

Spillway model; Fish passage; 313-10658-350-13. Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; McNary Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; 313-10659-350-13. Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; 313-10660-350-13. Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; 313-10661-350-13. Flow distribution; Manifolds; 172-10018-210-75. Flow measurement; Asymmetric; Velocity-area method; Ducts,

rectangular; / 79- 10437-710-00. Flow measurement; Dye dilution evaluation; 149-10595-7 10-70. Flow measurement; Hot-wire probes; Vorticity measurement;

081-10610-700-50. Flow measurement; Mississippi River; Velocity measurement;

Discharge calculation techniques; 094-10013-700-13. Flow measurement; Orifice meters; Pulsatile flow; 172-10016-

700-54. Flow measurement; Pipeline flow; Pitot rods; 057-10277-700-

00. Flow measurement; Turbulence measurement; Ultrasonic

velocimeter; Biomedical flow; Blood flow; 168-10072-700-40. Flow measurements; Boundary layer, three dimensional; 061- 10391-010-70. Flow measurements; Harbor flushing; Electromagnetic measurements; 175-10031-470-44. Flow meters; Cryogenic liquids; 3 1 5-07005-1 10-00. Flow noise; Noise reduction; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Wall

pressure fluctuations; 331-07221-160-20. Flow patterns; Salinity distribution; Estuaries; 42 1 -09634-400-

00. Flow regulation; Pumped storage sites; Snake River; Water use

alternatives; 052-09862-860-33. Flow reversal; Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Film flow; 048-

10211-130-55. Flow visualization; Jets; Polymer additives; Cavitation; 331-

10774-050-20. Flow visualization; Photochromic dye; Dye technique; 416-

06952-710-00. Flow visualization; Polymer additives; Turbulence, near-wall; Drag reduction; 1 16-08939-250-54. Flow visualization; Resonance tubes; 139-08950-290-15. Flow visualization; Separated flow; 139-07616-090-00. Flow visualization; Turbine meters; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Calibration facility improvements; Current meter calibration; 089-10141-720-44.

Flow-induced motion; Submerged bodies; Cables; Cylinders; 332-1071 1-030-20. Flowmeter calibration; Turbine flowmeters; 326-10706-700-00.

Flowmeters; Acoustic flowmeter; Automobile exhaust; 317-

10792-700-00.

Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble technique; Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; 3 17-10793-750-00

Flowmeters; Interlaboratory tests; Measurement assurance; 317-

10791-700-00.

Flowmeters; Mathematical model; Orifice meters; Swirl effects; Turbulence model; Dynamic volume measurements; 317-

10789-750-00.

Flowmeters; Mathematical model validation; Universal Venturi

tube; Venturi meter; 317-10790-700-27.

Flowmeters; Nuclear safeguard measurements; 317-10794-700-

00. Flowmeters; Nuclear safeguard measurements; Dynamic volume

measurements; 317-10795-700-00.

Fluid amplifiers; Contaminant effects; 163-09187-600-12.

Fluid amplifiers; Fluidics; 422-09636-600-90.

Fluid mechanics experiments in space; Heat transfer; Space

laboratory; Thermodynamics; 146-09303-000-50.

Fluid power systems; Noise; Pumps, displacement; Transients; 057-07353-630-70.

Fluid properties; Immiscible fluids, displacement; Interfaces; Surface contact; Wetting; 125-09951-100-54.

Fluidic delay lines; Pressure waves; Acoustic transients; Arterial blood flow; Biomedical flows; 136-09656-600-00.

Fluidics; Fluid amplifiers; 422-09636-600-90.

Fluidics; Hydraulic control systems; 329-09413-600-22.

Fluidics; Hydraulic vortex resistors; 1 16-10571-610-12.

Fluidics; Reattaching flow; Separated flow; 139-07619-600-00.

Fluidics; Turbulence amplifier; 422-09637-600-90.

Fluidization; Duct flow; 142-10396-130-44.

Fluidization; Powders; Pulsed flow; 126-09838-130-00.

Fluidized beds; Combustion; 069-10463-650-73.

Fluidized beds; Heat transfer; 052-09864-140-52.

Flumes, measuring; Hydraulic structures; Trash racks; Conservation structures; 302-7002-390-00.

Flushing; Harbor flushing; 420-10534-470-90.

Flushing; Harbor geometry; Tidal circulation; 167-10186-470-

00. Flushing; Harbors, small boat; Marinas; Water quality; 167- 09204-470-60.

Flushing; Hydraulic model; Moses Lake; Sewage treatment; Eutrophication control; 167-10185-870-61

Fly ash disposal; Groundwater contamination; Metals; Pollution; 1 1 1-0991 1-820-52. Food production; Power plants; Thermal effluents; Cooling water discharge; 157-10149-870-73. Force measurement; Submerged bodies; Cylinders; Drag; 124- 08926-030-22.

Forest fire effects; Soil erosion; Soil water; Water quality; Water yield; Erosion control; 306-04757-810-00.

Forest fire effects; Soil water repellency; Watersheds,

brushland; Erosion; Floods; 307-04999-810-00.

Forest lands; Irrigation; Sewage disposal; 305-09332-870-00.

Forest management; Minnesota watersheds; Sewage disposal; Watershed management; Water yield; Bogs; 305-03887-810-

00. Forest management; Timber cutting; Water quality; Watersheds, forest; 304-08436-810-00.

Forest management model sediment yield; Water yield; Erosion; 030-10342-880-36.

Forest management system; Ecosystem management standards; Ecosystem resilience; 045-101 12-880-54.

Forest watersheds; Sedimentation rates; 052-09849-830-33.

Forests; Porous media flow; Soil water; 402-10286-810-90.

Fort Patrick Henry Reservoir; Water quality; Aeration; Air

bubbles; 341-08570-860-00.

Fouling; Ship materials; Surface effect ships; Cavitation; Corrosion; 333-10713-520-22.

Frail lands study; Montana; 303-0361 W-880-00.

Fraser River; Hydraulic model; Navigation channel; 420-10545-

300-90.

Fraser River; Hydraulic model; Lion Island; Causeway; Don

Island; 420-10550-300-65.

Fraser River; Salinity intrusion; Computer model; Estuaries; 404-10236-400-90.

Fraser river; Sediment data; Sediment transport; 420-10554-

220-90.

Free shear layer; Initial condition effects; 048-10205-000-54.

Free shear layer; Oscillations, self-excited; 064-09022-000-00.

Free shear layer; Tone phenomenon; Edgetones; 048-10206-

160-20. Free surface flow; Marker and cell method; Mathematical

models; 070-09260-740-20.

306
Free-stream perturbations; Vortex shedding; Wakes; Cylinders; 048-10198-030-20.

Freon; Thermodynamic cavitation effects; Cavitation; Cavity

flows; 124-03807-230-50.

Freon jets; Jet impingement; Mixing; Acoustic field; 081-

10611-050-50.

Friction; Laminar flow; Oscillatory flow; Pipe flow, unsteady; 417-09599-210-00.

Friction coefficient; Ice cover; River flow; 405-095 15-300-00.

Friction factor; Pipe flow; Pipes, corrugated helical; 149-10600-

210-70.

Friction, interfacial; Stratified flow; 039-10448-060-54.

Friction loss; Hydraulic transport; Pipeline transport; Solidliquid flow; Woodchip mixtures; 096-07513-260-06.

Frost heaving; Soil freezing; Computer model; Embankments;

020-10078-820-54.

Fuel control calibrations; Automated flow systems; 3 1 7-07242-

700-22.

Gainesville Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; 3 14-09723-330-

13. Gallery drainage; Dams; 338-00771-350-00.

Galveston Bay; Sediment transport; Dredge spoil spread; Erosion; 152-09055-220-44. Gas bearing theory; Lubrication; Stability theory; Chemotactic

bacteria movement; 135-06773-000-14. Gas bubble collapse; Vapor bubbles; Cavitation; Gas bubbles; 086-061 4 7-230-54. Gas bubbles; Bubble dynamics; Cavitation damage; Cavitation mechanics; 014-01548-230-20. Gas bubbles; Gas bubble collapse; Vapor bubbles; Cavitation; 086-06147-230-54. Gas dynamics; Rotating flow; Stability; 137-09964-000-00. Gas seals; Pumps; 059-09030-630-70. Gas supersaturation; Hydraulic model; Navajo Dam; Outlet

works; Water quality; 322-10682-350-00. Gas turbines; Helium flow; Compressors; 077-1 0575-630-20

.

Gases; Mixing; Turbulent mixing; Diffusion, molecular; 081- 08990-020-22.

Gas-liquid flow; Gas-liquid interface; Turbulence; Two-phase

flow; 131-08243-130-00.

Gas-liquid flow; Gas-liquid interface; Mass transfer; Turbulence

models; Two-phase flow; 131-08244-130-00.

Gas-liquid flow; Heat transfer; Slug flow; Two-phase flow; 048-

10212-130-88.

Gas-liquid flow; Non-Newtonian flow; Solid-liquid flow; Twophase flow; Viscoelastic fluid; Bubbles; Drops; 013-08702-

120-54.

Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Compressor, hydraulic; 007- 08698-630-00.

Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Film flow; Flow reversal; 048-

10211-130-55.

Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Droplet deposition; Film flow; 048-10213-130-54.

Gas-liquid flow regimes; Two-phase flow; 048-10210-130-52.

Gas-liquid interface; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Turbulent gas

flow; 148-10413-140-54.

Gas-liquid interface; Mass transfer; Turbulence models; Twophase flow; Gas-liquid flow; 131-08244-130-00.

Gas-liquid interface; Turbulence; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid

flow; 131-08243-130-00. Gaspe coastline road; Hydraulic model; Sea walls; Wave flume

tests; Wave forces; 408-10261-430-96.

Gas-solid flow; Particle centrifugal separation; Two-phase flow; 077-10574-130-52.

Gate downpull; Gate vibration; Hydraulic model; 408-10266-

350-73. Gate downpull; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; 408-

09547-340-96.

Gate model; Gate seals; Hydraulic model; Spillway gates; Auburn Dam; 322-07028-350-00. Gate model; Gates, spillway; Gate vibrations; Spillway model;

Bonneville Dam; 313-07108-350-13. Gate model; Selective withdrawal; Dworshak Dam; 3 1 3-08443-

350-13. Gate seals; Hydraulic model; Spillway gates; Auburn Dam; Gate

model; 322-07028-350-00. Gate vibration; Hydraulic model; Gate downpull; 408-10266-

350-73. Gate vibrations; Spillway model; Bonneville Dam; Gate model;

Gates, spillway; 313-07108-350-13.

Gates; Hydraulic model; Pacheco tunnel; Stilling basin; 322-

10683-350-00.

Gates; Hydraulic model; Peace River diversion; 420-10537-350-

73. Gates; Libby Dam; Pressure relief panel model; 313-09343-

350-13.

Gates; Turnouts; Canal automation; 322-07030-320-00.

Gates, clamshell type; 322-10686-390-00.

Gates, spillway; Gate vibrations; Spillway model; Bonneville Dam; Gate model; 313-07108-350-13.

Gates, Tainter; Spillway crest pressure; 044-08013-350-00.

Gelatin; Viscoelastic boundary; Compliant wall; 027-07936-

250-00. Genesee River interceptor; Hydraulic model; Dropshaft model; 149-10593-390-70. Geomorphology; Hydrologic estimation; 075-09819-810-54. Geomorphology; River channels; Channel networks; Drainage

basin models; 060-09992-300-00. Geophysical boundary layer; Turbulence structure; Boundary

layer, turbulent; Current meter; 332-09418-010-22.

Geophysical fluid dynamics; Internal waves; Mathematical

models; Oceanography; Waves, internal; Benard convection; Currents, ocean; 318-08449-450-00.

Geostrophic drag; Evapotranspiration computation; 035-08674-

810-54. Geothermal development; Hydropower development; Energy; 157-0425W-800-00. Geothermal wells; Two-phase flow; 048-10214-130-52.

Glass spheres; Hydraulic transport; Solid-liquid vertical flow; 057-08035-130-00. Grand Coulee Dam; Pump-turbine intake; 322-07022-340-00.

Grassland; Southwest watersheds; Watershed management;

Chaparral; Conifers; 308-10647-810-00.

Grates; Highway drainage; Bicycle safety; Curb inlets; Drainage; 322-10689-370-47.

Gravel packs; Water wells; Weil screens; 322-10688-820-00.

Gravel restoration; Hydraulic jet cleaning; Fish spawning beds; 166-10131-390-60.

Gravel rivers; River channels; Sediment routing; Channel stability; Floods; 404-10232-300-96.

Gravity reduction effects; Jet impingement; Jets, liquid; 326- 09403-540-00.

Grazing effects; Infiltration; Runoff; 157-10167-810-33. Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Precipitation; Water level; Evaporation; 319-10670-810-00. Great Lakes; Inlet hydraulics; Inlets, coastal; 312-09750-410-

00. Great Lakes; Lake circulation; Numerical models; Water temperature; Currents; 319-10668-440-00. Great Lakes; Lake Ontario; Circulation; Currents, wind in- duced; 178-09224-440-44. Great Lakes; Mathematical model; Water level; Waves; Wind

set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; 3 19-10669-440-00. Great Lakes; Water level changes; Beach erosion; Bluff recession; 312-09742-440-00.

Great Lakes; Wave data; Wave hindcasting; 312-10652-420-00. Great Lakes shoreline; Harbors; Numerical models; Sediment

transport; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; 035- 09941-440-44.

307

254-330 0 - 78 - 21
Great Lakes water level; Lake Ontario regulation; 103-09969-

440-44. Great Plains; Soil erosion; Water erosion; Wind; 300-0346W830-00. Great Salt Lake; Heavy metals; Thermodynamic model; Water

quality; 157-10170-860-33.

Great Salt Lake; Lake circulation; Mathematical model; 157- 0421W-440-00.

Great Salt Lake; Lakes, stratified; Transport processes; 157- 10147-440-33.

Great Salt Lake; Nitrogen cycling; Water quality; 157-10143-

860-33. Great Salt Lake; Water quality management model; Computer

model; 157-10144-860-33.

Groin, experimental; Coastal sediment; 3 1 2-09745-430-00. Groin hydraulics; Erosion; 402-10284-410-90.

Groins, submerged; Scour; Alluvial channels; Bed regime; 149- 10597-220-13. Groundwater; Gulf Coast aquifers; Numerical model; Aquifers,

geopressured; 323-10702-820-00. Groundwater; Hydrogeology; Missouri River; Flood plain

hydrogeology; 091-10066-300-33. Groundwater; Idaho; Piezometric head; Road construction ef- fects; 304-10645-820-00. Groundwater; Long Island; Salt water intrusion; 144-09873-

820-65. Groundwater; Mathematical model; Radionuclide movement;

Soil water; 01 1-08800-820-52. Groundwater; Mathematical model; Clark County, Washington;

011-10009-820-75. Groundwater; Mathematical model; Ahtanum-Moxee sub-basin; 011-10010-820-60. Groundwater; Menomonee river basin; Pollutant transport; Water quality; / 74-09872-820-36. Groundwater; Monitoring methodology; Sampling; 018-09787-

820-36. Groundwater; Numerical models; Porous media flow; Boundary

integral solutions; 035-09945-070-54. Groundwater; Pollutant transport; Radioactive waste storage

tanks; 011-10002-870-52. Groundwater; Pollutant transport; Septic tank drainfield; 096-

10617-870-36. Groundwater; Porous media flow; Water treatment; Aquifers, Gulf Coast; Diffusion; 072-09928-820-61. Groundwater; Porous medium flow; Water quality; Dispersion; 075-08084-820-36. Groundwater; Runoff; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-0449W810-00. Groundwater; Strip mine sites; Surface water; Water pollution; 096-10615-870-36. Groundwater; Water quality; Chlbrofluoromethanes; 058-

10562-820-00. Groundwater; Water storage; Aquifer dip; Aquifers, saline; 072-

09929-820-61. Groundwater; Well casing collapse; Well casings, thermoplastic; 009-09783-860-33. Groundwater; Well casings; Thermoplastic; 009-09782-860-36. Groundwater contamination; Metals; Pollution; Fly ash

disposal; 111-09911-820-52. Groundwater development methodologies; 030-10337-820-54. Groundwater flow; Computer models; 323-10700-820-00. Groundwater flow; Numerical study; Porous media flow; 421-

10558-820-90. Groundwater flow; Trace metal flow; Aquifer hydrology; 131- 09839-820-54. Groundwater flow transients; Porous medium flow, unsteady; 085-08854-820-00. Groundwater heating; Heat transport; Seepage; Cooling lakes; 174-09871-820-36.

Groundwater, humid regions; Groundwater model; Groundwater recharge; Water supply, emergency; 102-09947-820-

80. Groundwater management; Groundwater recharge; California; 303-0226W-820-00. Groundwater management; Land subsidence reduction; 154- 0404W-820-33. Groundwater management; Surface water; Water use; Conjunctive management; 167-10187-800-60. Groundwater management alternatives; Utah; 157-0422 W-820-

00. Groundwater management alternatives; Utah ; Economics; 157- 10160-820-60. Groundwater model; Aquifers; Computer model; 302-10640-

820-00. Groundwater model; Groundwater recharge; Water supply, emergency; Groundwater, humid regions; 102-09947-820-80

Groundwater model; Land use effects; Mathematical model; Montana groundwater; 096-08872-820-61. Groundwater models; Groundwater parameter estimation; 075- 0981 1-820-00. Groundwater monitoring; Hanford site; Pollution; Radiactive

wastes; 01 1-10008-870-52. Groundwater movement; Tracer injection; Waste disposal; Dispersion; 323-10701-820-00. Groundwater parameter estimation; Groundwater models; 075- 09811-820-00. Groundwater planning, public participation; 1 54-0383 W-820-

33. Groundwater pollutant movement; Aquifer simulation; 154- 0386W-820-33. Groundwater pollution; Pollution, aquifers; Aquifer pollution

transport; 027-07934-870-41. Groundwater pollution; Pollution; Waste disposal siting; 075- 09812-820-36. Groundwater pollution; Training of engineers; 075-08741-820-

88. Groundwater quality; Lignite mining; Strip mining; Water

resources, East Texas; 152-10584-810-33. Groundwater recharge; California; Groundwater management;

303-0226W-820-00. Groundwater recharge; Seepage; Streamflow; Aquifers; 147- 10473-820-54. Groundwater recharge; Seepage; Streamflow; Aquifers; 148- 10409-820-54. Groundwater recharge; Water supply, emergency; Groundwater, humid regions; Groundwater model; 102-09947-820-

80. Groundwater recharge zones; San Antonio, Texas; Urban

growth; 154-0409W-820-33. Groundwater recharge; 016-07978-820-33. Groundwater resources; Strip mining effects; Water quality; 075-09813-870-54. Groundwater storage; Aquifer subsidence; 035-08675-820-00. Groundwater supplies; Arizona; 008-0266W-820-60. Groundwater systems; Heat transport; / 54-0395 W-820-33. Groundwater, unsaturated zone; Pollution; Radionuclide trans- port; 01 1-10004-870-52. Groundwater use; Land subsidence reduction; Water use optimization; 154-0394W-800-33. Groundwater withdrawal; Land subsidence, Texas; Economic

effects; 154-0388W-820-33.

Groundwater-lake interaction; Seepage; 174-09870-820-33

Guadalupe Mountains National Park; Recreational develop- ment; Watershed impact; / 54-04 10W-8 10-33. Guatemala; Sediment transport, volcanic debris; Streamflow;

Volcaniclastics; 091-10062-220-54

Gulf Coast aquifers; Numerical model; Aquifers, geopressured; Groundwater; 323-10702-820-00.

308
Gulf Coast beaches; Sediment transport by waves; Wave reflection; Beach erosion; 152-07708-410-44.

Gulf intracoastal waterway; Navigation channel; Dredging; 152- 10578-330-82.

Gulf intracoastal waterway; Navigation channel; Shoaling; 152- 10586-330-44.

Gulf intracoastal waterway; Pollutant transport; Shoaling; Environmental considerations; 1 52-10583-330-44.

Gulf Stream interaction; Atlantic Bight; 161-09888-450-34.

Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; Tunnels; Diversion tunnel; 400-10493-350-75.

Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; Spillway; Flip bucket; 400-10494-350-75.

Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; River closure; Erosion; 400-10495-350-75.

Guri project; Hydraulic model fabrication; 149-10601-350-75.

Hail suppression; Utah hailstorms; Cloud seeding; 157-101 54- 480-60. Hampton Roads; Pollution, non-point; Runoff; Stormwater sampling; Water quality; 159-09890-870-36. Hampton Roads; Sewage outfall; Circulation; 161-09878-870-

68. Hanford site; Pollution; Radiactive wastes; Groundwater monitoring; 011-10008-870-52.

Harbor; Mixing; Tidal flushing; Boat basin; 167-10183-470-13. Harbor entrances; Models, hydraulic; Shoaling; Alluvial streams; 3 14-071 71-470-13. Harbor flushing; Electromagnetic measurements; Flow measurements; 175-10031-470-44. Harbor flushing; Flushing; 420-10534-470-90. Harbor geometry; Tidal circulation; Flushing; 167-10186-470-

00. Harbor model; Newburyport Harbor; 314-09687-470-13. Harbor model, acoustic; Harbor oscillations; Harbor paradox; Harbor resonance theory; Tsunamis; Acoustic harbor model;

104-08171-470-00. Harbor models; Hurricane surge; Mathematical model; New

York Harbor hydraulic model; 314-09692-430-13. Harbor oscillations; Harbor paradox; Harbor resonance theory; Tsunamis; Acoustic harbor model; Harbor model, acoustic; 104-08171-470-00. Harbor oscillations; Wave refraction; Wave theory; Waves,

long; Waves, topographic effects; Currents, coastal; 075- 06413-420-20. Harbor paradox; Harbor resonance theory; Tsunamis; Acoustic

harbor model; Harbor model, acoustic; Harbor oscillations; 104-08171-470-00. Harbor resonance theory; Tsunamis; Acoustic harbor model; Harbor model, acoustic; Harbor oscillations; Harbor paradox; 104-08171-470-00. Harbor sedimentation; Sedimentation control; Dredging alternatives; 329-09411-220-22. Harbor site selection; Hydrofoil terminal; 046-10052-470-70. Harbor waves; Wave diffraction; Barrier effect; Diffraction; 103-09967-420-44.

Harbors; Marina hydraulics; Water quality; 167-10184-860-60.

Harbors; Marina response; Wave-induced agitation; 414-10531-

470-90.

Harbors; Marinas; Pearl Harbor; Ship waves; Waves, shipgenerated; 046-10053-470-60.

Harbors; New York harbor; Sand mining effects; Circulation; 106-10059-470-44.

Harbors; Numerical models; Sediment transport; Currents,

coastal; Finite element method; Great Lakes shoreline; 035-

09941-440-44.

Harbors; Shoaling; Alaska; 312-09735-470-00.

Harbors; Southeast Harbor, Seattle; Tidal circulation; Currents,

tidal; 167-10194-470-75.

Harbors; Surge attenuation; 152-10577-470-70.

Harbors, small boat; Marinas; Water quality; Flushing; 167- 09204-470-60. Harbour model; Hydraulic model; 405-10293-470-90. Hatchery jet header model; Dworshak Dam; Fish hatchery; 313-071 12-850-13. Havasu pumping plant; Hydraulic model; Pump intakes; Suction

tubes; 322-09379-390-00.

Hawaii forests; Watershed management research; 307-09335-

810-00. Hawaiian Islands; Numerical model; Tsunamis response spectra; 153-09915-420-44. Hazardous materials; Pollution; Spill control; 025-09898-870-

36. Head loss; Rupture disc tests; 408-10244-210-70.

Heart valve flow; Thrombus formation; Biomedical flow; 109- 08902-270-54. Heat balance; Laminar sublayer; Air-sea interface; 332-07064-

460-00. Heat disposal; Nuclear plant emergency shutdown; Power plant,

floating; Power plant, nuclear; 075-08736-340-73. Heat disposal; Pollution dispersion; Dispersion; Estuaries; 019- 08046-870-61. Heat dissipation; Plume temperatures; Cooling towers; 011-

10006-870-52. Heat exchangers; Submerged bodies; Tube bundles; Vibrations, flow-induced; 1 16-10572-030-82. Heat flow; Numerical model; Soil freezing; Soil thawing; Soil water flow; 1 14-10609-820-54. Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; 341-

10735-340-00. Heat storage, subsurface; Aquifer; 009-09784-820-30. Heat transfer; Fluidized beds; 052-09864-140-52. Heat transfer; Hydrology; Runoff; Snowmelt thermodynamics; 415-10332-810-90. Heat transfer; Ice; Lake shore ice formation; Mathematical

model; 042-08677-440-44. Heat transfer; Ice; Radiative heating; 403-10222-140-90. Heat transfer; Ice melting; Mass transfer; 410-10310-140-90. Heat transfer; Jet impingement; 007-09931-140-50. Heat transfer; Jet impingement; Rotating surfaces; 007-09932-

050-70. Heat transfer; Jet impingement; Mass transfer; Numerical

model; 408-10274-340-73. Heat transfer; Lakes; Air-water interface; Evaporation; 179- 10426-170-00. Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; 003-09777-140-00. Heat transfer; Liquid metals; Magnetohydrodynamic facility; Turbulence; Two-phase flow; 133-10087-1 10-54. Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Pipe flow; Turbulent convection; 024-10111-020-00. Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Turbulent gas flow; Gas-liquid in- terface; 148-10413-140-54. Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Numerical model; Pipe flow, laminar; Entry flow; 409-10782-140-00. Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Roughness effects; 416-06951-

140-00. Heat transfer; Mississippi River; Missouri River; Thermal

discharge capacity; 061-10370-870-73. Heat transfer; Mixing; Open channel flow; Stratified flow; Heated water discharge; 061-08036-060-33. Heat transfer; Nuclear reactor cooling; Blowdown; Boiling water reactor; 041-07988-140-52. Heat transfer; Nuclear reactor core cooling; Reactor emergency; 641-09984-660-73. Heat transfer; Pipe flow, turbulent; Supercritical fluids; 109- 08907-140-54.

309
Heat transfer; Power plants; Breeder reactor safety; 012-10180-

660-55. Heat transfer; Radiation; Combustion; Convection; 109-08908-

140-54. Heat transfer; Slug flow; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; 048-

10212-130-88. Heat transfer; Space laboratory; Thermodynamics; Fluid mechanics experiments in space; 146-09303-000-50. Heat transfer; Stratified flow; Turbulence model; Buoyancy

driven flow; Cavities; Convection; 013-08704-060-54. Heat transfer; Turbulence model; Annular flow; Finite dif- ference method; 065-10787-020-54. Heat transfer; Water density; Circulation; Convection; Equation

of state; 105-101 17-140-54. Heat transfer; Water reactor; Slowdown; 1 12-10022-340-55. Heat transport; Groundwater systems; 1 54-0395 W-820-33

Heat transport; Seepage; Cooling lakes; Groundwater heating;

/ 74-09871 -820-36. Heated water discharge; Heat transfer; Mixing; Open channel

flow; Stratified flow; 061-08036-060-33. Heated waver discharge; Hydraulic model; Thermal discharge model; Wheeler Reservoir; Browns Ferry plant; Diffusion; 341-07083-870-00. Heated water discharge; Internal jump; Jets, buoyant; Dispersion; 1 49-028 1W-060-36.

Heaving; Plenum pressure; Surface effect ships; 151-08980-

520-21. Heavy metal removal; Wastewater treatment; Algae; Filtration; 157-10162-870-60. Heavy metals; Thermodynamic model; Water quality; Great

Salt Lake; 157-10170-860-33. Heavy water plant; Hydraulic model; Intake; Outfall; Pumps;

413-09578-340-00.

Helical flow; Mathematical model; Entrance flow; 076-10468-

000-70.

Helical flow; Pipe, corrugated; Turbulence structure; 149- 08996-210-54. Helium flow; Compressors; Gas turbines; 077-1 0575-630-20. Highway construction; Sediment prediction; Erosion; 121- 10084-220-60. Highway crossings; River mechanics manual; 052-09865-370-

470. Highway drainage; Bicycle safety; Curb inlets; Drainage;

Grates; 322-10689-370-47. Highway drainage; Culverts; Drainage, highway; Energy dissipators; 342 -08377-360-00. Highway drainage; Inlet grating hydraulics; Inlets, highway;

Drainage; 068-07403-370-60. Highway drainage; Inlets, highway; Inlet grating hydraulics;

Drainage; 068-10566-370-60. Highway drainage; Tractive forces; Drainage ditches; Erosion; 018-09786-220-60. Highway pavement design; Hydroplaning; 152-09054-370-47.

Hillslope morphology; Sediment movement; Appalachian re- gion; 323-0373W-220-00. Hope Creek plant; Mathematical model; Plumes, negatively

buoyant; Power plant; Slowdown; 1 79- 1 0425-340-73

Hot water storage; Numerical model; Solar energy; Aquifers; 067-09983-820-52.

Hot-film anemometer; Polymer additives; Turbulence measurement; Viscoelastic fluids; Drag reduction; 093-06405-250-00.

Hot-wire probes; Vorticity measurement; Flow measurement;

081-10610-700-50. Hudson Bay; Numerical model; Chesterfield inlet; Finite dif- ference method; 419-10509-400-90.

Hull forces; Ship hulls; Vibrations, propeller-induced; Computer program; 151-10038-520-45.

Hulls, flow around; Ship hulls; Wave resistance; 168-10073-

520-54.

Hurricane Eloise damage; Shoreline changes; Coastal structures; Florida coastline; 039-10444-410-44.

Hurricane protection structures; Hurricane surge model; Tidal

structures; 314-09684-350-13.

Hurricane surge; Mathematical model; New York Harbor

hydraulic model; Harbor models; 314-09692-430-13.

Hurricane surge model; Tidal structures; Hurricane protection

structures; 314-09684-350-13.

Hurricane waves; Storm surge; Wave measurement; 039-10456-

420-55. Hyco Lake spillway; Hydraulic model; Spillway; Chute; 7 79- 10434-350-73.

Hydraulic control systems; Fluidics; 329-09413-600-22.

Hydraulic demonstration model; Ocean-inlet-bay model;

Coastal engineering education; 039-1045 1-730-00. Hydraulic design risks; Hydrologic design risks; Sewers, storm; 056-010106-810-33.

Hydraulic design risks; Sewer design methodology; Sewers,

storm; 056-10108-870-33.

Hydraulic design risks; Sewer design methodology; Sewers,

storm; 056-10109-870-33.

Hydraulic fluids; Fire resistance; 333-107 14-610-22. Hydraulic fluids, emulsifiable; 333-10715-610-22.

Hydraulic jet cleaning; Fish spawning beds; Gravel restoration; 166-10131-390-60.

Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; 322-07035-350-00.

Hydraulic jump; Porous bed effect; 033-10777-360-00.

Hydraulic jump; Turbulence measurement; 417-06817-360-00.

Hydraulic jump, cross-flow assist; 044-080 1 2-360-73

Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel flow; Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; Waves; Canal laterals; 322-10678-320-

00. Hydraulic jump; 410-10306-360-00.

Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; Turbulence ef- fects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; 3 16-10796-

700-00. Hydraulic model; Blowdown discharge model; Cooling tower; 061-10378-870-73.

Hydraulic model; Breakwater model; 420-10533-430-90.

Hydraulic model; Breakwaters, floating; 420-10539-430-90.

Hydraulic model; Condenser water circulating system; Cooling

tower; 149-10602-870-75.

Hydraulic model; Dropshaft model; Genesee River interceptor; 149-10593-390-70.

Hydraulic model; Ferry terminal; 420-10543-470-70.

Hydraulic model; Fish pump; 420-10556-850-90.

Hydraulic model; Fish screen; 322-09388-850-00.

Hydraulic model; Gate downpull; Gate vibration; 408-10266-

350-73.

Hydraulic model; Harbour model; 405-10293-470-90.

Hydraulic model; Hydroelectric plant; Plunge pool basin; Cabinet gorge project; Energy dissipator; 166-10133-350-73.

Hydraulic model; Ice boom; Control structure; 408-10241-300-

73. Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; Erosion; Estuary model; 408-

10243-400-75.

Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; Limestone station; Power

plant; 408-10265-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; 313-10661-350-13.

Hydraulic model; Intake; Irrigation canal; 400-10492-840-87.

Hydraulic model; Intake; Outfall; Pumps; Heavy water plant; 413-09578-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; Vortex suppression; 322-

10672-210-00.

Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; Sedimentation; Cooling

water flow; 400-10498-340-75.

310
Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; Gate downpull; 408-

09547-340-96.

Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; Cooling water outfall; 413-09575-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; 420-10540-340-75.

Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; 420-10541-340-75

.

Hydraulic model; Intake; Spiral flow; Stilling basin; Drop pipe;

Drop structure; 322-10675-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Intake structure, river; 044-09957-340-75.

Hydraulic model; Intake structures; Power plant; Seabrook

plant; 179-10418-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Power plant, nuclear; Screenwell; 179-10427-340-75.

Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mitchell station; Power

plant, nuclear; Screenwell; 179-10429-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Pumped storage project; Bad Creek project; 1 79-10432-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mixing; Pumped storage

project; Selective withdrawal; Trash racks; Vortices; Fairfield project; 179-10435-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Intake sump; Power plant; Cooling tower

basin; 408-10239-340-70.

Hydraulic model; Intakes; Cooling water intake; 413-10323-

340-00.

Hydraulic model; Intakes; James Bay project; Vortices; 408-

10263-350-73.

Hydraulic model; Intakes; Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water

flow; 413-10325-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; Pump well; 408-10245-

340-73.

Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; Pump wells; Vortices; 408-10247-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; Pump sump; Vortices; 408-10248-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant, nuclear; Pump entrance; 408-10255-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Intakes; Wave forces; Cooling water intakes; 413-10318-420-00.

Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Spillway; 408-10251-350-

73. Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Spillway; Diversion tunnel; 408-1 025 7-350-73. Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Control structure; 408-

10258-350-73.

Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Spillway; Flip bucket; 408-10268-350-73.

Hydraulic model; John Day Dam; Spillway deflectors; Spillway model; Fish passage; 313-10662-350-13.

Hydraulic model; Klang Gates Dam; Spillway; Stilling basin; 322-10677-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Kpong project; Diversion; 400-10496-350-87.

Hydraulic model; Kpong project; Spillway; 400-10497-350-87.

Hydraulic model; Lake Cayuga; Plume; Power plant; Thermal

effluent; Cayuga station; Diffuser; 179-10428-340-75.

Hydraulic model; Lake Erie; 103-09972-440-13.

Hydraulic model; Lake Ontario; Waste heat use; Cooling water

flow; 413-10326-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Lake stratification; Pumped storage develop- ment; 322-09380-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Libby Dam; Spillway model; 3 13-10666-350-

13. Hydraulic model; Limestone station; Power plant; 420-10538-

340-73.

Hydraulic model; Limestone Station; Spillway; Diversion structure; 420-10553-350-73.

Hydraulic model; Lion Island; Causeway; Don Island; Fraser

River; 420-10550-300-65.

Hydraulic model; Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; 3 13-10660-350-13

.

Hydraulic model; Locks; Pickwick Landing; 341-10736-330-00.

Hydraulic model; Lower Monumental Darn; Spillway model;

Fish passage; Flow deflectors; 3 13-10658-350-13.

Hydraulic model; Loyalsock Creek; Meanders; River model; Channel stabilization; 121-10086-300-60.

Hydraulic model; Manitounuk Sound; Cooling water discharge; 408-10269-870-73.

Hydraulic model; McNary Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; 313-10659-350-13.

Hydraulic model; Meandering; River flows; Flood plain; 028- 09978-300-00.

Hydraulic model; Merom Station cooling lake; Power plant; Discharge structure; Inlet structure; 075-09806-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Mine cavity backfilling; Sand slurry deposition; 322-09389-390-34.

Hydraulic model; Miramichi Estuary, Canada; Navigation channel; 41 1-09562-330-90.

Hydraulic model; Mixing; Cooling water outfall; 413-10320-

340-00.

Hydraulic model; Mooring forces; Ships; 408-10260-520-90.

Hydraulic model; Moses Lake; Sewage treatment; Eutrophication control; Flushing; 167-10185-870-61.

Hydraulic model; Navajo Dam; Outlet works; Water quality, Gas supersaturation; 322-10682-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Navigation channel; Fraser River; 420-10545-

300-90.

Hydraulic model; New Haven Harbor plant; Pipe bends; Pump,

feedwater; Swirling flow; 179-10423-340-73.

Hydraulic model; North Anna plant; Power plant; Condenser

inlet tunnel; 179-10416-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Ocean thermal energy plant; Stratified flow; Energy, ocean thermal; 039-10458^30-20.

Hydraulic model; Open channel flow; Power plant, nuclear; 009-09781-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water outfall; 413-10324-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Outlet works; Spillway outlet works; 155- 09919-350-07.

Hydraulic model; Pacheco tunnel; Stilling basin; Gates; 322- 10683-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Palmetto Bend Dam; Spillway; 322-09393-

350-00.

Hydraulic model; Peace River; River diversion; 420-10535-350-

73. Hydraulic model; Peace River diversion; Gates; 420-10537-350-

73. Hydraulic model; Penstock entrances; 322-10685-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Perry station; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Cooling tower basin; 179-10430-340-75.

Hydraulic model; Plume; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal ef- fluent; Charlestown station; Diffuser; 179-10424-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Cooling water discharge system; 061-10376-870-75.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Thermal discharge dilution; Cooling water discharge; 061-10380-870-73.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Somerset plant; Thermal ef- fluent; Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; 075-09801-870-

75. Hydraulic model; Power plant; Seabrook plant; Discharge structure; 179-10417-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Thermal model; Cooling water

discharge; 400-10491-870-73.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Condenser flow mode!; Cooling water flow; 400-10500-340-75.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Suppression pool; 400-10501-

340-75.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Cooling water discharge; 408- 09546-340-75.

311
Hydraulic model; Power plant; Cooling water outfall duct; 413-

09573-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Cooling water outfall channel; 413-09574-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Cooling water system; 413-

09579-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Tunnel; Cooling water tunnel; 413-10329-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Waves, design; 420-10552-420-

73. Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water

discharge; 061-10375-870-73.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Salem plant; Condenser

inlet waterbox; Erosion; 179-10420-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah

plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; 341-

10735-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water

discharge; 400-08156-340-75.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water

discharge; 400-09468-340-75

Hydraulic model; Power plant, steam; Thermal discharge model; Cooling water discharge; 179-06509-870-73.

Hydraulic model; Pump intakes; Suction tubes; Havasu pumping plant; 322-09379-390-00.

Hydraulic model; Pump wells; Sewage treatment plant; 408-

10253-630-68.

Hydraulic model; Pumped storage project; Rock trap; 166- 09196-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Pumped storage plant; Cornwall plant; 408-

10246-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Pumping plant model; Flood control; 061-

10365-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Pumping plant forebay; Tensas-Cocodrie

plant; Vortex visualization; 075-09805-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Pumping station; Calumet station; 149-10605-

350-75.

Hydraulic model; Pumpwell; Condenser cooling water flow; 413-09577-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Pumpwell; Cooling water flow; 413-10321-

340-00.

Hydraulic model; Reactor sump; Vortex suppression; 179- 10436-340-75.

Hydraulic model; Revelstoke project; Diversion tunnel; 420-

10557-350-73.

Hydraulic model; Richelieu River; Water level; Flood control; 408-10259-300-90.

Hydraulic model; Riser pipes; Power plant; 413-10330-340-00.

Hydraulic model; River closure; Erosion; Gull Island project; 400-10495-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Salinity intrusion; Shoaling; Estuary model; 408-10242-400-73.

Hydraulic model; Saskatchewan River; Weir; Dam; 400-10499-

300-90.

Hydraulic model; Scour; Spillway; 408-10264-350-73.

Hydraulic model; Sea wall; Wave flume tests; Wave forces; 408-10262-430-96.

Hydraulic model; Sea walls; Wave flume tests; Wave forces; Gaspe coastline road; 408-10261-430-96.

Hydraulic model; Sediment exclusion; Blanco Dam; Diversion

tunnel; 322-10676-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Sewage outfall; St. Lawrence River; 408-

10254-870-68.

Hydraulic model; Sewer, interceptor; Diversion chamber; 408-

10256-870-68.

Hydraulic model; Sewers, combined; Diversion structures; 179- 10433-870-75.

Hydraulic model; Ship stopping; 408-10252-520-90.

Hydraulic model; Spillway; Amaluza Dam; 322-10687-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway; Chute; Hyco Lake spillway; 179- 10434-350-73.

Hydraulic model; Spillway; Columbia Dam; 341-10733-350-00. \ Hydraulic model; Spillway; Energy dissipator; 408-10270-350-

87. Hydraulic model; Spillway; Flip bucket; Gull Island project;

j 400-10494-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stewart Mountain project; 322- 09382-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stewart Mountain Dam; Tailwater

| effects; Dams; 322-10680-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stilling basin; Choke Canyon project; 322-10684-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway; Weir, labyrinth; Boardman reser- i voir; 166-10440-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Spillway calibration; 413-10331-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway gates; Auburn Dam; Gate model; Gate seals; 322-07028-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Bath county spillway; 044- 09956-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Vermilion River reservoir; I 054-09913-350-60.

Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Stilling basin model; Coleto Creek Dam; 152-10591-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump; 322-07035-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway, morning glory; 322-10681-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway; 420-10542-350-70.

Hydraulic model; Stilling basin; Energy dissipation; 179-10431-

360-73.

Hydraulic model; Submarine slide effects; 420-10555-390-75.

Hydraulic model; Tailing delta; Rock stability; 420-10546-420-

75. Hydraulic model; Thermal discharge model; Wheeler Reservoir; Browns Ferry plant; Diffusion; Heated water discharge; 341- 07083-870-00.

Hydraulic model; Tunnels; Diversion tunnel; Gull Island project; 400-10493-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Turbine manifold; 420-10548-340-75.

Hydraulic model; Turners Falls dam; Fish ladder; 179-10422-

350-73.

Hydraulic model; Valves, hollow cone; 408-10272-210-73.

Hydraulic model; Weir; Control structures; 405-10291-350-90.

Hydraulic model evaluation; Inlets, tidal; Models, movable bed; 061-10377-410-13.

Hydraulic model fabrication; Guri project; 149-10601-350-75.

HydrauliG models; Lakes; Numerical model; Dispersion models; 419-10510-440-00.

Hydraulic models; Mathematical models; Reservoir hydrodynamics; Water quality; 314-10752-860-00.

Hydraulic pavement breaker; Noise; 053-10404-630-70.

Hydraulic pulsing; Pump pulsing; 048-10195-630-70.

Hydraulic structures; Inlets; Pipe outlets; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; 300-01723-350-00.

Hydraulic structures; Trash racks; Conservation structures; Flumes, measuring; 302-7002-390-00.

Hydraulic systems, aircraft; Pumps; 010-07969-630-27.

Hydraulic transients; Pipe flow transients; Transients with gas

release; 079-08777-210-54.

Hydraulic transport; Muck pipeline; Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; 029-10280-260-47.

Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; Pipeline transport; Suspensions; Drag reduction; Emulsions; 093-10075-370-54.

Hydraulic transport; Particle size distribution; Slurry pipeline; Coal slurry; 029-10279-260-88.

Hydraulic transport; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Woodchip mixtures; Friction loss; 096-07513-260-06.

Hydraulic transport; Solid-liquid vertical flow; Glass spheres; 057-08035-130-00.

Hydraulic vortex resistors; Fluidics; 1 16-1057 1-610-12.

312
Hydroballistics research; Missiles; Ogives; Water entry; Cones;

Drag; 335-04867-510-22. Hydrodynamic coefficients; Ships, twin-hull; 334-10722-520-22. Hydrodynamic processes; River flow; Computer simulation; Embayments; Estuaries; 323-0371 W-300-00. Hydrodynamics; Computer simulation; 328-037 7 W-740-00.

Hydroelectric plant; Plunge pool basin; Cabinet gorge project;

Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; 166-10133-350-73.

Hydroelectric power integration; Water resource system

management; 155-09921-800-33.

Hydrofoil terminal; Harbor site selection; 046-10052-470-70.

Hydrofoils; Numerical methods; Cavity flows; Finite element

method; 148-10411-530-21.

Hydrofoils; Propellers, marine; Cavitation, intermittent; 151- 10035-550-20.

Hydrofoils, two-dimensional; Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical solutions; 089-10135-530-20. Hydrogen bubble technique; Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; Dynamic

volume measurements; Flowmeters; 3 17-10793-750-00.

Hydrogeologic systems; Matheamtical models; 323-10695-860-

00. Hydrogeology; Missouri River; Flood plain hydrogeology; Groundwater; 091-1 0066-300-33. Hydrograph routing; Sewers, storm; Storm sewer optimum

design; Urban drainage; 167-10192-870-00.

Hydrographic survey; Pollution, non-point; Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; Computer model; 161-09882-400-60.

Hydrographs; Hydrologic models; Mathematical model; Overland flow; 030-07001-810-05.

Hydrographs; Ozark section; 094-08864-810-00.

Hydrographs; Porous medium flow; Recession flow; 049-10067-

810-05. Hydrographs; Runoff determination; Urban hydrology; 002- 04 15W-8 10-00. Hydrographs; Runoff, urban; Storm drainage; Computer model; 056-10093-810-36.

Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical model; Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; 302-09286-

810-00. Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical models; Watersheds, rangeland; Evapotranspiration; 303-09316-810-00.

Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Overland flow; Runoff; Watershed analysis; Watersheds, agricultural; 301-

08432-810-00.

Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; 301-09276-810-00.

Hydrologic analysis; Overland flow; Watershed response; 129- 07585-810-33.

Hydrologic analysis; Rangeland hydrology; Soil effects; Vegetation effects; Southwest rangelands; Climatic effects; 303- 0227 W-8 10-00. Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Sediment transport; Watersheds,

agricultural; Appalachian watersheds; Evapotranspiration; 300-09272-810-00.

Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Waller Creek watershed; Watershed analysis; 156-02162-810-30.

Hydrologic analysis; Southern plains; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-0205 W-8 10-00. Hydrologic analysis; Water resource planning; Bayesian

methodology; 075-08749-800-54.

Hydrologic analysis; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds,

western Gulf; 302-021 4 W-81 0-00. Hydrologic data; Ralston Creek watershed; Urbanization; Watershed study; 061-00066-810-05.

Hydrologic design risks; Sewers, storm; Hydraulic design risks; 056-010106-810-33.

Hydrologic estimation; Geomorphology; 075-09819-810-54.

Hydrologic events; Flood probability; Floods, extreme; 167- 10189-810-00.

