SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ANTHROPOLOG Y • NUMBE R 3 1 

The Great Tzotzil Dictionary 

of Santo Domingo Zinacantan 

with Grammatical Analysis 

and Historical Commentary 

VOLUME I: Tzotzil-English 

Robert M. Laughlin 

with John B. Haviland 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS 

Washington, D.C. 

1988 
ABSTRAC T 

Laughlin, Robert M. The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantan, with 

Grammatical Analysis and Historical Commentary, Volume I: Tzotzil-English; Volume II: 

English-Tzotzil; Volume III: Spanish-Tzotzil. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, 

number 31, 1119 pages, 29 figures, 34 tables, 1988.—This dictionary of Tzotzil (Mayan) 

vocabulary from the town of Zinacantan, Chiapas, Mexico, was edited by the author over a 

period of nine years. The original manuscript, compiled by an anonymous Domimcan friar, 

probably at the close of the 16th century, disappeared during the Mexican Revolution but a 

manuscript copy of 351 pages survives. It was made around 1906 at the behest of the Bishop 

of Chiapas, Francisco Orozco y Jimenez. The approximately 11,000 Spanish-Tzotzil entnes 

have been translated into English. Following the format of The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San 

Lorenzo Zinacantan. the colonial Tzotzil has been ordered by roots. The spelling has been 

corrected and modernized. Doubtful interpretations are stated and problems are brought to the 

reader's attention, with frequent reference to the existing colonial Tzeltal dictionaries. Ea.ch 

entry is analyzed grammatically according to a system devised by John B. Haviland. All entries 

are keyed to their original location in the manuscript copy. A second section provides an 

English-Tzotzil dictionary and index for the thesaurus that follows. To make the cultural 

contents of this dictionary more readily available to anthropologists and historians, the thesaurus 

groups the Tzotzil terms under 36 cultural categories such as world, movement, life cycle, 

emotions, agriculture, ailments, religion, etc. Of special interest is metaphoric speech, 

subdivided into 10 categories. A third section presents the Spanish-Tzotzil dictionary slightly 

abbreviated and with the spelling of both languages modernized. A facsimile of the manuscript 

copy is also offered. Preceding the dictionaries is a historical sketch that places the original in 

its colonial setting, compares it to other 16th and 17th century lexicographic efforts, and 

suggests a possible author. The lives of the five individuals responsible for the preservation of 

the manuscript copy are traced. John B. Haviland, drawing upon the contents of the manuscript, 

provides a detailed analysis of the grammatical changes that have occurred in Tzotzil over the 

past four centuries. 

OFFICIAL PtJBLlCATlON DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded 

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. COVER DESIGN: Mayan glyphs, "The Writing, 

the Speech, of the People of the Bat, the Black Lords," by David S. Stuart. 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

Laughlin, Robert M. 

The great Tzotzil dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantan. 

(Smithsonian contributions to anthropology ; no 31) 

Bibliography: v. 1, p. 

Contents: v. 1. Tzotzil-English—v. 2. English-Tzotzil—v. 3. Spanish-Tzotzil. 

SupL of Docs, no.: SI 1.33:31 

1. Tzotzil language—-Dictionaries^English. 2. English languages-Dictionaries—Tzotzil. 3. Spanish language— 

Dictionaries—Tzotzil. I. Haviland, John B. II. Title. III. Series. 

GN1.S54 no. 31a 301s 87-600364 [PM4466.Z5] [497'.4] 
Contents 

VOLUME I 

Page 

Epigraph vii 

Welcome to the Party! ix 

A Web of Mysteries 1 

The Search for Souls 1 

The Search for Words 8 

X, Y, and Z 28 

Francisco Orozco y Jimenez 33 

Nicolas Leon 48 

Paul Wilkinson 53 

William E. Gates 56 

Robert Garrett 61 

At Play in the Fields of the Lord 66 

Notes 74 

It's My Own Invention: A Comparative Grammatical Sketch of Colonial Tzotzil, 

by John B. Haviland 79 

Outline 79 

1. Introduction to the Grammatical Formulas 79 

2. Simple Sentences 86 

3. Nominal Constituents 97 

4. The Verb Phrase 107 

5. Complex Sentences 118 

Explanatory Notes 122 

A Word of Warning 122 

The Design 122 

Tzotzil-English 122 

English-Tzotzil 122 

Spanish-Tzotzil 123 

Phonology 123 

Compounds 123 

Tzotzil-English Dictionary 125 

Appendix: Undetermined Words 344 

References 346 

1. Anonymous Manuscripts 346 

2. Newspapers 346 

3. Correspondence 346 

4. Published Works 348 

TABLES 

1. Comparison of 20 entries for echar and echarse 11 

2. Comparison of entries for empanada 11 

3. Dictionaries examined for cultural comparison 11 

4. Weather 12 

5. Metals, stone, jewels 12 

6. Edible plants 12 

7. Herbs, spices 12 

8. Flowers 1"^ 

9. Fruit 14 

10. Textile plants, etc 14 

11. Bread, etc 14 

12. Illness 14 

111 
iv SMITHSONIAN CONTRJBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

13. Architecture 16 

14. Furniture and furnishings 16 

15. Tools, etc 16 

16. Clothing .* 18 

17. Government, etc 18 

18. Punishment 20 

19. Laborers, servants 20 

20. Army 20 

21. Military construction 20 

22. Arms and armor 20 

23. Navy, etc 22 

24. Schooling 22 

25. Music 24 

26. Sports and games 24 

27. Most frequent entries from Tables 4-26 26 

28. Sum of shared entries 26 

29. Rank of sharing in cultural categories 27 

30. Sum of rankings in cultural categories 27 

31. Sum of entries 28 

32. Comparison of one page of Ara with Guzman and Z 29 

33. Comparison of colonial and modem roots 68 

34. Colonial roots 69 

FIGURES 

FRONTISPIECE: Bishop Bartolome de las Casas seeking souls in San Cristobal 

de las Casas viii 

1. Church and former monastery of St. Dominic 7 

2. Bishop Francisco Orozco y Jimenez, 1902 35 

3. Bishop Orozco y Jimenez with two of his students in Rome, 1907 36 

4. Episcopal Palace, San Crist6bal de las Casas, 1906 37 

5. Episcopal Palace and Cathedral of San Cristobal L.C., ca. 1950 38 

6. Emblem of the bishopric of Chiapas, 1907 39 

7. Archbishop Orozco y Jimenez in hiding in Jalisco, ca. 1926 46 

8. Birthplace of Dr. Leon, Quiroga, Michoacan 49 

9. Dr. Nicolas Leon in the field 50 

10. Dr. Leon's study 51 

11. Bookplate of Dr. Leon 51 

12. Commemorative plaque , 52 

13. Dr. Nicolas Leon in formal pose 53 

14. Dr. Nicolas Leon at ease 53 

15. Paul Wilkinson, 1891 54 

16. Wilkinson book sale catalogue 55 

17. William E, Gates and Cipriano Alvarado at the kymograph, 1923 59 

18. Robert Garrett at the First Olympics in Athens, 1896 62 

19. Robert Garrett in later life 63 

20. Bookplate of Robert Garrett 63 

21. Evergreen, home of Robert Garrett 64 

22. Alfred Bush 67 

23. The fiddler, John B. Haviland, with Romin Peres Peres, rebuilding the roof 

of his dream house in Naben Chauk, 1984 68 

24. The author at play in the fields of the Lord, 1982 70 

25. First approximation 71 

26. Spanish key; stage 1 71 

27. Spanish key; stage 2 72 
NUMBER 31 

28. Grammatical revision and preparation for computer 73 

VOLUME II 

English-Tzotzil Dictionary v 

Foreword vi 

EngUsh-Tzotzil 357 

EngUsh-Tzotzil Thesaurus 483 

OutUne 483 

Thesaurus 485 

VOLUME III 

Spanish-Tzotzil Dictionary v 

Foreword vi 

SUkeb Lo'il 655 

Colonial Spanish Terms Modernized in the Text 657 

Spanish-Tzotzil 661 

Spanish-Tzotzil Facsimile 767 
To William E. Proxmire, 

for the fun of it! 
EPIGRAPH 

Y sobre todo esta lengua [Tzotzil] es imperfecta 

y barbara y estoy cierto que aun los 

mas Peritos en ella no podran explicar 

muchos conceptos que quieran. 

Nicolas de Morales y Astina 

(1789) 

1st SPECTATOR [from the audience]: All you need is a dictionary! 

3rd SPECTATOR: There's no harm in that—dictionaries have all the words. 

Eugene lonesco 

But when not satisfied with Spoils at home, 

The Pyrate wou'd to foreign Borders roam; 

May he still split on some unlucky Coast, 

And have his Works, or Dictionary lost... 

Matthew Prior 

A Satyr on the Modern Translators 

(1685) 

Words are not pebbles in alien juxtaposition; they have only a communal 

existence; and not only does the meaning of each interpenetrate the other, but 

all in their aggregate take their purport from the setting in which they are used... 

Judge Learned Hand 
"W#/.^-v 

>-:»-

^ 

FRONTISPIECE.—Bishop Banolome de las Casas seeking souls in San Cristobal de las Casas. (Photo by Frank 

Cancian.) 
Welcome to the Party! 

On this Thanksgiving Day, it seems meet and right to turn my thoughts to the host of 

people who contributed by spoken or written word and by deed to the fashioning of this 

Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantan. 

I will call up first, from early colonial times, the anonymous friar and the unknown 

Indians from Zinacantan and neighboring towns, who answered his endless questions, so 

that he could bring to completion his Diccionario grande to further his evangelical 

mission. Then there are the nameless friars whose linguistic efforts in Chiapas contributed 

in unknown ways and to an unknown degree to the work of this Dominican I am calling 

"Z." 

Of those with names, first and foremost come "the Father of the Indians," Bishop 

Bartolome de las Casas, and his inspired assistants: Fray Domingo de Ara, linguist, and 

the four friars who founded the monastery of Zinacantan; Fray Tomas de la Torre, 

historian. Fray Pedro de la Cruz, architect. Fray Jordan de Piamonte, horticulturalist, and 

Fray Alonso del Portillo, oracle. 

They are followed by Fray Andres del Valle, administrator. Fray Manuel Enriquez de 

Paz, nobleman of Salamanca who might have been "Z," and by Fray Alonso de Guzman, 

who revised and expanded Ara's Tzeltal dictionary. 

My knowledge of Santo Domingo Zinacantan is owed primarily to Antonio Remesal, 

Francisco Ximenes, and the accounts published by Justo Cuervo, drawn in great part from 

the words of their fellow Dominican, Tomas de la Torre. 

In my attempts to expand my colonial sources or to comprehend better the contents of 

the dictionary before me, I was generously aided by Ramon Hernandes, O.P., of the 

Instituto Historico de San Esteban in Salamanca, by Miguel Leon-Portilla, and by George 

Collier, Jorge Klor de Alva, Charles Dibble, James M. Lockhart, and George Kubler. 

Edward Calnek, the first to discover the historical value of this dictionary, contributed to 

my understanding. 

I should not fail to include the religious lexicographers from Spain to Mexico, 

Guatemala, Peru, and Paraguay, whose works I compared with the Diccionario grande, 

and with them, Fray Tomas Connally and Fray Tomas Higgins, who led me out of many 

definitive quandaries. 

Turning now to the twentieth century, there is the anonymous priest of San Cristobal 

who copied the Diccionario grande with a clear hand at the request of the indomitable 

Bishop Francisco Orozco y Jimenez. It was the bishop who rescued this dictionary from 

oblivion. Despite his conservative Catholicism, he Uved a life of epic proportions with a 

love for humanity in general and Indians in particular, determined to spread the riches of 

civilization and by unyielding passive resistance to defend his Church from attack. He 

has been an inspiration for me. 

In my quixotic search for the original manuscript and for further knowledge of Bishop 

Orozco I was aided by Monsignor James P. Gaffey, Perez Alonso, S.J., of the Jesuit 

archives in Mexico City, by Antonio Garcia, religious of Guadalajara, by members of the 

Archivo Diocesano of Guadalajara and the Biblioteca de la Universidad de Guadalajara, 

by Luis Gonzalez y Gonzalez of the Colegio de Michoacan in Zamora, and by Francisco 

Castillo Cervantes, also of Zamora, and by the bishop's cousins, Guillcrmo -Ajce of 

Guadalajara and Fernando G. Arce of Mexico City. In San Cristobal I exploited the 

hospitality of Gertrude "Trudi" Duby Blom, and with the assistance of Joan Norris, tracked 

down the bishop's published works, preserved under lock and key at Na Bolom. Prudencio 

Moscoso Pastrana graciously permitted me to spend hours in his library consulting local 

ix 
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

material unavailable elsewhere. He gave me a photographs of the bishop and early views 

of San Cristobal, and vividly described the arrival of the Carranza troops and their 

destruction of the bishop's library. Michele McGuirk provided me with faithful copies 

of Don Prudencio's photographs. Angelica Inda y Buendia of the Archivo Historico 

Diocesano de San Cristobal stretched library hours for my benefit and enthusiastically 

joined me in the search for pieces of the puzzle. After my departure. Heather "Erica" L. 

Shaw burrowed through dusty documents there to solve a few mysteries that had plagued 

me. Jan de Vos, S.J. showed me his copy of an important letter from the bishop to Dr. 

Leon housed in the Newberry Library. Lie. Angel Robles Ramirez handed me an 

incomplete copy of an evanescent memorandum issued clandestinely in "a parish of this 

archbishopric," which included a description of Orozco's activities in Chiapas. John 

Steichen, chancellor of the Oklahoma diocese jimmied open a file, and his secretary, Helen 

Sellers, tossed around boxes of books in our futile attempt to discover the manuscript 

Sister Theodore Mary Von Elm provided the coup de grace, by assuring me that she had 

never seen the Diccionario grande in Bishop Kelley's library. My disappointment was 

lessened by the knowledge that "my" dictionary could not have shared the fate of the 

bloated and twisted books stored in hundreds of boxes in the seminary basement, victims 

of a broken water pipe. 

Tony Zito of the Catholic University Archives, Brother Michael George of Loyola 

University Archives, Edmund A. Balcerak, General Secretary of the Catholic Church 

Extension Society, and anonymous members of Georgetown University Library, the New 

York PubUc Library, the Van Pelt Library of the University of Pennsylvania, the Newberry 

Library, the Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico, the Biblioteca del Museo Nacional de 

Antropologia, and the Archivo General de la Nacion all assisted me in my search for 

material. 

Fernando Gutierrez Morales passed on to me the altar boy's story of the bishop's 

dramatic escape. Josefa Pineda de Hernandez, granddaughter of Governor Manuel Pineda, 

niece of the grammarian Vicente Pineda, and daughter of General Alberto Pineda, told 

me of the bishop's ranches that the bishop, upon leaving Chiapas, sold to her father. 

Engelberto Castaneda of Alemajac del Valle, formerly of San Cristobal de la Barranca, 

JaUsco, identified locally as "the lame man with the cows," recounted his boyhood 

memories of his life with the bishop in hiding. And there is the anonymous cab driver, 

formerly of Jalisco, who drove me to the Mexico City airport as he told me how he had 

replaced a mule in the mill to grind wheat for the fugitive bishop's bread. 

Next in line comes Nicolas Leon, as indomitable as the bishop, and, in his own way, a 

compelling figure. My pursuit of Dr. Leon was aided by Donald Brand, George M. Foster, 

T. Dale Stewart, and Lucile St. Hoyme. In Morelia, Daniel Schavelson, and in Mexico 

City, William L. Merrill, Jose Miguel Quintana, Ignacio Bernal, Antonio Pompa y Pompa, 

Daniel F. Rubin de la Borbolla, Jaime Litvak King, and Antonio Alatorre responded to 

my inquiries and guided my way. Javier Romero of the Departamento de Antropologia 

Fisica in the Museo Nacional de Antropologia, discovered for me the three photographs 

of Dr. Leon reproduced here. In Quiroga I conversed with Pedro Fuentes Magana, present 

owner of Dr. Leon's birthplace. I also conversed with Leon's descendants Sra. Soledad 

Leon Serrania Vda. de Concha and her son, J. Luis Enrique del Monte Carmelo Concha 

Leon. 

Members of the Smithsonian Institution Archives, James L. Glenn and others of the 

National Anthropological Archives and staff of the American Philosophical Society 

Library assisted me in uncovering Leon's correspondence. 

Next in the procession appears, but briefly, the mysterious Paul Wilkinson. My attempts 

to trace him further were made with the determined assistance of anonymous members 

of public libraries in Kansas City, Kansas, Los Angeles, California, and El Paso and 

McAUen, Texas, Sally DuMaux of the Frances Howard Goldwyn Hollywood Regional 

Library, and of Cesar Caballero of the University of Texas at El Paso Library, who 

searched even the cemetery records of El Paso. A Mrs. Wilkinson, no kin to Paul 
NUMBER 31 XI 

Wilkinson, but whose baby had been given a beauty prize years ago by Paul's brother, 

Hugh, tried to steer me in the right direction. Rowan Koehler, an editor of the Seneca, 

Kansas, Courier-Tribune, whose aged mother had been the housekeeper for Paul 

Wilkinson's parents, gained permission for me from Seneca Free Librarian Elizabeth 

Weber and Library Board President Lance Tempel to have free access to the library's 

newpaper files. He also pointed out to me a defective WPA file of obituaries that 

nevertheless deviously led me to Paul's icy headstone. Elizabeth W Vaughan, niece of 

the missing man and resident of Kansas City, kept my letter on her bedside table for 

months to remind her to make still another search in her cellar for photographs of her 

uncle, and finally brought one to light that, because of its date, could only have been a 

picture of her Uncle Paul. In the National Archives, I discovered Wilkinson's date of birth 

in the 1888 census polls. John B. Glass led me to Wilkinson's sales catalogs. 

When it comes to William E. Gates, his typescript Tzeltal copies of Ara-Guzman were 

of great assistance. His enthusiasm and persistence I could enjoy fully. Being spared his 

cranky complaints I could share his dreams. Gareth Lowe's introduction to "Dr." Gates 

is a fine one. Thomas Niehaus of the Latin American Library, Tulane University, and 

numerous members of the Lee Library, Brigham Young University, aided me further, 

providing the photograph of William Gates at the kymograph. 

Following Gates is Robert Garrett, who brought the Diccionario grande to my 

hometown and eventually to my alma mater. At the archives of the Institute for Advanced 

Studies I was kindly permitted me to consult the Garrett files. The Princeton Alumni 

Weekly gave me a copy of his appearance at the first Olympics. Robert Garrett's son, 

Harrison, whose father-in-law's sister, by marrying my second cousin once-removed, 

became a Laughlin, is my inside connection, providing an intimate view of his father's 

life, as well as a photograph. William Sloane has given me a further glimpse of Robert 

Garrett. Alfred Bush has sent me a copy of his bookplate from the Princeton University 

Library Department of Rare Books and Special Collections. 

Which brings me to Alfred Bush, Curator of the Princeton Collection of Western 

Americana, who, obviously, should be the beadle, the mace bearer at the head of the 

procession, for it was he who discovered the Diccionario grande buried in the vault of 

the Princeton University Library, and who first told me of its existence. He let me make, 

first, the xerox copy that has hounded my steps, and, later, the facsimile reproduction. If 

it were not for Alfred Bush.... Only Kim Otis was able to track down a photograph of 

this illusive figure who came to be known by us as "Greta Garbo." 

I am indebted to all those modern lexicographers whose works are listed in the Literature 

Cited, and to the following linguists who helped me figure out recalcitrant forms: James 

Fox, Nicholas Hopkins, Terrence Kaufman, Ulrich Kohler, Carlos Lenkersdorf, Barbara 

MacLeod, William Norman, Victoria Reifler, Brian Stross, and Pierre Ventur. William 

Norman should take the credit for insisting, to my dismay, that each entry in the 

Tzotzil-English section be keyed to the Spanish original. Floyd Lounsbury struggled with 

the kin terms, concluding that they did not present a viable system. Ava Berinstein is 

here for a more absurd reason. The members of the Albert Gallatin Philological circle are 

here in aU seriousness. Johannes Linn clarified for me the meaning of a nest of German 

Mayan lexicographic riddles. 

In my efforts to reduce the undecipherable Tzotzil words I was aided also by two Choi 

friends of Barbara MacLeod, by a Tenejapan Tzeltal with a flashing set of gold teeth, and 

by the last woman in Venustiano Carranza who knew how to spin, introduced to me by 

Walter "Chip" Morris. Their names have all fled. My compadres Anselmo Peres Peres 

and Petul Vaskes resurrected a good number of archaic or infrequent terms that never 

entered my 1975 dictionary. 

Next in line are the priests of Zinacantan, Jose Luis J. Arguelles, O.P., and Jan de Vos, 

S.J., who spent many afternoons attempting to unscramble Z's part-Spanish, part-Latin 

grammatic explanations. Ives Goddard, too, lent a hand. 

When I discovered that the Ara dictionary was missing from the Berendt collection 1 
Xll SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

purchased a microfilm copy from James Rauh. As I dimmed my eyes peering at the fuzzy 

film, I cursed him for having purloined the original. Now that the dictionary has happily 

reappeared in the collection I apologize for my slander. Years later, Norman McQuown 

kindly provided me with a clear microfilm copy of the same. 

For tiie Mayan glphyic tiUe of this book, "The Writing, the Speech, of the People of 

the Bat, the Black Lords," I am indebted to the hand of David S. Stuart. 

Frank Cancian's camera caught Bishop Las Casas for me as he headed for cover from 

an August shower. 

Paula Cardwell and Karen Willson at the Smithsonian and Frances T Mendez in San 

Cristobal manned the machines to convert my illegible scribbles to typescript—a 

monumental task! At the beginning of this project I was aided by Rita Freidin. 

R. Joe Campbell generously lent me his adaptation of Voegelin and Voegelin's cultural 

domain scheme for his presentation of Molina's Nahuatl dictionary. Responsibility for 

revising this classification of English terms into more appropriate cultural categories 

became the bane of Priscilla Rachun Linn's existence. Night after night, for months and 

months she sorted and resorted words until at last she had invented a whole new creation. 

How can I provide sufficient thanks? Judy Boruchoff then stepped in to help me revise 

and prune the system where needed—this with an intelligence and cheerfulness that was 

a pleasure to behold. 

I swore I would never let my words be swallowed up again by a computer, but once 

more I capitulated—this time to Kelly Jensen's reasoning. David French welcomed my 

floppy disks into his deparunent. Now Johanna Humphrey should take a bow. If anyone 

can take the sting out of a computer it is she. It is hard not to worship her! And she is 

just as easy marshalling her corps of engineers: Hazel I. Bobb, Kathleen H. Reinberg, 

Regina Cain, Charlotte Child, and Irene Zimmerman who faithfully tended their ANT 

CHILD, righted it when it tripped over God, and miraculously transformed it into this 

great dictionary! By their manipulations I discovered that I, too, just as Guzman and Z, 

had cross-referenced to imaginary entries. I suppose I should give personal thanks to the 

computers, too. Not yet! 

I presented Victor Krantz with a faded manuscript and many blurred photographs with 

the request for clear copy and good resolution. He worked with good result. Marcia Bakry 

arrowed in for me on Santo Domingo. 

Angeline D. Smith, Janette K. Saquet, and many others in the Smithsonian Library 

helped me innumerable times to locate obscure or ill-identified sources. 

Anna Spriggs and Juanda Gates have cheered my mornings and pulled the trash of this 

great dictionary. S. Dillon Ripley, secretary emeritus of the Smithsonian Institution, 

keeper of the well, kept my research running to Chiapas and back, and back again for 

more. Former director of the National Museum of Natural History, Porter M. Kier, and 

present director, Richard S. Fiske, former chairmen of the Department of Anthropology, 

William W. Fitzhugh and Douglas H. Ubelaker, and present chairperson Adrienne L. 

Kaeppler have given me only encouragement and wished me godspeed. Clara Ann 

Simmons has managed to keep the red tape out from under my feet 

Barbara Spann, Supervisory Editor, Smithsonian Institution Press, accepted the 

challenge of this endeavor, providing continuous encouragement to the author and to his 

editor, Donald Fisher, who, with quiet humor and relentless determination, trained the 

computer to produce just what we intended. 

At the end of this procession strides John B. Haviland who, in addition to contributing 

the grammatical chapter, after closely examining drafts of this dictionary one murky 

afternoon in Naben Chauk, carried them to the Australian outback where he devised a 

whole new notational system and revised the pages accordingly. I cannot resist confessing 

that he began the task on his portable computer, but, to save time, finished with a blue 

pencil! In revenge, perhaps, he caught for posterity a view of his colleague and fellow 

reveller at a Vaskes wedding in Naben Chauk. 

