UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

________________ _________________ FOLARIN HENRY ALABI, Petitioner,

v. MERRICK B. GARLAND, United States Attorney General, Respondent. No. 21-9514 (Petition for Review)

________________ _________________ ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

________________ _________________ Before HOLMES , PHILLIPS , and EID , Circuit Judges.

________________ _________________ Folarin Henry Alabi, a native and citizen of Nigeria, petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) decision that affirmed the immigration judge’s (IJ) discretionary denial of his request for a waiv er of the joint-filing requirement to remove

* After examining the briefs and appella te record, this pa nel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not ma terially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctr ines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cite d, however, for its persuasi ve value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### December 13, 2021 Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court Appellate Case: 21-9514 Document: 010110617932 Date Filed: 12/13/2021 Page: 12 the conditions of his status as a permanent resident under 8 U.S.C. § 1186a(c)(4)(A). We dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction.
I. BACKGROUND Mr. Alabi entered the United States with a student visa in February 2008. He married Kimberly Straughter, a U.S. citi zen, in March 2009. On August 6, 2010, Mr. Alabi adjusted his status to that of a conditional permanent resident for a two-year period under 8 U.S.C. § 1186a(a)(1). In June 2012, Mr. Alabi and Ms. Straughter filed with the United States Citizenship and Immigr ation Services (USCIS), a joint petition to remove the conditions of his residen ce under 8 U.S.C. § 1186a(c)(1). Ms. Straughter, however, failed to appear for her scheduled in terview with USCIS in May 2013; instead, several weeks later, she sent a letter withdrawing her support for the petition. Specifically, Ms. Straughter re presented that she a nd Mr. Alabi “had not been living as husband and wi fe since October 2010,” and she “filed for divorce [in] August 2011.” Admin. R. at 1065 (capitali zation altered). She further stated that Mr. Alabi “married [her] for imm[i]gration onl y and he refuse[d] to divorce [her] because of it.” Id. (capitalization altered). She believed “h e also may have signed [her] name on the final paperwork.” Id. (capitalization altered). The re cord reflects that their divorce was finalized in July 2013. On October 7, 2013, USCI S issued Mr. Alabi a “Notice of Termination of Conditional Residence” on the grounds that he no longer had a properly filed joint petition as require d under 8 C.F.R. § 216.4(a)(6 ) . Admin. R. at 1091. Additional problems for Mr. Alabi arose in November 2015, when he was charged in a two-count federal indictment with co nspiracy to commit marriage fraud and aiding Appellate Case: 21-9514 Document: 010110617932 Date Filed: 12/13/2021 Page: 23 and abetting marriage fraud. Shortly thereaf ter, Immigration and Customs Enforcement commenced removal proceedings against Mr. Alabi, who in tu rn filed a new petition with USCIS under § 1186a(c)(4) requesting a waiver of the joint-filing requirement on the grounds of “extreme hardship” and “good faith.” 1 In April 2017, while his application fo r a waiver was pending, Mr. Alabi was convicted by a jury on both c ounts in the indictment and sentenced to eighteen months’ imprisonment. Following the jury’s verdict, the United States Attorn ey’s Office issued a press release describing Mr. Alabi as “the leader of the conspiracy.” Admin. R. at 1063. In August, USCIS denied the waiver because Mr. Alabi failed to establish a “good faith” marriage. Mr. Alabi sought review of USCIS’s decision in the removal proceedings. See 8 C.F.R. § 1216.5(f) (“[T]he alien may seek review of such decision in removal proceedings.”). To that end, in November 2018, he testified before the IJ about the circumstances of his marriage. Briefl y summarized, Mr. Alabi denied marrying Ms. Straughter for immigration purposes. He also denied forging Mr. Straughter’s signature on the joint petition or having any knowledge that she had filed for divorce. He further insisted his convictions relate d to marriage fraud were based on “false accusation[s].” Admin. R. at 969.

