UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Harold L. Ickes, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. C. Mendenhall, Director

Water-Supply Paper 797

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON

EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

BY

R. WILLIAMS AND OTHERS

s> o

.. A prepared in cooperation with the 

 '' '. ' >;Rese1bc^)tnd Statistical Division of the 

Worjts-^ogres^^ministration for New York City

Service

United Statesl't)96^1 tment of Agriculture 

V) ^f

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON : 1937

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 15 cents
CONTENTS

Page

Introduction. ____ _____________________________________ 1

Administration and supervision_____________________ ___ 1

Acknowledgments-_____ _____________________________________ 2

Descriptive and historical notes-__----_-________----_--_- _____ 2

Bibliography--__-____-_ _________ _______ ____ 6

Alphabetic list of publications_____________________ _________ 42

Abstracts...---_________________________________ ______________ 46

Vocabularies on soil erosion, silt, and related subjects.________ _____ 77

French-English____________ ___ 77

German-English.-.. ________ _ _. _ __ _ 80

Russian-English-_______ ________________________ ___________ 84

Subject index._________________ ________________ _____ 87

Author index____ ________ _____________ _______ 89

II
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON EROSION AND 

SILT MOVEMENT

By GORDON R. WILLIAMS and others

INTRODUCTION

ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION

A project for studies of floods and other hydrologic phenomena was 

established in New York City in November 1935 under the Research 

and Statistical Division of the Works Progress Administration for 

New York City. The project was sponsored by the College of 

Engineering, New York University. Quarters and equipment were 

supplied by the Works Progress Administration, which also attended 

to administrative details, including the furnishing of technical and 

clerical personnel and the procurement of supplies. Technical direction and guidance were supplied by the Geological Survey, United 

States Department of the Interior, and the Soil Conservation Service, 

United States Department of Agriculture, the former furnishing supervisory personnel and paying their salaries, and the latter paying 

travel and subsistence costs incident thereto. The program of studies 

was terminated June 30, 1936.

The Works Progress Administration for New York City operated 

during this project under the general direction of Victor F. Ridder, 

administrator. The research and investigational features of the project were conducted with Dean Thorndike Saville, College of Engineering, New York University, as director, and Gordon R. Williams, 

assistant engineer, Geological Survey, as vice director. Mr. Williams 

maintained close and continuous contact with the project, and under 

the general direction of N. C. Grover, chief hydraulic engineer, and 

R. W. Davenport, chief of the division of water utilization, Geological 

Survey, was primarily responsible for the conduct of the studies and 

the supervision of all technical details.

The manuscript and tabulations showing the results of these studies 

were supplied to the participating agencies. It is understood between 

these agencies that the results are the property of the Geological

Survey.

1
2 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

This report embodies the material gathered as one of the items of 

this program, which covered the preparation of a bibliography of 

works in foreign languages on soil erosion, silt movement, and related 

subjects. This study was suggested by the Soil Conservation Service. 

It utilized the special linguistic knowledge of some members of the 

staff of available workers in a way that was believed to have substantial value.

The references, annotations, abstracts, and indexes included in this 

bibliography as first prepared in New York City have been subjected 

to a careful and extensive checking against original sources and have 

been rewritten in part by Mr. Williams, who used the library facilities 

afforded by the various organizations of the Government in Washington, D. C. The responsibility for the accuracy and authenticity of 

the references of this bibliography therefore rests very largely on 

Mr. Williams.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Members of the staff of the Water Resources Committee of the 

National Resources Committee contributed greatly in the initiation of 

this project and in effecting an arrangement for the participation 

therein of the Geological Survey and the Soil Conservation Service. 

Dean Thorndike Saville, College of Engineering, New York University, maintained a stimulating and sympathetic relationship in the 

supervision of the project. C. S. Jarvis, hydraulic engineer, Soil 

Conservation Service, served as a consultant and as such kept in close 

contact with the progress of the studies and from the background of 

his extensive knowledge of hydrology rendered valuable assistance.

The successful conduct of the work was facilitated by the cooperative attitude of the administrative officials of the Works Progress 

Administration, especially of Robert C. Urban, the administrative 

project supervisor.

Acknowledgment for the helpful and cooperative attitude of the 

technical and clerical personnel organized for the conduct of these 

studies is hereby expressed. Especially appreciative acknowledgment 

is accorded to Gustav Neumann, whose linguistic knowledge and 

studiousness contributed in a most essential way to the development 

of the material presented in this bibliography. It is particularly 

worthy of note that Mr. Neumann initially prepared much of the 

material in the section entitled "Descriptive and historical notes", the 

abstracts of papers and articles, and the vocabularies of technical 

words in French, German, and Russian.

DESCRIPTIVE AND HISTORICAL NOTES

The erosional history of the earth's surface constitutes a most 

essential part of the sciences of geology and hydrology, and hence the 

broad aspects of water erosion and the disposition of eroded materials
INTRODUCTION 3

have been studied since the birth of these sciences. Evidence of 

measures for combating water erosion of soil by modern and probably 

ancient civilizations in other lands shows that man has long been concerned with the effects of this process and has developed a practical 

protective technique. It is natural that the rapid extension of a use 

and a culture to the lands of our country radically different from those 

to which they had been adapted through the ages should disturb the 

established equilibrium of the soil and through accelerated erosion 

start a chain of processes of readjustment of the land surface, often 

with radical and disastrous consequences. The growing activity in the 

utilization and control of our rivers has increasingly focused attention 

on the incidents of river behavior that have to do with erosion and 

silt movement. In dealing with these problems we have drawn upon 

the experience of older lands for guidance, and the extensive citation 

of foreign references in the earlier papers treating these subjects, such 

as Hooker's "The suspension of solids in flowing waters",1 published in 

1896, and Gilbert's "The transportation of debris by running water",2 

published in 1914, is particularly significant.

From the long period covered (1753 to 1936) and from the variety 

of incidental subjects included it will be easily understood that the 

bibliography here presented is distinctly selective; however, 455 books 

and papers were covered. The names of 133 periodicals that were 

consulted are listed on pages 42-45.

After a rough general survey of the field it seemed appropriate to 

undertake:

1. A bibliographic framework covering the various phases and 

stages of erosion and silting from field and mountain to river delta.

2. The creation of a nucleus of abstracts on the basis of which the 

users of this bibliography might judge whether or not it would be 

worth while to elaborate on such a framework by enlarging this 

nucleus as well as by keeping both the bibliography and the abstracts 

up to date.

3. To save certain byproducts of the research in the form of the 

appended vocabularies of French, German, and Russian terms. These 

vocabularies may be of service to those who want to extend the work 

or to investigate further some of the entries. It is, of course, obvious 

that a general knowledge of the respective languages and a fair 

knowledge of the subjects are prerequisites for those expecting to 

derive any benefit from these vocabularies. Although they are intended to include principally terms that are not readily found, even 

in the available technical dictionaries, some pertinent common words 

have been inserted for the convenience of the eventual users.

An alphabetic list of publications referred lo in the bibliography 

is supplemented by entry numbers to facilitate the selection of a list

J Am. Soc. Civil Eng. Trans., vol. 36, pp. 239-340,1896. 

> Qeol. Survey Prof. Paper 86,1914.
4 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

for further investigation. A practically complete list will be found in 

"A world list of scientific periodicals published in the years 1900-33," 

2d edition, London, Oxford University Press, 1934. That list contains 

about 36,000 entries but unfortunately does not classify the entries 

by subject or language, so that the extraction from it of the titles of 

periodicals covering certain special subjects would require considerable 

time. Although the Oxford list contains all principal Russian periodicals, a more convenient medium for the investigation of Russian 

literature will be found in Zhournalnai Letopis (Chronicle of Periodicals), which appears twice a month and which for 1935 registered a 

total of 1,040 periodicals, from which 55,737 Russian articles were 

listed and classified according to subjects, some of them with brief 

annotations. Another Russian bibliographic publication of interest is 

Novoye v Pochvovedenii (News relating to Soil Science), which covers 

the world literature on the subject of soil. Any given periodical may 

be located by consulting the "Union list of serials" and its supplements, New York, H. W. Wilson Co., which gives an alphabetic list of 

periodicals, together with a list of libraries in which each may be found.

Because of the variety of subjects covered by this bibliography and 

because of its chronologic arrangement, subject and author indexes 

have been compiled to facilitate the selection of material by subject, 

by author, chronologically, or by periodicals.

The following previous bibliographies have been utilized as guides 

in compiling the present work:

1. Bibliography on the subject of transportation of solids by flowing water in 

open channels, 2 parts, 116 pp., Bur. Reclamation, 1933.

2. Soil erosion and its prevention, partial list, 1900-1934, compiled by D. Graf, 

Washington, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Agr. Engineering, 1934-35.

3. Bibliography on soil conservation, compiled by Lillian H. Wieland, revised 

by June Henderson, 179 pp., Washington, U. S. Dept. Agr., Soil Conservation 

Service, 1935-36.

4. Collection of bibliographic material on silt in the library of Thorndike Saville, 

Dean, College of Engineering, New York University.

Because of the danger of errors in work of this kind, it was the policy 

to check each item taken from other bibliographies, if possible, against 

the original.

In selecting entries for this bibliography the compilers have held the 

view that the material chosen should be suitable for use not only by 

the scientist, the engineer, and the agronomist, but generally for public 

dissemination of information concerning erosion and silt movement.

In view of the abundant literature in the English language on accelerated agricultural soil erosion, the apparent scarcity of such literature in foreign languages is rather surprising. If the explanation of 

such a scarcity is to be based on the material reviewed for the present 

work, the apparent causes may be classified as follows:
INTRODUCTION 5

1. A combination of geomorphic, climatic, and hydrologic conditions in some 

countries, which seem to prevent erosion from becoming a menace (see entry 432).

2. The establishment of properly regulated crop rotations.

3. Programs of reforestation and afforestation and strict measures controlling 

deforestation.

4. The establishment of beneficial regulation of streams.

5. Apparent unconcern on the part of certain governments toward investigating 

the matter, and an inclination to let the farmer look out for his own interests.

6. Sufficient land area for shifting agricultural operations as the cultivated 

lands deteriorate.

7. Long-established methods of erosion control, as in regions around the 

Mediterranean Sea, where terrace building and maintenance have been carried 

on for centuries as the only possible method for eking out a living, or, as in the 

Vosges, where, after the harvest, soil must be carried back from the bottom 

terrace to the top terrace (see entry 441).

Nevertheless, there are mdi.cti.ons that an extensive search of 

foreign-language literature may yield many additional items on 

agricultural erosion.

The entries on silt movement and river regulation are relatively 

numerous and cover field investigations as well as small-scale studies 

in hydraulic laboratories. The abundance of items on this subject 

is apparently explained toy the fact that the struggle against silt 

has been waged by resourceful navigation and water-power interests 

and road-building agencies.

The attitude of the principal nations toward erosion problems in 

general, as evidenced by the publications examined for this bibliography, may be characterized as follows:

France. The extensive afforestation programs carried on in France 

seem to proceed in accordance with the poetic formulas recorded by 

L. A. Fabre (see entry 155):

The earth denuded struggles against water.

The earth armed with vegetation struggles for water.

He who would master water must master the mountains.

Spontaneous vegetation everywhere protects against erosion.

Italy. Stresses the importance of artificial lakes.

Switzerland. Is interested mainly in controlling mountain torrents.

Germany. Seems at present to hold that the interests of the farmer 

have received little recognition as compared with those of power 

and navigation organizations and large land-owners. Erosion does 

not seem greatly to worry Germany. Her concern seems to be in 

regard to irrigation and eventual completion of national water control 

(see entry 439) and a national soil-protection law (see entry 420).

Austria. Seems to follow France with an extensive afforestation 

program.

Russia. Calls attention to sheet erosion ("the secret plague of 

agriculture") as found in certain sections (see entry 385). Within 

the broad expanse of the country a wide variety of conditions may be
(} EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

found. At present silt problems receive more attention, because of 

the extensive power-plant construction and canal building. In 

studying these silt problems the Russian engineers subject all former 

theories and formulas, of whatever origin, to critical examination 

(see entry 448) and with extensive laboratory and field research try to 

solve the problems in their own way (see entries 401, 406). Some 

investigators seem to consider that "without the solution of the 

turbulence problem all our hydraulics represent only a collection of 

empirical formulas not connected by any strict system" (see entry 

396).

Sweden. Appears to have collected systematic and comprehensive 

data on denudation (see entries 362, 434).

South America. Appears to have plenty of open spaces for advancing the agricultural frontier, and only visiting foreigners seem 

to notice the danger signs of erosion (see entries 372, 394, 441, 450).

Africa, Australia, etc. The erosion problem is apparently acute in 

some sections. Information is gleaned mostly from papers written 

in English.

Europe as a whole and southern and eastern Asia. It is claimed 

that with a thousand years of soil cultivation (at least on moderately 

sloped and carefully cultivated fields) a balance is being approached 

between the formation of new weathered soil and the denudation by 

water, wind, and gravity (see entry 441).

Ancient civilizations. No ancient literature bearing on the subject 

has been found. Information on erosion in ancient times seems to 

have been obtained from deductions based on the findings of modern 

explorers and investigators. An example of this is given in entry 451.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following bibliography is arranged chronologically, and the 

entries under each year are arranged alphabetically by authors, with 

the anonymous papers at the end.

1753

1. Brahms, A., Anfangskunde der Deich- und Wasserbaukunst (Elements of 

dike and hydraulic engineering), 108 pp., Zurich, 1753.

1773

2. Silberschlag, Johann, Hydrotechnik oder Theorie des Wasserbaues (Hydrotechnics or the theory of hydraulic engineering), Leipzig, 1773. Copy 

at Zurich Polytechnikum.

1786

3. Dubuat-Nangay, L. G., Principes d'hydraulique (Elements of hydraulics), 

2 vols., 816 pp., Paris, 1786. Quoted by L6on Durahd-Claye in Annales 

des ponts et chausse'es, 6e s6r., tome 11, pp. 530-531, 1886. Experiments on particles moved by water, flume traction, uniform and turbulent movement of water in rivers, and the resistance of fluids in general. 

Also quoted in Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 86, pp. 193, 216, 1914.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 7

1797

4. Fabre, J. A., Essai sur la the'orie des torrents et des rivieres (Essay on the 

theory of torrents and rivers), 1st part, 284 pp., Paris, Bidault, 1797. 

On regulating rivers and making them navigable.

1832

5. Poncelet, J. V., et Lesbros, J. A., Experiences hydrauliques sur les lois de 

1'e'coulement de 1'eau (Hydraulic experiments on the laws of flowing 

water), 268 pp., Paris, 1832.

1845

6. Bounigeau, Etude sur la navigation des rivieres & marges et la conqudte des 

lais et relais de leurs embouchures (Study of the navigation of tidal 

rivers and the control of alluvion and silt at their mouths), Paris, 1845, 

Quoted in Inst. Civil Eng. Min. Proc., vol. 66, pp. 5, 24, 51-53, London, 

1881. Transportation of silt and engineering works on various French 

and English rivers, together with a map of the Loire and Clyde Rivers.

1846

7. Boileau, P., Etude expgrimentale sur le mouvement des cours d'eau (Experimental study on the movement of running water): Acad. sci. Paris 

Comptes rendus, tome 22, pp. 212-216, 1846; tome 24, pp. 957-960, 

1847; tome 26, pp. 97-98, 1848; tome 27, pp. 484-485, 1848; tome 29, 

pp. 517-518, 1849.

8. Renaud, Comte, Etude systgmatique des values d'e'rosion dans le Departement du Doubs (Systematic study of eroded valleys in the Department 

of Doubs, France): Soc. Emulation Doubs Me"m., 2e se"r., vol. 2, pp. 23-62, 

Besangon, 1846. On rock formation and erosional phenomena in the 

Doubs region of France.

1848

9. Baumgarten, Sur la portion de la Garonne qui s'e"tend en aval de 1'embouchure, 

du Lot dans le d6partement de Lot-et-Garonne, et sur lex travaux qui 

y ont e"t6 execute's de 1836 & 1847. (On the portion of the Garonne. 

River extending downstream from the mouth of the River Lot in the 

Department of Lot-et-Garonne, and on the works that were executed 

there from 1836 to 1847): Annales des ponts et chaussSes, 2e ser., tome 

16, pp. 1-157, 1848. The author, to determine the material held in 

suspension by the Garonne River, gathered every day a quantity of 

water which he let settle for 8 to 10 days. Thus every day the weight 

of dried sediment in a cubic meter of water was obtained. It never 

exceeded 4,087 grams. Never in any one year were there more than 

9 days that yielded more than 1,000 grams. The operation was carried 

on for 8 years, and in the entire period there were but 43 days when 

the amount of residue was over 1,000 grams.

10. Dupuit, Jules, Etudes the"oriques et pratiques sur le mouvement des eaux 

(Theoretical and practical studies on water movement), I6re £d., 275 pp., 

Paris, 1848. Second edition published in 1863. Mentioned in U. S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 86, p. 224, 1914.

11. Vauthier, P., and Vauthier, L. L., Hydraulique des cours d'eau (Hydraulics 

of flowing water): Annales des ponts et chauss6es, 2e s£r., tome 15. 

pp. 129-149, 1848. Results of studies made on the Loire River at 

Roanne. 

131024 37 2
g EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

1854

12. Gumppenberg-Pottmes, Joseph von, Der Wasserbau an Gebirgsfliissen 

(Hydraulic construction on mountain streams), Augsburg, 1854. Discusses transportation of stones by torrents and methods of regulating 

streams.

13. Marchal, Sur la nature et 1'origine des alluvions a 1'embouehure des fleuves 

qui d^bouchent dans la Manche (On the nature and origin of sediments 

at the mouths of the rivers flowing into the English Channel): Annales 

des ponts et chaussees, 3e ser., tome 7, pp. 187-213,1854.

1857

14. Darcel, Observations au sujet d'un meinoire de M. Marchal relatif aux 

alluvions & 1'embouchure des fleuves qui d^bouchent dans la Manche 

(Observations on the subject of a memoire by Marchal relating to the 

sediments at the mouths of rivers flowing into the English channel: 

Annales des ponts et chaussees, 3e s6r., tome 14, pp. 105-113, 1857. 

Data on material carried by the Seine.

15. Gras, Scipion, Sur les torrents des Alpes (On Alpine torrents): Annales des 

ponts et chaussees, 3e s6r., tome 14, pp. 1-96, 1857. Discusses physical 

and hydrologic characteristics of mountain torrents and most convenient 

means of defense against them.

16. Horbye, J. C., Observations sur les ph^nomenes d'Erosion en Norvege (Observations on the phenomena of erosion in Norway), 205 pp., Christiania, 

Brogger & Christie, 1857. Diverse notes on the details of erosion in the 

Norwegian and Finnish fjords.

1860

17. Parandier, Du service hydraulique du Doubs de 1858-59 (Hydraulic service 

of the Doubs River in 1858-59: Annales des ponts et chausse'es, 3e 

ser., tome 20, pp. 305-401, 1860. Data on alluvial matter carried by 

the Doubs River.

18. Valles, Memoires sur les inondations (Memoirs on inundations): Annalea 

des ponts et chaussees, 3e sei., tome 19, pp. 58-144,1860.

1861

19. Buffon, Nadault de, Hydraulique agricole (Agricultural hydraulics), 2e e"d., 

2 vols., 1123 pp., Paris, 1861. Agricultural engineering, particularly 

irrigation.

20. Htibbe, Von der Beschaffenheit und dem Verhalten des Sandes (On the nature 

and behavior of sand): Zeitschr. Bauwesen, Jahrg. 11, pp. 19-42, 

183-226, 1861.

1866

21. Fraisse, W., Notes sur les charriages des cours d'eaux (Notes on transportation of debris in watercourses): Soc. vaudoise sci. nat. Bull., vol. 9, pp. 

190-196, Lausanne, 1866. Every stream has its own characteristics 

necessitating a special survey. Studies of Swiss rivers and the lower 

regions of the Rhine.

1867

22. Blohm, Ueber die in fliessendem Wasser suspendiert erhaltenen Sinkstoffe 

(On suspended matter in running water): Arch. Ing.-Ver. Hanover 

Zeitschr., Band 13, pp. 241-297, 1867.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Q

23. Breton, Philipp, M6moire sur les barrages de retenue 'des graviers dans les 

gorges des torrents (Memoir on dams for holding back gravel in the 

gorges of mountain streams), Paris, Dunod, 1867.

24. Fournie", Victor, Resume" des experiences hydrauliques ex6cut4es par le gouvernement ame"ricain sur le Mississippi (Hydraulic experiments carried 

out by the American Government on the Mississippi River), 128 pp., 

Paris, 1867.

1869

25. Coaz, J. W., Die Hochwasser im September und October 1868 im btindnerischen Rheingebiet vom naturwissenschaftlichen und hydrotechnischforstlichen Standpunkt betrachtet (The high waters in September and 

October 1868 in the Swiss Rhine district discussed from the standpoint 

of natural science and hydrotechnical forestry), 75 pp., Leipzig, Wilhelm 

Engelmann, 1869.

26. Knab, Ch., Sur la sedimentation dans le Lac de Neuchatel (On sedimentation 

in Lake Neuchatel): Soc. neuchateloise sci. nat. Bull., tome 8, pp. 249- 

250; discussion, pp. 250-251, 1869.

1870-1872

27. Surell, Alexandre, Etudes sur les torrents des Hautes-Alpes (Studies of 

torrents in the High Alps), 2e 6d., 2 vols., 707 pp., Paris, Dunod, 1870- 

1872.

1871

28. Bazin, H. E., Etude comparative des formules nouvellement proposers pour 

calculer le de"bit des canaux de"couverts (Comparative study of the 

lately proposed formulas for calculating the discharge of open channels): 

Annales des ponts et chausse"es, 5e se"r., tome 1, pp. 9-43, 1871.

29. Hagen, G., Handbuch der Wasserbaukunst (Handbook of hydraulic engineering), Zweiter Theil, Die Strome, 4 vols., 1592 pp., Berlin, 1871-1874.

30. Lechalas, C., Note sur les rivieres a fond de sable (On rivers with sandy 

bottoms): Annales des ponts et chausse"es, 5e s6r., tome 1, pp. 381-431, 

1871. A study of debris movement in rivers, with particular reference 

to the Loire River. Quoted in Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 86, pp. 193- 

195, 232, 1914.

31. Partiot, Leon, Sur les sables de la Loire (On the sands in the Loire River): 

Annales des ponts et chausse"es, 5e se"r., tome 1, pp. 233-292,1871. Mentioned in Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 86, p. 232, 1914.

1874

32. Costa de Bastelica, Michel, Les torrents, 282 pp., Paris, J. Baudry, 1874. 

General discussion of mountain torrents, covering transportation of 

debris, debris cones, and the problems of regulation.

1875

33. Breton, Philipp, Etude d'un systeme g6n6ral de defense contre les torrents 

(Study of a general system of defense against torrents), Paris, Imprimerie 

Nationale, 1875.

4. Sternberg, H., Untersuchungen iiber Langen- und Querprofil geschiebefiihrender Fliisse (Investigation of the longitudinal and cross-sectional 

profile in rivers carrying a bedload), Zeitschr. Bauwesen, Jahrg. 25, 

Hefte 11 und 12, pp. 483-500, 1875.
10 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

1876

35. Lauterburg, Robert, Versuch zur Aufstellung einer allgemeinen Ubersicht 

der aus der Grosse und Beschaffenheit der Flussgebiete abgeleiteten 

schweizerischen Stromabflussmengen, gestiitzt auf die meteorologischen 

und hydrometrischen Beobachtungen der Schweiz nebst Anleitung zur 

Behandlung dieser Aufgabe im allgemeinen (An attempt to present a 

general re"sum6 of Swiss run-off quantities in relation to area and conditions of the drainage basins, based on meteorologic and hyrologic 

observations in Switzerland, together with an introduction to the 

treatment of this problem in general), Bern, Huber, 1876.

1877

36. Boussinesq, Joseph, Essai sur la th6orie des eaux courantes (Essay on the 

theory of running waters), 2 vols., Paris, 1877. See also Acad. sci. 

Paris Comptes rendus, tome 71, pp. 389-393, 1870; tome 73, pp. 34-38, 

1871; tome 75, pp. 1011-1015, 1872; tome 76, pp. 924-943, 1873; tome 

81, pp. 464-466, 1875.

1878

37. Fiorini, Matteo, Le alluvioni (Alluvium), 290 pp., Bologna, 1878. General 

discussion of the occurrence and movement of silt.

38. Fuchs, Theodor, Formation des val!6es Erosion (The formation of valleys 

Erosion): Archives sci. phys. nat. Geneve, 3e p6riode, tome 1, pp. 

323-324, 1878.

39. Heim, Albert, Uber die Erosion im Gebiete der Reuss (On erosion in the 

Reuss Basin): Schweizer Alpenclub Jahrb., 40. Jahrg., pp. 371-405, 

1878-79.

1879

40. Du Boys, P., Etude du regime du Rh6ne et de 1'action exerce'e par les eaux 

sur un lit a fond de graviers inde'finiment affouillable (A study of the 

regimen of the Rhone and the action of water on a river bed of shifting 

gravel): Annales des ponts et chauss6es, 5e s6r., tome 18, pp. 141-195, 

1879.

41. Mocquery, Charles, Etudes de quelques questions relatives aux eaux courantes (Studies of some questions relating to flowing waters): Annales 

des ponts et chauss6es, 5e ser., tome 18, pp. 219-249, 1879. Treats of 

precipitation, run-off, and gaging.

1881

42. Calmels, Martin, Sur le debasement des barrages-reservoirs en Alge"rie au 

moyen de la force motrice des eaux du barrage et 1'air comprim6 (On silt 

removal from the barrage-reservoirs in Algeria by means of the motive 

force of the water at the barrage and compressed air): Assoc. frang. av. 

sci. Comptes rendus, 10e sess., pp. 243-251, Alger, 1881. Sediment 

stirred up by compressed air, then allowed to run off with the water. 

Apparatus described. Abstract in Inst. Civil Eng. Min. Proc., vol. 71, 

pp.441-442, 1883.

43. Markus, Eduard, Das landwirtschaftliche Meliorationswesen Italiens (The 

agricultural amelioration situation in Italy), 429 pp., Wien, 1881.
BIBLIOGRAPHY H

1882

44. Du Boys, P., Effet des endiguements sur le profil en long d'une riviere a fond 

mobile (The effect of diking upon the longitudinal profile of a river with a 

shifting bottom): Annales des ponts et chausse'es, 6e se"r., tome 3, pp. 

324-337, 1882.

45. Fargue, L., Etude sur la largeur du lit moyen de la Garonne (Study on the 

dimensions of the average bed of the Garonne River): Annales des ponts 

et chausse'es, 6e s<§r., tome 4, pp. 301-328, 1882. A discussion of the 

way in which the width between river banks controls the rate of flow. It 

is maintained that there is a need for constant dredging in order that 

rivers may keep within their well-established bounds and that convex 

banks of rivers should be more developed than concave banks.

1883

46. Candolle, C. de, Rides formers & la surface du sable de"pos6 au fond de Teair 

(Ripple marks formed on the surface of sand which is deposited under 

water): Archives sci. phys. nat. Gen&ve, 3e pMode, tome 9, pp. 241-278, 

1883. Mentioned in Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 86, p. 31, 1914.

47. Forel, F. A., Les rides de fond e'tudie'es dans le lac Le"man (Ripple marks 

on the bottom studied in Lake Leman): Archives sci. phys. nat. 

Gendve, 3e periode, tome 10, pp. 39-72, 1883. Mentioned in Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 86, p. 31, 1914.

48. Lavale, Georg, Unsere natiir lichen Wasserlaufe (Our natural watercourses), 

Weilheim, 1883.

49. M oiler, Max, Studien iiber die Bewegung des Wassers in Fliissen mit Bezugnahme auf die Ausbildung des Flussprofils (Studies on the movement of 

waters in rivers in relation to the formation of the river profiles): Zeitschr. 

Bauwesen, Jahrg. 33, Heft 4 bis 6, pp. 193-210, 1883.

50. Rapp, Jakob, Unsere natiirlichen Wasserlaufe (Our natural watercourses), 

Hydrotechnische Studien aus den Papieren des Oberbaurates, Georg 

Lavale, Weilheim, 1883.

51. Anonymous, Die Bewegung der Geschiebe des Ober-Rheins (The movement of 

bed loads in the upper Rhine): Deutsche Bauzeitung, 17 Jahrg., Nr. 56, 

pp. 331-332, 1883.

1884

52. Fargue, L., La trace" des rives de la Garonne (The outline of the banks of the 

Garonne River): Annales des ponts et chausse'es, 6e se"r., tome 7, pp. 

411-431, 1884. Channel control on the Garonne River explained, with 

numerous formulas.

53. Fijnje, J. G. W., Beschouwingen over eenige rivieren waaronder Nederlandsche 

(Studies on certain rivers including those of the Netherlands), 4 vols., 's 

Gravenhage, 1884-88. Records of the lower (Dutch) Rhine.

54. Sails, Adolf von, Die Tiefenmessungen im Bodensee (Depth measurements on 

Lake Constance), Schweizer. Bauzeitung, Band 3, Nr. 22, p. 127, 1884.

55. Spring, Waltere, et Prost, E., Etude sur les eaux de la Meuse (Study of the 

Meuse River waters): Soc. g6ol. Belgique Annales, tome 11, pp. 123-220, 

Liege, 1884. Studies on suspended and organic matter in the Meuse 

River and the eroding effect of the river on the country along its course.
12 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

56. Thoulet, Julien, Experiences relatives a la vitesse des courants d' eau ou d'air, 

susceptibles de maintenir en suspension des grains mine'raux (Experiments relative to the speed of water or air currents able to maintain 

mineral grains in suspension): Annales des mines, 8e se"r., tome 5, pp. 

507-530, 1884; digest in Annales des ponts et chausse'es, 6e se"r., tome 9, 

pp. 492-500, 1885. Report based on laboratory experiments with glass 

tubes, the theory being that such a method would throw light upon the 

phenomena of particles, particularly sand, carried along by natural 

streams.

1885

57. Cadort, Gaston, Endiguement des grands cours d'eau des Etats-Unis (Confining the great river channels of the United States): Annales des ponts 

et chausse'es, 6e se"r., tome 9, pp. 464-474, 1885. On channel control 

of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.

58. Durand-Claye, Alfred, Analyse d'un me'moire de L. L. Vauthier de 1'entrainement et du transport par les eaux courantes des vases, sable et 

graviers (Analysis of a memoir by L. L. Vauthier on the transportation 

of silt, sand, and gravel by running water): Annales des ponts et 

chausse'es, 6e se"r., tome 10, pp. 1165-1178, 1885. A mathematical 

treatise on the transportation of solids by streams.

59. Vauthier, L. L., De 1'entrainement et du transport par les eaux courantes 

des vases, sables et graviers (On the entrainment and transportation of 

silt, sand, and gravel by running water): Soc. ing. civils France Me"m., 

38e anne"e, 2e vol., pp. 29-36, Paris, 1885. Measurements of velocity 

of solids falling freely through liquids; many formulas. See also Assoc. 

franc., av. sci. Comptes rendus, 13e sess., 2e partie, pp. 86-99, Blois, 1884.

60. Anonymous, Navigation inte'rieure, rivieres et canaux (Interior navigation, 

rivers and canals), tome 1, Paris, P. Guillemain, 1885. Annex by 

Lechalas entitled "Les riviSres a fond de sable."

1886

61. Be"rard, Marche des flotteurs dans les courants (Velocity of particles floating 

in streams): Annales des ponts et chausse'es, 6e se"rie, tome 12, pp. 

830-835, 1886. Observations supplementing the studies of Du Boys 

on the velocity of particles floating in water. Mentioned in Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 86, p. 224, 1914.

62. Du Boys, P., Etude sur la marche des bateaux dans les courants rapides 

(Study on the movement of boats in rapid currents): Annales des ponts 

et chausse'es, 6e se"r., tome 11, pp. 199-242, 1886. The conclusion 

being that there exists a force that seems to direct floating matter into 

the center of a stream. Observation of the behavior of steam vessels 

indicates an estimated value to this force. The study is incomplete 

because of the lack of necessary additional data.

63. Durand-Claye, Le"on, Note sur la marche des bateaux (Note on the movement of boats): Annales des ponts et chausse'es, 6e se"r., tome 11, pp. 

530-531, 1886.

64. Ebenhoff, A. W. von, Die Aufgaben der Gewasser-Regulierung, Wildbachverbauung, und Wasserverwaltung in Oesterreich mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Alpenlander (The tasks of regulating waters, mountaintorrent regulation, and water management in Austria, with particular 

regard to the Alps), Wien, 1886.

65. Heyne, Wilhelm, Ein Beitrag zur Hydrographie und physikalischen Geographic (A contribution to hydrography and physical geography), Oesterr. 

Ing. Arch. Ver. Wochenschr., 11 Jahrg., Nr. 28, pp. 251-254, 1886. 

A discussion of the work of Hochenburger on bedload.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 13

66. Hochenburger, Franz von, Uber Geschiebebewegung und Eintiefung fliessender Gewasser (On bed-load movement and scouring of running 

waters), 172 pp., Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelman, 1886.

67. Seckendorf-Gudent, Arthur von, Das forstliche System der Wildbach-Verbauung (The forestry system in mountain-torrent regulation), 27 pp., 

Wien, 1886. Also in publication of Oesterr. Ing. Arch. Ver., Mar. 27, 

1886.

68. Seckendorff-Gudent, Arthur von, Die Wildbache, ihr Wesen, ihre Bedeutung 

im Wirtschaftsleben der Volker (Mountain torrents, their characteristics, 

their importance in the economic life of nations), 20 pp., Wien, 1886.

69. Seckendorff-Gudent, Arthur von, Zur Geschichte der Wildbach-Verbauung, 

oder, Was ist im Oesterreich auf dem Gebiete der Wildwasser-Bekampfung geschehen (The history of torrent regulation, or what has been 

done in Austria in the struggle against wild waters), 24 pp., Wien, 1886.

70. Wolf, A., Neuere Strombauten an der Isar (Recent hydraulic construction 

on the Isar): Zeitschr. Bauwesen, Jahrg. 36, Heft 10 bis 12, pp. 515-528, 

1886.

1887

71. Wey, J., Die Umgestaltung der Ausmundung des Rheins und der BregenzerAch in den Bodensee wahrend der letzten 20, bezw. 24 Jahre (Reshaping 

of the mouth of the Rhine and the Bregenzer-Ach at Lake Constance 

during the last 20 or 24 years): Schweizer. Bauzeitung, Band 9, Nr. 6, 

pp. 36-37, 1887.

1888

72. Tiefenbacher, L. E., Die Ermittelung der Durchfluss-Profile mit besonderer 

Berucksichtigung der Gebirgs- und Wildbache (Ascertaining the discharge profile with particular regard to mountain streams and torrents), 

163 pp., Wien, 1888.

1889

73. Anonymous, Der Rheinstrom und seine wichtigsten Nebenflusse (The Rhine 

River and its most important tributaries), 359 pp., Berlin, Ernst & 

Korn, 1889.

1890

74. Charlon, Em., Note sur une formule permettant de calculer la vitesse d'un 

torrent d'apres la grosseur des mate'riaux transport's (Note on a formula 

which permits the calculation of the speed of a torrent on the basis of the 

size of the materials transported): G6nie civil, tome 17, pp. 170-171, 

1890. Reviewed in Inst. Civil Eng. Min. Proc., vol. 102, p. 350,1890.

75. Couette, M., Etudes sur le frottement des liquides (Studies on the friction of 

liquids): Annales de chimie et de physique, 6e se'r., tome 21, pp. 433-510, 

Paris, 1890. Two regimes of liquid friction, their laws of movement 

defined; also a summary of interior friction coefficients, with seven 

diagrams and numerous mathematical equations.

76. Couette, M., Distinction de deux regimes dans le mouvement des fluides 

(Distinction between the two regimes in the movement of fluids): 

Jour, physique the'orique et appl., 2e se'r., tome 9, pp. 414-424, Paris, 

1890. An analysis of the methods of Darcy and M.O. Reynolds on the 

movement of liquids, with three diagrams and numerous mathematical 

equations.

77. MOller, Max, tJber Bewegung im Strome und Gestaltung der Flussohle (On 

the flow in streams and the formation of the bed): Arch. Ing. Ver. 

Hanover Zeitschr., Band 36, Heft 5, pp. 455-468, 1890.
14 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

78. Sails, Adolf von, Die Wildbachverbauung in der Schweiz (Mountain-torrent 

regulation in Switzerland), 57 pp., Bern, 1890. Work of the Swiss 

Dept. of the Interior in building check dams on rocky mountain torrents. 

Illustrated with photographs and diagrams. Similar papers published 

as "La correction des torrents en Suisse" in 1891 and 1892.