Drs. Percy Wood and Ervin Varga restored my spirits and allowed me to complete this 

dictionary. 
NUMBER 31 xiii 

Here should be marshalled my in-laws, Reese and Dorothee S. Wolfe, who have always 

been supportive in this endeavor, as has my mother, Roberta H. Laughlin, who is still 

trying to figure it out. My late father, Ledlie I. Laughlin, showed me what fun it is to untie 

historical knots and become a super sleuth. 

Now, the rear guard: my wife, Miriam "Mimi" W. LaughUn, and my children. Liana 

DeW Laughlin and Reese T. Laughlin, who for all these years have had to live with this 

Diccionario grande spread across tabletops, littering the floor, filling their husband's or 

father's mind and mouth with Elizabethan Tzotzil words, words, words. My children 

could escape, but my wife has been caught in this web these many years. Indeed she has 

accompanied me from San Cristobal de las Casas to San Cristobal de la Barranca. The 

miracle is she can still laugh and we will be laughing hard together when it is all over. 

But as for laughs, for fun, let's think of the procession. In colonial Tzotzil it is ajoyijel, 

a walk that proceeds in a circle, starting, continuing, and returning to the starting point. 

A procession occurs always at a celebration. So let's return to the beginning and have a 

big party, and let's invite all those in the bibhography who I never mentioned, too. This 

would add Fray Bernardino de Sahagiin, Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Thomas Gage, Frederick 

Smith, and the great Calepino. And I almost forgot some other notables who strayed into 

this web of associations: Senator William E. Proxmire, Pajarito, and Dwight Morrow. 

We'll have Jesuits, Dominicans, Franciscans and Augustinians, Evangelists, Baptists, 

Jews, Catholics, Masons and heathens, archbishops, bishops, cardinals, monsignors, and 

chancellors, generals, majors and captains, dukes, counts, ministers, ambassadors, 

governors and senators, smelters, printers, accountants, journalists, archivists and 

librarians, obstetricians, architects, horticulturalists, administrators, lawyers, teachers, and 

oracles. We'll invite Cathohc ladies of San Cristobal and cleaning ladies of Washington, 

D.C, Zinacantecs, Chamulas, Tzeltals, and Chols. There will be Blacks, Whites, and 

Indians. 

Not to be forgotten are the ethnologists, archeologists, and physical anthropologists, 

nor the historians, geographers and geologists, nor the botanists, ornithologists, or 

echinologists to bolster the rectors and vice-rectors, university presidents and secretaries 

of the Smithsonian Institution. Catch the poet, before he slips away! As I included the 

present secretary, Robert McC. Adams, as a supporter for my first dictionary, I am sure 

he would not feel uncomfortable celebrating with us here, for it is quite a cosmopolitan 

company: Mexicans, Americans, English, Spaniards, Argentinians, Persians, French, 

Germans, Italians, Guatemalans, Arabs, Turks, and Japanese. 

Let's extend our invitation list to those in power who touched or were touched by those 

associated with the Diccionario grande: Maximilian of Bavaria and the Reina Infanta, 

Felipe II and Alfonso XIII, Emperor Maximilian, and 7 presidents of Mexico, Porfirio 

Diaz, Francisco Leon de la Barra, Francisco Madero, Venustiano Carranza, Alvaro 

Obregdn, Plutarco Calles, and EmiUo Portes Gil. To this assemblage of politicians should 

be added Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge, Emperor Hirohito, Sultan Abdul Hamid 

II, and 3 popes; Pius X, Benedict XV and Pius XI. To keep the peace and bless this event 

we should include 'Alajom and Patol, San Felipe de Jesiis de las Casas, Our Lady of 

Guadalupe, and, of course, Santo Domingo! 

Though 1 do not mention them by name, all my friends and relatives in this country 

and my Chiapas cronies who have heard all about this dictionary from me deserve a fluid 

reward. 

What fun it will be to toast to the long life of the Diccionario grande, to see the faces 

of the anonymous Indians and lexicographers, the copyist, G.H., and Paul Wilkinson, to 

discover, in the end, who "Z" really is! 

You who read these lines are now associated, too, whoever and whatever you are. Thank 

you. Welcome to the party. Let it be great! 

Robert M. Laughlin 

November 1984 
The Great Tzotzil Dictionary 

of Santo Domingo Zinacantan 

Robert M. Laughlin 

A Web of Mysteries 

A dictionary is not merely a list of words, but a creation of 

its time, influenced by those who prepare for its coming, and 

by those who touch it Not merely a passive creation, it 

influences the lives of those whom it touches. So I have set 

about to recreate the times and the individuals who most likely 

contributed to the creation and preservation of the dictionary 

sometimes called El diccionario grande, and which I have 

named The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo 

Zinacantan.Thos,t who expect to follow an unequivocal history 

will be caught, as was I, in a web of mysteries. That is the truth! 

The Search for Souls 

On 11 July 1544, a fleet of 27 ships, defended by an armed 

galleon, set sail from a small port in southern Spain. Sharing 

passage on a single ship were the Bishop of Chiapas, Fray 

Bartolome de las Casas, 37 priests, and 10 deacons—the largest 

group of Dominicans yet to venture to the New World. 

Two months later, they landed in Santo Domingo, where 

they waited out die tropic storms until December. After a 

fearful trip, their sinking spirits buoyed by a chorus of prayers 

and hymns, they arrived in Campeche. A first boat was 

embarked by 10 friars on the Laguna de Terminos, but old and 

overladen with their books and provisions, it foundered in a 

tempest. Singly and in pairs, the friars were washed overboard, 

leaving but one desolate survivor. Before they set out again, 

the remaining 36 missionaries retrieved their library from the 

shallow lake bottom. At last they reached Tabasco and the 

mountains of Chiapas, some so debilitated that they were 

carried by Indians in hammocks. Fording three rivers and 

crossing five arroyos, they climbed the perilous trail up to 

Zinacantan, in the highlands of Chiapas, reaching the Spanish 

capital, Ciudad Real, on St. Gregory's Day, 12 March 1545. 

Robert M. Laughlin, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural 

History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. 

Ciudad Real, midway on the trail that led from the coast to 

Guatemala, was not yet 20 years old. In 1540 there were 50 

Spanish family heads; by 1611 the number was to grow to 280. 

Not long after the arrival of the clergy a church stood in 

Ciudad Real, "but the church was much inferior to the 

residences of the Conquistadors, who made a show of their 

wealth."^ If the Tzeltal and Tzotzil dictionaries compiled by 

the early friars paint a true picture of Spanish life in Ciudad 

Real, one sees all the magnificence of a European court 

transported to the mountains of Chiapas: turreted walls and 

keeps, sun galleries, tapestries and canopied feather beds, 

copper, gold, and silver platters, wineskins and wine jugs. But 

to maintain this way of life required a retinue of servants and 

slaves, from the doorman to the taster of the lord's plate. To 

clothe and outfit the lords and their ladies there was a host of 

artisans: jewelers, doublet makers, cobblers, etc. For lordly 

amusement racing greyhounds competed with jousts and 

tourneys, falconry, jesters and jugglers, chess and pool, the 

music of lute, monochord, and sackbutt. 

But there was also the dark side: the plague, buboes, king's 

evil, diarrhea, and leprosy, compounded with highwaymen, 

picklocks, counterfeit cocoa beans, manacles and fetters, the 

place of public punishment, the dungeon, the pillory, and the 

gallows. From the dictionary, "We whipped him, but he did 

not profit by it."^ 

Visiting Ciudad Real in 1616, Fray Antonio de Remesal 

was suitably impressed. 

Their nobility shines in their care towards their appearance and their houses 

which they maintain so well that each house could provide a surplus of many 

ducats of rent. Their suits and uniforms could be worn at court. The 

promenading of the horses as on the border, and their excellence exceeds the 

finest of Spain.' 

But there were complaints that because the landholders Uved 

on their estates, the town lacked highways, bridges, and a water 

system. Constant quarrels among the Spaniards brought a 

1 
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

decadence to Ciudad Real lovingly described by Thomas Gage. 

The city of Chiapa Real is one of the meanest cities in all America...The 

merchants' chief trading there is in cacao, cotton...some sugar...a little 

cochineal.'' The gentlemen of Chiapa are a by-word aU about that country, 

signifying great dons...great birth, fantastic pride, joined with simplicity, 

ignorance, misery, and penury. These gentlemen wUl say they descend from 

some duke's house in Spain, and immediately from the first Conquerors; yet 

in carriage they are but clowns, in wit, abilities, parts and discourse as 

shaUow-brained as a low brook, whose waters are scarce able to leap over a 

pebble stone, any small reason tires their weak brain, which is easily at a stand 

when sense is propounded, and slides on speedily when nonsense carrieth the 

stream.^ 

The gentlemen Creoles...will be sure to vent out some non-truth, as to say, 

"O Sir, what a dainty partridge have I eat today," whereas they pick out nothing 

from their teeth but a black husk of a dry frijol or turkey bean.^ 

Yet, Monsignor Flores, modern local historian, cautions that 

these are the words of "the number one enemy of Ciudad 

Real," who was not, indeed, a Dominican friar as claimed, but 

a Cromwellian spy!'^ 

Into this "cradle of lords" fell Fray Bartolome and his 

followers, expecting to minister to their countrymen as they 

had at home and then begin the difficult task of converting the 

"barbaric" Indians to Christianity. They came with three 

guiding principles: 

1. Administer the sacraments as if to men and not to beasts. 

2. Treat the Indians with love, charity, gentieness. 

3. Be the examples of what we preach, especially in 

cleanliness and poverty.^ 

Tomas Casillas, a leader of the Church, gave this report: 

One pot for cooking fish, another for beans, those are all our jewels. No one 

has tasted wine, we have not seen oil. Sauces and appetizers are an abomination 

to us.' 

[The friars] wore ripped and mended tunics. If they became wet, from the 

rain or sweat, they were dried by the body's heat. The meal consisted of com 

tortillas and hard-boiled eggs, and periiaps plantains or other cooked vegetable. 

Pieces of mouldy, dry bread were reserved for the sick. They slept dressed, 

and covered themselves with a goat hair cloth. Much of the time they had no 

pillow. Nor did they have wool blankets then, but straw mattresses made of 

com leaves and husks.'" 

So true to their principles were these first missionaries that 

they "had great fame in the Indies for their holiness and 

poverty."^^ Only four years after their arrival in Chiapas, the 

friars' fame had spread so far that Maximilian, King of 

Bohemia, and his wife, the Reina Infanta of Castille, sent their 

praise and encouragement. 

This halo surrounding the early missionaries, whose lives 

are described by none other than fellow Dominican historians, 

is not to be seen in a document of the Audience of Guatemala, 

3 April 1582. 

Priests demanding tribute in cloth and money, have alcaldes and aluaciles 

collect for them. Those who couldn't pay were jailed. They claim the money 

is for chalices, and monstrances, etc. to be brought from Spain. They forbid 

Spaniards from living in the towns, and even merchants who wish to buy cloth 

must do so via the friars in their houses and leave immediately. There is no 

way for the Justicia Real to know what is happening if the friars do not want 

them to know.'•^ 

When the friars arrived in Chiapas, the Indian population 

was in steep decline from 275,000 in 1511 to 125,000 in 1550, 

abetted by a severe epidemic in 1544-1545. By 1600 it had 

dropped to 85,000. Fifty years later the number leveled off at 

70,000.1^ As the native population dwindled and tribute was 

reduced, it was disputed between landholders, magistrates, and 

the Dominican and secular clergy. Tributes were not divided 

equally, for in 1611, of the 58 Spanish encomenderos, 6 

received 2500 pesos, 20 received 1,000, and 32 received 500.i^ 

From the very beginning the friars were considered by civil 

officials and landholders to be an economic threat. The 

reception of the clergy was so hostile that it was quickly 

decided to establish a monastery in the Indian town of 

Zinacantan, rather than be confronted constantly in Ciudad 

Real by abusive Spaniards. 

Very littie is known of early times in Zinacantan beyond 

what was reported by the first friars. It has been suggested that 

the nobility were a product of the merging of Central Mexican 

and Mayan culture roughly two centuries before the Spanish 

Conquest; that their political organization, religious innovation, and long distance tfade reflect Toltec influence if not 

actual genetic descent.^^ 

A century before Spanish intrusion Aztec merchants traveled 

to Zinacantan in disguise, learning their language and wearing 

their clothes. They traded blades, needles, and bells, cochineal, 

red earth, and rabbit fur skeins for quetzal and cotinga feathers, 

for jaguar pelts and amber. These merchants were, in fact, spies 

sent from Tenochtitian to report on conditions at the edge of 

the empire, with a view towards further expansion. Should 

their identity be discovered they were speedily dispatched by 

the Zinacantecs. 

Nevertheless, it is reported that Zinacantan became an Aztec 

garrison, but one wonders what influence it had upon 

Zinacantec culture, for only five Nahuatl loan words appear 

in the colonial Tzotzil dictionary. 

Bernal Diaz, a member of the first Spanish incursion into 

Chiapas, describes their assault upon the mountain fortress of 

Chamula when they were doused with boiling blood and water, 

burning pitch, attacked with bow and arrow, slings, long 

obsidian-tipped lances, throwing spears, and obsidian-edged 

war clubs. Diaz confesses that only the timely intervention of 

Zinacantec warriors saved their lives and prevented the 

obliteration of this first Spanish expedition. 

But it is Fray Tomas de la Torre, who in 1545 settled in 

Zinacantan, and whose accounts were repeated by later 

Dominican historians, who gives the fullest description. 

This town of Sinacantlan, which is large and the capital of all that Nation, is 

a league and a half from the City. It is seated in a valley with many arroyos. 

It is near the high mountains, and it is in a depression, although it is at as high 

an altitude as the City...It has a very cold climate although milder than the 

City and lacking morning mists. It is an impoverished land, only it abounds 

in many wonderful very cold springs. There is a spring here which pours out 

with the force of an ox. 

And there are innumerable pine and oak trees. There are many lime pits and 

an alabaster quarry...The people of this town are bom more noble than the 
NUMBER 31 

others of their Nation, and all or most are merchants, and they are known for 

this far abroad. They have salt weUs in their towns. [The salt] from here is 

used in the whole area, as white salt does not occur elsewhere. They are 

common wells; whoever wishes makes salt for himself or for sale. Although 

this Town is barren, it abounds in many things. Since they are merchants the 

others have recourse here for buying their necessities and also selling all that 

they bring. 

These people also presume greatly and they do not value planting, nor 

employment, because they say they are merchants. The Spaniards call all those 

of this Nation Quelenes, because the youths the Indians gave [the Spaniards] 

for service, they called Quelen Ikelem—boy/. But they are called Sinacantecas 

in Nahuatl, and in their own language they are called Zotcil vinic ISotz'il 

vinikJ, which means "bat man." This is because their ancestors appeared in the 

plain [surrounding] the City before the sun existed. They discovered a stone 

bat and they took it to be God and worshipped it. 

They walk naked and when the cold or a fiesta forces them to dress, they 

put a cloak over their shoulders, with two knots on the right side. The women 

dress like those of Yucatan because both share much in their languages and 

customs. 

The people of this Town are the chiefs of each Town in the whole region, 

and simply for being from Sinacantlan they are revered because they are 

merchants. They were very forceful in wars...all the World was against them. 

Because of the salt wells they were constantly at war with Chiapa, and though 

sometimes they were friends, and they sent them presents, because they needed 

many of the things that Chiapa had in surplus. But they became enemies again 

very easily and they kiUed and sacrificed each other... 

And as everyone tells his story as he pleases and brags about the bravery 

of his Town, I will not report anything that they tell us. Our purpose is simply 

to make them our friends and we have seen to it that they forgive the robberies 

that each has committed against the other. And now they converse together 

and honor each other, especially the chiefs. 

They did not have a Lord in Sinacantlan, but from those of the higher 

lineages they named one to direct and lead them in warfare. And when they 

did not perform well they removed and replaced them...the sons of the Lords 

were Priests, and if they had sexual relations with a woman, provided boys 

[for their sons], who accompanied them until they were married... 

They had many idols, they worshipped the Sun and sacrificed to it, as to 

full rivers, springs, heavily foliaged trees, and high mountains they gave 

incense and gifts.'* 

From scattered sources one learns that Uie chiefs had adobe 

houses, that the nobiUty had large numbers of wives, that 3 ^ 

chiefs from the most noble Uneages shared civil authority, and 

that the subject towns of Zinacantan had caciques. Chiefs 

owned land privately; laborers were employed on land that 

was not their own, "Patriarchs" seem to have been guardians 

of the rights of commoners as against those of the chiefs.^'' 

When a person wants to buUd a house, marry a son or clothe him...he holds a 

feast for all his friends, and they offer him not only payment for the meal, but 

everything his son needs.'^ 

It was not difficult to separate [the Zinacantecs] from their idols and 

sacrifices, because they were sticks and stones, indeed dead idols. It was not 

easy, however, to take away their living idols, who were the women with 

whom they lived...the others were as friends and companions of the lady of 

the house, and there was so little jealousy among them, that seeing themselves 

alone all turned to cries and melancholy.'' 

Zinacantan was a regional intermediary in the trade of luxury 

goods. It also had control of cotton and cacao in the subject 

lands. Shortly after the Conquest, Pedro de Estrada, encomendero, "established a sugar mill with the Indians of Canacantlan 

[sic] and its subject towns. He spent over two thousand gold 

pesos until he had it running and in order, and the said Indians 

have served him according to the taxation the governor and 

bishop made."^^ From the colonial Tzotzil dictionary entries 

one learns that u-ibute cloth was woven "night after night," and 

that Zinacantecs were probably involved in a great number of 

activities in service to the Spanish lords; in horticulture, silk 

culture, viniculture, fruit-growing, animal husbandry, construction, the bearing of burdens, and a variety of household 

chores. 

The artistic talents of the Zinacantecs receives a single 

mention. 

The Indians devoted themselves a great deal to music, both vocal and 

instrumental, particularly in Chiapa and the Zoque [region], because they were 

the most active musicians of New Spain. Those of Cinacantlan excelled them 

all.2' 

There is little attempt by the early friars to describe Indian 

reUgion. The Diccionario grande offers Patol Dios, "shaper 

god," under the entry for "false god." 'Alajom, "bearer," is the 

"principal goddess." In the colonial Tzeltal dictionaries she is 

listed under "false gods." Two centuries later, in 1702, Bishop 

Nunez de la Vega states that Patol and Alaghom are god and 

goddess, creators of the earth, sky, and mankind. "These are 

the head and beginning of the other gods which every town 

has."^^ A similar pair of gods, Bitot, "shaper," and Alom, 

"bearer," is found in the Popol Vuh. 

The bishop speaks also of the worship in Chiapas of a god, 

Icalahau, "of Ethiopian color who was a great warrior and 

very cruel."^^ He is the logical counterpart of the Yucatec Ek 

Chuah, a black-painted god of war, and patron of the 

merchants. It is not surprising that the Zinacantecs, who were 

considered great in war and trade, should have had as a name 

for their home, 'Ik'al 'Ojov. Perhaps the contemporary J'ik'al, 

fearful, cave-dweUing and man-eating spook, is descended 

from the Black Lord. 

As an exception to the rule of providing littie or no 

information about native religion, the friar of Zinacantan, when 

listing Chauk, thunderbolt, informs us that "they attribute 

everything to it,"^ and, under tronar, that "they are men who 

walk in the clouds, he who sounds by day is a young man and 

is called jjun Ha'al chon /one water serpent/, and he of the 

night is an old man, and is called j'ox-lajun Ha'al chon 

/thirteen water serpent/."'^^ Listed under "devils" in the 

colonial Tzotzil dictionary are Kisin and Poslom. Not only is 

Kisin a Yucatec devil, but for the Lacandons he is the cause 

of death, the earthquake, and the devil. Poslom in Zinacantan 

today is St. Elmo's fire, a whirling blue ball of light that causes 

frightful swelling and pain. 

Even in the eighteenth century. Bishop Nunez de la Vega 

speaks of family idols in Chiapas. Their presence in colonial 

Zinacantan seems very likely. 

The bishop discusses the presence of Aztec nagualism in 

Chiapas with hereditary nagualists descended from preConquest Aztec immigrants. A person's nagual was determined 
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

by the calendar reading of his birth. At the age of seven the 

person would meet his nagual. He could have as many as 13 

naguals. The strongest were thunderbolts and whirlwinds. 

There is no mention of naguals in the Diccionario grande, 

although contemporary Zinacantecs have a vayijel or nagual, 

and vayajel was given under "witchcraft," and jvayajom k'op 

as "interpreter." The prominence of thunderbolts and whirlwinds as epic saviors of Zinacantan in past times is clearly 

related. 

Priests were probably noble novitiates, whereas the diviners 

were probably calendar priests who also engaged in casting 

lots. Medicine men cured by incantation, potions, and blowing. 

Bishop Niinez tells of the worship of bones placed in caves. 

In the colonial Tzotzil dictionary there is a listing for "ossuary." 

Also in the dictionary are references to human sacrifice, 

both by cutting the body open and by choking. The performer 

of the sacrifice wore a special mask as he stood before the stone 

receptacle. There were masked keepers or guardians of the 

idol. Self-sacrifice was practiced by taking blood from one's 

ear. 

Small reed shields were hung in the church and there were 

painted images of a flower with a jaguar-dragon in the middle, 

perhaps as can be seen in the sacristy of the Templo de la 

Merced in San Cristobal. Dancers wore feather capes and 

headdresses, and bells on their legs. Befeathered litters were 

also in use. 

Jubilation alternated with despair as the friars recounted their 

attempts to convert the Indians to a meaningful Christianity. 

And of all the Indians none in this land had more idols than the Quelenes. The 

friars decided to have a general auto-de-fe, and gather all the idols to bum, and 

they chose the town of Cinacantlan, on the day of our glorious Father St. 

Francis, this year [1548]. A heap of idols was made and the nobility had kept 

them so secretly that the people knew nothing, even though they worshipped 

them and sacrificed to them. The women and common people who had not 

seen them came out to look, and they whacked them with sticks and spat on 

them and they were appalled by what they had worshipped all their lives 

without ever having seen them. They burned them with great fiestas and music, 

and everyone brought firewood, and the driest they could find so that [the 

idols] would bum better and no piece of them remain...And from this time, 

by God's mercy, the land began to be clear of idols.^^ 

Fray Tomas de la Torre became a wimess to the success of 

Christianity. As he was traveling to Acala, the native priests 

were about to sacrifice a man and remove his heart, when from 

the mouth of the idol came the words, "Stop, stop, do not 

sacrifice more to us, our time has passed, and now our days 

are over.''^"^ The victim was freed as Fray Tomas walked into 

the town. 

Fray Pedro de la Cruz asked an old Chamulan if he wanted 

to be baptized. "Togmogcan" IToj mo jk'an—I certainly don't 

want to/, he replied as did everyone else. But a short time later 

they were all baptised!"^ 

The friars' excitement was tempered by the shallowness of 

these conversions. 

[The Indians] thought that the Virgin Mary was die god of the Spaniards, based 

only on having heard her named many times. And they were so ignorant on 

this point that they did not even know if the Virgin Mary was a man or a 

woman. 

The most enlightened Indians had heard of Christ, but not of his passion and 

death. 

They thought that to be baptised was to become a Spaniard and have some 

entry with Spaniards, so as to be relieved of Ul treatment. They bought the 

baptism, and some bought it twice.^' 

Although the Indians' conversion was, of course, the 

principal concern of the friars, they soon became deeply 

committed to their defense. 

No one can imagine the rage and enmity the Spaniards have for us, seeing that 

we favor the Indians, and advise them not to give out one jot more than is 

written in the tally sheets.^" 

One morning Alcalde San Pedro spotted two friars coming 

from Chiapa de los Indios to visit Fray Tomas de la Torre in 

Zinacantan. The alcalde, thinking that the friars were trying to 

release some Indians he had taken prisoner, galloped up to 

them. 

Oh whore's sons, what bad taste you have! You deserve to be hung for it. And 

how dare you travel without permission so early in the moming outside the 

monastery?^' 

In the lowland center of Copanahuastia, Fray Jorge de Leon 

defended the Indians from the Spaniards who walked in the 

gold mines, because they afflicted them and mistreated them 

with great cruelty .^-^ 

But not all the clergy weren in agreement. At the behest of 

the bishop. Fray Jordan de Piamonte preached a sermon in the 

cathedral of Ciudad Real in Holy Week, forbidding communion to the slave-holding encomenderos. The Spaniards 

retahated by canceling die customary allotment of food to Uie 

monks. The dean of the catiiedral supported the landholders 

and continued to serve them communion. Fray Bartolome 

invited the dean to dinner to change his ways, but the dean 

ignored the invitation and all subsequent summonses. Then the 

bishop had him seized and brought to his house. The dean 

screamed aloud and promised to absolve from their sins all 

who came to his aid. The neighbors stormed the episcopal 

house with insults and drawn swords, but the peaceful bishop 

so shamed them with his words of reason that they quickly 

retired. 

