SRL 2874 12 0972

4-14

Table 4-3

Summary of Observed Fuel and Vapor Temperatures

AVERAGE DISPENSED

Sample

City Season Size
Winter 51
Los Angeles spring “
Fall 44
Winter 52
Spring 56
Houston Summer 33
Fall --
Winter 4]
cricage
Fall §5
Winter 35
Spring 49
New York Summer 15
Fall 29
Winter 53
aeranta Sern
Fall 22

FUEL TEMPERATURE

Avge, Range,
Deg.F Deg .F
68 62 - 77
74 71-79
87 85 - 89
60 46 - 64
69 56 - 75
75 67 - 80
91 88 - 97
38 36 - 44
56 52 - 63
78 76 - 86
44 40 - 47
40 37 - 51
57 54 - 62
69 49 - 82
52 45 - 60
46 40 - 49
66 64 - 69
85 82 - 88
55 46 - 67

Note: A dash indicates no data were collected.

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.

AVERAGE DISPLACED
VAPOR TEMPERATURE

Sample
Size

5]
49

4
44

52
56
33

41
52
23
55

35
49
15
29

§3
54
1
22

Avge,
Deg, F

72
77
90
60

67
77
93

Range,
Deg.F

62
70
85
42

53 -
65 -

85
83
92
70

82
86

87 -101

34
57
68
35

37
55
52
46

pene

30
61
83
43 -

62
79
89
50

53
75
93
66

60

97
58


CITY

HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS

TABLE F -

HEH DATE 4H®

RRR

SEASON MO DY YR HOUR
WINTER 2 2 71 1652
WINTER 2 2 71 1653
WINTER 2 2 71 1700
WINTER 2 2 71 1705
WINTER 2 2 71 1715
WINTER 2 2 71 1720
WINTER 2 2 71 1723
WINTER 2 2 71 1727
WINTER 2 2 71 1729
WINTER 2 2 71 1735
WINTER 2 2 71 1745
WINTER 2 2 71 1750
WINTER 2 3 71 1215
WINTER 2 3 71 1216
WINTER 2 3 71 1218
WINTER 2 3 71 1239
WINTER 2 3 71 1258
WINTER 2 3 71 1301
WINTER 2 3 71 1324
WINTER 2 3 71 1328
WINTER 2 3 71 1335
WINTER 2 3 71 1356
WINTER 2 3 71 1406
WINTER 2 3 71 1436
WINTER 2 3 71 1446
WINTER 2 3 71 1450
WINTER 2 3 71 1525
WINTER 2 3 71 1550
WINTER 2 3 71 1555
WINTER 2 3 71 1600
WINTER 2 3 71 1607
WINTER 2 3 71 1620
MOTEs ¢*#** MEANS

(CONTINUED)

le

SERVICE
STATION
RHR RR
Loc VOL
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
NO DATA

*#* REFUELING OPERATION #**
FGI Oe

FILL

PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL

GAL
DISP

5.3
167
1506
11.0

320
1208

504
167
1302

8.6

T24
1663

33

3.0
1620
132
12.9
1203

8.3
2267

79
17.7
13.8

729
10.3

503

728

226
159
12.5
16.3
17.0

FUEL DISP SOLAR
GRADE RATE RAD
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HIE SHADE
REG HI SHADE
UNLD MED SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
REG MED SUN
REG HI SUN
PREM MED SUN
PREM MED SUN
PREM MED SUN
PREM MED SHADE
REG MED SHADE
REG MED SUN
PREM MED SUN
PREM MED SUN
UNLD MED SUN
PREM HI SUN
REG LO SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
PREM MED SUN
PREM HI SHADE
REG MED SHADE
REG MED SHADE
UNLD MED SHADE
PREM NED SHADE

TEMPe - DEG F
FT
DISP DISPL
AMB FUEL VAPOR
48 64 55
48 68 60
48 69 65
47 69 61
47 56 61
47 65 62
47 69 65
47 68 60
48 69 65
48 65 57
48 65 57
48 68 58
74 72 70
7 #721 71
4 72 70
75 #71 77
7 #71 73
75 70 73
74 73 72
7 #71 71
75 72 76
7 71 76
76 72 72
76 73 75
76 73 73
77 «+72 76
76 73 82
75 75 78
75 73 74
75 #71 7
75 72 73
74 72 72

FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

TIME
BETWN
FILLS»

MIN

RHE

RR

7260 @T 9287 TUS

S-d


“ONE ‘SSIMOLVHOMY1 HIYVASIY LLOIS ES

h La —— al
WA LA — M4 } nS]
a Nv
Lt
FAR WALL TOP CENTER NEAR WALL BOTTOM CENTER CENTER

Figure 3-2

MINI-SHED VAPOR CONCENTRATION - NO FAN

000’T

000’2

000°

ANVdOUd SV Wdd

7260 71 9487 TAS

6-£


SRL 2874 12 0972

Final Report

Investigation of Passenger
Car Refueling Losses

Second-Year Program

APRAC Project Number CAPE 9-68
EPA Contract CPA 22-69-68
Scott Project #2874

Prepared for:

Coordinating Research Council, Inc.
Thirty Rockefeller Plaza
New York, New York 10020

and
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air and Water Programs
Mobile Source Pollution Control Program

2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105

September 1, 1972
by

Malcolm Smith

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.
2600 Cajon Boulevard
San Bernardino, California 92411


SRL 2874 12 0972

APPENDIX F

FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

© SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



4-23

SRL 2874 12 0972

The result of primary intereat, of course, is that the com-
bined spill losses from all sources, averaged over all refueling oper-
ations, amount to just 3.5 grams per refueling event. Using a national
average fuel consumption estimate of 13.4 miles per gallon, published
in the 1971 National Petroleum News statistical issue, and using the
composite average fill datum of 11.5 gallons, the spill loss thus aver~

ages out to just 0.023 grams per mile.

4.6 ANALYSIS OF SPILL DATA

The liquid spill data obtained during the first-year refueling
loss field survey indicated that these spills may be related to various
parameters that can be measured and recorded during each observed re-
fueling operation. These refueling parameters include items of service
station information, automobile fuel tank configuration, operator
technique, and operator discomfort indices.

Since the spring survey data were the most complete with re-
spect to these refueling parameters, a sub-sample of the spring data,
consisting of 1063 refueling operations for which complete data were
available, was subjected to analysis. Each type of spill was analyzed
with the step-wise multiple linear regression technique in two ways.

The magnitude of the spill for each type was regressed on the refueling
parameters for just those cases where a spill had occurred, The occur~
rence of each type of spill, on a go/no-go basis, was regressed on the
appropriate parameters for all 1063 data points. A subset of all the
refueling parameters was input to the analyses of each spill type, since

some refueling parameters are clearly independent of any given type of

£0) SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



4-34
SRL 2874 12 0972.

Table 4-18

‘Regression of Probability of Postfill
Nozzle Loss on Refueling Parameters

Number
of Data 2 Description of
Parameters Points i x Parameter Effect
Significant:
Operator technique 1063 0.450 0.202 Higher probability with

poor technique

Hose extension required
for fill 1063 0.454 0,206 Higher probability with
abnormally high extension

Fill pipe angle from
horizontal 1063 0.458 0.210 Higher probability for £111
pipes nearly horizontal

Non-Significant:

Station monthly volume

Station location

Deviation of nozzle insertion from vertical

Current station work load

Operator work load

Uncomfortable wind

Uncomfortable rain

Uncomfortable temperature

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



2-1

SRL 2874 12 0972

2.0 APPROACH TO SECOND-YEAR PROGRAM

The sources of refueling losses were first identified and the

effects of variables which relate to the magnitude of displaced losses
were measured in the laboratory. Spillage and temperature data related
to displaced losses were gathered at service stations in five different

cities. Total refueling losses were then calculated from these data.

2.1 SOURCES OF REFUELING LOSSES
From the results of the first-year pilot program, two primary
categories of refueling loss were identified.
2.1.1 Liquid Spillage
Liquid spillage was traced to four origins. In sequence of
possible occurrence they are:

© Prefill drip from the nozzle while it is being handled
from the pump to the vehicle

© Spit-back of gasoline from the fuel tank filler pipe
resulting from pressure build-up in the vapor space in
the fuel tank during the fill

o Overflow from the filler pipe when the amount
of gasoline dispensed exceeds the tank capacity

o Postfill drip from the nozzle while it is being handled
from the vehicle back to the pump.

2.1.2 Displaced Losses

Displaced losses were traced to vapor displaced from the tank
in a volume approximately equal to the volume of gasoline dispensed and,

under certain conditions, to small droplets entrained in the vapor.

——
oS SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



CITY

ATL

ATL

ATL

ATL

ATL

ATL

ATL

ATL

LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
Lefe
Lede
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
Lehe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
Lele
LeAe
LeAe
Lele
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe

SEASON

WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING

NOTEs

TABLE F - le

HHH DATE BH
FTI

MO DY

11
ll
11
lL
ll
1l
11
1
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13

PRP EPR PL RHP PRP LRP DPE EERE ENNNNNNNN

YR

71
71
71
7
71
7
71
7
7
71
7
7
7
7
71
71
7
71
7
7
7
71
71
7
a
71
71
7
71
71
71
7

HOUR

1329
1337
1355
1430
1445
1615
1630
1637
1113
1130
1250
1255
1305
1308
1313
1325
1335
1345
1410
1410
1420
1504
1515
1529
1620
1640
1645
1032
1035
1117
1120
1200

eRRRO MEANS

SERV
STAT
HERE

Loc

FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY

NO DA

** QEFUELING OPERATION *#*
Fe RE TEE Tee TET IE TE TE ETE TE TE EEE EH

(CONTINUED)
ICE

ION

RAK GAL
VOL FILL OISP
LO PART 249
LO FULL 14.0
LO FULL 21.0
LO FULL 11466
LO FULL 12.8
LO PART 5e2
LO PART 2.9
LO PART 7.7
HI FULL 1520
HI PART 609
HI PART 342
HI FULL 543
HI FULL 704
HI FULL 1429
HI FULL 13.8
HI PART 1502
HI FULL 1561
HI FULL 107
HI FULL 344
HI FULL 669
HI PART 6.29
HI FULL 844
HI FULL 2161
HI FULL 968
HI FULL 1509
HI FULL 1402
HI FULL 1769
HI FULL 1402
HI FULL 920
HIT FULL 11e3
HI PART 9.61
HI FULL 1067
TA

FUEL DISP SOLAR
GRADE RATE RAD
REG HI SHADE
REG MED SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
“PREM HI SHADE
PREM 41 SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM YT SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SUN
PREM MED SUN
PREM MED SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
REG MED SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM LO SHADE
REG MED SHADE
REG MED SHADE
REG LO SHADE
REG HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM LO SHADE
REG MED SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG MED SHADE
PREM HI SUN
REG MED SHADE
REG MED SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE

TEMPe - O£&G F
FTTH
DISP DISPL
AMB FUEL VAPOR
39° 49 53
39° 48 5c
39 46 4o
39° 46 4e
39° 47 48
41 46 50
41 49 60
41 47 49
74 74 78
76 76 79
78 #79 80
78 74 78
78 73 75
78 #73 80
79 «#77 83
79° «73 81
719 «72 76
79 ~«#«77 79
79° «77 82
79 «73 79
79° «78 80
79° «74 79
79° «73 76
79° «679 B2
73° =«75 79
7l 74 B81
71 74 ac
74 72 75
74 74 uz)
75 73 75
75 72 77
76 74 Ql

FIFLD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

TIME
BETwy

FILLS»
arN

2160 ZT 282 THUS

OT-d


CITY

NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL

SEASON

SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING

NOTEs

TABLE

eRRR DAT
FIR

MO DY YR

7
a
7L
71
71
71
71
71
7
7
71
7
7
71
71
71
7
7
71
7
7
7
71
71
7
71
71
71
7
71
71
71

NNANNN
OWVDODODVFATHFFARAOACPHOVUVUUNVUUUNUY

PPPHDE PH HS DP HUUUVUVUNVNVUUUNUNNNUNUUUIY
nN
oO

NNN
woo

ORERE

E Rte
RRR
HOUR

1512
1540
1550
1552
1602
1607
1609
1614
1625
1635
1637
1000
1540
1605
1615
1635
1650
1730
1735
1740
1800
1805
0959
1030
1044
1047
1115
1138
1145
1220
1256
1315

MEANS

** REFUELING OPERATION ###
FUG Te

Fo = le (CONTINUED)

SERVICE

STATION

FI GAL

LOc VOL FILL OISP
NBHD LO FULL 13-0
NBHD LO PART 11.7
NBHD LO FULL 1269
NBHD LO FULL 12.1
NBHD HI FULL 21.0
NBHD HI FULL 14.4
NBHO HI FULL 7.69
NBHD HI FULL 349
NBHD HI PART 266
NBHD HI PART 467
NBHD HI FULL 1620
NBHD LO FULL 804
NBHD LO FULL 6601
NBHD LO FULL 967
NBHO LO FULL 13.7
NBHD LO FULL 17.0
NBHD LO PART 9.65
NBHD LO PART 76
NBHD LO FULL 1261
NBHD LO PART 7.0
NBHD LO FULL 10.7
NBHD LO FULL 15-0
FRWY AI FULL 104
FRWY HI PART 1020
FRWY HI PART 1369
FRWY HI FULL 1165
FRWY HI PART 1060
FRWY HI FULL 2002
FRWY HI PART 904
FRWY HI FULL 2063
FRWY HI PART 11le2
FRWY HI FULL 965
NO DATA

FUEL DISP SOLAP
GRADE RATE RAD

PREM HI SHADE
PREM MED SUN

REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SUN

REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM YI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
REG LO SHADE
REG LO SHADE
REG LO SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM LO SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
REG Lo SUN

PREM LO SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM MED SHADE

TEMPe - DEG F
RTT RH
DISP DISPL
AMB FUEL VAPOR
71 58 68
71 60 65
7l 59 63
71 #57 75
70 56 66
70 57 62
70 58 75
70 «#59 69
7Oo 61 71
7o 61 72
70 «57 68
61 59 60
60 59 61
60 57 60
60 59 65
60 57 59
60 57 64
60 58 60
60 57 62
60 59 62
60 57 60
60 58 59
7O 67 66
70 67 68
70 68 69
71 68 69
71 #68 73
71 68 69
72 69 74
72 67 72
72 «67 73
72 «67 73

FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

TIME
SETWN
FILLS»

MIN

9
28
45
12
10
17

7

7
1)
26

2

RH
eH

RK

7260 7@T 282 Tas

9T-a


SRL 2874 12 0972

Table 4-14

Regression of Probability of Spit-back

Loss on Refueling Parameters

Number
of Data 2 Description of
Parameters Points x r Parameter Effect
Significant:
Fill completion 1063 0.226 0.051 Higher probability for
complete fill
Fuel tank shape 1063 0.325 0.106 Higher probability for flat
tank than vertical fender type
Filling rate 1063 0.339 0.115 Higher probability for
faster rate
Depth of nozzle insertion 1063 0.354 0.125 Higher probability for

Non-Significant:
Station location

Station monthly volume

Fuel tank fill pipe diameter

Fuel tank £111 pipe length

Fuel tank fill pipe angle from horizontal

Fuel tank vented

Anti-spill device in fuel

tank

Deviation of nozzle insertion from vertical

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.

shallow insertion


3-16

SRL 2874 12 0972

3.4 RESULTS OF LABORATORY STUDY

Each of the 15 variables shown in the Experimental Plan, Table
3-1, was analyzed to determine its contribution to the magnitude of the
displaced loss measured during controlled refueling operations. The
significance of each variable was established with such statistical tech-
niques as regression analysis, analysis of variance, and Student t-tests.
Computer analysis of a number of regression models identified three of
these variables, two temperatures and RVP, to be adequate to predict
displaced losses. A listing of the various measured temperatures, the
gasoline RVP, and the measured displaced loss are given in Appendix D
for each experiment. The associated fill pipe, fuel tank, and operation

data are given in Table 3-1,

3.4.1 Experimental Considerations

In order to maintain control over the variables in the experi-
ment, the refueling operations were conducted in the Scott all-weather
room. Consequently, the ambient temperature, the initial temperature of
the fuel in the fuel tank, and the initial vapor space temperature were
all essentially equal. If one of these temperatures were used as an in-
dependent variable in the regression analysis, the results obtained would
not differ materially from those using either one of the other two temp-
eratures,

Since the fuel was dispensed from the Scott Fuel Conditioning
Cart, the dispensed fuel temperature was essentially constant. In the
real world, of course, the dispensed fuel temperature is in the neighbor-

hood of the ambient temperature initially, and then decreases (or increases)

os SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

APPENDIX B

VOLATILITY DATA

En SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, !NC



3-23

SRL 2874 12 0972

Ly is in units of grams/gallon of dispensed fuel, Typ and Ty are in
units of °F, and RVP is in units of pounds/square inch.

Equation 3-6 yields a multiple correlation between Ly and the
independent variables of 0.9445, the coefficient of determination is
89.2%, and the standard error of the estimate is 0.236 grams/gallon. The
standard errors of the regression coefficients b, c, and d are 0.0011,
0.0018, and 0.0003, respectively. The statistics for the selected model
are thus about the same as those for the model given by Equation 3-3.
Further, the selected model may be extrapolated to temperatures below
those used in the experimental work. While caution is always required
when extrapolating from regression relationships, the decrease in the
displaced loss with decreased temperature keeps the magnitude of the
errors of estimation well bounded.

Conversely, when extrapolating with temperatures greater than
90°F, the upper limit in the experimental work, the estimating errors
became greater as temperatures exceed 90°F by greater margins. Exami-
nation of the data in Appendix D reveals the sample of high-temperature
cases to be fairly small. Further, the initial boiling points of the
fuels (Appendix A) are in the neighborhood of 90°F; therefore, the
mechanism of vapor formation may be altered at temperatures of 90°F and
higher. Extrapolations beyond 90°F should thus be avoided until such time
as additional laboratory data at higher temperatures become available.

3.4.4 Sensitivity Analysis
After selection of the regression model, a brief sensitivity

analysis was conducted. Since Ly is a function of three variables, the

{e\:}| SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC



‘ONE SSINOLYHORVT HOUVASAY LLOIS oS

AVERAGE

TABLE 4-7

REFUELING SPILL LOSS SUMMARY
WINTER SURVEY

SPIT-BACK Loss OQveRFiLL Loss

AVERAGE

Nozzte Loss
wG REE UL)

AVERAGE

AL Ross. boss poss. boss boss. boss

Los ANGELES 268

HousToN 326
Cuicaco 230
New York 249
ATLANTA 317
Composite 1390

9.8
7.8
10.6
5.7
10.4
9.0

0.187
0.227
0.157
0.145
9.221

0.191

5.3
74
2.4
3.1
5.3

5.2

0.243
1,230
0.135
0.185
0.240

9,211

5.0
5.0
2.6
5.2
2.3

4,0

0.060
0.049
0.087
0.088
0.047

0.064

NpzzLe Logs
T

AVERAGE
oss,

3,0
2.8
1.6
1.3
ld
1.7

boss

0.209
0.172
0.283
0.498
0.319

0.289

7260 ZT 282 Tas

61-9


3-19

SRL 2874 12 0972

where V = the number of independent experimental variables

n = the order of the regression,
and the parentheses symbolize the number of combinations of V + n things
taken n at a time.

Since V = 15 in the present instance, then Ny = 15 forn=1,

Ny = 136 for n = 2, and Ny = 816 for n= 3. For other than linear fits,
then, not only is the large number of input variables inconvenient, but more
importantly, the size of the sample of experiments is not commensurate with
the number of variables. Therefore, various statistical significance tests
were used to establish that two of the measured temperatures and the fuel
RVP were adequate for the estimation of the displaced loss. (The symbols used

from this point on are collected for convenience and defined in Table 3-2.)

Regression analyses could thus be conducted using a much
smaller number of input variables. Further efficiency was obtained
by using the step-wise regression technique. The first finding was that
three~step regressions were adequate, the addition of further steps yielding
no useful improvement in the estimates of displaced losses. Further,
Tor and RVP were always selected by the computer as significant vartables.
The third variable to be selected, as discussed in 3.4.1 above, could have
been Ths TM\ Tyg» or Trp: Since Th, and t, were both measured during
the field survey, the choice was narrowed to those two variables. The
Standard error of the estimate, Ss, (i.e., the standard deviation of the
differences between the measured losses and the losses estimated by the
regression equation), was slightly smaller using 4%, than when Ty) was used,

30 ty was chosen. It should be noted, however, that the initial temperature

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



—Lity

Los ANGELES

‘ONT ‘SIHOLVUORVT HOUVISTH LLODS &

HousTon
CHIcaco
New York
ATLANTA

ComPosITE

NU
1005
1287
1234
1515
1378
6419

AVERA
REFIL

11.8
12.8
11.7
10.0
11.5
11.5

TaBLe 4-10
TOTAL SPILL LASS SUMMARY
Eour-Season Composite

No. OF REF.
L, OPERATIONS

GE

392
480
321
546
372
2111

AYERAGE

PILL
OSS,

8.6
17.0
9.8
9.5
6.7

10.6

SPILL
OSS

FREQ.»

39.0
37.3
26.0
36.0
27.0

32.9

PILL

aire
oss,

3,3
6.3
2.6
3.4
1.8
3.5

7260 ZT 7287 Tas

tena


SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.

B-2


cITy

NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
4TL

SEASON

WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTEP
WINTER
WINTER

NOTEs

(CONTINUED)

TABLE F = le

SERVICE

RRHH DATE *** STATION
KERR REE HERKHRE
MO DY YR HOUR LOC VOL
2 17 71 1445 NBHD HI
2 17 71 1455 NBHD HI
2 17 71 1535 NBHD HI
2 17 71 1600 NBHD HI
2 17 71 1602 NBHD HI
2: 17 71 1642 NBHD HI
2 18 71 1002 NBHO HI
2 18 71 1017 NBHD HI
2.18 71 1047 NBHD HI
2 18 71 1110 NBHD HI
2 18 71 1114 NBHD HI
2 18 71 1131 NBHD HI
2 418 71 1145 NBHD HI
2 18 71 1210 NBHD HI
2 28 71 1232 NBHD HI
2 18 71 1335 NBHO HI
2 18 71 1346 NBHD HI
2.18 71 1353 NBHD HI
2 18 71 1403 NBHD HI
2 9 71 1230 FRWY LO
2 9 71 1240 FRWY LO
2 9 71 1250 FRWY LO
2 9 71 1325 FRWY LO
2 9 71 1345 FRWY LO
2 9 71 1350 FRWY LO
2 9 71 1410 FRWY LO
2 9 71 1415 FRWY LO
2 9 71 1417 FRWY LO
2 9 71 1430 FRWY LO
2 9 71 1510 FRWY LO
2 9 71 1540 FRWY LO
2 9 71 1615 FRWY LO
see MEANS NO DATA

** REFUELING OPERATION ##*
FTI

FILL

FULL
PART
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL

GAL
OISP

13.2
2.3
Te6

1567

1504

1564

1926

15el

1663
266

15.3

1964
8.9

163
4e7

1820

1404
408

1203

10.3

1468
208

1564

13.9
508
502

126
724

1668
266

1463

106

FUEL DISP SOLAR
GRADE RATE RAD

REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SUN

UNLD HI SUN

PREM HI SUN

REG HI SUN

REG Lo SUN

REG Lo SUN

UNLD HI SUN

REG HI SUN

PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
UNLD LO SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
REG LO SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG MED SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE

TEMP. - DEG F
HRAKKHRH HHH RH
DISP ISPL
AMB FUEL VAPOR
33° (38 37
33° 38 34
30 38 37
30. 37 34
30 37 37
30 38 37
55 41 45
53° 45 50
53 41 53
53 5 52
54 42 44
54 42 45
54 46 53
54 42 43
54 4) 47
54 41 41
54 42 47
54 40 46
55 41 42
26 44 42
24 46 45
26 41 34
26° 45 45
24 46 44
24 48 37
24 41 39
24° 47 46
24 48 46
24 48 47
24 46 43
24 47 47
24 46 44

FIELD SURVFY TEMPEFATURE DATA

TIME
SETWa
FILLS»

MIN

68
169
tHE

55
162

117
RH

Hee
45
eR
4
17
88
39
105
35
121
7

113
RRR

HR
HK
45

20
105

13
105

35

7260 ZT 728% Tas

8-4


GRAMS PER GALLON

DISPLACED LOSS,

3-29
SRL 2874 12 0972

4,” —— SCOTT REGRESSION MODEL

2 Z| =--_IDEAL GAS MODEL

1 RVP = 9 Psi

0 1b 20 30 do So 60 70 80 90
T=T =T. °F

Figure 3-9 COMPARISON OF REGRESSION MODEL MITH
IDEAL GAS MODEL

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



‘ONT ‘SSIMOLVHOGVT HOUVISAY LLOIS &

City
Los Angeles
Houston
Chicago
New York
Atlanta

Composite

Los Angeles
Houston
Chicago
New York
Atlanta

Composite

Sample

Size

51
52
41
35
53
232

49
56
52
49
54
260

Table 5-2

DISPLACED LOSS SUMMARY

Winter Survey

Av. Disp. Loss,

grams/fill

65.0
78.3
38.8
42.8
36.6
53.5

Spring Survey
61.8

77.3
63.4
52.1
61.2
63.5

Av. Disp. Loss,

grams/gallon

6.4
6.6
3.5
3.6
3.6

4.9

72460 7@T 7282 TaS

9-5


8-5
SRL 2874 12 0972
Using an average fuel consumption datum of 13.4 miles per

gallon published in National Petroleum News, the total refueling loss
may be expressed as 9.396 grams of hydrocarbons per mile. It is of
interest to contrast that result with the 1975-76 Federal Standard
for exhaust emissions, which limits the unburned hydrocarbons to 0.41
grams per mile, and with the average value of unburned hydrocarbons

in the exhaust of uncontrolled vehicles of about 10 grams per mile.

