[Cite as State v. Armstrong, 2021-Ohio-1087.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA 

STATE OF OHIO, : 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, : 

 No. 109709 

 v. : 

 

DAVID ARMSTRONG, : 

 

 Defendant-Appellant. : 

 

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION 

 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: April 1, 2021 

 

Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Case No. CR-19-641113-A 

 

Appearances: 

Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting 

Attorney, and Michael Short and Gregory Ochocki, 

Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for appellee. 

Ruth R. Fishbein-Cohen, for appellant. 

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J.: 

Defendant-appellant, David Armstrong, appeals his conviction for 

burglary, contending that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction and 

that his conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Finding no 

merit to the appeal, we affirm. 
I. Background 

Armstrong was indicted in a four-count indictment. Count 1 charged 

burglary in violation of R.C. 2911.12(A)(1); Count 2 charged domestic violence in 

violation of R.C. 2919.25(A); Count 3 charged burglary in violation of R.C. 

2911.12(A)(3); and Count 4 charged vandalism in violation of R.C. 2909.05(A). 

Armstrong pleaded not guilty, and the case proceeded to a jury trial. 

Aiesha Wright testified at trial that she and Armstrong had an on-andoff again relationship for about three years. They sometimes lived together during 

those years, but were not living together at the time of the June 2019 incident that 

gave rise to Armstrong’s conviction. Wright and Armstrong have a son; Wright also 

has a daughter. 

Wright testified that on June 16, 2019, she put both children in the car. 

She went back into her house to retrieve something, and when she came out, 

Armstrong was standing next to the car. He said that he wanted to see his son, so 

Wright invited him into her home. Armstrong gave Wright money to buy diapers, 

and he remained in the house with the son while Wright and her daughter went to 

the store for approximately ten minutes. 

Wright said that when she and her daughter returned home, Armstrong 

began pleading with her to get back together again. When she ignored his request, 

Armstrong grabbed her phone. He refused to give it back to her, and began scrolling 

through it to see who she had been talking to. When Wright tried to grab her phone, 
Armstrong grabbed her arm. Wright said that she managed to get away from 

Armstrong, put the children in the car, and drive away. 

Wright testified that Armstrong was outside by then, but as she drove 

away, she saw in her rearview mirror that he was going back into the house. Wright 

immediately drove to the Maple Heights police station and told the police that 

Armstrong was in her home. Wright and the police went back to her house, which 

they discovered was “trashed.” Wright testified that Armstrong did not have 

permission to be in her house when he grabbed her arm, nor when he went back into 

her house as she drove away with the children. 

Maple Heights police officer Matthew Heitzer testified that he 

responded to Wright’s home on June 16, 2019. He met with Wright, who he said 

was visibly agitated and scared. Wright told him that her ex-boyfriend had caused 

the damage in her home; she described Armstrong as a black male who was wearing 

all black, including a black baseball cap. 

Maple Heights police officer Matthew Mijangos also responded to the 

scene. After conferring with Officer Heitzer, he spoke with Wright, and then took 

photographs of the damage to the house, which included two broken windows, a 

shattered glass table, and a broken TV. Officer Mijangos testified that he observed 

a large bruise on Wright’s upper arm. He identified state’s exhibit Nos. 1 through 6 

as photographs of shattered glass on the front porch, the broken windows, the 

shattered TV, the damaged table, and the bruise on Wright’s arm. He testified that 

the backyard of the home was “nothing but mud.” 
Officer Mijangos returned to the police station and wrote a report. As 

he was on patrol a few hours later, he observed Armstrong out walking;1 he was 

dressed in all black and wearing a black baseball cap. He was also covered in mud. 

Officer Mijangos stopped Armstrong and took him to the police 

station for questioning. After he read Armstrong his Miranda rights, which 

Armstrong stated he understood, Armstrong admitted that he had used a steel chair 

in Wright’s home to break the two windows, the table, and TV. Armstrong also told 

Officer Mijangos that Wright had thrown him out of the house three weeks prior, 

and that he got muddy when he fell over the fence in Wright’s backyard. 

The jury found Armstrong not guilty of Counts 1 and 2, but guilty of 

Count 3, burglary, and Count 4, vandalism. The trial court sentenced him to 18 

months’ incarceration on Count 3, to be served concurrently with six months on 

Count 4. This appeal followed. 

II. Law and Analysis 

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence 

In his first assignment of error, Armstrong contends that the evidence 

was insufficient to support his burglary conviction. 

The test for sufficiency requires a determination of whether the 

prosecution met its burden of production at trial. State v. Cottingham, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 109100, 2020-Ohio-4220, ¶ 32. An appellate court’s function when 

 1 Officer Mijangos testified that he was familiar with Armstrong from prior 

encounters with him. 
reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to 

examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if 

believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a 

reasonable doubt. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 

(1997). The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most 

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential 

elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. 

Armstrong was found guilty of burglary in violation of R.C. 

2911.12(A)(3), which provides that “[n]o person, by force, stealth, or deception, shall 

* * * trespass in an occupied structure * * * with purpose to commit in the structure 

* * * any criminal offense.” 

A trespass occurs when a person, “without privilege to do so, 

knowingly enter[s] or remain[s] on the land or premises of another.” R.C. 

2911.21(A)(1). “Where no privilege exists, entry constitutes trespass.” State v. May, 

11th Dist. Lake No. 2010-L-131, 2011-Ohio-5233, ¶ 24. Armstrong argues the 

evidence was insufficient to support his burglary conviction because Wright invited 

him into the house, and therefore, he did not trespass. 

