T.C. Summary Opinion 2014-18

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

THOMAS WESLEY ALEXANDER AND SYLVIA ALEXANDER, Petitioners v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 1764-12S. Filed February 26, 2014.

Walter B. Smith, for petitioners.

Jeremy D. Cameron and Peter T. McCary, for respondent.

SUMMARY OPINION

DEAN, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the provisions

of section 7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect when the petition was filed. 

Pursuant to section 7463(b), the decision to be entered is not reviewable by any

other court, and this opinion shall not be treated as precedent for any other case. 

Unless otherwise indicated, subsequent section references are to the Internal
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Revenue Code in effect for the year at issue, and Rule references are to the Tax

Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.

Respondent issued a statutory notice of deficiency to petitioners for 2009 in

which he determined a deficiency in income tax of $14,165 and an accuracyrelated penalty under section 6662(a) of $2,833.

The issues for decision are whether petitioners: (1) failed to report as

income a taxable retirement distribution from a simplified employee pension

(SEP) individual retirement account (IRA); (2) are liable for the 10% additional

tax under section 72(t); and (3) are liable for the accuracy-related penalty under

section 6662(a).1

A few of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulation of

facts and the exhibits received in evidence are incorporated herein by reference. 

Petitioners resided in Florida when the petition was filed.

Background

Petitioners timely filed their Federal income tax return for 2009. Thomas

Alexander (petitioner) is a licensed electrical contractor. In 2009 petitioner was

working with True Craft Construction (True Craft), a general contractor, on two

The limitation, if any, of petitioners’ itemized deductions under sec. 68 and

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the amount, if any, of petitioners’ making work pay credit under sec. 36(a) are

computational and will be resolved by the decision of the Court on other issues.
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large commercial developments. During 2009 True Craft suffered some business

difficulties that caused it to fail to pay petitioner timely about $130,000 that he

was due for work on the two projects.

One of the True Craft principals proposed to petitioner that he would give

petitioner a promissory note for the $130,000, and he would assign to petitioner a

piece of real estate (property) that he owned as security for the debt. But there was

a catch: The property was burdened with a past-due mortgage and was subject to

imminent foreclosure. Petitioner would have to pay SunTrust Bank (SunTrust)

$36,000 to stop the foreclosure and thus the loss of the property that was to be his

security.

Petitioner had an SEP-IRA with Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (Schwab), that

was handled by a Schwab employee by the name of Peter Hoag in Denver,

Colorado. Petitioner considered Hoag to be his financial adviser, at least as far as

his SEP-IRA was concerned. Hoag suggested that petitioner get a loan from

Charles Schwab of $36,000 to pay SunTrust in order to halt foreclosure on the

property. Because the loan could not be processed until after the foreclosure date,

Hoag suggested that petitioner first withdraw the funds from the SEP-IRA. At the

time, petitioner’s SEP-IRA was worth $48,000 to $50,000. Hoag advised

petitioner that if he replaced the money from the SEP-IRA with the loan proceeds
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before a certain time, 60 days, there would be “no penalty with anybody”. Hoag

told petitioner that the loan would be approved within 30 to 45 days.

Petitioner, who had not yet turned 59-1/2, had Hoag wire $36,000

(distribution) from his SEP-IRA account into his credit union checking account on

July 31, 2009. No Federal tax was withheld from the distribution. Petitioner

wrote a check to SunTrust from his credit union account to stop the foreclosure

and received a promissory note from True Craft for $130,000. 

There was some delay in the loan process, which was handled by another

office of Schwab in Jacksonville, Florida. Petitioner received the loan proceeds

on Wednesday, September 30, 2009. He then mailed a personal check for $36,000

to the SEP-IRA account, probably on October 1, 2009, that was deposited into the

SEP-IRA account on Monday, October 5, 2009, 66 days after the funds were

withdrawn.

In January 2010 petitioner received from Schwab a Form 1099-R,

Distributions From Pensions, Annuities, Retirement or Profit-Sharing Plans, IRAs,

Insurance Contracts, etc., reporting a gross distribution of $36,000. The form

bears a code indicating that the distribution is an early distribution, but it does not

indicate a taxable amount. 
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Discussion

Generally, the Commissioner’s determinations in a notice of deficiency are

presumed correct, and the taxpayer has the burden of proving that those

determinations are erroneous. See Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111,

115 (1933). In some cases the burden of proof with respect to relevant factual

issues may shift to the Commissioner under section 7491(a). The Court finds that

petitioners have not argued or shown that they have met the requirements of

section 7491(a)(1). Therefore, the burden of proof does not shift to respondent.

 Respondent issued a notice of deficiency to petitioners determining that

they had failed to report the receipt of the distribution for 2009. Respondent at the

time of trial took the position that, with certain exceptions not here pertinent,

amounts paid or distributed from an individual retirement plan must be included in

gross income by the payee or distributee. In addition, respondent argued that if the

beneficiary of an IRA uses any portion of the account as security for a loan, that

portion is treated as a distribution to the individual.