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL

4-10

4-11

4-12

4-13

4-14

4-15

4-16

2874 12 0972

LIST OF TABLES

DISPLACED VAPOR LOSS ESTIMATES FOR THE STATE OF
CALIFORNIA - MAY, 1967

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN

SYMBOL DEFINITIONS

UNDERGROUND GASOLINE TEMPERATURES

SUMMARY OF OBSERVED AMBIENT TEMPERATURES
SUMMARY OF OBSERVED FUEL AND VAPOR TEMPERATURES
AVERAGE PUBLISHED GASOLINE VOLATILITY (RVP)
REFUELING SPILL LOSS SUMMARY - SUMMER SURVEY
REFUELING SPILL LOSS SUMMARY - FALL SURVEY

REFUELING SPILL LOSS SUMMARY

WINTER SURVEY

REFUELING SPILL LOSS SUMMARY

SPRING SURVEY
REFUELING SPILL LOSS SUMMARY - FOUR SEASON COMPOSITE
TOTAL SPILL LOSS SUMMARY - FOUR SEASON COMPOSITE

REGRESSION OF MAGNITUDE OF PREFILL NOZZLE LOSS ON
REFUELING PARAMETERS

REGRESSION OF PROBABILITY OF PREFILL NOZZLE LOSS
ON REFUELING PARAMETERS

REGRESSION OF MAGNITUDE OF SPIT-BACK LOSS ON
REFUELING PARAMETERS

REGRESSION OF PROBABILITY OF SPIT~BACK LOSS ON
REFUELING PARAMETERS

REGRESSION OF MAGNITUDE OF OVERFILL LOSS ON
REFUELING PARAMETERS

REGRESSION OF PROBABILITY OF OVERFILL LOSS ON
REFUELING PARAMETERS

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.

Page No.

1-2

3-20
4-12
4-13

4-14

4-20
4-21

4-22

4-25


3-26
SRL 2874 12 0972

Fieure 3-8 SENSITIVITY OF DISPLACED LOSS TO
RVP AT VARIOUS VALUES OF TEMPERATURE

90°F

4
="

/

DispLacep Loss, GRAMS PER GALLON

WA
Z LZ
i WA WA T + 75°F
TTpply a
ZZ — Ti = 60°F
ee ee = 450F
— T= 30°F
Ly
7 8 g 10 ll 12

REID VAPOR PRESSURE, pst
| SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



4-28

SRL 2874 12 0972

Table 4-13

Regression of Magnitude of Spit-back
Loss on Refueling Parameters

Number
of Data 2 Description of
Parameters Points r r Parameter Effect
Significant:
None 182 None
Non-Significant:

Fuel tank fill pipe diameter

Fuel tank fill pipe length

Fuel tank fill pipe angle from horizontal
Fuel tank shape

Fuel tank vented

Anti-spill device in fuel tank

Filling rate

Depth of nozzle insertion

Deviation of nozzle insertion from vertical

Fill completion

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

5.0 TOTAL REFUELING LOSS MODEL

A regression model for estimating the displaced hydrocarbon
loss during a single refueling operation was discussed in Section 3 and
the average magnitudes and probabilities of spill losses were presented
in Section 4. The next step, the development of a total refueling loss
model, will be a primary objective of the third-year program. The
functional form of two types of total refueling loss model will, however,
be discussed in this section: (1) total refueling loss per operation,
and (2) total refueling loss for a given region over a specified period
of time. The latter model would provide planners with a needed esti-
mating tool, and the former is developed for purposes of the present

report.

5.1 TOTAL REFUELING LOSS PER OPERATION

The total refueling loss for a single refueling operation is
simply the sum of the displaced and spill losses. To this point the dis-
placed loss has been estimated in units of grams per gallon of gasoline
dispensed and spill losses have been estimated in grams per refueling
operation. Therefore, the total estimated refueling loss, in units of

grams per refueling operation, is given simply by

tsopet a ' ' '
Lis Ly +g Gyp * bya t bgp t Lor) (5-1)
where
L' = Estimated total hydrocarbon refueling loss, grams per gallon

of gasoline dispensed

Estimated displaced hydrocarbon loss, grams per gallon of
gasoline dispensed

a

a
a

Quantity of gasoline dispensed, gallons

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



APTD-1453

INVESTIGATION OF PASSENGER
CAR REFUELING LOSSES

PREPARED FOR

COORDINATING RESEARCH COUNCIL, INC.

Thirty Rockefeller Plaza
New York, New York 10020

AND

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

OFFICE OF AIR AND WATER PROGRAMS
MOBILE SOURCE POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM

2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.
qr 73 2600 CAJON BOULEVARD
SAN BERNARDINO, CALIFORNIA 92411


SRL 2874 12 0972

CONVERSION OF RVP TO A STANDARD VALUE

Because of the weathering phenomenon, the RVP of a given fuel
varied between the first and last experiment in a series. Thus, if one
wishes a series of measurements normalized to a constant value of RVP, as
in the top-fill/bottom-fill experiment, a correction factor is required.
A correction provided by the displaced loss regression model given by
Equation 3-3 is more convenient for this purpose than one based on the
exponential regression. (For definitions of the symbols, see Table 3-2).

The form of the model given by Equation 3-3 is
= x2
te - -
Lt 2.01570 - 0.02615 Typ 0.00035 Ty
+ 0.00013 Typ * Ty x RVP. (C-1)

If the desired constant value of RVP is 9.0 psi, then

= x2
uw = 9) = - 0. -0.
p (RVP = 9) = 2.01570 - 0.02615 Typ ~ 0-00035 Ty

+ 0.00013 Typ ¥ Ty ¥ 9.0 (C-2)

The desired correction factor is then obtained by subtracting

(C~1) from (C-2); i.e., the required correction to the measured loss is

aby = 0.00013 Top x Ty (9.0 - RVP). (c-3)

To illustrate, if the measured loss at an RVP = 8.0 is ly then

one estimates the loss at an RVP = 9.0, for Typ 2 ty = 60°F, to be

Ly + aby = Ly + 0.00013 x 60 x 60 x (9.0 - 8.0)

= Ly + 0.47.

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



CITY

HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
cul
CHI
CHI
CHI

SEASON

SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING

NOTEs

TABLE F -

KHER DATE HH
FOIE

“O

VUNNUUVUNTUUU TUN REDE DED DERE ERHARD

DY

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
2l
2l
21
21
21
21
21
21
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

YR

71
71
71
7
71
71
71
71
71
71
7
7
7

one

HOUR

1437
1440
1525
1530
1630
1650
1702
1715
0915
0920
0930
0945
0950
1005
1040
1045
1100
0955
1020
1048
1105
1115
1125
1152
1202
1215
1225
1235
1245
1247
1409
1415

MEANS

(CONTINUED)

le
SERVICE
STATION
HH
Loc VOL
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NSHD- HI
NBHD- HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NO DATA

#* REFUELING OPERATION #**
FI IIE

FILL

FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
PART
FULL
PART
PART
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL

GAL
DISP

704
19.6
11.3
LL.7
1403
16.5
1704
2209
1407
1501
15.5
1128

8.7
18.2

bel

BoD

Tel
1202
llel

8.0
1509

8.0
15.8

73

Bed
21.2
13.3
2203
1402
2004

204
2068

FUEL DISP SOLAR
GRADE RATE RAD

PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
UNLD MED SHADE
PREM HI SuN

PREM HI SUN

REG MED SUN

PREM HI SHADE
REG LO SHADE
REG “ED SHADE
REG Lo SUN

PREM MED SUN

REG MED SUN

PREM MED SHADE
REG MED SHADE
REG LO SHADE
REG MED SHADE
PREM MED SUN

PREM MED SHADE
REG HI SUN

REG HI SHADE

FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

TEMP. - DEG F
HAKKAR HERR
OISP "TSL
AMB FUEL VAPOR
64 75 7
64 75 75
64-714 14
64 73 7
64 74 69
64 74 73
64 74 73
64 67 16
73 74 72
73° =«74 76
74 #75 17
74 «#75 14
74 73 73
75 74 76
7o 75 76
7 77 BL
7 75 76
67 «55 62
68 55 57
68 57 67
69 55 59
70 60 69
70 60 71
71 «60 73
71 «#258 68
71 56 64
71 55 63
72° «55 61
72 «+57 69
72 54 60
720 «57 79
72 52 62

TIPE
aETAL
FILLS»

Arn

12
3
45
77
65
20
12
75
ed
5
HK
15
36
20
HHH
40
15
RHR
HHH
53
17
10
65
37
37
23
10
10
43
2
RHR
6

7460 ZT 982% THS

€T-d


SRL 2874 12 0972

Table OF CONTENTS (CONT.)

5.0 TOTAL REFUELING LOSS MODEL . « . © « «© «© 6
5.1 ESTIMATION OF LOSS PER OPERATION. . . . +

5.2 ESTIMATION OF DISPLACED LOSSES FROM FIELD SURVEY
DATA 2 6 8 6 ee we ww ew

5.3 TOTAL REFUELING LOSS MODELS. . . . «. +s.
REFERENCES . 2 2 6 + 8 + #@ # © © # te we ee
APPENDIX A FUEL INSPECTION DATA. «. . . «© «© © «© «©
APPENDIX B VOLATILITY DATA. .. «© «© «© © «© © +

APPENDIX C CONVERSION OF RVP TO A STANDARD VALUE . . .
APPENDIX D LABORATORY DATA . « « 6 2 6 eee eo
APPENDIX E DISPLACED VAPOR LOSS BY IDEAL GAS MODEL. . .

APPENDIX F FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA. . . . ...

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

APPENDIX D

LABORATORY DATA

a SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC



DrspLaceD Loss, Gms PER GALLON

SRL 2874 12 0972

3-14

Top Fitts Y

WA

WA [Borrom Frits
ZO

Za

ALL] VaLues CoRRECTED To

IRVP = 9,0 Psi

40 50

T=T-T

Fieure 3-5 COMPARISON OF TOP-FILL AND BOTTOM-FILL

60 70
OF

DF’

DISPLACED LOSSES

®

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.

80

90


“ONT ‘SSIMOLVYORVT HOWVISAY LLOIS &

TABLE 5-3

TOTAL REFUELING LOSS BY SOURCE

AVERAGE PROBABILITY AVERAGE

MAGN] TUDE OF MaGNITUDE, CONFRIBUTION
DISPLACED LOSS 57.4 1.0 57.4 94,3
SPIT-BACK 13.7 0.128 1.8 3.0
OVERFILL 8.6 N,141 1.2 2.0
PRE-FILL DRIP 5.9 0,036 0.2 0.3
POST-FILL DRIP 1.8 0.169 0.3 0.5

TOTAL REFUELING LOSS 60.9

7260 ZT 7282 TUS

8-S


SRL 2874 12 0972

where L' is in units of grams of hydrocarbons per gallon of dispensed
gasoline, RVP is in units of pounds per square inch, and the average
fuel and vapor temperatures Cy and Ty, respectively) are in op,

It must be noted at this point that one cannot use Equation
5-3 to estimate losses over a region by inserting average values for
Typ Ty and RVP and then multiplying by the total number of gallons
of gasoline dispensed. If the relationship between L' and the other
variables were linear, an average value for L' could be so computed.
The relationship is non-linear, of course, as evidenced by Figures

3-7 and 3-8, so the total refueling loss model for application over a

region must be somewhat more complex, as discussed in 5.3 below.

5.2 ESTIMATION OF DISPLACED LOSSES FROM FIELD SURVEY DATA

In the course of the field survey data collection effort,
732 measurements of each of Typ
temperature measurements, together with the published values of RVP

and ty were obtained. These

for each city and season (Table 4-4), were used as inputs to the re-
gression model (Equation 3-6) and the associated displaced hydrocarbon
losses estimated, These estimates are given in Tables 5-1 and 5-2
by city and season. The average temperatures and their ranges have
already been reported in Table 4~2.

It must be emphasized that caution must be observed in
interpreting the data in those tables. Although the total sample size
is large (N=732), it 1s comprised of much smaller sub-samples. For

example, the average displaced loss reported for Los Angeles during

oy SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

phase was a field survey of service stations to determine the frequency

of occurrence of gasoline spills. The laboratory study was initiated

upon award of the contract; go-ahead for the field survey was subsequently
received on April 16, 1969.

The laboratory study yielded information on the effect of fuel
tank configuration, fill rate, vapor pressure, and fuel and vapor
temperatures on the displaced losses. Additional data were obtained
on the average spill loss for different fuel tank configurations
filled at different fueling rates. The minimum, maximum, and
average amounts of nozzle drip were determined by measurement. In order
to carry out the laboratory study Scott constructed two enclosures: (1) a
full-sized SHED (acronym for Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determinations)
to collect spillage from an entire automobile, and (2) a MINI-SHED to col-
lect displaced losses from fuel tanks alone. Measurements of the hydrocarbon
concentrations in both SHEDs were made with a flame ionization detector
(FID).

The field survey was carried out in two parts. The first part
utilized Scott employees who filled out a questionnaire each time they re-
fueled their automobiles. The questionnaires were filled out without the
knowledge of the attendant. In the second part, Scott technicians surveyed
several stations in the San Bernardino area for spillage and nozzle drip
under the guise of determining the average amount of gasoline per fill. A
coded data form allowed the technician to record number of spills and nozzle
drips without an attendant's knowledge.

Significant factors contributing to individual and overall re-

fueling losses were examined and discussed in the first-year report, but

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES,



SRL 2874 12 0972

The extension cables were routed so as to cause the least
interference with the operation. The cable bundle was laid across the
apron to a convenient location for the recorder and selector switch. A
safe zone was sought which presented the least impediment to normal
service station traffic while still reserving a good vantage point for
the surveyor to identify vehicles being filled.

At the start of each session the surveyor recorded the date,
city, season, freeway proximity, sales volume category, and
moisture content in the ambient air. Just before each operation, the
surveyor selected the thermocouple probe attached to the nozzle to be
used, turned on the recorder, and noted the time, vehicle year and
make/model code, grade of gasoline to be dispensed, and the ambient
temperature.

During each operation the surveyor noted the tooth in which the
nozzle trigger was latched, the depth and angle of m.zle insertion, and
the incidence of solar radiation on the hose. Vapor and gasoline temperatures
were recorded throughout the fill operation. After conclusion of the fill,
the surveyor turned off the recorder and noted whether a complete or partial
fill had been performed, the total gallons of gasoline dispensed, and
the elapsed time since the nozzle had last been used.

An example of one of these records is shown in Figure 4-3. The
temperature of the gasoline originally in the nozzle is raised above ambient
temperature by solar radiation, as evidenced at the beginning of the trace.
As colder gasoline issues from the nozzle, the temperature falls toward the

underground temperature. The displaced vapor temperature decreases from above

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



‘ONT ‘SAIMOLYHOGVT HOUVISAY LLOIS &

NumBer oF REFUELING OPERATIONS

M 0300 0600 0900 N 1500 1800 2100 M
TIME OF DAY

Figure 5-4 EXAMPLE OF FUNCTION RELATING REFUELING OPERATIONS TO TIME OF DAY

7260 @T 7282 THS

ST-S


4-30

SRL 2874 12 0972

Table 4-15

Regression of Magnitude of Overfill
Loss on Refueling Parameters

Number
of Data 2 Description of
Parameters Points xr r Parameter Effect
Significant:
Station location 194 0.213 0.045 Larger spills for non-freeway
locations
Uncomfortable wind 194 0.284 0.081 Larger spills during
uncomfortable wind
Operator technique 194 0.319 0.102 Larger spills for poor
technique
Station monthly volume 194 0.354 0.125 Larger spills for lower
volume stations
Non-Significant:

Fuel tank fill pipe diameter

Fuel tank fill pipe length

Fuel tank fill pipe angle from horizontal
Anti-spill device in fuel tank

Fuel tank vented

Fuel tank shape

Filling rate

Fill completion

Depth of nozzle insertion

Deviation of nozzle insertion from vertical
Current station work load

Operator work load

Hose extension required for fill
Uncomfortable rain

Uncomfortable temperature

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL

RVP

3-20
2874 12 0972

Table 3-2
Symbol Definitions

= Reid vapor pressure, psi

= General temperature variable, °F

= Ambient temperature, oF

= Average dispensed fuel temperature, °F

= Initial temperature of fuel in vehicle tank, °F
= Estimate of displaced loss, grams per gallon

= Initial vapor space temperature, oF

= Average temperature of displaced vapor, oF

= Temperature of fuel in underground tank, oF

= Partial pressure of hydrocarbon vapor, °F

= Displaced vapor loss, grams per gallon

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



4-3

SRL 2874 12 0972

The vehicles included in this survey were most of the popular
models among domestic makes manufactured between 1965 and 1971. A make/
model code number was assigned which, when prefixed with the year of
manufacture, yielded a five-digit code number which was used on the com-
puter to correlate configuration with spill occurrence. That is,
the code number was used to retrieve the dimensions data associated
with that code number. During the five-city survey, therefore, it was
only necessary for the surveyors to note make, year, and model of the

vehicle being refueled.

4.2 SURVEYOR TRAINING

Collection of spillage data in the field required the develop-
ment of a technique to permit rapid and reasonably accurate estimates of
the magnitudes of the various spill types. Preliminary experimentation
indicated that the magnitude of the spill, in grams, could be estimated
from the spill diameter, in inches. Known weights of gasoline were
therefore spilled on a concrete apron and average or equivalent wetted
diameters were measured. The apron was a well-mopped smooth concrete
surface typical of those found at all the service stations surveyed.

The spill diameter data were then regressed on the weight data; the re-
lationship is shown in Figure 4-2.

Two technicians were trained to estimate equivalent spill
diameters with acceptable repeatability and accuracy and to recognize
variations in the wetted areas as they related to equivalent diameters.
To ensure consistency in estimating, the technicians were re-tested before

and after each seasonal survey. As will be discussed below, the spill loss

a SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

DISPLACED VAPOR LOSS BY IDEAL GAS MODEL

Suppose a mixture of hydrocarbon vapor and air has the properties

of an ideal gas. The equation of state for the hydrocarbon vapor is

ve “Rul, fas)

where

p., = the partial pressure of the hydrocarbon
vapor at saturation, psia

V = volume of mixture, cu. ft.
m, = mass of the hydrocarbon vapor, lbm

R, = universal gas eonstant
= 1545 1b-ft/mol °R

JT = temperature of mixture, oR

M_ = molecular weight of hydrocarbon vapor

Assume the volume of vapor displaced, V, equals the volume
of liquid dispensed. Then, letting V in (1) be the number of gallons of
fuel dispensed and making the appropriate units conversions, one may

solve for the vapor loss in grams as follows:
pov
me Vv Vv
v Ry T
gms in2 i ibs
Py’ 4bs) (53.59 e ) (4s a) Vigal) (0. 13368 =) My ‘ Bs)

ERE 64)

(453.59) (144) (0.13368) PivM,

= 1545 T » &ms
_ 5.6515 py VM,
T + 459.7 EMSs @)

a] SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

This apparatus suffered several design deficiencies during the
early program. Initially only one nozzle, provided by Scott, was instru-
mented for the two temperatures of interest. Before each survey session
could begin, an existing nozzle had to be removed in order to install the
instrumented assembly. Consequently, only one dispenser on the island could
be monitored. Leakage had to be checked and corrected after each instal-
lation and removal. Further inconvenience resulted since the two temperature
potentials were charted on two independent recorders which thus had to be
individually calibrated, spanned, and synchronized with the operation. Rain
and cleaning water shorted out the extension wire used initially. Abrasion
resulting from service station traffic caused open circuits.

Subsequent improvements in the instrumentation system produced
reliable temperature measurements. The two single-channel recorders used
in the summer survey were replaced by a dual-channel unit which provided
synchronization of the two traces. An easily-installed dual-thermocouple
probe was designed to facilitate quick attachment to existing nozzles.

Four of these probes, plus a selector switch, were fabricated so that up
to four dispensers on an island could be monitored. The extension cable
insulation was modified and made waterproof and a plastic hose was placed
around the cable bundle to protect it from vehicular abrasion.

The thermocouple probes were secured to as many as four nozzles
on one island. All grades of product were instrumented. If only three
grades of gasoline were being pumped, then the fourth probe was attached to

another nozzle dispensing the most popular grade.

@ SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



CITY

CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL

SEASON

SUMMER
SUMMEP
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMEP.
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER

NOTE»

TASLE F ~ le

HHHH NATE HHH
FI

MO

WDDDODODDDDDDDDDDODVDDDDNDODODDDDVUODO

DY

wuvnvnv000

15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
2l
21
2l
2l
2l
2l
2i
21
22

YR

70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70

THERE

HOUR

1645
1656
1745
1754
1806
1858
1910
1939
1115
1109
1152
1532
1544
1555
1603
1430
1445
1528
1541
1745
1811
1925
1945
1512
1607
1619
1626
1634
1655
1720
1729
0938

MEANS

FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

** REFUELING OPERATION #**
FUGUE

(CONTINUED)

SERVICE

STATION

RHEE GAL

Loc VOL FILL DISP
NBHD HI FULL 1467
NBHD HI FULL 609
NBHD HI PART 225
NSHD HI FULL 1265
NBHD HI FULL 2065
NBHD HI FULL 1463
NBHD HI FULL 2102
NBHD HI FULL 1460
FRWY HI FULL 1623
FRWY HI FULL 1769
FRWY HI FULL 1009
FRWY HI PART 408
FRWY HI PART 468
FRWY HI PART Te2
FRWY HI FULL 1565
FRWY HI FULL 1729
FRWY HI FULL 1961
FRWY HI FULL 1569
FRWY HI PART 468
FRWY HI FULL 1463
FRWY HI FULL 1304
FRWY HI FULL 2065
FRWY HI FULL 2165
FRWY HI FULL 1362
FRWY HI FULL 1864
FRWY HI FULL 1603
FRWY HI FULL lle?
FRWY HI FULL 1601
FRWY HI FULL 1502
FRWY HI FULL 1463
FRWY HI FULL 16067
FRWY HI FULL 1865
NO DATA

FUEL OISP
GRADE RATE
HERE RHE
HERE RK
HHH HHH
RREK RRR
RR RHE
REE RHE
HEH RHE
RRR HHH
RH RHE
REE RAK
RHE RHR
RRR HHH
REE RAK
HEE RAE
RRR RHE
HERE HEH
HERE RHE
Coo ed RH
RRR HHH
RHR eH
HERE RH
REE RH
RRR RH
PREM MED
PREM HI

PREM MED
PREM HI

PREM MED
PREM HI

PREM = MEN
PREM YI

PREM MED

SOLAR
RAD

RHR
RHR
HHH
HRK
RK
HHH
eH
RK
HK
RHR
RHR
RHR
RHR
RK
RRR
RHR
RHE
RHR
RHR
RHE
RHR
RH
RRR
RRR
HEE
KEK
HR
HK
RHE
RR
HK
KEK

TEMPe - DEG F
FORTH He
DISF JISPL
AMB FUEL VAPO?
81 79 79
Bl 679 81
eC 86 89
80 79 87
80 76 78
77 ~#«79 79
75 76 77
74 76 7e
60 67 69
59° 54 53
S 57 52
63 60 54
63 49 61
63° 59 54
63° 57 57
87 681 a7
es 81 93
92°=«:79 R3
93 #79 89
87 82 B2
86 78 81
81 76 78
77 «76 83
85 85 87
85 82 83
85 83 85
86 83 86
86 87 90
4 85 97
84 85 96
B84 85 92
79 88 92

TEE
BET 4
FILLS»
MIN

HH
RH
RRR
KK
oad
HR
RH
HARE
HR
RRR
HeR
RHR
HER
RRR
RK
RR
AK
REE
RK
HEH
HH
eH
RH
HH
HK
KK
ad
HHH
RRR
HR
aH
RH

ZL60 ZT 9282 Tas

0%-a


SRL 2874 12 0972

NO@YVIONGAH SWWYD “3CNLINOWW T1IdS 3NITOSV9

So
So
oO Q So [=] i=)
. oO Qo Oo i=)
a 0 w a N
~T T T q T
‘S)
—-Oo
wo 4
oN
oi:
wo
a
o Il
wu >
Ze
a
a> 4
oct
nw
cto
oO

1 1 at —_L 1

[=] i=) i=) i=) oO

5S i 5 ® =
NO@YVIONGAH SWVYD “SCNLINOWW T11dS 3NIT0SV9

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.

