AD-A278 778

of Engineer

Construction Engineering USACERI Technical Manuscript EN-94102

Research Laboratories March 1904

Revegetation Strategies for Kaho'olawe

Island, Hawaii

by

Steven D. Warren

Stefanie G. Aschmann

Over the past 2 centuries, the island of Kaho'olawe

has suffered the ravages of war, slash-and-bum

island is barren and severely eroded. A research D T IC

project initiated in 1988 sought to identify effective, ELECT E

economical techniques to revegetate portions of then_ - 1994

island.S 

Treatments included drill seeding plus several rates S A yo2194 6 D

of fertilization with monoammonium phosphate. G

Some treatments also included jute netting for soil

moisture conservation and erosion control. The

effect of windbreak fencing was evaluated across all

treatments. Drill seeding plus broadcast application

of at least 560 kg ha' fertilizer was the most

cost-effective treatment. Jute netting and windbreak

fencing significantly enhanced plant production, but

the high cost of materials and maintenance limits

their use to critical areas. The planted species with

greatest promise for the windy, semiarid conditions

on Kaho'olawe were buffelgrass, bermudagrass,

and weeping lovegrass. Although not included in the

seed mixture, Australian saltbush, a naturalized

species, responded favorably to fertilization. A

subsequent, larger-scale revegetation project using

a specially modified chisel plow seeder to scarify,

plant, and apply in-furrow fertilization in a singlepass operation reduced the cost and improved the

results of the revegetation process.

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PtMc repoi burden for t#a cofadaon of oarmolion is @oWn'isfmd to aveare 1 hour Wr rmpon. wcig fht erle for trevw inthuedous. aserc" euieng d.u asou=*.

galhding and m thei i ia nedd" and owpie" and mrvuang t•e codtchon of Inimubon. Sond ammonrm rge"Mi0 fts huden seuai of arany oew aa of On

ooftowa of wi~annaifcn, tncluing suggeabtona or educMn thi burden, to Waehintcr Headquarters Suvioga. Drecioraew for infornation Operatbons and Raporta. 1215 Jefteraco

Davis Nigfwy, Suwi 1204, Arinoon, VA 222=-4302. and to the Offc of Managanet and Budg Papework Rducow Propa (0704-0188), Wahantoan. DC 2003.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave Blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

March 1994 Final

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Revegetation Strategies for Kahoolawe Island, Hawaii Reimbursable Order No.

N6144988P007409

S. AUTHOR(S)

Steven D. Warren and Stefanie G. Aschmann

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (USACERL) REPORT NUMBER

P.O. Box 9005 EN-94/02

Champaign, IL 61826-9005

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORINGIMONITORING

Commander, Naval Base AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

Box I 10 (Code N 12)

Pearl Harbor, HI 96860-5020

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Copies are available from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA

22161.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

Over the past 2 centuries, the island of Kaho'olawe has suffered the ravages of war, slash-and-burn agriculture,

and overgrazing. Today, much of the island is barren and severely eroded. A research project initiated in 1988

sought to identify effective, economical techniques to revegetate portions of the island.

Treatments included drill seeding plus several rates of fertilization with monoammonium phosphate. Some

treatments also included jute netting for soil moisture conservation and erosion control. The effect of windbreak

fencing was evaluated across all treatments. Drill seeding plus broadcast application of at least 560 kg ha'

fertilizer was the most cost-effective treatment. Jute netting and windbreak fencing significantly enhanced plant

production, but the high cost of materials and maintenance limits their use to critical areas. The planted species

with greatest promise for the windy, semiarid conditions on Kaho'olawe were buffelgrass, bermudagrass, and

weeping lovegrass. Although not included in the seed mixture, Australian saltbush, a naturalized species,

responded favorably to fertilization. A subsequent, larger-scale revegetation project using a specially modified

chisel plow seeder to scarify, plant, and apply in-furrow fertilization in a single-pass operation reduced the cost

and improved the results of the revegetation process.

