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How Workers

Get Their Training

U.S. Department of Labor 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

February 1985

Bulletin 2226
How Workers

Get Their Training

U.S. Department of Labor 

Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner 

February 1985

Bulletin 2226

For sale by the Superintendent of D ocum ents. U.S. G overnm ent P rin tin g Office. W ashington, D.C. 20402
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Carey, Max L.

How workers get their training.

(Bulletin / U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of

Labor Statistics ; 2226)

"Bulletin was prepared by Max Carey and Alan Eck

Pref.

"March 1985."

1. Employees, Training-of--United States.

2. Occupational training--United States. I. Eck,

II. Title. III. Series: Bulletin (United States

Bureau of Labor Statistics) ; 2226

HF5549.5.T7C34 1985 331.25'92'0973 85-371

Alan.
Preface

Information on how workers develop the skills required for their jobs is useful in career guidance and in 

planning education and training programs. However, 

there has been a lack of comprehensive information on 

this subject. To add to basic knowledge on how workers 

obtain their job skills, the Employment and Training 

Administration provided funds to the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics for a supplement to the January 1983 Current 

Population Survey. This bulletin presents the results of 

that survey.

Earlier studies by the Bureau, also funded by the 

Employment and Training Administration or its predecessor, the Manpower Administration, covered training 

in manual occupations in selected metalworking industries and the vocational training background of workers 

who had completed less than 3 years of college. These 

findings were published in Occupational Training in Selected Metalworking Industries, 1974, Bulletin 1976 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1977) and Formal Occupational

Training of Adult Workers, Manpower/Automation Research Monograph No. 2 (Manpower Administration, 

1964).

This bulletin was prepared by Max Carey and Alan 

Eck under the general direction of Neal H. Rosenthal 

in the Division of Occupational Outlook.

Material in this publication is in the public domain 

and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission.

iii

Contents

Page

Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 1

Highlights....................................................................................................................................................... 2

Chapter:

1. Qualifying training............................................................................................................. 4

Sources of qualifying training...................................................................................................... 4

Occupational patterns................................................................................................................. 9

2. Skill improvement training....................................................................................................... -... 14

Sources of skill improvement training........................................................................................ 15

Occupational patterns................................................................................................................. 18

Tables:

Qualifying training:

1. Workers who needed training as a percent of total employed by sex,

age, education, and race ........................................................................................................... 20

2. Sources of training by occupational group .................................................................................... 21

3. Percent distribution of training by occupational group................................................................. 21

4. Fifty occupations with the largest numbers of workers who needed training ............................... 22

5. Ratio of number of workers who needed training to total of training sources

identified by occupational group................................................................................................ 23

6. Ratio of number of workers with only one source of training to total reporting this

training........................................................................................................................................ 23

7. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized training

obtained in school programs....................................................................................................... 23

8. Sources of school training by occupational g ro u p ......................................................................... 24

9. Number of workers who acquired training through school programs and percent who

completed training by length of program.................................................................................. 24

10. Workers who received sponsored training in school programs by occupational

group............................................................................................................................................ 25

11. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized high school

vocational training ..................................................................................................................... 25

12. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized private

post-high school vocational training.......................................................................................... 26

13. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized public

post-high school vocational training.......................................................................................... 26

14. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized junior

college or technical institute training.......................................................................................... 27

15. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of numbers of workers who

utilized training in 4-year or longer college programs............................................................... 27

16. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized formal

company training ....................................................................................................................... 28

17. Workers who utilized training from formal company programs by length of

program and occupational group................................................................................................ 28
Contents—Continued

Page

T ables—Continued

18. Workers who received government-sponsored training in formal company programs

by occupational group................................................................................................................. 29

19. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized informal

on-the-job training....................................................................................................................... 29

20. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized

Armed Forcestraining............................................................................................................... 30

21. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized training

from correspondence courses..................................................................................................... 30

22. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized training

from friends, relatives, or other experience unrelated to work.................................................. 31

23. Sources of training by occupation .................................................................................................. 32

Skill improvement training:

24. Sources of training by occupational g ro u p .................................................................................... 39

25. Percent distribution of training by occupational group................................................................. 39

26. Fifty occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took training ................................... 40

27. Fifty occupations with the largest proportions of workers who took training............................... 41

28. Percent distribution of workers who took training and of total employed by sex,

age, education, and race............................................................................................................. 42

29. Ratio of number of workers who took training to total of training sources identified ................ 43

30. Sources of school training by occupational g ro u p ..................................................... 43

31. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took school training............ 44

32. Number of workers who took training in school programs and percent who

completed training by length of program.................................................................................. 44

33. Workers who received sponsored training in school programs by occupational

group........................................................................................................................................... 44

34. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took

high school vocational training ................................................................................................. 45

35. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took private

post-high school vocational training.......................................................................................... 45

36. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took public

post-high school vocational training............................................................................................ 46

37. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took junior college or

technical institute training............................................................................................................. 46

38. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took training in

4-year or longer college programs ................................................................................................47

39. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took formal

company training...........................................................................................................................47

40. Twenty-five occupations with the largest proportions of workers who took formal

company training.......................................................................................................................... 48

41. Workers who took training in formal company programs by length of program,

completion rate, and government sponsorship by occupational group.......................................48

42. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took informal

on-the-job training.........................................................................................................................49

43. Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took training from

other sources..................................................................................................................................49

44. Twenty-five occupations with the largest proportions of workers who took training

from other sources.........................................................................................................................50

45. Sources of training by occupation ....................................................................................................51

Appendix: Sources and limitations of the data ........................................................................................ 57

vi
Introduction

To obtain more information on how workers get their 

training, a series of questions was asked as a supplement 

to the January 1983 Current Population Survey. The 

supplement was developed around two basic questions: 

“Did you need specific skills or training to obtain your 

current (last) job?” and “Since you obtained your 

present job, did you take any training to improve your 

skills?” In each case, persons who responded “yes” were 

asked to identify the source or sources of training. If a 

source was a school program or a formal company program, further questions addressed subjects such as the 

type of school program, who paid for the training, how 

long it lasted, and whether it was completed.

Because the information was obtained from the 

workers, it represents their perceptions of training needs 

rather than the views of employers. This distinction is 

significant for two reasons: The data do not identify 

qualifications required by employers, and the data are 

not comparable to those in studies based on the responses of employers.

Another aspect of the data that must be emphasized 

is that individuals may identify more than one type of 

training. Thus the number of individuals in an occupation who reported training was needed to obtain their 

job, or who reported obtaining training to improve their 

skills, generally was less than the total of the types of 

training reported. Finally, individuals were not asked 

to identify the type of training most needed to obtain 

their jobs or to improve their skills. The relative importance can only be inferred by the frequency with 

which the type of training was identified.

Statistics from the survey of training should be regarded as indicators of general magnitude rather than 

as precise measures because of sampling and nonsampling errors. Sampling errors occur because a sample 

is surveyed rather than the universe. Nonsampling errors can result from a variety of causes, such as differences in the interpretation of questions, the unwillingness or inability of respondents to provide correct 

information, errors in collecting and processing data, 

and the inability to obtain information about all cases 

in the sample. (For more detail on sources of error and 

a standard error table, see the appendix.)

Although the magnitude of all errors cannot be quantified, it is believed that the way individuals interpreted 

and responded to questions may understate the need for 

qualifying training. For example, a small percentage of 

workers in occupations which obviously have strict 

educational requirements, such as physician and dentist, 

reported no need for training to get their jobs. In addition, some workers in fields that would seem to require at least informal on-the-job training or previous 

work experience for entry, such as construction trades, 

also reported no need for training to obtain their jobs. 

Despite these problems, the sources of training reported 

by workers in different occupations seem to follow patterns that agree with general knowledge.

Highlights of the survey are presented in the first 

section of this report. The second section analyzes data 

on workers who needed training to qualify for their 

current job. Data on workers who took training to improve their skills are examined in the third section. The 

scope and method of the survey are presented in an 

appendix.

1
Highlights

•About 55 percent of all workers employed in January 1983 needed specific training to qualify for their 

current jobs. Since obtaining their current jobs, 35 percent of all workers had taken training to improve their 

job skills.

•About 72 percent of the workers who needed training to obtain their jobs subsequently trained to improve 

their skills in these jobs.

•Almost equal proportions of women and men required training to qualify for their job and took skill 

improvement training.

•The youngest and oldest workers were less likely 

than others to have had either type of training.

•Among major occupational groups, the proportion 

of workers who needed qualifying training ranged from 

93 percent in professional specialty occupations to 8 

percent in private household occupations; the proportion who took skill improvement training ranged from 

61 percent in professional specialty occupations to 3 

percent in private household occupations.

•About 29 percent of all workers acquired their qualifying training from schools; 28 percent acquired their 

training informally on the job (OJT). On the other hand, 

OJT was a source of skill improvement for 14 percent 

of all workers; school programs, for 12 percent.

•Almost the same proportion of workers (10 to 11 

percent) used training from formal company programs 

to qualify for jobs and to improve skills.

•Relatively few workers acquired qualifying training 

from correspondence courses, the Armed Forces, or 

friends and relatives.

•Executive, managers, and administrators were more 

likely than workers in other occupational groups to 

have received training to qualify for their jobs from 

more than one source.

•O f the 28.1 million workers who acquired their 

qualifying training through school programs, about 7.5 

percent took training sponsored by employers, and 3 

percent took training sponsored by the government in 

programs such as those offered under the Job Training 

Partnership Act (JTPA) and the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA).

•Forty-one percent of the 11.4 million workers who 

acquired skill improvement training in schools took 

training that was sponsored by employers; 3 percent of 

the workers who acquired skill improvement for their 

jobs obtained the training in government-sponsored 

school programs.

•College programs that lasted 4 years or longer were 

a source of job-qualifying skills for 17 percent of all 

workers; junior college and technical institute programs, 

5 percent; high school vocational programs, 5 percent; 

private post-high school vocational programs, 2 percent; and public post-high school vocational programs, 

less than 2 percent. Few workers reported more than 

one school category.

•College programs that lasted 4 years or longer were 

a source of skill improvement for 6 percent of all 

workers; junior colleges and technical institutes, 3 percent; private post-high school vocational programs, 0.8 

percent; public post-high school vocational programs, 

0.8 percent; and high school vocational programs, 0.4 

percent.

•About 70 percent of the workers in the professional 

specialty occupational group acquired the training 

needed to obtain their jobs in 4-year or longer college 

programs; these workers accounted for 56 percent of 

all workers who qualified for their jobs through these 

programs.

•Although only 16 percent of the workers in administrative support occupations obtained the training 

needed to get their jobs in high school vocational programs, they represented 57 percent of the total number 

of workers who qualified for their jobs with this kind 

of training; secretaries alone represented 28 percent of 

the total.

•One-third of the workers who obtained qualifying 

training from private post-high school vocational programs were hairdressers and cosmetologists, secretaries, 

or registered nurses.

•Workers in precision production, craft, and repair 

occupations were more likely than those in other occupational groups to qualify for their jobs through training acquired in formal company programs, and workers 

in technician and related support occupations were 

somewhat more likely than others to obtain skill improvement training in these programs.

•About 4.4 percent of the 9.4 million workers who 

acquired training to qualify for their jobs obtained the 

training in government-sponsored formal company 

training programs.

•Formal company training programs to qualify 

workers for jobs tended to be of relatively short duration. Almost one-half of the workers who reported this 

training had participated in programs that lasted under 

12 weeks, while less than one-fourth had been in those

2
that took more than 52 weeks.

•‘Informal on-the-job training (OJT) was the most 

common source of training for obtaining jobs and improving skills. The distribution of workers who improved their skills through OJT was similar to the distribution of total employment among the occupational 

groups.

•Informal on-the-job training was a source of qualifying training more frequently than school programs in 

8 of the 12 major occupational groups, and more frequently than formal company training in all groups.

•The Armed Forces were a source of qualifying training for about 45 percent of the aircraft engine mechanics

and more th^?: 20 percent of the data processing equipment repairers and electronic repairers of commercial 

and industrial equipment.

•Almost 11 percent of the workers in farming, forestry, and fishing jobs and 8 percent of those in precision production, craft, and repair occupations obtained 

qualifying training from friends or relatives or other 

training unrelated to work.

•Correspondence courses were a source of qualifying skills for about 12 percent of the electronic repairers 

of commercial and industrial equipment. No other occupation had a higher proportion of workers who acquired their job skills in this manner.

3
Chapter 1. Qualifying Training

Almost 53.9 million or 55 percent of the 97.3 million 

persons employed in January 1983 said they needed 

specific training to obtain their current jobs. The rates 

for men and women were about the same. Almost 57 

percent of the whites needed specific training to qualify 

for their jobs, compared to less than 44 percent of the 

blacks (table 1). The youngest and oldest workers were 

less likely than others to be in jobs that required training. Only 25 percent of workers age 16 to 19 and 41 

percent of workers age 65 and over needed any specific 

preparation for their jobs. As expected, college graduates were more likely to be in jobs that required training than workers with less education. More than 84 

percent of the workers who were college graduates 

needed specific skills or training to qualify for their jobs 

compared to 42 percent of the workers who had a high 

school education or less. These variations were largely 

a reflection of differences in requirements among 

occupations.

Among 12 major occupational groups used to classify workers in the Current Population Survey, training was most important for obtaining jobs in the professional and technical fields (table 2). About 93 percent of the workers in professional specialty occupations and 85 percent of those in technician and related 

support occupations needed training to qualify for their 

jobs. Requirements also were relatively high for 

workers in the executive, administrative, and managerial group, and those in precision production, craft, and 

repair jobs. Training was necessary for 57 percent of 

the workers in administrative support occupations, 

which was slightly higher than the average of 55 percent for all occupations. In the remaining seven occupational groups, the proportion of workers who required training was lower than the average, ranging 

from 43 percent of the sales workers to 8 percent of 

the private household workers.

Because most of the occupational groups with above 

average training requirements were large, they accounted for a large number of the total who required 

training to qualify for their jobs (table 3). Administrative support occupations, the largest group in terms of 

employment, accounted for almost 17 percent of all 

workers and a similar percentage of the workers who 

required training. Professional specialty occupations, 

the second largest group in employment, accounted for 

13 percent of all workers and 22 percent of those who 

required training. More than 14 percent of the total

who needed training were in executive, administrative, 

and managerial jobs, and about the same proportion 

were in precision production, craft, and repair jobs, 

which, in each case, was somewhat more than their 

employment levels would indicate.

Although a very high proportion of the workers in 

technician and related support occupations required 

training, this small occupational group accounted for 

less than 5 percent of the total who required training. 

Two large occupational groups with lower than average training requirements had large shares of the training total; sales occupations accounted for 9 percent, and 

service occupations for 8 percent.

Almost three-fifths of all workers who needed training to qualify for their jobs were in 50 detailed occupations (table 4). The two occupations with the greatest numbers of workers also had the largest numbers 

who needed preparation. Of the 5.4 million managers 

and administrators not elsewhere classified, 3.6 million 

required training to get their jobs, as did 2.7 million of 

the 3.8 million secretaries. Training was reported by 

more than 1 million workers in each of the five following occupations: Elementary school teachers; supervisors and proprietors in sales occupations; secondary 

school teachers; registered nurses; and bookkeepers and 

accounting and auditing clerks. Altogether, these seven 

large occupations accounted for almost one-fourth of 

all workers who needed training to obtain their jobs, 

which was as much as the next 25 fields combined. In 

most of the 50 occupations in table 4, the proportion 

of workers who needed training was greater than the 

5 5-percent average for all occupations; among the exceptions were truckdrivers, cashiers, farmers, cooks, 

and waiters and waitresses.

Sources of qualifying training

A worker who needed training to get his or her job 

was asked to identify one or more sources of the training from the following six categories: (1) A program in 

a high school or a postsecondary school, (2) a formal 

company program, (3) informal on-the-job training or 

experience in a previously held job or jobs, (4) the 

Armed Forces, (5) correspondence courses, and (6) informal training from a friend or relative or other experience unrelated to work.

School programs and informal on-the job training 

were a source of qualifying training far more frequently 

than other methods. About 28.1 million workers ac4
quired skills for their jobs in school, and 27.0 million 

gained them through OJT (table 2). Each of these 

methods accounted for more training than all other 

sources combined. Formal company programs were a 

source of training for 9.4 million workers. About 3.2 

million obtained informal training from a friend or relative or other experience unrelated to work. The Armed 

Forces were a source of training for 1.9 million workers, 

and correspondence courses, for 0.8 million. Because 

many workers identified more than one training source, 

the total of these numbers (70.4 million) is much larger 

than the total number of workers (53.9 million) who 

said any kind of training was necessary.

A simple measure of the extent to which workers reported more than one source of training is the ratio of 

the number of times each source was identified to the 

number of workers who required any kind of training. 

The ratio for all occupations was 1.31 (70.4 million divided by 53.9 million). Ratios for the 12 occupational 

groups ranged from 1.43 for executives, administrators, 

and managers to 1.13 for handlers, equipment cleaners, 

helpers, and laborers, which means that, on average, 

the former indicated more than one source of training 

more often than the latter (table 5). A comparison of 

the patterns of training for these two occupational 

groups shows that workers in the handler group were 

far more likely to indicate OJT than any other method, 

while those in the executive group reported school and 

OJT with about equal frequency.

Some sources of training were more likely than others 

to be the sole source. The ratio of the number of persons reporting that a given source of training was the 

only type needed to the total of all types of training 

measures that tendency. As shown in table 6, school 

and OJT, with ratios of 0.7 and 0.6, frequently were 

reported as the sole source of training while correspondence courses, with a ratio of 0.1, generally were cited 

only in conjunction with other sources of training. For 

persons citing school training, OJT was identified most 

frequently as the second source (28 percent) Conversely, 

for persons citing OJT, school training accounted for 

most of the second sources reported (29 percent). The 

remaining types of training—which had smaller proportions of individuals citing one type of training—had 

less concentrated distributions of additional sources of 

training.

Workers in professional specialty occupations and 

technician and related support occupations identified 

school more frequently than all other sources of qualifying training combined. School also was more important than any other single source for administrative support workers and for executives, administrators, and 

managers. Workers in the following occupational 

groups reported OJT more frequently than all other 

training sources combined: Handlers, equipment cleaners, 

helpers, and laborers; transportation and material moving workers; and machine operators, assemblers, and 

inspectors. OJT also was the most important source of 

qualifying training for workers in all other occupational 

groups, except private household workers, who were 

more likely to learn from friends or relatives or other 

experience unrelated to work. Frequently, if school was 

the primary method of training for an occupational 

group, OJT was second, and vice versa.

School training. Almost 29 percent of all persons employed in January 1983 qualified for their current jobs 

with training obtained from school programs. The proportion was higher than average in the following four 

occupational groups: Professional specialty workers, 82 

percent; technicians and related support workers, 58 

percent; executives, administrators, and managers, 43 

percent; and administrative support workers, 33 percent 

(table 2). These four occupational groups represented 

almost four-fifths of all workers who used school training to get their jobs, but accounted for little more than 

two-fifths of total employment. Professional specialty 

occupations alone accounted for 37 percent of all 

workers who trained in school programs; administrative support occupations, 19 percent (table 3).

Twenty-five detailed occupations accounted for 55 

percent of all workers who qualified for their jobs with 

skills acquired in school programs (table 7). Occupations from several groups are represented in this list, 

although professional specialties outnumber those from 

any other single group. The first 10 occupations on the 

list included about 39 percent of the workers who got 

their jobs as a result of school training.

Workers who qualified for their jobs with training 

acquired in schools also were asked to identify one or 

more of the following five program categories from 

which the training was received: (1) High school vocational program, (2) private post-high school vocational program, (3) public post-high school vocational 

school program, (4) junior or community college or 

technical institute program, and (5) 4-year or longer 

college program.

College was a source of qualifying training more frequently than all other types of schools combined. Almost 16.1 million workers got their jobs as a result of 

training in college programs that lasted 4 or more years 

(table 8). About 5 million workers acquired their jobs 

with training from junior colleges and technical institutes. High school vocational training was a source of 

job qualification for 4.7 million workers. Almost 2.1 

million workers trained for their jobs in private posthigh school vocational programs, and 1.6 million in 

public post-high school programs.

Almost 9 out of 10 workers who used training from 

formal school programs to get their jobs had completed 

these programs. Differences in completion rates by

5
school category were very small (table 9). Almost twothirds of the workers who used training from high 

schools, junior colleges, and technical institutes to get 

jobs had obtained it in programs that lasted more than 

52 weeks. High school vocational training generally 

lasted longer than post-high school training.

Relatively few workers who used school training to 

get their jobs obtained it in programs paid for by employers or in government programs such as JTPA and 

CETA. Of the 28.1 million workers who used school 

training, about 7.5 percent attended employer-sponsored training and 3 percent government-sponsored 

school training. Almost one-half of the employer-sponsorerd training and about one-third of the government-sponsored training consisted of college programs 

lasting 4 years or longer. The next largest category of 

sponsored training—about one-third of both employerand government-sponsored training—took place in junior colleges and technical institutes.

The occupational distribution of employer- and government-sponsored training was not the same. About 

29 percent of employer-sponsored training was taken 

by workers in professional specialty occupations, compared to 22 percent of government-sponsored training. 

Workers who obtained employer-sponsored training 

also were more likely to be in executive, administrative, 

and managerial occupations, sales occupations, and farming, forestry, and fishing, while workers with government-sponsored training were more likely to be in other 

occupational groups (table 10).

Although high school vocational programs were the 

source of qualifying training for only 5 percent of all 

workers, more than 35 percent of the typists and secretaries and about 25 percent of the stenographers and 

drafters got their jobs through these programs. These 

vocational programs also helped prepare more than 20 

percent of the billing clerks and typesetters and compositors for their jobs. Between 10 and 20 percent of 

the workers in about a dozen other occupations also 

trained in these programs—examples are personnel 

clerks, tool-and-die makers, automobile mechanics, and 

computer operators.

About 57 percent of the workers who used high 

school vocational programs as a source of qualifying 

training were in administrative support occupations, and 

13 percent were in precision production, craft, and repair jobs. High schools were more important sources 

of vocational training than other schools for these occupational groups.

Over two-thirds of the workers who obtained training to qualify for their jobs from high school vocational 

programs were in 25 detailed occupations (table 11). 

Secretaries alone accounted for 28 percent of the total—a very large proportion considering that the occupation accounted for less than 4 percent of total employment. Typists represented over 6 percent of the

workers who reported this method of training, and 

bookkeepers and accounting and auditing clerks, about 

7 percent.

Only 2.2 percent of all workers obtained the training 

required for their jobs in private post-high school vocational programs. About 45 percent of the hairdressers 

and cosmetologists, however, and more than 30 percent 

of the barbers, received their job training from private 

vocational schools, as did almost 20 percent of the radiologic technicians. Programs in these schools also 

were a source of skills for 10 to 15 percent of the registered nurses, personnel clerks, licensed practical 

nurses, stenographers, and real estate sales workers. 

About 24 percent of the total of 2.1 million persons 

who used the training from private post-high school 

vocational programs to obtain jobs were in administrative support occupations; 21 percent were in service 

jobs, except private household; and 18 percent were in 

professional specialties.

Twenty-five detailed occupations accounted for almost two-thirds of the workers who trained in private 

post-high school vocational programs (table 12). Onethird were hairdressers and cosmetologists, secretaries, 

or registered nurses. Some fields make the list because 

they are large; the top 10 occupations, for example, include the 5.4 million managers and administrators not 

elsewhere classified, of whom fewer than 2 percent had 

private post-high school vocational training.

The number of workers who acquired the training 

to obtain their jobs in public post-high school vocational

programs was even smaller than the number who acquired training through private vocational education. 

Fewer than 1.6 million persons or only 1.6 percent of 

all workers obtained their job skills in these programs. 

Nevertheless, these programs were important for some 

occupations. About 25 percent of the licensed practical 

nurses and more than 15 percent of the barbers used 

public post-high school vocational training to get their 

jobs. It also was used by roughly one-tenth of the data 

processing equipment repairers, hairdressers and cosmetologists, and heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics.

About 23 percent of those who used the training to 

qualify for their jobs were in administrative support occupations, and 18 percent were in precision production, 

craft, and repair jobs. Twenty-five occupations represented almost three-fifths of the workers who had public post-high school vocational training (table 13). Secretaries were at the top of the list, with 9 percent of 

the total, followed by licensed practical nurses, with 

almost 7 percent. Although fewer than 1 out of 25 secretaries had this kind of training, the size of the occupation—almost 3.8 million persons—helped make it first 

on the list.

6
Junior colleges and technical institutes were the source 

of qualifying training for almost 5 million persons or 

about 5 percent of all workers. The proportion of 

workers who used training from junior colleges and 

technical institutes to get their jobs was much higher 

than average in technician and related support occupations and higher than average in administrative support, 

and professional specialty occupations. Junior colleges 

and technical institutes were major providers of training for workers in many detailed occupations. They 

were a source of job preparation for almost one-half of 

the inhalation therapists, almost two-fifths of the radiologic technicians and dental hygienists, and about onethird of the licensed practical nurses. Junior colleges 

and technical institutes also were a source of training 

for more than one-fourth of the registered nurses, data 

processing equipment repairers, and electrical and electronic technicians.

Administrative support occupations led all other 

groups in the number of workers reporting this training, with 26 percent of the total. Another 18 percent 

were in professional specialties, and about 11 to 12 percent each were in technician and related support jobs; 

executive, administrative, and managerial occupations; 

and precision production, craft, and repair jobs. 

Twenty-five detailed occupations represented more 

than one-half of the workers who used training from 

junior colleges and technical institutes to get their jobs 

(table 14). Again, secretaries topped the list, accounting for almost 11 percent of the total, followed by registered nurses, with over 7 percent. The first six occupations had almost one-third of the total who reported 

this kind of training.

College programs that lasted 4 years or longer were the 

most common type of schooling through which workers 

obtained their job training. Almost 17 percent of all 

workers qualified for their jobs through these programs, 

which was more than the total for all other school programs combined. About 70 percent of the workers in 

professional specialty occupations qualified with training from college programs, and the proportion was 

much higher for some detailed occupations in this group. 

College programs also were a source of qualifying training for 34 percent of the workers in the executive, administrative, and managerial group. The professional 

specialty group accounted for 56 percent of the 16.1 

million workers who needed training from college programs to get their jobs, which was a relatively large 

proportion since this category accounted for only 13 

percent of total employment. Executive, administrative, 

and managerial occupations represented 23 percent of 

those who needed college training, although this group 

accounted for only about 11 percent of total employment. Administrative support and sales occupations 

each accounted for about 6 percent of the workers who 

had to have college training, but these two groups had

larger proportions of total employment. Almost 5 percent of those who needed college training were in technician and related support jobs, a group which accounted for about 3 percent of total employment.

Almost two-thirds of the workers who needed college training to obtain their jobs were in 25 occupations 

(table 15). The largest number were elementary school 

teachers, followed closely by managers and administrators not elsewhere classified, and secondary school 

teachers; each of these three fields had more than 1 

million workers who required 4 or more years of college. The next four occupations in the ranking were 

accountants and auditors, registered nurses, lawyers, 

and physicians. In a few large occupations, the proportion of workers who needed college training was very 

low. The 270,000 secretaries, for example, who reported 

they needed this level of education to get their jobs represented only 7 percent of all secretaries. Nevertheless, only 10 occupations were ahead of secretaries in 

the number of workers reporting college training. Some 

occupations with high educational requirements were 

too small to make the list, including biological and life 

scientists and speech therapists, in which more than 90 

percent got their jobs as a result of college training.

Formal company training. About 9.4 million persons 

or 10 percent of all workers obtained their jobs with 

skills they learned in formal company (employer) training programs. The proportion of workers who reported 

this kind of training was higher than average in the following four occupational groups: Precision production, 

craft, and repair occupations, 17 percent; technician and 

related support occupations, 14 percent; sales occupations, 12 percent; and executive, administrative, and 

managerial occupations, 12 percent. Workers who qualified for their jobs with formal company training were 

not as concentrated in particular occupational groups 

as those who used training from school.

About 60 percent of all workers who obtained their 

jobs through formal company training programs were 

in 25 detailed occupations (table 16). Almost 30 percent 

of the total was accounted for by only a dozen occupations. In most jobs on the list, the proportion of 

workers who had company training was greater than 

the 10-percent average for all workers. Almost one-half 

of the public service police and detectives qualified for 

their jobs through formal company training, as did about 

two-fifths of the workers in insurance sales and real estate occupations. Formal company programs also were 

a training source for about one-third of the workers in 

a variety of other occupations, including telephone line 

installers and repairers, electricians, plumbers, and 

busdrivers.

