NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

2485

Evaluation of Flooring Materials

in Army Installations

By

Thomas II. Boone

Percy A. Sigler

Hubert R. Snoke

<NBS>

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Sinclair Weeks, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1004-30-4726 May 11, 1953 24R5

Evaluation of Flooring Materials

in Army Installations

Py

Thomas H. Boone

Percy A. Sigler

Hubert B. Snoke

Floor, -Poof and Wall Coverings Section

Building Technology Division

Sponsored by

Fepairs and Utilities Division

Office of the Chief of Engineers

Department of the Army

The publication, ref

unleiapermliiion it 25.D.C, Such peri

tally prepared If tt.

Approved for public release by the fl pa' 1, ’* P

r#hlblt* d Director of the National Institute of

,ndard,|WMhlfl*

,on

Standards and Technology (NIST)

on October 9, 2015.

EVALUATION OF FLOCKING MATERIALS

IN ARMY INSTALLATIONS

lo PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION

2 0 BACKGROUND

Page

1

1

3o METHOD OF MAKING THE SURVEY 2

4-o SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION 2

5o RESULTS OF INSPECTIONS 5

5ol Barracks (Mobilization-Type 9 Excluding

Latrine Areas)

5o2. Mess Halls (Mobilization; Company &

Consolidated Types)

503 Hospitals (Mobilization-Type)

504 Administration and Recreation Buildings

50 5 Bakeries

5= 6 Warehouses

6 0 RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Barracks (Mobilization-Type 9 Excluding

Latrine Areas)

6 0 2 Mess Halls (Mobilization; Company &

Consolidated Types)

603 Administration and Recreation Buildings

(Including Offices 9 Day Rooms 9 and

Club Rooms)

6 0 4 Hospitals (Mobilization-Type)

7

11

13

14

l4

15

15

18

20

21

7 o COMMENTS ON THE CARE OF FLOCBS 22

8 o ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2 5

TABLES_AND FIGURES

TABLE lo Wood Flooring (25/32 In. Nominal Thickness)

TABLE- 2 0 Concrete Floors

TABLE 3o Floor Topping (1/2 In 0 Nominal Thickness)

Integral-Hardened Concrete
TABLES AND FIGURES (CONTINUED)

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

. Magnesium Oxychloride (1/2- 5/8 In 0 Nominal Thickness)

. Asphalt Tile

o Linoleum (Burlap-Backed, Sheet Form)

o Felt-Backed Floor Coverings

o Quarry Tile

o Rubber and Vinyl Tiles (l/8=In 0 Nominal Thickness)

lo Typical mobilization-type barracks floor with

2

5

/3

“= ino „ tongued-and- grooved , flat-grained pine

having a 3-1/4 in 0 face 0 2 0 Concrete floor 9 1-1/2 InQ thick ? eight years old,

over typical , original wood floor In company-type

kitcheno

3o Magnesium oxychloride floor, two years old, over

concrete In kitcheno

4<> Magnesium oxychloride floor, one month old, In

kitchen of company-type mess hallo

5o Magnesium oxychloride floor, one year old, in

hospital corridor

o

6 0 Magnesium oxychloride floor, 5/8-in o thick, one

year old, laid over wood in a mobilization-type

barracks

o

7 o Asphalt tile, l/8-in 0 thick, four years old, laid

over a strip-pine floor with a 15-lb, asphaltsaturated felt underlayment in a mobilization-type

barracks

.

8o Asphalt tile, five years old, laid over 1/4-In0 plywood adjacent to drinking fountain*,

9o Asphalt tile, six years old, laid over concrete

on grade in administration building s 10 o Linoleum, inlaid, sheet form, l/8-In„ , fourteen

years old, laid in large administration building

„

11 » Linoleum, burlap-backed, l/8-in 0 , one year old, laid

over sanded wood floor and. felt underlayment
TABLES AND FIGURES (CONTINUED)

FIGURE 12 0 Felt-backed^ pitch composition floor covering ? one year old 9 laid over pine flooring in

mobilization-type barracks 0 FIGURE 13 o Quarry tile floor with acid-resistant mortar

joints 9 thirteen years old 9 in permanent-type

kit©hen

o

FIGURE Ik o Foot locker stands and bed post blocks used to

protect resilient-type coverings against severe

indenting loads

»

EVALUATION OF FLOORING MATERIALS

IN ARMY INSTALLATIONS

lo PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION

To evaluate the performance of flooring materials in

military-type structures within the continental United States

and to secure data upon which to base recommendations for

coordinating and standardizing the repair and rehabilitation

of floors in such structures on an economical basis 0

2„ BACKGROUND

The maintenance and repair of floors in Army buildings

throughout the country has become a difficult problem 0 Many

of the buildings were closed in 19^6 and reopened for active

service in 19^9 ° In numerous cases 9 replacement of the floor

surface was necessary if the buildings were to be kept in a

sanitary and livable condition,.