Later, in an effort to maintain peace with the Indians, a 

meeting was called at the Audience in Ciudad Real. The chiefs 

of Chiapa, Copanahuastia, and Zinacantan, the three major 

towns, were invited to attend. Ciudad Real filled with Indians. 

The landholders protested angrily. 

The friars maintain that the land is the King's and that the Indians should be 

at its head, telling the Indians they belong to the King, and not to address the 

encomendero as "Our Lord."''' 

This was too much for Fray Tomas de la Torre to let go by 

unanswered. 

You Spaniards, flesh of our flesh, bone of our bones do not want to receive 
NUMBER 31 

the doctrine, so we were obliged to go out and preach to the Indians, uncivilized 

and barbarous people, who in the opinion of those in error are beyond the 

human race...sothat these hard rocks become the sons of Abraham.^'' 

Finally, in 1549, came tiie announcement of the freeing of 

the slaves and the lowering of tributes. "So many Indians came 

to the city that Uiey did not fit in the streets or the plaza, and 

the fields were covered with them as if they were blades of 

grass." A stage had been set up in the plaza. The judge was 

seated on the highest seat in the center, then Fray Tomas and 

the friars, who were to serve as interpreters, were seated, and 

finally the nobility, "to announce the new laws to each nation 

in its language. "^^ 

When they received the taxes they ran to Santo Domingo to have the priests 

witness them. The road from the judge's house to the monastery seemed like 

an ant nest, because of all the Indians who came and went, here and there, 

giving jumps of joy, seeing themselves freed from the intolerable burdens that 

they had suffered until then.'* 

The Spaniards came also to the friars to beg pardon or they 

sent their wives to intercede for them so that they not be 

deprived of their slaves or be forced to pay fines, claiming. 

Now there would not be whips, blows, or pillory for the Indian, nor would he 

be called beast of dog, nor suffer other insults. Now they would honor him, 

treat him kindly and love him, beg him pardon for the offences, and promise 

their correction in the future.'^ 

Needless to say, the friars' conflicts with the Spaniards 

continued unabated during the early years of colonization. 

From the very outset, the friars developed a special 

relationship with the Indians of Zinacantan. On their first visit 

the friars were sent to this 

large town where the Indians brought food to them on the trail and were not a 

little surprised to see that they did not want to eat meat, because they had never 

seen such a praaice among the Spaniards. The friars took an interpreter with 

them, Gregorio de Pasquera, who briefly explained to them the principle 

articles of the faith, which none had yet heard. 

The friars embraced them, and attracted them with great signs of love. They 

gave them crosses, bronze images...that they had brought. And [the Indians] 

received them with great veneration and respect.'* 

Convinced that Zinacantan would be the best place to 

establish their home, the friars asked the town to aid in the 

construction of a small shelter— 

the cloister and the garden with rosemary from Spain, camations, basU, lUies, 

roses of Castile and Alexandria, all so beflowered and fragrant as 

Paradise.. .This was the first building that the Order had in the Province. 

The town agreed with great willingness and in just three days of work 

finished the job from the foundation to the roof, designing it witiUy with 

cloister, bedroom, cells, studies, all with a string so it was a pleasure to watch.'' 

The construction of this idyllic retreat was described in 

different terms by another friar who was witness to the event. 

In those times when the friars arrived at Zinacantan they were lodged in a little 

house which bore the name of House of the Town Leader. But as they do not 

respect anything there, after the last Mass the priests left in anger. Then they 

agreed that it would be more peaceful to build a hut next to the church so that 

in the rainy season they would not be obliged to go outside. They did not like 

being placed in the house of someone in the town. Until then they had not dared 

to ask the Indians for a house... 

In three or four days they built the little house which they put next to the 

church, but it was buQt so badly, it was as poor as the jxjorest [house] of the 

saddest Indian. It had two rooms, and a little shelter. On the other wall they 

put stakes for a corral where they planted many flowers, as camations, lilies, 

and fennel which Fray Jordan sent them from Oaxaca...The house has 

miserable poles covered with mud. Fray Pedro de la Cruz became angry 

because the Indians did not make the wall straight, and he alone, with the 

strength of his arms could straighten it. 

In one of the rooms they made a dormitory that was ten feet wide, or two 

meters wide. It was so himiid one could not sleep there. "It would be better if 

we moved to the other room," we said. The windows were just holes and the 

door of the hut was covered with mats. 

The house was not fenced in and whatever animal could have entered to 

break the wall and eat the thatch of the roof, so that it would not offer protection 

from the sun or the rain. We felt very happy, just thinking that we had a house... 

The wall poles that were next to the bed of Fray Tomas de la Torre began 

to sprout. When the house had dried out, the next day it was fUled with puddles 

of water. More than four springs came up inside the house and now it seemed 

as if it were a lake. Tmly, the church was in the worst part of town, humid and 

full of arroyos.''" 

From this wellspring came forth the evangehzation, 

indocU'ination, and instruction of the Indians of highland 

Chiapas! This was one of the three Indian towns visited by 

Bishop Las Casas (together with Chiapa and Copanahuastia). 

When he departed the New World in 1546 to bring his defense 

of the Indians to the Spanish court, he left in Zinacantan all his 

library and his jewels, among which were two good clocks. It 

was here that he gave the friars his last lessons on how the 

missionary efforts could be advanced. Apparentiy the bishop's 

words found favor in Castille, "Because the Indians of 

Sinacantlan aided the friars in their persecutions, Philip II sent 

a decree in favor of the Indians of that town, which they keep 

in their court house.'"*^ 

Of the first friars who pioneered in Zinacantan, the name of 

Tomas de la Torre should now be familiar. He accompanied 

the bishop across the ocean, climbed up the trail to Zinacantan, 

arriving in such a desperate state that he could not stand. No 

sooner had he been cured of that ailment, than he began to 

grow blind. Finally, he was led down that same trailll to be 

administered to by a native healer of Chiapa de los Indios 

who, after initial failure, restored his sight Back in his refuge 

in Zinacantan, "lying in bed with a fever, he counted 27 holes 

in a wall of his cell, letting in so much Ught through each hole, 

that it was enough to study in bed.'"^-^ 

[Tomas de la Torre was] learned, holy, discreet and very prudent. He worked 

as hard as he could so that the ritual would take firm root. He set an example 

so that the preachers would not come in search of gold or silver, but rather of 

souls for God, imitating St. Paul who said, "I do not want yours, but you.'' 

He knew that evangelical poverty was the best model for inspiring the affection 

of the Indians for the doctrine they were being taught. He saw to it that poverty 

be displayed in everything. They did not pennit mules, nor horses, nor jewels 

in the cells. He visited the province on foot."" 

He delivered two sermons a day, fasting continuously, walking on foot two 

to three, sometimes four leagues to say Mass.'''' 

Fray Tomas walked to Mexico City and spurned the offer 

of a mule on the return trip, arriving in Zinacantan to find that 
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

the Spaniards had burnt their monastery. 

He was the vicar of Zinacantan, the first vicar of Ciudad 

Real. He was appointed to be prior of the Convent of Santo 

Domingo in Guatemala in 1550, returning to Chiapas a year 

later as the first provincial. In this capacity "he was more 

humble and thoughtful than any others." In 1564 he was 

appointed provincial of Guatemala, where he died three years 

later. Having served as the official historian of Chiapas, he 

was followed by no one. Fray Antonio de Remesal lamented 

that after his death there were no sources to turn to, no clues 

to follow. "It is better to confess ignorance in these cases than 

to say what one does not know even though it could have 

been."'*^ 

Fray Jordan de Piamonte, shipmate and cellmate of Fray 

Tomas, bestower of flowers, 

was a man of deep religion and zeal, both in regard to the things of God and 

to the well-being of the natives, even though he could never leam the language. 

But he was greatly tormented to see such hateful evQ and tyranny and whenever 

he could...he endeavored to obstruct it. And the laymen respected him and 

took notice of his virtue and leaming.''^ 

Fray Jordan, witness to the distress of the Indians of 

Zinacantan who were forced to pay enormous tributes, 

informed die bishop in the hopes that he could alleviate their 

suffering. 

On one occasion Fray Jordan preached in Ciudad Real, 

explaining that he would speak that day not as a preacher, but 

as "a moral philosopher." He denounced the "monopolies" 

that he saw developing against Bishop Las Casas. The governor 

was deeply offended. "This is calling us traitors, there is no 

traitor here!" His sermon concluded. Fray Jordan went to have 

his mid-day meal. An official of the Audience presented 

himself at the dining room door and called out, "Tell Fray 

Jordan de Piamonte that the whole city is present and desires 

to hear him speak." Fray Jordan responded, "Well, tell the 

whole city I am eating." The official repeated his demand and 

proceeded to read off the Ust of names of "the whole city" 

standing behind him. Fray Jordan responded again, "Tell the 

whole city to enter!" The Spaniards crowded in, shouting, 

"Tell us who the traitor is!" Comments Remesal: 

Fray Jordan on such occasions spoke little and seriously, and when he heard 

the requisition, he said nothing, nor did he lift his eyes from the table, as he 

was occupied in cutting up an omelette that he had on the plate.—"Must I 

speak?"—^"Yes!"—"Then I say that I say nothing"...and they departed from 

the dining room and the monastery and scattered through the city, each to his 

house, as thin clouds moved by a strong wind.''^ 

But poor Fray Jordan was not so successful when 

confronting the "barbarous" Tzotzil language. 

Not only could he never understand a single word, but he could not even 

pronounce the first word of the Creed. He was greatly distressed that he could 

not overcome such a small difficulty... So that he would be able to "earn his 

bread" he taught the Christian doctrine to children with a primer that Fray 

Tomas de la Torre had written in the native language and given to him.''* 

Fray Jordan persevered in the country doing what he could. He taught the 

Our Father and HaU Mary, the Ten Commandments and the first words of the 

Creed which are Cuhuy hun. The pronunciation is different from ours and not 

believing himself able to pronounce it well, he did not want to teach the Creed, 

though we were all careful to pronounce it slowly. He also taught the children 

to read and he humbled himself to do whatever he could, but seeing that he 

lacked the language he decided to leave this land.''' 

Fray Jordan concluded his life in Antequera, Spain. 

Though also a fellow shipmate and cellmate. Fray Pedro de 

la Cruz stands in sharp contrast. 

When Fray Tomas de la Torre arrived in Sinacantan, he and Fray Pedro de la 

Cruz began teaming the language immediately.^^ 

Fray Pedro began to study on the vespers of St. John and preached in the 

language on the Day of Mary Magdalen. In three months they were as much 

at ease in the languages as if they had been raised in them.^^ 

It was not happenstance that it was Fray Pedro who grew 

so angry over the sloppy construction of their shelter. Fray 

Pedro was the architect of the first monastery and church of 

St. Dominic erected in San Cristobal in 1549. 

Fray Pedro de la Cruz worked with great zeal to finish the fountain of 

Sinacantan that was designed in that time (1562)...and is not equalled by the 

best of Spain. 

And with the greatest care and perfection he completed the churches of the 

Tzotzils in this very year. There was reason to respect highly the excellence 

that Our Lord gave him in architecture, for he had never studied it, and with 

this talent he designed in Chamula a spiral staircase, the first in the province, 

as well built as could have been done by the highest official of Spain.^^ 

The fourth of the first friars to be fellow shipmates and 

cellmates was Fray Alonso de Norena, also known as Fray 

Alonso del Portillo. He had been a lawyer in Spain before 

joining the Order. 

One of those transported in hammocks across Tabasco, Fray Alonso, shortly 

after his arrival in Zinacantan, became so ill that the friars decided to send him 

to Chiapa for a cure "and they did not think he would live. For many months 

he had such a great corruption of the body diat nothing was contained and 

many times he fell as if he were dead."^' 

[But when he retumed. Fray Alonso] learned the language of Cinacantlan 

with much perfection [in 1546]. 

He knew three or four languages very well, especially Nahuatl. He was a 

perpetual student. By day and by night he was with books. And for him the 

road was not a bother—^arriving at a lodging, no matter how tired he was, he 

would immediately take out pen and ink and put in writing what he had been 

thinking on the way.^ 

Fray Alonso acted as governor of the bishopric from 

1567-1574 until Bishop Casillas' successor. Bishop Ferea was 

installed. 

Alonso de Norena knew a great part of the language of Chiapa. Our Lord gave 

the friar Alonso de Norefia an extraordinar.y facility in leaming [Zoque] 

because in less than forty days after he began to leam it, he was preaching in 

it. But he slowed down [in leaming] the language, for his age did not permit 

him to advance with the speed of the others. Still, he always set a good example 

in this for the other friars, particularly for the young ones, who saw a man 

burdened with years and white hair, worn out by the deepest studies, in which 

he excelled, memorizing nominatives and other primary principles, asking the 

meanings of nouns and verbs, writing and translating word lists. This he did 

throughout the night and before dawn, as if the exercise of languages alone 

would sustain him.^^ 
NUMBER 31 

FIGURE 1.—Church and former monastery of St. Dominic. 

Upon his death in 1590, Fray Alonso had written a great 

many books in Latin, so he had become "the oracle of New 

Spain."^^ 

A dozen years after the arrival of the quartet in Zinacantan, 

Fray Andres del Valle appeared to replace Fray Juan de Castro, 

who was sent to found the province of the Philippines. Fray 

Andres served in Zinacantan from 1557-1584, being in charge 

also of Ixtapa and San Lucas. 

He knew the Tzotzil language in a very few days. The only path he knew was 

from the cell to the church, and from the church to the cell...He walked the 

terrible road to Ixtapa on foot.'' 

On that road he fainted, as he never took breakfast, and was 

revived by the Indians' insistence that he take their posol. 

He defended [the Indians] as best he could. He did not permit them to be 

mistreated nor did he allow them to be overburdened.'* 

Fray Andres was prior of the Monastery of Saint Dominic 

in Guatemala three times. In 1597 he was provincial of Chiapa. 

As provincial he strictly demanded that on the visits and in the 

Indian towns no priest leave his house without being 

accompanied by another priest, both dressed in their cloaks. 

Every Lent he fasted on bread and water, and he spent many days without 

eating. When he journeyed he never broke the fast. He consumed no quantities 

of food or drink, not even a drop of water. He spent entire nights without 

sleeping, busy in prayer. Nothing upset him more than to believe that he was 

considered to be good, because he was happier when he knew that he was not 

esteemed. And from this it followed that so as to flee from the crowd of people 

who came to hear his Mass, as if he were a saint, he said [Mass] very early in 

the moming, before the church doors opened. [In 1612] when he was near 

death and about to pass to a better life, many important people came to him; 

friars of every Order, and a great number of commoners whom he blessed. 

They could not bury him for two days, and twice they dressed him, because 

the people took his clothes for relics.'' 

The last friar to be introduced here is Fray Domingo de 

Ara, fellow shipmate of the bishop and the Zinacantec quartet. 

Fray Domingo was sent to Copanahuastia where he served 

continuously for nearly thirty years, but he was in constant 

touch with Fray Tomas. 

Fray Domingo de Ara knew the language [Tzeltal] with such perfection that 
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

he left many exceUeni works on it. His writings are the model for those who 

wish to leam the language with perfection and with them they can solve any 

problem.^ 

This blessed priest was given the bishop's seal, and he was so tormented 

by the honor, since he only considered himself to be the most humble creature, 

that by day and by night it was pure lamentation, and the shedding of tears 

before the Lord, begging him not to permit it, since the prelates were forcing 

him to accept the episcopate before the document reached him. God heard his 

prayers. Wailing for the Bull [which they said was already in the Indies] to 

consecrate him, he died a holy death in the year 1572 ui the Convent of 

Copanabastla where he had lived many years. 

Fray Domingo knew the language of that province with eminence, and so 

as not to leam and work only for himself he composed a grammar and a 

dictionary for his successors. And his language is so proper, so chaste, so 

meaningful that I doubt if Cicero's Latin was more correct. And so those here 

who followed his style of speech carried out his intent more than those who 

chose a style they thought more elegant, but which was less useful and fitting 

for understanding the Indian language.^' 

The Search for Words 

The chroniclers of Chiapas, in describing and weighing the 

personalities, talents, and achievements of the early friars, 

focus on their religious zeal, but seldom forget to discuss their 

linguistic abilities. 

The hand of God has proven to be very generous in this region to those who 

have dedicated themselves to the administration of the Indians, for in a few 

months they preach and lake confession [in the native language] and they knew 

it with such perfection that it is a wonder lo the natives themselves. And since 

without their language, it is impossible to carry out fruitful work, God aids in 

giving them an understanding of these languages, so barbarous and alien lo the 

style of ordinary languages.^^ 

.. .they have been very careful to see that the friars of this Province know 

the languages of the lands where they are living, so they will have no excuse 

for failing to take advantage of the natives' [linguistic knowledge]. And a great 

deal is owed to these first priests, who with great exhaustion and effort, became 

as children, they who were perfect men, and the oldest and most advanced in 

years. They returned lo the principles of grammar and such forgotten things 

as nominatives, declaratives, verbs, conjugations and tenses so that they could 

render the barbarous languages spoken by the natives of this land into doctrine, 

instmction and scientific method.*' 

Every Sunday and fiesta sermons were delivered [in Ciudad Real] in 

Nahuatl, Chiapanec, Tzotzil and Tzeltal. Every day after lunch the friars had 

theology sessions or language conferences.^ 

Although Bishop Las Casas never learned a native language 

himself, he urged Pope Pius V to order the bishops to learn the 

language of their parishioners.^^ 

Fray Pedro dc Barricntos, who founded the monastery of 

Chiapa de los Indios and taught Uie Indians to train, ride, and 

race horses as well as to perform in jousts and cavalcades, also 

wrote a four-volume manual of veterinary lessons in the native 

language. 

Bishop Casillas, when the Spaniards threatened to expel the 

friars, protested vchcmcntiy. 

The care and diligence which these fathers have taken and now take to instruct 

the Indians and teach them, not the creed in Latin, nor the commandments in 

Spanish, as was done before, but the entire Christian doctrine, constmcted and 

declared in their mother tongue, which they drink as if it were water...I las it 

cost so liule to study the language of these Indians, reducing it to method and 

grammar, embeUishing their sentences and words, that it must be in vam, and 

after being leamed, be of no use? ^ 

In the clerical ordinations that Fray Domingo de Ara gave 

to his monastery in 1548, stating all die rules of conduct, he 

included an order to Fray Juan de Torres to write a grammar 

and dictionary of Cakchiqucl and Quiche within four months.^^ 

In 1549, Fray Tomas de la Torre when visiting the monastery [of Guatemala] 

ordered that the priests hold a daUy conference in the native language.*^ In 

1550 Maximilian and the Queen ordered the Dominicans of Guatemala to teach 

the Indians Spanish.^ 

A grammar of Zinacantan as well as grammars of Chiapanec, 

Tzeltal, and Zoque were published in 1562, "and although this 

gave considerable delight to die priests who were tired of so 

much variety, it had a far greater effect on the Indians who felt 

a remarkable pleasure when tiiey saw tiieir native words in print 

and saw that not just Latin and Spanish were communicated 

in that form."''^ 

In the Meeting of Guatemala, in 1564, the superiors were told to select from 

among those of their monastery the monk who best knew the language of his 

district and order him to compose a grammar and dictionary of the language. 

The bound notebooks were to be placed in public libraries so that all could 

profit by them...In Coban, in 1566, they reiterated the demand for 

obedience...that all who have begun writing grammars and dictionaries fmish 

them, and present them so that everyone might profit from them. The grammars 

proved lo be wordy and full of useless precepts and rules, which served more 

to confound and exhaust [ihe reader] than lo teach him and make him quick 

lo leam. To avoid this obstacle, which was not a small one, at the Meeting in 

Ciudad Real in 1568 they ordered that [the works] be abbreviated. And it was 

necessary to resolve this issue once again, as witnessed by a resolution of the 

Meeting of Guatemala in 1572. Since the foundation of this province it was 

the custom and the law without exception, that no priest who came from Spain, 

no mailer how old, leamed or important he might be, could take confession 

or preach before knowing one of the languages of these provinces. And so that 

it remain not simply a tradition, it was ordered by resolution of the Meeting 

of Ciudad Real in 1576.'" 

Although the glowing accounts of the friars' linguistic 

abilities must be taken with a grain of salt, nevertheless, their 

achievements, after being drawn from "the metaphysics of 

Salamanca,"^^ carried across the ocean, suffering the most 

extreme physical and spiritual torments in their adopted home, 

opposed at times by Spaniard and Indian alike, required to 

plumb the depths and explain the complexities of a "barbarous 

tongue," Uicse achievements compel admiration and amazement. 

Now then, die mystery of the The Great Tzotzil Dictionary 

of Santo Domingo Zinacantan: Who inspired it, who compiled 

it, when, and where? The last question is die easiest to answer, 

though it was not supplied directly by the author. On the cover 

of the manuscript copy. Bishop Orozco y Jimenez wrote in 

1907 that the original was compiled by a Dominican friar in 

the monastery in San Cristobal (Ciudad Real). It may well be 

that the friar spent much time in Ciudad Real and interviewed 

Indians there, but diere is evidence diat strongly supports my 

temerity in assigning Santo Domingo Zinacantan to the titie 

of diis dictionary. The only local place names diat are given 
NTJMBER 31 

in Tzotzil are for Ciudad Real, Chiapa de los Indios, San Pedro 

(Chenalho), Chamula, and Zinacantan. For the latter, two 

names are supplied. In Uie example sentences are found, under 

acompanar, "Take him to Cinacantlan!"^^ under atras, "the 

towns behind Zinacantan, as Chamula,"'^'* under distancia, 

"Chamula is as far from Zacatlan [Ciudad Real] as Sinacantlan,"''5 and most conclusively, under desde, "How far is it from 

Sacatlan to Sinacantlan, how far from Mexico City to 

Sinacantlan?"'^^ Why would the friar dream up such an example 

unless he were sitting in Zinacantan? There is further cultural 

evidence that to my mind cinches the case. 

There are words for salt makers, for the salt Uiat sticks to the 

bottom of die distillation pots, for salt cake wrappers, and salt 

merchants. Who else but die Zinacantecs were die salt 

merchants of Chiapas? And finally, under vecino de tal o tal 

pueblo, "But the common way to say 'Where do you live?' is 

'Where is your house in Zinacantan?'"'''' 

The friar's knowledge of Tzotzil was not resuicted to diat 

spoken in Zinacantan, however, for as in his entry, presuncion, 

he provides several equivalents, remarking diat the last is "rare 

in Sinacantan."''^ Under encalvecido, "That is how they say it 

in Totolapa."^^ In a single entry, monos grandes que dan 

bramidos, he reports that the Tzeltales call howler monkeys 

batz' "as do some here."^^ 

The beginning of die 16th century ushered in a flurry of 

lexicographic activity that produced the first known bihngual 

Spanish dictionaries. The earliest bilingual dictionary of a 

Spanish language is of Catalan-German and German-Catalan, 

written in 1502! 

It was followed in 1503 by a Latin-Spanish, Spanish-Latin 

dictionary compded by Antonio de Nebrija, who, four years 

later, produced a second dictionary, substituting Catalan for 

Spanish. These two works flank Fray Pedro de Alcala's 

Spanish-Arabic dictionary (1505), which repeats exactiy the 

wording of Nebrija. Alcala's dictionary is not quite so 

extensive and is organized alphabetically within sections 

devoted to parts of speech; nouns, verbs, adverbs, etc., a style 

that apparentiy was never adopted in the New World. 

There is no question that Nebrija exerted a great influence 

on the friars who were suddenly confronted with "barbarous" 

languages and compelled to reduce them quickly to order. 

Nahuatl word lists were derived from questionnaires based on 

Nebrija's vocabulary. This said, it must be added that the New 

World dictionaries were not produced as if out of a clay mould. 

They are extroadinarily idiosyncratic; even those that are most 

closely related will show not only differences of inclusion and 

exclusion, but also of order and spelling. Nor is it true diat 

there are Franciscan moulds, Dominican moulds, Jesuit 

moulds, etc., though it is quite natural that members of the 

same order would work closely together. 

The first known bilingual dictionary in Mexico was 

compiled in 1555 by Alonso de Molina, a Franciscan friiuwhose Spanish-NahuaU, Nahuad-Spanish dictionary is of the 

highest quality, offering a wealUi of edinographic detail. It was 

followed closely, in 1559, by Maturino Gilberti's dictionary 

of Spanish-Tarascan, Tarascan-Spanish. Gilberti, also a Franciscan, must have used Molina's dictionary as a model.^^ A 

copy of Mohna's 1571 edition, that once was part of Emperor 

Maximilian's library, was heavily annotated in 1587 with Fr. 

P. Otomi equivalents.^^ 

The next pair of lexicographers whose work is very similar 

is Juan de Cordova and Francisco de Alvarado, both 

Dominicans. The former wrote a Spanish-Zapotec dictionary 

(1578), and the latter a Spanish-Mixtec dictionary (1593). 