METIC k ~i-ý.

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES

fertilization drill seeding 10

jute netting 16.

windbreak fence PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified SAR

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)

Pie d by ANSI Sid 239-10

2W6-102
Foreword

This article was published in the Journal of Range Management 46 (5) 1993, pp

462-466, published by the Society for Range Management, 1839 York St., Denver,

CO, and is reprinted with permission. The study was conducted for the

Commander, Naval Base Pearl Harbor, Pearl Harbor, HI, under Reimbursable

Order No. N6144988P007409, "Rehabilitation for Kaho'olawe Island, Hawaii."

The work was performed by the Environmental Natural Resources Division (EN)

of the Environmental Sustainment Laboratory (EL), U.S. Army Construction

Engineering Research Laboratories (USACERL), and the Pacific Division, Naval

Facilities Engineering Command, Pearl Harbor, HI. The USACERL principal

investigator was Dr. Steven D. Warren. Dr. William Severinghaus is Acting Chief,

CECER-EN, and Dr. William Goran is Chief, CECER-EL.

LTC David J. Rehbein is Commander, USACERL, and Dr. L.R. Shaffer is Director.
J. Range Manage.

46:462-488. September 1993

Revegetation strategies for Kaho'olawe Island,

Hawaii

STEVEN D. WARREN AND STEFANIE G. ASCHMANN

Authors are research scientist, Environmental Sustainment Laboraiorv. US Army' Construction Engineering

Research Laboratories. P.O. Box 9005. Champaign. Ill. 61826-9005. andsoilconservauonist. Pacific Division. Naval

Facilities Engineering Command. Pearl Harbor, HI 96860-7300.

Abstract seeder to scarify, plant, and apply in-furrow fertilization in a

Over the past 2 centuries, the island of Kaho'olawe has suffered single-pass operation reduced the cost and improved the results of

the ravages of war, slash-and-burn agriculture, and overgrazing, the revegetation process.

Today, much of the island is barren and severely eroded. A Key Words: fertilization, jute netting, windbreak fence, drill

research project initiated in 1988 has sought to identify effective, seeding

economical techniques to revegetate portions of the island. Treat- Kaho'olawe, smallest of the 8 major islands of the Hawaiian

ments Included drill seeding plus several rates of fertilization with Archipelago, suffers from a long history of natural and manmonoammonium phosphate (11-52-0). Some treatments also induced exposure to the forces of erosion. The island measures Includon t e enetting for soil moisture conservation end erosion about 17.7-km long by 10.5-km wide, comprising some 11,340 ha. control. The effect of windbreak fencing was evaluated across asl The highest point is the rim of an extinct volcano at 449 m above

treatments. Drill seeding plus broadcast application of at least 62 sea level. Kaho'olawe lies in the rain shadow of Haleakali on Maui.

kg hart N plus 291 kg ha"- P205 was the most cost-effective treat- Climatic records for the island are scant, but estimated annual

ment. Jute netting and windbreak fencing significantly enchanced precipitation is approximately 500 mm (Department of the Navy

plant production, but the high cost of materials and maintenance 1979), with most of it falling from November through March. In

limits their use to critical areas. The planted species with greatest addition to the low precipitation, Kaho'olawe is the windiest of the

promise for the windy, semiarid conditions on Kaho'olawe were Hawaiian Islands (Stearns 1940). Deflected by Haleakali, the

buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.), bermudagrass [Cynodon dec- persistent northeasterly tradewinds accelerate across the interventylon (L.) Pers.) and weeping lovegrass [Eragrostis curvula ing channel, reaching an average speed of about 9 m s 1 at Kaho'o-

(Schrad.) Nees]. Although not included in the seed mixture, Aus- lawe (Department of Geography, University of Hawaii 1973).

tralian saltbush (A triplex semibaccata R. Br.), a naturalized spe- Much of Kaho'olawe may have been covered with a scrub forest

cies, responded favorably to fertilization. A subsequent, larger- at one time (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). Today, however, approxiscale revegetation project using a specially modified chisel plow mately a third of the island is barren, while the remainder is

The authors thank Thomas Egeland, Robert Riggins, James Tnrax, and Eunice dominated by the introduced shrub kiawe [Prosopis pallida

Vachta for their assistance in developing and conducting this project. Funding was (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kunth] and a variety of introduced

provided by Commander. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor.