The various Armies have proposed an.d 9 in some cases

,

usedc, radically different methods for covering these floors

,

involving a wide range of materials and costs „ Since very

large floor areas were involved, if seemed desirable that an

impartial survey be made of the conditions of the floors in

need of repair , and of coverings now in use 3 in order to

insure satisfactory and economical service from all reconditioned floor So
- 2 -

The Repairs and Utilities Division, Office of the Chief

of Engineers, Department of the Army, requested the Building

Technology Division, National Bureau of Standards, Department

of Commerce, to conduct such a survey and submit appropriate

recommendations

3. METHOD OF MAKING THE SURVEY

The Office of the Chief of Engineers arranged for all

inspections in the various Armies, The representative or

representatives of the National Bureau of Standards visited

stations selected either by the Office of the Chief of Engineers or by the Army headquarters in each area in company

with an engineer from Army headquarters. Station engineers

assisted in the actual inspections.

4. SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION

Fifty- six stations in the six Army areas and the Military

District of Washington were visited. Practically every type

of floor, floor covering, and method of repair was observed

In the course of the inspections.

While emphasis was placed on floors in mobilization-type

buildings, inspections were not confined to buildings of this

type, but rather, included every category from permanent to

most temporary.
- 3

-

The tabulated lists of floors. Tables 1 to 9 inclusive,

give the stations visited and the condition of floors in build'

ings of different occupancy » It should be understood that, in

most cases, numerous buildings of each type of occupancy were

inspected at every station*

Stations Visited* Listed by Army Areas

Military District of Washingtons

Walter Reed Army Hospital, District of Columbia*

Fort Belvoir, Virginia*

Fort Myer, Virginia*

First Army Areas

Govenors Island, New York*

Fort Jay, New York*

New York Port of Embarkation, New York*

Belle Mead Quartermaster Depot, New Jersey*

Raritan Ordnance Arsenal, New Jersey*

Fort Monmouth, New Jersey*

Fort Dix, New Jersey*

Camp Edwards, Massachusetts*

Fort Devens, Massachusetts*

Murphy Army Hospital, Massachusetts*

Second Army Areas

Fort George G* Meade, Maryland*

Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland*

Valley Forge .Army Hospital, Pennsylvania*

Richmond Quartermaster Depot, Virginia*

Fort Lee, Virginia*

Fort Eustis, Virginia*

Fort Monroe* Virginia*

Fort Campbell, Kentucky*

Fort Knox, Kentucky*
Third Army Areas

Fort McPherson* Georgia,

Atlanta General Depot , Georgia,

Fort Benning, Georgia,

Camp Gordon, Georgia,

Lawson Air Force Base, Georgia,

Fort McClellan, Alabama,

Fort Bragg , North Carolina,

Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina,

Fort Jackson, South Carolina,

Fourth Army Areas

Fort Sam Houston, Texas,

San Antonio Quartermaster Depot, Texas,

Brooke Army Hospital, Texas,

Camp Bull! s , Texas,

Fort Hood, Texas,

Fort Bliss, Texas,

William Beaumont Army Hospital, Texas.

Camp Polk, Louisiana,

Camp LeRoy Johnson, Louisiana,

New Orleans Port of Embarkation, Louisiana.

Fifth Army Areas

Fort Sheridan, Illinois,

Fort Custer, Michigan,

Percy Jones Army Hospital, Michigan,

Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

Fort Riley, Kansas.

St. Louis Medical Depot, Missouri.

Camp Carson, Colorado.

Sixth Army Areas

Presidio of San Francisco, California.

Letterman Army Hospital, California.

Oakland Army Base q California.

Camp Stoneman, California.

Fort Mason, California.

Fort Ord, California.

Presidio of Monterey, California.

Camp Roberts, California.
5, RESULTS OF INSPECTIONS

The various Armies have used practically every available

material to repair and cover floors. In some cases, only

small-scale experimental installations have been made; in

others, millions of square feet of floors have been covered

with the same material 0

In this section, the condition of floors, as found during

the survey period July 1952 to February 1953 , in buildings of

different occupancy, is discussed and the materials that are

considered satisfactory for repairing them are listed.

Materials that are reported as satisfactory have been observed to render satisfactory service for at least the periods

of time indicated. Some materials that have not proved to be

satisfactory are listed, (See Tables 1 to 9 ? inclusive,)

In cases where a material has not been in service long

enough under a particular condition of exposure to state

positively the minimum length of service it may be expected

to render, an attempt has been made to predict, from Information available from other sources, the service it Is reasonable

to expect. An example is vinyl plastic flooring in barracks,

etc. Some vinyl plastic floorings exposed to heavy foot

traffic have been under observation for 4 years.

No attempt has been made to establish cost data for any

of the materials or methods of repair.
5,1 Barracks (Mobilization-Type, Excluding

Latrine Areas)

Most of these two-story buildings were floored originally

with 25/32 -in,, tongued-and-grooved, flat-grained pine, having

a 3-i/4-in 0 face 0 The flooring was laid over 1-in. diagonallyplaced boards , The average age of these floors was 11 years.

They had been exposed to 8 years of severe use by troops.