Cordova kept close to the second edition of Nebrija (1516) and 

did not follow Molina, while his compau^iot, in many entries, 

uses the identical wording of Molina's second edition (1571). 

Nearly a century later (1642), an Augustinian friar, Diego 

Basalenque, produced a dictionary of Madaltzinca, which 

approaches those of Cordova and Alvarado, though not 

obviously derived from them or from Molina-Gilberti. 

Turning to the Yucatan, there are two early Spanish-Mayan 

dictionaries. Neidier author nor date are known of the San 

Francisco dictionary. Its vocabulary shows very liule resemblance to Mohna's. The second dictionary, the Mayathdn, is 

attributed to the Franciscan Diego Rejon Arias and is dated 

around 1625. Neither of these dictionaries approach the 

comprehensiveness of the forementioned. 

In Guatemala occurs the clearest evidence of modeling one 

dictionary upon anodier, despite great geographic distance of 

origin. The Calepino Cakchiquel dictionary, compiled by a 

Franciscan, jx)ssibly Fray Juan de Alonso, and dating from the 

second half of the 16th century, has entries almost identical to 

Molina's. There are a few additions and many deletions, but 

the phraseology is unaltered. For the concept echar, Molina 

has 66 entries; of these 50 are shared by Calepino, 11 are 

ignored, and 6 others are added. The Franciscan friar, Tomas 

Coto, in 1691 gready expanded and enriched the Calepino 

Cakchiquel dictionary with edinographic detail and numerous 

illusu-ative sentences. 

Fermin Joseph Tirado's Quiche dictionary (1787) does not 

follow Mohna quite so closely, but it includes the culinary 

entries particular to Molina. Its scope is greatiy reduced. 

Considering that the friars who landed in South America 

must have had equal access to Nebrija as those who reached 

Mexico and Guatemala to the north, it is sU'ange that their 

dictionaries were so universally inferior. 

Dominican friar Domingo dc Santo Tomas' dictionary of 

Quechua (1560) is superior only to the three Jesuit dictionaries 

of die same language. The earliest (1586) has received the 

name of the printer, Antonio Ricardo Risco, as author, but it 

was probably compiled by Alonso de Barccna. This was 

reprinted in 1603 in a shorter form by Diego de Torres Rubio, 

and in 1608 Diego Gonzalez Holguin revised die early version, 

expanding it somewhat. 

Another Jesuit, Antonio Ruiz dc Monloya, compiled a 

dictionary of Guarani (1640) that is equivalent in size and 

comprehensiveness to Santo Tomas' Quechua dictionary. 
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Not all bilingual dictionaries followed die standard, purely 

alphabetical sequence. Beld-an de Santa Rosa Maria's Maya 

dictionary, compiled in 1742, and with a vocabulary quite 

different from the earlier dictionaries, classes its contents under 

categories such as "Bodily Illness," "Portents," "Some 

Domestic Things," and "Names of Animals and Birds" 

(including Mayan names supplied for dragon and unicorn). 

Perhaps unique was Pedro de Arana's Vocabulario manual of 

Nahuati, which advised the reader how, in 1611, to greet 

someone, how to ask for a lost object, what to say to miners 

and fieldhands, or to a servant so diat he would put one's 

clothes in order, how to praise, scold or curse, how to speak 

to a fellow traveler, how to give thanks, what to say to a servant 

who is sent on an errand and arrives late, or how to order an 

official to do something. 

In all of Latin America die only polylingual dictionaries to 

have survived, at least in part, are Vico's Diccionario 

cakchiquel-quiche and Ximenes' Diccionario trilinguequiche, cakchiquel y tzutuhil, but diey do not compete with the 

Calepino dictionaries produced in Italy. The first, in 1578, of 

Hebrew, Greek, French, Italian, German, and Spanish was 

published on 1374 pages folio, and the second, appearing 

twenty years later, added Flemish, Polish, Hungarian, and 

English! 

In presenting the Tzeltal dictionaries of Domingo de Ara 

(ca. 1550) and Alonso de Guzman (1620), and the Tzotzil 

dictionary, there comes the diorny problem of the relationship 

of these Chiapas dictionaries to the Spanish models, to those 

of the rest of America and to each other. First, their order is 

strictly alphabetical. Attempts to relate them to the other 

dictionaries by the choice of spelhng, e.g., goberna vs. 

governalle or nao vs. ruivio vs. nave, etc., proved inconclusive, 

as dictionaries that were obviously related did not always agree 

on choice of spelling, and inconsistency could be found within 

a single work, I chose the single most productive Spanish 

concept, echar and echarse, that in MoUna had 66 entries, in 

Alcala, 31, and in Nebrija, 27. Checking the entries in several 

of die dictionaries reviewed above against the 20 entries 

occurring in the TzotzU dictionary, the results showed closest 

similarity to Mohna, Alvarado, and Cordova (Table 1). 

Identical entries were scored as 1 and entries phrased slightiy 

differentiy, but with die same meaning, were scored a V2. 

Clearly Nebrija and Alcala have not the influence that might 

have been supposed. 

I tried a second test with empanada. The Tzotzil dictionary 

lists chicken, fish, and bean empanadas, but none of meat. 

Table 2 compares entries for empanada in other dictionaries. 

It is difficult to draw any genetic or cultural conclusions 

from this array of inclusion and exclusion! 

Undaunted by these results, I decided to make a much more 

extensive test that I hoped would address two problems: first, 

the relationship between the dictionaries and, second, whedier 

the entries referred to what actually existed in the New World 

or merely were drawn from word lists brought from Spain. I 

chose 300 entries from the Tzotzil dictionary, either nouns or 

phrases including nouns, such as quebrarse el nao, the majority 

of which pertained to Spanish culture, presumably introduced 

to the New Worid. After checking diese entries against die 18 

dictionaries cited in Table 3,10 entries proved to be ambiguous 

and were dropped. Here again, die final tallies point to the 

basic idiosyncratic nature of dictionaries. 

But why should this dictionary contain substantially more 

Spanish cultural objects than all die odiers, especially since its 

volume does not equal Guzman's, Mohna's, etc.? 

Another question is presented by hsting (in Tables 4-26) 

those words occurring in all or most of the dictionaries found 

in Table 3 and compihng a list of the most frequent entries 

shared (Table 27). 

This is a very strange assemblage of military terms, minerals, 

clothes, and sicknesses. If die contents of a dictionary represent 

the pieces of a puzzle, which, when fitted togedier, provide a 

portrait of the world, then clearly many of the pieces never 

managed to be included. Differences in time, environment, and 

interest can explain away a few absences, but pants everywhere 

are as crucial as shirts, chests as benches, etc. Yes, this was a 

period of warfare and the frantic search for gold and silver, but 

the number of missing pieces is disturbing. 

In die attempt to discern which lexicographers most closely 

resembled the lexicographer of Zinacantan I tallied the tables 

(Table 28). 

Recalling the large presence of Aztec and Tlaxcalan soldiers 

in Ciudad Real after the Conquest, bearers of Nahuati as the 

lingua franca, it is not surprising that Molina's dictionary 

should most closely approximate the Tzotzil, immediately 

followed by Gdberti who was much influenced by Molina. 

Cordova and Alvarado, Dominicans working in neighboring 

Oaxaca, rank 3rd and 7th. Guzman, at 4di, greatiy expanded 

the work of Ara (9th), and yet 10 of Ara's entries were not 

included by Guzman. Nebrija and Alcala, 5th and 6th, provided 

the first European models then available. Calepino, in 8th 

place, copied Molina, but not in extenso. 

Examining the position of each of diese lexicographers in 

the cultural categories numbering 10 or more entries, die results 

(from first to third) are listed in Table 29. 

The top nine lexicographers have a monopoly in every 

category, and the top five are far more heavily represented. 

Molina and Gilberti are weak in metals, arms, and military 

construction, also in illness and sports. Guzman is strong in 

metals, edible plants and fruit, arms, military construction, and 

schooling. 

But whether the lexicographers are scored by the total 

number of entries or by their position in the 14 cultural 

categories Usted in Table 29, the results are simdar (Table 30). 

Returning to die problem of whether objects cited were 

actually present in the New World, or more specifically in the 

highlands of Chiapas, it is well to remember the 18th century 

dragons and unicorns of Yucatan! That rubies and emeralds, 

pearls and ivory be present in Chiapas seems particularly odd. 
NUMBER 31 11 

considering die friars' vows of poverty. Yet Ciudad Real was 

on the trail to Guatemala and ecclesiastical jewels surely 

traveled that very trail. Strange to behold, too, in Chiapas are 

the crenellated walls, moats, turreted towers, and the oadi of 

allegiance of the warden of the keep! Aldiough diere is no 

evidence of casties being built in the New Worid, there 

certainly were fortified churches sporting merlons and 

embrasures. Perhaps the medieval ways of the Old World were 

kept alive in part through pageantry, for we know diat in 1625 

for the fiesta of Chiapa de los Indios diey erected "towers and 

casdes made of wood and painted clodi."^^ 

Confidence in the image of Chiapas presented by the 

lexicographer of Zinacantan is increased by his noting when 

certain things are absent, "but you could say...,"e.g., "...corn 

whiskey" or "...brothels." 

Holding diis reassuring light aloft we can grope our way 

into the murky depths of 16th century Chiapas to try to place 

"Z" in his proper place between Ara and Guzman, brushing 

aside inconsistencies and inventing fabulous schemes. 

TABLE 1.—Comparison of 20 entries for echar and echarse in the TzotzU 

dictionary with other dictionaries. 

TABLE 2.—Comparison of entries for empanada. 

Guzman 

Ara 

Molina 

Alvarado 

Cordova 

Basalenque 

Tirade 

Alcala 

Nebrija 

16.5 

14 

13.5 

13 

12.5 

9.5 

7 

7 

4 

Author 

Guzman 

Ara 

Nebrija 

Cordova 

Basalenque 

San Francisco 

Calepino 

Montoya 

Chicken 

X 

X 

X 

Fish 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Bean 

X 

X 

Meat 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

TABLE 3.—Dictionaries examined for cultural comparison. 

Author 

Nebrija 

Alcala 

Ara 

Guzman 

Molina 

Gilberti 

Cordova 

Alvarado 

Basalenque 

Mayathin 

S. Francisco 

Calepino 

Tirado 

S. Tomis 

Barcena 

Torres 

Gonzalez 

Montoya 

Language 

Latin 

Arabic 

Tzeltal 

Tzelul 

Nahuatl 

Tarascan 

Zapotec 

Mixtec 

Mallaltzinca 

Yucatec 

Yucatec 

Cakchiquel 

Quiche 

Quechua 

Quechua 

Quechua 

Quechua 

Guarani 

Year published 

1516 

1505 

ca. 1550 

1620 

1571 

1559 

1578 

1593 

1642 

ca. 1625 

? 

ca. 1580 

1787 

1560 

1586 

1583 

1608 

1640 
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TABLES 4-26.—Selection of Spanish dictionary entries. 

English Spanish 

evening dew serena 

alabaster 

brass 

amber 

jet 

pitch 

emerald 

tin 

iron 

hyacinth 

jasper 

ivory 

marble 

gold 

flint 

pearl 

sulphur 

silver 

ruby 

salt 

alabastro 

alaton de 

castiUa 

ambar 

azabache 

betun 

esmeralda 

estano 

hierro 

Jacinto 

jaspe 

marfil 

marmot 

oro 

pedemal 

perla 

piedra 

azufre 

plata 

rubi 

sal 

TOTAL 

potato 

amaranth 

sugarcane 

faba bean 

lettuce 

lentils 

60-day com 

pepper plant 

long turnip 

turnip 

leek 

cabbage 

wheat 

batata 

bledo 

cana dulce 

havas 

lechuga 

lenteja 

maiz 60 

dias 

mastuerzo 

nabo 

lenguo 

nabo 

redondo 

puerro 

repoUo 

trigo 

TOTAL 

borrage 

spices 

fennel 

parsley 

pepper 

dUl 

rosemary 

rae 

rhubarb 

mint 

borraja 

especies 

hinojo 

perejil 

puTiienta 

quijones 

romero 

ruda 

ruibarbo 

yervabuena 

TOTAL 

Nebrija Alcala Ara Guzman Molina Gilberti Cordova Alvarado Basalenque Mayathan 

4. WEATHER 

X X X X X X X 

18 

X 

X 

10 

X 

17 

5. METALS, STONE, JEWELS 

X X X 

X X 

X X 

X X X 

X X X 

X X X 

X X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

13 19 

X 

16 

6. EofflLE PLANTS 

50 dias 

12 

X 

X 

X 

12 

7. HERBS, SPICES 

especias 

X 

10 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

10 

X 

17 

X 

X 

X 

50 dias 

X 

12 

X 

X 

X 

10 

X 

X 

X 

19 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

50 dias 

X 

X 

especias 

X 

X 

50 dias 

X 

X 

10 

especias 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

16 

pimiento 

10 
NUMBER 31 13 

TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English 

evening dew 

alabaster 

brass 

amber 

jet 

pitch 

emerald 

tin 

iron 

hyacinth 

jasper 

ivory 

marble 

gold 

flint 

pearl 

sulphur 

silver 

ruby 

salt 

potato 

amaranth 

sugarcane 

faba bean 

lettuce 

lentils 

60-day com 

pepper plant 

long turnip 

turnip 

leek 

cabbage 

wheat 

borrage 

spices 

fennel 

parsley 

pepper 

dill 

rosemary 

rue 

rhubarb 

mint 

Spanish 

serena 

alabastro 

alaton de 

castilla 

ambar 

azabache 

betun 

esmeralda 

estano 

hierro 

Jacinto 

jaspe 

marfil 

marmot 

oro 

pedemal 

perla 

piedra 

azufre 

plata 

rubi 

sal 

TOTAL 

batata 

bledo 

cana dulce 

havas 

lechuga 

lenteja 

maiz 60 

dias 

mastuerzo 

nabo 

luengo 

nalx> 

redondo 

puerro 

repollo 

trigo 

TOTAL 

borraja 

especies 

hinojo 

perejil 

pimienta 

quijones 

romero 

ruda 

ruibarbo 

yervabuena 

TOTAL 

S. Francisco 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

9 

X 

X 

X 

X 

4 

0 

Calepino 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

11 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

9 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

5 

Tirado S. Tom^s Barcena 

4. WEATHER 

5. METALS, STONE 

X X 

X X 

X 

X 

X 

y 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X 

X X 

8 13 

JEWELS 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

10 

6. EDBLE PLANTS 

X X 

X X 

X 

3 2 

X 

X 

X 

3 

7. HERBS, SPICES 

X 

X X 

X 

X X 

X 

4 3 

X 

1 

Torres 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

5 

X 

X 

2 

0 

Gonzalez 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

10 

X 

X 

X 

3 

X 

1 

Montoya 

laton 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

8 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

8 

X 

X 

X 

X 

4 
TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English Spanish 

jasmine 

lily 

rose 

jazmm 

lirio 

TOTAL 

cherry 

plum 

pomegranate 

fig 

lime 

lemon 

apple 

melon 

quince 

blackberry 

orange 

nut 

pear 

pineapple 

pifion nut 

cereza 

ciruela 

granada 

higo 

lima 

limon 

manzana 

melon 

membrillo 

mora 

naranja 

nuez 

pera 

pina 

pmon 

TOTAL 

cotton 

cochineal 

flax 

silk 

algodon 

grana 

lino 

seda 

TOTAL 

meat pie 

cake 

loaf of bread 

sweet cake 

pregustation 

tone 

empanada 

homazo 

moUete 

rosquiUa 

salva 

torta 

TOTAL 

diarrhea 

bQe 

ringwonm 

bubo 

consumptive 

epilepsy 

dropsical 

scrofulous 

tumor 

glandular 

swelling 

palsy 

tenesmus 

uterine flux 

chilblain 

jaundice 

contusion 

camaras 

colera 

em peine 

encordio 

etico 

gotacoral 

idropico 

lamparones 

landre 

perlesia 

pujo de 

vientre 

sangrelluvia 

savanon 

tericia 

torondron 

TOTAL 

Nebrija Alcala Ara Guzman Molina Gilberti Cordova Alvarado Basalenque Mayathan 

13 

x 

13 

X 

12 

X 

colera 

negra 

X 

X 

colera 

negra 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

8 

X 

X 

X 

3 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

14 

FLOWERS 

X 

X 

X 

3 

9. FRUIT 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

14 

X 

X 

X 

3 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

15 

10. TEXTILE PLANTS, ETC. 

11. BREAD, ETC. 

X 

X 

X 

X 

6 

12. 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

6 

ILLNESS 

X 

colera 

verde 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

6 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

12 11 14 

X 

14 

13 

X 

colera 

verde 

X 

X 

14 

15 

15 

X 

X 

12 

X 

12 
TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English 

jasmine 

my 

rose 

cheny 

plum 

pomegranate 

fig 

lime 

lemon 

apple 

melon 

quince 

blackberry 

orange 

nut 

pear 

pineapple 

pinon nut 

cotton 

cochineal 

flax 

silk 

meat pie 

cake 

loaf of bread 

sweet cake 

pregustation 

tone 

diarrhea 

bUe 

ringworm 

bubo 

consumptive 

epilepsy 

dropsical 

scrofulous 

tumor 

glandular 

swelling 

palsy 

toiesmus 

uterine flux 

chilblam 

jaundice 

contusion 

Spanish 

jazmin 

lirio 

rosa 

TOTAL 

cereza 

ciruela 

granada 

higo 

lima 

limon 

manzana 

melon 

membrillo 

mora 

naranja 

nuez 

pera 

pina 

piiion 

TOTAL 

algodon 

grana 

lino 

seda 

TOTAL 

empanada 

homazo 

moUete 

rosquiUa 

salva 

torta 

TOTAL 

camaras 

colera 

empeine 

encordio 

etico 

gotacoral 

idropico 

lamparones 

landre 

perlesia 

pujo de 

vientre 

sangreUuvia 

savaiion 

tericia 

torondron 

TOTAL 

S. Francisco 

X 

X 

2 

X 

X 

X 

3 

X 

X 

2 

X 

1 

X 

X 

X 

incordio 

X 

X 

X 

7 

Calepino 

X 

X 

2 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

10 

X 

X 

X 

3 

X 

X 

X 

X 

4 

Tf 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

13 

Tirado 

X 

X 

2 

X 

X 

X 

X 

4 

10. 

X 

1 

X 

1 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

7 

S. Tomas B< 

8. FLOWERS 

X 

X 

2 

9. FRUIT 

X 

ircena 

X 

1 

X 

granadilla 

X 

X 

X 

4 

TEXTILE PLANTS 

X 

X 

2 

11. BREAD, ETC 

X 

1 

12. ILLNESS 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

7 

X 

3 

ETC. 

X 

X 

X 

3 

X 

1 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

10 

Torres 

0 

granadilla 

1 

X 

X 

2 

0 

X 

X 

2 

Gonzalez 

X 

1 

X 

granadilla 

X 

3 

X 

X 

X 

3 

X 

1 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

9 

Montoya 

0 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

9 

X 

X 

X 

3 

0 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

10 
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English Spanish 

chimney 

shaft 

skylight 

vent 

Sim gallery 

humero 

lumbrera 

respiradero 

solana 

Tox\L 

pQlow 

chest 

cupboard 

bench 

porringer 

basket 

towel 

ladle 

poker 

glazed tub 

tapestry 

wineskin 

crock 

mpsquito net 

dish 

seat 

clock 

sauceboat 

hemp basket 

chamber pot 

earthen 

vessel 

vinegar cruet 

almohada 

area 

armario 

escaiio 

escuddla 

espuerta 

hasalejas 

hataca 

hurgonero 

lebrillo 

manta de 

pared 

odre 

orca 

pabeUon 

para mos 

quitos 

platel 

posadero 

reloj 

salsera 

sera de 

esparto 

servidor 

tarro 

vinagrera 

TOTAL 

adze 

toothpick 

torch 

water pail 

pitchfork for 

turning 

wheat 

earspoon 

fly swatter 

hoof paring 

knife 

azuela 

escarbadientes 

hacha para 

alumbrar 

herrada 

para 

sacar 

agua 

horca para 

revolver 

trigo 

mondaorejas 

moscador 

pujavante 

TOTAL 

X 

X 

X 

X 

mosqueador 

X 

6 

X 

X 

X 

mosquea 

dor 

X 

5 

Nebrija Alcala Ara Guzman Molina GHberti Cordova Alvarado Basalenque Mayathan 

21 

X 

17 

13. ARCHTFECTURE 

X X 

14. FURNTTURE AND FURNISHINGS 

15 19 22 22 

15. TOOLS, ETC. 

X 

X X 

21 

escarbador 

16 

mosqueador 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

almario 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

pavellon 

14 

mosqueador 
NUMBER 31 17 

TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English Spanish S. Francisco Calepino Tirado S. Tomas Barcena Torres Gonzalez Montoya 

chimney 

shaft 

skylight 

vent 

sun gallery 

humero 

lumbrera 

respiradero 

solana 

TOTAL 

pillow 

chest 

cupboard 

bench 

porringer 

basket 

towel 

ladle 

poker 

glazed tub 

tapestry 

wineskin 

crock 

mosquito net 

dish 

seat 

clock 

sauceboat 

hemp basket 

chamber pot 

earthen 

vessel 

vinegar cruet 

almc^ada 

area 

armario 

escano 

escudiUa 

espuerta 

hasalejas 

hataca 

hurgCHiero 

lebrillo 

manta de 

pared 

odre 

orca 

pabeUon 

para mosquitos 

platel 

posadero 

reloj 

salsera 

sera de 

esparto 

servidor 

tarro 

vmagrera 

TOTAL 

adze 

toothpick 

torch 

water pail 

pitchforic for 

turning 

wheat 

earspoon 

fly swatter 

hoof paring 

knife 

azuela 

escarbadientes 

hacha para 

alumbrar 

herrada 

para 

sacar 

agua 

horca para 

revolver 

tngo 

mondaorejas 

moscador 

pujavante 

TOTAL 

X 

mosquea 

dor 

X 

3 

X 

18 

13. ARCHITECTURE 

14. FuRNiTiTRE AND FURNISHINGS 

X X X 

X X 

almario 

X X X 

salsero 

servida 

10 7 

15. TOOLS, ETC. 

mosquea- mosqueador dor 

X 
TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English Spanish Nebrija Alcala Ara Guzman Molina Gilberti Cordova Alvarado Basalenque Mayathan 

hemp sandals 

eyeglasses 

suede 

buskin 

breeches 

breeches 

shirt 

walking 

stick 

hood 

low-heeled 

shoe 

grass sandal 

sash 

strap 

forelock 

sweeping 

skirts 

doublet 

livery 

bracelet 

knapsack 

diapers 

small cloth 

cloth 

montero cap 

goat's hair 

fluff 

satin 

cleaning rag 

sandal 

broadcoat 

hat 

handkerchief 

velvet 

hood 

cord 

royal vestments 

alpargate 

antojos 

baldes 

borzequi 

bragas 

calza 

camisa 

cayado 

coroza 

escaipin 

esparteiias 

faja 

fiador 

guedeja 

haldas que 

arrastran 

jubon 

librea 

manOla 

mochila 

paiiales 

pafiazuelo 

paiio 

papahigo 

picote 

raso 

rodiUa 

sandalia 

sayo 

sombrero 

sudario 

terciopelo 

toca 

torsal 

vestidura 

real 

TOTAL 

town hall 

town haU 

exchequer 

governor 

papal 

legate 

banquet host 

prince of the 

whole 

world 

fief 

senator 

simoniac 

deputy 

tribunal 

cabUdo 

consistorio 

fisco 

gobemador 

legado 

del papa 

principe de 

convite 

principe de 

todo el 

mundo 

repartimiento 

senador 

simoniaco 

teniente 

tribunal 

TOTAL 

27 

solo 

11 

X 

sandalos 

27 

solo 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

16. 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

CLOTHING 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

21 25 34 

17. GOVERNMENT, ETC. 

del mun- solo 

do 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

30 

solo 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

29 

fiscal 

solo 

23 

fiscal 

X 

X 

9 

simoniatico 

X 

X 

10 

simoniatico 

X 

X 

10 

X 

X 

X 

11 

simoniatico 

X 

X 

11 

X 

X 

X 

10 

X 

5 

19 18 
TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English Spanish S. Francisco Calepino Tirado S. Tomas Barcena Torres Gonzalez Montoya 