80 100 120
EQUIVALENT SPILL DIAMETER.

60

40

20

INCHES

Ficure 4-2 GASOLINE SPILL MAGNITUDE vs, EQUIVALENT SPILL DIAMETER
FOR TYPICAL GASOLINE


4-33
SRL 2874 12 0972

Table 4-17

Regression of Magnitude of Postfill Nozzle
Loss on Refueling Parameters

Number
of Data 2 Description of
Parameters Points xr x Parameter Effect
Significant:
Operator technique 286 0.221 0.049 Larger spill for poor
technique
Station location 286 0.287 0.082 Larger spill for non-
freeway stations
Non-Significant:

Station monthly volume

Current station work load

Operator work load

Fuel tank fill pipe angle

Deviation of nozzle insertion from vertical
Hose extension required for fill
Uncomfortable wind

Uncomfortable rain

Uncomfortable temperature

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



5-7
SBL 2874 12 0972

total logs computed from the field survey data sample, is due to the
displaced loss which occurs, of course, during every refueling operation.
Spill losses were observed to occur overall in about one-third of the
refueling operations and contributed the remaining 6% of the total loss.
The loss data already given in detail are summarized in Table 5-3 by
source of loss and in descending order of contribution to the total
loss. (Note that the spill probabilities in Table 5-3 do not sum to
one-third because more than one spill type may occur for any given re-
fueling operation.)

The field survey of fefueling operations included the collection
of data on whether a partial £111 or complete fill was ordered. These
data are summarized in Table 5-4 by city and season. Overall, 65.6% of
the refueling operations observed were fill-ups, and that statistic ranged
over all cities and seasons from 43.0% to 78.5%.

Figure 5-1 contrasts the average refueling loss of 0.396 grams
per mile (assuming 13.4 miles per gallon) with the Federal exhaust emis-
sion control requirement for hydrocarbons by calendar year, also in units
of grams per mile. As a percentage of the Federal requirement on unburned
hydrocarbons from exhaust emissions, the refueling loss in hydrocarbons
ranges from 11.6% in 1972 to 96.6% in 1975 and 1976. As a percentage of
the average unburned hydrocarbon emissions from uncontrolled vehicles,
the refueling loss is about 4%,

The various factors which must be considered to obtain re-
presentative estimates of the refueling losses are identified in the

following development of a total refueling loss model.

2] SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

3.4.5 Comparison of Scott Regression Model with Ideal Gas Model

The ideal gas model derived in Appendix E has the form

= 56515 py (62 + 0.059 ar),

uy T+ 459.7 8)
where Le displaced vapor loss, gms/gal
Py = partial pressure of hydrocarbon vapor, psi
T = Vapor temperature, oF
sT=T - 60.
In order to compare the loss estimated by the Scott regression
model with the loss computed from the ideal gas model, again assume that
Typ bad Ty = T and let RVP have the nominal value 9.0 psi. Substituting that
value of RVP into Equation 3-7, the Scott regression model under these as-
sumptions is of the form
Ly = exp (-0.02645 + 0.02143T). (3-9)

Plots of Equations 3-8 and 3-9 are shown in Figure 3-9. It
should be observed that the ideal gas model estimates evaporative vapor
loss only, while the Scott regression model estimates displaced loss
during the complex, dynamic refueling operation.

The ideal gas model was also put into the exponential form of
Equation 3-9 by regressing the natural logarithms of the calculated

values of L, on T. For RVP = 9.0, then, the correlation coefficient between

Eo) SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



CITY

LeAs
LeAe
LeAs
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
Lele
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
Lele
Lele
Lele
Lele
LeAe
LeAe
Lefe
LeAe
LeAe
Lele
LeAe
LeAe
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOCUS
HOUS
HOUS

SEASON

SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING

NOTEs

TABLE F -

RHEH DATE 4H
IRR IER

MO

DRL ER HOP REL HEH EDEL HPL ER PERE HHS

oY

13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
19
19
19
19
19
19
19

YR

7
71
71
7
7
71
71
71
7
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
7
7
7

err a

HOUR

1205
1208
1215
1217
1220
1225
1258
1315
1355
1415
1430
1450
1500
1504
1525
1540
1545
1615
1635
1645
1650
1704
1719
1725
1730
1200
1230
1300
1330
1351
1407
1446

MEANS

(CONTINUED)

le
SERVICE
STATION
HR RH
Loc VOL
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHO HI
NBHD HI
NBHO HI
NBHD HI
NC DATA

** REFUELING OPERATION ###
JIU IIIT

FILL

FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
PART
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL

GAL
OISP

15.5
909
504
364

1064

llel

20.0
bel
bel
608

12.5

17el

12.2
8.7
6el

1401

15.8
7.5
907

1506

1202

13.9

11.7

2062
904
8.9

17el
Te7

1128

16.7

152

1204

FUEL DISP SOLAR
GRADE RATE RAD
PREM HI SUN
REG LO SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG MED SHADE
PREM LO SHADE
PREM HI SUN
PREM HI SHADE
REG MED SHADE
REG LO SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
REG MED SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
REG MED SHADE
REG MED SHADE
REG MED SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
PREM LO SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
UNLD MED SHADE
UNLD MED SHADE
UNLO HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE

TEMP. ~ DEG F
RH
OISP DISPL
AMB FUEL VAPOR
76 73 77
76 73 80
77 «7% 75
78 73 768
78 7h 75
79° «73 78
80 (73 76
78 675 83
78 75 80
7 73 78
75 72 77
4 «73 77
73 «72 74
72° «73 78
71 «73 75
69 72 73
69 72 14
69 72 14
69 «72 7
69 «72 72
69 72 73
69 «72 72
69 «72 73
69 72 72
69 «71 70
85 80 86
85 76 83
85° 79 83
85 77 Bl
85 77 81
84 76 al
84 77 79

FIELO SURVEY TEMPERATURE DAT&

TIE
BETWr

FILLS»
MIN

45
8
90

15

7460 71 982 Tas

TI-d


‘ONE 'SAIMOLVHOGVT HOUVISAN LLODS &

EXPER
NUMBER

326-03
336-03
327-01
327-02
327-03
327-04
328-01
328-02
329-01
329-02
329-03
329-04
330-01
330-02
330-03
309-01
309-02
309-03
310-01
310-02
309-04
309-05
308-01
308-02
308-03
337-01
337-02
311-01
311-02
304-01
304-02
303-01

FILL
TYPE

AAA HAA AH ARAMA AAA AH

TABLE D - le

ke RH RH

AMBIENT DISP FUEL

91
91
62
63
61

AVERAGE

90
92
68
62
62
62
44
42
68
66
65
69
87
89
90

(CONTINUED)

AVERAGE
VAPOR

91
91
65
62
63
62
56
55
87
86
82
84
89
90
90
62
63
62
62
61
60
61
61
él
6l
59
él
62
63
62
61
60

TEMPERATURE - DEG F

LABORATORY DATA

INITIAL INITIAL
TANK FUEL VAPOR SPACE
90 92
88 91
62 62
63 62
63 61
62 61
61 59
60 59
80 93
80 92
80 88
80 91
85 92
86 91
88 90
6l 61
62 63
60 60
61 62
61 60
60 59
60 60
60 60
60 59
60 60
61 60
62 61
60 59
59 59
61 61
61 61
60 59

Rvp
(PST)

7.9
Te9
7.5
7.5
7.5
705
7.5
75
7.5
75
75
Tee
To4
724
Teh
Te9
709
Te9
Ted
7.9
729
Ted
7:9
729
729
709
TD
Ted
7.9
7.9
79
7.9

DISPLACED
LOSS
(GMS/GAL)

525
Se2
320
209
209
208
202
202
365
302
3el
302
403
4.5
406
3.0
367
361
365
367
366
368
304
365
366
363
206
209
269
208
268
207

7260 7@T 7282 TAS

s-d


TABLE F = le (CONTINUED) FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

SERVICE ** REFUELING OPERATION *** TEMP. - DES TIME
HHH DATE RHR STATION HHH HERRERA HERRERA RRR RH ATT yin
TOTTI TE RE GAL FUEL ODISP SOLAR OISP AISPL FILLS»

CITY SEASON MO DY YR HOUR LOC VOL FILL DISP GRADE RATE RAD AMB FUEL vVAPO? MIN

LeAe WINTER
LeAse WINTER
LeAe WINTER
LeAe WINTER
LeAe WINTER
LeAe WINTER
LeAe WINTER
LeAe WINTER
LeAe WINTER
LeAse WINTER
LeAe WINTER
LeAse WINTER
LeAe WINTER
LeAe WINTER
LeAe WINTER
LeAe WINTER

27 71 1505 FRWY HI FULL 16.3 PREM MED SUN 88 71 76 25
27 71 1539 FRWY HI PART 544 PREM HI SUN 86 75 76 34
27 71 1632 FRWY HI PART 661 REG MED = SUN 76 76 78 RK
27 71 1640 FRWY HI FULL 18.0 PREM HI SUN 75 73 19 blehel
29 71 1115 FRWY HI FULL 6.8 PREM *ED SUN 72. «72 75 HHH
29 71 1135 FRWY HI PART 5.5 PREM MED SUN 73 ~=«772 31 20
29 71 1155 FRWY HI PART 564 PREM HI SUN 76 72 79 20
29 71 1213 FRWY HI FULL 8&2 PREM HT SUN 77 «#271 80 HH
29 71 1230 FRWY HI FULL 12.2 REG LO SUN 82. 71 30 belalel
29 71 1251 FRWY HI PART 6.61 REG MED SUN 84 71 76 21
29 71 1321 FRWY HI FULL 1366 PREM MED SUN 85 72 719 81
29 72 1324 FRWY HI FULL 1469 PREM MED SUN 88 67 77 3
29 71 1357 FRWY HI FULL 8.2 REG MED SUN 8B 74 890 66
29 71 1446 FRWY HI PART 6062 REG HI SUN 90 76 85 49
29 71 1455 FRWY HI FULL 1666 PREM MED SUN 90 «73 73 91
29 71 1517 FRWY HI PART 86862 PREM HI SUN 89 72 75 22

NNNNNANNNNANNDN NE RP eR eB PREP Pe PP eee eee
nN
0

LeAe WINTER 29 71 1522 FRWY HI PART 661 REG MED SUN 89 77 B84 36
LeAe WINTER 29 71 1541 FRWY HI FULL 948 PREM MED SUN 88 73 73 24
LeAe WINTER 71 1616 FRWY HI FULL 180 PREM MED SUN B6 72 77 243
HOUS WINTER 2 71 1045 FRWY HI FULL L607 REG HT SHADE 46 67 61 Slated
HOUS WINTER 2 71 L115 FRWY HI FULL 2061 UNLD HI SHADE 46 65 59 RRR
HOUS WINTER 2 71 1120 FRWY HI FULL 1267 REG HI SHADE 45 67 53 35
HOUS WINTER 2 71 1140 FRWY HI FULL 864 UNLD HI SHADE 45 69 61 25
HOUS WINTER 2 71 1235 FRWY HI FULL 702 REG MED SHADE 46 62 54 75
HOUS WINTER 2 71 1250 FRWY HI FULL 146 PREM HI SHADE 46 63 59 HER
HOUS WINTER 2 71 14610 FRWY HI PART 1065 UNLD MED SHADE 47 61 57 ielelel
HOUS WINTER 2 71 1450 FRWY HI FULL 1860 UNLD MED SHADE 49 68 5e 40
HOUS WINTER 2 71 1520 FRWY HI PART 1266 REG HI SHADE 49° 66 64 ielell
HOUS WINTER 2 71 1557 FRWY HI FULL 14¢5 PREM MED SHADE 49° 63 56 HHH
HOUS WINTER 2 71 1601 FRWY HI FULL 1665 PREM HI SHADE 49 69 69 4
HOUS WINTER 2 71 1627 FRWY HI FULL 2461 PREM HI SHADE 46 69 63 26
HOUS WINTER 2 71 1637 FRWY HI FULL 2068 REG HI SHADF 4B 66 63 77

NOTE, ¢#*®* MEANS NO DATA

7260 ZT 7282 Tas

rd


CITY SEASON

ate
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL

WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER

NOTEs

TABLE F - le

wR DAT
RH

MO DY YR

9 71
9 71
971
971
971
971
9 71
10 71
10 71
10 71
10 71
10 71
10 72
10 71
10 71
71
10 71
10 71
10 71
10 71
10 71
10 71
10 71
10 71
10 71
10 71

NNUNNNNNYNNNNRNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNAUNNN
-
°

tate

E eee
HREM
HOUR

1655
1705
1720
1730
1734
1737
1745
1105
1115
1235
1311
1313
1315
1345
1402
1405
1408
1413
1440
1451
1630
1650
1655
1705
1721
1730
1735
1135
1222
1226
1300
1315

MEANS

SERV
STAT
RRR

Loc

FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY

NO DA

#* REFUELING OPERATION ###
FIT TRI

(CONTINUED)
ICE
ION
HHH GAL
vOL FILL DISP
LO PART 267
LO FULL 15-7
LO PART 9.0
LO PART 229
LO FULL 20.3
LO FULL 1542
LO FULL 15-8
LO FULL 15.0
LO PART 846
LO PART 54
LO PART 269
LO FULL 209
LO FULL 340
LO FULL 12-8
LO PART 12.9
LO FULL 804
LO PART 269
LO FULL 1948
LO PART 5.7
LO PART 10.3
LO FULL 14.9
LO FULL 16.9
LO FULL 1464
LO FULL 1104
LO FULL 1508
LO FULL 1140
LO PART 7.7
LO FULL 15-0
LO PART 5e7
LO PART 568
LO FULL 8.9
LO PART 269
TA

DISP SOLAR

ond
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHAOE
SHADE
SHADE
SUN
SUN
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SUN
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE

FUEL

GRADE RATE RAD
PREM HI
PREM HI
PREM HI
REG HI
PREM HI
PREM HI
REG HI
REG HI
REG HE
PREM HI
REG HI
REG HI
PREM HI
REG HI
PREM HI
PREM HI
REG MED
PREM HI
REG HI
PREM HI
REG HI
REG HI
PREM MED
REG HI
REG HI
REG HI
PREM HI
REG MED
REG HI
REG MED
REG HI
REG HI

SHADE

TEMP. - DEG F
REAR R EH EHRH
DISP DISPL
AMB FUEL VAPOR
24 42 38
23 46 45
23 44 41
22. 45 36
22 46 45
22 47 46
22 46 38
24 46 47
24 47 46
24 GL 40
24 42 40
24 45 30
24 40 37
24 46 46
25 44 42
25 44 43
25° 45 45
25 47 47
25° 45 38
25 45 46
25 46 45
33° «47 47
330 4G 44
33° 47 47
33 47 47
33° 47 47
33044 43
38 47 51
38 48 51
39° 48 53
39° 48 49
39 49 53

FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

TIME
BETWN

FILLSs
MIN

145
50
190
10

110

124
15
16

40
RH

47

34
15

7160 2T 7287 TaS

6-4


SRL 2874 12 0972

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.
SUMMARY «© 6 6 6 8 © # © © © 6 6 8 6 eee s-1
1,0 INTRODUCTION. «2 6 6 6 6 6 # © we we 1-1
1.1 THE PROBLEM i 1-1
1,2 PROGRAM BACKGROUND . . « 6 « 6 se ew ew ee 1-3
1.3. FIRST-YEAR PROGRAM . . .« « - 6 e+ e+ we ew 1-3
1.4 SECOND-YEAR PROGRAM. . . « 6 © © © © «© 1-5
1.5 THRID-YEAR PROGRAM . « 6 1 e 6 6 © we ew 1-5
2.0 APPROACH TO SECOND YEAR PROGRAM. . . «© «© «© © © 2-1

2.1 SOURCES OF REFUELING LOSSES . . . « + «2 « 2-1

2,2 LABORATORY STUDY . . « «2 2 © es © ew 2-2
2.3. FIELD SURVEY . «. 2. 6 s+ ee 6 © © ew ew 2-2
2.4 MODELING STUDY . «© 1 6 6 6 6 ee we we 2-2
3.0 LABORATORY STUDY. . » © © 6 6 6 © © ew ew ee 3-1
3.1 MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACED LOSSES . . «. +» + «+ 3-1
3.2 MINI-SHED VALIDATION. . . 2 «© © © «© 2 oe 3-7

3.3 MEASUREMENT OF ENTRAINED DROPLETS. . . . . « 3-12

3.4 RESULTS OF LABORATORY STUDY. . « «© « «© « ee 3-16

4,0 FIELD SURVEY. «© . 6 6 6 e ee ep we te ew 4-1
4.1 CATALOG OF FUEL TANK CONFIGURATIONS. . . . « 4-1
4.2 SURVEYOR TRAINING. 2 6 6 6 6 + et ew ee 4-3
4.3 SPILL OBSERVATION PROCEDURES. . . . . . « 4-5
4.4 COLLECTION OF TEMPERATURE DATA . . . «© 6 + 4-7
4.5 RESULTS OF SPILL LOSS SURVEY. . . 2. 6 we ee 4-16

4.6 ANALYSIS OF SPILL DATA. . . © 1 we we ew 4-23

3 SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



c-1

SRL 2874 12 0972

APPENDIX C

CONVERSION OF RVP TO A STANDARD VALUE

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, FNC



“ONT ‘SAIMOLYHOGVT HOUVISAY LLOIS &

— City
Los ANGELES
HousToN
CHICAGO

New York
ATLANTA

ComPosiTE

TABLE 4-9

REFUELING SPILL LOSS SUMMARY

Four-SEASON CoMposITE

Spit-Back loss OQverFiit Loss

AVERAGE

AVERAGE

Nope Loss

AVERAGE

Bosse boss Ross. boss boss. boss

1005
1287
1234
1515
1378
6419

19.6

27.6

8.9

9.0

9.2

13.7

0,154
0,150
9.103
9,134
0.105

0.128

5.5
9.1
12.7
10.5
5.2

8.6

0.177
0.183
0.100
0,143
0.108

,141

8.3
4,1
4,2
9.3
3.2
5.9

0.043

0,038

0.036

0.034

0.031

0.036

Yp2zLe Loss

AVERAGE
oss,

1.9
2.4
17
1.9
1.2

1.8

Loss

0,206
0.159
0.122
0,202
0.156

0.169

72460 ZT 7282 Tas

Tt-9


4-7

SRL 2874 12 0972

whether discomfort, resulting in less care taken, could be due to wind, rain,
or cold. Finally, the ambient temperature was recorded throughout the day

at regular intervals.

4.4 COLLECTION OF TEMPERATURE DATA

The temperatures of the dispensed gasoline and the displaced
vapor were measured with a nozzle instrumented with two thermocouples.
Continuous recordings of these temperatures during the refueling operation
were made with a strip-chart recorder.

The displaced vapor temperature was measured with a thermo-
couple attached to the top and end of a standard dispensing nozzle which,
when the nozzle was inserted, was located in the annular space between the
nozzle discharge tube and the fuel tank fill pipe inside wall.

The hot junction was protected by a tubular shield which permitted the
out-flowing vapor to impinge on the thermocouple. Dispensed gasoline
temperature was measured by another thermocouple which was located inside
the discharge tube of the nozzle such that the hot junction was washed by
the flowing gasoline. Up to four nozzles at the service station could he
instrumented in this manner. Instrumented nozzles were not used, however,
at those stations where spills were being observed.

Thermocouple extension cables were routed from the service station
island across the apron tu a selector switch and a dual~pen strip-chart
recorder. One channel recorded vapor temperature and the other recorded
gasoline temperature. The switch was used to select the thermocouple

pair being employed.

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.

A-2


3-10

SRL 2874 12 0972

Homogenization of this mixture was accomplished through operation
of the circulation fan. A FID record of a concentration traverse with the
fan operating is shown in Figure 3-4. Variation was held within 30 ppm
(£2%) of an average measurement found in the center of the enclosure.
Operation of this fan was therefore specified in all subsequent SHED tests.

3.2.2 FID Response

SHED measurements, as reported after the first-year investigation,
succeeded in accounting for about 75% of the known gasoline losses. Essentially
complete accountability of known losses was necessary, of course, if sub-
sequent measurements of losses were to be useful. An experiment was con-
ducted, therefore, whose objective was to identify the procedures required
to ensure an adequate accounting of the known losses.

The FID response to known weights of propane injected into the
MINI-SHED was first determined and an average accountability rate of 88.1% was
obtained. The tests were then repeated using known weights of injected
gasoline and the accountability averaged just 83.3%.

At this point attention was directed to the gas blend used to
calibrate the FID. The FID had been spanned in each case using a known
concentration of propane diluted in nitrogen. In contrast, hydrocarbons
captured in the MINI-SHED are diluted by the enclosed air. Since it is
generally accepted that oxygen reduces the FID response to hydrocarbons,
the final step of the experiment consisted of injecting known weights
of gasoline into the MINI-SHED and measuring the vapor concentrations with
the FID now calibrated with propane in air. The accountability rate then

reached a satisfactory average of 98.4%.

3 SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

concentration increase over the initial background concentration was
measured with the FID. The test procedures for these measurements
are summarized as follows:

1. Establish specified temperatures

2. Purge residual hydrocarbons from MINI-SHED

3. Seal MINI-SHED

4, Turn on temperature and FID recorders

5. Calibrate FID with propane in air

6. Record background concentration

7. Uncap fuel tank

8. Dispense gasoline as specified in the experimental design
(void if spit-back occurs)

9. Cap fuel tank

10. After stabilization, record final concentration

11. Recalibrate FID.

3.1.3 Gasoline Sample Analyses
Gasoline samples were analyzed by an independent laboratory.

Fuel inspection data for three of the gasoline blends are presented in
Appendix A. Reid vapor pressure measurements for each of 13 samples are
presented in Appendix B. These data indicated weathering of the fuel had
occurred because the same batch of fuel had been used over a period of
several days. The weathering was most severe during the initial refueling
tests, as indicated by RVP measurements of fuel samples. High-temperature
tests were therefore scheduled last in order to preserve volatility as
much as possible. It should also be noted that the desired RVP range was

not obtained for the additional reason that ordered fuels did not have

the RVP specified.