The condition of these floors was poor, although they were

still usable. Splintered segments were torn out, wide cracks

appeared between strips and at the end joints, and they have

required between 10 and 15 percent replacement of the boards

in each barracks approximately every four years. The poor

condition of the floors was generally attributed to the

unorthodox methods of maintenance used by the Army; largely

excessive exposure to water (see Fig, 1).

Oak and edge-grained pine gave 15 or more years of satisfactory service when properly maintained and not exposed to

excessive water.

Magnesium oxychloride flooring , heavy duty type, at

least 5/8 in, thick, using proper mixing and installation

methods with proper maintenance, should give 12 years of

satisfactory service (see Fig, 6),
- 7

-

Asphalt tile . 1/8 or 3/16 in„ thick, was not satisfactory

when laid directly over strip-wood flooring, i 0 e„, without

a hard underlayment board (see Fig 0 7)°

Linoleum a burlap-backed, 1/8 in c thick, laid over sanded

strip-wood and felt underlayment, gave approximately 8 years

satisfactory service (see Fig 0 11)

„

Vinyl plastic flooring , felt-backed, with a wearing surface at least 0„03 in„ thick, should be equal in durability

to l/8-in« burlap-backed linoleum*

Pitch composition flooring a felt-backed, laid over stripwood without underlayment board, gave satisfactory service

for approximately 2 to 2=1/2 years before replacement was

required (see Fig» 12 )„ With underlayment board, felt-backed

pitch composition flooring provided satisfactory service for

approximately 3 to 3-1/2 years before localized replacement

was required,,

5o2 Mess Halls (Mobilization^ Company &

Consolidated Types)

(a) Dining Areas

The dining areas of these buildings were floored originally with the same type of strip-pine flooring used in the

barracks o Most of these floors had been covered in each Army

area and from these installations the following conclusions

were drawns
- 8 -

Wood floors were not satisfactory because of damage

from the frequent wet mopping required to keep them in a

sanitary condition.

Concrete slabs . 4 in, or more thick, either structural

or on grade, should provide 15 or more years of satisfactory

service,,

Concrete flooring a 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 in, thick, over wood

should provide 10 or more years of satisfactory service provided appreciable structural movement does not occur

,

Magnesium oxychloride flooring , heavy duty type, at

least 5/8 in, thick, over strip-wood, using proper mix and

installation methods, should give 10 or more years service

in dining-table areas and 5 to 6 years in the heavy trafficked

areas, such as along serving lanes and at street entrances.

Asphalt tile B 1/8 or 3/18 in, thick, was not satisfactory when laid directly over strip-wood flooring without a

hard underlayment board. It was satisfactory when laid

directly over a concrete slab or in conjunction with a

hardboard underlayment over strip-wood floors.

Linoleum , burlap-backed, 1/8 in, thick, was satisfactory if a hard underlayment board was used over the stripwood.
- 9 -

Pitch composition flooring a felt-backed, with underlayment board , over strip-wood, provided only 1 to 2 years

service in the traffic areas and serving lanes

»

(b) Kitchen Areas

The company-type kitchens were floored originally with

strip-pine flooring . Later most of these wood floors were

covered with regular-mix concrete ranging from 1-1/2 to 2=1/2

in0 thick and reinforced or anchored by various methods 0 (See

Department of the Army Technical Manual TM5=6l5 s Concrete and

Masonry o

)

The consolidated-type kitchens were floored originally

with concrete slabs, four or more inches thick, over wood or

on a fill.

From the service life of the concrete and the limited

observations of experimental installations of toppings over

the concrete, the following conclusions were reaehedg

Concrete slabs a in thicknesses of four or more inches,

over wood or on a fill, provided only 5 to 8 years of service

before areas adjacent to ranges, sinks and drains were eroded

severely and the aggregate exposed-,,
- 10 -

1-1/2 to 2=1/2 in Q thick, over wood,

provided only 5 to 7 years of service before areas adjacent

to ranges , sinks and drains were eroded severely and. the

aggregate exposedo Numerous structural cracks also caused

damaging effects (see Fig 0 2) 0 Concrete toppings , integrally-hardened, 1/2 in 0 thick,

over thoroughly scarified., old concrete floors, may prove

to be very satisfactory if adequate bonding procedures are

carried out carefully and the toppings are cured thoroughly

„

Magnesium oxychloride floors over wood or as a topping

over concrete were not satisfactory in kitchen areas since

excessive amounts of water caused deterioration in less than

1 year (see Figs 0 3 and V)„

Asphalt, tile floors ,, grease-resistant, over concrete

were not satisfactory 0 They provided only 6 months of service

before replacements were necessary „ They are damaged readily

by impact and contact with hot cooking utensils and they require a smooth, rigid subfloor

„

Quarry tile floors n with acid-resistant mortar joints

laid over a structural concrete slab, were the most satisfactory of all the kitchen floors observed,, They should give

more than 15 years of excellent service (see Figo 13)° The

floors were reported as being very slippery when wet.
- 11

5°3 Hospitals (Mobilization-Type)

Most hospitals of this type consist of numerous one-story

,

ward buildings connected by long, enclosed corridors 0 Special

buildings, such as operating suites, laboratories, mess halls,

and administrative offices, are also interconnected in the

hospital area. These buildings and corridors were floored

originally with 25/32-in. flat-grained pine over l=in.

diagonally-placed boards . Some wards were floored with edgegrained pine or oak.

