This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A14-1696

James M. Wollschlager,

Appellant,

vs.

Burnsville Volkswagen, Inc., d/b/a Luther Burnsville Volkswagen,

Respondent.

Filed July 20, 2015

Affirmed

Rodenberg, Judge

Dakota County District Court

File No. 19HA-CV-12-5509

Patrick J. Sauter, Mark R. Bradford, Daniel R. Olson, Bassford Remele, P.A., 

Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)

Teri E. Bentson, Law Offices of Thomas P. Stilp, Golden Valley, Minnesota (for 

respondent)

Considered and decided by Larkin, Presiding Judge; Rodenberg, Judge; and 

Reyes, Judge. 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

RODENBERG, Judge

Appellant challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for a mistrial after 

respondent’s inadvertent violation of a pretrial order in limine. We affirm.
2

FACTS

In late September 2010, appellant James Wollschlager was injured at the facilities 

of respondent Burnsville Volkswagon, Inc. Appellant alleges that, as he walked under an

overhead service door at respondent’s garage, he was struck atop his head by the 

descending door. Appellant claims that an employee of respondent negligently pressed a 

button, causing the door to descend and hit appellant.

Before trial, appellant moved in limine to exclude testimony by Jack Enos, 

respondent’s employee, who testified in a discovery deposition that appellant was 

wearing a hat at the time of the incident and that the hat caused appellant not to see the 

door. Respondent argued that the witnesses should be allowed to testify on the disputed 

fact issue of whether appellant was wearing a hat, and that respondent should be allowed 

to argue that the hat may have prevented appellant from seeing the door. The district 

court granted the motion in limine, explaining:

With regard to the hat, I’ll allow people to testify to what they 

saw. That includes seeing him wear a hat. That’ll come in, 

but they’re not to conclude from that that his wearing a hat 

made it so he didn’t see the garage door. That’s something 

counsel can argue certainly.

During respondent’s opening statement at trial, counsel alluded to the hat, without 

objection, asking rhetorically: “Why didn’t Mr. Wollschlager see the door close when 

the two other eyewitnesses saw the door closing? Was it involved with his hat? Was he 

not paying attention? We’re not sure. Think about that when you hear the testimony.” 

Appellant testified during recross-examination that he was not wearing a hat, but 

agreed that he had earlier testified at a deposition that he was wearing a hat when he was 
3

injured. Appellant also testified that he corrected this deposition testimony following the 

deposition. 1

 

1 His trial testimony was as follows:

Q: Did you have a hat on?

A: I don’t believe I did.

Q: . . . Could you please turn to your deposition on Page 

51? I would like you to go down to Line 17. My 

question was, “Do you know if you had a hat on?” 

What was your answer, sir?

A: “Yes, I did.”

Q: And the question goes on, “Did the hat have a brim?”

A: “Yes, it did.”

Q: “Like a baseball type of cap?”

A: “Yes.”

Q: So you were wearing a hat on the day of the incident?

A: No, I wasn’t . . . After I gave the deposition I had an 

opportunity to review my day planner. I was assuming 

that that day when I went to the dealership that I was 

working from home that day. It was 9:40 in the 

morning. And actually I had, when I looked at my day 

planner, I had driven out to Delano that morning and 

had a meeting in the afternoon in St. Paul. I do not 

wear a hat to work. So that’s how I’m—that’s where 

the discrepancy is.

. . . .

Q: . . . So you had a chance to go back over the transcript 

and correct any inconsistencies and that was not 

changed, is that correct?

A: I believe at one point it was.

Q: So you believe that there is another copy of the 

transcript out there where somebody is not wearing a 

hat?

A: Yes.

Later, upon redirect examination, appellant’s counsel introduced the deposition 

correction into evidence. Appellant read the deposition correction into evidence:
4

Appellant’s wife was asked during her direct examination, “So if [appellant] had 

arrived at the dealership from work, would he have worn a hat?” And she responded, 

“Not coming from work, no. He never wore a hat to work.”

During appellant’s case-in-chief, Enos was called as an adverse witness.

Appellant’s counsel asked him, “he would have had to see the door to know to bend his 

head to try to get under it, according to your interpretation of it, right?” The witness 

testified, “No. I don’t believe he saw the door at all.” Enos was then cross-examined by

respondent’s counsel and testified as follows:

Q: And you observed the accident?

A: I did.