1 There are four bases for waiver of the joint-filing requirement, including “extreme hardship” under § 1186 a(c)(4)(A), which requires th e applicant to show his or her removal would result in “ext reme hardship,” and “good faith” under § 1186a(c)(4)(B), which requires the applican t to show he or she entered into the marriage in “good faith.” Appellate Case: 21-9514 Document: 010110617932 Date Filed: 12/13/2021 Page: 34 At the conclusion of the hearing, the IJ found Mr. Alabi failed to prove his entitlement to a “good faith” waiver, citing: (1 ) his forgery of Ms. Straughter’s signature on the joint petition; (2) his convictions re lated to marriage fraud and his role as ringleader; and (3) numerous contradictions between his testimony and the documentary evidence. Mr. Alabi appealed to the BIA, arguing, among other things, the IJ erred by requiring him to show a “good faith” marriag e before considering an “extreme hardship” waiver. In May 2019, the BIA issued its first decision, which affirmed the IJ’s finding of no “good faith” marriage but agreed with Mr. Al abi that the IJ should have also evaluated the “extreme hardship” waiver. On remand, the parties disagreed whether th e IJ had jurisdiction to adjudicate the “extreme hardship” waiver beca use USCIS had not yet ruled on the issue. The parties further disagreed on the relevant time period in which to assess “ex treme hardship.” For its part, the government argue d the relevant period was from August 6, 2010 , to August 6, 2012, under § 1186a(c)(4), which provides “[i]n determining extreme hardship, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall consid er circumstances occurring only during the period that the [noncitizen] wa s admitted for permanent reside nce on a conditional basis.” According to the government, circumstances occurring outside the relevant two-year period when Mr. Alabi was admitted for cond itional residency, such as hardship to Mr. Alabi’s son Daniel, who was born in June 2013, could not be considered. Mr. Alabi, on the other hand, argued the relevant period ran from August 6, 2010, to October 7, Appellate Case: 21-9514 Document: 010110617932 Date Filed: 12/13/2021 Page: 45 2013, when USCIS issued its notice terminating his conditional residency, and therefore included hardship to Daniel. Mr. Alabi testified he plans to take Da niel (and another son born in 2016) with him to Nigeria if he is remo ved. Daniel is autistic and has speech and developmental problems that require him to attend a special school. He cannot dr ess himself and needs constant care, including help going to the bathroom. According to Mr. Alabi, Daniel would endure extreme hardship in Nigeri a because there are no suitable schools and limited medical care. The docum entary evidence included, am ong other things, Daniel’s medical records (including information about his ongoing therapy) and articles discussing challenges for children with di sabilities in Nigeria. Mr. Al abi added he would face his own extreme hardship for several reasons, incl uding: (1) the lack of any assets in Nigeria; (2) difficulty finding employment; and (3) possible danger from the terrorist organization Boko Haram. The IJ determined he had jurisdiction and ruled the relevant time period was August 6, 2010, to August 6, 2012, which excluded any hard ship to Daniel. The IJ assumed Mr. Alabi was credible but found no “ex treme hardship.” In the alternative, the IJ denied a waiver on discretionary grounds. Mr. Alabi appealed to the BIA raising two arguments: (1) the IJ lacked jurisdiction to adjudicate the “extreme hardship” waiver beca use USCIS had not yet ruled on the issue and (2) the IJ erred in limiting the relevant time period for assessing hardship from August 6, 2010, to August 6, 2012. The BIA issued a second decision in which it Appellate Case: 21-9514 Document: 010110617932 Date Filed: 12/13/2021 Page: 56 agreed the IJ lacked jurisdiction to adjudicate the “extre me hardship” waiver and ordered the proceedings be continued pe nding a decision from USCIS. USCIS eventually decided the case a nd ruled the relevant time period for evaluating hardship ended on August 6, 20 12, and as a result, Mr. Alabi failed to establish “extreme hardship.” In the alternative, it consid ered hardship to Daniel and denied a waiver in the exercise of its disc retion. Mr. Alabi sough t review with the IJ. 2 In a written decision, the IJ reaffirmed hi s ruling that the relevant time period for assessing hardship ended on August 6, 2012, and Mr. Alabi failed to establish “extreme hardship” based on circumstances occurring this period. In th e alternative, the IJ found that “even if [Mr. Alabi] had established th e necessary level of ex treme hardship for the . . . waiver under [§ 1186a(c)(4)(A)] . . . a nd even if hardship to his two children may be factored, the [c]ourt nonetheless denies his . . . extreme hardship waiver as a matter of discretion.” Admin. R. at 138. In reaching th is determination, the IJ accepted as credible Mr. Alabi’s testimony concerning Daniel’s me dical condition and special needs but found “[t]he additional presumed hardships to his two children, one of whom has a developmental disability and is on the autis m spectrum, would still be insufficient for th[e] [c]ourt to find that the balance of the equities would tip in his favor.” Id. at 137. In particular, the IJ cited Mr. Alabi’s: (1) “severe, serious, and recent” convictions for conspiracy to commit marriage fraud and aiding and abetting marriage fraud; (2) role as ringleader of the conspiracy; (3 ) sham marriage; (4) forgery of Ms. Straughter’s signature