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

Table B-1

Volatility Data

(Duplicate Measurements Made by the
Ethyl Corporation, Long Beach, California)

Sample Number Average Measured RVP, psi
301-7 8.6
305-1 7.9
309-1 7.9
314-2 8.2
319-3 8.4
320-2 8.9
323-1 8.5
325-2 7.9
330-3 7.4
331-0 11.4
333-5 10.0
335-8 8.5
336-3 8.1

ay SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, LNC.



3-18
SBL 2874 12 0972

15°

Z Dia.: 2"

Length: 8"

Figure 3-6 Tank Shape 1

3.4.2 Regression Analysis

The number of input variables to a regression analysis in-
creases rapidly as a function of the number of independent experimental
variables and the order of the regression. If Ny denotes the number of

independent variables, including interaction variables, to be input and

analyzed, then

Ven
® a a \. hs (3-2)

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



E-1

SRL 2874 12 0972

APPENDIX E

DISPLACED VAPOR LOSS BY IDEAL GAS MODEL

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



CITY

ATL
ATL
ATL
4Te
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
LeAe
LeAe
Lehe
LeAe
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS

SEASON

SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER

NOTE>s

TABLE F -

HHH DATE ##*
FOIE

MO DY

30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
27
27
27
27

ODDO DODDDDODODDODODODO DODO PARE HEH HES

PHEEPWWUWWWYWWWWWUWYD

YR

71
71
7
71
71
71
71
7
71
71
71
71
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70

OneKS

HOUR

1002
1015
1016
1017
1020
1025
1035
1040
1051
1115
1130
1138
1724
1735
1748
1754
1540
1602
1615
1725
1727
1730
1736
1742
1750
1805
1807
1836
1852
0936
0941
0950

MEANS

(CONTINUED)

le

SERVICE

STATION

RHR
Loc voL
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI

NO DATA

#*® REFUELING OPERATION ##®
FUT IIE

FILL

FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
PART
PART
FULL

GAL
OIsp

4.5
205
406
1061
10.0
1961
8.0
16.9
24.9
607
1609
1723
1029
10.0
1le4
1365
206
1601
2202
13.0
1665
16.7
14.8
2204
14.5
503
503
18.3
53
120
1040
1966

FUEL OISP SOLAR
GRADE RATE RAD
PREM MED SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
REG 4 SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
REG LO SHADE
PREM LO. SHADE
REG MED SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
PREM LO #&®
PREM MED ##x
PREM MED #*¥x
PREM MED ##*
RHR ERE REE
HR REK HK
RRR RHE RHE
RRR HK eH
RHR ea RRR
RHE HHH RE
RHE KEK RHR
RHR RHE Re
HERE eH KEK
HERE Ha RK
RHR HEE KRM
HERE HH RK
REER RHE RK
EKER HEE ERE
RHE HHH RH
RHEE HHH HH

FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

TEMP. - OFS F
RARER RH
OISP OISPL
AMB FUEL VAPOR
57 64 61
58 64 61
58 64 63
59 65 65
60 65 62
60 65 64
60 65 63
61 66 63
61 65 66
62 66 64
62° 65 64
62 65 65
88 87 85
88 89 92
68 386 92
88 85 89
96 OT 101
98 94 92
98 92 96
94 «93 96
94 39 8d
94 89 83
95 90 92
94 89 92
95 §&9 92
94 92 98
94 92 93
91 90 96
90 92 93
84 95 92
83 92 aT
84 89 93

TIME
bETWN
FILLS»

MIN

17
15
14
2
RK
8
15
5
26
35
7%
47
HHH
RHR
RH
KEK
HAE
HHH
rod
HHH
HR
ad
cad
HAR
RK
HH
ekekel
eee
HK
HH
KEK
HH

7260 ZT £82 TAS

8T-4


SRL 2874 12 0972

4-13

Table 4-2

Summary of Observed Ambient Temperatures

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

Sgmple Avge., Range,
City Season ize Deg F Deg F
Winter 53 73 58 - on
Los Angeles Spring 49 75 €9 - 80
Summer 4 88 88 - 88
Fall 44 52 33 - 57
Winter 52 61 45 - 77
Houston Spring 56 75 63 - 85
Sumner 33 90 83 - 98
Fall -- -- --
Winter 4) 40 33 - 50
Chicago Spring 52 68 58 - 72
Summer 23 76 72 - 82
Fall 55 40 31 - 48
Winter 35 4) 30 - 55
New York Spring 49 63 39 - 72
Summer 15 75 59 - 93
Fall 29 54 45 - 65
Winter 53 29 22 - 41
Atlanta Spring 54 67 56 - 73
Summer 15 85 79 - 90
Fall 22 47 42 - 52

Note: A dash indicates no data were collected.

Es) SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.


“ONT SSIMOLVHOAVT HOUVISIH LLOIS &

EXPER
NUMBER

317=4
318-1
318-2
318-3
318-6
319-1
319=2
319-3
315-01
315-02
316-01
316-02
323-01
323-02
323-03
323-0420
323-0520
312-01
312-02
312-03
313-01
313-02
314-01
314-02
324-01
324-02
325-01
325-02
326-01
326-02
336-01
336-02

FILL

TABLE

kk RR

O- le

(CONTINUED)

® * TEMPERATURE - DEG F

AVERAGE AVERAGE
TYPE AMBIENT OISP FUEL VAPOR
60 59 59
60 60 59
58 60 58
59 59 60
61 59 60
59 58 58
59 59 59
60 60 59
60 61 61
61 62 61
59 61 60
60 60 60
60 36 56
60 36 54
62 39 58
62 38 50
61 35 47
61 57 60
60 60 59
6L 60 60
6l 61 61
62 61 62
61 61 61
60 61 60
gL 64 85
92 64 84
aL 56 89
89 60 89
91 89 91
92 92 92
92 92 92
91 92 92

DOAADDANAAAN AHA AAA

LABORATORY DATA

eee He RH

INITIAL INITIAL
TANK FUEL VAPOR SPACE
60 60
60 60
59 59
59 60
60 él
62 59
61 60
60 60
60 60
61 60
61 60
61 59
60 60
58 59
61 61
59 62
50 58
61 61
59 59
59 60
60 61
60 62
60 60
60 60
85 90
84 92
83 90
84 90
90 92
90 92
91 92
90 92

RVP
(PST)

Be7
8.7
8eT
Beeb
B05
8.5
85
Be5
Bee
Bet
Bes
8.3
8.3
6.3
603
Be2
Be2
Be2
Be2
Bel
Bel
Bel
Bel
Bel
Bel
Bel
Bel
Bel
800
820
800
8.0

OISPLACED
Loss
(GMS/GAL)

303
303
323
303
304
305
Bebo
306
3el
304
302
301
203
204%
205
204
2el
303
301
3e1
302
302
302
3e2
420
328
4e5
4e6
58
58
505
5 eS

7260 ZT 7282 THS

ya


4-31

SRL 2874 12 0972

thus causing an overfill. Uncomfortable wind conditions and poor
operator technique caused larger overfill losses. Poor operator
technique, a complete fill, and a flat, horizontal fuel tank all com-
bine to increase the probability of overfill loss (Table 4-16).

The magnitude of postfill nozzle losses is most strongly
influenced by operator technique (Table 4-17). Non-freeway stations
again tend to have larger postfill nozzle losses than do those at
freeway locations. Operator technique was also most significant with
respect to the probability of a postfill nozzle loss. Abnormally
long hose extensions, when required for a fill, also increased the
probability of a postfill nozzle loss. This may have forced the
attendant to insert the nozzle into the fill pipe at an odd angle, re-
sulting in a higher probability of spill when the nozzle was re-
moved (Table 4-18). The results of the analysis of the spill losses
have been summarized for convenience in Table 4-19,

Refueling operations were observed on passenger cars whose
fuel tanks had one of five types of anti-spill device or no device at all.
For each of these six data classes, Table 4-20 shows the number of com-
plete-fill refueling operations observed, the number of spit-back losses,
the probability of a spit-back, and the average and standard deviation
of the spit-back magnitude when such a loss occurred. A statistical
analysis of these data was not attempted for two reasons: 1) except for
the cascade baffle type of device, the sample sizes are too small; 2) more
importantly, the no-device category consists of some unknown number of
sub-categories. That 1s, some fuel tanks with no device rarely spit-

back, some occasionally spit back, and others will invariably spit back.

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, {NC.



3-12
SRL 2874 12 0972
3.3 MEASUREMENT OF ENTRAINED DROPLETS

The existence of entrained droplets in the vapor displaced
from fuel tanks during top-fill (or splash-fi11) refueling operations
is a recognized phenomenon, It was presumed, therefore, that each
displaced loss measured in the laboratory was the sum of a displaced
vapor loss and a loss due to entrained droplets. To establish indirectly
the existence of the entrained droplet loss, and to obtain preliminary
estimates of its magnitude, a sample of the top-fill losses measured under
controlled conditions of fill rate and temperature was compared with a
sample of losses measured under the same conditions but using a bottom-
fill technique.

Since entrained droples are generally believed to result from
splashing and nozzle edge effects, the generation of droplets was
considered to be precluded in the bottom-fill tests by filling the tank
from the bottom through a fitting sized to minimize disturbance to the
liquid surface inside the tank. It should be noted, however, that the
bottom-fill technique may also preclude any excess fuel vaporization which
may result from top filling. The test procedures during bottom filling
were identical to those for top filling, except for using the bottom
fitting rather than a nozzle for the actual delivery of fuel. The rate
of delivery through the bottom fitting was controlled by a throttling
valve adjusted to maintain the same flow rate as through the nozzle. The
flow rate was kept constant throughout thia experiment,

Vapor without droplets was displaced and measured under the
laboratory conditions shown in the Experimental Plan in the vapor only
section. These experiments were designed to duplicate the test conditions

shown in the interaction section except for elimination of the nozzle.

Ey SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



‘ONT ‘SHIMOLVHOGVT HOUVISAY LLOIS &

TEMPERATURE, OF

90

an
80 Spe

70 . ERYICE STATION
lo. HousToN
IONTRQSE AT
60 + EST ALABAMA

TEMPERATURE OF
PRoDUCT IN
U

50 UNDERGR

40

Nov Dec JAN FeB Mar APR May JUN Jue Aus

Figure 5-2 EXAMPLE OF ANNUAL VARIATION IN UNDERGROUND FUEL TEMPERATURE (1954-55)

SeP

Oct

7260 ZT 4282 TAS

€1-s


SRL 2874 12 0972

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 THE PROBLEM

The automobile has long been recognized as a major source of
the hydrocarbons in the air over our cities. Past and present investi-
gations have measured the emissions of hydrocarbons in the automobile's
exhaust gas, from the escape of combustion gases which blow by the
piston rings, and from evaporation of gasoline from the vehicle's fuel
system.

A source of hydrocarbon loss which had received little attention
is the refueling of passenger cars. The losses encountered during re-
fueling operations may include:

1. Displaced fuel tank vapor

2. Entrained fuel droplets in the displaced vapor

3, Liquid spillage from the tank

4, Liquid spillage from the nozzle.
Of these four loss sources, only the first (displaced fuel tank vapor) has
been estimated for passenger cars.

In May, 1967, estimates of the displaced vapor loss from vehicle
fuel tanks throughout the state of California were presented to the
California Air Resources Board by six independent sources. These estimates
placed the loss at a mean value of approximately 124 tons/day. Although
the estimates varied somewhat, they were in surprisingly good general agree~

ment, as shown in Table 1-1.

x SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

4-32

Table 4-16

Regression of Probability of Overfill

Loss on Refueling Parameters

Number
of Data 2 Description of
Parameters Points xr xr Parameter Effect
Significant:
Operator technique 1063 0.333 0.111 Higher probability with
poor technique
Fill completion 1063 0.395 0.156 Higher probability with
complete fill
Fuel tank shape 1063 0.418 0.175 Higher probability with

Non-Significant:

Station location

Station monthly volume

Fuel tank fill pipe diameter
Fuel tank fill pipe length

Fuel tank fill pipe angle from horizontal

Anti-spill device in fuel tank
Fuel tank vented

Filling rate

Depth of nozzle insertion

Deviation of nozzle insertion from vertical

Current station work load
Operator work load

Hose extension required for fill
Uncomfortable wind

Uncomfortable rain

Uncomfortable temperature

go SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.

flat horizontal tank
than vertical fender type


5-2

SRL 2874 12 0972

Lis = Estimated prefill nozzle loss, grams per refueling operation
Lia = Estimated postfill nozzle loss, grams per refueling operation
Lop = Estimated spit-back loss, grams per refueling operation
Lor = Estimated overfill loss, grams per refueling operation,

The best available estimate of Ly is that given by Equation
3-6 of Section 3; i.e., the Scott regression model. The best avail-
able estimates for the various spill losses are the composite averages
obtained from the field survey and reported in Section 4. Thus, obser-
ving that a total spill-loss estimate is equivalent to the properly-
weighted sum of the four spill-type estimates, if Lg denotes the esti-
mated total spill loss per refueling operation, then Equation 5-1 may
be written simply as

bs

1.2 '
L's + Ly:

Using as best estimates for Ly and Lg the relationships and
average data values developed during the second year of the refueling
losses program, and letting G = G = the average number of gallons of
gasoline dispensed, as observed during the field survey, Equation 5-2

can be written explicitly as

L

1.8 1 33 '
Vee tl iis th

= 0.304 + exp (-0.02645 + 0.01155 Typ

- 0.01226 Ty + 0.00246 Ty x RVP),

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.

(5-2)

(5-3)


SRL 2874 12 0972

Table S-1

Total Spill Loss Summary

Four-Season Composite

Average Average

Total Average Spill Loss,

Sample Refill Refill, Loss, Loss grams/

City Size gallons gallons grams Prob. refill
Los Angeles 1005 11,859.3 11.8 8.6 0.390 3.3
Houston 1287 16,430.2 12.8 17.0 0.373 6.3
Chicago 1234 14,488.2 11.7 9.8 0.260 2.6
New York 1515 15,161.7 10.0 9.5 0.360 3.4
Atlanta 1378 15,905.8 11.5 6.7 0.270 1.8
Composite 6419 73,845.2 11.5 10.6 0.329 3.5

The effect, if any, of the presence of the Scott observer is not
known. Service station managers and attendants were told only that a con-
sumer survey of replacement auto parts was to be performed. Despite con-
cealment of the reasons for the survey, it may be prudent to consider the
results obtained as reflecting spill loss data closer to a minimum than an
average. It should be noted, however, that the spill loss is only about
6% of the total loss.

Dispensing nozzles were instrumented at one station in each
city during each season for the purpose of measuring the dispensed fuel and
displaced vapor temperatures. These temperature measurements were always
made at a station where spill data were not being obtained. A total of
732 refueling operations were conducted with the instrumented nozzles. The
fuel and vapor temperature measurements were supplemented with measurements

of ambient and underground fuel temperatures.

3] SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



“ONI ‘SIIMOLVHOGV1 HOWVASTY LLOIS &

TASLE D - le LABORATORY DATA

x # Hoe HH TEMPERATURE - DEG F *# * # # HH DISPLACED
EXPER FILL AVERAGE AVERAGE INITIAL INITIAL RvP Loss
NUMBER TYPE AMBIENT DISP FUEL VAPOR TANK FUEL VAPOR SPACE (PSI) (GMS/GAL)
331-3 T 29 33 35 28 28 1009 202
331-4 T 24 48 31 33 24 10.8 207
331-5 T 33 53 35 35 33 10.7 2.9
331-6 T 30 52 33 35 29 10.6 2.9
333-1 T 30 44 37 35 33 10.6 207
333-2 T 32 36 33 35 31 10.5 204
333-3 T 32 34 32 35 32 10.4 2.3
333-4 T 34 35 34 35 34 10.3 2.3
332-1 B 34 51 33 33 33 10.3 2.6
332-2 B 32 50 31 34 33 10.2 1.9
332-3 B 34 51 32 35 34 10.2 201
332-4 B 36 51 33 39 37 1001 2.2
321-1 T 34 54 37 39 36 103 2.8
321-2 T 33 54 37 37 34 1061 2.7
321-3 T 35 54 39 39 36 9.9 2.7
321-4 T 36 57 41 40 39 9.3 2.8
322-1 T 34 36 34 35 34 9.7 201
322-2 T 34 35 35 36 35 906 2e1
322-3 T 36 33 35 36 36 965 201
322-04 T 35 35 35 35 34 904 2.0
301-1 T 58 56 57 59 59 903 303
301-2 T 59 57 58 59 59 903 303
301-3 T 60 59 59 60 60 902 305
301-4 T 60 60 60 60 60 Sel 364
320-1 B 60 60 60 60 60 Gel 228
320~2 B 60. 60 60 60 60 Fel 3el
3203 B 60 60 57 60 59 920 302
320-4 8 58 60 57 60 57 8.9 268
320-5 8 57 59 57 59 57 8.9 2.7
317-1 T 61 60 60 60 60 8.8 364
317-2 T 61 60 60 61 61 8.8 364
317-3 T 62 60 60 61 62 88 363

72460 21 ¥L82 Tas


&

‘ONT ‘SAIMOLVHOGV1 HOWVSSIY LLOOS

Table 4-20

Summary of Spit-Back Refueling Losses For
Various Fuel Tank Anti-Spill Devices

Standard

No. Of Complete Deviation
Refueling No. Of Prob. Of Average Of The

Anti-Spill Operations Spit-Back a Spit-Back Spit-Back

Device Type Observed Losses Spit-Back Loss, grams Losses, grams

Slotted Baffle 6 3 0.500 18.13 18.07
Cascade Baffle 198 40 0.202 5.28 9.59
External Vent Tube 12 5 0.417 13.60 21.33
Perforated Baffle 4 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Integral Vent Tube 22 8 0.364 7.84 12.77
Total For All Devices 242 56 0.231 7.08 11.99
No Anti-Spill Device 536 116 0.216 9.19 12.17

Total 778 172 0.221 8.50 12.12

7260 7@T 7282 Tas

9E-9


SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.


S-11

SRL 2874 12 0972

5.3 TOTAL REFUELING LOSS MODELS

As discussed above, the model developed to this point yields
the estimated total refueling loss for a single refueling operation. To
obtain an estimate of the total loss for a given region over some unit
of time, it is necessary to determine the average number of gallons
of gasoline dispensed per refueling operation, the number of refueling
operations as a function of time of day, the variation of The and Ty
with time of day and day of year, and the variation of RVP with time of
year. A number of approaches to the development of such a total re-
fueling loss model may be identified, some of which will be addressed
in the following discussion.

Suppose one wishes to estimate the total refueling loss in a
given city over some 24-hour period selected from the months May through
October. In order to compute displaced hydrocarbon losses, functions
Ty and Tpp are needed to express the vapor and dispensed fuel temper-
atures as a function of time of day. That is, we require functional
relationships

Ty = Ty(e)
Typ > Tor (t),

where t is time of day. Although the form of the functions Ty and Typ
is not known at this time, regression analyses conducted on the field
survey temperature data indicate that the vapor and dispensed fuel
temperatures during a refueling operation vary as functions of the

ambient temperature, Tas the underground fuel temperature, Type and

fa SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



“ONT 'SAIMOLVHOSVT HOWVISIW LLOOS 3

Table 4-4

AVERAGE PUBLISHED GASOLINE VOLATILITY
(Reid Vapor Pressure, psi)

SEASON
CITY WINTER SPRING SUMMER FALL
LOS ANGELES 11.1 9.7 8.4 9.8
HOUSTON 11.7 10.0 8.8 9.8
ATLANTA 12.0 10.6 9.0 10.1
NEW YORK 13.2 11.2 9.0 11.1
CHICAGO 12.7 11.4 9.2 10.5

72460 ZT 482 TUS

ST-9


4-11
SRL 2874 12 0972
ambient to within 5° of the dispensed fuel temperature, indicating the
influence of the temperature of the dispensed gasoline.

An attempt was made each day to measure the underground gasoline
storage temperature in each grade of product. If a drop (delivery of
truck-transported gasoline) were anticipated, the underground temperatures
were measured just before and after the delivery. At several stations
these measurements were unobtainable because the storage tank caps were
sealed by the distributor. The collected data were transcribed to a
convenient format for punching cards and computer processing. Average
observed underground gasoline storage temperatures, the associated sample
sizes, and the range are given in Table 4-1 for the three grades of gaso-
line dispensed. Data for the ambient temperatures measured at the same
time as the dispensed fuel and displaced vapor measurements are sum-
marized in Table 4-2. The average observed dispensed gasoline tempera-
tures and the average observed displaced vapor temperatures for each
city/season, together with sample sizes and ranges, are shown in Table
4-3. Table 4-4 lists the average Reid vapor pressures reported by
the Ethyl Corporation for the cities of interest during the months
surveyed (References 7 through 11). Computer printouts of the field

survey temperature data are given in Appendix F.

> SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



‘ONT ‘SSIMOLVHORVT HOUVISTH LLOIS &

sign

Reference

Tests
For
Significance

Temperature
and

Volatility

Interaction

Vapor
Only
Duplicates

Tank
No. 2
Duplicates

Table 3-1
Experimental Plan

* Approximately equal to initial fuel tank temperature

Pipe Tank Operation Temp.

Exp. Disp
Group Dia. Lgth. Entr. Dpth. Noz Rate Fill % Fill  Amb.* Fuel
No. In. In. Device Deg, Shape Vent _In, Deg GPM Gal, Comp Method _F_| _°F_

301 1.38 10 None 18 Tube 6 30 10.0 10.0 100 Splash 60 60

302 1.50

303. 1.38 5

304 22

305 10 Case.

306 None 45

307 75

312 18 None

313 Tube 3

314 6 120

315 30° (5.3

316 12.3

317 10.0 5.0

318 20.0

319 10.0 50

321 1.38 10 None 18 Tube 6 30 10.0 10.0 100 Splash 35 60

322 35035

323 60 «35

324 90 60

326 90 90

327 60 60

328 60 35

329 90 60

330 90 90

331 35 60

333 35 35

320. 1.38 10 None 18 Tube 6 30 10.0 10.0 100 Subsur 60 60

335 3535

325 90 60

336 90 90

332 35 «60

334 3535

308 41.38 22 None 18 Tube 6 30 10.0 10.0 100 Splash 60 60

309 45

310 Tube

311 None 15

337 90

7460 ZT 7282 Tas

t£


“ON ‘SAIMOLVHORVT HOUVASTH LLOOS &

1970 1971
Jut_| Aue | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan| Fep | Mar | Apr} May} Jun
Los ANGELES mM
HousToN x x M4
| ATLANTA
New York Xx x!
CHICAGO x x

Ficure 4-1 FIELD SURVEY SCHEDULE

7260 ZT 982 TUS

t4


SRL 2874 12 0972

observation of the refueling operation. In order to conceal the intent
of the survey, the observed data were collected on a form with disguised
column headings for the section in which losses and associated data were
recorded. As noted above, the magnitude of the hydrocarbon loss due to
spillage was recorded in the form of a spill diameter which subsequent
data processing on the computer converted to grams.

At the start of each session, the surveyor recorded the date,
city, season, freeway proximity, and sales volume category of the sta-
tion. Immediately before each operation he noted the time, vehicle
year and make/model code, and the grade of gasoline to be dispensed. The
intensity of vehicular traffic through the refueling area of the service
station and its impact on the attendant's apparent work load were also
noted.

The observer identified each spill loss as a prefill drip,
spit-back loss, overfill loss, or postfill drip. In the event that part
of the spill fell on the vehicle surface, thus not contributing to the wet
diameter on the ground, an estimate was made of that part of the loss
and noted on the data collection form.

During each refueling operation the surveyor also noted the
tooth in which the nozzle trigger was latched, the depth and angle of
nozzle insertion, and whether any stretching of the hose made careful
handling of the nozzle difficult.