Q: Can you describe to the jury what happened?

A: I had gone up to the service counter to talk to Jeremy 

and Jeremy wasn’t immediately available for me to get 

his attention. I had glanced outside and noticed a 

gentleman coming in towards the door. I looked back 

to see if I could get Jeremy’s attention. He was still 

busy. When I looked back at the door, I saw a man 

basically just in time to hit the door, not enough time 

for me to yell out and say, “Hey, watch out.” He had a 

hat on so he didn’t see the door coming down. And it 

was just a really unlucky time, coincidence. He hit the 

door and dropped, stunned, to his knees. We went 

over to him. I don’t remember exactly who went over, 

but we definitely immediately asked if he needed 

assistance, if he was all right.

 

I often wear a baseball type hat when I am outdoors and not 

working. I don’t wear a hat during a work day and in 

particular if I have a meeting with a client, a municipality, et 

cetera. I should have thought more before answering the 

question because my answer should be no. I checked my day 

planner which indicated I had a work appointment that 

morning so I would not have been wearing a cap.
5

Q: Mr. Enos, was the door closing in the moments before 

Mr. Wollschlager approached it?

A: Yes. The first time when I looked the door was still. 

The second time I noticed that it was coming down.

(Emphasis added.) Appellant’s counsel then asked to approach the bench and the jury 

was excused from the courtroom. Appellant moved for a mistrial. 

The district court declined to grant a mistrial and gave appellant the option of a 

curative instruction. Appellant’s counsel observed the “untenable position of either 

emphasizing [the testimony] or waiving it” and reluctantly agreed to the curative 

instruction. The district court gave the following curative instruction after the jury was 

brought back into the courtroom:

Ladies and gentlemen, when the witness said that 

Mr. Wollschlager, because of the hat, didn’t see the door, the 

witness had no basis or foundation to conclude that; therefore, 

you’re to disregard that particular statement.

The trial proceeded and there was neither any further testimony from Enos concerning 

what appellant could or could not see, nor any further instructions on the topic from the 

district court. 

Jeremy Hanson, another employee of respondent, testified that he saw appellant 

“hit the door.” Hanson testified that appellant “walked into a garage door as it was 

closing” and that appellant “tried to get underneath that garage door quickly to be able to 

follow that car coming in and [he] hit himself in the forehead.”

During summation, respondent’s counsel twice discussed whether appellant was 

wearing a hat when he was injured. Respondent’s counsel stated, “Mr. Enos said that –

he said [appellant] also had a hat on.” Later, respondent’s counsel stated:
6

And then, you know, there was a question about whether he 

had a hat on. I don’t think that’s a big deal. 

Mr. Wollschlager said in [his deposition] that he had a hat on. 

Another witness said he thought he had a hat on. You know, 

I don’t know what role the hat plays, but for some reason 

Mr. Wollschlager walked into a garage door on 

September 30th, 2010.

The jury found both appellant and respondent to have been negligent, and assigned 

70% of the causal fault to appellant and 30% to respondent. Appellant renewed his 

objection to the denial of his motion for mistrial, and requested a new trial. The district 

court denied the motion. This appeal followed. 

D E C I S I O N

A reviewing court will not reverse a denial of a motion for a mistrial absent an 

abuse of discretion by the district court. State v. Manthey, 711 N.W.2d 498, 506 (Minn. 

2006). A district court abuses its discretion when it misapplies the law or when the 

decision rendered is contrary to the record evidence. City of North Oaks v. Sarpal, 797 

N.W.2d 18, 24 (Minn. 2011). Further, a district court’s denial of a motion for a mistrial 

will not be overturned unless the party challenging the denial can show a “reasonable 

probability that the outcome of the trial would be different if the event that prompted the 

motion had not occurred.” Manthey, 711 N.W.2d at 506 (quotation omitted). “The trial 

judge is in the best position to determine whether . . . a mistrial should be granted.” Id.

Appellant argues that a three-part test should be applied in considering whether a 

mistrial should be granted for violation of an order in limine, arguing that “mistrials are 

required for violating an in limine order if: (1) the order is specific; (2) the violation is 
7

clear; and (3) the non-breaching party was prejudiced,” citing Black v. Shultz, 530 F.3d 

703, 706 (8th Cir. 2008) (emphasis added). 