Manuscript accepted 25 Jan. 1993. grasses and forbs. The only native species contributing significant

462 JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 46(5). September 1993

Accesion For

NTIS CRAMl

DTIC TAB

Unannounced 1

Justification ....................

By .... . s..

DistributionI

Availability Codes

Avail and I r

Dist Special
biomass are pili grass or tanglehead [ Heteropogon contortus (L.) ments and an unplanted control. All strips were oriented parallel to

P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.], ma'o or Hawaiian cotton (Goss"v- each other and parallel to the prevailing-wind direction.

pium romentosum Nutt. ex Seem.), 'ilima (Sidafallax Walp.). Each strip except the control was planted with a single longitud- 'uhaloa (Waltheria indica L.), and ma'o or hoary abutilon (Abu- inal pass of a rangeland drill. The drill planted 5 rows in a total

tilon incanum (Link) Sweet]. swath of 1.5 m. A mixture of 6 grasses and I legume (Table 1) was

The disturbance of native vegetation on Kaho'olawe probably planted at a depth of 2.5 cm. Species selection was limited to

began with slash-and-burn agriculture practiced by early Hawaiians Table I. Seeding rates (pure live seed) for grass and legume species

(Kirch 1982). Intense interisland warfare before the arrival of included in a mixture evaluated for revegetation on Kaho'olawe.

European explorers left the island "nearly overrun with weeds, and

exhausted... of inhabitants" (Vancouver 1798). The population

had declined from an estimated peak of 800 around 1500 A.D. to Grasses Seeding rate

approximately 60 at the time of European discovery (Hommon 1"-4464' buffelgrass ( Cenchrus ciliaris L.)* 1.1 kg ha'

1980). presumably in response to a depleted natural resource base. 'WW Ironmaster' yellow bluestem (Bothriochloa 0.6

In 1779 the crew of Captain Cook described the island as "barren," ischaemum (L.) Keng]*

"desolateand an"altogetherpoorisland"(Beaglehole 1967). The Plains bristlegrass [Setaria leucopila (Scribn. & Merr.) K. 1.1

"Schum.] same explorers that lamented the poor condition of the island Buffalograss [ Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] 1,7

unwittingly contributed to its further deterioration by introducing 'NK-37" bermudagrasb [Cynodon daci vion (L.)Pers.] 0.7

goats as gifts to native monarchy, thus accelerating soil erosion. Green panicgrass (Panicum maximum Jacq. var. I. I

Beginning in 1859, ill-fated sheep and cattle ranches exacerbated trichoglume)

the declining condition of Kaho'olawe. Reports over the next Legume

half-century place livestock populations as high as 20.000 sheep, Glycine [ Gl'cie wighti (Wight & Arnott) Verdc.]

9,000 goats, and 200 head of cattle (Anonymous 1875, Bagot 1884).

By 1916 approximately a third of the island was completely *De-awned

denuded, and from I to 3 m of topsoil had been blown or washed introduced species because seeds of native species were not cominto the Pacific Ocean, leaving behind a wind-swept hardpan (Judd mercially available. Cracked corn was mixed with the seed prior to

1916). planting to improve uniformity of distribution. Seeds were covered

With the entrance of the United States into World War II, by dragging 6-cm diameter steel pipes behind the drill.