hemp sandals 

eyeglasses 

suede 

buskin 

breeches 

breeches 

shirt 

walking 

stick 

hood 

low-heeled 

shoe 

grass sandal 

sash 

strap 

forelock 

sweeping 

skirts 

doublet 

livery 

bracelet 

knapsack 

diapers 

small cloth 

cloth 

montero cap 

goat's hair 

fluff 

satin 

cleaning rag 

sandal 

broadcoat 

hat 

handkerdiief 

velvet 

hood 

cord 

royal vestments 

alpargate 

antojos 

baldes 

borzequi 

bragas 

calza 

camisa 

cayado 

coroza 

escarpin 

esparteiias 

faja 

fiador 

guedeja 

haldas que 

arrastran 

jubon 

librea 

manUla 

mochila 

pafiales 

pafiazuelo 

pano 

papahigo 

picote 

raso 

rodUla 

sandaha 

sayo 

sombrero 

sudario 

terciopelo 

toca 

torsal 

vestidura 

real 

TOTAL 

town hall 

town hall 

exchequer 

governor 

papal legate 

banquet host 

prince of the 

whole 

world 

fief 

senator 

simoniac 

deputy 

tribunal 

cabildo 

consistorio 

fisco 

gobemador 

legado del 

papa 

principe de 

convite 

principe de 

todo el 

mundo 

repartimienlo 

senador 

simoniaco 

teniente 

tribunal 

TOTAL 

X 

del mundo 

X 

3 

X 

X 

X 

X 

solo 

X 

X 

7 

13 

16. CLOTHING 

X 

X 

X 

X 

26 10 13 10 

17. GOVERNMENT, ETC 

X X 

solo 
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English Spanish Nebrija Alcala Ara Guzman Molina Gilberti Cordova Alvarado Basalenque Mayathan 

pillory 

iron nng 

manacles 

fetters 

pillory 

dungeon 

pillory 

gallows 

argoUa 

collar de 

hierro 

esposas 

grillos 

horca 

masmorra 

picota 

rollo 

TOTAL 

tapster 

messenger 

porter 

buffoon 

journeyman 

page 

butler 

watchman 

carver 

escanciano 

faraute 

ganapan 

homarrache 

jomalero 

paje 

repostero 

rondador 

trinchante 

TOTAL 

squadron 

division 

army 

defense 

ditch 

merlon 

castle 

moat 

fort 

refuge 

gamson 

keep 

defense 

tower 

embrasure 

esquadron 

haz 

hueste 

TOTAL 

albarrada 

almena 

castdlo 

cava 

fortaleza 

guarida 

guamicion 

homenaje 

de torre 

torre para 

defe n -

derse 

tronera 

TOTAL 

oval shield 

quiver 

harquebus 

bow 

javelin 

helmet 

helmet 

adarga 

aljaba 

arcabuz 

arco 

azagaya 

bacinete 

casco 

ronda 

X 

9 

ronda 

X 

esquadra 

X 

X 

defender 

X 

9 

X 

X 

defender 

X 

9 

18. PUNISHMENT 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

7 7 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

7 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

7 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

7 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

7 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

5 

19. LABORERS, SERVANTS 

escanciador 

X 

escanciador 

X 

X 

X 

escanciador 

X 

X 

X 

escanciador 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

ronda ronda 

X 

20. ARMY 

X X X 

X X X 

X X X 

3 3 3 

21. MnjTARY CONSTRUCTION 

X X 

X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X 

10 7 

22. ARMS AND ARMOR 

X X X 

escuadra 

torre 

esquadra 

X 

X 

3 

moharrache 

torre 
NUMBER 31 21 

TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English 

tapster 

Spanish 

pillory 

iron nng 

manacles 

fetters 

pillory 

dungeon 

pillory 

gallows 

argolla 

collar de 

hierro 

esposas 

grillos 

horca 

masmorra 

picota 

roUo 

TOTAL 

escanciano 

porter 

buffoon 

journeyman 

page 

butler 

watchman 

carver 

ganapan 

homarrache 

jomalero 

paje 

repostero 

rondador 

trinchante 

TOTAL 

squadron 

division 

army 

esquadron 

haz 

hueste 

TOTAL 

defense ditch 

merlcm 

castle 

moat 

fort 

refuge 

gamson 

keep 

defense 

tower 

embrasure 

albarrada 

almena 

Castillo 

cava 

fortaleza 

guarida 

guarmcion 

homenaje 

de torre 

torre para 

defenderse 

tronera 

TOTAL 

S. Francisco Calepino Tirado S. Tom^s Bircena Torres Gonzalez Montoya 

oval shield 

quiver 

harquebus 

bow 

javelin 

helmet 

helmet 

adarga 

aljaba 

arcabuz 

arco 

azagaya 

bacinete 

casco 

escanciador 

escanciador 

ronda 

7 

18. PUNISHMENT 

19. LABORERS, SERVANTS 

20. ARMY 

escuadra 

21. MnjTARY CONSTRUCTION 

torre 

4 3 

22. ARMS AND ARMOR 

X X 

X X 

X 

escanciador 
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English 

blowgun 

Spanish Nebrija Alcala Ara Guzman Molina Gilberti Cordova Alvarado Basalenque Mayathan 

cerbatana 

steel for striking fire 

sword 

musket 

javelin 

sling 

lance 

lombard gun 

coat of maU 

gauntlet 

mortar 

crossbow 

arrow 

oblong 

shield 

club 

dagger 

thigh armor 

arrow 

blunderbuss 

crossbow 

pellet 

mold 

crossbow 

eslabon 

espada 

espingarda 

garrocha 

honda 

lanza 

lombarda 

loriga 

manopla 

mortero 

pesador 

paves 

porra 

puiial 

quijote 

saeta 

trabuco 

turquesa 

vallesta 

TOTAL 

canoe 

canoe 

fleet 

galley 

rudder 

ballast 

mast 

captain 

pilot 

poop 

prow 

seaport 

wreck 

oar 

bilge 

sounder 

arteza 

canoa 

flota 

galera 

gobema 

lastre 

mastil 

patron de 

nao 

piloto 

popa 

proa 

puerto al 

mar 

quebrarse 

el navio 

remo 

sentina 

sonda 

TOTAL 

quUl 

letter 

epitaph 

secretary 

caiion 

carta 

epitafio 

escribania 

X 

22 

X 

X 

governalle 

X 

X 

X 

14 

X 

X 

governalle 

X 

X 

X 

X 

15 

X 

X 

X 

12 

22. ARMS AND ARMOR, CONT'D 

zebra- x x 

tana 

X X X 

X 

pelota de 

X 

X 

X 

X 

lorica 

quixte 

X 

X 

23 

23. NAVY 

X 

X 

X 

X 

governalle 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

20 

ETC 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

pelota de 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

21 

X X 

14 16 

24. SCHOOUNG 

X X 

X X 

itafio 

X X 

X 

16 

X 

X 

X 

pelota de 

X 

X 

X 

21 

X 

14 

X 

19 

X 

X 

X 

governalle 

X 

X 

. .navio 

X 

X 

X 

governalle 

X 

X 

X 

X 

10 

cerbatiUo 

14 12 
NUMBER 31 23 

TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English Spanish S. Francisco Calepino Tirado S. Tomas Barcena Torres Gonzalez Montoya 

blowgun 

steel for striking fire 

sword 

musket 

javelin 

sling 

lance 

lombard gun 

coat of maU 

gauntlet 

mortar 

crossbow 

arrow 

oblong 

shield 

club 

dagger 

thigh armor 

arrow 

blunderbuss 

crossbow 

pellet 

mold 

crossbow 

cerbatana 

eslabon 

espada 

espingarda 

garrocha 

honda 

lanza 

lombarda 

loriga 

manopla 

mortero 

pesador 

paves 

porra 

puiial 

quijote 

saeta 

trabuco 

turquesa 

vallesta 

TOTAL 

quill 

letter 

epitaph 

secretary 

canon 

carta 

epitafio 

escribania 

11 

canoe 

canoe 

fleet 

galley 

rudder 

ballast 

mast 

captain 

pilot 

poop 

prow 

seaport 

wreck 

oar 

bUge 

sounder 

arteza 

canoa 

flota 

galera 

gobema 

lastre 

mastil 

patron de 

nao 

piloto 

popa 

proa 

puerto al 

mar 

quebrarse 

el navio 

remo 

sentina 

sonda 

TOTAL 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

7 

14 

22. ARMS AND ARMOR, CONT'D 

X 

10 

X X 

12 11 

23. NAVY, ETC. 

4 3 

24. SCHOOLING 

X X 

X 

14 

governalle 
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English Spanish Nebrija Alcala Ara Guzman Molina Gilberti Cordova Alvarado Basalenque Mayathan 

dancing 

school 

fencing 

school 

ink paste 

world map 

paper clip 

rod 

paper 

parchment 

paragraph 

pen 

maObag 

postage 

dot 

tilde 

ink 

inkstand 

escuela de 

danzar 

escuela de 

esgrimir 

grasa para 

escribir 

mapamundi 

mordaza 

palmatoria 

papel 

pargamino 

parrafo 

pendola 

porta 

cartas 

porte de 

cartas 

punto 

encuna 

de letra 

tilde 

tinta 

tintero 

TOTAL 

tambourine 

drum 

bell 

duo 

large flute 

small flute 

banjo 

lute 

monochord 

mournful 

motet 

timbrel 

sackbutt 

timbrel 

tmmpet 

guitar 

adufe 

atabal 

cascabel 

duo 

flauta 

grande 

flauta 

pequena 

harpa 

laud 

monocordio 

motete lastimero 

pandero 

sacabuche 

sonajas 

trompeta 

vihuela 

TOTAL 

chess 

hoop 

bowling 

darts 

greyhound 

mock 

combat 

ajedrez 

argolla de 

jugar 

bolas 

dado 

galgo 

juego a 

manera de 

guerra 

16 

cascavel 

mote 

X 

X 

X 

13 

24. SCHOOLING, CONT'D 

X X 

X 

X 

X 

13 

X 

X 

cave 

punto 

de 

letra 

X 

X 

15 

X 

X 

X 

X 

encima 

de la 

tierra 

X 

X 

X 

18 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

25. 

X 

X 

X 

X 

18 

MUSIC 

adufle 

X 

caxcavel 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

18 

X 

caxcavel 

X 

X 

17 

mapa 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

13 

caxcabel caxcabel 

puntiUo en escntura 

X 

X 

X 

14 

X 

caxcabel 

A 

X 

X 

X 

12 

X 

X 

X 

X 

ilea 

X 

X 

X 

X 

8 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

13 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

14 

26. SPORTS AND GAMES 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

pelea 

X 

X 

X 

X 

12 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

13 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

• » 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

12 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

7 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

7 

X 

X 
NUMBER 31 25 

TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English 

dancing 

Spanish 

escuela de 

S. Francisco Calepino 

X 

Tirado S. Tomas Barcena 

24. SCHOOLING, CONT'D 

X 

Torres Gonzalez Montoya 

dancing 

school 

fencing 

school 

ink paste 

world map 

paperclip 

rod 

paper 

parchment 

paragraph 

pen 

mailbag 

postage 

dot 

tQde 

ink 

inkstand 

escuela de 

danzar 

escuela de 

esgrimir 

grasa para 

escribir 

mapamundi 

mordaza 

palmatoria 

papel 

pargamino 

parrafo 

pendola 

porta 

cartas 

porte de 

cartas 

punta 

encima 

de letra 

tilde 

tinta 

tintero 

X 

palmatorio 

X 

X 

en escritura 

Tf 

X 

TOTAL 

tambourine 

drum 

bell 

duo 

large flute 

small flute 

banjo 

lute 

mcmochord 

moumful 

motet 

timbrel 

sackbutt 

timbrel 

trumpet 

guitar 

adufe 

atabal 

cascabel 

duo 

flauta 

grande 

flauu 

pequena 

harpa 

laud 

monocordio 

motete lastimero 

pandero 

sacabuche 

sonajas 

trompeta 

vihuela 

TOTAL 

chess 

hoop 

bowling 

darts 

greyhound 

mock 

combat 

ajedrez 

argoUa de 

jugar 

bolas 

dado 

galgo 

juego a 

manera de 

guerra 

10 

X 

tintorero 

14 

caxcavel 

25. MUSIC 

X 

X 

X 

X 

10 

26. SPORTS AND GAMES 

X X 
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English 

toumament 

game of fortune 

handball 

rampbaU 

juggle 

joust 

greyhound 

cards 

setter 

top 

whipping top 

Spanish 

juego de 

cafias 

juego de 

fortuna 

juego de pelotas 

con las 

manos 

juego de 

pelota 

con las 

nalgas 

juglar 

justar 

lebrel 

naipes 

perdiguero 

perro 

trompa 

trompo 

TOTAL 

Nebrija 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

12 

Alcala 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

12 

Ara 

26. 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

7 

Guzman Molina Gilberti 

SPORTS AND GAMES, CONT'D 

X 

X 

X 

X 

junglar 

X 

X 

X 

13 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

15 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

15 

Cordova 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

16 

Alvarado 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

10 

Basalenque 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

12 

Mayathan 

X 

X 

4 

TABLE 27.—Most frequent entries from Tables 4-26 shared by dictionaries listed in Table 3. 

ALL ALL BUT ONE ALL BUT TWO 

arco 

bolas 

faja 

grana 

horca 

oro 

plata 

saeta 

sal 

trompeta 

bow 

bowling 

sash 

cochineal 

pUlory 

gold 

silver 

arrow 

salt 

trumpet 

algodon 

almohada 

bledo 

camaras 

canon 

carta 

escudilla 

estano 

fortaleza 

hierro 

honda 

lanza 

manilla 

paje 

papel 

pedernal 

cotton 

pillow 

amaranth 

diarrhea 

quill 

letter 

shield 

tm 

fortress 

iron 

sling 

lance 

bracelet 

page 

paper 

antojos 

atabal 

camisa 

cascabel 

colera 

encordio 

escano 

gobernador 

lirio 

mortero 

panales 

pimienta 

eyeglasses 

drum 

shirt 

bell 

bUe 

bubo 

bench 

governor 

my 

mortar 

diapers 

pepper 

TABLE 28.—Sum of entries from Tables 4-26 shared with 290 entries from Z's dictionary. 

Molina 

Gilberti 

Cordova 

Guzman 

Nebrija 

Alcala 

Alvarado 

Calepino 

Ara 

268 

264 

257 

251 

250 

221 

207 

198 

191 

Basalenque 

Mayathan 

Santo Tomas 

Montoya 

San Francisco 

Gonzalez 

Tirado 

Barcena 

Torres 

182 

127 

113 

113 

101 

100 

96 

96 

35 
NUMBER 31 27 

TABLES 4-26.—Continued. 

English 

tournament 

game of fortune 

handball 

rampball 

juggle 

joust 

greyhound 

cards 

setter 

top 

whipping top 

Spanish 

juego de 

caiias 

juego de 

fortuna 

juego de pelotas 

con las 

manos 

juego de 

pelota 

con las 

nalgas 

juglar 

justar 

lebrel 

naipes 

perdiguero 

perro 

trompa 

trompo 

TOTAL 

S. Francisco 

X 

3 

Calepino 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

11 

Tirado S. Tomas Barcena Torres 

26. SPORTS AND GAMES, CONT'D 

X 

X 

X X 

X 

X 

X X 

7 7 5 1 

Gonzalez 

X 

X 

X 

5 

Montoya 

X 

3 

TABLE 29.—Rank of sharing in cultural categories. 

Category 

Metals 

Edible plants 

Herbs, spices 

Fruit 

Illness 

Furniture 

Clothing 

Government 

Military constmction 

Aims and armor 

Navy 

Schooling 

Music 

Sports 

Molina 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Gilberti 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

1 

3 

2 

Cordova 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

2 

en en 2 

2 

2 

1 

Guzman 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

Nebrija 

2 

3 

2 

3 

3 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

2 

Alcala 

3 

1 

3 

2 

3 

Alvarado 

2 

3 

1 

3 

Calepino 

3 

Ara 

3 

3 

3 

TABLE 30.—Sum of rankings in cultural categories. 

Author 

Molina 

Gilberti 

C6rdova 

Guzmin 

Nebrija 

Alcala 

Alvarado 

Calepino 

Ara 

First 

9 

7 

3 

6 

1 

1 

1 

Second 

2 

3 

8 

4 

7 

1 

2 

Third 

0 

3 

3 

2 

4 

3 

2 

1 

3 
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

X,Y, and Z 

The fu-st invention will be the date of Ara's dictionary. The 

date of the Tzeltal-Spanish section is given by the Bancroft 

Library as 1571, one year before the friar's death. William 

Gates suggests that it dates "around 1550," which would be a 

likely guess, as Fray Domingo wrote a lengthy treatise in 

Tzeltal in 1557.*'* It must be remembered, though, that 

dictionaries produced in monasteries were very seldom written 

by a single man, but were used and added to constantly by 

fellow monks. This was demonstrably true of Ara's TzeltalSpanish dictionary that was speckled with additions and 

corrections in a variety of hands, some signed, some not. 

Guzman revised Ara's dictionary in Guaquitepec in 1620. 

A comparison of Ara's and Guzman's Tzeltal dictionaries with 

Z's Tzotzil dictionary must begin with the awareness of a 

number of shortcomings. 

Ara's dictionary is missing the original title page and the 

initial pages. It begins with the latter part of abeja la mayor 

and ends on virtud por la fortaleza, missing the final pages 

(each missing section corresponds to 3 pages of Guzman). In 

the 19th century someone (accenting his a's) replaced the titie 

page and substituted Guzman's opening pages. 

Guzman is missing page 182, remo-reposar. He also is 

missing the sequence from tardador-templar instrumentos, 

which corresponds to 30 entries (V/i pages) in Ara. This 

exclusion cannot be explained by the loss of a page. Perhaps 

as he was writing his copy he simply overlooked that section, 

which is not missing from the Tzotzil dictionary. Guzman's 

dictionary runs from A-Z, whereas the Tzotzil dictionary ends 

on X plus a few additions to various letters. 

The latter is missing one page, from padecer-pagar pena 

(10 entries in Ara including padrastro, padre, padrino, 

padron). Because the manuscript of the Tzotzil dictionary is a 

1907 copy of the missing original, no conclusions can be drawn 

from paper content, calligraphy, or spelling (which the copyist 

frequentiy modernized in Spanish). 

In the Ara manuscript a compartment for additions, often 

designated as such, follows most of the alphabetical sections 

from A-L, after which it is discontinued. All additions are 

given in the same hand as tire original. 

Guzman leaves a space for additions at Uie end of most 

letters. Someone with a crude hand has made a few additions 

there. Z has less than a page of additions at the end of the entire 

work. 

Ara, in the middle of R (page 167), begins to indicate on the 

bottom of every page the first entry of the following page. 

This is copied by Guzman throughout. It is not present in the 

1907 manuscript of Z. 

Occasionally, when an entry was short, or when the last Une 

was short, Ara would draw a line after it. This practice was 

continued by Z about half the time, but never by Guzman. On 

a single page, 213, of Z a two-column format is used. 

Ara, at Ure head of each letter wrote Incipit letera... and at 

the foot. Explicit letera...,Additio ad leteram... .This was not 

followed by Guzman. If the 1907 copyist was faithful to Z, he 

only wrote, after A, De incipientibus per litter am, after B, De 

incipientibus in C, after M, fin de la M, after N, De 

incipientibus in O, after O, Fin de la O. 

The number of entries under each letter in the three 

dictionaries are hsted in Table 31. 

One would expect that Uiere would be a steady progression 

from Ara to Z to Guzman. But this is not tiie case; Z has fewer 

entries even than Ara in 6 letters (A, B, C, D, LI, UV), the 

same as Guzman in 1 (F), and more than Guzman in 4 (Ch, 

M, R, T). Perhaps at the beginning of his labors Z was not 

inspired to create a Tzotzil dictionary better than his mentor's, 

for from A-D he fell behind the Tzeltal model by 389 entries, 

while Guzman outstripped Z by 604! Focusing on a single 

page of Ara (page 173 1.) gives a more intimate view of the 

situation (see Table 32). 

Analyzing Table 32 results in tiie following: 

Ara: 20 entries 

8 identical for A,G, Z 

G, Z ignore the same one 

Z ignores another 

A,G share one worded nearly the same 

G, Z add 3 nearly the same 

A,G, Z share 4 with different wording: 

A,G 1 the same 

A, Z 2 the same 

G, Z 1 the same 

TABLE 31.—Sum of entries. 

Letter 

A 

B 

C 

Ch 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

I,J, Y 

L 

U 

M 

N 

0 

P 

Q 

R 

S 

T 

U, V 

X 

z 

Total 

Ara 

938 

214 

685 

16 

420 

917 

200 

223 

351 

196 

209 

50 

629 

136 

145 

780 

115 

489 

491 

376 

189 

7769 

Guzman 

968 

228 

812 

16 

464 

1169 

243 

343 

393 

272 

308 

54 

654 

185 

244 

986 

146 

549 

595 

422 

272 

12 

10 

9345 

Z 

799 

178 

533 

17 

358 

967 

243 

237 

383 

246 

269 

36 

676 

158 

193 

927 

139 

554 

539 

435 

188 

2 

8077 
NUMBER 31 29 

TABLE 32.—Comparison of one page of Ara with Guzman and Z. 

Ara 

sabado 

saber 

saber mal la doctrina 

no saber nada della 

saber el lugar, casa, camino, pueblo 

saber el majar 

saberle al que lo come 

sabio o sabidor 

sabio que siente la cosas 

sabio que discurre las cosas 

sabio que da consejos 

sabio para tracas ymbenciones 

sabele mal o pesale 

sabor de majar 

saborearse en el majar 

sabrosa cosa 

sabroso ser 

dificultoso de saber 

saco 

sacar un poco fuera 

sacado 

Guzman 

sabado 

saber el frequentativo 

saber mal algo como la doctrina 

dificultoso de saber 

no saves nada de la doctrina 

saber el lugar, casa, camino no se su casa 

saber el manjar 

saberle alque lo come 

sabio sabidor 

sabidor de todo 

sabio que siente las cosas 

sabio que discurre mucho 

sabio que da buenos avisos 

sabio que halla tracas nuebas y 

obras 

sabele mal o pesarle de algo 

no te pese 

sabor de manjar 

sabor tomar en el manjar 

sabrosa cosa 

sabroso 

sacabuche 

sacar 

sacar un poco fuera 

invenciones en 

sacar como tirando acia fuera como hacia si 

rempujando vide tirar 

sacado 

Z 

sabado 

saber 

sabe el lugar donde hay algo, el pueblo, el 

camino 

saber el manjar 

saberlo de que lo comes 

sabio o sabidor 

sabio que siente las cosas 

sabio que discurre mucho 

sabio que da buenos cortes 

sabio que halla trazos nuevos inventados en 

obras 

sabele mal o pesale algo 

sabor de manjar 

saborear o tomar sabor el manjar 

sabrosa cosa 

saca o saco grande 

sacabuche 

sacar 

sacar un poco fuera 

sacar tirando hacia asi o como rempujandolo de 

as I 

vide tirar sacado 

Why Z should choose to ignore saber mal la doctrina is a 

mystery. 

I performed a similar check on two other pages: 

RESULTS OF SECOND PAGE 

muerto del todo-mundano amador... (page 125 r.) 

Ara: 18 entries 

12 identical for A,G,Z 

G adds 1 

Zadds 1 

A,G share 1 

A, Z share 1 

A,G share 1 with different wording 

A, Z share 1 with different wording 

G, Z share 2 with different wording 

RESULTS OF THIRD PAGE 

puerco espin-puntiagudo hacer algo (page 156 r.) 

Ara: 27 entries 

18 identical for A,G2 

Gadds 1 

Z adds 1 

A, Z share 1 

G, Z share 6 

Shared by aU, but one worded differently: 

A,G the same—2 

A, Z the same—2 

G, Z the same—5 

Examining the pairing of Ara and Guzman, Ara and Z, and 

Guzman and Z, shows that Guzman and Z by a count of 7 are 

equally similar to Ara, whereas by a count of 18 they are similar 

to each other. 

The Chiapas lexicographers used cross-referencing (unhke 

Nebrija and Molina). Z had 134 vides, of which Guzman had 

88 and Ara had 41. All but three of Ara's were repeated by 

Guzman and one of these was in a missing section. In nearly 

every case the cross-referencing was identical, though sometimes the two words would be placed in the entry, such as 

rehacer, fortalecerse, or the second would follow idem q (Z) 

or idz (Ara, Guzman). In eight instances the entry to which Z 

referred the reader did not exist. Both Ara and Guzman referred 

their readers to half of these imaginary enu-ies. Some of the 

cross-referencing referred back alphabetically, but some also 

referred far forwards as if the lexicographer knew where he 

was going. 

The writing style of Ara is very terse, Guzman slightiy less 

so, and Z more prolix. For instance, Ara says encojerse la 
30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

culebra haciendose rosea, Guzman has encojerse como la 

culebra haciendose rosea, and Z says encojerse como cuando 

se encoje la culebra haciendo rosea. Botii Ara and Guzman 

make great use of abbreviation, not only in Spanish and Latin, 

but also in Tzeltal. Z occasionally uses abbreviation for 

Spanish, e.g., qdo for cuando, frequentiy for Latin, but, 

mercifully, never for Tzotzil. 