Hydrologic model; Infiltration; Landslide potential; Sediment

yield; Water yield; Computer model; 030-10339-810-06.

Hydrologic model; Mathematical model; Soil water; Drain tubing evaluation; 055-08682-820-00.

Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Precipitation; Water level; Evaporation; Great Lakes; 319-10670-810-00.

Hydrologic model; Runoff, urban; Urban hydrology; Drainage; 056-10096-810-00.

Hydrologic model; Stochastic streamflow generation; Streamflow model; 167-10188-300-33.

Hydrologic model uncertainty; 056-10094-810-33.

Hydrologic models; Mathematical model; Overland flow; Hydrographs; 030-07001-810-05.

Hydrologic models; Mathematical models; 056-08032-810-00.

Hydrologic models; Precipitation; Western Gulf watersheds; Watersheds, agricultural; Evaporation; 302-10644-810-00.

Hydrologic models; Ralston Creek watershed; Runoff; Urbanization effects; 061-10368-810-33.

Hydrologic models; Southern Great Plains; Watershed models; Computer models; 302-10638-810-00.

Hydrologic models; Water quality models; Watershed hydrology; Computer models; 051-09912-810-36.

Hydrologic simulation model; Statistical hydrology; 094-08867-

810-00. Hydrologic systems physical modeling; 3 23-0375 W-8 10-00. Hydrology; Antecedent conditions; Floods, frozen ground; 052- 09856-810-61.

Hydrology; Kinematic wave model; Overland flow; Rainfall-ru- noff model; Runoff, surface; 099-09847-810-33.

Hydrology; Land management; Numerical model; Runoff; Water yield; Flood flow; 301-10622-810-00.

Hydrology; Lehigh basin; Runoff; Storm- water management; Water quality; Computer model; 068-10567-810-88.

Hydrology; Mathematical model; Flood discharges, wetlands; 102-09950-810-00.

Hydrology; Mining, surface; Water quality; Watersheds, mined; 300-0436 W-8 10-00. Hydrology; Numerical models; Watersheds, agricultural; Western Gulf region; 302-0456W-810-00.

Hydrology; Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; Watersheds,

agricultural; 071-05915-810-00.

Hydrology; Rangeland hydrology; Watersheds, rangeland; 303- 0202 W-8 10-00. Hydrology; Runoff; Sedimentation; Watersheds, agricultural; 303-10623-810-00.

Hydrology; Runoff; Snowmelt thermodynamics; Heat transfer; 415-10332-810-90.

Hydrology; Runoff; Urbanization effects; 030-10336-810-33.

Hydrology; Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; Water yield; Dam effects; Flood control; 155-09922-810-07.

Hydrology; Snowmelt; Watershed model; Computer models; Flood forecasting; 404-10234-810-96.

Hydrology; Snowpack hydrology; Soil water movement; Water

yield improvement; Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; 307- 04996-810-00.

Hydrology; Stochastic hydrology; Channel networks; 060- 07367-810-20.

Hydrology; Stochastic hydrology; 127-08240-810-54.

Hydrology; Utah river basins; Water quality; Watersheds; Conservation effects; 157-10159-860-60.

Hydrology, forest; Logging effects; Sediment yield; California

forests; Erosion; Floods; 307-04998-810-00.

Hydrology, subsurface; Mathematical model; Watershed management; 147-08979-810-54.

Hydrology, urban; Pollutants, organic; 058-10564-870-00.

Hydroplaning; Highway pavement design; 1 52-09054-370-47. Hydropower development; Energy; Geothermal development;

1 57-0425 W-800-00.

Hyetographs; Storm drainage; Storms, design; Drainage,

highway; 056-10092-810-47.

313
Ice; Lake shore ice formation; Mathematical model; Heat

transfer; 042-08677-440-44.

Ice; Melting; Jets, water; Ablation; 403-10221-190-90.

Ice; Minnesota rivers and lakes; Cooling water discharge; 149- 08995-870-73.

Ice; Oil-ice interaction; Oil slick; 405-10303-870-00.

Ice; Pipe freezing; 403-10224-190-90.

Ice; Radiative heating; Heat transfer; 403-10222-140-90.

Ice boom; Control structure; Hydraulic model; 408-10241-300-

73.

Ice breakup; Alberta ice jams; 401-10762-300-96.

Ice breakup; Probability analysis; Floods; 401-10767-300-96.

Ice concentration instrument; Ice, frazil; 405-10299-700-00.

Ice conditions; Erosion; Estuary model; Hydraulic model; 408-

10243-400-75.

Ice conditions; Limestone station; Power plant; Hydraulic model; 408-10265-340-73.

Ice conditions; Power plant effect; Water level; Lake Winnipeg; 408-10249-440-73.

Ice conditions; Power plant effects; River ice; Winnipeg River; 408-10250-300-73.

Ice cover; Lakes; Snow cover; Biological effects; 418-10619-

440-90.

Ice cover; Oil spill recovery; River ice; 405-10302-870-99.

Ice cover; Pressure variations; River ice; 004-09952-300-54.

Ice cover; River flow; Friction coefficient; 405-09515-300-00.

Ice cover effects; Sediment transport; Bed forms; 061-10360-

220-30.

Ice cover stability; Ice jam; River ice; 405-1 030 1 -300-00.

Ice dam; Ice, underhanging; Ship passage effects; 405-10300-

330-00.

Ice drift; Sea ice; Finite element model; 410-1031 1-450-90.

Ice effects; Intake; Montreal; Water supply; 408-10267-860-65.

Ice effects; Intakes; Trashracks; Water resource projects; 322-

09384-390-00.

Ice effects; Mixing; Numerical models; River flow; 028-09981-

020-00.

Ice effects; River ice; Water quality; 4 1 9-09608-860-00.

Ice flexural strength; 061-10363-190-15.

Ice forces; Bridge piers; 401-07886-370-96.

Ice forces; Lake ice; 414-10527-290-90.

Ice formation; Ice, frazil; River ice; 061-10384-190-15.

Ice formation; Ice, frazil; Wave effects; 405-09517-390-00.

Ice, frazil; Ice concentration instrument; 405-1 0299-700-00.

Ice, frazil; River ice; Ice formation; 061 -10384-190-1 5

Ice, frazil; River ice; 401-10766-300-96.

Ice, frazil; Wave effects; Ice formation; 405-09517-390-00.

Ice Harbor Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Powerhouse

skeleton model; 313-08445-350-13.

Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway deflector model; 313-09341-350-13.

Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; 313-10661-350-13.

Ice jam; River ice; Ice cover stability; 405-10301-300-00.

Ice jam mechanics; River ice hydraulics; 061-10362-300-15.

Ice jams; River ice; Salmon River; Flood risks; 405-10304-300-

90.

Ice melting; Mass transfer; Heat transfer; 410-10310-140-90.

Ice model; River model; St. Mary's River; 400-09472-330-20.

Ice piling; Lake shores; Lake Simcoe; 405-095 16-410-00.

Ice suppression; Numerical model; Thermal discharges; 061-

10366-300-61.

Ice thickness measurements; River ice; 401-10761-300-96.

Ice, underhanging; Ship passage effects; Ice dam; 405-10300-

330-00.

Iceberg drift; Numerical model; Sea ice; Currents, ocean; 410-

10312-450-90.

Ice-oil boom; Oil spill containment; 405-10298-870-00.

Idaho; Piezometric head; Road construction effects; Groundwater; 304-10645-820-00.

Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Road construction effects; Sediment yield; Watersheds, forested; 304-09324-830-00.

Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Road construction effects; Subsurface flow; 304-09325-810-00.

Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Sediment yield; Streamflow; Water quality; 304-09326-810-00.

Idaho irrigation; Irrigation systems; Water cost; Water management; Water use; 052-09857-840-33.

Idaho watersheds; Snowmelt; Soil erosion; Computer model; 052-09852-830-61.

Immiscible fluids, displacement; Interfaces; Surface contact; Wetting; Fluid properties; 125-09951-100-54. Impact erosion; Materials testing; Cavitation erosion; 086- 08123-230-70.

Impulsive motion; Numerical methods; Sphere impulsively

started; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; 421-07995-030-90.

Indian reservation; Water resource survey; 166-09199-800-88.

Inducers; Propulsion; Axial flow inducers; 1 19-10043-550-50.

Industrial wastes; Sewage treatment; Wastes, pulp; Wastes, textile; Filtration, cross-flow; 1 12-09266-870-36.

Inertial currents; Currents, ocean; Currents, wind generated; 161-09152-450-50.

Infiltration; Irrigation; Soil water movement; Erosion control; 303-0442 W-810-00.

Infiltration; Landslide potential; Sediment yield; Water yield; Computer model; Hydrologic model; 030-10339-810-06.

Infiltration; Runoff; Grazing effects; 157-10167-810-33.

Infiltration; Soil macropores; Soil moisture; 049-10068-810-05.

Infiltration control; Infiltrometers; Water use efficiency; 303- 10627-810-00.

Infiltration estimations; Sorptivity; 157-0418W-810-00.

Infiltrometers; Water use efficiency; Infiltration control; 303-

10627-810-00.

Information services; Archives; Coastal engineering; 039- 10459-730-44.

Infrared sensing; Mathematical models; Remote sensing; Water

temperature; 102-09948-870-60.

Initial condition effects; Free shear layer; 048-10205-000-54.

Injector; Propellant, liquid; Rocket propulsion; Computer

model; 138-10181-550-50.

Injectors; Jet impingement; Mixing; Propellants; 01 5-09785-

550-50.

Inlet, coastal; Jetty; Oregon inlet; Inlet model; 3 14-09707-430-

13.

Inlet field study; Inlets, coastal; Ponce de Leon Inlet; 039- 09103-410-10.

Inlet grating hydraulics; Drainage; Highway drainage; Inlets, highway; 068-10566-370-60.

Inlet grating hydraulics; Inlets, highway; Drainage; Highway

drainage; 068-07403-370-60.

Inlet hydraulics; Inlet stability; Inlets, coastal; 312-09751-410-

00.

Inlet hydraulics; Inlets, coastal; Great Lakes; 312-09750-410-

00.

Inlet model; Inlet, coastal; Jetty; Oregon inlet; 314-09707-430-

13.

Inlet stability; Inlets, coastal; Inlet hydraulics; 312-09751-410-

00.

Inlet stability; Puget Sound; Tidal inlet field study; Inlets, coastal; 167-10182-410-00.

Inlet structure; Hydraulic model; Merom Station cooling lake; Power plant; Discharge structure; 075-09806-350-75.

Inlet velocity distortion; Rotor response; 1 24-08924-550-22

Inlet vortex; Spillways, closed-conduit; Drop inlets; Inlets; 149- 00111-350-05.

Inlets; Inlet vortex; Spillways, closed-conduit; Drop inlets; 149- 00111-350-05.

Inlets; Pipe outlets; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; Hydraulic structures; 300-01723-3 50-00.

314
Inlets; Vibrations, flow induced; Drop inlets; 149-10592-350-

05.

Inlets, coastal; Great Lakes; Inlet hydraulics; 312-09750-410-

00.

Inlets, coastal; Inlet hydraulics; Inlet stability; 312-09751-410-

00.

Inlets, coastal; Inlet stability; Puget Sound; Tidal inlet field study; 167-10182-410-00.

Inlets, coastal; Jetty effects; Clearwater, Florida; Coastal inlet hydraulics; 039-10453-410-65.

Inlets, coastal; Littoral drift; Sand by-pass; Coastal sediment;

Eductors; 314-10749-410-00.

Inlets, coastal; Matanzas Inlet, Florida; Coastal processes; Current measurement; 039-10449-410-00.

Inlets, coastal; Matanzas Inlet, Florida; Coastal inlet hydraulics; Current measurement; 039-10450-410-10.

Inlets, coastal; Mathematical model; Burrard Inlet, B. C; 407-

09519-410-00.

Inlets, coastal; Ponce de Leon Inlet; Inlet field study; 039-

09103-410-10.

Inlets, coastal; Remote sensing; Clearwater, Florida; Coastal

inlet stability; 039-10452-410-50.

Inlets, coastal; Sediment budget; Salmon River inlet; 103- 09970-410-44.

Inlets, highway; Drainage; Highway drainage; Inlet grating

hydraulics; 068-07403-370-60.

Inlets, highway; Inlet grating hydraulics; Drainage; Highway

drainage; 068-10566-370-60.

Inlets, tidal; Models, movable bed; Hydraulic model evaluation; 061-10377-410-13.

Inlets, tidal; Sand; Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; 142- 10402-410-60.

Insects, stream; Sediment transport effects; Bedload; 052- 09851-220-61.

Insects, stream; Streamflow data; Clearwater River; 052-09848-

880-33.

Instrument towers; Structures; Wave forces; Waves, design; 405-10289-420-00.

Intake; Irrigation canal; Hydraulic model; 400-10492-840-87.

Intake; Montreal; Water supply; Ice effects; 408-10267-860-65.

Intake; Outfall; Pumps; Heavy water plant; Hydraulic model; 413-09578-340-00.

Intake; Power plant; Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; 413-09575-340-00.

Intake; Power plant; Gate downpull; Hydraulic model; 408-

09547-340-96.

Intake; Power plant; Sedimentation; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; 400-10498-340-75.

Intake; Power plant; Vortex suppression; Hydraulic model; 322-

10672-210-00.

Intake; Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; 420-10540-340-75.

Intake; Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; 420-1054 1 -340-75.

Intake; Spiral flow; Stilling basin; Drop pipe; Drop structure; Hydraulic model; 322-10675-350-00.

Intake biological performance; Intake structure design; Power

plants; 102-09949-340-60.

Intake design; Power plants; Cooling water intakes; 413-09581 - 340-00.

Intake model; Power plant, nuclear; Sediment transport; 061- 08828-340-73.

Intake models; Outlet works model; Dworshak Dam; 313-

05315-350-00.

Intake structure; Mitchell station; Power plant, nuclear; Screenwell; Hydraulic model; 179-10429-340-73.

Intake structure; Mixing; Pumped storage project; Selective withdrawal; Trash racks; Vortices; Fairfield project; Hydraulic model; 179-10435-340-73.

Intake structure; Power plant, nuclear; Screenwell; Hydraulic model; 179-1042 7-340-75.

Intake structure; Pumped storage project; Bad Creek project; Hydraulic model; 179-10432-340-73.

Intake structure design; Power plants; Intake biological per- formance; 102-09949-340-60.

Intake structure, river; Hydraulic model; 044-09957-340-75

.

Intake structures; Power plant; Seabrook plant; Hydraulic model; 179-10418-340-73.

Intake sump; Power plant; Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; 408-10239-340-70.

Intakes; Cooling water intake; Hydraulic model; 413-10323-

340-00.

Intakes; Diversions; Fish protection; 020-10080-350-60.

Intakes; James Bay project; Vortices; Hydraulic model; 408-

10263-350-73.

Intakes; Ocean thermal energy; Screens; Energy; 1 18-09990-

430-52.

Intakes; Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; 413-10325-340-00.

Intakes; Power plant; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; 341- 10738-850-00.

Intakes; Power plant; Pump sump; Vortices; Hydraulic model; 408-10248-340-73.

Intakes; Power plant; Pump sumps; Vortices; 408-10273-340-

73. Intakes; Power plant; Pump well; Hydraulic model; 408-10245-

340- 73. Intakes; Power plant; Pump wells; Vortices; Hydraulic model; 408-10247-340-73.

Intakes; Power plant, nuclear; Pump entrance; Hydraulic model; 408-10255-340-73.

Intakes; Power plants; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; 341- 10737-850-00.

Intakes; Power plants; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; 341-10775-850-00.

Intakes; Pump entrance; Power plant, nuclear; 420-10544-340-

70. Intakes; Trashracks; Water resource projects; Ice effects; 322- 09384-390-00.

Intakes; Wave forces; Cooling water intakes; Hydraulic model; 413-10318-420-00.

Interfaces; Surface contact; Wetting; Fluid properties; Immiscible fluids, displacement; 125-09951-100-54.

Interfaces; Surfactant transport; 013-09946-190-00.

Interlaboratory tests; Measurement assurance; Flowmeters; 317-

10791-700-00.

Intermittent sand filters; Sand filter scraping disposal; Wastewater treatment; 157-10148-870-33.

Intermountain area; Precipitation characteristics; 304-09328-

810-00.

Internal jump; Jets, buoyant; Dispersion; Heated water

discharge; 1 49-028 1W-060-36.

Internal wave instability; Stratified flow; Waves, internal; 039- 10454-060-20.

Internal waves; Mathematical models; Oceanography; Waves,

internal; Benard convection; Currents, ocean; Geophysical

fluid dynamics; 318-08449-450-00.

Internal waves; Ocean microstructure; Rotating flow; Stratified

fluids; Waves, solitary; 143-09903-450-20.

Internal waves; Spheres; Stratified fluids; Submerged bodies; Waves, internal; Drag; 316-07243-060-20.

Internal waves; Stratified flow stability; Waves, internal; 083- 08604-060-20.

Internal waves; Waves, breaking; 142-10400-420-20.

Intestinal flow; Biomedical flow; 061-073 76-270-40. Iowa streams; Sediment transport data; Streamflow data; 061- 00067-810-30. Iowa watersheds; Loess; Missouri watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Watershed analysis; Claypan; 300-0 1 85 W-8 10-00.

315
Irrigation; Power plants; Thermal effluent; 157-10169-840-33.

Irrigation; Sewage disposal; Forest lands; 305-09332-870-00.

Irrigation; Soil water movement; Erosion control; Infiltration; 303-0442W-8 10-00.

Irrigation; Water transmission losses; Floodwater retarding

reservoirs; 302-10639-860-00.

Irrigation automation; Irrigation hydraulics; Irrigation, surface; 095-08161-840-31.

Irrigation automation; Irrigation, surface; 303-05209-840-00.

Irrigation canal; Hydraulic model; Intake; 400-10492-840-87.

Irrigation conduit system design; 047-09025-840-00

Irrigation demand, Texas; Irrigation economics; 154-0390W840-33.

Irrigation economics; Irrigation, Texas; Water demand; 154- 0389W-840-33.

Irrigation economics; Irrigation demand, Texas; 1 54-0390 W840-33.

Irrigation efficiency; Irrigation, surface; Computer models; 020- 07927-840-05.

Irrigation efficiency maximization; Irrigation system design;

1 54-0397 W-840-33.

Irrigation hydraulics; Irrigation, surface; Mathematical models; 008-0269 W-840-07.

Irrigation hydraulics; Irrigation, surface; Irrigation automation; 095-08161-840-31

Irrigation line design; Irrigation, trickle; 047-09026-840-00.

Irrigation management; Colorado River upper basin; 157- 0419W-840-00.

Irrigation management; Irrigation return flow; Salinity; 157- 0423W-840-00.

Irrigation return flow; Irrigation, trickle; 1 54-0401 W-840-33

Irrigation return flow; Salinity; Irrigation management; 157- 0423W-840-00.

Irrigation return flow; Salt load alleviation; 303-035 1 W-840-00.

Irrigation return flow; Sediment trapping ponds; 303-093 12- 840-00.

Irrigation return flows; Water quality improvement methods;

052-09853-840-36.

Irrigation, spray; Lagoon effluent; Overland flow; Wastewater

treatment; 157-10166-870-33.

Irrigation, surface; Computer models; Irrigation efficiency; 020- 07927-840-05.

Irrigation, surface; Irrigation automation; Irrigation hydraulics; 095-08161-840-31.

Irrigation, surface; Irrigation automation; 303-05209-840-00.

Irrigation, surface; Mathematical models; Irrigation hydraulics; 008-0269W-840-07.

Irrigation system control; Water level sensors; Computer simulation; 019-10126-840-31.

Irrigation system design; Irrigation efficiency maximization; 154-0397 W-840-33.

Irrigation system optimization; Computer models; 052-09854-

840-31.

Irrigation systems; Agricultural chemical application; 052- 09850-840-82.

Irrigation systems; Water cost; Water management; Water use; Idaho irrigation; 052-09857-840-33.

Irrigation systems; Water use efficiency; 303-03 52 W-840-00.

Irrigation, Texas; Energy shortage impact; 1 54-0393 W-840-33.

Irrigation, Texas; Water demand; Irrigation economics; 154- 0389W-840-33.

Irrigation, trickle; Irrigation line design; 047-09026-840-00.

Irrigation, trickle; Irrigation return flow; 1 54-0401 W-840-33.

Irrigation, trickle; Mathematical model; Soil water movement;

008-0267 W-840-33.

Irrigation water management; 3 03-0350 W-840-00.

Irrigation water use; Water use; Agricultural water use; 303- 0235 W-840-00.

Irrigation water use; 303-0241 W-840-00.

Island, artificial; Power plants, offshore; 075-08767-340-00.

Island protection; Erosion, coastal; 103-09966-410-44.

Isotope enrichment aerodynamics; 141-10014-190-52. James Bay project; Control structure; Hydraulic model; 408- 10258-350-73. James Bay project; Diversion studies; 408-10271 -350-73

James Bay project; Spillway; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; 408-10257-350-73. James Bay project; Spillway; Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; 408-10268-350-73. James Bay project; Spillway; Hydraulic model; 408-1025 1-350-

73. James Bay project; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 408- 10263-350-73. James River; Mathematical model; Water quality; York River

estuary; Estuaries; 159-09892-400-36. James River; Mathematical model; Water quality; Estuaries; 161-09874-400-60. James River estuary; Monitoring system design; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effects; Cooling water discharge; 161- 08332-870-52.

Jet, atomized; Shock wave effects; Droplets; 415-07895-130-00.

Jet coherence; Jet cutting; Jets, high pressure liquid; Viscoelastic additives; 093-08861-050-15.

Jet, cutting; Jet, high speed; Jet stability; 139-08951-050-00.

Jet cutting; Jets, high pressure liquid; Viscoelastic additives; Jet coherence; 093-08861-050-15.

Jet, high speed; Jet stability; Jet, cutting; 139-08951-050-00.

Jet impingement; Acoustic measurements; 048-10196-050-50.

Jet impingement; Energy separation; 043 -1 035 1 -050-54.

Jet impingement; Heat transfer; 007-09931-140-50.

Jet impingement; Jets, liquid; Gravity reduction effects; 326-

09403-540-00.

Jet impingement; Jets, turbulent; Mass transfer; Turbulence; 416-06950-050-00.

Jet impingement; Mass transfer; Numerical model; Heat

transfer; 408-10274-340-73.

Jet impingement; Mixing; Acoustic field; Freon jets; 081- 10611-050-50.

Jet impingement; Mixing; Propellants; Injectors; 015-09785-

550-50.

Jet impingement; Rotating surfaces; Heat transfer; 007-09932-

050-70.

Jet impingement on screens; Jets, liquid; Mathematical model; 146-10355-050-50.

Jet initial conditions; Jets, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 048- 10199-050-54.

Jet mixing; Jets, heterogeneous; Laser anemometry; Mixing; Air-Freon streams; 092-09831-050-54.

Jet noise; Noise; Supersonic flow; 1 43-09904-1 60-54

Jet noise; Noise; 048-10207-050-50.

Jet pump injector model; Pipeline transport; Slurries; Coal slur- ry pipeline; 059-10613-260-34.

Jet stability; Jet, cutting; Jet, high speed; 139-08951-050-00.

Jet structure; Jets, plane; 048-10201-050-54.

Jet structure; Jets with controlled excitation; Vortex pairing; 048-10204-050-20.

Jet, surface; Power plant; Cooling water discharge; 061 -0883 1- 870-75.

Jets; Polymer additives; Cavitation; Flow visualization; 331-

10774-050-20.

Jets; Propulsion; Thrust augmentation; Underwater propulsion;

Ejectors; 043-10352-550-22.

Jets; Propulsion, marine; Waterjets; 333-10712-550-22.

Jets; Scour; Erosion; 402-09499-220-90.

Jets; Swirling flow; Wakes; 001-07917-050-00.

Jets; Turbulence intermittency; Turbulent shear flows; Wakes; Boundary layer, turbulent; 417-07903-020-00.

Jets, buoyant; Dispersion; Heated water discharge; Internal jump; 149-0281 W-060-36.

316
Jets, buoyant; Jets, surface; Model distortion effects; 061-

10361-750-00.

Jets, buoyant; Jets, surface; Thermal discharge; 402-09497-060-

90.

Jets, buoyant; Jets, wall; Outfalls; Dilution; 410-10305-050-90.

Jets, buoyant; Mathematical models; Temperature prediction;

Cooling water discharge; 075-08732-870-52.

Jets, buoyant; Plumes; Turbulence; Finite difference method;

065-10785-050-54.

Jets, buoyant; Sewage disposal; Wave effects; Cooling water

discharge; 019-07151-870-61.

Jets, buoyant; Thermal discharges; Outlets; Cooling water

discharge; 056-10104-870-33.

Jets, combusting; Jets, high-speed; Jets, two-phase; 146-09304-

050-15.

Jets, heterogeneous; Laser anemometry; Mixing; Air-Freon

streams; Jet mixing; 092-0983 1-050-54.

Jets, high pressure liquid; Viscoelastic additives; Jet coherence;

Jet cutting; 093-08861-050-15.

Jets, high-speed; Jets, two-phase; Jets, combusting; 146-09304-

050-15.

Jets, liquid; Gravity reduction effects; Jet impingement; 326-

09403-540-00.

Jets, liquid; Mathematical model; Jet impingement on screens; 146-10355-050-50.

Jets, plane; Jet structure; 048-10201-050-54.

Jets, plane; Jets, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 048-10202-

050-54.

Jets, plunging water; Air entrainment; 166-09189-280-60.

Jets, submerged; Jets, turbulent; Entrainment; 056-10100-050-

00.

Jets, submerged; Mathematical model; Waste disposal; 056-

10101-050-00.

Jets, surface; Model distortion effects; Jets, buoyant; 061-

10361-750-00.

Jets, surface; Thermal discharge; Jets, buoyant; 402-09497-060-

90.

Jets, turbulent; Entrainment; Jets, submerged; 056-10100-050-

00.

Jets, turbulent; Jets with controlled excitation; Vorticity wave; 048-10200-050-54.

Jets, turbulent; Mass transfer; Turbulence; Jet impingement;

416-06950-050-00.

Jets, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Jet initial conditions; 048-

10199-050-54.

Jets, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Jets, plane; 048-10202-

050-54.

Jets, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Acoustic excitation; 048-

10203-050-50.

Jets, two-phase; Jets, combusting; Jets, high-speed; 146-09304-

050-15.

Jets, wall; Outfalls; Dilution; Jets, buoyant; 410-10305-050-90.

Jets, water; Ablation; Ice; Melting; 403-10221-190-90.

Jets, water in air; Photography; Polymer additives; Turbulence;

Air entrainment; 331-09450-250-20.

Jets with controlled excitation; Vorticity wave; Jets, turbulent; 048-10200-050-54.

Jets with controlled excitation; Vortex pairing; Jet structure; 048-10204-050-20.

Jetties; Sediment transport; Weir jetty; Coastal sediment; 312-

10656-430-00. '

Jetties; Wave breaking; Breakwaters; Currents, coastal; 075- 08719-410-11.

Jetty; Oregon inlet; Inlet model; Inlet, coastal; 314-09707-430-

13. Jetty effects; Clearwater, Florida; Coastal inlet hydraulics; Inlets, coastal; 039-10453-410-65.

John Day Dam; Fish ladder model; 313-071 14-850-13. John Day Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Orifice bulkheads; Powerhouse skeleton model; 3 1 3-08446-350-1 3

.

John Day Dam; Spillway deflectors; Spillway model; Fish passage; Hydraulic model; 3 13-10662-350-13.

Jovian atmosphere; Stratified fluids; Waves, solitary; At- mospheric waves; 143-09902-420-50. Kalman filtering theory; Open channel flow; Sediment trans- port; Stochastic hydraulics; 127-09845-200-00. Keweenaw current; Lake Superior; Current measurement; 175- 10029-440-54. Keweenaw waterway flow; Lake Superior; 175-10034-330-10. Kinematic wave model; Overland flow; Rainfall-runoff model;

Runoff, surface; Hydrology; 099-09847-810-33. Klang Gates Dam; Spillway; Stilling basin; Hydraulic model; 322-10677-350-00.

Korotkoff sound production; Ureter valve flutter; Biomedical

flows; 136-09653-270-00. Kpong project; Diversion; Hydraulic model; 400-1 0496-350-87

.

Kpong project; Spillway; Hydraulic model; 400-10497-350-87.

Laboratories; Coastal engineering field station; 3 12-10653-720-

00. Lagoon effluent; Overland flow; Wastewater treatment; Irriga- tion, spray; 157-10166-870-33.

Lagoons; Wastewater treatment; Algae cell separation; 157- 10157-870-36. Lagoons; Wastewater treatment; 314-10757-870-00.

Lagrangian statistics; Turbulence structure; Diffusion; 181- 09267-020-00. Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; Reservoirs; Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; 075- 09807-870-75. Lake Cayuga; Plume; Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cayuga

station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; 179-10428-340-75. Lake circulation; Currents, transient; Currents, wind-driven; 137-09959-440-00. Lake circulation; Lake Michigan; Numerical models; Pollutant

transport; Currents; 005-09778-440-52. Lake circulation; Lake Ontario; Numerical model; Currents, wind driven; 137-09958-440-54. Lake circulation; Mathematical model; Great Salt Lake; 157- 042 1W-440-00. Lake circulation; Numerical model; Pollutant dispersion; Finite element method; 035-09940-440-54. Lake circulation; Numerical models; Water temperature; Currents; Great Lakes; 319-10668-440-00. Lake Erie; Hydraulic model; 103-09972-440-13. Lake Erie; Wave energy; 405-09513-420-00. Lake Erie basin; Salt, deicing; Water quality; Chloride management; 103-09971-860-33. Lake hydrodynamics; Numerical models; Reservoirs; Thermal

regimes; 148-10412-440-33. Lake ice; Ice forces; 414-10527-290-90. Lake level; Land use; Water balance; 402-09500-440-90. Lake Michigan; Coastal currents; Current measurements; 175- 10033-440-44. Lake Michigan; Numerical models; Pollutant transport; Currents; Lake circulation; 005-09778-440-52. Lake Michigan; Oil refinery wastes; Plume dispersion; Pollution; Tracer methods; 005-09779-870-36. Lake Michigan; Plumes; Remote sensing; Thermal plumes; 175- 10030-870-60. Lake model; Lake stratification; Mixing; 1 16-08941-440-61

.

Lake models; Lake Ozonia; Phosphorus budget; Trophic level; Water quality; 028-09976-860-00. Lake Ontario; Circulation; Currents, wind induced; Great

Lakes; 178-09224-440-44. Lake Ontario; Numerical model; Currents, wind driven; Lake

circulation; 137-09958-440-54. Lake Ontario; Waste heat use; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; 413-10326-340-00. Lake Ontario level forecasts; Water level; 137-09961-440-60.

317
Lake Ontario regulation; Great Lakes water level; 103-09969-

440-44. Lake Ozonia; Nutrients; Trophic level; Water quality; Algal

assay; 028-09975-860-00. Lake Ozonia; Phosphorus budget; Trophic level; Water quality; Lake models; 028-09976-860-00. Lake protection; Land use regulation; 1 54-0392 W-800-33

Lake restoration; Sediment transport; Water quality; Capitol

Lake, Washington; 166-09198-860-60. Lake shore ice formation; Mathematical model; Heat transfer;

Ice; 042-08677-440-44. Lake shores; Lake Simcoe; Ice piling; 405-095 16-410-00. Lake Simcoe; Ice piling; Lake shores; 405-095 16-410-00. Lake stratification; Mathematical models; Reservoir stratifica- tion; Water quality; Water temperature; 075-05544-440-00. Lake stratification; Mixing; Lake model; 1 16-08941-440-61

Lake stratification; Pumped storage development; Hydraulic model; 322-09380-340-00. Lake Superior; Circulation, lake; Currents; Drift bottles; 107- 06053-440-00. Lake Superior; Current measurement; Keweenaw current; 175- 10029-440-54. Lake Superior; Keweenaw waterway flow; 175-10034-330-10. Lake Tahoe field studies; Mixed layer; Temperature microstructure; Thermocline; Turbulence; 021-09788-440-54. Lake Winnipeg; Ice conditions; Power plant effect; Water level; 408-10249-440-73.

Lakes; Air-water interface; Evaporation; Heat transfer; 179- 10426-170-00.

Lakes; Mathematical model; Eutrophic lake restoration; 111- 08909-870-36.

Lakes; Numerical model; Dispersion models; Hydraulic models; 419-10510-440-00.

Lakes; Numerical model; Sturgeon Lake, Minnesota; 149- 10607-440-73.

Lakes; Numerical models; Overland flow; Surface water

systems; Channel flow; Estuaries; 323-10693-860-00.

Lakes; Snow cover; Biological effects; Ice cover; 418-10619-

440-90.

Lakes; Utah lakes; Water quality; Aluminum concentrations;

Fish growth; 157-10142-870-60.

Lakes, public access; Streams; Texas; 1 54-0398 W-880-33. Lakes, stratified; Mixing; Reservoirs; Stratification, thermal; 132-09841-440-33.

Lakes, stratified; Stratified fluids; Wave shoaling; Wave theory;

Waves, internal; 176-08400-420-61

Lakes, stratified; Transport processes; Great Salt Lake; 157- 10147-440-33.

Lakes, stratified; Turbulence measurements; Eddy diffusivity; 035-09943-440-80.

Lakes, terminal; Stochastic model; Water level; 157-10176-800-

33. Laminar flow; Magnetohydrodynamic duct flow; Backflow re- gions; 097-09834-1 10-00. Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; 003-09777-140-00. Laminar flow; Numerical models; Pipe bends; Pipes, three- dimensional; 057-10278-210-54. Laminar flow; Oscillatory flow; Pipe flow, unsteady; Friction; 417-09599-210-00. Laminar flow; Rotating flow; Spheres, coaxial rotating; Annular

flow; 064-09021-000-00. Laminar flow; Separated flow; Turbulent flow; Finite difference method; 065-10786-000-54. Laminar flow; Stability; Temperature effects; Viscosity effects; 126-09837-000-00. Laminar flow; Turbulent flow; Computational fluid dynamics; Corner flows; 101-09893-740-50.

Laminar flow, oscillatory; Oscillatory flow; Wall obstacles; Biomedical flows; Blood flow; 057-07355-000-88. Laminar flow, rotating; Rotating disks; Turbomachinery; 007- 07141-000-00. Laminar sublayer; Air-sea interface; Heat balance; 332-07064-

460-00. Laminar sublayer; Viscous sublayer; Boundary layer; 119- 08221-010-00.

Laminarization; Suction; Wind tunnel; Boundary layer control; Compressible flow; 316-10798-010-27.

Laminar-turbulent transition; Pipe flow; Transition visual study; Boundary layer transition; 1 15-07551-010-54. Land management; Numerical model; Runoff; Water yield; Flood flow; Hydrology; 301-10622-810-00. Land subsidence reduction; Groundwater management; 154- 0404W-820-33. Land subsidence reduction; Water use optimization; Groundwater use; 154-0394 W-800-33. Land subsidence, Texas; Economic effects; Groundwater

withdrawal; 1 54-0388W-820-33

Land use; Flood plain management; 056-10098-3 10-61

Land use; Overland flow; Runoff; Soil erosion; Erosion; 729- 03808-830-05. Land use; Water balance; Lake level; 402-09500-440-90. Land use effects; Mathematical model; Montana groundwater;

Groundwater model; 096-08872-820-61. Land use planning; Mathematical model; Runoff; Water quality; Watershed planning model; 162-09907-870-00. Land use regulation; Lake protection; 15 4-0392 W-800-33.

Landfill leachate; Pollution; Sanitary landfill; 076-10471-870-

60. Landslide potential; Sediment yield; Water yield; Computer

model; Hydrologic model; Infiltration; 030-10339-810-06. Langevin model; Stratified flow; Turbulent diffusion; Boundary

layer, atmospheric; Diffusion; 139-08259-020-54.

Laser anemometry; Cavitation nuclei measurement; 124-10047-

230-22.

Laser anemometry; Mixing; Air-Freon streams; Jet mixing; Jets, heterogeneous; 092-09831-050-54.

Laser diagnostics; 101-09895-700-50.

Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble technique; 3 1 7-10793-750-00.

Laser velocimeter; Seaward transport limit; Sediment concentration measurement; Sediment transport by waves; 312- 09736-410-00.

Laser velocimetry; Magneto-hydrodynamic flow; Velocity measurement; 052-09863-1 10-54. Laser-Doppler anemometer; Turbulence measurements; Drag

reduction; 1 16-08940-700-00. Laser-Doppler velocimeters; Velocity measurement; 057- 09043-700-54.

Laser-Doppler velocimeters; Velocity measurement, two-dimensional; 057-09044-700-54.

Laser-Doppler velocimeters, scattering theory; Velocity measurement; 057-09045-700-54.

Legal processes; Power plant siting; Regulatory processes; Environmental law; 075-09830-880-00. Lehigh basin; Runoff; Storm water management; Water quality; Computer model; Hydrology; 068-10567-810-88. Levee effects; Mississippi River Valley; Morphology revet- ments; River channels; Channels; 094-1001 1-300-13. Levee protection; Soil stabilization; Erosion control; 314-

09666-830-13.

Libby Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation reduction model; 313- 09342-350-00.

Libby Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation reduction model; 313- 09344-350-13.

318
Libby Dam; Outlet works model; Conduit entrance model; Dworshak Dam; 313-071 10-350-13. Libby Dam; Pressure relief panel model; Gates; 3 13-09343-

3J0-13. Libby Dam; Spillway model; Hydraulic model; 3 13-10666-350-

13. Libby Dam; Spillway model; 313-071 17-350-13. Libby reregulating dam; Dam model; 3 13-09345-350-00.

Lift; Sediment transport; Bed particles; Drag; 302-09293-220-

00.

Lift; Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; 061-10381-010-14.

Lift systems; Surface effect ships; Air cushion vehicles; 334-

10724-520-22.

Lifting surface theory; Propellers, counter-rotating; 1 5 1 -08983-

550-21.

Lifting surface theory; Pumps, propeller; Pumps, theory; 119- 10044-630-22.

Lifting surface theory; Wakes; Wings; 073-08070-540-26.

Lifting surfaces; Propellers, counter-rotating; Propulsor design; Undersea propulsion; Computer programs; 331-07219-550-

22.

Lignite development impact; Water resources, Texas; 154- 0396W-8 10-33.

Lignite mining; Strip mining; Water resources, East Texas; Groundwater quality; 152-10584-810-33.

Limestone station; Power plant; Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; 408-10265-340-73.

Limestone station; Power plant; Hydraulic model; 420-10538-

340-73. Limestone Station; Spillway; Diversion structure; Hydraulic model; 420-10553-350-73.

Limnological model; Mathematical model; Reservoir; Water

quality; Eutrophication; 01 1-09999-860-87.

Lion Island; Causeway; Don Island; Fraser River; Hydraulic model; 420-10550-300-65.

Liquefaction; Soil motions; Earthquakes; 085-08851-070-54.

Liquefied natural gas; Liquid motions in tanks; 146-09300-1 10-

70. Liquid metal flow; Nuclear reactor safety; 108-08888-340-52.

Liquid metals; Magnetohydrodynamic facility; Turbulence; Two-phase flow; Heat transfer; 133-10087-1 10-54. Liquid metals; Mercury; Pipe flow; Turbulence structure; 133- 10091-110-54.

Liquid metals; Numerical model; Reactors; Two-phase flow;

Boiling; 133-10088-130-55.

Liquid motions in tanks; Liquefied natural gas; 146-09300-1 10-

70. Liquid pool burning; Weightlessness effects; 109-10120-540-50.

Liquid-filled shell; Spin-up; 3 1 1 -09357-540-00.

Liquid-gas flow; Multi-component flow; Spray combustion; Combustion; 122-10020-290-50.

Liquid-metal flow; MHD flow; Transients; 057-08034-1 10-54.

Little Blue River; River model; Channel improvement; 314-

09686-300-13.

Little Goose Dam; Dam model; 313-04504-350-13.

Little Goose Dam; Fish ladder model; 313-05316-850-13.

Little Goose Dam; Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; 313-05069-350-13.

Little Goose Dam; Spillway deflector model; 313-09350-350-

13.

Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; Stilling basins; 313-05068-

350-13.

Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; 313-10660-350-13.

Littoral drift; Model laws; Sediment transport; Coastal sedi- ment; Erosion; 405-10294-410-00.

Littoral drift; Nearshore circulation; Beach erosion; Florida sand budget; 039-09091-410-44.

Littoral drift; Sand by-pass; Coastal sediment; Eductors; Inlets, coastal; 314-10749-410-00.

Littoral drift estimation; Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; 039-10445-410-13.

Littoral processes; Scaling laws; Sediment transport; Wave

reflection; Coastal sediment; 312-09743-410-00.

Littoral processes; Sediment transport; Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; Computer model; 312-

10655-410-00.

Livestock operations; Pollution, nonpoint; 303-10624-870-00. Lock culverts; Valves; Ventilation; Cavitation; 3 14-10747-330-

00. Lock emergency closure; Lock model; Mississippi River Gulf

outlet lock; 314-09672-330-13. Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; Little Goose Dam;

313-05069-350-13. Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; Lower Granite Dam; 317-07121-330-13. Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; Lower Monumental Dam; 313-07123-330-13. Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; Mississippi River- Gulf outlet lock; 314-09673-330-13. Lock filling-emptying systems; Navigation; 3 14-10744-330-00. Lock model; Little Goose Dam; Lock filling-emptying system: 313-05069-350-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Mississippi River Lock and Dam 26; 314-09667-330-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Red River Water Lock No. I ; 314-09681-330-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee

Waterway; Aliceville Lock and Dam; 3 14-09719-330-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee

Waterway; Columbus Lock and Dam; 314-09721-330-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee

Waterway; Aberdeen Lock and Dam; 314-09722-330-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee

Waterway; Gainesville Lock and Dam; 314-09723-330-13. Lock model; Lower Granite Dam; Lock filling-emptying system; 317-07121-330-13. Lock model; Lower Monumental Dam; Lock filling-emptying system; 313-07123,330-13.

Lock model; Mississippi River Gulf outlet lock; Lock emergency closure; 314-09672-330-13. Lock model; Mississippi River-Gulf outlet lock; Lock filling- emptying system; 314-09673-330-13. Lock model; Smithfield Lock and Dam; 314-06859-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Mississippi River Lock and Dam

26;. Lock model; 314-09667-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Red River Water Lock No. 1; Lock model; 314-09681-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway;

Aliceville Lock and Dam; Lock model; 314-09719-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway;

Columbus Lock and Dam; Lock model; 314-09721-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway;

Aberdeen Lock and Dam; Lock model; 3 14-09722-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway;

Gainesville Lock and Dam; Lock model; 3 14-09723-330-13.

Locks; Navigation channel improvement; Bonneville Dam; 313-

10664-330-13.

Locks; Pickwick Landing; Hydraulic model; 341-10736-330-00.

Locks; Pollutant flow; 098-09996-330-10.

Loess; Missouri watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Watershed

analysis; Claypan; Iowa watersheds; 300-0 1 85 W-8 10-00. Log debris effects; Puget Sound; Beach erosion; 171-10403-

410-61. Logging effects; Mathematical model; Runoff; 402-10285-810-

90. Logging effects; Road construction effects; Sediment yield; Watersheds, forested; Idaho Batholith; 304-09324-830-00.

319
Logging effects; Road construction effects; Subsurface flow; Idaho Batholith; 304-09325-810-00.

Logging effects; Sediment yield; Streamflow; Water quality; Idaho Batholith; 304-09326-810-00.

Logging effects; Sediment yield; California forests; Erosion;

Floods; Hydrology, forest; 307-04998-810-00.

Logging effects; Soil erosion; Watersheds, forest; Burning effects; 304-09330-810-00. Long Island; Salt water intrusion; Groundwater; 144-09873-

820-65. Longshore currents; Volunteer observers; Wave breakers; Data

acquisition; 312-09762-410-00. Longshore sediment transport; Sediment, coastal; Sediment

transport by waves; Currents, longshore; 075-09797-410-44. Longshore transport; Sediment transport; Channel Islands field study; Coastal sediment; 312-09752-410-00. Longshore transport computation; Sediment transport; Coastal

sediment; 312-09744-410-00.

Loss coefficients; Plates, flow between; Roughness effects; 126- 08934-290-00.

Lost Creek Dam; Outlet works model; 313-071 18-350-13. Lower Granite Dam; Fish ladder model; 3 13-071 19-850-13. Lower Granite Dam; Lock filling-emptying system; Lock

model; 317-07121-330-13. Lower Granite Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Dam model; 313-05071-350-13. Lower Granite Dam; Powerhouse skeleton model; 3 13-08444-

350-13. Lower Granite Dam; Spillway model; 313-07120-350-13. Lower Monumental Dam; Lock filling-emptying system; Lock

model; 313-07 123-330-13

Lower Monumental Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Spillway model; 313-08447-350-13. Lower Monumental Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow

deflectors; Hydraulic model; 313-10658-350-13.

Loyalsock Creek; Meanders; River model; Channel stabiliza- tion; Hydraulic model; 121-10086-300-60.

Lubrication; Elastohydrodynamic lubrication; Film hydrodynamics; 077-105 76-620-2 7. Lubrication; Stability theory; Chemotactic bacteria movement; Gas bearing theory; 135-06773-000-14.

Lubrication flows; Viscoelastic fluids; 076-08773-620-70.

Lubrication theory; Stability theory; Cylinders, eccentric rotating; 135-06772-000-20. Lunar ash flow; Solid-gas flow; Two-phase flow; 074-08072-

130-50.

Lysimeter; Snow-melt; Evaporation retardants; 020-10081-170-

31. Macromolecule models; Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer solutions; 417-10504-250-90. Magnetohydrodynamic duct flow; Backflow regions; Laminar

flow; 097-09834-11 0-00

Magnetohydrodynamic facility; Turbulence; Two-phase flow; Heat transfer; Liquid metals; 133-10087-1 10-54. Magneto-hydrodynamic flow; Velocity measurement; Laser

velocimetry; 052-09863-1 10-54. Manifold design; Multi-component flow; Pipeline transport;

Slurries; Coal transport; 172-10019-210-60.

Manifolds; Flow distribution; 172-10018-210-75. Manitounuk Sound; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; 408-10269-870-73. Manning coefficient; Open channel flow; Overland flow; Roughness; Vegetation; 162-09906-200-00. Manning equation; Open channel flow; Open channel re- sistance; Channel shape effects; 121-08223-200-00. Marina hydraulics; Water quality; Harbors; 1 67- 1 0 1 84-860-60

Marina response; Wave-induced agitation; Harbors; 414-1053 1

- 470-90.