The evidence indicates that Wright initially gave Armstrong 

permission to enter her home and, thus, he had a privilege to be there. A privilege 

once granted can be revoked, however. State v. Sumlin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 

108000, 2020-Ohio-1600, ¶ 27, citing State v. Steffen, 31 Ohio St.3d 111, 115, 509 

N.E.2d 383 (1997). “Permission to enter a home is deemed terminated by the act of 
committing an offense of violence against a person authorized to revoke the 

permission. In such a situation, the termination or revocation of the privilege is 

immediate.” State v. Metcalf, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24338, 2012-Ohio-6045, 

¶ 20. See also State v. Wisecup, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2004-02-014, 2004-

Ohio-5652, ¶ 10 (“Where a defendant commits an offense against a person in the 

person’s private dwelling, the defendant forfeits any privilege, becomes a trespasser, 

and can be culpable for burglary.”). Accordingly, even if Armstrong initially had 

permission to be in Wright’s home, the jury could reasonably have found that his 

privilege to be there was implicitly revoked, and he became a trespasser, the moment 

he grabbed Wright’s arm. 

We recognize that the jury did not convict Armstrong of burglary as 

charged in Count 1, or domestic violence as charged in Count 2. Nevertheless, even 

if we assume that Armstrong’s privilege was somehow not revoked when he grabbed 

Wright’s arm, Wright testified that Armstrong did not have permission to reenter 

her home after she fled the home with the children. The evidence also established 

that Armstrong no longer lived in the home and thus had no privilege to be there 

absent permission; Officer Mijangos testified that Armstrong told him that Wright 

had kicked him out of the house three weeks prior to the incident. Construing the 

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence was sufficient to 

establish that Armstrong trespassed in Wright’s home when he reentered her house 

without her permission. 
With respect to the element of force, the requisite force necessary for 

a burglary conviction is minimal. State v. Carr, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-11-20, 2012-

Ohio-1679, ¶25. Indeed, this court has found that merely opening an unlocked door 

or entering through an open door satisfies the force element of the burglary offense. 

State v. Erker, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107790, 2019-Ohio-3185, ¶ 69, citing State 

v. Tomak, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 03AP-1188, 2004-Ohio-644, ¶ 15. Wright 

testified that as she drove away, she observed Armstrong entering her home through 

her open front door. The evidence was therefore sufficient to satisfy the force 

element of Armstrong’s burglary conviction. 

The evidence was also sufficient to establish that Armstrong entered 

Wright’s home with a purpose to commit a criminal offense, i.e., to destroy her 

property. Indeed, Armstrong admitted that he entered Wright’s home and then, 

using a steel chair, broke two windows, a table, and a TV. He was convicted of 

vandalism in violation of R.C. 2909.05(A) for these actions.2 

Finally, the evidence was sufficient to establish that Wright’s home 

was an “occupied structure,” even though no one was in the home when the 

vandalism occurred. R.C 2909.01(C)(1) defines “occupied structure” as including 

“any house” that “at the time, is occupied as the permanent or temporary habitation 

of any person, whether or not any person is actually present.” “The relevant inquiry 

in determining if a structure is occupied concerns the residential purpose of the 

 2 R.C. 2909.05(A), regarding vandalism, states that “[n]o person shall knowingly 

cause physical harm to an occupied structure or any of its contents.” 
dwelling, rather than the presence or absence of an occupant.” State v. Hill, 8th 

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107308, 2019-Ohio-1354, ¶ 17. Wright testified that she and her 

children were living in the home at the time of the incident. Thus, the evidence 

established that it was an occupied structure within the meaning of R.C. 2909.01(C). 

Armstrong contends the evidence was insufficient to support his 

burglary conviction because Wright is allegedly an alcoholic, and her testimony was 

therefore not credible. But the test for sufficiency is not whether the state’s evidence 

is to be believed, but whether, if believed, the evidence would support a conviction. 

State v. Tolliver, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108955, 2020-Ohio-3121, ¶ 39. This court 

does not weigh the credibility of the witnesses when reviewing the sufficiency of the 

evidence. State v. Yarbrough, 95 Ohio St.3d 227, 2002-Ohio-2126, 767 N.E.2d 216, 

¶ 79. 

When reviewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the 

prosecution, a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of 

burglary proven beyond a reasonable doubt. The first assignment of error is 

therefore overruled. 

B. Manifest Weight of the Evidence 

In his second assignment of error, Armstrong contends that his 

burglary conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

In contrast to a sufficiency argument, a manifest weight challenge 

questions whether the state met its burden of persuasion. State v. Riedel, 2017-

Ohio-8865, 100 N.E.3d 1155, ¶ 91 (8th Dist.). A reviewing court examines the entire 
record, “weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility 

of witnesses, and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury 

clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the 

convictions must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 

at 388, 678 N.E.2d 541. A conviction should be reversed as against the manifest 

weight of the evidence only in the most “exceptional case in which the evidence 

weighs heavily against the conviction.” Id. 

This is not that exceptional case. After a careful review of the record 

and in light of the evidence discussed above, we cannot say that the jury lost its way 

in convicting Armstrong of burglary. The second assignment of error is overruled. 

Judgment affirmed. 

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed. 

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the 

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s 

conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending is terminated. Case remanded to 

the trial court for execution of sentence. 
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 

27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

 

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, PRESIDING JUDGE 

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., and 

EMANUELLA D. GROVES, J., CONCUR