At the conclusion of the operation, the surveyor noted whether
the fill was partial or complete and recorded the total number of gallons
dispensed. The attendant was then scored on the care with which he per-

formed the refueling. This score was supplemented with an observation of

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



®

‘ONI ‘SSIMOLVHOGYT HOUVESAN LLOIS

TaBLe 4-19

RESULTS OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY
FACTORS SIGNIFICANT TO PRODUCTION OF SPILL LOSSES

SIGNIFICANT FAcTors

Type oF Spit _Loss MAGNITUDE _ __Loss PROBABILITY
PREFILL NozZLe OPERATOR TECHNIQUE NozzLe INSERTION ANGLE
Sp1T-Back NoNE ILL COMPLETION

UEL [ANK SHAPE

ILL RATE

jozzLe INSERTION DEPTH
OVERFILL STATION LOCATION OPERATOR TECHNIQUE

NCOMFORTABLE WIND
PERATOR | ECHNIQUE
STATION VOLUME

PostFiLt Nozzle QPERATOR TECHNIQUE
STATION LOCATION

ILL LOMPLETION
UEL TANK SHAPE

OPERATOR TECHNIQUE
lose EXTENSION REQUIRED
TLL PIPE ANGLE

7460 ZT 7282 Tas

St-9


TABLE F - le (CONTINUED) FIELO SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

SERVICE ** REFUELING OPERATION *** TEMP. - DEG F TIME

HR DATE RHR STATION FEIT THT ETT TT REE RER KH BETWN

SF alalalalebelelelehellllRelelelelelshel GAL FUEL DISP SOLAR OISP DISPL FILLS»
CITY SEASON “O DY YR HOUR LOC VOL FILL DISP GRADE RATE RAD  AMB FUEL VAPOR “IN
CHI FALL 12 8 70 1419 NBHD HI FULL 1564 PREM HI ##® 46 45 46 HEH
CHI FALL 12 8 70 1442 NBHD HI FULL 1862 PREA MED #H* 46 45 50 ke
CHI FALL 12 8 70 1453 NBHD HI FULL 10.2 REG HI ##® 45 45 45 RAR
CHI FALL 12 8 70 1505 NSHD HI FULL 868 REG MED ##® 45 45 45 wie
CHI FALL 12 8 70 1510 NBHD HI PART 968 REG HI ##R 45° 45 47 #RK
CHI FALL 12 8 70 1525 NBHD HI FULL 1661 REG HI RH 45 45 46 aeK
CHI FALL 12 8 70 1550 NBHD HI FULL 960 PREM MEN x#* 45 45 48 RRR
CHI FALL 12 8 70 1600 NBHD HI FULL 1566 PREM MED ##* 45° 45 49 eRe
CHI FALL 12 8 70 1605 NBHD HI PART 964 REG MED ##* 45° 45 45 ate
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1152 NBHD HI FULL 1104 PREM MEN ### 49 51 4? lade
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1207 NBHD HI PART 7.60 UNLD MED x## 50 51 51 eRe
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1220 NBHD HI PART 5e0 UNLD MED ##* 50 52 52 sdalal
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1228 NBHD HI PART 406 PREM = *HR HER 49 55 51 Lida
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1225 NBHD HI FULL 2163 PREM He HHH 52 51 49 ean
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1317 NBHD HI FULL 1961 PREM eR HHH 51 52 49 eR
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1328 NBHD HI FULL 866 REG RRR HHH 52 50 49 eR
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1423 NBHD HI FULL 1267 UNLD HI ### 49 51 51 wee
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1540 NBHO HI FULL 765 REG HI eH 49° 51 49 wee
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1616 NBHD HI FULL 1069 REG MED ### 48 51 51 aH
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1635 NBHD HI FULL 1368 REG HI xRR 47 51 51 aR
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1710 NBHD HI PART 765 REG HI ee 45° 49 50 wae
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1711 NBHD HI PART 468 REG HI ee 45° 45 46 we
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1734 NBHD HI PART 863 REG HI HR 45 51 52 Ha
NYC FALL 12 1 70 1745 NBHD HI PART 4e3 PREM HI belied 45 46 47 HR
NYC FALL 12 2 70 1138 NBHD HI FULL 4e7 UNLD HI #** 60 60 62 nee
NYC FALL 12 2 70 1212 NBHD HI FULL 466 PREM HI #kK 62 58 59 He
NYC FALL 12 2 70 1230 NBHD HI FULL 5e8 UNLD “ED #R* 64 59 61 slalel
NYC FALL 12 2 70 1245 NBHD HI FULL 1060 REG HI #RR 64 53 58 edad
NYC FALL 12 2 70 1303 NBHD HI FULL 1105 PREM HI ### 65 55 58 wee
NYC FALL 12 2 70 1620 NBHD HI FULL 1946 REG HI eH 64 53 54 RR
NYC FALL 12 2 70 1626 N@HD HI FULL 1768 REG Hl #eR 64 53 55 eH
NYC FALL 12 2 70 1637 NBHD HI FULL 1069 PREM MEN HHH 62 54 66 wae

NOTEs ¢#*#" MEANS NO DATA

7260 ZT 282 TUS

90-4


city

ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
4TL
ATL
ATL
ATL
4TL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL
ATL

SEASON

SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING

NOTEs

TABLE F

HEH DATE Ht
FIC

MO

Poe a oe St SO SO SS SS

DY

29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29

YR

7L
7
71
71
71
71
7
71
71
71
7
71
71
71

CRRKE

HOUR

1520
1345
1406
1413
1440
1459
1541
1613
1626
1635
1730
1738
1750
1756
1815
1845
1907
1930
1936
2009
2022
2039
2043
2051
2129
2136
2155
2204
2225
2247
0945
1000

MEANS

(CONTINUED)

- 1.
SERVICE
STATION
RRR
Loc VOL

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

FRWY HI

NO DATA

FIELD

SURVEY TEMPERATUPE CATA

*e REFUELING OPFRATION ##*
FIG

FILL

FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
PaRT
PART
PART
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
DART
PART
DART

GAL
DISP

9.6
16.6
llel
1369

506
1661

361
1504
17.2

604

904

Get

7.9

603
13.0

506
1405
13.0
1404
13.6
1308

506
11.2

506

863

506
18.4
1765

506

506
11.8
10.0

FUEL DISP
GRADE RATE
PREM HI
REG MED
PREM MED
PREM HI
PREM MEO
PREM MED
REG HI
PREM HI
PREM MED
PREM MED
PREM HI
REG HI
REG HI
REG HI
REG HI
PREM HI
REG HI
PREM LO
PREM HI
PREM LO
PREM MED
PREM HI
PREM MED
PREM 41
PREM HI
PREM HI
PREM 41
PREM MED
PREM YI
PREM LO
PREM 41
PREM 41

SOLAR
RAD

SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADF
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE

TEMP. - DEG F
eee eee eee oa
DISP NPSOL
AMB FUEL VAPOR
72 67 7d
72 «68 73
730° 67 71
73° 67 72
73 67 75
73) 66 14
72 68 70
71 «67 69
7O 65 69
69 89 7
65 «65 68
69° 67 71
6B 66 72
68 67 75
67 66 69
67 67 69
67 &5 63
67 67 72
67 66 69
67 66 T2
67 66 70
67 06 75
67 66 69
67 67 71
67 68 7S
67 67 7
67 67 790
67 67 6s
67 66 69
67 67 65
56 65 62
56 65 él

TLE
rAT a
FILLS»

AT

67
120
51
7
104
19
116
53
13
9
55
117
12
6
1s
134
52
1290
s
34
46
39
26
12
34
146
15
74
3c
22
HHH
RRR

7460 ZT 9282 TAS

lT-d


1-5

SRL 2874 12 0972

the scope of the first-year program was limited to the results of exploratory

laboratory tests and a small sample of survey observations (Reference 5).

1.4 SECOND-YEAR PROGRAM

The CAPE-9 Committee concluded that an expanded field survey
was necessary to supplement the relatively small sample size on which
the results of the first-year program were based. Improvements in the
techniques and equipment used to measure displaced losses and the de-
velopment of a mathematical model for estimating displaced losses were
also desired. On November 19, 1969, the CRC requested Scott to propose
a one-year extension to the original program. Scott responded on De-
cember 16, 1969, and program go-ahead was received on June 30, 1979,

Refueling operations were observed in five major cities during
each of the four seasons. The scope of the survey was expanded to ac-
quire data on additional variables identified as having possible effects
on refueling losses. The effects of gasoline volatility (as Reid vapor
pressure (RVP)), dispensed fuel and fuel tank temperature, displaced vapor
and ambient temperature, fuel tank filler pipe configuration, and re-
fueling procedures were studied in the laboratory. The data from the
field survey and the laboratory study were integrated in the analysis

phase and a refueling loss model was developed.

1.5 THIRD-YEAR PROGRAM

Program go-ahead for the third and final year of effort was re-
ceived on June 29, 1972. Field and laboratory effort during the third
year will be devoted to the collection of data necessary to establish the

operational and statistical relationships between the variables of

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



CITY

4OUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HCUS
HOUS
HOUS
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI

SEASON

SUMME®
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMEP
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMEP
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMEQ

NOTE»

TABLE F

HRRK DATE RRR
FE

ive}

WDODODODDYDDDDODDDDODODONDODDODDDDDODDND OD

DY YR

70

DOODOODDDDDMOMDOFA HARARE REHEARSE
a
°

HOUR

1020
1035
1053
1109
1128
1145
1150
1204
1623
1632
1648
1710
1755
1808
1820
1830
1942
1510
1552
1556
1610
1646
1653
1702
1710
1805
1007
1130
1133
1252
1305
1630

eeRRY MEANS

(CONTINUED)

- le
SERVICE
STATION
Re
Loc voL
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
FRWY HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHO HI
NBHD HI
NBHD- HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NSHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NO DATA

#e REFUELING OPERATION ##*®

FIELD SURVEY TE“PERATURE LAT

FTI ICI

FILL

FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
Full
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
DART
FULL
PART
PART
HRHRRR
RHEE
PART
FULL
PART
DART
FULL
FULL

GAL
OISP

1503
2363
1202
1861
11.7
1369
18.8
500
1529
19467
8.9
208
13.9
21.3
14-2
2326
1422
12.5
11.9
7.5
520
lle2
520
5.0
5.0
12.5
5.0
1304
520
7.5
17.5
12.5

FUEL oISP
GRADE RATE
RRRK KH
HREM KEK
HHRH HAH
HH HH
HRRH RH
S elaked RAK
eee HAH
RRR HH
Latta ae
HHRH RR
RRR HHH
RR aH
HH HR
RHRH HHH
RRRH eee
HHH HHH
HREK aad
eed HHH
HRER RRR
Lett RAH
HRHH HHH
HRRH HHH
HERR HHH
RHR HHH
HHRR wee
Eealatal HHH
HHH HK
Eaelalad RRR
HRHH RK
HRRK KEK
BRK RRR
RHEE HHH

SOLAR
RAD

RH
RH
HHH
RH
HHH
HEH
aH
RK
HHH
HK
RK
Rae
RH
RK
RH
HH
RH
HHH
RR
RRR
HE
RRR
RRR
REE
KH
RHR
HER
RAR
HAR
RH
KEK
HK

TEMP. - DEG F
FIT
DISP NTSPL
AMB FUEL VAPC?
84 89 87
85 90 90
8B e¢ de
Be 386 389
87 90 92
89 91 93
89 90 90
88 9C 94
94 92 94%
93° 90 92
93 92 98
91 93 96
90 92 90
89 90 94
89 90 96
89 90 93
a5 91 39
78° «79 73
73°«77 73
73° «76 73
73° «76 76
74 76 76
74 78 31
730~«79 84
73°=«79 32
72 #79 76
72 «62 79
72. «78 76
72 «76 72
7é 78 e2
82 78 79
82 82 6a

Tle
VETad
FILLS,»

“IM

ed
HK
RK
RRR
RHR
Hee
HH
RH
Stoked
RH
HH
RRR
HH
RRR
HHH
HHH
RH
HER
HER
KH
Lead
aR
HHH
HK
HK
Rae
RH
RH
RH
RHR
RK
REE

2260 ZT 7182 Tas

61-4


“INI SSIMOLVHOGVT HOUVISAY LLODS &

100°F
tt ~ VAPOR TEMP,
80°F <p
Pr] pnd
—}-——
DISP, FUEL TEP.
60°F
40°F
20°F
0°F
TIME —>
1-29-71 AMBIENT TEMP, = 85°F

Los ANGELES UNDERGROUND
FUEL TEMP, = 63°F

1970 CHev. Imp, Sep.
13,6 Ga. Supreme
Approx, 7.8 GAL. /MIN,

Fieure 4-3 TYPICAL FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE RECORD

7260 ZT 9282 TAS

OI-%


SRL 2874 12 0972

4-17

4-18

LIST OF TABLES (CONT'D.)

REGRESSION OF MAGNITUDE OF POSTFILL NOZZLE LOSS
ON REFUELING PARAMETERS

REGRESSION OF PROBABILITY OF POSTFILL NOZZLE LOSS
ON REFUELING PARAMETERS

RESULTS OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY FACTORS
SIGNIFICANT TO PRODUCTION OF SPILL LOSSES

SUMMARY OF SPIT-BACK REFUELING LOSSES FOR VARIOUS
FUEL TANK ANTI-SPILL DEVICES

DISPLACED LOSS SUMMARY - SUMMER SURVEY
DISPLACED LOSS SUMMARY - WINTER SURVEY
TOTAL REFUELING LOSS BY SOURCE
PERCENT OF COMPLETE FILLS

FUEL INSPECTION DATA

VOLATILITY DATA

LABORATORY DATA

FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.

Page No.

4-33

4-34

4-35

4-36


4-27

SRL 2874 12 0972

Operator technique is the only significant parameter affecting
prefill nozzle loss magnitude. The deviation of nozzle insertion from
the vertical affects the probability of a prefill nozzle loss because,
as the nozzle is rotated to the left or right (more horizontal), the
more readily that gasoline can drip from the nozzle,

No significant variables were found in the analysis of the
magnitude of spit-back losses (Table 4-13). Four parameters, however,
were found to affect significantly the probability of a spit-back loss
(Table 4-14). The probability of a spit-back is greater for complete
fills, since pressure build-up in the tank is more likely when the tank
is nearly full. The higher probability of spit-back for the flat,
horizontal type of tanks may be due to the fact that many of these tanks
have fill pipes which are more horizontal than are those for the vertical
fender type. A faster filling rate is likely to cause a more rapid and
severe pressure build-up in the fuel tank, resulting in a higher probability
of spit-back loss. Shallow nozzle insertion during refueling allows
gasoline to leave the nozzle and enter the fuel tank fill pipe near the
cap end where a pressure build-up in the tank can force the gasoline out
more easily than when the nozzle is fully inserted into the fill pipe.

Refueling parameters depicting service station characteristics
appear to affect the magnitude of overfills most significantly (Table
4-15). Non-freeway stations and low-volume stations tended to have
larger overfills than did freeway and high-volume stations. This may
be due to the fact that these stations normally do not have full-time
people just to pump gasoline. The attendent, therefore, may be more

rushed or he may tend to put as much gasoline into the tank as possible,

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



ONT SSIMOLVHOSY1 HOWVESTY LLOIS &

FAR WALL

TOP CENTER NEAR WALL BOTTOM CENTER

Freure 3-4 MINI-SHED VAPOR CONCENTRATION - WITH FAN

CENTER

O00T

0002

000

ANVdOUd SV Wdd

7260 21 £82 TAS

TI-€


4-25
SRL 2874 12 0972

Table 4-11

Regression of Magnitude of Prefill
Nozzle Loss on Refueling Parameters

Number
of Data 2 Description of
Parameters Points xr xr Parameter Effect
Significant:
Operator technique 25 0.528 0.279 Spill larger with

poor technique

Non-Significant:

Operator work load

Station location

Station monthly volume

Current station work load

Uncomfortable temperature

Uncomfortable wind

Uncomfortable rain

Hose extension required for fill

Deviation of nozzle insertion from vertical

Fuel tank fill pipe angle from horizontal

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



TABLE 4-6

REFUELING SPILL LOSS SUMMARY
FALL SURVEY
Nozzte Loss zzLe Loss
Spit-pack Loss QVvERFILL Loss “Oper ut) RBaeEE Less
AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE

L oss. boss Ross. boss Loss. boss OSs. boss

Los ANGELES 3ne 11.) 9,153 7.8 9211 19.5 9,942 2.0 0.214

“ONT ‘SAIMOLVHOGVT HOUVISAY LLOOS &

HousToNn 351 12.6 05 19.8 974 F.5 9,931 5.5 0.034
Curcaco 330 22.3 Nee 73,4 0,033 13.7 0,021 5.8 0.930
New York 405 1,0 9 0,165 9,9 0,106 7 9,057 5.9 9.111
ATLANTA 34u 9.3 0.035 11,3 0.929 6.4 0.035 5.5 0.017

ComPosITE 1738 13.6 0.192 15.4 0.9°9 19,9 1,038 4,0 0.080

7260 ZT 9482 TaS

8I-9


3-4

SRL 2874 12 0972

The fuel conditioning system was used to dispense gasoline at the tem-
peratures specified in the experimental plan. The FID and the temper-
ature recorder were protected in a control room adjacent to the en-
vironmental chamber.

Two passenger car fuel tanks are arranged in the MINI~SHED
so that they can be refueled by a technician standing outside the
sealed enclosure. Gasoline from the Scott Fuel Conditioning System
is delivered through a hose and the rate of top-fill delivery is con-
trolled by the nozzle. Subsurface fills are performed through fittings
in the bottom of each tank. Valves are provided to control manually the
rate of subsurface delivery. Thermocouples are located so as to measure
the temperatures of the enclosed volume and the dispensed gasoline,
vapor space, liquid contents, and filler pipe entrance of each tank. A
sample probe connected to the FID is located in the center of the MINI-
SHED. A circulating fan is provided on the floor of the enclosure to
ensure a uniform concentration of hydrocarbons throughout the enclosure

Figure 3-1 shows the arrangement of these components. Nec-
essary channels for temperature measurements during each fill are pro-
vided on a continuous strip-chart recorder. Operation of the cir-
culation fan was found to be necessary to ensure a uniform hydrocarbon
concentration throughout the enclosure. A water seal is provided at the
bottom of the MINI-SHED to prevent loss of hydrocarbons from the en-
closure.

3.1.2 Procedures
Displaced losses were collected in the MINI-SHED while filling

fuel tanks under specified experimental conditions. The net hydrocarbon

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

of the fuel in the fuel tank would be an excellent choice since it is
operationally an independent variable. It is planned to work with that
variable, therefore, in the third-year program.

Linear, quadratic, and cubic regressions based on Type Ty

RVP were therefore analyzed for goodness of fit and the third-order

» and

regression was selected. That regression model for estimating displaced

hydrocarbon losses, Ly»

a . =z =
Lt 2.01570 - 0.02615 Top 0.00035 Ty

is given by
2

+ 0.00013 The x \ x RVP. (3~3)

Equation 3-3 provides a fairly good fit to the experimental data.
The multiple correlation coefficient, r, between the measured displaced
hydrocarbon loss and the indicated variables has the value r = 0.947. The
coefficient of determination, Y, which, in units of percent, gives the
percentage of the variance in the data accounted for by the regression
relationship, thus has the value 89.6%. Finally, the standard error of
the estimate is 8 F 0.232 grams/gallon.

Note, however, that when RVP is held constant and The = Ty =T,

then Equation 3-3 is the quadratic

Lheatbtted’, (3-4)

where a, b, and c are constants. Equation 3-4 is, of course, valid under
the assumptions stated and within the range of experimental temperatures
which did not drop below about 30°F. If Equation 3-4 is analyzed for RVP = 9
the loss decreases to a minimum value at T = 16°F and then starts to increase

again with decreasing temperature, an obvious absurdity. Great caution must

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC



‘ONT 'SSIMOLVHOGYT HOWVASEY LLODS (a

Table 4-1

Underground Gasoline Temperatures

UNLEADED REGULAR
Avge. Avge.
Sample Temp, Range, Sample Temp, Range,
City Season _Size_ Deg.F Deg.F Size Deg.F Deg.F
Winter 3 66 65-66 3 64 63-65
Los Angeles Soring 1 70 70-70 1 6968-69
Fall 4 66 64-68* 4 62 60-65*
Winter 1 65 65-65 1 67 67-67
Spring 7 75 74-75 7 73 73-73
Houston Sumner . _ _ . _
Fall - -- -- - -- --
Winter 1 45 45-45 1 36 36-36
. Spring 2 52 §2-52 2 5 50-50
Chicago Summer ‘ _. a ‘ i _e
Fall 3 50 49-50 3 41 41-41
Minter t 41 43-4) 1 3 39-8
Spring 4 51 51-51 4 5 51-
New York Summer . a _ a . _-
Fall 3 50 48-52" 3 51 50-52*
Winter 2 42 33-51* 2 42 32-53*
Spring 7 62 62-62 7 63 63-63
Atlanta Summer ‘ _ ‘ _ a
Fall 1 60 60-60 1 56 56-56

Note: A dash indicates no data were collected.
*Includes measurements made before and after a fuel drop.

SUPER

Avge.

Sample Temp,

Size Deg.F Di

PIN Bt ow

PIN

-I1NN wlae

64
68

60

67
75

36
51

42

40
51

50

29
64

58

7260 ZT 7L82 Tas

zI-%


3-7
SRL 2874 12 0972

3.2  MINI-SHED VALIDATION

Experiments were performed to validate the usage of the MINI-SHED
apparatus for determining refueling losses. The enclosed mixture was
checked for homogeneity and the FID was checked for accurate response.
The traversing apparatus used to conduct this phase of the laboratory
study is shown in Figure 3-2.

3.2.1 Homogeneity of Enclosed Mixture

Determination of the gram weight of evaporated hydrocarbons
must be computed from point measurements of temperature, pressure, and
concentration inside the MINI-SHED. In order to ensure that these point
measurements are uniform throughout the enclosure, it is necessary to de-
tect any variation from a homogeneous mixture.

In the search for possible variations, temperature and con-
centration probes were moved in a three-axis traverse through the en-
closure after tank refueling. Although no variation was detected in tem-
perature, evidence of non-uniform hydrocarbon concentrations was found
in the FID records.

An example of such a record is shown in Figure 3-3, With no
air circulation, the hydrocarbon concentration varied throughout the
enclosure between extremes of 960 to 1630 parts per million, as propane,
after a typical fill of 10 gallons. The greatest concentration was

found at the bottom of the MINI-SHED.

Es) SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



‘ONE ‘SAIMOLVYORVT HOUVASIH LLOIS 3

Los ANGELES
HousToNn
Cu1caco

New York
ATLANTA

Five-City Composite

TaBLe 5-4

PERCENT OF COMPLETE FILLS

WINTER = SPRING = SUMMER

69.3
73.0
61.6
43.0
63.0
62.8

69.2
78.5
65.5
71.4
64.5

70.0

57.8
77.7
60.9
58.0
65.7

63.3

70.2
70.9
68.6
59.7
58.2
65.3

FRURE SEASON

68.3
75.1
64,5
59.1
62.9
65.6

7260 ZT L872 TAS

6-S


3-28

SRL 2874 12 0972

the variables is 0.9986 and the ideal gas model can be written in the

alternate form
L, = exp (-0.05783 + 0.01976 T). (3-10)

It should be noted that while Equation 3-10 will not exactly reproduce the

ideal gas plot in Figure 3-9, the fit will be found to be quite good.

Eo SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



5-4

SRL 2874 12 0972

the summer season is based on just four observations and no observations
were obtained in Houston during the fall season, Under these conditions,
then, the sample cannot be considered to be representative with respect
to time of year.

Note also that the temperature measurements were made just
during the hours of about 0800 - 1700. Service stations are typically
open during the hours of about 0600 - 2200. The sample cannot, there-
fore, be considered to be representative with respect to time of day.
Similarly, since the quantity of fuel dispensed per unit of time varies
with time of day, the field survey temperature data cannot be considered
to be properly weighted.

It is nonetheless useful to examine the estimated displaced
hydrocarbon losses given in Tables 5-1 and 5-2. The sample was ran-
domly drawn, of course, and hence is representative of the time span
within which it was drawn, since the sample size is fairly respectable
for most of the city-season combinations. The data thus provide a
basis for estimating the magnitude of the problem.

Based on the total sample, the composite average displaced
hydrocarbon loss is 5.0 grams per gallon. When the average spill loss
of 0.3 grams per galion is added, the total refueling loss is 5.3 grams
of hydrocarbons per gallon of dispensed gasoline, or about 0.40 grams per
mile, averaged over five cities and four seasons, and subject to the
limitations discussed above.