Marinas; Pearl Harbor; Ship waves; Waves, ship-generated; Harbors; 046-10053-470-60.

Marinas; Water quality; Flushing; Harbors, small boat; 167- 09204-470-60. Marine propulsion; Pump, waterjet; Waterjet; 334-09430-550-

00. Marker and cell method; Mathematical models; Free surface

flow; 070-09260-740-20. Marmion Lake; Mine tailings; Sediment entrainment; 413- 10328-220-00.

Mars; Sediment transport; Eolian erosion; 062-09793-220-50. Mass transfer; Heat transfer; Ice melting; 410-10310-140-90. Mass transfer; Numerical model; Heat transfer; Jet impinge- ment; 408-10274-340-73. Mass transfer; Numerical model; Pipe flow, laminar; Entry flow; Heat transfer; 409-10782-140-00. Mass transfer; Pipe flow; Turbulent convection; Heat transfer; 024-101 1 1-020-00. Mass transfer; Roughness effects; Heat transfer; 416-06951-

140-00. Mass transfer; Turbulence; Jet impingement; Jets, turbulent; 416-06950-050-00. Mass transfer; Turbulence models; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid

flow; Gas-liquid interface; 131-08244-130-00. Mass transfer; Turbulent gas flow; Gas-liquid interface; Heat

transfer; 148-10413-140-54. Mass transport; Mixing; Stratified flow; Estuary circulation; 039-09087-400-54. Mass transport; Uranium, solution mining; Computer models; 112-10439-390-55.

Massachusetts Bay; Mathematical models; Oceanographic in- struments; Data aquisition systems; Environmental study; 075-08083-450-44. Matanzas Inlet, Florida; Coastal processes; Current measure- ment; Inlets, coastal; 039-10449-410-00. Matanzas Inlet, Florida; Coastal inlet hydraulics; Current measurement; Inlets, coastal; 039-10450-410-10.

Material recovery; Wastewater; 048-10219-870-00.

Materials testing; Cavitation erosion; Impact erosion; 086- 08123-230-70. Matheamtical models; Hydrogeologic systems; 323-10695-860-

00. Mathematical model; Ahtanum-Moxee sub-basin; Groundwater;

011-10010-820-60. Mathematical model; Bubble screen theory; 056-10102-290-00. Mathematical model; Burrard Inlet, B. C; Inlets, coastal; 407- 09519-410-00. Mathematical model; Chesapeake Bay mouth; Coastal sea; 161- 09151-450-00. Mathematical model; Clark County, Washington; Groundwater;

011-10009-820-75. Mathematical model; Currents, coastal; Currents, three dimensional; 075-09800-450-44. Mathematical model; Dam break problem; Flood waves; 020- 10076-310-54. Mathematical model; Dispersion, thermal; Estuarine hydraulics; 042-08679-400-73. Mathematical model; Dredge pipelines; Dredge pumps; 152- 09052-490-44. Mathematical model; Entrance flow; Helical flow; 076-10468-

000-70. Mathematical model; Eutrophic lake restoration; Lakes; 111- 08909-870-36. Mathematical model; Flood discharges, wetlands; Hydrology; 102-09950-810-00. Mathematical model; Great Salt Lake; Lake circulation; 157- 0421W-440-00.

Mathematical model; Heat transfer; Ice; Lake shore ice formation; 042-08677-440-44. Mathematical model; Jet impingement on screens; Jets, liquid; 146-10355-050-50.

320
Mathematical model; Mississippi River; Sediment transport; 030-10334-220-34.

Mathematical model; Montana groundwater; Groundwater

model; Land use effects; 096-08872-820-61

.

Mathematical model; Navigation channels; Ships, deep draft; 152-10579-330-10. Mathematical model; New York Harbor hydraulic model; Harbor models; Hurricane surge; 3 14-09692-430-13

.

Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water

quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; 302-09287-860-00.

Mathematical model; Nutrient uptake; Phytoplankton growth; Water quality; 075-09826-870-54.

Mathematical model; Oil shale; Strip mining; Water needs;

Coal; Energy resource development, Utah; 1 57-10146-800-

33. Mathematical model; Ontario drainage basins; Peak flow; Runoff; 414-10525-810-90.

Mathematical model; Open channel flow; Velocity distribution; Alluvial channels; Erosion; 302-10629-200-00.

Mathematical model; Orifice meters; Swirl effects; Turbulence

model; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; 317-

10789-750-00. Mathematical model; Overbank flow; River basin model; Flood

plain; 028-09973-300-00.

Mathematical model; Overland flow; Hydrographs; Hydrologic

models; 030-07001-810-05.

Mathematical model; Overland flow; Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Watershed model; 030-08804-220-06.

Mathematical model; Overland flow; Rain erosion; Soil erosion;

Tillage methods; Erosion control; 300-04275-830-00.

Mathematical model; Pagan River, Virginia; Pollutant distribution; Tidal prism model; Estuaries; 161-09880-400-60. Mathematical model; Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Ther- mal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge;

Dispersion; 075-09799-870-73.

Mathematical model; Plumes; Potential flow; Cooling towers; 061-10385-030-70.

Mathematical model; Plumes, negatively buoyant; Power plant; Blowdown; Hope Creek plant; 179-10425-340-73. Mathematical model; Pollutant distribution; Sewage outfall; Estuaries; 161-09881-400-60. Mathematical model; Pollution, thermal; Remote sensing; Cooling water discharge; 078-09023-870-50.

Mathematical model; Pollution transport; Remote sensing; 325-

09398-870-00.

Mathematical model; Pollution transport; Waves; Circulation; Continental shelf; 325-09399-450-00.

Mathematical model; Power plants, coastal; Cooling water

discharge; Dilution; 011-10007-870-73.

Mathematical model; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water

discharge; 075-08727-870-73.

Mathematical model; Power plant siting methodology; 075-

08738-340-54.

Mathematical model; Pulsatile flow; Arterial flow; Biomedical

flows; 070-09016-270-52.

Mathematical model; Pumped storage development; Raccoon

Mountain project; Transients; 341-09460-340-00.

Mathematical model; Pumped-storage plant; Raccoon Mountain

Project; Surges; Transients; Waterhammer; 341-07080-340-

00. Mathematical model; Radionuclide movement; Soil water; Groundwater; 01 1-08800-820-52. Mathematical model; Radionuclide transport; Sediment transport; Columbia River; Finite element method; 01 1-10000-

220-52. Mathematical model; Radionuclide transport; Sediment transport; Clinch River; Finite element method; 011-10001-220-

55.

Mathematical model; Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; 156- 05456-810-15. Mathematical model; Reservoir; Water quality; Eutrophication;

Limnological model; 0 1 1 -09999-860-8 7. Mathematical model; Reservoir management, river water quality; Water quality; 019-10124-860-61. Mathematical model; Reservoir operation; Watershed model; Flood forecasting; 419-09605-310-00. Mathematical model; Reservoirs; Spillway adequacy; 094- 08868-350-00. Mathematical model; Reservoirs; Ecosystem model; 314-10751-

880-00. Mathematical model; Reservoirs; Water quality; 3 14-10754-

860-00. Mathematical model; River channels; Sediment transport; Yazoo River; Channel improvement; 030-10338-220-13. Mathematical model; River flow; St. Lawrence River; Tide

propagation; Estuaries; 41 1-06603-400-90. Mathematical model; River response; Sediment transport; 405-

10296-300-00. Mathematical model; Runoff; Logging effects; 402-10285-810-

90. Mathematical model; Runoff; Soil erosion; 303-09319-830-00. Mathematical model; Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Hydrologic analysis; 302-

09286-810-00. Mathematical model; Runoff; Water quality; Watershed

planning model; Land use planning; 162-09907-870-00. Mathematical model; Runoff, urban; Sewer system management; Sewers, combined; Sewers, storm; Urban runoff model; 01 1-08797-870-36. Mathematical model; Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; Erosion; 300-10561-220-00. Mathematical model; Sediment yield; Watershed characteristics; Western Gulf watersheds; 302-10641-810-00. Mathematical model; Sewers, storm; Transients, hydraulic; Tunnels; Two-phase flow; 149-10603-390-75. Mathematical model; Smoke spread; Fire spread in corridors; 109-08906-890-54. Mathematical model; Soil water movement; Irrigation, trickle; 008-0267W-840-33.

Mathematical model; Soil water; Drain tubing evaluation; Hydrologic model; 055-08682-820-00. Mathematical model; Storm surge calculation; Surges; Charleston estuary; 312-09756-420-00. Mathematical model; Streamflow routing, low flow; 102-08873-

300-00. Mathematical model; Streamflow; Water quality; Chowan

River; 162-09170-860-33. Mathematical model; Submerged objects; Wave forces; Cylinder, vertical; 026-09013-420-00. Mathematical model; Waste disposal; Jets, submerged; 056- 10101-050-00. Mathematical model; Water level; Waves; Wind set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great Lakes; 319-10669-440-00. Mathematical model; Water quality; York River estuary; Estuaries; James River; 159-09892-400-36. Mathematical model; Water quality; Estuaries; James River; 161-09874-400-60. Mathematical model; Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; Estuary hydrodynamics; 161-09884-400-00. Mathematical model; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural;

Fertilizers; 302-10642-870-00. Mathematical model; Water quality; Continental shelf; Estuaries; 325-09397-860-00. Mathematical model; Water resource optimization; Aquifer model; Conveyance systems; Dispersion, open channel; 030- 07247-800-00. Mathematical model; Watershed management; Hydrology, subsurface; 147-08979-810-54.

321
Mathematical model; Watersheds, ungaged; Flood damage

reduction measures; 094-08865-310-00.

Mathematical model comparison; Runoff, urban; Stormwater; 094-08866-810-00.

Mathematical model role; Water resource management; 045-

10113-800-33. Mathematical model role; Water quality monitoring; Ecosystem

resilience; 045-101 14-860-30. Mathematical model, seepage; Electric analog model; Finite element method; 314-09685-070-13.

Mathematical model validation; Universal Venturi tube; Venturi meter; Flowmeters; 317-10790-700-27.

Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble technique; Laser velocimeter; 3 17-10793-750-00. Mathematical models; Estuaries; 134-08952-400-33. Mathematical models; Flood control planning; 056-08709-3 10-

33. Mathematical models; Free surface flow; Marker and cell method; 070-09260-740-20.

Mathematical models; Hydrologic models; 056-08032-810-00.

Mathematical models; Irrigation hydraulics; Irrigation, surface; 008-0269 W-840-07. Mathematical models; Nitrogen cycle; Water quality; Estuaries; 075-08729-400-36. Mathematical models; Oceanographic instruments; Data aquisi- tion systems; Environmental study; Massachusetts Baf; 075- 08083-450-44. Mathematical models; Oceanography; Waves, internal; Benard

convection; Currents, ocean; Geophysical fluid dynamics; In- ternal waves; 318-08449-450-00.

Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; 003-09777-140-00. Mathematical models; , Pollutant transport; Estuaries; 019-

10125-400-54. Mathematical models; Power plants; Thermal effluent; Water

temperatures; Cooling water discharge; 1 12-10048-870-55. Mathematical models; Rainfall patterns; Southern Great Plains; 302-10634-810-00.

Mathematical models; Remote sensing; Water temperature; In- frared sensing; 102-09948-870-60. Mathematical models; Reservoir stratification; Water quality; Water temperature; Lake stratification; 075-05544-440-00.

Mathematical models; Reservoir hydrodynamics; Water quality; Hydraulic models; 314-10752-860-00.

Mathematical models; Rio Colorado; River development; Argentina; 075-09823-800-00.

Mathematical models; River flow; Usteady flow; Flood routing; 321-10671-300-00.

Mathematical models; River models; Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Bed forms; 043-10347-220-54.

Mathematical models; River models; Design paramater optimization; 414-10518-810-00.

Mathematical models; River system; Watersheds; Ecosystem

models; 314-10758-870-00.

Mathematical models; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; 405-

09511-810-00.

Mathematical models; Salinity distribution; Temperature dis- tribution; Dispersion; Estuaries; 075-08728-400-36.

Mathematical models; Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10635-810-00.

Mathematical models; Temperature prediction; Cooling water

discharge; Jets, buoyant; 075-08732-870-52.

Mathematical models; Tidal flushing; Water quality; Ches- apeake Bay area; Coastal basins; 159-09891-400-36. Mathematical models; Virginia; Water quality models; Estuaries; 161-09165-400-60. Mathematical models; Watersheds, rangeland; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; 303-09316-810-00.

McNary Dam; Spillway deflector model; 313-09351-350-13. McNary Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; 313-10659-350-13. Meander mechanisms; 405-10297-300-00. Meandering; Morphology, river channels; Sediment transport; Bed forms; Braiding; 402-10282-300-90. Meandering; Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Bends; 061-10388-200-00. Meandering; River flow; Sediment transport; Bed forms; Channel forms; 404-10233-300-90. Meandering; River flows; Flood plain; Hydraulic model; 028- 09978-300-00. Meandering channels; River flow; Dispersion; 405-09507-300-

00. Meanders; River channels; Alluvial channels; Braiding; Channel

stability; 149-08993-300-05. Meanders; River channels; 149-08994-300-54. Meanders; River model; Channel stabilization; Hydraulic model; Loyalsock Creek; 121-10086-300-60. Measurement assurance; Flowmeters; Interlaboratory tests; 317-

10791-700-00.

Melting; Jets, water; Ablation; Ice; 403-10221-190-90. Menomonee river basin; Pollutant transport; Water quality; Groundwater; 174-09872-820-36. Meramec Park reservoir; Outlet works model; Stilling basin; 314-09674-350-13.

Mercury; Pipe flow; Turbulence structure; Liquid metals; 133- 10091-110-54. Merom Station cooling lake; Power plant; Discharge structure;

Inlet structure; Hydraulic model; 075-09806-350-75.

Metallic wastes; Pollution; Chemical equilibrium calculations; Computer programs; 075-09825-870-36.

Metals; Pollution; Fly ash disposal; Groundwater contamination; 111-09911-820-52.

Meteorological data, upper Midwest; Stochastic analysis; 149- 08997-480-44. MHD flow; Transients; Liquid-metal flow; 057-08034-1 10-54. MHD flows; Ferrohydrodynamic boundary layer; 057-09037-

110-00. Microorganism role; Corrosion, pitting; 1 52-10581-230-00. Microwave scattering; Waves, capillary; Wave slopes; Waves,

wind; 332-07065-420-22. Mine cavity backfilling; Sand slurry deposition; Hydraulic model; 322-09389-390-34. Mine safety; Velocity measurement, low; Ventilation; Anemometers; 317-10797-700-34. Mine spoil reclamation; Water augmentation; Coal mining; 308-

10646-880-00. Mine tailings; Outfall pipe design; 420-10549-390-70. Mine tailings; Sediment entrainment; Marmion Lake; 413-

10328-220-00.

Mineral slurries; Slurry rheology; 029-08131-130-70. Mining effects; Piceance basin, Colorado; Sediment yield; 323-

10698-880-00.

Mining, surface; Water quality; Watersheds, mined; Hydrology; 300-0436W-810-00. Mining technology, offshore; Sand recovery; Shell recovery; 152-10582-490-44. Minnesota rivers and lakes; Cooling water discharge; Ice; 149- 08995-870-73. Minnesota watersheds; Nutrient budget; Sediment yield; 300- 09273-870-00. Minnesota watersheds; Sewage disposal; Watershed management; Water yield; Bogs; Forest management; 305-03887-

810-00. Miramichi Estuary, Canada; Navigation channel; Hydraulic model; 411-09562-330-90.

Missiles; Ogives; Water entry; Cones; Drag; Hydroballistics research; 335-04867-510-22.

322
Mississippi Basin model; River model; Flood tests; 314-09682-

300-13.

Mississippi River; Missouri River; Thermal discharge capacity; Heat transfer; 061-10370-870-73.

Mississippi River; Missouri River; Thermal regime; Computer

model; 061-10371-870-33.

Mississippi River; Mixing; Wastewater, industrial; Ecology; Environmental impact; 061-08833-870-70.

Mississippi River; Navigation channel; River model; Shoaling; 314-09677-330-13.

Mississippi River; River geomorphology; 030-08802-300-34.

Mississippi River; Sediment transport; Mathematical model;

030-10334-220-34.

Mississippi River; Sediment transport, shoaling; 061-10364-220-

13. Mississippi River; Velocity measurement; Discharge calculation techniques; Flow measurement; 094-10013-700-13.

Mississippi River Gulf outlet lock; Lock emergency closure; Lock model; 314-09672-330-13.

Mississippi River Lock and Dam 26; Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; 314-09667-330-13.

Mississippi River passes; River model; Sedimentation; Shoaling; 314-09670-300-13.

Mississippi River Valley; Morphology revetments; River channels; Channels; Levee effects; 094-1001 1 -300-13.

Mississippi River Valley; River channels; Channel changes,

human effects; 094-10012-300-13.

Mississippi River-Gulf outlet lock; Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; 314-09673-330-13.

Missouri aquifers; Aquifer hydrogeology; 091-10065-820-33.

Missouri floods; Flood peak determination; 094-06287-810-00.

Missouri River; Flood plain hydrogeology; Groundwater;

Hydrogeology; 091-1 0066-300-33. Missouri River; Plume prediction; Thermal effluent; Cooling

water discharge; 061-10359-870-60.

Missouri River; Sediment transport; Velocity distribution; 094-

08862-220-13.

Missouri River; Thermal discharge capacity; Heat transfer; Mississippi River; 061-10370-870-73.

Missouri River; Thermal regime; Computer model; Mississippi River; 061-10371-870-33.

Missouri River basin; Sediment yield; 323-0460 W-220-00.

Missouri River data bank; Sediment transport; 094-08863-300-

13. Missouri River environmental inventory; 094-08869-880-1 3

.

Missouri River environmental study; 094-08870-880-13.

Missouri watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Watershed analysis; Claypan; Iowa watersheds; Loess; 300-0 1 85 W-8 10-00.

Mitchell station; Power plant, nuclear; Screenwell; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; 179-10429-340-73. Mixed layer; Temperature micro-structure; Thermocline; Turbulence; Lake Tahoe field studies; 021-09788-440-54.

Mixing; Acoustic field; Freon jets; Jet impingement; 081-

10611-050-50.

Mixing; Air-Freon streams; Jet mixing; Jets, heterogeneous;

Laser anemometry; 092-0983 1 -050-54.

Mixing; Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; 413-10320-

340-00.

Mixing; Lake model; Lake stratification; 1 16-08941-440-61

.

Mixing; Multi-component flow; Solid-fluid flow; Turbulence; 115-09835-130-00.

Mixing; New York Bight observations; Circulation; 066-08827-

450-52.

Mixing; Numerical models; River flow; Dispersion; 028-09980-

020-00.

Mixing; Numerical models; River flow; Ice effects; 028-09981-

020-00.

Mixing; Open channel flow; River flow; Dispersion; 401-10765-

200-96.

Mixing; Open channel flow; Stratified flow; Heated water

discharge; Heat transfer; 061-08036-060-33.

Mixing; Pollution; River flow; Dispersion; Effluent transport; 056-10099-300-00.

Mixing; Propellants; Injectors; Jet impingement; 015-09785-

550-50.

Mixing; Pumped storage project; Selective withdrawal; Trash

racks; Vortices; Fairfield project; Hydraulic model; Intake

structure; 179-10435-340-73.

Mixing; Pumped storage systems; Reservoir stratification; Stratification, thermal; 172-10017-060-33.

Mixing; Rain effects; Waves, raindrop generated; Air-water in- terface; 177-10027-460-33.

Mixing; Reaction rates; Segregation intensity; Stirred tank reactor; 093-07503-020-00.

Mixing; Reservoirs; Stratification, thermal; Lakes, stratified; 132-09841 -440-33. Mixing; Stratified flow; Estuary circulation; Mass transport; 039-09087-400-54.

Mixing; Tidal flushing; Boat basin; Harbor; 167-10183-470-13.

Mixing; Turbulence; 1 1 5-07552-020-54.

Mixing; Turbulent mixing; Diffusion, molecular; Gases; 081- 08990-020-22.

Mixing; Wastewater, industrial; Ecology; Environmental impact;

Mississippi River; 061-08833-870-70. Mixing layers; Turbulent flow; Wakes; 417-09598-020-90. Mobile bed hydraulics; Regime theory; River regime; Sediment

transport; 402-06630-300-90. Model distortion effects; Jets, buoyant; Jets, surface; 061- 10361-750-00. Model distortion effects; Open channel flow; Scaling laws; Dispersion; 405-10287-750-00. Model laws; Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; Erosion; Lit- toral drift; 405-10294-410-00. Model laws; Steam injection; Air injection; Blowdown fluid physics; 146-10354-130-70. Model study; Pollution, thermal; Cooling water model; 019- 08784-870-73.

Models, hydraulic; Shoaling; Alluvial streams; Harbor entrances; 314-07171-470-13.

Models, movable bed; Hydraulic model evaluation; Inlets, tidal; 061-10377-410-13.

Monitoring; Thermal effluents; Boat sampling system; Cooling

water discharge; 075-09803-720-44.

Monitoring cost effectiveness; Stream monitoring; Water quality; 076-0432 W-870-00.

Monitoring data; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water

discharge; Environmental impact prediction; 01 1 -10005-870-

55. Monitoring methodology; Sampling; Groundwater; 018-09787-

820-36. Monitoring program design; Cooling water discharge; 075- 08757-870-00.

Monitoring system design; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal ef- fects; Cooling water discharge; James River estuary; 161- 08332-870-52.

Monitoring system design; River networks; Water quality monitoring; 075-09829-860-88. Monroe Reservoir, Indiana; Nutrients; Reservoir circulation; Sedimentation; Water quality; 058-10563-860-00. Montana; Frail lands study; 303-0361 W-880-00. Montana groundwater; Groundwater model; Land use effects; Mathematical model; 096-08872-820-61. Montana water resources; Reservoir operation; Reservoirs, multi-purpose; Computer model; 096-08162-800-61.

Monticello field channels; Numerical model; Open channel

flow; Water temperature; 149-10604-860-36.

Montreal; Water supply; Ice effects; Intake; 408-10267-860-65. Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored; Tankers; Wave

action; 046-09278-520-00.

323

254-330 0 -78-22
Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored; Tankers; Wave

action; 046-09279-520-88. Mooring forces; Ships; Hydraulic model; 408-10260-520-90. Mooring forces; Waves; Floating structures; 41 1-103 16-420-00. Mooring line response; Cables; Drag; 152-09048-590-22. Mooring line response; Oscillatory flow; Cables; Drag; 152- 09049-590-00.

Moorings; Breakwaters, floating; 1 18-09991-430-54. Moose Creek Dam; Outlet model; 313-09352-350-13. Morphology; River channels; Channel changes; 323-0458W300-00. Morphology; River channels; Coon Creek; 323-10694-300-00. Morphology; River channels; Scour; Channel shifts; 401-10764-

350-96. Morphology; River channels; Sediment movement; Channel

changes; 323-10699-300-00. Morphology; Stream channels; Channel stabilization; Erosion; 302-10633-300-00. Morphology revetments; River channels; Channels; Levee effects; Mississippi River Valley; 094-1001 1-300-13. . Morphology, river channels; Sediment transport; Bed forms;

Braiding; Meandering; 402-10282-300-90.

Morris dam; Spillway; Dam overtopping; Flood passing; 166- 10441-350-73. Moses Lake; Sewage treatment; Eutrophication control; Flushing; Hydraulic model; 167-10185-870-61. Mountain watersheds; Recreational development; Water quality

management; Watersheds; 157-10150-810-60. Muck pipeline; Pneumatic transport; Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; 029-10281-260-47. Muck pipeline; Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; Hydraulic transport; 029-10280-260-47. Mud flows; Solid-liquid mixtures; 028-09974-130-00. Multi-component flow; Pipeline transport; Slurries; Coal transport; Manifold design; 172-10019-210-60. Multi-component flow; Solid-fluid flow; Turbulence; Mixing; 115-09835-130-00. Multi-component flow; Spray combustion; Combustion; Liquidgas flow; 122-10020-290-50.

Multiobjective theory; Water resource project analysis; 075- 08753-800-33. Mumerical model; Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cooling

water discharge; Dispersion; 341-10740-870-00. Nappe; Outfall; Sewer; Storm sewer; 121-08222-870-00. Navajo Dam; Outlet works; Water quality; Gas supersaturation;

Hydraulic model; 322-10682-350-00.

Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical solutions; Hydrofoils, twodimensional; 089-10135-530-20.

Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical methods; Channel flows; 089-10137-000-26.

Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical solutions; Submerged

bodies, two-dimensional; 089-10138-000-54.

Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical solutions; Potential flow;

Airfoils, two-dimensional; 089-10139-000-50.

Navier-Stokes flow; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Wedges;

Drag; 057-05778-030-00.

Navigation; Lock filling-emptying systems; 3 14-10744-330-00.

Navigation; Sediment; Density probe; Depth sounding; 314-

10748-700-00.

Navigation channel; Dredging; Gulf intracoastal waterway; 152- 10578-330-82.

Navigation channel; Fraser River; Hydraulic model; 420-10545-

300-90.

Navigation channel; Hydraulic model; Miramichi Estuary, Canada; 411-09562-330-90.

Navigation channel; River bend; River model; Shoaling; Chat- tahoochee River; 314-09717-300-13.

Navigation channel; River model; Shoaling; Columbia River; 313-05317-330-13.

Navigation channel; River model; Red River, Alexandria;

Bridges; 314-09671-330-13.

Navigation channel; River model; Shoaling; Mississippi River; 314-09677-330-13.

Navigation channel; Ship interaction; St. Lawrence River; 408- 09549-330-90.

Navigation channel; Shoaling; Gulf intracoastal waterway; 152- 10586-330-44.

Navigation channel improvement; Bonneville Dam; Locks; 313-

10664-330-13.

Navigation channels; Port improvements, Texas; 152-10588-

330-00.

Navigation channels; Sediment transport, ship-induced; 152- 10580-330-00.

Navigation channels; Ships, deep draft; Mathematical model; 152-10579-330-10.

Navigation channels; Towing; Bends; Channel width; 314-

10743-330-00.

Navigation conditions; Surges; Bay Springs Lock; Canal model; 314-09701-330-13.

Navigation conditions; Surges; Bay Springs Lock; Canal model; 314-09702-330-13.

Navigation safety; Channel dimensions; 3 14-10759-330-00. Near wake; Separated flow; Submerged bodies; Wakes; Bodies

of revolution; Boundary layer, turbulent; 1 39-0762 1 -030-26. Nearshore circulation; Beach erosion; Florida sand budget; Lit- toral drift; 039-09091-410-44. Nearshore hydrodynamics; Surf zone; Waves; 406-095 18-420-

00. New Haven Harbor plant; Pipe bends; Pump, feedwater;

Swirling flow; Hydraulic model; 179-10423-340-73. New York Bight observations; Circulation; Mixing; 066-08827-

450-52. New York harbor; Sand mining effects; Circulation; Harbors; 106-10059-470-44. New York Harbor hydraulic model; Harbor models; Hurricane

surge; Mathematical model; 314-09692-430-13. Newburyport Harbor; Harbor model; 314-09687-470-13.

Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water quality; Watersheds,

agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; 302-09287-860-00.

Nitrogen; Ponds; Soil erosion; Water quality; Fertilizer; 055- j 08024-820-07.

Nitrogen cycle; Water quality; Estuaries; Mathematical models;

j 075-08729-400-36.

Nitrogen cycling; Water quality; Great Salt Lake; 157-10143-

860-33.

Nitrogen ebullition; Reactor safety; Water depressurization; 326-10705-340-55.

Nitrogen supersaturation; Dam model; Lower Granite Dam;

313-05071-350-13.

Nitrogen supersaturation; Orifice bulkheads; Powerhouse i skeleton model; John Day Dam; 313-08446-350-13.

Nitrogen supersaturation; Powerhouse model; Bonneville Dam;

313-07107-350-13.

Nitrogen supersaturation; Powerhouse skeleton model; Ice Har- bor Dam; 313-08445-350-13.

Nitrogen supersaturation; Spillway model; Lower Monumental Dam; 3 13-08447-350-13.

Nitrogen supersaturation reduction model; Libby Dam; 313- I 09342-350-00. , Nitrogen supersaturation reduction model; Libby Dam; 313- \ 09344-350-13.

Noise; Hydraulic pavement breaker; 053-10404-630-70.

Noise; Jet noise; 048-10207-050-50.

Noise; Pumps, displacement; Transients; Fluid power systems; 057-07353-630-70.

Noise; Supersonic flow; Jet noise; 143-09904-160-54.

Noise; Turbulent inflow effect; Fan rotor, ducted; 124-08920-

160-21.

324 i
Noise; Vortex flow; Cavitation; 124-08235-230-21.

Noise control research; Air tools; 1 36-09842-630-70

.

Noise diagnostics; Power plants, nuclear; Reactor safety assess- ment; 1 12-10021-340-55.

Noise, flow induced; Sonar dome; 336-09453-160-22.

Noise generation; Turbulence measurement; Turbulence structure; Wake detection; Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduction; 334-09437-010-00.

Noise reduction; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Wall pressure

fluctuations; Flow noise; 33 1-0722 1-160-20. Noise reduction; Polymer ejection methods; Drag reduction; 337-09456-250-22.

Noise suppression; Compliant surfaces; Drag reduction; 331-

09451-250-22. Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer flow processes; Viscoelastic

fluids; 076-08774-120-00. Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer solutions; Drag reduction; Orifice flow; 417-10503-250-90. Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer solutions; Macromolecule

models; 417-10504-250-90. Non-Newtonian flow; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic fluid; Bubbles; Drops; Gas-liquid flow; 013-

08702-120-54. Non-Newtonian fluids; Filter cake washing; 048-10215-120-00. Non-Newtonian fluids; Rheology; Viscometry; 088-08859-120-

14. Non-Newtonian fluids; Stagnation flow; Viscoelastic fluids; 164- 10015-120-00. Non-Newtonian fluids; Submerged bodies; Bingham plastic; Bottom materials; Clay-water mixtures; Drag; 057-073 52-

120-00. Non-Newtonian fluids; Surface tension; Viscoelastic fluids; Bubble dynamics; 076-08776-120-54.

North Anna plant; Power plant; Condenser inlet tunnel; Hydraulic model; 179-10416-340-73.

Northeast watersheds; Overland flow; Runoff; Watershed analysis; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; 301-08432-

810-00. Northeast watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; 301-09276-

810-00. Northern plains; Plant growth; Water use; 303-0353W-860-00.

Nozzle flow; Transonic; Propulsion; 163-09184-550-70.

Nuclear fuel rods; Vibrations, flow-induced; 136-09655-030-00.

Nuclear plant emergency shutdown; Power plant, floating; Power plant, nuclear; Heat disposal; 075-08736-340-73

.

Nuclear reactor cooling; Blowdown; Boiling water reactor; Heat

transfer; 041-07988-140-52.

Nuclear reactor core cooling; Reactor emergency; Heat

transfer; 041-09984-660-73.

Nuclear reactor safety; Liquid metal flow; 108-08888-340-52.

Nuclear reactor safety; Two-phase flow; 036-0979 1 -1 30-55

.

Nuclear reactors; Reservoirs, annular; Earthquake induced motions; 146-09299-340-70.

Nuclear safeguard measurements; Flowmeters; 3 17- 1 0794-700-

00. Nuclear safeguard measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; 317-10795-700-00.

Nucleate boiling; Reactors; Acoustic emission; Boiling; 136- 09843-140-54. Numerical experiments; Clouds, cumulus; 1 57-10163-480-54. Numerical methods; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer computations; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer separation; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; 073-08069-010-26.

Numerical methods; Cavity flows; Finite element method;

Hydrofoils; 148-1041 1-530-2 1

.

Numerical methods; Channel flows; Navier-Stokes equations; 089-10137-000-26.

Numerical methods; Ocean structures; Structure response;

Vibrations; Wave forces; 044-06699-430-00.

Numerical methods; Open channel flow, unsteady; 094-07507-

200-00. Numerical methods; Pipe networks; Polymer additives; Unsteady pipe flow; Water distribution system; Drag reduction; 044-06695-250-61. Numerical methods; Pipe network analysis; 1 45-09930-2 1 0-33

.

Numerical methods; Ship performance prediction; Waves; 339- 09444-520-20. Numerical methods; Sphere impulsively started; Submerged

bodies; Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; 421-07995-030-90. Numerical methods; Wave theory; Finite element method; 075- 09795-420-44. Numerical model; Aquifers, geopressured; Groundwater; Gulf

Coast aquifers; 323-10702-820-00. Numerical model; Block Island Sound; Circulation, ocean; 100- 10071-450-00. Numerical model; Boundary layer, turbulent; Compressible

flow; Finite element method; 003-09776-010-14. Numerical model; Chesterfield inlet; Finite difference method; Hudson Bay; 419-10509-400-90. Numerical model; Currents, Gulf coast; 153-09916-450-44. Numerical model; Currents, wind driven; Lake circulation; Lake Ontario; 137-09958-440-54. Numerical model; Dispersion models; Hydraulic models; Lakes; 419-10510A40-00.

Numerical model; Heat transfer; Jet impingement; Mass

transfer; 408-10274-340-73. Numerical model; Open channel flow; Water temperature; Monticello field channels; 149-10604-860-36. Numerical model; Oxygen depletion; Strip mine spoil dam;

Sulfate production; Water quality; 162-09905-870-00. Numerical model; Pipe flow, laminar; Entry flow; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; 409-10782-140-00. Numerical model; Pollutant dispersion; Finite element method; Lake circulation; 035-09940-440-54. Numerical model; Power plant; Water temperature; Black Dog

Lake, Minnesota; Cooling pond, heat transfer; 149-10606-

870-73. Numerical model; Precipitation; Water level; Evaporation; Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; 319-10670-810-00. Numerical model; Reactors; Two-phase flow; Boiling; Liquid

metals; 133-10088-130-55. Numerical model; Runoff; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Timber

access roads; Erosion; 030-10340-220-06. Numerical model; Runoff; Water yield; Flood flow; Hydrology;

Land management; 301-10622-810-00. Numerical model; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Drainage; 414-10526-810-90. Numerical model; Sea ice; Currents, ocean; Iceberg drift; 410- 10312-450-90. Numerical model; Sediment transport, suspended; Diffusion; 043-10346-220-54. Numerical model; Soil freezing; Soil thawing; Soil water flow; Heat flow; 114-10609-820-54. Numerical model; Solar energy; Aquifers; Hot water storage; 067-09983-820-52. Numerical model; Storm surge; Surge; 1 53-09917-420-1 1

.

Numerical model; Storm surge; Surge elevations; Beaufort Sea; 407-10238-420-00. Numerical model; Strait of Georgia; 407-10237-400-00. Numerical model; Sturgeon Lake, Minnesota; Lakes; 149- 10607-440-73. Numerical model; Thermal discharges; Ice suppression; 061- 10366-300-61. Numerical model; Tornado simulation; 062-09792-480-54

.

Numerical model; Tsunamis response spectra; Hawaiian Islands; 153-09915-420-44. Numerical model; Weather modification; Cloud seeding; 157- 10164-480-60.

325
Numerical models; Diffuser outlets; 056-10103-870-00.

Numerical models; Overland flow; Surface water systems; Channel flow; Estuaries; Lakes; 323-10693-860-00.

Numerical models; Pipe bends; Pipes, three-dimensional; Laminar flow; 057-10278-210-54.

Numerical models; Pollutant transport; Currents; Lake circulation; Lake Michigan; 005-09778-440-52.

Numerical' models; Porous media flow; Boundary integral solutions; Groundwater; 035-09945-070-54.

Numerical models; Power plant; Remote sensing; Thermal ef- fluent; Belews Lake, North Carolina; Cooling water

discharge; 078-09832-870-50.

Numerical models; Power plants; Waste heat; Atmospheric effects; 134-09909-870-52. Numerical models; Reservoirs; Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; 075- 09807-870-75. Numerical models; Reservoirs; Thermal regimes; Lake

hydrodynamics; 148-10412-440-33. Numerical models; River flow; Dispersion; Mixing; 028-09980-

020-00. Numerical models; River flow; Ice effects; Mixing; 028-09981-

020-00. Numerical models; Runoff, surface; Watersheds, complex; 302- 0455W-810-00.

Numerical models; Sediment transport; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Great Lakes shoreline; Harbors; 035-09941-

440-44. Numerical models; Splines; Weather modeling; 069-10460-480-

54. Numerical models; Submerged bodies; Turbulent flow; Airfoils; 089-10136-030-26. Numerical models; Surf zone; Wave effects; Circulation, nearshore; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; 035-

09942-410-54. Numerical models; Tsunamis; Wave dispersion; Waves, solitary; 153-09914-420-54. Numerical models; Turbulence models; 1 09- 1 0 1 2 1 -020-54

Numerical models; Water quality models; 323-0459 W-860-00. Numerical models; Water temperature; Currents; Great Lakes; Lake circulation; 319-10668-440-00. Numerical models; Watersheds, agricultural; Western Gulf re- gion; Hydrology; 302-0456W-810-00. Numerical models; Wave propagation; Waves, shallow water; 41 1-10317-420-00. Numerical solutions; Hydrofoils, two-dimensional; Navier- Stokes equations; 089-10135-530-20. Numerical solutions; Potential flow; Airfoils, two-dimensional; Navier-Stokes equations; 089-10139-000-50.

Numerical solutions; Submerged bodies, two-dimensional; Navier-Stokes equations; 089-10138-000-54.

Numerical study; Porous media flow; Groundwater flow; 421-

10558-820-90.

Nutrient budget; Sediment yield; Minnesota watersheds; 300-

09273-870-00.

Nutrient movement; Nutrient yield; Watersheds, agricultural; 300-0 192W-8 10-00. Nutrient movement; Pesticides; Sediment transport; Tillage

practice; 063-0264W-870-33.

Nutrient movement; Soil management; Soil water movement;

Water management; 300-043 3 W-820-00.

Nutrient removal analysis; Waste stabilization ponds; 075- 09808-870-54.

Nutrient transport models; Pesticides; Runoff models; Computer models; 051-0380W-870-00.

Nutrient uptake; Phytoplankton growth; Water quality; Mathematical model; 075-09826-870-54.

Nutrient yield; Watersheds, agricultural; Nutrient movement;

300-0192 W-8 10-00.

Nutrients; Reservoir circulation; Sedimentation; Water quality; Monroe Reservoir, Indiana; 058-10563-860-00.

Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; 302-09287-860-00.

Nutrients; Trophic level; Water quality; Algal assay; Lake

Ozonia; 028-09975-860-00.

Nutrients; Vegetation; Water quality; Agricultural practices; 300-0344W-860-00. Ocean currents; Currents; Electric fields; 178-09226-450-20. Ocean currents; Rotating flow; Antarctic circumpolar current; 143-09180-450-54. Ocean currents; Seamount; Boundary layer, benthic; 178- 09227-450-20. Ocean dynamics; Atlantic Ocean; Currents; 1 78-07786-450-20. Ocean engineering; Breakwater experiments; Breakwater,

hydraulic; 076-06666-430-20. Ocean microstructure; Rotating flow; Stratified fluids; Waves,

solitary; Internal waves; 143-09903-450-20. Ocean structures; Structure design criteria; Wave forces; Cylinders; 1 18-09768-430-44. Ocean structures; Structure response; Vibrations; Wave forces; Numerical methods; 044-06699-430-00. Ocean thermal energy; Energy; 075-09809-430-52. Ocean thermal energy; Screens; Energy; Intakes; 1 18-09990-

430-52. Ocean thermal energy conversion; Waves, design waves; Energy; 046-09280-420-52. Ocean thermal energy conversion; Energy; 046-09282-340-54. Ocean thermal energy conversion; Thermal energy; Energy; 046-10051-490-88. Ocean thermal energy plant; Stratified flow; Energy, ocean

thermal; Hydraulic model; 039-10458-430-20. Ocean wave energy conversion; Salinity gradient energy; Energy; Environmental effects; 161-09883-490-52. Oceanic front dynamics; Plumes; 034-101 16-450-20. Ocean-inlet-bay model; Coastal engineering education; Hydraulic demonstration model; 039-10451-730-00. Oceanographic instruments; Data aquisition systems; Environ- mental study; Massachusetts Bay; Mathematical models; 075- 08083-450-44. Oceanography; Submarine canyon; Circulation; Continental

shelf; Continental slope; 161-09876-450-00. Oceanography; Water quality; Benchmark data; Continental

shelf; 161-09877-450-34. Oceanography; Waves, internal; Benard convection; Currents, ocean; Geophysical fluid dynamics; Internal waves; Mathematical models; 318-08449-450-00. Odor control; Plant model; Wind tunnel tests; Air pollution; Computer model; 053-10405-870-70.

Offshore platforms; Oil production equipment; Slosh effects; 146-10356-650-70.

Offshore structure design; Sea simulation; Structures; Waves;

1 18-09766-430-44.

Ogives; Water entry; Cones; Drag; Hydroballistics research;

Missiles; 335-04867-510-22.

Oil film thickness measurement; Oil spills; Pollution; Wave ef- fects; 038-09924-870-00.

Oil pollution; Oil slick barrier; Waves; 152-0831 1-870-48.

Oil production equipment; Slosh effects; Offshore platforms; 146-10356-650-70.

Oil refinery wastes; Plume dispersion; Pollution; Tracer methods; Lake Michigan; 005-09779-870-36.

Oil shale; Strip mining; Water needs; Coal; Energy resource development, Utah; Mathematical model; 157-10146-800-33.

Oil shale development; Salinity; Aquatic ecosystem; Colorado

River basin; 157-10158-860-60.

Oil shale development; Water quality; Carcinogens; 157-10177-

860-33.

326
Oil shale development; Water transfers, Utah; Economic effects; 157-10145-800-33.

Oil slick; Ice; Oil-ice interaction; 405-10303-870-00.

Oil slick barrier; Waves; Oil pollution; 152-083 1 1-870-48.

Oil slick spread; Coastal waters; 017-10024-870-54.

Oil spill behavior review; Currents, wind induced; Ekman layer; 075-09804-870-44.

Oil spill containment; Booms; 405-09510-870-00.

Oil spill containment; Ice-oil boom; 405-10298-870-00.

Oil spill diversion; St. Lawrence River; 408-09548-870-90.

Oil spill recovery; River ice; Ice cover; 405-10302-870-99.

Oil spills; Pollution; Wave effects; Oil film thickness measurement; 038-09924-870-00.

Oil storage; Salt cavities; Brine disposal; 152-10587-870-43.

Oil storage tanks; Structures, offshore; Earthquake loads; 019-

10123-430-44.

Oil-ice interaction; Oil slick; Ice; 405-10303-870-00.

Oil-water flow; Pipeline transport; Suspensions; Drag reduction; Emulsions; Hydraulic transport; 093-10075-370-54.

Oil-water mixture; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic flow; Drag reduction; 131-07592-130-00.

Oil-water suspension; Suspensions; Acoustic emulsification; Emulsification; 084-09818-130-00. Old River; Control structure failure consequences; 072-09927-

350-61. Old River diversion; River model; Diversion model; 3 14-09680-

350-00.

Ontario drainage basins; Peak flow; Runoff; Mathematical

model; 414-10525-810-90. Open channel flow; Backwater curve computations; Energy

gradients; 121-08928-200-00. Open channel flow; Bed forms; Dune growth; 414-10521-220-

90. Open channel flow; Diffusion; 405-09509-200-00. Open channel flow; Open channel resistance; Channel shape effects; Manning equation; 121-08223-200-00. Open channel flow; Overland flow; Roughness; Vegetation;

Manning coefficient; 162-09906-200-00. Open channel flow; Power plant, nuclear; Hydraulic model; 009-09781-340-73. Open channel flow; Ripple growth; Bed forms; 414-10522-220-

90. Open channel flow; River flow; Secondary currents; 127-08935-

300-54. Open channel flow; River flow; Dispersion; Mixing; 401-10765-

200-96. Open channel flow; Scaling laws; Dispersion; Model distortion

effects; 405-10287-750-00. Open channel flow; Secondary flow; Boundary shear stress; 03O-10341-200-54. Open channel flow; Sediment effects; Turbulence; Velocity dis- tribution; 414-10520-200-90. Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Bends; Meandering; 061-10388-200-00. Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Stochastic hydraulics;

Kalman filtering theory; 127-09845-200-00. Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Turbulence structure; Boundary shear stress; 302-09292-200-00. Open channel flow; Shear stress; Bed forms; 41 4-10523-220-90

.

Open channel flow; Stratification effect; Velocity profile ;|Ch|ezy coefficient; 158-09901-200-00. Open channel flow; Stratified flow; Heated water discharge; Heat transfer; Mixing; 061-08036-060-33. Open channel flow; Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; Waves;

Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; 322-10678-320-00. Open channel flow; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; 316-10796-700-00. Open channel flow; Turbulence; 323-0368W-200-00.

Open channel flow; Velocity distribution; Alluvial channels; Erosion; Mathematical model; 302-10629-200-00. Open channel flow; Water temperature; Monticello field channels; Numerical model; 149-10604-860-36. Open channel flow; Waves, wind; Wind effect; Canal system

control; 020-10079-200-60. Open channel flow equations; Backwater computations; 056-

10110-200-00. Open channel flow, unsteady; Numerical methods; 094-07507-

200-00. Open channel resistance; Channel shape effects; Manning equation; Open channel flow; 121-08223-200-00. Open channel transients; Pipe flow transients; Transients; Waterhammer; 085-08853-210-54. Open channel turbulence; Sediment transport, bed load; Turbulence measurements; Bed armoring; 044-07300-220-00. Oregon inlet; Inlet model; Inlet, coastal; Jetty; 3 14-09707-430-

13. Orifice bulkheads; Powerhouse skeleton model; John Day Dam;

Nitrogen supersaturation; 3 1 3-08446-3 50-1 3

.

Orifice flow; Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer solutions; Drag

reduction; 417-10503-250-90.

Orifice meters; Pulsatile flow; Flow measurement; 172-10016-

700-54.

Orifice meters; Swirl effects; Turbulence model; Dynamic

volume measurements; Flowmeters; Mathematical model; 317-10789-750-00.

Orographic winter storms; Precipitation; Cloud seeding potential; 157-10153-480-60.

Oscillary flow; Pressure gradients; Sediment transport by waves; 414-10513-220-90.

Oscillating bodies; Wave damping; Added mass; 334-08529-

040-22.