Almost 9 out of 10 workers who obtained training 

from formal company programs had completed the 

training, which was about the same as the proportion

7
completing school programs. Completion rates were 

higher than 85 percent in each of the major occupational groups.

Unlike the school programs, the formal company programs tended to be of short duration. Almost one-half 

of the programs took under 12 weeks, while less than 

one-fourth lasted more than 52 weeks. The length of 

the program varied by occupational group. Programs 

lasting more than 52 weeks were reported by 44 percent of the precision production, craft, and repair 

workers who obtained their jobs through this training. 

Apprenticeship programs, which may require 3 or 4 

years of combined training and work experience, are 

concentrated in this occupational group. Formal company training also was long for professional specialty 

occupations, with 33 percent of those trained for these 

occupations reporting more than 52 weeks (table 17).

For almost 59 percent of the workers with formal 

company training, the training took place away from 

the job. In most occupational groups, more than onehalf of the workers had received the training away from 

the job. Sales workers were more likely to receive their 

training away from the job than workers in other occupational groups.

More than 400,000 workers, or about 4.4 percent of 

all those who qualified for their jobs through formal 

company training, did so in government-sponsored programs such as CETA or JTPA. About 25 percent of 

the workers who got jobs through government-sponsored programs were in service occupations; 22 percent 

were in precision production, craft, and repair occupations; and the remainder were distributed among many 

other occupational groups (table 18). Compared to other 

workers with formal company training, workers in government-sponsored programs were much more likely 

to be in service occupations and much less likely to be 

in sales occupations.

Informal on-the-job training. About 27 million persons 

or 28 percentof all workers attributed the skills they 

needed to obtain their jobs to training acquired informally through previous employment, which was almost 

as many as the number who learned job skills in school. 

The proportion of workers who qualified for their jobs 

through OJT was higher than average in the following 

four occupational groups: Precision production, craft, 

and repair occupations, 40 percent; executive, administrative, and managerial occupations, 39 percent; technician and related support occupations, 32 percent; and 

administrative support occupations, 31 percent. Differences in the importance of OJT among the occupational 

groups notwithstanding, it was the most widespread 

type of training. The occupational distribution of 

workers who used it to qualify for their jobs was more 

like that of total employment than the distribution of 

workers who used any other type of training.

OJT was reported more frequently than school in 8 

of the 12 major occupational groups, and more frequently than formal company training in all groups. It 

was the most important source of training for such diverse occupations as legal assistants, actors, upholsterers, editors and reporters, and plumbers—about 50 

to 60 percent of the workers in these occupations learned 

their skills through OJT. Occupations in which relatively few workers used OJT to get jobs also were a 

very mixed group. Occupations with less than 10 percent of workers reporting this method included, for example, dentists, news vendors, elementary school 

teachers, and garbage collectors, which reflects the fact 

that in some cases school is about the only training necessary, while in others, little, if any, training is required.

Almost 47 percent of all workers who qualified for 

their jobs through OJT were in 25 detailed occupations 

(table 19) which represented 36 percent of total employment in all occupations. The first four occupations 

on this list also are the four largest. Moreover, 19 of 

the occupations are among the top 25 both in the total 

number of workers and the number reporting OJT.

Training in the Armed Forces. Only 1.9 million persons, or 2 percent of all workers, received training in 

military service that provided them with the skills 

needed to get their jobs. Almost one-third of the workers 

who used this training were in the precision production, craft, and repair group. However, these workers 

represented only 5 percent of employment in the occupational group. Training in the military services was 

most important for aircraft engine mechanics—about 

45 percent of these workers acquired their skills in the 

service. The Armed Forces also were a source of skills 

for more than 20 percent of the data processing equipment repairers and the electronic repairers of commercial and industrial equipment.

Twenty-five detailed occupations accounted for almost one-half of all workers who used Armed Forces 

training in obtaining their jobs (table 20). Three oi .he 

top five occupations on the list are large managerial 

and supervisory categories which had relatively small 

proportions of workers reporting training in the military 

services.

Correspondence schools. Correspondence courses were 

the least significant method of job training. Approximately three-quarters of a million persons obtained their 

jobs through correspondence school training, which 

was less than 1 percent of all workers. Correspondence 

school training, however, was a source of training for 

more than 12 percent of the electronic repairers of commercial and industrial equipment, the largest proportion 

for any occupation. More then one-half of the persons 

who used correspondence training to obtain their jobs 

were in 25 occupations (table 21), and one-third were 

in the top 10 occupations. Some of these occupations

8
ranked high because of their large size; they did not 

have a large proportion of workers reporting the training. The largest occupation, managers and administrators not elsewhere classified, also had the largest number of workers reporting correspondence schools, but 

they represented only 1.2 percent of the total employment in the occupation.

Other training. About 3.2 million persons, or 3 percent 

of all workers, got their jobs because of informal training from a friend or relative or other experience unrelated to work. This category of training was reported 

by almost 11 percent of the persons in farming, forestry, 

and fishing jobs; 8 percent of those in precision production, craft, and repair jobs; and 5 percent of those 

in private household occupations. Almost one-third of 

all workers who reported it were in precision production, craft, and repair jobs.

Twenty-five detailed occupations accounted for more 

than one-half of all workers who obtained their jobs as 

a result of training unrelated to work (table 22); over 

one-fourth were in the first five occupations. A relatively high proportion of workers in some large occupations, such as farmer, carpenter, and automobile mechanic, learned their skills from relatives and friends 

and through other methods unrelated to work. The proportion of workers with this kind of training was relatively low, however, for some of the largest occupations on the list.

Occupational patterns

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations. Specific training was a prerequisite for the 

jobs of 71 percent of the 10.8 million workers in the 

executive, administrative, and managerial group. Generally, persons in this group were more likely than those 

in other occupational groups to report more than one 

way of qualifying for their jobs, which seems reasonable since many of these positions require a broad background of education and work experience. Formal 

schools were a source of needed skills for 43 percent 

of all workers in the group, informal on-the-job training for 39 percent, and formal company training programs for 12 percent. The Armed Forces, correspondence schools, and training unrelated to work provided 

job skills for a small percentage of these workers (table 

23).

College programs that lasted 4 years or longer were 

the principal source of formal schooling for almost all occupations in the managerial group. These 

programs provided training needed to obtain 34 percent of the jobs in the group. In comparison, 45 percent of the workers in the group had completed 4 or 

more years of college. Because advancement to many 

managerial positions requires years of work experience, 

managers may tend to attribute their jobs to experience

instead of education. Nevertheless, the college programs 

were a very significant source of training in some occupations. Three-fourths of the education administrators and two-thirds of the accountants and auditors received needed job training in these programs, as well 

as almost one-half of the financial managers, management analysts, and medical and health administrators. 

Relatively few managerial workers acquired skills for 

their jobs in other formal schools such as junior colleges and technical institutes.

OJT was an important source of managerial skills. In 

many occupations, the number of workers reporting 

OJT and the number reporting school were fairly close, 

each category usually representing about two-fifths to 

three-fifths of total employment in the occupation. OJT, 

however, was more important for construction inspectors, business and promotion agents, purchasing agents, 

buyers, and managers not elsewhere classified. Some 

workers in all managerial occupations had received formal company training. About one-fourth of the protective service administrators and inspectors and compliance officers (except construction) learned job skills in 

formal company programs. A small proportion of the 

workers in these two occupational categories also obtained training for their jobs in the Armed Forces. In 

every managerial occupation, however, school and OJT 

accounted for far more of the training than formal company programs or the Armed Forces.

Professional specialty occupations. About 93 percent of 

the 12.7 million workers in these occupations needed 

specific training to qualify for their jobs, the largest 

proportion of any occupation group. Almost 82 percent 

of the workers in the professional group learned the 

necessary skills in formal school, compared to only 29 

percent of the workers in all occupations. OJT was a 

source of qualifying skills for 22 percent of the professional group, which was somewhat lower than the average for all workers. The proportion of professionals 

trained by other methods was about average.

About 70 percent of all workers in the professional 

group needed 4 years of college training or more to 

obtain their jobs. In comparison, almost 75 percent of 

all workers in the group had completed 4 years of college or more. Academic preparation usually was most 

important in professional fields that require a high degree of specialized and theoretical knowledge. College 

was a source of training for almost all workers in many 

of these fields, including physicians, lawyers, psychologists, elementary and secondary school teachers, and 

biological and life scientists. College generally was less 

important for workers in professional fields that require 

artistic talent and creative ability, such as photographers, designers, actors, and musicians. Only 7 percent 

of all professional workers trained for their jobs in junior colleges and technical institutes, but these schools

9
accounted for almost one-half of the inhalation therapists and almost one-third of the registered nurses, since 

associate degrees are sufficient for many jobs in these 

two occupations. Other methods of schooling were reported by relatively few professional workers.

OJT was a source of qualifying skills for more than 

one-half of the actors, economists, and editors and reporters, and almost one-half of the photographers, public relations specialists, and computer systems analysts 

and scientists. In several of these occupations, the number of workers who had had OJT was nearly equal to 

those who had trained in school. OJT was mentioned 

more frequently than college programs by photographers, actors, and public relations workers. Formal company training programs provided qualifying skills for 

almost one-third of the operations systems researchers 

and analysts.

Technician and related occupations. Specific training 

was necessary for the jobs of almost 85 percent of the 

3 million workers in the technician group. About 58 

percent of the technicians qualified for their jobs in 

schools, which was almost twice the average for all 

workers. Among the occupational groups, technicians 

were second only to the professional group in the proportion of workers trained in schools. OJT was a source 

of qualifying skills for 32 percent of the technicians, 

slightly higher than the average for all workers. Technicians also were more likely than other workers to get 

their jobs with skills acquired in formal company training programs and the Armed Forces.

The schooling necessary for obtaining jobs in technician and related occupations was concentrated in 

postsecondary schools. College programs that lasted 4 

years or longer were a source of training for 24 percent 

of the workers in the technician group; programs in 

junior colleges and technical institutes, for 20 percent. 

Post-high school vocational programs in public schools 

and those in private schools each provided qualifying 

training for about 5 to 6 percent of the technicians. 

Also, about 5 percent of the technicians obtained needed 

training in high school vocational programs.

College programs lasting 4 years or longer were the 

primary source of school for many workers in the technician and related occupation group—dental hygienists, 

computer programmers, and biological technicians are 

some examples. Junior colleges and technical institutes 

were the principal source of school for radiologic technicians, licensed practical nurses, and electrical and 

electronic technicians. In many cases, however, more 

than one kind of school was an important training 

ground for workers in an occupation. Junior colleges 

and technical institutes, for example, were not far behind 4-year colleges in the number of dental hygienists 

trained. Similarly, a large proportion of licensed practical nurses were trained in public post-high school vocational programs, and a substantial number of radiologic technicians prepared for their jobs in private posthigh school vocational programs.

OJT was second in importance to school in almost 

all occupations in the technician group. Legal assistants 

were an exception—almost three-fifths of these workers 

learned qualifying skills informally on the job, and twofifths were trained in school. OJT was reported by relatively large numbers of computer programmers, 

drafters, and electrical and electronic technicians. Formal company programs also were important sources of 

qualifying training for workers in some of these occupations. About one-sixth of the electrical and electronic 

technicians used training from the Armed Forces to get 

their jobs.

Sales occupations. About 43 percent of the 11.2 million 

sales workers needed specific training to qualify for 

their jobs. OJT was a source of skills for 28 percent of 

the workers in sales occupations, the same as the average for all workers. Only 15 percent of the sales workers 

acquired training for their jobs in formal school, however, compared to 29 percent of all workers. The proportion of sales workers who learned skills for their 

jobs through other methods was about average.

Training was most important for persons who sold 

complex services or products. Qualifying training was 

needed by nine-tenths of the real estate sales workers 

and more than three-fourths of the sales engineers and 

workers who sold insurance or securities and financial 

services. School, OJT, and formal company programs 

all were significant for these occupations. Almost onethird of the sales engineers and securities sales persons 

needed 4 years of college or more.

Training usually was less important for obtaining jobs 

in retail sales, but requirements varied in different jobs. 

Only one-fifth of the workers who sold apparel and 

shoes needed specific training to get their jobs, for example, compared to about two-fifths of those who sold 

motor vehicles and boats. The skills needed for retail 

sales are learned primarily through OJT. School and 

formal company programs were sources of preparation 

for small proportions of workers in some retail sales 

occupations.

Administrative support occupations, including clerical.

In this occupational group, 57 percent of the 16.1 million 

workers needed specific training to qualify for their 

jobs, slightly more than the average for all workers. 

Requirements varied greatly by occupation within the 

administrative support group; only 1 out of 8 messengers had to have training, for example, compared to 7 

out of 8 stenographers. The proportions of administrative support workers who received the training in school 

(33 percent) and through OJT (31 percent) also were 

slightly higher than average, while the proportions who 

learned job skills in other ways were lower.

10
School was the principal source of training for secretaries, stenographers, and typists. In these occupations 

combined, 57 percent of the workers were trained in 

school and 31 percent picked up skills informally on 

the job. School also was the most important training 

method for personnel clerks, billing clerks, teachers’ 

aides, and social welfare eligibility clerks. OJT was a 

source of qualifying skills for more workers than school 

in almost all other administrative support occupations. 

Forty percent or more of the workers in the following 

occupations acquired needed skills through OJT: General office supervisors, financial records processing supervisors, computer operators, data-entry keyers, bank 

tellers, and investigators and adjusters, except insurance. In many cases, however, the number of workers 

who reported OJT and the number reporting school 

did not differ greatly.

More than one-fourth of the transportation and ticket 

agents needed training in formal company programs to 

obtain their jobs. These programs also were relatively 

important for telephone operators, computer operators, 

order clerks, and general office supervisors.

Workers in the administrative support group were 

more likely than those in other groups to get their jobs 

through training in high school vocational programs. 

More than 16 percent of the administrative workers acquired qualifying skills in these programs, which was 

about three times the proportion for all workers. The 

high school programs were the principal source of training for two of the largest occupations in the group—secretary and typist. Over one-third of the secretaries and 

typists prepared for their jobs in high school vocational 

programs, as well as relatively large numbers of stenographers, personnel clerks, billing clerks, and bookkeepers and accounting and auditing clerks. Many 

workers in these and other administrative support occupations also were trained in postsecondary school 

programs.

Private household occupations. Only 8 percent of the 

1.6 million workers in this group needed specific training to get their jobs, the lowest proportion of any occupational group. About 5 percent of the private household workers learned needed skills from friends or relatives or through other methods unrelated to work, and 

4 percent learned informally on the job. A few reported 

formal training. One-half of the workers in the group 

were private household cleaners and servants, and most 

of the remainder were child care workers. A small proportion of the workers in the private household group 

were launderers, cooks, housekeepers, and butlers. Persons in these occupations were more likely to need specific training than child care workers and household 

cleaners and servants.

group needed specific training to qualify for their jobs. 

This relatively low figure indicates that skills are not 

generally required for entry into food preparation and 

service occupations and cleaning and building service 

occupations, which together accounted for almost 3 out 

of 5 workers in the group. Specific training was necessary for 24 percent of the food workers and 14 percent 

of the cleaning workers. In contrast, it was necessary 

for 62 percent of the health service workers, 56 percent 

of the protective service workers, and 52 percent of the 

personal service workers.

Entry food service jobs—such as counter worker and 

short-order cook—usually could be obtained without 

specific training. About one-half of the supervisors, onethird of the cooks, and one-fourth of the waiters and 

waitresses needed specific skills. Most workers acquired 

their skills informally on the job. Some food service 

supervisors also were trained in schools and formal 

company programs. Few cleaning and building service 

workers other than supervisors needed training to obtain their jobs. Health service workers usually qualified 

for their jobs through school and/or OJT. Junior colleges and technical institutes and post-high school vocational programs provided most of the formal schooling. Some nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants qualified for their jobs through formal company programs.

Specific training usually was necessary for police and 

detectives. Formal company programs were reported 

by these workers as a source of training more frequently 

than school and OJT although all methods were important. The main types of school training for police 

and detectives were college programs that lasted 4 years 

or longer and programs in junior colleges and technical institutes. More than one-half of the persons in 

firefighting occupations and more than one-third of all 

guards had to have specific skills to get their jobs. Formal company programs were the main source of job 

preparation for firefighters, while OJT was more prevalent for guards. About 6 percent of all workers in protective service occupations learned skills in the Armed 

Forces, compared to 2 percent of the workers in all 

occupations.

Training was very important for obtaining jobs in 

some personal service occupations. It was necessary for 

almost all of the hairdressers and barbers, and almost 

three-fourths of the public transportation attendants. 

Schools were the most important source of job preparation for hairdressers and barbers, particularly 

postsecondary vocational schools and junior colleges 

and technical institutes. Public transportation attendants 

learned their skills mostly in formal company programs.

Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. About 28 

percent of the 3.1 million persons in this group needed 

specific training to qualify for their jobs, about one-half 

the average for all workers. The proportions who reService workers, except private household. About 36 percent of the 12.4 million workers in this occupational

11
ported OJT (16 percent) and school (8 percent) also 

were lower than average. On the other hand, 11 percent of the workers in the farming, forestry, and fishing groups learned job skills from friends or relatives 

or through ways unrelated to work, which was much 

greater than the percentage of workers in all occupations who learned jobs skills through this method.

Workers in farming jobs accounted for more than 

three-fourths of the employment in the occupation 

group. Person in related agricultural occupations, such 

as gardeners and animal caretakers, made up most of 

the remainder; relatively small numbers of workers were 

in forestry and fishing occupations.

About 31 percent of the farm operators and managers 

and 21 percent of the other farm workers needed specific training for their jobs. Persons in farming learned 

their skills mostly through informal methods. Schools 

provided skills for 11 percent of the operators and managers, however, and many were trained in college programs that lasted 4 years or longer. Qualifying skills 

were needed by 29 percent of the workers in related 

agricultural occupations, 32 percent of the workers in 

forestry and logging occupations, and 42 percent of the 

fishers, hunters, and trappers.

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations.

About 65 percent of the 11.7 million persons employed in this diverse occupational group needed specific training to get their jobs, somewhat more than the 

average for all workers. The proportion of these 

workers exceeded the average for all workers in each 

category of training, except school. OJT was a source 

of skills for 40 percent of the occupation group, formal 

company programs for 17 percent, and school for 16 

percent. About 8 percent of the group learned job skills 

from friends or relatives or other experience unrelated 

to work, and 5 percent were trained for their jobs in 

the Armed Forces.

Training was very important for some mechanics and 

repairers. About nine-tenths of the data processing 

equipment repairers and the office machine repairers 

needed it to qualify for their jobs. Among the building 

trades, it was most important for electricians and 

plumbers. Training also was a requirement for relatively 

large proportions of tool-and-die makers, machinists, 

upholsterers, and power plant operators. On the other 

hand, most electrical and electronic equipment assemblers did not need special skills to get their jobs.

OJT was the most common method of qualifying for 

jobs for most workers in the occupational group. Among 

individual occupations, the proportion of workers who 

acquired their training informally on the job usually 

ranged between 30 percent and 50 percent. This was 

the predominant method of training for workers in a 

wide variety of occupations—carpenters, plumbers, upholsterers, and oil well drillers are a few examples. OJT

also was important for supervisory jobs in the occupation group. On the other hand, formal company programs were the principal method of training for telephone installers and repairers, structural metal workers, 

powerplant operators, telephone line installers and repairers, and miscellaneous electrical and electronic 

equipment repairers. School was the most significant 

method of training for data processing equipment mechanics. The Armed Forces were the primary source 

of qualifications for aircraft engine mechanics. Dressmakers were most likely to learn their job skills from 

friends or relatives or other experience not related to 

work.

More than 5 percent of all workers in the precision 

production, craft, and repair group learned qualifying 

skills for their jobs in high school vocational programs, 

and almost 5 percent learned them in junior colleges 

and technical institutes. Public and private post-high 

school vocational programs provided training for about 

4 percent of all workers in the occupation group. Junior college and technical institutes were sources of training for about one-fourth of the data processing equipment repairers and one-fifth of the office machine repairers. Many workers in these occupations also were 

trained in public and private post-high school vocational programs. High school vocational programs were 

significant sources of training for tool-and-die makers 

and automobile mechanics. A small proportion of the 

supervisory workers in the occupation group qualified 

for their jobs through college programs that lasted 4 

years or longer.

Machine operators, assemblers and inspectors. Although 

almost 37 percent of the 7.4 million workers in this occupational group needed specific training to qualify for 

their jobs, this proportion was lower than the average 

for all workers. Workers in the machine operator, assembler, and inspector group were about as likely as 

all workers to acquire their jobs as a result of OJT or 

learning skills from friends and relatives, but were less 

likely to obtain their jobs through other training. OJT 

was a source of skills for 26 percent of the workers in 

the group, school and formal company training programs each were a source of skills for 6 percent, and 

almost 3 percent learned from friends or relatives or 

through other methods unrelated to work.

OJT was the principal method of acquiring qualifying skills in almost every occupation in the group. In 

most cases, about one-fifth to two-fifths of the workers 

in each occupation reported that they obtained their 

skills informally on the job. The proportion was somewhat higher among typesetters and compositors, photographic processing machine operators, and winding and 

twisting machine operators; and lower for graders and 

sorters, sawing machine operators, and packaging and 

filling machine operators. High school vocational pro12
grams were a source of training for about one-fifth of 

the typesetters and compositors and one-seventh of the 

printing machine operators. Postsecondary vocational 

schools and junior colleges and technical institutes 

trained small proportions of lathe and turning machine 

operators and welders. Formal company and school 

programs frequently were sources of qualifying skills 

for the same occupations.

Transportation and material moving occupations. Training requirements for the 4 million workers in this occupational group were similar to those for workers in 

the machine operator, assembler, and inspector group. 

In both, about 36 to 37 percent of the workers had to 

have specific training to qualify for their jobs, 26 percent acquired it informally on the job, and formal training methods generally were of secondary importance. 

Workers in transportation and material moving occupations, however, were a little more likely to learn their 

skills in formal company programs and through friends 

or relatives, and less likely to learn them in school.

Almost three-fourths of the workers in this group 

were in motor vehicle operator occupations, and most 

of the remainder were material moving equipment operators. Small proportions of the group were in rail and 

water transportation occupations, which had relatively 

high training requirements.

About 35 percent of the motor vehicle operators 

needed specific training to qualify for their jobs. It was 

more necessary for busdrivers than truck and taxi 

drivers. Formal company programs provided skills for 

almost one-third of the busdrivers. Workers in other

driving occupations learned their skills mostly through 

OJT. A small proportion of heavy-truck drivers picked 

up skills from friends and relatives. Specific training 

was necessary for 37 percent of the material moving 

equipment operators. Workers in these occupations 

learned their skills primarily through OJT. Crane and 

tower operators needed preparation more than industrial truck and tractor equipment operators.

About three-fourths of the workers in water transportation occupations and one-half of those in rail transportation occupations needed specific training to obtain 

their jobs. Although skills were learned informally on 

the job more than by other means, formal company 

programs also were significant in these fields. The 

Armed Forces and school also were training sources 

for some workers in water transportation occupations.

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.

Only 16 percent of the 3.7 million workers in this 

occupation group had to have specific training to get 

their jobs. Among the occupational groups, only private household workers required less preparation. 

About 13 percent of the workers in the handler group 

learned their skills informally on the job. Other methods 

of training generally were insignificant.

One-fourth or more of the construction trades helpers, 

machine feeders, and production helpers needed specific skills to obtain their jobs. Requirements were lower 

for workers in other occupations, such as garbage collectors, stock handlers and baggers, and vehicle washers 

and equipment cleaners.

13
Chapter 2. Skill Improvement

Training

Training or skills to qualify for jobs constitutes one 

aspect of training; another is training to improve job 

skills for workers who are already employed. In January 1983, 33.9 million persons (35 percent of all employed persons) reported they obtained skill improvement training on their current job.

Skill improvement training was most common among 

professional specialty occupations; 61 percent of employees in these occupations obtained such training (table 24). Workers in occupations in this group, such as 

teachers and medical and other technical specialists, 

need to update their professional techniques and knowledge or face obsolescence. Large proportions of employees in executive, administrative, and managerial occupations and in technician and related support occupations (47 percent and 52 percent, respectively) also 

obtained skill improvement training. The proportions 

of workers acquiring training in all other occupation 

groups did not exceed the 35-percent average for all 

employees. Private household workers obtained the 

smallest proportion (3 percent).

Workers in professional specialties also constituted 

the largest proportion (23 percent) of all workers who 

took skill improvement training, a result attributable 

both to the large number of employees in this group 

and the much higher than average proportion of employees who obtained this training (table 25). Executive, managerial, and administrative occupations and 

administrative support occupations each had the second largest proportion (15 percent). These three occupational groups accounted for over one-half of all 

workers who reported skill improvement training.

At the other extreme, private household occupations; 

farming, forestry, and fishing occupations; transportation and material moving occupations; and equipment 

cleaners, helpers, and laborers accounted for a small 

proportion of all workers who took training to improve 

skills needed for their current job. Workers in these occupations generally perform simple tasks that must be 

diligently repeated but seldom are changed to such an 

extent that training is required.

Table 26 presents the 50 occupations having the 

largest number of employees who acquired skill improvement training. These 50 occupations accounted 

for 57 percent of all workers with such training but 42

percent of employment. Only 17 of the 50 occupations 

were executive, administrative, and managerial occupations or professional specialty occupations. Some of 

the occupations appear in table 25 solely because of 

their size. For example, only 19 percent of cashiers—compared with an average of 35 percent—obtained training. Because this is a large occupation, however, it is near the top of the list when ranked by number.

Skill improvement training frequently is related to 

whether employees in the occupation are required to 

possess specific training or skills in order to obtain the 

job. Overall, 72 percent of the persons who were required to possess skills to qualify for their jobs also acquired training to improve their skills. Thus, it is not 

surprising that 41 of the 50 occupations with the most 

employees obtaining skill training were among the 50 

occupations with the most employees reporting that 

training or skills were needed to qualify for their job.

Another perspective on acquired training is provided 

by table 27, which presents the 50 occupations having 

the largest proportions of all workers in that occupation who obtained skill improvement training. In table 

27, professional specialty occupations and executive, 

administrative, and managerial occupations account for 

32, rather than 17, of the 50 occupations identified in 

table 26 as having the most skill improvement training 

and emphasizes the significance of skill improvement 

training within these occupation groups.

Differences in skill improvement training between 

occupations reflect differences in the characteristics of 

employees and requirements of the occupations. Data 

by age, sex, and education provide insights into the differences. Almost three-fifths of acquired training was 

received by persons 25 to 34 and 35 to 44 years old 

(table 28). This is only slightly more than the proportion of employed persons in those age groups. The proportion of women who acquired skill improvement 

training was similar to that for men.

The proportion of workers who took skill improvement training varied significantly by education. College 

graduates obtained 34 percent of all such training although they accounted for only 22 percent of total employment. Persons with some college education obtained slightly more training than their proportion of 

employment would indicate (23 percent vs. 19 percent),

14
while individuals with a high school education or less 

received only 43 percent of the training but accounted 

for 59 percent of total employment. This pattern was 

the same for men and women. Skill improvement training appears to be closely related to formal education. 

For example, a college degree is required to obtain most 

teaching, engineering, and other professional specialty 

jobs. And, once employed in those occupations, workers 

need training to improve job skills for continued success.

In contrast, jobs that require the least education to 

qualify for employment have little need for skill improvement training. Waiters and waitresses or construction laborers, for example, require little formal education or previous training and, due to the repetitive nature of the work, have little need for training to improve work skills. New technology and other factors 

that contribute to a need for training are insignificant 

for most of these workers.

Sources of skill improvement training

In addition to being asked whether they acquired 

training to improve skills used on their current job, individuals were asked to identify the source of the training as either school, formal company, informal on-thejob (OJT), or other. Because many workers selected 

more than one source, the total number of responses 

(39.9 million) was 18 percent higher than the total number of workers (33.9 million) who reported any kind of 

skill improvement training. Table 29 presents the ratio 

of total reports of training to numbers of individuals. 

Executives, managers, and administrators reported more 

than one type of training most frequently. Conversely, 

workers in transportation and material moving occupations and handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers were least likely to report more than one source 

of training.

Except for the category “other”, the ratio of the 

number of persons reporting only one type of skill improvement training to the total reporting that type 

of training was the same for all categories (0.7). Significantly, the ratio for the “other” category was 0.0: 

“Other” types of training was cited only in conjunction 

with another category of training.