Kaho'olawe was acquired by the U.S. military and became a target Four strips in each block were selected for fertilizer treatments.

for offshore gunnery and aerial bombing practice. While military One strip was fertilized with 3.6 kg ha-1 nitrogen (N) plus 17.1 kg

use of the island may have caused further deterioration in areas of ha-' phosphorus (P205) applied in-furrow by the drill. Two strips

intense impact, there has been no apparent increase in the size of were fertilized by broadcast application of 62 kg ha- 1 N plus 291 kg

denuded hardpan areas since military training began (Department ha' P205, and I strip was broadcast at 123 kg ha"' N plus 582 kg

of the Navy 1979). The U.S. Navy has, nonetheless, undertaken the ha"1 P20 5. All fertilizer was applied as a granular form of

responsibility to improve the condition of the island. monoammonium phosphate (11-52-0). The use of a high ratio of

Transplanted grass and legume seedlings have not survived well phosphorus to nitrogen is common in subtropical and tropical

on Kaho'olawe (Whitesell et al. 1974), perhaps due to their regions where phosphorus-fixation by iron and aluminum hydroxdependence on adequate rainfall soon after transplanting. Attempts ides is a problem (Sanchez 1976). Within each block, I unfertilized

to establish vegetation by broadcast seeding have likewise met with strip and I strip fertilized at 62 kg ha" N plus 291 kg ha-1 P2Os were

little success (author's observation). This manuscript describes a covered with woven jute netting. The fabric, supplied in rolls 1.2 m

study, begun in 1988, aimed at identifying effective, economical wide, provided approximately 35-40% coverage of the soil surface.

measures to revegetate portions of the island. It was secured to the soil surface with 15-cm long staples immeMaterials and Methods diately following seeding and fertilization.

To evaluate the potential benefits of wind abatement on plant

The study site was in a broad, relatively flat swale near the center establishment, a single 1.2-rn tall, high-density polyethylene plastic

of the island. The area supported less than 2% plant cover, com- windbreak fence was erected across the entire study site. The fence

posed primarily of isolated clumps of Australian saltbush (Atri- was attached to galvanized steel posts and situated perpendicular

plex semibaccata R. Br.). Since its introduction to Kaho'olawe to the prevailing wind direction, approximately 12-m downwind of

around 1918 (Stearns 1940), Australian saltbush has become one the windward edge of the experimental blocks. This configuration

of the dominant plants on the hardpan area. Soil analyses indicate allowed an evaluation of the effects of wind abatement in each

that the soil of the central hardpan is predominantly of clay loam treatment strip on both the windward and leeward sides of the

texture (Warren et al. 1988). Iron and aluminum hydrous oxides, fence. Elliptical apertures in the windbreak fence provided approxwell known for phosphorus fixation (Sanchez 1976), dominate the imately 37% porosity, which is ideal for a wind barrier (van Eimern

clay component. Nitrogen, extractable phosphorus, and organic et al. 1964). To avoid disturbance associated with wind turbulence

carbon levels are very low, while potassium content is very high. at the ends of windbreaks, the fence was extended 4.5 m beyond the

Soil pH tends to be slightly acidic. The soil surface is very hard and edge of the study site on both sides.

often polished and/or striated by blowing soil particles. Data were collected at the study site during January 1991,

To create soil surface conditions suitable for planting, the entire approximately 25 months after planting. A 0.25-m 2

quadrat was

study site was chiseled to a depth of approximately 10 cm during placed on the ground at 2-m intervals along the central axis of each

November 1988. The surface soil was very dry at the time of treatment strip, beginning at the windbreak fence and proceeding

planting in December of that year. However. subsurface soil mois- to the end of the strip in both the windward and leeward directions.

ture conditions were surprisingly good: moisture was evident to a Percent foliar cover in each quadrat was visually estimated by

depth of at least 45 cm, due to previous rains, species and as a total, and recorded by cover class (Daubenmire

Five experimental blocks were established adjacent and parallel 1959). Data were summarized using class midpoints. A 3-way

to each other. Within each block. 7 adjacent strips 60-m long and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine differences

