2021 IL App (1st) 192569-U 

FIFTH DIVISION

December 30, 2021

No. 1-19-2569 

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent 

by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,

 Respondent-Appellee,

v. 

RONALD PALM, 

Petitioner-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the Circuit Court of 

Cook County.

No. 02 CR 24615

Honorable Vincent Gaughan, 

Judge, presiding. 

PRESIDING JUSTICE DELORT delivered the judgment of the court.

Justices Hoffman and Connors concurred in the judgment. 

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: The circuit court did not err in denying petitioner’s motion for leave to file a 

successive postconviction petition. Affirmed. 

¶ 2 Petitioner Ronald Palm agreed to a sentence of 30 years’ incarceration in exchange for his 

guilty plea to first degree murder, a crime he committed when he was 17 years old. We dismissed 

petitioner’s direct appeal (see People v. Palm, No. 1-05-1587 (2006) (unpublished order under 

Supreme Court Rule 23)), and petitioner did not appeal from the summary dismissal of his initial 

postconviction petition. Petitioner then filed the present motion for leave to file a successive 

postconviction petition, arguing that his constitutional rights were violated when he was sentenced 
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to 30 years’ incarceration without consideration of his youth or attendant circumstances. Petitioner 

now appeals the circuit court’s denial of his motion, contending that he established both cause for 

failing to raise this issue in his initial postconviction petition and prejudice from the court’s 

erroneous dismissal. We affirm. 

¶ 3 BACKGROUND

¶ 4 The State charged petitioner and codefendants Sam Wells and Rashon Crosby by 

indictment with 32 counts of first degree murder, 7 counts of home invasion, and 3 counts of armed 

robbery, in connection with the August 27, 2002, shooting death of Richard Sotelo. 

¶ 5 On October 28, 2004, petitioner entered into a negotiated plea agreement with the State. 

Pursuant to the agreement, petitioner pleaded guilty to one count of first degree murder in exchange 

for dismissal of the remaining counts and a 30-year sentence. The remaining counts were nolprossed. The circuit court admonished petitioner regarding the consequences of his guilty plea

and further admonished petitioner that, if found guilty of first degree murder, he could be sentenced 

to 20 to 60 years’ imprisonment. 

¶ 6 The factual basis of the plea established that petitioner, who was 17 years old at the time 

of the offense, was in the “narcotics business” with Sotelo. Petitioner, Wells, and Crosby devised 

a plan to rob Sotelo of drugs and money at gunpoint and then split the proceeds. At around 4:43 

a.m. on August 27, 2002, petitioner and Wells went through a window, awakening Sotelo as well 

as Dora Flores and Sotelo’s father. During the argument over the drugs and money, petitioner 

pointed the gun at Sotelo. Petitioner claimed in his statement that he believed Sotelo was going to 

take the gun from him, at which point petitioner shot Sotelo once in the head. 

¶ 7 Petitioner agreed that the factual basis of the plea agreement was correct. The circuit court 

then found that (1) the facts supported the guilty plea and (2) petitioner was pleading guilty 
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voluntarily and knowingly. Petitioner then waived a presentence investigation report (PSI). When 

the court asked whether petitioner wanted to make a statement in allocution, petitioner responded, 

“Not really, but I am sorry for all of the trouble that I caused.” The court then sentenced petitioner 

to 30 years’ imprisonment pursuant to the agreement. 

¶ 8 On November 9, 2004, petitioner filed a motion to vacate his guilty plea, but he withdrew 

that motion a month later. On January 13, 2005, petitioner filed a second motion to vacate his 

guilty plea, which was identical to his first motion to vacate. The circuit court denied petitioner’s 

second motion, finding that it was untimely. Petitioner appealed that denial, but this court rejected 

his contention and dismissed the appeal. Palm, No. 1-05-1587 (2006) (unpublished order under 

Supreme Court Rule 23), order at 4. 

¶ 9 On April 15, 2008, petitioner filed his initial postconviction petition alleging (1) a denial 

of due process based upon the circuit court’s purported failure to order a fitness hearing and 

(2) ineffective assistance of trial counsel based upon counsel’s purported failure to request a fitness 

hearing. On June 9, 2008, the court summarily dismissed petitioner’s petition. Petitioner did not 

appeal the court’s summary dismissal. 