Because all three lexicographers were working from the 

outside in, from Spanish to Tzotzil, their Tzotzil equivalents 

are often long phrases or even whole sentences. 

If there is no native word or words for a Spanish entry it is 

not included by Ara, and rarely by Guzman, unlike Z. 

Z is the only lexicographer of the three who gives literal 

translations for native terms. 

Frequentiy if the Spanish term is an adjective, such as 

pacible, "peaceful," it is given modifying cosa, e.g., pacible 

cosa, a practice introduced by Nebrija. 

Tzeltal nouns are given by Ara and Guzman in the 

unpossessed form and in 1st person possession singular. For 

Tzotzil, Z adds to this 2nd person singular, but does not 

translate it. Tzeltal verbs are almost always given in 3rd person 

singular, contrasting with Z, who uses the 1st person, and 

sometimes also the 2nd (not translated). Z slavishly provides 

the 1st person of a verb even when its subject is an animal, 

e.g., ladrar los perros, "I bark," or an inanimate noun, e.g., 

salirse el vaso, "I sweat." 

When nouns and adverbs are derived from a verb, they 

follow it regardless of whether the first syllable is the same 

(unlike Molina, who has abierto precede fl^r/r).This presentation of related forms in blocks is characteristic of Nebrija. 

There is no regular order of nouns, adverbs, and adjectives 

within the block; usually they are listed alphabetically. 

The alphabetical order of the Spanish entries in all three 

dictionaries, even after one has figured out some of the rules, 

is totally perplexing, Q, as in agadon, follows c, so gedro and 

giego follow curar. j precedes / and y, which are interchangeable, s when preceding a or e is written x, but x and j may be 

interchangeable as in enxaguar and enjabonar, in which case 

they follow enbiar or enviar as b and v are interchangeable, z 

follows X, mezcla following mexilla, but, of course, z and 5 are 

frequentiy interchanged. 

But why in all three dictionaries does abismo precede 

abegarse, or adornar precede aderegol Why does Z place 

hermano between habla and hablador, when the others place 

it after erigol Why do Ara and Guzman insert caminarsecandado in the middle of calgal 

With one exception, all three lexicographers use the same 

alphabet for the native language. Disconcertingly, they 

interchange b and v, as in Spanish, but they employ gh for 

modern 7 and x for modern x, though Z sometimes gives gh 

for modern k.s,g, and z are used for modern s, and sometimes 

Ara and Guzman employ q. c and qu are used for modern k. 

Only Z uses the letter d, as in amdel, olondon, and generally, 

though not universally, for the suffixes I write as -tas and -tay. 

Z usually writes a b preceding a consonant or in final position 

as m. y's and z's are written interchangeably, which causes 

problems in a word such as yi'tik, that is written ytic. u, v, and 

hu may also be interchanged—Z uses all tiiree in a single root. 

The presence of the consonant H, occasionally written h, but 

usually not indicated at all, is deduced from the occurrence of 

person markers that normally precede consonants now 

preceding vowels. Another clue is provided by roots tiiat appear 

to begin with a vowel, but which, in modern Tzotzil, begin 

with v's or j's. Finally, tiiere is a dim awareness of glottal stops 

and glottalization, particularly of mid-position k's. This is 

marked, more often than not, incorrectly, with an h, which 

is rarely used by Z for modern H. Thus, Z presents Ho'on as 

ohon, ch'ulum-ti' as chulumtih, k'ak'al as cahcal. But even 

when tiiey are correct they are just as apt to forget the h in the 

next phrase. Na is written half the time as nah and te' is written 

half tiie time as te. Following Spanish rules of pronunciation 

an n before a Z) is changed to an m, as in nichnambil 

Inich'nanbill. 

Comparing the illustrative material of the three dictionaries, 

the results are very uneven. So, under salir aprisa, Ara and 

Guzman give "as children from school," but Z is more 

expansive: "as when tiiey leave church or school." For sailor 

hacia arriba, Ara gives "dancing," Guzman, "children," and 

Z, botii. For serial, both Ara and Guzman give "as when we 

say clouds are a sign of rain," to which Z adds tiie morning 

star as a sign of dawn. Under son, Ara and Guzman give (1) 

sound, humming, (2) echo—striking rock, (3) from afar— 

birds, (4) sick person. Z alters (2) to read, "echo—^bell, striking 

wood." 

The entry tenerse por digno is very long in Ara and Guzman, 

but omitted by Z. Tocarse las partes vergonzosas is given only 

by Z. Entries such as huerta, tentacion, tratar el tratante, triste, 

and tronar are greatiy expanded by Z. 

Both Guzman and Z refer to reed shields hanging in the 

church, and to the way the Aztecs prepare their fields. But 

when Z refers to movement towards, it is towards Mexico City, 

and for Ara and Guzman, towards Guatemala. Z speaks of a 

native of Mexico City or Castille, Ara and Guzman of 

Copanahuastia. Z speaks of a palm bag for salt, Ara and 

Guzman of a palm bag for cotton and beans. 

What most distinguishes Z from the Tzeltal lexicographers 

is his concern for grammar, for correct speech, which he often 

presents in a conversational style, offering hints to avoid 

mistakes and to give just the right turn of speech. All Tzeltal 

grammatic notation is given in extremely terse Latin, often 

abbreviated. Z's notation, when long, is in Latin, but often 

with Spanish words mixed in. The great difficulty in reading 

Z's commentary may be the fault of the copyist, who clearly 

did not dominate Latin. 

Z is fascinated with tiie difference between Spanish and 

Tzotzil expression. 

When we say...these Indians use the verb... 
NUMBER 31 31 

When we say...these [people] say... 

As when we say... 

As when we say...these [people] say it in a thousand ways 

The other words for.. .are infuiite 

They don't say as in Spanish... 

But they never say as in Spanish... 

But they don't say...as in Spanish or Latin, but... 

They only have the opposite of this verb 

The opposite of Spanish... 

And they don't say... 

They don't have the proper word, but they say... 

They don't have a word for it, but they get around it by saying... 

As there is no proper word, everyone says it as he pleases 

They don't use it except by circumlocutiMis 

They don't talk this way, but we can say... 

They don't use this phrase, but they say... 

They don't use these words, but they say... 

I don't believe they have a word for it, but they say... 

They don't have it, but they usually say in its place... 

They say it in many ways, but none is correct 

They don't have a transitive form so in order to say...they have to say... 

Or differentiating it, they say... 

They don't have a general term, they have to differentiate 

To insult a person, as when we call him a beast, they call him a... 

They have no word, nor do they know what it is, although sometimes they 

say that they say... [sereno de noche] 

They haven't used [the expressions] yet, but they understand them well 

[verguemas de hombre y de mujer] 

They don't know what it is, but you could say... [mancebia] 

Although it would be well understood if they said... 

The etymology and exact meaning of words is of prime 

importance to Z. 

This word comes frcwn... 

It has two meaning s... 

.. .means.. .andnot... 

Frequently it is used metaphorically 

i.e. [literate term] 

It is the same as saying... 

They speak differently if it is... 

Sometimes they do not differentiate one from the other as when they say... 

They have infmite words for these things, many times they use them 

indifferently 

There are an infmite number of expressions derived from this word [olondon] 

Using a clear tenn...amore decent verb is...but when they talk lo us they 

say... [hacer, tener parte el hombre con la mujer] 

Z notes the frequency of use and the change of language 

over time. 

They say it infrequently, but... 

Sometimes they say... 

But commonly they call it... 

More often they use... 

For...they also say... 

Once they said... 

But note that it is rare to speak in this way 

But this word is used rarely now 

And note this well because it is a very obscure phrase 

Now the younger men don't say it, but... 

Z provides grammatic notes. Often tiiey are redundant, 

obvious, and tiresome, but some are quite perceptive. 

The same for... 

Referring to the man.. .to the woman... 

And the same in all the following cases... 

When they put it with the substantive... 

Always intransitive [neuiro] and in the 3rd person 

It is to change intransitive verbs to transitives [activo] 

All these verbs are conjugated like this, the first by mood and tense 

Preterite...accusativegerand using two verbs simultaneously 

Always... at the beginning and after the verb follows... 

.. .is made clear by the pronoun 

And note that they don't have comparisons, but... 

And noting that...and...frequentlyare used together 

Nouns such as sentiment are verbs in this language 

When we use nouns, they use verbs 

Commonly they don't answer except by the same verb that one asks: Has 

your father come? He has come. 

Z also advises the reader how to put his best foot forward. 

It is better to say... 

But they take it as an insult if... 

If you want to say...say... 

But to say...don'tsay..., rather... 

But it seems it is better to say... 

To say...you should not say...but with the particles... 

Z also gives advice on spelling and pronunciation. 

Xocohm Ixokobl must be written with an A to distinguish it from plaster 

which is xocom txokom. 

Just so, but 

Ghchom Ijch'oml as for the milpa, except that the mLlpa is pronounced 

forcefully ghchom Ijchobl, for loan not so much so. 

First, he transposes Uie glottalized noun and, second, fails 

to distinguish between b and m in milpa. 

Z is correct once again when he points out that you have to 

pronounce the gh in ghalal antz Ij'alal 'antzt when it means a 

woman who has borne her first child, differentiy from that in 

ghalal Ijalall for beloved, which is pronounced more 

forcefully. 

Unfortunately, Z is extraordinarily inconsistent in his 

spelling. It is not unusual for him to spell the same word two 

or three different ways in the same entry. 

Unlike Ara and Guzman, Z refers in his dictionary to an 

accompanying grammar (now lost). It is most frequentiy cited 

in the entries dealing with numbers (1, 15-20, and 90 are not 

included in the dictionary): vide in arte, ut habes in arte, vi in 

arte, vide artem, vide adverbio, vide adverbio numeralis in 

arte (or) en el arte. Kin terms were also included: vide in arte 

nomina consanguineorum, but it must have had a wider scope, 

as Z, commenting on the suffix -agh l-ajl, says that it means 

brevity of action and refers the reader to the grammar. 

Returning to tiie trio of Chiapas lexicographers, how does 

one explain the similarities and differences between tiiem, and 

yet the pronounced individuality of each? I can come to only 

one conclusion. As Guzman is lacking a section of Ara, which 

is covered by Z, Z could not have copied Guzman. Guzman 

also is much more voluminous. Despite tiieir similarities, it 

seems equally unlikely tiiat Guzman copied Z, ignoring his 
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

commentary on the grammar, as well as a large number of 

illustrative references and phrases and nearly 50 crossreferences. Knowing that dictionary-making was often a 

collaborative affair and that the monastery manuscripts were 

constantiy being revised, improved, and expanded by the 

resident friars, I suggest that there were intermediate copies 

(now lost) that were used independently by tiie Tzotzil 

lexicographer in Zinacantan, and the Tzeltal lexicographer in 

Guaquitepec. 

Who was Z? He was a man who immersed himself in the 

culture of Zinacantan apparentiy over a long period of years. 

He also was a man interested in his own culture—wimess the 

very large number of entries dealing with Spanish objects and 

customs. He had a deep and comprehensive knowledge of the 

subtleties of the native language which, in the spirit of Ara, 

he took great pains to communicate so his readers could 

quickly learn to speak the language. But his sj)elling was 

astonishingly inconsistent, and one has the feehng he was 

working at top speed, for he would write entries such as for 

torondron—"como los que tienen en la cabeza digo en la 

cara." Or for alcahuetear—xemuculicvan Ixemukul-'ik'van!, 

xemucultalicvan where the second should be xemuctalicvan 

Ixemuktal-'ik'vanI, and clearly Z unthinkingly inserted the -ul 

of the first in tiie second. So absent-minded was Z tiiat for 

gramatica, instead of writing castillan cop Icastillan k'opt, he 

wrote castillan yxim /castillan 'iximi wheat! 

. Z reveals very littie of his character. Under invernar, he 

speaks of wintering in Chiapa and comments: 

The rainy season would be better named summer which contrasts more with 

the cold than the rain and then there is no cold. Winter proper is with sun 

because winter contrasts more with heat than rain and when they call it the 

sunny season here it is cold though it does not rain and therefore in my opinion 

it is winter. 

He did not refrain from listing "the green butterfly that the 

Indians eat." He informs us that "copper is tiie Indian's iron." 

For roble he gives the Tzotzil name tzo tulan Itzo' tulani, 

"shit oak," and adds, "They consider tiiis to be terrible for 

firewood and that must be why they give it tiiis name." "And 

note that to get drunk in this language not only means to get 

drunk from wine or some otiier drink, but also to be stupefied 

or beside oneself from loving a person or from a dream or 

anger."*^ In detener he says, "when robbers or alguaciles (who 

are the same) close the road on a Sunday so no one may travel." 

If we could answer the question, "When did Z compile his 

dictionary?" we might be able to identify him. But Z was not 

so accommodating as Tomas Coto, who inserted the following 

in one of his entries: 

Before putting this example, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, Saturday, Febmary 

18th, occurred the great earthquake of Guatemala and it caught me writing this. 

From this example I continue today, Saturday, the 29th of March, 1691, in this 

monastery of AlmolcHiga.*^ 

Z provides information about early post-Conquest times. 

They call stone idols...*^ 

[Masks] that they once used in the sacrifices...** 

As they Mice played with beans.*' 

The leashes they used lo put on ground hens.'" 

[Bridal bed] they used lo say...because they had them join there. Now the 

younger men don't say it, but...'^ 

These [people] prefer lo shoot with arrows and not with crossbows.'^ 

[Lift up] as when something that we have in our hands falls, as money or 

cacao.'^ 

[Find something lost] as money, plumes.''' 

Searching through the choice of entries, there is not a 

significant difference between Ara's dictionary of the 1550's 

and Guzman's of 1620, and it must be remembered that the 

contents of dictionaries are chronically archaic. Within tiiat 

time period the spelling of words also did not change 

significantiy, so that offers no clue. 

If this Tzotzil dictionary of Zinacantan had been in the 

lifetime of Tomas de la Torre, i.e., before 1568, it seems likely 

that he would have mentioned it, just as he spoke of Domingo 

de Ara's dictionary. It seems certain that he, Pedro de la Cruz, 

Alonso del Portillo, and Andres del Valle contributed to it. 

Fray Diego de Calderon, "a new priest, was sent [in 1545] to 

live in Zinacantan," but no word of his achievements is given.^^ 

The name of only one otiier friar, Manuel Enriquez de Paz, 

appears in the chronicles as associated with Zinacantan. Fray 

Manuel, "son of Salamanca and a nobleman of that city," had 

the visita of Zinacantan, and escorted Fray Antonio de Remesal 

there in Holy Week of 1616. He called forth the people to 

discover what tiiey remembered of the tributes tiiat had been 

so great that "all Seville would have had difficulty in paying 

[tiie cacao]." The elders came with all the chiefs and they knew 

only in general terms that tiie tribute had been very large. 

In a while an old man retumed with an ancient book written in the language 

of that place and Fray Manuel interpreted it for me. It contained the Conquest 

of that land and the cruelties that the Spaniards practiced against them. 

And the priest said that the style and manner of writing had the perceptions 

and expressions that he had seen in his life, having been involved with that 

language for years.'* 

Could Z have been no other than Fray Manuel? There is 

some supporting evidence. It is noteworthy that Remesal would 

remember how Fray Manuel commented on "the style and 

manner," "tiie perceptions and expressions" of the language. 

This conversational style and knowledge of the subtleties of 

the language sounds very familiar indeed. 

At the very end of the dictionary is a quotation in Latin taken 

from the Book of Lamentations of Jeremiah. Jeremiah "was the 

man of the hour in the midst of the tragical things of the 

state."^^ The prosperous times under godly King Josiah were 

followed by a state of iniquity and final destruction. Jeremiah 

declared tiie "Word of the Lord," the crushing judgment tiiat 

was to fall upon the nation and her people. In 5:15-17 he says, 

"The joy of our heart is ceased, our dance is turned to 

mourning. The crown is fallen from our head and woe unto 

us tiiat we have sinned." But Z does not quote this passage 

verbatim; he abbreviates it and reverses the order of the phrases 

to read: "The crown is fallen from our head, the joy of our 
NUMBER 31 33 

heart is ceased."^* 

Now why, after concluding what must have been a labor of 

years, worthy of celebration, does Z end on such a moumful 

note? 

Under tiie entry rehen, hostage, Z (and only Z) gives tiiis 

example: "tiie King of France returned hostages." Spain was 

at peace with France for 30 years, from 1559 to 1589 when 

hostilities resumed, to be terminated in 1598. Now, Z might 

well have included tiiis example in peacetime, but he seems 

more liable to have done so during the war or, most especially, 

at the close of the war when the King of France would have 

been returning hostages. 

On 13 September 1598, King Philip II died. Of this Spanish 

monarch. Fray Antonio de Remesal wrote: "No other king of 

the world since Solomon has shone so brighUy as the king, 

Don FeUpe."^' Mourning rites were celebrated in Mexico City 

on 29 March 1599. 

Was tills, perhaps, the crown tiiat had fallen "from our 

head?" And was it, perhaps. Fray Manuel, nobleman of 

Salamanca, who was mourning the death of his king? He had 

been involved with Tzotzil "for years," in 1616. There is no 

record of his arrival in the New World. The archives of 

Salamanca contain no material from Chiapas, having suffered 

a fate similar to tiiat of the various New World ecclesiastical archives. That the Tzotzil dictionary, so replete with 

terms for Spanish objects and customs of the gentry, would 

have been compiled by a nobleman, seems apt. 

The citation from the Book of Lamentations is followed by 

a paragraph in Tzotzil. It was copied so imperfectly that I am 

unable to translate it, but it suggests tiiat tiie dictionary was 

concluded on a Good Friday, and laments the sins of the 

people. So, perhaps, the crown was not the King of Spain's, 

but the King of Christendom's, and we know no more than 

that the dictionary was completed on a Good Friday sometime 

in the second half of the 16th century or the fu-st quarter of the 

17th century. I would opt for tiie former, but tiiere is no positive 

proof. To repeat Fray Antonio de Remesal's counsel: "It is 

better to confess ignorance in these cases than to say what one 

does not know even though it could have been."^'^ Z cannot 

be un-Z'd. 

For two hundred years there is no record of who learned 

Tzotzil witii the aid of Z, until Fray Josef de la Barrera, sitting 

in San Felipe Ecatepec, penned his Libro de lengua 

tzotzil—from 1782 to 1788—that "the curious person may see 

to his advantage,"^^^ In tiie grammar are found examples which 

must surely have been taken from Z: "soy menor q^ Ped° 

(Pedro),"'^^'^ "q^ tan lexos esta la Ciudad desde tzinacantan,"'^^'^ as well as the name and account of the young man 

who once walked the clouds by day as thunder. ^^^ 

In 1804, with Fray Josef's manuscript before him, Jose 

Miguel Correa produced a similar work, with a much briefer 

grammar, but a more extensive dictionary (17 pages). He 

advised his colleagues that it would be "impossible to carry 

out" their duties "if they do not know the language that the 

parishioners speak and understand." He exhorted them to 

"study the language eamestiy" and, quoting Jeremiah, told 

them that "bread crumbs" was what was wanted, "not hard 

loaves."io5 

I also advise you not to preach al length to the Indians for they are fastidious 

about quality, and if the sermon is long they do not listen carefully lo it, nor 

do they profit from it, rather they are confused by all they are told and habitually 

flee from Mass so as not lo hear the senmon. And so the gospel of the day 

should be explained with comparisons that they use, and perceive...They 

should consider the pains of Hell and the reward of Heaven, the immortality 

of the soul and eternity, since they are such realists that they doubt much of 

this and they are persuaded only by what they see. Ccmsequently one must 

provide a good example, so that the goals of preaching not be frastrated, for 

if they see in the priest qualities contrary to what he preaches, they laugh and 

consider his doctrine to be false. And for them a bad example counts more 

heavily than a thousand sermons, and so the priests must avoid causing a 

scandal even in trifling matters, remembering that they must account to God 

for those souls.^°* 

Over a century later, perhaps in 1905, the manuscript 

reappears in the Episcopal Archives of San Cristobal, 

discovered by Bishop Orozco y Jimenez, who, determined that 

it not be lost to history, had a copy made by hand, which he 

sent to the Museo Nacional de Arqueologia, Historia y 

Emologia in Mexico City. 

Francisco Orozco y Jimenez 

Francisco Orozco y Jimenez, baptized Jose Francisco 

Ponciano de Jesus, was born in Zamora, Michoacan, in 1864. 

Francisco was only 12 years old when his motiier died. His 

fatiier, a wealtiiy landowner, decided to send Francisco and his 

brotiier to the Latin American College in Rome for their 

education, but as a premonition of Francisco's troubled destiny, 

their trip on horseback to Mexico City was interrupted many 

times by federal troops that believed they were revolutionaries! 

After their ordination in 1885, they returned to Zamora. 

Francisco became a chaplain and vice-rector of the School of 

Arts and Business, but his modern teaching metiiods caused 

his dismissal. He retired to the chapel of his family's ranch, 

La Noria, before proceeding to Mexico City. There he 

continued his studies at the Pontifical University, receiving a 

Doctorate of Theology in 1896. He was appointed Professor 

of Latin, and shortiy tiiereafter, vice-rector of the Seminary of 

Mexico, Francisco's concern for his students earned him the 

affectionate nickname of "LaMama." In 1902, at the early age 

of 38, Francisco was installed by the Archbishop of Mexico 

City with great pomp in tiie Basilica of Guadalupe as Bishop 

of Chiapas. The strengtii of his character was revealed from 

the outset when he insisted that he would renounce the 

episcopacy unless he were granted the right to bring Jesuit 

teachers from Europe to educate his Chiapas parishioners. 

This dashing young prelate, known to his family as 

"Pancho," or "Padre Pancho," was feted by the Church with a 

grand banquet in Mexico City before he set out for tiie 

hinterlands of Chiapas. Sherry, three wines, and champagne 
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

accompanied the repast: 

Macarroni a I'ltalienne 

Mors D'oevres, Potage de volaille 

Vol-au-vent de Lamproie 

Guachinango a VAllemande 

Filet de boer aux champignons, Poulet sauce Mazagran 

Punch aux Marasquin et Rhum 

Asperges sauce mousseline 

Dindonneaux rotis, Salade de saison escarole 

Corbeille de fruits-Gateaux 

Glaces, Pistaches, Praise et Vanille, Cafe, The '*" 

At this time Chiapas was known to the world for its 

Soconusco coffee and cacao on the Pacific Coast, for its giant 

mahogany trees of the eastern jungle that provided furniture 

for the rich in America and Europe. Here, too, where 

paddlewheel steamers plied the Usumacinta, American rubber 

companies of Portland, San Francisco, and Boston were buying 

up huge tracts of forest. But it was to the central highlands of 

Chiapas, the fearsome "Indian country," where the bishop was 

to take his episcopal seat. 

Ratiier than traveling post haste to the capital, San Cristobal, 

the bishop first made a detour to the Indian town of Chamula 

where he preached that Indians and Ladinos (non-Indians) 

should be brothers, not enemies. Continuing on to the capital 

he found that the heavy ash fall from the recent eruption of the 

volcano, Santa Maria, in Guatemala had caused tiie cathedral 

to be closed. Several churches, including that of Zinacantan, 

had collapsed. The physical ruin of the Church was matched 

by the state of tiie clergy that had grown gray and cantankerous 

in their San Cristobal cloisters. With characteristic energy, the 

bishop promptly rebuilt the churches, dispatched the priests to 

distant towns, and began an intensive campaign, often 

personally financed, to bring the fruits of civilization to 

Chiapas. 

During his administration the bishop shored up a rickety 

seminary in San Cristobal, and established five girls' schools 

and a boys' school in the state, bringing teachers from France 

and Spain.^^^ The bishop purchased two large fincas, La 

Naranja and Guadalupe, near Ocosingo. With the funds from 

the cattie, coffee, and sugar cane crops, he supported the 

seminary. He inspired one of San Cristobal's elite to donate a 

building to house the Franciscan school, staffed by French 

nuns. He took seven students to Rome, where, in 1907, he 

made his first efforts to have Our Lady of Guadalupe crowned 

as "Queen of America." From Genoa he brought a Carrara 

marble statue of Fray Bartolome de las Casas, which still stands 

high on its pedestal (Frontispiece). He also brought a 

meteorological observatory (1909), and established a printing 

press. Desirous that his churches resound with beautiful music, 

he built a factory for church organs. 

Noting the poor transportation in Chiapas, the bishop 

organized a carriage system that dispatched gigs from Arriaga 

on tiie coast, tiirough the highlands to Comitan. He paved the 

main street of tiie capital. And, as if tiiat were not enough, he 

brought electric light to the city on 12 June 1908, and to 

Comitan shortly thereafter. He also built a hospital and an 

orphanage. All this in a decade! 