1.8-m wide were laid out to accommodate 6 revegetation treat- between treatments, blocks, and distances from the windbreak

JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 46(5), September 1993 463
fence. Duncan's multiple range test was used to separate means of thr treatment blocks. On the block that suffered the greatest

where differences were shown to be significant in the ANOVA. The damage, foliar cover for the treatment with seed, jute netting, and

relative success of plant species across all treatments, blocks and 62 kg ha" N plus 291 kg ha" P20s averaged 5 1% while the next best

distances from the windbreak fence was evaluated by paired corn- treatment averaged only 14%. Across the 3 treatment blocks that

parison t-tests (SAS Institute Inc. 1988). The difference in percent suffered only minimal erosion, the same treatment produced 63%

foliar cover between any given pair of species was calculated for foliar cover compared to 60% foliar cover on the next best treatevery quadrat, and the mean difference was tested to determine if it ment. Unfortunately, at a cost of S 14,000 ha" for materials shipped

was significantly different from zero. The analysis was repeated for to Hawaii, use of jute netting must be reserved for critical areas

all possible combinations of species. A 95% level of probability was where less costly methods are ineffective.

used for all analyses. Across all treatments and blocks, significantly more foliar cover

Results and Discussion was recorded at 4 to 6 m downwind of the windbreak fence than

anywhere else (Fig. 2). This location, centered at a downwind

Twenty-five months after planting, treatments that included distance of 4 times the height of the fence, corresponds precisely

fertilization with at least 62 kg ha" N plus 291 kg ha-1 P20s with the area of greatest wind reduction recorded for other barriers

produced significantly more foliar cover than other treatments of similar permeability (Heisler and DeWalle 1988). Although

(Fig. I). Treatment strips fertilized at 3.6 kg ha" N plus 17.1 kg ha"i some degree of wind reduction has been estimated to extend up to 9

P205 had no more vegetation than the unplanted strips. Foliar times the height of similar barriers on the windward side and up to

25 times on the leeward side (Grace 1977), the benefit in this study

was limited to a range of 2 to 10 m on the lee side and immediately

Treatment adjacent to the fence on the windward side (Fig. 2). This area

corresponds roughly with a 50-70% reduction in wind velocity

(Heisler and DeWalle 1988). With such a limited range of apparent

Unplanted control Al benefit, windbreak fences would have to be erected with a parallel

spacing of approximately 12 m for maximum effectiveness. The

cost of materials would be approximately S5,700 ha-'. Labor and

Seed onlyIA maintenance add considerably to the cost. Throughout the study,

the whipping action of the winds caused abrasion and tearing of the

plastic fence by the metal fence posts. Sandwiching the fence

Snbetween 2 lengths of wood lath prior to attaching it to the posts

significantly reduced, but did not eliminate, the problem. Across

all treatments, blocks, and distances from the windbreak fence.

Seed & Australian saltbush provided significantly more foliar cover than

fertilization rate 1any other species (Fig. 3). Even though it was not included in the

Se seed mixture, the existing seed bank responded favorably to

Seed & seedbed preparation and fertilization. The drought tolerance,

prostrate growth form, and prolific seed production of Australian fertilization rate 2 saltbush are desirable characteristics.

Se &Buffelgrass ranked 2nd in foliar cover. Buffelgrass. as well as the

&D 3rd ranking species, bermudagrass, spread by rhizomes and stolfertilization rate 3 ons, respectively, and their dense, mat-forming growth form make

them ideal for erosion control. Both species are well adapted to the

Seed, jute netting E dry conditions on Kaho'olawe and have shown promise in the past

& fertilization rate 2 (Whitesell et al. 1974). In protected areas near the windbreak fence.

buffelgrass and bermudagrass sometimes formed a nearly closed

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 canopy.

Glycine. the legume, ranked 4th in percent foliar cover. In open Follar Cover (%) areas, it has a prostrate growth habit preferred for erosion control.

