SMITHSONIAN

CONTRIBUTIONS

to

ASTROPHYSICS

VOLUME 4

SMITHSONIAN

INSTITUTION

WASHINGTON

D.C.

Contents of Volume 4

No. 1. Catalog of Hourly Meteor Rates, by Charles P. Olivier. Pages

1-14. Published June 6, 1960.

No. 2. Orbital Elements of Photographic Meteors, by Richard E. McCrosky and Annette Posen. Pages 15-84. Published

May 1, 1961.

No. 3. Orbital Elements of Meteors, by Gerald S. Hawkins and Richard

B. Southworth. Pages 85-95. Published March 23,1961.

No. 4. Precision Orbits of 413 Photographic Meteors, by Luigi G.

Jacchia and Fred L. Whipple. Pages 97-129. Published

September 28, 1961.

No. 5. A Criterion for the Mode of Ablation of Stone Meteors, by Allan

F. Cook. Pages 131-136. Published July 3, 1963.

No. 6. The Microscopic Properties of Meteorites, by Gustav Tschermak

{Die Mikroskopische Beschqffenheit der Meteoriten, translated by John A. Wood and E. Mathilde Wood). Pages

137-239. Published June 4, 1964.

Smithsonian

Contributions to Astrophysics

VOLUME 4, NUMBER 1

CATALOG OF HOURLY METEOR RATES

by CHARLES P. OLIVIER

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Washington, D.C.

1960
Publications of the Astrophysical Observatory

This series, Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics, was inaugurated

in 1956 to provide a proper communication for the results of research conducted at the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution.

Its purpose is the "increase and diffusion of knowledge" in the field of

astrophysics, with particular emphasis on problems of the sun, the earth,

and the solar system. Its pages are open to a limited number of papers by

other investigators with whom we have common interests.

Another series is Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory. It was started

in 1900 by the Observatory's first director, Samuel P. Langley, and has been

published about every 10 years since that date. These quarto volumes, some

of which are still available, record the history of the Observatory's researches

and activities.

Many technical papers and volumes emanating from the Astrophysical

Observatory have appeared in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.

Among these are Smithsonian Physical Tables, Smithsonian Meteorological

Tables, and World Weather Records.

Additional information concerning these publications may be secured

from the Editorial and Publications Division, Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D.C.

FRED L. WHIPPLE, Director,

Astrophysical Observatory,

Smithsonian Institution.

Cambridge, Mass.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington 25, D.C. - Price 15 cents
Catalog of Hourly Meteor Rates

By CHARLES P. OLIVIER

This catalog presents the average hourly rates

of visual meteors for each night of the year,

based on data for a period of 58 years, from

1901 to 1958 inclusive. About 60 percent of

the data summarized here have appeared elsewhere (see References).

The catalog is based on observations received

from hundreds of observers in many parts of

the world. The contributors include members

of the American Meteor Society, various persons who cooperated with the Society in reporting their own observations and those of others,

and some workers who took part in the meteor

program of the International Geophysical Year.

The table summarizes most of the observations received except for the following omissions:

(1) During the Perseid epoch, August 9 through 13,

so many tens of thousands of meteors were reported,

by so many observers, that some selection had to be

made. Therefore, the relevant entries given in the

table represent primarily the work of the more skilled

observers.

(2) Similarly, in the 1930's thousands of observations were received for the Leonid epoch, November

14 through 17; again the averages in the table are based

primarily on the work of the more skilled observers.

(3) The table omits all observations of the great

Draconid shower of 1946, October 9 and 10. Inclusion

of these meteors would have resulted in completely

misleading "averages" for those dates.

(4) In a few instances, an observer reported a rate

from four to ten times what could be considered normal

for the date and the prevailing atmospheric conditions.

Correct or not, the reported number of meteors was so

atypical that its inclusion would have given a false rate

for that day in the average year. Such observations

were omitted.

On the other hand, when high rates were

obtained because a skilled observer was working in exceptionally good atmospheric conditions, such as often occur in a desert or semidesert, the observations were incorporated into

the table.

The larger part of all the observations consisted of meteors that were either plotted or

1

 Flower and Cook Observatory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

described. When plotting or describing a given

meteor, an observer will miss any meteors appearing during the interval. Therefore, to

obtain the true hourly rate of meteors that

could have been observed during the period

and in the prevailing atmospheric conditions,

a correction was applied to the number of meteors reported. The correction is given in the

following formula:

60 n

"60—pn

(1)

where n0 is the number of meteors that could

have been observed had the observer been

counting rather than plotting or describing

them; n is the number of meteors actually observed; and p is the time taken to plot or describe each meteor; pn in the formula is expressed in minutes of time. The value of p is

an estimate based on the author's opinion of

the skill of the particular observer. In applying the formula, the writer used tables giving

the appropriate corrections for the various values of p; those values of p were set as 20, 30,

40, and 60 seconds.