Oscillating torus; Torus, flow in; Pipe flow, coiled; 064-09020-

000-00.

Oscillations; Separated flow; Submerged bodies; Boundary

layers; Cylinders, circular; 417-10507-010-90.

Oscillations, self-excited; Free shear layer; 064-09022-000-00.

Oscillatory flow; Cables; Drag; Mooring line response; 152- 09049-590-00.

Oscillatory flow; Pipe flow, unsteady; Friction; Laminar flow; 417-09599-210-00.

Oscillatory flow; Submerged bodies; Drag; Flat plate, normal; 044-09955-030-00.

Oscillatory flow; Velocity measurements; Boundary layer, oscil- lating; Boundary layer, transitional; 061-10389-010-00.

Oscillatory flow; Wall obstacles; Biomedical flows; Blood flow; Laminar flow, oscillatory; 057-07355-000-88.

Oscillatory flow; Wave forces; Cylinder, circular; 1 18-09986-

420-54.

Outfall; Pumps; Heavy water plant; Hydraulic model; Intake; 413-09578-340-00.

Outfall; Sewer; Storm sewer; Nappe; 121-08222-870-00.

Outfall model; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; 061-08832-870-73.

Outfall pipe design; Mine tailings; 420-10549-390-70.

Outfalls; Dilution; Jets, buoyant; Jets, wall; 410-10305-050-90.

Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; 413-10324-340-00.

Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; In- takes; 413-10325-340-00.

Outlet model; Moose Creek Dam; 313-09352-350-13.

Outlet, sewer; Sewer, storm; Diffuser; 149-10599-870-60.

Outlet works; Spillway outlet works; Hydraulic model; 155- 09919-350-07.

Outlet works; Water quality; Gas supersaturation; Hydraulic model; Navajo Dam; 322-10682-350-00.

Outlet works model; Conduit entrance model; Dworshak Dam;

Libby Dam; 3 13-071 10-350-13.

Ill
Outlet works model; Dworshak Dam; Intake models; 313-

05315-350-00.

Outlet works model; Elk Creek Dam; 313-09347-350-00.

Outlet works model; Lost Creek Dam; 3 13-071 18-350-13.

Outlet works model; Stilling basin; Meramec Park reservoir; 314-09674-350-13.

Outlets; Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; Thermal

discharges; 056-10104-870-33.

Outlets, spillway; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; 149-01 168-

350-05. Overbank flow; River basin model; Flood plain; Mathematical

model; 028-09973-300-00.

Overland flow; Hydrographs; Hydrologic models; Mathematical

model; 030-07001-810-05.

Overland flow; Rain erosion; Soil erosion; Tillage methods;

Erosion control; Mathematical model; 300-04275-830-00.

Overland flow; Raindrop impact; 094-07504-200-00. Overland flow; Rainfall-runoff model; Runoff, surface; Hydrology; Kinematic wave model; 099-09847-810-33.

Overland flow; Roughness; Vegetation; Manning coefficient; Open channel flow; 162-09906-200-00. Overland flow; Runoff; Soil erosion; Erosion; Land use; 129- 03808-830-05.

Overland flow; Runoff; Watershed analysis; Watersheds,

agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; 301-

08432-810-00. Overland flow; Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Watershed model; Mathematical model; 030-08804-220-06. Overland flow; Surface water systems; Channel flow; Estuaries; Lakes; Numerical models; 323-10693-860-00.

Overland flow; Wastewater treatment; Irrigation, spray; Lagoon

effluent; 157-10166-870-33. Overland flow; Wastewater treatment; 314-10756-870-00.

Overland flow; Watershed response; Hydrologic analysis; 129- 07585-810-33. Oxygen depletion; Strip mine spoil dam; Sulfate production; Water quality; Numerical model; 162-09905-870-00.

Oyster depuration hydraulic design; 159-09889-390-41

Ozark section; Hydrographs; 094-08864-810-00. Ozark watersheds; Soil characteristics; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Water yield; 310-06973-810-00. Pacheco tunnel; Stilling basin; Gates; Hydraulic model; 322-

10683-350-00.

Pacific coast watersheds; Sedimentation; Watersheds, forested; Erosion; 323-0462 W-220-00.

Pacific northwest; Soil erosion; 303-09320-830-00.

Pacific Northwest flow needs; Water needs; 166-09197-800-33. Pagan River, Virginia; Pollutant distribution; Tidal prism model; Estuaries; Mathematical model; 161-09880-400-60.

Paleohydraulics; Channel incision chronology; Dearborn River, Montana; 091 -10063-300-00.

Palmetto Bend Dam; Spillway; Hydraulic model; 322-09393-

350-00.

Palo Alto; Wastewater reclamation; Water quality; 148-10410-

860-36.

Particle centrifugal separation; Two-phase flow; Gas-solid flow; 077-10574-130-52.

Particle size distribution; Slurry pipeline; Coal slurry; Hydraulic

transport; 029-10279-260-88.

Peace River; River diversion; Hydraulic model; 420-10535-350-

73. Peace River diversion; Gates; Hydraulic model; 420-10537-350-

73. Peak flow; Runoff; Mathematical model; Ontario drainage

basins; 414-10525-810-90.

Pearl Harbor; Ship waves; Waves, ship-generated; Harbors;

Marinas; 046-10053-470-60.

Peatlands; Drainage channels; 410-10309-840-90.

Penstock entrances; Hydraulic model; 322-10685-340-00.

Periodic flow; Stability; Unsteady flow; Couette flow; 076- 10469-000-00. Permeable bed; Sediment transport by waves; Seepage; 316-

07824-410-11.

Perry station; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Cooling tower

basin; Hydraulic model; 179-10430-340-75.

Pesticides; Runoff models; Computer models; Nutrient trans- port models; 05 1-0380W-870-00.

Pesticides; Sediment transport; Tillage practice; Nutrient movement; 063-0264W-870-33.

Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; Streamflow; Urbanization ef- fects, runoff; 418-10620-810-90.

Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; Swamp; 418-10621-810-90.

Peterborough, Ontario; Snow cover; Snowfall; 418-10618-810-

90. Phosphate mine spoil dumps; Slope stability; 304-09327-390-

00. Phosphate mines; Spoil dumps; 157-10152-890-06.

Phosphorus; Water quality; Agricultural soil; Pollutants, chemical; 129-07584-820-61

Phosphorus budget; Trophic level; Water quality; Lake models; Lake Ozonia; 028-09976-860-00. Photochrome dye; Dye technique; Flow visualization; 416- 06952-710-00.

Photographic data; Coastal imagery data bank; 3 12-09747-7 10- 00. Photographic methods; Sea spectra; 332-07067-420-00.

Photographic streamflow estimates; Streamflow estimates; 027- 07935-300-36.

Photography; Polymer additives; Turbulence; Air entrainment;

Jets, water in air; 331-09450-250-20.

Phytoplankton cell division; Water quality; 075-09827-870-00. Phytoplankton growth; Water quality; Mathematical model;

Nutrient uptake; 075-09826-870-54.

Piceance basin, Colorado; Sediment yield; Mining effects; 323-

10698-880-00. Pickwick Landing; Hydraulic model; Locks; 341-10736-330-00. Piedmont; Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Coastal plain; Erosion control; 310-06974-810-00.

Pier model; Thames River submarine pier; 1 49-09000-430-75

Piezometric head; Road construction effects; Groundwater;

Idaho; 304-10645-820-00.

Piles; Wave force instrumentation; 41 1-08133-420-90.

Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathematical model; 075-09799-870-73.

Pine Tree Branch watershed; Watershed studies; 338-0261 W810-00.

Pipe bends; Pipes, helical; Transients; Waterhammer; 057- 09036-210-52.

Pipe bends; Pipes, three-dimensional; Laminar flow; Numerical

models; 057-10278-210-54.

Pipe bends; Pump, feedwater; Swirling flow; Hydraulic model; New Haven Harbor plant; 179-10423-340-73.

Pipe, corrugated; Turbulence structure; Helical flow; 149- 08996-210-54.

Pipe cover layers; Rubble; Undersea pipe; Wave forces; 085- 09994-420-00.

Pipe flow; Pipes, corrugated helical; Friction factor; 149-10600-

210-70.

Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Wall pressure fluctuations; Flow

noise; Noise reduction; 33 1 -0722 1 -160-20'. Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Drag reduction; Transition; 332- 08524-250-00.

Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Polymer degradation; Rotating

disks; Drag reduction; 334-08540-250-00.

Pipe flow; Polymers; Turbulence; Drag reduction; 302-10628-

250-00.

Pipe flow; Pressure transients; Transients; Air, entrained; 044- 08814-210-54.

328
Pipe flow; Pulsatile flow; Unsteady flow; Blood flow; 061-

10390-000-00.

Pipe flow; Pulsating flow; Unsteady flow; 410-10313-210-88.

Pipe flow; Roughness; 166-08375-210-54.

Pipe flow; Stability; Tubes, curved; Unsteady flow; 048-10208-

210-54.

Pipe flow; Submarine piping systems; Transients, hydraulic; Transients, pneumatic; Computer programs; 040-09846-210-

00. Pipe flow; Transients; Water hammer; Air chambers; 404-

10228-210-90.

Pipe flow; Transition visual study; Boundary layer transition; Laminar-turbulent transition; 1 15-07551-010-54.

Pipe flow; Turbulence structure; Liquid metals; Mercury; 133- 10091-110-54.

Pipe flow; Turbulent convection; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; 024-10111-020-00.

Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; 003-09777-140-00.

Pipe flow; Wall region visual study; Boundary layer, turbulent; 115-08216-010-54.

Pipe flow, coiled; Oscillating torus; Torus, flow in; 064-09020-

000-00.

Pipe flow, laminar; Entry flow; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Numerical model; 409-10782-140-00.

Pipe flow transients; Transients with gas release; Hydraulic

transients; 079-08777-210-54.

Pipe flow transients; Transients; Waterhammer; Open channel

transients; 085-08853-210-54.

Pipe flow, turbulent; Roughness elements; 007-09936-210-00.

Pipe flow, turbulent; Supercritical fluids; Heat transfer; 109- 08907-140-54.

Pipe flow, turbulent; Tubes; Unsteady flow; 069-10462-210-54.

Pipe flow, unsteady; Friction; Laminar flow; Oscillatory flow; 417-09599-210-00.

Pipe freezing; Ice; 403-10224-190-90.

Pipe network analysis; Numerical methods; 145-09930-2 10-33

.

Pipe networks; Polymer additives; Unsteady pipe flow; Water

distribution system; Drag reduction; Numerical methods;

044-06695-250-61.

Pipe outlets; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; Hydraulic structures; Inlets; 300-01723-350-00.

Pipe vibrations; Vibrations; 410-10307-210-90.

Pipeline flow; Pitot rods; Flow measurement; 057-10277-700-

00.

Pipeline, submerged; Wave forces; 046-09277-420-44.

Pipeline transport; Slurries; Coal slurry pipeline; Jet pump in- jector model; 059-10613-260-34.

Pipeline transport; Slurries; Coal transport; Manifold design;

Multi-component flow; 172-10019-210-60.

Pipeline transport; Slurry flow; Transport water contamination; Water treatment; Coal pipeline; 096-10616-370-36.

Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Woodchip mixtures; Friction loss; Hydraulic transport; 096-07513-260-06.

Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Blockage; 414-10515-370-90.

Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Turbulent suspension;

Two-phase flow; 414-10516-130-90.

Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Coal slurry; 414-1051 7-370-90.

Pipeline transport; Suspensions; Drag reduction; Emulsions;

Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; 093-10075-370-54.

Pipelines; Thermal wells; Vibrations; 030-10335-370-70.

Pipelines; Wave forces; 019-08783-420-1 1

.

Pipelines, offshore; Scour; Sediment transport by waves; Wave

effects; 152-09050-220-44.

Pipelines, offshore; Wave pressure fields; 1 52-0905 1 -420-44.

Pipes, cement-asbestos; Waterhammer tests; 417-10505-210-70.

Pipes, corrugated helical; Friction factor; Pipe flow; 149-10600-

210-70.

Pipes, helical; Transients; Waterhammer; Pipe bends; 057- 09036-210-52.

Pipes, three-dimensional; Laminar flow; Numerical models;

Pipe bends; 057-10278-210-54.

Piping (erosion); Rainfall erosion; Clays; Dispersive clay; Embankments; 314-10760-350-00.

Pitot rods; Flow measurement; Pipeline flow; 057-10277-700-

00. Planing boats; Porpoising; Ship motions; Ship stability; 334-

10726-520-22.

Planing boats; Ship motions; Wave effects; 334-10725-520-22.

Plant growth; Water use; Northern plains; 303-0353W-860-00.

Plant model; Wind tunnel tests; Air pollution; Computer model; Odor control; 053-10405-870-70.

Plates, flow between; Roughness effects; Loss coefficients; 126- 08934-290-00. Plenum pressure; Surface effect ships; Heaving; 151-08980-

520-21. Plume; Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cayuga station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Lake Cayuga; 179-10428-340-75. Plume; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Charlestown

station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; 179-10424-340-73. Plume dispersion; Pollution; Tracer methods; Lake Michigan;

Oil refinery wastes; 005-09779-870-36. Plume interference; Plume recirculation; Cooling tower model; 061-10386-340-70. Plume model; Stack emissions; Cooling tower emissions; 073- 08695-870-60. Plume near field; Cooling tower models; 061-10379-870-73. Plume prediction; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Missouri River; 061-10359-870-60. Plume recirculation; Cooling tower model; Plume interference; 061-10386-340-70. Plume temperatures; Cooling towers; Heat dissipation; 011- 10006-870-52. Plume theory; Plumes, buoyant; 417-09595-060-00.

Plumes; Oceanic front dynamics; 034-101 16-450-20. Plumes; Pollution; Thermal; Coding water discharge; Diffusers; 005-09780-870-52.

Plumes; Potential flow; Cooling towers; Mathematical model; 061-10385-030-70.

Plumes; Remote sensing; Thermal plumes; Lake Michigan; / 75- 10030-870-60.

Plumes; Stratified flow; Turbidity current; 068-10569-060-00.

Plumes; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; Dilution; 341-10734-870-00.

Plumes; Turbidity; Disposal operations; Dredging; 106-10058-

870-10.

Plumes; Turbulence; Finite difference method; Jets, buoyant; 065-10785-050-54.

Plumes, buoyant; Plume theory; 417-09595-060-00.

Plumes, negative buoyancy; Porous media flow; Aquifer flow; Dispersion; 075-09814-070-54.

Plumes, negatively buoyant; Power plant; Blowdown; Hope

Creek plant; Mathematical model; 179-10425-340-73.

Plumes, thermal; Temperature fluctuations; Thermal effluents; 175-10032-870-33.

Plumes, wall; Fire plume; 122-08931-060-70.

Plunge pool basin; Cabinet gorge project; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Hydroelectric plant; 166-10133-350-73. Pneumatic transport; Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; Muck

pipeline; 029-10281-260-47.

Point Grey, Vancouver; Shore stabilization; 420-10551-410-96.

Poiseuille flow; Spheres, concentric rotating; Stability; Couette

flow; 088-07488-000-54.

Pollutant dispersion; Finite element method; Lake circulation; Numerical model; 035-09940-440-54.

329
Pollutant disposal; Porous medium flow; Drainage design; 303- 0354W-070-00.

Pollutant distribution; Sewage outfall; Estuaries; Mathematical

model; 161-09881-400-60.

Pollutant distribution; Tidal prism model; Estuaries; Mathematical model; Pagan River, Virginia; 161-09880-400-60.

Pollutant flow; Locks; 098-09996-330-10.

Pollutant transport; Currents; Lake circulation; Lake Michigan; Numerical models; 005-09778-440-52.

Pollutant transport; Estuaries; Mathematical models; 019-

10125-400-54.

Pollutant transport; Radioactive waste storage tanks; Groundwater; 011-1 0002-870-52

Pollutant transport; Septic tank drainfield; Groundwater; 096-

10617-870-36.

Pollutant transport; Shoaling; Environmental considerations; Gulf intracoastal waterway; 152-10583-330-44.

Pollutant transport; Water quality; Groundwater; Menomonee

river basin; / 74-09872-820-36.

Pollutant transport; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-0454W-870-

00.

Pollutants, chemical; Phosphorus; Water quality; Agricultural

soil; 129-07584-820-61.

Pollutants, organic; Hydrology, urban; 058-10564-870-00.

Pollution; Chemical equilibrium calculations; Computer pro- grams; Metallic wastes; 075-09825-870-36.

Pollution; Fly ash disposal; Groundwater contamination;

Metals; / / / -099 1 1 -820-52

Pollution; Porous media flow; Contaminant migration; 418-

10512-070-90.

Pollution; Radiactive wastes; Groundwater monitoring; Hanford

site; 011-10008-870-52.

Pollution; Radioactive waste burial; Radionuclide migration; 011-10003-870-52.

Pollution; Radionuclide transport; Groundwater, unsaturated

zone; 01 1-10004-870-52.

Pollution; Red tide; Copper; 075-09824-870-44.

Pollution; River flow; Dispersion; Effluent transport; Mixing; 056-10099-300-00.

Pollution; Sanitary landfill; Landfill leachate; 076-10471-870-

60.

Pollution; Spill control; Hazardous materials; 025-09898-870-

36.

Pollution; Thermal; Coding water discharge; Diffusers; Plumes; 005-09780-870-52.

Pollution; Tracer methods; Lake Michigan; Oil refinery wastes; Plume dispersion; 005-09779-870-36.

Pollution; Waste disposal siting; Groundwater pollution; 075- 09812-820-36.

Pollution; Water quality data; Ashtabula river; 025-09899-870-

36.

Pollution; Watersheds, agricultural; Chemical transport models; 302-10637-870-00.

Pollution; Wave effects; Oil film thickness measurement; Oil

spills; 038-09924-870-00.

Pollution, aquifers; Aquifer pollution transport; Groundwater

pollution; 02 7-07934-870-41.

Pollution control; Crop production; Drainage system design; 113-0382W-840-00.

Pollution control technology; Energy conversion; Energy effi- ciency; 157-0427W-870-00.

Pollution dispersion; Dispersion; Estuaries; Heat disposal; 019-

08046-870-61.

Pollution, nonpoint; Livestock operations; 303-10624-870-00.

Pollution, non-point; Runoff; Stormwater sampling; Water

quality; Hampton Roads; 159-09890-870-36.

Pollution, non-point; Runoff, urban; Stormwater pollutants; Urban stormwater model; 076-10470-870-60.

Pollution, non-point; Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; Computer model; Hydrographic survey; 1 61 -09882-400-60

Pollution, thermal; Cooling water model; Model study; 019- 08784-870-73.

Pollution, thermal; Remote sensing; Cooling water discharge; Mathematical model; 078-09023-870-50.

Pollution transport; Remote sensing; Mathematical model; 325- 09398-870-00.

Pollution transport; Waves; Circulation; Continental shelf; Mathematical model; 325-09399-450-00.

Pollution transport mechanisms; East River; 106-09001-870-00.

Polydispersity; Polymer additives; Drag reduction; 33 1-10772-

250-20. Polymer additives; Cavitation; 124-08236-230-22. Polymer additives; Cavitation; Flow visualization; Jets; 331-

10774-050-20. Polymer additives; Drag reduction; Polydispersity; 33 1-10772-

250-20. Polymer additives; Drag reduction; Transition; Pipe flow; 332- 08524-250-00. Polymer additives; Polymer characteristics; Pressure hole errors; Drag reduction; 006-08825-250-54. Polymer additives; Polymer degradation; Rotating disks; Drag

reduction; Pipe flow; 334-08540-250-00. Polymer additives; Polystyrene; Drag reduction; 337-09455-

250-00. Polymer additives; Potential flow; Prolate spheroid; Ship forms; Ship resistance; Ship waves; Drag reduction; 061-02091-520-

20. Polymer additives; Shear modulus measuring instruments;

Viscosity; Drag reduction; 093-07502-120-00. Polymer additives; Soap solutions; Wall region visual study; Drag reduction; 1 15-07553-250-54. Polymer additives; Solute effects; Surfactants; Drag reduction; 332-08523-250-20. Polymer additives; Suspensions, fiber; Asbestos fibers; Cavitation inception; Drag reduction; 33 1-09449-250-20. Polymer additives; Turbulence; Air entrainment; Jets, water in

air; Photography; 331-09450-250-20. Polymer additives; Turbulence measurement; Viscoelastic

fluids; Drag reduction; Hot-film anemometer; 093-06405-

250-00. Polymer additives; Turbulence, near-wall; Drag reduction; Flow

visualization; 1 16-08939-250-54. Polymer additives; Unsteady pipe flow; Water distribution system; Drag reduction; Numerical methods; Pipe networks; 044-06695-250-61. Polymer additives; Velocity profile calculation; Drag reduction; 331-09445-250-00. Polymer additives; Viscosity; Drag reduction; 093-06408-120-

00. Polymer additives; Wall pressure fluctuations; Flow noise; Noise reduction; Pipe flow; 331-07221-160-20. Polymer characteristics; Pressure hole errors; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 006-08825-250-54. Polymer degradation; Rotating disks; Drag reduction; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; 334-08540-250-00. Polymer effects; Pump cavitation; Cavitation; 124-10046-630-

21. Polymer ejection methods; Drag reduction; Noise reduction; 337-09456-250-22. Polymer flow processes; Viscoelastic fluids; Non-Newtonian

flow; 076-08774-120-00. Polymer solutions; Drag reduction; Orifice flow; Non-Newtonian flow; 417-10503-250-90. Polymer solutions; Macromolecule models; Non-Newtonian

flow; 417-10504-250-90.

Polymers; Turbulence; Drag reduction; Pipe flow; 302-10628-

250-00.

Polystyrene; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 337-09455-

250-00.

330
Ponce de Leon Inlet; Inlet field study; Inlets, coastal; 039- 09103-410-10.

Ponds; Soil erosion; Water quality; Fertilizer; Nitrogen; 055- 08024-820-07.

Pore size effects; Porous medium flow; Saturation; Capillary

pressure; 131-09840-820-00.

Pore water pressure; Wave effects; Caissons; 1 1 8-09989-430-

87. Porous bed effect; Hydraulic jump; 033-10777-360-00.

Porous media, deformable; Compressible flow; 088-10573-070-

54. Porous media flow; Aquifer flow; Dispersion; Plumes, negative

buoyancy; 075-09814-070-54.

Porous media flow; Boundary integral solutions; Groundwater;

Numerical models; 035-09945-070-54.

Porous media flow; Contaminant migration; Pollution; 418-

10512-070-90. Porous media flow; Creeping flow; 048-10220-070-54.

Porous media flow; Dispersion; 028-09982-070-00.

Porous media flow; Groundwater flow; Numerical study; 421-

10558-820-90. Porous media flow; Power-law fluids; 048-10216-120-00.

Porous media flow; Soil water; Forests; 402-10286-810-90.

Porous media flow; Water treatment; Aquifers, Gulf Coast; Diffusion; Groundwater; 072-09928-820-61.

Porous medium flow; Drainage design; Pollutant disposal; 303- 0354W-070-00.

Porous medium flow; Recession flow; Hydrographs; 049-10067-

810-05. Porous medium flow; Saturation; Capillary pressure; Pore size

effects; 131-09840-820-00.

Porous medium flow; Seepage; Finite element method; 044- 06693-070-00.

Porous medium flow; Water quality; Dispersion; Groundwater;

075-08084-820-36.

Porous medium flow, unsteady; Groundwater flow transients; 085-08854-820-00.

Porous medium flow, unsteady; Unsteady flow; 027-06462-070-

00. Porous pavements; Runoff detention; Urban runoff; Watersheds, urban; 167-10190-870-33. Porous plates; Transients; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary

layer, suction and blowing; Boundary layer, unsteady; 097-

09833-010-00.

Porous structures; Wave reflection; Wave transmission; 312-

09758-420-00.

Porpoising; Ship motions; Ship stability; Planing boats; 334-

10726-520-22.

Port improvements, Texas; Navigation channels; 152-10588-

330-00.

Potato wastes; Waste treatment; Aeration; 052-09860-870-60.

Potential flow; Airfoils, two-dimensional; Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical solutions; 089-10139-000-50.

Potential flow; Cooling towers; Mathematical model; Plumes; 061-10385-030-70.

Potential flow; Prolate spheroid; Ship forms; Ship resistance; Ship waves; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 061-02091-

520-20.

Potential flow; Slot efflux, double slot; 044-08815-040-00.

Potential flow; Submerged bodies; Surface effects; 334-10716- 030-22.

Potential flow; Weirs, sharp crested; 020-10077-700-00.

Powders; Pulsed flow; Fluidization; 126-09838-130-00. Power plant; Air pollution; Baghouse; 400-10485-340-70. Power plant; Blowdown; Hope Creek plant; Mathematical

model; Plumes, negatively buoyant; 179-10425-340-73. Power plant; Condenser flow model; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; 400-10500-340-75. Power plant; Condenser inlet tunnel; Hydraulic model; North Anna plant; 179-10416-340-73.

Power plant; Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; Intake sump; 408-10239-340-70. Power plant; Cooling water discharge; Jet, surface; 061-08831-

870-75. Power plant; Cooling water discharge system; Hydraulic model; 061-10376-870-75. Power plant; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; 408- 09546-340-75. Power plant; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Intakes;

Outfalls; 413-10325-340-00. Power plant; Cooling water outfall duct; Hydraulic model; 413-

09573-340-00. Power plant; Cooling water outfall channel; Hydraulic model; 413-09574-340-00. Power plant; Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; Intake; 413-09575-340-00. Power plant; Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; Outfalls; 413-10324-340-00. Power plant; Cooling water system; Hydraulic model; 413-

09579-340-00. Power plant; Discharge structure; Inlet structure; Hydraulic model; Merom Station cooling lake; 075-09806-350-75. Power plant; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; 341-10738-850-00. Power plant; Gate downpull; Hydraulic model; Intake; 408- 09547-340-96. Power plant; Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; Limestone sta- tion; 408-10265-340-73. Power plant; Hydraulic model; Riser pipes; 4 1 3-1 0330-340-00. Power plant; Hydraulic model; Limestone station; 420-10538-

340-73. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-1 0474-340-73

.

Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10475-340-75. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10476-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10477-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10478-340-75. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10479-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10480-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10481-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10482-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10483-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10484-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator duct model; 413-10322-340-00. Power plant; Precipitator duct model; 413-10327-340-00. Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; 400-09477-340-75. Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; 400-09486-340-70. Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; 400-09488-340*70. Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; 400-09489-340-75. Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; 400-09490-340-70. Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; 400-09491-340-70. Power plant; Pump sump; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 408-10248-340-73. Power plant; Pump sumps; Vortices; Intakes; 408-10273-340-

73. Power plant; Pump well; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 408-10245-

340-73. Power plant; Pump wells; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 408-10247-340-73. Power plant; Remote sensing; Thermal effluent; Belews Lake, North Carolina; Cooling water discharge; Numerical models; 078-09832-870-50. Power plant; Scrubber; Air pollution; Dryer; 400-10488-340-

70. Power plant; Scrubber; Air pollution; 400-10489-340-70.

331
Power plant; Scrubber; Air pollution; 400-10490-340-70. Power plant; Scrubbers; Air pollution; 400-10486-340-70. Power plant; Seabrook plant; Discharge structure; Hydraulic model; 179-10417-340-73. Power plant; Seabrook plant; Hydraulic model; Intake structures; 179-10418-340-73. Power plant; Sedimentation; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Intake; 400-10498-340-75. Power plant; Somerset plant; Thermal effluent; Cooling water

discharge; Diffusers; Hydraulic model; 075-09801-870-75. Power plant; Spent fuel release; 413-09576-340-00. Power plant; Suppression pool; Hydraulic model; 400-10501-

340-75. Power plant; Thermal discharge dilution; Cooling water

discharge; Hydraulic model; 061-10380-870-73. Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cayuga station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Lake Cayuga; Plume; 179-10428-340- 75. Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge;

Dispersion; Mumerical model; 34 1 -1 0740-870-00. Power plant; Thermal model; Cooling water discharge"; Hydraulic model; 400-10491-870-73. Power plant; Tunnel; Cooling water tunnel: Hydraulic model; 413-10329-340-00. Power plant; Vortex suppression; Hydraulic model; Intake; 322-

10672-210-00. Power plant; Water temperature; Black Dog Lake, Minnesota; Cooling pond, heat transfer; Numerical model; 149-10606-

870-73. Power plant; Waves, design; Hydraulic model; 420-10552-420-

73. Power plant backfitting; Cooling system, closed cycle; 061-

10382-340-36. Power plant economics; Computer models; Cooling alternatives; 061-10369-340-33. Power plant effect; Water level; Lake Winnipeg; Ice conditions; 408-10249-440-73. Power plant effects; River ice; Winnipeg River; Ice conditions; 408-10250-300-73. Power plant, floating; Power plant, nuclear; Heat disposal; Nuclear plant emergency shutdown; 075-08736-340-73

Power plant impact; Transport models; Computer models; 112- 10049-870-55. Power plant intakes; Fish screen hydraulics; 313-10663-850-13. Power plant licensing; Power plants, nuclear; Thermal effluents; Environment impact; 075-09802-870-80. Power plant, nuclear; Browns Ferry plant; Cooling tower lift circuit; 341-10739-340-00. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Environmental

impact prediction; Monitoring data; 01 1-10005-870-55. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Diffuser pipe; 061-08830-870-73. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Outfall model; 061-08832-870-73. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; 061-10375-870-73. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Mathematical

model; 075-08727-870-73. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; 400-08156-340-75. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; 400-09468-340-75. Power plant, nuclear; Heat disposal; Nuclear plant emergency

shutdown; Power plant, floating; 075-08736-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Hydraulic model; Open channel flow; 009-09781-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Intakes; Pump entrance; 420-10544-340-

70. Power plant, nuclear; Pump entrance; Hydraulic model; In- takes; 408-10255-340-73.

Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency;

Hydraulic model; Intake; 420-10540-340-75. Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency;

Hydraulic model; Intake; 420-10541-340-75. Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; 341- 10735-340-00. %

Power plant, nuclear; Salem plant; Condenser inlet waterbox;

Erosion; Hydraulic model; 179-10420-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Screenwell; Hydraulic model; Intake

structure; 179-10427-340-75. Power plant, nuclear; Screenwell; Hydraulic model; Intake

structure; Mitchell station; 179-10429-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Sediment transport; Intake model; 061- 08828-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathematical model;

Pilgrim plant; 075-09799-870-73. Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effects; Cooling water discharge; James River estuary; Monitoring system design; 161-08332-

870-52. Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Charlestown station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Plume; 179-10424-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; Perry station; 179-10430-340-75. Power plant siting; Regulatory processes; Environmental law; Legal processes; 075-09830-880-00. Power plant siting methodology; Mathematical model; 075- 08738-340-54. Power plant, steam; Sulphur dioxide scrubber; 341-09458-870-

00. Power plant, steam; Thermal discharge model; Cooling water

discharge; Hydraulic model; 179-06509-870-73. Power plants; Breeder reactor safety; Heat transfer; 012-10180-

660-55. Power plants; Cooling water intakes; Intake design; 413-09581-

340-00. Power plants; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; 341- 10737-850-00. Power plants; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; 341-10775-850-00. Power plants; Intake biological performance; Intake structure design; 102-09949-340-60. Power plants; Salem Harbor plant; Thermal effluents; Water

temperature forecasts; Cooling water discharge; 075-09828-

870-73. Power plants; Thermal effluents; Waste heat management;

Energy conservation; Environmental impact; 075-09810-870-

52. Power plants; Thermal effluent; Water temperatures; Cooling water discharge; Mathematical models; 1 12-10048-870-55. Power plants; Thermal effluents; Cooling water discharge; Food

production; 157-10149-870-73. Power plants; Thermal effluent; Irrigation; 157-10169-840-33. Power plants; Waste heat; Atmospheric effects; Numerical

models; 134-09909-870-52. Power plants, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dilution; Mathematical model; 011-10007-870-73. Power plants, nuclear; Reactor safety assessment; Noise diagnostics; 1 12-10021-340-55. Power plants, nuclear; Thermal effluents; Environment impact; Power plant licensing; 075-09802-870-80. Power plants, offshore; Island, artificial; 075-08767-340-00. Powerhouse model; Bonneville Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; 313-07107-350-13. Powerhouse skeleton model; Ice Harbor Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; 313-08445-350-13. Powerhouse skeleton model; John Day Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Orifice bulkheads; 313-08446-350-13.

332
Powerhouse skeleton model; Lower Granite Dam; 3 13-08444-

350-13. Power-law fluids; Porous media flow; 048-10216-120-00.

Powerplant; Quencher; Air pollution; 400-10487-340-70.

Precipitation; Cloud seeding potential; Orographic winter

storms; 157-10153-480-60.

Precipitation; Tennessee basin; 338-00768-810-00.

Precipitation; Water level; Evaporation; Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; Numerical model; 3 19-10670-810-00.

Precipitation; Western Gulf watersheds; Watersheds, agricultural; Evaporation; Hydrologic models; 302-10644-810-00.

Precipitation characteristics; Intermountain area; 304-09328-

810-00.

Precipitation gages; Snowmelt runoff; Watershed models; Watersheds, rangeland; 303-09315-810-00.

Precipitation gages; Snowpack hydrology; 304-06969-8 1 0-00

.

Precipitation patterns; Southwest rangelands; Watersheds, ran- geland; 303 -0229W-8 10-00.

Precipitation patterns; Watersheds, southern plains; 302- 0206W-810-00.

Precipitation patterns; Watersheds, western Gulf; 302-02 13 W810-00.

Precipitator; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10474-340-73.

Precipitator; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10475-340-75.

Precipitator; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10476-340-70.

Precipitator; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10477-340-70.

Precipitator; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10478-340-75.

Precipitator; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10479-340-70.

Precipitator; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10480-340-70.

Precipitator; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10481-340-70.

Precipitator; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10482-340-70.

Precipitator; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10483-340-70.

Precipitator; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10484-340-70.

Precipitator duct model; Power plant; 413-10322-340-00.

Precipitator duct model; Power plant; 413-10327-340-00.

Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic

precipitators; Power plant; 400-09477-340-75.

Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic

precipitators; Power plant; 400-09486-340-70.

Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic

precipitators; Power plant; 400-09488-340-70.

Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic

precipitators; Power plant; 400-09489-340-75.

Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic

precipitators; Power plant; 400-09490-340-70.

Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic

precipitators; Power plant; 400-09491-340-70.

Pressure distribution; Pressure fluctuation; Roughness; Sub- merged bodies; Cylinders, circular; Drag; 06 1 - 1 0393-030-54

.

Pressure distribution; Shear stress; Ship resistance; Ship waves; Wakes; 334-08542-520-00.

Pressure distribution; Submerged bodies, support interference; Bodies of revolution; 109-101 18-030-26.

Pressure fields; Schlieren system; Submerged bodies; 179- 10421-710-20.

Pressure fluctuation; Roughness; Submerged bodies; Cylinders,

circular; Drag; Pressure distribution; 061-10393-030-54.

Pressure fluctuations; Radio-telemetry techniques; Stalling; Compressor blades; 163-08367-550-20.

Pressure fluctuations; Reynolds stress; Wall pressure fluctuations; Boundary layer, turbulent; 082-07442-010-20.

Pressure fluctuations; Two-phase flow; 417-10506-130-90.

Pressure gradients; Sediment transport by waves; Oscillary flow; 414-10513-220-90.

Pressure hole errors; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Polymer characteristics; 006-08825-250-54.

Pressure pulses; Structure response; Finite element method;

336-09454-240-29.

Pressure relief panel model; Gates; Libby Dam; 3 13-09343-

350-13.

Pressure surge; Pump failure; Specific speed; Transients; 404-

10226-630-00.

Pressure transients; Transients; Air, entrained; Pipe flow; 044- 08814-210-54.

Pressure variations; River ice; Ice cover; 004-09952-300-54.

Pressure waves; Acoustic transients; Arterial blood flow; Biomedical flows; Fluidic delay lines; 136-09656-600-00.

Price meters; Calibration equation; Current meters; Density ef- fects; 405-10290-700-00.

Probability analysis; Floods; Ice breakup; 401-10767-300-96.

Prolate spheroid; Ship forms; Ship resistance; Ship waves; Drag

reduction; Polymer additives; Potential flow; 061-02091-520-

20.

Propellant, liquid; Rocket propulsion; Computer model; Injector; 138-10181-550-50.

Propellants; Injectors; Jet impingement; Mixing; 015-09785-

550-50.

Propeller blade loading; Propellers, controllable pitch; 334-

09431-550-22.

Propeller blade loads; 334-10717-550-00.

Propeller blade pressure distributions; 15 1-08984-550-2 1

.

Propeller blade pressure distribution; 334-09432-550-22.

Propeller design; Propellers, skewed; Computer program; 334-

09434-550-00.

Propeller design; Propellers, tandem; 334-09436-550-00.

Propeller forces, fluctuating; 334-10718-550-00.

Propeller loads, unsteady; Propellers, marine; Wake effects; 151-10036-550-21.

Propeller model size effects; Scaling; 334-10730-550-22.

Propeller thrust; Thrust, time dependent; Turbulent inflow ef- fect; 124-08919-550-22.

Propeller-hull interaction; Ship stopping; Computer model; 334-

10731-550-22.

Propeller-hull interaction; 334-09441-550-00.

Propellers, contrarotating; 334-08531-550-22.

Propellers, controllable pitch; Blade turning effort; 334-08533-

550-22.

Propellers, controllable pitch; Propeller blade loading; 334- 09431-550-22.

Propellers, counter-rotating; Lifting surface theory; 151-08983-

550-21.

Propellers, counter-rotating; Propulsor design; Undersea

propulsion; Computer programs; Lifting surfaces; 331-07219-

550-22.

Propellers, marine; Cavitation, intermittent; Hydrofoils; 151- 10035-550-20.

Propellers, marine; Wake effects; Propeller loads, unsteady; 151-10036-550-21.

Propellers, skewed; Computer program; Propeller design; 334- 09434-550-00.

Propellers, supercavitating; Surface-effect ships; 334-10732-

550-22.

Propellers, tandem; Propeller design; 334-09436-550-00.

Propulsion; Axial flow inducers; Inducers; 1 19-10043-550-50.

Propulsion; Nozzle flow; Transonic; 163-09184-550-70.

Propulsion; Thrust augmentation; Underwater propulsion; Ejectors; Jets; 043-10352-550-22.

Propulsion; Thrust generation; Boundary layer control; Drag

reduction; 043-10353-550-00.

Propulsion, marine; Waterjets; Jets; 333-10712-550-22.

Propulsor design; Pumpjets; Ships, high speed; Cavitation; 124- 08923-550-22.

Propulsor design; Undersea propulsion; Computer programs;

Lifting surfaces; Propellers, counter-rotating; 33 1-072 19-550-

22.

P.T. orifices; Water supply system; Alaska water systems; 313-

10667-210-13.

Public preference; Water resource planning; 1 57-0426W-800-

00.

333
Puget Sound; Beach erosion; Log debris effects; 171-10403-

410-61. Puget Sound; Tidal inlet field study; Inlets, coastal; Inlet stability; 167-10182-410-00.

Pulsatile flow; Arterial flow; Biomedical flows; Mathematical

model; 070-09016-270-52.

Pulsatile flow; Flow measurement; Orifice meters; 172-10016-

700-54.

Pulsatile flow; Unsteady flow; Blood flow; Pipe flow; 061-

10390-000-00.

Pulsating flow; Unsteady flow; Pipe flow; 410-10313-210-88.

Pulsed flow; Fluidization; Powders; 126-09838-130-00. Pump cavitation; Cavitation; Polymer effects; 124-10046-630-

21. Pump entrance; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant, nuclear; 408-10255-340-73. Pump entrance; Power plant, nuclear; Intakes; 420-10544-340-

70. Pump failure; Specific speed; Transients; Pressure surge; 404-

10226-630-00. Pump, feedwater; Swirling flow; Hydraulic model; New Haven

Harbor plant; Pipe bends; 179-10423-340-73. Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; In- take; Power plant, nuclear; 420-10540-340-75. Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; In- take; Power plant, nuclear; 420-10541-340-75. Pump intakes; Suction tubes; Havasu pumping plant; Hydraulic model; 322-09379-390-00. Pump pulsing; Hydraulic pulsing; 048-10195-630-70. Pump, solar powered; Solar power; Water pump; 157-10168-

630-33. Pump station hydraulics; 314-10745-630-00. Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat

removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 341-10735-340-00. Pump sump; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; 408-10248-340-73. Pump sumps; Sump design; Vortex formation; 404-10235-630-

00. Pump sumps; Vortices; Intakes; Power plant; 408-10273-340-

73. Pump tests with air; Pumps, hydraulic; 059-10612-630-00. Pump, waterjet; Waterjet; Marine propulsion; 334-09430-550-

00. Pump well; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; 408-10245-

340-73. Pump wells; Sewage treatment plant; Hydraulic model; 408-

10253-630-68. Pump wells; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; 408-10247-340-73. Pump, wobble plate; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 124- 08922-630-22. Pumped storage development; Hydraulic model; Lake stratifica- tion; 322-09380-340-00. Pumped storage development; Raccoon Mountain project; Transients; Mathematical model; 341-09460-340-00. Pumped storage plant; Cornwall plant; Hydraulic model; 408-

10246-340-73. Pumped storage project; Bad Creek project; Hydraulic model;

Intake structure; 179-10432-340-73. Pumped storage project; Rock trap; Hydraulic model; 166- 09196-340-73. Pumped storage project; Selective withdrawal; Trash racks; Vortices; Fairfield project; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mixing; 179-10435-340-73. Pumped storage sites; Snake River; Water use alternatives; Flow regulation; 052-09862-860-33. Pumped storage systems; Reservoir stratification; Stratification, thermal; Mixing; 172-10017-060-33.

Pumped-storage model; Reservoir circulation; 044-0801 1-340-

73. Pumped-storage plant; Raccoon Mountain Project; Surges;

Transients; Waterhammer; Mathematical model; 341-07080-

340-00. Pumping plant forebay; Tensas-Cocodrie plant; Vortex

visualization; Hydraulic model; 075-09805-350-75. Pumping plant model; Flood control; Hydraulic model; 061- 10365-350-75. Pumping station; Calumet station; Hydraulic model; 149-10605-

350-75. Pump-jet propulsion; Vibrations; Computer program; 151- 10037-630-21.

Pumpjets; Ships, high speed; Cavitation; Propulsor design; 124- 08923-550-22. Pumps; Gas seals; 059-09030-630-70. Pumps; Heavy water plant; Hydraulic model; Intake; Outfall; 413-09578-340-00. Pumps; Hydraulic systems, aircraft; 010-07969-630-27. Pumps, centrifugal; Rotating variable-area duct flow; Turbines; 057-09038-000-54. Pumps, displacement; Transients; Fluid power systems; Noise; 057-07353-630-70. Pumps, hydraulic; Pump tests with air; 059-10612-630-00. Pumps, propeller; Pumps, theory; Lifting surface theory; 119- 10044-630-22. Pumps, theory; Lifting surface theory; Pumps, propeller; 119- 10044-630-22. Pump-turbine intake; Grand Coulee Dam; 322-07022-340-00.

Pump-turbines; Transients; Turbines, hydraulic; Draft-tube

surging; 124-10045-630-31. Pumpwell; Condenser cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; 413-09577-340-00. Pumpwell; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; 413-1032 1- 340-00. Quadratic frequency response; Added resistance; 151-10042-

590-22. Quencher; Air pollution; Powerplant; 400-10487-340-70. Raccoon Mountain Project; Surges; Transients; Waterhammer;

Mathematical model; Pumped-storage plant; 341-07080-340-

00. Raccoon Mountain project; Transients; Mathematical model; Pumped storage development; 341-09460-340-00. Radar imaging; Wave direction measurement; 3 12-1 0650-700-

00. Radiactive wastes; Groundwater monitoring; Hanford site; Pollution; 011-10008-870-52.

Radiation; Combustion; Convection; Heat transfer; 109-08908-

140-54.

Radiative heating; Heat transfer; Ice; 403-10222-140-90.

Radioactive waste burial; Radionuclide migration; Pollution; 011-10003-870-52.

Radioactive waste storage tanks; Groundwater; Pollutant trans- port; 01 1-10002-870-52. Radionuclide migration; Pollution; Radioactive waste burial; 01 1-10003-870-52.

Radionuclide movement; Soil water; Groundwater; Mathematical model; 011-08800-820-52.

Radionuclide transport; Groundwater, unsaturated zone; Pollution; 01 1-10004-870-52. Radionuclide transport; Sediment transport; Columbia River;

Finite element method; Mathematical model; 01 1-10000-220-

52. Radionuclide transport; Sediment transport; Clinch River;

Finite element method; Mathematical model; 01 1-10001-220-

55. Radio-telemetry techniques; Stalling; Compressor blades; Pres- sure fluctuations; 163-08367-550-20. Rain effects; Waves, raindrop generated; Air-water interface; Mixing; 177-10027-460-33.

334
Rain erosion; Soil erosion; Tillage methods; Erosion control; Mathematical model; Overland flow; 300-04275-830-00.

Raindrop impact; Overland flow; 094-07504-200-00.

Rainfall data network design; 075-08750-810-44.

Rainfall erosion; Clays; Dispersive clay; Embankments; Piping

(erosion); 314-10760-350-00.

Rainfall patterns; Southern Great Plains; Mathematical models; 302- 10634-810-00.

Rainfall prediction; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Drainage; 075-09821-810-00.

Rainfall, thunderstorm; Runoff; Watersheds, semi-arid; Ephemeral streams; 303-10625-810-00.

Rainfall-runoff model; Runoff, surface; Hydrology; Kinematic wave model; Overland flow; 099-09847-810-33.

Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; 071-05915-810-00.

Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; Mathematical model; 156- 05456-810-15.

Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; Watershed, unit source; 302- 045 1W-8 10-00. Ralston Creek watershed; Runoff; Urbanization effects; Hydrologic models; 061-10368-810-33.

Ralston Creek watershed; Urbanization; Watershed study; Hydrologic data; 06 1 -00066-8 10-05. Random sea simulation; Wave generation; 1 18-09987-420-54. Range management practices; Runoff; 303-0362 W-8 1 0-00. Rangeland hydrology; Soil effects; Vegetation effects; Southwest rangelands; Climatic effects; Hydrologic analysis; 303-022 7 W-8 10-00. Rangeland hydrology; Watersheds, rangeland; Hydrology; 303- 0202 W-8 10-00. Reaction rates; Segregation intensity; Stirred tank reactor; Mixing; 093-07503-020-00.