1891

79. Bae'ff, Bonne", Les eaux de PArve (The waters of the Arve River), 85 pp. 

(these), Univ. Geneve, 1891. Geologic experiments on erosion and 

transportation by glacier-fed torrents. See also Soc. phys. hist. nat. 

Geneve Compte rendu des stances, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 48-50, 1923.

80. Duparc, Louis, et Bae'ff, Bonne", L'erosion et transport dans les rivieres 

torrentielles (Erosion and transportation by torrential rivers): Archives 

sci. phys. nat. Geneve, 3e pe"riode, tome 25, pp. 241-243, 1891; tome 26, 

pp. 613-617, 1891; tome 27, p. 556, 1892.

81. Flamant, A., Me"canique applique"e, hydraulique (Applied mechanics, hydraulics), Paris, Baudry & Cie, 1891. Pages 290-311 deal with suspended 

matter.

82. Steck, Theodor, Die Denudation im Kandergebiet (Denudation in the 

Kander Basin): Geog. Gesell. Bern Jahresber. 1891-92, pp. 181-188.

83. Thie'ry, E., Restauration des montagnes (Restoration of mountains), 413 pp., 

Paris, 1891. On mountain torrents and their control by check dams. 

Several chapters on reforestation.

1893

84. Berthot, P., Trait6 des routes, rivieres et canaux (Treatise on roads, rivers, 

and canals), tomes 1-3, 1102 pp., Paris, Fanchon, 1893. Tome 1, 

roads; tome 2, rivers; tome 3, canals. Erosion, silting, drainage, and 

the damming of rivers are prominently treated.

85. Bruckner, Eduard, Ablations des terres par les rivieres (The erosion of lands 

by rivers): Archives sci. phys. nat. Geneve, 3e pe"riode, tome 30, pp. 

460-466, 1893.

86. Jasmund, R., Die Einwirkung der Flussohle auf die Geschwindigkeit des 

fliessenden Wassers (The influence of the river bed on the velocity of the 

flowing water): Zeitschr. Bauwesen, Jahrg. 43, Heft 1 bis 3, pp. 121-168, 

1893.

87. Demontzey, Prosper, L'extinction des torrents en France par le reboisement 

(The suppression of mountain torrents in France by reforestation), 

462 pp., Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1894. Contains 126 photographs 

of mountain streams showing various types of check dams.

1894

88. Doyer, H., Yssel de Gueldre (Yssel de Gueldre River), 6e Cong. internat. de 

navigation interieure, Guide, communications diverses, pp. 137-142, 

La Haye, 1894. Description of the Yssel de Gueldre and confluent 

waterways in Holland.

89. Doyer, Hv Relations entre la forme du trace" des rivieres et la profondeur du 

chenal (Relations between the outline of rivers and the depth of the 

channel): 6e Cong. internat. de navigation interieure, 6e question, pp. 

5-10, La Haye, 1894. One of six papers under this general title.

90. Fargue, L., Experiences relative a Faction de 1'eaux courante sur un fond de 

sable (Experiments relative to the action of running water on a sandy 

bottom): Annales des ponts et chausse"es, 7e se"r., tome 7, pp. 426-466, 

1894. Quoted in Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 86, p. 16, 1914.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 15

91. Girardon, H., Amelioration des rivieres en basses eaux (Regulation of rivers 

at low water): 6e Cong. internat. de navigation inteiieure, 7e question, 

70 pp., La Haye, 1894.

92. M oiler, Max, Ungleichformige Wasserbewegung (The irregular flow of water): 

Arch. Ing. Ver. Hanover Zeitschr., Band 40, pp. 581-608, 1894.

1895

93. Bechman, G., Cours d'hydraulique agricole et urbaine (Course in agricultural 

and urban hydraulics), pp. 109-120, Paris, 1895.

94. Clavel, La deformation du lit des rivieres a fond mobile et la loi de I'e'cart 

(Deformation of erodible river beds and the laws controlling it): Annales 

des ponts et chaussees, 7e sei., tome 9, pp. 369-374, 1895. Considerations 

based on the behavior of the Dropt River, a tributary of the Garonne.

95. Fugger, Eberhard, und Kastner, Karl, Die Geschiebe der Salzach (Bed loads 

in the Salzach): K.-k. geog. Gesell. Wien Mitt., Dritte Abh., Beilage zu 

Band 38,148 pp., 1895. One of several studies entitled "Donau-Studien" 

by Joseph von Lorenz-Liburnau. Data on quantities of transported 

material.

96. Harle, Edouard, Observations sur les alluvions de la Garonne dans la region 

de Toulouse (Observations on the alluvium in the Garonne in the region 

of Toulouse): Soc. geol. France Bull., 3e s6r., tome 23, pp. 490-503,1895.

1896

97. Doell, Albert, Die Regulierung geschiebeftihrender Wasserlaufe (Regulation 

of rivers that carry a bed load), 107 pp., Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelman, 

1896. Problems of the Rhine, data on transported material, and methods 

of channel training and bank protection. Extensive bibliography.

98. Milliner, Johann, Die Seen des Salzkammergutes und die osterreichische 

Traun (The lakes of the Salzkammergut and the Austrian. Traun): 

Geog. Abh., Band 6, Heft 1, 114 pp., Wien, 1896.

99. Anonymous, Der Oderstrom, sein Stromgebiet und seine wichtigsten Nebenfltisse (The Oder River, its drainage basin and its most important tributaries) Berlin, Reimer, 1896.

1897

100. Kutter, W. R., Bewegung des Wassers in Canalen and Fliissen (Movement of 

water in canals and rivers), 2. Abdruck, 134 pp., Berlin, P. Parey, 1897.

1898

101. Brunhes, Jean, Sur quelques phenomenes d'e'rosion et de corrosion fluviales 

(On some phenomena of fluvial erosion and corrosion): Acad. sci. Paris 

Comptes rendus, tome 126, pp. 557-560, 1898.

102. de Cordemoy, C., A propos de l'6tude de M. Lokhtine sur la me'canisme du 

lit fluvial (Pertaining to M. Lokhtine's study on the mechanism of 

river beds): Soc. ing. civils France Me'm., 51° anne'e, 5e se'r., no. 4, pp. 

621-635, 1898,

103. Eger, Das Wirken und Werden des Flussbettes (Action and formation of 

the river bed): Zentralbl. Bauverwaltung, 18. Jahrg., Nr. 21, pp. 

242-244, 1898. Translation of the work of Lokhtine.

104. Kreuter, Franz, Beitrag zur Theorie der Geschiebefiihrung (Contribution 

to the theory of bed-load transportation): Zeitschr. Gewasserkunde, 

Band 1, p. 191, 1898. 

131024 37 3
16 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

105. Le Brun, Raymond, Note sur quelques phenomenes observes dans les 

cours d'eau a fond mobile (Note on some phenomena observed in watercourses with shifting bottoms): Soc. ing. civils France Mem., 5e anne'e, 

5e se"r., no. 4, pp. 636-647, 1898.

106. Meunier, Stanislas, Charriage des masses caillouteuses ou boueuses sous 

1'action de Feau (The transportation of pebble and silt masses by the 

action of water): Archives sci. phys. nat. Geneve, 4e pe'riode, tome 6, 

pp. 341-342, 1898.

107. Muhlberg, F., Die scheinbaren Bewegungen der Kiesbanke in den Flussbetten (The apparent movements of gravel banks in river beds): Aargau. 

naturf. Gesell. Mitt., Heft 8, pp. 59-63, 1898.

108. Vauthier, L. L., Breves observations sur Fe'tude de M. Lokhtine, Le me'canisme du lit fluvial (Brief observations on M. Lokhtines treatise on the 

mechanism of river beds): Soc. ing. civils France M6m., 51 e anne'e. 

5e se"r., no. 4, pp. 648-661, 1898.

109. Ziircher, Philippe, Le relief du sol dans la partie me'ridionale des Basses 

Alpes (Soil relief in the southern part of the Lower Alps): Annales de 

ge'ographie, 7e anne'e, pp. 308-328, Paris, 1898. A discussion of the 

various erosional zones and their peculiarities in the Lower Alps bordering the Riviera section of France.

110. Anonymous, Elbstrom, sein Stromgebiet und seine wichtigsten Nebenfliisse (The Elbe River, its drainage basin and its most important tributaries), Berlin, Reimer, 1898.

1899

111. Brunhes, Jean, Les marmites du barrage de la Maigrauge (The pot-holes 

at the Maigrauge Barrage): Soc. fribourgeoise sci. nat. Bull., vol. 7, 

pp. 169-185, 1899.

112. Crugnola, Gaetano, Correlazione fra 1'alveo di un flume e 1'acqua che vi 

 corre (Correlation between the bed of a river and the water that flows 

in it): Politecnico, vol. 47, pp. 153-163, Milan, 1899. Reviewed in 

Inst. Civil Eng. Min. Proc., vol. 144, p. 345, London, 1901.

113. Keller, H., Memel-, Pregel- und Weichselstrom; ihre Stromgebiete und ihre 

wichtigsten Nebenflusse (Memel, Pregel, and Vistula Rivers; their 

drainage basins and most important tributaries), 242 pp., Berlin, 

Reimer, 1899.

114. Kreuter, Franz, Verbauung der Wildbache (Regulation of mountain torrerife): 

Handbuch der Ingenieurwissenschaften, 3. Band, 2. Abth., 1. Halfte, 

Dritte Auflage, Leipzig, 1899.

1900

115. Engels, Hubert, Das Flussbau-Laboratorium der konigl. technischen 

Hochschule in Dresden (The river-engineering laboratory of the royal 

technical university in Dresden): Zeitschr. Bauwesen, Jahrg. 50, Heft 

7 bis 9, pp. 343-360, 1900.

116. Fargue, L., Etude sur la correlation entre la configuration du lit et la profondeur du chenal dans 1'Escaut maritime (On the correlation between 

the form of the bed and the depth of the channel in the tidal portion 

of the River Scheldt): Annalea des ponts et chausse'es, 7e se'r., 10* 

anne'e, l er trimestre, pp. 106-117, 1900.

117. Friedrich, Adolf, Die Entwicklung des Kulturingenieurwesens von den 

altesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart (The development of agricultural 

engineering from the most ancient times to the present), 87 pp., Wien, 

K.-k. Hochschule fiir Bodeucultur, 1900. (See abstract, p. 46.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY 17

118. Gremaud, Am., Les eaux troublees de la Sarine (The turbid waters of the 

Sarine): Soc. fribourgeoise sci. nat. Bull., vol. 8, pp. 38-40, 1900.

119. Heim, Albert, Der Schlammabsatz am Grunde des Vierwaldstattersee (Silt, 

deposits in the Lake of Lucerne): Naturf. Gesell. Zurich Vierteljahrschr., 

45. Jahrg., pp. 168-182, 1900.

120. Jasmund, R., Die Regulierung der Rhone (Regulation of the Rhone): 

Zeitschr. Bauwesen, Jahrg. 50, Heft 4 bis 6, pp. 249-290, 1900. Methods of channel training.

1901

121. Fontaine, L., L'hydraulique agricole et les moteurs hydrauliqu.es (Agricultural hydraulics and hydraulic motors), 141 pp., Paris, 1901.

122. Gravelius, Harry, Die Schlammfuhrung des Tiber (Silt movement in the 

Tiber): Zeitschr. Gewasserkunde, 4. Band, 3. Heft, pp. 157-165, 1901.

123. Heim, Albert, Bericht an Herrn Prof. Bruckner, Pras. der FlussgeschiebeKommission (Report to Prof. Bruckner, President of the River Bed-load 

Commission): Schweizer. naturf. Gesell. Verh., 84. Jahresvers. zw 

Zofingen, pp. 275-276, 1901.

124. Wang, Ferdinand, Grundriss der Wildbachverbauung (Rudiments of mountain-torrent regulation), Zwei Teile, 689 pp., Leipzig, 1901-3. Thorough 

treatise on mountain torrents and the structures used to control themr 

with 346 bibliographic references.

125. Woeikof, A., De I'influence de I'homme sur la terre (On the influence of mam 

on the earth): Annales de geographic, 10e ann6e, no. 50, pp. 97-114;; 

no. 51, pp. 193-215, 1901. Discusses the effects on rivers of deforestation and changes in land use.

1902

126. Brunhes, Jean, Le travail des eaux courantes; la tactique des tourbillonsr 

(The work of running waters; the action of whirlpools): Soc. fribougeoise sci. nat. M6m. g6ol. g6og., vol. 2, fasc. 4, pp. 153-224, 1902. See 

also Annales de geographic, tome 13, pp. 1-20, 1904.

127. Grunhut, Karl, Regulierung des Donaustromes in Ungarn (Regulation of 

the Danube River in Hungary): Oesterr. Ing. Arch. Ver. Zeitschr., 54. 

Jahrg., Nr. 46, pp. 753-762, 1902.

128. Krischan, C., Ueber die Bedeutung von Modelversuchen fur den Flusswasserbau im allgemeinen und die Ergebnisse der neuesten Versuche 

mit Buhnenmodellen im besondereri (On the importance of "model experiments for hydraulic engineering in general, and the results of the most 

recent experiments with wing-dam models in particular): Oesterr. Ing. 

Arch. Ver. Zeitschr., 54. Jahrg., Nr. 26, pp. 469-474, Wien, 1902.

129. Poisson, Georges, M6moire sur la forme des cours d'eau a fond mobile (Memoir on the shape of watercourses with a shifting bottom): Annales des 

ponts et chausse'es, 8e se'r., 72e ann6e, ler trimestre, pp. 32-88, 1902. A 

memoir replete with mathematical formulas. It centers about the 

theory of the existence of a particular current within the main stream, 

the condition of flow of which defines that of the main stream.

130. Ritter, G., Observations et particularite's techniques, g^ologiques et hydrologiques relatives a 1'e'tablissement du grand barrage de la Sarine a Fribourg (Observations and particulars technical, geologic, and hydrologic,. 

relative to the establishment of the great dam on the Sarine River at 

Fribourg): Soc. neuchateloise sci. nat. Bull., tome 30, pp. 374-403, 1902..
Ig EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

1903

131. Fabre,»L. A., La dissym^trie des valle"es et la loi dite de De Baer, particulierement en Gascogne (The dissymmetry of valleys and the law stated 

by De Baer, particularly in Gascony): Geographic, Soc, ge"og. Bull., 

tome 8, pp. 291-316, Paris, 1903. Discussion of water and wind erosion, 

with 100 bibliographic references.

132. Fargue, L., Verification the"orique des lois empiriques relatives a la forme 

du lit des rivi&res navigables a fond mobile (Theoretic verification of 

the empirical laws relative to the form of channel of navigable rivers 

with shifting bottom): Annales des ponts et chausse"es, 73e anne"e, 8e 

se"rie, tome 10, 2e trimestre, pp. 179^99, 1903. Discusses resistance, 

trajectory, bends, empirical laws, etc., the conclusion being that the 

general principles of hydrodynamics fully confirm the empirical laws of 

fluvial hydraulics, if not literally then in their essential principle.

133. Rehbock, Theodor, Das Flussbau-Laboratorium der technischen Hochschule 

"Friedericiana" in Karlsruhe (The river-engineering laboratory of the 

technical university "Friedericiana" at Karlsruhe): Zeitschr. Bauwesen, 

Jahrg. 53, Heft 1 bis 3, pp. 103-136, 1903. Also printed separately by 

Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 1903. Mentioned in Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 86, p. 16, 1914.

.134. Reindl, J., Die schwarzen Fliisse Siidamerikas (The black rivers of South 

America): Geog. Gesell. Bern Jahresber., Band 18, pp. 192-209, 1903. 

Discusses chemical composition of river water and resulting effects on 

color. See also Zeitschr. Gewasserkunde, 6. Band, l.Heft, pp. 27-31, 

1903.

1904

135. Engles, Hubert, Untersuchungen iiber die Wirkung der Stromung auf 

sandigem Boden unter dem Einflusse von Querbauten (Investigations 

of flow action on a sandy bottom under the influence of spur dikes): 

Zeitschr. Bauwesen, Jahrg. 54, Heft 7 bis 9, pp. 449-468, 19,04.

136. Forchheimer, Philipp, Wasserbewegung in Wanderwellen (The movement 

of water in traveling waves): Zeitschr. Gewasserkunde, 6 Band, 6 Heft, 

pp. 321-339, 1904.

137. Hofman, A., Fliisse and Wildbache in Japan (Rivers and mountain torrents 

in Japan): Zeitschr. Gewasserkunde, 7. Band, Heft 1, pp. 1-16, 1904.

138. Anonymous, Sur Fa-melioration des fleuves et rivi&res a fonds affouillables, 

et en particulier de la Loire (On the improvement of rivers with scourable bottoms, especially the Loire): Nouvelles annales de construction, 

6e se"r., tome 1, col. 61-64, April 1904. Utilization of the current 

force, and remarks on various corrective measures for streams and 

rivers, taking the Loire as an example.

1905

139. Bechara, Edmond, Irrigation pe"renne des bassins de la moyenne Egypte 

(Seasonal irrigation in the basins of central Egypt), 52 pp., Lausanne, 

1905. A study of the seasonal inundation of the basins throughout 

central Egypt; the system of canals and drains connected therewith.

140. Bechman, G., Hydraulique agricole et urbaine (Agricultural and urban 

hydraulics), 642 pp., Paris, 1905.

141. Cavailles, Henri, La question forestiere en Espagne (The question of forestry 

in Spain): Annales de geographic, 14e anne"e, no. 76, pp. 318-331, 1905. 

Discusses deforestation in Spain and the resulting erosion. About 25 

bibliographic references.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 19

142. Engels, Hubert, Schleppkraftgesetz (Traction law): Oesterr. Ing. Arch. Ver. 

Zeitschr., 57. Jahrg., Nr. 11, p. 169, 1905.

143. Engels, Hubert, Untersuchungen iiber die Bettausbildung gerader oder 

schwach gekriimmter Flusstrecken mit beweglicher Sohle (Investigations of the bed formation at straight or slightly curved parts of rivers 

with movable beds): Zeitschr. Bauwesen, Jahrg. 55, Heft 10 bis 12, 

pp. 663-680, 1905. Mentioned in Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 86, p. 

232, 1914.

144. Hermanek, Johann, Die mittlere Profilgeschwindigkeit in naturlichen and 

kiinstlichen Gerinnen (The mean velocity profile in natural and artificial 

channels): Oesterr. Ing. Arch. Ver. Zeitschr., 57. Jahrg., Nr. 16, pp. 

237-243, 1905.

145. Kreuter, Franz, Schleppkraftgesetz (Traction law): Oesterr. Ing. Arch. Ver. 

Zeitschr., 57. Jahrg., Nr. 11, pp. 169-170, 1905.

146. Siedek, Richard, Studie uber die Bestimmung der Normalprofile geschiebefiihrender Gewasser (Study in determining the normal profile of bedloadcarrying waters): Oesterr. Ing. Arch. Ver. Zeitschr., 57. Jahrg., Nr. 5, 

pp. 61-73, 1905.

147. Wey, J., Die Wirkungen des Fussacher Durchstiches (Effects of the Fussacher channel): St. Gallische Naturwiss. Gesell. Jahrb., pp. 437-453,1905.

1906

148. Christen, T., Die Geschiebefiihrung der Flusslaufe (Transportation of 

bed load by river courses): Zeitschr. prakt. Geologie, Jahrg. 14, pp. 4-8, 

1906.

149. Eger, Dix, und Seifert, R., Die Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau und Schiffbau 

in Berlin (The research institute for hydraulic engineering and shipbuilding in Berlin): Zeitschr. Bauwesen, Jahrg. 56, Heft 1 bis 3, pp. 

123-152, Heft 4 bis 6, pp. 323-344, 1906; Jahrg. 57, Heft 1 bis 3, pp. 

67-68, Heft 4 bis 6, pp. 253-306, 1907. Descriptions of hydraulic experiments with models. Mentioned in Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 86, pp. 

237, 243, 1914.

150. Ekman, V. W., On stationary waves in running water: Arkiv mat. astr. fysik, 

Band 3, No. 2, 30 pp., 1906. Written in English.

151. M oiler, Max, Grundriss des Wasserbaues in zwei Banden (Elements of 

hydraulic engineering, in 2 vols.), 874 pp., Leipzig, 1906.

152. Uetrecht, Erich, Die Ablation der Rhone in ihrem Walliser Einzugsgebiete 

im Jahre 1904-5 (The ablation by the Rhone at its Walliser headwaters 

in 1904-5), Inaugural-Diss., Univ. Bern, 66 pp., 1906.

1907

153. Ayn6, P., Le changement de lit du Colorado (The change in the bed of the 

Colorado River): G6nie civil, tome 51, pp. 73-76, Paris, 1907. An 

account of the ill-considered breach made in the banks of the Colorado 

River to irrigate the Imperial Valley and the difficulty experienced in 

repairing it, turning the river into its normal course again. The breach, 

made in 1904, was not closed and the river made to return to its normal 

bed until early in 1907, after no less than six attempts to do this were 

made, the river having in the interim inundated a wide territory and 

caused millions of dollars' worth of damage. 

154. Bellet, H., Barrages en magonnerie et murs de reservoirs (Masonry barrages 

and reservoir walls): Houille blanche, 6e ann6e, pp. 75-83, April, 1907. 

Also on removal of silt.
20 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

155. Fabre, L. A., L'achevement de la restauration des montagnes en France 

(The achievement of mountain restoration in France): Houille blanche, 

6e anne"e, pp. 12-18, 1907. (See abstract, p. 46.)

156. Fargue, L., Les Equations des lois empiriques de Fhydraulique fluviale (The 

equations of empirical laws of river hydraulics): Annales des ponts et 

chauss<§es, 77e ann<§e, 8e ser., tome 27, pp. 121-138, 1907.

157. Martel, E. A., Creusement des valises et I'^rosion glaciere (The hollowing out 

of valleys and glacial erosion): Houille blanche, 6e annee, pp. 265-272,

1907. A discussion of glacial and aqueous erosion from the practical 

standpoint of one who has made extensive researches in the Alps.

158. Ortloff, Der Yangtse bei Hankau (The Yangtze at Hankow): Zeitschr. 

Bauwesen, Jahrg. 57, Heft 1 bis 3, pp. 77-84, 1907. Data on suspended 

matter in the Yangtze.

159. Rabot, Charles, La degradation des Pyre'ne'es et Finfluence de la foret sur le 

regime des cours d'eau (The degradation of the Pyrenees and the influence 

of the forests on the regimen of the streams): Ge"ographie, Soc. ge"og. 

Bull., tome 16, no. 3, pp. 162-170, 1907. General discussion of problems 

in the Pyrenees, with references to other authorities.

160. Tavernier, Rene1 , Considerations theoriques sur les jaugeages des cours d'eau 

a fond mobile (Theoretic considerations on stream-gaging in rivers with 

shifting bottoms): Annales des ponts et chausse"es, 8e se"r., tome 28, 

pp. 53-88, 1907.

161. Thoulet, Julien, Sur la marche du sable le long des rivages (On the movement of sand along the sea shore): Acad. sci. Paris Comptes rendus, 

tome 144, pp. 938-940, 1907. Studies of littoral drift along the northern 

coast of France.

162. Wey, J., tiber Kiesfange (On gravel catch basins): Deutsche Bauzeitung, 

Jahrg. 41, Nr. 53, pp. 374-375, 1907. Prevention of destruction by 

mountain streams falls into two classes the erection of structures to 

prevent erosion, and the construction of catch basins to take care of the 

eroded material; description and diagrams of catch basins.

1908

163. Audouin, E., De la correction des rivieres a fond mobile telles que la Loire 

(On the regulation of rivers with shifting beds such as the Loire): Soc. 

encouragement ind. nat. Bull., 107e anne"e, pp. 393-410, Paris, 1908. 

Confining the banks of the Loire River by dikes and so regulating its 

depth. Quoted in Inst. Civil Eng. Min. Proc., vol. 173, p. 360, London,

1908.

164. Dalemont, J., L'usure anormale des turbines hydrauliques (The abnormal 

wear of hydraulic turbines), Edite par Feclairage electrique, Paris, 1908. 

Pertains to wear of machinery due to sediment-bearing water.

165. Engels, Hubert, Versuche iiber die Raumungskraft des fliessenden Wassers 

(Experiments on the scouring energy of flowing water): Zentralbl. 

Bauverwaltung, 28. Jahrg., Nr. 15, pp. 105-109, 1908.

166. Fargue, L., La forme du lit des rivieres a fond mobile (The form of channel 

in river's with shifting bottoms), 187 pp., Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1908. 

Quoted in Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 86, pp. 197, 237, 1914.

167. Krey, H. D., Zur Frage der Schleppkraft (On the question of traction): 

Zentralbl. Bauverwaltung, 28. Jahrg., Nr. 46, pp. 317-319, 1908.

168. Lippke, H., Die Grundgesetze des Gleichgewichts und der gleichformigen 

Wasserbewegung in natiirlichen Stromen (Basic laws of balance and 

uniform water movement in natural streams): Zeitschr. Gewasserkunde, 

9. Band, 4. Heft, pp. 291-348, 1908.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 21

169. Vacher, Antoine, Fleuves et rivieres de France; etude sur les documents 

reunis par Fadministration des ponts et chauss^es (Rivers and streams 

of France; study of the papers collected by the department of bridges 

and roads) (these), Univ. Paris, 76 pp., Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 

1908. A bibliography, with explanatory text, of books and papers on 

the hydrology of French rivers.

170. Anonymous, Reboisement aux Etats-Unis (Reforestation in the United 

States): Houille blanche, 7e annee, p. 72, 1908. Report of the Board 

of Directors of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in January 1907, recommending surveillance over the national forests and 

waterways to Congress and the governors of the States.

1909

171. Bose, Emil, und Rauert, Dietrich, Experimentalbeitrag zur Kenntnis der 

turbulenten Fliissigkeitsreibung (Experimental contribution to the 

knowledge of the turbulent friction of liquids): Physikal. Zeitschr.. 

10. Jahrg., No. 12, pp. 406-409, 1909.

172. Gogarten, Emil, Messungen der Schlammfuhrung von Gletscherbachen 

(Measurements of silt transportation by glacier-fed creeks): Zeitschr. 

Gletscherkunde, Band 3, Heft 4, pp. 271-285, 1909.

173. Hess, Hans, Der Abtrag in den Schweizer Alpen (Denudation in the Swiss 

Alps): Petermanns Mitt., Band 55, Heft 12, pp. 360-362, 1909.

174. Krey, H. D., Zur Frage der Geschwindigkeit, der Schleppkraft und Raumungskraft des fliessenden Wassers (On the question of velocity, traction, and scouring energy of flowing water): Zentralbl. Bauverwaltung, 

29. Jahrg., Nr. 74, pp. 489-492, 1909.

175. Anonymous, Pour le reboisement (For reforestation): Houille blanche, 8e 

annee, pp. 108, 276, 1909. A summary of the meeting of the French 

Chamber of Deputies, March 12, on a proposed law favoring reforestation and the conservation of private domain in France.

1910

176. Baulig, Henri, Ecoulement fluviale et denudation d'apres les travaux de 

1'United States Geological Survey (River run-off and denundation according to the works of the United States Geological Survey): Annales de 

geographic, 19e annee, pp. 385-411, Paris, 1910.

177. Blasius, H., Uber die Abhangigkeit des Formen der Riffeln und Geschiebebanke vom Gefalle (On the dependence of the formation of ripple and 

bed-load bars upon the slope): Zeitschr. Bauwesen. Jahrg. 60, Heft 7 

bis 9, pp. 465-472, 1910. Mentioned in Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 86, 

p. 31, 1914.

178. Bruckner, Eduard, Flussregime und Talsperrenbau in den Ostalpen (Hydrologic data on river and dam construction in the Austrian Alps): Osterr. 

Ing. Arch. Ver. Zeitschr., 62. Jahrg., Nr. 26, pp. 387-388, 1910. A discussion of a paper by Max Singer in Nr. 50 and 51, 1909.

179. Brunhes, Jean, La predominance de 1'erosion sur la rive droite d'une riviere 

en temps de crue (The predominance of erosion on the right bank of a 

river in times of flood): Houille blanche, 9e annee, pp. 135-136, 1910. 

See also Acad. sci. Paris Comptes rendus, tome 150, pp. 567-568, 1910, 

and Annales de geographic, tome 13, pp. 1-20, 1904.

l&fl Demangeon, A., Le relief du Limousin (The relief of Limousin): Annales 

de geographic, 19e annee, pp. 120-149, 1910. Normal geologic erosion 

in the Province or Department of the Limousin, France.
22 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

181. Escher, B. G., Beobachtung der quantitativen Erosionstatigkeit an einem 

schweizerischen Gebirgsfluss (Observations of the quantitative erosion 

activity of a Swiss mountain torrent): Schweizer. Wasserwirtschaft, 2. 

Jahrg., No. 12, pp. 144-147, 1910.

182. Giradin, Paul, Etudes de c6nes de dejections (Studies of debris cones): 

Annales de geographic, 19e ann6e, no. 108, pp. 193-208, 1910.

183. Glushkoff, V. G., Doklad o nanosakh srednei chasti reki Murgaba (Report 

on silt in the central part of the Murghab River): 12 siezd Russkikh 

deiatelei po vodnym putiam (12th convention of Russian waterway 

executives), p. 31, St. Petersburg, 1910.

184. Hopf, Ludwig, Turbulenz bei einem Fluss (Turbulence in a river): Annalen 

der Physik, 4te Folge, Band 32, pp. 779-808, Leipzig, 1910.

185. Krapf, Philipp, Der Wasserbau in Tirol (Hydraulic engineering in Tyrol): 

Oesterr. Wochenschr. offentl. Baudienst, Band 16, Heft 50, p. 751, 1910.

186. Lindboe, W., Eine neue Formel zur Ermittlung der mittleren Geschwindigkeit in naturlichen Wasserlaufen (A new formula to determine the mean 

velocity in natural watercourses): Zeitschr. Gewasserkunde, 10. Band, 

Heft 1, pp. 1-44, 1910.

187. Margerie, Emmanuel de, L'e'tude du profil en long des cours d'eau frangais 

(A study of the longtitudinal profile of French rivers): Annales de 

geographic, 19e annee, no. 106, pp. 318-342, 1910. Includes about 80 

references to other works on the subject.

188. Rehbock, Theodor, Neueinrichtungen des Karlsruher Flussbaulaboratoriums 

(New equipment at the Karlsruhe river-engineering laboratory): 

Zeitschr. Bauwesen, Jahrg. 60, Heft 4 bis 6, pp. 313-328, 1910.

189. Wilhelm, I., La Durance et son utilization (The utilization of the Durance 

River): Houille blanche, 9e annee, pp. 31-38, 71-75, 115-117, 321-327, 

1910. Discussion of dike projects and experiments on silting of the 

Quinson barrage.

1911

190. Bose, Emil, und Rauert, Dietrich, Experimentelle Untersuchungen iiber die 

innere Reibung im turbulenten Stromungszustande (Experimental 

research on the interior friction in turbulent flows): Physikal. Zeitschr., 

12. Jahrg., pp. 582-595, Leipzig, 1911.

191. Braun, Gustav, Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Studien an europaischen Flachlandkiisten und ihren Diinen (Studies on the formation of European 

lowland coasts and their dunes): Inst. Meereskunde und geog. Inst. 

Univ. Berlin Veroffentl., Heft 15, 174 pp., Juli 1911.

192. Direction ge'ne'rale des eaux et forete, Restauration et conservation des 

terrains en montagne (Restoration and conservation of mountain terranes), 3 vols., 800 pp., Paris, 1911. (See abstract, p. 46.)

193. Fischer, Josef, Grosste Geschwindigkeiten in fliessenden Gewassern (Greatest 

velocities in flowing waters): Zeitschr. Gewasserkunde, 11. Band, 1. Heft, 

pp. 71-74, 1911.

194. Glushkoff, V. G., A method of studying the movement of alluvium: Turkestanskaia gidrometricheskafa chast' Otchet 1910 (Hydrometric Service in 

Turkestan Rept. for 1910), part 1, pp. 207-227, St. Petersburg, 1911. 

Contents of report given in Russian, French, and English, but papers 

are written in Russian.

195. Glushkoff, V. G., On the study of the mechanical behavior of river and wind 

alluvia: Turkestanskafa gidrometricheskafa chast' Otchet 1910 (Hydrometric Service in Turkestan Rept. for 1910), part 1, pp. 194-206, St. 

Petersburg, 1911. Contents of report given in Russian, French, and 

English, but papers are written in Russian.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 23

196. Glushkoff, V. G., Method of continuous mechanical analysis: Turkestanskaia 

gidrometricheskaia chast' Otchet 1910 (Hydrometric Service in Turkestan 

Rept. for 1910), part 1, pp. 179-193, St. Petersburg, 1911. Contents of 

report given in Russian, French, and English, but papers are* written in 

Russian.

197. Gotzinger, Gustav, Die Sedimentierung der Lunzer Seen (Sedimentation of 

the Lunzer Lakes): K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Verh., Nr. 8, pp. 173-208, 

Wien, 1911.

198. Harry, A., Die Wirkungen des Hochwassers vom 15-20 Juni 1910 (Action 

of the high water from June 15-20, 1910): Schweizer. Wasserwirtschaftsverband Jahrb., Jahrg. 1, Zurich, 1911.

199. Jasmund, R., Fliessende Gewasser (Flowing waters): Handbuch der Ingenieurwissenschaften, 3. Teil, Der Wasserbau, Band 1, p. 351, 1911.

200. Martonne, Emmanuel de, L'eVolution du relief de 1'Asie central (The 

evolution of the relief in central Asia): Geographic, Soc. ge"og. Bull., 

tome 23, pp. 39-58, 1911. On normal geologic erosion.

201. Schulz, W., Entstehung und Fortbewegung der Geschiebe (Origin and 

transportation of bed loads): Schweizer. Wasserwirtschaft, 3. Jahrg., 

No. 18, pp. 256-259, 1911.

202. Spottle, Josef, Landwirtschaftliche Bodenverbesserungen (Agricultural soil 

improvements): Handbuch der Ingenieurwissenschaften, 3. Teil, Der 

Wasserbau, Band 7, pp. 1-471, 1911.

203. Stiny, Josef, Zur Erosionstheorie (On the theory of erosion): Naturwiss. 

Ver. Steiermark Mitt., Band 47, Heft 1, pp. 83-88, 1911.

1912

204. Atterberg, Albert, Die mechanische Bodenanalyse und die Klassifikation 

der Mineralboden Schwedens (Mechanical soil analysis and the classification of mineral soils of Sweden): Internat. Mitt. Bodenkunde, 

Band 2, pp. 312-342, 1912.

205. Coutagne, G., Apports et ensablement du Haut-Rh6ne; leurs consequences 

sur la dure"e et I'efficacit6 des reservoires cre'e's par les barrages sur un 

fleuve (Deposits and sand accumulations of the Upper Rhone; their 

consequences on the length of service and efficiency of reservoirs created 

by dams in a river): Houille blanche, ll e annee, p. 160, June 1912.

206. Engels, Hubert, Versuch iiber den Reibungswiderstand zwischen stromendem 

Wasser und Bettsohle (Experiment on the friction resistance between 

flowing water and the river bottom): Zeitschr. Bauwesen, Jahrg. 62, 

Heft 7 bis 9, pp. 473-488, 1912.

207. Glushkoff, V. G., Turkestanskaia gidrometricheskaia chast' Otchet 1911 

(Hydrometric Service in Turkestan Rept. for 1911), St. Petersburg, 

1912. Annual report of the chief engineer.

208. Heim, Albert, und Gerber, Ed., Geologisches Gutachten zu den Stauwerken an der Grimsel und am Gelmersee (Geologic appraisal of the 

reservoirs and dams at the Grimsel and the Gelmersee): Schweizer. 

Wasserwirtschaft, 5. Jahrg., No. 6, pp. 85-87, Zurich, 1912.

209. Leiner, F., Versuche iiber den Reibungswiderstand zwischen stromendem 

Wasser und Bettsohle (Experiments on the friction resistance between 

flowing water and the river bottom): Zentralbl. Bauverwaltung, 32. 

Jahrg., Nr. 75, pp. 485-488, 1912.

210. Leiner, F., Zur Erforschung der Geschiebe- und Sinkstoffbewegungen (On 

the study of movements of bed load and suspended matter): Zeitschr. 

Bauwesen, Jahrg. 62, Heft 7 bis 9, pp. 489-515, 1912.

131024 37 I
24 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

211. Lugeon, Maurice, Etude gdologique sur le projet de barrage du Haut-Rh6ne 

franc.ais a Genissiat (Geologic study of the dam project on the French 

Upper Rhone River at Genissiat): Soc. g6ol. France M6m., 4e se'r., 

tome 2, no. 8, 136 pp., 1912.

212. Singer, Max, Das Rechnen mit Geschiebemengen (Calculating masses of bed 

load): Zeitschr. Gewasserkunde, 11. Band, 4. Heft, pp. 239-272, 1912.