School training. A total of 11.4 million individuals—12 

percent of employed persons—acquired skill improvement training in schools (table 24). This proportion was 

slightly larger than the proportion who obtained skill 

improvement training from a formal company program 

(11 percent), slightly less than for OJT (14 percent), 

but significantly larger than for other types of skill improvement training (4 percent). The proportion of 

workers who trained in school was higher than the 12- 

percent average in professional specialty occupations, 

technician and related support occupations, and executive, administrative, and managerial occupations (table 

30). While these occupational groups accounted for only

27 percent of all workers, they accounted for about 60 

percent of those who obtained training in school.

Table 31 presents the 25 occupations having the 

largest number acquiring skill improvement training in 

schools. The training was concentrated among teachers: 

Elementary and secondary school teachers accounted 

for 16 percent of the total who took skill improvement 

training but only 3 percent of total employment. The 

concentration results both because of the occupation’s 

size and because the proportion of teachers who reported training in schools (63 percent) was far above 

the 12-percent average for all employees. On the other 

hand, the occupations listed below had a lower than 

average proportion of workers who trained in schools, 

but they appear in table 31 because of their size—all 

have over 1 million employees. They also may be prominent among those with information about different types 

of schools and in tables that rank occupations obtaining training in different types of schools.

- Secretaries

- Bookkeepers and accounting and auditing 

clerks

- Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations

- Supervisors, production occupations

- Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants

- Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing,

and wholesale trade

- Farmers, except horticultural

As indicated in the discussion which follows, the 

ranking of teachers and other occupations in table 31 

also reflects the dominance of school training acquired 

in junior colleges, technical institutes, and 4-year 

colleges.

Except for that obtained in 4-year colleges, most skill 

improvement training in schools lasted less than 26 

weeks (table 32). This is consistent with the assumption 

that many workers who do not require college training 

to obtain their job train to improve a specific job skill. 

For example, secretaries may enroll in a junior college 

course to learn word processing and not pursue other 

courses. In contrast, about three-fifths of training acquired in 4-year colleges lasted 26 or more weeks. The 

longer time required for college training probably reflects the tendency to work towards a degree. A history teacher, for example, may have returned to school 

part time to obtain an advanced degree—a process that 

could take years. Such an explanation is consistent with 

data on completions by length of training presented in 

table 32. About 90 percent of training lasting less than 

12 weeks was completed; the comparable proportion 

for training lasting 53 or more weeks was about 65 percent. The difference is probably attributable to the fact 

that individuals are still enrolled in a degree program.

Overall, the proportion of employer-sponsored skill 

improvement training obtained in schools was substan15
tial. Approximately 4.6 million persons—41 percent of 

those pursuing skill training in schools—indicated employers sponsored it. Employer sponsorship was over 

10 times as common as government-sponsored school 

training: Government-sponsored training was reported 

by only 375,000 persons, or 3 percent of all individuals 

acquiring skill improvement training in schools.

As shown in table 33, school training sponsored by 

employers or the government was distributed among 

the major occupational groups in much the same way 

as all skill improvement training in schools. Workers in 

professional specialties—who acquired the most skill 

improvement training in schools—also accounted for 

the largest percentage of sponsored training. It is noteworthy that, within this group, secondary and elementary school teachers alone acquired 8 percent ot all employer-sponsored school training. However, the proportion of employer- and government-sponsored school 

training accounted for by professional specialty occupations (30 to 28 percent, respectively) was slightly 

lower than the proportion of total skill improvement 

training acquired in schools (38 percent). Service 

workers, except private household, accounted for 14 

percent of government-sponsored school training compared with 7 percent of total skills improvement training acquired in schools. However, the absolute numbers are small, and the differences may not be significant.

High school vocational education was not a significant 

source of skill improvement training. Only 353,000 persons—0.4 percent of all employed persons—identified 

high school vocational education programs as a source 

of this training (table 30). High school vocational training was a source in only one-third of the occupations 

with over 50,000 employees. (The highest proportion 

of employees reporting in any occupation was only 4 

percent.) Table 34 identifies the occupations with the 

largest numbers. The top two—secretaries and bookkeeping clerks—accounted for 18 percent of the total 

who took skill improvement training in high school vocational education programs, although they accounted 

for only 6 percent of total employment.

Although the number of persons acquiring skill improvement training in private post-high school vocational

programs was twice that for high schools, the total was 

still relatively small. The 803,000 persons constituted 

only 0.8 percent of total employment (table 30). Table 

35 presents the 25 occupations with the largest numbers of employees reporting private post-high school 

vocational education programs. The top two occupations—managers and administrators not elsewhere classified, and supervisors and proprietors in sales occupations—accounted for 11 percent of reported training, 

an amount approximately equivalent to their proportion 

of total employment.

Among hairdressers and cosmotologists, real estate 

sales occupations, public service police and detectives,

and computer operators, private post-high school vocational education was reported by 5 percent of employees (the maximum for any occupation was 9 percent). Despite the smaller size of these occupations, the 

proportion of workers obtaining skill improvement 

training was sufficient to include them among the top 

occupations.

The number of individuals acquiring skill improvement training in public post-high school vocational courses,

774,000 or 0.8 percent of all employees, also was relatively small and almost identical to that for similar private schools (table 30). The 25 occupations presented 

in table 36 represent 52 percent of all workers who took 

skill improvement training in public post-high school 

vocational programs, but account for only 29 percent 

of total employment. Secretaries—with 10 percent of 

the training — head the list. About half of the occupations also were among the top 25 in private post-high 

school vocational programs.

The largest proportion of employees acquiring training in this category was 6 percent among millwrights, 

an occupation which, because of its small size, does not 

appear in table 36.

Although not as common a source of skill improvement training as 4-year colleges, junior colleges and

technical institutes were a significant source. The 3.3 

million persons with this training constituted 3 percent 

of total employment, 10 percent of individuals who took 

training, and 29 percent of those acquiring training in 

schools (table 30). Although only 3 percent of all 

workers took skill improvement training in these 

schools, the proportion was higher in technician and 

related support occupations; executive, administrative 

and managerial occupations; professional specialty occupations; and administrative support occupations.

Twenty-five occupations accounted for almost 50 

percent of the training (table 37). With manage rs and 

administrators and secretaries at the top, the list is again 

dominated by large occupations. However, junior college training is a much more significant source of skill 

improvement training for secretaries than other school 

programs. The proportion of secretaries acquiring skill 

improvement training in junior colleges (5.6 percent) 

was only one-half their proportion in all types of school 

programs combined.

Training acquired in college programs that last 4 years

or longer was by far the most significant source of skill 

improvement training acquired in schools. The 5.4 million persons with such training accounted for 6 percent 

of employment, 16 percent of those obtaining training, 

and 48 percent of all who acquired it in schools. The 

proportion of workers who trained in college programs 

to improve their skills was higher than average in professional specialty occupations; executive, administrative, and managerial occupations; and technician and 

related support occupations (table 30).

16
About one-fourth of all workers in professional specialty occupations improved their job skills in college 

programs; they accounted for about 59 percent of the 

total number of workers who improved their skills 

in these programs. A total of 28 percent were elementary and secondary school teachers (table 38), about 

nine times their proportion of total employment. The 

prominence of teachers reflects the fact that over half 

obtained skill improvement training in 4-year or longer 

college programs. Some occupations—secretaries, for 

example—appear in table 38 because of their size, while 

others reflect the unique contribution of colleges. Physicians, clergy, social workers, counselors, lawyers, and 

librarians all require the highest levels of academic training available.

Formal company training. A total of 10.6 million individuals—11 percent of all employees with skill improvement training—identified formal company programs as 

the source of their training (table 24). This proportion 

was slightly less than that for training obtained in 

schools (12 percent), less than that from informal onthe-job (OJT) training (14 percent), but over twice that 

obtained by ‘other’ methods (4 percent).

While only 11 percent of all workers improved their 

job skills through formal company programs, this training was acquired by 18 percent of the workers in technician and related support occupations and 17 percent 

of those in executive, administrative, and managerial 

occupations. Ratios also were higher than average for 

professional specialty occupations; precision production, craft, and repair occupations; and sales occupations. These five occupational groups accounted for 

about one-half of all workers and about 70 percent of 

those who improved their skills in formal company 

programs.

Table 39 identifies the 25 occupations with the largest 

numbers of employees obtaining training. Together they 

accounted for 45 percent of training but only 30 percent of employment. These occupations appear to have 

little in common other than size. Occupations in which 

a large number reported but a lower than average proportion obtained formal company training were: Secretaries, elementary school teachers, secondary school 

teachers, and bookkeepers and accounting and auditing 

clerks.

Companies provide formal training to ensure that 

specific technical or other information is provided employees. The occupations for which this type of training was most important are identified in table 40, which 

ranks the proportion of workers in each acquiring formal company training. With the possible exception of 

forestry and conservation scientists, the top 10 occupations in this ranking must be thoroughly familiar with 

their employers’ products or services: Repairers need 

to know the product they are to fix; police and firefighters must know the latest methods for protecting 

citizens and property; and insurance sales and reservation personnel must know how to provide detailed information to customers quickly and accurately.

Formal company training generally was limited—72 

percent lasted less than 12 weeks, while only 8 percent 

lasted more than 52 weeks (table 41). The overall completion rate was 87 percent, considerably above the 71 

percent for all school training. Since shorter school 

courses also had a higher completion rate, the difference in the completion rates for schools and formal 

company programs is probably due to the length of 

training rather than the source.

Government programs, such as CETA, sponsored 4 

percent of formal company skill improvement training. 

The largest number in government-sponsored programs 

were in professional specialty occupations, but the 

largest proportion of those receiving training were service workers, except private household, with 8 percent 

(table 41).

Informal on-the-job training. With 13.6 million persons—14 percent of all employees and 40 percent of 

those reporting training—informal on-the-job training 

(OJT) was the largest category through which workers 

acquired skill improvement (table 24). OJT was more 

widespread among occupations than other sources of 

skill improvement. The distribution of workers with 

this training was very similar to the distribution of total employment among the occupational groups. The 

relationship also can be seen in the ranking of detailed 

occupations. The top 25 occupations presented in table 

42 accounted for 36 percent of OJT and 36 percent of 

employment. This distribution was the same for all occupations, indicating that OJT was more closely correlated with employment than were other forms of 

training. The proportion of employees in an occupation 

reporting OJT fell within a narrow range: The highest 

proportion was 37 percent compared with 63 percent 

for formal schools.

Other training. Training acquired to improve job skills 

by methods other than in formal school or company 

programs, or by informal on-the-job training, was much 

less common than each of these more traditional 

methods. The “other” category was reported by 4.3 

million persons or 4 percent of the total and 13 percent 

of the workers reporting skill improvement training (table 24). Table 43 presents the 25 occupations with the 

largest numbers of persons acquiring training from other 

sources. The top two occupations—managers and administrators not elsewhere classified, and supervisors 

and proprietors in sales occupations—appear primarily 

because of their size. Size also explains the presence of 

secretaries; bookkeepers and auditing and accounting 

clerks; supervisors in production occupations; nursing 

aides, orderlies, and attendants; and sales representa17
tives in mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade. 

The reason for the relatively high ranking of such diverse occupations as physicians, hairdressers and cosmotologists, and musicians and composers is less clear. 

One explanation may be the diversity of training included in the “other” category. Table 44 ranks occupations by the proportion acquiring other training. 

Those at the top—dentists, physicians, lawyers, pharmacists, and hairdressers—probably reported training 

acquired at professional seminars during conventions. 

Musicians, on the other hand, are likely to improve 

their skills by private lessons from individuals that may 

not be associated with schools. In occupations such as 

electronic repairers, designers, and registered nurses, 

the primary source of other training may be seminars 

sponsored by professional societies, or journals.

Occupational patterns

Overall, 33.9 million individuals—35 percent of all 

employees—obtained skill improvement training. 

School, formal company training, and informal OJT 

were reported with almost equal frequency (12, 11, and 

14 percent of employees, respectively). Other types of 

training (4 percent) were much less common. The following discussion analyzes the occupational differences 

in the types of training acquired that are presented in 

table 45. Table 45 also presents data for various types 

of schooling, but these data are not specifically discussed since only training obtained in a junior college, 

technical institute, or 4-year college program is significant: School training may be considered synonymous 

with those types of schooling. The numbers do not add 

to the total, as indicated earlier, because individuals may 

have reported more than one type of training.

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations. These occupations had a higher than average 

proportion of employees who took skill improvement 

training (47 vs. 35 percent). Like the total for all employees, training was distributed almost equally between 

school (18 percent), formal company (17 percent), and 

informal OJT (16 percent). “Other” training was reported by 8 percent of employees, about half the proportion for the other categories.

Administrators in education and related fields were 

a notable exception to the general pattern. In this occupation, school was a source of training for 47 percent 

of employees, while the next largest category—OJT— 

was a source for only 13 percent.

Professional specialty occupations. These occupations 

had the largest proportion of employees reporting skill 

improvement training (61 percent). With 34 percent, 

school training was the largest category. This was 2 - 

3 times the amount for formal company (15 percent), 

OJT (14 percent), or other types (11 percent). The large 

proportion of school training results from the influence

of two large occupations—elementary and secondary 

school teachers. In these occupations, almost two-thirds 

had school training; together they accounted for 40 

percent of schooling reported in professional specialty 

occupations. In other large occupations, the pattern was 

closer to the average for all employed persons. For example, among registered nurses, skill improvement 

training was distributed as follows: 23 percent, formal 

school; 28 percent, formal company training; 20 percent, OJT; and 12 percent, other.

Technician and related support occupations. These occupations had the second highest proportion of employees with skill improvement training (52 percent). The 

distribution of employees—20 percent reporting school, 

18 percent formal company, 19 percent OJT, and 5 percent other—was much the same as that for all employees, but the levels were lower. In addition, there was 

little variation among the detailed occupations.

Sales occupations. The proportion of employees in sales 

occupations with skill training was 32 percent, little different from the average for all employees. However, 

the distribution differed significantly. The proportion 

reporting school was much lower—7 percent vs. 18 

percent for all employees—while the proportions reporting formal company (13 percent) and OJT (15 percent) were higher. At 4 percent, those reporting other 

training was the same. Sales job skills most frequently 

are improved by specific training obtained at the work 

location rather than by less specific training that is acquired in schools. The only exception among sales occupations was real estate sales workers, for whom school 

training, with 31 percent of the employees, was the 

largest category.

Administrative support occupations. An average number of individuals in administrative support occupations 

acquired training (32 percent), but the distribution—10 

percent school, 10 percent formal company, 15 percent 

OJT, and 2 percent other—showed a greater than average concentration in OJT. Among the detailed occupations, a higher proportion of supervisors had skill improvement training, and there was a greater emphasis 

on formal company training. This probably results from 

mandatory company training in performing newly acquired supervisory responsibilities. A larger than average proportion of secretaries and bookkeepers and accounting and auditing clerks had acquired training in 

school.

Private household occupations. Among private household occupations, only 3 percent of employees had skill 

improvement training. The absence of training probably reflects the lack of incentive for improvement in 

the work of launderers, cooks, housekeepers, and child 

care workers in private households.

18
Service workers, except private household. With 25 percent of employees reporting skill improvement training, 

service workers, except private household, were slightly 

below the average for all employees in acquiring training. The distribution also differed somewhat from the 

average, with the proportions reporting school (7 percent) and formal company training (8 percent) lower 

than the average.

However, the pattern varied among the detailed occupations in the group. Within the protective service 

occupations, a much higher proportion of employees 

had skill improvement training (55 percent) than in the 

service worker group as a whole (25 percent). Protective service workers also had relatively more school and 

formal company training and relatively less OJT and 

other training. The training acquired by guards and police, except public service, was much less than that for 

other protective service occupations, and it was concentrated in OJT.

In contrast, in the food preparation and cleaning and 

building service subgroups, relatively few had skill improvement training (15 and 11 percent). Most of the 

training was concentrated in OJT. On the other hand, 

41 percent of workers in health service occupations 

reported such training; the most prevalent type of training again was OJT. Since OJT is the easiest training to 

obtain, its prevalence in occupations requiring few skills 

is not surprising.

Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. The proportion with skill improvement training in these occupations, 16 percent, was below the average for all employees. School was reported by 5 percent of these 

workers; formal company, 2 percent; OJT, 7 percent; 

and other, 5 percent. Almost all the school training was 

concentrated among farmers and reflects the need for 

greater skills resulting from management responsibilities. For the other occupations, about three-fourths of 

reported training was informal—either OJT or other.

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations.

Among these occupations, 35 percent had skill improvement training, the same as the average for all occupations, but the distribution of training showed less 

emphasis on school (7 percent). Among the other categories, formal company training (14 percent) and OJT 

(16 percent) were slightly higher, while the “other” 

category (3 percent) was slightly lower than the average. The emphasis on OJT is actually greater for most 

occupations because the average for the group includes 

a few occupations with high levels of formal training.

Within the subgroup mechanics and repairers, those 

who were employed as data processing equipment repairers, telephone line installers and repairers, and telephone installers and repairers had a much higher proportion of skill improvement training (67, 67, and 73 

percent, respectively). The additional training consisted 

largely of formal company training; this category was 

reported by 58, 57, and 55 percent of employees in these 

occupations. Telephone and data processing equipment 

is complex and unique to the manufacturer. Thus, formal company training of repairers represents the efforts 

of companies to service the complex equipment they 

provide customers. The extensive formal company 

training of telephone and data processing equipment 

repairers, combined with that of supervisors, raised the 

proportion of employees with training in the formal 

company category for the subgroup mechanics and repairers to 22 percent. In contrast, the other large subgroups had much lower proportions: Construction 

trades, 7 percent; and precision production occupations, 13 percent.

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations 

other than telephone and data processing equipment repairers generally identified OJT as being by far the most 

significant type of acquired training.

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors. A lower 

than average number of machine operators, assemblers, 

and inspectors had skill improvement training (22 percent); OJT was reported by 16 percent of employees 

and was by far the most significant. Relatively few persons reported school (3 percent), formal company (4 

percent), or other types of training (1 percent). There 

was little variation from these patterns among the detailed occupations.

Transportation and material moving occupations. The 

pattern of training for these workers was similar to that 

for operators. At 18 percent, the proportion of persons 

with training was low—about one-half the average for 

all employees—and training was concentrated in the 

OJT category (9 percent), compared with 2 percent in 

school, 6 percent in formal company programs, and 1 

percent in other. The concentration in OJT for the 

group was reduced by the large number of busdrivers 

with formal company training. In other detailed occupations, a much greater proportion of training was 

acquired informally.

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.

Except for private household, these occupations had the 

lowest proportion of employees with training (14 percent). OJT was the only significant type of training; this 

method was reported by 10 percent of employees compared with 2 percent for schools, 2 percent for formal 

company, and none for other. No detailed occupations 

deviated significantly from the pattern of the group.

19
Table 1. Qualifying training: Workers who needed training as a percent of total

employed by sex, age, education, and race

Total, age 16 and over:

Total .............................

Male..............................

Female .........................

Age group:

Age 16-19:

Total.............................

M ale.............................

Female ........................

Age 20-24:

Total.............................

Male.............................

Female ........................

Age 25-34:

Total.............................

M ale.............................

Female ........................

Age 35-44:

Total.............................

Male.............................

Female ........................

Age 45-54:

Total.............................

M ale.............................

Female ........................

Age 55-64:

Total.............................

M ale.............................

Female ........................

Age 65 and over:

Total.............................

M ale.............................

Female ........................

Highest grade completed: 

High school or less:

Total.............................

M ale.............................

Female ........................

Some college:

Total.............................

M ale............................

Female ........................

College graduate:

Total.............................

M ale.............................

Female ........................

Race:

White:

Total.............................

M ale.............................

Female ........................

Black:

Total.............................

M ale.............................

Female ........................

Other:

Total.............................

M ale.............................

Female ........................

Characteristic Percent of total 

employed

55

56 

54

25

20

30

47

44

51

62

62

62

62

65

59

57

61

53

52 

55 

49

41

42 

40

42

43 

42

62

60

64

84

84

84

57

58

55

44

41

47

54

52

56

20
Table 2. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupational group

Source of training

Occupational group

Workers 

who needed 

training’ School

Formal

company

program

Informal on-thejob training Armed Forces Correspondence course

Friend or 

relative or 

other nonworkrelated training

Total, age 16 and over:

53,890 28,075 9,418 27,004 1,902 777 3,205

55 29 10 28 2 1 3

Executive, administrative, and managerial:

7,738 4,674 1,346 4,242 314 140

1

341

71 43 12 39 3 3

Professional specialty:

11,797 10,397 1,184 2,767 281 118

1

331

93 82 9 22 2 3

Technicians and related support:

2,579 1,759 422 962 152 54 47

85 58 14 32 5 2 2

Sales occupations:

4,867 1,643 1,315 3,148 90

1

113

1

330

43 15 12 28 3

Administrative support, including clerical:

9,157 5,262 1,198 4,945

31

136

1

101

1

198

7 157 33

Private household occupations:

81 15 10

1

36 45

8 2 4 5

Service workers, except private household:

4,397 1,604 1,104

9

2,233

18

141

1

23 216

36 13 (2)

5

2

Farming, forestry, and fishing:

862 259 41

1

507 7 335

28 8 16 (*) (2) 1 1

Precision production, craft, and repair:

7,603 1,817 1,945

17

4,710 599 188 939

65 16 40 5 2 8

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors:

2,742 479 476 1,957 81

1

22 186

37 6 6 26 (2)

7

3

Transportation and material moving occupations:

1,462 97 311 1,028

26

80 185

36 2 8 2 5 (2)

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:

605 69 . 68 468 20

1

7 54

16 2 2 13 <2) 1

1 Data are less than the sum of sources of training because many workers reported 2 Value less than 0.5.

more than one source of training. - No data reported.

Table 3. Qualifying training: Percent distribution of training by occupational group

Source of training

Occupational group Workers who 

needed training School

Formal

company

program

Informal on-thejob training Armed Forces Correspondence course

Friend or 

relative or 

other nonworkrelated training

Total, age 16 and over:

Number (in thousands) ’ ................................................................ 53,890 28,075 9,418 27,004 1,902 778 3,205

Percent ........................................................................................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Executive, administrative, and managerial................................................. 14 17 14 16 16 18 11

Professional specialty................................................................................. 22 37 13 10 15 15 10

Technicians and related support................................................................ 5 6 4 4 8 7 1

Sales occupations...................................................................................... 9 6 14 12 5 14 10

Administrative support, including clerical ................................................... 17 19 13 18 7 13 6

Private household occupations................................................................... <2) t2) (2) (2) f2) (2) 1

Service workers, except private household............................................... 8 6 12 8 7 3 7

Farming, forestry, and fishing..................................................................... 2 1 f2) 2 (2) 1 10

Precision production, craft, and repair ....................................................... 14 6 21 17 31 24 29

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ...................................... 5 2 5 7 4 3 6

Transportation and material moving occupations..................................... 3 (2) 3 4 4 1 6

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............................... 1 e> 1 2 1 1 2

1 Data are less than the sum of sources of training because many workers reported 2 Value less than 0.5.

more than one source of training. NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.

21
Table 4. Qualifying training: Fifty occupations with the largest numbers of workers who needed

training

Percent of -

Occupation

Managers and administrators, n.e.c.........................................

Secretaries...............................................................................

Teachers, elementary school..................................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations.....................

Teachers, secondary school ...................................................

Registered nurses....................................................................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ........................

Accountants and auditors........................................................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale

Supervisors, production occupations......................................

Carpenters ...............................................................................

Typists ......................................................................................

Truck drivers, heavy ................................................................

Hairdressers and cosmetologists............................................

Automobile mechanics ............................................................

Lawyers ....................................................................................

Cashiers ...................................................................................

Physicians ................................................................................

Electricians...............................................................................

Real estate sales occupations................................................

Insurance sales occupations...................................................

Licensed practical nurses........................................... ............

Cooks, except short order.......................................................

Computer operators.................................................................

Farmers, except horticultural...................................................

Electrical and electronic engineers ........................................

Administrators, education and related fields..........................

Other financial officers............................................................

Computer programmers ..........................................................

Welders and cutters ................................................................

Machinists................................................................................

Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations..........

Teachers, n.e.c..........................................................................

Sales workers, other commodities ..........................................

Social workers..........................................................................

Administrators and officials, public administration...................

Financial managers...................................................................

Industrial machinery repairers ..................................................

Police and detectives, public service......................................

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters....................................

Waiters and waitresses............................................................

Receptionists............................................................................

Clergy ........................................................................................

Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten..........................

Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c..................................

General office clerks ................................................................

Administrative support occupations, n.e.c................................

Bank tellers...............................................................................

Designers..................................................................................

Number who 

needed training 

(thousands)

3,639

2,746

1,554

1,392

1,280

1,262

1,195

962

790

697

676

639

593

574

570

549

548

544

482

465

431

421

419

412

408

406

404

400

389

371

355

342

337

331

328

316

312

310

308

303

299

299

285

284

281

280

274

273

266

266

Total

employment in 

occupation

67.2

72.8

98.1

50.1

96.7

97.9

59.8

88.9

63.6

53.8

56.3

64.6

70.0

36.1 

96.5

70.0

94.8

27.8

98.4

84.8

89.1

76.1

95.3

29.9

75.2

30.5

92.4

86.2

78.7

91.1

67.5 

74.4

74.3

88.8

23.9

85.7

71.4

82.6

63.3

80.1

77.5

23.7 

46.2

92.6 

86.0

36.1

51.4

53.9

59.2

80.4

Total who 

needed training

6.8

5.1 

2.9 

2.6

2.4

2.3

2.2

1.8

1.5

1.3

1.3 

1.2 

1.1 

1.1 

1.1 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0

.9

.9

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.7

.7

.7

.7

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

22
Table 5. Qualifying training: Ratio of number of workers who needed training to total of training sources

identified by occupational group

Occupational group

Number who 

needed training 

(thousands)

Total of

training sources 

identified 

(thousands)

Ratio

Total, age 16 and over.......................................................................................................................... 53,890 70,380 1.31

Executive, administrative, and managerial.................................................................................................. 7,738 11,056 1.43

11,797 15,077 1.28

Technicians and related support ................................................................................................................ 2,579 3,397 1.32

4,867 6,639 1.36

Administrative support, including clerical.................................................................................................... 9,157 11,839 1.29

Private household occupations................................................................................................................... 81 105 1.30

4,397 5,321 1.21

Farming, forestry, and fishing...................................................................................................................... 862 1,154 1.34

Precision production, craft, and repair....................................................................................................... 7,603 10,196 1.34

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors........................................................................................ 2,742 3,201 1.17

Transportation and material moving occupations....................................................................................... 1,462 1,707 1.17

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............................................................................... 605 686 1.13

NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.

Table 6. Qualifying training: Ratio of number of workers with only one source of training to total reporting

this training

Source of training

Workers with 

only one source 

of training 

(thousands)

Total reporting 

this source of 

training1 

(thousands)

Ratio

18,196

4,335

28,07.5 0.65

9,418

27,004

1,902

777

.46

15,775

587

.58

.31

110 .14

1,345 3,205 .42

1 Includes individuals reporting no other source of training and those who reported more than one source.

Table 7. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized

training obtained in school programs

Occupation

Number who 

needed school 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total who 

needed school 

training

Secretaries...............................................................................

Managers and administrators, n.e.c.........................................

Teachers, elementary school..................................................

Teachers, secondary school ...................................................

Registered nurses....................................................................

Accountants and auditors........................................................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ........................

Lawyers ....................................................................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations.....................

Physicians................................................................................

Hairdressers and cosmetologists............................................

Typists......................................................................................

Administrators, education and related fields..........................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants................................

Licensed practical nurses........................................................

Electrical and electronic engineers .........................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale

Real estate sales occupations................................................

Computer programmers ..........................................................

Social workers..........................................................................

Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten.........................

Clergy .......................................................................................

“ Other” financial officers.........................................................

Teachers, n.e.c.........................................................................

Financial managers..................................................................