Another correction is usually necessary because the number of meteors observed during

a given hour depends to some extent on the

conditions for seeing, and whether visibility

was impaired by clouds, fog, moonlight, etc.

In the following formula,

(2)

rii represents the average number of meteors

that could have been counted by a skilled

observer during that period under ideal conditions. The number of meteors actually

observed usually represents only a percentage

of the total observable under such conditions;

the factor F represents the observer's estimate

of this percentage. Under ideal conditions, F

was taken as 1.0; when F was 0.5 or less, the

observations were considered very uncertain

1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ASTROPHYSICS

and were usually omitted; for the majority of

reports used, the factor F was 0.7 or higher.

For a few observations, the author changed

the estimated F when the data themselves

obviously indicated that the original estimate

had been in error. In most cases, however,

the observer's estimate of F was used.

The correction for time lost (formula 1)

must always be applied before making the

correction for visibility (formula 2). Otherwise, the hourly rate will be too high.

When the observer merely counted the

meteors, no correction for time lost in plotting

or describing was necessary, and therefore

formula (1) was not used, although the correction for visibility conditions was still applied

if the value of the factor F was less than 1.0.

Although no system of correction can give

perfect results, nevertheless when one considers the inherent difficulties in seeing and

recording all meteors that presumably appear

in the observer's field, one may conclude that

the methods of correction given here yield a

close approximation to the true rates.

Except for counts by observers working in

ideal atmospheric conditions, the rates published in this table are of course higher (on the

average by 25 percent) than the rates of

meteors actually observed. In using the catalog, researchers must keep this fact in mind.

In general, the figures represent the number

of meteors that might have been counted by a

skilled observer at a good station on a moonless, clear night when factor F equalled 1.0.

Under conditions that fall short of this ideal in

any way, the number of meteors actually

observed will usually be smaller than the

number given in the table.

An attempt was made to estimate the actual

number of meteors that forms the basis of the

table. A count of the tabulated figures for the

10th, the 20th, and the last day of each month

totalled 36,000. We multiply this figure by

10.2 to obtain the total of the averages of all

the days of the year. We then multiply by 0.8

to allow for the number of meteors added by

the corrections supplied by formulas (1) and

(2). These calculations give a total of about

294,000 meteors for the 58-year period. Probably no other catalog of meteor rates even

approaches this total.

Acknowledgments

Without the hard work and active cooperation

of many hundreds of observers, the data on

which this table is based would not have been

available, and the preparation of the catalog

would have been impossible. Although we

cannot name them individually, we wish to

thank all those who contributed material.

J. W. Simpson personally reported more than

17,000 meteors, and 35,000 more were sent in

by observers he organized and encouraged.

Prof. Mohammed A. R. Khan reported some

12,000, A. Pearlmutter some 10,000, C. E.

Worley some 8,000, a group of observers in

Whittier, Calif., about 20,000, and R. M. Dole

over 10,000.

Two other groups, in particular, merit special

mention. From Australia and New Zealand,

R. A. Mclntosh, M. Geddes, S. R. Fairbrother,

and others contributed observations of about

10,000 meteors, approximately half of which

were observed by Mclntosh. The second group,

at Tucson, Ariz., was organized by J. D.

Williams and included R. Knabe, D. Brinegar,

and T. Smith; this group reported more than

27,000 meteors, of which more than 17,000 were

observed by Williams.

The preparation of this catalog, including the

preliminary work involved, has occupied the

author for nearly two years. I wish to express

sincere appreciation to Mrs. Nora da Costa for

her efficient help in making the table and to

Dr. G. S. Hawkins of the Harvard Observatory

and Prof. F. L. Whipple of the Smithsonian

Astrophysical Observatory for their assistance

in the publication of this data.

References

METEOR NOTES

1901-1950. Popular Astronomy, vols. 9-58.

1953-1956. Meteoritics, vol. 1.

OLIVIER, C. P.

1950. Some results from data secured by the

American Meteor Society. Proc. Amer.

Phil. Soc, vol. 94, pp. 327-335.

1957. Long enduring meteor trains and fireball

orbits. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, vol. 101,

pp. 296-315.

1958. Interim reports nos. 28, 29, and 35. Radio

Meteor Research Program, Harvard College Observatory.

1959. Annual reports for 1956, 1957, 1958. American Meteor Society, Flower and Cook

Observatory, Reprint 115, 20 pp.
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