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There are three FY 2017 military construction initiatives, totaling about $362 million, that are
particularly relevant to implementation of the Strategy. The first initiative would provide about
$296 million for seven projects in support of future use of F-35A aircraft at Eielson. Air Force
Base (AFB), Alaska. This weapon system could suppoit homeland defénse operations or
operations on NATO’s northern flanks (e.g., the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom gap or
Scandinavia). The second would provide $47 million for construction of an unmanned aerial
system (UAS) hangar at Fort Wainwright in Alaska. The-final is about $20 million for two
projects to modify an existing hangar and build an aircraft rinse rack at Keflavik, Iceland, to
support short-duration P-8A aircraft deployments in-support of either U.S, Northern Command
(USNORTHCOM) or U.S. European Command (USEUCOM).

Given long lead-times for the construction.of military infrastructure in the. Arctic, the
Department remains committed to re-evaluating its posture requirements periodically as the
Combatant Commanders update their regional plans in light of the evolving security
environment.

Section Three: Capabilities

Military Department programs for FY 2017 resource the requirements of the Combatant
Commanders, which include defending U.S. national security interests in the Arctic and
countering threats to the homeland. that may transit the Arctic region. The Department plans to
spend about $5.2 billion on capabilities that could be deployed to the Arctic or employed in the
region, tricluding:

e Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER), with a. combined military population.of more
than 12,000. It serves as home to a U.S. Air Force fighter wing, a C-17-equipped air
transport unit, a C-130.squadron, and Army units. Army units.include Alaska Command
(ALCOM) Headquarters (designated a Sub-Unified Command aligned under
USNORTHCOM, Alaska District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Headquarters; U:S-
Amny Alaska (USARAK) Headquarters (a 2-Star Army Forces (ARFOR) Table of
Distribution and Allowance (TDA) organization); 4/25" Infantry Brigade Combat Team
(Airborne); 598 Signal Battalion (with an attached Expeditionary Signal Company);
numerous Echelon.Above Brigade (EAB) units (including Transportation, Maintenance,
Combat Support, Emergency Ordnance Disposal, Quartermaster-Rigger, arid Military
Police units); and a TDA Non-Commissioned Officers Academy. The Headquarters of
the Alaska Army National Guard with numerous down-trace units (including 1-207"
Aviation Regiment - UH-60 equipped); a US. Coast Guard Coordination Center; a U.S.
Marine Corps Reserve Center; a U.S. Army Reserve Headquarters; U.S. Navy Supervisor
of Salvage (SUPSALV) assets; and the State of Alaska Emergency Operations Center
(EOC) are also located on JBER. Army forces stationed at JBER are trained, equipped,
and maintain a high readiness posture.to conduct a wide range of Defense Support of
Civil Authorities (DSCA) and Homeland Detense (HD) mission sets throughout the.
USNORTHCOM-defined Alaska Joint Operations Area (JOA), Army forces stationed at
JBER are assigned to. U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC)-and are documented as the
preferred sourcing solution to conduct missions under USNORTHCOM Mission
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Rapids Training Site (35 miles south of Fort Greely). The Bureau of Land. Management
also operates from facilities on Fort Wainwright, primarily focused on management of
wildland fires throughout central Alaska. Army forces stationed at Fort Wainwright.are
trained and equipped and maintain a high readitiess posture to conduct a wide range of
DSCA and HD mission sets throughout the USNORTHCOM-defined Alaska Joint
Operations Area. Army forces stationed at Fort Wainwright are assigned to USARPAC,
and they are documented as the preferred sourcing solution to conduct missions under
USNORTHCOM Mission Command authority throughout the Alaska JOA.

Fort Greely is the site of the 49" Missile Defense Battalion (ARNG), which operates the
Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) ground-based interceptors at both Fort Greely
and Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. Fort Greely houses the support for the
contractor logistics that sustains the missile system. Fort Greely also serves as the
location for the'U.S. Army Cold Regions Test Ceriter (CRTC), with facilities located at
nearby Bolio Lakes.

The Cold Regions Research arid Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), located in Fairbanks,
Alaska, solves interdisciplinary, strategically important problems of the U.S. Army Cotps
of Engineers (USACE) and the Nation by advancing and applying science and
engineering to complex environments, materials, and processes in all seasons and
climates. CRREL maintains unique expertise related to the Earth's cold regions. CRREL
is part of the U.S. Artny Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), which has
received the award as the Army’s top research and development laboratory for tive of the
last.cight years and for the last three consecutive years ~ a feat unmatched by any Army
laboratory. CRREL provides innovative products and solutions in support of the
warfighter, homeland security, environinent, infrastructure, and civil works water
resource management. CRREL is a national resource ready to focus its unique
capabilities to-solve specific customer-driven problems and conduct innovative, state-of-
the-art research.