2 On review to the IJ, Mr. Alabi ab andoned his request for a “good faith” waiver. Appellate Case: 21-9514 Document: 010110617932 Date Filed: 12/13/2021 Page: 67 on the joint petition; and (5) other material misrepresentations in trying to gain immigration benefits. Id. Mr. Alabi appealed to the BIA. The BI A did not address th e IJ’s ruling on the relevant time period or his hardship determina tion because it agreed with the IJ that “even assuming that the conditional residence pe riod was extended and the extreme hardship standard was met, [Mr. Alabi] did not merit re lief in the exercise of discretion in light of his criminal record.” Id. at 3. Citing Matter of Marin , 16 I. & N. Dec. 581, 584 (B.I.A. 1978), the BIA explained in order “[t]o determine whether [Mr. Alabi] me rits . . . relief [as a matter of] discretion, we weigh the adverse factors evidencing hi s undesirability as a permanent resident against the social and humane considerations presented in his behalf and ask whether, on balance, [Mr. Alabi’s] continued presence in the United States would be in the best interests of this country.” Ad min. R. at 4. The BIA ultim ately determined that the IJ “correctly concluded that [Mr. Alabi’s] significant negative factors militate against a favorable exercise of discretion in th is case” and dismissed the appeal. Id. This petition for review followed.
II. ANALYSIS In its decision, the BIA a ssumed Mr. Alabi was eligible for an “extreme hardship” waiver but did not merit the waiv er in the exercise of discretion. This is precisely the type of discretionary decision the c ourts lack jurisdiction to review. See Iliev v. Holder , 613 F.3d 1019, 1023 (10th Cir. 2010) (“We la ck jurisdiction to review the decision to deny [an extreme hardship wa iver] where eligibility for the waiver has been established Appellate Case: 21-9514 Document: 010110617932 Date Filed: 12/13/2021 Page: 78 but the agency nevertheless has exercised its discretion to deny re lief.” (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted)); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2 )(B)(ii) (“[N]o court shall have jurisdiction to review . . . decision[ s] or action[s] of the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security the aut hority for which is specified under this subchapter to be in the discretion of the A ttorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security.”). Specifically, “the question whether to remove the conditional basis of the permanent resident status of a[n] . . . alien who [is eligible for one of the four waivers described in § 1186a(c)(4)(A)-(D)], is among those decisions entrusted by Congress to the Attorney General’s discretion.” Iliev , 613 F.3d at 1022 (int ernal quotation marks omitted). Further, § 1186a(c)(4) provides that “[t]he determination of what evidence is credible and the weight to be given that evid ence shall be within the sole discretion of the Secretary of Homeland Security.” Notwithstanding the jurisdictional bar that prevents this court from reviewing the agency’s discretionary decisions, we are not “preclud[ed] [from] review[ing] . . . constitutional claims or questions of law ra ised upon a petition for review,” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D), which are “review[ed] . . . de novo .” Iliev , 613 F.3d at 1025. However, we reject Mr. Alabi’s attempt to raise a question of law by arguing an issue neither decided by the BIA nor necessary to the resolution of the case: whether the IJ erred in holding the relevant time period of conditiona l residence for which extreme hardship may be assessed ended on August 6, 2012. To be sure, in an appropriate case this could raise a question of law; however, it has no bearin g on how Mr. Alabi’s case was ultimately Appellate Case: 21-9514 Document: 010110617932 Date Filed: 12/13/2021 Page: 89 resolved and therefore n eed not be addressed. See INS v. Bagamasbad , 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (per curiam) (“As a general rule cour ts and agencies are not required to make findings on issues the decision of which is unnecessary to the results they reach.”); Griffin v. Davies , 929 F.2d 550, 554 (10t h Cir. 1991) (“We will not undertake to decide issues that do not affect the outcome of a dispute.”). For his final argument, Mr. Alabi asserts th e IJ’s exclusion of hardship to Daniel “affected the discretionary determination by fo reclosing consideration of the hardship to [his] special needs U.S. citizen child.” Pet’r’s Opening Br. at 23. This argument finds no support in the record. To the contrary, th e IJ considered the testimony and documentary evidence concerning Daniel’s condition and special needs in balancing hardship against the factors weighing against a favorable exerci se of discretion. We decline Mr. Alabi’s invitation to reweigh the evidence, which is not “within our jurisdictional ken,” Illiev , 613 F.3d at 1024.
III. CONCLUSION The petition for review is dismi ssed for lack of jurisdiction.

Entered for the Court

Jerome A. Holmes Circuit Judge Appellate Case: 21-9514 Document: 010110617932 Date Filed: 12/13/2021 Page: 9