The observational and measured data obtained in the course of

this investigation thus indicate clearly that displaced losses are the

primary constituents of the total refueling loss. Approximately 94% of the

> SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



‘ONT ‘SHIMOLVYORY1 HOWVASTH LLOIS &

—Ory ss

Los ANGELES 124

HousTon 205
CuI caco 317
New York 512
ATLANTA 340

Compos1TE 1498

AVERAGE
oss,

2.4
261.7
4,5
34
5.1
39.0

TaBLe 4-5

REFUELING SPILL LOSS SUMMARY
SUMMER SURVEY

Sprt-pack Loss OverFitt Loss

AVERAGE

boss Oss. boss Boss. boss

0,032
0,054
9.066
0.063
0.038
0.054

2.3
1.6
18.7
3u.2

3,7
17.2

0.05
0.239
0.06%
9.070
0, Ou4y

0.085

Nopzte Loss
AVERAGE
6.8 0.008
1.2 0.059
2.5 9,019
7.5 0,008
3.6 0,015
3.0 0.019

ZZLE Loss

AVERAGE

Ross. boss

0.4
4,6
2.1
1.6
41
3.2

0.024
0.132
9.022
0.035
0,021
0,041

2260 ZT 9482 TaS

LT-9


“INT ‘SSSMOLVUOGVT BIUVISSY LLOOS FS]

Sample

City Size
Los Angeles 4
Houston 33
Chicago 23
New York 15
Atlanta 15
Composite 90
Los Angeles 44
Houston 0
Chicago 55
New York 29
Atlanta 22

Composite 150

Table 5-1

DISPLACED LOSS SUMMARY

Summer Survey

Av. Disp. Loss,
grams/fill

63.1
91.2
57.1
65.0
100.2

78.4

Fall Survey
45.9
35.6
44.0
35.3

40.2

Av. Disp. Loss,

grams/gallon

5.6
6.6
5.4
4.5
6.2

5.9

7260 21 9287 TaS

S-S


TABLE F - le FIELN SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

SERVICE #** REFUELING OPERATION *** TEMP. - DEG F TIME

RRR DATE *8H STATION (80 (JUICE Ta)

JIE RE SAT GAL FUEL DISP SOLAR DISP MISPL FILLS»
CITY SEASON MO DY YR HOUR LOC VOL FILL DISP GRADE RATE RAD AMB FUEL VAPOR MIN
LeAe WINTER 1 25 71 1210 FRWY HI FULL 1266 PREM MED SUN 58 63 70 ame
LeAe WINTER 1 25 71 1230 FRWY HI FULL 1764 PREM MED SHADE 58 63 63 20
LeAe WINTER 1 25 71 1248 FRWY HI FULL 1067 PREM LO SUN 59 66 67 ane
LeAs WINTER 1 25 71 1255 FRWY HI FULL 18-6 REG MED SUN 60 65 63 7
LeAe WINTER 1 25 71 1300 FRWY HI PART 10.0 PREM HI SUN 62 66 65 5
LeAs WINTER 1 25 71 1310 FRWY HI PART 7.7 PREM HI SUN 63 66 67 10
LeAe WINTER 1 25 71 1327 FRWY HI FULL 903 REG MED SHADE 64 62 68 nee
LeAe WINTER 1 25 71 1341 FRWY HI FULL 1906 PREM MED SHADE 65 63 63 71
LeAs WINTER 1 25 71 1350 FRWY HI FULL 1566 PREM LO SUN 66 66 65 40
LeAs WINTER 1 25 71 1426 FRWY HI PART 5.2 PREM HI SUN 67 68 72 36
LeAs WINTER 1 25 71 1525 FRWY HI FULL 865 PREM LO SHADE 67 64 69 104
LeAs WINTER 1 25 71 1621 FRWY HI PART 12.9 PREM MED SUN 67 65 71 563
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 1200 FRWY HI FULL 605 REG MED SUN 76 72 78 nRR
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 1205 FRWY HI PART 6.5 PREM HI SUN 7 69 30 wae
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 1210 FRWY HI FULL 8.9 PREM MED SUN 76 67 78 5
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 1240 FRWY HI FULL 1501 PREM HI SUN 78 69 74 30
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 1243 FRWY HI PART 2.7 PREM HI SUN 78 67 68 3
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 1900 FRWY HI FULL 152 PREM MED SHADE 62 66 70 wee
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 1910 FRWY HI PART 2.67 PREM HI SHADE 62 64 64 10
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 1955 FRWY HI FULL 1968 PREM HI NIGHT 62 66 68 45
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 2000 FRWY HI FULL 7e2 REG MED NIGHT 62 65 65 nHe
LeA. WINTER 1 26 71 2015 FRWY HE FULL 7.2 PREM HI NIGHT 62 66 66 15
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 2050 FRWY HI FULL 669 REG HI NIGHT 62 64 64 50
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 2055 FRWY HI FULL 10.3 PREM MED NIGHT 62 64 66 40
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 2057 FRWY HI FULL 8.1 REG HI NIGHT 62 64 63 7
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 2100 FRWY HI FULL 83 REG MED NIGHT 62 65 65 3
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 2120 FRWY HI FULL 1343 PREM LO NIGHT 62 65 66 25
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 2145 FRWY HI FULL 83 REG MED NIGHT 61 63 62 45
LeAs WINTER 1 26 71 2147 FRWY HI PART 5.4 PREM HI NIGHT 61 62 62 aH
LeAe WINTER 1 27 71 1065 FRWY HI FULL 8.3 REG MED SUN 82 71 73 RAK
LeAs WINTER 1 27 71 1130 FRWY HI FULL 14.0 PREM MED SUN 82 70 76 nae
LeA. WINTER 1 27 71 1215 FRWY HI FULL 7.3 PREM HI SUN e270 7% 45

NOTE, ¢%*#*#* MEANS NO DATA

2260 ZT 9L87 TUS

€-d


CITY

HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI

SEASON

WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTEP
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER

NOTEs

TABLE F - le

RHEK DATE HH
HR

MO

NN NNNNNNNNNNNNANNNNNNNNNNNNNANNNND

oY YR

3°71
3°71
3 71
3°71
3°71
3°71
3 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
24 71
25 71
25 71
25 71
25 71

CeRRE

HOUR

1625
1650
1700
1710
1715
1735
1800
0953
1037
1056
1059
1116
1119
1154
1229
1243
1334
1355
1428
1447
1503
1526
1530
1536
1547
1556
1604
1619
1055
1100
1120
1130

MEANS

FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

** REFUELING OPERATION #**
FTE IIE ete

FUEL DIS©° SOLAR

(CONTINUED)

SERVICE

STATION

HH REREK GAL
Loc VOL FILL BDISP
FRWY HI PART 504
FRWY HI FULL 1207
FRWY HI PART 340
FRWY HI PART 1060
FRWY HI FULL 909
FRWY HI FULL 1326
FRWY HI FULL 1307
NBHD HI FULL 1469
NBHD HI FULL 1924
NBHD HI FULL 861
NBHD HI FULL 1209
NBHD HI PART 204
NBHD HI PART 667
NBHD HI FULL 865
NBHD HI FULL 10.4
NBHD HI FULL 15.9
NBHD HI PART 409
NBHD HI FULL 11.9
NBHD HI PART 10.0
NBSHD HI PART 968
NBHD HI FULL 2201
NBHD HI PART 1166
NBHD HI FULL 1060
NBHD HI PART 264
NBHD HI PART 1061
NBHD HI FULL 1708
NBHD HI FULL 2106
NBHD HI PART 100
NBHD HI FULL 1806
NBHD HI PART 5.40
NBHD HI FULL 1268
NBHD HI FULL 966
NO DATA

GRADE RATE
UNLD MED
UNLD MED
REG HI
REG MED
UNLD MED
REG MED
REG MED
REG MED
REG MED
REG MED
REG MED
REG HI
PREM LO
PREM MED
REG MED
PREM MED
REG HI
REG MED
PREM MED
REG Lo
PREM MED
PREM HI
PREM MED
REG MED
PREM MED
PREM HI
PREM HI
REG Lo
REG HI
PREM MED
REG Lo
REG HI

RAD

SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SUN
SHADE
SHADE
SUN
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SUN
SUN
SUN
SUN

TEMPe - DEG F
ee ed
DISP SISPL
AMB FUEL VAPOR
74 #72 73
7% 71 73
74 #75 75
73° «72 75
73° «721 7
72 «72 7
70 «72 73
33 36 38
33 36 39
33 36 37
34° 36 36
34 36 34
34 37 38
35 «38 40
35 37 40
35 37 37
35 38 44
35 38 46
35 39 4c
35 40 47
35 37 36
37 37 BR
37 #37 37
37 40 46
37 37 36
36 36 36
38 37 37
38 37 39
40 37 42
40 42 51
40 37 39
40 37 44

TIte
RETw"
FILLSs

“IN

18
25
40
10
25
25
25
RRR

7260 ZT L8% TaS

9nd


SRL 2874 12 0972

(AOV) was performed on the data.

two fill techniques yield displaced losses which are significantly dif-

3-15

ferent at greater than the 99.5% confidence level.

Summary of Analysis of Variance

As shown in the following AOV table, the

Source df Sum of Squares Mean Square F comp. 005 -10
A (Fill Type) 1 0.629 0.629 22.46 9.34
B (Temperature) 2 108.433 54.216 1222.07. 6.49
AxB 2 0.172 0.086 3.07 2.51
Within Cells 27 0.760 0.028

The finding that the interaction of type of fill and temper-

ature is significant at the 90% confidence level requires that caution
must be observed before concluding that the difference between top-fill
and bottom-fill losses can be attributed to entrained droplets. That is,

if excess fuel vaporization occurs with top fills, and if that pheno-

menon is temperature dependent, then the difference in displaced loss

between fill techniques could be due primarily to excess fuel vapori-

zation. Since the maximum difference is only about 10% at 90°F, and

since passenger cars are refueled by top filling, no further investi-~

gations were conducted into this question.

oy SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.


SRL 2874 12 0972

Ly = Estimate of the displaced loss, gms/gallon
Tp = Average dispensed fuel temperature, oF
T. = Average displaced vapor temperature, °F
RVP = Reid vapor pressure, psi

a = -0.02645

b= 0.01155

ce = -0.01226

d= 0,00246.

This model should not be used, however, for extrapolations to tempera-
tures above 90°F.

Using published values of the average RVP for the fuels used in
each of the sampled cities during each season and the 732 sets of dispensed
fuel and displaced vapor temperature measurements as inputs to the re-
gression model, an average composite displaced loss of 57.4 grams per re-
fueling operation was obtained. Caution must be observed in the use of
that number, however, since the 732 sets of temperature measurements do
not constitute a statistically representative sample over all seasons or
over the full service station day.

It does provide a basis, however, for obtaining an estimate of
the magnitude of the refueling loss problem. When the average displaced
loss of 57.4 grams per refill is divided by the average observed refill
quantity, 11.5 gallons per refill, one obtains an estimated displaced loss
of 5.0 grams per gallon. Similarly, the average total spill loss of 3.5
grams per refill amounts to 0,3 grams per gallon. The total refueling loss,
for the sample data, thus amounts to 5.3 grams per gallon of dispensed

gasoline,

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC,



CITY

ATL

ATL

ATL

ATL

ATL

ATL

LeAe
LeAe
Lele
LeAe
Lehe
Lehe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
Lele
Lele
LeAs
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
Lehe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
LeAe
Lehe
Lee
LeAe
LeAe

SEASON

SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL
FALL

NOTES

TABLE F - le

#RRH DATE RH
FI

MO

Be BP Pe Pe eR ee RR PR RE EP EEE EEE OD DODO

oY

22
22
22
22
22
22

wi

NNN ANN YO OOAOTORBAABAOAOWYUUYUUN

teeKE

HOUR

1450
1645
1707
1720
1727
175B
1232
1240
1315
1430
1645
1716
0610
0625
0730
0915
0955
1055
1200
1210
1225
1250
1320
1330
1408
1125
1130
1145
1155
1201
1322
1349

MEANS

SERV
STAT
RHR

Loc

FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY
FRWY

NO DA

(CONTINUED)

ICE
ION
wR

VOL

HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
ae

TA

** REFUELING OPERATION #**
JOG I

SOLAR

FILL

FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FOUL
FULL
FULL
PART

GAL
1S2

LL)
17-0
1603
236%
1668
1366
1407
50D
1902
509
10.6
1765
607
1269
906
50D
829
903
320
1065
1267
L1l)e4
6eT
1061
lo61
607
1769
50D
1402
Lllel
1602
304

FIELD SUQVEY TEMPERATURE DAT \

FUEL 9159
GRADE RATE
PREM “AED
PREM MED
PREM MED
PREM ED
PREM MED
PREM HT
PREM HI
PREM HI
PREM HT
PREM HI
PREM HI
PREM = HI
PREM HI
PREM HI
REG MED
PREM MI
PREM MED
PREM = AI
PREM HI
REG MED
PREM MT
PPEM HI
REG HI
PREM MED
PREM HI
PREM HI
PREM MED
PREM HI
PREM MED
PREM “MED
PREM df
REG HI

RAD

Ree
Hee
RH
HR
HK
EH
rd
REE
eH
RK
Re
RH
HH
Re
tee
wee
Hite
ee
HR
He
Re
ee
RK
od
HHH
HE
HK
RHR
Rae
HER
RRR
HER

TFMPe - 054 F
RRR RRR ARE
DISP OTSPL
AME FUEL VAPOg
.90 86 99
‘85 $5 Ju
e4 932 32
86 33 35
83° 35 90
84 85 9c
54 61 59
34 63 64
56 64 64
52 61 6l
50 60 58
4a 61 41
330 46 G2
34 56 51
36 54 47
44°94 46
47 58 51
52 69 bo
54 53 AG
54 56 59
54 61 6z
55 62 62
55° 58 62
56 57 57
5é 58 65
51 41 62
51 41 62
5 59 Se
51 41 él
SL 62 6u
S 59 59
54 54 52

Tha

TETA

FILLS
Te

RHR
HR
RH
eR
BRE
HH
RR
ad
eee
HR
Lode
aa
aa
Hee
HK
tHK
aH
eRe
hee
RRR
RAK
Kee
HAR
HR
HK
nee
aH
HR
eRe
eR
RRR
HK

2260 ZT 728% TES

Tera


SRL 2874 12 0972

4.0 FIELD SURVEY

A brief survey of the occurrence of spill losses during re-
fueling operations in the field was conducted during the first-year program.
The major effort in the second year of the program was directed toward ob-
taining a large sample of refueling observations in the field to determine
the magnitudes and frequencies of the various types of spill losses. In
addition, an instrumented nozzle was used to record dispensed fuel temper-
ature and displaced vapor temperature during a total of 732 refueling
operations. These data were supplemented with measurements of ambient tem-
perature and, when feasible, underground tank fuel temperature. Data were
collected in five cities (chosen by the CAPE-9 Project Group) during each
of the four seasons, as shown in Figure 4-1. A catalog of fuel tank and
filler pipe dimensions was compiled for domestic passenger cars and coded on

punched cards for the purpose of correlating those data with spill occurrence.

4.1 CATALOG OF FUEL TANK CONFIGURATIONS

Data for the fuel tank catalog were obtained from information
provided by the major automobile manufacturers and from measurements of
fuel tank dimensions. The latter was accomplished by dispatching a team
of two technicians to a number of used car lots where tank shape, anti-
spill provisions, and existence of an independent tank vent were determined
by make, year, and model of vehicle. The length of the fill pipe, the
inside diameter of the fill pipe, and the angle from the horizontal of

the fill pipe were measured.

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC



SRL 2874 12 0972

An investigation of the magnitude of the displaced loss during
refueling was conducted in the Scott all-weather room. The displaced loss
consists of the displaced vapor loss plus the loss due to any entrained
droplets in the displaced vapor. Measurements of the displaced losses for
a carefully controlled sample of top fills were compared with those made
during a sample of bottom fills controlled in the same way. The losses
during the top fills were larger than those sustained during bottom filling.
the difference being statistically significant at greater than the 99.5%
confidence level. The difference amounted to about 10% at 90°F and
7% at 35°F. The generation of entrained droplets was considered to
be precluded in the bottom-fill experiments. Before concluding the
difference between top fills and bottom fills to result from the ex-
istence of entrained droplets in the top-fill case, however, it should
be noted that the bottom-fill technique also precludes any excess fuel
vaporization which may result from top filling. Additional experi-
mentation required to resolve this question was beyond the scope of

the program and hence was not conducted.

A total of 103 top-fill experiments yielded data on a large
number of controlled experimental variables. Regression analyses were
conducted on these data and a regression model for estimating the displaced

loss was developed. The model is of the form
tes T T ‘T .
Ly = exp (a + beTp, + rT) + dT RVP),

where

o SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC,



3-24

SRL 2874 12 0972

sensitivity analysis might have required a number of two-dimensional slices

of the three-dimensional model to be plotted. Fortunately, and ty can

Tp
be expected to correlate well, as indeed was observed during the field

survey. Hence, since it would be incorrect to let Tp Ty vary inde-
pendently, and since the correlation between them was quite high (r = 0.945),
it is sufficient for sensitivity purposes to let Typ 2 Ty =T. With
that assumption then, the regression model can be written for the sensitivity
analysis as

Ly = exp (-0.02645 + 0.00071 T + 0.00246 T x RVP). (3-7)

The sensitivity of the displaced loss to the temperature T is
plotted in Figure 3-7 for fixed values of RVP equal to 7 psi, 9 psi, 11 psi,
and 13 psi. While the sensitivity of the displaced loss to RVP is indicated
in Figure 3-7 it may be seen more clearly in Figure 3-8 where the dis-
placed loss is plotted as a function of RVP for fixed values of T equal to
30°F, 45°F, 60°F, 75°F, and 90°F,

It must be noted at this point, however, that refineries blend
fuels with volatilities which are appropriate for the seasonal temperatures
to be encountered. A fuel with an RVP of 11 or 13, for example, would
never be encountered during hot weather. Conversely, during cold weather
one will not encounter fuels with low RVP values. Consequently, in practice
none of the curves in Figures 3-7 and 3-8 is applicable over the total
Tange shown.

The curves in Figures 3-7 and 3-8 are given only to illustrate
the sensitivity of the displaced loss to temperature and fuel volatility.
The regression model, Equation 3-6, should be used to determine estimates

of the loss for given values of the three input variables.

oy SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.


SRL 2874 12 0972
detection (FID), method. Losses were calculated in accordance with the
procedures specified in SAE Recommended Practice J171

3.1.1 MINI-SHED

The SHED (acronym for Sealed Housing for Evaporative Deter-
minations) was originally proposed by the U.S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare (DHEW) in February, 1967 (Reference 6). The
function of the SHED was to capture evaporative emissions from the total
Passenger car for subsequent mass determinations.

An abbreviated version of the full-size SHED, the MINI~SHED
is designed to collect hydrocarbon losses from vehicle fuel tanks. The
net volume enclosed by the nylon reinforced vinyl skin is 150.3 cubic
feet with two fuel tanks inside. Gasoline may be dispensed from the
Scott Fuel Conditioning System into either tank, using a hose passing
through a sealed bulkhead fitting in the aluminum floor. Tank liquid,
vapor space, dispensed gasoline, and ambient temperatures are measured
with thermocouples. The absence of any enclosure pressure differential
is ensured by monitoring with a slant-tube water manometer.

All gasoline management can be accomplished outside the ap-
paratus, with the exception of inserting the nozzle in the fill pipe and
capping the tank. The actual refueling operation is accomplished by
reaching through vinyl glove fittings in the wall of the MINI-SHED.

The hydrocarbon concentration resulting from the displaced vapor and
entrained droplets is measured with the FID and recorded on chart paper.
Under test conditions, the MINI-SHED was placed in the

environmental chamber where the refueling operations were performed.

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



1-6

SRL 2874 12 0972

interest in order that a mathematical model can be developed for es-

timating refueling losses over an air quality region (see Section 5).

ay SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

LIST OF FIGURES

MINI-SHED WITH ASSOCIATED DISPLACED LOSS MEASURE-
MENT APPARATUS

TRAVERSING APPARATUS: TEMPERATURE AND HYDROCARBON
CONCENTRATION

MINI-SHED VAPOR CONCENTRATION - NO FAN
MINI-SHED VAPOR CONCENTRATION - WITH FAN

COMPARISON AT TOP-FILL AND BOTTOM-FILL DISPLACED
LOSSES

TANK SHAPE ONE

SENSITIVITY OF DISPLACED LOSS TO TEMPERATURE AT
VARIOUS VALUES OF RVP

SENSITIVITY OF DISPLACED LOSS TO RVP AT VARIOUS
VALUES OF TEMPERATURE

COMPARISON OF REGRESSION MODEL WITH IDEAL GAS MODEL
TFIELD SURVEY SCHEDULE

GASOLINE SPILL MAGNITUDE VS. EQUIVALENT SPILL
DIAMETER FOR TYPICAL GASOLINE

TYPICAL FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE RECORD

COMPARISON OF OBSERVED REFUELING LOSS WITH FEDERAL
STANDARDS ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS

EXAMPLE OF ANNUAL VARIATION IN UNDERGROUND FUEL
TEMPERATURE (1954-55)

TYPICAL DIURNAL TEMPERATURE PATTERNS

EXAMPLE OF FUNCTION RELATING REFUELING OPERATIONS TO
TIME OF DAY

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.

Page No.

3-5

3-8

3-11

3-14

3-18

3-25

3-26

3-29

4-4

4-10

5-10

5-13

5-14

5-15


CITY

CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI

SEASON

SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING

NOTE»

#* REFUELING OPERATION *#*#
JIT

TABLE F - le (CONTINUED)
SERVICE

xeRH DATE #*#*% STATION

JOTI JI GAL

4O DY YR HOUR LOC VOL FILL DISP
5 10 71 1440 NBHD HI PART 11el
5 10 71 1510 NBHD HI FULL 1549
5 10 71 1515 NBHD HI PART 12.62
5 10 71 1528 NBHD HI FULL 15.6
5 10 71 1532 NBHD HI FULL 646
5 10 71 1537 NBHD HI FULL 1667
5 10 71 1545 NBHD HI PART 943
5 10 71 1548 NBHD HI PART 667
5 10 71 1555 NBHD HI FULL 1549
5 10 71 1610 NBHO HI FULL 14.8
5 10 71 1622 NBHD HI FULL 12.22
5 10 71 1626 NBHO HI FULL 8.0
5 10 71 1755 NBHD HI FULL 13.62
5 10 71 1755 NBHD HI FULL 2167
5 10 71 1758 NBHD HI FULL 406
5 10 71 1800 NBHD HI FULL 106
5 10 71 1810 NBHD HI FULL 14.6
5 10 71 1815 NBHD HI FULL 1346
5 10 71 1845 NBHD HI FULL 8el
5 10 71 1850 NBHD HI PART 647
5 10 71 1855 NBHD HI FULL 14.0
5 10 71 1856 NBHD HI FULL 1463
5 10 71 1900 NBHD HI FULL 11e}l
5 10 71 1903 NBHD HI FULL 1223
5 10 71 1907 NBHD HI FULL 724
5 10 71 1910 NBHD HI FULL 1724
5 10 7t 1928 NBHD HI FULL 21.5
5 10 71 1932 NBHD HI PART 1202
5 10 71 1933 NBHD HI FULL 1207
5 10 71 2004 NBHD HI FULL 10.0
5 10 71 2010 NBHD HI FULL 13.7
5 10 71 2035 NBHD HI PART 468

eee" MEANS NO DATA

FUEL OISP
GRADE RATE
PREM MED
REG MED
REG MED
REG MED
REG MED
REG LO
REG HI
PREM HI
REG MED
REG LO
REG MED
PREM MED
PREM HI
PREM HI
REG HI
REG HI
REG MED
REG HI
REG HI
PREM MED
REG MED
REG MED
PREM MED
UNLD HI
REG LO
REG HI
REG HI
REG Lo
REG HI
PREM LO
REG MED
REG MED

SOLAR
RAD

SUN
SHADE
SUN
SUN
SUN
SUN
SHADE
SHADE
SUN
SHADE
SUN
SUN
SUN
SUN
SUN
SUN
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE
SHADE

FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

TEMP. ~ DEG F
RHR KR TH
DISP DISPL
AMB FUEL VAPOR
72 61 17
72 58 70
72 54 62
72 56 65
72. «55 67
72 56 72
70 55 71
70 63 78
70 56 69
70 56 73
70 56 58
70 56 67
70 55 68
71 54 66
71 «59 75
71 «#55 65
710055 66
71 55 65
71 «59 69
71 60 68
68 56 63
68 54 66
68 57 68
68 62 69
68 55 rat
68 53 61
68 54 63
65 53 59
65 53 60
61 60 68
61 56 66
61 57 63

TIME
BETWN
FILLS»

MIN

HH
55
S
13
4
5
8
68
10
15
12
38
89
HEH
96
2
10
5
30
55
10
L
10
HRE
ll
3
18
4
1
64
37
25

7160 Z2T 28% Tas

ond


SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.