213. Sudry, L., Experiences sur la puissance de transport des courants d'6au et 

des courants d'air (Experiments on the traction force of air and water 

currents): Inst. oceanographie Annales, tome 4, fasc. 4, 68 pp., Paris, 

1912. Historical review; suspended grains; rolled grains; water currents; 

experimental deposits.

214. Thoulet, Julien, M6moires de lithologie marine (Memoirs on marine lithology): Inst. oceanographie Annales, tome 3, fasc. 7, 41 pp., Paris, 1912. 

Mechanical wear of sand grains; deltas; progress and distribution of 

marine sediments along shores.

215. Traub, G., Uber die Vertikalgeschwindigkeitskurve (On the vertical velocity curve): Zeitschr. Gewasserkunde, 12. Band, Heft 1-2, pp. 1-160, 

1912. Study of velocity in open channels. Bibliography of 71 items.

216. Wilhelm, I., Climatologie, hydrologie (Climatology, hydrology): Congres 

houille blanche Compte rendu, pp. 147-164, Grenoble, 1912.

1913

217. Beyerbaus, E., Uber Wasserabflussversuche an Talsperrenmodellen (On 

discharge experiments with model dams): Zeitschr. Bauwesen, Jahrg. 63, 

Heft 10 bis 12, pp. 663-684, 1913; Jahrg. 64, Heft 1 bis 3, pp. 145-168, 

1914.

218. Blasius, H., Das Ahnlichkeitsgesetz bei Reibungsvorgangen in Fltissigkeiten 

(The law of similarity in the friction of liquids): Ver. deutscher Ing., 

Forschungsarbeiten Gebiete Ingenieurwesens, Heft 131, 40 pp., 1913.

219. Ehlers, Regulierung geschiebefiihrender Fliisse insbesondere der Weichsel 

(Regulation of rivers carrying bed load, especially the Vistula), Berlin, 

Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1913.

220. Forchheimer, Philipp, Der Wolkenbruch im Grazer Hiigelland vom 16. 

Juli 1913 (The cloudburst in the hilf country of Gratz on July 16, 1913): 

Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturwiss. Kl., Sitzungsber., 122. Band, 10. 

Heft, Abt. 2a, pp. 2099-2109, 1913.

221. Engels, Hubert, Versuche uber Reibungswiderstand zwischen stromendem 

Wasser und JJettsohle (Experiments on the friction resistance between 

flowing water and the river bed): Zentralbl. Bauverwaltung, 33. Jahrg,, 

Nr. 17, pp. 122-123; Nr. 50, pp. 325-327, 1913.

222. Glushkoff, V. G., Turkestanskaia gidrometricheskala chast' Otchet 1912 

(Hydrometric Service in Turkestan Rept. for 1912), St. Petersburg, 1913. 

Annual report of the chief engineer.

223. Hoc, Observations sur les d6p6ts de graviers dans les canaux et les cours 

d'eau (Observations on deposits of gravel in canals and rivers): G6nie 

civil, tome 62, pp. 181-186, 204-208, 1913. Changes in river courses, 

formation of new beds due to bank erosion; different types of river 

erosion and the measures taken against them; the Durance River taken 

as an example.

224. Kisseleff, K., Reports on the work in the laboratories of the hydrometric 

office: Turkestanskaia gidrometricheskala chast' Otchet 1912 (Hydrometric Service in Turkestan Rept. for 1912), vol. 3, pp. 1-92, St. Petersburg, 1913. Written in Russian.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 25

225. Kreuter, Franz, Beitrag zur Beurteilung der Abniitzung der Flussgeschiebe 

(Contribution to the determination of the wear of river bed loads): 

Oesterr. Ing. Arch. Ver. Zeitschr., 65. Jahrg., Nr. 50, pp. 820-822, 1913.

226. Krischan, C., Die energetische Beobachtung im Flussbau nach dem Prinzipe 

des Maximums (Energy observations in river engineering according to 

the principle of the maximum): Oesterr. Ing. Arch. Ver. Zeitschr., 65. 

Jahrg., Nr. 7, pp. 97-100; Nr. 8, pp. 113-119, 1913.

227. Miintz, A., and Lams', E., Les mate'riaux change's par les cours d'eaux des 

Alpes et des Pyrenees (The materials transported by the watercourses 

of the Alps and Pyrenees): Acad. sci. Paris Comptes rendus, tome 156, 

pp. 848-851, 1913. A discussion of the principal differences in the transportation of materials in the watercourses of these two mountain ranges.

228. Riimelin, Theodor, Wie bewegt sich fliessendes Wasser? (How does 

flowing water move?), Dresden, Zahn & Jaensch, 1913.

229. Singer, Max, Geologische Erfahrungen im Talsperrenbau (Geologic experiences in the construction of dams): Oesterr. Ing. Arch. Ver. Zeitsehr., 

65. Jahrg., Nr. 20, pp. 305-311, Nr. 21, pp. 321-326, 1913.

1914

230. Ahlmann, H. W., Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Transportmechanik des Geschiebes 

und der Laufentwicklung des reifen Flusses (Contribution to the knowledge of the mechanics of bed-load transportation and the channel development of old rivers): Sveriges geol. undersokning, Avhandlingar och uppsatser, ser. C., no. 262, Arsbok 8, no. 3, 75 pp., 1914. Bibliography.

231. Bose, Emil, und Rauert Dietrich, Experimentale Untersuchungen uber die 

innere Reibung im turbulenten Stromungszustande (Experimental 

research on interior friction in turbulent flow): Physikal. Zeitschr., 15. 

Jahrg., pp. 582, 768, 1914.

232. Collet, L. W., Charriage des alluvions dans certains cours d'eau de la Suisse 

(Transportation of alluvial matter in certain Swiss streams): Archives 

sci. phys. nat. Geneve, 4e pe>iode, tome 37, pp. 529-533, 1914. See also 

Soc. phys. Geneve Comptes rendus, tome 34, ho. 31, pp. 41-44, 1915.

233. Ehlers, Unterhaltung und Verteidigung der Flussdeiche (Maintenance and 

protection of river dikes), Berlin, Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1914.

234. Gravelius, Harry, Flusskunde (River science), Band 1, Berlin and Leipzig,. 

G. J. Goschen, 1914.

235. Joukovsky, N., On the motion of water at a bend in a river: Matematicheskil sbornik, torn 24, pp. 192-219, 1914. Written in Russian.

236. Krey, H. D., Die Grundlagen der Wasserbewegung in unseren Fliissea 

(Elements of water movement in our streams): Zeitschr. Bauwesen, 64, 

Jahrg., 10. bis 12. Heft, pp. 799-818, 1914.

237. Lell, Jacob, Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Sekundarstromungen in gekriimmteni 

Kanalen (Contribution to the knowledge of secondary flows in curved 

canals): Zeitschr. gesamte Turbinenwesen, 11. Jahrg., Heft 9, pp. 

129-135; Heft 19, pp. 293-298; Heft 20, pp. 313-317, Berlin, 1914.

238. Mises, Richard von, Elemente der technischen Hydromechanik (Elements of 

technical hydromechanics), 212 pp., Leipzig und Berlin, 1914.

239. Schoklitsch, Armin, Uber Schleppkraft und Geschiebebewegung (On traction and bed-load movement), 66 pp., Leipzig und Berlin, Wilhelm 

Engelman, 1914.

1915

240. Collet, L. W., Geschiebetransport in verschiedenen schweizerischen FliisseB 

(Transportation of bed load in various Swiss rivers): Schweizer. Wasserwirtschaft, No. 6-7, 8-9, Zurich, 1915.
26 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

241. Collet, L. W., et Mellet, R., Sur la density des alluvions (On the density of 

alluvial deposits): Soc. vaudoise sci. nat. Bull., vol. 50, no. 185, pp. 393 

400, Lausanne, 1915. Real as against theoretical density of alluvial 

deposits.

242. Hofbauer, Richard, Ein Mittel zur Bekampfung der Wirbelbewegung und 

Kolkbildung unterhalb der Stauwehre (A means for combating turbulence and scouring below weirs): Oesterr. Ing. Arch. Ver. Zeitschr., 67. 

Jahrg., Nr. 13/14, pp. 109-112; Nr. 15/16, pp. 130-133, 1915.

243. Morlot, A. von, Die Wildbachverbauungen in Schweiz (Mountain-torrent 

regulation in Switzerland): Zeitschr. Bauwesen, 65. Jahrg., 4. bis 6. Heft, 

pp. 279-304, 1915. Control of erosion by mountain torrents through 

the use of check dams.

244. Lutschg, Otto, Der Marjelensee und seine Abflussverhaltnisse; eine hydrologische Studie unter Mitberucksichtigung hydrographischer Erscheinungen in anderen Flussgebieten (Lake Marjelen and its run-off conditions; a hydrologic study taking into consideration also hydrographic 

phenomena in other drainage basins): Annalen schweizer. Landeshydrographie, Band 1, 340 pp., Bern, 1915.

245. Schulz, W., Geschiebe der fliessenden Gewasser (Bed load in flowing waters): 

Wasserwirtschaftliche Rundschau, Jahrg. 8, Nr. 13, p. 102, 1915.

1916

246. Boissier, Raoul, Le charriage des alluvions en suspension dans 1'eau de 

1'Arve (The transportation of suspended matter in the waters of the 

Arve River): Archives sci. phys. nat. Geneve, 4e pe>iode, tome 41, pp. 

331-333, 1916. Study based on water samples taken at least twice 

daily. Results indicate the inadvisability of utilizing for calculation 

the silt deposits of a reservoir or a lake. See also Soc. phys. hist. nat. 

Geneve Compte rendu des stances, vol. 33, pp. 12-14, 1916.

247. Collet, L. W., La prise d'echantillons d'eau en profondeur dans les rivieres 

(The taking of deep-water samples in rivers): Archives sci. phys. nat. 

Geneve, 4e periode, tome 41, pp. 333-334, 1916. A short article with 

tables. See also Soc. phys. hist. nat. Geneve Compte rendu des stances, 

vol. 33, pp. 14-15, 1916.

248. Collet, L. W., Le charriage des alluvions dans certains cours d'eau de la 

Suisse (Transportation of alluvial matter in certain Swiss streams): 

Annales suisses d'hydrographie, vol. 2, pp. 1-183, Bern, 1916.

249. Drouhet, Felix, Le charriage des alluvions par les cours d'eaux (The transportation of alluvium by streams): G6nie civil, tome 68, pp. 378-383, 

1916. Sand accumulations in powerhouses, silt accumulations in reservoirs, suspended matter in water, calculation of silt in reservoirs, observations made in different localities, methods of prevention. Translation in Eng. and Contracting, vol. 49, pp. 522-525, 1918.

250. Dufr^noy, J., L'exploitation des zones de sedimentation (The operation of 

zones of sedimentation): Rev. g6n. sci. pures et appl., tome 27, pp. 

713-719, 1916. The only remedy to prevent excessive erosion and 

consequent destruction by rivers is the regeneration of forests.

251. Keller, H., Sinkstoff- und Geschiebefuhrung in den Wasserlaufen in det 

Schweiz (Suspended matter and bed-load transportation in the watercourses of Switzerland): Zentralbl. Bauverwaltung, 36. Jahrg., Nr. 95, 

pp. 621-624; Nr. 97, pp. 637-640, 1916.

252. Moller, Max, Die Grosse des Reibungswiderstandes fliessender Bewegung 

des Wassers (The values for friction-loss coefficients in flowing water): 

Zentralbl. Bauverwaltung, 36. Jahrg., Nr. 93, pp. 614-615, 1916.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 27

253. Schaffernak, Friedrich, Die Theorie des Geschiebetriebes und ihre Anwendung (Theory of bed-load transportation and its application): Oesterr. 

Ing. Arch. Ver. Zeitschr., 68. Jahrg.,. Heft 11, pp. 209-214; Heft 12, 

pp. 229-232, 1916.

254. Schaffernak, Friedrich, tJber die Ausbildung von Gleichgewichtsprofilen in 

geraden Flusslaufen mit Geschiebebett (The formation of stable profiles 

in straight river stretches with moving beds): Allg. Bauzeitung, Heft 4, 

pp. 59-64, 1916. Also in Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau Wien Mitt., 

2. Folge, 1916.

255. Schaffernak, Friedrich, Die Ermittlung des Wasserspiegelgefalles offener 

Gerinne (Measurement of the loss of head in open channels): Oesterr. 

Wochenschr. offentl. Baudienst, Jahrg. 22, Heft 37, 1916.

1917

256. Blanchard, Raoul, L'industrie de la houille blanche dans les Alpes frangaises 

(Water power in the French Alps): Annales de geographic, 26e annee, 

pp. 15-41, Paris, 1917. On the establishment of power stations in the 

French Alps and their effect upon the economic life of the neighboring 

districts.

257. Delhaye, F., and Sluys, W., La val!6e d'6rosion du Congo et ses antecedents 

tectoniques (The erosional valley of the Congo and its tectonic antecedents): Acad. sci. Paris Comptes rendus, tome' 165, pp. 1108-1110, 

1917. The Upper and the Lower Congo considered with reference to 

erosion.

258. Girardin, Paul, Le charriage des alluvions (The transportation of alluvium): 

Annales de geographic, 26e anne"e, pp. 321-328, Paris, 1917. A resume" 

of an article by L. W. Collet regarding conditions in the Swiss Alps.

259. Schmidt, Wilhelm, Wirkungen der ungeordneten Bewegung im Wasser der 

Meere and Seen (Action of irregular movement in the water of oceans 

and lakes ): Annalen der Hydrographie und maritimen Meteorologie, 

45. Jahrg., Heft 10, pp. 367-381, 1917.

1918

260. Anfossi, G., L'industrie de la houille blanche en Italic (Water power in Italy) : 

Annales de geographic, 27° anne"e, pp. 196-226, 1918. A resume of the 

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261. Du Pont, P., Ingenieurs et batelliers (Engineers and boatmen): Ge"nie 

civil, tome 73, pp. 327-329, 1918. A study of currents in navigable 

rivers.

262. Jasmund, R., Unregelmassige Stromungen (Irregular flows): Zeitschr. 

Bauwesen, Jahrg. 68, Heft 4 bis 6, pp. 163-188; Heft 7 bis 9, pp. 313-332, 

1918.

263. Oden, Sven, Uber die Vorbehandlung der Bodenproben zur mechanischen 

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1919

264. Caldieri, Sante, Defensa de los terrenos inclinados, contra el deslave que 

producen las aguas de lluvia o riego (Protection of inclined soils against 

the washing of rain or irrigation water): Revista de agricultura, comercioy trabajo, vol. 2, pp. 432-436, 504-508, 565-570, 1919.

265. Exner, F. M., Zur Theorie der Flussmaander (On the theory of meandering 

rivers): Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturwiss. Kl., Sitzungsber., Abt. 2a, 

128. Band, 10. Heft, pp. 1453-1473, 1919.
28 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

266.. Hoc, Recherches sur la formation des sinuosite"s des cours d'eau (Research 

on the formation of bends in rivers): G6nie civil, tome 74, pp. 212-215, 

233-234, 1919. See also Sci. Am. Suppl., vol. 88, pp. 134-135, 1919.

267. Krapf, Philipp, Schwemmstoffuhrung des Rheins und anderer Gewasser 

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1919.

268. Krey, H. D., Die Bewegung der Schwemmstoffe in unseren Fliissen (Movement of suspended matter in our rivers): Zentralbl. Bauverwaltung, 

39. Jahrg., Nr. 39 u. 40, pp. 212-214, Nr. 41, pp. 217-220, 1919.

269. Kurzmann: Siegfried, Beobachtungen iiber Geschiebefiihrung (Observations 

on bed-load transportation), 77 pp., Miinchen, A. Huber, 1919.

270. Putzinger, Josef, Das Ausgleichsgefalle geschiebefiihrender Wasserlaufe und 

Fliisse (Grade adjustment of bedload-carrying watercourses and rivers): 

Oesterr. Ing. Arch. Ver. Zeitschr., 71. Jahrg., pp. 119-123, 1919.

1920

271. Exner, F. M., Zur Physik der Diinen (On the physics of dunes): Akad. 

Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturwiss. Kl., Sitzungsber., Abt. 2a, 129. Band,

9. und 10. Heft, pp. 929-952, 1920.

'-272. Fronzi, L., Ordinamento delle acque in collina (Control of water on hillsides): Coltivatore, anno 66, vol. 121, num. 6, pp. 154-158; num. 7, 

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273. Lugeon, Jean, Contribution a l'6tude des phe"nomenes d'6coulement des 

cours d'eau; re"sultats d'observations dans la gorge de la Jogue (Contribution to the study of the phenomena of river flow; results of 

observations in the Jogue gorge): Soc. vaudoise sci. nat. Bull., vol. 53, 

no. 199, pp. 215-257, 1920. Field studies of turbulence in a narrow 

rocky channel.

274. Schiller, Ludwig, Rauhigkeit und kritische Zahl; ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Turbulenzproblem (Roughness and the critical number; an 

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Band 3, pp. 412-416, 1920.

275. Schoklitsch, Armin, "Uber die Bewegungsweise des Wassers in offenen 

Gerinnen (On the movement of water in open channels): Akad. Wiss. 

Wien, Math.-naturwiss. KL, Sitzungsber., Abt. 2a, 129. Band, 9. und

10. Heft, pp. 895-917, 1920.

276. Schoklitsch, Armin, Die Bettbreite natiirlicher Gewasser (Width of bed in 

natural streams): Wasserkraft, 15. Jahrg., 1920.

1921

277. Angheloff, B., Naleganiata v dvizheshchi se vode i sposobnost'ta na techeniata da nosiat tezhki material! v svoite sredi (Pressure in flowing 

water and its ability to transport heavy suspended materials): B01- 

garska akad. na naukite Sbornik, kniga 16, 104 pp., Sofia, 1921. Supplemented by a summary of 8 pages in French. Briefly abstracted in 

G6nie civil, tome 79, p. 70, 1921.

278. Beyerhaus, E., Die Trugschliisse aus den Mississippi-Messungen von 

Humphreys und Abbot und der fehlerhafte Bau der Ganguillet-Kutterschen Formel (False conclusions on the Mississippi river-measurements 

by Humphreys and Abbot and the faulty construction of the GanguilletKutter formula): Zentralbl. Bauverwaltung, 41. Jahrg., Nr. 27, pp. 

168-170, 1921.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 29

279. Canter Cremers, J. J., Paper on water movement and bed-load movement: 

Ingenieur, 36e Jaarg., no. 38, pp. 741-760, 's-Gravenhage, 1921. Written 

in Dutch.

280. Gex, F., Les inondations en Maurienne et dans les Alpes occidentales, 

24 septembre 1920 (The floods in Maurienne and in the western Alps, 

September 24, 1920): Geographie, Soc. ge"og. Bull., tome 35, no. 2, 

pp. 147-164, 1921. Floods on mountain streams and the resulting 

damage by erosion.

281. Krey, H. D., Widerstand von Sandkornern und Kugeln bei der Bewegung 

im Wasser als Grundlage der Schwebestoffbewegung in unseren Fliissen 

(Resistance of sand grains and balls during movement in water as a 

basis for movement of suspended matter in our rivers): Preuss. Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau und Schiffbau Mitt., Heft 1, 44 pp., Berlin, 1921.

282. Krey, H. D., Die rechnerische Behandlung der Schwemmstoffbewegung in 

unseren Fliissen (Mathematical treatment of movement of suspended 

matter in our rivers): Zentralbl. Bauverwaltung, 41. Jahrg., Nr. 89, 

pp. 550-552, 1921.

283. Meunier, Stanislas, Histoire ge"ologique de la pluie (Geologic history of rain), 

324 pp., Paris, 1921. Meteorologic study of rain, erosion by rain water, 

infiltration of rain water, geologic functions of underground water, and 

the effects of rain during various geologic epochs.

284. Noether, F., Das Turbulenzproblem (The turbulence problem): Zeitschr. 

angew. Math. Mech., Band 1, Heft 2, pp. 125-138, 1921.

285. Soergel, Wolfgang, Die Ursachen der diluvialen Aufschotterung und Erosion 

(Causes of Pleistocene sedimentation and erosion), 74 pp., Berlin, 1921. 

Indicates influence of change in climate and precipitation on erosion 

and sedimentation. Explains formation of Pleistocene gravel terraces.

286. Welikanoff, Michael, Neue Theorie iiber Stromungen in offenen Laufen und 

die vertikale Geschwindigkeitsverteilung (New theory of currents in 

open channels and vertical velocity distribution): Tekhnika i ekonomika 

putel soobshcheniia (Technique and economics of ways of communication), nos. 12-16, Moscow, 1921.

1922

287. Beyerhaus, E., Die Wirkung einer Krummung in offenen Wasserlaufen 

(The effect of a bend in open watercourses): Zeitschr. Bauwesen, 72. 

Jahrg., 4. bis 6. Heft, pp. 156-163, 1922.

288. Faxe"n, Hildings, Der Widerstand gegen die Bewegung einer starren Kugel 

in einer zahen Flussigkeit, die zwischen zwei parallelen ebenen Wanden 

eingeschlossen ist (The resistance against the movement of a solid ball 

in a viscous liquid which is enclosed between two parallel smooth walls): 

Annalen der Physik, 4. Folge, Band 68, pp. 89-119, 1922.

289. Marquardt, Erwin, Die Methoden des Flussbaues (Methods of river engineering), Berlin, Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1922.

290. Schaffernak, Friedrich, Neue Grundlagen fur die Berechnung der Geschiebeftihrung in Flusslaufen (New bases for calculating bed-load transportation 

in river courses), 48 pp., Leipzig und Wien, Franz Deuticke, 1922.

291. Schiller, Ludwig, Untersuchungen iiber laminare und turbulente Stromung 

(Investigations of laminar and turbulent flow): Ver. deutscher Ing., 

Forschungsarbeiten Gebiete Ingenieurwesens, Heft 248, 36 pp., Berlin, 

1922.

292. Schoklitsch, Armin, tJ'ber die Bewegung des Wassers in offenen Gerinnen 

(On the movement of water in open channels): Schweizer. Bauzeitung, 

Band 80, pp. 47-50, 1922.
30 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

293. Schoklitsch, Armin, Einfluss der Durchleitung von Flusswasser durch Seen 

auf deren Temperatur (Influence of river water passing through lakes 

on the temperature of the lakes): Wasserkraft, special ed., 1922.

294. Segovia, Louis de, Le charriage du sable dans les rivieres & fonds mobiles 

(The transportation of sand in rivers with shifting beds): Soc. linne'ene 

Bordeaux Extraits des proces-verbaux, pp. 154-158, 1922.

1923

295. Engels, Hubert, Handbuch des Wasserbaues fur das Studium und die Praxis 

(Handbook of hydraulic engineering for study and practice), Zwei 

Bande, 3. Auflage, 1649 pp., Leipzig, Wilhelm Englemann, 1923.

296. Forchheimer, Philipp, Geschiebebewegung in Fliissen (Bed-load movement 

in rivers): Zeitschr. Bauwesen, 73. Jahrg., 7. bis 9. Heft, pp. 212-216, 

1923.

297. Kalitin, N., Primenenie fotoelektricheskogo effekta dlia izmerenia prozrachnosti vody (Application of the photoelectric effect for measuring the 

transparency of water): Zapiski po gidrografii (Hydrographic notes), 

torn 47, pp. 305-311, Petrograd, 1923.

298. Krey, H. D., Turbulente Bewegung des Wassers in offenen Gerinnen; 

flechtstromung (Turbulent movement of water in open channels; 

twist flow): Zentralbl. Bauverwaltung, 43. Jahrg., Nr. 3/4, pp. 12-15, 

1923.

299. Mittlere Isar A. G., Modellversuche iiber die zweckmassigste Gestaltung 

einzelner Bauwerke (Model experiments for the most suitable design 

of certain structures): Mittlere Isar A. G. Veroffentl., Heft 1, 50 pp., 

Charlottenburg, 1923.

300. Strickler, Alfred, Beitrage zur Frage der Geschwindigkeitsformel und der 

Rauhigkeitszahlen fur Strome, Kanale und geschlossene Leitungen 

(Contributions to the question of the velocity formula and roughness 

numbers for rivers, canals, and closed conduits): Amt fur Wasserwirtschaft Mitt., Nr. 16, 77 pp., Bern, 1923.

301. Stumpf, W., Rheindelta im Bodensee (The Rhine delta in Lake Constance): 

Amt fur Wasserwirtschaft Mitt., Nr. 15, Bern, 1923.

302. Thoma, D., Geschiebebewegung in wasserdurchstromten Gerinnen und die 

Ausbildung der Kanaleinlaufe bei Wasserkraftanlagen (Bed-load movement in channels with flowing water and the improvement of canal 

intakes for water-power plants): Mittlere Isar A. G. Veroffentl., Heft 1, 

3. Teil, pp. 35-50, Charlottenburg, 1923.

303. Welikanoff, Michael, Eine neue Vertikalgeschwindigkeitskurve in stromendem Wasser (A new vertical velocity curve in flowing water): 

Zentralbl. Bauverwaltung, 43. Jahrg., Nr. 9/10, pp. 49-50, 1923.

304. Welikanoff, Michael, O mekhanizme vzveshivania rechnykh nanosov (On 

the mechanism of suspension of river silt): Vodnyi transport (Water 

transportation), no. 3, pp. 369-384, Leningrad, 1923.

1924

305. Dobrowolski, A. B., Mouvement de 1'air et de 1'eau sur des accidents du sol 

(Movement of air and water over rough ground): Geografiska annaler, 

irg. 6, Haft 3 och 4, pp. 301-367, 1924.

306. Engels, Hubert, Modellversuche iiber das Verhalten der beweglichea Sohle 

in geschiebeftihrenden Fliissen (Model experiments on the behavior 

of shifting beds in rivers transporting a bed load): Bauingenieur, 5. 

Jahrg., Heft 10, pp. 293-295, 1924.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 31

307. Kalitin, N., Novy metod izmerenia kolichestva vzveshennykh v vode 

tverdykh chastits (New method of measuring the suspended-matter 

content of water): Nauchno-melioratsionnii inst. Izv. (Sci. Inst. Amelioration Jour.), no. 7, pp. 25-35, Leningrad, 1924. Contents given in 

Russian and French.

308. Penck, Walther, Die morphologische Analyse (Morphologic analysis): 

Geog. Abh., 2. Reihe, Heft 2, 283 pp., Stuttgart, 1924. Bibliography 

of 182 items. (See abstract, p. 47.)

309. Schaffernak, Friedrich, Die Wirkung des Ausbaues von Grosswasserkraftanlagen auf des Flussregime (The effect of large water-power 

plants on river control): Wasserwirtschaft, Heft 15 und 16, 1924.

310. Welikanoff, Michael, Problem of turbulent movement of viscous liquids: 

Vodnyi transport (Water transportation), no. 1, Leningrad, 1924. 

Written in Russian.

1925

311. Collet, L. W., Les debits solides des cours d'eaux (Solid matter in watercourses): Congres nat. de navigation interieur et d'ame'nagement dea 

eaux, Grenoble-Lyons, 1925.

312. Collet, L. W., Les lacs, leur mode de formation, leurs eaux, leurs destiu 

(Lakes, their formation, their waters, their destiny), 307 pp., Paris, 1925. 

Deals with silt and its comparative density in various Swiss and German 

rivers, growth of deltas, and lake sedimentation. Bibliography.

313. Cott, G. E., et Collet, L. W., Nouvelles recherches sur la sedimentation 

dans le Lac de Geneve (New researches on sedimentation in Lake 

Geneva): Congres internat. g6og. Comptes rendus, vol. 2, pp. 56-69, 

Le Caire, 1925.

314. Ehrenberger, R., Modellversuche uber Stromungserscheinungen in Buhnenfeldern (Model experiments on flow phenomena in spur-dike fields): 

Oesterr. Ing. Arch. Ver. Zeitschr., 77. Jahrg., Heft 45-46, pp. 411-414, 

1925.

315. Exner, F. M., "Uber die Wechselwirkung zwischen Wasser und Geschiebe in 

Flussen (On the mutual action between water and bed load in rivers): 

Akad. Wiss. Wien., Math.-naturwiss. KL, Sitzungsber., Abt. 2a, Band 

134, Heft 3 und 4, pp. 165-203, 1925.

316. Faber, Eduard, Die Wolfschen Bauten zur Verbesserung geschiebefuhrender 

Flusse (The Wolf method of construction for the regulation of rivers 

carrying bedload): Bautechnik, 3. JaSrg., Heft 14, pp. 185-189, 1925.

317. Gallay, Ren6, Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tonkoagulation (Contribution to 

the knowledge of clay coagulation): Kolloidchemische Beihefte, Band 

21, pp. 431-489, 1925.

318. GlushkofF, V. G., Predvaritelnyi otchet o rabotakh po issledovaniu nanosov 

delte Volgi letom 1924 (Preliminary report on the investigation of silting 

at the Volga delta in the summer of 1924): Tsentral'noe gidrometeorologicheskoe bmro Izv. (Central Hydro-meteorologic Bureau Bull.), 

vypusk 4, pp. 117-120, Leningrad, 1925. See also vypusk 6, p. 143, 1926.

319. Kaminsky, A. A., Dannye i mysli o krugovorote vody na zemnom share 

(Data and thoughts pertaining to the hydrologic cycle on the earth): 

Tsentral'noe gidrometeorologicheskoe biuro Izv. (Central Hydrometeorologic Bureau Bull.), vypusk 4, pp. 7-22, Leningrad, 1925. 

(See abstract, p. 47.)

131024 37-
32 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

320. Kisseleff, K., K istorii russkikh issledovanii v oblasti izuchenia dvizhenia 

vzveshennykh rechnykh nanosov (Contributions to the history of 

Russian research on studying the movement of suspended matter in 

rivers): Tsentral'noe gidrometeorologicheskoe biuro Izv. (Central 

Hydro-meteorologic Bureau Bull.), vypusk 4, pp. 121-124, Leningrad, 

1925.

321. Krey, H. D., Grenzen der tJbertragbarkeit der Versuchsergebnisse und 

Modellahnlichkeit bei praktischen Flussbauversuchen (Limits of the 

transferability of experimental results and model analogy to practical 

river-regulation experiments): Zeitschr. angew. Math. Mech., Band 5, 

Heft 6, pp. 484-486, 1925.

322. Link, G., Neue Gedanken zur Berechnung der Geschiebefiihrung (New 

ideas on the calculation of bed-load transportation): Deutsche Wasserwirtschaft, 20. Jahrg., Heft 11, 1925.

323. Liiders, Karl, Zur Geschiebebewegung in S-formig gekriimmten Flusslaufen 

(On bedload movement in S-shaped river bends): Bautechnik, 3. Jahrg., 

Heft 53, pp. 735-743, 1925.

324. Martonne, Emmanuel de, Traite1 de geographic physique (Treatise on 

physical geography), 4e e"d., 3 tomes, 1518 pp., Paris, 1925-26. Tome 1, 

Climatology and hydrography; tome 2, Configuration of the earth's 

surface; tome 3, Biogeography.

325. Schmidt, Wilhelm, Der Massenaustausch in freier Luft und verwandte 

Erscheinungen (Matter exchange in free atmosphere and related 

phenomena): Probleme der kosmischen Physik, Band 7, Hamburg, 1925. 

See also Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturwiss. Kl., Sitzungsber., Abt. 

2a, Band 126, Heft 6, pp. 757-804, 1917.

326. Schoklitsch, Armin, Anderung der Wandbeschaffenheit bei Modellversuchen 

(Change in conditions of channel walls used for model experiments): 

Schweizer. Bauzeitung, Band 85, pp. 289-290, 1925.

327. Soulier, Paul, Le relief de la terre (The relief of the earth), 432 pp., Paris, 

1925. Two chapters on mountain erosion, the resistance of rocks to 

erosion, other factors affecting erosional intensity, the unequal distribution of rain, means of measuring average erosional intensity. Bibliography.

328. Stiny, Josef, Der Schweb der Mur, Steiermark (Suspended matter in the 

Mur, Styria): Zeitschr. Geomorphologie, Band 1, Heft 1, pp. 49-53, 

1925. (See abstract, p. 48.)

1926

329. Bulle, Hermann, TJntersuchungen fiber die Geschiebeableitung bei der 

Spaltung von Wasserlaufen (Investigation of bed-load deflection at 

river diversions): Ver. deutscher Ing., Forschungsarbeiten Gebiete 

Ingenieurwesens, Heft 283, 34 pp., 1926.

330. Horner, N. G., Brattforsheden: Sveriges geol. undersokning, Avhandlingar 

och uppsatser, ser. C., no. 342, Arsbok 20, no. 3, 206 pp., 1926. A 

study of glacial and eolian deposits in the Brattforsheden region of 

Sweden. Brattforsheden is defined as a complex of wash plains or 

marginal deltas and its dunes. A summary of the paper is given in 

English. Bibliography of 193 items.

331. Kalitin, N., Computation of the salinity, the concentration and the turbidity 

of solutions by means of a photo-electric method: Nauchno-melioratsionnil inst. Izv. (Sci. Inst. Amelioration Jour.), no. 14, p. 116, 1926. 

Contents given in Russian and English, but paper is written in Russian 

with a summary in English.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 33

332. Koch, Alexander, und Carstanjen, Max, Von der Bewegung des Wassers und 

den dabei auftretenden Kraften (On the movement of water and the 

forces produced by it), 228 pp., Berlin, Julius Springer, 1926.

333. Nikuradse, Johann, Untersuchung liber die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung in 

turbulenten Stromungen (Investigation of velocity distribution .in 

turbulent flows): Ver. deutscher Ing., Forschungsarbeiten Geiete Ingenieurwesens, Heft 281, 43 pp., 1926.

334. Salomon, Wilhelm, Die Rehbockschen Wasserwalzen und ihre Bedeutung 

fur die Erosion und Akkumulation (The Rehbock water-eddies and their 

significance in erosion and accumulation): Geol. Rundschau, Band 17, 

Heft 6, pp. 418-427, 1926.

335. Schoklitsch, Armin, Geschiebebewegung in Fliissen und an Stauwerken 

(Bed-load movement in rivers and at dams), 112 pp., Wien, Julius 

Springer, 1926. (See abstract, p. 48.)

1927

336. Demtchenko, Basil, Forces perturbatrices agissant sur un corps qui se 

meut dans un liquide pres d'un paroi (Disturbing forces in the movement of a solid body in a liquid near a boundary wall): Acad. sci. Paris 

Comptes rendus, tome 185, pp. 1186-1189, 1927.

337. Exner, F. M., tTber Dtinen and Sandwellen (On dunes and sand-waves): 

Geog. annaler, Irg. 9, Haft 1 o. 2, pp. 81-99, Stockholm, 1927.

338. Exner, F. M., Zur Wirkung der Erddrehung auf Flusslaufe (The effect of 

the rotation of the earth on river flow): Geog. annaler, Arg. 9, Haft 

3, pp. 173-180, 1927.

339. -Faxen, Hilding, Die Geschwindigkeit zweier Kugeln, die unter Einwirkung 

der Schwere in einer zahen Flussigkeit fallen (The velocity of two balls 

falling in a viscous liquid under the influence of gravitation): Zeitschr. 

angew. Math. Mech., Band 7, Heft 1, pp. 79-80, 1927.

340. Flachsbart, O., Neue Untersuchungen uber den Luftwiderstand von Kugeln 

(New research on the air resistance of balls): Physikal. Zeitschr., 28. 

Jahrg., pp. 461-469, 1927.

341. Franzius, Otto, Der Verkehrswasserbau (Waterway engineering), 839 pp., 

Wien, Julius Springer, 1927.

342. Hinderks, A., Nebenstromungen in gekriimmten Kanalen (Secondary 

currents in canal bends): Ver. deutscher Ing. Zeitschr., Band 71, pp. 

1779-1783, 1927. Model studies.

343. Krey, H. D., Die Quergeschwindigkeitskurve bei turbulenter Stromung 

(The transverse velocity curve in turbulent flow): Zeitschr. angew. 

Math. Mech., Band 7, pp. 107-113, 1927.

344. Kurzman, Siegfried, Neue Forschungen uber Geschiebefuhrung (New 

research on the transportation of bed load): Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, p. 51, 1927.

345. Oseen, C. W., Neuere Methoden-und Ergebnisse in der Hydrodynamik 

(More recent methods and results in hydrodynamics), 337 pp., Leipzig, 

1927.

346. Prandtl, Ludwig, tTber die ausgebildete Turbulenz (On well-developed 

turbulence): 2. Internat. Kongress tech. Mechanik, Zurich, 1926, 

Verh., pp. 62-74, Zurich und Leipzig, 1927.

347. Schmidt, G. E., und Fentzloff, H., Die Wassermengenmessungen an der 

ehemals preussischen Weichsel, insbesondere die Messungen des Frtihjahrs-Hochwassers, 1924 (Discharge measurements on the formerPrussian Vistula, especially during the spring high water, 1924):. 