ALCOM-University of Alaska (UA) Arctic Partnership Program. The goal of the
ALCOM-UA Arctic Partnership Program is to maximize information exchange between
Arctic experts in the UA system and ALCOM.

o ALCOM is the USNORTHCOM operational headquarters for the State of Alaska
and is responsible for supporting USNORTHCOM’s role as Arctic capability
advocate for DoD. ALCOM engages with relevant stakeholders and interagency
partners in order to develop greater Arctic situational understanding, ensures
stakeholder equities are integrated into DoD activities in Alaska, and advises
higher headquarters with regard to Arctic policy.and decision-making.

o ALCOM supports academic efforts on:a non-financial basis, including assisting in
réséarching DoD Arctic issues, concerns, equities and strategy, conference and
workgroup participation, research reviews, and input on a not-to-interfere basis
with ALCOM’s primary researchers where-appropriate.and within security
guidelines, UA leverages its multi-disciplinary team of scholars to support


o The JBER also provides significant capacity, such as runways, ramp space, air
space command and control, and fuel infrastructure to support-throughput for
aircraft; mid-air refueling operations; aerial commarid and control; Intelligence,
Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) operations; and weather forecasting, The
relocation of the 176" Wing (Alaska Air National Guard), with its C-130 aircraft
and helicopters, from Kulis. Air National Guard Base in 2011 added significant
search arid rescue capabilities as well. The resident Air Force and Army support
units provide extensive capabilities in communications, logistics; engineering,
ground transportation, and medical support, including a. 60-bed hospital.

¢ The Air Force maintains an Arctic aviation capability based at two Air National Guard
(ANG) facilities,

© The first is JBER. This facility operates HC-130 and HH-60 aircraft (144th and
249th Airlitt Squadrons, 210th/211th/212th Rescue Squadrons, 176th Air Control
Squadron, and the 11th Rescue Coordination Center), which are capable of
operating in Arctic conditions. These aircraft maintain a 24-hour alert and
participate in Arctic search and rescue operations as well-as search and rescue
exercises (SAREX) with joint and foreign partners.

© The second facility under thé ANG is Stratton ANG Base, Scotia, New York,
This facility is the home of the 109th Airlift Wing, which has the unique polar
aitlift mission. The 109th Air Wing operates LC-130 Hercules (ski-equipped)
aircraft, which are which are capable of operations and forward-deploying forces
directly onto open-snow and ice with little to no infrastructure or support. The
109" Airlift Wing has a peacetime role of supporting the National Science
Foundation’s objectives it, Antarctica and Greenland. Prior to the end of the Cold
War, the 100" Airlift Wing supported the Distant Early Warning (DEW) line
surrounding the: Arctic Circle in support of Operation Volant DEW.

e Eielson AFB ' serves as home to a fighter wing and an Air National Guard air refueling
wing. Future F-35 operations are also planned. The base provides significant aerial
throughput capacity and can support Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) missions that
extend north of the Alaska Range.

° Fort Wainwright provides significant resources to enable operations throughout the
Arctic, including: Installation Management Command. Garrison Fort Wainwright
Headquarters; Ladd Army Airfield (strategic-capable runway); a 32-bed, Role III Bassett
Army Community Hospital (BACH); USARAK Aviation Command and Control
Element (UACCE); 1/25" Stryker Brigade Combat Team; 1-25" Attack Reconnaissance
Battalion (AH-64); 1-52" General Support Aviation Battalion (UH-60 and CH-47); a
Gray Eagle UAS Company; numerous EAB units (including Transportation, Finance,
Band, Combat Support, Emergency Ordnance Disposal, Signal, and Military Police
units); and the U.S. Army Northern Warfare Training Center (NWTC) Headquarters with
its associated primary extreme cold. weather, mountain, and glacier training site at Black


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Conclusion: Significant uncertainty remains about the rate of climate change in the Arctic and
the pace at which human activity will increase, as demonstrated by the reduced enthusiasm for
oil and gas developments in the Arctic following the recent decline in the price of oil. The
Department’s challenge is to balance the risk of being late-to-need with the opportunity cost of
making prernature investments. Not only does early investment take resources fiom other
pressing needs, but the capabilities would be later in their lifecycle when finally employed.
Given the many competing demands on Dol)’s resources: to-support operations in the Middle
East, the Asia-Pacific region, and elsewhere, the Department is making the prudent investments
necessary to support the 2013 Aretic Strategy and to’ support evolving Combatant Commander
requirements in FY 2017.