(a) Corridors

The corridors have been subjected to constant foot and

cart traffic o The floors were exposed occasionally to rain

from open windows. Most corridors had connecting steam lines,

either suspended from the roof or running directly under the

floor, which often caused damage to the floor from leaks or

extreme heat. In 1944 and 1945, many corridors were covered

with a thin, felt-backed floor covering laid over 1/4—in.

plywood. Some were covered without underlayment . Conclusions

from the observations of these corridors were as follows

s

Plywood underlayment Q Interior-type, showed delaminations

at places exposed to puddles of water or steam leaks, which

resulted in premature damage to the floor coverings at such

locations (see Fig. 8).
- 12 -

Wood floors were not satisfactory because of frequent

exposure to water, unevenness of boards and sanitary requirements (see Fig* Do

Magnesium oxchloride floors were not satisfactory over

wood floors in corridors (see Fig, 5)°

Asphalt tile and felt-backed floor coverings were not

satisfactory without a hard underlayment board (see Fig 0 7)»

Linoleum a burlap-backed, 1/8 in* thick 9 laid over a hard

underlayment board, should give 15 to 20 years service with

normal hospital maintenance

„

Pitch composition matting , slip-resistant type, provided

a satisfactory and safe surface when used on corridor ramps Q Occasional replacement was necessary.,

(b) Wards

The wards, with few exceptions, have had excellent

maintenance and in many cases the original wood floors were

still in good condition, which leads to the following conclusions 8

ance, were very satisfactory.

Asphalt tile „ 1/8 in, thick, felt-backed linoleum and

1/8 in 0 burlap-backed linoleum over a hard underlayment board

provided very satisfactory service when they were maintained

properly.

floors a especially oak, with proper mainten-
- 13 -

(c) Kitchens and Dining Areas

Remarks concerning mess hall floors apply equally to

floors in the kitchen and dining areas of hospitals (see

Mess Halls

)

0

(d) Administrative Offices

The condition of the floors in these buildings was

found to be the same as those in General Administration

Buildings (see Administration Buildings) 0 5o4 Administration and Recreation Buildings

In Administration and Recreation buildings wear of floorings has not been as serious a factor as damage caused by

office furniture 9 game tables or rearrangement of space 0 Based on this type of occupancy, the following observations

were mades

Linoleum,, vinyl plastic o or asphalt tile floorings Q directly over suspended concrete floors or over hardbcard

underlayment on existing wood floors, provided long service

when reasonably protected against severe indenting loads or

abuse o Asphalt tile indents readily at elevated temperatures

such as 120°

F

0 It, however, is one of the few floor coverings

which can be installed satisfactorily over concrete floors in

direct contact with the ground without the slab being thoroughly

waterproofedo
- lb -

Pitch composition type floorings were not satisfactory

because of their relatively low resistance to indentation

puncturing and tearing 0 5o5 Bakeries

These buildings were constructed originally with a concrete slab on. grade 0 Because of dusting of the concrete 9 the

floors have been covered with various materials,. From these

installations , the following conclusions were reached?

Maule floorings a 25/32 in, thick, tongued~and=grooved 9 laid over thoroughly waterproofed, existing concrete floors 9 were satisfactory

te toppings a integrally-hardened, not less than

1/2 in, thick , thoroughly bonded to existing concrete floors,

were satisfactory

,

Magnesium oxychloride floors n heavy-duty type, not less

than 5/8 in, thick, thoroughly bonded to adequately waterproofed existing concrete floors, were satisfactory,

5o6 Warehouses

Most warehouse floors were found to be in a satisfactory

condition. Heavy-duty mastic topping over existing concrete

floors, as specified in War Department Technical Manual

TM5-615, dated October .19^6, rendered very satisfactory service.
- 15 -

6 0 RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations for floor coverings for cantonmenttype buildings § 6»1 Barracks (Mobilization-Type 9 Excluding

Latrine Areas)

(a) Resilient Type

Burlap-backed, linoleum, 1/8 in 0 thick 5 felt-backed

vinyl plastic flooring with a wearing surface not less than

0o0,3 in 0 thick $ and 1/8 in0 asphalt tile 0 The flooring

materials 9 particularly asphalt tile, should be laid over a

hardboard underlayment not less than 3/16 in0 thicko The

hardboard should be nailed on 6 in Q centers in each direction over the entire area with ringed or barbed nails at

least 1-3/*+ in° iong c Consideration should be given to

linoleum and vinyl plastic floorings in tile form 9 particularly at entrances and heavy-trafficked areas , to permit