Reactor emergency; Heat transfer; Nuclear reactor core cooling; 041-09984-660-73.

Reactor safety; Stability; Boiling pools; 133-10090-340-55.

Reactor safety; Vapor blanket collapse; Explosion propagation; 133-10089-340-55.

Reactor safety; Water depressurization; Nitrogen ebullition; 326-10705-340-55.

Reactor safety assessment; Noise diagnostics; Power plants, nuclear; 1 12-10021-340-55.

Reactor sump; Vortex suppression; Hydraulic model; / 79- 10436-340-75.

Reactors; Acoustic emission; Boiling; Nucleate boiling; 136- 09843- 140-54.

Reactors; Stick slip; Acoustic emission; Contact stress; 136- 09844-620-54.

Reactors; Two-phase flow; Boiling; Liquid metals; Numerical

model; 133-10088-130-55.

Reactors, light water; Vibrations, flow-induced; 041-09985-660-

52. Reaeration; Stratified lakes; Water quality; Destratification; 314-10753-860-00.

Reaeration field measurement; River flow; 076-043 1 W-860-00.

Reattaching flow; Separated flow; Fluidics; 139-07619-600-00.

Recession flow; Hydrographs; Porous medium flow; 049-10067-

810-05.

Recirculation; Sewage outfall; Thermal effluent; York River; Dye study; 161-09886-870-68.

Recreation demands; Reservoir management; Sedimentation; Flood control ; 061-10373-3 1 0-33

.

Recreational development; Watershed impact; Guadalupe

Mountains National Park; 1 54-04 1 OW-8 10-33. Recreational development; Water quality management;

Watersheds; Mountain watersheds; 157-10150-810-60.

Recreational water use; Water quality, East Texas; 1 54-041 3 W860-33. Red River; Scour; Sediment transport model; Deposition; 098- 09997-220-10.

Red River, Alexandria; Bridges; Navigation channel; River model; 314-09671-330-13. Red River spillways; Spillway model; 314-09676-350-13. Red River Water Lock No. 1; Lock model; Lock navigation

conditions; 314-09681-330-13. Red tide; Copper; Pollution; 075-09824-870-44.

Reflecting surfaces, offset; Barge flotation system; Breakwater

design, floating; 155-09923-430-00. Regime theory; River regime; Sediment transport; Mobile bed

hydraulics; 402-06630-300-90.

Regional plan formulation; Water resource models; 075-09815-

800-33. Regulatory processes; Environmental law; Legal processes; Power plant siting; 075-09830-880-00. Remote sensing; Clearwater, Florida; Coastal inlet stability; Inlets, coastal; 039-10452-410-50. Remote sensing; Coastal processes; 039- 1 0447-4 1 0-50. Remote sensing; Cooling water discharge; Mathematical model;

Pollution, thermal; 078-09023-870-50. Remote sensing; Floodplain characteristics; 3 14-10741-3 10-00. Remote sensing; Mathematical model; Pollution transport; 325- 09398-870-00. Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; Coastal circulation; Currents; Estuaries; 037-08856-450-50. Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; Chlorophyll; 325-09396-

710-00. Remote sensing; Snow wetness; Soil moisture; 324-10704-810-

00. Remote sensing; Soil moisture level; 12 1 -10085-710-00. Remote sensing; Thermal effluent; Belews Lake, North

Carolina; Cooling water discharge; Numerical models; Power

plant; 078-09832-870-50. Remote sensing; Thermal plumes; Lake Michigan; Plumes; 175- 10030-870-60. Remote sensing; Water temperature; Infrared sensing; Mathematical models; 102-09948-870-60. Remote sensing; Wave refraction model; Atlantic continental

shelf; 325-09395-420-00. Remote sensing; Wave slope measurement; Waves, wind; Wind

wave facility; Air-sea interaction; 327-10707-460-00.

Reservoir; Water quality; Eutrophication; Limnological model; Mathematical model; 0 1 1 -09999-860-87.

Reservoir circulation; Pumped-storage model; 044-0801 1-340-

73. Reservoir circulation; Sedimentation; Water quality; Monroe

Reservoir, Indiana; Nutrients; 058-10563-860-00.

Reservoir hydrodynamics; Water quality; Hydraulic models; Mathematical models; 314-10752-860-00.

Reservoir losses; Evaporation; Evapotranspiration; 302-0450W860-00.

Reservoir losses; Tennessee basin; Evaporation; 338-00765-

810-00.

Reservoir management; Sedimentation; Flood control; Recreation demands; 061-10373-310-33.

Reservoir management, river water quality; Water quality; Mathematical model; 019-10124-860-61.

Reservoir operation; Reservoir system optimization; 056-08030-

860-00.

Reservoir operation; Reservoirs, multi-purpose; Computer

model; Montana water resources; 096-08162-800-61.

Reservoir operation; Runoff, snow; Snowmelt forecast; 167- 10193-810-33.

Reservoir operation; Watershed model; Flood forecasting; Mathematical model; 419-09605-310-00.

Reservoir operation rules; 103-09968-860-33.

Reservoir optimization model; 023-10608-860-33.

Reservoir sedimentation; Sedimentation; Corn belt reservoirs; 300-01 86W-220-00.

Reservoir sedimentation; Stratified flow; Turbidity current; Delta formation; 068-10568-860-54.

335

254-330 0 -18-23
Reservoir sedimentation measurements; Sedimentation; TVA

reservoirs; 338-00785-350-00.

Reservoir, single; Water supply deficits; 167-10191-860-00.

Reservoir stratification; Stratification, thermal; Mixing; Pumped

storage systems; 172-10017-060-33.

Reservoir stratification; Water quality; Water temperature; Lake stratification; Mathematical models; 075-05544-440-00

Reservoir system optimization; Central Valley Project; 023- 08701-860-33.

Reservoir system optimization; Reservoir operation; 056-08030-

860-00.

Reservoir system risks; 061-10367-860-00.

Reservoir temperature measurements; Stream temperature; Water temperature; 338-00769-860-00.

Reservoir trap efficiency; Sediment deposition; 302-09297-220-

00. Reservoirs; Ecosystem model; Mathematical model; 3 14-1075 1

- 880-00.

Reservoirs; Eutrophication; 1 54-041 1W-860-33

Reservoirs; Spillway adequacy; Mathematical model; 094-

08868-350-00.

Reservoirs; Stratification, thermal; Lakes, stratified; Mixing; 132-09841-440-33.

Reservoirs; Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; 075- 09807-870-75.

Reservoirs; Stratified fluids; Destratification diffuser; 322-

10679-860-00.

Reservoirs; Thermal regimes; Lake hydrodynamics; Numerical

models; 148-10412-440-33.

Reservoirs; Water quality; Mathematical model; 3 14-10754-

860-00.

Reservoirs, annular; Earthquake induced motions; Nuclear

reactors; 146-09299-340-70.

Reservoirs, multi-purpose; Computer model; Montana water

resources; Reservoir operation; 096-08162-800-61

Residue; Soil erosion; Tillage; Crop practices; Erosion; 303- 0360W-830-00.

Resistance; Roughness; Duct flow, rectangular; 412-09572-210-

90. Resonance tubes; Flow visualization; 1 39-08950-290-1 5

Resorts; Wastewater system design; Water system design; Boom

towns; 032-10776-870-88.

Revelstoke project; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; 420-

10557-350-73.

Revetments; Riprap; Beach erosion; Coastal processes; 312-

10657-410-00. Reynolds stress; Wall pressure fluctuations; Boundary layer, turbulent; Pressure fluctuations; 082-07442-010-20.

Reynolds stresses; Strain fields; Turbulent flow; 422-09638-02. Reynolds stresses; Waves, wind-generated; Air-water interface; 148-10408-420-20.

Rheology; Suspensions; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 013- 08703-120-54.

Rheology; Viscometry; Non-Newtonian fluids; 088-08859-120-

14. Richelieu River; Water level; Flood control; Hydraulic model; 408-10259-300-90.

Rio Colorado; River development; Argentina; Mathematical

models; 075-09823-800-00.

Rio Grande; River channels; Channel adjustments; Dam effects; 323-0457 W-300-00.

Ripple growth; Bed forms; Open channel flow; 414-10522-220-

90. Ripples; Sediment transport by waves; Bed forms; Coastal sedi- ment; 316-10780-410-11.

Riprap; Beach erosion; Coastal processes; Revetments; 312-

10657-410-00.

Riprap; Channels; Erosion; 314-10742-320-00.

Riprap; Design criteria; Drop structures; Energy dissipation pools; 302-09294-350-00.

Riprap; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Box inlet drop spill- way; 149-07677-220-05.

Riser pipes; Power plant; Hydraulic model; 413-10330-340-00.

River basin model; Flood plain; Mathematical model; Overbank

flow; 028-09973-300-00.

River basin model; Vardar-Axios river; 075-09816-800-75.

River bend; River model; Shoaling; Chattahoochee River; Navigation channel; 3 14-09717-300-13.

River channels; Alluvial channel measurements; Error models; 043-10350-300-54.

River channels; Alluvial channels; Braiding; Channel stability; Meanders; 149-08993-300-05.

River channels; Channel adjustments; Dam effects; Rio Grande;

323-045 7 W-300-00.

River channels; Channel changes, human effects; Mississippi River Valley; 094-10012-300-13.

River channels; Channel changes; Morphology; 323-0458W300-00. River channels; Channel networks; Drainage basin models; Geomorphology; 060-09992-300-00. River channels; Channels; Levee effects; Mississippi River Valley; Morphology revetments; 094-1001 1-300-13. River channels; Coon Creek; Morphology; 323-10694-300-00.

River channels; Meanders; 149-08994-300-54.

River channels; Scour; Channel shifts; Morphology; 401-10764-

350-96.

River channels; Sediment movement; Channel changes;

Morphology; 323-10699-300-00.

River channels; Sediment routing; Channel stability; Floods; Gravel rivers; 404-10232-300-96.

River channels; Sediment transport; Yazoo River; Channel im- provement; Mathematical model; 030-10338-220-13

River channels; Sediment transport; Bed forms; 323-10703-220-

00. River closure; Erosion; Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; 400-10495-350-75.

River development; Argentina; Mathematical models; Rio

Colorado; 075-09823-800-00.

River diversion; Hydraulic model; Peace River; 420-10535-350-

73. River flow; Computer simulation; Embayments; Estuaries; Hydrodynamic processes; 323-0371 W-300-00.

River flow; Dispersion; Effluent transport; Mixing; Pollution; 056-10099-300-00.

River flow; Dispersion; Meandering channels; 405-09507-300-

00. River flow; Dispersion; Mixing; Numerical models; 028-09980-

020-00.

River flow; Dispersion; Mixing; Open channel flow; 401-10765-

200-96.

River flow; Friction coefficient; Ice cover; 405-095 1 5-300-00. River flow; Ice effects; Mixing; Numerical models; 028-09981-

020-00.

River flow; Reaeration field measurement; 076-043 1 W-860-00.

River flow; Secondary currents; Open channel flow; 127-08935-

300-54.

River flow; Sediment transport; Temperature effects; Bed

froms; 019-10122-220-10.

River flow; Sediment transport; Bed forms; Channel forms;

j Meandering; 404-10233-300-90.

River flow; St. Lawrence River; Tide propagation; Estuaries; Mathematical model; 4 1 1-06603-400-90.

River flow; Usteady flow; Flood routing; Mathematical models; 321-10671-300-00.

River flow forecasting; 075-09822-300-44.

River flows; Flood plain; Hydraulic model; Meandering; 028- 09978-300-00.

River geomorphology; Mississippi River; 030-08802-300-34.

River ice; Ice cover; Oil spill recovery; 405-10302-870-99.

River ice; Ice cover; Pressure variations; 004-09952-300-54.

336
River ice; Ice cover stability; Ice jam; 405-10301-300-00.

River ice; Ice formation; Ice, frazil; 061-10384-190-1 5

.

River ice; Ice, frazil; 401-10766-300-96.

River ice; Ice thickness measurements; 401-10761-300-96.

River ice; Salmon River; Flood risks; Ice jams; 405-10304-300-

90. River ice; Water quality; Ice effects; 419-09608-860-00.

River ice; Winnipeg River; Ice conditions; Power plant effects; 408-10250-300-73.

River ice hydraulics; Ice jam mechanics; 061 -1 0362-300-1 5

.

River mechanics; Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Canals; 043-10345-300-54.

River mechanics manual; Highway crossings; 052-09865-370-

470.

River model; Channel improvement; Little Blue River; 314-

09686-300-13.

River model; Channel stabilization; Hydraulic model; Loyalsock

Creek; Meanders; 121-10086-300-60.

River model; Diversion model; Old River diversion; 3 14-09680-

350-00.

River model; Flood tests; Mississippi Basin model; 314-09682-

300-13.

River model; Red River, Alexandria; Bridges; Navigation channel; 314-09671-330-13.

River model; Sedimentation; Shoaling; Mississippi River passes; 314-09670-300-13.

River model; Shoaling; Chattahoochee River; Navigation channel; River bend; 314-09717-300-13.

River model; Shoaling; Columbia River; Navigation channel; 313-05317-330-13.

River model; Shoaling; Mississippi River; Navigation channel; 314-09677-330-13.

River model; St. Lawrence River; Tidal motion; Estuaries; 411-

06602-400-90.

River model; St. Mary's River; Ice model; 400-09472-330-20.

River models; Design paramater optimization; Mathematical

models; 414-10518-810-00.

River models; Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Bed

forms; Mathematical models; 043-10347-220-54.

River morphology; Saline River, Arkansas; Channel incision mechanism; 091-10064-300-00.

River networks; Water quality monitoring; Monitoring system

design; 075-09829-860-88.

River regime; Sediment transport; Mobile bed hydraulics;

Regime theory; 402-06630-300-90.

River response; Sediment transport; Mathematical model; 405-

10296-300-00.

River structures; Scour; Bridges; Field measurements; 401-

10763-350-00.

River system; Watersheds; Ecosystem models; Mathematical

models; 314-10758-870-00. Road construction effects; Groundwater; Idaho; Piezometric

head; 304-10645-820-00. Road construction effects; Sediment yield; Watersheds,

forested; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; 304-09324-830-

00. Road construction effects; Subsurface flow; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; 304-09325-810-00. Road fills; Tree planting; Erosion control; 304-09323-830-00. Rock stability; Hydraulic model; Tailing delta; 420-10546-420-

75. Rock trap; Hydraulic model; Pumped storage project; 166- 09196-340-73. Rocket propulsion; Computer model; Injector; Propellant,

liquid; 138-10181-550-50.

Ross River; Stuart River; Yukon; Flood prediction; 402-09501-

310-90. Rossby waves; 137-09960-450-00.

Rotating disks; Drag reduction; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Polymer degradation; 334-08540-250-00.

Rotating disks; Turbomachinery; Laminar flow, rotating; 007- 07141-000-00.

Rotating flow; Antarctic circumpolar current; Ocean currents; 143-09180-450-54.

Rotating flow; Spheres, coaxial rotating; Annular flow; Laminar

flow; 064-09021-000-00.

Rotating flow; Stability; Cylinders, part full; 137-09965-000-54.

Rotating flow; Stability; Gas dynamics; 137-09964-000-00.

Rotating flow; Stability; Stratified flow; Couette flow; 139- 10130-060-54.

Rotating flow; Stratified fluids; Waves, solitary; Internal waves; Ocean microstructure; 143-09903-450-20.

Rotating flow; Turbulence measurements; Couette flow; 414-

10519-000-90.

Rotating flows; Eruptions; 137-09962-000-20.

Rotating flows; Stratified fluids; 088-08860-000-70.

Rotating flows; Two-phase flow; Compressible flow; Disks, corotating; 007-09937-000-00.

Rotating machinery; Squeeze film dampers; 1 46-09301 -620-70

.

Rotating surfaces; Heat transfer; Jet impingement; 007-09932-

050-70.

Rotating variable-area duct flow; Turbines; Pumps, centrifugal; 057-09038-000-54. Rotor response; Inlet velocity distortion; 1 24-08924-550-22

.

Roughness; Duct flow, rectangular; Resistance; 412-09572-210-

90. Roughness; Pipe flow; 166-08375-210-54. Roughness; Submerged bodies; Cylinders, circular; Drag; Pres- sure distribution; Pressure fluctuation; 061-10393-030-54. Roughness; Submerged bodies; Wind forces; Cooling tower

aerodynamics; Cooling towers, hyperbolic; Drag; 061-10392-

030-54. Roughness; Vegetation; Manning coefficient; Open channel

flow; Overland flow; 162-09906-200-00. Roughness effect; Conduit, rectangular; Dispersion; 412-09571- 020-00. Roughness effects; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; 416-0695 1

- 140-00. Roughness effects; Loss coefficients; Plates, flow between; 126- 08934-290-00. Roughness effects; Submerged bodies; Boundary layer transi- tion; Ellipsoid; 331-10773-010-22. Roughness elements; Pipe flow, turbulent; 007-09936-210-00.

Rubble; Undersea pipe; Wave forces; Pipe cover layers; 085- 09994-420-00.

Runoff; Grazing effects; Infiltration; 157-10167-810-33.

Runoff; Logging effects; Mathematical model; 402-10285-810-

90. Runoff; Mathematical model; Ontario drainage basins; Peak

flow; 414-10525-810-90.

Runoff; Mathematical model; Rainfall-runoff relations; 156- 05456-810-15.

Runoff; Range management practices; 303-0362 W-8 1 0-00

.

Runoff; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Timber access roads; Erosion; Numerical model; 030-10340-220-06.

Runoff; Sediment transport; Watersheds, agricultural; Appalachian watersheds; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; 300-09272-810-00.

Runoff; Sediment yield; Watersheds, rangeland; 303-09318-

830-00.

Runoff; Sedimentation; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; 303-10623-810-00.

Runoff; Snowfall; Snowmelt; Soil moisture; Alberta; 402-10283-

810-00.

Runoff; Snowmelt; Alberta catchments; 401-10769-310-96.

Runoff; Snowmelt thermodynamics; Heat transfer; Hydrology; 415-10332-810-90.

Runoff; Soil erosion; Erosion; Land use; Overland flow; 129- 03808-830-05.

Runoff; Soil erosion; Mathematical model; 303-09319-830-00.

337
Runoff; Southeast watersheds; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-0444 W-8 10-00. Runoff; Southern plains; Floodwater retarding structures; 302- 0453 W-8 10-00. Runoff; Storm drainage; Urbanization effects; Drainage; 404-

10229-810-96.

Runoff; Storm water management; Water quality; Computer

model; Hydrology; Lehigh basin; 068-10567-810-88.

Runoff; Stormwater sampling; Water quality; Hampton Roads;

Pollution, non-point; 159-09890-870-36.

Runoff; Streamflow; Urbanization effects, runoff; Peterborough,

Ontario; 418-10620-810-90.

Runoff; Streamflow; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; 301 -09276-8 10-

00. Runoff; Streamflow; Watershed analysis; Claypan; Iowa

watersheds; Loess; Missouri watersheds; 300-0 185 W-8 10-00. Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds,

western Gulf; 302-0208W-8 10-00. Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Western Gulf re- gion; 302-021 5 W-81 0-00. Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds,

Southeast; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical model; 302-

09286-810-00.

Runoff; Swamp; Peterborough, Ontario; 418-10621-810-90.

Runoff; Texas Gulf watersheds; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-

10643-810-00.

Runoff; Umatilla River; Fish spawning; Flow augmentation; 166-10134-300-88.

Runoff; Urbanization effects; Hydrology; 030-10336-810-33.

Runoff; Urbanization effects; Hydrologic models; Ralston Creek

watershed; 061-10368-810-33.

Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Coastal

plain; Erosion control; Piedmont; 310-06974-810-00.

Runoff; Waller Creek watershed; Watershed analysis; Hydrologic analysis; 156-02162-810-30.

Runoff; Wastewater; Feedlot runoff management; 157-10161-

870-60.

Runoff; Water quality; Watershed planning model; Land use

planning; Mathematical model; 162-09907-870-00.

Runoff; Water yield; Flood flow; Hydrology; Land management; Numerical model; 301-10622-810-00.

Runoff; Watershed analysis; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Overland flow; 301-08432-810-00.

Runoff; Watershed experimentation system; Watershed model;

Flood flows; 056-0871 1-810-54. Runoff; Watershed, unit source; Rainfall-runoff relations; 302- 0451 W-810-00. Runoff; Watersheds, agricultural; 055-08681-810-07.

Runoff; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; Rainfall-runoff

relations; 071-05915-810-00.

Runoff; Watersheds, agricultural; Groundwater; 302-0449W810-00.

Runoff; Watersheds, semi-arid; Ephemeral streams; Rainfall, thunderstorm; 303-10625-810-00. Runoff control; Soil erosion control; Tilth control; Watershed management; Claypan; 300-0 189 W-8 1 0-00. Runoff control; Soil properties; 303-0356W-810-00.

Runoff detention; Urban runoff; Watersheds, urban; Porous

pavements; 167-10190-870-33. Runoff determination; Urban hydrology; Hydrographs; 002- 04 1 5 W-810-00. Runoff models; Computer models; Nutrient transport models;

Pesticides; 05 1-0380W-870-00.

Runoff, snow; Snowmelt forecast; Reservoir operation; 167- 10193-810-33. Runoff storage; Urban drainage; Computer model; Drainage

system; Floodplain management; 155-09918-870-33.

Runoff, surface; Hydrology; Kinematic wave model; Overland

flow; Rainfall-runoff model; 099-09847-810-33.

Runoff, surface; Watersheds, complex; Numerical models; 302- 0455W-810-00.

Runoff, urban; Sewer system management; Sewers, combined;

Sewers, storm; Urban runoff model; Mathematical model;

01 1-08797-870-36.

Runoff, urban; Storm drainage; Computer model; Hydrographs; 056-10093-810-36.

Runoff, urban; Storm runoff determination methods; Urban

storm runoff; 056-08710-810-36.

Runoff, urban; Storm water management; Urban runoff model; 027-07229-870-36.

Runoff, urban; Stormwater; Mathematical model comparison; 094-08866-810-00.

Runoff, urban; Stormwater pollutants; Urban stormwater model; Pollution, non-point; 076-10470-870-60.

Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Drainage; Rainfall prediction; 075-09821-810-00.

Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Mathematical models; 405- 09511-810-00.

Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Drainage; Numerical model; 414-10526-810-90.

Runoff, urban; Urban hydrology; Drainage; Hydrologic model; 056-10096-810-00. Rupture disc tests; Head loss; 408-10244-210-70.

Rural domestic water supply; Water supply system design; 157- 0428W-860-00. Salem Harbor plant; Thermal effluents; Water temperature

forecasts; Cooling water discharge; Power plants; 075-09828-

870-73. Salem plant; Condenser inlet waterbox; Erosion; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 179-10420-340-73.

Saline River, Arkansas; Channel incision mechanism; River morphology; 091-10064-300-00.

Salinity; Aquatic ecosystem; Colorado River basin; Oil shale development; 157-10158-860-60.

Salinity; Irrigation management; Irrigation return flow; 157- 0423W-840-00.

Salinity; Water resources; Energy development options; 157- 0424W-800-00.

Salinity diffusivity; Thermal diffusivity; Turbulence; Diffusion; 332-07063-020-00.

Salinity distribution; Estuaries; Flow patterns; 421-09634-400-

00.

Salinity distribution; Temperature distribution; Dispersion;

Estuaries; Mathematical models; 075-08728-400-36.

Salinity gradient energy; Energy; Environmental effects; Ocean

wave energy conversion; 1 6 1 -09883-490-52

Salinity intrusion; Computer model; Estuaries; Fraser River; 404-10236-400-90.

Salinity intrusion; Shoaling; Estuary model; Hydraulic model; 408-10242-400-73.

Salinity level prediction; Water quality; Colorado River upper

basin; 157-10171-860-33.

Salinity management; Colorado River; 157-10174-860-33. Salmon River; Flood risks; Ice jams; River ice; 405-10304-300-

90. Salmon River inlet; Inlets, coastal; Sediment budget; 103- 09970-410-44.

Salt cavities; Brine disposal; Oil storage; 152-10587-870-43.

Salt, deicing; Water quality; Chloride management; Lake Erie

basin; 103-09971-860-33.

Salt load alleviation; Irrigation return flow; 303-0351 W-840-00.

Salt water intrusion; Groundwater; Long Island; 144-09873-

820-65.

Saltation trajectories; Sediment transport; 022-10057-220-50

Sampling; Groundwater; Monitoring methodology; 018-09787-

820-36.

338
San Antonio, Texas; Urban growth; Groundwater recharge

zones; 154-0409W-820-33.

San Francisco Bay; Circulation; Computer model; Estuaries; 323-10696-400-00. San Francisco Bay model; San Joaquin Delta; Waste disposal; Water quality; Estuaries; 314-09726-400-13. San Joaquin Delta; Waste disposal; Water quality; Estuaries; San Francisco Bay model; 314-09726-400-13.

Sand; Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; Inlets, tidal; 142- 10402-410-60. Sand by-pass; Coastal sediment; Eductors; Inlets, coastal; Lit- toral drift; 314-10749-410-00. Sand filter scraping disposal; Wastewater treatment; Intermittent sand filters; 157-10148-870-33. Sand mining effects; Circulation; Harbors; New York harbor; 106-10059-470-44. Sand recovery; Shell recovery; Mining technology, offshore; 152-10582-490-44. Sand slurry deposition; Hydraulic model; Mine cavity

backfilling; 322-09389-390-34. Sand tracing; Santa Rosa Island; Beach erosion; 039-10446-

410-10.

Sand-silt mixtures; Sediment transport; Erodibility; 068-10570-

220-54.

Sanitary landfill; Landfill leachate; Pollution; 076-10471-870-

60. Santa Rosa Island; Beach erosion; Sand tracing; 039-10446-

410-10. Saskatchewan River; Weir; Dam; Hydraulic model; 400-10499-

300-90.

Satellites; Buoy data processing; Data acquisition; 161-09875-

720-50.

Saturation; Capillary pressure; Pore size effects; Porous medi- um flow; 131-09840-820-00.

Savonius rotor; Wind power; Energy; 076-10466-630-00.

Scale effects; Two-phase flow; Countercurrent flow flooding; 036-09790-130-55.

Scaling; Propeller model size effects; 334-10730-550-22.

Scaling laws; Atmospheric simulation; 322-08472-750-00.

Scaling laws; Cavitation damage; 124-08916-230-22.

Scaling laws; Dispersion; Model distortion effects; Open channel flow; 405-10287-750-00.

Scaling laws; Sediment transport; Wave reflection; Coastal sedi- ment; Littoral processes; 312-09743-410-00.

Scaling laws; Structures; Wave forces; 328-10709-420-00.

Schlieren system; Submerged bodies; Pressure fields; 179- 10421-710-20.

Scour; Alluvial channels; Bed regime; Groins, submerged; 149- 10597-220-13.

Scour; Bridge failure film; 149-08998-220-47.

Scour; Bridges; Field measurements; River structures; 401-

10763-350-00.

Scour; Channel shifts; Morphology; River channels; 401-10764-

350-96.

Scour; Computer model; Finite element method; 302-10630-

220-00.

Scour; Culvert outlet; Drains, storm; Energy dissipator; 002- 09953-360-47.

Scour; Erosion; Jets; 402-09499-220-90.

Scour; Sediment transport by waves; Wave effects; Pipelines, offshore; 152-09050-220-44.

Scour; Sediment transport model; Deposition; Red River; 098-

09997-220-10.

Scour; Soil classification; Channel erosion prediction; Erosion; 033-10778-220-88.

Scour; Spillway; Hydraulic model; 408-10264-350-73.

Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Outlets, spillway; 149-01 168- 350-05.

Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Box inlet drop spillway; Riprap; 149-07677-220-05.

Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; Hydraulic structures; Inlets; Pipe outlets; 300-01723-350-00.

Screens; Energy; Intakes; Ocean thermal energy; / 18-09990-

430-52.

Screenwell; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Power plant, nuclear; 179-10427-340-75.

Screenwell; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mitchell station; Power plant, nuclear; 179-10429-340-73.

Scrubber; Air pollution; Dryer; Power plant; 400-10488-340-

70. Scrubber; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10489-340-70.

Scrubber; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10490-340-70. Scrubber model; 413-09580-340-00.

Scrubbers; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10486-340-70. Sea ice; Currents, ocean; Iceberg drift; Numerical model; 410-

10312-450-90. Sea ice; Finite element model; Ice drift; 410-103 1 1-450-90. Sea simulation; Structures; Waves; Offshore structure design; 118-09766-430-44. Sea spectra; Photographic methods; 332-07067-420-00. Sea wall; Wave flume tests; Wave forces; Hydraulic model; 408-10262-430-96. Sea walls; Wave flume tests; Wave forces; Gaspe coastline road; Hydraulic model; 408-10261-430-96. Seabrook plant; Discharge structure; Hydraulic model; Power

plant; 179-104 1 7-340-73. Seabrook plant; Hydraulic model; Intake structures; Power

plant; 179-10418-340-73.

Seal performance; Surface effect ships; Waterwheel test facility; 146-09310-550-22. Seamount; Boundary layer, benthic; Ocean currents; 178- 09227-450-20. Seaward transport limit; Sediment concentration measurement; Sediment transport by waves; Laser velocimeter; 3 1 2-09736-

410-00. Seawater quality; Silicic acid; 106-10061-100-54. Secondary currents; Open channel flow; River flow; 127-08935-

300-54. Secondary flow; Boundary shear stress; Open channel flow; 030-10341-200-54.

Sediment; Density probe; Depth sounding; Navigation; 314-

10748-700-00. Sediment analyzer; Data acquisition system; 3 1 2-09737-700-00. Sediment budget; Salmon River inlet; Inlets, coastal; 103- 09970-410-44. Sediment calibration flume; Bedload sampler; 149-10596-720-

13. Sediment characteristics; Continental shelf; 312-09761-410-00.

Sediment, coastal; Sediment transport by waves; Currents,

longshore; Longshore sediment transport; 075-09797-410-44. Sediment concentration measurement; Sediment transport by

waves; Waves, shoaling; 061-07368-410-1 1

.

Sediment concentration measurement system; 061-10372-700-

11. Sediment concentration measurement; Sediment transport by

waves; Laser velocimeter; Seaward transport limit; 312-

09736-410-00. Sediment concentration profiles; Sediment sampler; Sediment

transport, suspended; Alluvial channels; 043-10348-220-54. Sediment control; Sediment detention; 049-10070-830-36. Sediment data; Sediment transport; Fraser river; 420-10554-

220-90. Sediment data, suspended; Sediment transport; Chesapeake and Delaware canal; 106-10060-220-36. Sediment deposition; Reservoir trap efficiency; 302-09297-220-

00. Sediment deposition; 302-0445W-220-00.

Sediment detention; Sediment control; 049-10070-830-36. Sediment discharge; Alluvial streams; Bed form statistics; 061-

10387-220-05.

339
Sediment diversion structures; Sediment transport models; 043-

10349-220-54. Sediment effect; Alluvial channels; Channel geometry; 323-

10697-300-00. Sediment effects; Turbulence; Velocity distribution; Open channel flow; 414-10520-200-90. Sediment entrainment; Marmion Lake; Mine tailings; 413-

10328-220-00. Sediment exclusion; Blanco Dam; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; 322-10676-350-00. Sediment fingering; Sediment transport; Suspensions; 1 73- 10026-220-50. Sediment loss; Watersheds, cornbelt; 300-0434W-8 10-00. Sediment measurement; Sediment, suspended; Sediment trans- misometer; 1 1 7-10614-700-52. Sediment measuring instruments; Sediment samplers; Sediment

transport; 149-00194-700-10. Sediment movement; Appalachian region; Hillslope morphology; 323-0373 W-220-00. Sediment movement; Channel changes; Morphology; River

channels; 323-1 0699-300-00. Sediment prediction; Erosion; Highway construction; 121- 10084-220-60. Sediment routing; Channel stability; Floods; Gravel rivers; River channels; 404-10232-300-96. Sediment routing; Water routing; Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; 302-10631-810-00. Sediment sampler; Sediment transport, suspended; Alluvial channels; Sediment concentration profiles; 043-10348-220-

54. Sediment sampler; Sediment yield; Southern plains; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10636-810-00. Sediment samplers; Sediment transport; Sediment measuring in- struments; 149-00194-700-10. Sediment samplers, suspended; Sediment transport; Farm

chemical transport; 302-09296-220-00.

Sediment, suspended; Chlorophyll; Remote sensing; 325-09396-

710-00. Sediment, suspended; Coastal circulation; Currents; Estuaries; Remote sensing; 037-08856-450-50.

Sediment, suspended; Sediment transmisometer; Sediment measurement; 1 17-10614-700-52. Sediment transmisometer; Sediment measurement; Sediment,

suspended; 1 1 7-10614-700-52

Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Canals; River mechanics; 043-10345-300-54. Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Bed forms; Mathematical

models; River models; 043-10347-220-54. Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Bends; Meandering;

Open channel flow; 061-10388-200-00. Sediment transport; Bed forms; Ice cover effects; 061-10360-

220-30. Sediment transport; Bed forms; River channels; 323-10703-220-

00. Sediment transport; Bed forms; Braiding; Meandering;

Morphology, river channels; 402-10282-300-90. Sediment transport; Bed forms; Channel forms; Meandering;

River flow; 404-10233-300-90. Sediment transport; Bed forms; Bedload discharge; 405-10292-

220-00. Sediment transport; Bed particles; Drag; Lift; 302-09293-220-

00. Sediment transport; Bedload measurement; Bedload models; 035-09944-220-54. Sediment transport; Bedload transport research; 323-0461 W220-00. Sediment transport; Channel Islands field study; Coastal sedi- ment; Longshore transport; 3 12-09752-410-00. Sediment transport; Chesapeake and Delaware canal; Sediment

data, suspended; 106-10060-220-36.

Sediment transport; Clinch River; Finite element method;

Mathematical model; Radionuclide transport; 01 1-10001- 220-55. Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; Littoral drift estimation; 039-10445-410-13. Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; Inlets, tidal; Sand; 142- 10402-410-60. Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; Longshore transport computation; 312-09744-410-00. Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; Erosion; Littoral drift; Model laws; 405-10294-410-00. Sediment transport; Columbia River; Finite element method;

Mathematical model; Radionuclide transport; 01 1-10000- 220-52. Sediment transport; Currents, coastal; Finite element method;

Great Lakes shoreline; Harbors; Numerical models; 035- 09941-440-44. Sediment transport; Dredge spoil spread; Erosion; Galveston

Bay; 152-09055-220-44. Sediment transport; Eolian erosion; Mars; 062-09793-220-50. Sediment transport; Erodibility; Sand-silt mixtures; 068-10570-

220-54. Sediment transport; Farm chemical transport; Sediment samplers, suspended; 302-09296-220-00. Sediment transport; Fraser river; Sediment data; 420-1 0554-

220-90. Sediment transport; Intake model; Power plant, nuclear; 061- 08828-340-73. Sediment transport; Mathematical model; Mississippi River; 030-10334-220-34. Sediment transport; Mathematical model; River response; 405-

10296-300-00. Sediment transport; Missouri River data bank; 094-08863-300-

13. Sediment transport; Mobile bed hydraulics; Regime theory; River regime; 402-06630-300-90. Sediment transport; Saltation trajectories; 022-10057-220-50. Sediment transport; Sediment measuring instruments; Sediment

samplers; 149-00194-700-10. Sediment transport; Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; Computer model; Littoral processes; 312-

10655-410-00. Sediment transport; Silt reduction; Chippewa River; Erosion; 030-10333-220-13. Sediment transport; Soil loss; Timber access roads; Erosion; Numerical model; Runoff; 030-10340-220-06. Sediment transport; Soil loss; Watersheds, semi-arid; Erosion; 303-10626-810-00. Sediment transport; Stochastic hydraulics; (Caiman filtering theory; Open channel flow; 127-09845-200-00. Sediment transport; Suspensions; Sediment fingering; 173- 10026-220-50. Sediment transport; Temperature effects; Bed froms; River

flow; 019-10122-220-10. Sediment transport; Thames River; Dredging effects; 034- 10115-220-44. Sediment transport; Tillage practice; Nutrient movement; Pesti- cides; 063-0264 W-870-33. Sediment transport; Transport processes; Alluvial channels; 323-0369W-220-00.

Sediment transport; Turbulence structure; Boundary shear

stress; Open channel flow; 302-09292-200-00. Sediment transport; Velocity distribution; Missouri River; 094- 08862-220-13. Sediment transport; Water quality; Capitol Lake, Washington; Lake restoration; 166-09198-860-60. Sediment transport; Watersheds, agricultural; Appalachian

watersheds; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; 300-09272-810-00.

340
Sediment transport; Wave reflection; Coastal sediment; Littoral processes; Scaling laws; 312-09743-410-00.

Sediment transport; Weir jetty; Coastal sediment; Jetties; 312-

10656-430-00. Sediment transport; Yazoo River; Channel improvement;

Mathematical model; River channels; 030-10338-220-13. Sediment transport, bed load; Turbulence measurements; Bed

armoring; Open channel turbulence; 044-07300-220-00

.

Sediment transport, bedload; Sediment transport, suspended;

Bed forms; 302-09290-220-00. Sediment transport by waves; Bed forms; Coastal sediment;

Ripples; 316-10780-410-1 1

.

Sediment transport by waves; Currents, longshore; Longshore

sediment transport; Sediment, coastal; 075-09797-410-44. Sediment transport by waves; Laser velocimeter; Seaward trans- port limit; Sediment concentration measurement; 3 1 2-09736-

410-00. Sediment transport by waves; Oscillary flow; Pressure gradients;

474-/05/3-220-90.

Sediment transport by waves; Seepage; Permeable bed; 316-

07824-410-1 1

.

Sediment transport by waves; Waves, shoaling; Sediment concentration measurement; 061 -07368-410-1 1

.

Sediment transport by waves; Wave reflection; Beach erosion; Gulf Coast beaches; 152-07708-410-44. Sediment transport by waves; Wave effects; Pipelines, offshore; Scour; 152-09050-220-44. Sediment transport by waves; Wave flume; 405-10295-220-00. Sediment transport by waves; 075-08723-410-75. Sediment transport data; Streamflow data; Iowa streams; 061-

00067-810-30. Sediment transport effects; Bedload; Insects, stream; 052-

09851-220-61. Sediment transport model; Deposition; Red River; Scour; 098-

09997-220-10. Sediment transport models; Sediment diversion structures; 043-

10349-220-54. Sediment transport models; Soil loss models; 05 1-0379W-830-

00. Sediment transport, ship-induced; Navigation channels; 152- 10580-330-00. Sediment transport, shoaling; Mississippi River; 061-10364-220-

13. Sediment transport, suspended; Diffusion; Numerical model; 043-10346-220-54. Sediment transport, suspended; Alluvial channels; Sediment

concentration profiles; Sediment sampler; 043-10348-220-54

.

Sediment transport, suspended; Bed forms; Sediment transport, bedload; 302-09290-220-00. Sediment transport, suspended; Sediment transport transitions; 414-10524-220-90. Sediment transport transitions; Sediment transport, suspended; 414-10524-220-90. Sediment transport, volcanic debris; Streamflow; Volcaniclastics; Guatemala; 091-10062-220-54. Sediment transport world data; Alluvial channels; 402-07836-

220-00. Sediment trapping ponds; Irrigation return flow; 303-093 12- 840-00. Sediment yield; California forests; Erosion; Floods; Hydrology,

forest; Logging effects; 307-04998-810-00. Sediment yield; Mining effects; Piceance basin, Colorado; 323-

10698-880-00. Sediment yield; Minnesota watersheds; Nutrient budget; 300-

09273-870-00. Sediment yield; Missouri River basin; 323-0460W-220-00.

Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Watershed model; Mathematical

model; Overland flow; 030-08804-220-06. Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Vegetation effects; 302-09298-

830-00. Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Alberta; 401-10770-830-96.

Sediment yield; Southern plains; Watersheds, agricultural; Sedi- ment sampler; 302-10636-810-00. Sediment yield; Streamflow; Water quality; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; 304-09326-810-00. Sediment yield; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; 302-09287-860-00. Sediment yield; Water yield; Computer model; Hydrologic model; Infiltration; Landslide potential; 030-10339-810-06. Sediment yield; Watershed characteristics; Western Gulf

watersheds; Mathematical model; 302-10641-810-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; Corn belt watersheds; 300-01 88 W-8 10-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; Erosion; Mathematical model; 300-10561-220-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; Mathematical models; 302-10635-810-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, forested; Idaho Batholith; Logging

effects; Road construction effects; 304-09324-830-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, rangeland; Runoff; 303-093 18- 830-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, southern plains; 302-0203 W-830-

00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, western Gulf; 302-0209 W-8 10-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, western Gulf; Climatic effects; 302-02 16W-830-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds; 302-0446W-220-00. Sediment yield; 303-0201 W-810-00.

Sedimentation; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; 400-10498-340-75.

Sedimentation; Corn belt reservoirs; Reservoir sedimentation; 300-01 86W-220-00.

Sedimentation; Flood control; Recreation demands; Reservoir management; 061-10373-310-33.

Sedimentation; Shoaling; Mississippi River passes; River model; 314-09670-300-13.

Sedimentation; Soil erosion principles; Erosion; 302-10632-830-

00. Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; Water yield; Dam effects; Flood control; Hydrology; 155-09922-810-07.

Sedimentation; TVA reservoirs; Reservoir sedimentation measurements; 338-00785-350-00.

Sedimentation; Water quality; Monroe Reservoir, Indiana; Nutrients; Reservoir circulation; 058-1 0563-860-00.

Sedimentation; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; Runoff; 303- 10623-810-00.

Sedimentation; Watersheds, forested; Erosion; Pacific coast watersheds; 323-0462W-220-00. Sedimentation control; Dredging alternatives; Harbor sedimentation; 329-0941 1-220-22. Sedimentation rates; Forest watersheds; 052-09849-830-33. Seepage; Cooling lakes; Groundwater heating; Heat transport; 174-09871-820-36.

Seepage; Finite element method; Porous medium flow; 044- 06693-070-00.

Seepage; Groundwater-lake interaction; 174-09870-820-33.

Seepage; Permeable bed; Sediment transport by waves; 316- 07824-410-1 1

.

Seepage; Shale wastes; 052-09855-070-34.

Seepage; Streamflow; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; 147- 10473-820-54.

Seepage; Streamflow; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; 148- 10409-820-54.

Seepage; Wells, relief; Electric analog model; 3 14-09663 -820-

13. Segregation intensity; Stirred tank reactor; Mixing; Reaction

rates; 093-07503-020-00.

Selective withdrawal; Dworshak Dam; Gate model; 3 13-08443-

350-13.

341
Selective withdrawal; Trash racks; Vortices; Fairfield project; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mixing; Pumped storage

project; 179-10435-340-73.

Separated flow; Flow visualization; 139-07616-090-00.

Separated flow; Fluidics; Reattaching flow; 139-07619-600-00.

Separated flow; Submerged bodies; Wakes; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer, turbulent; Near wake; 139-0762 1-030-

26. Separated flow; Submerged bodies; Boundary layers; Cylinders,

circular; Oscillations; 417-10507-010-90.

Separated flow; Turbulent flow; Finite difference method; Laminar flow; 065-10786-000-54.

Separated flows; Submerged prismatic bodies; Wind forces; Building aerodynamics; 057-10276-030-00.

Septic tank drainfield; Groundwater; Pollutant transport; 096-

10617-870-36. Sequoyah plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; 341-

10735-340-00.

Set-up, wave induced; Wave attenuation; Wave energy; 046-

10050-420-44. Sewage disposal; Forest lands; Irrigation; 305-09332-870-00. Sewage disposal; Watershed management; Water yield; Bogs;

Forest management; Minnesota watersheds; 305-03887-810-

00. Sewage disposal; Wave effects; Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; 0 1 9-0 7 1 5 1 -8 70-6 1

Sewage outfall; Circulation; Hampton Roads; 161-09878-870-

68. Sewage outfall; Estuaries; Mathematical model; Pollutant dis- tribution; 161-09881-400-60. Sewage outfall; St. Lawrence River; Hydraulic model; 408-

10254-870-68. Sewage outfall; Thermal effluent; York River; Dye study; Recirculation; 161-09886-870-68. Sewage outfall; Virginia Beach; Current meter data; Currents; 161-09887-870-68. Sewage sludge; Agricultural land; 300-0347 W-870-00. Sewage treatment; Activated sludge; Centrifugal clarifier; 4/4-

10532-870-00. Sewage treatment; Eutrophication control; Flushing; Hydraulic model; Moses Lake; 167-10185-870-61. Sewage treatment; Wastes, pulp; Wastes, textile; Filtration, cross-flow; Industrial wastes; 1 12-09266-870-36. Sewage treatment plant; Hydraulic model; Pump wells; 408-

10253-630-68.

Sewer; Storm sewer; Nappe; Outfall; 121-08222-870-00. Sewer design methodology; Sewers, storm; Hydraulic design

risks; 056-10108-870-33. Sewer design methodology; Sewers, storm; Hydraulic design

risks; 056-10109-870-33. Sewer hydraulics; Sewers, storm; Unsteady flow; 056-10107-

870-00. Sewer, interceptor; Diversion chamber; Hydraulic model; 408-

10256-870-68. Sewer junctions; Energy loss; 405-09512-870-00. Sewer networks; Sewer replacement alternatives; Sewers, storm; 121-08929-870-65. Sewer replacement alternatives; Sewers, storm; Sewer networks; 121-08929-870-65.

Sewer, storm; Diffuser; Outlet, sewer; 149-10599-870-60. Sewer system management; Sewers, combined; Sewers, storm; Urban runoff model; Mathematical model; Ru'ioff, urban; 01 1-08797-870-36.

Sewers, combined; Diversion structures; Hydraulic model; / 79- 10433-870-75.

Sewers, combined; Sewers, storm; Urban runoff model; Mathematical model; Runoff, urban; Sewer system management;

01 1-08797-870-36.

Sewers, storm; Hydraulic design risks; Hydrologic design risks; 056-010106-810-33.

Sewers, storm; Hydraulic design risks; Sewer design methodology; 056-10108-870-33.

Sewers, storm; Hydraulic design risks; Sewer design methodology; 056-10109-870-33.

Sewers, storm; Sewer networks; Sewer replacement alternatives; 121-08929-870-65.

Sewers, storm; Storm sewer optimum design; Urban drainage;

Hydrograph routing; 167-10192-870-00.

Sewers, storm; Transients, hydraulic; Tunnels; Two-phase flow; Mathematical model; 149-10603-390-75.

Sewers, storm; Unsteady flow; Sewer hydraulics; 056-10107-

870-00.