Petitioners analyze this case in terms of whether petitioner effected a

“rollover” of the withdrawn funds or, secondarily, a loan from his qualified

employer plan that qualifies as a nontaxable distribution.
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Whether There Was a Rollover

A trust created or organized in the United States for the exclusive benefit of

an individual or his beneficiaries is an “individual retirement account” if it meets

the requirements of section 408(a). An SEP is an individual retirement account or

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individual retirement annuity that meets the requirements of section 408(k). Sec.

408(k)(1). With certain enumerated exceptions, any amount paid or distributed by

an individual retirement plan must be included in the gross income of the payee or

distributee as provided by section 72. Sec. 408(d)(1). 

Rollover contributions are an exception to the inclusion of SEP distributions

in the income of payees or distributees. An amount is a rollover contribution if it

meets the requirements of section 408(d)(3). As is pertinent here, if an amount is

distributed from an individual retirement account or annuity to the individual for

whom the account is maintained, and the entire amount is paid into an individual

retirement account, annuity, or eligible retirement plan for the benefit of the

individual not later than the 60th day after the day on which he receives the

distribution, it is a rollover excepted from inclusion in income. Sec. 408(d)(3)(A).

In addition to individual retirement accounts, sec. 408(b) and (c) allows for

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individual retirement annuities and accounts established by employers and certain

associations of employees.
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Petitioners argue that despite the fact that their personal check was

deposited into the SEP-IRA account on October 5, 2009, 66 days after the funds

were withdrawn, there was nevertheless a rollover because Schwab caused a delay

in the loan. Petitioners may be attempting to analogize their situation with that of

the taxpayers in Wood v. Commissioner, 93 T.C. 114 (1989).

In Wood the taxpayer retired and received a lump-sum distribution of cash

and stocks from his employer’s profit-sharing plan. He established an IRA with

Merrill Lynch and instructed the account executive to transfer the entire

distribution into the IRA to effect a nontaxable transfer of the funds. 

The account executive assured the taxpayer that the transfer would be made

within the applicable 60-day period. The cash and stock were transferred into the

IRA within the 60-day rollover period, but because of a bookkeeping error the

stock transfer was erroneously indicated as not having occurred until after the

rollover period had elapsed. 

The Court found that when bookkeeping “entries are at variance with the

facts, the decision must rest on the facts.” Id. at 121 (citing Dean v.

Commissioner, 57 T.C. 32, 44 (1971), Kaplan v. Commissioner, 21 T.C. 134, 140

(1953), Lanteen Med. Labs., Inc. v. Commissioner, 10 T.C. 279, 288 (1948), and

Elkins v. Commissioner, 12 B.T.A. 1058 (1928)).
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Petitioners’ case is not like Wood. The $36,000 was not in fact deposited

within the statutorily prescribed 60-day period; any “error” that may have been

committed by Schwab was not a bookkeeping error. 

Although petitioners argue that their intent was to effect a rollover, it is well

established that a taxpayer’s intention to take advantage of favorable tax laws does

not determine the tax consequences of his or her transactions. Bezdjian v.

Commissioner, 845 F.2d 217 (9th Cir. 1988), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1987-140; Carlton

v. United States, 385 F.2d 238, 243 (5th Cir. 1967) (citing Commissioner v.

Duberstein, 363 U.S. 278, 286 (1960)). What actually was done determines the

tax treatment of a transaction. Weiss v. Stearn, 265 U.S. 242, 254 (1924). 

The Court notes, however, that section 408(d)(3)(I) permits the

Commissioner, in his discretion, to waive the 60-day requirement under certain 3

circumstances where taxpayers follow the instructions of Rev. Proc. 2003-16,

2003-1 C.B. 359. Petitioner is free to pursue relief with the Internal Revenue

Service.

The term “Secretary” in the statute means in this context the Commissioner 3

of Internal Revenue. See secs. 7701(a)(11), 7803(a)(2)(A) (the Commissioner has

the power to supervise the execution and application of the internal revenue laws).
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Whether There Was a Loan

Petitioners’ second line of defense is an argument that the distribution was a

loan from the SEP-IRA account that under section 72(p) is not includible in

income. The attempted characterization of the distribution as a loan falls into the

realm of “[b]e careful what you wish for.” 

Section 72(p)(1)(A) provides that loans from a plan to a participant or

beneficiary are treated as distributions from the plan. Loans meeting the

requirements of section 72(p)(2), however, will not be treated as distributions. 

Petitioners offered no evidence at trial of the factual predicates necessary to avail

themselves of the section 72(p)(2) exception. Further, section 72(p) applies only

to plans described in sections 401(a) and 403(a) and (b), a qualified employer

plan, or a government plan. Sec. 72(p)(4)(A). 