Zeitschr. Bauwesen, 77. Jahrg., Heft 4, pp. 39-46, 1927.
34 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

348. Wittmann, Heinrich, Der Einfluss der Korrektion des Rheins zwischen Basel 

und Mannheim auf die Geschiebebewegung des Rheins (Influence of 

the Rhine regulation between Basel and Mannheim on the bed-load 

movement in the Rhine): Deutsche Wasserwirtschaft, 22. Jahrg., Heft 

10, 11, 12, 1927.

1928

349. Baulig, Henri, Les hauts niveaux d'Srosion eustatique dans le bassin de 

Paris (The high eustatic erosional levels in the Paris Basin): Annales 

de geographic, 27e annee, pp. 385-406, Paris, 1928. Glacial study of 

the coastal and river country surrounding Paris.

350. Blache, Jules, Volume montagneux et Erosion fluviale (Mountain mass 

and river erosion): Rev. g6og. alpine, tome 16, pp. 457-497, Grenoble, 

1928.

351. Exner, F. M., Diinenstudien auf der Kurischen Nehrung (Dune studies 

on the Kurische Nehrung): Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturwiss. Kl., 

Sitzungsber., Abt. 2a, Band 137, Heft 9 und 10, pp. 705-739, 1928.

352. Gonell, H. W., Ein Windsichtverfahren zur Bestimmung der Kornzusammensetzung st&ubformiger Stoffe (A winnowing method for determining 

the grain mixture of dustlike material): Ver. deutscher Ing. Zeitschr., 

Band 72, pp. 945-950, 1928.

353. Gontscharoff, W. N., Hydrometric working methods at the exploration of 

the estuary of the Kuban River, 1925-26: Vestnik irrigatsil (Messenger 

of irrigation), torn 4, pp. 17-52, Tashkent, April 1928. Written in 

Russian.

354. Kohn, Manfred, Beitrage zur Theorie und Praxis der mechanischen Bodenanalyse (Contributions to the theory and practice of mechanical soil 

analysis): Landwirtschaftliche Jahrb., 67. Band, Heft 4, pp. 485-546, 

1928.

355. Leiter, M. M., Uber die Denudation im Flussgebiete des Colorado (On 

denudation in the Colorado Basin): Geog. Abh., 2. Reihe, Heft 4, 

pp. 75-81, Stuttgart, 1928. For abstract see Reichel, Eberhard, Der 

Wasserhaushalt des Coloradogebietes (entry 358).

356. Leppnik, Egon, Studium der Geschiebe- und Sinkstoffbewegung in Flusslauf en unter besonderer Betrachtung derselben in der Narowa (Study of 

movement of bed load and suspended matter in rivers, with special 

reference to the Narowa River): Baltische hydrologische und hydrometrische Konferenz, 18 pp., Tallinn, 1928.

357. Mayer, Robert, Uber Erosion (On erosion): Geog. Gesell. Wien Mitt., Band 

71, Nr. 10-12, pp. 299-330, 1928. (See abstract, p. 50.)

358. Reichel, Eberhard, Der Wasserhaushalt des Coloradogebietes im siidwestlichen Nordamerika (Rainfall, run-off, and evaporation relations in the 

Colorado River Basin in the southwest of North America): Geog. Abh., 

2. Reihe, Heft 4, pp. 1-74, Stuttgart, 1928. Also supplement: 

Leiter, M. M., Uber die Denudation im Flussgebiete des Colorado. 

(See abstract, p. 50.)

1929

359. Amschler, J. W., Landwirtschaftliche Primitivkulturen des Kaukasus 

(Primitive agriculture in the Caucasus): Forschungen und Fortschritte, 

Band 5, pp. 147-148, 1929. (See abstract, p. 50.)

360. Apolloff, B. A., and Lukashin, M. A., Prakticheskaia gidrometria tverdogo 

raskhoda potokov (Practical hydrodynamics of the yield of solids in 

streams), Tiflis, 1929.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 35

361. Cuzmer, H., Relation ge"ographique entre I'e'rosion et la productivity de la 

terre (Geographic relation between erosion and the productivity of the 

soil): Rev. botanique applique"e et agriculture tropicale, vol. 9, pp. 

594-597, 1929.

362. Erikssqn, J. V., Den kemiska denudationen i Sverige (Chemical denudation 

in Sweden): Statens meteorol.-hydrografiska anstalt Meddelanden, 

Band 5, No. 3, 96 pp., 1929. (See abstract, p. 51.)

363. Exner, F. M., Energiegleichung zur Berechnung des Widerstandes und der 

Fallgeschwindigkeit von Steinen im Wasser (Energy equation for the 

calculation of the drag and rate of fall of stones in water): Physikal. 

Zeitschr., 30. Jahrg., pp. 458-462, 1929.

364. Haegelen, A., Recherches re"centes sur les debits solides des cours d'eaux 

(Recent researches on quantity of solids in watercourses): World Eng. 

Cong. Trans., vol. 2, pp. 286-290, Tokyo, 1929. Regarding the installation of a water-sampling machine on the Isere River at Grenoble, 

France.

365. Hesselberg, Theodor, Ein neuer Ausdruck fur den Austauschkoeffizienten 

(A new expression for the exchange coefficient): Annalen der Hydrographic und maritimen Meteorologie, 57. Jahrg., Heft 10, pp. 319-326, 

1929.

366. Mann, V., Zur Berechnung von Sandfangen und Reinigungsbecken (On 

calculating sand traps and cleaning basins): Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, Heft 18, pp. 237-238, 1929.

367. Rehbock, Theodor, Bettbildung, Abfluss, und Geschiebebewegung bei 

Wasserlaufen (Formation of river bed, run-off, and bed-load transportation by rivers): Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., Band 81, Heft 10, 

pp. 497-534, 1929. (See abstract, p. 52.)

368. Schaffernak, Friedrich, Ein Beitrag zur Morphologic des Flussbettea 

(A contribution to the morphology of the river bed): Hydrol. Inst. tech. 

Hochschule Wien Mitt., 2. Folge, 1929.

1930

369. Antipov-Karatajev, I. N., tJber die Anwendung der Filtrations-analyse 

bei der Untersuchung der fur die Bodendispersitat massgebenden Faktoren (On the application of filtration analysis for investigating the 

controlling factors of soil dispersiveness): Kolloidschem. Beihefte, 

Band 31, pp. 374-417, 1930.

370. Dull, Ferdinand, Das Gesetz des Geschiebeabriebes (The law of bed-load 

attrition): Mitt, aus dem Gebiete des Wasserbaues und der Baugrundforschung, Heft 1, 62 pp., Berlin, Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1930. (See 

abstract, p. 53.)

371. Forchheimer, Philipp, Hydraulik (Hydraulics), 3. Auflage, 596 pp., Leipzig 

und Berlin, B. G. Teubner, 1930.

372. Freise, F. W., Beobachtungen uber den Schweb einiger Fliisse des brasilianischen Staates Rio de Janeiro (Observations on suspended matter in certain 

rivers in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): Zeitschr. Geomorphologie, 

Band 5, Heft 5, pp. 242-244, Leipzig, 1930. (See abstract, p. 53.)

373. Glushkoff, V. G., Collapsible water dipper for sampling, Leningrad, 1930.

A pamphlet written in Russian on the design of a bathytachometer. 

374 International Congress of Soil Science, 2d, July 20-31, 1930, Leningrad and

Moscow, Proceedings and papers published in Moscow, 1932-33. (See

abstract, p. 54.) 

375. Karm£n, Theodor von, Mechanische Xhnlichkeit und Turbulenz (Mechanical

similarity and turbulence): Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen, Math. phys. Kl.,

Nachr., Heft 1, pp. 58-76, 1930.
36 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

376. Leppnik, Egon, Untersuchungsmethoden der Sinkstoffe und des Geschiebes 

und deren Vereinheitlichung (Investigation methods for suspended 

matter and bed load and their standardization): 3. Hydrologische 

Konferenz der baltischen Staaten, Warszawa, 1930.

377. Penck, Albrecht, Potentielle und effektive Wasserkrafte des Landes (Potential and effective water powers on land): Preuss. Akad. Wiss., PhysikaLmath. KL, Sitzungsber., pp. 135-141, 1930.

378. Pfeiffer, , und Quiring, Heinrich, Sind Loss und Losslehm zur Deichschiittung geeignet? (Are loess and loess clays suitable for dike construction?): 

Zentralbl. Bauverwaltung, 50. Jahrg., Nr. 32, pp. 570-572, 1930. Laboratory tests prove that certain recent loesses containing lime and 

certain older lime-free loesses are entirely unsuitable for dikes.

379. Schaffernak, Friedrich, Untersuchung tiber die Wasser- und Geschiebebewegung bei freien Werkeinfangen (Investigation of water and bed-load 

movement at free intakes): 2d World Power Conference Trans., Band 

9, pp. 238-251, Berlin, 1930. Results of model studies.

380. Schaffernak, Friedrich, Der Einfluss der Koppelung von Flussystemen auf 

das Geschieberegime (Influence of connected river systems on bed-load 

control), Wien, 1930.

381. Schoklitsch, Armin, Der Wasserbau (Hydraulic engineering), 2 vols. 1199 

pp., Wien, 1930. Handbook and text book; pp. 126-141 cover bed load 

and suspended matter and contain table of data on 29 European rivers, 

with amounts of deposited sediments based on observations taken from 

1 to 152 years.

382. Stebutt, A., Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Bodenkunde; der Boden als dynamisches System (Textbook of general soil science; the soil as a dynamic 

system), 518 pp., Berlin, 1930. (See abstract, p. 54.)

383. Stremme, Herman, Wissenschaftlicher und wirtschaftlicher Wert der 

Bodenkartierung (Scientific and economic value of soil cartography): 

Forschungen und Fortschritte, Band 6, p. 39, 1930. (See abstract, p. 54.)

384. Weyrauch, Robert, und Strobel, Adolf, Hydraulisches Rechnen (Hydraulic 

calculations), 6th ed., 370 pp., Stuttgart, Konrad Wittwer, 1930.

385. Z61cinski, J., Deluviale Bodenprozesse als heimliche Plage der Landwirtschaft; Bodenab- und Aufschwemmungen als Folge des mechanischen 

Ackerbaues und der atmospharischen Niederschlage (Deluvial soil 

processes as a secret plague of agriculture; soil erosion and sedimentation as results of mechanical soil cultivation and atmospheric precipitation): 2d Internat. Cong. Soil Sci., 1930, Proc. and Papers, Comm. 6, 

pp. 203-207, Moscow, 1932. (See abstract, p. 55.)

1931

386. Blanck, E., Handbuch der Bodenlehre; die Massnahmen zur Kultivierung 

des Bodens (Handbook of soil science; measures applied for the cultivation of the soil), 583 pp., Band 9, Berlin, Julius Springer, 1931. 

(See abstract, p. 55.)

387. Congres international de navigation, Le service hydrographique italien 

(Italian hydrographic service), 416 pp., 15e Cong. internat. de navigation, 

Venise, Rome, 1931. (See abstract, p. 56.)

388. Gessner, Herman, Die Schlammanalyse (Silt analysis), 244 pp., Leipzig, 1931. 

Thorough review of the various methods used, especially the modern. 

Attention called to possibilities of applying silt analysis to drainage and 

to technique of cultivation, also to ceramics and testing of building 

materials.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 37

389. Neme'nyi, Paul, Wasserbauliche Stromungslehre; Handbuch der physikalischen und technischen Mechanik (The science of hydraulic flow; handbook of physical and technical mechanics), Band 5, pp. 967-1097, 1931.

390. Stiny, Josef, Die geologischen Grundlagen der Verbauung der Geschiebeherde in Gewassern (The geologic basis for sealing the bed-load sources in 

rivers), 120 pp., Wien, Julius Springer, 1931. Control of bank erosion 

by planting and by retaining structures. Bibliography of 160 items.

391. Tollmien, W., Turbulente Stromungen (Turbulent flows): Handbuch der 

Experimentalphysik, Band 4, Teil 1, Leipzig, 1931.

392. Wittschell, Leo, Uber Sand- und Staubstiirme und ihre Bedeutung fur die 

Morphologic der Erdoberflache (On sand and dust storms and their 

importance in the morphology of the earth's surface): Zeitschr. Geomorphologie, Band 6, Heft 1, pp. 1-18, 1931.

1932

393. Eisner, F., Offene Gerinne (Open channels): Handbuch der Experimentalphysik, Band 4, Teil 4, pp. 211-459, Leipzig, 1932.

394. Freise, F. W., Beobachtungen iiber Erosion an Urwaldsgebirgsfliissen des 

brasilianischen Staates Rio de Janeiro (Observations on erosion of the 

primeval forest mountain rivers of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): 

Zeitschr. Geomorphologie, Band 7, Heft 1, pp. 1-9, 1932-33.

395. Ilyin, R. S., On the asymmetry of the erosion and sculptural forms of the 

relief of the plains of the moderate belt: 2d Internat. Cong. Soil Sci., 

1930, Proc. and Papers, Comm. 5, pp. 237-240, Moscow, 1932. Written 

in English.

396. Jakuschoff, Paul, Die Schwebestoffbewegung in Fliissen in Theorie und 

Praxis (Movement of suspended matter in rivers in theory and practice): 

Inst. Wasserbau tech. Hochschule Berlin Mitt., Nr. 10, 24 pp., 1932; 

reprint from Wasserwirtschaft, 25. Jahrg., Hefte 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, Wien, 

1932. (See abstract, p. 56.)

397. Kostiakov, A. N., The hydromodule in amelioration: 2d Internat. Cong. Soil 

Sci., 1930, Proc. and Papers, Comm. 6, pp. 41-64, Moscow, 1932. Written in English.

398. Kramer, Hans, Modellgeschiebe und Schleppkraft (Model bed loads and 

traction): Preuss. Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau und Schiffbau, Heft 9, 

71 pp., 1932.

399. Smith, F. F., Estudio sobre el Rfo Nazas (Study of the Rio Nazas): Irrigaci6n en Mexico, vol. 5, num. 5, pp. 104-125; ntim. 3, pp. 200-221; num. 

4, pp. 295-307; ntim. 5, pp. 391-407; ntim. 6, pp. 487-507, 1932.

400. Dietz, Curt, Kiinstliche Sandverkieselung (Artificial silicification of sand): 

Zeitschr. prakt. Geologic, Jahrg. 41, pp. 57-61, 1933. (See abstract, 

p. 58.)

401. Eguiazarov, I. B., Opisamie laboratorii gosudarstvennogo nauchnoissledovatelskogo instituta gidrotekhniki i Leningradskogo gidrotekhnicheskogo 

instituta (Description of laboratories of the state scientific research 

institute of hydrotechnics and the Leningrad institute of hydrotechnics), 

192 pp., Leningrad, Nauchno-issledovat^l'skii inst. gidrotekhniki, 1933. 

Hydrotechnical, hydroelectric, hydraulic, percolation, soil investigation, 

photo-cinema, water power, ground waters, hydrologic, and other laboratories are described and illustrated, with abstracts in English after each 

description. A total of 19 laboratories described.
38 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

402. Eguiazarov, I. B., Eksperimentalnoie issledovanie golovnykh uzlov i vodopriemnykh sooruzhenii gidroelektricheskoi laboratorii po Dzoragetskoi, 

Adjaris-Tskhalskoi i Kanakirskoi ustanovkam (Experimental investigation of head and inlet structures of hydroelectric plants on silt-carrying 

rivers, and the work of the hydroelectric laboratory for the Dzoraghes, 

Adjaris-Zhali, and Kanakir hydroelectric plants): Nauchno-issledovatel'- 

skii inst. gidrotekhniki Izv. (Sci. Research Inst. Hydrotechnics Trans.), 

torn 9, pp. 80-121, Leningrad, 1933. Many illustrations, formulas, 

diagrams, and a 4-page abstract in English.

403. Favre, Henry, Contribution a I'Stude des courants liquides (A contribution 

to the study of flowing liquids), 64 pp., Zurich, 1933. (See abstract, 

p. 58.)

404. Flohr, E. F., Beitrag zur Methode der kartographischen Darstellung von 

Wasserkraften, unter vorwiegend morphologischen Gesichtspunkten 

(Contribution to the method of cartographic representation of water 

powers, chiefly from the morphologic point of view): Schles. Gesell. 

Erdkunde und Geog. Inst. Univ. Breslau Veroffentl., Heft 20, 82 pp., 

1933. (See abstract, p. 58.)

405. Gontscharoff, W. N., O vzvieshivantf nanosov (On the suspension of sediments): Gidroenergeticheskil nauchno-issledovatel'skil inst. Trudy 

(Hydro-energy Sci. Research Inst. Trans.), vypusk 2, 174 pp., Moscow, 

1933. Reviewed in Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, 30. Jahrg., 24. 

Heft, pp. 291-292, 1935. (See abstract, p. 59.)

406. Loitziansky, L. G., Turbulentnoe dvizhenie zhidkosti i vnutrenniaia zadacha 

(Turbulent flow of liquids and the internal problem): Nauchno-issledovatel'skil inst. gidrotekhniki Izv. (Sci. Research Inst. Hydrotechnics 

Trans.), torn 9, pp. 1-29, Leningrad, 1933. Critical description of recent 

papers on turbulence by Prandtl, Kdrmdn, Nikuradse; some models 

described and ways for further research indicated; diagrams, illustrations, formulas; bibiliography of 26 items.

407. Lugeon, Maurice, Barrages et geologie; me'thodes et recherches, terrassement et imperme'abilisation (Barrages and geology; methods and 

research, terracing and impermeabilization), 138 pp., Lausanne, F. 

Rouge & Co., 1935. (See abstract, p. 59.)

408. Muhlhofer, Ludwig, Untersuchungen iiber die Schwebestoff- und Geschiebefiihrung des Inn nachst Kirchbiehl (Investigation of the suspended 

matter and bed load carried by the Inn River near Kirchbiehl): Wasserwirtschaft, Heft 1 und 2, Wien, 1935.

409. Poliakov, B. V., Izmenenie rezhima nanosov i perekatov reki Volgi v sviazi 

 s postroikoi plotin (Influence of dam construction on the Volga River 

upon the silt and cross-bar regime): Nauchno-issledovatel'skif inst. 

gidrotekhniki Izv. (Sci. Research Inst. Hydrotechnics Trans.), torn 9, 

pp. 145-162, Leningrad, 1933. Tables, diagrams, and a half-page abstract 

in English.

410. Rosenauer, F., Der Donauschopfer, etc. (The Danube dipper, etc.): 

Wasserwirtschaft, Heft 22, 1933.

411. Saveliev, S. F., Eksperimentalnoe issledovanie golovnogo sooruzhenia 

Dzoragetskoi gidrostantsii na zailenie prizmy sutochnogo regulirovania 

i na dvizhenie donnykh nanosov v raione sooruzhenii (Experimental 

investigations of the head-work and intake structures of the Dzoragues 

hydroelectric plant, the silting of its pondage reservoir, and the movement of the bed load at the intake): Nauchno-issledovateFskil inst. 

gidrotekhniki Izv. (Sci. Research Inst. Hydrotechnics Trans.), torn 9, 

pp. 122-144, Leningrad, 1933. Tables, illustrations, plans, and a 2-page 

abstract in English.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 39

412. Shamov, G. I., Analiz sushchestvuiushchikh zavisimostei mezhdu dvizheniem 

donnykh nanosov i elementami vodnogo potoka (Analysis of existing 

relations between bed-load movement and water flow): Nauchnoissledovatel'skil inst. gidrotekhniki Izv. (Sci. Research Inst. Hydrotechnics Trans.), torn 9, pp. 193-226, 1933. Tables, diagrams, formulas, 

and a half-page abstract in English.

413. Wertheimer, Eduard, tJber den natiirlichen Ablauf der atmospharischen 

Vorgange und die Moglichkeit einer kiinstlichen Beeinflussung (On the 

natural course of atmospheric processes and the possibility of artificially 

influencing them), 16 pp., 1933. Mimeographed.

1934

414. Becker, Anton, Die geographische Wertung der Wiistungen (Geographic 

appraisal of abandoned lands): Geog. Gesell. Wien Mitt., Band 77, 

Nr. 7-9, pp. 146-181, 1934. (See abstract, p. 60.)

415. Burkov, A. F., Nekotorye rezultaty ekspeditsionnogo obsledovania rezhima 

nanosov irrigatsionnogo uzla Malo-Kabardinskoi orositelnoi sistemy na 

reke Tereke (Some results of field investigations of the silt regime' at the 

headworks of Malo-Kabardinskaya irrigation system on the Terek 

River): Nauchnoissledovatel'skil inst. gidrotekhniki Izv. (Sci. Research 

Inst. Hydrotechnics Trans.), torn 12, pp. 119-143, Leningrad, 1934. 

Illustrations, diagrams, and a one-page abstract in English.

416. Chouard, P., Cycles devolution du tapis ve"ge"tal et du relief du sol dans la 

haute montagne (Cycles of evolution of vegetation and the relief of the 

soil in high mountains): Annales de geographic, 43 e anne"e, pp. 449-477, 

1934. Concludes that vegetable covering actively resists chemical 

denudation and erosion by running water. A survey of the terrane in 

the Pyrenees with reference to fossilization, glaciation, and erosion. 

Bibliography of 35 items.

417. Gussak, V. G., Control of sheet erosion on farm lands, 271 pp., Tiflis, 1934. 

Written in Russian.

418. Hennig, R., Die Geographic des homerischen Epos (Geography of the 

Homeric epic): Neue Wege zur Antike, Reihe 1, Darstellung, Heft 10, 

Leipzig, 1934. On pasture rotation for cattle and sheep in the Mediterranean district about 900 B. C.

419. Keller, A. J., Wasserfiihrung, Sinkstoffuhrung und Schlammablagerung des 

alten Rheins (Discharge, suspended matter, and silting in the old 

Rhine): Schweizer. Bauzeitung, Band 104, Nr. 6, pp. 63-64, 1934. 

(See abstract, p. 60.)

420. Kobler, K., tJber die Notwendigkeit eines Bodenschutzgesetzes (On the 

necessity of a soil-protection law): Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, 

29. Jahrg., 22. Heft, pp. 263-266, 1934. (See abstract, p. 61.)

421. Mathesius, W., Erdbildungsvorgange und Weltdiirrejahre (Soil-formation 

processes and world-drought years): Naturwissenschaften, 22. Jahrg., 

Heft 47, pp. 787-792, 1934. Covering irrigation records of 50 years.

422. Meinardus, W., Eine neue Niederschlagskarte der Erde (A new precipitation 

map of the earth): Petermanns Mitt., Jahrg. 80, pp. 1-4, 141-143, 1934. 

(See abstract, p. 62.)

423. Meinardus, W., Die Niederschlagsverteilung auf der Erde (Distribution of 

precipitation on the earth): Meteorol. Zeitschr., Band 51, Heft 9, 

pp. 345-350, 1934. (See abstract, p. 63.)

131024 37-
40 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

424. Oppokow, Eugen, Abfluss und Verdunstung als Funktion des Niederschlags 

im Flussgebiete (Run-off and evaporation as a function of the precipitation on a river basin): Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, 29. Jahrg., 

5. Heft, pp. 55-57; 6. Heft, pp. 67-70; 7. Heft, pp. 78-83, 1934. (See 

abstract, p. 64.)

425. Quiring, Heinrich, Die Unterschiedung von Loss und Hochflutlehm; mit 

Bemerkungen uber die Eignung zum Deichbau (The difference between 

loess and flood clay; with annotations as to their suitability for dike 

building): Zeitschr. prakt. Geologie, Jahrg. 42, Heft 10, pp. 145-156, 

1934.

426. Rohr, Fritz, Wasser- und Sinkstoff-Bewegung in Fluss- und Seehafen (Water 

and suspended-matter movement in river and sea ports), 52 pp., Berlin, 

R. Oldenbourgh, 1934. Results of research in the hydraulic laboratory 

in Karlsruhe.

427. Schottenloher, Rudolf, Die Gebirgsumrahmung des nordamerikanischen 

Kontinents (The mountain border of the North American continent): 

Geog. Gesell. Wien Mitt., Band 77, Nr. 7-9, pp. 129-145, 1934. (See 

' abstract, p. 65.)

428. Strele, G., Grundriss der Wildbachverbauung (Elements of mountain-torrent 

regulation), 279 pp., 150 illustrations, Wien, J. Springer, 1934. Book 

apparently based on lifelong experience; well illustrated. Covers 

characteristics of torrents; causes of damages by water; movement of 

water and bed loads; sources of bed loads.

1935

429. Bautechnik: Inhalts-Verzeichnis der Jahrgange 1923 bis einschl. 1932, 

I bis X (Contents index of the periodical Bautechnik for 1923 to 1932, 

inclusive, vols. I to X), Berlin, W. Ernest & Sohn, 1935. Lists about 

100 items on hydraulic-laboratory experiments and about 100 items on 

river work; also contains a list of about 1,000 book-review items on 

miscellaneous structural-engineering subjects.

430. Chadenson, L., Essais sur modeles reduits pour les rivieres a fond mobile 

(Experiments on reduced models for rivers with shifting bottoms): 

Annales des ponts et chaussees, 105" annee, tome 1, fasc. 6, pp. 988-1019, 

June 1935.

431. Dienert, F., Des moyens d'6tude du cycle de 1'eau dans la nature (Means 

for the study of the natural hydrologic cycle): Rev. gen. hydraulique, no. 

2, p. 77, 1935. (See abstract, p. 65.)

432. Fels, E., Der Mensch als Gestalter der Erde (Man as shaper of the earth), 

206 pp., Leipzig, Bibliographisches Inst., 1935. Bibliography. (See 

abstract, p. 66.)

433. Habermaas, Fritz, Geschiebeeinwanderung in Werkkanale und deren 

Verhinderung (Bed-load entry into working canals and its prevention): 

Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, 30. Jahrg., 9. Heft, pp. 97-103; 

10. Heft, pp. 111-116, 1935. (See abstract, p. 66.)

434. Hjulstrom, Filip, Studies of the morphological activity of rivers as illustrated by the River Fyris: Upsala Univ., Geol. Inst., Bull., vol. 25, 

pp. 221-527, 1935. Written in English. (See abstract, p. 67.)

435. Jagodin, N. N., Issledovanie rezhima nanosov na sooruzheniakh KadyriaGes v nature (Investigation of silt movement at the Kadyria hydroelectric plant): Nauchno-issledovatel'skil inst. (Sci. Research Inst. 

Hydrotechnics Trans.), torn 16, pp. 160-200, Leningrad, 1935. Tables, 

diagrams, illustrations, and a 2-page abstract in English.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 41

436. LeVeque, L'estuaire et le delta de la Gironde; 1'ouverture d'une nouvelle 

passe et les dragages en mer houleuse (Estuary and delta of the Gironde 

River; the opening of a new pass and dredging in rough seas)? Soc. 

ing. civils France Me"m., 88° anne"e, 9e se"r., pp. 357-395, Paris, 1935. 

Marine erosion and the means to combat it.

437. Meyer-Peter, Eugene, Favre, Henry, and Muller, Robert, Beitrag zur 

Berechnung der Geschiebeftihrung und der Normalprofilebreite von 

Gebirgsfltissen (Contribution to the calculation of the bed load carried 

and the normal width of profile in mountain streams): Schweizer. 

Bauzeitung, Band 105, Nr. 9, pp. 95-99; Nr. 10, pp. 109-113, 1935. 

(See abstract, p. 68.)

438. Parde", Maurice, Le regime de la Garonne (The regimen of the Garonne), 

160 pp., Toulouse, 1935. Reprint from Rev. ge"og. des Pyre'ne'es et du 

Sud-ouest, tome 6, 1935.

439. Riecke, H. J., Nationalsozialistische Wasserwirtschaft unter besonderer 

Beriicksichtigung der landwirtschaftlichen Wasserwirtschaft (Nazi water 

economics with special reference to agricultural water economics): 

Kulturtechniker, Jahrg. 38, Heft 4, pp. 299-326, 1935. (See abstract, 

p. 68.)

440. Rinsum, Anton Van, Der Abfluss in offenen natiirlichen Wasserlaufen (Discharge in open natural watercourses): Mitt, aus dem Gebiete des Wasserbaues und der Baugrundforschung, Heft 7, 34 pp., Berlin, Wilhelm Ernst 

& Sohn, 1935. (See abstract, p. 70.)

441. Sapper, Karl, Uber Bodenbewirtschaftung der Erde (On soil economics of 

the earth): Petermanns Mitt., Jahrg. 81, pp. 350-357, 1935. (See abstract, p. 71.)

442. Schaffernak, Friedrich, Hydrographie (Hydrology), 438 pp., Wien, 1935. 

Up-to-date text book on hydrology arranged as follows: pp. 9-200, observation, collection of data, and apparatus; pp. 204-260, array and ananalysis of collected data, graphic statistics; pp. 261-430, working up of 

the arrayed data, summarizing, empirical formulas, and practical tasks; 

pp. 188-198, bed load and suspended matter definitions, measuring 

methods, apparatus.

443. Schoklitsch, Armin, Stauraumverlandung und Kolkabwehr (Silting of reservoirs and protection against scouring), 178 pp., Berlin, Julius Springer, 

1935. (See abstract, p. 72.)

444. Sedlmeyer, Karl, Erosionserscheinungen im Tuffgebiet Karpaten-Russlands 

(Erosion phenomena in the tuff district of Carpatho-Russia): Petermanns Mitt., Jahrg. 81, pp. 63-64, 1935. (See abstract, p. 72.)

445. Shamov, G. I. Issledovanie morfologicheskikh form obrazovania pobochnia 

i poim reki Volgi u ustia reki Mologi (Investigation of morphologic types 

of formation of cross bars and of flood-plain deposits of the Volga River): 

Nauchno-issledovatel'sktf inst. gidrotekhniki Izv. (Sci. Research Inst. 

Hydrotechnics Trans.), torn 16, pp. 201-209, Leningrad, 1935. Illustrations, charts, and a half-page abstract in English.

446. Shamov, G. I., Kratkoe soobshchenie o rezultatakh laboratornykh issledovanil batometrov (Brief note on the results in connection with laboratory 

tests of bathymeters: Nauchno-issledovatel'skM inst. gidrotekhniki Izv. 

(Sci. Research Inst. Hydrotechnics Trans.), torn 16, pp. 218-219, Leningrad, 1935.

447. Walther, Johannes, Einfuhrung in die deutsche Bodenkunde (Introduction 

to German soil science): Verstandliche Wiss., Band 26, 172 pp., 1935. 

(See abstract, p. 73.)
42 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

448. Wassiliew, Charakteristik der Sinkgeschwindigkeit von Flussablagerungen 

(Characteristics of settling velocities in river silting): Wasserkraft und 

e Wasserwirtschaft, 30. Jahrg., 23. Heft, pp. 271-278, 1935. (See abstract, p. 73.)

449. Coyne, La catastrophe de Molare, Italic (The catastrophy of Molare, Italy): 

Annales des ponts et chaussees, 106e anne"e, tome 1, fasc. 2, pp. 133-144, 

1936. On the undermining of the dam of the artificial Lake Ortiglieto, 

due to foundation erosion.

450. Freise, F. W., Brasiliens Bevolkerungskapazitat (Brazil's population capacity): Petermanns Mitt., Jahrg. 82, Heft 5, pp. 143-147, 1936. Penck 

in 1924 estimated that Brazil could support a population of 1,200,000,000; 

Freise in this article analyzes the soil resources of Brazil in detail as to 

their peculiarities in various sections and after lengthy calculations finds 

that with present up-to-date agricultural technique, Brazil can support 

a maximum of 550,000,000, which may be reached in the year 2230, on 

the basis of present birth and immigration statistics.

451. Knoche, Walter, Zur Entstehung der Wuste Sahara (On the origin of the 

Sahara Desert): Forschungen und Fortschritte, Band 12, p. 24, 1936. 

(See abstract, p. 74.)

452. Kobelt, Karl, Der Rhein und seine Probleme (The Rhine and its problems): 

Schweizer. Bauzeitung, Band 107, Nr. 8, pp. 87-88, 1936. (See 

abstract, p. 74.)

453. Schildknecht, H., Die Bodenabschwemmung in der Landwirtschaft und ihre 

Bekampfung durch kulturtechnische Massnahmen (Soil washing in agriculture and the struggle against it by agricultural engineering measures): 

Kulturtechniker, Jahrg. 39, Heft 1, pp. 58-66. The article is entirely 

based on United States sources Bennett, Duley, Fortier, Blaney, 

Nichols, Sexton, Ramser, and Diseker. The illustrations were supplied 

by the United States Bureau of Agricultural Engineering. This article 

first appeared in Schweizer. landwirtschaftliche Monatsh., 13. Jahrg., 

Heft 1, pp. 22-28, 1935. A clear exposition of the main features of 

and data on soil erosion in the United States.

454. Strele, G., Fiinfzig Jahre Erfahrungen bei der Wildbachverbauung in 

Osterreich (Fifty years' experience in mountain-torrent regulation 

in Austria): Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, 31. Jahrg, 6. Heft, pp. 

61-65; 7. Heft, pp. 77-80, 1936. (See abstract, p. 75.)

455. Anonymous, On amelioration work in the southeast of the U. S. S. R.: Socialistic Agriculture [Russian periodical], no. 26, Moscow, 1936. During 

the next 5 years a total area of 1,600,000 hectares in southeastern 

Russia is to be ameliorated, in the hope of improving climatic conditions 

and making this arid district more suitable for agriculture. Part of 

this plan consists of afforestations involving an area of 775,000 hectares. 

These forests are to protect against the arid winds, but the main object 

is to stabilize precipitation, which at present fluctuates widely. This 

annotation is based on a German notice in Kulturtechniker, Jahrg. 39, 

Heft 1, p. 97, 1936.

ALPHABETIC LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

The following list gives the full titles of the publications referred to in the 

bibliography, with corresponding entry numbers. 

Aargauische naturforschende Gesellschaft, Mitteilungen: 107. 

Acade'mie des sciences, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des stances, Paris: 7, 36,

101, 161, 227, 257, 336.

Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche 

Klasse, Sitzungsberichte: 265, 271, 275, 315, 325, 351.
ALPHABETIC LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 43,

Allgemeine Bauzeitung, Wien: 254.

Amt fur Wasserwirtschaft., Mitteilungen, Bern: 300, 301, 419.

Annalen der Hydrographie und maritimen Meteorologie, Berlin: 259, 365.

Annalen der Physik, Leipzig: 184, 288.

Annalen der schweizerischen Landeshydrographie, Bern (see also Annales suisse

d'hydrographie): 244.

Annales de chimie et de physique, Paris: 75. 

Annales de geographic, Paris: 109, 125, 126, 141, 176, 179, 180, 182, 187, 256,

258, 260, 349, 416. 

Annales des mines, Paris: 56. 

Annales des ponts et chausse'es, Me'moires et documents, Paris: 3, 9, 11, 13, 14,

15, 17, 18, 28, 30, 31, 40, 41, 44, 45, 52, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 90, 94,

116, 129, 132, 156, 160, 430, 449. 

Annales suisses d'hydrographie, Bern (see also Annalen der schweizerischen

Landeshydrographie): 248.

Architekten- und Ingenieur-Verein in Hanover, Zeitschrift: 22, 77, 92. 

Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, Geneve: 38, 46, 47, 80, 85, 106,

232, 246, 247.

Arkiv for matematik, astronomi och fysik, Upsala und Stockholm: 150. 

Association frangaise pour Favancement des sciences, Comptes rendus de la

session, Paris: 42, 59. 

Association suisse pour Tamenagement des cours d'eaux, Zurich. (See Schweizerischer Wasserwirtschaftsverband.)

Baltische hydrologische und hydrometrische Konferenz: 356, 376. 

Bauingenieur, Berlin: 306. 

Bautechnik, Berlin: 316, 323, 429. 

Bulgarska akademiia na naukitS, Sbornik, Sofia: 277. 

Coltivatore, Casale: 272.

Congres de la hpuille blanche, Compte rendu: 216. 

Congres international de geographic, Comptes rendus: 313. 

Congres international de navigation: 387. 

Congres international de navigation int6rieur: 88, 89, 91. 

Congres national de navigation inte'rieur et d'am6nagement des eaux: 311. 

Deutsche Bauzeitung, Berlin: 51, 162. 

Deutsche geologische Gesellschaft, Zeitschrift, Berlin: 367. 

Deutsche Wasserwirtschaft, Berlin: 322, 348. 

Forschungen und Fortschritte, Berlin: 359, 383, 451. 

Genie civil, Paris: 74, 153, 223, 249, 261, 266, 277. 

Geografiska annaler, Stockholm: 305, 337.

Geographic, Societ6 de geographic, Bulletin, Paris: 159, 200, 280. 

Geographische Abhandlungen: 98, 308, 355, 358. 

Geographische Gesellschaft von Bern, Jahresbericht: 82, 134. 