D2


4-24

SRL 2874 12 0972

fill; e.g., fill pipe length does not affect prefill or postfill nozzle
losses.

The results of the regression analyses are presented in Tables
4-11 through 4-19. The parameters found to be sfenificant are listed in
their computer-selected order of effect on the dependent variable (the
spill). The number of data points, the multiple correlation coefficient,
r, and the coefficient of determination, r, are given for each case.

A description of the effect and a listing of the non-significant input
parameters are also included in the tables.

Each step-wise multiple linear regression analysis was ter~
minated when the addition of a new refueling parameter into the regres-
sion did not significantly reduce the error sum of squares, as tested
with the Fisher F. Significant parameters were determined in all but
one of the analyses; however, the standard error for each equation is
relatively large and the coefficients of determination are quite small,
so that the spill loss measures are not predictable with the regression
equations.

Tables 4-11 and 4-12 show the regression results for magnitude
and probability of prefill nozzle losses. The low number of observed
spills is due to the fact that frequently no gasoline was in the nozzle
so that none could be spilled, even when the nozzle was held in a posi-
tion that would otherwise cause a spill. Evaporation of gasoline from
the nozzle between fills, the existence of postfill nozzle losses, and
emptying of nozzle are primary causes of no gasoline in the nozzle at

the beginning of each fill.

© SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

__

TELESCOPING PROBE

T
FLAME fontzaTion
ETECTOR

To TEMPERATURE
RECORDER

MINI~SHED

Figure 3-2 TRAVERSING APPARATUS: TEMPERATURE AND
HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATION

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



TABLE F - le (CONTINUED) FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DAT

SERVICE ** REFUELING OPERATION *#** TEMP. - DEG F TIME

#RH® DATE 8% STATION (RGU IIU UIE OUGUIEODEEH GET ul

isl shelahalahehelehalahehelshslelelelelel GAL FUEL DESP SOLAR O1SP CISPL FILLS»
CITY SEASON TMO DY YR HOUR LOC VOL FILL DISP GRADE RATE RAD AMB FUEL VAPOR MIN
NYC FALL 12 2 70 1720 NBHD HI FULL 865 UNLD HI ilalal 59 53 55 RHR
NYC FALL 12 2 70 1738 NBHD HI FULL 7.0 UNLD HI RHE 58 52 56 RK
NYC FALL 12 2 70 1746 NBHD HI FULL 1829 PREM MED tH 58 51 56 adtal
MYC FALL 12 2 70 1827 NBHD HI FULL 20.9 PREM HI RR 56 51 61 BRE
NYC FALL 12 2 70 1848 NBHD HI FULL 1363 REG HI HHH 55 54 55 ielaiel
NYC FALL 12 2 70 1825 NBHD HI FULL 18¢2 PREM MED *#® 55° 51 56 HER
ATL FALL 12 13 70 0940 FRWY HI FULL 1le6 PREM HI Sehahal 44° 54 47 RRR
ATL FALL 12 13 70 1001 FRWY HI PART 1262 PREM MED ##® 44 56 53 RRR
ATL FALL 12 13 70 1135 FRWY HI PART 845 PREM HI RHE 46 56 52 HHH
ATL FALL 12 13 70 1145 FRWY HI PART 267 REG HI Shekel 46 55 57 HER
ATL FALL 12 13 70 1155 FRWY HI FULL 1469 REG HI HR 46 58 58 baliahal
ATL FALL 12 13 70 1220 FRWY HI PART 504 REG HI RHE 48 56 58 ileal
ATL FALL 12 13 70 1230 FRWY HI PART 1263 PREM HI Llekal 47 55 53 bladed
ATL FALL 12 13 70 1300 FRWY HI PART 469 PREM MED REE 47 55 54 HR
ATL FALL 12 14 70 1255 FRWY HI PART 1262 PREM HI RHE 50 54 56 RH
ATL FALL 12 14 70 1352 FRWY HI PART 409 PREM HI Ldakal 52 56 57 Llekal
ATL FALL 12 14 70 1500 FRWY HI FULL 19¢0 REG HI HER 52. 56 57 HER
ATL FALL 12 15 70 1015 FRWY HI FULL 1468 UNLD MED ##H 42 46 43 helakal
ATL FALL 12 15 70 1017 FRWY HI FULL 995 REG MED *### 42, 53 48 RH
ATL FALL 12 15 70 1045 FRWY HI PART 74 PREM HI HH 44 50 50 Rae
ATL FALL 12 15 70 1035 FRWY HI PART 208 REG HI kel 47 49 47 ileal
ATL FALL 12 15 70 1155 FRWY HI FULL 1766 PREM HI HHH 47 54 47 KEK
ATL FALL 12 15 70 1215 FRWY HI FULL 16¢0 REG HI RHE 4e@ 55 54 RR
ATL FALL 12 15 70 1220 FRWY HI PART 268 REG HI RE 48 #55 53 RHE
ATL FALL 12 15 70 1225 FRWY HI FULL 83 PREM MED #R# 48 54 51 HER
ATL FALL 12 15 70 1307 FRWY HI FULL 89 PREM MED ##*® 48 52 51 lehahad
ATL FALL 12 15 70 1317 FRWY HI FULL 1340 REG HI Lalalel 48 67 58 Lslalel
4TL FALL 12 15 70 1321 FRWY HI FULL 842 REG HI RK 48 57 53 RRR

NOTEs *%*#** MEANS NO DATA

7160 ZI 9482 TAS

Std


1-2
SRL 2874 12 0972 Table 1-1

Displaced Vapor Loss Estimates
for the State of California - May 1967

Bay Area Air Pollution Control District 140 Tons/Day
Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District 133 Tons/Day
Chevron Research Company 132 Tons/Day
California State Department of Public Health 130 Tons/Day
General Motors Corporation 128 Tons/Day
Atlantic Richfield Company 80 Tons/Day

During the filling of vehicle fuel tanks, the splashing of the
fuel accelerates vaporization and also produces small droplets which may
be lost by entrainment, While little work had been done on this phenomenon
in passenger vehicle fuel tanks, a considerable amount of work was done by
the petroleum industry on the splash filling of petroleum tanks and trans-
portation equipment (References 1, 2, and 3).

It was stated in Reference 3 that faulty design or poorly-
conducted refueling operations could result in entrainment losses two to
three times greater than the loss due to displaced vapor. It would not be
prudent, however, to extrapolate this conclusion to automotive fuel tanks
because of the differences in the tank sizes, refueling apparatus, and
other equipment. A number of methods have been proposed for measuring the
losses experienced in filling petroleum tanks (Reference 4). However,
the accuracy of these methods was estimated to be only +25%.

A frequent cause of liquid spillage is overfilling of the tank,

resulting in fuel being forced back up the fuel fill pipe. It should be

x SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



TABLE F - le (CONTINUED) FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

SERVICE #* REFUELING OPERATION ##* TEMPse = DEG F TIME

HERR DATE RHE STATION  HEERRHHEREHEEREEHEHHREEHHE  HHHKEHRHER HEHE BETWN

HRRRRRERERRER HRS RE GAL FUEL DISP SOLAR DISP DISPL FILLS»
CITY SEASON MO DY YR HOUR LOC VOL FILL DISP GRADE RATE RAD AMB FUEL VAPOR MIN
CHI FALL 12 70 1510 NBHD HI PART 500 REG HI lliahel 36 43 40 Ldekal
CHI FALL 12 70 1545 NBHD HI PART 7e3 REG MED ®*® 35 43 38 RHR
CHI FALL 12 70 1558 NBHD HI PART 4e3 PREM HI lehahel 34 43 39 Lialal
CHI FALL 12 70 1615 NBHO HI FULL 17el REG MED ### 34 46 43 RRR
CHI FALL 12 70 1645 NBHD HI PART 264 REG HI RE 34 40 35 RRR
CHI FALL 12 70 1655 NBHD HI FULL 1564 REG MED RRR 34° «45 42 Ldedel
CHI FALL 12 TO 1702 NBHO HI FULL 2068 REG MED ##* 34° 47 46 atk
CHI FALL 12 70 1710 NBHD HI FULL 423 REG MED ##® 34 46 44 Llalel
CHI FALL 12 70 1726 NBHD HI PART 928 REG HI HHH 34 45 41 lehahel
CHI FALL 12 70 0920 NBHD HI FULL 12.0 REG MED ### 38 43 42 RRE
CHI FALL 12 70 0951 NBHD HI FULL 136k REG HI He 40 43 42 lehahel
CHI FALL 12 70 1020 NBHD HI FULL 2167 PREM MED ### 39° 44 44 hlahel
CHI FALL 12 70 1041 NBHD HI FULL 1320 PREM HI SE lakal 40 44 45 Ldalel
CHI FALL 12 70 1110 NBHO HI FULL 1869 PREM MED #Ht# 42 44 45 RRH

CHI FALL 12
CHI FALL 12

70 1120 NBHD HI FULL 608 REG MED ### 43° 43 43 Salad
70 1125 NBHD HI FULL 1349 PREM HI RAH 43 44 45 eH

CHI FALL 12 70 1135 NBHD HI PART 73 REG MED ### 43 44 44 HHH
CHI FALL 12 70 1136 NBHD HI FULL 1963 PREM MED ### 43° 45 46 Lalal
CHI FALL 12 70 1145 NBHD HI FULL 1469 REG HI HHH 43 45 45 EK
CHI FALL 12 70 1155 NBHD HI FULL 1262 REG MED ##* 43 44 45 HER
CHI FALL 12 70 1210 NBHD HI FULL 19.0 PREM MED ### 44 45 46 ielialal

CHI FALL 12
CHI FALL 12
CHI FALL 12
CHI FALL t2

70 1217 NBHD HI FULL 162 PREM HI iehahel 45 45 47 HeH
70 1230 NBHDO HI PART 429 REG MED RR 45 45 47 bladed
70 1240 NBHD HI PART 667 PREM HI ldahal 46 47 50 Llael
70 1300 NBHD HI FULL 640 PREM HI lakal 47 45 48 HRR

DHRBDDDRDODDDHBMDODDOMMOMMOWANWN INNS

CHI FALL 12 70 1308 NBHD HI FULL 14¢4 REG MED #H® 48 45 49 La dadal
CHI FALL 12 70 1310 NBHD HI FULL 12¢0 REG MED ### 48 45 47 HHH
CHI FALL 12 70 1318 NBHD HI FULL 1360 PREM MED tH 47 45 48 HHH
CHI FALL 12 70 1330 NBHD HI FULL 1863 PREM MED HR 47 45 46 HK
CHI FALL 12 70 1335 NBHD HI FULL 63 REG MED #Re 47 45 47 HER
CHI FALL 12 70 1345 NBHD HI FULL 1268 REG HI dada 47 45 47 HHH
CHI FALL 12 70 1407 NBHD HI FULL 903 PREM Lo HHH 47 45 46 HHH

NOTEs *###* MEANS NO DATA

7260 ZT 928% Tas

€t-a


3-13

SRL 2874 12 0972

Strict control was maintained over the initial temperatures inside the
SHED, inside the tank, and of the gasoline to be dispensed during each
subsurface fill operation. Gasoline samples were taken from which vol-
atility determinations were made,

The top-fill losses were regressed on dispensed fuel temperature
using a first-order exponential fit and the bottom-fill losses were simi-
larly regressed. That is, the natural logarithm of the displaced loss was
Tegressed on a linear function of the temperature T = Ty, =T,

or ~ "oF

Ty, is the ambient temperature, Typ is the average dispensed fuel tempera-

ture, and Top is the initial temperature of the fuel in the fuel tank.

» where

Each regression equation is thus of the form

Lycee 2 tht (3-1)

where Ly is the estimate of displaced loss, in grams per gallon of dispensed
gasoline, and a and b are constants.

In all cases the dispensed fuel temperature, tank fuel temperature,
and ambient temperature was controlled to be equal. The fill rate was kept
constant and the same fuel tank was used throughout this experiment. Since
the experiment was conducted over a period of several days, the RVP could
not be easily controlled. The regression model for displaced losses was
therefore used to correct the RVP in each case to a value of 9.0 psi (see
Appendix C). The correction was applied, of course, only to the measure-
ments made during the top-fil1/bottom-fill exoeriment.

The regression curves for the top-fill and bottom-fill losses
are shown in Figure 3-5. To determine if the difference in measured losses

between the two fill techniques was significant, an analysis of variance

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC



5-17

SRL 2874 12 0972

where now

Ty(t) = T, (t) + T(t) +... + T(t)
1 2 n
T (t)=T (tc) +T (t) +... +T
DF DF, DF, oF,”
R(t) = Ry(t) + R(t) +... +R Ct),

. n

\

the i-th interval is (ty) ty), and t,= 0.

Finally, an approach likely to be taken by regional planners
because of its simplicity (curves need not be fit to data), consists of
first dividing the 24-hour day into n time intervals (not necessarily
of equal duration) which are small enough that the functions are approxi-
mately linear. Within each time interval an average value is then identi-
fied for each function; i.e., for each interval i, define the constant

values Ty(t,y)> Typ lt)» and R(t). The model now has the form

n
' s ra cd T = a
Ma FPF, Hylty, WPI Fe. 5-6)

The procedures for the generalization of the model approaches
described above for application to other cases of interest are straight-

forward extensions of the techniques already discussed.

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



TABLE F = le (CONTINUED) FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

SERVICE #** REFUELING OPERATION #*#* TEMP. = DCG F TIME

RHR DATE HH STATION IIR TERI RRR UST I

FUE GOR GAL FUEL DISP SOLAR DIS® ¥TMLS2L FILLS»
CITY SEASON “O DY YR HOUR LOC VOL FILL OFSP GRADE RATF RAD AMe@ FUEL vavoPr ‘Ts
LeAe FALL 1 7 72 1415 FRWY HI PART 569 PREM HI Slated 54 58 55 HmE
LeAe FALL 1 7 71 1417 FRWY HI PART 3.0 PREM MED #e# 54 62 63 RHR
LeAe FALL 1 7 71 1500 FRWY HI FULL 18.2 PREM MED #*R 54 42 62 Llakel
LeAe FALL 1 7 71 1510 FRWY HI FULL 1964 REG HI HER 54 62 65 RRR
LeAe FALL 1 7 71 1550 FRWY HI FULL 1565 REG MED RRR 54 60 62 REE
LeAe FALL 1 7 71 1556 FRWY HI PART 8.9 PREM MED ###* 54 60 69 HER
LeAe FALL 1 8 71 1150 FRWY HI FULL 1866 PREM Lo RK 57 63 6L bslahel
LeAe FALL 1 8 71 1155 FRWY HI FULL 8e4 PREM HI salad 57 61 59 tee
LeAe FALL 1 8 71 1215 FRWY HI FULL 1866 REG MED ##® 5 6c 61 Lialal
LeAe FALL 1 8 71 1255 FRWY HI FULL 846 PREM HI HHH 57 59 61 lalelel
LeAe FALL 1 8 71 1317 FRWY HI FULL 1661 PREM MED ##R 57 64 69 ielelel
LeAe FALL 1 8 71 1420 FRWY HI FULL 669 REG MED ##® 57 62 66 RR
LeAe FALL 1 8 71 1453 FRWY HI FULL 1723 PREM LO Saliakal 56 63 67 Sahakal
LeAe FALL 1 8 71 1510 FRWY HI FULL 8.6 REG LO RK 56 62 60 RHE
LeAe FALL 1 8 71 1521 FRWY HI FULL 1369 PREM MED #*® 55 60 62 RHE
LeAs FALL 1 8 71 1526 FRWY HI FULL 1366 PREM MED RH 55 64 42 baleel
LeAe FALL L @ 71 1535 FRWY HI FULL 1360 PREM Lo baked 55 64 oT ielaiel
LeAs FALL 1 8 71 1607 FRWY HI FULL 13.3 OREM MED #R® 52 63 70 RRH
CHI FALL 12 7 70 1041 NBHD HI FULL 1920 PREM MED ##* 32 #45 44 ERE
CHL FALL 12 7 70 1047 NBHD HI FULL 729 PREM MED #Re 32 43 37 RE
CHI FALL 12 7 70 1058 NBHD HI FULL 1603 REG HI Slalel 31 46 42 HK
CHI FALL 12 7 70 1102 NBSHD HI PART 10.60 PREM HI iehalel 31 43 37 isliahel
CHI FALL 12 7 70 1111 NSHD HI FULL 1507 PREM HI HH 3L 45 38 aK
CHI FALL 12 7 70 1129 NBHD HI FULL 1263 PREM MED #%# 32. 45 42 FRE
CHI FALL 12 7 70 1150 NBHD HI FULL 15469 REG MED #*® 33° 45 41 baliadel
CHI FALL 12 7 70 1200 NBHD HI FULL 17e4% REG HI RHE 33 47 43 HHH
CHI FALL 12 7 70 1210 NBHD HI PART 1162 REG HI RE 33 46 41 HH
CHI FALL 12 7 70 1217 NBHD HI FULL 1669 PREM MED ##H 33 44 39 Llalal
CHI FALL 12 7 70 1435 NBHD HI PART 264 REG MED ### 39° 43 41 Llalad
CHI FALL 12 7 70 1440 NBHD HI PART 4-65 PREM MED ##* 39 42 42 belek
CHI FALL 12 7 70 1450 NBHD HI PART 7.23 REG HT REE 37 45 460 RHE
CHI FALL 12 7 70 1504 NBHD HI FULL 969 REG MED ##H 36 45 42 ieleial

NOTE, '##** MEANS NO DATA

7460 ZT 9Lgz THs

tera


Ww
f=)
1

‘ONI ‘SAIMOLVHOGVT HOWVISAY LLOOS &

HYDROCARBON, GRAMS PER MILE
N
Qo
L

a
Qo
1

3.4

3.0 5.0

0.41 0.41 0.40

1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 R FUEL.

FEDERAL EMISSION CONTROL REQUIREMENT

Figure 5-1 Comparison oF Opservep RerueLine Loss WITH
FEDERAL STANDARDS ON ExHAUST EMISSIONS

7460 ZT 287 TAS

OT-S


SRL 2874 12 0972
recognized, hawever, that some vehicles will "spit-back" liquid fuel
even before the tank is full.

It is apparent from this brief discussion that, although the
sources of passenger car refueling losses were recognized, little was
known about the magnitudes of the losses and their occurrence frequencies.
Before a meaningful assessment of the importance of these losses could be
made, it was necessary to observe refueling operations in the field to
determine the magnitudes and frequency of occurrence of those losses

for a representative sample of service stations.

1.2 PROGRAM BACKGROUND

With mutual concern for the foregoing problem, meetings were
held by the Air Pollution Research Advisory Committee (APRAC) of the
Coordinating Research Council (CRC) and the National Air Pollution Control
Administration of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
(now the Office of Air and Water Programs of the Environmental Protection
Agency) to initiate an investigation of passenger car refueling losses. This
problem fell within the scope of the newly created APRAC-CAPE-9 Committee
which was charged with studies of refueling losses in general.

On December 18, 1968 Scott Research was awarded a contract to

conduct an "Investigation of Passenger Car Refueling Losses".

1.3 FIRST-YEAR PROGRAM
The first-year program was conducted in two phases. The first
phase was an experimental study carried out in the laboratory to determine

the amount of the losses from displaced vapor and spillage. The second

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



5-16

SRL 2874 12 0972

losses in

Ty(t)
Thp(t)
RVP

R(t)

Therefore, the total refueling loss model for estimating

a 24-hour period for a single city is of the form

24
6 [ L'[Ty(t), Tpp(t), RVP] R(t) dt,
°

total refueling loss in a 24-hour period, grams

average volume of gasoline dispensed per refueling operation,
gallons

total hydrocarbon loss per refueling operation, grams per
gallon of dispensed gasoline (Equation 5-3)

time of day on 24-hour clock, hours

average vapor temperature during refueling as a function
of time of day, °F

average dispensed fuel temperature during refueling as a
function of time of day, °F

Reid vapor pressure, psi (assumed to be constant over a
24-hour period)

the total number of refueling operations conducted as a
a function of time of day.

Since the functions Ty), Tpp(t), and R(t) will undoubtedly

be obtained by statistical curve fitting, and since better fits can

usually be obtained by fitting the data curves section-by-section, it

is likely that each of those functions will be represented by a sum

of functions. In that event, assuming corresponding sub-functions to

be defined over the same time interyals (a simplifying but not neces-

sary assumption), then the model takes the form

noapt
Lh = G y t L'[T, T.
R L vc? pr, “> RVP] R,(t) dt,

esl

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC,

(5-4)

(5-5)


A-3

SRL 2874 12 0972
Table A-1

Fuel Inspection Data

(Measurements Made by the Ethyl Corporation, Long Beach, California)

Sample Sample Sample
321-1 329-1 333-1
RVP, psi 10.3 7.5 10.6
FIA, % Aromatics 19.0 22.6 18.9
% Olefins 17 7.0 7.3
% Saturates 73.3 70.4 73.8
Distillation, °F
Initial Boiling Point, °F 90 96 89
5% Evaporated, °F 106 126 110
10% Evaporated, °F 119 137 121
15% Evaporated, °F 126 145 130
20% Evaporated, °F 138 151 139
30% Evaporated, °F 156 166 160
40% Evaporated, °F 176 183 179
50% Evaporated, °F 197 200 199
60% Evaporated, °F 216 220 218
70% Evaporated, °F 243 241 241
80% Evaporated, °F 273 271 271
90% Evaporated, °F 320 319 320
95% Evaporated, °F 350 355 356
Final Boiling Point, °F 404 410 401
Recovery, percent 97.0 99.0 98.0
Residue, percent 1.0 1.0 1.0
Loss, percent 2.0 0.0 1.0

oy SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

where T is now in units of °F.

The molecular weight of the hydrocarbon vapor, as discussed in
Appendix Il of Reference 2, is a function of temperature and the 10%-point
slope on the distillation curve. Assuming RVP = 9.0, then 4, = 62 at 60°F.
The average value of the 10%-point slope for motor gasoline is usually
taken as 3 = 3, For that value of s = 3, the molecular weight increases
or decreases in increments of 0.059 per degree of temperature increase or
decrease, respectively. Thus, if AT = T - 60, T in OF, M, may be replaced
in (2) by My = 62 + 0.059 AT.

Finally, letting V = 1 gal, the displaced vapor loss in units of

grams per gallon is given by

5.6515 py (62 + 0.059 AT)
x T + 459.7 @)

Values of py may be computed with the aid of the nomographs,
based on NBS data, in Appendix V of Reference 2 which give P, as a
function of RVP, T, and s. For RVP = 9.0 and 8 = 3, vapor losses, denoted

by L,, are given in the following table for the indicated temperatures.

TOF) Py (psia) Ly (gms/gal)
0 1.25 9.90

20 2.02 1.42

35 2.80 1.94

50 3.85 2.62

60 4.67 3.15

5 6.20 4.12

90 8.20 5.38

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



@

“ONT SSIMOLVHOGVT HOUVESTY LLOOS

—Ciy ss _N
Los AnceLes 305
Houston 405
CHicAco 357
New York 349
ATLANTA 377

ComPosITE 1793

AVERAGE
oss,

11.4
19,1
3.8
8.6
8.5

11.0

poss

0.177
193
0.137
9,195
0,133
0,1€7

TABLE 4-8

REFUELING SPILL LOSS SUMMARY
SPRING SuRVEY

Spit-pack Loss OveRFILL Loss.