2,224 59.0 7.9

1,867 34.5 6.6

1,519 95.9 5.4

1,236 93.4 4.4

1,158 89.9 4.1

823 76.1 2.9

707 35.4 2.5

533 92.2 1.9

495 17.8 1.8

469 95.7 1.7

439 74.3 1.6

423 49.9 1.5

367 79.0 1.3

360 29.0 1.3

348 79.2 1.2

312 71.2 1.1

289 22.3 1.0

263 54.4 .9

262 64.5 .9

262 71.0 .9

256 78.3 .9

254 82.8 .9

241 48.7 .9

218 58.5 .8

203 54.1 .7

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

23
Table 8. Qualifying training: Sources of school training by occupational group

Occupational group

Total with 

school 

training 1

High school 

vocational 

education

Private posthigh school 

vocational 

education

Public post-high 

school 

vocational 

education

Junior college 

or technical 

institute

4-year or longer 

college program

Total, age 16 and over:

28,075 4,692 2,098 1,586 4,965 16,078

29 5 2 2 5 17

Executive, administrative, and managerial:

4,674 333 169 134

1

581 3,638

43 3 2 5 34

Professional specialty:

10,397 208 367 213 906 8,961

82 2 3 2 7 70

Technicians and related support:

1,759 149 168 185 600 744

58 5 5 6 20 24

Sales occupations:

1,643 185 163

1

90

1

356 941

15 2 3 8

Administrative support, including clerical:

5,262 2,659 506 367 1,282

8

976

33 16 3 2 6

Private household occupations:

15 9

1

2 4

2 (*)

442

ft

316

Service workers, except private household:

1,604 207 195 461

13 2 4 2 4 3

Farming, forestry, and fishing:

259 75 15

(2)

16

1

58 128

8 2 2 4

Precision production, craft, and repair:

1,817 606 193 280 568 282

16 5 2 2 5 2

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors:

479 196 45

1

79

1

115 69

6 3 2 1

Transportation and material moving occupations:

97 34

1

23

1

10 18 10

2

16

f2)

21

1

ft

7

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:

69 30

1

6

2 (2) (*) <2)

1 Data do not equal the sum of all sources of schooling because some workers reported 2 Value less than 0.5.

more than one source and some did not provide information on the source of schooling. - No data reported.

Table 9. Qualifying training: Number of workers who acquired training through school programs and percent who completed training

by length of program

Type of program

Total, all school programs Length of program '

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Completion rate

Under 12 weeks 13-25 weeks 26-52 weeks More than 52 weeks

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Completion rate

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Completion rate

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Completion rate

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Completion rate

High school vocational education........................... 4,692 90 262 97 327 90 860 93 3,063 93 Private post-high school vocational education ....... 2,098 90 225 94 171 97 663 92 944 94 Public post-high school vocational education........ 1,586 89 208 96 171 89 452 93 703 90

Junior college or technical institute........................ 4,965 87 381 97 381 90 917 91 3,158 88 4-year college.......................................................... 16,078 89 200 97 92 98 268 78 15,027 92

1 Because some workers did not indicate the length of training programs, individual items may not add to totals.

24
Table 10. Qualifying training: Workers who received sponsored training in school programs by occupational

group

Occupational group

Employer-sponsored

training

Government-sponsored

training

Workers

(thousands) Percent distribution Workers

(thousands) Percent distribution

Total, age 16 and over ....................................................................................................................... 2,093 100 847 100

Executive, administrative, and managerial ................................................................................................. 395 19 110 13

Professional specialty.................................................................................................................................. 608 29 182 22

Technicians and related support ................................................................................................................ 123 6 79 9

165 8 45 5

Administrative support, including clerical.................................................................................................... 279 13 153 18

2 (1) (')

Service workers, except private household................................................................................................ 185 9 99 12

Farming, forestry, and fishing...................................................................................................................... 34 2 8 1

Precision production, craft, and repair....................................................................................................... 221 11 119 14

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors....................................................................................... 61 3 38 5

Transportation and material moving occupations...................................................................................... 13 1 7 1

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............................................................................... 5 5 1

1 Value less than 0.5. NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.

- No data reported.

Table 11. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized

high school vocational training

Secretaries......................................................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks

Typists ............................................................

Managers and administrators, n.e.c...............

Automobile mechanics...................................

Receptionists..................................................

General office clerks .....................................

Drafting occupations......................................

Computer operators.......................................

Carpenters ......................................................

Occupation

Number with 

high school 

vocational 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total with high 

school 

vocational 

training

1,323

341

306

165

101

84

68

64

62

52

35.1

17.1

36.1 

3.0

12.8

13.6

12.8

24.9

11.4

5.3

28.2

7.3

6.5

3.5 

2.1 

1.8

1.4

1.4 

1.3 

1.1

Electricians.........................................................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..........

Accountants and auditors.................................

Cashiers .............................................................

Machinists..........................................................

Farmers, except horticultural.............................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations

Printing machine operators................................

Hairdressers and cosmetologists......................

Billing clerks.......................................................

51

50

49

48

44

43

42

41

41

39

9.3

4.1

4.5

2.4

9.6

3.2

1.5 

13.7

7.0

21.9

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.8

Data-entry keyers.....................................

Bank tellers...............................................

Supervisors, production occupations......

Administrative support occupations, n.e.c. 

Welders and cutters.................................

37

35

33

33

31

12.4

7.7

2.8 

6.5 

5.9

.8

.7

.7

.7

.7

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

25
Table 12. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized

private post-high school vocational training

Occupation

Number with 

private posthigh school 

vocational 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total with 

private posthigh school 

vocational 

training

Hairdressers and cosmetologists................................................................................................................ 266 45.0 12.7

231 6.1 11 0

180 14.0 8 6

Managers and administrators, n.e.c............................................................................................................. 74 1.4 3.5

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ............................................................................................ 71 3.6 3.4

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.................................................................................................... 65 5.2 3.1

Licensed practical nurses............................................................................................................................ 55 12.5 2.6

Real estate sales occupations.................................................................................................................... 54 11.1 2.6

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations......................................................................................... 45 1.6 2.2

34 30 8 1 6

26 8 7 1 2

24 3 1 1 2

24 2 8 1 2

22 4 0 1 0

Accountants and auditors............................................................................................................................ 20 1.9 1.0

Radiologic technicians................................................................................................................................. 20 18.6 1.0

Insurance sales occupations....................................................................................................................... 19 3.5 .9

Electricians................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.3 .9

Teachers, n.e.c.............................................................................................................................................. 18 4.7 .8

17 3 2

Health aides, except nursing....................................................................................................................... 17 5.2 .8

Carpenters ................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.6 .8

“ Other" financial officers............................................................................................................................. 15 3.1 .7

Clergy ........................................................................................................................................................... 15 4.9 .7

Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.................................................................................................... 15 2.9 .7

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

Table 13. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized

public post-high school vocational training

Occupation

Number with 

public post-high 

school 

vocational 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in

occupation

Total with 

public post-high 

school 

vocational 

training

Secretaries....................................................................

Licensed practical nurses............................................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants....................

Hairdressers and cosmetologists.................................

Managers and administrators, n.e.c..............................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ............

Registered nurses........................................................

Typists ..........................................................................

Automobile mechanics.................................................

Electricians....................................................................

Welders and cutters .....................................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations.........

Real estate sales occupations.....................................

Accountants and auditors............................................

Machinists.....................................................................

Teachers, secondary school .......................................

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics

Barbers.........................................................................

Data-entry keyers.........................................................

Drafting occupations.....................................................

Carpenters ....................................................................

Designers......................................................................

Computer programmers ...............................................

Supervisors, production occupations...........................

Receptionists................................................................

144 3.8 9.1

108 24.5 6.8

67 5.4 4.2

64 10.8 4.0

49 .9 3.1

49 2.4 3.1

43 3.4 2.7

36 4.2 2.3

33 4.2 2.1

32 5.9 2.0

27 5.1 1.7

26 .9 1.6

24 5.1 1.5

23 2.1 1.4

22 4.7 1.4

19 1.4 1.2

18 9.4 1.1

17 15.7 1.1

17 5.6 1.1

16 6.4 1.0

16 1.6 1.0

15 4.6 1.0

15 3.7 .9

14 1.2 .9

14 2.2 .9

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified".

26
Table 14. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized

junior college or technical institute training

Occupation

Number with 

junior college 

or technical 

institute 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total with 

junior college 

or technical 

institute 

training

Secretaries...........................................................

Registered nurses................................................

Managers and administrators, n.e.c.....................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ....

Licensed practical nurses....................................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants............

Real estate sales occupations............................

Accountants and auditors....................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations .. 

Computer operators.............................................

Computer programmers ......................................

Electrical and electronic technicians...................

Hairdressers and cosmetologists........................

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians

Typists ..................................................................

Drafting occupations............................................

Automobile mechanics........................................

Supervisors, production occupations...................

Receptionists.......................................................

Electricians...........................................................

Administrative support occupations, n.e.c............

Radiologic technicians.........................................

Teachers, elementary school..............................

Teachers'aides...................................................

Dental hygienists..................................................

530

372

242

172

148

136

113

91

89

80

75

75

73

65

63

57

55

49

48

45

42

42

42

40

39

14.1

28.9

4.5

8.6

33.7 

11.0

23.3

8.4 

3.2

14.8

18.5

25.3

12.3

23.9

7.4 

22.0

7.0

4.1 

7.8

8.2

8.3

39.0

2.6

10.9 

37.7

10.7

7.5 

4.9

3.5

3.0

2.7

2.3

1.8 

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.3

1.3

1.1 

1.1 

1.0 

1.0

.9

.9

.8

.8

.8

.8

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified” .

Table 15. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized

training in 4-year or longer college programs

Occupation

Number with 

4-year college 

program training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total with 

4-year college 

program training

Teachers, elementary school............................................................

Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................

Teachers, secondary school .............................................................

Accountants and auditors..................................................................

Registered nurses................................. ............................................

Lawyers ..............................................................................................

Physicians...........................................................................................

Administrators, education and related fields.....................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...............................

Electrical and electronic engineers ..................................................

Secretaries.........................................................................................

Social workers....................................................................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade

Clergy .................................................................................................

Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten ....................................

"Other” financial officers...................................................................

Managers: marketing, advertising, and public relations....................

Financial managers............................................................................

Computer programmers .....................................................................

Pharmacists.......................................................................................

Teachers, n.e.c....................................................................................

Administrators and officials, public administration............................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ..................................

Counselors, educational and vocational...........................................

Librarians............................................................................................

1,469 92.7 9.1

1,401 25.9 8.7

1,194 90.2 7.4

678 62.7 4.2

585 45.4 3.6

524 90.6 3.3

454 92.8 2.8

343 73.8 2.1

314 11.3 2.0

275 62.9 1.7

270 7.1 1.7

240 65.2 1.5

226 17.4 1.4

223 72.6 1.4

219 67.1 1.4

189 38.2 1.2

173 38.3 1.1

164 43.7 1.0

161 39.6 1.0

160 88.5 1.0

158 42.5 1.0

157 36.0 1.0

149 7.5 .9

148 84.5 .9

144 69.0 .9

27
Table 16. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized

formal company training

Occupation

Number who 

needed formal 

company 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total who 

needed formal 

company 

training

Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations..............................

Insurance sales occupations.............................................................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..........................................

Registered nurses.............................................................................

Police and detectives, public service...............................................

Real estate sales occupations..........................................................

Electricians........................................................................................

Secretaries........................................................................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade

Supervisors, production occupations................................................

Hairdressers and cosmetologists.....................................................

Bus drivers........................................................................................

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters.............................................

Automobile mechanics.....................................................................

Machinists.........................................................................................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks .................................

Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations...................

Cashiers ............................................................................................

Telephone installers and repairers...................................................

Accountants and auditors.................................................................

Welders and cutters .........................................................................

Industrial machinery repairers..........................................................

Computer operators..........................................................................

“ Other” financial officers..................................................................

674

310

231

220

185

183

179

174

151

149

148

132

124

119

115

108

97

96

91

90

90

87

86

84

81

12.5 

11.2

41.9 

17.7

14.4

48.3

37.0

31.6 

4.0

11.5

12.4

22.3

31.0

30.9

14.7

23.5 

4.8

21.1 

4.6

34.9

8.3

16.5

17.8

15.4 

16.3

7.2

3.3

2.5

2.3 

2.0

1.9

1.9 

1.8

1.6 

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.3

1.3 

1.2 

1.1 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.9

.9

NOTE; N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

Table 17. Qualifying training: Workers who utilized training from formal company programs by length of program and occupational

group

Total, all Length of program 1

Occupational group company

programs

Under 12 

weeks 13-25 weeks 26-52 weeks More than 52 

weeks

Total, age 16 and over:

9,418 4,608

49

1,020

11

979 2,202

100 10 23

Executive, administrative, and managerial:

1,346 660 140 139 325

100 49 10 10 24

Professional specialty:

1,184 429 126 116 387

100 36 11 10 33

Technicians and related support:

422 157 49 80 109

100 37 12 19 26

Sales occupations:

1,315 845 141 115 158

100 64 11 9 12

98

8

(2)

t2)

122

11

5

Administrative support, including clerical:

1,198 789 137 96

100 66 11 8

(2)

Private household occupations:

10 10

100 100 <2) (*)

187

Service workers, except private household:

1,104 539 159

100 49 14 17

Farming, forestry, and fishing:

41 20 4 8

100 50 10 20 13

851

44

Precision production, craft, and repair:

1,945 633 170 183

100 33 9 9

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors:

476 229 65 45 117

25

23

100 48 14 9

Transportation and material moving occupations:

311 243 23 10

100 78 7 3 7

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:

68 54 7 1 6

100 80 10 1 9

1 Because some workers did not indicate the length of training programs, individual 2 Value less than 0.5.

items may not add to totals.

28
Table 18. Qualifying training: Workers who received government-sponsored training in formal

company programs by occupational group

Occupational group

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Percent

distribution

415 100

Executive, administrative, and managerial.................................................................................................. 42 10

44 11

Technicians and related support ................................................................................................................ 14 3

16 4

Administrative support, including clerical.................................................................................................... 49 12

Private household occupations................................................................................................................... (1) (’)

Service workers, except private household................................................................................................ 104 25

(1) D

Precision production, craft, and repair....................................................................................................... 92 22

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors....................................................................................... 37 9

Transportation and material moving occupations...................................................................................... 13 3

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............................................................................... 3 1

1 Value less than 0.5.

NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.

Table 19. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized

informal on-the-job training

Occupation

Number with 

informal on-thejob training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total with 

informal on-thejob training

Managers and administrators, n.e.c............................................................................................................. 2,253 41.6 8.3

1,172 31.1 4.3

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations........................................................................................ 957 34.5 3.5

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ........................................................................................... 721 36.1 2.7

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade........................................................ 485 37.5 1.8

Supervisors, production occupations.......................................................................................................... 468 39.0 1.7

448 45.3 1 7

428 21.9 1.6

Truck drivers, heavy.................................................................................................................................... 404 25.4 1.5

Accountants and auditors........................................................................................................................... 354 32.7 1.3

Cooks, except short order.......................................................................................................................... 332 24.1 1.2

Nursing aidss, orderlies, and attendants.................................................................................................... 324 26.1 1.2

299 38.2 1.1

265 21 0 1 0

Typists ......................................................................................................................................................... 246 29.0 .9

Sales workers, other commodities ............................................................................................................. 243 17.8 .9

241 43.9 9

Computer operators.................................................................................................................................... 238 43.9 .9

Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c..................................................................................................... 216 28.0 .8

Insurance sales occupations...................................................................................................................... 214 38.7 .8

“ Other” financial officers............................................................................................................................ 214 43.3 .8

Farmers, except horticultural...................................................................................................................... 211 15.9 .8

Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations............................................................................. 208 45.9 .8

206 16.0 .8

199 54 1 .7

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

29
Table 20. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized

training in the Armed Forces

Occupation

Number with 

Armed Forces 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total with 

Armed Forces 

training

Managers and administrators, n.e.c............................................

Electricians..................................................................................

Supervisors, production occupations.........................................

Electrical and electronic technicians.........................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations........................

Automobile mechanics...............................................................

Aircraft engine mechanics .........................................................

Guards and police, except public service..................... ............

Truck drivers, heavy ...................................................................

Electrical and electronic engineers ...........................................

Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment

Supervisors, mechanics and repairers.......................................

Industrial machinery repairers ....................................................

Teachers, secondary school ......................................................

Police and detectives, public service ........................................

Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics ...........................

Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c...................................

Accountants and auditors..........................................................

Stock and inventory clerks .........................................................

Data processing equipment repairers ........................................

Machinists ...................................................................................

Administrators and officials, public administration.....................

Telephone installers and repairers............................................

Industrial engineers.....................................................................

Welders and cutters ...................................................................

153 2.8 8.1

66 12.0 3.5

53 4.4 2.8

51 17.2 2.7

48 1.7 2.5

47 5.9 2.4

43 44.8 2.3

42 7.0 2.2

41 2.6 2.2

38 8.6 2.0

37 21.4 1.9

33 11.1 1.7

27 5.5 1.4

26 2.0 1.4

25 6.5 1.3

24 8.7 1.2

22 6.6 1.1

22 2.0 1.1

21 4.0 1.1

21 22.1 1.1

21 4.6 1.1

20 4.6 1.1

18 6.9 .9

18 7.7 .9

17 3.3 .9

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

Table 21. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized

training from correspondence courses

Occupation

Number with 

training from 

correspondence 

courses 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total with 

training from 

correspondence 

courses

Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................

Insurance sales occupations............................................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations..............................

Electronic repairers, commercial and industrial equipment.............

Secretaries.........................................................................................

Electrical and electronic technicians................................................

Electrical and electronic engineers ..................................................

Teachers, secondary school ............................................................

Administrators and officials, public administration...........................

Supervisors, production occupations................................................

Securities and financial services sales occupations.......................

Supervisors, mechanics and repairers..............................................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks .................................

Investigators and adjusters, except insurance.................................

Electricians.........................................................................................

Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations...................

Accountants and auditors.................................................................

Stock and inventory clerks...............................................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade 

Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c.........................................

Real estate sales occupations.........................................................

Telephone installers and repairers...................................................

Stationary engineers.........................................................................

Drafting occupations..........................................................................

Teachers, elementary school............................................................

67 1.2 8.6

33 6.0 4.2

30 1.1 3.8

21 12.4 2.8

20 .5 2.6

20 6.7 2.6

19 4.3 2.4

18 1.4 2.3

17 3.8 2.1

14 1.2 1.9

14 7.4 1.8

13 4.3 1.7

12 .6 1.6

12 4.3 1.5

11 2.0 1.4

10 2.3 1.3

10 .9 1.3

9 1.7 1.2

9 .7 1.2

9 2.7 1.1

9 1.8 1.1

9 33 1.1

8 7.5 1.1

8 3.2 1.0

8 .5 1.0

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

30
Table 22. Qualifying training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who utilized

training from friends or relatives or other experience unrelated to work

Occupation

Percent of - Number with 

training from 

friends or 

relatives 

(thousands)

Total

employment in

occupation

Total with 

training from 

friends or 

relatives

Managers and administrators, n.e.c....................................................

Farmers, except horticultural.............................................................

Carpenters .........................................................................................

Automobile mechanics......................................................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...............................

Truck drivers, heavy ..........................................................................

Farm workers......................................................................................

Secretaries..........................................................................................

Cooks, except short order.................................................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade

Teachers, n.e.c....................................................................................

Textile sewing machine operators.....................................................

Musicians and composers.................................................................

Supervisors, n.e.c...............................................................................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ..................................

Sales workers, other commodities ....................................................

Welders and cutters ..........................................................................

Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics...................................

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters..............................................

Dressmakers.......................................................................................

Industrial machinery repairers...........................................................

Child care workers, private household..............................................

Janitors and cleaners........................................................................

Automobile body and related repairers.............................................

Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm ..................................

237

204

174

120

120

113

59

55

48

47

43

42

38

38

37

37

37

36

35

34

33

33

31

30

30

4.4 

15.4

17.6

15.3 

4.3 

7.1 

6.8

1.5

3.5

3.6

11.6

5.5

26.4

10.4

1.9

2.7

7.0 

13.2

9.0 

31.6

6.9

7.6

1.6 

17.0

9.0

7.4

6.4

5.4

3.7

3.7

3.5

1.8 

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.3

1.3 

1.2 

1.2 

1.2 

1.2 

1.1 

1.1 

1.1 

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified” .

31
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation

Workers who needed 

training

Source of training

(percent of total employment in occupation)

Occupation 1 Percent of 

total

employment 

in occupation 2

School Friends

Number

(thousands)

Total

with 

school 

training 1

High

school

vocational

education

Private

post-high

school

vocational

education

Public

post-high

school

vocational

education

Junior

college

or

technical

institute

4-year or 

longer 

college 

program

Formal

company

training

Informal

on-thejob

training

Armed

Forces

Correspondence

courses

relatives 

or other 

nonworkrelated 

training

Total, age 16 and over............................. 53,890 55 29 5 2 2 5 17 10 28 2 1 3

Executive, administrative, and managerial

occupations..................................... 7,738 71 43 3 2 1 5 34 12 39 3 1 3

Executives, officials, and managers, public 

administration.................................. 329 70 47 3 1 2 5 37 14 35 4 4 3

Administrators and officials, public

administration.................................. 312 71 46 3 1 2 5 36 14 35 5 4 3

Executives, officials, and managers, except 

public administration ...................... 5,135 69 39 3 1 1 5 31 13 40 3 1 4

Financial managers.................................... 310 83 54 2 1 1 6 44 17 46 2 1 2

Personnel and labor relations managers .... 83 76 41 2 - - 6 35 7 39 6 - 6

Purchasing managers................................. 60 67 40 2 - - - 38 10 37 4 _ -

Managers, marketing, advertising, and

public relations................................ 337 74 44 n 2 1 3 38 21 46 3 2 2

Administrators, education and related

fields................................................ 400 86 79 2 (4) 1 3 74 3 21 (4) (4) 1

Managers, medicine and health................. 96 78 61 1 6 6 4 47 18 30 (4) 2

Managers, properties and real estate....... 124 49 25 2 1 1 9 14 7 30 1 1 5

Managers and administrators, n.e.c............ 3,639 67 34 3 1 1 4 26 12 42 3 1 4

Management related occupations................ 2,274 77 52 4 2 2 7 40 11 38 3 1 2

Accountants and auditors.......................... 962 89 76 4 2 2 8 63 8 33 2 1 1

Other financial officers ............................... 389 79 49 5 3 1 4 38 16 43 2 1 1

Management analysts ................................ 108 75 54 4 2 2 7 43 10 37 6 _ 1

Personnel, training, and labor relations

specialists....................................... 251 74 38 1 (4) 2 5 30 11 43 5 1

Buyers, wholesale and retail trade,

except farm products...................... 106 51 23 2 3 18 6 33 3 1 3

Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c.......... 118 55 28 4 5 1 12 12 11 37 6 2 2

Business and promotion agents ................ 33 56 18 5 - 4 3 9 10 41 - 3 7

Construction inspectors.............................. 40 61 14 4 - 1 9 7 21 47 12 2 5

Inspectors and compliance officers,

except construction........................ 110 73 38 (4) 5 32 24 29 8 3

Management related occupations, n.e.c..... 127 77 50 15 4 3 14 19 14 48 1 - 3

Professional specialty.................................... 11,797 93 82 2 3 2 7 70 9 22 2 1 3

Engineers, architects, and surveyors........... 1,491 90 73 2 3 2 6 64 14 33 6 2 2

Architects ................................................... 91 94 91 - 7 4 5 81 13 31 1 _ 3

Engineers ............................. 1,373 90 73 2 2 2 6 63 14 33 7 3 2

Aerospace engineers............................... 94 100 79 - 2 - 4 73 18 31 14 - 4

Chemical engineers ................................. 69 95 92 - 3 - 5 84 13 19 3 - -

Civil engineers ......................................... 175 85 78 3 - 3 5 68 5 30 1 3 4

Electrical and electronic engineers........ 404 92 71 4 3 1 4 63 18 32 9 4 3

Industrial engineers.................................. 199 85 54 1 1 2 3 50 15 41 8 3 1

Mechanical engineers.............................. 198 89 76 3 3 3 10 58 12 32 4 3 1

Engineers, n.e.c........................................ 145 90 76 1 3 - 7 68 14 39 7 - -

Mathematical and computer scientists ........ 395 90 66 4 3 1 9 51 26 41 5 1 1

Computer systems analysts and scientists 243 94 70 4 2 1 9 52 27 45 5 1 2

Operations and systems researchers and 

analysts........................................... 117 85 57 3 5 1 9 44 30 34 7 1 (4)

Natural scientists .......................................... 394 97 91 (4) 1 2 5 86 9 26 2 1 1

Chemists, except biochemists................... 106 96 87 _ - 9 80 4 24 _ 1 _

Geologists and geodesists ........................ 70 97 97 - - 5 2 90 9 39 _ _ 3

Biological and life scientists ...................... 51 100 100 - 5 - 5 94 2 14 - - -

Health diagnosing occupations.................... 704 98 96 _ 2 1 (4) 93 10 7 3 _ 1

Physicians................................................... 482 98 96 - 2 (4) 1 93 12 7 3 _ (4)

Dentists ...................................................... 123 97 97 - - 2 - 97 3 3 6 - 2

Health assessment and treating occupations 1,785 97 88 1 11 3 24 52 13 16 2 (4) (4)

Registered nurses...................................... 1,262 98 90 1 14 3 29 45 14 16 1 (4) (4)

Pharmacists ................................................ 180 99 96 - 1 2 4 89 7 14 _ (4)

Dietitians..................................................... 55 76 51 - 7 _ 3 45 13 12 5 2

Therapists ................................................... 254 96 83 2 3 1 16 62 12 20 2 _ (4)

Inhalation therapists................................. 76 94 70 5 6 3 46 16 13 25 3 _

Physical therapists ................................... 55 96 92 - - - 12 84 14 23 _ _ 1

Speech therapists .................................... 65 100 96 - - - - 93 3 11 - - -

Teachers, college and university.................. 605 95 89 (4) 1 1 3 86 4 12 1 _ 1

Teachers, except college and university...... 3,458 95 89 1 1 1 4 84 6 12 1 1 2

Teachers, prekindergarten and

kindergarten .................................... 281 86 78 1 3 11 67 6 19 1 2

Teachers, elementary school ..................... 1,554 98 96 0 1 1 3 93 4 8 -

(4) 1

Teachers, secondary school ..................... 1,280 97 93 2 1 1 2 90 5 10 2 1 2

Teachers, n.e.c........................................... 331 89 58 5 5 3 8 43 19 32 4 1 12

Counselors, educational and vocational...... 164 93 88 - (4) 1 1 85 4 26 3 3 3

See footnotes at end of table.