economical and satisfactory replacement at damaged, or worn

areas o Means should be provided to protect resilient-type

coverings against severe Indenting loads such as from lockers

and legs of cots (see Pig 0 1.5) 0
- 16

(b) Magnesium Oxychloride Cement

Heavy-duty type, at least 5/8 in„ thick, as specified

by the American Standards Association Specification ASA

A88 o 3-1951? "Heavy Duty Oxychloride Composition Flooring and

Its Installation" o The flooring should be installed in the

following manners

After preparation of the subfloor, a layer of 15-lb,

asphalt-saturated felt, conforming to Federal Specification

HH-F-191a, should be laid over all wood floor areas to be

coveredo All edges and joints of felt to be lapped not less

than two inches and tacked in a manner sufficient to hold the

felt in place until metal mesh, is placed, Right-angled dividing strips of brass or suitable plastic, not less than 1/16 in,

thick, and of sufficient width to conform to the thickness of

the flooring, should be nailed to the felt and wood flooring

at least every three feet. The dividing strips should be

placed at not more than 30-ft„ intervals and at inside

entrances to hallways and rooms „ Over the felt and butted

tight to the dividing strips, an anchoring medium consisting

of 2 0 5 lb, small, diamond-mesh, painted, expanded metal lath,

conforming to Federal Specification QQ-B-1016, should be laid

with joints lapped at least 1/2 in 0 The lath should be nailed

with l=l/2-in„ , large head, galvanized, roofing nails, except

over joists, where nails should be of sufficient length to

\
- 17 -

extend not less than 1-1/2 In0 into the floor joists 0 Lath

should be nailed on 6-ineh. centers in two directions and

driven tight enough to secure the lath to wood floor 9 but

not hard enough to force the lath into or puncture the felto

The magnesium oxychloride cement 9 as specified in the

American Standards Association Specification should be

worked into the lath and finished with experienced WGrkmen 0 Consideration should be given to the feasibility of

installing a high wear“.resistant oxychloride composition in

hallways leading to stairs 9 latrine and street entrances

»

(c) Wood Type

Replacement of the top tongued-and-grooved flat-grained

pine with 25/32~in 0 tongued-and-grooved oak or maple in

heavily-trafficked areas 9 or with edge-grained pine or edgegrained fir where less wear resistance is required » The

existing l=ina subfloor should be carefully examined for

loose boards and/or defective places before placing of

building paper and new fop flooring » The finished flooring

should be sanded and sealed with two coats of a penetrating

sealer o Caution should be taken to prevent excessive water

from coming in contact with wood flooring 0
- 18 -

6 0 2 Mess Halls (Mobilization; Company &

Consolidated Types)

(a) Dining Areas

A concrete topping , not less than 1-1/2 in 0 thick,

over existing wood floor

s

0 The topping should be reinforced

with b= X 4~in 0

, No* 10 gage, wire mesh suspended in the

center of the slab and laid over 55"l"b» asphalt-prepared

roll roofing, lapped b inches , and sealed a*t all edges and

joints with asphalt adhesive „ Additional reinforcement with

20-d nails driven along all joists on 12=in 0 centers is

recommended o The nails should be allowed to protrude one

inch above the surface of the wood floor » The following

references are given as sources of information on materials,

placing, finishing, and curing of concretes Department of

the Army Technical Manual TM5~6l5 9 "Concrete and Masonry";

and "Concrete Floor Finishes", Portland Cement Association,

33 West Grand Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

„

Vinyl plastic tile, semi-flexible and flexible, 1/8 in 0 thick, as specified in Interim Federal Specification L-T-751,

dated 1.8 March, 1952 • The tile should be placed over hardboard underlayment not less than 3/16 in c thick, which should

be securely nailed on 6-in 0 centers, in two directions, with
- 19

ringed or barbed nails at least 1=3/4 inc long to the

existing strip-wood floor,, A water-resistant adhesive,,

recommended by the manufacturer of the flooring material 9 should be used in areas likely to be subjected to spillage

of water 9 such as along serving lanes 0 Felt-backed vinyl plastic flooring with a wearing surface not less than Q 0 Q3 in„ thicko The flooring should be

placed over hardboard underlayment over existing wood floor

o

Flexible-type vinyl floorings are not recommended for

concrete floors in direct contact with the ground,. Semiflexible vinyl or asphalt tiles are recommended for such

locations,,

(b) Kitchen Areas

Slip-resistant 9 abrasive-type 9 quarry tile with acidresistant mortar joints „ The tile should be applied, only

over a s true turally= s ound concrete slab and in continuouslyused kitchens 9 such as in a permanent-type mess hallo

Integrally-hardened concrete toppings not less than

1/2 in0 thick 9 or cement-latex toppings not less than 1/4- in Q thicko The toppings should be placed over thoroughly scarified and cleaned existing concrete floors.. Both of these

types of toppings show promise of being satisfactory » However
- 20 -

due to lack of information their use on an extensive

basis is not recommended at this time 0 Additional

studies being made of these materials will be covered

in a supplemental report

„

Existing magnesium oxychloride floors should be

patched and a penetrating sealer applied over the entire

floor to extend the service life as long as possible before

removal,, The sealer should be applied periodically depending upon the condition of the floors but in no case should

the period between applications exceed 6 months 0

6 0 3 Administration and Recreation Buildings

(Including Offices ? Day Rooms , and Club Rooms)