¶ 10 On August 15, 2019, petitioner filed a motion for leave to file a successive postconviction 

petition. Petitioner argued that, although he was 17 years old at the time of the shooting, the circuit 

court failed to consider his youth and the attendant characteristics of youth at sentencing, which 

petitioner asserted resulted in his 30-year sentence violating the eighth amendment pursuant to 

People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327. On October 23, 2019, the court denied petitioner’s motion. 

¶ 11 This appeal follows. 
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¶ 12 ANALYSIS

¶ 13 On appeal, petitioner contends that the circuit court erred in denying his motion for leave 

to file a successive postconviction petition in which he contends that the circuit court erred in 

failing to consider his youth as a factor before accepting the plea agreement between the State and 

petitioner, pursuant to People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327. Petitioner argues that he established 

cause and prejudice and asks that we reverse the court’s denial and remand this cause for further 

proceedings. 

¶ 14 The Act allows a defendant to challenge a conviction or sentence for violations of federal 

or state constitutional rights. People v. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d 458, 471 (2006). An action for 

postconviction relief is a collateral proceeding rather than an appeal from the underlying judgment. 

People v. Williams, 186 Ill. 2d 55, 62 (1999). Principles of res judicata and waiver will limit the 

range of issues available to a postconviction petitioner “ ‘to constitutional matters which have not 

been, and could not have been, previously adjudicated.’ ” People v. Scott, 194 Ill. 2d 268, 273-74 

(2000) (quoting People v. Winsett, 153 Ill. 2d 335, 346 (1992)). Accordingly, rulings on issues 

that were previously raised at trial or on direct appeal are res judicata, and issues that could have 

been raised in the earlier proceedings, but were not, will ordinarily be deemed forfeited. Id. at 

274; 725 ILCS 5/122-3 (West 2016). 

¶ 15 Moreover, the Act provides that only one petition may be filed by a petitioner without leave 

of court. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2016). As a result, successive postconviction petitions are 

“highly disfavored.” People v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 39. The granting of leave to file a 

successive petition is governed by the cause-and-prejudice test, where cause is defined as some 

objective factor external to the defense that impeded efforts to raise the claim in an earlier 
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proceeding, and prejudice occurs where the alleged error “so infected” the trial that the resulting 

conviction or sentence violates due process. Id. ¶ 14 (quoting 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2014)). 

¶ 16 To meet the cause-and-prejudice test for a successive petition, a petitioner must “ ‘submit 

enough in the way of documentation to allow a circuit court to make that determination.’ ” People 

v. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35 (quoting People v. Tidwell, 236 Ill. 2d 150, 161 (2010)). Both 

elements of the cause-and-prejudice test must be met for the petitioner to prevail. People v. 

Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 464 (2002). The cause-and-prejudice test is a “more exacting 

standard” than the “ ‘gist’ standard” under which initial postconviction petitions are reviewed. 

People v. Conick, 232 Ill. 2d 132, 142 (2008). We review de novo the circuit court’s denial of 

leave to file a successive petition. People v. Jackson, 2016 IL App (1st) 143025, ¶ 32.

¶ 17 The United States Supreme Court has held that the eighth amendment prohibits (1) capital 

sentences for juveniles who commit murder (Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 578-79 (2005)), 

(2) mandatory life sentences for juveniles who commit nonhomicide offenses (Graham v. Florida, 

560 U.S. 48, 82 (2010)), and (3) mandatory life sentences for juveniles who commit murder (Miller 

v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 489 (2012)). In Montgomery v. Louisiana, 577 U.S. 190, 206 (2016), 

the Court held that Miller announced a substantive rule that is retroactive in cases on collateral 

review. Shortly after the decision in Montgomery, our supreme court further held that sentencing 

a juvenile to a mandatory term of years that is the functional equivalent of life without the 

possibility of parole (i.e., a de facto life sentence) violates the eighth amendment. People v. Reyes, 

2016 IL 119271, ¶ 9. Finally, in People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, the court held that a sentence 

that exceeds 40 years is a de facto life sentence (Id. ¶ 41-42) and that this holding applies 

retroactively and is cognizable in a petitioner’s postconviction proceeding (Id. ¶ 46). 
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¶ 18 Petitioner contends that the circuit court erroneously denied his motion for leave to file a 

successive postconviction petition that alleged the court failed to consider his youth and attendant 

circumstances at sentencing. Specifically, petitioner argues that he established cause for his failure 

to raise the claim in a prior proceeding because Buffer and the cases from which it derives (namely, 

Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), Montgomery v. Louisiana, 577 U.S. 190 (2016), People 

v. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, and People v. Reyes, 2016 IL 119271) had not been decided when he 

filed his direct appeal or his initial postconviction petition. Petitioner then argues that he 

established prejudice because, according to petitioner, he would not have pleaded guilty “if he had 

understood the implications of the eighth amendment on his guilty plea.” 