32
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued

Workers who needed 

training

Source of training

(percent of total employment in occupation)

Occupation 1 Percent of 

total

employment

in occupation 2

School Friends

Number

(thousands)

Total 

with 

school 

training 3

High

school

vocational

education

Private

post-high

school

vocational

education

Public

post-high

school

vocational

education

Junior

college

or

technical

institute

4-year or 

longer

college

program

Formal

company

training

Informal

on-thejob

training

Armed

Forces

Correspondence

courses

relatives 

or other 

nonworkrelated 

training

Librarians, archivists, and curators............ 177 79 68 1 _ _ 1 66 2 27 0 1

Librarians..................................................... 169 81 72 1 - - 1 69 2 26 (4) 1 -

Social scientists and urban planners ........... 219 93 83 1 _ 2 5 77 4 39 1 _ 3

Economists ................................................. 75 88 64 2 - 4 2 53 4 53 3 - -

Psychologists.............................................. 121 98 98 - - - 7 93 5 32 - - 5

Social, recreation, and religious workers...... 692 88 74 2 2 1 3 66 14 28 1 1 3

Social workers............................................ 316 86 71 1 <4) 2 1 65 11 32 (4) o 2

Recreation workers..................................... 43 85 61 3 4 - 5 49 18 25 - 4 -

Clergy ......................................................... 284 93 83 2 5 - 4 73 13 21 1 2 3

Religious workers, n.e.c............................... 49 81 59 - 1 - 6 53 28 32 3 2 11

Lawyers and judges ..................................... 572 93 91 (4) 1 1 (4) 89 3 16 1 - (4)

Lawyers ....................................................... 548 95 92 n (4) 1 (4) 91 3 17 (4) - (4)

Writers, artists, entertainers, and

athletes........................................... 1,141 82 56 5 2 3 8 42 7 41 2 1 10

Authors....................................................... 54 83 62 - - (4) 9 52 - 33 1 2 6

Designers.................................................... 266 80 54 4 2 5 11 36 9 39 1 2 9

Musicians and composers......................... 126 87 56 14 1 1 5 46 7 33 - - 26

Actors and directors ................................... 60 93 58 6 3 4 12 45 11 58 3 - 3

Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and

artist printmakers............................ 121 83 67 5 4 7 18 36 5 33 3 7

Photographers ............................................ 99 81 41 8 6 6 6 21 13 42 5 3 20

Editors and reporters................................. 181 84 61 1 3 - 5 55 7 53 6 1 1

Public relations specialists......................... 84 71 48 5 2 1 1 41 6 48 4 - 6

Athletes ...................................................... 48 86 53 4 - - 3 53 (4) 27 - - 25

Technicians and related support occupations . 2,579 85 58 5 5 6 20 24 14 32 5 2 2

Health technologists and technicians.......... 1,011 90 69 2 9 11 28 20 14 21 2 1 1

Clinical laboratory technologists and

technicians ..................................... 240 88 71 1 4 3 24 40 9 25 2 1

Dental hygienists........................................ 96 93 89 - 3 2 38 48 3 9 2 - -

Radiologic technicians................................ 99 92 69 - 19 3 39 11 24 15 - - 2

Licensed practical nurses.......................... 419 95 79 4 12 25 34 4 14 15 1 -

(4)

Health technologists and technicians,

n.e.c.................................................. 145 78 34 (4> 4 2 9 19 24 37 3 2 1

Technologists and technicians, except

health.............................................. 1,568 82 51 7 4 3 15 27 14 38 7 2 2

Engineering and related technologists and 

technicians ...................................... 719 82 49 11 4 4 19 17 13 38 8 4 2

Electrical and electronic technicians....... 260 88 48 6 9 3 25 11 19 39 17 7 2

Engineering technicians, n.e.c.................. 185 73 42 5 1 3 13 20 11 38 5 2 (4)

Drafting occupations................................ 218 85 66 25 4 6 22 22 9 33 3 3 3

Science technicians.................................... 126 64 44 3 4 2 5 31 7 28 3 1 3

Biological technicians .............................. 40 73 49 - 3 - 7 38 4 26 - - 10

Chemical technicians............................... 53 63 50 7 4 5 5 32 11 21 3 - -

Science technicians, n.e.c........................ 32 56 30 - 4 - 2 24 5 40 5 2 1

Technicians, except health, engineering,

and science..................................... 724 86 54 3 3 2 13 36 16 40 7 1 2

Computer programmers........................... 371 91 64 1 4 4 19 40 19 41 3 1 1

Legal assistants....................................... 85 79 42 8 - 2 8 30 3 59 - - 2

Technicians, n.e.c..................................... 179 80 53 2 4 1 7 42 9 30 6 2 2

Sales occupations ........................................... 4,867 43 15 2 1 1 3 8 12 28 1 1 3

Supervisors and proprietors, sales

occupations..................................... 1,392 50 18 2 2 1 3 11 11 34 2 1 4

Sales representatives, finance and business 

services........................................... 1,294 75 34 2 5 2 10 17 33 35 1 3 3

Insurance sales occupations..................... 421 76 26 2 3 1 5 16 42 39 (4) 6 3

Real estate sales occupations................... 431 89 54 2 11 5 23 17 37 28 1 2 1

Securities and financial services sales

occupations..................................... 146 77 37 1 2 1 5 31 38 34 1 7 3

Advertising and related sales occupations 62 50 22 4 3 3 - 14 13 33 1 - 2

Sales occupations, other business

services........................................... 236 64 20 3 1 1 5 14 18 39 1 (4) 3

Sales representatives, commodities except 

retail ................................................ 738 55 24 1 1 1 3 18 12 38 1 1 4

Sales engineers.......................................... 42 78 53 3 5 - 20 29 27 49 3 3 -

Sales representatives, mining,

manufacturing and wholesale........ 697 54 22 1 1 1 3 17 12 37 1 1 4

Sales workers, retail and personal services 1,418 27 5 2 (4) (4) 1 2 5 20 (4) (4) 2

Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats .. 64 38 6 (4) 2 3 9 32 2 2

Sales workers, apparel............................... 84 21 4 1 - - 1 2 2 17 - - 2

Sales workers, shoes ................................. 28 22 4 “ 2 - (4) 2 4 18 - - 2

See footnotes at end of table.

33
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued

Workers who needed

training

Source of training

(percent of total employment in occupation)

Occupation 1 Percent of 

total

employment 

in occupation 2

School Friends

or

relatives 

or other 

nonworkrelated 

training

Number

(thousands)

Total

with

school 

training 1

High

school

vocational

education

Private

post-high

school

vocational

education

Public

post-high

school

vocational

education

Junior

college

or

technical

institute

4-year or 

longer

college

program

Formal

company

training

Informal

on-thejob

training

Armed

Forces

Correspondence

courses

Sales workers, furniture and home

furnishings ...................................... 57 37 12 5 1 1 2 4 3 22 5

Sales workers; radio, television, hi-fi,

and appliances ............................... 58 42 14 4 1 3 6 14 27 2 _ 8

Sales workers, hardware and building

supplies........................................... 56 28 4 (4) (4) 1 3 8 21 . 1 5

Sales workers, parts................................... 58 37 2 (4) - - 1 - 6 27 - - 7

Sales workers, other commodities ............ 328 24 4 1 (4) (4) 1 2 4 18 - 3

Sales counter clerks................................... 27 23 7 - - 2 1 4 4 13 - - 2

Cashiers ...................................................... 544 28 5 2 (4) (4) 1 1 5 22 (4) <4) 1

Street and door-to-door sales workers...... 108 28 2 - 1 - <4) 2 11 19 - 1 2

News vendors............................................. 7 5 1 - - - - 1 (4) 3 - - -

Administrative support occupations, including 

clerical............................................. 9,157 57 33 16 3 2 8 6 7 31 1 1 1

Supervisors, administrative support

occupations..................................... 380 59 25 4 2 1 6 13 13 37 3 2 1

Supervisors, general office........................ 228 65 26 5 2 (4) 7 12 17 41 3 1 2

Supervisors, financial records processing 61 70 37 2 1 3 3 29 8 43 3 1 2

Supervisors; distribution, scheduling,

and adjusting clerks....................... 70 40 12 1 1 2 4 4 7 27 2 2

Computer equipment operators.................... 410 74 34 11 4 2 14 7 15 43 2 - 1

Computer operators.................................... 408 75 35 11 4 2 15 7 15 44 2 - 1

Secretaries, stenographers, and typists ....... 3,426 73 57 35 6 4 13 7 4 31 (4) 1 1

Secretaries.................................................. 2,746 73 59 35 6 4 14 7 4 31 (4) 1 1

Stenographers ............................................ 87 88 67 25 11 4 15 15 11 28 - 2 4

Typists ........................................................ 593 70 50 36 3 4 7 3 5 29 1 1 1

529 45 20 10 2 2 6 5 8 25 (4) 1 1

Interviewers................................................. 72 49 25 5 3 1 10 10 11 25 1 1

Hotel clerks................................................. 24 47 12 4 1 - 1 5 4 35 - - -

Transportation ticket and reservation

agents ............................................. 61 54 11 2 3 3 4 27 22 2 2 1

Receptionists.............................................. 285 46 25 14 2 2 8 4 5 27 -

(4) 1

Information clerks, n.e.c.............................. 88 37 11 7 1 1 - 3 7 22 - 1 4

Records processing occupations, except

financial........................................... 375 41 19 8 2 1 4 5 8 26 <4) <4) 1

Order clerks................................................ 101 50 13 4 - 1 3 5 15 38 1 1

Personnel clerks, except payroll and

timekeeping..................................... 43 57 42 19 13 5 7 6 12 38 1

Library clerks .............................................. 33 24 13 5 - - 5 5 3 11 - - 1

File clerks.................................................... 87 33 17 11 1 2 3 1 3 18 (4) - -

Records clerks ........................................... 105 51 22 8 2 1 4 10 11 29 (4> (4) 1

Financial records processing occupations .... 1,488 59 33 16 4 2 8 6 5 35 (4) 1 2

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing

clerks ............................................... 1,195 60 35 17 4 2 9 7 5 36 (4) 1 2

Payroll and timekeeping clerks .................. 118 58 29 11 4 2 11 3 4 36 2 1 1

Billing clerks................................................ 99 56 35 22 6 - 4 4 8 28 - - (4)

Cost and rate clerks................................... 52 44 5 <4) - (4) 4 2 7 34 2 2 -

Duplicating, mail and other office machine

operators ........................................ 34 44 6 3 4 5 38

Communications equipment operators ........ 122 51 7 3 - 1 1 1 19 33 1 - -

Telephone operators .................................. 119 51 7 3 - 1 1 1 20 33 1 - -

Mail and message distributing occupations .. 186 24 1 (4) - - <4) (4) 8 16 1 (4) (4)

Postal clerks, except mail carriers ........... 73 31 1 - - - 1 12 21 (4) 1 <4)

Mail carriers, postal service....................... 59 22 1 - - - - (4) 6 14 3 -

Mail clerks, except postal service ............. 40 23 3 1 - - 1 7 17 - - 1

Messengers ................................................ 15 13 - - - - " - 3 11 - - -

Material recording, scheduling, and

distributing clerks n.e.c.................... 535 34 9 3 1 1 3 2 4 24 2 1 1

Dispatchers................................................. 59 40 7 4 - - 4 - 5 30 2 - 2

Production coordinators............................. 117 60 22 9 4 1 4 6 8 38 3 1 1

Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks....... 99 23 4 1 <4) - 1 2 2 17 (4) (4) 1

Stock and inventory cierks ........................ 168 31 9 4 1 1 3 2 4 23 4 2 -

Weighers, measurers, and checkers......... 27 33 10 2 - - 8 - 6 16 - - 3

Expediters ................................................... 45 37 12 6 2 - 2 5 6 22 - - (4)

Adjusters and investigators .......................... 400 61 30 8 2 1 6 14 16 37 2 2 1

Insurance adjusters, examiners, and

investigators .................................... 132 66 27 7 <4> 2 4 14 25 35 1

Investigators and adjusters, except

insurance ........................................ 179 64 35 9 3 1 6 19 18 41 5 4 2

Eligibility clerks, social welfare................... 40 59 38 10 - 3 16 9 6 35 _ - 1

Bill and account collectors ........................ 50 48 17 5 <4) - 4 5 4 36 - - -

See footnotes at end of table.

34
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued

Workers who needed 

training

Source of training

(percent of total employment in occupation)

Occupation 1 Percent of 

total

employment 

in occupation 2

School Friends

or

relatives 

or other 

nonworkrelated 

training

Number

(thousands)

Total 

with 

school 

training J

High

school

vocational

education

Private

post-high

school

vocational

education

Public

post-high

school

vocational

education

Junior

college

or

technical

institute

4-year or 

longer 

college 

program

Formal

company

training

Informal

on-thejob

training

Armed

Forces

Correspondence

courses

Miscellaneous administrative support

occupations..................................... 1,269 56 26 9 2 3 7 7 10 33 1 (4> 2

General office clerks .................................. 274 51 26 13 2 3 5 4 6 29 (4> 1 2

Bank tellers................................................. 266 59 16 8 2 2 4 3 17 41 (4) o 1

Data-entry keyers........................................ 213 71 31 12 4 6 9 2 14 41 1 (4> 1

Statistical clerks ......................................... 54 67 30 9 5 3 6 10 11 36 3 - 3

Teachers aides........................................... 170 47 28 6 (4) 3 11 12 7 18 - (4) 3

Administrative support occupations,

n.e.c.................................................. 273 54 29 7 3 3 8 10 9 33 2 <4) 1

Private household occupations....................... 81 8 2 1 (4) _ <4) 1 4 _ _ 5

Launderers, cooks, housekeepers, and

butlers ............................................. 12 20 3 3 3 14 3

Child care workers, private household ........ 41 10 2 2 - - - - 1 3 - - 8

Private household cleaners and servants .... 28 6 1 (4) - - - 1 (4) 3 - - 2

Service workers, except private household.... 4,397 36 13 2 4 2 4 3 9 18 1 <-) 2

Protective service occupations..................... 912 56 18 1 1 1 6 8 29 24 6 (4) 1

Supervisors, protective service

occupations..................................... 83 58 24 2 <4) 8 14 26 34 3 _

Supervisors, police and detectives......... 42 57 20 - 3 1 7 10 33 31 5 - -

Firefighting and fire prevention

occupations.................................... 113 59 13 1 1 2 9 . 40 22 6 1 2

Firefighting occupations .......................... 93 55 9 1 1 - 7 - 41 18 5 - 2

Police and detectives ................................. 471 75 30 2 3 1 10 14 44 28 6 <4) 1

Police and detectives, public service ..... 303 80 32 2 3 1 10 17 48 27 7 <4) 1

Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law

enforcement officers....................... 67 70 34 2 4 2 15 13 38 27 9 1

Correctional institution officers................ 101 64 22 1 2 - 4 9 38 29 3 -

(4)

Guards........................................................ 246 36 7 1 - 1 2 3 11 20 6 1 2

Guards and police, except public

service............................................. 227 37 7 1 - 1 2 3 12 20 7 1 1

Food preparation and service occupations ... 1,108 24 2 1 (4> (4) 1 (4) 3 20 1 <4) 2

Supervisors, food preparation and service 

occupations..................................... 113 53 13 2 2 6 4 11 33 2 2 3

Bartenders .................................................. 111 36 3 1 1 - 1 - 4 30 1 - 2

Waiters and waitresses.............................. 299 24 1 (4) -

(4> <4) - 2 21 - - 1

Cooks, except short order......................... 412 30 4 1 1 (4) 1 1 3 24 1 - 3

Short-order cooks ...................................... 9 12 3 3 - 3 - 3 12 - - -

Food counter, fountain and related

occupations.................................... 31 12 1 10 .

<4)

Kitchen workers, food preparation ............ 27 18 - - - - - - 4 14 1 - 2

Waiters and waitresses assistants ............ 36 11 1 1 - - - 1 1 9 - - 1

Miscellaneous food preparation

occupations..................................... 70 11 2 1 (4) - (4) - (4) 9 (4) - (4)

Health service occupations.......................... 1,057 62 29 4 5 4 11 5 15 27 1 (4) 1

Dental assistants........................................ 96 73 39 6 6 1 19 6 6 38 5 - 2

Health aides, except nursing...................... 171 53 27 2 5 2 9 10 7 28 1 (4) 2

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants .... 790 64 29 4 5 5 11 3 18 26 (4) (4) 1

Cleaning and building service occupations, 

except private household............... 357 14 3 1 (4) 1 (4) 1 2 10 (4) (4) 1

Supervisors, cleaning and building

service workers............................... 51 41 7 3 6 7 30 3

Maids and housemen................................. 57 12 1 (4) <4) -

(4) (4) 1 10 - - 1

Janitors and cleaners................................. 237 12 3 1 (4) 1 (4) (4) 1 8 (4) <4) 2

Personal service occupations ....................... 962 52 34 4 17 5 6 4 12 12 (4) _ 3

Barbers........................................................ 97 88 65 2 31 16 20 - 10 16 2 - 6

Hairdressers and cosmetologists............... 570 96 74 7 45 11 12 <4) 22 11 - - 1

Attendants, amusement and recreation

facilities........................................... 39 32 7 2 2 (4) 3 4 18 11

Welfare service aides................................. 22 26 13 6 - 8 - 3 10 - - 3

Child care workers, except private

household....................................... 116 18 7 2 1 (4) 1 4 4 9 3

Personal service occupations, n.e.c............ 48 32 10 1 (4) 2 1 7 10 12 (4) - 2

Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations..... 862 28 8 2 (4) 1 2 4 1 16 (4) (4) 11

Farm operators and managers..................... 441 31 11 3 1 1 2 6 1 17 (4) (4) 14

Farmers, except horticultural...................... 406 31 11 3 1 1 2 6 (4) 16 <4) (4) 15

Managers, farms, except horticultural ....... 26 38 16 1 - - - 16 3 30 1

Farm occupations, except managerial......... 201 21 5 2 -

(4) 2 2 1 14 (4) (4) 7

Farm workers.............................................. 164 19 4 2 - (4) 1 1 1 12 - (4) 7

Related agricultural occupations .................. 159 29 7 2 1 1 2 2 4 18 (4) - 9

See footnotes at end of table.

35
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued

Workers who needed 

training

Source of training

(percent of total employment in occupation)

Occupation 1 Percent of 

total

employment 

in occupation 2

School Friends

Number

(thousands)

Total 

with 

school 

training1

High

school

vocational

education

Private

post-high

school

vocational

education

Public

post-high

school

vocational

education

Junior

college

or

technical

institute

4-year or 

longer 

college 

program

Formal

company

training

Informal

on-thejob

training

Armed

Forces

Correspondence

courses

relatives 

or other 

nonworkrelated 

training

Supervisors, related agricultural

occupations..................................... 25 32 9 5 6 5 3 7 27 7

Groundskeepers and gardeners, except

farm ................................................. 75 23 4 2 (4) 1 1 1 14 (4) 9

Animal caretakers, except farm ................. 59 52 15 2 4 2 2 5 10 28 _ 10

Forestry and logging occupations ................ 37 32 10 - - - 6 4 4 19 - - 4

Timber cutting and logging occupations.... 24 27 3 - - - 2 1 4 20 - - 5

Fishers, hunters, and trappers...................... 24 42 7 - - - (4) 7 4 24 (4) - 18

Precision production, craft, and repair

occupations.................................... 7,603 65 16 5 2 2 5 2 17 40 5 2 8

Mechanics and repairers .............................. 2,795 68 19 7 2 3 7 1 18 39 8 3 9

Supervisors, mechanics and repairers...... 202 68 15 4 2 2 3 4 22 43 11 4 3

Mechanics and repairers, except

supervisors ..................................... 2,593 67 19 7 2 3 7 1 18 38 8 3 9

Vehicle and mobile equipment

mechanics and repairers................ 1,085 68 21 9 2 4 7 1 13 40 8 1 14

Automobile mechanics.......................... 549 70 26 13 3 4 7 1 15 38 6 1 15

Bus, truck, and stationary engine

mechanics...................................... 177 65 14 5 1 3 6 (4) 8 43 9 13

Aircraft engine mechanics..................... 79 82 34 6 5 7 17 3 20 39 45 5 10

Automobile body and related repairers 118 66 13 4 2 2 5 1 8 43 2 - 17

Heavy equipment mechanics................ 101 62 14 5 (4) 2 7 (4) 14 39 2 1 10

Industrial machinery repairers ................. 308 63 14 6 1 3 5 1 18 40 6 1 7

Electrical and electronic equipment

repairers.......................................... 494 70 20 5 2 3 8 2 29 29 14 5 4

Electronic repairers, communications 

and industrial equipment................ 129 75 24 6 3 2 10 2 17 28 21 12 6

Data processing equipment repairers .... 89 92 57 8 3 12 25 8 31 30 22 3 1

Telephone line installers and

repairers.......................................... 51 74 6 2 2 1 37 33 10 4

Telephone installers and repairers....... 147 57 8 3 1 (4) 3 1 35 27 7 3 1

Miscellaneous electrical and

electronic equipment repairers ...... 46 70 17 8 3 6 (4) 30 26 19 3 5

Heating, air conditioning, and

refrigeration mechanics .................. 140 75 33 6 3 9 15 2 17 40 7 3 8

Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers .. 547 66 16 6 2 2 6 2 20 42 6 4 6

Office machine repairers ...................... 62 87 34 8 5 _ 20 5 41 46 11 2 6

Millwrights.............................................. 50 60 13 2 1 7 3 _ 23 37 7 4 1

Specified mechanics and repairers, 

n.e.c.................................................. 211 64 14 7 1 3 4 2 15 45 7 3 5

Not specified mechanics and repairers 126 59 13 9 1 - 7 (4) 15 37 4 2 9

Construction trades ...................................... 2,543 66 11 4 2 2 3 2 16 44 3 1 11

Supervisors, construction occupations....... 321 70 17 3 2 2 4 7 13 55 4 2 11

Supervisors, n.e.c...................................... 249 68 16 4 1 2 3 8 10 54 2 1 10

Construction trades, except supervisors.... 2,221 66 11 4 2 2 3 1 17 42 3 1 11

Brickmasons and stonemasons .............. 94 69 12 3 2 7 _ _ 20 43 1 _ 11

Carpet installers ...................................... 75 70 4 2 1 1

_ 2 23 44 2 2 9

Carpenters............................................ 639 65 11 5 2 2 2 2 8 45 1 (4) 18

Drywall installers ..................................... 60 72 4 - - 2 2 _ 14 49 _ 13

Electricians............................................... 465 85 28 9 3 6 8 2 32 44 12 2 5

Electrical power installers and

repairers.......................................... 57 53 6 3 2 1 1 24 34 8

Painters, construction and maintenance .. 161 48 3 1 1 _ 2 (4) 9 36 1 _ 7

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 299 78 8 3 2 2 2 (4) 31 49 3 2 9

Roofers.................................................... 56 55 1 - - - _ 1 9 44 2 _ 8

Structural metal workers ......................... 41 66 11 3 8 _ _ _ 31 29 4

Construction trades, n.e.c......................... 56 30 2 1 (4) - - - 3 26 (4) (4) 3

Extractive occupations.................................. 117 56 4 1

_ 2 2 13 48 1 3 1

Supervisors, extractive occupations.......... 48 62 7 1 - - 4 1 14 55 _ 8

_

Drillers, oil well ........................................... 25 43 4 - - - - 4 6 41 - - 1

Precision production occupations................. 2,149 61 17 5 1 2 5 4 15 38 3 1 5

Supervisors, production occupations......... 676 56 16 3 1 1 4 8 12 39 4 1 2

Precision metalworking occupations ......... 681 75 22 10 1 4 7 2 23 41 4 (4) 5

Tool and die makers................................ 138 85 25 16 1 4 5 2 35 44 1 3

Machinists ................................................ 342 74 22 10 - 5 7 1 23 43 5 1 4

Sheet metal workers................................ 87 67 15 7 4 3 4 _ 13 43 8 _ 1

Precision woodworking occupations.......... 56 62 17 10 4 - 2 _ 6 42 _ _ 11

Precision textile, apparel, and

furnishings machine workers ......... 165 63 16 7 1 2 3 3 3 36 (4) 1 21

Dressmakers............................................ 64 59 19 10 2 _

(4) 8 7 28 _ 32

Upholsterers............................................. 53 80 16 3 3 3 7 - (4) 57 1 5 11

See footnotes at end of table.

36
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued

Workers who needed 

training

Source of training

(percent of total employment in occupation)

Occupation 1 Percent of 

total

employment 

in occupation 2

School Friends

or

relatives 

or other 

nonworkrelated 

training

Number

(thousands)

Total 

with 

school 

training 5

High

school

vocational

education

Private

post-high

school

vocational

education

Public

post-high

school

vocational

education

Junior

college

or

technical

institute

4-year or 

longer 

college 

program

Formal

company

training

Informal

on-thejob

training

Armed

Forces

Correspondence

courses

Precision workers, assorted materials ...... 131 50 14 1 2 2 7 4 10 29 2 2

Optical goods workers............................. 35 65 26 - 4 1 13 8 17 30 3 - -

Dental laboratory and medical appliance 

technicians ..................................... 39 74 19 4 7 8 4 17 37 4 - 3

Electrical and electronic equipment

assemblers ..................................... 17 21 5 2 3 7 14 .

Precision food production occupations..... 209 49 6 3 2 1 1 - 10 35 1 0 5

Butchers and meat cutters ...................... 144 50 6 2 2 1 1 - 13 35 1 - 4

Bakers...................................................... 55 45 9 6 2 1 - - 2 33 3 1 6

Precision inspectors, testors, and

related workers............................... 101 70 14 2 8 3 32 39 5 3 3

Inspectors, testers, and graders ............. 93 69 14 2 - - 9 2 32 38 5 3 4

Plant and system operators ....................... 130 65 21 3 3 3 9 5 19 35 7 6 (4)

Stationary engineers................................ 75 67 26 5 3 5 12 3 13 33 8 8 -

Machine operators, assemblers, and

inspectors....................................... 2,742 37 6 3 1 1 2 1 6 26 1 (4) 3

Machine operators and tenders, except

precision ......................................... 1,771 36 5 3 (4) 1 1 1 5 27 1 (4) 2

Metalworking and plastic working machine 

operators ........................................ 206 46 6 2 _ 1 2 1 7 37 1 (4) 1

Lathe and turning machine operators ..... 45 60 20 7 - 8 8 - 8 42 5 2 -

Punching and stamping press machine 

operators ........................................ 27 26 3 2 1 3 24 2

.

Grinding, abrading, buffing and

polishng machine operators........... 56 36 3 1 2 5 28 . . 2

Metal and plastic processing machine

operators ........................................ 42 26 2 1 2 5 24 . _

Molding and casting machine operators .. 20 23 2 - - 2 - 2 4 21 - - -

Woodworking machine operators .............. 25 20 3 3 - - 2 - 3 13 - - 2

Sawing machine operators ...................... 15 18 5 5 - - 2 - - 12 - - 2

Printing equipment operators ..................... 272 61 20 14 2 3 3 1 11 40 2 - 3

Printing machine operators...................... 187 62 20 14 1 3 3 1 12 38 2 - 3

Typesetters and compositors .................. 52 72 25 21 3 - 1 1 7 49 3 - 5

Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine 

operators ........................................ 446 32 2 1 (4) (4) (4) 2 27 (4) <4) 4

Winding and twisting machine operators . 53 51 - - - - - - 4 46 - 2

Textile sewing machine operators.......... . 252 33 3 2 1 (4) (4) - 2 26 (4) - 6

Shoe machine operators......................... 23 28 - - - - - - - 27 - 1 1

Pressing machine operators.................... 33 26 3 - - 3 - - 2 23 - - 1

Laundering and dry cleaning machine 

operators ........................................ 45 24 1 1 3 20 1 3

Miscellaneous textile machine operators 17 22 - - - - - - - 19 - - 3

Machine operators, assorted materials...... 772 32 4 2 (4) (4) 1 1 6 24 1 (4) 2

Packaging and filling machine operators 51 14 1 -

(4) - 1 1 12 (4) - -

Separating, filtering, and clarifying

machine operators ......................... 26 43 3 3 19 24 3

Painting and paint spraying machine

operators ........................................ 80 43 7 5 2 (4) 1 1 5 31 (4) 3 8

Furnace, kiln, and oven operators,

except food ..................................... 66 52 5 (4) 3 (4) 7 38 7 2

Slicing and cutting machine operators.... 50 24 - - - - - - 3 20 1 - 2

Photographic process machine operators 74 69 19 4 - 2 6 7 13 46 2 - 6

Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c. 280 36 6 2 1 1 2 1 8 28 (4) (4) 1

Machine operators, not specified............ 73 28 5 2 - 1 2 1 5 19 1 1 -

Fabricators, assemblers, and handworking 

occupations..................................... 679 41 9 3 1 2 2 (4) 9 24 2 (4) 4

Welders and cutters ................................... 355 68 20 6 3 5 6 - 16 33 3 1 7

Assemblers ................................................. 229 24 4 2 (4) 1 (4) (4) 4 18 1 (4) 1

Miscellaneous handworking occupations 35 67 9 8 - - 1 10 41 3 - 28

Production inspectors, testers, samplers, 

and weighers................................... 292 39 8 1 <4) 2 4 8 27 2 (4) 1

Production inspectors, checkers, and

examiners....................................... 222 38 7 1 <4) 2 3 8 27 3 (4) (4)

Production testers...................................... 53 70 26 3 - - 4 19 11 40 5 3 3

Graders and sorters, except agricultural .... 11 13 - - - - - - 2 11 - - -

Transportation and material moving

occupations..................................... 1,462 36 2 1 1 (4) (4) (4) 8 26 2 (4) 5

Motor vehicle operators................................ 1,006 35 2 1 1 (4) (4) (4) 8 23 2 (4) 6

Truck drivers, heavy ................................... 574 36 2 (4) 1 (4) 1 (4) 4 25 3 (4) 7

Truck drivers, light ..................................... 83 20 2 1 - 1 - - 2 13 1 3

Driver-sales workers ................................... 60 28 1 1 - - (4) 4 22 (4) - 3

See footnotes at end of table.