Geographische Gesellschaft in Wien, Mitteilungen: 357, 414, 427. 

Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Mathematisch-physikalische

Klasse, Nachrichten: 375.

Gidroenergeticheskil nauchno-issledovatel'skil institut, Trudy, Moscow: 405. 

Houille blanche, Grenoble: 154, 155, 157, 170, 175, 179, 189, 205. 

Hydrologische Konferenz der baltischen Staaten. (See Baltische hydrologische

und hydrometrische Konferenz.) 

Hydrologisches Institut an der technischen Hochschule in Wien, Mitteilungen r

368.

Ingenieur, 's-Gravenhage: 279. 

Institut fur Meereskunde und das geographische Institut an der Ufiiversitat

Berlin, Veroffentlichungen: 191.
44 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

Institut fur Wasserbau der technischen Hochschule zu Berlin, Mitteilungen: 396.

Institut oc6anographique, Annals, Paris: 213, 214.

International Congress of Soil Science: 374, 385, 395, 397.

Internationale Mitteilungen fur Bodenkunde, Berlin: 204.

Internationaler Kongress fur technische Mechanik, Verhandlungen: 346.

Irrigaci6n en M6xico: 399.

Journal de physique th6orique et appliqu6e, Paris: 76.

Kaiserlich-konigliche geographische Gesellschaft in Wien, Mitteilungen: 95.

Kaiserlich-konigliche geologische Reichsanstalt, Verhandlungen, Wien: 197.

Kolloidchemische Beihefte, Dresden und Leipzig: 317, 369.

Kulturtechniker, Breslau: 439, 453, 555.

Landwirtschaftliche Jahrbiicher, Berlin: 354.

Matematicheskil sbornik, Moscow: 35.

Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Braunschweig: 423.

Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiete des Wasserbaues und der Baugrundforschungr

Berlin: 370, 440.

Mittlere Isar A. G., Veroffentlichungen, Munchen: 299, 302. 

Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Freiburg. (See Soci6t6 fribourgeoise des sciences

naturelles.)

Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zurich, Vierteljahrschrift: 119. 

Naturwissenchaften, Berlin: 421.

Naturwissenchaftlicher Verein fiir Steiermark, Mitteilungen, Graz: 203. 

Nauchno-issledovatel'skil institut gidrotekhniki, Izvestiia, Leningrad: 402, 406,

409, 411, 412, 415, 435, 445, 446.

Nauchno-melioratsionnyl institut, Izvestifa, Leningrad: 307, 331. 

Neue Wege zur Aiitike, Leipzig: 418. 

Nouvelles annales de la construction, Paris: 138.

Oesterreichische Wochenschrift fur offentlichen Baudienst, Wien: 185, 255, 267. 

Oesterreichischer Ingenieur- und Architekten-Verein, Wochenschrift, Wien: 65. 

Oesterreichischer Ingenieur- und Architekten-Verein, Zeitschrift, Wien: 127, 128,

142, 144, 145, 146, 178, 225, 226, 229, 242, 253, 270, 315. 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, Gotha: 173, 422, 441, 444, 450. 

Physikalische Zeitschrift, Leipzig: 171, 190, 231, 340, 363. 

Politecnico, Milan: 112. 

Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse,

Sitzungsberichte, Berlin: 377. 

Preussische Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau und Schiffbau, Mitteilungen, Berlin:

281, 398.

Probleme der kosmischen Physik, Hamburg: 325. 

Revista de agricultura, comercio y trabajo, Havana: 264. 

Revue de botanique appliqu6e et d'agriculture tropicale, Paris: 361. 

Revue de g6ographie alpine, Grenoble: 350. 

Revue g6n6rale de 1'hydraulique: 431.

Revue g6n6rale des sciences pures et applique1 es, Paris: 250. 

Revue g6ographique des Pyr6n6es et du Sud-ouest: 438. 

Revue polytechnique, Zurich. (See Schweizerische Bauzeitung.) 

Russkie deiateli po vodnym putiam, Siezd: 183. 

St. Gallische naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, Jahrbuch: 147. 

Schlesische Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde und geographisches Institut der Universitat

Breslau, Veroffentlichungen: 404. 

Schweizer Alpenclub, Jahrbuch, Bern: 39. 

Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Zurich: 54, 71, 292, 326, 418, 437, 452.
ALPHABETIC LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 45

Schweizerische landwirtschaftliche Monatshefte, Bern: 453.

Schweizerische naturforschende Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen: 123.

Schweizerische Wasserwirtschaft, Zurich: 181, 201, 208, 240.

Schweizerischer Wasserwirtschaftsverband, Jahrbuch, Zurich: 198.

SocietS d'Emulation du Doubs, Me"moires, Besancon: 8.

Socie"t6 d'encouragement pour 1'industrie nationale, Bulletin, Paris: 163.

Soci6t6 de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Geneve, Compte rendu des stances:

79, 246, 247. 

Soci6t6 des inge"nieurs civils de France, Me"moires et compte rendu des travaux,

Paris: 59, 102, 105, 108, 436.

Socie"t6 des sciences naturelles de Neuchfitel, Bulletin: 26, 130. 

Soci6t6 fribourgeoise des sciences naturelles, Bulletin: 111, 118. 

Soci6t6 fribourgeoise des sciences naturelles, Memoires g^ologie et geographic:

126.

g^ologique de Belgique, Annales, Liege: 55. 

g^ologique de France, Bulletin, Paris: 96. 

g^ologique de France, M^moires, Paris: 211. 

Socie"t6 linneenne de Bordeaux, Proces-verbaux: 294. 

Soci6t6 vaudoise des sciences naturelles, Bulletin, Lausanne: 21, 241, 273. 

Statens meteorologisk-hydrografiska anstalt, Meddelanden, Stockholm: 362. 

Sveriges geologiska undersokning, Avhandlingar och uppsatser, Stockholm:

230, 330.

Tekhnika i ekonomika putel soobshcheniia, Moscow: 286.

Tsentral'noe gidrometeorologicheskoe biuro, Izvestiia, Leningrad: 318, 319, 320. 

Turkestanskafa gidrometricheskafa chast', Otchet: 194, 195, 196, 206, 219,

222, 224.

Upsala University, Geological Institution, Bulletin: 263, 434. 

Verein deutscher Ingenieure, Forschungsarbeiten auf dem Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens, Berlin: 218, 291, 329, 333.

Verein deutscher Ingenieure, Zeitschrift, Berlin: 342, 352. 

Verstandliche Wissenschaften, Berlin: 447. 

Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau in Wien, Mitteilungen: 254. 

Vestnik irrigatsil, Tashkent: 353. 

Vodnyi transport, Leningrad: 304, 310. 

Wasserkraft, Miinchen: 276, 293. 

Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, Miinchen und Berlin: 344, 366, 405, 420, 424,

433, 448, 454.

Wasserwirtschaft, Wien: 309, 396, 408, 410. 

Wasserwirtschaftliche Rundschau, Berlin: 245. 

World Power Conference, Transactions: 379. 

Zapiski po gidrografii, Petrograd: 297.

Zeitschrift fur angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, Berlin: 284, 321, 339, 343. 

Zeitschrift fur Bauwesen: 20, 34, 49, 70, 86, 115, 120, 133, 135, 143, 149, 158, 177,

188, 206, 210, 217, 236, 243, 262, 287, 296, 347.

Zeitschrift fur das gesamte Turbinenwesen, Miinchen und Berlin: 237. 

Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Leipzig: 328, 372, 392, 394. 

Zeitschrift fur Gewasserkunde, Dresden: 104, 122, 134, 136, 137, 168, 186, 193,

212, 215.

Zeitschrift fiir Gletscherkunde, Berlin: 172. 

Zeitschrift fur Physik, Berlin: 274.

Zeitschrift fiir praktische Geologie, Berlin: 148, 400, 425. 

Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung, Berlin: 103, 165, 167, 174, 209, 221, 251, 252,

268, 278, 282, 298, 303, 378.
46 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

ABSTRACTS

117. Friedrich, Adolf, Die Entwicklung des Kulturingenieurwesens von den

altesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart (The development of agricultural

engineering from the most ancient times to the present), 87 pp., Wien,

K.-k. Hochschule fur Bodencultur, 1900.

An interesting collection of data pertaining to hydraulic engineering in ancient

times (back to about 4500 B. C.) and covering all parts of the world then known.

The material refers mostly to irrigation, drainage, and water supply. On page 18

a brief reference is made to traces of mighty stone dams in Egypt which served as

barrages to hold back the debris.

155. Fabre, L. A., L'achevement de la restauration des montagnes en France 

(The achievement of mountain restoration in France); Houille blanche, 

6e annee, pp. 12-18, 1907.

On forest conservation in the mountainous regions of France practiced according 

to the formula

Le sol denude lutte centre 1'eau;

Le sol arme par la vegetation lutte pour 1'eau.

The earth denuded struggles against water;

The earth armed by vegetation struggles for water. 

and the other formula

Qui veut etre le mattre des eaux doit etre le maitre des montaignes.

La vegetation spontanee protege partout le sol centre 1'erosion.

Who would master water must master the mountain.

Spontaneous vegetation everywhere protects against erosion. 

The recommendation is made that the state should acquire water sources 

and their immediate surroundings, including unstable lands such as those threatened by landslides and avalanches and the outlets and immediate vicinity of 

depressions of every kind where water may accumulate.

192. Direction generate des eaux et forets, Restauration et conservation des 

terrains en montagne (Restoration and conservation of the mountain 

terranes), 3 vols., 800 pp., Paris, 1911.

A report to the French Minister of Agriculture with 300 photographs illustrating 

the work of restoration and conservation in the mountainous regions of France.

A brief historical background of the conservation law of 1882 is given, together 

with a general consideration of its relation to private and community interests. 

The contributions to the subject of conservation made by various authors, including Pliny, Bernard Palissy, Fabre, Surell, Cezanne, Scipion Gras, Breton, Mathieu, 

Costa de Bastelica, and Demontzey are reviewed.

The first volume covers general features, such as precipitation, vegetation, 

degradation, mountain torrents, restoration, trees and grasses employed in restoration work, the work of reforestation and developing a grass cover, general working 

methods and measures. Then follows an account of the various areas covered, 

the expenditures in connection with acquiring lands, and the different kinds of 

work from 1860 to 1909. The last chapter covers pasture amelioration.

The second volume gives a summary description of each restoration area 

(perimetre) in the Alps region, including data on the river basins, geologic conditions, climate, production, administration, population, degree of soil degradation, 

denudation, and the work accomplished.
ABSTRACTS 47

The third volume covers in the same way the peiimetres of the Pyrenees, the 

Cevennes, and the central regions.

308. Penck, Walther, Die morphologische Analyse (Morphologic analysis): 

Geog. Abh., 2. Reihe, Heft 2, 283 pp., Stuttgart, 1924. Bibliography 

of 182 items.

Morphologic analysis means to Penck a method of investigation of the process of 

crustal movements starting from the forms of the earth's surface.

In this paper it is shown that the slope formation depends upon erosion. Penck 

intended to show later how, on the basis of a certain relief type, the process of the 

crustal movements could be determined. The forms of the earth's surface correspond to the relations between the intensity of the opposing endogenous and 

exogenous forces.

Structure explains only one part of the crustal movement. The duration and 

intensity of these processes may be determined only from the shape of the surface. 

Tectonics and morphology must supplement each other in order to throw light 

upon the endogenous processes.

Penck treats with considerable detail the weathering of rocks and shows that 

various kinds of weathering lead to the same ultimate results, and that geologic 

and climatic differences merely affect the speed of the process.

Denudation, corrosion, and erosion in their relations to the sorting of the 

weathered material are thoroughly treated.

Erosion baselevel and denudation baselevel are compared. The general and 

direct erosion bases Penck defines as the determining niveaus (levels) which regulate the work of upstream stretches of rivers and which are located at places where 

the channel leaves a tectonically uniform plateau and enters an adjoining plateau 

which is subject to endogenously different movements.

General denudation bases are located where mass movements and surface denudation, including corrosion, cease and along the lines of steadily or occasionally 

flowing waters.

The problem of slope development is extensively treated, and in relation to the 

erosion intensity slope development is divided into three kinds ascending, descending, and uniform. The first leads to convex slope profiles, the second leads 

to even natter slopes, and the third produces a balance between erosion and denudation and leads to straight-line slopes.

Penck's deductions are based on numerous observations pertaining to denudation processes and actual forms of the earth's surface.

In referring to theories or deductions of other authors, Penck assumes that the 

reader is fully familiar with the details of such theories and deductions, so that a fair 

knowledge of geomorphology is a prerequisite for a complete understanding of 

this paper.

A more condensed exposition of the Penck deductions may be found in his paper 

entitled "Wesen und Grundlagen der morphologischen Analyse, reprint from 

Sachs. Akad. Wiss. Leipzig, Math.-phys. Kl., Ber., Band 72, pp. 65-102, 1920.

319. Kaminsky, A. A., Dannye i mysli o krugovorote vody na zemon share 

(Data and thoughts pertaining to the hydrologic cycle on the earth): 

Tsentral'noe gidrometeorologicheskoe biuro Izv. (Central Hydro-meteorologic Bureau Bull.), vypusk 4, pp. 7-22, Leningrad, 1925.
48 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

A picture of the gradual development and present status of our knowledge pertaining to the hydrologic cycle. Taking Bruckner's figures and applying R. 

Fritsche's corrections for the precipitation on land and G. Wuest's data on evaporation from the sea, the author obtains the following table:

Annual cycle

Cubic 

kilometers

Evaporation from sea_______________________-_____-_- 307, 000

Evaporation from land________________________-____-_ 81, 000

Precipitation on land and sea________________________ 388,000

Evaporation from sea___---_________-___-_-_____-_-_- 307, 000

Quantity of vapors transferred to land _________________ 30, 000

Precipitation at sea.__-_-_-_____________-_-_-___-_-_- 277, 000

Vapors obtained from sea___________________________ 30, 000

Evaporation from land which drains to sea_____________ 71, 000

Precipitation on land with drainage to sea ______________ 101, 000

Evaporation from districts without run-off._____________ 10, 000

Precipitation in districts without run-off______________ 10, 000

Compares map of resultant of prevailing winds in the summer with map of 

average absolute humidity lines and finds that these humidity lines generally bear 

a definite relation to the directions of the winds from the Baltic Sea.

Kaminsky finds that the transportation of vapors inland is undoubtedly connected with certain elements of the general circulation of the atmosphere.

Suggests the study of the smaller river systems (300 to 500 square kilometers) 

lying in the general direction of the prevailing winds. One such experimental 

basin is now already utilized to the south of Lake Ladoga (Lava River).

328. Stiny, Josef, Der Schweb der Mur, Steiermark (Suspended matter in the 

Mur, Styria): Zeitschr. Geomorphologie, Band 1, Heft 1, pp. 49-53, 1925.

The important data are as follows:

Drainage basin: 5,291 square kilometers.

Annual load of suspended matter: 300,000 metric tons.

Annual denudation by suspended matter alone: 0.034 miDimeters (not

counting bed load and dissolved minerals) at a density of 1.6. 

Requires 29,300 years to lower total surface 1 meter. 

Table of observations in 1924 shows radical fluctuations of coarse sand,

fine sand, silt, and clay contents, but independent of river stages.

335. Schoklitsch, Armin, Geschiebebewegung in Fliissen und an Stauwerken 

(Bed-load movement in rivers and at dams), 112 pp., Wien, Julius 

Springer, 1926.

This book records the results of the author's many years of work. Observations 

and measurements in the field were carried out with the cooperation of two hydroelectric companies, and the laboratory experiments were made at the laboratories 

of the technical college at Graz.

The region investigated is that of the Mur River between Bruck and Graz, 

having the following characteristics:
ABSTRACTS 49

Cubic m/sec. 

Flow, minimum__________________.__________________ 30

Flow, maximum high water____________________ 1, 450

Flow at which bed load starts_________________________ 150

Withdrawal, maximum_________________________________ 135

The author does not confine himself to his own observations and experiments, 

tout introduces considerable additional data in order to cover each subject thoroughly.

A chapter is devoted to each of the following items:

1. Characteristics of bed loads. Points out that for engineering purposes the 

graphic representation of grain sizes is most suitable.

2. Attrition and sorting of bed loads. Refers to H. Sternberg's formula for loss 

of weight proportional to distance traveled; Fugger's and Kastner's tables of 

attrition coefficients for various rocks; A. Heim's tables for distances traveled and 

.specific attrition for principal rocks; Darcel's tables on petrographic sorting and 

grain-size sorting on the Seine from Paris downstream; a composite table on 

.specific attrition covering parts of the Rhine, Iller, Mur, and Danube. Attention 

is called to the scantiness of data on scouring of rocks and structural materials, 

such as wood. Several interesting cases are cited. The sorting of sediments in 

sandbars is explained and illustrated.

3. Movement of bed load and suspended matter in river courses. Includes definitions and data on suspended matter. Contains also table of data obtained at 28 

stations on various European rivers covering observation periods from 1 to 152 

years with particular reference to silting at reservoirs. This table has been 

reprinted in the author's Wasserbau.

Many tables are given which include results of measurements in various parts 

of the world, data on turbidity in different parts of the Mur and other German 

rivers, and figures on velocity as affected by bed load or suspended matter.

4. Change of bottom within reservoirs and at outlets. Silting under different 

conditions and in various parts of reservoirs is discussed and illustrated.

5. Selection of outlet location in regard to bed-load movement. Illustrates the 

difference in action between the outlet in line with a straight section of the river 

and the outlet at a bend, and the resulting silting in each ca.se, and describes the 

function of the bottom outlet.

6. Determining the intake sill he^ghts in regard to bed-load movement. Points out 

that the deciding factor is the sill's depth under the surface. Illustrations show 

the effect of the sill location under different conditions, the resulting silting, etc.

7. Dimension of the intake cross section in regard to bed-load movement. Calls 

attention to the accepted rule that the cross section must be of such dimension 

as to affect an intake velocity between 0.5 and 1.5 meters per second, but that the 

results are not always satisfactory even if this rule is observed. Laboratory experiments assisted in explaining this problem.

8. Influence of the curtain wall (Tauchwand) and the plank bed (Vorpritsche) on 

the silting of the intake basin. The function of these parts is described and illustrated. The Tauchwand is a curtain wall on pillars which tends to keep the 

intake free from debris by a uniform distribution of velocities over the intake 

cross section. It also protects against ice and floating debris. The Vorpritsche 

is a smooth bed construction before the intake sill to keep the sill free from debris 

by extending the bottom outlet's field of influence farther upstream. In an 

intake at the outside of a river bend the Vorpritsche, because of its smoothness, 

does not weaken the spiral movement.
50 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

9. Plan of the intake basin. Discusses the intake angle, and many illustrations 

show the effect of the angle in intakes from straight parts of the river and from 

bends. Flushing of intake basins is discussed.

10. Bed-load movement over a weir and the bottom formation below a weir. 

Points out effects of stepped weirs during high water and low water insofar as 

retaining sediments on the steps of the weir is concerned. Many illustrations 

show the effects on sedimentation of opening the center or side bottom outlets. 

Prevention of scouring below weirs by Puchner-Hofbauer method is illustrated.

11. Flushing of weirs and working channels. The functions of bottom outlets 

and sedimentation above weirs are described and illustrated, as well as the limited 

section above the weir which flushing may affect if the reservoir level is preserved. 

Flushing under different conditions is illustrated.

12. Comparison of the measurements at the Peggau Dam on the Mur, with the 

results obtained from experiments with the model. These results are compared in 

detail with the aid of illustrations, and the author comes to the conclusion that the 

comparison resulted in the satisfying assurance that model experiments offer a 

reliable picture of bed-load movement and bottom formation at dams. Certain 

instances are pointed out where model experiments led to improvements in the 

flushing procedure at the Peggau weir.

357. Mayer, Robert, tJber Erosion (On erosion): Geog. Gesell. Wien Mitt., Band

71, Nr. 10-12, pp. 299-330,1928.

Written after visiting the Karlsruhe, Wien, and Graz hydraulic laboratories. 

The new laws of water movement discovered by hydrotechnicians are explained 

in a general way by using as examples different types or sections of rivers, including 

wild mountain torrents, highland rivers, and lowland streams. Various forms of 

water movement, velocity distribution, waves, etc., are analyzed. 

A section is devoted to each of the following items: 

Bed-load transportation. 

Equilibrium in cross section. 

High water.

Equilibrium in longitudinal profile. 

Erosion base. 

Wave forms. ** 

Erosion and rock cliffs.

358. Reichel, Eberhard, Der Wasserhaushalt des Coloradogebietes im siidwestlichen Nordamerika (Rainfall, run-off, and evaporation relations in 

the Colorado River Basin in the southwest of North America): Geog. 

Abh., 2. Reihe, Heft 4, pp. 1-74, Stuttgart, 1928. Also supplement: 

Leiter, M. M., tJber die Denudation im Flussgebiete des Colorado. 

The selection of the Colorado Basin for this study was suggested by A. Penck, 

because it contains arid sections.

The question to be answered is whether the run-off curve is actually a straight 

line.

The Penck formula a=(n L) k is used, in which a is run-off (Abfluss), n is 

precipitation (Niederschlag), L is an estimated precipitation at which there is no 

run-off, and k is a constant.

Reichel develops the following maps (scale 1:7,500,000):

1. Annual precipitation: 0 to 1,000 millimeters.

2. Gaging stations and silt-measuring stations.

3. Annual run-off: 0 to 400 millimeters.

4. Annual evaporation: 0 to 600 millimeters.

5. Run-off ratio: 0 to 60 percent. 

To these Leiter adds:

6. Annual denudation: 0 to 0.5 millimeter.
ABSTRACTS 51

Letter's conclusions are:

1. Denudation is not the greatest in the higher districts with abundant rains, 

but in the arid districts.

2. Denudation is greater where sediments of Mesozoic age are on the surface 

than where early Paleozoic strata or eruptive masses appear.

Reichel indicates that the run-off is a function of the ground formation, besides 

being a function of climate that is, temperature and precipitation.

General run-off curves are claimed to be straight lines bent in the middle, 

similar to the curve for the Colorado Basin.

In developing the denudation map Leiter has utilized the following references: 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Papers 274, 380, 395, 400, 469, 498, 538. 

Geol. Survey Bulls. 350, 352, 730-C. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 93.

Penck, A., Morphologic der Erdoberflache, Stuttgart, 1894. 

Reclamation Service data on silt measurements. 

Reclamation Record, May 1917.

Details pertaining to the Penck evaporation and run-off formula may be found 

in his paper entitled "Untersuchungen iiber Verdunstung und Abfluss": Geog. Abh., 

Band 5, Heft 5, pp. 463-504, Wien, 1896.

359. Amschler, J. W., Landwirtschaftliche Primitivkulturen des Kaukasus (Primitive agriculture in the Caucasus): Forschungen und Fortschritte, Band 5, 

pp. 147-148, 1929.

Brief notes covering an agricultural expedition.

Picture of terraces at Tschock Daghestan, 2,000 meters above sea level. Because of the total absence of trees in this district, dams and walls have beenr 

skillfully adjusted to the terrane in order to protect strips of land which are in 

places only 1 meter wide. Hook plows of local hardwoods (Betula raddeana and 

Tertiary birch) are used behind, teams of 16 to 20 oxen to break up the clay soil 

into large lumps which, under the influence of the heat of the sun, gradually 

crumble.

362. Eriksson, J. V., Den kemiska denudationen i Sverige (Chemical denudation 

in Sweden): Statens meteorol.-hydrografiska anstalt Meddelanden, 

Band 5, No. 3, 96 pp., 1929.

Data on suspended matter and matter in solution obtained from observations 

made in 1909-25 at 69 stations. A total of 11,313 analyses were made, of which 

3,594 were analyses for organic and inorganic matter.

Districts represented:

(a) Moraines rich in lime and clay soils with scant forest cover.

(&) Moraines rich in lime and clay soils with heavy forest cover.

(c) Clay plains with low lime content and having few forests and bogs.

(d) Forest districts relatively low in lime and with bogs.

(e) Mountainous districts, entirely or for the most part above the timber line. 

Findings:

1. The content of inorganic matter in solution is in inverse proportion to the 

area of the drainage basin, to the volume of precipitation, and to the run-off factor.

2. In clay districts with few lakes the rivers contain much inorganic matter, 

but in forest districts with many lakes the rivers have a low content of inorganic 

matter.

3. The largest content of inorganic matter is in rivers that flow through regions 

rich in lime; the smallest content of inorganic matter is found in rivers that flow 

from mountainous regions.

4. Of the total quantity of inorganic substances found in the rivers, 35 to 40 

percent is lime in districts such as a and b, and 10 to 30 percent is lime in forest 

and mountain districts such as c, d, and e.
52 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

5. The lime content in rivers increases with an increase in forest area as show & 

by the following table:

Forest area (square kilometers)

Average

lime 

content 

(percent)

0-1,000. ......

1,000-10,000... 

Above 10,000.

16 

21.3-

24.8

6. The softest waters, partly under 1° (=10 milligrams CaO to 1 liter), come 

from forest districts and mountains; the slightly harder waters (4°-8°) are those 

that come into contact with lime under the ground surface; and the medium waters- 

(8°-12°) are those that come from springs in limestone and Silurian formations.

7. The content of inorganic matter reaches a maximum during low water and! 

a minimum during high water. The content of organic matter tends to be theopposite, in that the minimum usually occurs during the winter, and the maximum 

occurs during rising water in the spring.

8. The chloride content is the highest during the summer and fall.

9. The annual denudation in Sweden represented by the quantity of inorganic 

substances carried in solution by the rivers, in metric tons per square kilometer, 

for different parts of the country is as follows:

Lime districts_-__________________________--__-___-___- 60-70

Forest districts _______________________ average 10, maximum 20

Mountain rivers-_______--______-_-_-_------__---__--__ 15-20

10. For the entire country of Sweden the estimated quantities carried in solution in metric tons per square kilometer per year are given in the following table:

Moraine districts... __________________

Clay districts ______________________

Lime districts.... . _____________

Inorganic

11.3

15.0

19.4

Organic

7.8

10.7

19.4

CaO

2.8

3.3

6.9

Cl

5.6

3.1

2.1

SO*

0.9

2.3

3.2

COj

3.0

2.S

4. a

11. The average total per annum denudation by rivers in Sweden is as follows:

Metric tons 

Inorganic matter_________________________________. 6, 140, 000

Organic matter______________ _ _____ _ __ 3, 930, 000

CaO________________________________ 1,570,000

Cl__________-.____________________-___________-_ 930,000

SOs 680, 000

CO2 _____----________.__________________ 1, 430, 000

12. Of the total chemical and mechanical denudation, 70 to 90 percent is 

chemical.

This abstract is based on a German review by R. Mayer.

367. Rehbock, Theodor, Bettbildung, Abfluss und Geschiebebewegung bei Wasserlaufen (Formation of river bed, run-off, and bed-load transportation 

by rivers): Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., Band 81, Heft 10, pp. 

497-534, 1929.

Lecture given at a meeting of the Deutsche geologische Gesellschaft (German 

Geologic Association) in Karlsruhe. Points out that the subject enters the field 

of the geologist, the geographer, and, most of all, the hydraulic engineer.
ABSTRACTS 53

A typical river of central Europe is analyzed from the mountain torrent to the 

delta. All important geologic, hydrologic, and especially hydraulic features are 

mentioned and definitions given. Attention is called to features still requiring 

research, and the assistance of the geologist is invited in solving the problems. 

The great assistance rendered by laboratories is pointed out.

370. Dull, Ferdinand, Das Gesetz des Geschiebeabriebes (The law of bed-load 

attrition): Mitt, aus dem Gebiete des Wasserbaues und der Baugrundforschung, Heft 1, 62 pp., Berlin, TVilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1930.

After reviewing former contributions toward the solution of the problem and 

analyzing numerous experiments, the author comes to the conclusipn that former 

attrition formulas are not suitable and therefore he develops the following formula:

in which G is the weight of a stone at the end of a given distance of travel. 

G0 is the initial weight of a stone. 

s is the distance traveled.

K is a factor representing the relative attrition hardness of the material. 

n is a factor representing the relative brittleness of the material. 

For normal attrition where the surface of the stone remains smooth without 

large particles breaking off, n=0.55, so that

i 

(?=((? <> «- 0.45 te) 0'45

For distances through which the final weight G does not greatly differ from <?» 

the following approximate formula may be used:

G*=G0 -ks G0«-v

For different kinds of rock, as well as for individual stones of the same kind of 

rock, k and n are found to be variable, so that only observations based on averages 

are of practical use. Compared to these unavoidable variations the influence of 

the river's slope and of the form of the rounded bed-load stones becomes insignificant and may be ignored.

The type of bed-load material (sharp-cornered or round, rough or smooth) 

surrounding the individual stone is of critical importance.

Although the experiments do not prove that the quantity (mass) of the bed load 

influences the result, it is quite probable.

The experiments described have not solved the problem of attrition but merely 

clarified certain points.

To arrive at a solution laboratory experiments should be combined with critical 

observation of natural attrition.

The paper contains many illustrations, diagrams, tables, and a bibliography of 

21 entries, dated from 1857 to 1926.

372. Freise, F. W., Boebachtungen iiber den Schweb einiger Flusse des brasilianischen Staates Rio de Janeiro (Observations on suspended matter in 

certain rivers in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): Zeitschr. Geomorphologie, Band 5, Heft 5, pp. 242-244, Leipzig, 1930.

The observations are based on over 20 years' experience in the field. The data 

cover a variety of areas from those with practically no soil to those having virgin 

forests with a soil depth as great as 5 meters. Data for 19 rivers are given.

The result? indicate that the percentage of fine particles increases with the 

percentage of virgin forest. In the virgin-forest district the Mambucaba River
54 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

carries off yearly about 18 grams per square meter of drainage basin, of which 

about 83.55 percent represents particles less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. 

Flowing through a district which has been settled for 175 years, the Muriahe 

River carries off about 59.3 grams per square meter, of which only about 22.47 

percent consists of particles less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter.

374. International Congress of Soil Science, 2d, July 20-31, 1930, Leningrad 

and Moscow, Proceedings and papers published in Moscow, 1932-33.

These papers are published partly in English, partly in German and consist of 

the following volumes, which are designated commissions:

Commission 1. Soil physics. 304 pp. Contains 26 papers on capillarity, mechanical analysis, colorings, structure, physical properties, soil moisture, etc.

Commission 2. Soil chemistry. 226 pp. Contains 31 papers on pH of soil, 

absorption, colloids, lime, phosphates, organic matter, etc.

Commission 3. Nitrogen fixation, decomposition of organic matters, and soil 

microbiology. 301 pp. Contains 55 papers.

Commission 4. Soil fertility. 262 pp. Contains 34 papers on methods of 

determining soil fertility, soil reaction on yield of plants, soil acidity, plant nutrition, soil map of the world, etc.

Commission 5. Classification, geography, and cartography of soils. 424 pp. 

Contains 71 papers on origin of soils, morphology, forest soils, alkali, soil maps, etc.

Commission 6. Application of soil science to agricultural technology. 320 pp. 

Contains 30 papers on drainage, permeability, absorption, underground waters, 

irrigation, reclamation, freezing, erosion, peat soils, etc.

Commission 7. Proceedings and excursion. 159 pp. Contains miscellaneous 

papers and list of 39 publications edited for the second congress.

382. Stebutt, A., Lebrbuch der allgemeinen Bodenkunde; der Boden als 

dynamisches System (Textbook of general soil science; the soil as a 

dynamic system), 518 pp., Berlin, 1930.

Stebutt considers soil as a living, organic body. The constant energy influx 

from without either maintains a balanced state or produces further development. 

The contents include treatment of the following subjects:

1. Raw soil-forming materials; soil as a colloidal system; the physical properties 

of soil; porosity; behavior toward water, air, organic matter, and heat.

2. Soil dynamics; the factors of the soil processes; reaction of water, carbon 

dioxide, and humus; changes of the materials; decomposition of minerals and 

building up of the soil components; soil acidity; change and displacement of the 

whole soil; alluvial and diluvial processes.

3. Soil genetics; typical soil formations.

4. Theory of soil fertility.

383. Stremme, Hermann, Wissenschaftlicher und wirtschaftlicher Wert der 

Bodenkartierung (Scientific and economic value of soil cartography): 

Forschungen und Fortschritte, Band 6, p. 39, 1930.

Extracts from a lecture in which it is claimed that former general and special 

maps were inadequate because soil science had not been developed sufficiently at 

the time. Modern soil cartography considers types of soil origin as one of the 

main bases.

From the sciencific viewpoint soil maps give exact statistics. From the economic viewpoint soil maps may give information in regard to soil values in agricultural and forestry practice in view of their relations to the science of vegetation. 

Another article by this author is contained in Forschungen und Fortschritte, 

Band 8, p. 46, 1932.
ABSTRACTS 55

385. Z61cinski, J., Deluviale Bodenprozesse als heimliche Plage der Landwirtschaft; Bodenab- und Aufschwemmungen als Folge des mechanischen 

Ackerbaues und der atmospharischen Niederschlage (Deluvial soil 

processes as a secret plague of agriculture; soil erosion and sedimentation as results of mechanical soil cultivation and atmospheric precipitation): 2d Internat. Gong. Soil Sci., 1930, Proc. and Papers, Comm. 

6, pp. 203-207, Moscow, 1932.

Deluvial processes are defined as the erosion and transportation of weathered 

rock and soil materials from cliffs and slopes of the macro- or microrelief into 

depressions of all kinds below the level of such a relief. These processes may be 

caused by the flow of rain or snow water or by works of man such as mechanical 

soil cultivation.

It has been established that deluvial processes of soil erosion and sedimentation 

are more or less continuous, although varying in intensity, and are in direct relation to the different mechanical characteristics of the soils as well as to the amount 

of precipitation. The potentialities for erosion increase with a decrease in binding 

materials, such as humus and clay, or with an increase in fine dusty sand.

The dust soils, which are composed of fine particles, possess, in regard to their 

mechanical and morphologic character, a weaker, less permanent, and characteristic field structure, and under the destructive influences of precipitation and 

mechanical soil cultivation they undergo a far-reaching deluvial soil transportation 

into depressions and valleys.

These denudations depend upon abundance of folds, the slope angle, and the 

slope direction. As a rule deluvial processes on the northerly slopes show moderate progress, but toward the south and especially the southeast they have progressed much farther.

Normally lying gray steppe-forest soils with a slight slope (4 to 6 percent) will 

under cultivation and weathering erode so that the dark humus layer is transported to the foot of the slope, followed first by the light-gray layer of the podzol 

horizon and later by the iron-yellow layer. At a considerable slope (10 to 16 

percent) the normally lying genetic gray steppe-forest soils appear in the reverse 

order after deluvial erosion.

In soil erosion a considerable loss of plant-nourishing elements (nitrogen, 

phosphorus, and potassium) takes place. These collect along the slopes leading 

to the depressions.

Thorough investigations of deluvial sedimentation show that 

(a) In sedimentation often two layers appear, consisting of an ash-gray dusty 

sand and a dark humus layer.

(6) The sedimentary material first fills the depressions in the terrane and then 

is separated into layers.

(c)' The processes of erosion and sedimentation take place much quicker and 

more intensively than has been assumed. For example, on a slight slope of 5 

percent in a valley during a period of 7 months 5.5 to 6 centimeters of eroded 

material was deposited.

386. Blanck, E., Handbuch der Bodenlehre; die Massnahmen zur Kultivierung 

des Bodens (Handbook of soil science; measures applied for the cultivation of soil), 583 pp., Band 9, Berlin, Julius Springer, 1931.

Of special interest in this volume is Graf zu Leiningen-Westerburg's treatise 

on forestry, fertilization, and the influence of forest vegetation on soil. The 

dependence of the formation of the soil profile on the vegetation is shown, and it 

is demonstrated that even radical changes in the profile require often only a 

surprisingly brief time.

Another chapter in this volume is by Mitscherlich and is entitled "The soil as a 

vegetation factor."

This book is one of a set of 10 volumes.
56 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

387. Congres international de navigation, Le service hydrographique italien 

(Italian hydrographic service), 416 pp., 15e Cong. internat. de navigation, 

Venise, Rome, 1931.

This report is largely on hydrology but also includes meteorologic data.

Few sections of Italy have less than 400 millimeters of annual precipitation, 

and the amount increases to more than 3,000 millimeters in the Friaul regions.

The results of discharge conditions in the Italian rivers are well covered, as, 

for example, the River Po, for which glacier action, changes in river bed, delta 

formation, and artificial irrigation near the source are described.

In 1930 the artificial lakes of Italy contained 1,500,000,000 cubic meters, as 

against 8,000,000 cubic meters in 1910. The artificial lakes in 1930 were distributed as follows: Northern Italy, 90; central Italy, 34; southern Italy, 16; total, 

140. Most of these artificial lakes are used for water power.

Hydrologic terms as applied in Italy are defined.