Minnesota has not adopted this proposed three-part test. While federal caselaw

may be persuasive, it is not binding on us. State v. McClenton, 781 N.W.2d 181, 191 

(Minn. App. 2010) review denied (Minn. June 29, 2010). Further, as an error-correcting 

court, it is not our proper role to extend existing law. Tereault v. Palmer, 413 N.W.2d 

283, 286 (Minn. App. 1987) (“The task of extending existing law falls to the supreme 

court or the legislature, but it does not fall to this court.”) review denied (Minn. Dec. 18, 

1987). Instead, we apply Minnesota’s longstanding abuse-of-discretion standard of 

review. See Manthey, 711 N.W.2d at 506; Sarpal, 797 N.W.2d at 24. See also State v. 

Bahtuoh, 840 N.W.2d 804, 819 (Minn. 2013) (“We review the denial of a motion for a 

mistrial for an abuse of discretion because the district court is in the best position to 

evaluate the prejudicial impact, if any, of an event occurring during the trial.”).

2

Before applying the abuse-of-discretion standard of review to the district court’s

denial of the motion for mistrial, we first consider the number of violations of the order in 

limine that occurred at trial. At oral argument, appellant argued that there were two

violations of the order: the first when Enos said, “No. I don’t believe he saw the door at 

all,” and the second when Enos said, in the middle of a narrative response, “He had a hat 

on so he didn’t see the door coming down.” 

 

2

Even if we were to adopt appellant’s proposed three-part test, we think it noteworthy 

that the Eighth Circuit, in a case after Black, reviewed a district court’s ruling concerning 

an order in limine for an abuse of discretion. Russell v. Whirlpool, 702 F.3d 450, 460 

(8th Cir. 2012).
8

The district court’s order in limine prohibited lay witnesses from “conclud[ing] . . . 

that his wearing a hat made it so he didn’t see the garage door.” The first of the 

complained-of statements from Enos – “I don’t believe he saw the door at all” – did not

violate this order. From our review of the record, the parties agree that appellant did not

see the door. No claim was advanced by either party that appellant walked into a door 

that he saw. Enos’ first statement, then, merely confirms what was obvious to everyone. 

But Enos’ second statement, that “[appellant] had a hat on so he didn’t see the door 

coming down,” did violate the order in limine because it identifies the hat as having been 

the cause of appellant not seeing the descending door.

In denying appellant’s mid-trial motion for mistrial and in later denying 

appellant’s motion for a new trial, the district court reasoned that the violation of the 

order in limine was neither solicited by defense counsel nor repeated during the course of 

the trial. The district court held that the testimony did not likely influence the jury’s 

decision, noting that it gave a curative instruction. The district court also observed that 

the jury was properly presented with the available facts concerning the hat and had no

need to rely on the witness’s prohibited opinion testimony to draw the inference that 

wearing a hat might have prevented appellant from seeing the garage door.

Appellant argues that the district court’s analysis ignores that the prohibited 

testimony made respondent’s theory of the case more believable and that, absent the 

prohibited testimony, the jury would not have drawn the conclusion that appellant’s hat 

obstructed his view of the garage door. These arguments are of slight significance in 

light of our deferential standard of review. While it is possible that Enos’s testimony 
9

made respondent’s theory more believable, the district court instructed the jury to 

disregard the testimony and considered the effect of it with the advantage of being best 

situated to determine whether it gave rise to a reasonable probability that the testimony 

affected the outcome of the trial. See Sarpal, 797 N.W.2d at 24 (explaining that district 

court abuses its discretion when it misapplies the law). The district court’s conclusion 

that it was not reasonably probable that the impermissible Enos statement affected the 

outcome of the trial is supported by the record evidence. See id. (explaining that the 

district court abuses its discretion when it makes findings contrary to the weight of the 

recorded evidence). 

Respondent presented the testimony of two eyewitnesses who testified that 

appellant walked into the door. Appellant testified that he wore no hat and that the door 

came down on his head. The jury had to weigh this competing evidence. See Lake 

Superior Ctr. Auth. v. Hammel, Green & Abrahamson, Inc., 715 N.W.2d 458, 477 

(requiring that the evidence be “viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict” 

(quotation omitted)). Having instructed the jury to disregard the impermissible 

testimony, the district court’s conclusion that the outcome of the trial was unlikely to 

have been affected by the impermissible Enos testimony was well within the district 

court’s discretion. The district court’s curative instruction correctly and explicitly

explained that Enos’s opinion of what appellant could or could not see “had no basis or 

foundation.” The district court appropriately observed that the jury could have properly 

inferred from the admissible testimony and the proper argument of respondent’s counsel

that the hat prevented appellant from seeing the door. Speculating otherwise does not 
10

demonstrate an abuse of the district court’s discretion. Jurors are presumed to follow the 

instructions they are given, including curative instructions like the one given here. See 

State v. Pippitt, 645 N.W.2d 87, 94 (Minn. 2002).