37
Table 23. Qualifying training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued

Occupation '

Workers who needed 

training

Source of training

(percent of total employment in occupation)

Number

(thousands)

Percent of 

total

employment 

in occupation 2

School

Formal

company

training

Informal

on-thejob

training

Armed

Forces

Corres*

pondence

courses

Friends

or

relatives 

or other 

nonworkrelated 

training

Total 

with 

school 

training 3

High

school

vocational

education

Private

post-high

school

vocational

education

Public

post-high

school

vocational

education

Junior

college

or

technical

institute

4-year or 

longer 

college 

program

Bus drivers.................................................. 231 58 4 3 1 (4) _ _ 31 28 2 _ 4

Taxi cab drivers and chauffeurs ................ 33 18 2 2 - -

(4) - 3 14 - - 2

Transportation occupations, except motor

vehicle............................................. 103 59 7 1 1 1 1 3 21 42 4 - 2

Rail transportation occupations ................. 60 51 3 1 - - - 2 18 37 - - -

Locomotive operating occupations......... 33 61 - - - - - - 24 47 - - -

Water transportation occupations.............. 43 76 16 - 2 3 4 7 25 53 12 - 6

Material moving equipment operators ......... 353 37 2 1 (4) (4) (4) (4) 6 31 2 <4) 2

Operating engineers ................................... 55 46 7 3 - - 2 2 5 44 - <4) 3

Crane and tower operators........................ 55 59 1 1 - - - - 9 46 7 2 4

Excavating and loading machine operators 40 43 - - - - - - 6 34 2 - 5

Grader, dozer, and scraper operators....... 39 50 1 - - 1 (4) - 3 47 4 3

Industrial truck and tractor equipment

operators ......................................... 105 30 1 - - - - - 6 24 1 - 1

Miscellaneous material moving equipment

operators ........................................ 45 25 4 1 2 - 1 - 5 20 - 1 “

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers and

laborers........................................... 605 16 2 1 (4) (4) 1 (4) 2 13 1 (4) 1

Helpers, construction and extractive

occupations..................................... 43 27 7 5 1 1 - - 2 17 1 - 4

Helpers, construction trades ...................... 35 25 8 5 1 1 - - 2 15 - - 4

Construction laborers.................................... 88 20 3 2 (4) (4) - - 1 15 (4) 1 4

Production helpers......................................... 18 28 7 - - 2 4 - 1 21 - - 2

Freight, stock, and material movers, hand .... 173 12 1 (4) (4) 1 1 - 2 10 (4) (4) (4)

Garbage collectors ..................................... 6 8 3 3 - 3 3 - 5 8 - - 2

Stock handlers and baggers ...................... 91 12 2 (4) (4) (4) 1 - 1 10 (4) - -

Machine feeders and offbearers................ 24 27 2 - - 2 - - 6 25 - - -

Freight, stock, and material movers,

hand, n.e.c........................................ 51 11 (4) (4) - - - - 1 9 (4) (4) (4)

Garage and service station related

occupations..................................... 45 16 2 1 - (4) (4) 1 3 11 (4) - 1

Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners.... 20 14 (4) - - (4) - - 1 9 - - 5

Hand packers and packagers....................... 46 17 1 - - 1 - - 2 14 - - 1

Laborers, except construction....................... 158 17 2 (4) “ 1 1 2 13 1 (4) 2

1 Includes only detailed occupations with January 1983 employment of 50,000 or more.

2 Percent is less than the sum of sources of training because many workers reported 

more than one source of training.

3 Percent does not equal the sum of all sources of schooling because some workers

reported more than one source and some did not provide information on the source of

schooling.

4 Value less than 0.5.

- No data reported.

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified.”

38
Table 24. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupational group

Occupational group

Workers 

who took 

training1

Source of training

School

Formal

company

program

Informal

on-the-job

training

Other

Total, age 16 and over:

Number (in thousands) ............................................................................................................................. 33,901 11,404 10,625 13,606 4,301

Percent of total employed........................................................................................................................ 35 12 11 14 4

Executive, administrative, and managerial:

Number (in thousands) ............................................................................................................................. 5,098 1,916 1,884 1,688 836

Percent of occupational employment...................................................................................................... 47 18 17 16 8

Professional specialty:

Number (in thousands)............................................................................................................................. 7,802 4,352 1,936 1,756 1,408

Percent of occupational employment...................................................................................................... 61 34 15 14 11

Technicians and related support:

Number (in thousands)............................................................................................................................. 1,588 600 550 585 166

Percent of occupational employment...................................................................................................... 52 20 18 19 5

Sales occupations:

Number (in thousands)............................................................................................................................. 3,578 769 1,411 1,642 487

Percent of occupational employment...................................................................................................... 32 7 13 15 4

Administrative support, including clerical:

Number (in thousands)............................................................................................................................. 5,152 1,547 1,565 2,423 392

Percent of occupational employment...................................................................................................... 32 10 10 15 2

Private household occupations:

Number (in thousands)............................................................................................................................. 33 10 7 14 10

Percent of occupational employment...................................................................................................... 3 1 1 1 1

Service workers, except private household:

Number (in thousands)............................................................................................................................. 3,151 814 955 1,528 360

Percent of occupational employment...................................................................................................... 25 7 8 12 3

Farming, forestry, and fishing:

Number (in thousands)............................................................................................................................. 500 164 51 203 142

Percent of occupational employment...................................................................................................... 16 5 2 7 5

Precision production, craft, and repair:

Number (in thousands) ............................................................................................................................. 4,133 863 1,654 1,860 353

Percent of occupational employment...................................................................................................... 35 7 14 16 3

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors:

Number (in thousands)............................................................................................................................. 1,639 228 286 1,151 78

Percent of occupational employment...................................................................................................... 22 3 4 16 1

Transportation and material moving occupations:

Number (in thousands)............................................................................................................................. 706 84 235 376 50

Percent of occupational employment...................................................................................................... 18 2 6 9 1

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:

Number (in thousands)............................................................................................................................. 520 57 92 381 19

Percent of occupational employment...................................................................................................... 14 2 2 10 f2)

1 Data are less than the sum of sources of training because many workers reported 2 Value less than 0.5.

more than one source of training.

Table 25. Skill improvement training: Percent distribution of training by occupational group

Source of training

Occupational group Any source of 

training School

Formal

company

program

Informal

on-the-job

training

Other

Total employed, age 16 and over:

Number1 .................................................................................................................................................. 33,901 11,404 10,625 13,606 4,301

Percent distribution .................................................................................................................................. 100 100 100 100 100

Executive, administrative, and managerial.................................................................................................. 15 17 18 12 19

Professional specialty.................................................................................................................................. 23 38 18 13 33

Technicians and related support................................................................................................................ 5 5 5 4 4

Sales occupations........................................................................................................................................ 11 7 13 12 11

Administrative support, including clerical.................................................................................................... 15 14 15 18 9

Private household occupations................................................................................................................... (*) (2) f2) f2) (2)

Service workers, except private household................................................................................................ 9 7 9 11 8

Farming, forestry, and fishing...................................................................................................................... 1 1 (*> 1 3

Precision production, craft, and repair........................................................................................................ 12 8 16 14 8

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors........................................................................................ 5 2 3 8 2

Transportation and material moving occupations....................................................................................... 2 1 2 3 1

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............................................................................... 2 (2) 1 3 0

1 Data are less than the sum of sources of training because many workers reported 2 Value less than 0.5.

more than one source of training. NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.

39
Table 26. Skill improvement training: Fifty occupations with the largest numbers of workers who took

training

Percent of -

Occupation

Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................

Teachers, elementary school ............................................................

Secretaries.........................................................................................

Teachers, secondary school .............................................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...............................

Registered nurses..............................................................................

Accountants and auditors..................................................................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ..................................

Supervisors, production occupations................................................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.........................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade

Insurance sales occupations......................... i.................................

Cashiers ............................................................................................

Physicians.........................................................................................

Lawyers.............................................................................................

Real estate sales occupations.........................................................

Administrators, education and related fields....................................

Hairdressers and cosmetologists.....................................................

Police and detectives, public service...............................................

Automobile mechanics......................................................................

“ Other" financial officers..................................................................

Administrators and officials, public administration...........................

Electrical and electronic engineers ..................................................

Cooks, except short order................................................................

Electricians........................................................................................

Social workers...................................................................................

Computer programmers ....................................................................

Sales workers, other commodities ...................................................

Computer operators..........................................................................

Farmers, except horticultural............................................................

Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations...................

Licensed practical nurses.................................................................

Financial managers...........................................................................

Typists ...............................................................................................

Teachers, n.e.c...................................................................................

Janitors and cleaners.......................................................................

Bank tellers.......................................................................................

Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.........................

Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten...................................

Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.........................................

Assemblers.......................................................................................

Telephone installers and repairers...................................................

Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c...........................................

Clergy ................................................................................................

Supervisors, general office...............................................................

Industrial machinery repairers..........................................................

Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners............................

Supervisors, mechanics and repairers.............................................

Guards and police, excluding public service....................................

Bus drivers........................................................................................

Number who 

took training 

(thousands)

2,152

1,171

1,059

952

936

882

589

539

527

514

509

393

379

353

320

314

310

300

292

292

287

286

283

271

261

250

249

249

247

242

235

232

216

214

214

206

206

205

199

195

193

188

185

183

180

178

175

171

171

166

Total

employment in

occupation

39.7

73.9 

28.1

72.0

33.7

68.4

54.4

27.0

43.9

41.3

39.3

71.0

19.4

72.1

55.4

65.0

66.7

50.8

77.3

37.2

57.9

65.4

64.7

19.7

47.6

67.9

61.3 

18.2

45.5 

18.2

51.8

52.6

57.4 

25.3

57.5

10.7

45.8 

60.2

61.0

38.5

19.9

72.7

23.8

59.7

51.2

36.5

30.2

57.8

28.2

41.6

Total who took 

training

6.3

3.5

3.1 

2.8

2.8

2.6

1.7 

1.6 

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.2

1.1 

1.0

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

40
Table 27. Skill improvement training: Fifty occupations with the largest proportions of workers who took

training

Percent of -

Occupation

Firefighting occupations.......................................................

Supervisors, police and detectives......................................

Police and detectives, public service...................................

Forestry and conservation scientists....................................

Physical therapists................................................................

Teachers, elementary school...............................................

Recreation workers...............................................................

Aerospace engineers............................................................

Telephone installers and repairers......................................

Physicians .............................................................................

Teachers, secondary school ................................................

Insurance sales occupations................................................

Counselors, educational and vocational..............................

Operations and systems researchers and analysts............

Registered nurses.................................................................

Social workers.......................................................................

Dentists .................................................................................

Telephone line installers and repairers................................

Data processing equipment repairers ..................................

Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified ...................

Inspectors and compliance officers, excluding construction

Administrators, education and related fields........................

Administrators and officials, public administration...............

Psychologists........................................................................

Real estate sales occupations.............................................

Electrical and electronic engineers .....................................

Speech therapists.................................................................

Managers, medicine and health...........................................

Computer systems analysts and scientists.........................

Chemical technicians............................................................

Computer programmers.......................................................

Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten.......................

Sales engineers.....................................................................

Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............

Construction inspectors........................................................

Electrical power installers and repairers..............................

Clergy ....................................................................................

Chemical engineers..............................................................

Inhalation therapists .............................................................

“ Other” financial officers......................................................

Correctional institution officers..............................................

Supervisors, mechanics and repairers.................................

Teachers, n.e.c.......................................................................

Financial managers................................................................

Office machine repairers.......................................................

Transportation ticket and reservation agents ......................

Purchasing managers............................................................

Securities and financial services sales occupations............

Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians.........

Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers ........

Number who 

took training 

(thousands)

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total who took 

training

149 87.3 0.4

59 80.1 .2

292 77.3 .9

40 75.9 .1

43 75.8 .1

1,171 73.9 3.5

38 73.8 .1

69 73.0 .2

188 72.7 .6

353 72.1 1.0

952 72.0 2.8

393 71.0 1.2

123 70.0 .4

94 68.5 .3

882 68.4 2.6

250 67.9 .7

85 67.3 .3

46 67.3 .1

65 67.1 .2

84 66.9 .2

101 66.8 .3

310 66.7 .9

286 65.4 .8

81 65.4 .2

314 65.0 .9

283 64.7 .8

42 64.1 .1

78 63.7 .2

165 63.7 .5

53 62.7 .2

249 61.3 .7

199 61.0 .6

33 60.6 .1

205 60.2 .6

39 60.2 .1

65 60.0 .2

183 59.7 .5

43 59.0 .1

48 58.7 .1

287 57.9 .8

91 57.8 .3

171 57.8 .5

214 57.5 .6

216 57.4 .6

41 57.3 .1

64 57.0 .2

52 56.8 .2

107 56.6 .3

30 56.3 .1

54 56.2 .2

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

41
Table 28. Skill improvement training: Percent distribution of

workers who took training and of total employed by sex, age,

education, and race

Characteristic Workers who 

took training Total employed

Total, age 16 and over 100 100

Male ........................................................................ 57 56

Female..................................................................... 43 44

Age group:

Age 16-19:

3 6

M ale........................................................................ 1 3

2 3

Age 20-24:

Total........................................................................ 11 13

M ale........................................................................ 6 7

Female ................................................................... 5 6

Age 25-34:

Total........................................................................ 32 29

M ale........................................................................ 18 16

Female ................................................................... 14 13

Age 35-44:

25

M ale........................................................................ 15 12

Female ................................................................... 11 10

Age 45-54:

Total........................................................................ 17 16

M ale........................................................................ 10 9

Female ................................................................... 7 7

Age 55-64:

10

M ale........................................................................ 6 7

Female ................................................................... 4 5

Age 65 and over:

Total........................................................................ 2 3

M ale........................................................................ 1 2

Female ................................................................... 1 1

Highest grade completed:

High school or less:

Total........................................................................ 43 59

M ale........................................................................ 23 32

Female ................................................................... 20 27

Some college:

Total........................................................................ 23 19

M ale........................................................................ 12 10

Female ................................................................... 10 9

College graduate:

Total........................................................................ 34 22

M ale........................................................................ 21 14

Female ................................................................... 13 8

Race:

White:

Total........................................................................ 90 88

M ale........................................................................ 52 50

Female ................................................................... 38 38

Black:

Total........................................................................ 7 9

M ale........................................................................ 3 5

Female ................................................................... 4 5

Other:

Total........................................................................

M ale........................................................................ 1 1

Female ................................................................... 1 1

NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.

42
Table 29. Skill improvement training: Ratio of number of workers who took training to total of training

sources identified by occupational group

Occupational group

Total, age 16 and over .........................................

Executive, administrative, and managerial.................

Professional specialty.................................................

Technicians and related support................................

Sales occupations.......................................................

Administrative support, including clerical...................

Private household occupations..................................

Service workers, except private household...............

Farming, forestry, and fishing.....................................

Precision production, craft, and repair.......................

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......

Transportation and material moving occupations......

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers

NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.

Number who 

took training 

(thousands)

Total of

training sources 

identified 

(thousands)

Ratio

33,901 39,938 1.18

5,098 6,324 1.24

7,802 9,453 1.21

1,588 1,902 1.20

3,578 4,309 1.20

5,152 5,927 1.15

33 41 1.23

3,151 3,657 1.16

500 560 1.12

4,133 4,730 1.14

1,639 1,743 1.06

706 744 1.05

520 548 1.05

Table 30. Skill improvement training: Sources of school training by occupational group

Occupational group

Total who 

took training1

High school 

vocational 

education

Private posthigh school 

vocational 

education

Public post-high 

school 

vocational 

education

Junior college 

or technical 

institute

4-year or longer 

college program

Total, age 16 and over:

Number (in thousands).................................................................................................. 11,404 353 803 774 3,272 5,428

Percent of total employed............................................................................................. 12 f t 1 1 3 6

Executive, administrative, and managerial:

Number (in thousands)......................................................................................................... 1,916 24 113 83 537 1,017

Percent of occupational employment.................................................................................. 18 f t 1 1 5 9

Professional specialty:

Number (in thousands)......................................................................................................... 4,352 25 152 105 554 3,202

Percent of occupational employment.................................................................................. 34 f t 1 1 4 25

Technicians and related support:

Number (in thousands)......................................................................................................... 600 7 32 40 238 242

Percent of occupational employment.................................................................................. 20 f t 1 1 8 8

Sales occupations:

Number (in thousands)......................................................................................................... 769 29 117 59 280 242

Percent of occupational employment.................................................................................. 7 f t 1 1 2 2

Administrative support, including clerical:

Number (in thousands)......................................................................................................... 1,547 126 107 159 684 381

Percent of occupational employment.................................................................................. 10 1 1 1 4 2

Private household occupations:

Number (in thousands)......................................................................................................... 10 4 f t 1 3 2

Percent of occupational employment.................................................................................. 1 f t - f t f t f t

Service workers, except private household:

Number (in thousands)......................................................................................................... 814 39 112 83 375 144

Percent of occupational employment.................................................................................. 7 f t 1 1 3 1

Farming, forestry, and fishing:

Number (in thousands)......................................................................................................... 164 19 6 36 62 35

Percent of occupational employment.................................................................................. 5 1 f t 1 2 1

Precision production, craft, and repair:

Number (in thousands)......................................................................................................... 863 42 130 134 403 107

Percent of occupational employment.................................................................................. 7 f t 1 1 3 1

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors:

Number (in thousands)......................................................................................................... 228 16 11 54 84 43

Percent of occupational employment.................................................................................. 3 f t f t 1 1 1

Transportation and material moving occupations:

Number (in thousands)......................................................................................................... 84 10 14 9 31 11

Percent of occupational employment.................................................................................. 2 f t f t f t 1 f t

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:

Number (in thousands)......................................................................................................... 57 11 8 11 20 f t

Percent of occupational employment.................................................................................. 2 f t f t f t 1 f t

1 Data do not equal the sum of all sources of schooling because some workers reported 2 Value less than 0.5.

more than one source and some did not provide information on the source of schooling. - No data reported.

43
Table 31. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who

took school training

Occupation

Number who 

took school 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total who took 

school training

Teachers, elementary school............................................................

Teachers, secondary school .............................................................

Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................

Secretaries.........................................................................................

Registered nurses..............................................................................

Accountants and auditors..................................................................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks .................................

Administrators, education and related fields....................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...............................

Physicians..........................................................................................

Real estate sales occupations..........................................................

Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten ...................................

Supervisors, production occupations................................................

Police and detectives, public service................................................

“Other” financial officers...................................................................

Clergy ................................................................................................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.........................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade 

Electrical and electronic engineers ..................................................

Electricians........................................................................................

Computer programmers ....................................................................

Administrators and officials, public administration...........................

Farmers, except horticultural............................................................

Social workers...................................................................................

Insurance sales occupations............................................................

1,003 63.3 8.8

837 63.3 7.3

710 13.1 6.2

448 11.9 3.9

294 22.8 2.6

277 25.6 2.4

224 11.2 2.0

220 47.3 1.9

208 7.5 1.8

160 32.6 1.4

151 31.3 1.3

141 43.2 1.2

140 11.6 1.2

124 32.7 1.1

115 23.2 1.0

108 35.3 .9

108 8.7 .9

106 8.2 .9

106 24.1

9

102 18.5 .9

100 24.5 .9

100 22.8 .9

98 7.3 .9

96 25.9 .8

91 16.5 .8

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

Table 32. Skill improvement training: Number of workers who took training in school programs and percent who completed training

by length of program

Type of program

Total all school programs Length of program 1

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Completion rate

Under 12 weeks 13-25 weeks 26-52 weeks More than 52 weeks

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Completion rate

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Completion rate

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Completion rate

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Completion rate

High school vocational education........................... 353 74 144 87 60 80 56 54 92 60

Private post-high school vocational education ...... 803 87 439 94 108 86 101 82 137 71

Public post-high school vocational education......... 774 82 384 92 144 78 100 74 132 71

Junior college or technical institute........................ 3,272 75 1,221 92 618 82 512 73 885 48

4-year college.......................................................... 5,428 75 1,297

______________

94 620 86 642 81 2,766 63

1 Because some workers did not indicate the length of training programs, individual items may not add to totals.

Table 33. Skill improvement training: Workers who received sponsored training in school programs by

occupational group

Total, age 16 and over: 

Number (in thousands) .. 

Percent distribution .......

Occupational group Total

Employersponsored

training

Governmentsponsored

training

11,404

100

4,564

100 375 100

Executive, administrative, and managerial ................................................................................................

Professional specialty ................................................................................................................................

Technicians and related support ...............................................................................................................

Sales occupations.......................................................................................................................................

Administrative support, including clerical...................................................................................................

Private household occupations.................................................................................................................. (')

Service workers, except private household................................................................................................

Farming, forestry, and fishing.....................................................................................................................

Precision production, craft, and repair.......................................................................................................

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors........................................................................................

Transportation and material moving occupations....................................................................................... (’)

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............................................................................... (')

16

38

5

6 

13

20

30

6

6

14

12

28

5

4

16

O ( 1)

7 7 14

1 1 3

7 9 8

2 2 3

(') 1 (1) 1

1 Value less than 0.5. NOTE: Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals.

44
Table 34. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who

took high school vocational training

Occupation

Number who 

took high 

school 

vocational 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total who took 

high school 

vocational 

training

Secretaries............................................................................................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ....................................

Managers and administrators, n.e.c......................................................

Cashiers ................................................................................................

Typists ...................................................................................................

Janitors and cleaners...........................................................................

Farm workers........................................................................................

Farmers, except horticultural................................................................

Bus drivers............................................................................................

Welders and cutters .............................................................................

Teachers, elementary school...............................................................

Electricians............................................................................................

Teachers'aides ...................................................................................

Cooks, except short order....................................................................

Receptionists........................................................................................

Teachers, secondary school ................................................................

Laborers, except construction..............................................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations..................................

General office clerks ............................................................................

File clerks..............................................................................................

Child care workers, private household.................................................

Computer operators..............................................................................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.............................................

Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.............................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade

39 1.0 11.0

24 1.2 6.9

17 .3 4.8

14 .7 4.1

14 1.6 4.0

11 .6 3.1

9 1.1 2.6

8 .6 2.4

8 2.0 2.3

7 1.3 1.9

6 .4 1.8

6 1.2 1.8

6 1.7 1.8

6 .4 1.7

6 .9 1.7

6 .4 1.6

6 .6 1.6

6 .2 1.6

5 1.0 1.6

4 1.7 1.3

4 .9 1.1

4 .7 1.1

4 .3 1.1

4 .7 1.0

4 .3 1.0

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified".

Table 35. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who

took private post-high school vocational training

Occupation

Number who 

took private 

post-high 

school 

vocational 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total who took 

private posthigh school 

vocational 

training

Managers and administrators, n.e.c..............................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations..........

Hairdressers and cosmetologists..................................

Secretaries.....................................................................

Real estate sales occupations.....................................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks .............

Electricians.....................................................................

Police and detectives, public service...........................

Automobile mechanics..................................................

Teachers, elementary school.......................................

Supervisors, production occupations............................

“ Other” financial officers..............................................

Insurance sales occupations........................................

Accountants and auditors.............................................

Teachers, n.e.c...............................................................

Licensed practical nurses.............................................

Tool and die makers .....................................................

Registered nurses.........................................................

Operations and systems researchers and analysts ....

Receptionists.................................................................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.....................

Teachers, secondary school ........................................

Computer operators.......................................................

Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations 

Securities and financial services sales occupations....

52 1.0 6.5

39 1.4 4.9

35 5.9 4.4

31 .8 3.8

24 5.1 3.0

18 .9 2.3

17 3.1 2.2

17 4.5 2.1

15 1.9 1.8

14 .9 1.8

14 1.2 1.7

13 2.6 1.6

13 2.3 1.6

12 1.1 1.5

11 3.1 1.4

11 2.5 1.4

10 6.2 1.3

10 .8 1.3

10 7.3 1.2

9 1.5 1.2

9 .7 1.1

8 .6 1.0

8 1.5 1.0

8 1.7 1.0

8 4.1 1.0

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

45
Table 36. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who

took public post-high school vocational training

Occupation

Number who 

took public 

post-high 

school 

vocational 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total who took 

public post-high 

school 

vocational 

training

Secretaries.........................................................

Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................

Farmers, except horticultural.............................

Electricians.........................................................

Teachers, elementary school ............................

Carpenters .........................................................

Teachers, secondary school .............................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations

Police and detectives, public service................

Accountants and auditors..................................

Insurance sales occupations.............................

Cooks, except short order.................................

Real estate sales occupations..........................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ...

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters..............

Printing machine operators................................

Electrical and electronic technicians.................

Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten ...

Firefighting occupations .....................................

Receptionists......................................................

Industrial machinery repairers ...........................

Teachers’ aides..................................................

Payroll and timekeeping clerks.........................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..........

Welders and cutters ..........................................

75 2.0 9.6

46 .8 5.9

28 2.1 3.6

21 3.8 2.7

20 1.2 2.5

16 1.6 2.1

16 1.2 2.0

11 .4 1.5

11 3.0 1.5

11 1.0 1.4

11 1.9 1.4

11 .8 1.4

11 2.2 1.4

10 .5 1.3

10 2.7 1.3

10 3.3 1.3

10 3.3 1.3

10 3.0 1.3

10 5.8 1.3

10 1.6 1.2

9 1.9 1.2

9 2.5 1.2

9 4.4 1.1

8 .7 1.1

8 1.5 1.0

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

Table 37. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who

took junior college or technical institute training

Occupation

Number who 

took junior 

college or 

technical 

institute 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total who took 

junior college 

or technical 

institute 

training

Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................

Secretaries.........................................................................................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ..................................

Registered nurses..............................................................................

Accountants and auditors..................................................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...............................

Supervisors, production occupations.................................................

Real estate sales occupations..........................................................

Teachers, secondary school .............................................................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..........................................

Police and detectives, public service................................................

Teachers, elementary school............................................................

Electricians.........................................................................................

Computer programmers ....................................................................

"Other” financial officers...................................................................

Licensed practical nurses..................................................................

Computer operators...........................................................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade 

Insurance sales occupations.............................................................

Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten...................................

Firefighting occupations.....................................................................

Teachers’ aides .................................................................................

Farmers, except horticultural.............................................................

Financial managers............................................................................

Hairdressers and cosmetologists.......................................................

229 4.2 7.0

211 5.6 6.4

111 5.5 3.4

101 7.8 3.1

73 6.7 2.2

68 2.5 2.1

65 5.5 2.0

64 13.3 2.0

57 4.3 1.7

54 4.3 1.6

54 14.1 1.6

52 3.3 1.6

51 9.3 1.6

40 9.9 1.2

37 7.4 1.1

35 8.0 1.1

33 6.1 1.0

32 2.4 1.0

32 5.7 1.0

31 9.5 1.0

31 18.2 .9

30 8.2 .9

30 2.2 .9

29 7.8 .9

28 4.7 .9

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified” .

46
Table 38. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who

took training in 4-year or longer college programs

Occupation

Number who 

took 4-year 

college program 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total who took 

4-year college 

program training

Teachers, elementary school...........................................................

Teachers, secondary school ............................................................

Managers and administrators, n.e.c...................................................

Administrators, education and related fields....................................

Registered nurses..............................................................................

Accountants and auditors..................................................................

Physicians..........................................................................................

Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten...................................

Clergy ................................................................................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations..............................

Secretaries.........................................................................................

Social workers...................................................................................

Counselors, educational and vocational..........................................

Electrical and electronic engineers ..................................................

Lawyers..............................................................................................

Administrators and officials, public administration...........................

“ Other” financial officers..................................................................

Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified ...............................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks.................................

Teachers, n.e.c...................................................................................

Supervisors, production occupations................................................

Librarians............................................................................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade

Computer programmers....................................................................

Financial managers...........................................................................

814

716

350

172

160

138

133

93

87

80

74

71

65

64

63

62

57

55

53

48

48

46

45

44

42

51.4

54.1

6.5

37.1

12.4 

12.8

27.2

28.5

28.2 

2.9

2.0

19.2 

37.0

14.7

10.9

14.3

11.4

43.8 

2.7

12.8

4.0

21.9

3.5 

10.8

11.2

15.0

13.2

6.4

3.2

3.0

2.5

2.5 

1.7

1.6 

1.5

1.4

1.3 

1.2 

1.2 

1.2

1.1

1.0 

1.0 

1.0

.9

.9

.8

.8

.8

.8

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

Table 39. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who

took formal company training

Occupation

Managers and administrators, n.e.c.........................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations.....................

Registered nurses....................................................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale

Secretaries...............................................................................

Insurance sales occupations...................................................

Supervisors, production occupations.......................................

Accountants and auditors........................................................

Police and detectives, public service......................................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants................................

Electrical and electronic engineers .........................................

Automobile mechanics............................................................

Administrators and officials, public administration..................

Telephone installers and repairers..........................................

"Other” financial officers.........................................................

Teachers, elementary school..................................................

Supervisors, mechanics and repairers....................................

Computer programmers ..........................................................

Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations ....

Teachers secondary school ....................................................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks........................

Real estate sales occupations................................................

Social workers..........................................................................

Computer systems analysts and scientists............................

Bank tellers..............................................................................

Percent of -Number who 

took formal 

company 

training 

(thousands)

772

370

366

266

258

231

221

198

171

155

153

147

146

142

138

118

112

108

108

107

103

102

97

97

95

Total

employment in 

occupation

14.3

13.3

28.4

20.5 

6.8

41.8

18.4

18.3

45.3

12.5

35.1

18.8

33.5

55.0 

27.9

7.5

37.7

26.6

23.7 

8.1

5.1

21.0

26.5

37.4

21.2

Total who took 

formal company 

training

7.3 

3.5

3.4

2.5

2.4 

2.2 

2.1

1.9

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3 

1.1

1.1 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.9

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified” .