Fig. 1. Percent foliar cover by treatment, averaged across all blocks and However, in the presence of trees and shrubs, its aggressive twining

distances from the windbreak fence, 25 months after planting on Kaho'o- or climbing habit may harm woody plants (authors* observation).

[awe. Fertilization rate I = 3.6 kg ha'" nitrogen (N) hlus 17.1 kg ha"1 Consequently, it will not be recommended for future revegetation

phosphorus(P O=),rate2 62kgna'l Nplus291kgha- P 05',and rate 3 efforts on Kaho'olawe. Siratro [Mfacroptilium atropurpureum : 123 kg ha'1 Njlps 582 kg ha't P205. Means followed by tie same letter (D Urb, another twining legume that arrived as an apparent

are not significantly different at P=0.05, according to Duncan's multiple (DContaminant the tyine see will b raged in future

range test. contaminant with the glycine seed, will be discouraged in future

cover increased as fertilization increased. The rate of increase, plantings for the same reason. howeer.appare todimnis bewee th 2 ighr rtesof ertli- Of the remaining species, only weeping lovegrass [Eragrostis

however, appeared to diminish between the 2 higher rates of fertili- curvula (Schrad.) Nees] contributed greater than 1% cover. This zation, indicating that elevated levels of fertilization would not species was not included in the seeding mixture, and probably

greatly enhance vegetation response. When applied at the maxi- arries as notainant in the se e r gre, and rely

mum rate, the cost of fertilizer was approximately S560 hai'. arrived as acontaminant with one of the other grasses. The relative

The m ost effective treatment was the combination of seed, jute success of weeping lovegrass, despite the extremely low input,

netting, The most and 62 kg ha-: treatmeN N plus was 291 th kg ha a" of seed, te indicates that it is a species deserving attention as a candidate for 1

t P20s. Overall, this future revegetation efforts on Kaho'olawe.

treatment produced 61% foliar cover. Jute netting apparently con- the less succefuspcs oc oly a l o

served soil moisture and provided protection from soil erosion. The less successful species occurred only occasionally on the

Unusually heavy precipitation during the 2nd year of the study study area and contributed only minimal foliar cover in the quad-

" rats where they were present. However. despite their minimal

generated large volumes of runoff that concentrated primarily on 2 contribution, some of those species consistently out-produced oth464 JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 46(5), September 1993
100

Windward Leeward

8

Prevailing Wind Direction

AA A

4 0 ........................................................

20E -ImG C_ - MC-G C-G C - G-E- EG D-G C-G

20 G 0

8 4 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44

Distance From Windbreak Fence (m)

Fig. 2. Percent foliar cover by distance upwind or downwind from the windbreak fence, averaged across all treatments and blocks, 25 months after

planting on Kaho'olawe. Means with the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, according to Duncan's multiple range test.

Species ers. Although differences in productivity sometimes met the criteAustralian ria for statistical significance, the amount of foliar cover was Australih A insignificant in terms of revegetation potential, and none of those

saftbush species will be recommended in the future.

Based on the information from this experiment, an 8-ha

Buffelgrass B watershed on Kaho'olawe was treated in January 1990. A chisel

plow seeder equipped with separate boxes for fluffy seed, fine seed,

and grain and modified to include a fertilizer box was purchased. Berrnudagrass C The modified drill was able to scarify the soil, plant, and fertilize in

a single-pass operation, significantly reducing personnel, equipment, and fuel requirements. A mixture of 'T-4464' buffelgrass ( I

kg PLS ha'), 'NK-37' bermudagrass (0.67 kg PLS ha-), and

weeping lovegrass (1.0 kg PLS ha-1) was planted. Annual ryegrass

Weeping •[Lolium muhiforum (Lam.)] was included at a rate of 22.4 kg bulk

lovegrs•s ha- to produce a fast-growing cover crop. Fertilizer was applied

Green Iin-furrow at a rate of 70 kg ha- N plus 179 kg ha-1 P2

0s using a

gEF granular formulation of diammonium phosphate (18-46-0). In

January 1992. 2 years after planting, average foliar cover on the

watershed was 55% (litter from the annual ryegrass contributed an

c F additional 17% ground cover) compared to 6% on adjacent

untreated areas. The success of the project, despite the absence of

windbreaks and jute netting, may be attributable, at least in part, to

Buffalograss G the increased ratio of N to P205 in the fertilizer, the use of a cover

crop, and the addition of weeping lovegrass to the seed mixture.