With respect to IRAs, section 408(e) provides that if the individual for

whom the IRA was created, or his beneficiary, engages in a transaction prohibited

by section 4975 as to the account, the account will not be treated as an IRA as of

the first day of the tax year, and the account will be treated as having distributed

all of its assets. Sec. 408(e)(2). Barring the extraordinary relief provided by
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section 4975(c)(2), the lending of money between a plan and a disqualified person

is a prohibited transaction. Sec. 4975(c)(1)(B).4

On the basis of the record, petitioner did not use his IRA as security for a

loan as argued by respondent, nor did he borrow the distribution from his IRA as

argued by petitioner. Had petitioner borrowed from his IRA, the tax consequences

might have been even harsher than they are. 

Respondent’s determination that petitioner must include the distribution in

income is sustained.

Additional 10% Tax for Early Withdrawal

Section 72(t)(1) imposes an additional tax on an early distribution from a

qualified retirement plan equal to 10% of the portion of the amount that is

includable in gross income. The 10% additional tax does not apply to

distributions: (1) to an employee age 59-1/2 or older; (2) to a beneficiary (or the

employee’s estate) on or after the employee’s death; (3) on account of the

employee’s disability; (4) as part of a series of substantially equal periodic

payments made for life; (5) to an employee after separation from service after

attainment of age 55; (6) as dividends paid with respect to corporate stock

Certain loans described in sec. 4975(d)(1) are exempt from sec. 4975(c). 4

Sec. 4975(f)(6)(A) and (B)(i)(II) excepts from the exemption individual retirement

accounts and annuities. See sec. 7701(a)(37). 
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described in section 404(k); (7) to an employee for medical care; or (8) to an

alternate payee pursuant to a qualified domestic relations order. Sec. 72(t)(2); see

also sec. 72(t)(2)(A)(vii), (B)-(G) (setting forth other exceptions not applicable

here).

When petitioner received the distribution, he had not reached the age of 59-

1/2, and he has not alleged or shown that he comes within any of the other

exceptions under section 72(t). Therefore, respondent’s determination that

petitioners are liable for the 10% additional tax on the distribution is sustained.

Accuracy-Related Penalty Under Section 6662(a)

Section 7491(c) imposes on the Commissioner the burden of production in

any court proceeding with respect to the liability of any individual for penalties

and additions to tax. Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 446 (2001);

Trowbridge v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2003-164, aff’d, 378 F.3d 432 (5th Cir.

2004). In order to meet the burden of production under section 7491(c), the

Commissioner need only make a prima facie case that imposition of the penalty or

addition to tax is appropriate. Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. at 446.

Section 6662(a) and (b)(1) imposes a 20% penalty on the portion of an

underpayment attributable to negligence or disregard of rules or regulations. 

Negligence includes any failure to make a reasonable attempt to comply with the
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provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. Sec. 6662(c); sec. 1.6662-3(b)(1),

Income Tax Regs. But the section 6662(a) penalty does not apply to any portion

of an underpayment of tax if it is shown that there was reasonable cause for the

taxpayer’s position and that the taxpayer acted in good faith with respect to that

portion. Sec. 6664(c)(1). The determination of whether a taxpayer acted with

reasonable cause and in good faith is made on a case-by-case basis, taking into

account all the pertinent facts and circumstances. Sec. 1.6664-4(b)(1), Income

Tax Regs. The most important factor is the extent of the taxpayer’s effort to

assess the taxpayer’s proper tax liability. Id. 

The distribution is taxable, and petitioners failed to report it on their joint

individual tax return. The Court concludes that respondent has produced

sufficient evidence to show that the accuracy-related penalty under section

6662(a) is appropriate for 2009. 

Petitioner relied on the advice of Hoag to engage in the transaction that

caused the deficiency. The Court accepts petitioner’s testimony that he was told

that the funds would be replaced timely by loan proceeds. The Court also accepts

petitioner’s testimony that although he was aware that he might suffer some sort of

penalty if the IRA funds were not replaced within 60 days, it was not made clear to 
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him from where the penalty would come. There is evidence in the record

suggesting that there was some delay on the part of Schwab in processing the loan. 

Petitioners provided their accountant with the Form 1099-R they received

from Schwab. The accountant advised petitioners when preparing their return that

unless they got the Form 1099-R “corrected” they would have an increase in

income because of the distribution as well as a 10% additional tax for early

withdrawal. Petitioners contacted Hoag to request a “corrected” Form 1099-R,

and Hoag informed them that “it is all good” because they had put the money back

into the SEP-IRA. Petitioners put Hoag and the accountant “in contact together”,

and the accountant prepared the return without including the distribution.

Taking into account all the pertinent facts and circumstances, the Court is

convinced that petitioners did everything in their control to determine their proper

tax liability.

The Court finds that petitioners were not negligent in filing their 2009

return. Accordingly, the Court rejects respondent’s determination of the accuracyrelated penalty under section 6662(a).
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Other arguments made by the parties and not discussed herein were

considered and rejected as irrelevant, without merit, or moot.

To reflect the foregoing, 

 Decision will be entered for

respondent with respect to the

 deficiency in tax and for petitioners with

 respect to the accuracy-related penalty under

 section 6662(a).