Appellant next argues that the district court granted the motion in limine to 

exclude the prohibited testimony because it found that the testimony was unfairly 

prejudicial and that its later conclusion that the prohibited testimony was not prejudicial 

is irreconcilable with its earlier conclusion. Careful examination of the record reveals 

that the district court made no pretrial conclusion of unfair prejudice in making its in 

limine order. Appellant, in his motion in limine to exclude Enos’s testimony, argued 

both that Enos’s deposition testimony on causation lacked foundation and that it “would 

impermissibly confuse the issues to be tried and simultaneously mislead the jury.” 

Appellant cited Minn. R. Evid. 403 for the proposition that otherwise relevant evidence 

may be excluded if there is a danger that it would confuse the triable issues or mislead the 

jury. Appellant did not expressly argue that the probative value of Enos’s testimony was 

outweighed by unfair prejudice. Respondent argued in response that evidence of

appellant wearing a hat should be admissible, but agreed that testimony by Enos

regarding the cause of the accident lacked foundation. On this record, the district court 

summarily granted the motion, stating:

With regard to the hat, I’ll allow people to testify to what they 

saw. That includes seeing [appellant] wear a hat. That’ll 

come in, but they’re not to conclude from that that his 

wearing a hat made it so he didn’t see the garage door. That’s 

something counsel can argue certainly.
11

In short, the record does not support appellant’s argument that the district court’s 

order in limine was premised on unfair prejudice. Rather, the record reflects that 

appellant argued that Enos’s testimony lacked foundation, an assertion with which 

respondent agreed. The district court granted the motion in limine, but allowed argument 

by counsel concerning the effect of the hat. We see no conflict between the district 

court’s pretrial and post-trial orders.

Finally, appellant argues that the district court’s order is contrary to the law. 

Appellant argues “the district court’s determination that no prejudice occurred 

contravenes longstanding Minnesota law looking dimly on parties offering speculative 

theories through fact witnesses,” citing only State v. Ray, 659 N.W.2d 736, 744 (Minn. 

2003). In Ray, the Minnesota Supreme Court reversed a criminal verdict and granted a 

new trial because the prosecution entered into evidence statements given by the defendant 

after he had unequivocally invoked his right to counsel. 659 N.W.2d at 742-43. In its 

opinion, the Minnesota Supreme Court states: “Because we have reversed Ray’s 

conviction and granted a new trial on the grounds that it was prejudicial error to admit 

parts of his statement, we need not decide whether Ray’s claims of prosecutorial 

misconduct also constitute prejudicial error that would independently warrant a new 

trial.” Id. at 744. The supreme court, in dicta, reached those issues anyway, one of 

which was whether a new trial should be granted after a witness gave testimony 

prohibited by a motion in limine. Id. at 744-46. The supreme court held that the 

prosecutor improperly, repeatedly, and purposefully elicited the prohibited evidence after 

the motion in limine had been granted and after the prosecutor had once been warned that 
12

the testimony was prohibited. Id. at 744-45. The supreme court in Ray cautioned the 

prosecutor not to elicit any similar testimony on remand. Id. at 745-46. 

The holding in Ray is inapposite because the facts of Ray are readily

distinguishable. The district court here found that Enos’s testimony was not purposefully 

elicited. There is no basis on which to conclude that this finding was clearly erroneous. 

Unlike Ray, the testimony here was not repeated through the trial. It appeared once, in 

the middle of a narrative answer to an open-ended question. The jury was told to 

disregard the testimony, and was informed that the testimony was (as common sense 

would already have informed them) without any foundation, as a witness cannot say what 

another person saw or did not see.

Finally, and importantly, we observe again that the district court was best 

positioned to determine the effect of the prohibited testimony. Manthey, 711 N.W.2d at 

506. The district court found that the statement likely did not prejudice the jury. After 

reviewing the record, it is clear to us that the district court acted within its discretion in so 

finding.

Affirmed.