The bishop's social activism, his embracing of tiie poor and 

needy, did not include a tolerance for tiie Protestant religion. 

By an edict of 20 October 1906, he forbade attendance at 

Protestant meetings such as were being held in TuxUa and 

Ocozocuautia. The bishop, fluent in Latin, Italian, Portuguese, 

French, and English, strove to add Tzotzil and Tzeltal to his 

list. We have no witness to his success, merely the written 

report that he was fluent in the above languages. 

Don Francisco turned to the preservation of history. 

I had the desire to rescue from dust and oblivion the precious treasures of this 

episcopal archive, which form a part of the national heritage and set in high 

relief my honorable predecessors. Since the beginning of my episcopacy I was 

moved to dedicate some moments for the collection [of these treasures]. 

My principal goal has been to avoid the loss of such valuable historical 

documents which may fiU various blanks that have been left by so many 

historians who have written on Chiapas."" 

Accordingly, the bishop directed his clergy to bring in all 

the ancient documents and parchments mouldering in their 

churches for safekeeping in his library. In an immense room 

of the Episcopal Palace, tiie classified documents reached from 

the floor to the ceiling. The bishop searched in Seville and the 

Vatican library for Chiapas documents, which he copied and 

pubhshed. He published two volumes of documents referring 

to the history of Chiapas and had hoped to publish a third. He 

also pubhshed the only existing family tree that traced the 

genealogy of a San Cristobal name back to the Conquest. He 

discovered testimony describing the establishment of the Jesuit 

missions among the Tarahumara, which he published in a 

separate pamphlet. He also brought to light documents relating 

to tiie discovery of the ruins of Ocosingo and Palenque by 

Captain DuPaix. He gave a copy of this to tiie Museo Nacional 

de Arqueologia, Historia y Etnologia, whose new director, 

Genaro Garcia, had it placed as the first article in the Anales. 

Now where in all this is the "Z" or the Diccionario grande? 

Our only sure knowledge of it rests in a handwritten copy, on 

the title page of which is the following inscription: 

Dictionary of the Sotzil language, whose original is located in the Episcopal 

Archive of S. Cristobal Las Casas, with several sermons in the same language, 

written, it appears, at the end of the XVIth century or the beginning of the 

XVnih century, by a Dominican friar in the monastery of this city. TTie Most 

Illustrious and Most Reverend Sr. Dr. D. Francisco Orozco y Jimenez, Bishop 
NUMBER 31 35 

FIGURE 2.—Bishop Francisco Orozco y Junfnez, 1902. 
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

RGURE 3.—Bishop Orozco y Jimenez with two of his students in Rome, 1907. 

of Chiapas, ordered that they be copied for public use, donating them to Sr. 

Dr. D. Nicolas Leon. 

S. Cristobal L.C. October 15, 1907 

Francisco Orozco y Jimenez 

Bishop of Chiapas 

This is the first of a series of misstatements that could lead 

the unsuspecting inquirer down a network of paths to the wrong 

conclusions. Later evidence in the bishop's hand shows tiiat 

he was at fault in describing tiie sermons as being "in the same 

language," for they were in Zoque. 

On 5 December 1907, Fatiier J. de Carmen Albores, a student 

of tiie bishop, wrote from Mexico City to report tiiat he had 

delivered "tiie two copies of the dictionaries which Your 

Excellence gave to me, the director [of the Museo Nacional 

de Arqueologia, Historia y Etnologia] was very pleased." If 

there were two copies, what was the other copy? And why not 

"two copies of tiie dictionary?" This leads one to believe tiiat 

Father Albores may have deposited tiie original and the copy 

for Dr. Leon at the Museo Nacional. That notion is 

sti-engthened by a biographical detail that the bishop gave to 

the museum "a beautiful manuscript in the Tzotzil language."i^o 

But a letter from the director of the museum, 4 December 

1907, acknowledging receipt, "gives thanks for the copies of 
NUMBER 31 37 

RGURE 4.—^Episcopal Palace, San Crist6bal de las Casas, 1906. 

the Sotzil Dictionary and the Zoque sermons." Again the term, 

"copies," is distracting, but the number of copies of the 

dictionary is reduced to one when tiie director continues by 

saying, "The first will be pubhshed soon by the establishment." 

Now, as for the "beautiful manuscript"—only one rare book 

in Tzotzil is listed in the library of the Museo Nacional today, 

and it, in fact, is a beautifully illustrated doctrine and catechism 

written in Chiapanec, squeezed into the middle of another 

book not dealing with Chiapas! In addition to the dictionary 

and tiie sermons, the bishop had a copy made of an 1812 

anti-Napoleonic proclamation. The Tzotzil translation of this 

document, though unmentioned by Albores or Garcia, apparentiy accompanied tiie dictionary. There are two possible 

solutions: (1) the phrase referred to anotiier manuscript tiiat 

may have been lost when the museum was relocated, or (2) the 

biographer's source assumed incorrectiy that the document 

was an original and not a mere copy. 

And so it seems likely that tiie original Diccionario grande 

remained, alas, in the Episcopal Archives in San Crist6bal. 

Not content with mere papers he "established in San 

Cristobal in 1909 a magnificent museum with an abundance 

of idols, braziers, cooking utensils, necklaces, jade and other 

prehispanic jewels...as well as a great variety of colonial 

objects of Indian manufacture, some of them notable for the 

originality and vitahty of the decorative motives."^ ^^ 

The bishop's awareness of Chiapas history became a 

motivating force tiiroughout his life. In his sixth pastoral letter 

he traced the history of his diocese, commenting on the virtual 

abandonment of the church in the first ^A's of the nineteenth 

century, when two of the bishops were banished for political 

reasons. He speaks of tiie enrichment of the diocese "by the 

sweat of tiie immortal 'Fatiier of Americans,' the notable Padre 

Las Casas, first bishop who supported this illustrious diocese, 

ennobled by tiie heroism of the first Dominican missionaries, 

his companions who placed here tiie foundation of all 

civilization and culture."^^^ 

Returning to the bishop's arrival in Chiapas, Don Francisco 

traversed tiie same route as Las Casas and tiie Dominican friars. 

He was met at Tierra Colorada by a host of Chamulas and 

escorted to Zinacantan from where he proceeded to Chamula, 

which had been adorned witii floral arches on the command 

of tiie local leader, "Pajarito." Terminating his peaceful words, 

he bestowed an icon of Our Lady of Guadalupe before 

departing for San Cristobal "...changingthe contempt, disd-ust 

and suspicion with which [tiie Chamulas] received me the first 

time I visited their town...my coming [to San Cristobal] 

constituted a holiday of rejoicing to all tiie town. And all tiiis 

was also for that region a guarantee against tiie constant fear 

they had always had of tiie Indians."^'^ 

The bishop's name spread quickly in Chamula. Every time 
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FIGURE 5.—^Episcopal Palace and Cathedral of San Cristobal de las Casas, ca. 1950. 

that Pajarito came to San Cristobal he visited the bishop, 

bringing him an offering of incense wrapped in white paper. 

He is reported to have told his followers tiiat it was the bishop's 

food. And every two weeks crowds of Chamulas came to the 

bishop bearing their incense. The bishop responded by 

celebrating the fiesta of St. Rose in Chamula, presumably 

knowing that the "Caste War" of the Chamulas in the 1860's, 

painted by Ladino historians as a fearsome Indian onslaught 

on civilization, was also known as the War of St. Rose. The 

canon deUvered a sermon in Tzotzil. The bishop sent the first 

priest whom he ordained in San Cristobal to the parish of 

Chamula. Every week he sent the Madres de la Divina 

Providencia to the town to teach the doctrine. The nuns were 

transported from San Cristobal to Chamula in chairs, carried 

on the Indians' backs. 

Pajarito and his followers, not yet caught up in the bloody 

events that followed, were known as "losRezadores." In 1904 

the bishop led a delegation of Indians on a pilgrimage to the 

Basilica of Guadalupe in Mexico City. He took this occasion 

to call upon President Porfirio Diaz. He sat in the waiting room, 

with only his pectoral cross to distinguish him from otiiers. 

When he received audience he plead for justice for the Indians 

of Chiapas. His words so moved Don Porfirio that he called 

for his secretary to draw up a decree demanding that all state 

and federal officials in Chiapas show justice to the Indians. 

Returning to San Cristobal, the bishop Uned up lawyers to 

defend Indians in their disputes with Ladinos. 

The civilization of the Indians was my particular care always...I promoted all 

kinds of Indian industries, establishing workshops in divers places of the 

state."'' 

The bishop provided looms. He also established catechism 

centers in the Indian communities. 

How greedy the Indians are for the things of God! They are extremely simple, 

attached to the religion which for many years has been lacking for their 

consolation and aid: their pure customs, their good intentions, and their ability 

to leam—^nothing ordinary!"^ 

On my part I bless them as my favorite sons."* 

But the Bishop's "favorite sons" presented him with some 

problems. 

Father Canaveral of Tuxtia complained, 4 January 1909, of 

how the (Zoque) Indians erected a creche in the church on 

Christmas Eve and asked for alms, which were quickly 

swallowed up in food and drink, followed by a dance. Their 

drunkenness could be overlooked in the primitive towns, but 

in the capital? And, indeed, on the vespers of Palm Sunday the 

drunken Indians brought into tiie church "an idol which they 

call Santo Burro!" 
NUMBER 31 39 

[ETLEHY!$^ : 

TJF 

FIGURE 6.—Emblem of the bisht^ric of Chiapas, 1907. 

Closer to home were the Chamulas— 

above aU the dmnkenness with whidi they were accustomed to celebrate their 

fiestas even in the church, producing, as I came to witness, real orgies, great 

riots, striking each other, wounding and killing each other with clubs, kicks, 

and knives: all promoted by the authorities who sold the cane liquor and 

profiled by the fmes of those they jaUed.'" 

Another problem was posed by the coffee plantation owners 

who lured the Indians with their liquor to sell themselves into 

virtual slavery on the coast. This the bishop claimed to have 

controlled "because [tiie Chamulas] knew it was a sin and the 

'cajuaV Ikajvall [bishop] had forbidden it."^^^ 

After his death, the bishop's efforts in Chamula were 

described in these words: 

The evangelization of the Chamulan tribes, whose name is, in the religious 

history of the Mexican nation, a deed of shining glory, comparable to that 

which radiates the sweet figure of his great predecessor. Fray Bartolome de las 

Casas."' 

And, in a pamphlet written in San Cristobal in 1904: 

Like the immortal Fray Bartolome in Cumana, he knew how to attract those 

savage hearts to the degree that now they call him "Father and beloved 

friend."'20 

It is tiie greatest irony that the bishop's attempts to bring 

both enlightenment and peace to the Indians and Ladinos of 

Chiapas served indirectiy to bring tiiem to war and to imperil 

the lives of the bishop and his parishioners. Dispassionate 

accounts of the bloody events of 1911-1912 are not to be 

found. The bishop's defense sounds the most measured, but 

to this day he is remembered by many as having been the 

instigator of the "rebellion." 

It seems inevitable that tiie bishop become involved in the 

political turmoil and divisiveness of Chiapas. In 1892 

Governor Emilio Rabasa removed the capital from San 

Cristobal to Tuxtia Gutierrez, causing an enmity between the 

two towns that has not entirely dissipated after nearly a hundred 

years. Gov. Rabasa took possession of Church property, 

including churches and chapels. As bishop, Don Francisco felt 

obliged to seek recovery of this property. He presented his 

case before the Secretaria de Hacienda and won. He also won 

the permanent enmity of the "cientificos" and "caciques,"' 

the followers of Gov. Rabasa who wished a return to the Diaz 

era. As the governor had "sowed hatred against the Chamulas," 

the bishop's championing of their cause only deepened the 

division. Petitions were sent from Tuxtia demanding suspension of the prelate. 

Early in 1911, the bishop was paying a pastoral visit to 

Comitan, where, after delivering Mass, he was sitting in the 

rectory chatting with the local priest. Father Tomero, when the 

telephone rang. The priest returned nearly on the run to inform 

the bishop that 300 soldiers had been sent to arrest him "as an 

arch traitor to his country," and that they were accompanied 

by the local politicians who were shouting, "Die, Chamula!" 

As they stepped out into the back patio, the bishop asked, 

"What are you going to do with me?" To which Father Tomero 

rephed, "Hide you. Your Excellency." 

The priest boosted his bishop over a rear wall, not knowing 

whether he would land on his head or his .. .,but in the process 

himself suffering a hernia. As he stood crouched over in the 

yard, the priest realized he must be able to explain his presence 

there, so he quickly unbuttoned his pants and only began to 

fasten them again slowly when the soldiers poured into the 

yard. When they asked for the bishop, the priest advised them, 

"He'll probably arrive soon," but Don Francisco was long since 

gone to a house of refuge. ^^^ 

Recalling this scene years later, tiie bishop commented, "the 

Indians of Chamula, whose name is for me a pedestal of 

glory—si gloriari oportet—and whom my gratuitous enemies 

use to insult me."^^^ 

Even today there is a carpenter whose grandfather swore 

that his adventure as an altar boy should not be lost to history. 

It seems the bishop was celebrating Mass when the "hberal" 

army encircled the cathedral. The wily bishop persuaded the 

soldiers to let him conclude the service before taking him away. 

In a low voice tiie bishop instructed his altar boy to have his 

horse ready for him at tiie F\iente Blanco, at the edge of town. 

After he gave tiie blessing, the bishop retired to the sacristy to 

remove his clerical garb. There tiie altar boys quickly shifted 

a wardrobe and the bishop ducked down into the secret tunnel 

and soon was galloping off to safety. 

In Tuxtia, governors succeeded each other almost daily, 

increasing demands in San Cristobal for a shift of powers. A 

proposal to stage a duel by pistols to decide where tiie capital 

would be was rejected. 

Outraged by the behavior of the Tuxtia politicians and their 

scorn for everytiiing and everyone seated in San Cristobal, the 

people, on 6 July 1911, restored the capital to tiie highlands 

by naming as provisional governor of the state, Manuel Pineda, 

fatiier of the conservative general, Alberto Pineda. The 
40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

octogenarian governor was described by one historian, whose 

sympathies were with Tuxtia, as "a docile instrument of the 

Bishop of Chiapas."^^^ 

Claims were made that the directors of the electric light 

company that bore tiie bishop's name formed the revolutionary 

cadre. The editors of the various San Cristobal newspapers 

vigorously denied assertions tiiat the bishop was a founder or 

subsidizer of the periodicals. When three battalions of 

volunteers were organized in the city with the approval of 

Madero, proof of the bishop's involvement was sealed by their 

raising a banner of Guadalupe. "It is affirmed that the bishop 

donated it to them."^24 g^^ jj, f^^^^ ^ ^^s Governor Pineda 

who made the donation. 

What most caught the imagination was the participation of 

the Chamulas. The naming of the governor was preceded by a 

fiesta on 12 May in honor of Our Lady of Guadalupe, for 

whom the bishop had particular reverence. One thousand 

Chamulas came to the Church of Guadalupe in San Cristobal, 

where medals of tiie Virgin were distributed to attract the 

sympathy of tiie Chamulas, using the bishop's name without 

his permission. 

But why would tiie Chamulas be willing to die for this 

political change? "A tax for 'public instruction' added to other 

taxes in 1904 with jailings and special judicial procedures in 

Indian communities, ratiier than the bishop's supposed 

involvement, aroused the Indian populace against the Tuxtia 

government."^-^^ 

The bishop describes how the young politicians took 

advantage of the Indians: 

These young men organized a band of volunteers for the conflict between the 

towns and incorporated the Indians with them; this cannot be called a rising 

of the Indians, as they are not interested in the matter at all. To this abuse these 

politicians added that of not allowing me to communicate with the Indians 

during all the time of the conflict, so that I should not dissuade them from the 

purpose of helping them.'^ 

I had no part in this and was impotent to dissuade them.'^^ 

Later accusations tiiat the bishop had presided over the May 

12th ceremony were clearly inventions, as the bishop had been 

on a pastoral visit to the nortiiern towns of the state, Tila, 

Yajalon, Chilin, etc., from 10 May to 22 June. Upon his return 

to San Cristobal he was so alarmed by the situation that he 

considered going to Tuxtia to confront tiie San Cristobal army 

if it appeared, to prevent any bloodshed. 

The day after the governor's installation, the Chamulas, 

again 1000 strong, poured into San Cristobal to give thanks 

to the governor for removing their taxes. They moved on to 

the Episcopal Palace where an orderly of the bishop appeared 

on tiie steps to demand tiiat the demonstration be stopped. The 

Chamulas simply continued down tiie streets shouting, "Viva 

Madero." 

For the next three months the bishop and the Chamulas 

were in the news. Dispatches wired by Tuxtia politicians to 

Mexico City received front page coverage. They created a story 

pitting Catholic newspapers against Liberal newspapers. 

forwarding claims and counterclaims, assertions and retractions. 

On 8 July, El Imparcial gloated over the news tiiat 200 

soldiers from Chiapa de Corzo had dispersed 2000 Chamulas 

in tiie mountains of Zinacantan, while three sacristans had been 

captured and the bishop and the clergy had fled with Governor 

Pineda to a finca in Tenejapa. "There is tiie tiireat of an armed 

attack by the savage Ladinos, united with five thousand 

Chamulas, influenced by a high clerical official of the diocese. 

They are making their way to this city [Tuxtia]." La Patria 

retorted, "Such a joke could only occur to El Imparcial, to it 

alone, because it is the one newspaper of the capital that never 

tells tiie trutii." 

The next day. El Imparcial, in a front page story, told how 

the Chamulas had been dispersed witii "not a single shot." 

"The Chamulas, armed by the clergy with shovels, hoes, 

billhooks, clubs, old shotguns, and an occasional good rifle." 

It reported how the flight of the Chamulas had been celebrated 

in Comitan with music and rockets. 

A day later, anotiier front page story in El Imparcial admitted 

that the rumors of the flight of tiie bishop and governor to 

Tenejapa were not confirmed, as tiiey were in residence in San 

Cristobal. The people of San Cristobal did not remain silent 

about El Imparcial. They sent a protest to the governor of 

Chiapas and the president of Mexico, "They have dreamt up 

and invented defamatory telegrams, ridiculous and burlesque 

episodes, struggles and combats, shameful flights and comic 

scenes." ^^ 

El Tiempo, a Catholic newspaper, followed the next day 

with, "We, for our part, urge the President of the Republic and 

the Secretary of State to prohibit such newspapers, tiiat 

dishonor tiie Mexican Patria with their calumnies, and give 

opportunity for the Yankee magazines to say what they please." 

On 12 July, La Patria changed its tune, referring to a 

"diabolical ceremony" where 

Their own Most Illustrious Lordship, in pontifical robes went about distributbg 

a weapon to each soldier. 

Mumbling in Latin, he placed a copper medal on his breast, having a seal 

of the effigy of Our Lady of Guadalupe, and he blessed him, saying in Spanish, 

"With this insignia of Our Lady, bullets will not touch you, and if by chance 

they do, it is because God does not want you to be here, but there in his paradise. 

Two days later. El Democrata Mexicano raised its voice, 

claiming it "a real scandal" tiiat the bishop blessed and 

bestowed on the Chamula soldiers a banner of Guadalupe on 

2 July. 

The next morning it presented full "proof of the bishop's 

insidious involvement: (1) the bishop sent a letter to his 

compadre in Tuxtia warning him to flee, as the San Cristobal 

army would soon devastate tiie capital; (2) tiie bishop removed 

a saint image from San Andres, and when the people came to 

protest he told them it was the fault of Tuxtia, and they should 

attack tiie capital to recover their saint; (3) tiie bishop sent a 

letter to the priest of Copainala, directing him to mobihze 

Ocosingo against Tuxtia; and (4) a woman saw the bishop in 
NUMBER 31 41 

his Palace handing out salaries to the soldiers; first, one peso 

a day, then 25 centavos. (El Democrata added that that was 

why tiiere were so many desertions now.) The Copainala priest 

denied tiiat he had ever received a letter from the bishop. So 

much for the other accusations. 

On tiie 17th, front-page treatment told how the governor and 

the bishop had sent 300 ill-armed men to capture Tuxtia, but 

on learning of how well Tuxtia was fortified, recalled their 

troops to San Cristobal "that seems hke a city of the Middle 

Ages." Here the bishop collected "several hundred thousand 

pesos in titiies now abolished in civilized countries." 

And two days later it spoke of the "black hand" of the 

Church, "the clerical talons," tiie "Mafia." An article is 

headlined: "Debasing the Chamula Indians: the Work of a 

Bishop." And yet, on another page tiie newspaper retracted its 

earlier accusations by attacking the same in El Imparcial. 

It is known that the newspaper, which continues to be the instrument of the 

"cientificos," has resorted to slander by claiming that the Most Illustrious 

Prelate had risen in arms, and with two thousand Chamulas had attempted to 

attack the state capital to support a political candidate for the local government. 

The slander is coarse, infamous, worthy of El Imparcial, which is frightened 

and believes it sees shadows behind every tree. 

The newspaper of the "cientificos" lies. There is nothing falser than what it 

claims. The Most Dlustrious Bishop Orozco y Jimenez is a holy man incapable 

of doing what El Imparcial imputes. 

Simultaneously La Patria attacked the bishop as Lucifer, 

minister of the Devil. It complained how he demanded money 

from the rich to pay for Masses, hospitals and other good 

works. "He became a usurer, a merchant, a cigarstore owner, 

lord of the electric light.. .Oh, Liberal press.. .curse the sons of 

Loyola!" 

On 26 July, the clergy of San Cristobal sent a letter of protest 

to tiie president of Mexico and the governor of Chiapas. 

The governor responded quickly, assuring the public tiiat 

he had seen no evidence to support the newspaper accounts 

implicating the bishop. Protests in support of Don Francisco 

poured in from Comitan, Tonala, San Bartolome, Tapachula, 

Acala, Chilon, Yajalon, and Tila. 

Once again El Democrata Mexicano turned to Chiapas on 

28 July. 

All cultivated and liberal people are filled with indignation over the unpatriotic 

and selfish attitude of the San Cristobalese, who at the last moment wished to 

disguise themselves with the khaki of the trae revolutionaries, hiding in this 

way the habits and cassocks of the nuns and priests. 

El Tiempo complained on 7 August of a caricature tiiat 

appeared in an unnamed periodical showing the bishop at the 

head of an army of Chamulas, wearing his mitre, crossed 

cartridge belts, a rifle in his right hand, a pistol at his waist, 

and Indian sandals on his feet. 

Already the power of the press was made manifest, for, on 

13 August 1911, Cardinal Merry del Val, Secretary of State 

of the Vatican, sent the following message: 

I regret that V.S.I, without the least guUt on your part, has been made the target 

of such malign attacks.. .andl assure you of the benevolence of the Holy Father 

who...sends you the consolation of a special blessing.'^' 

Three days later La Patria fired another blast under the 

headline, "The Bishop of Chiapas Mihtary Instructor of the 

Chamulas." 

AU the friars and especially the bishop, study military tactics and there are 

even those who dedicate themselves to giving instruction to reclutes so that 

they may fight at a given moment as real soldiers. Of course the Chamulas 

don't understand right from left, nor where their noses are, and they only know 

the road that leads to Tuxtia, the place where they have been told the enemies 

are to be found. 

In El Democrata Mexicano, on 22 August, is pubhshed a 

letter from the people of Comitan, branding aU attacks on the 

bishop as calumny. 

The bishop, viewing the worsening of relations, felt impelled 

to wire the President of Mexico on 16 September 1911. 

Although I have never claimed nor claim to become involved in politics, I 

believe it is my duty to inform you [of the imminent outbreak of hostilities 

between San Cristobal and Tuxtia]. I beg your intervention. 

A second wire followed: "My ecclesiastical autiiority is now 

powerless, all measures have been exhausted. Only you can 

correct iL Quick and forcible intervention is urgentiy needed." 

For over a month the press was silent. Then, on 19 

September, El Diario, witii front page coverage headlined, 

"There Is No Caste War In The State Of Chiapas." The 

following day. La Patria proclaimed "The Caste War," while 

El Diario stated that Tuxtia "is in danger of attack." It added 

that the Cabinet "does not believe the bishop to be involved." 

The next day La Patria recanted, "There Is No Caste War, But 

Hatred Between Cities." 

On 30 September, the bishop published an edict imploring 

peace. 

Is war necessary among us? Is there no rational and just motive for conciliation? 

Are there no well-intentioned and cultivated men to intervene among the 

respeaive parties to terminate their differences harmoniously? 

I exhort you, beloved sons, to embrace peace, conciliation, perpetual uni<m, 

elements which make nations powerful and happy.'^^ 

The following day, the bishop sent a third wire to the 

President of Mexico. 

Most excellent sir: 

I am surprised, sir, to see in the newspapers, which I still receive, how slander 

once again fastens on me. 