Sewers, storm; Urban runoff model; Mathematical model; Runoff, urban; Sewer system management; Sewers, combined;

01 1-08797-870-36.

Shale wastes; Seepage; 052-09855-070-34.

Shear flow effects; Wave refraction; 151-10039-420-54. Shear flow stability; Waves, atmospheric; Waves, turbulence ef- fect on; Atmospheric flow dynamics; 03 1 -088 1 2-480-54. Shear layer development; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary

layer, turbulent; 081-10609-010-50.

Shear modulus measuring instruments; Viscosity; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 093-07502-120-00.

Shear stress; Bed forms; Open channel flow; 414-10523-220-90. Shear stress; Ship resistance; Ship waves; Wakes; Pressure dis- tribution; 334-08542-520-00.

Shear wave propagation; Soils; 085-09995-390-54.

Shell recovery; Mining technology, offshore; Sand recovery; 152-10582-490-44.

Ship automatic steering; 169-09217-520-45.

Ship damage, heavy weather; Damage avoidance system; 169- 10343-520-45.

Ship design; Wave spectra; 169-09216-420-21.

Ship forms; Ship resistance; Ship waves; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Potential flow; Prolate spheroid; 061- 02091-520-20.

Ship hull moments; Ship hull response; Springing; 169-08398-

520-48.

Ship hull response; Springing; Ship hull moments; 169-08398-

520-48.

Ship hulls; Boundary layer computations; Boundary layers, three-dimensional; 334-10729-010-22.

Ship hulls; Vibrations, propeller-induced; Computer program;

Hull forces; 151-10038-520-45.

Ship hulls; Wave resistance; Hulls, flow around; 168-10073-

520-54.

Ship interaction; St. Lawrence River; Navigation channel; 408- 09549-330-90.

Ship maneuverability; Ship motions, shallow water; 087-09869-

520-54.

Ship maneuverability, shallow water; Ship motions; 1 5 1 -08985-

520-54.

Ship materials; Surface effect ships; Cavitation; Corrosion;

Fouling; 333-10713-520-22.

Ship motions; Air bubble, captured; Air cushion vehicle; 087- 09867-520-22.

Ship motions; Catamarans; Computer program; 334-107 19-520-

00. Ship motions; Ship maneuverability, shallow water; 151-08985-

520-54.

Ship motions; Ship stability; Wave loads; Catamarans; 334- 10721-520-22.

Ship motions; Ship stability; Planing boats; Porpoising; 334- 10726-520-22.

Ship motions; Wave effects; Planing boats; 334-10725-520-22.

Ship motions, canal; 087-09868-520-54.

Ship motions in restricted water; 075-08 72 1-520-54.

342
Ship motions, moored; Tankers; Wave action; Moored ship response; 046-09278-520-00.

Ship motions, moored; Tankers; Wave action; Moored ship response; 046-09279-520-88.

Ship motions, shallow water; Ship maneuverability; 087-09869-

520-54.

Ship motions, shallow water; 087-09866-520-22.

Ship passage effects; Ice dam; Ice, underhanging; 405-10300-

330-00.

Ship performance prediction; Waves; Numerical methods; 339-

09444-520-20.

Ship resistance; Ship waves; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Potential flow; Prolate spheroid; Ship forms; 061-02091-520-

20. Ship resistance; Ship waves; Wakes; Pressure distribution; Shear

stress; 334-08542-520-00.

Ship resistance in waves; 1 5 1 -08988-520722. Ship roll, nonlinear; Ship roll spectrum; 151-10040-520-22.

Ship roll spectrum; Ship roll, nonlinear; 151-10040-520-22.

Ship stability; Planing boats; Porpoising; Ship motions; 334-

10726-520-22.

Ship stability; Wave loads; Catamarans; Ship motions; 334-

10721-520-22.

Ship stopping; Computer model; Propeller-hull interaction; 334-

10731-550-22.

Ship stopping; Hydraulic model; 408-10252-520-90.

Ship viscous drag; Drag; 334-09439-520-00.

Ship waves; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Potential flow; Prolate spheroid; Ship forms; Ship resistance; 061-02091-

520-20.

Ship waves; Wakes; Pressure distribution; Shear stress; Ship re- sistance; 334-08542-520-00.

Ship waves; Waves, ship-generated; Harbors; Marinas; Pearl Harbor; 046-10053-470-60.

Ships; Hydraulic model; Mooring forces; 408-10260-520-90.

Ships, deep draft; Mathematical model; Navigation channels; 152-10579-330-10.

Ships, high speed; Cavitation; Propulsor design; Pumpjets; 124- 08923-550-22.

Ships, twin-hull; Hydrodynamic coefficients; 334-10722-520-22.

Ships, twin-hull; Wave loads; Computer program; 334-10720-

520-00.

Shoaling; Alaska; Harbors; 312-09735-470-00.

Shoaling; Alluvial streams; Harbor entrances; Models, hydraulic; 314-071 71-470-13.

Shoaling; Chattahoochee River; Navigation channel; River

bend; River model; 314-09717-300-13.

Shoaling; Columbia River; Navigation channel; River model; 313-05317-330-13.

Shoaling; Environmental considerations; Gulf intracoastal waterway; Pollutant transport; 152-10583-330-44.

Shoaling; Estuary model; Hydraulic model; Salinity intrusion; 408-10242-400-73.

Shoaling; Gulf intracoastal waterway; Navigation channel; 152- 10586-330-44.

Shoaling; Mississippi River; Navigation channel; River model;

314-09677-330-13.

Shoaling; Mississippi River passes; River model; Sedimentation; 314-09670-300-13. Shock wave effects; Droplets; Jet, atomized; 415-07895-130-00. Shock wave effects; Water drops; Droplets; 139-10128-130-54. Shock waves; Structures; Blast waves; 146-09306-640-00.

Shock-absorbing system; Unsteady flow; Compressible recoil mechanism; 061-10383-290-14.

Shore protection manual; Coastal construction; Design criteria; 312-02193-490-00.

Shore protection procedures; Erosion; 085-08850-4 1 0-60. Shore protection structure evaluation; 3 12-02 195-430-00. Shore stabilization; Breakwaters; 312-10654-430-00.

Shore stabilization; Point Grey, Vancouver; 420-10551-410-96.

Shoreline changes; Coastal structures; Florida coastline; Hurricane Eloise damage; 039- 1 0444-4 1 0-44. Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; Computer model; Littoral processes; Sediment transport; 312-

10655-410-00.

Sickle cell hydrodynamics; Biomedical flow; Blood; 134-09910-

270-40.

Silicic acid; Seawater quality; 106-10061-100-54.

Silt reduction; Chippewa River; Erosion; Sediment transport; 030-10333-220-13.

Slender bodies; Boundary layer separation; 139-10129-010-26.

Slope stability; Phosphate mine spoil dumps; 304-09327-390-

00. Slope stabilization; / 1 3-01 65 W-890-00. Slosh effects; Offshore platforms; Oil production equipment; 146-10356-650-70.

Slot efflux, double slot; Potential flow; 044-08815-040-00.

Sludge thickening; Water treatment; 076-10472-860-36.

Slug flow; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Heat transfer; 048- 10212-130-88.

Slug flow, vertically downward; Two-phase flow; Air-water

flow; 044-09954-130-00.

Slug formation; Two-phase flow; Wave crests; Aerodynamic

pressure measurement; Air-water flow; 038-07979-1 30-00

.

Slurries; Coal slurry pipeline; Jet pump injector model; Pipeline

transport; 059-10613-260-34.

Slurries; Coal transport; Manifold design; Multi-component

flow; Pipeline transport; 172-10019-210-60.

Slurry flow; Transport water contamination; Water treatment; Coal pipeline; Pipeline transport; 096-10616-370-36.

Slurry pipeline; Coal slurry; Hydraulic transport; Particle size distribution; 029-10279-260-88.

Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; Hydraulic transport; Muck

pipeline; 029-10280-260-47.

Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; Muck pipeline; Pneumatic trans- port; 029-10281-260-47.

Slurry rheology; Mineral slurries; 029-08131-130-70.

Smithfield Lock and Dam; Lock model; 314-06859-330-13. Smoke spread; Fire spread in corridors; Mathematical model; 109-08906-890-54. Snake River; Water use alternatives; Flow regulation; Pumped

storage sites; 052-09862-860-33. Snow cover; Biological effects; Ice cover; Lakes; 418-10619-

440-90. Snow cover; Snowfall; Peterborough, Ontario; 418-10618-810-

90. Snow fence system; Watershed management; Watersheds,

sagebrush; Water yield; 308-03569-810-00. Snow wetness; Soil moisture; Remote sensing; 324-10704-810-

00. Snowdrift management; Avalanche forecasts; 308-10648-810-

00. Snowfall; Peterborough, Ontario; Snow cover; 418-10618-810-

90. Snowfall; Snowmelt; Soil moisture; Alberta; Runoff; 402-10283-

810-00. Snowmelt; Alberta; Floods; 401-10768-3 10-96. Snowmelt; Alberta catchments; Runoff; 401-10769-310-96. Snow-melt; Evaporation retardants; Lysimeter; 020-10081-170-

31. Snowmelt; Soil erosion; Computer model; Idaho watersheds; 052-09852-830-61. Snowmelt; Soil moisture; Alberta; Runoff; Snowfall; 402-10283-

810-00. Snowmelt; Watershed model; Computer models; Flood

forecasting; Hydrology; 404-10234-810-96. Snowmelt forecast; Reservoir operation; Runoff, snow; 167- 10193-810-33. Snowmelt runoff; Watershed models; Watersheds, rangeland;

Precipitation gages; 303-09315-810-00.

343
Snowmelt thermodynamics; Heat transfer; Hydrology; Runoff; 415-10332-810-90. Snowpack hydrology; Precipitation gages; 304-06969-810-00. Snowpack hydrology; Soil water movement; Water yield im- provement; Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; 307-04996-810-00. Soap solutions; Wall region visual study; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 115-07553-250-54.

Soil characteristics; Soil credibility; 304-09331-830-00.

Soil characteristics; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Water yield; Ozark watersheds; 310-06973-810-00.

Soil classification; Channel erosion prediction; Erosion; Scour; 033-10778-220-88.

Soil effects; Vegetation effects; Southwest rangelands; Climatic

effects; Hydrologic analysis; Rangeland hydrology; 303- 0227W-810-00.

Soil erodibility; Soil characteristics; 304-09331-830-00.

Soil erosion; Alberta; Sediment yield; 401-10770-830-96.

Soil erosion; Computer model; Idaho watersheds; Snowmelt;

052-09852-830-61

Soil erosion; Erosion; Land use; Overland flow; Runoff; 129- 03808-830-05.

Soil erosion; Mathematical model; Runoff; 303-09319-830-00.

Soil erosion; Pacific northwest; 303-09320-830-00.

Soil erosion; Soil water; Water quality; Water yield; Erosion

control; Forest fire effects; 306-04757-810-00.

Soil erosion; Texas blackland; Erosion control; 302-02 IOW830-00.

Soil erosion; Tillage; Crop practices; Erosion; Residue; 303- 0360W-830-00.

Soil erosion; Tillage methods; Erosion control; Mathematical

model; Overland flow; Rain erosion; 300-04275-830-00.

Soil erosion; Vegetation effects; Sediment yield; 302-09298-

830-00.

Soil erosion; Water erosion; Wind; Great Plains; 300-0346W830-00.

Soil erosion; Water quality; Fertilizer; Nitrogen; Ponds; 055- 08024-820-07.

Soil erosion; Watershed model; Mathematical model; Overland

flow; Sediment yield; 030-08804-220-06.

Soil erosion; Watersheds, forest; Burning effects; Logging effects; 304-09330-81 0-00.

Soil erosion control; Tilth control; Watershed management;

Claypan; Runoff control; 300-0 189W-8 10-00.

Soil erosion principles; Erosion; Sedimentation; 302-10632-830-

00.

Soil freezing; Computer model; Embankments; Frost heaving; 020-10078-820-54.

Soil freezing; Soil thawing; Soil water flow; Heat flow; Numerical model; 1 14-10609-820-54.

Soil loss; Timber access roads; Erosion; Numerical model; Runoff; Sediment transport; 030-10340-220-06.

Soil loss; Watersheds, semi-arid; Erosion; Sediment transport; 303-10626-810-00.

Soil loss models; Sediment transport models; 05 1-0379W-830-

00.

Soil macropores; Soil moisture; Infiltration; 049-10068-810-05.

Soil management; Soil water movement; Water management;

Nutrient movement; 300-0433 W-820-00.

Soil moisture; Alberta; Runoff; Snowfall; Snowmelt; 402-10283-

810-00.

Soil moisture; Infiltration; Soil macropores; 049-10068-810-05.

Soil moisture; Remote sensing; Snow wetness; 324-10704-810-

00.

Soil moisture; Watersheds, unit source; Evaporation; 302- 0448W-8 10-00.

Soil moisture control; Soil salinity control; Crop production optimization; 157-09078-860-33.

Soil moisture level; Remote sensing; 12 1-10085-710-00.

Soil moisture measurement accuracy; 304-09329-820-00.

Soil motions; Earthquakes; Liquefaction; 085-0885 1 -070-54.

Soil pollution; Water pollution; Fertilizer; 301-0440W-870-00.

Soil properties; Runoff control; 303-0356W-810-00.

Soil properties; Stream channels; Channel stability; Erosion; 302-09295-300-00.

Soil salinity control; Crop production optimization; Soil moisture control; 157-09078-860-33.

Soil stabilization; Erosion control; Levee protection; 314-

09666-830-13.

Soil thawing; Soil water flow; Heat flow; Numerical model; Soil freezing; 1 14-10609-820-54.

Soil water; Drain tubing evaluation; Hydrologic model; Mathematical model; 055-08682-820-00.

Soil water; Forests; Porous media flow; 402-10286-810-90.

Soil water; Groundwater; Mathematical model; Radionuclide movement; 01 1 -08800-820-52

Soil water; Water quality; Water yield; Erosion control; Forest

fire effects; Soil erosion; 306-04757-810-00.

Soil water; Water supply conservation; 3 03-0234 W-820-00.

Soil water field measurements; Soil water movement; 008- 0268W-820-07

Soil water flow; Heat flow; Numerical model; Soil freezing; Soil thawing; 1 14-10609-820-54.

Soil water measurement; Soil water prediction; 303-0355W820-00.

Soil water movement; Erosion control; Infiltration; Irrigation; 303-0442W-810-00.

Soil water movement; Irrigation, trickle; Mathematical model; 008-0267 W-840-33.

Soil water movement; Soil water field measurements; 008- 0268W-820-07

Soil water movement; Water management; Nutrient movement;

Soil management; 300-0433W-820-00.

Soil water movement; Water yield improvement; Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; Snowpack hydrology; 307- 04996-810-00.

Soil water prediction; Soil water measurement; 303-0355W820-00.

Soil water repellency; Watersheds, brushland; Erosion; Floods; Forest fire effects; 307-04999-810-00.

Soils; Shear wave propagation; 085-09995-390-54.

Soils, northern plains; Water conservation; 300-0435 W-820-00.

Solar energy; Aquifers; Hot water storage; Numerical model; 067-09983-820-52.

Solar energy measurements; Wind energy measurements; 069- 10465-480-73.

Solar pond; Stratified fluid; Convection, double-diffusive; 139- 10127-020-54.

Solar power; Water pump; Pump, solar powered; 157-10168-

630-33.

Solid-fluid flow; Turbulence; Mixing; Multi-component flow; 115-09835-130-00.

Solid-gas flow; Two-phase flow; Lunar ash flow; 074-08072-

130-50.

Solid-liquid flow; Suspensions; Two-phase flow; Drag reduction; 093-07501-130-84.

Solid-liquid flow; Turbulent suspension; Two-phase flow; Pipeline transport; 414-10516-130-90.

Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic fluid; Bubbles; Drops; Gas-liquid flow; Non-Newtonian flow; 013-08702-

120-54.

Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Rheology; Suspensions; 013- 08703-120-54.

Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Pump, wobble plate; 124- 08922-630-22.

Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic flow; Drag

reduction; Oil-water mixture; 131-07592-130-00.

Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Blockage; Pipeline transport; 414-10515-370-90.

344
Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Coal slurry; Pipeline transport; 414-1051 7-3 70-90.

Solid-liquid flow; Woodchip mixtures; Friction loss; Hydraulic

transport; Pipeline transport; 096-07513-260-06.

Solid-liquid mixtures; Mud flows; 028-09974-130-00.

Solid-liquid vertical flow; Glass spheres; Hydraulic transport; 057-08035-130-00.

Solute effects; Surfactants; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 332-08523-250-20.

Somerset plant; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Dif- fuses; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 075-09801-870-75.

Sonar dome; Noise, flow induced; 336-09453-160-22.

Sorptivity; Infiltration estimations; 157-0418W-810-00. Sound suppression water systems; Space shuttle; 149-10594-

540-75.

Southeast Harbor, Seattle; Tidal circulation; Currents, tidal; Harbors; 167-10194-470-75.

Southeast watersheds; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Runoff; 302-0444W-810-00. Southern Great Plains; Mathematical models; Rainfall patterns; 302-10634-810-00.

Southern Great Plains; Watershed models; Computer models; Hydrologic models; 302-10638-810-00.

Southern plains; Floodwater retarding structures; Runoff; 302- 0453W-8 10-00. Southern plains; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; 302- 0207W-8 10-00. Southern plains; Water resources research program; 154- 0400W-800-33.

Southern plains; Water resource priority analysis; 1 54-0406W800-33. Southern plains; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; 302-0205 W-8 10-00. Southern plains; Watersheds, agricultural; Sediment sampler;

Sediment yield; 302-10636-810-00.

Southwest rangelands; Climatic effects; Hydrologic analysis; Rangeland hydrology; Soil effects; Vegetation effects; 303- 0227 W-8 10-00. Southwest rangelands; Streamflow; Watersheds, semiarid rangeland; 303-0228W-8 10-00. Southwest rangelands; Watersheds, rangeland; Precipitation

patterns; 303-0229W-8 10-00. Southwest watersheds; Watershed rehabilitation; Erosion control; 308-09339-810-00.

Southwest watersheds; Watershed management; Chaparral;

Conifers; Grassland; 308-10647-810-00. Space laboratory; Thermodynamics; Fluid mechanics experi- ments in space; Heat transfer; 146-09303-000-50. Space shuttle; Sound suppression water systems; 149-10594-

540-75. Space shuttle; Vibrations, flow-induced; Bellows; 146-10357-

540-50.

Specific speed; Transients; Pressure surge; Pump failure; 404-

10226-630-00.

Spent fuel release; Power plant; 413-09576-340-00. Spermatozoa hydrodynamics; Swimming filaments; 057-09039-

030-54. Spermatozoa hydrodynamics; Swimming filaments; 057-09040-

030-80. Sphere impulsively started; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; Numerical

methods; 421 -07995-030-90.

Sphere, periodic rolling motion; Submerged bodies; Drag, har- monic water flow; 044-08816-030-00.

Spheres; Stratified fluids; Submerged bodies; Waves, internal; Drag; Internal waves; 316-07243-060-20.

Spheres; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Drag; 046-10055-

420-00.

Spheres; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Cylinders; 142- 10394-420-44.

Spheres, coaxial rotating; Annular flow; Laminar flow; Rotating

flow; 064-0902 1-000-00. Spheres, concentric rotating; Stability; Couette flow; Poiseuille flow; 088-07488-000-54.

Spherical shell; Submerged bodies; Vibrations, viscosity effect; 152-09056-030-00.

Spill control; Hazardous materials; Pollution; 025-09898-870-

36.

Spillway; Amaluza Dam; Hydraulic model; 322-10687-350-00.

Spillway; Chute; Hyco Lake spillway; Hydraulic model; 179- 10434-350-73.

Spillway; Columbia Dam; Hydraulic model; 341-10733-350-00.

Spillway; Dam overtopping; Flood passing; Morris dam; 166- 10441-350-73.

Spillway; Diversion structure; Hydraulic model; Limestone Station; 420-10553-350-73.

Spillway; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; 408-10257-350-73.

Spillway; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; 408-10270-350-

87.

Spillway; Flip bucket; Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; 400-10494-350-75.

Spillway; Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; 408-10268-350-73.

Spillway; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; 408-10251-350-

73. Spillway; Hydraulic model; Kpong project; 400-10497-350-87.

Spillway; Hydraulic model; Palmetto Bend Dam; 322-09393-

350-00.

Spillway; Hydraulic model; Scour; 408-10264-350-73.

Spillway; Hydraulic model; 420-10542-350-70.

Spillway; Stewart Mountain Dam; Tailwater effects; Dams;

Hydraulic model; 322-10680-350-00.

Spillway; Stewart Mountain project; Hydraulic model; 322- 09382-350-00.

Spillway; Stilling basin; Choke Canyon project; Hydraulic model; 322-10684-350-00.

Spillway; Stilling basin; Hydraulic model; Klang Gates Dam;

322-10677-350-00.

Spillway; Weir, labyrinth; Boardman reservoir; Hydraulic model; 166-10440-350-75.

Spillway adequacy; Mathematical model; Reservoirs; 094- 08868-350-00.

Spillway baffles; Energy dissipators; 322-10692-360-00.

Spillway calibration; Hydraulic model; 413-10331-350-00.

Spillway capacity; Spillway model; Spillway piers; Wallace Dam; Energy dissipator, flip bucket; 044-08010-350-73.

Spillway crest pressure; Gates, Tainter; 044-08013-350-00.

Spillway crest shape; Stilling basin walls; Tainter gates; Dynamic loads; 314-10746-350-00.

Spillway deflector model; Chief Joseph Dam; 3 13-09349-350-

13. Spillway deflector model; Ice Harbor Dam; 313-09341-350-13.

Spillway deflector model; Little Goose Dam; 3 1 3-09350-350-

13. Spillway deflector model; McNary Dam; 313-09351-350-13.

Spillway deflectors; Spillway model; Fish passage; Hydraulic model; John Day Dam; 313-10662-350-13.

Spillway gates; Auburn Dam; Gate model; Gate seals; Hydraulic model; 322-07028-350-00.

Spillway model; Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; 322-07035-350-00.

Spillway model; Bath county spillway; Hydraulic model; 044- 09956-350-75.

Spillway model; Bonneville Dam; Gate model; Gates, spillway; Gate vibrations; 313-07108-350-13.

Spillway model; Chief Joseph Dam; 313-07109-350-13.

Spillway model; Dworshak Dam; 313-05070-350-13.

Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Lower Monumental Dam; 3 13-10658-350-13.

345
Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; McNary Dam; 313-10659-350-13.

Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Little Goose Dam; 313-10660-350-13.

Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Ice Harbor Dam; 313-10661-350-13.

Spillway model; Fish passage; Hydraulic model; John Day Dam;

Spillway deflectors; 313-10662-350-13.

Spillway model; Hydraulic model; Libby Dam; 3 13-10666-350-

13. Spillway model; Libby Dam; 3 13-071 17-350-13.

Spillway model; Lower Granite Dam; 313-07120-350-13.

Spillway model; Lower Monumental Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; 313-08447-350-13.

Spillway model; Red River spillways; 314-09676-350-13.

Spillway model; Spillway piers; Wallace Dam; Energy dissipator, flip bucket; Spillway capacity; 044-08010-350-73.

Spillway model; Stilling basin model; Coleto Creek Dam;

Hydraulic model; 152-10591-350-75.

Spillway model; Stilling basins; Little Goose Dam; 3 13-05068-

350-13.

Spillway model; Vermilion River reservoir; Hydraulic model; 054-09913-350-60.

Spillway, morning glory; Hydraulic model; 322-10681-350-00.

Spillway outlet works; Hydraulic model; Outlet works; 155- 09919-350-07.

Spillway piers; Wallace Dam; Energy dissipator, flip bucket;

Spillway capacity; Spillway model; 044-08010-350-73.

Spillways, closed conduit; Box inlet drop spillway; Riprap; Scour; 149-07677-220-05.

Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; Hydraulic structures; Inlets; Pipe outlets; Scour; 300-01723-350-00.

Spillways, closed conduit; Outlets, spillway; Scour; 149-01 168- 350-05.

Spillways, closed-conduit; Drop inlets; Inlets; Inlet vortex; 149- 001 1 1-350-05.

Spin-up; Liquid-filled shell; 3 1 1 -09357-540-00.

Spiral flow; Stilling basin; Drop pipe; Drop structure; Hydraulic model; Intake; 322-10675-350-00.

Splines; Weather modeling; Numerical models; 069-10460-480-

54.

Splitter wall model study; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway;

Energy dissipator; 314-09704-350-13.

Spoil dumps; Phosphate mines; 157-10152-890-06.

Spray; Wastewater spray site; Evapotranspiration; 079-0416W870-00. Spray combustion; Combustion; Liquid-gas flow; Multi-com- ponent flow; 122-10020-290-50.

Spray cooling nozzle tests; Cooling water; 1 79- 1 04 1 9-390-70.

Springing; Ship hull moments; Ship hull response; 169-08398-

520-48. Squeeze film dampers; Rotating machinery; 1 46-09301 -620-70

St. Lawrence River; Hydraulic model; Sewage outfall; 408-

10254-870-68.

St. Lawrence River; Navigation channel; Ship interaction; 408- 09549-330-90.

St. Lawrence River; Oil spill diversion; 408-09548-870-90.

St. Lawrence River; Tidal motion; Estuaries; River model; 411- 06602-400-90.

St. Lawrence River; Tide propagation; Estuaries; Mathematical

model; River flow; 41 1-06603-400-90.

St. Mary's River; Ice model; River model; 400-09472-330-20.

Stability; Boiling pools; Reactor safety; 133-10090-340-55.

Stability; Couette flow; Poiseuille flow; Spheres, concentric

rotating; 088-07488-000-54.

Stability; Cylinders, part full; Rotating flow; 137-09965-000-54.

Stability; Gas dynamics; Rotating flow; 137-09964-000-00.

Stability; Stratified flow; Couette flow; Rotating flow; 139- 10130-060-54.

Stability; Submerged bodies; Undersea vehicle, cavitating; 042- 10560-510-00.

Stability; Surface cooling effect; Turbulence effect; Boundary

layer transition; 316-10799-010-18.

Stability; Temperature effects; Viscosity effects; Laminar flow; 126-09837-000-00.

Stability; Transition; Wakes, axisymmetric; 128-10414-050-54.

Stability; Tubes, curved; Unsteady flow; Pipe flow; 048-10208-

210-54.

Stability; Unsteady flow; Couette flow; Periodic flow; 076- 10469-000-00.

Stability, interfacial; Stratified flow; 158-09900-060-33.

Stability tests; Dam sealing material; Dams, earth; 149-08999-

350-75.

Stability theory; Chemotactic bacteria movement; Gas bearing

theory; Lubrication; 135-06773-000-14.

Stability theory; Cylinders, eccentric rotating; Lubrication

theory; 135-06772-000-20.

Stack emissions; Cooling tower emissions; Plume model; 073- 08695-870-60.

Stagnation flow; Viscoelastic fluids; Non-Newtonian fluids; 164- 10015-120-00.

Stalling; Compressor blades; Pressure fluctuations; Radiotelemetry techniques; 163-08367-550-20.

Statistical hydrology; Hydrologic simulation model; 094-08867-

810-00.

Statistical turbulence; Turbulence; 141-08266-020-52. Steam; Two-phase flow; Droplets; 086-08779-130-54. Steam flow; Turbines, multiple-disk; Two-phase flow; Disks, corotating; 007-09933-630-88. Steam injection; Air injection; Blowdown fluid physics; Model

laws; 146-10354-130-70.

Stenoses; Tube constrictions; Biomedical flow; Blood flow; 064- 07392-270-40.

Stewart Mountain Dam; Tailwater effects; Dams; Hydraulic model; Spillway; 322-10680-350-00.

Stewart Mountain project; Hydraulic model; Spillway; 322- 09382-350-00.

Stick slip; Acoustic emission; Contact stress; Reactors; 136- 09844-620-54.

Stilling basin; Choke Canyon project; Hydraulic model; Spill- way; 322-10684-350-00.

Stilling basin; Drop pipe; Drop structure; Hydraulic model; In- take; Spiral flow; 322-10675-350-00.

Stilling basin; Energy dissipation; Hydraulic model; 179-1043 1- 360-73.

Stilling basin; Gates; Hydraulic model; Pacheco tunnel; 322- 10683-350-00.

Stilling basin; Hydraulic model; Klang Gates Dam; Spillway; 322-10677-350-00.

Stilling basin; Meramec Park reservoir; Outlet works model; 314-09674-350-13.

Stilling basin model; Coleto Creek Dam; Hydraulic model;

Spillway model; 152-10591-350-75.

Stilling basin walls; Tainter gates; Dynamic loads; Spillway crest shape; 314-10746-350-00.

Stilling basins; Abrasive materials; 322-10674-350-00.

Stilling basins; Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; 3 13-05068-

350-13.

Stilling basins, low Froude number; Energy dissipators; 322- 09383-360-00.

Stirred tank reactor; Mixing; Reaction rates; Segregation intensity; 093-07503-020-00.

Stochastic analysis; Meteorological data, upper Midwest; 149- 08997-480-44.

Stochastic dynamic programming; Flood control policy; Flood

routing; 155-09920-310-33.

Stochastic hydraulics; Kalman filtering theory; Open channel

flow; Sediment transport; 127-09845-200-00.

346
Stochastic hydrology; Channel networks; Hydrology; 060-

07367-810-20.

Stochastic hydrology; Hydrology; 127-08240-810-54.

Stochastic hydrology; 056-07339-810-33.

Stochastic model; Water level; Lakes, terminal; 1 57-10176-800-

33.

Stochastic modeling; 419-1051 1-290-90.

Stochastic streamflow generation; Streamflow model; Hydrologic model; 167-10188-300-33. Storm drainage; Computer model; Hydrographs; Runoff, urban; 056-10093-810-36. Storm drainage; Storms, design; Drainage, highway; Hyetographs; 056-10092-810-47. Storm drainage; Urbanization effects; Drainage; Runoff; 404-

10229-810-96. Storm runoff determination methods; Urban storm runoff; Runoff, urban; 056-08710-810-36. Storm sewer; Nappe; Outfall; Sewer; 121-08222-870-00. Storm sewer optimum design; Urban drainage; Hydrograph

routing; Sewers, storm; 167-10192-870-00. Storm surge; Surge; Numerical model; 153-09917-420-1 1

.

Storm surge; Surge elevations; Beaufort Sea; Numerical model; 407-10238-420-00. Storm surge; Wave measurement; Hurricane waves; 039-10456-

420-55. Storm surge calculation; Surges; Charleston estuary; Mathematical model; 312-09756-420-00. Storm water management; Urban runoff model; Runoff, urban; 027-07229-870-36. Storm water management; Water quality; Computer model;

Hydrology; Lehigh basin; Runoff; 068-10567-810-88.

Storms, design; Drainage, highway; Hyetographs; Storm

drainage; 056-10092-810-47.

Stormwater; Mathematical model comparison; Runoff, urban; 094-08866-810-00. Stormwater pollutants; Urban stormwater model; Pollution, non-point; Runoff, urban; 076-10470-870-60. Stormwater sampling; Water quality; Hampton Roads; Pollution, non-point; Runoff; 159-09890-870-36.

Strain fields; Turbulent flow; Reynolds stresses; 422-09638-02.

Strait of Georgia; Numerical model; 407-10237-400-00.

Stratification effect; Velocity profile; Chezy coefficient; Open

channel flow; 158-09901-200-00.

Stratification, thermal; Lakes, stratified; Mixing; Reservoirs; 132-09841-440-33.

Stratification, thermal; Mixing; Pumped storage systems; Reservoir stratification; 172-10017-060-33.

Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; Reservoirs; 075-

09807-870-75.

Stratified flow; Couette flow; Rotating flow; Stability; 139- 10130-060-54.

Stratified flow; Energy, ocean thermal; Hydraulic model; Ocean

thermal energy plant; 039-10458-430-20.

Stratified flow; Estuary circulation; Mass transport; Mixing; 039-09087-400-54.

Stratified flow; Friction, interfacial; 039-10448-060-54.

Stratified flow; Heated water discharge; Heat transfer; Mixing;

Open channel flow; 061-08036-060-33.

Stratified flow; Stability, interfacial; 158-09900-060-33.

Stratified flow; Thermal discharge mechanics; Cooling water

discharge; 056-10105-060-33.

Stratified flow; Turbidity current; Delta formation; Reservoir

sedimentation; 068-10568-860-54.

Stratified flow; Turbidity current; Plumes; 068-10569-060-00.

Stratified flow; Turbulence model; Buoyancy driven flow; Cavities; Convection; Heat transfer; 013-08704-060-54.

Stratified flow; Turbulence, statistical theory; Convection; 057-

09041-020-54.

Stratified flow; Turbulent diffusion; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Diffusion; Langevin model; 139-08259-020-54.

Stratified flow; Wakes; Wind tunnel, stratified flow; 101-09896-

720-60.

Stratified flow; Waves, internal; Internal wave instability; 039-

10454-060-20.

Stratified flow stability; Stratified shear flow; 039-10455-060-

20.

Stratified flow stability; Waves, internal; Internal waves; 083- 08604-060-20.

Stratified fluid; Convection, double-diffusive; Solar pond; 139- 10127-020-54.

Stratified fluids; Destratification diffuser; Reservoirs; 322-

10679-860-00.

Stratified fluids; Rotating flows; 088-08860-000-70.

Stratified fluids; Submerged bodies; Waves, internal; Drag; In- ternal waves; Spheres; 316-07243-060-20.

Stratified fluids; Turbulence; 181-09268-060-00.

Stratified fluids; Wave shoaling; Wave theory; Waves, internal; Lakes, stratified; 176-08400-420-61

.

Stratified fluids; Waves, solitary; Atmospheric waves; Jovian at- mosphere; 143-09902-420-50.

Stratified fluids; Waves, solitary; Internal waves; Ocean microstructure; Rotating flow; 143-09903-450-20.

Stratified lakes; Water quality; Destratification; Reaeration; 314-10753-860-00.

Stratified shear flow; Stratified flow stability; 039-10455-060-

20.

Stratified shear layer; Turbulence; 143-09177-020-54. Stream bottom organisms; Ecological change indicators; 154- 0412W-880-33.

Stream channels; Channel stabilization; 3 02-0447 W-300-00. Stream channels; Channel stability; Erosion; Soil properties; 302-09295-300-00. Stream channels; Channel stabilization; Erosion; Morphology;

302-10633-300-00. Stream monitoring; Water quality; Monitoring cost effective- ness; 076-0432 W-870-00. Stream temperature; Thermal loads; Vegetation effect; Water

temperature; Wind effects; Atmospheric effects; 123-09836-

860-33. Stream temperature; Water temperature; Reservoir temperature measurements; 338-00769-860-00.

Streamflow; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Seepage; 147- 10473-820-54.

Streamflow; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Seepage; 148- 10409-820-54.

Streamflow; Urbanization effects, runoff; Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; 418-10620-810-90.

Streamflow; Volcaniclastics; Guatemala; Sediment transport, volcanic debris; 091-10062-220-54.

Streamflow; Water quality; Chowan River; Mathematical

model; 162-09170-860-33.

Streamflow; Water quality; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Sediment yield; 304-09326-810-00.

Streamflow; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Runoff; 301-09276-810-00.

Streamflow; Watershed analysis; Claypan; Iowa watersheds;

Loess; Missouri watersheds; Runoff; 3 00-0 1 85 W-8 10-00. Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Southern plains; 302- 0207 W-8 1 0-00. Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, western

Gulf; Runoff; 302-0208 W-8 10-00. Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Western Gulf region; Runoff; 302-02 15 W-810-00. Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Runoff; Southeast

watersheds; 302-0444W-810-00. Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical model; Runoff; 302- 09286-810-00.

347
Streamflow; Watersheds, semiarid rangeland; Southwest rangelands; 303 -0228W-8 10-00. Streamflow; Yakima River; Fish spawning; 166-10132-300-34.

Streamflow data; Clearwater River; Insects, stream; 052-09848-

880-33. Streamflow data; Iowa streams; Sediment transport data; 061- 00067-810-30.

Streamflow estimates; Photographic streamflow estimates; 027- 07935-300-36.

Streamflow model; Hydrologic model; Stochastic streamflow

generation; 167-10188-300-33.

Streamflow model uncertainties; 056-10095-300-33.

Streamflow routing, low flow; Mathematical model; 102-08873-

300-00.

Streams; Texas; Lakes, public access; 1 54-0398 W-880-33

Strip mine sites; Surface water; Water pollution; Groundwater;

096-10615-870-36.

Strip mine spoil dam; Sulfate production; Water quality; Numerical model; Oxygen depletion; 162-09905-870-00.

Strip mining; Water needs; Coal; Energy resource development,

Utah; Mathematical model; Oil shale; 157-10146-800-33.

Strip mining; Water resources, East Texas; Groundwater quality; Lignite mining; 152-10584-810-33.

Strip mining effects; Water quality; Groundwater resources; 075-09813-870-54.

Structure design criteria; Wave forces; Cylinders; Ocean structures; 118-09768-430-44.

Structure effects; Wave diffraction; Wave motion; 019-08782-

420-11.

Structure response; Finite element method; Pressure pulses; 336-09454-240-29.

Structure response; Vibrations; Wave forces; Numerical

methods; Ocean structures; 044-06699-430-00.

Structures; Blast waves; Shock waves; 146-09306-640-00.

Structures; Wave forces; Scaling laws; 328-10709-420-00.

Structures; Wave forces; Waves, design; Instrument towers; 405-10289-420-00.

Structures; Waves; Offshore structure design; Sea simulation; 118-09766-430-44.

Structures, coastal; Wave forces; Current effects; 028-09979-

420-00.

Structures, offshore; Earthquake loads; Oil storage tanks; 019-

10123-430-44.

Stuart River; Yukon; Flood prediction; Ross River; 402-09501-

310-90.

Sturgeon Lake, Minnesota; Lakes; Numerical model; 149- 10607-440-73. Submarine canyon; Circulation; Continental shelf; Continental

slope; Oceanography; 161-09876-450-00. Submarine piping systems; Transients, hydraulic; Transients, pneumatic; Computer programs; Pipe flow; 040-09846-2 10- 00. Submarine slide effects; Hydraulic model; 420-10555-390-75. Submerged bodies; Bingham plastic; Bottom materials; Clay- water mixtures; Drag; Non-Newtonian fluids; 057-07352-120-

00. Submerged bodies; Bluff bodies; Boundary layer separation;

Cylinders, circular; 417-07899-010-00. Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer, three- dimensional; Lift; 061-10381-010-14. Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer, laminar; Drag reduction; 334-09438-

010-00. Submerged bodies; Boundary layer transition; Ellipsoid; Roughness effects; 331-10773-010-22. Submerged bodies; Boundary layers; Cylinders, circular; Oscillations; Separated flow; 417-10507-010-90. Submerged bodies; Buoy-cable-body systems; Cables; 334-

10727-030-22.

Submerged bodies; Cables; Cylinders; Flow-induced motion; 332-1071 1-030-20. Submerged bodies; Cylinders; Drag; Force measurement; 124- 08926-030-22. Submerged bodies; Cylinders, circular; Drag; Pressure distribution; Pressure fluctuation; Roughness; 061-10393-030-54. Submerged bodies; Drag; Flat plate, normal; Oscillatory flow; 044-09955-030-00. Submerged bodies; Drag, harmonic water flow; Sphere,

periodic rolling motion; 044-08816-030-00. Submerged bodies; Pressure fields; Schlieren system; 179- 10421-710-20. Submerged bodies; Surface effects; Potential flow; 334-10716-

030-22. Submerged bodies; Tube bundles; Vibrations, flow-induced; Heat exchangers; 1 16-10572-030-82. Submerged bodies; Turbulence effects; Bluff bodies in shear

flow; 109-08897-030-54. Submerged bodies; Turbulence effects; Vibrations; Angular

bodies; Drag; 166-09200-030-54. Submerged bodies; Turbulence stimulation; Bodies or revolution; Boundary layer transition; Drag; 334-09442-030-00. Submerged bodies; Turbulent flow; Airfoils; Numerical models; 089-10136-030-26. Submerged bodies; Undersea vehicle, cavitating; Stability; 042- 10560-510-00. Submerged bodies; Vibrations, flow-induced, virtual mass;

Cylinder; 076-10467-030-70. Submerged bodies; Vibrations, flow induced; Aerodynamic

oscillations; Bluff cylinders; 417-07461-240-00. Submerged bodies; Vibrations, viscosity effect; Spherical shell; 152-09056-030-00. Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Wedges; Drag; Navier-Stokes

flow; 057-05778-030-00. Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; Numerical methods; Sphere impulsively

started; 421-07995-030-90. Submerged bodies; Wakes; Bodies of revolution; Boundary

layer, turbulent; Near wake; Separated flow; 139-07621-030-

26. Submerged bodies; Wall interference; Water tunnel; Blockage

effects; Bodies of revolution; 124-08927-030-22. Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Concrete cube stability; Drag; 046-10054-420-00. Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Drag; Spheres; 046-10055-

420-00. Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Cylinders; Spheres; 142- 10394-420-44. Submerged bodies; Waves, internal; Drag; Internal waves;

Spheres; Stratified fluids; 316-07243-060-20. Submerged bodies; Wind forces; Cooling tower aerodynamics;

Cooling towers, hyperbolic; Drag; Roughness; 061-10392-

030-54. Submerged bodies, support interference; Bodies of revolution; Pressure distribution; 109-101 18-030-26. Submerged bodies, two-dimensional; Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical solutions; 089-10138-000-54. Submerged objects; Wave forces; Cylinder, vertical; Mathematical model; 026-09013-420-00. Submerged prismatic bodies; Wind forces; Building aerodynamics; Separated flows; 057-10276-030-00. Submerged storage tanks; Wave forces; 1 52-09058-420-00.

Subsurface flow; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Road construction effects; 304-09325-810-00.

Suction; Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; 331- 10771-010-00.

Suction; Transition; Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, stability; 134-09908-010-18.

Suction; Wind tunnel; Boundary layer control; Compressible

flow; Laminarization; 3 16-10798-010-27.

348
Suction tubes; Havasu pumping plant; Hydraulic model; Pump

intakes; 322-09379-390-00.

Sulfate production; Water quality; Numerical model; Oxygen

depletion; Strip mine spoil dam; 162-09905-870-00.

Sulphur dioxide scrubber; Power plant, steam; 341-09458-870-

00. Sump design; Vortex formation; Pump sumps; 404-10235-630-

00.

Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; Waves; Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel flow; 322-10678-

320-00.

Supercritical fluids; Heat transfer; Pipe flow, turbulent; 109- 08907-140-54.

Supersonic flow; Jet noise; Noise; 143-09904-160-54.

Suppression pool; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 400-10501-

340-75.

Surf zone; Wave effects; Circulation, nearshore; Currents,

coastal; Finite element method; Numerical models; 035-

09942-410-54.

Surf zone; Wave gages; Wave statistics; 312-10649-420-00.

Surf zone; Waves; Nearshore hydrodynamics; 406-095 1 8-420-

00. Surface contact; Wetting; Fluid properties; Immiscible fluids, displacement; Interfaces; 125-09951-100-54.

Surface cooling effect; Turbulence effect; Boundary layer

transition; Stability; 316-10799-010-18.

Surface effect ships; Air cushion vehicles; Lift systems; 334-

10724-520-22.

Surface effect ships; Cavitation; Corrosion; Fouling; Ship

materials; 333-10713-520-22.

Surface effect ships; Heaving; Plenum pressure; 15 1-08980-

520-21.

Surface effect ships; Waterwheel test facility; Seal performance; 146-09310-550-22.

Surface effects; Potential flow; Submerged bodies; 334-10716-

030-22.

Surface tension; Viscoelastic fluids; Bubble dynamics; NonNewtonian fluids; 076-08776-120-54.

Surface water; Water pollution; Groundwater; Strip mine sites; 096-10615-870-36.

Surface water; Water use; Conjunctive management; Groundwater management; 167-10187-800-60.

Surface water systems; Channel flow; Estuaries; Lakes; Numerical models; Overland flow; 323-10693-860-00.

Surface-effect ships; Propellers, supercavitating; 334-10732-

550-22.

Surfactant transport; Interfaces; 013-09946-190-00.

Surfactants; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Solute effects; 332-08523-250-20.

Surge; Numerical model; Storm surge; 1 53-09917-420-1 1

.

Surge attenuation; Harbors; 152-10577-470-70.

Surge elevations; Beaufort Sea; Numerical model; Storm surge; 407-10238-420-00.

Surge tanks; Transients; Surges; 404-10227-340-90.

Surges; Bay Springs Lock; Canal model; Navigation conditions; 314-09701-330-13.

Surges; Bay Springs Lock; Canal model; Navigation conditions; 314-09702-330-13.

Surges; Charleston estuary; Mathematical model; Storm surge

calculation; 312-09756-420-00.

Surges; Surge tanks; Transients; 404-10227-340-90.

Surges; Transients; Waterhammer; Mathematical model; Pumped-storage plant; Raccoon Mountain Project; 341-

07080-340-00.

Suspensions; Acoustic emulsification; Emulsification; Oil-water

suspension; 084-09818-130-00.

Suspensions; Drag reduction; Emulsions; Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; Pipeline transport; 093-10075-370-54.

Suspensions; Sediment fingering; Sediment transport; / 73- 10026-220-50.

Suspensions; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Rheology; 013- 08703-120-54.

Suspensions; Two-phase flow; Drag reduction; Solid-liquid flow; 093-07501-130-84.

Suspensions, fiber; Asbestos fibers; Cavitation inception; Drag

reduction; Polymer additives; 331-09449-250-20. Swamp; Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; 418-10621-810-90. Swimming filaments; Spermatozoa hydrodynamics; 057-09039-

030-54. Swimming filaments; Spermatozoa hydrodynamics; 057-09040-

030-80.

Swirl; Diffuser performance; 422-09635-290-90.

Swirl effects; Turbulence model; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Mathematical model; Orifice meters; 317-10789-750-00.

Swirling flow; Hydraulic model; New Haven Harbor plant; Pipe bends; Pump, feedwater; 179-10423-340-73.

Swirling flow; Wakes; Jets; 001-07917-050-00.

Tailing delta; Rock stability; Hydraulic model; 420-10546-420-

75. Tailwater effects; Dams; Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stewart Mountain Dam; 322-10680-350-00.

Tainter gates; Dynamic loads; Spillway crest shape; Stilling basin walls; 314-10746-350-00. Tanker safety; Ventilation model tests; Bulk carriers; 146- 10358-520-45.