Suspended concrete floors and strip-wood floors in

unsatisfactory condition should be covered with one of the

floorings recommended for barracks 0 Recommended installation methods also apply » Rough concrete surfaces should be

made even with a troweled~on 3 latex-type underlayment before

installing resilient-type floor coverings 0 Concrete floors 9 on- or below~grade ? in need of repair 9 should be leveled with a troweled-on underlayment and covered

with 1/8 in0 asphalt tile or semi-flexible vinyl plastic

tile using a cut-back type asphalt adhesive (see Fig„ 9)«
- 21 -

Means should he provided to protect resilient-type

coverings 9 especially asphalt tile 9 against severe indenting

loads from legs of desks 9 tables , chairs 9 and filing cabinets,, Small-sized casters and glides on all movable furniture and equipment should be replaced with ample-sized

fittings o Heavy equipment should be placed on protective

blocks or cups Q

In view of the likelihood of localized areas being

damaged by severe indenting loads and the rearrangement of

equipment and space 9 the use of resilient-type floor coverings in tile form, is particularly recommended for administration and recreational buildings 9 to accommodate economical and satisfactory replacement at damaged areas (see Fig 0 10 )o

6,,*+ Hospitals (Mobilization-Type)

(a) Corridors

Burlap-backed linoleum^ 1/8 in„ thick 9 or felt-backed

vinyl plastic flooring with a wearing surface not less than

0o03 in.o thick,. These floorings should be laid over a hardboard underlayment not less than 3/16 in Q thick » The hardboard should be nailed on 6-in 0 centers in both directions

over the entire area with, ringed or barbed nails at least

1-3/1*- in Q longo
- 22 -

(b) Wards

In general, the floors in the wards were found to

be in good condition and should render many more years

of service under the present type of maintenance 0 In

the few exceptions where the floors may be in a condition which warrants covering, the recommendations given

for barracks should be foil owed , Recommendations for

the dining areas in mess halls should serve as a guide

for diet kitchens

(c) Kitchen and Dining Areas

Recommendations for mess halls should be followed

for both kitchen and dining areas of hospitals (see Mess

Halls),

(d) Administrative Offices

Recommendations as given for administration and

recreation buildings should be followed,

7o COMMENTS ON THE CARE OF FLOORS

The importance of the proper care and adequate maintenance of floors, in order to prolong their life, render

satisfactory service, and present a pleasing appearance,

can hardly be overemphasized. In the course of the survey,
- 23

it was noted that training courses on floor maintenance

were instituted in a few Army Areas 0 It was also observed

that 9 in general the floors in these Army Areas were in.

relatively good condition0 Probably the most damaging treatment of floors is an

excessive exposure to water 0 Practically all floors are

harmed by such, treatment 9 particularly wood floor

s

Q Con=>

tinued wetting of wood floors causes the grain, of the wood

to raise 3 the strips to expand and buckle 9 and eventually

result in a splintered and split flooring with open seams

and end joints

„

Resilient-type .floor coverings are doubly harmed by

excessive exposure to water 0 Even though the floor covering

itself may be fairly resistant to water 9 failure in bond to

an underlayment or to the subfloor is most likely to result 0 With a wood subfloor 9 additional damage to the floor covering

occurs due to expansion and buckling of the flooring 9 or if

a plywood underlay is involved 9 to the delamination of the

plywood

o

When wood, and resilient=type floors need, to be mopped

in order to cleanse the floor surface 9 the least amount of

water necessary to do the job should be usedo Excess water
- 2b -

should be wrung from the mop Into a pail and not spilled

onto the floor surface 0 When detergent solutions are used,

the floors should be rinsed with clear water G (See Department of the Army Technical Manual TM5-609, Custodial Services ) 0 Paste, spirit, and water emulsion waxes are suitable as a protective surface coating for wood, linoleum,

and vinyl plastic floor coverings * Solvent-type or spirit

waxes should never be used on asphalt tile as the turpentine

or mineral spirits used in such waxes will soften or dissolve

the tile, causing the colors to bleedo Use only water emulsion wax.

In general, water emulsion waxes are less slippery than

paste and spirit waxes „ The addition of colloidal silica to

water emulsion waxes improves their slip resistance „ The

colloidal silica should be added during the manufacturing

process

o

Magnesium oxychloride floors which are porous should be

sealed with a penetrating sealer of low viscosity,. Spirit or

water emulsion waxes are suitable as protective coatings » If

colored waxes are desired, the coloring should be done only by

experienced persons, or waxes already pigmented should be

purchasedo
- 25

While magnesium oxychloride floors are damaged to a

considerable extent by continuous exposure to water 9 such

as occurs around kitchen, sinks 9 they will withstand intermittent exposure to water , such as from occasional spillage

and wet mopping

„

Repeated exposure to strong alkaline solutions or

caustic preparations is harmful to most floors and will

result in early deterioratio.no The service life of linoleum^

in particular 9 is materially reduced by the frequent use of

alkaline cleaning solutions

„

80 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors of this report wish to acknowledge and.

thank the many military and civilian members of the Engineering Section of the Department of the Army for their

splendid cooperation and. valuable assistance in this investigation and survey o Appreciation is also extended to the

Uo S 8 Army Signal Corps for photographs of flooring installations
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WOOD

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(25/32-IN.