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Department of Defense

Report to Congress on
Resourcing the Arctic Strategy

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OUSD (Policy)

June 2016

The estimated cost of this report or study
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approximately $32,000 in Fiscal Years
2015 - 2016. This includes $0 in expenses
and $32,000 in DoD labor.

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ALCOM efforts to develop a greater understanding of scientific underpinnings of
Arctic and-sub-Arctic processes in order to inform U.S. policy and higher
headquarters decision-making. When possible, UA attends ALCOM-sponsored
events for which it advocates for selected UA research programs when UA
applies for grants or other funding. ALCOM links DoD science and technology
(S&T) initiatives to known UA programs that may integrate well into the S&T
initiatives. ALCOM niakes every reasonable effort to find funding for UA
programs that support DoD requirements.

e Thule Air Base, Greenland, is home to a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System
(BMEWS) radar and Air Force satellite control network ground site. The base provides
significant basing capacity such as a deep-water port, a 10,000-foot runway, ramp space,
radar approach control, and 20-million gallon fuel infrastructure to-support throughput for
aircraft, mid-air refueling operations, aerial command and control, search and rescue
operations, and weather forecasting. The resident Air Force support units provide
capabilities in communications, logistics, engineering, ground transportation, and medical
support, including an 8-bed hospital. Thule Air Base supports missions in the eastern
Arctic.

e Clear Air Force Station, located near Anderson, Alaska, provides the Westeim U.S.
counterpart to Thule Air Base. Capabilities. at Clear include a BMEWS similar to the one
at Thule.

© The Joint Pacific Alaska Range Complex (JPARC), home to Red Flag Alaska, constitutes
the world’s largest instrumented range-airspace.. When the Gulf of Alaska is included,
the airspace is measured at 127,000 square miles.

e The Arctic Submarine Laboratory in San Diego, California, develops and maintains
expertise in Arctic-specific skills, knowledge, equipment, and procedures to enable the
U.S. submarine force to operate safely and effectively in the harsh Arctic Ocean
environment.

« The National/Navy Ice Center, Suitland, Maryland, operated by the U.S. Navy, the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the U.S. Coast Guard, provides
icé and snow products, ice forecasting, and related environmental intelligence services
for the U.S, Government:

° The Marine Corps Prepositioning Program in Norway is designed to help defend the
northern flank of the NATO. Alliance, which could include operations in the Arctic, by
prepositioning selected equipment and 30 days of supplies.and ammunition in Norway.

Other capabilities likely to be employed by the Combatant Commanders to defend the homeland
or Allies include the U.S. Air Force Satellite Control Network, the Joint Regional Security Stack,
protected satellite communications, Ballistic. Missile Warning.Radar Systems, and selected
forces stationed in Europe that could be deployed to NATO’s northern flank or to the North
Atlatitic if required, as summarized at TAB A.


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Defence (DND) to ensure that common Arctic interests are addresséd 'in-a complementary
manner. DeD will continue to address military security issues together with appropriate
stakeholders through the existing network of relevant bilateral and multilateral relationships,
including the the North American Aerospace Defense Command. (NORAD) and the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

The Department’s strategic objectives applied to the Arctic are bound by policy guidance, the
nature of the strategic.and physical environment, and the capabilities and limitations of the
instruments of power (military power, for the purposes of this-report). The two objectives are:

® To. prevent and deter conflict in the Arctic; and.

° To prepare'to respond to.a wide range of challenges and contingencies—operating in
conjunction with other states when possible, and independently if necessary.

Arctic Security Assessment

The Arctic. is attracting international attention due td its geopolitical and economic significance
for both Allies and partners as well as for potential adversaries. Although there is still low
probability of conflict in the near term over uniquely Arctic issues (e.g., boundary disputes,
fisheries management), the region is vulnerable to strategic spillover in that disagréements
among Arctic nations over issues in other regions may contribute to heightened tensions or even
conflict in the Arctic. For example, as aggressive Russian actions in Eurdpe have altered the
security dynamics on the continent, DoD must consider and be prepared for the possibility of
spillover to the Arctic. Differing perspectives and interests among Arctic nations and Arctic
stakeholders may also contribute to strategic posturing, heightened tensions, or future conflict.

Section One: Research

The Department is investing approximately $461 million in research projects related to the
implementation of the-2013 Arctic Strategy. mostly ‘in research, development, test,.and
evaluation (RDT&E) funding to improve surveillance of the northern approaches to North
America; enhance cornmunications with military units that may be operating in the Arctic; and
develop next-generation radar systems for the polar region. DoD is also investing in developing
a framework of observations and modeling to support forecasting and prediction of sea ice, as
required in the National Strategy for the Arctic Region. .A summary of the requested RDT&E
funding for FY 2017-at TAB A.