This volume also contains the French translation of Giandotti's paper entitled 

"A contribution to the study of the transportation of (solid) matters on river 

beds." This paper originally appeared in Annali dei lavori pubblici, Rome, 1929. 

The following paragraphs are an abstract of the paper.

The author considers that the solution of the problem of the transportation of 

bed load by water is one of the most difficult tasks, because it has to be based partly 

on laboratory experiments, where all the natural conditions cannot be properly 

simulated, and partly on field observations. The results of such observations, 

however, cannot be fully utilized without taking into consideration the particular 

geologic, cultural, morphologic, climatic, and hydraulic river conditions under 

which the observations were made.

Credit is given to the contributions of Moller, Faber, Schoklitsch, Schaffernak, 

and Liiders. The author does not intend to propose a new system of research 

but merely submits the results of simple statistics, which, however, are sufficient 

to give an idea as to the quantity of bed load which may be transported by the 

rivers descending from the North and Central Apennines and by the tributaries 

of the Po River from Scrivia to Danaro. On the basis of the geologic data of 

Prof. Sacco, the rock formations of the last-mentioned district are analyzed as to 

their degree of resistance to erosion. The characteristics of the river channels 

are analyzed in order to obtain typical section profiles, etc.

The following data are given for 19 rivers:

1. Area of drainage basin.

2. Average altitude above sea level.

3. Average slope.

4. Average annual precipitation, 1923-27.

5. Average maximum precipitation for 4 consecutive days.

6. Quantity of bed load transported annually.

7. Annual denudation of basin, in cubic meters per square kilometer.

Sternberg's figures on attrition as applied to the Rhine between Basel and 

Mannheim are given.

The final conclusions are that eight of these rivers carry annually 100 to 120 

cubic meters of sedimentary material per square kilometer of drainage basin, five 

rivers carry 50 to 60 cubic meters per square kilometer, and six carry 30 to 40 

cubic meters.

396. Jakuschoff, Paul, Die Schwebestoffbewegung in Fliissen in Theorie und 

Praxis (Movement of suspended matter in rivers in theory and practice): 

Inst. Wasserbau tech. Hochschule Berlin Mitt., Nr. 10, 24 pp., 1932; 

reprint from Wasserwirtschaft, 25. Jahrg., Hefte 5, 6,7, 8, 11, Wien, 1932.
ABSTRACTS 57

This paper is an attempt to gather the scant and partly contradictory data on 

the movement of suspended matter, in order to make a re"sum6 and to indicate 

directions for further research.

The principal problem is to investigate how suspended matter is transported 

for considerable distances in flowing water without touching the bed. The movement of water itself is also not yet fully understood.

The history of the development of this problem is briefly given, beginning with 

the work of E. Dupuit in 1786 and ending with the present theory that an understanding of turbulence will lead to an explanation of the transportation of 

suspended matter.

After this introduction a chapter is devoted to each of the following items:

1. Importance of and determination of the composition of suspended matter. 

Formulas covering velocities of particles falling in water, air, etc., are given. 

Methods of mechanical analysis are discussed only in general. Special mention is 

made of Glushkoff's method, in which the particles fall through a long tube onto 

a moving tape so arranged that the time required for passing through the tube is 

automatically registered and the particles are automatically grouped.

For particles larger than 0.5 millimeter the sieve method is recommended.

2. The essence of turbulence. O. Reynolds' critical number for the limit between 

laminar and turbulent flow and Schoklitsch's turbulence experiments with coloring 

matter are briefly reviewed. The opinion is expressed that in spite of the 

attempts of numerous research workers during the last 2 or 3 decades the largest 

part of the turbulence problem is still unsolved, and that neither the origin of 

turbulence nor the law of cross movements has been explained, nor has any 

mathematical theory been developed that is even approximately correct.

Attention is called to numerous other differences between laminar and turbulent 

flows besides those expressed by the Reynolds' number.

3. Ways for calculative treatment of suspended-matter movement. It is suggested 

that this can be done through relations derived from experiments, or by formulas 

for cross components of flow velocity. Numerous experiments by J. B. Francis, 

W. Glushkoff, M. Welikanoff, and H. Krey and numerous formulas by R. G. 

Kennedy, N. Joukowsky, J. V. Boussinesq, Jasmund, W. Schmidt, L. Prandtl, 

and W. Tollmien are reviewed, and additional research pertaining to the principle 

of the Austausch processes is recommended.

4. Mathematical analysis of the morement of suspended matter on the basis of its 

composition. Attention is called to the Russian contributions along this line, 

principally by W. Glushkoff. This subject is treated with considerable detail.

5. Connection between suspended movement and the carrying capacity of rivers. 

Discusses the shift from erosion (scouring) to sedimentation (silting) and vice 

versa.

6. Distribution of suspended matter in rivers. (a) Over cross section; (&) along 

the length of the river.

7. The volume of suspended matter carried by rivers and the resulting effects. 

Attention is called to the large fluctations in the ratio between bed load and suspended matter as observed in different rivers by various investigators.

The relation between velocity of flow and turbidity and between turbidity and 

run-off is discussed. The influence of suspended matter on the movement of 

water in the river is considered.

8. Apparatus required for determining the content of suspended matter and its 

proper use. Description and illustrations of apparatus are given. Preference 

is given to Glushkoff's collapsible dipper for silt sampling.

9. Photoelectric method for determining the suspended matter content of rivers. 

Kalitin's apparatus is described and illustrated.

10. Comparison of movement of suspended matter in water and in air. The 

author maintains that the same laws are applicable to both air and water.
58 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

Conclusion. The question of movement of suspended, matter is very closely 

related to the run-off processes and to the turbulence problem, which is the chief 

problem and must be solved first, because without that all our hydraulics represent 

only a collection of merely empirical formulas not connected by any strict system.

A bibliography of about 85 entries is given.

400. Dietz, Curt, Kunstliche Sandverkieselung (Artificial silicification of sand): 

Zeitschr. prakt. Geologie, Jahrg. 41, pp. 57-61, 1933.

The process consists in treating sand first with a concentrated solution of 

silicate of soda and then with a salt solution, usually calcium chloride. The 

treatment causes a flocculation of silica gel and a quick hardening of the sand. 

Both solutions are applied under pressure by Dr. Joosten's method.

It has had practical application in connection with mining, preparation of 

footings and foundations, etc.

This article considers the process from the geologic viewpoint and finds it to be 

an imitation of natural sandstone formation.

403. Favre, Henry, Contribution & l'£tude des courants liquides (A contribution 

to the study of flowing liquids), 64 pp., Zurich, 1933.

This book is intended for engineers who are not interested in the scientific 

details but who want a practical and quick solution of questions pertaining to the 

behavior of the liquid mass as a whole.

In addition to the classical hydraulic values relating to roughness and velocity, 

the author considers in his calculations also nonuniform distribution of velocity 

in the cross section, as well as changes produced by an increase or reduction in 

the discharge. The results given have been checked in the field and in the 

laboratory, and the arrangement is considered convenient for the practical 

engineer who is interested in discharge phenomena.

404. Flohr, E. F., Beitrag zur Methode der kartographischen Darstellung von 

Wasserkraften, unter vorwiegend morphologischen Gesichtspunkten 

(Contribution to the method of cartographic representation of water 

powers, chiefly from the morphologic point of view): Schlesische Gesell. 

Erdkunde und Geog. Inst. Univ. Breslau VeroffentL, Heft 20, 82 pp., 

1933.

Water power is here to be understood as the maximum power available from 

precipitation for mechanical-morphologic work. It represents the upper limit 

of effective water power, which is the upper limit of the usable water power 

that is, the potential water power of the technician.

In the introduction, A. Penck's map of potential water powers in the United 

States is discussed as a starting point. After that, the drainage basins of the 

Wilde and Rote Weisseritz are treated thoroughly, with descriptions of the topography, geologic structure, forests, precipitation, and run-off. The utilization 

of data in the construction and interpretation of the map is explained. 

The basic formula for the construction of such a map is

K=(m) (g) (J)

in which K=annual potential power at a given location. 

m=mass of the annual run-off. 

g=acceleration due to gravity. 

mg weight of annual run-off.

J=slope=h/s, in which h is the difference in altitude and « is the distance traveled.

The author explains that if the kinetic energy formula K= (m) (g) (h) were 

used K would be expressed in meter kg/year, but in the new formula K= (m) (g}
ABSTRACTS 59

(J), instead of h, a concrete figure in meters, there has been substituted J, which 

is a ratio, so that K is then expressed in kg/year.

The ultimate map, with a scale of 1:100,000, indicates sections that range from 

0 to 466,000,000 kg/year.

The Weisseritz drainage basin was selected because all necessary data pertaining to it were available.

In making hydrodynamic maps, which are intended principally to serve morphologic purposes, it is desirable that:

1. The determination of the water power be made at the local erosion baselevels that is, at places where the slope or the area of the drainage district are 

changing.

2. Besides the average annual discharge, the average discharge of the highwater period should be considered.

3. Occasionally the relations in other time units, such as seasons or months, 

and in special occurrences, such as catastrophic high water and extreme low water, 

should be mapped.

4. The scale should vary according to the requirements and the quality of the 

hydrologic data.

5. Surface representation of water power, similar to A. Penck's isohydrodynames, is not recommended.

The paper contains a bibliography of 100 entries.

405. Gontscharoff, W. N., O vzvieshivanil nanosov (On the suspension of sediments) : Gidroenergeticheskil nauchno-issledovatel'skil inst. Trudy 

(Hydro-energy Sci. Research Inst. Trans.), vypusk 2, 174 pp., Moscow, 

1933. Reviewed in Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, 30. Jahrg., 24. 

Heft, pp. 291-292, 1935.

About one-half of the paper is devoted to the general problems of turbulent 

flow. After analyzing some formulas for determining the average velocity, such 

as those of Mises and Fromm, the author develops his own formula, in which the 

velocity is represented as dependent upon the degree of smoothness (not roughness) of the channel. The value of this coefficient is then computed for various 

hydraulic conditions.

A critical review of modern conceptions of the effect of the boundary surface 

and wall friction is given. This is followed by a treatment of the author's theories 

on the mechanics of turbulent flow.

The subject of suspended matter is treated, and the Airy formula is criticised.

A complete picture of the distribution of suspended matter and bed load in 

rivers and canals is given and various conceptions as to the nature and laws of 

the transportation of suspended matter are analyzed. 

In conclusion, the author gives a synopsis of numerous formulas, mostly empirical, which are used for practical calculations in connection with canal improvements, from Kennedy's formula (1894) to Bakhmeteff's formula (1929). The 

author criticises all of them because they do not agree with observed data and 

are based on faulty construction.

This abstract is based on a German review in Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft 30. Jahrg., 24. Heft., pages 291-292, 1935.

407. Lugeon, Maurice, Barrages et geologic; me'thodes et recherches, terrassement et imperme*abilisation (Barrages and geology; methods and 

research, terracing and impermeabilization), 138 pp., Lausanne, F. 

Rouge & Co., 1935.

Most of the book deals with geologic studies of dam sites and the proper preparation of dam foundations. There is one chapter on silt deposits in reservoirs. 

Contains 15 drawings and 63 photographs.
60 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

414. Becker, Anton, Die geographische Wertung der Wiistungen (Geographic 

appraisal of abandoned lands): Geog. Gesell. Wien Mitt., Band 77, 

Nr. 7-9, pp. 146-181, 1934.

Considerable space is given to a discussion of terms pertaining to abandoned 

land which is accompanied by a footnote bibliography covering not only authors 

and their articles but numerous lengthy quotations from the original documents.

The causes to which various authors have attributed the abandonment of 

lands and villages in Austria are floods, mountain slides, the call of the city, 

wars, pestilences, forced transmigrations, emigrations, sedimentation by rivers, 

raising of river beds, changes in the level of underground water, climate, dust 

storms, erosion, burning of forests to provide more pastures, and exhausted soil. 

Finally the author comes to the conclusion that the geographic position of a 

settlement is the real cause of its abandonment.

419. Keller, A. J., Wasserfiihrung, Sinkstoffiihrung und Schlammablagerung des 

alten Rheins (Discharge, suspended matter, and silting in the old 

Rhine): Schweizer. Bauzeitung, Band 104, Nr. 6, pp. 63-64, 1934.

This article is an extract from a book of the same title published in 1932 as 

Mitt. Nr. 31 des Eidg. Amtes fiir Wasserwirtschaft in Bern. 

The experiments on scouring were made with two kinds of silt:

Sample

la

Ib

Percent of grain sizes

0.1 to

2mm

55 

20

Under 

O.lmm

45 

80

The behavior of these two silts was basically different, as shown by the following 

table, which indicates the velocities at which scouring took place in different 

depths of water:

Sample

la.. __ .... _ ....... __ ...... _ . _____ ...................... _ ..........

lb..._.... .. . ._ -» . -._._. -. - .. - .--

Ib.......--...... ._._.-._-. ...-_-_-.___.......__.__.-.__.. _.-.. 

lb.._....._.-.......-..._..-_ .........__._...._..__._.._-___...._-_.._.- ...

Depth of 

water 

(meters)

0.4 to 1.0

.40

.70

1.00

Scouring 

velocity 

(meters per 

second)

0.55

.90

1.05

1.15

It will be noted that approximately twice as great a velocity was required to 

scour the finer silt (£>) than to scour the coarser silt (a). The latter may be considered sand; the former is grouped as a clay (loam), the smooth surface of which 

is not as effectively attacked by water.

The increase in resistance to scour with an increase in depth of water may be 

attributed to the fact that with a higher water pressure the cohesion of the silt 

particles increases.

For the settling experiments silt 2 was used, which was representative of 15 

samples taken at 300-meter intervals in the Old Rhine. The composition of the 

sample was as follows:
ABSTRACTS 61

Grain size (millimeter) Percent 

of total

0.1 to 1.0... 

Under 0.1.

15

Silt 2 behaved as follows:

Grain diameter (millimeter)

Suspension

velocity

limit

(meters

per 

second)

0.01. 

.05- 

.1-

1.0-

0.30

.50

.65

About 1.30

At lower velocities the respective grain sizes settled at the following speeds:

Grain diameter (millimeter)

Settling 

velocity 

(meters

per 

second)

0.01. 

.05. 

.10-

0.157

.525

1.620

From additional experiments it was established that the grains of larger diameters continue to roll along the bottom as bed load after settling, and that the 

finer particles are transported apparently only in a suspended state.

The roughness coefficients, as given by Strickler and Chezy, are analyzed on 

the basis of the experiments made.

These experiments were conducted for the purpose of deciding whether it would 

be safe to regulate the Old Rhine for a channel width of 25 meters as requested 

by the navigation interests, instead of 16.5 meters, as intended by the Government.

The calculations showed that by widening the channel to 25 meters no silt 

would accumulate. On the contrary, a certain amount of scouring might take 

place.

420. Kobler, K., tJber die Notwendigkeit eines Bodenschutzgesetzes (On the 

necessity of a law for soil protection): Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, 

29. Jahrg., 22. Heft, pp. 263-266, 1934.

Previous articles on soil protection by this author are referred to. Systematic 

government regulation is considered essential on all types of earthworks, dams, 

canals, sluices, and wells. It is maintained that the smaller items are especially 

neglected. Proper maintenance of costly public works is also believed essential.

The time has come to take the same steps in regard to water resources as were 

taken half a century ago in regard to roads. The following tentative scheme is 

drawn up and entitled "Law for the conservation, amelioration, and reclamation 

of soil suitable for agriculture."
62 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

1. The aim of this law is to protect the soil used or suitable for agriculture or 

gardening. Furthermore, it has to provide for planned supervision of the soil, to 

create the necessary foundations for planned amelioration and reclamation, and 

to assure food supplies for the German people in their own country.

2. Temporary or permanent occupation of soil for structures, works, etc., of 

every description or for other purposes requires a permit in accordance with this 

law, regardless of permits that may be required by other decrees or laws. Similarly a change in the present type of structures and developed areas of existing 

establishments requires a permit for further works, establishments, etc., which 

may limit or endanger the natural use of the soil.

3. Excepted from such permit requirement of this law are the country settlements, as well as soil cultivation work and connected measures, to the extent to 

which they are being planned or executed by the Reich or the provinces.

4. The permit is to be denied or is to be conditional if the intended measures 

cause a temporary or permanent impairment of the food supply for the German 

people which is greater than the anticipated advantage of a private or national 

economic nature.

5. Each owner of soil utilized for agriculture is obliged to keep the soil in a 

condition of cultivation which, in accordance with location, climate, soil composition, and underground conditions, assures the best possible yield.

Ornamental gardens, parks, cemeteries, natural reservations, etc., already in 

existence at the time this law takes effect are rot interfered with, but an express 

authorization, with a view of subjecting them to this law, is required for all other 

free grounds, as play and sport grounds, small garden lands, etc.

6. Whosoever neglects land of the kind described in the first part of paragraph 

5 or fails to improve other soil which in accordance with corresponding measures 

is to be made useful may, after a set date, be declared obliged to cede his soil in 

entirety or in part, permanently or temporarily, at a price based on the existing 

yield value.

7. The decrees of paragraphs 5 and 6 may also be applied to owners of moors, 

waste lands, and water areas of every kind.

8. The issuing of the permit and the defining of duties is to come under the 

jurisdiction of the Reich's food minister. He may transfer his authority entirely 

or for certain eases to the central authority of the province.

After that, the author shows the justification for such a law by pointing out 

that

1. The soil, the German people's most valuable asset, is still practically unprotected and subject to any kind of wastefulness and destruction.

2. At present the owner of the soil acquires an almost complete right of control 

and may do as he pleases.

3. The soil itself, except where used for forestry purposes, has no protection 

at all, except in some special cases.

4. Forestry, in general, is based on better laws.

5. It is an intolerable condition to spend large public sums for amelioration of 

soils, while there exists no law against wasting soil.

6. All construction permits are controlled by regulations for protection of the 

public interest, but the soil on which all construction takes place is left without 

any protection.

7. The new law would prevent land speculation.

422. Meinardus, W., Eine neue Niederschlagskarte der Erde (A new precipitation 

map of the earth): Peter-maims Mitt., Jahrg. $p, pp. 1-4, 141-143, 1934.
ABSTRACTS (Jg

This map may be summarized as follows: Centimeters 

Average annual precipitation on the earth as a whole. _____ 100

Average annual precipitation on land____________________ 67

Average annual precipitation on sea._____________________ 114

Average annual precipitation on land of Northern Hemisphere. _________________________________________ 63

Average annual precipitation on sea of Northern Hemisphere.. 124 

Average annual precipitation on land of Southern Hemisphere. 76 

Average annual precipitation on sea of Southern Hemisphere. _ 106 

Average for zone of heaviest precipitation between 0° and 

10° latitude......_...__________________________ 186

Average for zone between 20° and 30° latitude...-----.--. 80-90

Average for polar districts above 70° latitude_______Less than 20

Within each zone there are essential differences depending upon the varying 

distribution of land and sea, soil relief, and, especially in the coast districts, air 

and sea currents.

The subtropical zones are not necessarily low in precipitation, but, on the 

contrary, have abundant precipitation on the easterly sides of the continents, as 

in China, Japan, Atlantic States of the United States, southern Brazil, central 

Argentina, Natal, and eastern Australia.

The temperate zone has little precipitation over the broad plains of the northern 

continents but has abundant precipitation on the western coasts, as in Norway, 

the British Isles, Alaska, Colombia, and western Patagonia.

Considering the earth as a whole, the annual precipitation should approximately equal the annual evaporation. The latter would average about 100 

centimeters over the earth's surface and in total volume would be 511,000 cubic 

kilometers of water. The latter figure is one-third greater than the quantity 

which up to now had been estimated on the basis of measurements and held to 

be theoretically possible.

The evaporation from the sea is now calculated to average 124 centimeters and 

that from the land 42 centimeters, after considering the total volume of run-off 

from the land to the sea to be 37,100 cubic kilometers. The evaporation from 

the sea is calculated to total in volume 449,000 cubic kilometers, or more than 

seven times greater than the evaporation from the land, which has been calculated to be 62,000 cubic kilometers.

These results vary considerably from G. Wuest's findings, in which the evaporation from the land was 50 centimeters and that from the sea 84 centimeters. 

After taking into consideration the areas of the laud and the sea, the evaporation 

on sea was only about four times more than the evaporation from the land according to these calculations.

This abstract is based on the author's article entitled "Die jahrliche Niederschlagsmenge der Erde": Forschungen und Fortschritte, Band 10, page 156,1934.

423. Meinardus, W., Die Niederschlagsverteilung auf der Erde (Distribution of 

precipitation on the earth): Meteorol. Zeitschr., Band 51, Heft 9, 

pp. 345-350, 1934.

The paper contains tables of average annual precipitation in 5°, 10°, and 20° 

latitudinal zones and summaries for the hemispheres, the whole earth, the land, 

and the sea.

Evaporation and the hydrologic cycle are discussed in detail. It is estimated 

that the vapors of the atmosphere renew themselves at least 41 times during 

the year and return to the earth after a maximum of 9 days.
<64 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

424. Oppokow, Eugen, Abfluss und Verdunstung als Funktion des Niederschlags 

im Flussgebiete (Run-off and evaporation as a function of the precipitation on a river basin): Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, 29. Jahrg., 

5. Heft, pp. 55-57; 6. Heft, pp. 67-70; 7. Heft, pp. 78-83, 1934.

After a brief review of the contributions of other hydrologists to the problem 

of the relations of precipitation, run-off, and evaporation, the author analyzes 

the data on several rivers, using annual values represented by the following 

symbols:

y = calculated uncorrected run-off. 

x = precipitation.

±t = water consumption or storage value for individual years. 

u corrected river run-off for individual years. 

2 = actual evaporation.

All quantities are expressed in millimeters. 

The important features are:

1. To produce a straight relation between run-off and precipitation, the calculated run-off y is corrected to the value u by the term ± t, which is the consumption 

in dry years or the storage of water in the drainage basin in years of more abundant 

rains.

2. The result is the Penck-Oppokow formula x z = y±t = u, which is applicable 

not only to the averages for a number of years, but also to single years.

3. The evaporation, which is represented by the equation z=x y±t, is dependent on the precipitation. Penck's conclusion that river run-off is dependent 

on the precipitation in the river basin is also true of the evaporation.

4. Assuming the equations

(1) Penck's for upper Elbe-_-_____--__-_-_-_-_-__--?/ = 0.55 (x 355)

(2) Oppokow's for upper Dniepr_______-_____________?/=:0.83 (x 395)

(3) Oppokow's for upper Weser_____ ._-_-__________?/=0.617 (x 285)

and observing that each of these equations at the same time represents the function u of the corrected run-off, we may calculate the corrected run-off for each 

year from the respective precipitation.

The results for the corrected run-off u produced a straight line when plotted 

against the precipitation for corresponding years.

5. As y in section 4 represents the corrected run-off, u may be substituted for it in 

section 3, giving the following equations for the evaporation:

(4) Upper Elbe_________--___--__-_-__-______-__z=a; y=0.45a;+195

(5) Upper Dniepr-_______________-____-___--__*-z=a; y=0.17Z+328

(6) Upper Weser_______________--__-_________-_z=a; 2/ = 0.383a;+176

from which the corrected value of the evaporation for individual years may be 

computed.

6. The author also gives the following equations for the average annual run-off:

(7) Upper Elbe (based on Penck's data)....._-______y=0.476 (a; 290)

(8) Upper Saale (based on W. Ule's data).-________-__?/=0.554 (x 314)

(9) River Theiss above Szegedin (based on P. Vujevic's

data)_______________________________________y=0.635 (a:-402)

(10) River Dal-Elf (based on A. Wallens' data)_______?/=0.952 (a 140)

Corresponding to these run-off equations the evaporation equations are obtained:

(11) UpperElbe______ _ -_-_ __ s=0.524a:+138

(12) Upper Saale..__________-_-___--_____,-__-____-__z=0.446a;+174

(13) River Theiss_ _____________________________z = 0.365a; + 255

(14) River Dal-Elf ___ -- _ _«=0.048a:+133
ABSTRACTS 65

E. Reichel gives for the Colorado River analogous equations of run-off but with 

much wider fluctuations in the coefficients, varying from 0.05 to 0.93. However, 

he uses an entirely different method of calculation. The very low coefficient 0.05 

applies to subtropical districts with annual temperature of 18° C. and over; the 

coefficient 0.93 to districts of average annual temperature of 3° C. and less, which 

correspond in climate ana run-off to those of Sweden.

7. To find on the basis of the corrected run-off u the actual value y for each individual year, it would be necessary to find the value ± I in the district for each 

.year. In districts where the precipitation data for past years are available, but 

data for run-off y are not available, the latter could be easily calculated if the values 

for equations such as (1) to (3) and (7) to (10) are known.

8. Further investigations of long-time records of precipitation and run-off in 

different river basins are considered important.

The rather scant data quoted by the author form a basis for the assumption that 

the river run-off changes with the precipitation in different years somewhat less, 

but that the evaporation changes somewhat more, than is assumed by K. Fisher 

and H. Keller. Their assumption fits more nearly the hydrologic and climatic 

conditions of Sweden, but for central and western Europe there apparently exist 

different relations between run-off and evaporation on one hand and precipitation 

on the other hand, which differ markedly from the Fischer-Keller assumption but 

are close to A. Penck's data for 1896.

427. Schottenloher, Rudlof, Die Gebirgsumrahmung des nordamerikanischen 

Kontinents (The mountain border of the North American continent): 

Geog. Gesell. Wien Mitt., Band 77, Nr. 7-9, pp. 129-145, 1934.

The paper is an attempt to view the North American continent as a unit of 

"centripetal" nature as compared to "centrifugal" Eurasia.

The system of tectonic lines, the geosynclinal location of the mountains, the 

orogeny or mountain formation, the domes of the central country, and the morphology of the mountainous areas of today are discussed with considerable detail.

The author considers the great central plain as the main treasure chamber of 

North America, and so regards this continent as "centripetal-unitaristic" in 

character.

A bibliography of 38 entries is given.

431. Dienert, F., Des moyens d'etude du cycle de 1'eau dans la nature (Means 

for the study of the natural hydrologic cycle): Rev. gen. hydraulique, no. 

2, p. 77, 1935.

The paper begins with a discussion of the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere and water in the soil. Condensation in the atmosphere and as dew is 

analyzed. The two theories of dew, (1) that dew is formed from the vapors 

rising from the soil and (2) that dew is a condensation of atmospheric vapors, 

are discussed.

The methods for measuring evaporation directly, as well as for calculating it 

on the basis of a constant difference between precipitation and run-off, are reviewed. Attention is called to the difficulties in connection with measuring infiltration. It is proposed to set up an elaborate system of underground measurements, consisting of a dense network of stations, so that all different topographic 

features including swamps, forests, cultivated fields, ground below river bed, 

different depths of soil, etc., are covered. By comparing such measurements 

with the results of other methods, the flow from thermal springs may be determined. That part of the water which returns from the soil in a state of vapor is 

determined by the author's apparatus for measuring ground evaporation. Thus 

it is found possible to observe the various phases of the natural hydrologic cycle 

in different regions, to study the influence of topographic and meteorologic con-
(Jg EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

ditions, and to obtain data pertaining to the penetration of precipitation at different depths.

This review is based on a German abstract in Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, Band 31, pp. 10-11, 1935.

432. Fels, E., Der Mensch als Gestalter der Erde (Man as shaper of the earth),.

206 pp., Leipzig, Bibliographisches Institute, 1935. Bibliography. 

The following subjects are treated in a nontechnical style:

1. Man as shaper of climate.

2. Eeshaping of the earth's surface by settlements, mining, agriculture,, 

changes of coast, and deforestation.

3. Changes in underground water levels.

4. Drainage.

5. Regulation of rivers and lakes.

6. Irrigation.

7. Vegetation.

8. Animal kingdom.

9. Transportation.

These subjects are treated from the standpoint of man's direct and indirect 

effect on the earth, and the resulting reaction on man.

Pages 50, 51, 56-58 are devoted to results of soil cultivation and deforestation.

The most far-reaching results are attributed to afforestation and deforestation.

A very definite role is attributed to terracing, which at different periods has 

been practiced on varying scales by almost all nations on the earth and in all 

climatic zones. Besides preventing erosion, terraces also facilitate artificial 

irrigation. The European Mediterranean districts are mentioned as the bestknown examples of regions where terracing has reached a highly developed statethrough generations of labor. These terraces have to be constantly cared for. 

Any cloudburst may have devasting effects. Any negligence is bound to have 

disastrous consequences. It is very characteristic how quickly in politically 

disturbed times terrace cultures may be ruined. Greece under the Turkish, 

domination of several centuries is a notable example.

Soil cultivation by plowing tends slowly but steadily to level the surface and 

gradually lower the cultivated lands.

The composition of soils is also changed through cultivation.

Regressive cultivation methods make soils poorer while advanced and scientifically justified methods improve the soil. Artificial irrigation also may greatly 

influence the soil.

Deforestation may have different results, depending upon the character of 

the country and the amount and distribution of the precipitation. In the North 

German plains, with evenly distributed precipitation through the year, a cleared 

forest may reappear by itself within 100 years if left alone. In the Mediterranean section, because of the rugged relief and precipitation concentrated during 

the winter, a forest once destroyed may not easily grow again. Basutoland, in 

the headwater region of the Oranje River in South Africa, is mentioned as an 

example of destruction caused by deforestation, also as an example of still further 

destruction by overgrazing of grass covers which formed after the deforestation.

The book contains a bibliography of 117 entries, mainly German.

433. Habermaas, Fritz, Geschiebeeinwanderung in Werkkanale und deren

Verhinderung (Bed-load entry into working canals and its prevention) :

Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, 30. Jahrg., 9. Heft, pp. 97-103;

10. Heft, pp. 111-116, 1935.

The author discusses briefly the principal formulas pertaining to the problem

of scouring and spiral movement of water and reviews the results attained by
ABSTRACTS 67

 other investigators. After that he proceeds to describe his model experiments, in 

which painted brown coal was used in 24 different model arrangements with 

stationary beds. On the basis of these preliminary tests seven models with 

movable beds and twice the size of the first were constructed for the main

 experiments.

The points to be investigated were

1. The influence of the discharge of the river on the entry of bed load, with 

a, constant water level and a constant flow in the intake.

2. The effect of raising the sill and the effect of a bottom outlet next to the

 canal intake.

3. The effect of various arrangements for keeping bed load out of the canal.

The models are described in detail with illustrations, and the results obtained 

are given in tables and diagrams on the basis of which the above questions may 

be answered as follows:

1. If the canal branches off on the outside of a river bend, the entry of bed 

load is prevented by the spiral movement in the river, which is away from the 

bend formed by the intake. The prevention of bed-load entry will be greater 

the sharper the bend and the greater the discharge in the river.

If the intake is on a straight part of the river, the entry of bed load into the 

icanal will increase with increased discharge in the river.

2. Only for supplementing an already effective curve action can a bottom outlet 

in the weir on the side next to the canal intake be of service. If the curve action 

is small, then a cross sill at the head of the canal with a flush outlet will help. 

However, care should be taken not to form any eddies at the canal intake. At 

an intake from a straight part of the river, flush outlets under the intake sill to 

the tailwater are required, but a sufficient difference in head and tailwater levels 

is necessary even at high water. If it is not available, then only an artificially

 created bend in the river can help, provided the intake is placed at the outside of 

such an artificial bend.

The author stresses the necessity of checking all proposed hydraulic projects 

toy suitable model experiments. He cites instances where the results of such 

model experiments were successfully applied to related problems. For example, 

the above-described experiments were made in connection with a water-power 

project, but the results obtained were utilized also in solving a storm-sewer 

problem.

The author also gives the caution that models with stationary beds may give 

results opposite to those obtained from models with movable beds.

434. Hjulstrom, Filip, Studies of the morphological activity of rivers as illustrated 

by the River Fyris: Upsala Univ., Geol. Inst., Bull., vol. 25, pp. 221-527, 

1935. Written in English.

The first half of the paper contains a review of the present knowledge of river 

hydraulics, bed load, suspended matter, and erosion by flowing water.

The last half of the paper gives the results of a thorough investigation of the 

hydrology and degradation of the drainage basin of the Fyris River in East Sweden.

Some of the conclusions are as follows:

1. The river is changing little in depth and width.

2. From each square kilometer of the drainage basin the river transports 

annually 4.6 metric tons of suspended matter and 51.5 metric tons of dissolved 

matter (mostly lime substances).

3. Denudation takes place mostly between creeks that is, through ablation 

and amounts to 0.037 millimeter a year (at a specific weight of 1.5 for loose 

material).

Tables of data and an 11-page bibliography are given at the end of the paper.
(J8 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

437. Meyer-Peter, Eugene, Favre, Henry, and Miiller, Robert, Beitrag zur 

Berechnung der Geschiebefuhrung und der Normalprofilebreite vorn 

Gebirgsflussen (Contribution to the calculation of the bed load 

carried and the normal width of profile in mountain streams): Schweizer. 

Bauzeitung, Band 105, Nr. 9, pp. 95-99; Nr. 10, pp. 109-113, 1935. 

The problems to be solved are stated as follows:

(a) Calculation of the annual bed load of a mountain stream with an artificially 

stabilized channel.

(d) Determination of the longitudinal profile of a regulated mountain stream in^ 

which the annual bed load is known and the cross section is assumed, or the determination of the cross section from a known bed load and longitudinal profile.

Existing formulas are revised and amended, after which the authors considerthe problems solved in principle, but admit that in all the details these problems 

cannot yet be solved by strictly mathematical methods. For certain questions the 

assistance of experiments and measurements in nature is required, especially in 

regard to the change in the roughness coefficient and the cross slope of the average 

cross section as a function of the bed load and of the average diameter of the 

grains. Numerical values for bed-load attrition should be determined. The 

article contains illustrations and diagrams.

439. Riecke, H. J., Nationalsozialistische Wasserwirtschaft unter besonderer 

Berucksichtigung der landwirtschaftlichen Wasserwirtschaft (Nazi water 

economics with special reference to agricultural water economics): 

Kulturtechniker, Jahrg. 38, Heft 4, pp. 299-326, 1935.

This article is a condensed version of a paper published in Deutsche Landeskulturzeitung, Band 4, Heft 6, June 1935.

A brief description of German water economics from ancient times to the 

beginning of the Nazi regime is given.

The gradual change of Germany to a world power is pictured and with it the 

growing control of water by industrial interests, so that it became more and more 

difficult to obtain water for agricultural purposes during low-water periods.

Flood-protection measures are considered unsatisfactory because many German rivers carry 5,000 cubic meters a second and over during periods of high 

water, whereas their low-water flow may be only 100 to 200 cubic meters a second.

An area of about 10,000 square kilometers of cultivated land is flooded every 

year.

In general, the interests of the peasants were ignored during the industrial 

growth, and the tragic results of the late war are principally attributed to this 

period of neglect of home agriculture during which imports of foodstuffs were 

available at attractive prices and easily balanced by increased exports of manufactured products.

In the second and third chapters the author calls attention to the economic 

importance of Germany's water resources by mentioning that

1. One kilogram of dry harvest substance requires from 300 to 700 kilograms of 

water during its period of growth.

2. According to Dr. Schroeder, the grain harvest alone in 1933 consisted of 

25,000,000 metric tons of grains and 45,000,000 metric tons of straw, which 

together required 24,000,000,000 cubic meters of water.

3. During the time of growth the quantities of precipitation required for crops, 

are, grains, 300 millimeters; roots, 600 millimeters; meadows, 600 millimeters. 

The average annual precipitation in Germany is 660 millimeters.

4. The ideal precipitation is lacking for about three-quarters of the meadows, 

and pastures and one-quarter of all cultivated fields.
ABSTRACTS 69

5. For future and more intensive soil cultivation, adequate water supply is of 

great importance, and therefore effective planning may require a readjustment 

of water utilization based on the following considerations:

(a) Wind may be substituted for water power or fuel power.

(6) Railroads may be substituted for canals. A suitable canal costs about 

1,500,000 Reichsmarks per kilometer, whereas a double-track railroad costs only 

about 300,000 Reichsmarks per kilometer.

(c) Industrial plants may have to be relocated.

(d) There is no substitute for the water required for agricultural purposes, and 

soils are fixed in certain localities.

(e) The aim of the Nazi regime is to make Germany self-sufficient so far as 

food and fodder are concerned.

(/) National defense measures are necessary, such as a provision for artificially 

flooding certain areas to prevent invasion and the production of sufficient food 

and raw materials in time of war.

(<7) Water-utilization and soil-improvement projects are important means for 

relieving unemployment.

(h) Undertakings for the amelioration of agricultural soil awaken the consciousness of the inseparable tie between the nation and the soil.

(i) Regulated water economics and agriculture give security not only to the 

farmer but to the whole nation.

0) The best possible utilization of water resources is the ultimate aim.