47
Table 40. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest proportions of workers who

took formal company training

Occupation

Data processing equipment repairers ..................................

Telephone line installers and repairers................................

Telephone installers and repairers......................................

Firefighting occupations .......................................................

Office machine repairers......................................................

Police and detectives, public service...................................

Insurance sales occupations................................................

Forestry and conservation scientists....................................

Transportation ticket and reservation agents ......................

Operations and systems researchers and analysts............

Supervisors, mechanics and repairers.................................

Computer systems analysts and scientists .........................

Aerospace engineers........................................................

Chemical engineers..............................................................

Electrical and electronic engineers ......................................

Administrators and officials, public administration...............

Inspectors and compliance officers, excluding construction

Supervisors, police and detectives......................................

Managers, medicine and health...........................................

Economists ...........................................................................

Engineers, n.e.c.....................................................................

Correctional institution officers.............................................

Sales engineers.....................................................................

Geologists and geodesists ...................................................

Electrical power installers and repairers..............................

Number who 

took formal 

company 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total who took 

formal company 

training

56 58.1 0.5

39 57.4 .4

142 55.0 1.3

86 50.6 .8

35 49.3 .3

171 45.3 1.6

231 41.8 2.2

21 39.7 .2

44 39.4 .4

53 38.4 .5

112 37.7 1.1

97 37.4 .9

35 37.2 .3

27 36.9 .3

153 35.1 1.4

146 33.5 1.4

50 33.2 .5

24 33.2 .2

40 32.2 .4

27 32.2 .3

50 30.7 .5

48 30.5 .5

16 29.8 .2

21 29.4 .2

31 28.8 .3

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

Table 41. Skill improvement training: Workers who took training in formal company programs by length of program, completion rate,

and government sponsorship by occupational group

Occupational group

Workers who took formal 

company training Percent of workers by length of program 1

Percent

completing

program

Percent

government

Number sponsored

(thousands)

Percent of total 

employment in 

occupation

Under 12 

weeks 13-25 weeks 26-52 weeks More than 52 

weeks

Total, age 16 and o ver............................................. 10,625 11 72 8 5 8 87 4

Executive, administrative, and managerial..................... 1,884 17 71 8 6 7 87 4

Professional specialty..................................................... 1,936 15 70 8 6 8 87 5

Technicians and related support.................................... 550 18 69 11 6 8 86 3

Sales occupations.......................................................... 1,411 13 76 7 5 5 89 1

Administrative support, including clerical....................... 1,565 10 79 7 4 5 88 2

Private household occupations ..................................... 7 1 100 f t f t f t 100 5

Service workers, except private household................... 955 8 68 10 3 9 86 8

Farming, forestry, and fishing......................................... 51 2 73 6 O 4 75 8

Precision production, craft, and repair.......................... 1,654 14 66 7 6 13 85 3

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......... 286 4 73 7 6 7 87 2

Transportation and material moving occupations......... 235 6 88 4 1 f t 93 4

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ... 92 2 79 2 (2) 4 79 1

1 Because some workers did not indicate the length of training programs, individual items 2 Value less than 0.5.

may not add to totals.

48
Table 42. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who

took informal on-the-job training

Occupation

Managers and administrators, n.e.c..................................................

Secretaries........................................................................................

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...............................

Cashiers ............................................................................................

Registered nurses.............................................................................

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..........................................

Supervisors, production occupations................................................

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ..................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade 

Cooks, except short order.................................................................

Accountants and auditors ..'................................................................

Assemblers........................................................................................

Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c............................................

Sales workers, other commodities ...................................................

Computer operators...........................................................................

Janitors and cleaners........................................................................

Insurance sales occupations.............................................................

Teachers, elementary school............................................................

Administrators and officials, public administration ..........................

Social workers....................................................................................

Typists ................................................................................................

"Other" financial officers...................................................................

Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners.............................

Laborers, except construction...........................................................

Bank tellers........................................................................................

Number who 

took informal 

on-the-job 

training 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total who took 

informal on-thejob training

748 13.8 5.5

387 10.2 2.8

380 13.7 2.8

286 14.6 2.1

262 20.4 1.9

254 20.5 1.9

228 19.0 1.7

221 11.1 1.6

221 17.1 1.6

182 13.2 1.3

162 15.0 1.2

150 15.4 1.1

143 18.5 1.1

141 10.3 1.0

139 25.6 1.0

129 6.7 .9

127 23.0 .9

126 7.9 .9

117 26.7 .9

109 29.5 .8

108 12.7 .8

106 21.4 .8

103 17.7 .8

102 11.0 .8

101 22.5 .7

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for “ not elsewhere classified” .

Table 43. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest numbers of workers who

took training from other sources

Occupation

Number who 

took training 

from other 

sources 

(thousands)

Percent of -

Total

employment in 

occupation

Total who took 

training from 

other sources

Managers and administrators, n.e.c............................................................................................................. 424 7.8 9.8

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations........................................................................................ 161 5.8 3.7

159 32.4 3.7

Lawyers ....................................................................................................................................................... 157 27.2 3.7

Registered nurses....................................................................................................................................... 149 11.5 3.5

131 22.2 3.0

104 2.8 2 4

Teachers, elementary school..................................................................................................................... 100 6.3 2.3

Farmers, except horticultural...................................................................................................................... 98 7.4 2.3

Accountants and auditors........................................................................................................................... 91 8.4 2.1

Real estate sales occupations.................................................................................................................... 81 16.7 1.9

Insurance sales occupations...................................................................................................................... 77 13.9 1.8

Teachers, secondary school ...................................................................................................................... 75 5.7 1.7

51 13 8 1 2

Dentists ....................................................................................................................................................... 49 38.7 1.1

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks........................................................................................... 46 2.3 1.1

Supervisors, production occupations.......................................................................................................... 46 3.8 1.1

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants................................................................................................... 45 3.6 1.0

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade........................................................ 45 3.4 1.0

44 24 4 1 0

43 13 9 1 0

41 12.3 9

Financial managers...................................................................................................................................... 37 9.9 .9

Other financial officers................................................................................................................................ 34 6.9 .8

Administrators, education and related fields.............................................................................................. 33 7.0 .8

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified” .

49
Table 44. Skill improvement training: Twenty-five occupations with the largest proportions of workers who

took training from other sources

Occupation

Dentists .......................................................................................

Physicians ...................................................................................

Lawyers .......................................................................................

Pharmacists ................................................................................

Hairdressers and cosmetologists...............................................

Musicians and composers .........................................................

Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians ..............

Real estate sales occupations...................................................

Supervisors, police and detectives............................................

Religious workers, n.e.c...............................................................

Managers, medicine and health.................................................

Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment

Psychologists..............................................................................

Insurance sales occupations......................................................

Clergy ..........................................................................................

Teachers, n.e.c.............................................................................

Recreation workers.....................................................................

Business and promotion agents ................................................

Dental hygienists.........................................................................

Sales engineers...........................................................................

Designers ....................................................................................

Camera, watch, and musical instrument repairers ....................

Photographers.............................................................................

Personnel and labor relations managers...................................

Librarians.....................................................................................

Number who Percent of -

took training 

from other 

sources 

(thousands)

49

159

157

44

131

30

9

81

12

9

18

26

18

77

43

51

7

8 

13

7

41

7

15

13

25

Total

employment in 

occupation

38.7

32.4

27.2

24.4

22.2

20.4

17.5

16.7

16.5

15.4

15.1

14.9

14.5

13.9

13.9

13.8

13.6

13.1

12.8

12.8

12.3

12.0

11.9

11.9 

11.8

Total who took 

training from 

other sources

1.1

3.7

3.7 

1.0

3.0 

.7 

.2

1.9

.3

.2

.4

.6

.4

1.8

1.0 

1.2

.2

.2

.3

.2

.9

.2

.3

.3

.6

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified” .

50
Table 45. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupation

Occupation 1

Workers who took training

Source of training

(percent of total employment in occupation)

Number

(thousands)

Percent of 

total

employment

In

occupation2

School

Other 

types of 

training

Total

with

school 

training 5

High

school

vocational

education

Private

post-high

school

vocational

education

Public

post-high

school

vocational

education

Junior

college

or

technical

institute

4-year or 

longer 

college 

program

Formal

company

training

Informal

on-thejob

training

Total, age 16 and over....................................................... 33,901 35 12 (4) 1 1 3 6 11 14 4

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations.......... 5,098 47 18 (4) 1 1 5 9 17 16 8

Executives, officials, and managers, public administration 304 65 23 - 1 1 4 15 32 27 7

Administrators and officials, public administration ............. 286 65 23 - 1 1 4 14 33 27 7

Executives, officials, and managers, except public

administration .......................................................... 3,263 44 17 (4) 1 1 4 9 15 14 8

Financial managers ............................................................. 216 57 22 (4) 1 1 8 11 21 19 10

Personnel and labor relations managers............................ 61 55 15 - - 1 4 9 23 17 12

Purchasing managers.......................................................... 52 57 25 - 2 - 4 17 24 29 2

Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations ..... 235 52 16 - 2 - 5 8 24 21 7

Administrators, education and related fields...................... 310 67 47 -

(4) (4) 3 37 10 13 7

Managers, medicine and health ......................................... 78 64 24 - - 1 5 16 32 6 15

Managers, properties and real estate................................. 83 33 15 1 3 1 5 4 7 9 9

Managers and administrators, n.e.c..................................... 2,152 40 13 (4) 1 1 4 6 14 14 8

Management related occupations......................................... 1,532 52 20 (4) 1 1 6 9 20 17 7

Accountants and auditors.................................................... 589 54 26 (4) 1 1 7 13 18 15 8

Other financial officers........................................................ 287 58 23 - 3 1 7 11 28 21 7

Management analysts......................................................... 66 45 12 - (4) - 5 7 19 14 10

205 60 18 1 (4) 1 5 10

1

26 23 5

Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products 55 26 5 1 3 9 13 3

Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c................................... 97 45 17 - 1 - 9 5 16 12 6

Business and promotion agents......................................... 10 16 3 - - - 2 1 4 3 13

Construction inspectors ....................................................... 39 60 16 - - - 9 4 23 15 6

Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction ... 101 67 11 - 2 (4) 1 5 33 27 7

Management related occupations, n.e.c.............................. 67 41 23 - 1 1 11 8 12 15 2

Professional specialty................................................................ 7,802 61 34 (4) 1 1 4 25 15 14 11

Engineers, architects, and surveyors..................................... 918 56 23 - 1 (4) 6 14 26 18 7

Architects............................................................................. 40 41 10 - - - 4 3 7 23 11

Engineers............................................................................. 863 57 23 - 1 (4) 6 14 28 18 7

Aerospace engineers........................................................ 69 73 36 - - - 12 24 37 20 3

Chemical engineers.......................................................... 43 59 23 - 2 - 5 11 37 19 2

Civil engineers................................................................... 105 51 22 - 2 1 5 15 16 16 10

Electrical and electronic engineers .................................. 283 65 24 - 1 - 5 15 35 21 7

Industrial engineers .......................................................... 118 51 21 - 1 9 12 23 18 7

Mechanical engineers ...................................................... 116 52 25 - <4) 1 5 16 21 18 7

Engineers, n.e.c.................................................................. 82 51 19 - - - 3 12 31 17 6

Mathematical and computer scientists.................................. 284 65 21 _ 3 _ 5 11 36 24 7

Computer systems analysts and scientists........................ 165 64 16 - 2 - 4 9 37 25 8

Operations and systems researchers and analysts........... 94 69 31 - 7 - 10 14 38 22 7

Natural scientists.................................................................... 239 59 30 _ 3 1 4 19 25 15 9

Chemists, except biochemists ............................................ 57 51 29 - 3 2 1 18 21 11 8

Geologists and geodesists.................................................. 39 54 18 - 3 - 6 7 29 18 9

25 49 29 3 4 18 10 9 8

Health diagnosing occupations.............................................. 515 72 33 2 <4) 2 27 8 8 33

Physicians............................................................................ 353 72 33 - 1 1 27 8 9 32

Dentists................................................................................ 85 67 32 - 2 3 4 24 4 8 39

Health assessment and treating occupations ...................... 1,219 66 24 (4) 1 1 7 14 25 20 12

Registered nurses................................................................ 882 68 23 (4) 1 (4) 8 12 28 20 12

Pharmacists......................................................................... 97 53 18 2 - 11 10 9 24

Dietitians .............................................................................. 35 48 26 - - 4 3 16 12 17 4

Therapists ............................................................................ 182 68 33 - 1 1 5 27 20 27 9

Inhalation therapists ......................................................... 48 59 9 - - 3 - 7 14 36 6

Physical therapists............................................................ 43 76 51 - 3 - 10 41 25 26 11

Speech therapists............................................................. 42 64 55 - - - 7 48 15 6 11

Teachers, college and university........................................... 321 50 39 _ (4) 1 2 32 3 7 7

Teachers, except college and university............................... 2,545 70 57 (4) 1 1 4 46 9 9 7

Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten..................... 199 61 43 (4) - 3 10 28 14 10 9

Teachers, elementary school.............................................. 1,171 74 63 <4) 1 1 3 51 7 8 6

Teachers, secondary school ............................................... 952 72 63 (4) 1 1 4 54 8 7 6

Teachers, n.e.c..................................................................... 214 58 24 1 3 2 3 13 14 17 14

Counselors, educational and vocational................................ 123 70 52 - 4 3 5 37 9 15 10

Librarians, archivists, and curators....................................... 113 51 28 (4) -

(4) 4 20 8 10 11

Librarians ............................................................................. 110 53 30 - (4) 4 22 9 9 12

Social scientists and urban planners..................................... 139 59 28 1 (4) _ 4 24 20 21 12

Economists.......................................................................... 46 54 17 - 1 - 5 14 32 28 6

Psychologists....................................................................... 81 65 34 1 - - 2 30 14 18 15

Social, recreation, and religious workers .............................. 501 64 28 - 1 1 4 21 20 21 11

Social workers..................................................................... 250 68 26 <4) 1 5 19 26 29 8

Recreation workers ............................................................. 38 74 17 -

(4) (4) 8 - 27 30 14

Clergy ................................................................................... 183 60 35 2 3 28 12 9 14

See footnotes at end of table.

51
Table 45. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued

Source of training

Workers who took training i (percent of total employment in occupation)

Occupation 1

School

Number

(thousands)

Percent of 

total j 

employment 

in

occupation 1

Total 

with 

school 

training 3

High

school

vocational

education

Private

post-high

school

vocational

education

Public

post-high

school

vocational

education

Junior

college

or

technical

institute

4-year or 

longer 

college 

program

Formal

company

training

Informal

on-thejob

training

Other 

types of 

training

Religious workers, n.e.c....................................................... 30 50 | 13 _ - _ _ 13 15 18 15

Lawyers and judges............................................................... 341 56 ! 15 - (4> 1 2 10 10 10 27

Lawyers................................................................................ 320 55 15 - - 1 2 11 9 10 27

Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes ............................ 544 39 16 (4) 2 1 4 9 6 13 10

Authors................................................................................. 19 28 22 - - - 3 16 1 2 9

Designers............................................................................. 134 41 16 - 2 1 6 7 7 16 12

Musicians and composers................................................... 64 44 14 2 3 - 5 8 - 14 20

Actors and directors............................................................

Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist

25 39 21 ~ 6 8 6 13 1

printmakers .............................................................. 47 32 20 - 3 3 3 9 1 7 7

Photographers..................................................................... 59 48 19 - 6 " 3 7 6 20 12

Editors and reporters .......................................................... 69 32 14 i 1 2 1 8 6 13 6

Public relations specialists .................................................. 52 44 15 - 2 - 2 9 16 16 8

Athletes................................................................................ 26 47 19 - - - - 15 11 18 7

Technicians and related support occupations ........................ 1,588 52 20 (4) 1 1 8 8 18 19 5

Health technologists and technicians.................................... 573 51 18 (4) 2 1 7 6 14 17 8

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians .............. 147 54 17 1 - 1 7 8 15 24 6

Dental hygienists ................................................................. 47 45 27 - 1 2 13 17 4 2 13

Radiologic technicians........................................................ 48 44 17 - - ~ 8 4 11 13 10

Licensed practical nurses.................................................... 232 53 18 <4) 3 1 8 4 18 15 7

Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c........................ 92 49 14 - 4 1 5 4 13 23 8

Technologists and technicians, except health ..................... 1,015 53 21 (4) 1 1 8 9 20 20 4

Engineering and related technologists and technicians..... 423 48 20 (4) 1 2 8 7 17 17 4

Electrical and electronic technicians................................ 147 50 20 1 - 3 8 4 26 12 7

Engineering technicians, n.e.c........................................... 139 54 20 - 1 3 6 10 18 26 3

Drafting occupations......................................................... 98 38 21 - 2 - 11 8 8 12 2

Science technicians............................................................. 109 55 21 - - 2 7 12 17 24 2

Biological technicians....................................................... 26 47 7 - - - - 7 14 23 8

Chemical technicians........................................................ 53 63 27 - - 2 8 17 26 22 -

Science technicians, n.e.c................................................. 30 51 25 - - 2 12 8 8 29 -

Technicians, except health, engineering, and science...... 483 57 22 - 1 1 8 10 24 22 4

Computer programmers.................................................... 249 61 25 - 1 1 10 11 27 24 5

Legal assistants ................................................................ 38 36 19 - - - 10 12 9 12 2

Technicians, n.e.c.............................................................. 122 54 19 - - 1 5 10 18 24 2

Sales occupations.................................................................... 3,578 32 7 (4) 1 1 2 2 13 15 4

Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations ................... 936 34 7 (4) 1 (4) 2 3 13 14 6

Sales representatives, finance and business services......... 1,000 58 17 <4) 3 2 6 5 27 19 12

Insurance sales occupations............................................... 393 71 17 (4) 2 2 6 6 42 23 14

Real estate sales occupations............................................ 314 65 31 (4) 5 2 13 7 21 14 17

Securities and financial services sales occupations.......... 107 57 11 - 4 - 2 1 27 24 11

Advertising and related sales occupations ........................ 46 37 7 - 1 2 2 2 10 22 6

Sales occupations, other business services...................... 140 38 5 - 1 2 1 1 18 17 5

Sales representatives, commodities except retail................. 541 40 9 (4) 1 (4) 3 4 21 17 4

Sales engineers ..................................................................

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing and

33 61 32 ~ 4 _ 15 9 30 22 13

wholesale................................................................. 509 39 8 (4) 1 (4) 2 4 21 17 3

Sales workers, retail and personal services......................... 1,084 20 3 (4> (4) (4) 1 1 5 13 1

Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats .......................... 51 30 5 - 1 (4) 3 2 13 13 5

Sales workers, apparel ....................................................... 55 14 1 - - - 1 - 3 10 (4)

Sales workers, shoes.......................................................... 27 21 3 - - - 1 3 5 14 -

Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings .................. 27 17 3 - - - 3 - 9 9 1

Sales workers; radio, television, hi-fi, and appliances....... 43 32 7 - - 3 3 1 7 19 5

Sales workers, hardware and building supplies ................. 51 25 8 1 1 - 4 3 6 11 1

Sales workers, parts............................................................ 36 23 3 - - - 3 - 7 13 2

Sales workers, other commodities ..................................... 249 18 2 (4) 1 (4) 1 (4) 6 10 2

Sales counter clerks............................................................ 22 18 - - - - - - 3 16 (4)

Cashiers............................................................................... 379 19 3 1 (4) (4) 1 <4) 4 15 (4)

Street and door-to-door sales workers............................... 145 38 1 - - (4) - - 13 22 5

News vendors ..................................................................... (4) (4) - - - - - - (4) - -

Administrative support occupations, including clerical............ 5,152 32 10 1 1 1 4 2 10 15 2

Supervisors, administrative support occupations.................. 321 50 16 (4) <4) 1 8 7 24 16 6

Supervisors, general office................................................. 180 51 14 (4) (4) 1 7 5 26 16 7

Supervisors, financial records processing.........................

Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting

47 55 24 (4) “ 3 11 7 26 11 1

clerks ...................................................................... 76 44 14 (4) (4) - 9 8 17 19 7

Computer equipment operators............................................ 247 45 13 1 1 1 6 4 16 25 2

Computer operators ........................................................... 247 46 13 1 1 1 6 4 17 26 2

Secretaries, stenographers, and typists............................... 1,309 28 11 1 1 2 5 2 7 11 3

Secretaries.......................................................................... 1,059 28 12 1 1 2 6 2 7 10 3

Stenographers.................................................................... 36 | 36 14 - 1 1 9 4 17 7 4

Typists................................................................................. 214 25 7 2 (4) 1 3 1 7 13 2

See footnotes at end of table.

52
Table 45. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued

Occupation 1

Workers who took training

Source of training

(percent of total employment in occupation)

Number

(thousands)

Percent of 

total

employment

in

occupation 2

School

Formal

company

training

Informal

on-thejob

training

Other 

types of 

training

Total 

with 

school 

training 3

High

school

vocational

education

Private

post-high

school

vocational

education

Public

post-high

school

vocational

education

Junior

college

or

technical

institute

4-year or 

longer 

college 

program

Information clerks................................................................... 337 29 8 1 1 1 4 1 9 14 2

Interviewers ......................................................................... 64 43 13 1 1 - 10 3 20 17 1

Hotel clerks ......................................................................... 20 40 7 4 - - 4 - 2 28 6

Transportation ticket and reservation agents..................... 64 57 10 - - - 6 2 39 20 2

Receptionists....................................................................... 155 25 8 1 2 2 3 1 5 13 2

Information clerks, n.e.c....................................................... 34 14 6 1 (4) 1 2 1 2 9 1

Records processing occupations, except financial............... 320 35 8 (4) 1 1 3 2 11 20 1

Order clerks......................................................................... 100 49 9 - 2 (4) 4 2 25 27 (4)

Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............. 34 44 12 - 3 - - 4 11 23 2

Library clerks....................................................................... 49 36 12 - - 3 2 5 5 22 2

File clerks ............................................................................ 52 20 6 2 (4) 1 - 2 2 13 -

Records clerks.................................................................... 80 39 7 - - (4) 7 - 13 19 3

Financial records processing occupations............................ 692 27 11 1 1 1 5 3 6 12 2

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks.................. 539 27 11 1 1 1 6 3 5 11 2

Payroll and timekeeping clerks........................................... 63 31 14 - 1 4 4 4 7 13 2

Billing clerks ........................................................................ 42 24 6 - - 2 2 2 10 9 (4)

Cost and rate clerks............................................................ 33 28 5 - - 2 3 1 11 19 -

Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators.......... 20 26 3 - _ - 3 _ 6 17 2

Communications equipment operators.................................. 82 34 6 1 1 - 2 3 11 21 1

Telephone operators........................................................... 80 35 6 1 1 - 2 3 11 22 1

Mail and message distributing occupations.......................... 218 28 (4) - - (4) (4) (4) 8 19 1

Postal clerks, except mail carriers.................................... 90 39 1 - - 1 - - 12 26 2

Mail carriers, postal service ................................................ 82 31 - - - - - - 9 22 1

Mail clerks, except postal service...................................... 34 20 1 - - - 1 (4) 1 18 -

Messengers......................................................................... 12 10 - - - - - - 6 4

Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks

n.e.c.......................................................................... 463 29 4 (4) (4) (4) 2 1 9 18 2

Dispatchers.......................................................................... 57 39 9 1 2 1 5 - 16 17 4

Production coordinators...................................................... 100 52 13 - (4) - 4 6 19 34 3

Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks ................................ 80 18 2 - - (4) 1 1 5 13 (4>

Stock and inventory clerks.................................................. 154 29 3 (4) (4) 1 1 1 7 18 3

Weighers, measurers, and checkers................................... 21 26 - - - - - - 10 15 -

Expediters............................................................................ 35 29 3 - - - (4) 3 9 18 3

Adjusters and investigators.................................................... 304 47 11 (4) (4) 1 4 5 21 20 5

Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators ............ 112 56 10 - - - 2 6 25 23 6

Investigators and adjusters, except insurance ................... 129 46 13 - (4) 2 6 5 22 19 4

Eligibility clerks, social welfare............................................ 29 42 11 3 (4) - 3 4 13 23 5

Bill and account collectors.................................................. 34 33 8 - 2 - 2 4 13 18 2

Miscellaneous administrative support occupations............... 839 37 11 1 1 1 4 3 12 18 3

General office clerks........................................................... 156 29 8 1 1 (4) 3 2 9 16 3

Bank tellers ......................................................................... 206 46 12 - 1 1 5 3 21 23 3

Data-entry keyers ................................................................ 79 27 5 -

(4) 1 2 1 8 14 1

Statistical clerks................................................................... 36 45 8 2 - - 2 3 15 26 4

Teachers aides .................................................................... 164 45 21 2 (4) 2 8 8 8 18 3

Administrative support occupations, n.e.c........................... 195 38 9 1 (4) - 4 3 11 18 3

Private household occupations ................................................ 33 3 1 (4) _

(4) (4) (4) 1 1 1

Launderers, cooks, housekeepers, and butlers ................... 1 2 - - - - - - 1 - -

Child care workers, private household.................................. 23 5 1 1 - - - (4) 1 2 2

Private household cleaners and servants............................. 9 2 1 (4) - (4) 1 - (4) 1 (4)

Service workers, except private household............................. 3,151 25 7 (4) 1 1 3 1 8 12 3

Protective service occupations.............................................. 896 55 20 (4) 2 2 10 4 28 21 4

Supervisors, protective service occupations...................... 111 78 39 - 7 3 22 10 35 33 10

Supervisors, police and detectives................................... 59 80 43 - 9 - 18 19 33 24 17

Firefighting and fire prevention occupations...................... 169 87 35 - 2 6 20 3 51 35 8

Firefighting occupations .................................................... 149 87 34 - 2 6 18 4 51 37 7

Police and detectives.......................................................... 437 69 28 (4) 3 2 14 6 39 23 4

Police and detectives, public service............................... 292 77 33 (4) 4 3 14 8 45 22 5

Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers 54 56 24 - 2 2 16 4 25 25 2

Correctional institution officers......................................... 91 58 21 - 2 1 12 4 31 23 2

Guards.................................................................................. 180 27 4 - 1 (4) 2 (4) 10 13 2

Guards and police, except public service ....................... 171 28 4 - 1 (4) 3 (4) 11 14 2

Food preparation and service occupations .......................... 698 15 2 (4) (4) (4) 1 (4) 2 11 1

Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations ... 65 31 9 1 - 1 2 2 5 19 2

Bartenders........................................................................... 30 10 1 1 - - 1 - 1 9 -

Waiters and waitresses....................................................... 140 11 1 - 1 (4) (4) (4) 2 8 (4)

Cooks, except short order................................................... 271 20 4 (4) (4) 1 1 <4) 3 13 1

Short-order cooks................................................................ 14 18 5 3 - - 5 - 15 -

Food counter, fountain and related occupations ............... 38 15 2 - - 1 1 - (4) 13 -

Kitchen workers, food preparation...................................... 23 15 2 1 1 " - 13 1

See footnotes at end of table.