Section Two: Military Infrastructure

The U.S. infrastructure capable of supporting current military operations is sparse in the Arctic,
particularly in northern Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. However, in the eastern Arctic (Baffin
Bay plus.the Greenland, Norwegian, and Barents Seas}, U.S. forces have access to Thule Air
Base, Greenland, and can also rely on Allies for necessary basing and infrastructure support.


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uonpudoddy



Purpose and Structure

This report is provided in response to‘the Senate Appropriations Conimittee on Defense (SAC-
D) Report 114-63 on the Department of Defense. Appropriations Bill, 2016, which directed that
the Secretary of Defense submit a report on the amounts requested in FY 2017 to support
implementation of the-Department’s 2013 Arctic Strategy, including, to the maximum extent
practicable, identification of specific obligations that address gaps in research, military
infrastructure, and capabilities in the Arctic region.

e Section One addresses research.
* Section Two addresses military infrastructure.

e Section Three addresses the capabilities needed to support. the strategic objectives:in the
2013 National Strategy and, where gaps are identified, describes mitigation approaches to
address them.

As stated in the National Strategy for the Arctic Region (NSAR), the United States seeks an
Arctic region that is stable and free of conflict, where nations act responsibly in a spirit of trust
and cooperation, and where economic and energy resources are developed in a sustainable
manner that respects the environment and advantageously positions the United States-for
economic growth. The Department of Defense 2013 Arctic Strategy lays out the strategic énd-
state for the Arctic asa stable and secure region-where U.S. national interests are safeguarded
and the U.S. homeland is protected.

The Department contributes to each of the three lines of effort in the NSAR:. Advance U.S.
Security Interests; Pursue Responsible Arctic Region Stewardship; and Strengthen International
Cooperation. The DoD activities in support of each of these lines of effort are reflected in the
expenditures documented.at TAB A.

National Security Presidential Directive-66/Homeland Security Presidential Directive-25
(NSPD-66/HSPD-25) specifically identifies U.S. national security interests in the Arctic region.
These interests include missile defense and early warning; deployment of sea and air systems for
Strategic sealifi, strategic deterrence, and maritime presence, including marititne security
operations; and ensuring freedom of navigation and overflight. Preserving the rights and duties
relating to navigation and overflight in the Arctic region supports our ability to-exercisé these
tights throughout the world. It characterizes U.S. national security interests:in the Arctic as
“broad and fundamental,” and states that the United States is “prepared to operate either
independently or in conjunction with other states to safeguard these interests.” The
Department’s 2013 Arctic Strategy nests under these two overarching guidance documents, and
lays out the ways and means whereby. DoD will achieve its strategic end state.

The Department is working collaboratively in multilateral forums to promote a balanced
approach to improving human and.environmental security in the region and to deter potential
aggression. The United States has a-vital Arctic neighbor and partner in Canada, with its shared
values and interests in the région. DoD works closely with the Canadian Department of National

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Department of Defense (DoD) is makitig investments in research, military infrastructure,
and capabilities to execute the 2013 Arctie Strategy and support the development of the Arctic as
a secure and stable region where U.S. national interests are safeguarded, the U.S. homeland is
protected, and nations work. cooperatively to address challenges. Fiscal Year (FY) 2017
investments focus mainly on capabilities, followed by-long-term investments in research and
development of next-generation capabilities. The Department’s challenge is balancing the risk
of being late-to-need with the opportunity cost of making Arctic investments for potential fixture
contingencies at the expense of resourcing other urgent military requirements.

This report provides costs for research, military infrastructure, and capabilities assessed by
Geographic Combatarit Commands and the Military Departments to be located in the Arctic,
dedicated to Arctic missions, or likely to be employed ix the Arctic in defense of North America
or North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Allies. This report excluded some investments,
€.g., submarines, the nuclear triad, and satellites in a polar orbit, due to the complexity of
apportioning the proportion of these capabilities’ life-cycle costs that could be assigned
specifically to the. Arctic Strategy rather than to other national tasks over the ‘service life of the
capability. For that.reason, some assets that. might be relevant to future Arctic operations are not
included in this report. Rather, this report is an illustrative snapshot at one moment in time (FY
2017) of resources that support the strategy.

Data provided by the Combatant Commands and Military Departments from the FY 2017 budget
identifies about $6 billion of FY 2017 investments as detailed in the spreadsheet.at TAB A.

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