AVERAGE
oss,

2.8
6.6
itty
5.6
4,1
5.1

Np2zLe Loss

AVERAGE

boss Loss. bess OSs. boss

0.131
0,212
0,174
0.261
0,127

0.182

NogzLe Loss
AVERAGE

10.5 0,043
3.2 0.025
1.9 0.031
0.4 9,909
9.9 0.029
4,2 0.027

1d
1.4
1.2
0.9
0.9

1.

0.269
0.272
0.193
0.341
0.268
0.268

7260 7@T 9282 TUS

0%-4


4-26

SRL 2874 12 0972

Table 4-12

Regression of Probability of Prefill
Nozzle Loss on Refueling Parameters

Number
of Data 2 Description of
Parameters Points x r Parameter Effect
Significant:
Deviation of nozzle
insertion from vertical 1063 0.062 0.004 Higher probability with

Non-Significant:
Operator technique
Operator work load
Station location
Station monthly volume
Current station work load
Uncomfortable temperature
Uncomfortable wind
Uncomfortable rain
Hose extension required for fill

Fuel £111 pipe angle from horizontal

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.

more horizontal nozzle
orientation


SRL 2874 12 0972

2.2 LABORATORY STUDY

Displaced losses were measured directly in the laboratory under
controlled conditions in which the values of 15 variables were varied
(see Table 3-1). The measured losses were then regressed on those vari-
ables to provide a statistical estimate of displaced losses as a function

of the significant variables.

2.3 FIELD SURVEY

The contribution of each spill source to the total refueling
loss was determined from a large sample of direct observations made at
service stations selected by the CAPE-9 Committee to be a representative
sample. The magnitude and frequency of spillage losses were assessed by
trained technicians. Variables significant to the magnitude of displaced
losses were measured and recorded on a strip-chart recorder. Regression
analyses were conducted to determine the existence of any significant

relationships between measured parameters.

2.4 MODELING STUDY

The laboratory and field survey data were integrated and a
Scott regression model for estimating refueling losses on a grams-per-
gallon basis was developed. The regression model was then embedded in
a general functional model to illustrate the proposed approach to the
estimation of refueling losses over a region for a given unit of time.
The development of the regional model is an objective of the third-

year program.

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



SRL 2874 12 0972

1.

10.

11.

REFERENCES

“Tentative Methods of Measuring Evaporation Loss From Petroleum
Tanks and Transportation Equipment;" API Bulletin 2512; July 1957.

“Evaporation Loss in the Petroleum Industry ~ Causes and Control;"
API Bulletin 2513; February 1959.

“Evaporation Loss From Tank Cars, Tank Trucks, and Marine Vessels;"
API Bulletin 2514; November 1959.

"Comparative Methods for Evaluation Conservation Mechanisms for
Evaporation Loss;" API Bulletin 2522.

"Investigation of Passenger Car Refueling Losses;" Scott Research
Laboratories, Inc., March 6, 1970.

“Measurement of Total Vehicle Evaporative Emissions." Paper 680125
presented at the SAE Annual Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, January,
1968, S. W. Martens and K. W. Thurston, General Motors Corporation.

"Volatility Data on Individual Gasoline Samples", August 1970,
Ethyl Corporation, Baton Rouge, La.

"Volatility Data on Individual Gasoline Samples", November 1970,
Ethyl Corporation.

“Volatility Data on Individual Gasoline Samples", January 1971,
Ethyl Corporation.

"Volatility Data on Individual Gasoline Samples", February 1971,
Ethyl Corporation.

“Volatility Data on Individual Gasoline Samples", April 1971,
Ethyl Corporation.

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.


‘ONT 'S3IMOLVHORVT HONVISTY LLODS &

RECORDER (~ MINI-SHED ) g
&
=
-

CONCENTRATION Enctosure T/C s
FID PRroBE 3
Dispcacep Vapor T/C
Scant TuBeE |__| PRESSURE
MANOMETER PROBE = Nozze Dispensed Fuet T/C
~
CIREULATION Vapor Space T/C ©
AN TANK Fuer T/C e
Cop J
Gtay =i SUBSURFACE Fier
ALVE THROTTLING ITTING
ALVE
Fuel TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
ConpiTIoNING SYSTEM RECORDER

©)

Figure 3-1

©

INI-SHED WITH ASSCCIATED DISPLACED LOSS MEASUREMENT APPARATUS

S-€


SRL 2874 12 0972

is only about 6% of the total loss. Precise estimates are therefore not
required. The achieved estimating accuracies impact the total loss by
less than about 1% in each case. Further, no systematic bias in esti-
mating accuracy was detected, so the errors tend to average out in com-

posite computations.

4.3 SPILL OBSERVATION PROCEDURES

Two trained technicians were dispatched to five cities during
each of the four seasons in accordance with the schedule in Figure 4-1.
Observations and measurements were made at neighborhood service stations
and at freeway-associated stations. Operations were scheduled throughout
the working day.

Local oil distributors were contacted in each of the five cities
to be surveyed. They were informed of the intent of the survey and were
asked to cooperate in securing representative service stations where survey
operations could be conducted. The station managers and attendants were
told only that a consumer survey of replacement auto parts was to be per-~
formed. In order to exclude possible bias in the spill data, no mention
was made of the true intention to observe the refueling techniques since
that knowledge might have precipitated extraordinary care in handling. The
effect of the presence of the Scott observers, if any, is unknown, It is
thus prudent to consider that the results obtained may reflect spill losses
closer to a minimum than to an average.

Upon arrival at the station, and with the manager's permission,

the surveyor selected an observation position convenient for the

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.


5-14

SRL 2874 12 0972

100 ]
95 F 9074 PERCENTILE

90

85

fo.2]
oOo

yay TM
oO ww

TEMPERATURE OF

an
uw

10TH perceNTILE

nan
oOo

al
uw

sal
oOo
U

Sg SS ne ee
00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

TIME OF DAY (LOCAL STANDARD TIME)
(Perrop: May To OcTOBER INCLUSIVE)

FIGURE B-2
Fieure 5-3 Typical DiuRNAL TEMPERATURE PATTERNS

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.


3-17

SRL 2874 12 0972

toward the temperature of the underground fuel as the fill progresses,
the decrease resulting when the ambient temperature is greater than the
underground fuel temperature, and conversely. As shown in the first-
year program and verified during the present program, the average temp-
erature of the fuel dispensed is the primary variable for estimating the
displaced hydrocarbon loss. The temperature of the displaced vapor is
similarly related to the ambient and underground fuel temperatures, both
in the laboratory and during actual refueling operations at service
stations.

Since the volatility of the dispensed fuel is clearly causal in
the production of vapor, the RVP of the dispensed fuel was an important
input to the analysis. Because of time and cost limitations, however,
each batch of fuel was used over several experiments. The varying RVP
resulting from the consequent weathering was identified by plotting RVP
against date, using measured values of RVP, and then interpolating to
determine the RVP for the fuel used in a particular experiment.

It was found during the first-year program that fuel tank
shape was not a significant factor in the production of displaced losses.
As noted in Table 3-1, this conclusion was verified in the second year
of work by conducting some experiments with Tank 2 for comparison with the
experiments conducted using Tank 1. Most of the experiments, however,
were conducted with Tank 1. Tank 1 is a standard 22-gallon Chevrolet
gasoline tank, designed for placement at the rear of the vehicle with the
fill pipe terminating behind the centered license plate. A sketch of

Tank 1 is shown in Figure 3-6.

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



CIty

CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
MYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
MYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC

SEASON

SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING

NOTEs

TABLE F ~

HHH DATE eR
FTE TET TE TE HE ER

MO DY

10
10
10
10
10

VUNUVATUTAFVATUTUUNRTAA UU tt

DONAAMTAMTUUTUTE SED LPR HARDER DEEL

YR

7
71
71
7
7
71
TL
71
7
7
7
71
7L
71
71
71
TL
71

cee

HOUR

2040
2045
2050
2055
2100
1230
1300
1325
1355
1410
1420
1435
1445
1450
1455
1500
1515
1517
1532
1545
1550
1615
L115
1120
1130
1200
1210
1220
1256
1503
1500
1505

MEANS

(CONTINUES)

le

SERVICE
STATION
Ce tla
LOc VOL
NBHD HI
NBHO HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD HI
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NBHD LO
NC DATA

** REFUELING OPERATION ##*
FGI SII

FILL

FULL
FULL
PART
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
PART
PART
PART
PART
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
PART
FULL
FULL
PART
FULL

GAL
OISP

509
1263
560
Lllel
468
7.0
13.8
1663
720
1169
760
1464
18.6
7.0
1460
508
5B
963
668
8.7
79
18.7
12-0
1260
BT
lle7
10.0
903
904
TeT?
963
906

FUEL 91SP SOLAR
GRADE RATE RAD

REG HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG 41 SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
REG MED SHADE
REG MED SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HE SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
UNLD 41 SHADE
UNLO HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM Hr SHADE
PREM “ED SUN

REG MED SUN

PREM MED SUN

PREM HI SHADE
REG MED SHADE

TEMP. = LEG F
RRR Re
DISP DISPL
AMB FUEL VAPOR
6l 54 59
61 54 61
58 54 69
58 56 61
5B 54 64
54 54 55
54 54 5?
56 54 56
58 54 59
59 58 6c
58 55 57
538 55 59
39° «55 60
59 55 63
59 54 59
59 54 62
59 58 60
59 55 59
5@€ 56 61
58 55 61
58 57 61
58 55 68
68 57 64
68 56 61
68 55 64
70 57 67
70 56 63
70 57 64
70 58 63
72°59 79
12 62 65
72° 60 71

FIELD SURVFY TEMPERATUPE DATA

TIME

SETWN

FILLSs
WIN

2260 ZT 482 TUS

GTmd


3-1

SRL 2874 12 0972

3.0 LABORATORY STUDY

The procedures developed during the first-year program for
measuring losses in the large SHED succeeded in accounting for about
75% of the known gasoline losses. The first objective of the second-
year laboratory program, therefore, was to develop improved procedures
and measurement techniques to permit essentially 100% accountability
of evaporated hydrocarbons. This objective was successfully attained,
as discussed in 3.2.2 below.

Displaced hydrocarbon losses were measured under carefully
controlled conditions in the Scott all-weather room in accordance with
the experimental plan shown in Table 3-1. The experimental program
was designed to test all controlled variables for significance and to test
some variables for interaction. Measured hydrocarbon losses were re-
gressed on the variables shown in Table 3-1, the significant variables
were identified, and various exponential regression estimates of the
displaced losses as a function of those variables were computed.

Demonstration of the existence of entrained droplets in the
displaced vapor was attempted by making loss measurements over a con-
trolled set of variables during top fills and the corresponding set
during bottom fills. (Entrained droplet loss is considered not to exist
during bottom fills.) The experimentally-determined losses were regres-

sed on the variables of interest and statistical tests of the significance

of the difference between top-fill losses and bottom-fill losses were made.

3.1 MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACED LOSSES

Displaced losses were collected in the MINI-SHED and the re-

sulting hydrocarbon concentrations measured by the flame ionization

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



4-16

SRL 2874 12 0972

4.5 RESULTS OF SPILL LOSS SURVEY

After completion of the survey for each season, the data relevant
to spills were transcribed to a coding form and then punched on cards
for computer compilation and analysis. Spill-data summaries for the
four seasons are given in Tables 4~5 through 4-8, the four season com-
posite data by type of spill are given in Table 4-9, and the composite

data summary for all seasons and all spills is given in Table 4-10.

In each of the summary data tables the total number of losses
is less than the sum of the number of losses for the four spill types.

The reason for this result is the occurrence of refueling operations where
more that one spill type occurs during the refueling event. Since the
desired loss measure is in units of grams per observation, or refueling
event, the total number of losses must be the total number of refueling
events where at least one spilt occurred.

In each sub-section of the data tables corresponding to each type
of loss, the number of losses is the number of spills of that type. The
average loss is then the total loss for that spill type divided by the
number of spills of that type. The probability of that type of loss is
simply the number of losses of that type divided by the total number of
observations, or refueling events. In the subsection for the totals, the
probability of a spill loss is the number of refueling operations in
which at least one spill occurred divided by the total number of refueling

events.

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



CcITy

HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
Hous
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS
HOUS

SEASON

SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING
SPRING

NOTES

TABLE F - le

HRER DATE HHH
eieddataheiaieietetakatel

MO DY

PRD PDR DEDEDE RP ERED PR ERR PERE H EDD
i
~o

YR

71
71
7
71
71
71
71
71
71
7
71
71
7
7
71
71
71
7
7
71
7
7
71
71
7
71
7h
71
71
71
71
7

HOUR

1200
1230
1300
1330
1351
1407
1440
1455
1506
1508
1512
1517
1525
1545
1550
1552
1555
1558
1605
o915
O9l6
0928
0940
0947
0955
1020
1030
1040
L112
1405
1413
1425

tee MEANS

** REFUELING OPERATION ###
FU IIE

(CONTINUED)

SERVICE

STATION

FRR GAL

Loc VOL FILL DISP
NBHD HI FULL 89
NBHD HI FULL 17e1
NBHD HI FULL 7e7
NBHD HI FULL 11.8
NBHD HI FULL 1627
NBHD HI FULL 1562
NBHD HI FULL 1204
NBHD HI FULL 468
NBHD HI PART 661
NBHD HI FULL 1407
NBHD HI FULL 1848
NBHD HI PART 569
NBHD HI FULL 809
NBHD HI FULL 1505
NBHD HI FULL 2001
NBHO Hi FULL Te2
NBHD HI FULL 1308
NBHD HI FULL 1664
NBHD HI FULL 1501
NBHD HI PART Be9
NBHD HI FULL 902
NBHD HI FULL 1965
NBHD HI FULL 2361
NBHD HI PART 303
NBHD HI FULL 903
NBHD HI FULL 805
NBHD HI FULL 1307
NBHD HI FULL 2001
NBHD HI FULL 1106
NBHD HI FULL 2065
NBHD HI PART 303
NBHD HI FULL 1720
NO DATA

FUEL DISP SOLAR
GRADE RATE RAD

PREM HI SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
UNLD “MED SHADE
UNLD MED SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
UNLD MED SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG MED SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG MED SHADE
PREM MED SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG MED SHADE
UNLD 41 SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE

FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

TEMP. - DEG F
RRR RTT
DISP OISPL
AMB FUEL vapae
85 80 86
85 76 83
85 79 33
85 77 al
85 77 a1
84 76 81
84 77 719
84 79 31
84 77 33
84 77 30
84 76 78
84 77 85
84 77 82
84 77 al
84 75 79
84 «79 32
84 76 80
84 75 78
84 78 80
63 «73 70
63 72 69
63 74 71
63 14 73
63 70 65
64° «74 72
64 73 69
64 «75 69
64 «74 73
64 72 72
64 74 76
64 «69 63
64° «74 74

TIME
BeTwi
FILLS»

“TN

RHE
30
ad
30
2i
16
Hee
48
11
158
6

9
45
28
5
27
5

3

53
RK

HHH
te
25
31
15
25
10
53
32
KEK
Kae

20

2460 2T %£8% TaS

era


“ONE 'SSTHOLVEORVT HOWVISAH LLOOS &

EXPER
NUMBER

303-02
306-01
306-02
305-08
305-02
302-01
302-02
302-03
307-01
307-02
301-05
301-06
301-07
301-08
301-09
322-05
322-06
322-07
335-01
335-04
335-05
335-06
335-07
335-08
333-05
333-06
334-01
334-02
333-07

FItt
TYPE

AODAADVVMVMDOAA4 AAA AA

TABLE D -

eee RH RH

60
62
61
60
59
60
60
60
60
62
60
60
62
6t
59
40
37
37
34
37
35
38
35
35
36
37
37
38
37

AVERAGE AVERAGE
AMBIENT DISP FUEL VAPOR

62
62
62
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
62
63
62
62
35
35
35
35
35
35
37
36
35
35
35
35
35
36

le (CONTINUED)

TEMPERATURE - DEG F

59
62
62
60
61
60
61
60
61
61
59
60
61
62
61
37
35
35
33
34
35
35
34
33
33
34
36
35
35

LABORATORY DATA

“koe eH HOR

INITIAL INITIAL
TANK FUEL VAPOR SPACE
60 59
62 62
61 61
60 60
60 59
60 60
60 60
60 60
60 60
61 él
62 60
él 60
64 62
6L 60
61 59
42 40
38 37
37 37
35 34
35 35
35 35
37 37
36 35
35 34
36 35
35 35
35 36
35 37
35 37

RVP
(PST)

729
We?
Te?
Ted
Te?
Te?
Ted
TeD
Ted
Ted
T.9
Te?
Bob
Beeb
B06
Be6
86
Be5
8.5
8.5
B65
865
Be5
Be5
1020
1020
10.0
949
9.8

DISPLACED
Loss
(GMS/GAL)

2.8
3.0
3el
209
28
209
340
303
3.0
228
209
209
305
304
3e4
202
220
1.9
1.7
1.9
166
202
1.8
1.9
2e1
202
203
202
203

72460 2T 9287 Tas

9-a


SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.


S-1

SRL 2874 12 0972

SUMMARY

This report documents the results obtained during the second
year of a planned three-year program designed to determine the hydro-
carbon losses sustained during the refueling of passenger cars. A five-
city, four-season field survey and a laboratory study were conducted in
parallel. The objectives of the field survey were to observe the mag-
nitude and frequency of spill losses in the service station environment
and to record temperatures relevant to the estimation of displaced hy-
drocarbon losses. The objective of the laboratory study was to measure
the magnitude of displaced losses under conditions representative of
those observed in the field. The twelve-month investigation obtained
data from observations of 7,151 refueling operations in the field and

125 experiments conducted in the laboratory.

Four categories of spill loss were identified. In sequence of
possible occurrence they are:

o Prefiil drip from the nozzle while it is being handled
from the pump to the vehicle

o Spit-back of gasoline from the fuel tank filler pipe resulting
from pressure build-up in the vapor space in the fuel tank
during an automatic fill

o Overflow from the filler pipe when the amount of gasoline
dispensed exceeds the tank capacity (manual fi11)

o Postfill drip from the nozzle while it is being handled
from the vehicle back to the pump.

A summary of the magnitude and probability of occurrence of
one or more spill types is given in the following Table S-1, together

with the total and average refill in gallons dispensed.

SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



5-12

SRL 2874 12 0972

the initial temperature of the fuel in the vehicle fuel tank. The
dispensed fuel and displaced vapor temperatures are thus not inde-
pendent variables. As noted earlier, the correlation coefficient
between these variables was 0.945 in the field survey sample.

An example of an underground fuel temperature annual record,
provided by the American Petroleum Institute, is shown in Figure 5-2.
Unfortunately, the ambient temperature record is not available for
comparison. A typical diurnal variation in ambient temperature during
the months of May through October is shown in Figure 5-3 at the in-
dicated percentile levels. Data relating the initial temperature of
the fuel in the vehicle fuel tank to the ambient temperature and the
vehicle's operating pattern are available from the CRC-APRAC-CAPE-5
program. It is considered that Ty and Tp will be functions similar to

those shown in Figure 5-3.

Since an estimate of the average number of gallons dispensed
during a refueling operation is provided by the field survey data in
Section 4, all that is required now is a function, say R(t), which
gives the number of refueling operations over the area of interest as
a function of time of day. An example of how R(t) might look is shown
in Figure 5-4. (The function shown is for illustration only and is
not based on actual data.) Note that R(t) need not be a single closed
form function. I.e., one might define R(t) = Ry (t) + Ro (t) +o. R(t),

where each Ry(t) is defined over a separate portion of R(t).

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



3-22
SRL 2874 12 0972

always be exercised, of course, when extrapolating beyond experimental
conditions. In this case, however, the extrapolation reveals that the
functional form of the regression is inconsistent with the physical
mechanism of displaced loss production.

An exponential form for the regression relationship provides a
solution to the difficulty, provided that a good statistical fit is obtain-
ed. Therefore, the natural logarithms of the displaced losses were re-
gressed on the variables of interest. The exponential models analyzed
were thus of the form

ef Opp, Ty» RVP), (3-5)

where the function f was linear, quadratic, or cubic in the independent
variables.

3.4.3 Selected Regression Model

Analysis of the regression models based on the functional form
of Equation 3-5 revealed the quadratic f to yield better statistics than
those for the linear f; the quadratic and cubic functions yielded
essentially the same goodness of fit. Since the quadratic f is simpler
and more convenient, it was therefore selected for fitting the data.

The regression model selected for estimating displaced hydro-
carbon losses is

Lys exp (a+ beT + crT) | d-T), x RVP), (3-6)
where a = -0.02645

b= 0.01155

© =-0.01226

d = 0.00246.

® SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.



CITY SEASON

CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
CHI
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
MYC
NYC
NYC
NYC
NYC

WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER

NOTE?

TABLE F - le

HER DATE eH
HARKER ERE

MO DY

25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
7
17
17

NRNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNN NNN NNN NNNANNNNS

YR

71
7
7
71
7
71
7
7
7
71
7L
71
71
7
7
7
71
7h
71
7
7
TW
7
7
71
7
7
71
71
71
7
71

CeHKE

HOUR

1148
1150
1158
1202
1213
1215
1225
1235
1307
3156
1320
1330
1340
1350
1400
1402
0938
1016
1107
1158
1220
1330
1445
1457
1020
1025
1145
1207
1215
1230
1320
1337

MEANS

SERV
STAT
eH

Loc

NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHO
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD
NBHO
NBHD
NBHD
NBHD

NO DA

** REFUELING OPERATION *##*
FIT

(CONTINUED)
ICE
ION
nae GAL
VOL FILL DISP
HI FULL 1965
HI FULL 1262
HI FULL 1664
HI FULL 904
HI FULL 644
HI FULL 409
HI FULL 1367
HI FULL 16.3
HE PART 6.7
HI FULL 10.7
HI PART 4.5
HI PART 7.3
HI FULL 17.9
HI FULL 12.3
HI PART 8.0
HI FULL 1261
LO FULL 8.3
LO PART 7.4
LO FULL 22.7
LO PART 7.0
LO PART 7.0
LO FULL 14.3
LO FULL 15.8
LO PART 7.0
HI FULL 7-7
HI PART 742
HI FULL 21.4
HI PART 3.3
HI FULL 1943
HI FULL 1366
HI PART 7.2
HI PART 20%
TA

FUEL DISP SOLAR
GRADE RATE RAD
REG MED SUN
REG HI SUN
PREM HI SUN
REG HI SUN
REG LO SUN
REG MED SUN
REG HI SUN
REG HI SUN
PREM HI SUN
REG Le SUN
PREM HI SUN
REG HI SUN
PREM MED SUN
PREM MED SUN
PREM HI SUN
REG HI SUN
REG MED SUN
UNLD MED SUN
PREM HI SUN
PREM HI SUN
PREM HI SUN
REG HI SUN
REG HI SUN
PREM HI SUN
REG LO SHADE
UNLD MED SHADE
REG HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
PREM HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
UNLD HI SHADE
REG HI SHADE

FIELD SURVEY TEMPERATURE DATA

TEMP. - DEG F
IORI

AMB

DISP
FUEL

37
37
40
37

OTSPL
VAPOR

39
47
51
45

TIME
GETWN
FILLS»

MIN

le

2
58
12
11

157

RRK

85
HHH

125
50
ll2

7260 ZT 728% TAS

led


SRL 2874 12 0972

APPENDIX A

FUEL INSPECTION DATA

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, NC.



GRAMS PER GALLON

DISPLACED LOSS,

3-25
SRL 2874 12 0972

16
14
Ficure 3-7 SENSITIVITY OF DISPLACED
LOSS TO TEMPERATURE AT VARIOUS
VALUES OF RVP
12
RVP = 13 psi
10 vA
; ZL
/ RVP = 11 pst
6 Z 7
WA wa a P = 9 psi
4 | a a
ft =7 ps1
9 pp Lt
|
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 gu)
T=T =, F
DF Vv

& SCOTT RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.