Tankers; Wave action; Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored; 046-09278-520-00.

Tankers; Wave action; Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored; 046-09279-520-88.

Tectonics, laboratory plate; 137-09963-290-00. Temperature distribution; Dispersion; Estuaries; Mathematical

models; Salinity distribution; 075-08728-400-36. Temperature effects; Bed froms; River flow; Sediment transport; 019-10122-220-10. Temperature effects; Viscosity effects; Laminar flow; Stability; 126-09837-000-00. Temperature fluctuations; Thermal effluents; Plumes, thermal; 175-10032-870-33. Temperature micro-structure; Thermocline; Turbulence; Lake

Tahoe field studies; Mixed layer; 021-09788-440-54. Temperature prediction; Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; Mathematical models; 075-08732-870-52. Tennessee basin; Evaporation; Reservoir losses; 338-00765-

810-00. Tennessee basin; Precipitation; 338-00768-810-00. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Aliceville Lock and Dam;

Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; 3 14-097 19-330-13. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Aberdeen Lock and Dam;

Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; 3 14-09722-330-13. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Chute dissipator model; Energy dissipator; 314-09703-350-13. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Columbus Lock and Dam;

Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; 314-09721-330-13. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Energy dissipator; Splitter wall model study; 314-09704-350-13. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Gainesville Lock and Dam;

Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; 3 14-09723-330-

13, Tensas-Cocodrie plant; Vortex visualization; Hydraulic model; Pumping plant forebay; 075-09805-35 0-75. Texas; Lakes, public access; Streams; 1 54-0398W-880-33

.

Texas blackland; Erosion control; Soil erosion; 302-02 10W830-00. Texas coast; Coastal zone management; 1 56-09067-410-54. Texas Gulf watersheds; Watersheds, agricultural; Runoff; 302-

10643-810-00. Thames River; Dredging effects; Sediment transport; 034- 10115-220-44. Thames River submarine pier; Pier model; 1 49-09000-430-75

.

349
Thermal; Coding water discharge; Diffusers; Plumes; Pollution; 005-09780-870-52. Thermal diffusivity; Turbulence; Diffusion; Salinity diffusivity; 332-07063-020-00. Thermal discharge; Jets, buoyant; Jets, surface; 402-09497-060-

90. Thermal discharge capacity; Heat transfer; Mississippi River; Missouri River; 061-10370-870-73. Thermal discharge dilution; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 061-10380-870-73. Thermal discharge effects; White River, Indiana; 058-10565-

870-00. Thermal discharge mechanics; Cooling water discharge;

Stratified flow; 056-10105-060-33. Thermal discharge model; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant, steam; 179-06509-870-73. Thermal discharge model; Wheeler Reservoir; Browns Ferry

plant; Diffusion; Heated water discharge; Hydraulic model; 341-07083-870-00. Thermal discharges; Ice suppression; Numerical model; 061-

10366-300-61. Thermal discharges; Outlets; Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; 056-10104-870-33. Thermal effects; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer stability; 403-10223-010-90. Thermal effects; Cooling water discharge; James River estuary; Monitoring system design; Power plant, nuclear; 161-08332-

870-52. Thermal effluent; Belews Lake, North Carolina; Cooling water

discharge; Numerical models; Power plant; Remote sensing; 078-09832-870-50. Thermal effluent; Cayuga station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Lake Cayuga; Plume; Power plant; 179-10428-340-75. Thermal effluent; Charlestown station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Plume; Power plant, nuclear; 179-10424-340-73. Thermal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge;

Dispersion; Mathematical model; Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; 075-09799-870-73. Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Missouri River; Plume prediction; 061-10359-870-60. Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Somerset plant; 075-09801-870-75. Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; Dilution; Plumes; 341-10734-870-00. Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mumerical model; Power plant; 341-10740-870-00. Thermal effluent; Irrigation; Power plants; 157-10169-840-33. Thermal effluent; Water temperatures; Cooling water discharge; Mathematical models; Power plants; 1 12-10048-870-55. Thermal effluent; York River; Dye study; Recirculation; Sewage outfall; 161-09886-870-68. Thermal effluents; Boat sampling system; Cooling water

discharge; Monitoring; 075-09803-720-44. Thermal effluents; Cooling water discharge; Food production; Power plants; 157-10149-870-73. Thermal effluents; Environment impact; Power plant licensing; Power plants, nuclear; 075-09802-870-80. Thermal effluents; Plumes, thermal; Temperature fluctuations; 175-10032-870-33. Thermal effluents; Waste heat management; Energy conservation; Environmental impact; Power plants; 075-09810-870-

52. Thermal effluents; Water temperature forecasts; Cooling water

discharge; Power plants; Salem Harbor plant; 075-09828-

870-73. Thermal energy; Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; 046-10051-490-88. Thermal loads; Vegetation effect; Water temperature; Wind effects; Atmospheric effects; Stream temperature; 123-09836-

860-33.

Thermal model; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 400-10491-870-73. Thermal plumes; Lake Michigan; Plumes; Remote sensing; 175- 10030-870-60. Thermal regime; Computer model; Mississippi River; Missouri

River; 061-10371-870-33. Thermal regimes; Lake hydrodynamics; Numerical models;

Reservoirs; 148-10412-440-33. Thermal wells; Vibrations; Pipelines; 030-10335-370-70.

Thermocline; Turbulence; Lake Tahoe field studies; Mixed

layer; Temperature micro-structure; 02 1 -09788-440-54

Thermodynamic cavitation effects; Cavitation; Cavity flows; Freon; 124-03807-230-50. Thermodynamic model; Water quality; Great Salt Lake; Heavy

metals; 157-10170-860-33. Thermodynamics; Fluid mechanics experiments in space; Heat

transfer; Space laboratory; 146-09303-000-50.

Thermoplastic; Groundwater; Well casings; 009-09782-860-36. Thrombus formation; Biomedical flow; Heart valve flow; 109- 08902-270-54.

Thrust augmentation; Underwater propulsion; Ejectors; Jets; Propulsion; 043-10352-550-22.

Thrust generation; Boundary layer control; Drag reduction; Propulsion; 043-10353-550-00.

Thrust, time dependent; Turbulent inflow effect; Propeller

thrust; 124-08919-550-22.

Tidal circulation; Currents, tidal; Harbors; Southeast Harbor,

Seattle; 167-10194^70-75.

Tidal circulation; Flushing; Harbor geometry; 167-10186-470-

00. Tidal flushing; Boat basin; Harbor; Mixing; 167-10183-470-13.

Tidal flushing; Water quality; Chesapeake Bay area; Coastal

basins; Mathematical models; 159-09891-400-36.

Tidal inlet field study; Inlets, coastal; Inlet stability; Puget Sound; 167-10182-410-00.

Tidal motion; Estuaries; River model; St. Lawrence River; 411- 06602-400-90.

Tidal power; Air compressor, hydraulic; 007-09934-630-00.

Tidal prism model; Estuaries; Mathematical model; Pagan

River, Virginia; Pollutant distribution; 161-09880-400-60.

Tidal structures; Hurricane protection structures; Hurricane

surge model; 314-09684-350-13.

Tide propagation; Estuaries; Mathematical model; River flow;

St. Lawrence River; 41 1-06603-400-90. Tide sensors; Wave sensors; Cape Henry, Virginia; Current sensors; Data acquisition; 1 17-08914-450-44.

Tile effluent; Water quality; Drainage; 063-0265 W-840-07

Tillage; Crop practices; Erosion; Residue; Soil erosion; 303- 0360W-830-00.

Tillage methods; Erosion control; Mathematical model; Overland flow; Rain erosion; Soil erosion; 300-64275-830-00.

Tillage practice; Nutrient movement; Pesticides; Sediment

transport; 063-0264W-870-33.

Tilth control; Watershed management; Claypan; Runoff control; Soil erosion control; 300-0 189W-8 10-00. Timber access roads; Erosion; Numerical model; Runoff; Sedi- ment transport; Soil loss; 030-10340-220-06. Timber cutting; Water quality; Watersheds, forest; Forest management; 304-08436-810-00. Tomales Bay; Waves; Boat accidents; 019-08781-520-60. Tone phenomenon; Edgetones; Free shear layer; 048-10206-

160-20. Tornado simulation; Numerical model; 062-09792-480-54

Tornado winds; Wind loads; Building aerodynamics; 070- 09014-640-54.

Torus, flow in; Pipe flow, coiled; Oscillating torus; 064-09020-

000-00. Towed cable dynamics; Finite element method; 152-10590-590-

00. Towed vehicle dynamics; 076-06682-540-14.

350
Towing; Bends; Channel width; Navigation channels; 314-

10743-330-00. Trace metal flow; Aquifer hydrology; Groundwater flow; 131- 09839-820-54.

Trace metal-phytoplankton interaction; 075-08760-870-44.

Tracer injection; Waste disposal; Dispersion; Groundwater movement; 323-10701-820-00.

Tracer method; Evaporation, river; 405-10288-710-00.

Tracer methods; Lake Michigan; Oil refinery wastes; Plume

dispersion; Pollution; 005-09779-870-36.

Tractive forces; Drainage ditches; Erosion; Highway drainage; 018-09786-220-60.

Training of engineers; Groundwater pollution; 075-08741-820-

88.

Transients; Air, entrained; Pipe flow; Pressure transients; 044- 08814-210-54.

Transients; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, suction and blowing; Boundary layer, unsteady; Porous plates; 097-

09833-010-00.

Transients; Fluid power systems; Noise; Pumps, displacement; 057-07353-630-70.

Transients; Liquid-metal flow; MHD flow; 057-08034-1 10-54.

Transients; Mathematical model; Pumped storage development; Raccoon Mountain project; 341-09460-340-00.

Transients; Pressure surge; Pump failure; Specific speed; 404-

10226-630-00.

Transients; Surges; Surge tanks; 404-10227-340-90.

Transients; Turbine governing; Water hammer effect; 404-

10225-630-90.

Transients; Turbines, hydraulic; Draft-tube surging; Pump-turbines; 124-10045-630-31.

Transients; Water hammer; Air chambers; Pipe flow; 404-

10228-210-90.

Transients; Waterhammer; Mathematical model; Pumpedstorage plant; Raccoon Mountain Project, Surges; 341-

07080-340-00.

Transients; Waterhammer; Open channel transients; Pipe flow

transients; 085-08853-210-54.

Transients; Waterhammer; Pipe bends; Pipes, helical; 057-

09036-210-52.

Transients, hydraulic; Transients, pneumatic; Computer pro- grams; Pipe flow; Submarine piping systems; 040-09846-210-

00. Transients, hydraulic; Tunnels; Two-phase flow; Mathematical

model; Sewers, storm; 149-10603-390-75.

Transients, pneumatic; Computer programs; Pipe flow; Sub- marine piping systems; Transients, hydraulic; 040-09846-2 1 0- 00. Transients with gas release; Hydraulic transients; Pipe flow

transients; 079-08777-210-54.

Transition; Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, stability; Suction; 134-09908-010-18.

Transition; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Drag reduction; 332-

08524-250-00.

Transition; Wakes, axisymmetric; Stability; 128-10414-050-54.

Transition, turbulence effect; Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer, turbulent; 057-07351-010-00.

Transition visual study; Boundary layer transition; Laminar-turbulent transition; Pipe flow; 1 15-0755 1-010-54.

Transonic; Propulsion; Nozzle flow; 1 63-09 1 84-550-70.

Transport models; Computer models; Power plant impact; 112- 10049-870-55.

Transport processes; Alluvial channels; Sediment transport; 323-0369W-220-00.

Transport processes; Great Salt Lake; Lakes, stratified; 157- 10147-440-33.

Transport processes; Turbulent flow; 323-0372 W-090-00.

Transport water contamination; Water treatment; Coal pipeline; Pipeline transport; Slurry flow; 096-10616-370-36.

Trash racks; Conservation structures; Flumes, measuring;

Hydraulic structures; 302-7002-390-00.

Trash racks; Vortices; Fairfield project; Hydraulic model; In- take structure; Mixing; Pumped storage project; Selective withdrawal; 179-10435-340-73.

Trashracks; Water resource projects; Ice effects; Intakes; 322-

09384-390-00. Tree planting; Erosion control; Road fills; 304-09323-830-00.

Trinity River basin; Water yield; Dam effects; Flood control; Hydrology; Sedimentation; 155-09922-810-07. Trophic level; Water quality; Algal assay; Lake Ozonia;

Nutrients; 028-09975-860-00. Trophic level; Water quality; Lake models; Lake Ozonia; Phosphorus budget; 028-09976-860-00.

Tsunamis; Acoustic harbor model; Harbor model, acoustic; Harbor oscillations; Harbor paradox; Harbor resonance

theory; 104-08171-470-00. Tsunamis; Wave dispersion; Waves, solitary; Numerical models; 153-09914-420-54.

Tsunamis; Wave scattering; Waves, topography effects; Wave

theory; 104-10023-420-00.

Tsunamis; Waves, impulsive generation; 019-06224-420-1 1

.

Tsunamis response spectra; Hawaiian Islands; Numerical model; 153-09915-420-44. Tube bundles; Vibrations, flow-induced; Heat exchangers; Sub- merged bodies; 1 16-10572-030-82. Tube constrictions; Biomedical flow; Blood flow; Stenoses; 064- 07392-270-40.

Tubes; Unsteady flow; Pipe flow, turbulent; 069-10462-210-54.

Tubes, curved; Unsteady flow; Pipe flow; Stability; 048-10208-

210-54.

Tunnel; Cooling water tunnel; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 413-10329-340-00. Tunnel muck; Hydraulic transport; Muck pipeline; Slurry

pipeline; 029-10280-260-47. Tunnel muck; Muck pipeline; Pneumatic transport; Slurry

pipeline; 029-10281-260-47.

Tunnels; Diversion tunnel; Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; 400-10493-350-75.

Tunnels; Two-phase flow; Mathematical model; Sewers, storm;

Transients, hydraulic; 149-10603-390-75.

Turbidity; Disposal operations; Dredging; Plumes; 106-10058-

870-10.

Turbidity current; Delta formation; Reservoir sedimentation;

Stratified flow; 068-10568-860-54.

Turbidity current; Plumes; Stratified flow; 068-10569-060-00.

Turbidity measurement; Construction site turbidity control; 322-09390-220-00.

Turbine flowmeters; Flowmeter calibration; 326-10706-700-00

.

Turbine governing; Water hammer effect; Transients; 404- 10225-630-90. Turbine manifold; Hydraulic model; 420-10548-340-75. Turbine meters; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Calibration facility improvements; Current meter calibration; Flow

visualization; 089-10141-720-44.

Turbines; Pumps, centrifugal; Rotating variable-area duct flow; 057-09038-000-54.

Turbines; Wind turbine rotors; Energy; 073-09998-630-52.

Turbines, hydraulic; Draft-tube surging; Pump-turbines;

Transients; 124-10045-630-31.

Turbines, multiple-disk; Two-phase flow; Disks, co-rotating; Steam flow; 007-09933-630-88. Turbomachinery; Laminar flow, rotating; Rotating disks; 007- 07141-000-00. Turbomachinery, axial flow; Wakes; 065 - 1 0784-630-26. Turbomachinery compendium; Turbopump design; 326-07040-

630-00. Turbopump design; Turbomachinery compendium; 326-07040-

630-00.

351

254-330 O - 78 - 24
Turbulence; Air entrainment; Jets, water in air; Photography;

Polymer additives; 331-09450-250-20.

Turbulence; Diffusion; Salinity diffusivity; Thermal diffusivity; 332-07063-020-00.

Turbulence; Drag reduction; Pipe flow; Polymers; 302-10628-

250-00. Turbulence; Finite difference method; Jets, buoyant; Plumes; 065-10785-050-54.

Turbulence; Jet impingement; Jets, turbulent; Mass transfer; 416-06950-050-00.

Turbulence; Lake Tahoe field studies; Mixed layer; Temperature micro-structure; Thermocline; 02 1 -09788-440-54

Turbulence; Mixing; Multi-component flow; Solid-fluid flow; 115-09835-130-00.

Turbulence; Mixing; 1 1 5-07552-020-54.

Turbulence; Open channel flow; 323-0368W-200-00.

Turbulence; Statistical turbulence; 141-08266-020-52.

Turbulence; Stratified fluids; 181-09268-060-00.

Turbulence; Stratified shear layer; 143-09177-020-54.

Turbulence; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Gas-liquid inter- face; 131-08243-130-00.

Turbulence; Two-phase flow; Heat transfer; Liquid metals; Magnetohydrodynamic facility; 133-10087-1 10-54. Turbulence; Urban winds; Wind structure; 417-07904-480-00.

Turbulence; Velocity distribution; Open channel flow; Sediment

effects; 414-10520-200-90.

Turbulence; Viscous sublayer; Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer, turbulent; 143-09178-010-26.

Turbulence; Wave growth; Waves, wind; Air-water interface; Energy transfer; 148-10406-420-14. Turbulence amplifier; Fluidics; 422-09637-600-90.

Turbulence, buoyancy-driven; Wave decay; 175-10028-420-44. Turbulence effect; Boundary layer transition; Stability; Surface

cooling effect; 316-10799-010-18. Turbulence effects; Bluff bodies in shear flow; Submerged

bodies; 109-08897-030-54. Turbulence effects; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Current meters; 316-08652-700-00.

Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; 3 16-10796-

700-00. Turbulence effects; Vibrations; Angular bodies; Drag; Sub- merged bodies; 166-09200-030-54.

Turbulence, free stream; Contraction effects; 048-10197-020-

20. Turbulence, grid; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 316-09731-020-52. Turbulence interaction; Wave interactions; 048-10209-420-54. Turbulence intermittency; Turbulent shear flows; Wakes; Boundary layer, turbulent; Jets; 417-07903-020-00.

Turbulence measurement; Hydraulic jump; 417-06817-360-00. Turbulence measurement; Turbulence structure; Wake detection; Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduction; Noise

generation; 334-09437-010-00.

Turbulence measurement; Ultrasonic velocimeter; Biomedical

flow; Blood flow; Flow measurement; 168-10072-700-40. Turbulence measurement; Viscoelastic fluids; Drag reduction; Hot-film anemometer; Polymer additives; 093-06405-250-00. Turbulence measurements; Bed armoring; Open channel turbulence; Sediment transport, bed load; 044-07300-220-00. Turbulence measurements; Couette flow; Rotating flow; 414-

10519-000-90. Turbulence measurements; Drag reduction; Laser-Doppler anemometer; 1 16-08940-700-00. Turbulence measurements; Dynamic volume measurements;

Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble technique; Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; 317-10793-750-00.

Turbulence measurements; Eddy diffusivity; Lakes, stratified; 035-09943-440-80.

Turbulence measurements; Turbulence models; 109-08891-020-

54. Turbulence measurements; Turbulent flow; Channel flow; Channels, asymmetric; 409-10783-020-00. Turbulence model; Annular flow; Finite difference method; Heat transfer; 065-10787-020-54. Turbulence model; Buoyancy driven flow; Cavities; Convection; Heat transfer; Stratified flow; 013-08704-060-54. Turbulence model; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Mathematical model; Orifice meters; Swirl effects; 317-

10789-750-00. Turbulence modeling; Turbulence theory; 057-10275-020-00. Turbulence models; Numerical models; 109-10121-020-54. Turbulence models; Turbulence measurements; 109-08891-020-

54. Turbulence models; Turbulence theory; Turbulent energy equation; 131-08242-020-00. Turbulence models; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Gasliquid interface; Mass transfer; 131-08244-130-00.

Turbulence,, near-wall; Drag reduction; Flow visualization; Polymer additives; 116-08939-250-54.

Turbulence, near-wall; Turbulent flow, three-dimensional; 163- 09185-000-54.

Turbulence, statistical theory; Convection; Stratified flow; 057- 09041-020-54. Turbulence stimulation; Bodies or revolution; Boundary layer

transition; Drag; Submerged bodies; 334-09442-030-00. Turbulence structure; Acoustic excitation; Jets, turbulent; 048-

10203-050-50. Turbulence structure; Boundary shear stress; Open channel

flow; Sediment transport; 302-09292-200-00. Turbulence structure; Boundary layer, turbulent; Current

meter; Geophysical boundary layer; 33 2-094 1 8-0 1 0-22

Turbulence structure; Couette flow; 417-10502-000-90. Turbulence structure; Diffusion; Lagrangian statistics; 181- 09267-020-00. Turbulence structure; Helical flow; Pipe, corrugated; 149- 08996-210-54. Turbulence structure; Jet initial conditions; Jets, turbulent; 048-

10199-050-54. Turbulence structure; Jets, plane; Jets, turbulent; 048-10202-

050-54. Turbulence structure; Liquid metals; Mercury; Pipe flow; 133- 10091-110-54. Turbulence structure; Turbulent mixing layer; 143-09183-020-

20. Turbulence structure; Turbulence, grid; Boundary layer, turbulent; 316-09731-020-52. Turbulence structure; Wake detection; Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduction; Noise generation; Turbulence measurement; 334-09437-010-00. Turbulence structure; Wall bursts; Boundary layer, turbulent; 143-09179-010-54. Turbulence structure; Wall bursts; Boundary layer, turbulent; 143-09181-010-14. Turbulence structure; Waves; Air-water interface; Boundary

layer, turbulent; 148-10407-010-54. Turbulence structure; Wind engineering; Boundary layer, at- mospheric; Diffusion; 139-10559-020-54. Turbulence theory; Turbulence modeling; 057-10275-020-00. Turbulence theory; Turbulent energy equation; Turbulence

models; 131-08242-020-00. Turbulence theory; 088-07489-020-54.

Turbulent convection; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Pipe flow; 024-101 1 1-020-00. Turbulent diffusion; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Diffusion; Langevin model; Stratified flow; 139-08259-020-54. Turbulent energy equation; Turbulence models; Turbulence

theory; 131-08242-020-00.

352
Turbulent flow; Airfoils; Numerical models; Submerged bodies; 089-10136-030-26.

Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe

flow; 003-09777-140-00.

Turbulent flow; Channel flow; Channels, asymmetric; Turbulence measurements; 409-10783-020-00.

Turbulent flow; Computational fluid dynamics; Corner flows; Laminar flow; 101-09893-740-50.

Turbulent flow; Finite difference method; Laminar flow; Separated flow; 065-10786-000-54.

Turbulent flow; Reynolds stresses; Strain fields; 422-09638-02.

Turbulent flow; Transport processes; 323-0372 W-090-00.

Turbulent flow; Wakes; Mixing layers; 417-09598-020-90.

Turbulent flow, three-dimensional; Turbulence, near-wall; 163- 09185-000-54.

Turbulent free convection; Convection; 057-09042-020-54.

Turbulent free shear flow; Wakes; Diffusion; 417-09597-020-

87. Turbulent gas flow; Gas-liquid interface; Heat transfer; Mass

transfer; 148-10413-140-54.

Turbulent inflow effect; Fan rotor, ducted; Noise; 124-08920-

160-21. Turbulent inflow effect; Propeller thrust; Thrust, time dependent; 124-08919-550-22.

Turbulent mixing; Diffusion, molecular; Gases; Mixing; 081-

08990-020-22.

Turbulent mixing layer; Turbulence structure; 143-09183-020-

20. Turbulent shear flow; Dispersion; 421-07996-020-90.

Turbulent shear flows; Wakes; Boundary layer, turbulent; Jets; Turbulence intermittency; 417-07903-020-00.

Turbulent suspension; Two-phase flow; Pipeline transport;

Solid-liquid flow; 414-10516-130-90.

Turners Falls dam; Fish ladder; Hydraulic model; 179-10422-

350-73.

Turnouts; Canal automation; Gates; 322-07030-320-00

.

TVA; Water resources management methods; 339-08575-800-

00. TVA reservoirs; Reservoir sedimentation measurements; Sedi- mentation; 338-00785-350-00. Two-phase flow; Aerosol filtration; 048-10217-290-54. Two-phase flow; Air-water flow; Slug flow, vertically downward; 044-09954-130-00. Two-phase flow; Blockage; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; 414-10515-370-90. Two-phase flow; Boiling; Liquid metals; Numerical model;

Reactors; 133-10088-130-55. Two-phase flow; Coal slurry; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; 414-10517-370-90. Two-phase flow; Compressible flow; Disks, co-rotating; Rotating flows; 007-09937-000-00. Two-phase flow; Compressor, hydraulic; Gas-liquid flow; 007-

08698-630-00. Two-phase flow; Countercurrent flow flooding; Scale effects; 036-09790-130-55. Two-phase flow; Disks, co-rotating; Steam flow; Turbines, multiple-disk; 007-09933-630-88. Two-phase flow; Drag reduction; Solid-liquid flow; Suspensions; 093-07501-130-84. Two-phase flow; Droplet deposition; Film flow; Gas-liquid flow; 048-10213-130-54. Two-phase flow; Droplets; Steam; 086-08779-130-54. Two-phase flow; Film flow; Flow reversal; Gas-liquid flow; 048-

10211- 130-55. Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Heat transfer; Slug flow; 048-

10212- 130-88. Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Gas-liquid interface; Turbulence; 131-08243-130-00.

Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Gas-liquid interface; Mass

transfer; Turbulence models; 131-08244-130-00. Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow regimes; 048-10210-130-52. Two-phase flow; Gas-solid flow; Particle centrifugal separation; 077-10574-130-52. Two-phase flow; Geothermal wells; 048-10214-130-52. Two-phase flow; Heat transfer; Liquid metals; Magnetohydrodynamic facility; Turbulence; 133-10087-1 10-54. Two-phase flow; Lunar ash flow; Solid-gas flow; 074-08072-

130-50. Two-phase flow; Mathematical model; Sewers, storm;

Transients, hydraulic; Tunnels; 149-10603-390-75. Two-phase flow; Nuclear reactor safety; 036-09791-130-55. Two-phase flow; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Turbulent

suspension; 414-10516-130-90. Two-phase flow; Pressure fluctuations; 4 17-10506-130-90. Two-phase flow; Pump, wobble plate; Solid-liquid flow; 124- 08922-630-22. Two-phase flow; Rheology; Suspensions; Solid-liquid flow; 013- 08703-120-54. Two-phase flow; Vaporization; Water reactor safety; 012-

10179-660-55. Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic fluid; Bubbles; Drops; Gas-liquid

flow; Non-Newtonian flow; Solid-liquid flow; 013-08702-120-

54. Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic flow; Drag reduction; Oil-water mixture; Solid-liquid flow; 131-07592-130-00. Two-phase flow; Wave crests; Aerodynamic pressure measurement; Air-water flow; Slug formation; 038-07979-130-00. Two-phase flow models; 036-09789-130-73.

Ultrasonic velocimeter; Biomedical flow; Blood flow; Flow

measurement; Turbulence measurement; 168-10072-700-40.

Umatilla River; Fish spawning; Flow augmentation; Runoff; 166-10134-300-88. Undersea pipe; Wave forces; Pipe cover layers; Rubble; 085- 09994-420-00. Undersea propulsion; Computer programs; Lifting surfaces; Propellers, counter-rotating; Propulsor design; 331-07219-

550-22. Undersea vehicle, cavitating; Stability; Submerged bodies; 042- 10560-510-00. Underwater propulsion; Ejectors; Jets; Propulsion; Thrust aug- mentation; 043-10352-550-22.

Universal Venturi tube; Venturi meter; Flowmeters; Mathematical model validation; 317-10790-700-27. Unsteady flow; Blood flow; Pipe flow; Pulsatile flow; 061- 10390-000-00. Unsteady flow; Compressible recoil mechanism; Shock-absorbing system; 061-10383-290-14. Unsteady flow; Couette flow; Periodic flow; Stability; 076- 10469-000-00. Unsteady flow; Filtration; 027-10083-290-00. Unsteady flow; Pipe flow; Pulsating flow; 410-10313-210-88. Unsteady flow; Pipe flow; Stability; Tubes, curved; 048-10208-

210-54. Unsteady flow; Pipe flow, turbulent; Tubes; 069-10462-210-54. Unsteady flow; Porous medium flow, unsteady; 027-06462-070-

00. Unsteady flow; Sewer hydraulics; Sewers, storm; 056-10107-

870-00. Unsteady pipe flow; Water distribution system; Drag reduction; Numerical methods; Pipe networks; Polymer additives; 044- 06695-250-61.

Uplift pressures; Waves; Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel flow; Supercritical flow; 322-10678-320-

00. Uranium, solution mining; Computer models; Mass transport; 112-10439-390-55. Urban drainage; Computer model; Drainage system; Floodplain

management; Runoff storage; 155-09918-870-33.

353
Urban drainage; Drainage; Numerical model; Runoff, urban; 414-10526-810-90. Urban drainage; Drainage; Rainfall prediction; Runoff, urban; 075-09821-810-00. Urban drainage; Hydrograph routing; Sewers, storm; Storm

sewer optimum design; 167-10192-870-00. Urban drainage; Mathematical models; Runoff, urban; 405-

09511-810-00. Urban growth; Groundwater recharge zones; San Antonio,

Texas; 1 54-0409 W-820-33

Urban hydrology; Drainage; Hydrologic model; Runoff, urban; 056-10096-810-00. Urban hydrology; Hydrographs; Runoff determination; 002- 041 5 W-810-00. Urban runoff; Watersheds, urban; Porous pavements; Runoff

detention; 167-10190-870-33. Urban runoff model; Mathematical model; Runoff, urban; Sewer system management; Sewers, combined; Sewers,

storm; 01 1-08797-870-36. Urban runoff model; Runoff, urban; Storm water management;

027-07229-570-56. Urban storm runoff; Runoff, urban; Storm runoff determination methods; 056-08710-810-36. Urban stormwater model; Pollution, non-point; Runoff, urban; Stormwater pollutants; 076-10470-870-60. Urban water resources; Water resources management models; 051-0381W-800-00. Urban winds; Wind structure; Turbulence; 417-07904-480-00.

Urbanization; Watershed study; Hydrologic data; Ralston Creek

watershed; 061-00066-810-05.

Urbanization effects; Drainage; Runoff; Storm drainage; 404-

10229-810-96.

Urbanization effects; Hydrology; Runoff; 030-10336-810-33.

Urbanization effects; Hydrologic models; Ralston Creek

watershed; Runoff; 061-10368-810-33.

Urbanization effects, runoff; Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; Streamflow; 418-10620-810-90.

Ureter valve flutter; Biomedical flows; Korotkoff sound production; 136-09653-270-00.

Usteady flow; Flood routing; Mathematical models; River flow; 321-10671-300-00. Utah ; Economics; Groundwater management alternatives; 157- 10160-820-60.

Utah; Groundwater management alternatives; 1 57-0422 W-820-

00. Utah; Water allocations; Energy resource development; 157- 0429W-860-00. Utah; Water use map; 157-10165-860-60. Utah hailstorms; Cloud seeding; Hail suppression; 157-10154-

480-60. Utah lakes; Water quality; Aluminum concentrations; Fish growth; Lakes; 157-10142-870-60. Utah river basins; Water quality; Watersheds; Conservation effects; Hydrology; 157-10159-860-60.

Valve slamming; Valves, check; 419-09607-210-00.

Valve tests; Butterfly valve; 157-10151-210-70.

Valves; Ventilation; Cavitation; Lock culverts; 3 14-10747-330-

00. Valves, check; Valve slamming; 419-09607-210-00.

Valves, hollow cone; Hydraulic model; 408-10272-210-73.

Valves, Howell-Bunger; 420-10536-210-75.

Valves, multijet sleeve; Water supply lines; 322-09385-210-00. Vapor blanket collapse; Explosion propagation; Reactor safety; 133-10089-340-55. Vapor bubbles; Cavitation; Gas bubbles; Gas bubble collapse; 086-06147-230-54. Vapor explosions; Explosions; 146-09302-190-50.

Vaporization; Water reactor safety; Two-phase flow; 0/2-

10179-660-55.

Vardar-Axios river; River basin model; 075-09816-800-75.

Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Water yield; Ozark

watersheds; Soil characteristics; 310-06973-810-00.

Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Coastal plain; Erosion control; Piedmont; Runoff; 310-06974-810-00.

Vegetation; Manning coefficient; Open channel flow; Overland

flow; Roughness; 162-09906-200-00.

Vegetation; Water quality; Agricultural practices; Nutrients; 300-0344W-860-00.

Vegetation effect; Water temperature; Wind effects; At- mospheric effects; Stream temperature; Thermal loads; 123- 09836-860-33.

Vegetation effects; Sediment yield; Soil erosion; 302-09298-

830-00. Vegetation effects; Southwest rangelands; Climatic effects; Hydrologic analysis; Rangeland hydrology; Soil effects; 303- 0227W-810-00.

Velocity distribution; Alluvial channels; Erosion; Mathematical model; Open channel flow; 302-10629-200-00.

Velocity distribution; Missouri River; Sediment transport; 094- 08862-220-13.

Velocity distribution; Open channel flow; Sediment effects; Turbulence; 414-10520-200-90.

Velocity distribution; Wave-current interaction; Currents; 075- 09798-420-44.

Velocity measurement; Discharge calculation techniques; Flow

measurement; Mississippi River; 094-10013-700-13.

Velocity measurement; Laser velocimetry; Magnetohydrodynamic flow; 052-09863-1 10-54. Velocity measurement; Laser-Doppler velocimeters; 057- 09043-700-54.

Velocity measurement; Laser-Doppler velocimeters, scattering

theory; 057-09045-700-54.

Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Calibration facility im- provements; Current meter calibration; Flow visualization; Turbine meters; 089-10141-720-44.

Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Current meters; Turbulence effects; 316-08652-700-00.

Velocity measurement, low; Ventilation; Anemometers; Mine

safety; 317-10797-700-34.

Velocity measurement, two-dimensional ; Laser-Doppler

velocimeters; 057-09044-700-54.

Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; Turbulence effects; 316-

10796-700-00.

Velocity measurements; Boundary layer, oscillating; Boundary

layer, transitional; Oscillatory flow; 061-10389-010-00.

Velocity measurements under waves; Wave orbital velocity measurements; 046-08121-420-60.

Velocity profile;Che

, zy coefficient; Open channel flow; Stratifi- cation effect; 158-09901-200-00.

Velocity profile calculation; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 331-09445-250-00.

Velocity-area method; Ducts, rectangular; Flow measurement; Asymmetric; 179-10437-710-00.

Ventilation; Anemometers; Mine safety; Velocity measurement,

low; 317-10797-700-34.

Ventilation; Cavitation; Lock culverts; Valves; 314-10747-330-

00. Ventilation model tests; Bulk carriers; Tanker safety; 146- 10358-520-45.

Venturi meter; Flowmeters; Mathematical model validation; Universal Venturi tube; 317-10790-700-27.

Vermilion River reservoir; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; 054-09913-350-60.

Vibrations; Angular bodies; Drag; Submerged bodies; Turbulence effects; 166-09200-030-54.

Vibrations; Computer program; Pump-jet propulsion; 151- 10037-630-21.

Vibrations; Pipe vibrations; 410-10307-210-90.

354
Vibrations; Pipelines; Thermal wells; 030-10335-370-70.

Vibrations; Wave forces; Numerical methods; Ocean structures; Structure response; 044-06699-430-00.

Vibrations, flow induced; Aerodynamic oscillations; Bluff cylin- ders; Submerged bodies; 417-07461-240-00.

Vibrations, flow induced; Cables, undersea; 332-09419-030-22.

Vibrations, flow induced; Drop inlets; Inlets; 149-10592-350-

05.

Vibrations, flow-induced; Bellows; Space shuttle; 146-10357-

540-50.

Vibrations, flow-induced; Heat exchangers; Submerged bodies; Tube bundles; 116-10572-030-82.

Vibrations, flow-induced; Nuclear fuel rods; 136-09655-030-00.

Vibrations, flow-induced; Reactors, light water; 041-09985-660-

52.

Vibrations, flow-induced; Vortex streets; Cylinders, elastically mounted; 179-10438-240-00.

Vibrations, flow-induced, virtual mass; Cylinder; Submerged

bodies; 076-10467-030-70.

Vibrations, propeller-induced; Computer program; Hull forces; Ship hulls; 151-10038-520-45.

Vibrations, viscosity effect; Spherical shell; Submerged bodies; 152-09056-030-00.

Virginia; Water quality models; Estuaries; Mathematical

models; 161-09165-400-60.

Virginia Beach; Current meter data; Currents; Sewage outfall; 161-09887-870-68.

Virus detection; Virus removal; Water quality; 1 57-10172-870-

33. Virus removal; Water quality; Virus detection; 157-10172-870-

33.

Viscoelastic additives; Jet coherence; Jet cutting; Jets, high

pressure liquid; 093-08861-050-15.

Viscoelastic boundary; Compliant wall; Gelatin; 027-07936-

250-00.

Viscoelastic flow; Drag reduction; Oil-water mixture; Solidliquid flow; Two-phase flow; 131-07592-130-00.

Viscoelastic fluid; Bubbles; Drops; Gas-liquid flow; Non-Newtonian flow; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 013-08702-

120-54.

Viscoelastic fluids; Bubble dynamics; Non-Newtonian fluids; Surface tension; 076-08776-120-54.

Viscoelastic fluids; Drag reduction; Hot-film anemometer;

Polymer additives; Turbulence measurement; 093-06405-250-

00.

Viscoelastic fluids; Lubrication flows; 076-08773-620-70.

Viscoelastic fluids; Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer flow

processes; 076-08774-120-00.

Viscoelastic fluids; Non-Newtonian fluids; Stagnation flow; 164- 10015-120-00.

Viscometry; Non-Newtonian fluids; Rheology; 088-08859-120-

14. Viscosity; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 093-06408-1 20-

00.

Viscosity; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Shear modulus

measuring instruments; 093-07502-1 20-00.

Viscosity effect; Water storage; Aquifers, saline; 072-08693-

820-61.

Viscosity effects; Laminar flow; Stability; Temperature effects; 126-09837-000-00.

Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; Numerical methods; Sphere impulsively started; Submerged

bodies; 42 1-07995-030-90.

Viscous flow; Wedges; Drag; Navier-Stokes flow; Submerged

bodies; 057-05778-030-00.

Viscous sublayer; Boundary layer; Laminar sublayer; 119- 08221-010-00.

Viscous sublayer; Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence; 143-09178-010-26.

Volcaniclastics; Guatemala; Sediment transport, volcanic

debris; Streamflow; 091-10062-220-54.

Volunteer observers; Wave breakers; Data acquisition; Longshore currents; 312-09762-410-00.

Vortex augmentor; Wind energy conversion; 101-09894-630-

52. Vortex breakdown; Draft tube surges; 322-06321-340-00. Vortex flow; Cavitation; Noise; 124-08235-230-21. Vortex formation; Pump sumps; Sump design; 404-10235-630-

00. Vortex pairing; Jet structure; Jets with controlled excitation; 048-10204-050-20.

Vortex ring dynamics; 143-09182-000-54. Vortex shedding; Wakes; Cylinders; Free-stream perturbations; 048-10198-030-20. Vortex streets; Cylinders, elastically mounted; Vibrations, flow- induced; 179-10438-240-00. Vortex suppression; Hydraulic model; Reactor sump; / 79- 10436-340-75. Vortex suppression; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; 322- 10672-210-00. Vortex visualization; Hydraulic model; Pumping plant forebay; Tensas-Cocodrie plant; 075-09805-350-75.

Vortices; Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; Perry station; Power plant, nuclear; 179-10430-340-75.

Vortices; Fairfield project; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mixing; Pumped storage project; Selective withdrawal; Trash

racks; 179-10435-340-73.

Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; Pump wells; 408-10247-340-73.

Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; Pump sump;

408-10248-340-73.

Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; James Bay project; 408- 10263-350-73.

Vortices; Intakes; Power plant; Pump sumps; 408-10273-340-

73. Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; 341- 10735-340-00.

Vortices, trailing; Aircraft vortices; 062-09794-540-50.

Vorticity measurement; Flow measurement; Hot-wire probes; 081-10610-700-50.

Vorticity wave; Jets, turbulent; Jets with controlled excitation; 048-10200-050-54. Wake detection; Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduction; Noise generation; Turbulence measurement; Turbulence

structure; 334-09437-010-00. Wake effects; Propeller loads, unsteady; Propellers, marine; 151-10036-550-21. Wakes; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer, turbulent; Near

wake; Separated flow; Submerged bodies; 1 39-0762 1 -030-26. Wakes; Boundary layer, turbulent; Jets; Turbulence intermittency; Turbulent shear flows; 417-07903-020-00. Wakes; Boundary layer-wake interaction; Cylinders; 163- 08363-030-00. Wakes; Building aerodynamics; 007-09935-640-50. Wakes; Cylinders; Free-stream perturbations; Vortex shedding; 048-10198-030-20. Wakes; Diffusion; Turbulent free shear flow; 417-09597-020-

87. Wakes; Jets; Swirling flow; 001-07917-050-00. Wakes; Mixing layers; Turbulent flow; 41 7-09598-020-90. Wakes; Pressure distribution; Shear stress; Ship resistance; Ship waves; 334-08542-520-00. Wakes; Turbomachinery, axial flow; 065-10784-630-26. Wakes; Wind tunnel, stratified flow; Stratified flow; 101-09896-

720-60. Wakes; Wings; Lifting surface theory; 073-08070-540-26. Wakes, axisymmetric; Stability; Transition; 128-10414-050-54.

355
Wall bursts; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 143-09179-010-54.

Wall bursts; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 143-09181-010-14.

Wall interference; Water tunnel; Blockage effects; Bodies of

revolution; Submerged bodies; 124-08927-030-22.

Wall obstacles; Biomedical flows; Blood flow; Laminar flow,

oscillatory; Oscillatory flow; 057-07355-000-88.

Wall pressure fluctuations; Boundary layer, turbulent; Pressure

fluctuations; Reynolds stress; 082-07442-010-20.

Wall pressure fluctuations; Flow noise; Noise reduction; Pipe

flow; Polymer additives; 331-07221-160-20.

Wall protuberances; Boundary layer; 3 1 1-09355-010-00. Wall region visual study; Boundary layer, turbulent; Pipe flow; 115-08216-010-54.

Wall region visual study; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Soap solutions; 1 1 5-07553-250-54.

Wallace Dam; Energy dissipator, flip bucket; Spillway capacity;

Spillway model; Spillway piers; 044-08010-350-73.

Waller Creek watershed; Watershed analysis; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; 156-02162-810-30. Walnut Creek; Broadway conduit model; 314-09725-350-13. Waste disposal; Dispersion; Groundwater movement; Tracer in- jection; 323-10701-820-00. Waste disposal; Jets, submerged; Mathematical model; 056-

10101-050-00. Waste disposal; Water quality; Estuaries; San Francisco Bay

model; San Joaquin Delta; 314-09726-400-13. Waste disposal siting; Groundwater pollution; Pollution; 075- 09812-820-36. Waste heat; Atmospheric effects; Numerical models; Power

plants; 134-09909-870-52. Waste heat management; Energy conservation; Environmental

impact; Power plants; Thermal effluents; 075-09810-870-52. Waste heat use; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Lake

Ontario; 413-10326-340-00. Waste stabilization ponds; Nutrient removal analysis; 075- 09808-870-54. Waste treatment; Aeration; Potato wastes; 052-09860-870-60. Waste treatment; Aerator tests; 052-09859-870-82.

Wastes, pulp; Wastes, textile; Filtration, cross-flow; Industrial wastes; Sewage treatment; 1 1 2-09266-870-36.

Wastes, textile; Filtration, cross-flow; Industrial wastes; Sewage

treatment; Wastes, pulp; 1 12-09266-870-36.

Wastewater; Feedlot runoff management; Runoff; 157-10161-

870-60. Wastewater; Material recovery; 048-10219-870-00. Wastewater collection vacuum system; 329-1 071 0-870-22

Wastewater cooling water feasibility; Cooling ponds; 156- 09065-870-00.

Wastewater, industrial; Ecology; Environmental impact; Mississippi River; Mixing; 061-08833-870-70. Wastewater reclamation; Water quality; Palo Alto; 148-10410-

860-36. Wastewater spray site; Evapotranspiration; Spray; 079-04 1 6W870-00. Wastewater system design; Water system design; Boom towns;

Resorts; 032-10776-870-88. Wastewater treatment; Algae; Filtration; Heavy metal removal; 157-10162-870-60. Wastewater treatment; Algae cell separation; Lagoons; 157- 10157-870-36. Wastewater treatment; Intermittent sand filters; Sand filter scraping disposal; 157-10148-870-33. Wastewater treatment; Irrigation, spray; Lagoon effluent; Overland flow; 157-10166-870-33. Wastewater treatment; Lagoons; 314-10757-870-00. Wastewater treatment; Overland flow; 3 14-10756-870-00. Wastewater treatment; Wastewater, wood preserving; 154- 0387W-870-33.

Wastewater, wood preserving; Wastewater treatment; 154- 0387W-870-33. Water allocations; Energy resource development; Utah; 157- 0429 W-860-00. Water augmentation; Coal mining; Mine spoil reclamation; 308- 10646-880-00. Water balance; Lake level; Land use; 402-09500-440-90. Water balance; Water cycle; Water yield distribution; 075- 09820-810-00. Water conservation; Soils, northern plains; 300-0435W-820-00. Water consumption; Floodwater retarding structures; 302- 0452 W-860-00. Water cost; Water management; Water use; Idaho irrigation; Ir- rigation systems; 052-09857-840-33. Water cycle; Water yield distribution; Water balance; 075- 09820-810-00. Water demand; Irrigation economics; Irrigation, Texas; 154- 0389W-840-33. Water density; Circulation; Convection; Equation of state; Heat

transfer; 105-10117-140-54. Water depressurization; Nitrogen ebullition; Reactor safety; 326-10705-340-55, Water developments; Water use fees; Financing; 157-09076-

890-33. Water distribution system; Drag reduction; Numerical methods;

Pipe networks; Polymer additives; Unsteady pipe flow; 044- 06695-250-61. Water drops; Droplets; Shock wave effects; 139-10128-130-54. Water entry; Cones; Drag; Hydroballistics research; Missiles; Ogives; 335-04867-510-22. Water erosion; Wind; Great Plains; Soil erosion; 300-0346W830-00. Water hammer; Air chambers; Pipe flow; Transients; 404- 10228-210-90. Water hammer effect; Transients; Turbine governing; 404-

10225-630-90. Water level; Evaporation; Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Precipitation; 319-10670-810-00. Water level; Flood control; Hydraulic model; Richelieu River; 408-10259-300-90. Water level; Lake Ontario level forecasts; 137-09961-440-60. Water level; Lake Winnipeg; Ice conditions; Power plant effect; 408-10249-440-73. Water level; Lakes, terminal; Stochastic model; 157-10176-800-

33. Water level; Waves; Wind set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great Lakes; Mathematical model; 319-10669-440-00. Water level changes; Beach erosion; Bluff recession; Great

Lakes; 312-09742-440-00. Water level sensors; Computer simulation; Irrigation system

control; 019-10126-840-31. Water management; Nutrient movement; Soil management; Soil water movement; 300-0433 W-820-00. Water management; Water supply systems; Droughts; 157- 10173-860-33. Water management; Water supply, surface; Water use; Agricultural water use; 303-0441 W-860-00. Water management; Water use; Idaho irrigation; Irrigation systems; Water cost; 052-09857-840-33. Water management models; Computer simulation; 035-09939-

860-33. Water management, regional; Water use; 154-041 4 W-800-33. Water needs; Coal; Energy resource development, Utah; Mathematical model; Oil shale; Strip mining; 157-10146-800-

33. Water needs; Pacific Northwest flow needs; 166-09197-800-33. Water pollution; Fertilizer; Soil pollution; 301-0440W-870-00. Water pollution; Groundwater; Strip mine sites; Surface water; 096-10615-870-36.