In the last chapter the main problems of agricultural water economics and the 

methods for their solution are outlined as follows:

1. Protection against floods, high water, and soil erosion, Besides the numerous 

direct and indirect measures the organization of high-water warning service and 

high-water forecasts is advocated.

2. Securing the ground-water requirements for agriculture. By preventing too 

great a ground-water drain from agricultural and forest areas and by the construction of barrages, reservoirs, and ponds, which not only reduce the peak of 

high waters, but also raise the ground-water level and regulate the run-off. The 

assistance of scientific research will be required for systematic determination 

of ground-water supplies and natural drainage areas.

3. Artificial drainage. About 8,000,000 hectares of cultivated land and 

2,000,000 to 3,000,000 hectares of moors are not sufficiently drained. Receiving 

reservoirs for such drainage must be provided.

4. Artificial irrigation. About 11,000,000 hectares of cultivated land and 

meadows require irrigation. The utilization principally of small streams for 

this purpose will be required.

5. Prevention of pollution and purification of surface and underground waters. 

Official river-inspection and pollution-control associations should apply greater 

care than they have up to the present. Purification processes should be improved, watched more closely, and subjected to stricter requirements.

6. Agricultural utilization of sewage. Of the 65,000,000 inhabitants, 35,000,000 

are provided with sewerage systems, but the sewage of only 5,000,000 is utilized 

for agriculture. If all sewage were utilized, 800,000 hectares of waste lands 

could be made available, and the yield of the old cultivated land could be doubled. 

This would (a) prevent pollution, (6) improve fishing and water sports, (c) make 

Germany more independent in food supplies and fodder, (d) prevent soil exhaustion, (e) increase food supplies of cities in wartimes, and (f) prevent the destruction of fertile elements by biologic treatment processes. The fertilizers thus 

wasted have a value of 300,000,000 Reichsmarks a year.
70 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

The method employed by the city of Leipzig is mentioned as an example 

of rational disposal of sewage. The sewage is carried through pressure pipes to 

distant agricultural districts, where irrigation and sprinkling systems distribute 

it without causing a nuisance.

7. Restitution of international rights in the field of water economics. On this last 

point the accomplishments of the Nazi regime are noted, and attention is called 

to the appropriations for promoting water economics and land improvements 

by the Reich, the Provinces, and credit institutions, which rose from 46,000,000 

Reichsmarks in 1932 to 382,000,000 Reichsmarks in 1934.

The German water-economic and land-improvement tasks are considered one 

of the most important, most difficult, and most patience-requiring problems of 

the Nazi State. It will require decades to accomplish them, but if the State 

succeeds by its water economics in meeting the requirements of agriculture, 

industry, and the trades for further development, then one of the most important 

foundation stones for the economic reconstruction of the Fatherland will have 

been laid.

440. Rinsum, Anton Van, Der Abfluss in offenen natiirlichen Wasserlaufen 

(Discharge in open natural watercourses): Mitt, aus dem Gebiete des 

Wasserbaues und der Baugrundforschung, Heft 7, 34 pp., Berlin, 

Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1935.

This paper presents some of the results of 15 years of research. 

The formulas developed by Jasmund, Bazin, Hessle, Hermanek, Krey, Beyerhaus, and Forcheimer are briefly analyzed and criticized.

It is indicated that investigations of channel discharge should take as their 

starting point the velocity relations at individual points in the cross section and 

that the vertical velocity curve is of special importance. The latter should form 

the basis for the interpretation of the discharge laws for the whole cross section.

The mean velocity vm obtained from the equation vm -p, where Q equals discharge and F equals area of cross section, is of interest only in roughly evaluating 

the characteristics of a river channel. For example, it may be said that a lowland river has a mean velocity of 1 meter per second, while a steep mountain 

stream has a mean velocity of 3 meters per second.

In this paper a formula is developed for velocity at any point in the vertical, 

which utilizes the depth of the channel, the longitudinal slope, and certain coefficients.

A discharge formula should consider the velocity at individual points, as is 

done in stream gaging, and then should sum up the individual partial discharges 

as indicated in the formula

Q = St>.AF (1)

The following formula for velocities in the vertical is given:

v.=KdtJ (2)

in which v, = velocity at the bottom.

t 0 =total depth.

K,=coefficient dependent on bottom conditions. 

J=longitudinal bottom slope.

The vertical velocity curve is considered to be a quarter-ellipsoid and the 

difference between the bottom velocity and the velocity at any depth t is given 

by the formula ______

v1 =ft^/(2t 0 .t-t2)J (3)

in which n=coefficient.
ABSTRACTS 71

Formula 2 is modified in that vs is considered to be the velocity at a point very 

close to the bottom and that there is a distance c from the , zero point on thevertical velocity curve to the bottom such that

t 0=tm*x c (4> 

The velocity v at any point in the vertical is expressed by the formula

The unknowns are combined into a coefficient A«I with the result that

The characteristics of Kt and n are studied and values derived from actual data, 

A formula for the discharge is developed in the form

in which £=coefficient derived from actual data and is always less than unity.

Km =coefficient dependent on bottom conditions and is assumed to be

the maximum value of K,. 

b width of section.

441. Sapper, Karl, tlber Bodenbewirtschaftung der Erde (On soil economics of 

the earth): Petermanns Mitt., Jahrg. 81, pp. 350-357, 1935.

The first half of this paper discusses the utilization of soil by man up to thepresent time. The protection of vegetation against soil erosion is described 

briefly. Primeval tropical forests are found to be the best protectors of soil, assoil strata as much as 5 meters thick may be found under such forests, while many 

surfaces covered with low-growing grasses cover a soil layer of only a few centimeters. Thus the forest is considered the best collector and protector of soil, 

and it would be more so if not hampered in regions with plentiful rainfall by soil 

movements, landslides, and devastating storms.

The presence of insects and animals increases denudation, by robbing plants of 

their leaves or by undermining the ground, thus facilitating soil movements.

Attacks on soil on the largest scale are made by man. The amount of denudation caused by flowing water is dependent upon the condition of the soil, which 

in turn determines the resistance to erosion.

In 1902 the author made interesting observations in Guatemala after the 

eruption of the Santa Maria volcano, when large areas were covered with fine 

dark ashes while other areas were sprinkled with Iittl6 pieces of white pumice. 

The first rain after the eruption indicated that the ashes formed an impermeable 

layer, and on these ash fields were formed millions of channels, which rapidly 

became deeper and which carried enormous masses of the erupted material 

downward, while the rising rivers carried a thick black mixture.

The pumice-covered areas, on the contrary, absorbed the rain like a sponge and, 

as a rule, did not form gullies for years and there was no run-off except occasionally, 

when, because of too large a water content, some of the masses of pumice broke 

loose, with devastating effects.

Slope and wind effects are considered briefly.

Planned soil conservation and soil development are the most important requirements of a far-sighted population policy.

Under primitive conditions man's influence on soil was insignificant. The 

peril became greater when the cultivation of crops and raising of herds started 

and when owing to more secure and more plentiful food supplies, mankind started 

multiplying more rapidly.
72 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

Primitive methods of soil cultivation and planting are reviewed, including hand 

planting, stick planting, digging, primitive terracing, dry plowing, wet plowing, 

and hoeing. Denudation in connection with these various methods is discussed, 

including the Vosges terraces, where after the harvest the eroded soil has to be 

carried back from the lower terraces to the upper ones. Denudation in Colombia, 

Africa, Brazil, and the United States is briefly discussed.

The conclusion is reached that during a thousand years of soil cultivation in 

Europe and southern and eastern Asia on only slightly sloped and carefully 

cultivated fields, a balance has been reached between the formation of new 

weathered soil in the subsoil and denudation by water, wind, and gravity. In 

other parts of the globe, especially in the new countries, owing to thoughtless 

activity of man, denudation over wide areas is greatly overbalancing the formation 

of new soil, frequently to such an extent that in places the productive soil has 

almost disappeared. The conditions in the United States are reviewed.

The second half of the paper covers planned soil cultivation, the important 

points of which are:

1. Proper soil conservation can be effected only through government regulation.

2. A thorough knowledge of the country's soils and their distribution is necessary.

3. Irrigation, drainage, and reforestation possibilities must be studied.

4. Soil, forest, and water planning must be coordinated.

5. International understanding and agreements are necessary to effect a truly 

rational soil-conservation program based on a rational distribution of agricultural 

production, in which climates, soils, and consumption are considered.

The author, however, does not believe that an international understanding is 

possible in view of the nationalistic attitude of individual nations.

In conclusion, a warning is sounded that in eastern and southern Asia overpopulated regions are located close to underpopulated European colonies, where 

enormous areas are still undeveloped, but no immigration is permitted. This 

has led to demands for a reshaping of international rights. The storm clouds 

gathering in eastern Asia may greatly affect European states.

443. Schoklitsch, Armin, Stauraumverlandung und Kolkabwehr (Silting of reservoirs and protection against scouring), 178 pp., Berlin, Julius Springer, 

1935.

The chapter on "Bed load and its transportation" outlines in a general way 

the properties and movement of bed load and suspended matter, and gives data 

for various rivers. The influence of ice on run-off is also covered.

The chapter on "Silting of reservoirs" covers also the silting of the river before 

it reaches the reservoir and the silting below the dam.

The chapter on "Protection against scouring and on energy dissipators" is the 

most extensive and covers different types of energy dissipators and their characteristics. The results of numerous experiments are given.

444. Sedlmeyer, Karl, Erosionserscheinungen im Tuffgebiet Karpaten-Russlands 

(Erosion phenomena in the tuff district of Carpatho-Russia): Petermanns Mitt., Jahrg. 81, pp. 63-64, 1935.

This is a short article based principally on a paper by Dimitri Andrusov in 

VSstnik statniho geologicke"ho ustavu Ceskoslovenske" Republiky, Rocnik 7, 1931.

The main tuff district lies between the Theiss and the Latorica and is divided 

into a westerly and an easterly section by the Borsava River, which has formed a 

broad meandering channel and a wide flood plain. This river is not regulated in 

any way.

The erosion phenomena in the easterly section are especially impressive. In 

the first phase a small depression appears, which then shapes itself into a narrow 

channel, usually in the direction of the slope. In this state the channels or gullies
ABSTRACTS 73

 develop a distinct headwater pattern. With the deepening of the channels, the 

headwater channel broadens simultaneously and is then transformed into separate 

channels. These are separated by very thin but steep partition walls, which are 

peculiar to the tuff districts. Such erosion channels have a maximum length of 

700 meters and maximum depths of 15 to 20 meters.

The causes of these erosion channels are found in the petrographic character of 

the rocks and also in the hydrologic conditions of this district. The tuff here 

has a red-brown color, is well mixed with pebbles, and forms an undulating hill 

country. The softness of the material favors the development of long channels. 

The summer heat dries out the material that has been moistened by spring rains 

and forms cracks on the surface, which also facilitate erosion.

Agricultural settlements in this district are threatened by the sediments which 

are carried down by the streams and which devastate the fields. During periods 

of high water the main street of the village forms a creek, so that in summer wide 

rows of deposited rocks may be seen lining the village and, as at Cengava, surrounding the church.

The authorities are trying to resist the devastating action of erosion by dams 

of poles, barbed wire, and sod construction, as well as by concrete walls. On the 

slopes of the gullies locust trees are planted, and an attempt is made to cover the 

slopes with forests. All these attempts to prevent erosion seem to be futile, as 

long as the Borsava River itself is not regulated.

447. Walther, Johannes, Einfiihrung in die deutsche Bodenkunde (Introduction 

to German soil science): Verstandliche Wiss., Band 26, 172 pp., 1935.

The paper gives first a description of geologic interrelations, beginning with a 

brief introduction to historic geology; climates of prehistoric time, with a new 

theory of glacial periods, which considers distant shifting of the poles, lasting mild 

climate when a pole is located on oceans, glacial-period climate when a pole is 

located on a continent; and rainy periods during high sun radiation.

Additional subjects covered include erosion by rivers and forming of terraces, 

screes formed at the foot of precipices and their movement, loess and dust and 

their action in connection with soil formation, settling of northern Germany, 

influence of climate on the northern races, indogermanic sin-flood legend, essentials of meteorology and climatology, frost action, movement of underground 

water, wind action in arid and humid sections, color of soil, formation of soil 

horizons, soil profiles, and types of soil.

The examples refer entirely to conditions in Germany, arid a special chapter 

covers the soil districts of Germany. Another chapter covers mineral resources 

of Germany.

This abstract is based on a German notice in Zeitschr. prakt. Geologic, 43. 

Jahrg., page 111, 1935.

448. Wassiliew, Charakteristik der Sinkgeschwindigkeit von Flussablagerungen 

(Characteristics of settling velocities in river silting): Wasserkraft und 

Wasserwirtschaft, 30. Jahrg., 23. Heft, pp. 271-278, 1935. 

The author first states the formula:

x- 3T-Jl/f VBHO

in which X = length of settling basin.

v=average velocity in average cross section of settling basin. 

VB=settling velocity of separate particles. 

H0 = total depth of current.

Detailed formulas as worked out by 19 different authorities are reviewed and 

a table giving velocities for different grain sizes as computed by the 19 formulas 

is presented. It is quite evident that the results are not consistent, for some of 

the variations amount to several hundred percent.
74 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

These formulas are criticised principally because most of them ignore the interior friction of the liquid media.

A table is prepared in which the grain-settling velocities from actual experimental data are compared with results obtained by 17 other authorities. The tablegives values for settling velocities in both clear still water and in turbid water.

Further tables covering temperature and viscosity are given, and the relationsbetween d (diameter of grain) and v (velocity) in clear and turbid waters are given, 

for d=0.06 to 0.10 millimeter.

The paper is a brief summary of extensive research data obtained during; 

laboratory experiments at the Russian State Research Institute for Water Supply,, 

Sewerage, Waterworks, and Engineering Hydrogeology.

The ultimate formula developed for turbid water is

v=0.17642 0( ^ J ,2-) Q01 millimeters per second.

where g = gravity acceleration.

<ri=absolute specific weight of falling particle. 

<r= density of liquid medium. 

rj= viscosity coefficient of the liquid medium.

451. Knoche, Walter, Zur Entstehung der Wiiste Sahara (On the origin of theSahara Desert): Forschungen und Fortschritte, Band 12, p. 24, 1936.

A review is made of the possible combination of causes such as changes in thegeoplanetary climate and changes in surface climate that is, soil conditions.

There are indications that the Sahara was once covered with vegetation.

Mention is made of the discovery of rock pictures, which H. Obermaier attributesto about 4,000 B. C. These rock pictures represent domesticated goats with neckcollar and the holy disk between their horns. The deduction is made that between 

4,500 and 4,000 B. C. the domesticated goat spread from east to west over the 

whole of North Africa, and that because of the fast destruction of vegetation, 

which was struggling against the drought, the formation of the desert wasfacilitated.

It is considered possible that in an earlier period the deserts of western Asia, 

were similarly formed by the advance of goat nomads from central Asia.

There is a possibility that the introduction of goats and not a strictly geoplanetary change in climate was the cause of the desert formation. It is a wellknown fact that the goat is a destroyer of vegetation, and if a region is overstocked, 

with animals that graze closely, considerable districts may be denuded and form, 

small deserts, which themselves may contribute to the devastation of other sections.

452. Kobelt, Karl, Der Rhein und seine Probleme (The Rhine and its problems):. 

Schweizer. Bauzeitung, Band 107, Nr. 8, pp. 87-88, 1936.

This article is a review of a paper submitted by the author before the Sektion^ 

St. Gallen des Schweizerischen Ingenieur- und Architekten-Vereins on January 9,, 

1936.

The political, economic, and technical aspects of the problems are covered..

The problems are classified as prevention of damage, utilization of water power, 

and navigation. From its source to the Bodensee the river is more dangerousthan useful. Utilization of the water power on that stretch would require largereservoirs because of the variable run-off. The devastating powers of the wild 

mountain torrents must be dissipated by terraces that will hold back the debris. 

Farther down, the valley widens and the slope decreases, and there arose the 

danger of silting. The building of dikes was required. The dikes at the Swissbank were increased in height in 1928, and the danger from silting was temporarily 

averted; but each year the bed of the river increases in height by 10 to 20 centimeters. Should the middle channel become filled, the river will start meandering, 

between the dikes and attack them. Dredging can prevent the danger only
ABSTRACTS 75

"temporarily. A permanent remedy must consist in stabilizing the channel so 

ihat all the bed load is transported.

In the hydraulic laboratories of the technical college at Zurich thorough model

 experiments were made on the transportation of bed load by the Rhine. The 

results of these experiments may today be applied to the actual river. It would, 

however, be necessary to complement these experiments by measurements on 

the river. Thorough tests will require at least 2 years.

In the model experiments different proposals for regulating the transportation

-of bed load were tested. The following arguments are considered:

1. The river bed can be allowed to determine its own longitudinal profile, but 

the dikes must be raised correspondingly. The objections to this are that the 

lands below the dikes would become swampy and that the dikes built on peat soil 

should not be burdened more than they are now. Settling of the dikes may lead 

to a catastrophe.

2. A change in the discharge profile could not be brought about by raising the 

control weir of the center channel, which is already too wide, but could be effected 

by narrowing the center channel by 20 to 40 meters. This would be very costly.

3. A cheaper method would be to dredge the silt continually. This measure 

is technically unsatisfactory, and in a short time it would not be possible to dispose 

of the material without costly transportation.

4. Narrowing the center channel would not be effective in the long run without a simultaneous decrease of bed load by extended regulation of the mountain 

torrents at the source. A further supply of bed load on the present scale would, 

within a discernible time, advance the estuary of the Rhine in the Bodensee 

farther into the lake, and the longitudinal profile would be still further flattened.

The Bodensee fulfills a very important task. It receives the bed load of the 

Rhine and regulates the run-off. The high-water peaks of the Bodensee come 

about 5 days later than those of its tributaries. The Bodensee also causes flooding, because its outflow is not sufficient during high inflows. Lake floods have a 

different character from river floods. They last longer but do not deposit silt.

To improve the discharge of the Rhine there has existed since 1926 a project 

for regulating the Bodensee. This covers principally the dredging of the toosmall discharge channels at Gottlieben and Stein, on the Rhine Besides that it 

includes a weir near Hemmistiofen for regulating the low-water stages. This 

regulation of the Bodensee would also result in better operation of the Rhine 

power plants, by storing the superfluous summer water for the winter.

From the Bodensee to Basel the Rhine flows in a deep channel. It does not 

carry bed load any more, and its course is quite even.

454. Strele, G., Fiinfzig Jahre Erfahrungen bei der Wildbachverbauung in 

Osterreich (Fifty years' experience in mountain-torrent regulation in 

Austria): Wasserkrafc und Wasserwirtschaft, 31. Jahrg, 6. Heft, pp. 

61-65; 7 Heft, pp. 77-80, 1936.

This article presents a review of torrent-regulating methods in the last 50 years.

In the early days installations on the lower parts of streams were constructed 

for protecting directly the threatened areas. These afforded only temporary 

protection. In Tyrol, however, by the first half of the sixteenth century, regulating installations were constructed in the source districts, with very good results. 

These installations were so effective near Brixen that by the middle of the seventeenth century these inaccessible barrages had been forgotten and were not rediscovered until 200 years later. Meanwhile they had been effectively protecting 

the formerly exposed areas.

Mountain torrents cause more damage by the bed load than by the water 

carried. For protection against bed load, barrages, settling basins, and gravel 

catch basins are built. However, after these storage places have become filled, 

their effectiveness largely ceases. On the other hand, cross, longitudinal, and
76 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

shell structures for combating the loosening and eroding forces of the water, and 

soil-protection, sod-growing, afforestation, and other soil-binding measures retain 

their effectiveness permanently.

Protective construction on the lower part of the streams is resorted to only for 

direct protection of threatened areas.

Construction methods and materials have changed. Fifty years ago transportation facilities to the mountain valleys were more scanty than today. Therefore, local materials, such as stone, timber, and brush, were used. Timber construction was utilized to a great extent after the floods of 1882 and 1885 in the 

Anrainer district, partly because suitable stone was scarce, and partly to provide 

income for the inhabitants, who had suffered considerable losses through the 

floods. Besides that, timber structures have the advantage of a certain flexibility and yield, have great resistance against damage, and are more rapidly 

executed by local labor. The great disadvantage of timber construction is its 

rapid decay. Gradually such construction was reduced and confined to installations that are permanently covered with water or to damp and spongy places 

where in time increased vegetation renders the structures unnecessary. Recent 

declines in timber prices have led in some sections to combination structures in 

which the side exposed to the air is covered with a thin concrete wall. Such a 

structure was first built experimentally in 1905 and has stood up well. The 

greater part of the early construction was executed with stones; at first, dry stone 

work without mortar, and then gradually more and more cement mortar was 

employed, as this saved the cutting of stones and at the same time decreased the 

required thickness of the dams.

Since 1899 concrete construction has increased, as it required less specially 

skilled labor and the materials needed could be obtained through improved transportation facilities. Since 1910 reinforced-concrete walls have been used to cover 

existing timber structures.

Before sufficient experience has been gathered slender barrages of reinforced 

concrete require caution in design and construction, especially where heavy water 

and bed loads are passed or where seepage may take place.

Brushwood construction has been successfully employed for a long time, but 

this construction is suitable only for low cross dams or longitudinal dikes where 

the water velocity is not high.

At the foot of the bank slope a cement covering is recommended to form a limit 

line for the vegetation. Since the beginning of the present century wire gravel 

containers patented by Italian engineers have also been used in Austria. In 

some places locally made wire-mesh containers have been used.

The author gives much advice in regard to the points where special caution is 

required, such as the wear and tear of structures under different conditions, and 

methods of protecting concrete barrages with stone crowns, planking, rails, plates, 

etc.

Damage of structures is mainly attributed to washouts or seepage. Methods 

of protection under different conditions are briefly suggested. The main stress is 

laid on protection against soil movement by binding the soil, employing if necessary only temporary methods such as seeding, sodding, then quick-growing trees 

such as willows, poplars, alders, locust trees, and sand thistles, and later on 

substituting more choice varieties of trees.

Extensive afforestation has been suggested by some as an ultimate method for 

curbing torrents, but the author finds this method unsuitable for Austria and 

considers that proper regulations applied to existing forests are more important 

than afforestation. Forests require decades before they become effective in 

preventing floods and debris movement. Therefore, Austria's policy has been 

first to regulate the torrents and then to apply cultivation measures for completing and securing such regulation.
EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT 77

VOCABULARIES ON SOIL EROSION, SILT, AND RELATED

SUBJECTS

FRENCH-ENGLISH

abatage removal of broken ground.

abe"e millrace, flume.

ablme abyss.

accole" joined.

accolement union, composition.

accore steep.

acheminement step.

affaissement subsidence.

affleurement outcrop.

afflux me'te'orique total volume of precipitation on a basin in a given period 

of time.

affouiller to undermine, to scour.

agoge gutter.

aigu sharp.

aire area.

allaise sandbank.

alluvions alluvium; sand, gravel, etc., 

deposited by flowing water.

amas accumulation, mass.

amont upstream.

apport deposit, drift.

araser to level.

areg sandy deserts (plural of erg).

arene sand, gutter.

argile clay.

arpenter to survey.

asse"cher to drain.

assise bed, horizon.

assolement rotation of crops.

atre hearth.

atterrissage landing.

atterrissement deposition of sediment.

auge channel, flume.

aval downstream.

avalasse flood.

baj oy er river-wall.

barrage dam across a valley.

bassin d'alimentation tributary area.

bassin hydrographique, bassin hydrologique drainage area or drainage

basin.

berge levee, steep bank, flank, 

bialet, bialiere irrigation canal, 

bief reach, millrace. 

boisement afforestation, 

bombement swelling, 

boucle loop of a meandering river, 

boue mud, slime.

bourbier puddle, mud. 

bourrer to ram, to pack, 

brassage mixing. 

briser to break up. 

brouillard fog. 

brousse bush, undergrowth, 

buisson bush, thicket, 

buse flume, nozzle, 

busque" curved.

cadastrer to survey, 

caduc, caduque decayed, 

caillou pebble, boulder, 

cailloutis gravel, 

calcaire limestone. 

cari6 decayed, 

carre" square, 

cassant brittle. 

cassure fracture. 

charriage transport, 

chenal channel, 

chevauchement overlapping, 

choc shock, blow, 

chute fall.

clapier talus, aluvial cone, 

coefficient d'ecoulement run-off coefficient.

colmatage silting, 

concasser to crush, 

coteau slope, 

couche arable topsoil. 

coulisse groove, 

crever to burst, 

crible sieve, screen, 

crique crack, creek 

croute crust, 

cru raw, crude, 

crue growth, flood. 

cule"e abutment, 

cuve vat, tank.

de"bit performance, delivery, yield. 

de"bit me'te'orique volume of water

brought to a basin by precipitation

during a unit of time. 

de"blaiement clearing, corrasion. 

d6 boisement deforestation. 

de"border to overflow, 

de'bouche' outlet, 

debris debris.
78 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

cheaper to clean, to scour.

dScharge discharge.

dSchSance decay.

dScollement parting.

dScombres rubbish.

dScrue decrease.

dSgel thaw.

dSgraisser to scour, to carry off soil.

d6noyer to unwater.

d6pot deposit, settling.

de"pouillement analysis.

dSprimS flattened.

dSsagrSgation disintegration.

dessin drawing, design.

detente expansion.

de'tournement diversion.

dStroit strait.

deVers tilt.

deVersement discharge, junction,

warping. 

deVersoir weir. 

deVis estimate, 

diapason range, scale, 

dief clay dike, 

dige'rer to digest, 

digue dike, dam, levee, 

diluvium diluvium; sand, gravel, etc.,

deposited by inundation, 

disette scarcity. 

donne"es data, 

dragage dredging. 

durSe duration. 

duretS hardness.

eau buyable potable water.

eau d'e'gouts sewage.

eau de fonte water from melting.

eau de source spring water.

eau douce fresh water.

eau du jour surface water.

eau dure hard water.

eau sale'e salt water.

eau sauvage sheet flood.

eau vive running water.

e'bauche sketch.

e'boulement landslide, cave-in, rock

fall.

Sboulis talus. 

Seattle scale. 

ScartS remote. 

Schantillon sample. 

Schelle scale. 

Sclater to burst, 

e'cluse lock, lock gate.

Scorce bark.

Scoulement flow, run off.

Scraser to crush.

e"croulement fall, collapse.

effriter to exhaust land, to crumble.

e"gout drainage, sewer.

eluvial residual.

emboitement des terrasses succession

of terraces.

emboiter, s' to fit in. 

embouchure mouth of a river, 

embraser to set on fire. 

e"meuler to grind. 

Smietter to crumble. 

Smousser to make blunt, 

empfiter to enclose, 

empe'cher to hinder, 

empie'ter to encroach, 

enciente enclosure, wall, 

endiguer to dam. 

endogene endogenetic, igneous, 

enduit coating, layer, 

enfuir to bury, 

engrais fertilizer, 

ennoyage depression, 

ensablement sanding-up. 

ensettlement depression. 

entasser to accumulate, 

entrainer to carry away, 

envaser to silt up. 

Spaisseur thickness, 

e'panchement discharge, 

e'panouir, s' to expand, 

e'parpiller to scatter. 

6ponte wall (of a dike). 

e'puiser to empty. 

e"pure diagram. 

6purer to purify, 

erg (pi. areg) sandy desert, 

espace space. 

espSce species, 

esquisse sketch. 

essai test, assay. 

Stage stage. 

Stale spread out. 

Stalon standard. 

Stanche impermeable. 

Stang pond. 

Steindre, s' to die out. 

Stendu extensive. 

Stiage low-water mark. 

Stirer to stretch. 

Stroit narrow. 

eVaser to widen.
VOCABULARIES 79

faille fault, 

falaise cliff, 

fange mud. 

fardeau load, 

fendre to split, 

feuillet flake, 

fiche peg.

filon vein, lode, dike, 

flot wave, flood-tide, 

fond bottom, 

fondre to melt, 

fouille excavation, pit. 

foyer hearth, focus, 

frane landslip, 

friche waste, fallow, 

frottement friction, 

fuite leak.

galet pebble, boulder.

gave torrent.

gazon turf.

ge"nie civil civil engineering.

giboule"e shower.

gisement layer.

glace ice.

glacis slope.

glissement slip.

goulet gully.

goutte drop.

gravier gravel.

gres sandstone.

gries gravel.

hautes montagnes mountains.

hauteur height.

hauteur d'afflux depth of precipitation 

(depth at which rainfall would stand 

on an area, if it all remained on the surface and was uniformly distributed).

hauteur d'e'coulement depth of run-off 

(depth at which that part of the rainfall which runs off into the streams 

from an area would stand, if it all 

remained on the surface and was uniformly distributed).

houille blanche water power.

houille grise wind power.

hypogg underground.

intempe'risme surface erosion.

jauge gage, 

jusant ebb tide.

lais silt.

lavage washing.

lessivage leaching.

Iev6 survey.

leve"e rising.

ligne de partage watershed, divide.

liman silted estuary, lagoon.

limon loam, silt, loess.

lise quicksand.

lit bed, lamina.

lit majeur flood plain.

lit mineur rivei channel.

marais marsh. 

mare"e tide, 

marmite pot, potholes, 

marne marl, 

meulage grinding. 

m61e mole, breakwater, 

montant slope, 

motte clod, lump, 

mouille wet, moist, 

moyenne average, mean.

nager to swim, to float.

nappe layer.

neige snow.

neige fondu snow water.

niveau pie'zome'trique water table.

noyage flooding.

nuage cloud, mist.

nue"e cloud, storm.

onde wave. 

onde"e shower, 

orage storm.

pan side, wall.

paroi side, wall

partage des eaux divide.

pays de collines highlands.

pente slope.

perte apparente apparent loss (the difference between rainfall and run-off 

occurring in the same period of time).

plafond floor (of a reservoir).

plaine d'inondation flood plain.

plan d'eau water level.

plan de niveau datum line.

plan, dernier background.

plan, premier foreground.

pli fold.

pluie de poussiere dust storm.

pluviometre rain gage.
80 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

podsol bleached sand, podsol.

pourri rotten, rottenness.

poussiere dust.

pre'cipite' precipitation.

profil en long longitudinal section.

profil en travers cross section.

puits well, pit, shaft.

rampe slope.

rapport ratio, report, production.

ravin ravine.

ravine torrent.

raviner to erode differentially, to channel.

reboisement reforestation.

reillere flume.

relais relay, silt.

relief contour of the ground.

remblai filling up.

remous eddy.

repli fold.

restenque cultivated terrace.

rieze barren ground.

rigole ditch, gully, rill.

rivage shore, bank.

rive shore, bank.

roche de fond bedrock.

roder to grind.

r6der to rotate.

ronger to erode.

rose"e dew.

rouille rust.

ru small stream, gully.

ruisseau stream, brook.

ruissellement work of running water, 

rainwash.

ruissellement, terre de alluvium.

sable sand.

sable femelle light-colored sand.

sable flottant quicksand.

sable m&le dark-colored sand, 

sables bouillants^

sables boulants I . , ,

1.1 a .LA j. / quicksands, sables nottants I

sables mouvantsj

sablon fine sand.

samoun sand storm.

sapement undercutting.

sapropele sapropel, decaying organisms.

sas sieve, coffer, chamber.

se"cheresse aridity, drought.

seller, se to settle, to sink.

seuil sill.

sinuosit^ bend (in a river).

sol soil, ground, footwall (of a vein, 

fissure, or fault).

sous-bief back-water.

sous-sol subsoil.

stade stage.

strate stratum.

surface du sol top soil.

tangue shell sand used as fertilizer.

tapis ve'ge'tal vegetable cover.

tas heap.

tassement sinking, settling.

tasser to pile up, to ram.

terrasse de recoupement river terrace.

terre ve'ge'tale soil.

terreau soil.

titre content, grade, fineness.

tourbe peat.

tourbiere peat bog.

tourbillon whirlwind, eddy.

trop-plein overflow, weir.

udomStre rain-gage.

vanne sluice, 

varenne waste land.

GERMAN-ENGLISH

Abfluss run-off, discharge.

Abflussbeiwert ratio of annual run-off 

to annual precipitation.

Abflusshohe run-off depth.

Abflusspende run-off volume per unit 

of area.

Abflussverluste run-off losses.

Abflussverlusthohe run-off loss expressed as a depth.

Abflussverzogerung run-off delay.

Abflusswasserfracht material t r a n s -

ported with run-off. 

Abfolge origin.

Ablagerung sedimentation, deposits. 

Ablation ablation; denudation by wind,

ice, etc.

Abrasion erosion by wave action. 

Absatz sediment.

Absonderung planes of division, joints. 

Abspulung erosion by water.
VOCABULARIES 81

Abtragung denudation, erosion.

Xhnlichkeitsgesetz law of similarity.

Alluvium alluvium; sand, gravel, etc., 

deposited by flowing water.

Anpassung adjustment.

Arm channel of river.

Art species.

Xstuarium estuary.

Aufbau constitution, building up.

Aufforstung afforestation.

Aufschotterung sedimentation.

Ausfallung precipation, secretion.

Ausflockung flocculation.

Ausfurchung erosion by running water 

(f urrowlike).

Ausgangsgestein parent rock.

Ausgleichsgefalle grade adjustment.

Auskolkung excavation, pothole formation by running water, scouring.

Auslaugung oxidation, leaching.

Ausscheidung precipitation.

Ausschiirfung scouring, cut.

Bach brook, creek.

Barren sand and silt deposits at a

river's mouth.

Bergsturz mountain waterfall. 

Beschleunigung acceleration. 

Bestand consistence. 

Bettsohle bottom of river bed. 

Bildung formation. 

Bimsstein pumice stone. 

Blauschlamm blue mud. 

Bleichsand infertile light-colored sand. 

Blocklehm bed-load clay. 

Boden bottom, soil. 

Bodenabschwemmung soil erosion, soil

washing.

Bodenanalyse soil analysis. 

Bodendispersitat soil dispersiveness. 

Bodenfluss soil movement. 

Bodenkartierung soil cartography. 

Bodenkunde soil science. 

Bodenlehre soil science. 

Bodenprobe soil sample. 

Bodenverbesserung soil improvement. 

Bodenversetzung erosion by gravity. 

Boschung slope. 

Breite width. 

Bresche breccia. 

Bruch fracture, fraction. 

Buhnen wing dams, spur dikes, groins.

Corrosion corrosion by running water, 

sand, and bed load.

Darg peat containing mud.

Deflation erosion by wind or by windcarried sand.

Deich dike.

Denudation joint action of erosion and 

weathering.

Detritus suspended matter in river.

Diluvium diluvium; sand, gravel, etc., 

deposited by inundation.

Dime dune.

Durchflussmenge discharge.

Durchflussprofil discharge profile.

durchsickern to percolate.

Durchstich cut, channel, excavation.

Ebbe ebb.

Einfang intake.

Einzugsgebiet drainage area, area tributary.

Eluvium the products of weathering at 

their place of origin.

Ent waldung deforestation.

Erde earth, soil.

Erdfliessen earth movement.

Erdkrume top soil.

Erdrutsch landslide.

erodieren to erode.

Erosion erosion by running water.

Erosionsbasis lower limit beyond which 

erosion cannot take place; baselevel 

of erosion.

Erosionsrinne erosion channel.

Evorsion whirling movement of water.

Exaration erosion by glacial action.

Falte fold.

Fanggraben catch basins, small temporary reservoirs.

Fastebene peneplain.

Faulschlamm sapropel, decaying organisms.

Felsbecken potholes.

Flachland low land.

Flechtstromung twist flow.

Flugsand blown sand.

Fluss river. 

 Mussaue flood plain.

Mussbett river bed.

Mussgebiet river basin, drainage area.
82 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

Flussigkeit liquidity. 

Flusskorrektion river regulation. 

Flusskunde river science. 

Flussmundung mouth of river. 

Fluss-sohle bottom of river bed (sole). 

Flusstriibe suspended matter in river,

turbidity of river. 

Flut tidal flow; flood. 

Flutgranze flood limit. 

Fiille binding material of sandstone.

Gang vein, dike.

Gebirge mountains.

Gefalle gradient, slope.

Gehange precipice.

Gehangeschutt hillside waste, screes.

Gekriech creep.

Gerinne channel.

Gerolle pebbles, boulders.

Geschiebe bed load, transported sedimentary material.

Geschiebeableitung bed-load deflection.

Geschiebefracht rate of bed-load transportation.

Geschiebeherd source of bed load.

Geschiebemenge bed load.

Geschwindigkeit velocity.

Gestein rocks.

Geviertmeter square meter.

Gewasser waters.

Gleichgewicht balance.

Grand coarse sand, gravel.

Grauerde humus.

Grund ground, soil, bottom.

Grundgleichung basic equation.

Grundlage basis.

Grundriss plan.

Grundwassei ground-water.

Grundwasserstand underground-water 

level.

Grus grit.

Hafen port.

Halde accumulation of rock debris. 