¶ 19 On December 16, 2021, after the filing of defendant’s reply brief, our supreme court issued 

its decision in People v. Jones, 2021 IL 126432, a precedent that we hold is dispositive here. In 

Jones, the 16-year-old petitioner was charged with, among other offenses, first degree murder in 

connection with the stabbing deaths of an elderly couple. Id. ¶ 3. The following year, when the 

petitioner was 17, he entered into a fully negotiated plea agreement with the State pursuant to 

which the petitioner would plead guilty one count each of first degree murder and residential 

burglary and two counts of armed robbery in exchange for the dismissal of the remaining charges 

and concurrent sentences of 50 years for murder, 30 years for each armed robbery count, and 15 

years for residential burglary. Id. ¶ 4. The petitioner waived the preparation of a PSI and a hearing 

on mitigating and aggravating factors, and the court entered judgment and sentence consistent with

the plea agreement. Id. ¶ 5. 

¶ 20 The Jones petitioner subsequently sought leave to file a successive postconviction petition, 

arguing that his 2000 guilty plea and judgment were entered years before the decision in Miller

and that the mandatory statutory sentencing scheme that was applied to him at that time was void 
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when applied to juveniles. Id. ¶ 7. The circuit court denied the motion, and the appellate court 

affirmed the denial. Id. ¶¶ 7-10. On further appeal to the supreme court, the petitioner noted that 

the sentencing scheme in place at the time of his guilty plea would have mandated a mandatory 

life sentence if he had gone to trial and been convicted of committing two murders. Id. ¶ 15. The 

petitioner, however, argued that the mandatory life sentence violated eight amendment protections 

pursuant to Miller, which requires a court to use its discretion to decide whether to impose a life 

sentence on a juvenile. Id. 

¶ 21 The supreme court, however, rejected the petitioner’s arguments. The court explained that 

“[t]he crux of [the] petitioner’s claim is that none of [the parties] knew that the Supreme Court 

would later change the criteria for reviewing the constitutionality of the applicable law.” Id. ¶ 19. 

The court, however, noted that a voluntary guilty plea waives “all non-jurisdictional errors or 

irregularities, including constitutional ones.” (Internal quotation marks removed and emphasis in 

the original.) Id. ¶ 20 (quoting People v. Sophanavong, 2020 IL 124337, ¶ 33 (quoting People v. 

Townsell, 209 Ill. 2d 543, 545 (2004))). The court further noted that guilty pleas allow defendants 

to gain a present benefit in exchange for the risk of losing out on future favorable legal 

developments. Id. ¶ 21 (quoting Dingle v. Stevenson, 840 F.3d 171, 175 (4th Cir. 2016)). 

¶ 22 Although the Jones petitioner argued that his life sentence was mandatory at that time, the 

court stated that it was nonetheless a potential, not certain, sentence because it was uncertain 

whether the petitioner would have been successfully convicted of the crimes charged against him. 

Id. ¶¶ 25-26. The court further pointed out that the circuit court was not required to accept the 

parties’ fully negotiated plea agreement, which “necessarily constituted an exercise of its 

discretion” with respect to the petitioner’s sentence. Id. ¶ 27. The Jones court thus held that the 
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petitioner’s constitutional claims were not cognizable under Miller and the circuit court did not err 

in denying the petitioner’s motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition. Id. ¶ 28. 

¶ 23 The Jones court examined and rejected precisely the same arguments presented to us, 

holding that the petitioner was not entitled to relief (Id. ¶¶ 25-28). Therefore, we are compelled to 

reject petitioner’s claim here. We further note that certain factual distinctions in Jones disfavor 

petitioner’s claim here: The Jones petitioner was still a juvenile at the time he entered into the 

plea agreement (petitioner here was 19), and the Jones petitioner faced a mandatory life sentence

(here the circuit court admonished petitioner that he was subject to a potential sentence range 

starting at 20 years). Consequently, as in Jones, petitioner’s claims are not cognizable under 

Miller, and the circuit court properly denied his motion for leave to file a successive postconviction 

petition. 

¶ 24 CONCLUSION

¶ 25 The circuit court did not err in denying petitioner’s motion for leave to file a successive 

postconviction petition. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court. 

¶ 26 Affirmed.