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EXCELLENT

COLOR

AND

FINISH.
TABLE

2.

CONCRETE

FLOORS

CONTINUED

a 0 CO

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TABLE

2.

CONCRETE

FLOORS

CONTINUED I

rOI e e . g

a o o a a o • EH • Eh CO a EH EH

CO COa

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ft, <5 • • a <1

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a X a a a a 2 a a a a • a a

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03 H 53 e-i a h a a z 9 EH a a EH Eh Eh Eh a a 3 Z

Z a X < a a a o a a a a a a a z a a 3 o Z o o 3 z o a a x a o u aa a 3 M o a a a

32 i—

i

a o l-l o > a i-i l-H a > EH M a M > Eh 2: a

z i-3 a o x a a o z a a a a a O M a a a 0 EH

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Z Q . 03 o o a M p • • o o z 9 • o o 9 9 X 9 o a • a

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o o o Z o x o a a a o o o o o o a o a O O 0 a

x a 2 a a a o a a „ a a a a

o a o a o a x a a X o o x a o o o o a x a O a

z o z s Z Q WHS a z z a u z z o Z O a o z a

z P P P a p Q p P P a P p

1-3 O o O O o o O o o O o O Q P I—

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Q >3 o >H o >H >H >H >H X >H >H X kH >H O

> z a a a o Z a a a a a a a a a

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0 a 0 1

1—

1

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a a z a a p a a a a p a a

a 2 a a a a a a a a a

0 a EH EH «-t-H EH a EH a X p a a P a p a p

X a 2 2 a 2 a 2 a

a OS <* r. «. *. z O a a a aa aa a a

0 O a EH a p EiP-c Eh q (1) a Eh p

a p • 9 • • a a a • a 0 q a 0 • p P a a 2 Pa 0 0 0 0 0 a a a 0 zo 0 a 0 0 0 0 a a 0 p p P p 0 0 0 p 0 3 0 0 3 p 0 0 0 0

3 z z 3 z 3 3 z 9 CO 0 0 z O Z 0 z O z

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Z O P

O a

O- a O

a

«3W

a a a z a a a a aa a a a a

a £ —0 *— C\J a •-a a a •~a • — —

z

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a a} a Z i- a z a a z a z z z a X Z X X a z 0 X 0

a 0 a a 0 a z a a z 0 a 0 z 9 z a 0 a a a a 3 a 0 q a z X

a z a a a a z a a a a •~o £ 0 z x a a Z a 1 Z a a a ^a

a a a a a a a 0 a a a a a a p a 0 a a 0 a z 2 a a a a a > a

a a 00 a a a a a a a a 0 a a a a a 0 a a a a 0 2 z a a a a z

a 0 Z a a W a z a a 0 0 k a a a X 0 O a 0 a 0 p ao 0 a 0 X

a 0 m a 2 Z aa FQ a a a 2 Z a cx. Z Z z p a X a 0 z 2 a z

0

a H a

a cC z p a a a 1—1 CM P

a a a a CXJ a a a 0 n) 0 a 0 z a

> £ a a a a X

X a • • a a 9 z X > 9 3 • Z X 0

a a 0 O aj 0 0 M a O Cm 0 0 x z a

£-1 m p P 2 Z p 2 P P P 2 p 2 0 z

a a a a a a a a a a a

t-H a a a a a a a a a a a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 a a a a a a a a a a
TABLE

4.

MAGNESIUM

OXYCHLORIDE

(1/2-

5/8

IN.

NOMINAL

THICKNESS)

CONTINUED

- 2

APPROX.

TYPE

OF

METHOD

OF

AGE,

OVERALL

MILITARY

STATION

STRUCTURE

SUBFLOOR

ANCHORING

YRS.

CONDITION

REMARKS

| x-x

• QS CM Q 1 • CO 1 p

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• a 12 p • P p 0 a M p i? 0 0 p eg a p p p 0

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O o <3 CP p 2 2 a 0 2 Q p a a p p a a a p Q 0 p 0

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o 3 C\J EH a eg a 3 • CP Q a. 0 P p P p a a a p p p 3 a o 0 •a 03 >H H °3 CO CO O P > p p a p a p Eh op p r~

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p p > EH a H a Q a 0 a 3 2 P3 a p p 2 2 . . hH p 2 2 eg —

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m ix 2 a x 2 a 22 2 Q ma 2 a 20 a 0

roP rO Jr a rO a a a P 0 0 Jc e P Q a Q a a a p 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 p a 0 a 0 0 O 0 O O O O O 0 O O

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CO 3 O QC 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 O 3 • O 3 O 3h 3 3 • ~s 3 CJ 2 o X CJ 3 O 3 eq