53
Table 45. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued

Occupation '

Workers who took training

Source of training

(percent of total employment in occupation)

Number

(thousands)

Percent of 

total

employment

in

occupation 2

School

Formal

company

training

Informal

on-thejob

training

Other 

types of 

training

Total 

with 

school 

training 5

High

school

vocational

education

Private

post-high

school

vocational

education

Public

post-high

school

vocational

education

Junior

college

or

technical

institute

4-year or 

longer 

college 

program

Waiters and waitresses assistants...................................... 38 11 (4) _ _ _

(4) _(4) 10 1

Miscellaneous food preparation occupations .................... 79 13 2 (4) - - 1 1 1 10 1

Health service occupations.................................................... 716 42 9 (4) 1 1 5 2 11 22 4

Dental assistants ................................................................. 63 48 12 -

(4) - 4 5 9 25 6

Health aides, except nursing............................................... 139 43 11 - 1 2 6 2 9 25 4

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants............................ 514 41 9 (4) 1 1 4 1 12 20 4

Cleaning and building service occupations, except private

household................................................................. 296 11 2 1 (4) (4) 1 (4) 2 7 1

Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers .......... 31 25 4 - 1 - (4) 2 12 10 1

Maids and housemen.......................................................... 48 10 1 <4) - (4) (4) - 1 8 1

Janitors and cleaners.......................................................... 206 11 2 1 (4) (4) 1 (4) 2 7 1

Personal service occupations................................................ 545 29 9 (4) 2 1 3 1 8 6 9

Barbers................................................................................. 27 25 8 3 3 - 2 - 5 8 7

Hairdressers and cosmetologists ....................................... 300 51 14 1 6 1 5 <4) 11 8 22

Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities ............... 12 10 3 - 3 - - - 4 2 (4)

Welfare service aides.......................................................... 25 30 3 - 1 - 3 - 20 7 2

Child care workers, except private household .................. 101 16 7 (4) -

(4) 4 2 4 3 4

Personal service occupations, n.e.c..................................... 29 19 4 - - <4) 2 2 9 6 2

Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations.............................. 500 16 5 1 (4) 1 2 1 2 7 5

Farm operators and managers.............................................. 267 19 8 1 (4) 2 3 2 2 5 7

Farmers, except horticultural............................................... 242 18 7 1 (4) 2 2 2 1 5 7

Managers, farms, except horticultural................................. 17 25 11 2 - 1 5 4 12 3 4

Farm occupations, except managerial................................... 125 13 3 1 (4) 1 1 (4) 1 7 3

Farm workers ...................................................................... 101 12 3 1 (4) 1 1 <4) 1 5 3

Related agricultural occupations ........................................... 89 16 4 _ _ (4) 3 1 2 11 1

Supervisors, related agricultural occupations .................... 26 34 3 - - - 3 - 8 28 4

Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm .................... 48 14 5 - - (4) 3 1 2 9 1

Animal caretakers, except farm .......................................... 15 14 4 - - - 4 - - 8 2

Forestry and logging occupations......................................... 12 11 3 - - - 2 3 4 4 2

Timber cutting and logging occupations............................. 2 3 - - - - - - (4) 1 1

Fishers, hunters, and trappers............................................... 8 13 3 - - - 3 - 3 7 (4)

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ................ 4,133 35 7 (4) 1 1 3 1 14 16 3

Mechanics and repairers....................................................... 1,818 44 7 (4) 1 1 3 1 22 17 4

Supervisors, mechanics and repairers................................ 171 58 5 - 1 - 3 (4) 38 22 2

Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors ................... 1,646 43 7 (4) 1 1 3 1 21 17 4

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers . 584 37 7 (4) 2 1 3 1 16 14 3

Automobile mechanics ................................................... 292 37 8 (4) 2 1 3 (4) 19 12 3

Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics ............... 105 38 8 1 3 1 3 (4) 15 14 4

Aircraft engine mechanics ............................................. 51 53 5 - 1 - 4 (4) 24 24 6

Automobile body and related repairers......................... 37 21 3 - (4) - 3 - 6 11 2

Heavy equipment mechanics ........................................ 62 38 4 - 1 - 3 - 13 23 1

Industrial machinery repairers .......................................... 178 37 6 (4) 1 2 4 - 15 18 2

Electrical and electronic equipment repairers.................. 444 63 7 <4) 1 1 3 1 41 23 7

Electronic repairers, communications and industrial

equipment ................................................................ 93 54 7 - 2 1 4 (4) 17 23 15

Data processing equipment repairers ........................... 65 67 10 - 1 - 5 2 58 10 10

Telephone line installers and repairers......................... 46 67 10 - 2 1 3 3 57 16 1

Telephone installers and repairers ................................ 188 73 5 - 1 (4) 2 1 55 28 1

Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment

repairers ................................................................... 34 52 3 3 - - - - 19 28 9

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics 75 40 7 -

(4) 3 2 1 20 12 7

Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers.......................... 358 43 8 1 1 1 3 (4> 18 18 4

Office machine repairers................................................ 41 57 7 - - - 7 - 49 3 -

Millwrights........................................................................ 40 47 11 - 3 6 2 - 18 24 2

Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c....................... 126 38 9 1 1 1 3 1 13 18 2

Not specified mechanics and repairers......................... 85 40 8 1 1 (4) 1 - 13 26 1

Construction trades................................................................ 991 26 7 (4) 1 2 3 1 7 13 2

Supervisors, construction occupations ............................... 116 25 8 (4) 2 1 3 2 6 11 5

Supervisors, n.e.c............................................................... 87 24 8 - 1 - 3 3 5 11 5

Construction trades, except supervisors ............................ 875 26 7 (4) 1 2 3 (4) 7 13 2

Brickmasons and stonemasons....................................... 22 16 4 - - 4 - - 1 10 (4)

Carpet installers ................................................................ 25 23 2 - - 2 - - 9 10 5

Carpenters ........................................................................ 143 14 4 (4) 1 2 1 (4) 1 8 2

Drywall installers ............................................................... 12 15 5 - - - 5 - - 8 2

Electricians........................................................................ 261 48 19 1 3 4 9 1 15 17 3

Electrical power installers and repairers.......................... 65 60 4 - 1 3 - - 29 28 5

Painters, construction and maintenance.......................... 38 11 2 - 1 1 1 - 1 8 1

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters............................. 132 34 10 - 1 3 5 - 10 17 1

Roofers.............................................................................. 25 24 2 - - - 2 - 9 14 -

Structural metal workers........................................... 13 21 13 - - 6 4 - 4 8 -

See footnotes at end of table.

54
Table 45. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued

Occupation 1

Workers who took training

Source of training

(percent of total employment in occupation)

Number

(thousands)

Percent of 

total

employment

in

occupation 2

School

Formal

company

training

Informal

on-thejob

training

Other 

types of 

training

Total 

with 

school 

training 2

High

school

vocational

education

Private

post-high

school

vocational

education

Public

post-high

school

vocational

education

Junior

college

or

technical

institute

4-year or 

longer 

college 

program

Construction trades, n.e.c.................................................. 44 24 1 - - - 1 - 7 16 1

Extractive occupations........................................................... 71 34 6 1 1 1 3 2 16 13 3

Supervisors, extractive occupations.................................... 37 47 12 2 3 2 5 4 20 21 4

Drillers, oil w ell.................................................................... 10 18 6 - - 3 3 - 9 4

Precision production occupations ......................................... 1,254 36 8 (4) 1 1 4 2 13 18 3

Supervisors, production occupations .................................. 527 44 12 (4) 1 (4) 5 4 18 19 4

Precision metalworking occupations................................... 332 36 10 1 2 1 5 <4) 12 18 3

Tool and die makers ........................................................ 65 40 17 2 6 2 6 1 10 17 2

Machinists......................................................................... 154 33 7 (4) 1 1 4 (4) 10 18 4

Sheet metal workers ........................................................ 50 39 12 - - 1 11 - 16 18 3

Precision woodworking occupations................................... 7 8 2 - - - 2 - - 6 ■■ -

Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine

workers.................................................................... 32 12 4 <4) - 1 1 2 1 8 1

Dressmakers..................................................................... 16 15 9 1 - 2 2 5 2 6 2

Upholsterers ..................................................................... 8 12 (4> - - - (4) - - 12 -

Precision workers, assorted materials ................................ 92 35 6 1 1 1 4 - 10 20 5

Optical goods workers ...................................................... 24 45 5 - 2 - 3 - 14 31 5

Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians .... 30 56 6 - - - 6 - 22 31 17

Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ............. 17 21 3 - - - 3 6 13 -

Precision food production occupations............................... 112 26 2 -

(4) - 1 3 23 1

Butchers and meat cutters............................................... 69 24 2 - - - 2 - 3 22 "

Bakers ............................................................................... 39 32 1 - 1 - - - 4 25 2

Precision inspectors, testors, and related workers............ 57 39 8 2 - - 6 - 15 15 7

Inspectors, testers, and graders...................................... 54 40 9 2 - - 6 16 14 6

Plant and system operators ................................................ 96 48 8 - 2 2 4 - 23 20 3

Stationary engineers......................................................... 39 35 11 - 3 4 4 17 9 1

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..................... 1,639 22 3 (4) (4) 1 1 1 4 16 1

Machine operators and tenders, except precision................ 1,047 21 2 (4) (4) 1 1 1 3 16 1

Metalworking and plastic working machine operators....... 101 22 3 1 - 1 1 1 4 15 (4)

Lathe and turning machine operators.............................. 15 20 6 3 - - 3 - 3 9 3

Punching and stamping press machine operators .......... 28 27 5 2 - - 2 1 2 20 -

Grinding, abrading, buffing and polishng machine

operators.................................................................. 37 24 4 - - 1 1 1 4 15 -

Metal and plastic processing machine operators .............. 42 26 5 - - 1 4 - 9 15 1

Molding and casting machine operators.......................... 18 21 3 - - 3 9 10 -

Woodworking machine operators....................................... 11 9 - - - - - - 2 9 -

Sawing machine operators............................................... 6 8 - - - - - - - 8 -

Printing equipment operators.............................................. 136 31 7 (4) <4) 3 (4) 2 5 19 3

Printing machine operators............................................... 105 35 9 -

(4) 3 (4) 3 7 20 3

Typesetters and compositors........................................... 8 11 - - - - - - 3 8 (4)

Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators......... 196 14 (4) _ - - - (4) 1 13 (4)

Winding and twisting machine operators......................... 26 25 2 - - - - ♦ 3 22 -

Textile sewing machine operators.................................... 89 12 (4) - - - - (4) " 11 (4)

Shoe machine operators................................................... 13 16 - - - - - - - 15 1

Pressing machine operators............................................. 19 15 - - - - - - 1 15 -

Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators ............ 28 15 (4) - - - - (4) 4 10 2

Miscellaneous textile machine operators ........................ 9 12 - - - - - - 1 11 "

Machine operators, assorted materials .............................. 556 23 3 (4) (4) (4) 1 1 4 17 1

Packaging and filling machine operators......................... 52 14 1 - - 1 - 1 13 -

Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine

operators.................................................................. 23 37 5 - - - 3 2 21 14

Painting and paint spraying machine operators .............. 37 20 3 - - - 1 - 7 9 2

Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food.............. 42 33 6 - 1 1 5 - 6 19 7

Slicing and cutting machine operators............................. 33 16 3 1 - - 1 1 1 11 1

Photographic process machine operators....................... 33 31 4 - - - 3 1 3 21 4

Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c........................... 185 24 2 -

(4) 1 1 1 4 18 (4)

Machine operators, not specified ..................................... 66 25 3 - - 1 1 (4) 5 18 -

Fabricators, assemblers, and handworking occupations ..... 368 22 4 1 (4) 1 1 (4) 4 14 1

Welders and cutters............................................................ 132 25 7 1 1 2 4 - 5 13 2

Assemblers.......................................................................... 193 20 1 (4) (4) 1 (4) (4) 4 15 1

Miscellaneous handworking occupations....................... 15 29 - - - 20 9

Production Inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers ... 225 30 6 -

(4) 1 3 2 8 18 1

Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners............... 175 30 5 -

(4) 1 3 1 9 18 2

Production testers................................................................ 36 48 13 - - 5 - 7 12 30 2

Graders and sorters, except agricultural............................ 9 10 - - - - - - - 10 -

Transportation and material moving occupations.................... 706 18 2 (4) <4) (4) 1 (4) 6 9 1

Motor vehicle operators......................................................... 439 15 2 (4) <4) (4) (4) (4) 5 7 1

Truck drivers, heavy............................................................ 147 9 1 -

(4) (4) 1 (4) 3 5 1

Truck drivers, light............................................................... 52 12 2 (4) - (4) (4) 2 8 (4)

See footnotes at end of table.

55
Table 45. Skill improvement training: Sources of training by occupation—Continued

Occupation '

Workers who took training

Source of training

(percent of total employment in occupation)

Number

(thousands)

Percent of 

total

employment

In

occupation 1

School

Formal

company

training

Informal

on-thejob

training

Other 

types of 

training

Total 

with 

school 

training s

High

school

vocational

education

Private

post-high

school

vocational

education

Public

post-high

school

vocational

education

Junior

college

or

technical

institute

4-year or 

longer 

college 

program

Driver-sales workers............................................................ 37 17 1 _ _ _ _ 1 6 8 3

Bus drivers........................................................................... 166 42 5 2 1 1 (4) (4) 22 16 2

Taxi cab drivers and chauffeurs ......................................... 18 10 2 (4) - 1 1 - 1 4 4

Transportation occupations, except motor vehicle............... 58 34 6 - - - 4 1 11 15 5

Rail transportation occupations.......................................... 40 34 3 - - 1 2 13 17 (4)

Locomotive operating occupations................................... 21 39 3 - - - 3 " 18 18

Water transportation occupations ...................................... 19 33 13 - - 10 7 11 14

Material moving equipment operators................................... 208 22 2 - <4) (4> 1 (4) 6 14 1

Operating engineers............................................................ 38 31 2 - 2 - - - 12 19 -

Crane and tower operators ................................................. 23 25 - - - - - - 7 19 2

Excavating and loading machine operators....................... 14 15 3 - (4> 2 - 6 5 (4)

Grader, dozer, and scraper operators ................................ 9 11 - - - - - 3 11 -

Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators............... 75 22 1 - - - 1 1 5 15 1

Miscellaneous material moving equipment operators........ 41 23 3 - - 3 " 5 14 1

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers and laborers.............. 520 14 2 (4) (4) <4) 1 - 2 10 (4>

Helpers, construction and extractive occupations................ 44 27 6 1 1 1 1 - 1 22 (4)

Helpers, construction trades ............................................... 39 27 6 2 1 1 (4) - 1 22 (4)

Construction laborers............................................................. 61 14 2 1 - 1 (4> - 2 10 1

Production helpers ................................................................. 18 28 3 - - - 3 - 4 21 -

Freight, stock, and material movers, hand ........................... 163 12 1 (4) - (4) 1 2 9 (4)

Garbage collectors .............................................................. 10 14 3 - - - - - 6 8 -

Stock handlers and baggers............................................... 95 13 1 (4) - - 1 2 9 (4)

Machine feeders and offbearers ........................................ 12 13 - - - - - - - 13 -

Freight, stock, and material movers, hand, n.e.c................ 43 9 1 - - (4) (4) - 2 7 (4)

Garage and service station related occupations .................. 29 10 - - - - - - 3 7 1

Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ............................ 9 6 - - - - - - 1 5 -

Hand packers and packagers................................................ 32 12 1 - ; - 1 - - 10 -

Laborers, except construction ............................................... 148 16 2 1 1 (4) (4) “ 3 11 1

1 Includes only detailed occupations with January 1983 employment of 50,000 or

more.

2 Percent is less than the sum of sources of training because many workers reported 

more than one source of training.

1 Percent does not equal the sum of all sources of schooling because some workers

reported more than one source and some did not provide information on the source of 

schooling.

4 Value less than 0.5.

- No data reported.

NOTE: N.e.c. stands for "not elsewhere classified.”

56
Appendix. Sources and

Limitations of the Data

This publication reports the responses of individuals 

to questions about training or skills that were needed 

to obtain their current jobs and about training that was 

taken to improve skills since obtaining their current 

jobs. As such, the responses represent the perceptions 

of individual employees. Users of these data must be 

aware that the perceptions of individuals as to whether 

training was needed to obtain or to improve skills needed 

for their jobs may not be the same as those of their 

employers.

Source of data

The January 1983 Current Population Survey (CPS) 

provided the data used in this report. Data were obtained from a sample survey of the population 16 years 

of age and over. The CPS is a household survey conducted each month by the Bureau of the Census for the 

Bureau of Labor Statistics which provides comprehensive data on the labor force, the employed, and the unemployed, including such characteristics as age, sex, 

race, occupation, and industry attachment. The information is collected by trained interviewers from a sample of about 60,000 households. A detailed description 

of the survey appears in Concepts and Methods Used in

Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, BLS Report 463 (1976).

In January 1983, the questionnaire used to obtain the 

basic labor force information was supplemented with 

questions about training. (See questionnaire.) Although 

only data about employed persons are presented in this 

report, the supplemental questions were asked of all 

employed and unemployed persons. Interviewers were 

instructed to obtain the information from each individual; proxy responses were discouraged.

After completing the January 1983 CPS, the Census 

Bureau determinined that 5 percent of the respondents 

did not answer the supplemental questions and that 

training information was not obtained directly from the 

individual for about 30 percent of the respondents. Because of the nonresponse problem, the Census Bureau 

developed new weights for respondents based on ratio-estimate factors needed to adjust the sample estimates of population for various age-race-sex-employ* 

ment status groups to the current estimates of the population in these groups. The Census Bureau then provided a computer tape containing the responses and appropriate weights. Data in this report were tabulated 

by BLS using the computer tape provided by the Census 

Bureau.

Limitations of the data

Like those from any sample, the data presented in 

this report are subject to nonsampling and sampling errors. The former result because individuals may not 

have understood the question, may have remembered 

the past incorrectly, or may have simply made a mistake in choosing the answer.1 The magnitude of these 

types of errors is impossible to quantify but, because of 

the size and complexity of the questionnaire, is probably greater than for many other surveys.

In addition to nonsampling errors, the data are subject to sampling variability, the variations that occur 

because a sample rather than the entire population was 

surveyed. The standard errors developed by the Bureau 

of the Census and presented in tables A-l, A-2, and A-3 

measure sampling variability.2 For example, in January 

1983, 53,890,000 employed persons age 16 and older 

reported they needed training in order to obtain their 

current job. Using table A-l and interpolating between 

50,000,000 and 60,000,000, the standard error is approximately 300,000. The chances are about 68 out of 

100 that the difference between estimates based on the 

sample and an actual count of the population would be 

less than the standard error.

1 Detailed information on nonsampling errors in the CPS appears in

“An Error Profile: Employment as Measured by the Current Population Survey,” by Camilla Brooks and Barbara Bailar, Statistical

Policy Working Paper 3 (U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of

Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, 1978).

2 “Source and Reliability Statement for the Report: Occupational

Mobility and Job Training of Workers, January 1983” (unpublished

memorandum, Bureau of the Census, November 1984).

57
Supplement to January 1983

Current Population Survey

29. INTERVIEWER CHECK ITEM

A. E n try (or N A) in 20A or 21 B . (Fillitems 30-50)

B. Entry (or NA) in 22F

and 23E is not "n e v e r". . . . (Skip to 35)

C. A ll o th e r.................................... (Go to next person)

LEAD-IN This month we are asking some additional questions

about occupational mobility, job training, and length

of employment at current job. I

30. Was . . . working a year ago, 30A. Was . . .on layoff or looking

in January 1982? for work at that time?

Yes No Yes No

(Ask 31) (Ask 30A) (Skip to 33)

31. You told me that. . . is now working as _ _________ ______

(Occupation) (Rea* entry from 23C)

Was . . . doing the same kind of work

a year ago, in January 1982?

Yes (Skip to 33)

No (Ask 32) ®

32. DESCRIPTION OF JOB OR BUSINESS:

(A year ago, in January 1982)

A. A year ago, in January 1982 for whom was . . . working?

B. In what kind of business or industry was . . . employed?

C. What kind of work was . . . doing?

D. What were . . .'s most important activities or duties?

E. Was this person ^

An employee of PR IV ATE Co., bus., or

individual for wages, salary o r com m . . . P O \

A F E D ER AL government em p lo yee............. F I

A STATE government em p lo yee....................S /

A LO CA L government em p lo yee...................L O f

Self-empl. in OWN bus., prof, practice, or farm (^33)

Is the business ^ y es j I

incorporated? .. . .......................... .. 1” \

I No................................SE O I

W orking W ITH O U T PAY .

in fam. bus. or fa rm ...................................WP O /

33. Altogether, how long has . . . done the kind of work he/she

is doing now? •_ „ _ _ „

----- 0 1 8 3 ^ 5 6 ? ft 9

IYears> O 1 . 2 , »

34. How long has . . . been working continuously for the present

employer (or as self-employed)?

(Years)! X r ^ 4 o ~ 4 4 ]-! o I 0 I c 3 D G i o 9

(Months, if less • 9 1 c 3 G 5 G ? <r> 9

than one year) | 0 I 8 3 °r 5 G ? 8 9

ASK ITEMS 35 through 49 OF SAMPLE PERSON. IF NOT PRESENT MAKE TELEPHONE CALLBACK(s)

35. Did you need specific skills or training to obtain

your current (last) job?

Yes (Ask 36) No *? (Skip to 37)

36. Did you obtain those skills or training through

one or more of the following:

(Mark all that apply)

A. A training program in a high school or 

a post-secondary school.

B. A form al company training program 

such as apprenticeship training o r other 

typ e o f training having an instructor 

and a planned program.

C. Inform al on-the-job training or experience 

in previously held job or jobs.

D. Training received in the armed forces.

E. A correspondence course.

F. Inform al training from a friend or relative 

or other experience not related to w ork

37. INTERVIEWER CHECK ITEM

Category " A " marked in item 29 

Category "B ” marked in item 29

38. Since you obtained your present job did you take

any training to improve your skills?

Yes (Ask 39) No (Skip to 40)

39. Did you take the training in

A. A school?

B. A form al company training program? 

O C. Inform al on-the-job training?

C D. Other?

OFFICE USE ONLY

INDUSTRY OCCUPATION

Items 40 through 49 to be completed only for entries in items 36A, 36B, 39A, and 39B.

40. INTE R VI EWE R CH ECK ITE M (Fill all that apply)

C Entry in 36 A (Ask 41) --------------------------------

O E n try in 36B (Ask 43) --------------------------------

E n try in 39A (Ask 41) --------------------------------

O E n try in 39B (Ask 43) --------------------------------

None o f the above (Fill SO)

50. Who responded to supplement items?

Self O Other O

41. LEAD IN — These questions refer to the job relateo x 36 36 39 39

training you received in school to (obtain) A B A B

^ (improve) your current (last) job. (Read (Read

Was the training received through: lead-in) lead-in)

(Read categories) (Mark all that apply) | |

A high school vocational pro gram ?....................................... O O

A private post-high school vocational school program? . . . O o

A public post-high school vocational school program?. .. . o o

Junior o r com m un ity college or Technical In stitu te ? .. . . o o

4 year or longer college program?.............................................. o o

42. Did your employer pay for the training?

Yes................... o o

(Ash 43) No.................

o o

For entries in 36B and 39B (Readparenthetical lead-in)

43. (These questions refer to the formal training you took to lead-in lead-in)

(obtain) (improve) your job)

,

Was the training sponsored by a government program

suchasCETA? Yp«? 0 0 o O

N o................. o o o o

44. How long was the training program?

Under 12 weeks................. o o o o

1 3 —25 weeks...................... o o o o

26 - 5 2 w eeks..................... 0 o o o

53 + weeks........................... o o o o

45. Did you complete the training? y * c o o o o

N o................. o o o o

46. How many courses were included in the program?

O n e ................. o o o o

2 - 4 ................. o o o o

5 + ................... o 0 o o

4 7 . W as th e train ing given p rim a rily

Away from you r job?................. o o

On the jo b ? .................................. o o

4 8 . W as th is an apprenticeship program Yes o o

leading to journeyman status? o . o

49. Was this training provided by

Your present employer?................... o

or a former employer?................. o

(Make certain all columns a

completed as applicable)

Page 11

58
Table A-1. Standard errors of estimates from the January 1983 Current Population Survey supplement

(In thousands)

Estimated level

Workers needing training to qualify for 

their current job or who obtained skill 

improvement training

Source of qualifying or skill improvement 

training Source of school training

10 ................................................................................. 5 7 4

5 0 .................................................................................... 11 15 10

100 ................................................................................. 15 21 14

500 ................................................................................... 35 48 32

1 000 ............................................................................. 49 68 45

2 500 ............................................................................... 77 108 70

5 000 ................................................................................... 108 154 97

10,000 ................................................................................ 149 223 133

15 000 .................................................................................. 180 278 157

20,000 .................................................................................. 204 328 174

30|000 ................................................................................ 240 416 195

40 000 ............................................................................... 265 498

50 000 .................................................................................. 282 574

60,000 .................................................................................. 293 648

SOURCE: Bureau of the Census.

Table A-2. Standard errors of estimated percentages from January 1983 Current Population Survey supplement

Estimated percentage

Estimated base of percentages (thousands)

1 or 99 2 or 98 5 or 95 10 or 90 15 or 85 20 or 80 25 or 75 30 or 70 35 or 65 50

1 0 ......................................................................... 4.87 6.85 10.67 14.68 17.47 19.58 21.19 22.43 23.34 24.47

5 0 ......................................................................... 2.18 3.06 4.77 6.57 7.81 8.75 9.48 10.03 10.44 10.94

100........................................................................ 1.54 2.17 3.37 4.64 5.53 6.19 6.70 7.09 7.38 7.74

250 ........................................................................ .97 1.37 2.13 2.94 3.49 3.92 4.24 4.49 4.67 4.89

500 ........................................................................ .69 .97 1.51 2.08 2.47 2.77 3.00 3.17 3.30 3.46

750 ........................................................................ .56 .79 1.23 1.70 2.02 2.26 2.45 2.59 2.70 2.83

1,000 ....................................................................... .49 .69 1.07 1.47 1.75 1.96 2.12 2.24 2.33 2.45

2,000 ....................................................................... .34 .48 .75 1.04 1.24 1.38 1.50 1.59 1.65 1.73

4,000 ....................................................................... .24 .34 .53 .73 .87 .98 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.22

6,000 ....................................................................... .20 .28 .44 .60 .71 .80 .87 .92 .95 1.00

8,000 ....................................................................... .17 .24 .38 .52 .62 .69 .75 .79 .83 .87

10,000....................................................................... .15 .22 .34 .46 .55 .62 .67 .71 .74 .77

15,000 ....................................................................... .13 .18 .28 .38 .45 .51 .55 .58 .60 .63

20,000 ....................................................................... .11 .15 .24 .33 .39 .44 .47 .50 .52 .55

30,000....................................................................... .09 .13 .19 .27 .32 .36 .39 .41 .43 .45

40,000 ....................................................................... .08 .11 .17 .23 .28 .31 .34 .35 .37 .39

50,000....................................................................... .07 .10 .15 .21 .25 .28 .30 .32 .33 .35

60,000....................................................................... .06 .09 .14 .19 .23 .25 • 27 .29 .30 .32

NOTE: The standard errors in this table must be multiplied by the “ F” factor in table A-3 

to obtain the approximate standard error for a specific characteristic.

SOURCE: Bureau of the Census.

Table A-3. “F” factors for calculating the approximate

standard errors of estimated percentages 1

Characteristic “ F” factor

Workers needing training to qualify for their current job or who 

obtained skill improvement training.......................................................... 1.0

1 4

.9

1 Apply “ F" factors only to the standard errors in table A-2 to obtain standard error 

for characteristic of interest.

u G o v e r n me n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e •' 198 5 4hl - 5 b 6 / 2 5 9 b 9 59
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Employment Projections

for 1995

BLS projections

of employment

Growth in employment, output, income, 

and demand over the next decade is 

discussed in this collection of four articles from the M on thly Labor Review.

Additional detailed tables supplement 

the articles.

Subjects include:

• The labor force—expected changes

in size and composition.

• Industry output and employment.

• Gross national product and inc o m e -p ro je c te d trends and 

major underlying assumptions.

• Distribution of demand—changing

patterns in the major sectors of 

consumption, business investment, government expenditures, 

and foreign trade.

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Unemployment

in States and

Local Areas

Provides monthly, provisional estimates of the 

labor force, employment, and unemployment, 

for States, metropolitan areas, counties, and 

cities of 50,000 or more. These estimates are 

used by industry marketing-departments, by 

labor organizations, and by administrators of 

various Federal economic assistance programs.

The subscription service also includes annual 

revisions of the monthly data and supplemental 

material issued on an irregular basis. One year 

subscription: $50.00

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Bureau of Labor Statistics 

U S Department of Labor

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Washington. D C 20402

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Name

Organization 

(if applicable!

Street Address

City State Zip 

Country
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Regional Offices

Region I

Suite 1603

John F. Kennedy Federal Building 

Government Center 

Boston, Mass. 02203 

Phone: (617) 223-6.761 

Region II

Suite 3400 

1515 Broadway 

New York, N.Y. 10036 

Phone: (212) 944-3121

Region III

3535 Market Street 

P.O. Box 13309 

Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 

Phone: (215) 596-1154

Region IV

1371 Peachtree Street, N.E. 

Atlanta, Ga. 30367 

Phone: (404) 881-4418

Region V

9th Floor

Federal Office Building 

230 S. Dearborn Street 

Chicago, III. 60604 

Phone: (312) 353-1880

Region VI

U.S. Department of Labor 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Federal Building 

525 Griffin St., Rm. 221 

Dallas, Tex. 75202 

Phone: (214) 767-6971

Regions VII and VIII

911 Walnut Street 

Kansas City, Mo. 64106 

Phone: (816) 374-2481

Regions IX and X

450 Golden Gate Avenue 

Box 36017

San Francisco, Calif. 94102 

Phone: (415) 556-4678