Yellow Weeping lovegrass contributed 3 1% of the total foliar cover on the

bluestem watershed.

Conclusions

- Adequate fertilization is the apparent key to revegetation suc0 2 4 6 8 1 0 cess on Kaho'olawe. In-furrow fertilization at approximately 70 kg

ha-1 N plus 180 kg ha-' P205 provided excellent results when comFollar Cover (%) pared to past attempts to revegetate the island. Jute netting and windbreak fencing significantly enhanced plant production, but

Fig. 3. Percent foliar cover of various plant species, averaged across all the high stomaeia ntenance limt their ut

treatments, block, and distances from the windbreak fence, 25 months

afterplantingon Kaho'olawe. Meansfollowedbythesameletterarenot critical areas where other methods are ineffective. Buffelgrass,

significantly different at P = 0.05, according to paired comparison t-tests bermudagrass. and weeping lovegrass showed the greatest potenfor all possible combinations of species. tial for revegetation. Glycine. a legume, also produced significant

biomass. but its aggressive climbing characteristic may threaten

JOURNAL OF ,-A'.rE MANAGEMENT 46(5). Sep!ember 1993 465
woody species. Yellow bluestem, plains bristlegrass, buffalograss. Hommon, R.J. 1930. Historic resources of Kaho'olawe. National Register

and green panicgrass showed little promise for Kaho'olawe. of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form. US Navy. Pacific. Di%.-

Naval Facilities Engineering Command. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

Literature Cited Judd, C.S. 1916. Kahoolawe. p. 117-125. In: J.G. Thrum (ed.), Hawaiian

Almanac and Annual for 1917. Honolulu. Hawaii.

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Kalakaua to the bays of Piilani (in Hawaiian). Ka Lahui Hawaii. Kirch, P.V. 19o2. The impact of prehistoric Polynesians on the Hawaiian

Decemberecosystem. Pacific Sci. 36:1 - 14.

Dalot.F.(ed.). 314.McKenney'sHawaiiandirectory. L.M. McKenney& Sanchez, P.A. 1976. Properties and management of soils in the tropics.

Co., San Francisco, Calif. John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.

o.. (d)1 .T junsoCtiJe on his SAS Institute Inc. 1931. SAS STATTm user's guide, release 6.03 edition.

voaglehok, J.C. (ed.). 1967. The journals of Captain James Cookver SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, N.C.

voyage of discovery. Ill.sThe voyage of the Resolution and Discovery Steams, H.T. 1940. Geology and ground-water resources of the islands of 1776-1780. Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. Lanai and Kahoolawe. Hawaii. Territ. Hawaii. Div. Hydrogr. Bull. 6.

Cuddiby, L.W., and C.P. Stone. 19W. Alteration of native Hawaiian Lanc G A voyage ofwdiscovery to North aiv. Ocean. an vegetation. Univ. Hawaii Coop. Nat. Park Resources Study Unit, Hono- Vancouver, G. 1798. A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific Ocean. and

velv Hawaii. Cround the world (1967 reproduction of the original edition). Da Capo lulu, Hawaii.Prs.ewYrN.

Daubenmire, R.F. 1959. A canopy-coverage method of vegetation analysis. Press. New York,. N.Y.

Northwest Sci. 33:43-64. NortwestSci.33:4-64.Windbreaks van Enimern, J., and R. Karschon, shelterbelts. L.A. World Razumova, Meteorol. and Organization G.W. Robertson. Tech. 1964. Note

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