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CO X Q 3 Eh CJ cj EH 3 O 3 • 3 3 CJ • o 3 3 . 3 3

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Q eg 3 o 3 eg 3 3 3 3 3 3 M tO 3 3 3 0 3 03 3 CO H O X 3 3 3 3 CJ 3 3 5 3 CJ 3 M 3 M 3 3

Eh X 3 3 3 3 Eh O M 2 3 3 X 2 O H 2 3 Q 5 X 3 3 o M 3X0 O 3 O 3 O « o X X 3 o 3 OS 0 3 M 3 a 3 3 r»03 3 3 Q 3 3 3 5 CJ o 3 CO 3 3 3 3 3 X 3 X

3

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i Q 3 rH 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3

C\J O O CO 3 rn • 3 1 3 • • 1 33 • • 3 3 \ 3 3 > 3 O 2 1 vj o o 1 >2 o O 3 33 3 EH O t—

i

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3

3

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Eh Eh CO Eh 3 3 3 O 3 3 CJ 3 ro o 3 3 3 EH 3 3 2X30 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 0 CO 3 CO 3 M ro m X O 3 O X 0 3 0 o o 3 EH CO H Q 3 X O X 3 3 3 3 0 3 0 O 3 33 3 Q 3 3. 3 3 CO 3 0 3 3 O 23 2 PO X 3 3 3 3 2 X 2 Q 30 3 3 X

3

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a

a • a EH • a a X ro a a 0 a CO 0 a X X x u a i—1 a • c 0 a X X X a X 0 a 3 -x a X X a < a 3 a a 0 x a

Eh

a 0 q 5; COa

a

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a

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a to ex ft 3 a

CO

a 0 . co

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a

aa

a

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ca

CO 3 a

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coaa

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a 0 aaa

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a

a

a

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a

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aa

a

a

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a

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a

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a ca

a

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M

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a 0 x

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a 0 X

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x co

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a

a 3 0 a

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a

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a

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a

a

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a 0 a

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a

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a eg 3

<5

a

x 0 x egax

a 0 aa 3 a

a

aa

a s a eh

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OM

a

a

xa

a 0 0 a

x

aa 3 0 x x s Q a

a

a

X

a

X

a

X3 a

a

q

a 0 3 EH

O 3 X

X xa XQ

a0M \0 MO

Eh

O

X 3 O

EHa

a IPS 3a

x

a

CO 3

EH Bin S O

aO ao3x MO

a ° a

a • • 0 0 s « • Q

PC

aa 3 a 0 0 a

a 3 0 x

a

O

a

<3 0 t a

a

Qq

a ca pc

Qa

aQ 0

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aa

X

X

a

M EH 0 a

axa ax

a

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a

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a

a

x 0 0 X (X xa IX 0 x a x a.
table k.

magnesium

oxychloride

(1/2-5/8

in.

nominal

thickness)

continued &aP

>H

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Figure 1 . Typical mobilization-type

barracks floor with 25/32 -in., tonguedand-grooved, flat-grained pine having

a 3 lA-in. face. The flooring was

laid over 1-in. , diagonally-placed

boards. Note splintered segments torn

out, and wide cracks between strips

and end joints.

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Figure

3

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floor,

two

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in

kitchen.

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caused

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from

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Figure 5 . Magnesium oxychloride floor, one year old, in

hospital corridor. Note numerous cracks running across

corridor, apparently caused by structural movement of

wood subfloor.

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Figure 7 . Asphalt tile, 1/8-in. thick, four years old,

laid over a strip-pine floor with a 15-18. asphaltsaturated felt underlayment in a mobilization-type

barracks. Note deterioration of tiles and numerous

cracks running parallel to tongued-and-grooved, strip

pine flooring.
gj

.

'

.
Figure 6 . Asphalt tile, five years old, laid over 1/4-in.

plywood adjacent to drinking fountain. Spillage of

water has caused delamination of plywood and subsequent

failure of asphalt tile.

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Figure

10

,

Linoleum,

inlaid,

sheet

form,

i/8-in.

,

fourteen

years

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laid

in

large

administration

building.

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at

seams

and

patching.



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Figure

14

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Foot

locker

stands

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post

blocks

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resilient-type

coverings

against

severe

indenting

loads.

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,

devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on scientific and technical

problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the

development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied

research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and

various consultation and information services. A major portion of the Bureau’s work is performed

for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy

Commission. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the

inside of the front cover.

Reports and Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project or program. Published papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly periodicals, available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which presents

complete papers reporting technical investigations; the Technical News Bulletin, which presents

summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions,

which provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout

the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: The Applied Mathematics

Series, Circulars, Handbooks, Building Materials and Structures Reports, and Miscellaneous

Publications.

Information on the Bureau’s publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of

the National Bureau of Standards ($1.00). Information on calibration services and fees can be

found in NBS Circular 483, Testing by the National Bureau of Standards (25 cents). Both are available from the Government Printing Office. Inquiries regarding the Bureau’s reports and

publications should be addressed to the Office of Scientific Publications, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C.