356
Water pump; Pump, solar powered; Solar power; 157-10168-

630-33. Water quality; Aeration; Air bubbles; Fort Patrick Henry

Reservoir; 341 -085 70-860-00. Water quality; Agricultural practices; Appalachian region; 300- 0342W-860-00. Water quality; Agricultural practices; Nutrients; Vegetation; 300-0344W-860-00. Water quality; Agricultural soil; Pollutants, chemical; Phosphorus; 129-07584-820-61. Water quality; Algal assay; Lake Ozonia; Nutrients; Trophic

level; 028-09975-860-00. Water quality; Aluminum concentrations; Fish growth; Lakes; Utah lakes; 157-10142-870-60. Water quality; Benchmark data; Continental shelf; Oceanography; 161-09877-450-34. Water quality; Capitol Lake, Washington; Lake restoration; Sediment transport; 166-09198-860-60. Water quality; Carcinogens; Oil shale development; 157-10177-

860-33. Water quality; Chesapeake Bay area; Coastal basins; Mathematical models; Tidal flushing; 159-09891-400-36. Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; Computer model; Hydrographic survey; Pollution, non-point; 161-09882-400-60. Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; Estuary hydrodynamics; Mathematical model; 161-09884-400-00. Water quality; Chloride management; Lake Erie basin; Salt, deicing; 103-09971-860-33. Water quality; Chlorofluoromethanes; Groundwater; 058-

10562-820-00. Water quality; Chowan River; Mathematical model; Streamflow; 162-09170-860-33. Water quality; Colorado River upper basin; Salinity level prediction; 157-10171-860-33. Water quality; Compute^ model; Hydrology; Lehigh basin; Runoff; Storm water management; 068-10567-810-88. Water quality; Continental shelf; Estuaries; Mathematical

model; 325-09397-860-00. Water quality; Destratification; Reaeration; Stratified lakes; 314-10753-860-00. Water quality; Dispersion; Groundwater; Porous medium flow; 075-08084-820-36. Water quality; Drainage; Tile effluent; 063-0265 W-840-07. Water quality; Estuaries; James River; Mathematical model; 161-09874-400-60. Water quality; Estuaries; Mathematical models; Nitrogen cycle; 075-08729-400-36. Water quality; Estuaries; San Francisco Bay model; San

Joaquin Delta; Waste disposal; 314-09726-400-13. Water quality; Eutrophication; Limnological model; Mathematical model; Reservoir; 01 1 -09999-860-87. Water quality; Fertilizer; Nitrogen; Ponds; Soil erosion; 055-

08024-820-07. Water quality; Flushing; Harbors, small boat; Marinas; 167- 09204-470-60. Water quality; Gas supersaturation; Hydraulic model; Navajo Dam; Outlet works; 322-10682-350-00. Water quality; Great Salt Lake; Nitrogen cycling; 1 57-10143-

860-33. Water quality; Great Salt Lake; Heavy metals; Thermodynamic

model; 157-10170-860-33. Water quality; Groundwater; Menomonee river basin; Pollutant

transport; / 74-09872-820-36. Water quality; Groundwater resources; Strip mining effects; 075-09813-870-54. Water quality; Hampton Roads; Pollution, non-point; Runoff; Stormwater sampling; 159-09890-870-36. Water quality; Harbors; Marina hydraulics; 167-10184-860-60. Water quality; Hydraulic models; Mathematical models; Reservoir hydrodynamics; 314-10752-860-00.

Water quality; Ice effects; River ice; 419-09608-860-00. Water quality; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Sediment yield; Streamflow; 304-09326-810-00. Water quality; Lake models; Lake Ozonia; Phosphorus budget;

Trophic level; 028-09976-860-00. Water quality; Mathematical model; Reservoir management,

river water quality; 019-10124-860-61

.

Water quality; Mathematical model; Nutrient uptake;

Phytoplankton growth; 075-09826-870-54. Water quality; Mathematical model; Reservoirs; 3 14-10754-

860-00. Water quality; Monitoring cost effectiveness; Stream monitoring; 076-0432 W-870-00. Water quality; Monroe Reservoir, Indiana; Nutrients; Reservoir

circulation; Sedimentation; 058-10563-860-00. Water quality; Numerical model; Oxygen depletion; Strip mine

spoil dam; Sulfate production; 162-09905-870-00. Water quality; Palo Alto; Wastewater reclamation; 148-10410-

860-36. Water quality; Phytoplankton cell division; 075-09827-870-00. Water quality; Virus detection; Virus removal; 157-10172-870-

33. Water quality; Water temperature; Lake stratification; Mathematical models; Reservoir stratification; 075-05544-440-00. Water quality; Water yield; Appalachian-Piedmont area; 309- 0247 W-8 10-00. Water quality; Water yield; Erosion control; Forest fire effects; Soil erosion; Soil water; 306-04757-810-00. Water quality; Watershed planning model; Land use planning; Mathematical model; Runoff; 162-09907-870-00. Water quality; Watersheds; Conservation effects; Hydrology;

Utah river basins; 157-10159-860-60. Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; 301-09276-810-

00. Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; 302-09287-860-00. Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Fertilizers; Mathematical model; 302-10642-870-00. Water quality; Watersheds, forest; Forest management; Timber

cutting; 304-08436-810-00. Water quality; Watersheds, mined; Hydrology; Mining, surface; 300-0436W-8 10-00. Water quality; York River estuary; Estuaries; James River; Mathematical model; 159-09892-400-36. Water quality data; Ashtabula river; Pollution; 025-09899-870-

36. Water quality, East Texas; Recreational water use; 1 54-04 13 W860-33. Water quality improvement methods; Irrigation return flows; 052-09853-840-36. Water quality inventory; Chesapeake Bay; 161-09163-860-88. Water quality management; Watersheds; Mountain watersheds; Recreational development; 157-10150-810-60. Water quality management model; Computer model; Great Salt Lake; 157-10144-860-33. Water quality models; Estuaries; Mathematical models; Virginia; 161-09165-400-60. Water quality models; Numerical models; 323-0459W-860-00. Water quality models; Watershed hydrology; Computer models; Hydrologic models; 05 1-09912-810-36. Water quality monitoring; Ecosystem resilience; Mathematical model role; 045-101 14-860-30. Water quality monitoring; Monitoring system design; River net- works; 075-09829-860-88. Water reactor; Blowdown; Heat transfer; 1 12-10022-340-55. Water reactor safety; Two-phase flow; Vaporization; 012- 10179-660-55.

357
Water resource development impact; Brazos River, Texas; Erosion, coastal; 1 54-0405 W-4 10-33. Water resource management; Mathematical model role; 045-

10113-800-33. Water resource management, West Texas; 1 54-0385 W-800-33

Water resource models; Computer program availability; 149- 0285 W-800-33. Water resource models; Regional plan formulation; 075-09815-

800-33. Water resource optimization; Aquifer model; Conveyance

systems; Dispersion, open channel; Mathematical model; 030-

07247-800-00. Water resource planning; Bayesian methodology; Hydrologic

analysis; 075-08749-800-54. Water resource planning; Public preference; 157-0426W-800-

00. Water resource priority analysis; Southern plains; 154-0406W800-33. Water resource project analysis; Multiobjective theory; 075- 08753-800-33. Water resource projects; Ice effects; Intakes; Trashracks; 322-

09384-390-00. Water resource survey; Indian reservation; 166-09199-800-88. Water resource system management; Hydroelectric power in- tegration; 155-09921-800-33. Water resource system optimization; Water resources, urban; 056-10097-800-33. Water resource system optimization; Computer programs; 060-

9993-800-00. Water resource system optimization; Computer models; 757- 10175-800-33. Water resources; Energy development options; Salinity; 757- 0424W-800-00. Water resources development, Texas; Environmental evaluation; 152-10585-800-33. Water resources, East Texas; Groundwater quality; Lignite mining; Strip mining; 152-10584-810-33. Water resources management methods; TVA; 339-08575-800-

00. Water resources management models; Urban water resources; 051-0381W-800-00. Water resources planning; Computer simulation; 035-09938-

800-33. Water resources planning methods; 056-0803 1 -800-33

Water resources research program; Southern plains; 754- 0400 W-800-33. Water resources, Texas; Lignite development impact; 154- 0396W-8 10-33. Water resources, urban; Water resource system optimization; 056-10097-800-33. Water rights administration; Discharge permit programs; 757- 0430W-870-00. Water routing; Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; Sediment routing; 302-10631-810-00. Water storage; Aquifer dip; Aquifers, saline; Groundwater; 072- 09929-820-61. Water storage; Aquifers, saline; Viscosity effect; 072-08693-

820-61. Water supply; Farm water supply; 303-0236W-860-00. Water supply; Ice effects; Intake; Montreal; 408-10267-860-65. Water supply conservation; Soil water; 303-0234W-820-00. Water supply deficits; Reservoir, single; 167-10191-860-00. Water supply, emergency; Groundwater, humid regions;

Groundwater model; Groundwater recharge; 102-09947-820-

80. Water supply lines; Valves, multijet sleeve; 322-09385-210-00. Water supply, surface; Water use; Agricultural water use; Water management; 303-044 1 W-860-00. Water supply system; Alaska water systems; P.T. orifices; 313-

10667-210-13.

Water supply system design; Rural domestic water supply; 757- 0428W-860-00. Water supply systems; Droughts; Water management; 757- 10173-860-33. Water system design; Boom towns; Resorts; Wastewater system

design; 032-10776-870-88. Water temperature; Black Dog Lake, Minnesota; Cooling pond,

heat transfer; Numerical model; Power plant; 149-10606-

870-73. Water temperature; Currents; Great Lakes; Lake circulation; Numerical models; 319-10668-440-00. Water temperature; Infrared sensing; Mathematical models; Remote sensing; 102-09948-870-60. Water temperature; Lake stratification; Mathematical models;

Reservoir stratification; Water quality; 075-05544-440-00. Water temperature; Monticello field channels; Numerical

model; Open channel flow; 149-10604-860-36. Water temperature; Reservoir temperature measurements; Stream temperature; 338-00769-860-00. Water temperature; Wind effects; Atmospheric effects; Stream

temperature; Thermal loads; Vegetation effect; 123-09836-

860-33. Water temperature forecasts; Cooling water discharge; Power

plants; Salem Harbor plant; Thermal effluents; 075-09828-

870-73. Water temperatures; Cooling water discharge; Mathematical

models; Power plants; Thermal effluent; 112-10048-870-55. Water transfers, Utah; Economic effects; Oil shale develop- ment; 157-10145-800-33. Water transmission losses; Floodwater retarding reservoirs; Ir- rigation; 302-10639-860-00. Water treatment; Ammonia control; Fish hatchery; 052-09861-

870-10. Water treatment; Aquifers, Gulf Coast; Diffusion; Groundwater;

Porous media flow; 072-09928-820-61

Water treatment; Coal pipeline; Pipeline transport; Slurry flow; Transport water contamination; 096-1 0616-370-36. Water treatment; Denitrification system design; 154-0391 W870-33. Water treatment; Sludge thickening; 076-10472-860-36. Water tunnel; Blockage effects; Bodies of revolution; Sub- merged bodies; Wall interference; 124-08927-030-22. Water tunnel; Calibration facility improvements; Current meter

calibration; 089-10140-720-44. Water tunnel; Calibration facility improvements; Current meter

calibration; Flow visualization; Turbine meters; Velocity measurement; 089-10141-720-44. Water tunnel; Current meters; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurement; 316-08652-700-00. Water tunnel, oscillatory; Wave motion; 316-10779-410-1 1

Water use; Agricultural water use; Irrigation water use; 303- 0235W-840-00. Water use; Agricultural water use; Water management; Water

supply, surface; 303-0441 W-860-00. Water use; Conjunctive management; Groundwater management; Surface water; 167-10187-800-60. Water use; Idaho irrigation; Irrigation systems; Water cost; Water management; 052-09857-840-33. Water use; Northern plains; Plant growth; 303-0353W-860-00. Water use; Water management, regional; 154-04 14 W-800-33. Water use alternatives; Flow regulation; Pumped storage sites; Snake River; 052-09862-860-33. Water use changes; Constraining elements; 1 57-101 56-860-60. Water use efficiency; Infiltration control; Infiltrometers; 303- 10627-810-00. Water use efficiency; Irrigation systems; 303-0352 W-840-00. Water use fees; Financing; Water developments; 157-09076-

890-33. Water use map; Utah; 157-10165-860-60.

358
Water use optimization; Groundwater use; Land subsidence

reduction; 1 54-0394W-800-33

.

Water wells; Well screens; Gravel packs; 322-1 0688-820-00. Water yield; Appalachian-Piedmont area; Water quality; 309- 0247W-810-00. Water yield; Black Hills; 308-02658-810-00. Water yield; Bogs; Forest management; Minnesota watersheds; Sewage disposal; Watershed management; 305-03887-810-00. Water yield; Computer model; Hydrologic model; Infiltration; Landslide potential; Sediment yield; 030-10339-810-06. Water yield; Dam effects; Flood control; Hydrology; Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; 155-09922-810-07. Water yield; Erosion; Forest management model sediment

yield; 030-10342-880-36. Water yield; Erosion control; Forest fire effects; Soil erosion;

Soil water; Water quality; 306-04757-810-00. Water yield; Flood flow; Hydrology; Land management; Numerical model; Runoff; 301-10622-810-00. Water yield; Ozark watersheds; Soil characteristics; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; 310-06973-810-00. Water yield; Snow fence system; Watershed management;

Watersheds, sagebrush; 308-03569-810-00. Water yield distribution; Water balance; Water cycle; 075- 09820-810-00. Water yield improvement; Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration;

Hydrology; Snowpack hydrology; Soil water movement; 307-

04996-810-00. Waterhammer; Mathematical model; Pumped-storage plant; Raccoon Mountain Project; Surges; Transients; 34 1-07080-

340-00. Waterhammer; Open channel transients; Pipe flow transients; Transients; 085-08853-210-54. Waterhammer; Pipe bends; Pipes, helical; Transients; 057- 09036-210-52. Waterhammer tests; Pipes, cement-asbestos; 417-10505-210-70.

Waterjet; Marine propulsion; Pump, waterjet; 334-09430-550-

00.

Waterjets; Jets; Propulsion, marine; 333-10712-550-22. Watershed analysis; Claypan; Iowa watersheds; Loess; Missouri watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; 300-0185W-810-00.

Watershed analysis; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Waller Creek

watershed; 156-02162-810-30. Watershed analysis; Watershed economics; 063-00 17W-8 10-07. Watershed analysis; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Overland flow; Runoff; 301-08432-

810-00. Watershed characteristics; Western Gulf watersheds; Mathematical model; Sediment yield; 302-10641-810-00. Watershed economics; Watershed analysis; 063-001 7 W-8 1 0-07

.

Watershed experimentation system; Watershed model; Flood

flows; Runoff; 056-0871 1-810-54. Watershed hydrology; Computer models; Hydrologic models; Water quality models; 051-09912-810-36. Watershed impact; Guadalupe Mountains National Park; Recreational development; 154-0410W-810-33. Watershed management; Chaparral; Conifers; Grassland; Southwest watersheds; 308-10647-810-00. Watershed management; Claypan; Runoff control; Soil erosion

control; Tilth control; 300-01 89W-8 1 0-00. Watershed management; Hydrology, subsurface; Mathematical

model; 147-08979-810-54. Watershed management; Water yield; Bogs; Forest management; Minnesota watersheds; Sewage disposal; 305-03887-

810-00. Watershed management; Watersheds, sagebrush; Water yield; Snow fence system; 308-03569-810-00. Watershed management; Watersheds, forest; 308-09338-810-

00. Watershed management research; Hawaii forests; 307-09335-

810-00.

Watershed model; Computer models; Flood forecasting;

Hydrology; Snowmelt; 404-10234-810-96. Watershed model; Flood flows; Runoff; Watershed experimentation system; 056-087 1

1 -810-54. Watershed model; Flood forecasting; Mathematical model;

Reservoir operation; 419-09605-310-00. Watershed model; Mathematical model; Overland flow; Sedi- ment yield; Soil erosion; 030-08804-220-06. Watershed models; Computer models; Hydrologic models; Southern Great Plains; 302-10638-810-00. Watershed models; Watersheds, rangeland; Precipitation gages; Snowmelt runoff; 303-09315-810-00. Watershed planning model; Land use planning; Mathematical

model; Runoff; Water quality; 162-09907-870-00. Watershed rehabilitation; Erosion control; Southwest

watersheds; 308-09339-810-00. Watershed response; Hydrologic analysis; Overland flow; 129- 07585-810-33. Watershed studies; Pine Tree Branch watershed; 338-0261 W810-00. Watershed study; Hydrologic data; Ralston Creek watershed;

Urbanization; 061-00066-810-05. Watershed, unit source; Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; 302- 0451W-810-00.

Watersheds; Conservation effects; Hydrology; Utah river basins; Water quality; 157-10159-860-60.

Watersheds; Ecosystem models; Mathematical models; River

system; 314-10758-870-00.

Watersheds; Mountain watersheds; Recreational development; Water quality management; 157-10150-810-60.

Watersheds; Sediment yield; 3 02 -0446 W-22 0-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Appalachian watersheds; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Sediment transport; 300-09272-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Chemical transport models; Pollution; 302-10637-870-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; Sediment routing; Water routing; 302-10631-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Corn belt watersheds; Sediment yield; 300-0 188 W-8 10-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Erosion; Mathematical model; Sedi- ment yield; 300-10561-220-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Evaporation; Hydrologic models;

Precipitation; Western Gulf watersheds; 302-10644-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Fertilizers; Mathematical model; Water quality; 302-10642-870-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Groundwater; Runoff; 302-0449W810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; 071-05915-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast

watersheds; Overland flow; Runoff; Watershed analysis; 301- 08432-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast

watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Water quality; 301-09276-

810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Southern plains; 302-0205 W-8 10-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; Runoff; Sedimentation; 303- 10623-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Mathematical models; Sediment yield; 302-10635-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Nutrient movement; Nutrient yield; 300-0 1 92 W-8 10-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Pollutant transport; 302-0454W-870-

00. Watersheds, agricultural; Runoff; 055-08681-810-07.

Watersheds, agricultural; Runoff; Southeast watersheds; Streamflow; 302-0444 W-8 10-00.

359
Watersheds, agricultural; Runoff; Texas Gulf watersheds; 302-

10643-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Sediment sampler; Sediment yield; Southern plains; 302-10636-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Southern plains; Streamflow; 302- 0207W-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, western Gulf; Runoff; Streamflow; 302-0208W-8 10-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, western Gulf; Hydrologic

analysis; 302-02 14W-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Hydrologic

analysis; Mathematical model; Runoff; Streamflow; 302-

09286-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical

model; Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water quality; 302-09287-860-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Western Gulf region; Runoff; Streamflow; 302-02 15W-8 10-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Western Gulf region; Hydrology; Numerical models; 302-0456W-8 10-00. Watersheds, brushland; Erosion; Floods; Forest fire effects; Soil water repellency; 307-04999-810-00.

Watersheds, complex; Numerical models; Runoff, surface; 302- 0455W-810-00.

Watersheds, cornbelt; Sediment loss; 300-0434 W-8 10-00. Watersheds, forest; Burning effects; Logging effects; Soil erosion; 304-09330-81 0-00. Watersheds, forest; Coastal plain; Erosion control; Piedmont;

Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; 310-06974-810-00.

Watersheds, forest; Forest management; Timber cutting; Water

quality; 304-08436-810-00.

Watersheds, forest; Water yield; Ozark watersheds; Soil characteristics; Vegetal cover effects; 310-06973-810-00.

Watersheds, forest; Watershed management; 308-09338-810-

00. Watersheds, forested; Erosion; Pacific coast watersheds; Sedi- mentation; 323-0462 W-220-00.

Watersheds, forested; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Road

construction effects; Sediment yield; 304-09324-830-00.

Watersheds, mined; Hydrology; Mining, surface; Water quality; 300-0436 W-8 10-00. Watersheds, rangeland; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical models; 303-09316-810-00.

Watersheds, rangeland; Hydrology; Rangeland hydrology; 303- 0202 W-8 10-00. Watersheds, rangeland; Precipitation patterns; Southwest rangelands; 303-0229W-8 10-00. Watersheds, rangeland; Precipitation gages; Snowmelt runoff; Watershed models; 303-09315-810-00.

Watersheds, rangeland; Runoff; Sediment yield; 303-093 18- 830-00. Watersheds, sagebrush; Water yield; Snow fence system; Watershed management; 308-03569-810-00.

Watersheds, semi-arid; Ephemeral streams; Rainfall, thun- derstorm; Runoff; 303-10625-810-00.

Watersheds, semi-arid; Erosion; Sediment transport; Soil loss; 303- 10626-810-00.

Watersheds, semiarid rangeland; Southwest rangelands; Streamflow; 303-0228W-8 10-00. Watersheds, Southeast; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical

model; Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; 302- 09286-810-00.

Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water quality; Watersheds,

agricultural; 302-09287-860-00.

Watersheds, southern plains; Precipitation patterns; 302- 0206 W-8 10-00. Watersheds, southern plains; Sediment yield; 302-0203W-830-

00.

Watersheds, ungaged; Flood damage reduction measures; Mathematical model; 094-08865-310-00.

Watersheds, unit source; Evaporation; Soil moisture; 302- 0448W-810-00.

Watersheds, urban; Porous pavements; Runoff detention; Urban

runoff; 167-10190-870-33.

Watersheds, western Gulf; Climatic effects; Sediment yield; 302-02 16W-830-00.

Watersheds, western Gulf; Hydrologic analysis; Watersheds,

agricultural; 302-02 14 W-810-00. Watersheds, western Gulf; Precipitation patterns; 302-02 13 W810-00. Watersheds, western Gulf; Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds,

agricultural; 302-0208W-810-00. Watersheds, western Gulf; Sediment yield; 302-0209 W-8 10-00. Waterwheel test facility; Seal performance; Surface effect ships; 146-09310-550-22. Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power

plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; Vortices; 341-

10735-340-00. Wave absorber, wave generator design; 1 49-10598-720-70

Wave action; Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored;

Tankers; 046-09278-520-00. Wave action; Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored;

Tankers; 046-09279-520-88. Wave attenuation; Wave energy; Set-up, wave induced; 046- 10050-420-44. Wave bottom pressure measurement; Wave height; Wave

theory; 046-10056-420-60. Wave breakers; Data acquisition; Longshore currents; Volunteer observers; 312-09762-410-00. Wave breaking; Breakwaters; Currents, coastal; Jetties; 075- 08719-410-11. Wave channel; Wave forces; 410-10308-430-90. Wave crests; Aerodynamic pressure measurement; Air-water

flow; Slug formation; Two-phase flow; 038-07979-130-00. Wave damping; Added mass; Oscillating bodies; 334-08529-

040-22. . Wave data; Wave hindcasting; Great Lakes; 312-10652-420-00. Wave data analysis; Waves, design; Aerial photography; 312-

10651-420-00. Wave decay; Turbulence, buoyancy-driven; 175-10028-420-44. Wave deformation; Waves, shoaling; Waves, solitary; 020- 07926-420-00. Wave diffraction; Barrier effect; Diffraction; Harbor waves; 103-09967-420-44. Wave diffraction; Wave motion; Structure effects; 019-08782-

420-11. Wave direction measurement; Radar imaging; 3 12- 10650-700-

00. Wave direction measurement; Wave energy; 039-10457-420-60

Wave dispersion; Waves, solitary; Numerical models; Tsunamis; 153-09914-420-54. Wave drag; Bluff bodies; Drag; 142-10395-420-44. Wave effects; Caissons; Pore water pressure; 1 18-09989-430-

87. Wave effects; Circulation, nearshore; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Numerical models; Surf zone; 035-09942-

410-54. Wave effects; Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; Sewage

disposal; 019-07151-870-61. Wave effects; Dredging methods; 152-09053-490-00. Wave effects; Floating bodies; 334-10723-520-00. Wave effects; Ice formation; Ice, frazil; 405-09517-390-00. Wave effects; Oil film thickness measurement; Oil spills; Pollution; 038-09924-870-00. Wave effects; Pipelines, offshore; Scour; Sediment transport by

waves; 152-09050-220-44. Wave effects; Planing boats; Ship motions; 334-10725-520-22. Wave energy; Lake Erie; 405-09513-420-00.

360
Wave energy; Set-up, wave induced; Wave attenuation; 046-

10050-420-44. Wave energy; Wave direction measurement; 039-10457-420-60. Wave flume; Sediment transport by waves; 405-10295-220-00. Wave flume tests; Wave forces; Gaspe coastline road; Hydraulic model; Sea walls; 408-10261-430-96. Wave flume tests; Wave forces; Hydraulic model; Sea wall; 408-10262-430-96. Wave flumes; Waves, irregular; 41 1-10315-720-00. Wave force instrumentation; Piles; 41 1-08133-420-90. Wave forces; Concrete cube stability; Drag; Submerged bodies; 046-10054-420-00. Wave forces; Cooling water intakes; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 413-10318-420-00. Wave forces; Current effects; Structures, coastal; 028-09979-

420-00. Wave forces; Cylinder, circular; Oscillatory flow; 1 18-09986-

420-54. Wave forces; Cylinder, vertical; Mathematical model; Sub- merged objects; 026-09013-420-00. Wave forces; Cylinders; Ocean structures; Structure design

criteria; 118-09768-430-44. Wave forces; Cylinders; Spheres; Submerged bodies; 142- 10394-420-44. Wave forces; Drag; Spheres; Submerged bodies; 046-10055-

420-00. Wave forces; Fish barrier, electric; 413-10319*850-00. Wave forces; Gaspe coastline road; Hydraulic model; Sea walls; Wave flume tests; 408-10261-430-96. Wave forces; Hydraulic model; Sea wall; Wave flume tests; 408-10262-430-96. Wave forces; Numerical methods; Ocean structures; Structure

response; Vibrations; 044-06699-430-00. Wave forces; Pipe cover layers; Rubble; Undersea pipe; 085-

09994-420-00. Wave forces; Pipeline, submerged; 046-09277-420-44. Wave forces; Pipelines; 019-08783-420-11. Wave forces; Scaling laws; Structures; 328-10709-420-00. Wave forces; Submerged storage tanks; 152-09058-420-00. Wave forces; Wave channel; 410-10308-430-90. Wave forces; Waves, design; Instrument towers; Structures; 405-10289-420-00. Wave gages; Wave statistics; Surf zone; 312-10649-420-00. Wave generation; Random sea simulation; 1 18-09987-420-54. Wave generator; Waves, random; 328-10708-420-22. Wave generator, programmable; Wave modeling; 3 1 2-09759-

420-00. Wave growth; Waves, wind; Air-water interface; Energy

transfer; Turbulence; 148-10406-420-14. Wave height; Wave theory; Wave bottom pressure measurement; 046-10056-420-60. Wave hindcasting; Great Lakes; Wave data; 312-10652-420-00. Wave interactions; Turbulence interaction; 048-10209-420-54. Wave loads; Catamarans; Ship motions; Ship stability; 334-

10721-520-22. Wave loads; Computer program; Ships, twin-hull; 334-10720-

520-00. Wave measurement; Hurricane waves; Storm surge; 039-10456-

420-55. Wave measurements; Coastal engineering field stations; Current measurements; 039-10442-410-60. Wave measurements, photo-optical; Wave spectra; 037-08855-

420-20. Wave modeling; Wave generator, programmable; 3 12-09759-

420-00. Wave motion; Structure effects; Wave diffraction; 019-08782-

420-11. Wave motion; Water tunnel, oscillatory; 3 16-10779-410-1 1

.

Wave orbital velocity measurements; Velocity measurements

under waves; 046-08121-420-60.

Wave overtopping; Wave runup; 3 12-09 757-420-00

.

Wave power systems; Energy; Floating devices; 075-09796-420-

44. Wave pressure fields; Pipelines, offshore; 1 52-0905 1 -420-44. Wave propagation; Waves, shallow water; Numerical models; 411-10317-420-00. Wave pulse techniques; Added resistance; 151-10041-590-22. Wave reflection; Beach erosion; Gulf Coast beaches; Sediment

transport by waves; 152-07708-410-44. Wave reflection; Breakwaters, perforated; 017-10025-430-54. Wave reflection; Coastal sediment; Littoral processes; Scaling

laws; Sediment transport; 312-09743-410-00. Wave reflection; Wave transmission; Breakwaters, rubble mound; 075-08724-430-11. Wave reflection; Wave transmission; Porous structures; 312-

09758-420-00. Wave refraction; Wave theory; Waves, long; Waves, topo- graphic effects; Currents, coastal; Harbor oscillations; 075- 06413-420-20. Wave refraction model; Atlantic continental shelf; Remote

sensing; 325-09395-420-00. Wave refractioniShear flow effects; 151-10039-420-54. Wave resistance; Hulls, flow around; Ship hulls; 168-10073-

520-54. Wave runup; Wave overtopping; 3 12-09757-420-00

.

Wave runup; Waves, irregular; 414-10530-420-90. Wave scattering; Waves, topography effects; Wave theory; Tsunamis; 104-10023-420-00. Wave sensors; Cape Henry, Virginia; Current sensors; Data

acquisition; Tide sensors; 1 17-08914-450-44. Wave shoaling; Wave theory; Waves, internal; Lakes, stratified; Stratified fluids; 176-08400-420-61. Wave simulation facility; Wave-current interaction; 330-10788-

420-00. Wave slope measurement; Waves, wind; Wind wave facility; Air-sea interaction; Remote sensing; 327-10707-460-00. Wave slopes; Waves, wind; Microwave scattering; Waves, capillary; 332-07065-420-22. Wave spectra; Ship design; 169-09216-420-21. Wave spectra; Wave measurements, photo-optical; 037-08855-

420-20. Wave statistics; Surf zone; Wave gages; 3 12-10649-420-00. Wave studies; Wind studies; Ferry terminal; 420-10547-470-96. Wave theory; Finite element method; Numerical methods; 075- 09795-420-44. Wave theory; Tsunamis; Wave scattering; Waves, topography

effects; 104-10023-420-00. Wave theory; Wave bottom pressure measurement; Wave

height; 046-10056-420-60. Wave theory; Waves, internal; Lakes, stratified; Stratified

fluids; Wave shoaling; 176-08400-420-61. Wave theory; Waves, long; Waves, topographic effects; Currents, coastal; Harbor oscillations; Wave refraction; 075- 06413-420-20. Wave transmission; Breakwaters, rubble mound; Wave reflection; 075-08724-430-1 1

.

Wave transmission; Porous structures; Wave reflection; 312-

09758-420-00. Wave-current interaction; Currents; Velocity distribution; 075- 09798-420-44. Wave-current interaction; Wave simulation facility; 330-10788-

420-00. Wave-current interaction; 152-09047-420-13. Wave-induced agitation; Harbors; Marina response; 414-1053 1- 470-90. Waves; Air-water interface; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 148-10407-010-54. Waves; Boat accidents; Tomales Bay; 019-08781-520-60. Waves; Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel

flow; Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; 322-10678-320-00.

361
Waves; Circulation; Continental shelf; Mathematical model;

Pollution transport; 325-09399-450-00. Waves; Floating structures; Mooring forces; 41 1-103 16-420-00. Waves; Nearshore hydrodynamics; Surf zone; 406-09518-420-

00. Waves; Numerical methods; Ship performance prediction; 339-

09444-520-20. Waves; Offshore structure design; Sea simulation; Structures; 118-09766-430-44. Waves; Oil pollution; Oil slick barrier; 152-083 1 1-870-48. Waves; Wind set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great

Lakes; Mathematical model; Water level; 3 19-10669-440-00. Waves, atmospheric; Waves, turbulence effect on; Atmospheric

flow dynamics; Shear flow stability; 031-08812-480-54. Waves, breaking; Internal waves; 142-10400-420-20. Waves, breaking; Waves, shoaling; 142-10399-420-20. Waves, breaking dynamics; Waves, edge; 142-10398-420-54. Waves, capillary; Wave slopes; Waves, wind; Microwave scattering; 332-07065-420-22. Waves, design; Aerial photography; Wave data analysis; 312-

10651-420-00. Waves, design; Breakwater stability; 41 1-103 14-430-90. Waves, design; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 420-10552-420-

73. Waves, design; Instrument towers; Structures; Wave forces; 405-10289-420-00. Waves, design waves; Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; 046-09280-420-52. Waves, edge; Waves, breaking dynamics; 142-10398-420-54. Waves, impulsive generation; Tsunamis; 019-06224-420-1 1

Waves, internal; Benard convection; Currents, ocean; Geophysical fluid dynamics; Internal waves; Mathematical

models; Oceanography; 318-08449-450-00. Waves, internal; Drag; Internal waves; Spheres; Stratified fluids; Submerged bodies; 3 16-07243-060-20. Waves, internal; Internal wave instability; Stratified flow; 039-

10454-060-20. Waves, internal; Internal waves; Stratified flow stability; 083- 08604-060-20. Waves, internal; Lakes, stratified; Stratified fluids; Wave shoaling; Wave theory; 176-08400-420-61

Waves, irregular; Wave flumes; 41 1 -103 1 5-720-00. Waves, irregular; Wave runup; 414-10530-420-90. Waves, long; Waves, topographic effects; Currents, coastal; Harbor oscillations; Wave refraction; Wave theory; 075- 06413-420-20. Waves, raindrop generated; Air-water interface; Mixing; Rain

effects; -/ 77- / 002 7-460-33

Waves, random; Wave generator; 328-10708-420-22. Waves, reflection; Waves, solitary; 142-10401-420-54. Waves, shallow water; Numerical models; Wave propagation; 41 1-10317-420-00. Waves, ship-generated; Harbors; Marinas; Pearl Harbor; Ship

waves; 046-10053-470-60. Waves, shoaling; Sediment concentration measurement; Sedi- ment transport by waves; 061 -07368-4 10-1 1

Waves, shoaling; Waves, breaking; 142-10399-420-20. Waves, shoaling; Waves, solitary; Wave deformation; 020-

07926-420-00. Waves, solitary; Atmospheric waves; Jovian atmosphere;

Stratified fluids; 143-09902-420-50. Waves, solitary; Internal waves; Ocean microstructure; Rotating

flow; Stratified fluids; 143-09903-450-20. Waves, solitary; Numerical models; Tsunamis; Wave dispersion; 153-09914-420-54. Waves, solitary; Wave deformation; Waves, shoaling; 020- 07926-420-00. Waves, solitary; Waves, reflection; 142-10401-420-54.

Waves, topographic effects; Currents, coastal; Harbor oscilla- tions; Wave refraction; Wave theory; Waves, long; 075- 06413-420-20. Waves, topography effects; Wave theory; Tsunamis; Wave scat- tering; 104-10023-420-00. Waves, turbulence effect on; Atmospheric flow dynamics; Shear flow stability; Waves, atmospheric; 031-08812-480-54. Waves, wind; Air-water interface; Energy transfer; Turbulence; Wave growth; 148-10406-420-14. Waves, wind; Microwave scattering; Waves, capillary; Wave

slopes; 332-07065-420-22. Waves, wind; Wind effect; Canal system control; Open channel

flow; 020-10079-200-60. Waves, wind; Wind wave facility; Air-sea interaction; Remote

sensing; Wave slope measurement; 327-10707-460-00

Waves, wind-generated; Air-water interface; Reynolds stresses; 148-10408-420-20. Weather modeling; Numerical models; Splines; 069-10460-480-

54. Weather modification; Cloud seeding; Numerical model; 157- 10164-480-60. Wedges; Drag; Navier-Stokes flow; Submerged bodies; Viscous

flow; 057-05778-030-00.

Weightlessness effects; Liquid pool burning; 109-10120-540-50.

Weir; Control structures; Hydraulic model; 405-10291-350-90.

Weir; Dam; Hydraulic model; Saskatchewan River; 400-10499-

300-90. Weir jetty; Coastal sediment; Jetties; Sediment transport; 312-

10656-430-00.

Weir, labyrinth; Boardman reservoir; Hydraulic model; Spill- way; 166-10440-350-75.

Weirs, sharp crested; Potential flow; 020-10077-700-00. Well casing collapse; Well casings, thermoplastic; Groundwater;

009-09783-860-33. Well casings; Thermoplastic; Groundwater; 009-09782-860-36. Well casings, thermoplastic; Groundwater; Well casing collapse; 009-09783-860-33. Well screens; Gravel packs; Water wells; 322-10688-820-00.

Wells, relief; Electric analog model; Seepage; 3 14-09663 -820-

13. Western Gulf region; Hydrology; Numerical models; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-0456W-8 10-00. Western Gulf region; Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-02 15W-8 10-00. Western Gulf watersheds; Mathematical model; Sediment yield; Watershed characteristics; 302-10641-810-00. Western Gulf watersheds; Watersheds, agricultural; Evaporation; Hydrologic models; Precipitation; 302-10644-810-00.

Wetting; Fluid properties; Immiscible fluids, displacement; In- terfaces; Surface contact; 125-09951-100-54. Wheeler Reservoir; Browns Ferry plant; Diffusion; Heated

water discharge; Hydraulic model; Thermal discharge model; 341-07083-870-00. White River, Indiana; Thermal discharge effects; 058-10565-

870-00. Wind; Great Plains; Soil erosion; Water erosion; 300-0346W830-00. Wind effect; Canal system control; Open channel flow; Waves,

wind; 020-10079-200-60. Wind effects; Atmospheric effects; Stream temperature; Ther- mal loads; Vegetation effect; Water temperature; 123-09836-

860-33. Wind energy; Data gathering system; 157-10155-480-06. Wind energy conversion; Vortex augmentor; 101-09894-630-

52. Wind energy measurements; Solar energy measurements; 069- 10465-480-73. Wind engineering; Boundary layer, atmospheric. Diffusion; Tur- bulence structure; 139-10559-020-54.

362
Wind forces; Building aerodynamics; Separated flows; Sub- merged prismatic bodies; 057-10276-030-00. Wind forces; Cooling tower aerodynamics; Cooling towers,

hyperbolic; Drag; Roughness; Submerged bodies; 061-10392-

030-54. Wind loads; Building aerodynamics; Tornado winds; 070-

09014-640-54. Wind power; Energy; Savonius rotor; 076-1 0466-630-00

.

Wind set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great Lakes; Mathematical model; Water level; Waves; 3 19-10669-440-00. Wind structure; Turbulence; Urban winds; 417-07904-480-00. Wind studies; Ferry terminal; Wave studies; 420-10547-470-96. Wind tunnel; Boundary layer control; Compressible flow; Laminarization; Suction; 316-10798-010-27. Wind tunnel, stratified flow; Stratified flow; Wakes; 101-09896-

720-60. Wind tunnel tests; Air pollution; Computer model; Odor control; Plant model; 053-10405-870-70. Wind tunnels; Boundary layer, turbulent supersonic; 139- 07618-720-80.

Wind turbine rotors; Energy; Turbines; 073-09998-630-52. Wind wave facility; Air-sea interaction; Remote sensing; Wave

slope measurement; Waves, wind; 327-10707-460-00. Wing-body aerodynamics; Boundary layer interactions; 101- 09897-010-50.

Wings; Lifting surface theory; Wakes; 073-080 70-540-26. Winnipeg River; Ice conditions; Power plant effects; River ice; 408-10250-300-73. Woodchip mixtures; Friction loss; Hydraulic transport; Pipeline

transport; Solid-liquid flow; 096-07513-260-06. Yakima River; Fish spawning; Streamflow; 166-10132-300-34. Yazoo River; Channel improvement; Mathematical model;

River channels; Sediment transport; 030-10338-220-13. York River; Bathymetric study; 161-09885-400-73. York River; Dye study; Recirculation; Sewage outfall; Thermal

effluent; 161-09886-870-68. York River estuary; Estuaries; James River; Mathematical

model; Water quality; 159-09892-400-36. Yukon; Flood prediction; Ross River; Stuart River; 402-09501-

310-90.

363

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1978 0 - 254-330
NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

U .S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS SP-4972. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, 1976

5. Publication Date April 1978

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

Pauline H. Gurewitz. Fiditor

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 2130183

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Same as item 9

13. Type of Report & Period Covered Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 73-60019

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

Current and recently concluded research projects in hydraulics and hydrodynamics

for the years 1975-1976 are summarized. Projects from more than 200 university,

industrial, state and federal government laboratories in the United States and

Canada are reported.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons)

Fluid mechanics; hydraulic engineering; hydraulic research; hydraulics;

hydrodynamics ; model studies ; research summaries

18. AVAILABILITY [x] Unlimited

j I For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Stock No. 0O3-OO3-O1884-8

I | Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia-22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

377

22. Price

$5.50

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74

I

I

I

I

I

I
NBS TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS

PERIODICALS

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH^-The Journal of Research

of the National Bureau of Standards reports NBS research and development in those disciplines of the physical and

engineering sciences in which the Bureau is active. These

include physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and

computer sciences. Papers cover a broad range of subjects, with major emphasis on measurement methodology, and

the basic technology underlying standardization. Also in- cluded from time to time are survey articles on topics closely related to the Bureau's technical and scientific programs. As

a special service to subscribers each issue contains complete

citations to all recent NBS publications in NBS and non- NBS media. Issued six times a year. Annual subscription:

domestic $17.00; foreign $21.25. Single copy, $3.00 domestic; $3.75 foreign. Note: The Journal was formerly published in two sections: Section A "Physics and Chemistry" and Section B "Mathematical Sciences." DIMENSIONS/NBS

This monthly magazine is published to inform scientists, engineers, businessmen, industry, teachers, students, and

consumers of the latest advances in science and technology, with primary emphasis on the work at NBS. The magazine

highlights and reviews such issues as energy research, fire protection, building technology, metric conversion, pollution

abatement, health and safety, and consumer product per- formance. In addition, it reports the results of Bureau pro- grams in measurement standards and techniques, properties of matter and materials, engineering standards and services, instrumentation, and automatic data processing.

Annual subscription: Domestic, $12.50; Foreign $15.65.

NONPERIODICALS

Monographs—Major contributions to the technical liter- ature on various subjects related to the Bureau's scientific and technical activities. Handbooks—Recommended codes of engineering and industrial practice (including safety codes) developed in cooperation with interested industries, professional organizations,

and regulatory bodies. Special Publications—Include proceedings of conferences sponsored by NBS, NBS annual reports, and other special

publications appropriate to this grouping such as wall charts, pocket cards, and bibliographies.

Applied Mathematics Series—Mathematical tables, manuals, and studies of special interest to physicists, engineers,

chemists, biologists, mathematicians, computer programmers, and others engaged in scientific and technical work.

National Standard Reference Data Series—Provides quantitative data on the physical and chemical properties of

materials, compiled from the world's literature and critically evaluated. Developed under a world-wide program co- ordinated by NBS. Program under authority of National Standard Data Act (Public Law 90-396).

NOTE: At present the principal publication outlet for these data is the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (JPCRD) published quarterly for NBS by the American Chemical Society (ACS) and the American Institute of

Physics (AIP). Subscriptions, reprints, and supplements

available from ACS, 1155 Sixteenth St. N.W., Wash., D.C.

20056.

Building Science Series—Disseminates technical information developed at the Bureau on building materials, components,

systems, and whole structures. The series presents research

results, test methods, and performance criteria related to the

structural and environmental functions and the durability

and safety characteristics of building elements and systems. Technical Notes—Studies or reports which are complete in themselves but restrictive in their treatment of a subject.

Analogous to monographs but not so comprehensive in scope or definitive in treatment of the subject area. Often

serve as a vehicle for final reports of work performed at NBS under the sponsorship of other government agencies.

Voluntary Product Standards—Developed under procedures

published by the Department of Commerce in Part 10, Title 15, of the Code of Federal Regulations. The purpose

of the standards is to establish nationally recognized require- ments for products, and to provide all concerned interests with a basis for common understanding of the characteristics of the products. NBS administers this program as a supple- ment to the activities of the private sector standardizing

organizations.

Consumer Information Series—Practical information, based on NBS research and experience, covering areas of interest to the consumer. Easily understandable language and

illustrations provide useful background knowledge for shopping in today's technological marketplace.

Order above NBS publications from: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402. Order following NBS publications—NBSIR's and FIPS from

the National Technical Information Services, Springfield, Va. 22161.

Federal Information Processing Standards Publications (FIPS PUB)—Publications in this series collectively constitute the Federal Information Processing Standards Register.

Register serves as the official source of information in the Federal Government regarding standards issued by NBS

pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 as amended, Public Law 89-306 (79 Stat. 1127), and as implemented by Executive Order 11717

(38 FR 12315, dated May 11, 1973) and Part 6 of Title 15 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations).

NBS Interagency Reports (NBSER)—A special series of

interim or final reports on work performed by NBS for outside sponsors (both government and non-government).

In general, initial distribution is handled by the sponsor;

public distribution is by the National Technical Information

Services (Springfield, Va. 22161) in paper copy or microfiche form.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES

The following current-awareness and literature-survey bibli- ographies are issued periodically by the Bureau: Cryogenic Data Center Current Awareness Service. A litera- ture survey issued biweekly. Annual subscription: Domestic, $25.00; Foreign, $30.00.

Liquified Natural Gas. A literature survey issued quarterly.

Annual subscription: $20.00.

Superconducting Devices and Materials. A literature survey

issued quarterly. Annual subscription: $30.00. Send subscription orders and remittances for the preceding bibliographic

services to National Bureau of Standards, Cryogenic Data

Center (275.02) Boulder, Colorado 80302.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Washington. D.C. 20234

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Penalty for Private Use. $300

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COM—215

SPECIAL FOURTH-CLASS RATE

BOOK