Herd place of origin. 

Hochflutbett flood plain. 

Hochgebirge high mountains. 

Hochwasser high water, flood.

Kegel cone.

Kies gravel.

Kiesbank gravel bank.

Kiesel quartzite, quartz, silica.

Kieselgestein siliceous rock.

Kieselgur diatomaceous earth.

Kiesfang gravel catch pit.

Kolk depression formed by running 

water, pothole.

Kolkabwehr protection measures 

against scouring at weirs, etc.

Korrasion erosion caused by windblown sand.

Korrosion gnawing action of running 

water, ice, or wind.

Kreislauf des Wassers hydrologic cyle.

Krummung bend.

Lagerstatte deposit.

Langenprofil longitudinal profile.

Lauf channel.

Lawine snowslide.

Lehm loam.

Leitung conduit.

Loss loess.

Massenaustausch exchange of matter. 

Mergel marl. 

Messung measurement. 

Mittelgebirge highlands. 

Mulde trough. 

Miindung mouth.

Nebenfluss tributary. 

Niederschlag precipitation. 

Niederschlagsgebiet precipitation area. 

Niederwasser low water.

Oberflachenerosion surface erosion,

sheet erosion. 

Oberlauf upper part of river's course.

Pegel gage.

Pflanzenbedeckung vegetation cover.

Podsol bleached sandy soil in Russia;

podsol. 

Polje basin. 

Profil cross section.

Quelle spring, source. 

Quellgebiet source area (of a river). 

Querprofil transverse profile, cross section. 

Querschnitt cross section.

Rachel gully, gorge. 

Rauhigkeit roughness. 

Rauhigkeitzahl index of roughness. 

Raumungskraft scouring energy. 

Reibung friction.
VOCABULARIES 83

Reibungswiderstand frictional resistance.

Reinigungsbecken cleaning basin. 

Rille groove, initial stage of a gully. 

Rippel ripple. 

Rohton clay. 

Rumpf body, trunk. 

Rumpfflache peneplain. 

Rutschung landslide.

Sandkorn sand grain.

Sandverkieselung silicification of sand.

Sapropel sapropel, decaying organisms.

Schicht layer, stratum.

Schichtung sedimentation form.

Schlamm wet silt, mud.

Schlammabsatz silt deposit.

Schlammfuhrung silt transportation.

Schleppkraft traction.

Schlick mud.

Schluff silt, finest sand dust.

Schotter gravel.

Schutt debris.

Schutthalde talus.

Schutthang talus.

Schuttkegel talus fan.

Schweb suspended matter.

Schwebestoff suspended matter.

Schwemmkegel talus fan.

Schwemmstoff suspended matter.

Sedimentierung silting, sedimentation.

See (der) lake.

See (die) sea.

Seife placer.

Senkrecht perpendicular.

Sickerung percolation.

Sinkstoff suspended matter, deposit.

Sohle level, bed (river).

Sole saline spring.

Spaltung splitting, diversion.

Stadium stage.

Staub dust.

Staubsand dust sand.

Staubsturm dust storm.

Stauraumverlandung silting of reservoirs.

Stauwehre weir.

Stauwerke dam works.

Steinschutt rock debris.

Strom stream, flow.

Stromgebiet drainage basin, tributary 

area.

Stromung flow.

Strudel whirlpool, eddy. 

Sumpf swamp.

Talboden valley floor. 

Talsohle bottom of valley. 

Talsperre barrage, dam across a valley. 

Talweg thalweg (the whole course of a

river).

Teich pool, pond. 

Therme thermal spring. 

Tiefe depth.

Tiefenerosion gully erosion. 

Ton clay. 

Torf peat.

Triimmer clastic rocks. 

Tupfbau hand or hoof planting. 

Turbulenz turbulence.

Uferboschung slope of river bank.

Umfang perimeter.

Unterboden subsoil.

Untergrund underlying rock, bedrock,

subsoil.

Unterhaltung maintenance. 

Ursprung origin. 

TJrwald primeval forest.

Verdampf ung evaporation. 

Verdunstung evaporation. 

Verlagerung displacement. 

Versickerung infiltration, percolation. 

Verteidigung protection. 

Vertikalgeschwindigkeitskur ve v e r t i -

cal velocity curve. 

Verwesung decomposition. 

Verwitterung weathering. 

Vorbehandlung preparation. 

Vorgang process. 

Vorgebirge promontory.

Wal drodung deforestation.

Walkerde fuller's earth.

Wand wall.

Wasserbau hydraulic engineering.

Wasserfracht weight of water, bed

load, suspended matter, or ice within

a given time unit. 

Wasserhaushalt rainfall, run-off, and

evaporation relations. 

Wasserkraft water power. 

Wasserlauf watercourse. 

Wasserriss gully. 

Wasserscheide watershed, divide. 

Wasserwalze eddy, roller, whirlpool.
84 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

Wechselwirkung mutual reaction.

Wehre weir.

Widerstand resistance.

Wildbach wild mountain torrent.

Wirbelbewegung turbulence, eddies.

Wirbelig turbulent.

Wirkung action, reaction, effect.

Wiiste desert.

Wiistung abandoned land.

Zerfall disintegration. 

Zersetzung decomposition. 

Zerstorung destruction. 

Zustand state.

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH

ajijiK>BH& alluvium. 

apuK irrigation canal. 

aTMOc$epHBie ocajjKH precipitation.

6acce&H basin, reservoir.

6aTOMeTp bathymeter, sampler.

6eper bank, shore.

6eTOH concrete (cement) .

6ojiOTO swamp

6onar deep place in a stream.

6ypHH& turbulent.

CEIK (njioTHHEi) buttress, pier.

6be$ mill course

i billow, wave. 

BejiHiHna value, size. 

BeTep wind. 

BSBemeHHufi suspended. 

Bnxopi. whirlwind . 

Bjiara moisture. 

BjiasKHOCTt humidity, moisture. 

BojjHBiS: pesKHM hydrologic data on a

river.

BOJJOBOA conduit, canal. 

BOEOBOPOT whirlpool, eddy. 

BORoeM reservoir. 

BORoeMHHa pit, gully. 

Bo;o;o3a6op water intake. 

BOEOMepnaa peflica depth gauge. 

BojjoMepHBiB hydrometric. 

BOJJOMOHHA ravine. 

Bojjonan waterfall. 

Bojjonojibe overflow, high water. 

Bo;o;onpoBo;a; aqueduct, canal. 

Bojjopaaneji watershed. 

BojjocKoft reservoir. 

BOROCJIHB waste weir, water outlet. 

Bo;o;ocHa6jKeHHe water supply. 

Bojjocoft source of water. 

BojjocnycK flood gate, fish channel,

trough.

BOHOCTO& water pool. 

BOJJOCTOK water drain. 

BojjocTpoHTejib constructor of hydraulic works.

BOJJOTOK channel.

BojjoTOHHHa seepage through a dam.

Bo;o;oxo;a;HBift navigable.

BOHOXOHCTBO navigation.

Bo;o;oxpaHHjiHin;e reservoir.

BORHHaa CHjia water power.

Bosjjyx air.

Bojina wave.

BOJIHOJIOM breakwater.

BOJI^OK hydrometer.

BopoTa gate.

BnaReHxe mouth of river.

BCKai slope, talus.

BBirH6 bend.

BHMOHHa gully, ravine.

B Bicoia height.

ra6noH gabion (bottomless wicker

basket).

rajieTOHK conglomerate. 

rajibKa pebbles, boulders. 

raTb dam, sea wall. 

rnnpaBjiHKa hydraulics. 

rHjjpojior-HH hydrology. 

r-HjjpoTexHHKa hydrotechnics. 

rjiHHa clay, argil. 

rjiy6nHa depth.

 head, top. 

peryjiHTOp head gate, 

ropa mountain. 

rpasHft gravel. 

rpe6eHb crest, watershed. 

rpyHT ground, soil, 

rpana layer, ridge, bed.

naBjienne pressure. 

naM6a dam, weir. 

EBHJKeHHe movement, 

nepeso tree. 

 turf, sod.

lenoth. 

AHO bottom, 

noacfl;!. rain. 

nojiHna valley.

nanoc bed load, sediment.
VOCABULARIES 85

jjpara dredge. 

HK>na dune.

acapa heat.

jKHBoe ceienne cross section.

aa6op intake.

aasaji obstruction, embankment.

saHjienne silting.

saneceHne HCCKOM sanding up.

sanpyna barrage.

saTonjieHHe flooding.

aannrra protection.

36MJIH earth, soil.

aepKajio mirror, water level.

sepno grain.

H3BecTb lime. 

HBBHjiHHa bend, meander. 

H8rn6 bend.

HBMepenne measurement. 

HJIB slime, silt. 

Hcnapenne evaporation. 

^enne discharge.

HCTOIHHK spring, source.

KaneHB stone. 

Jtanasa ditch. 

Kanaji canal. 

KapTa map. 

Kopa crust.

flint.

KpnBaa curve. 

KycT shrub, brush.

neH ice.

jieflHHK glacier.

aiec forest.

jiecnaa KyjiBTypa afforestation.

aiyr meadow.

Mope sea. 

Mopoa frost. 

MOCT bridge. 

MOX moss.

turbidity. 

 turbid.

Ha6jiK>neHHe observation. 

nas oHHenne ^flood. 

nanoc silt, sediment. 

nanop head of falling'water. 

HacEinB fill (earth).

o6saji cave-in. 

o6'eM volume. 

o6jiaKo cloud. 

o6jiacTB area, district. 

oaepo lake. 

opomenne irrigation. 

ocaffKH ^precipitation. 

ocajKHCHne deposit. 

ocesmnfl deposited, settled. 

oTsepcTne opening. 

OTKOC incline, slope, ramp. 

OTjioaceHHe deposit. 

OTCToflHHK settling basin.

 high water.

ture.

naxaxt to plow. 

nepenaT rapids, shallows. 

nepeMHiKa narrows. 

necoK sand. 

HHK peak. 

njian plan.

njioTHna dam, dike, mole. 

njiyr plow. 

nosepxHocTb surface. 

noffBOHHEifl nepHMCTp ^wetted perimeter.

underwashing. 

 subsoil. 

nojie field.

nonepeiHoe ce^tenne cross section. 

nopor sill. 

noTepa loss. 

IIOTOK flow, stream. 

noraa soil.

no^BOBeffeHHe soil science. 

npHTOK tributary, inflow. 

npoffOJibHufl longitudinal. 

npoKon canal, ditch. 

npojieT opening, aperture. 

npoMHB flush-out. 

npo$Hjib profile. 

 pond.

pasHHHa plain, flat land.

pasMHB scouring, erosion.

pasHHija difference.

pacTenne plant (botanical).

pacTHTejibHocTb vegetation.

pacxop; expense, consumption, value,

quantum. 

peJKHM regime, regimen, control.
86 EROSION AND SILT MOVEMENT

pena river.

penHaH o6jiacT& river basin.

pycjio river bed.

pyneft brook.

PETTI, to dig.

cejio village.

ceneHne section (cross-, etc.).

cnjia power.

CKajia rock.

CKOPOCT& velocity .

CJIHSB slime.

CJioE layer.

cner snow.

cojiHije sun.

conpoTHBJieHHe resistance.

cnaR decline.

cpeftHHft average, medium.

CTena wall.

CTOK discharge, run-off.

cyrjiHHOK clayey soil.

cyxoft dry.

 solid, hard. 

TenjioTa warmth, heat. 

TeneHne current, stream, flow. 

TOjinjHHa thickness. 

Tpenne friction. 

Tpy6a pipe.

Tynan mist, fog. 

Tyna dark cloud.

yrjiy6jieHHe depression, pit. 

yKjiOH slope, 

yposeni. level. 

ycKopenne acceleration. 

ycT&e mouth of river, orifice.

xosaficTBO economy, housekeeping.

XGJIOJJ cold.

XOJIOCTO& c6poc waste way.

n;eMeHT cement.

nacTHija particle. 

nepnaK bucket.

maHAOpHBie 6pyc&a sluice timber. 

mepoxosaTocTB roughness. 

mnpHHa width, 

rayra ground ice.

njeJiOHH alkalies. 

IIJHT gate (sluice), 

myn bottom sampler.

amopa diagram. 

aposHH erosion.

HMa pit.
SUBJECT INDEX

[The numbers refer to entries in the bibliography]

Apparatus, silt-removing__ ....... 42

water-sampling_______ 247,364,373,410,446

Bed load (see also Sand, Silt)________ 40, 

65,95,96,123,311,376,442

attrition-__.______________ 370

bars__.__________________ 177

experiments ..__________ 213,398

model studies ___________ 306,379,398

movement ______________... 12,

30, 31, 34, 40, 44, 51, 58, 59, 66, 74, 77, 80, 90,

94, 95, 97,102,103,104,105, 106,107,108,129,

135, 138, 148, 166, 177, 201, 210, 213, 227, 230,

232, 239, 240, 245, 248, 249, 251, 253, 254, 258,

266, 269, 270, 279, 290, 294, 296, 302, 306, 315,

316, 322, 323, 329, 335, 336, 339, 344, 348, 356,

357, 360, 363, 367, 370, 379, 380, 381, 387, 408,

409, 411, 412, 428.

origin._________________ 201,389,428 

theory- __ 58,104,253,322 

regulation________________ 12,44, 

97,138,219,316,329,348,380,390 

wear___________________ 225

Canals... ........ 60,84,223,237,300,302,341,342

Check dams (see Dams).

Clay, loess_________________ 378,425 

coagulation________________ 317

Climatology.___________ 216,319,324,413,421

Conservation, forest__________ 155,170,175 

mountain_______________ 83,155,192 

water, Germany______________ 439

Corrosion ....________________ 101

Degradation, Pyrenees____________ 159 

Sweden__________________ 434

Dams .._____________ 111, 130,154,178 

check dams.__ 23,69,78,83,87,114,124,243,454 

erosion at........__________ 242,334,449

failure___________________ 449 

geology of sites__'............. 208,211,229,407

model studies______________ 128,217 

wing dams ....___ _______ 128

Debris, basins________________ 162,366 

cones __ ..___ 32,182

Denudation, Alps_______________ 173 

chemical__________________ 362 

Kander Basin_______________ 82 

Sweden__________________ 362 

Switzerland________________ 82 

"United States.....____._______ 176,355

Dikes_._________________ 1,44,189,233 

maintenance________________ 233 

material__________________ 378,425 

spur dikes. ....__._ _____ 135,314

Dunes_______________ 191,271,305,337,351

Erosion, agricultural ____________ 359,

361,385,417,418,432,441,451,453

Alps. . ... _____ 109,157

Asia...__.________________ 200

asymmetric________________ 395

Erosion Continued.

BrazU.. . . . 394

Carpatho-Russia_____________ 444

Congo...___ __ 257

dissymmetric___________-___ 131

Finland.._________________ 16

France.______________ 8,109,131,349

Oascony____________.____ 131

glacial . .. . 157,330,349,416

intensity______._____ 327

mountain.________________ 327

normal geologic. . 8,16,

38,39,109,131,180,200,285,349,416

Norway__________________ 16

prevention___ ____ 69,114,

124,242,243,250,264,272,390,417,444,454

river________________ 55,66,80,84,

85, 94,101,152,165,174,179, 181, 223, 243, 250,

266,280,334, 350,357,390,394,428,434,443, 454

rock______________________ 327

Spain____________________ 141

Sweden..____.______ ..... 330

theory.___________________ 203

United States_.____________ 355,453

wind (see also Dunes)_____ 130,305,330,392

Floods..____________________ 18

Alps_.___________________ 280

Rhine._____ .___________ 25

Switzerland_______________ 25,198

Forests_____________________ 67

afforestation__.________ .. 192,455

deforestation______________ 125,141

influence on soil. .. 141,386

reforestation._______ 83,87,170,175,192,250

Geography, physical-.____________ 65,324

Geology (see also Erosion):

dam sites (see Dams).

glacial despoits (see Erosion).

morphology.__ - 308,368

North America.. .. 427

Gravel catch basins (see Debris).

Hydraulic engineering (see also Dams, Dikes,

Canals)..____ 1,2,

29,70,117,140,151,185,289,295,341,429

Hydraulics (see also Bed load, River, Silt)... 3,5,

7, 28, 36, 76, 81, 92, 193, 199, 228, 237, 259, 262,

275, 332, 371, 384, 393.

agricultural. 19,93,117,121,139,140

exchange action. 315,325,365

flow theory.__ 7,92,

168,262,275,286,291,292,332,393,403

friction of liquids 75,

190,206,209,218,221,231,252,281,288

hydrodynamics....._ . 226,238,345,360,363

laboratories, model studies .__ 115,

133, 149, 188, 217, 224, 299, 326, 339, 340, 342,

398, 401, 402, 406, 426, 429, 430.

loss of head in channels____ 255

87
88 SUBJECT INDEX

H ydraulics Continued.

river (see also Bed load) _________ 11,

28, 41, 44, 48, 49, 50,72, 74, 77, 86, 89,102,103,

112, 144, 156, 166, 167, 168, 184, 186, 193, 199,

234,235, 236, 261, 265,273,278,287,300,338,440

roughness coefficients________ 274,300,326

traction..___ 142,145,167,174,213,239,363,398

turbulence-...._ 126,171,184,190,231,242,274,

284, 291,298, 310,333, 334,343,346, 375,391,406

turbulence prevention___.____..., 242

urban__.________________ 93,140

vertical velocity curve_____ 215,286,303,333

waves__ _______________ 136,150

Hydrodynamics (see also Hydraulics) ___ 136,150

Hydrology- - 41,169,178,216,222,244,358,423,424,442 

cloudbursts. _________________ 220 

evaporation_______________ 358,424 

hydrologic cycle.. . ___ 319,431 

infiltration_________________ 283 

Italy..____.____.._____..__ 387 

precipitation __.__.____. 283,422,423 

Switzerland________________ 35

Irrigation.._________________ 139,140

Lakes, artificial________________ 387 

Bodensee (see Constance). 

Constance________________ 54,71,301 

depth measurements___________ 54 

formation._________________ 312 

Qelmersee.__..._____________ 208 

Geneva ._________________ 313 

Italy. ___________________ 387 

Lunzer___________________ 197 

Marjelen__________________ 244 

Neuchatel.________________ 26 

Salzkammergut-._____________ 98 

sedimentation.. ___ ___ 197,312,313 

temperature ___________ 293

Loess_____________________ 378,425

Meteorology (see Climatology, Hydrology).

Reservoirs (see Dams).

River (see also Bed load, movement):

channel formation_____________ 45, 

89, 102, 103, 116, 129, 132, 143, 147, 153, 265, 

266, 276, 368.

connected systems ___________ 380 

deltas. . 6,13,14,71,214,301,312,318,436 

erosion (see Erosion).

estuaries __ .. ____.. 353,436 

formation of bends..___ _____ 265,266 

gaging. . 160,347 

hydraulics (see Hydraulics, river), 

meandering________________ 265 

profiles____ 34,49,144,146,187,254,270,437 

regulation (see also Dams, Dikes) _ 4, 

12,15,33,44,45, 52, 57, 60, 64, 67, 71, 78, 84, 87, 

91,97,114,120, 124, 127, 138, 163, 178, 219, 243, 

289, 309, 321, 348, 428, 452, 454. 

scouring action (see Erosion, river).

Rivers (names and locations):

Alps..__ . 27

Arve. ......... .... .. 79,246

Brazil_________._________ 372,394 

Bregenzer-Ach.. ___________ 71 

Clyde..______.___...._____ 6

Colorado__.____________ 153,355,358 

Congo.....____.____________ 257

Danube__________________ 127

Rivers Continued.

Doubs _.. .. 17 

Dropt________.________.__ 94 

Durance_________________ 189,223 

Elbe .. ...... . . 110

France______________ 87,169,187,364 

Fyris___.___ _____-_ - 434 

Garonne_____________ 9,45,52,96,438 

Gironde. t__ . 436 

Grimsel_..___ .___ _ . 208 

Inn_______ ...............___ 408

Isar........... ..... ... . 56,70

Isere... . 364

Japan. 137 

Kander. . . 82 

Kuban__..__.. ___ .. 353 

Loire______________ 6,11,30,138,163 

Memel___________________ 113 

Meuse___________________ 55 

Mississippi ____-____ __ 24,278 

Mur..._____._________.__ 328 

Narowa_ . 356 

Netherlands....... ___ .. 53,88

Oder__.. . . . 99 

Pregel 113

Reuss_______ ___ __ 39 

Rhine._ 21, 25,51,53,71,73,267,301,348,419,452 

Rhone __________ 40,120,152,205,211 

Rio Nazas _ .... .. 399

Russia-__.__ __ _ 320 

Salzach____________-___ . 95 

Sarine 118,130

Scheldt. . ............ . 116

South America- __________ 134,372,394 

Switzerland..._____ 21,25,35,78,243,244,248 

Tiber .. . ... 122 

Traun .. ..... . 98

Vistula . 113,219,347 

Volga__ -________..____ 318,409,445 

Weichsel (see Vistula). 

Yangtze 158

Yssel de Gueldre .__ 87 

Sand (see also Dunes). .. 20,294 

artificial silicification___ .. 400 

littoral movement_____ _ 161,214 

Loire River__ . 31 

ripples_ 46,47,177,337

storms. _ 392

Silt (see also Bed load, Sand) . 37,96,183

analysis-.__ 195,196,241,352,388

density__________ __ 241,312

deposits. ____ 119,197,312,313,381,411,443,445

effect on power plants.. 249,

302,379,411,415,433,435

effect on reservoirs _ 189,205,249,335,407,443

effect on turbines . . 164

in suspension 9,

22, 55, 56, 81,158,210,246,251,267,268,277,281,

282. 304,320,328,356,372,381,396,405,408,419,

442.

movement _ 9, 

56, 61,81, 96,106,122,172,183,194,210,227,232, 

246, 248, 251, 267, 268, 279, 282, 311, 312, 320, 

328, 356,372,381,396,408,409,411,415,419,435, 

443, 445.

removal____ . 42,154 

sampling. 247,297,307,331,364,373, 376,410,446
AUTHOR INDEX 89

fillt Continued.

sedimentation. 13,14,26,119,197,312,313,411,443 

settling velocities. ... ___. 448

Soil, abandoned_._____________ 414 

analysis- ..-....... . 204,263,354,369

cartography...._____._______ 374,383

dispersiveness______________ 369 

economics_________________ 441 

formation. ___ ______ 421 

improvement ____________ 43,202,455 

protection, laws______________ 420 

resources, Brazil __ ...____ 450

Soil Continued.

sampling_._ .. . 263

science.. .__ ........ 374,382,386,397,447

Spur dikes (see Dikes).

Turbulence (see Hydraulics).

Water, economics_______________ 68,439

movement (see Hydraulics).

national control-- ._____ 439 

Water power._____.___ 256,260,309,377,404

cartography.. 377,404 

Waves (see Hydraulics). 

Wing dams (see Dams).

AUTHOR INDEX

[The numbers refer to entries in the bibliography!

Ahlmann, H. W ______________ 230

Amschler, J. W_________________ 359

Anfossi, O__ _______________ 260

Angheloff, B________._____.___ 277 

Anonymous____ 51,60,73,99,110,138,170,175,455

Antipov-Karatajev, I. N___________ 369

Aprlloff, B. A..._________________ 360

Atterberg, Albert...___..._________ ?04

Audouin, E__________________ 163

Ayng, P.___._________________ 153

BaSff, Bon6_________________.. 79,80 

Baulig, Henri ..______________ 176,349 

Baumgarten_ ____ _______ 9 

Bautechnik.. ________________ 429 

Bazin, H. E____________________ 28 

Bechara, Edmond ____ ______ 139 

Bechman, O..._______________ 93,140 

Becker, Anton________________, 414 

Bellet, H____________________ 154 

Bfirard.____.________________ 61 

Berthot, P_.__________________ 84 

Beyerhaus, E.______________ 217,278,287 

Blache, Jules_________________. 350 

Blanchard, Raoul._______________ 256 

Blanck, E___________________ 389 

Blasius, H__________________ 177,218 

Blohm_____________________ 22 

Boileau, P..__________________ 7 

Boissier, Kaoul_________________ 246 

Bose, Emil..... ___________ 171,190,231 

Bouniceau .. ______________ 6 

Boussinesq, Joseph______________ 36 

Brahms, A___________________ 1 

Braun, Oustav .._____________ 191 

Breton, Philipp _____ ________ 23,33 

Briickner, Eduard.._____________ 85,178 

Brunhes, Jean____________ 101, 111, 126,179 

Buflon, Nadault de.. ___ ____. 19 

Bulle, Hermann.._______________ 329 

Burkov, A. F_________________ 415

Cadort, Oaston.________________ 57

Caldieri, Sante_________________ 264

Calmels, Martin________________ 42

Candolle, C. de________________ 46

Canter Cremers, J. J_____________ 279

Carstanjen, Max...._____.._______ 332

Cavailles, Henri.________________ 141

Chadenson, L_________________ 430

Charlon, Em________________ 74

Chouard, P_ ______ _____ 416

Christen, T ...... .................. 148

Clavel . . - 94

Coaz, J. W_._____________.___ 25 

Collet, L. W .... 232,240,241,247,248,311,312,313 

Congres international de navigation...____ 387 

Costa de Bastelica, Michel. ..__ 32 

Cott, O. E__.__...____________ 313 

Couette, M...__________________ 75,76 

Coutagne, O-___ .... 205 

Coyne ______...._____ 449 

Crugnola, Oaetano_________ 112 

Cuzmer, H___________________ 361

Dalemont, J____________ . 164

Darcel________________ .... 14

De Cordemoy, C___________.___ 102

Delhaye, F.........._.......__.......... 257

Demangeon, A................................. 180

Demontzey, Prosper 87

Demtchenko, Basil_.____.... 336

Dienert, F________________-__ 431

Dietz, Curt ___________ ...... 400

Direction gfin&rale des eaux et forBts 192

Dix... .......__....................... 149

Dobrowolski, A. B 305

Doell, Albert..__.......................... 97

Doyer, H______________ . 88,89

Drouhet, Fglix..........................._.. 249

DuBoys, P__________________ 40,44,62

Dubuat-Nangay, L. O 3

Dufrgnoy, J_____.... _.... 250

Dull, Ferdinand________________ 370

Duparc, Louis . 80

Dupont, P_____ . 261

Dupuit, Jules____________ 10

Durand-Claye, Alfred ....... 58

Durand-Claye, L6on 63

Ebenhoff, A. W. von. ._..... 64

Eger..._______...__________ 103,149 

Eguiazarov, I. B__. ~ 401,402 

Ehlers______________________ 219,233 

Ehrenberger, E_._________ 314 

Eisner, F._____ 393 

Ekman, V. W ................... ...... 150

Engels, Hubert. 115,135,142,143,165,206,221,295,306 

Eriksson, J. V . . 362

Escher, B. O............... ... .. 181

Exner, F. M___.__ 265,271,315,337,338,351,363

Faber, Eduard__.. 315 

Fabre, J. A ,. 4
90 AUTHOR INDEX

Fabre, L. A............._................. 131,155

Fargue, L__________ 45,52,90,116,132,156,166 

Favre, Henry.______________... 403,437 

Faxen, Hading....._.__................ 288,339

Fels, E_____....___.................... 432

Fentzloff, H_______________....__ 347

Fijnje, J. G. W ....... _ 53

Fiorini, Matteo________________ 37 

Fischer, Josef_________________ 193 

Flachsbart, 0_..____........___..... 340

Flamant, A...______________.___ 81 

Flohr, E. F................................... 404

Fontaine, L____________________ 121 

Forchheimer, Philipp. ........ 136,220,296,371

Forel, F. A.................._.___........ 47

Fournie, Victor__________________ 24 

Fraisse, "W.___________...._....__ 21

Franzius, Otto__________________ 341 

Freise, F. W............................ 372,394,450

Friedrich, Adolf_________________ 117 

Fronzi, L____________._____.__ 272 

Fuchs, Theodor__..____.____.__ 38 

Fugger, Eberhard_______________ 95

Qallay, Ren6______._.........____ 317

Gerber, Ed.___............................ 208

Gessner, Herman_______________ 388 

Gex, F______________...__....__ 280

Girardin, Paul________.....___._ 182,258

Girardon, H___.___._._________ 91 

Glushkoff, V. G.... 183,194,195,196, 207, 222,318,373

Gogarten, Emil......___._.....____ 172

Gonell, H. W_____.........________ 352

Gontscharoff, "W. N.......----.-.....___ 353,405

Gotziriger, Gustav________________ 197

Gras, Scipion________....._.______ 15

Gravelius, Harry______. ......___ 122,234

Gremaud, Am_________......____ 118

Grunhut, Karl ............................. 127

Gumppenberg-Pottmes, Joseph von_____ 12 

Gussak, V. G __..............._........ 417

Habermaas, Fritz________________ 433

Haegelen, A___________________ 364

Hagen, G.._______....___._____ 29

Harl6, Edouard________._______ 96

Harry, A-__............................... 198

Heim, Albert. .................... 39,119,123,208

Hennig, R_,__________. _. ______ 418

Hermanek, Johann_______________ 144

Hess, Hans____________________ 173

Hesselberg, Theodor_____.._______ 365

Heyne, "Wilhelm.___.__.________ 65

Hinderks, A.___________ . _______ 342

HjulstrSm, Filip........................___ 434

Hoc.___________....._....____ 223,266

Hochenburger, Franz von___________ 66

Hofbauer, Richard. .. ......______ 242

Hofman, A___________...._.____ 137

Hopf, Ludwig..___.__._.___.__ 184

Horbye, J. C__________________ 16

Horner, N. G...___...._................ 330

Hiibbe .-.-.-. -. ................... 20

Dyin, R. S_______________.

International Congress of Soil Science395374

Jagodin, N. N................................ 435

Jakuschoff, Paul __ 396

Jasmund, R_.. ....... . 86,120,199,26?

Joukovsky, N.................... ..... 235

Kalitin, N............-. . 297,307,331

Kaminsky, A. A. ............. ....... 319

Karman, Theodor von. 375 

Kastner, Karl. __ 95 

Keller, A. J . 4m

Keller, H.. . .... . 113,251

Kisseleff, K_............... . . ..... 224,32a

Knab, Ch .... ........ ................ 26

Knoche, "Walter ... 451 

Kobelt, Karl...- ..__................... 452

Kobler, K_.............. ........... 420

Koch, Alexander.....__.__......... .... 332

Kohn, Manfred ......._..__ ...... 354

Kostiakoff, A. N ......................... 397

Kramer, Hans __ 39& 

Krapf, Philipp.._____...._ ....... 185,267

Kreuter, Franz.__...........__ 104,114,145,225

Krey, H. D . . . . 167,174,236,268, 281,282,298,321,34$

Krischan, C_____.......... .... 128,226

Kurzmann, Siegfried__... 269,344 

Kutter, W. R...................... ........ 10a

Laing, E- . . ........... 227

Lauterburg, Robert 35 

Lavale, Georg 48 

Le Bran, Raymond__ 105 

Lechalas, C.. -... . - -- - 30,6& 

Leiner, F.___________________ 209,210 

Leiter, M. M_.___________ .. 35fr 

LeU, Jacob...___........__- .... - 237

Leppnik, Egon______ 356,376- 

Lesbros, J. A 5 

Lfiveque. . 436- 

Lindboe, W....... ........... . . 186

Link, G . -..... 322

Lippke, H.... ..... .. . 16&

Loitziansky, L. G ..... . . ..... 40fr

Lorenz-Liburnau, Joseph von 95 

Ltiders, Karl... .__........ ........ 325

Lugeon, Jean . 273 

Lugeon, Maurice..__ 211,407 

Lukashin, M. A____...__. ...... 360-

Lutschg, Otto ...... ....... 244

Mann, V .. - ........................... 36ft

Marchal._.__-_ . ... ... 13

Margerie, Emmanuel de. 187 

Markus, Eduard..__... 43 

Marquardt, Erwin . . . 28& 

Martel, E. A______.____.__........ 157

Martonne, Emmanuel de.____-- __- 200,324 

Mathesius, W.................. 421

Mayer, Robert . 357 

Meinardus, W __............. 422,423

Mellet, R...... ............- ....- 241

Meunier, Stanislas...._....._......._ 106,283

Meyer-Peter, Eugene____ 437 

Mises, Richard von......... .. .......... 238

Mittlere Isar A. G. .._... .......... 29£

Mocquery, Charles__ 41 

Moller, Max....................... 49,77,92,151,252

Morlot, A. von..........___ . . 243

Mtthlberg, F........... ................... 107

Miihlhofer, Ludwig...._ 408

Miffler, Robert-..-.....--... -. ... 437

MOllner, Johann.....____..... 98

Milntz, A ................ 227
AUTHOR INDEX 91

Nemenyi, Paul________________ 389

Nikuradse, Johann..__.__________ 333

Noether, F...... .........._... ..... 284

Oden, Sven. _.______________ 263

Oppokow, Eugen_______________ 424

Ortloff._.______________.__... 168

Oseen, C. W ________________ 345

Parandier ... . _... 17

Parde, Maurice....______________ 438

Partiot, Leon_________________ 31

Penck, Albrecht .....__________ 377

Penck, Walther_._.____________ 308

Pfeiffer______________________ 378

Poisson, Georges ______ 129

Poliakov, B. V_________________ 409

Poncelet, J. V.......______________ 5

Prandtl, Ludwig 346

Prost, E...... --- -.__.........__ 55

Putzinger, Josef. _____________ 270

Quiring, Heinrich-- ...................... 378,425

Rabot, Charles.._______________ 159

Rapp, Jakob ________________ 50 

Rauert, Dietrich....._____.___.. 171,190,231

Rehbock, Theodor.._________.. 133,188,367

Reichel, Eberhard_______________ 368

Reindl, J................__................. 134

Renaud-Comte. . ...._.___ 8

Riecke, H. J __________________ 439

Rinsum, Anton Van_______________ 440

Bitter, G..-___________________ 130

Rohr, Fritz ___________________ 426

Rosenauer, P _______________ 410

Rumelin, Theodor_______________ 228

Sails, Adolf von............................... 54,78

Salomon, Wilhelm . .._..._.. 334 

Sapper, Karl_.________________ 441 

Saveliev, S. F ... 411 

Sehaffemak, Priedrich 253,

254,255,290,309,368,379,380,442 

Schildknecht, H..........................__ 453

Schiller, Ludwig............................ 274,291

Schmidt, G. E..._______________ 347 

Schmidt, Wilhelm.....................__ 259,325

Sehoklitseh, Armin. . 239,

275,276,292,293,326,335,381,443 

Schottenloher, Rudolf_.__________ 427 

Schulz, W____________________ 201,245 

Seckendorff-Gudent, Arthur von_____ 67,68,69 

Sedlmeyer, Karl________________ 444

,, Louis de___________ 294 

Seifert, R.____...____._____.__ 149 

Shamov, Q.I........................... 412,445,446

Siedek, Richard-_._____________ 146 

Silberschlag, Johann_____ __ 2 

Singer, Max_______________.._ 212,229 

Sluys, W___........__.__.______ 257

Smith, F. P................................... 399

Soergel, Wolfgang_______________ 285 

Soulier, Paul .._______.__ 327 

Spottle, Josef._____________ __ 202 

Spring, Waltere . . ..... 55

Stebutt, A....____.___..........__... 382

Steck, Theodor-________________ 82 

Sternberg, H___________________ 34 

Stiny, Josef-.. .-.-.-...-.......... 203,328,390

Strele, G __________...__...... 428,454

Stremme, Hermann_______________ 383 

Strickler, Alfred______.__._____.. 300 

Strobel, Adolf. ..........-. .........-..- 384

Stumpf, W________________ . 301 

Sudry, L_____________________ 213 

Surell, Alexandre____-_ ___ 27

Tavernier, RenS_____________._... 160

Thtery, E_____..____________.. 83

Thoma, D________._._____.. 302 

Thoulet, Julien..__._._____._ 56,161,214

Tiefenbacher, L. E______________ 72

Tollmien, W________._________ 391

Traub, G_______._____._.....__ 215

Uetrecht, Erich....___......._______ 152

Vacher, Antoine..___________ 169 

Valles.__.___.__...___________ 18 

Vauthier, L. L...__._.________ 11,59,108 

Vauthier, P................................... 11

Walther, Johannes..._____________ 447 

Wang, Ferdinand ____.____ 124 

Wassiliew.________________ 448 

Welikanoff, Michael..__.____ 286,303,304,310 

Wertheimer, Eduard ....______ 413

Wey, J -.-. - 71,147,162

Weyrauch, Robert. __.... . 384

Wilhelm, I...............__............_ 189,216

Wittmann, Heinrich_____________ 348 

Wittschell, Leo . .... . . 392

Woeikof, A.................... ............ 125

Wolf, A.....__.............................. 70

Z61cinski, J. ............__............... 385

Zurcher, PhUippe .._... ....... 109

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