Since my arrival in this diocese I have tried to instruct and preach the gospel 

to the Indians. They esteem and respect me for this; but the alarmist press seems 

to infer from that that I am inciting them to rebel. There is neither logic nor 

justice in this. Nor is there any truth, since they assert that my chauffeur was 

killed in a skirmish: it is entirely false. The Chamulas encamp)ed in Ixtapa and 

ChiapiUa did not leave from this city, but from their town. The view in which 

they have me appear blessing baimers among Indians is a photograph taken in 

1904, for the pilgrimage of the Indians to the Temple of Guadalupe. 

As for me, with no political ambitions, and only as Pastor of Chiapas, I 

have done what I could to achieve peace within the realm of my abilities, as 

is evident. 

Luis Espinosa, Commander of the Volunteer Sons of Tuxtia, 

commented on tiie bishop's role: 
42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

In the moments of greatest political excitement the name of the bishop popped 

up everywhere in the newspaper columns, to such an extent that public opinion 

finally marked him as one of the principal directors of the insurrection. 

The clergy has recently been menacing the country. Like a monstrous 

octopus it is trying to imprison [the country] with its multiple tentacles. It 

wished to set upon Chiapas to establish the absolute superiority of its 

religion.'^' 

One week after tiie bishop's third wire to tiie president. 

General Paz was sent to Chiapas to end hostilities. It was 

General Paz' army of 300, together with the Tuxtia volunteers, 

that finally decimated the forces of Pajarito and San Cristobal. 

Asked General Paz: 

Did [the people of San Cristobal] think that with that mass of human flesh, 

that avalanche of unamied Chamulas, they could take advantage of the 

carelessness and lack of Tuxtia troops to save the Grijalva [River] and, like 

AttUa with his barbarians fall upon a defenseless city, wiping that hated 

populace off the map? 

Would they then point at it for the edification of future generations to ask, 

"Was Tuxtia here?" Did they examine carefuUy the risk of inciting those Indian 

towns to rebel—[Indians] whose intense and devastating passions sleep in their 

breasts needing only a spark to convert those peaceful residents into 

worshippers of gods who cry always for blood, more blood, and especially 

that of the white invaders? Is it possible to believe, that a high official of the 

Church, leamed and intelligent, would have awakened the ferocious instincts 

of that horde of Indians so that once the power was restored to San Cristobal 

his private affairs would improve? How could our intellectual powers be so 

slight that we would still accept the possibility of a bond between Church and 

State?"2 

Further intellectual commentary was provided by the Tuxtia 

newspaper, Payan to, on 19 October 1911. 

We have seen arriving in this town a numerous group of Chamula prisoners 

looking like wQd animals, with their total ignorance of the goals of the war in 

which they are involved. They speak clearly and loudly of the perfidy of the 

seditious ringleaders. There are Chamulas covered only in rags and whose faces 

reveal utter stupidity. How could it be that these miserable people became party 

to the war promoted by the San Cristobalese? What do these unfortunates know 

of elections, of voting rights, if they don't know whether they are men or 

beasts? What infamous and low passions were sown in the brains of these 

unfortunates, close relatives of apemen and of Stone Age men? 

Although peace was declared just one week after the 

General's arrival, feehngs in Tuxtia still ran high. They refused 

to allow the bishop entry into the city. 

In a diocesan edict (12 January 1912) the bishop felt 

compelled to lodge another protest. 

Much has been said about my work having an interest in the powers residing 

in this city. Nothing is more absurd. The question of powers is entirely 

indifferent to me. I am only concerned about the moral improvement of my 

Diocese and its spiritual good.'^' 

The Tuxtlecos' refusal to allow the bishop entry into the 

capital provoked a series of edicts, first welcoming them witii 

open arms to return to the fold, then, with increasing severity, 

finally, in February, warning them of the necessity for 

disciplinary action. 

You must understand, moreover, that just as We are invested with the duty of 

Father, so also are We the Head of the Chiapas Church and if We do not correct 

you, as duty imposes upon us. Our conscience wiU suffer cruel remorse.^^'' 

On 12 October 1912, the new governor of Chiapas, Flavio 

Guillen, who wished the bishop to marry him, had to have the 

ceremony performed in Chiapa de Corzo ratiier tiian the capital. 

The following day the bishop declared an ecclesiastical censure 

on Tuxtia, requiring the churches to be closed and the priests 

removed. Immediately, members of the congregations of four 

churches plead with the bishop to lift the censure, claiming 

that it was the irrehgious citizens of Tuxtia and not tiiey who 

were guilty. But the bishop was under heavy pressure from his 

flock in San Cristobal. The Mexican League of Catholic Ladies 

of San Cristobal, recentiy founded, "Raises its voice for the 

first time to protest witii energy against the unnatural acts of 

those ungrateful sons [of Tuxtia]...who have been so bold as 

not to accept tiie Pastor." This protest of 17 October 1912 was 

signed by over 3000 loyal parishioners. 

Anticipating tiie coming elections in the fall, the bishop 

reminded his flock in an edict (12 June 1912) of tiieir obligation 

to vote in national elections "against atheists, impious or 

declared or hidden enemies of Religion or Christian morality." 

He could not resist espousing the cause of the Partido Catolico 

Nacional, which supported Madero, and urged his parishioners 

to "exercise your rights with energy, frankness, and virility... but always showing charity, order, and measure."^^^ 

On 29 October 1912, a protest "against the gratuitous 

enemies of Tuxtia" was published by the town of San Andres. 

"As lovers of Chiapas we cannot tolerate that our State, witii 

such degrading acts, which can only be attributed to a few 

enraged clergy-eaters, be of repute among those who have just 

received the light of Civilization." 

Unbeknownst to the Pastor of Chiapas, while the pohticians 

were ranting, a panel of bishops was reviewing his character 

and his accomplishments. "He was famous for his intellectual 

capacity, his extraordinary energy and his heroic valor."^^^ He 

was impatient over failings in church disciphne and liturgy, 

intolerant of mediocrity and hypocrisy. A legend of harsh 

arrogance had grown around him, yet those who worked witii 

him spoke of his optimism, his sweetness, simplicity, 

soft-spoken manner, and persuasiveness. They insisted he was 

"a man of peace and love."^^"^ The panel of bishops, when 

discussing the merits of this young activist, were filled witii 

admiration, tempered witii a degree of uneasiness, nevertiieless, 

they decided to elevate him to the archbishopric of Guadalajara. 

On 21 November 1912, before departing for Guadalajara, 

the bishop lifted his censure of Tuxtia. But he left Chiapas 

with a heavy heart. "Do not congratulate me. What of Chiapas? 

Instead you should give me condolences."^^^ 

All of Guadalajara came out to meet their new archbishop 

with flower-lined streets and festive carriages, shouting, "Viva, 

the martyr of Chiapas!" He begged their pardon and asked to 

use an ordinary van on his triumphal ride from the train station. 

But tiie archbishop had not forgotten Chiapas, for he was seen 

reading Vicente Pineda's Gramatica tzeltal in his study. He 

was appointed administrator of Chiapas. 

In a short time he established a League of Cathohc Ladies 
NUMBER 31 43 

and a Cathohc Center of Social Studies. Reacting against the 

anticlerical press, he published an edict forbidding tiie reading 

of 9 local "impious" newspapers. Determined to carry out his 

duties as archbishop, regardless of the risks, Don Francisco 

officiated at a celebration for Cristo Rey, whereupon the 

governor of Jalisco accused him of being a rebel. He hurried 

to the governor's office, but could not sway him. Deciding 

tiiat it would be impossible to carry out his office, he chose to 

go into exile until matters improved. And so began his first 

exile which lasted from May 1914 to November 1916. He 

traveled to Cuba and then Rome where he resumed his studies, 

receiving a Ph.D. from tiie Gregorian University. He had a 

private audience witii Benedict XV in the Vatican Gardens. 

The pope, who had heard disturbing reports about this young 

archbishop, greeted him ratiier coolly, but before their talk was 

over had asked him to be his personal messenger to tiie prelates 

in tiie United States. 

In Rome, tiie archbishop met Monsignor Francis C. Kelley, 

founder of tiie Catholic Church Extension Society of the United 

States of America, who was fascinated by the charismatic 

Mexican prelate. He described tiie archbishop as a "tall 

ascetic-looking man, very quiet, but friendly." "The Mexican 

struck Kelley as a latter-day cavalier, noble in every sentiment, 

with boundless generosity and courage, a man who knew no 

compromise and grieved each day away from his episcopal 

see."^^' Kelley, who was to become almost single-handedly 

the "Guardian Angel" of the Mexican Church, offered the 

archbishop a refuge in his home in far-away Wilmette, outside 

of Chicago. Kelley, through the Extension Society, supported 

exiled clergy in Texas and Rome, funded tiie seminary for 

Mexicans in Castroville, Texas, and later estabhshed the 

Montezuma Seminary in New Mexico. 

Don Francisco departed for France, where he spent time in 

Biarritz and made repeated visits to the house of a fellow exile 

who wished to hear tiie latest news from Mexico. It was none 

other than Don Porfirio Diaz. The archbishop then journeyed 

to Spain, where he so captivated Alonso XIII that he was asked 

to say Mass in his private chamber. From there he proceeded 

to Monsignor Kelley's house in Wilmette. He was provided 

an office at Mother Cabrini's Columbus Hospital. 

There is no way of knowing what the archbishop had heard 

of the events in his diocese, that they had confiscated all the 

automobiles of the church. "They began with that of the 

archbishop which Obregon appropriated for himself."^'*^ 

Soldiers were seen tiirowing the books out of tiie windows of 

the Jesuit College. Don Francisco had sent to Guadalajara the 

major pieces of his Chiapas archeological museum for exhibit 

in a cultural fair. They all disappeared. 

On 23 September 1914, the Carranza army marched into San 

Cristobal. The inhabitants, hostile but curious to see what 

manner of men these radicals were, poured out into the streets. 

It was a motiey crew, but what fastened their attention were 

the clouds of flies buzzing over tiie tall, peaked sombreros. It 

seems the soldiers had slaughtered their supper earlier in the 

day and had laid the strips of raw meat on tiieir wide hat brims 

to dry in the sun! The stench was unbearable. The next day, 

for the first time in history, the rats came, the black rat, known 

still in Tzotzil as karansa ch'o, Carranza rat. Lacking a place 

to sleep, the troops piled into the seminary and the Episcopal 

Palace. They formed lines to toss the books out the windows. 

Being the montii of September, of course it rained and rained. 

The late Monsignor Rores, then a seminarian, related to 

me years ago how he had asked permission of the vicar general 

to approach the general to see if any of tiie books and 

documents could be saved. The general agreed for the books 

to be moved to the courtiiouse arcade where a team, consisting 

of the vicar general, Mons. Flores, and 5 seminarians, sorted 

out the material into two huge piles, one of civil documents 

to be sent to Tuxtia and one of religious documents. 

Approached a second time, the general agreed to entrust tiiem 

with tiie key to the cathedral, authorizing tiiem with the 

transferral of the religious documents to be carried out only 

by cover of dark. They bought some lengths of string to tie 

up the books in bundles. Working feverishly, they carried the 

bundles tiirough a back door, which they sealed witii bricks 

and plaster. A secret hiding place behind a retablo permitted 

them entry and clandestine vigilance. At dawn they returned 

the key to the autiiorities. What is now found in the Episcopal 

Archives is there thanks to Monsignor Rores and his 

companions. But despite their labors, it was not uncommon 

years later to see storekeepers wrapping salt and sausages in 

16th century parchments. 

On 14 October 1914, all priests were given 24 hours notice 

to leave tiie country. On 14 December 1914, all Church goods 

were confiscated. 

Don Francisco, still in Chicago in November 1916, decided 

to return to Mexico because 

I have heard that it is being said by some people that the Mexican bishops are 

not brave; that they deserted their people to save themselves; that if such 

persecution had come to Irish bishops they would have acted differently and 

died at their posts. I am not questioning the courage of Irish bishops, for I 

know enough of their history to ccmcede that they did die bravely in Ireland. 

But you, my friend, you know that the Mexican bishops were not allowed to 

do that. Some of us were expelled by force and some had to leave to save our 

people from being robbed. Now to show of what stuff the Mexican hierarchy 

is made, one of us at least must be a victim. I am the one surest to meet a firing 

squad. If it be God's will, I am going to meet it.''" 

Don Francisco, assuming a false name, returned secretiy to 

his diocese. He made visits to Zacatecas, Nayarit, and Jalisco 

preaching the faith. It was a sanctuary where the Indians kept 

watch over the soldiers' movements and warned their 

archbishop of any dangers. 

Sometimes the people, seeing how unjustly I was persecuted and the difficulties 

I had in making my pastoral visit, offered me armed force, but I always 

answered that I was a minister of peace and could not accept it.'''^ 

So tiiat he would not be easily recognized by the soldiers he 

grew a beard and dressed as a gentieman farmer. Once, when 

walking witii his secretary on tiie trail, they saw a group of 
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

soldiers riding towards them. The archbishop's secretary (later 

Cardinal Garibi) turned and said: "Does your Reverence 

autiiorize me to do what I believe to be expedient?" Don 

Francisco nodded. Then his secretary pulled out a lasso and 

swung it in circles angrily as the armed men drew near. Then 

he shouted at his companion that he didn't know how to herd 

cattie and ended his tirade, just as the soldiers met up witii 

them, screaming, "/Mientras mas viejo mas pen—l"'^^'^ The 

soldiers drew up to the secretary and asked him if he had seen 

the archbishop. He replied that he had heard he was in the 

next town and if they hurried up they might catch him. They 

galloped off, while tiie archbishop and his secretary had a good 

laugh. 

Not only did the archbishop make pastoral visits when he 

was in hiding, but he served as rector of the seminary, dividing 

the students into small groups and sending them into huts to 

study. Half would play musical instruments or do carpentry 

while tiie otiier half pored over their books, knowing that the 

soldiers would not suspect tiiat this was the seat of the 

seminary. The archbishop was known to have sat one night 

under the stars, witii a candle, composing his field notes in 

Latin, which he sent to the pope! 

In January 1917 the press reported that tiie archbishop and 

the Bishop of Zacatecas had been arrested. Monsignor Kelley 

made contact with friends close to the Wilson administration. 

"The state department warned the Mexican government that 

the execution of those bishops without a trial would have a 

terrible impact on the civilized world."^'*^ But, fortunately, the 

report was false, for the archbishop was still in hiding and the 

search for him continued. 

Hiding in tiie mountains, he sent Monsignor Kelley a 

diploma appointing him as honorary canon of the Cathedral 

of Guadalajara. Remarked tiie Archbishop of Chicago, "This 

is the first time I have seen a document issued by an 

Archbishop or Bishop from 'Somewhere'."^"^^ 

In February the archbishop published a pastoral letter to be 

read in all the churches, in which he argued his opposition to 

those articles of the Constitution that denied the Church its 

rightful role in Mexican society. Any question tiiat the 

archbishop had become tiie symbol of resistance to the 

Revolution was now muted. His letter, copies of which were 

sent to the Catholic hierarchy in the United States, was acutely 

embarrassing to the Mexican government, tiiat ordered its 

soldiers to shoot him on sight. Don Francisco drafted a letter 

to President Carranza on 22 July 1917: "To protest a law is 

not to deny it.. .My clergy will not oppose it, but will remain 

passive witiiin the law."^'*^ 

The archbishop's letter was backed up by a letter to the 

president from the clergy of Guadalajara, recounting in detail 

the atrocities committed by the army—the sacking of the 

libraries, the eviction onto the streets of old people from 

Catiiolic Homes, the desecration of the churches, where "altars 

became kitchens and...as for the rest we remain silent for 

decency's sake."^'^'^ They complained that after the reading of 

the archbishop's letter, the cathedral and many of the churches 

were closed and 20 priests jailed for sedition. Finally, they 

stated, "We are not vampires of tiie people, nor prostitutes, nor 

conspirators."^"*^ 

Though aware of the danger and conscious tiiat the 

governor's promise that the episcopal outlaw need no longer 

fear arrest might be a ruse, as in fact it was, the archbishop felt 

obliged to officiate at the fiesta of San Juan de los Lagos, 

where a tremendous crowd of parishioners had assembled. The 

army arrived and took him prisoner. The next morning the 

general came in on his train, equipped witii a parlor car for 

himself and a flat bed car for his hmousines. When the 

archbishop urged that he be removed secretiy lest there be an 

uprising in Guadalajara he was given a cattie car to share witii 

the soldiers and soldaderas. The archbishop was allowed to 

take his suitcase with him, which served as his seat by day and 

his pillow by night. At Zacatecas his secretary was ordered off 

tiie train. He took tiie opportunity to get the right of a civil trial 

for the archbishop and sent a telegram to Monsignor Kelley 

in Chicago: "My fatiier is very sick and I fear for his 

recovery." ^''^ 

The train proceeded to Tampico, where tiie archbishop was 

incarcerated in a small room while the general and his adjutant. 

Lieutenant Robinson, tried to persuade him to renounce his 

right to a civil trial. Said Lieutenant Robinson with a smirk, 

"Why should we plead with him when a stray bullet will end 

this trouble?" They returned the next day, but the archbishop 

refused to concede. "Do with me what you will."^^° 

Throughout his "internment he was never given a written 

document specifying the charges. The only document he saw 

was a violent anti-governmental proclamation endorsed witii 

his forged signature."^^^ Plans to exile him to an island failed 

when the ferry captain, upon hearing who his passenger was 

to be, shot away from the dock at full throttie. Plans to have 

him shot accidentally by a soldier cleaning his rifle failed 

when a sympathetic officer intervened. Meanwhile Monsignor 

Kelley, president of the Catholic Church Extension Society, 

was pulhng strings. On 14 July he wired Joseph Tumulty, 

secretary to President Wilson, to assure that tiie archbishop 

could gain easy entry into tiie United States. The consuls of 

three countries were sent to Tampico to sit in an adjoining 

room. Monsignor Kelley knew that the Japanese Minister in 

Washington was a friend of President Carranza. After a cable 

to Japan from the minister, the president of Mexico received a 

cable from Emperor Hirohito pleading for the archbishop's 

safety. In addition there was a mysterious lifeline of messages 

from Tampico to Jalisco and so all of Jahsco had heard the 

latest news about their prelate and were threatening to rise up 

in rebellion. Finally, the archbishop heeded the consuls' advice 

to renounce his right to a civil trial. Under the name Inocencio 

Altamira, on 19 July, he wired Kelley of his pending arrival 

in Laredo, and shortly thereafter was escorted to Texas. From 

July 1918 to October 1919, tiie archbishop remained in fitful 

exile in the United States, in the home of Monsignor Kelley, 
NUMBER 31 45 

to whom he entrusted archdiocesan funds for investment. He 

also ordained the seminarians of Castroville. 

Upon his return to Mexico he received a pamphlet in Nahuati 

greeting him warmly. During the presidency of Obregon there 

was a slight respite. The archbishop was able to organize 

women's, youths', and workers' groups to fight poverty. He 

sent his secretary to Seville and to the Vatican library to search 

for material on Nueva GaUcia. He wrote a pamphlet Against 

Emigration,^^^ and a pastoral letter on protestantism and 

socialism. The bishop argued that although tiie underpaid 

Mexican worker deserved a better lot, socialism became a 

means for deceiving him and turning him against Church and 

State. Protestants, divided into innumerable sects witii 

conflicting beliefs, had, at least, argued tiie Bishop, borrowed 

enough of Catholic belief to no longer follow Lutheran's 

doctrine, "sin fiercely, but beheve more fiercely," or Calvin's, 

"tiie more you sin, the greater will be Christ's redemption," 

but, denying the pope, tiie saints, and tiie Virgin, tiiey, like tiie 

socialists, wished to turn tiie Mexicans against their religion 

and their government.^^^ 

One might believe perhaps that the propagandizers are trying to do some good 

for the Mexicans, bettering at least their economic condition, but one is stmck 

by the scom the North Americans have always had for the Indians, to the point 

of having nearly extinguished the Indian race in their country, "leaving 

approximately three hundred thousand Indians in the midst of 100 million 

inhabitants of the same country. And those three hundred thousand Indians are 

confined to a limited territory, as if it were a zoo where they collected the wild 

beasts to sate public curiosity." We are all aware of the North Americans' scom 

for Mexicans; if the propagandizers wished to benefit us, they should start by 

seeing to it that our brothers who have gone to their country in search of work 

be better treated.'''' 

The Bishop concluded that the American missionaries' 

motives must be pohtical 

to pave the way for the invaders...and don't believe...that this is a gratuitous 

supposition; it was confessed in all clarity by Mr. Lind, confidential Agent of 

Wilson. 

For this reason, to hear the preachings of the Protestants, and foUow them 

is not only apostasy but also treason.'^^ 

Repeatedly he was accused of leading rebel armies, with all 

the imaginary details supplied, just as when he "led" the 

Chamulas in their attack on Tuxtia. He appeared on electoral 

posters plastered on walls, mockingly proclaiming his candidacy as a candidate for deputy. It was even suggested, in 1922, 

by a fanciful Cathohc, tiiat he was the most qualified for the 

presidency of the republic. In this same year he had the 

opportunity to host his "guardian angel," which he did in such 

style and frequency that the poor monsignor was clutching his 

belly. But even so he reported back to his archbishop, "This 

country is a Paradise—with a few snakes but many good 

people."^^^ Kelley was an astonished witness of tiie devoutness 

of tiie Catiiolics of Guadalajara. 

Wherever the archbishop appeared in public, many adults dropped to their 

knees in the dust of the roads for his blessing. Much of this display was avoided 

by motoring in an automobile, but there were genuflections along curbs if he 

was seen.'^^ 

Even so, the press continued its vicious attacks, inspiring 

the archbishop to write an open letter to President Obregon 

on 28 February, protesting that he had been accused of "having 

solemnly blessed the sword of a revolutionary general and 

given him a half million pesos." After easily disposing of that 

claim, he insisted, "I am a Minister of Peace." 

Finally, in July 1924, tiie archbishop decided upon self-exile 

to see whetiier passions would calm. He traveled to 

Amsterdam, Rome, and Israel, where he distributed Guadalupe 

icons and tracts in German and Latin. He was awarded a Letter 

of Brotherhood by the Jesuits for his generosity. The 

archbishop crossed the ocean again and in May 1925 retumed 

to Mexico via the United States, where Monsignor Kelley was 

making vahant, but largely futile attempts to enlist tiie aid of 

the government and to arouse the sympathy of the American 

pubhc: "I am into the Mexican mess up to my ears!"^^^ 

Passions had risen higher than ever. To his great distress, 

Don Francisco found that many of the youths and workers 

whom he had organized had taken up arms against what they 

considered to be a godless, repressive government. Once again 

his efforts to better society led indirectly to bloodshed. 'This 

man, reputed to be a firebrand, a templar-bishop, the bete noire 

of the Government, was not only categorically opposed to the 

suspension of worship, but even autiiorized the Catholic 

schools to remove the crucifix from their walls."^^' But tiiis 

did not prevent the government in 1926 from sacking his house 

and removing his collection of art and archeology. This same 

year he wired tiie secretary of state that he was going into 

hiding. 

For nearly three years the archbishop lived the life of a 

nomad, sometimes hiding in the houses of friends in the city 

and sometimes in farmers' huts, often in the most remote areas 

where he would not come in contact with the Cristeros. Four 

of his associates were grabbed in Guadalajara and tortured so 

that they would reveal his hiding place. But tiiey did not break 

their silence and were shot. President Coolidge was notified 

that a prize was offered for the head of the archbishop to be 

delivered dead or alive, charged with being an armed rebel. 

Troops scoured the country for him, but. 

The simple tmih of the matter is that I was protected by the reverent silence 

of some fifteen thousand of my people, aU of them aware of my movements, 

who were scattered through a poor mountainous region, a people whom I shall 

continue to bless forever.'** 

Not even the Agraristas who fought the Cristeros breatiied 

a word about him. "One tiiousand soldiers to capture poor 

me!"^**^ But tiie archbishop jumped on a horse and escaped. 

He was more fortunate than his priests, 22 of whom were shot. 

Even so, as he traveled from hamlet to hamlet he was stricken 

with malaria, and on one occasion, to escape his pursuers, was 

pulled by tiie beard across a raging river. But even in his 
46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FIGURE 7.—Archbishop Orozco y Jimenez in hiding in Jalisco, ca. 1926. 

desperate situation he could not forget the beauty of 

Guadalajara and several times had an Indian friend drive him 

through the streets at dusk! 

In 1927, Don Francisco set up camp about 40 kilometers 

nortii of Guadalajara in San Cristobal de la Barranca, then in 

El Arroyo de la Gloria in Coyutian, and finally in El Salvador. 

Word of the archbishop's presence in the ravine had reached 

Frederick Williams, a reporter from San Francisco, who came 

looking for an interview. He spotted a farmer and asked him 

about the archbishop. He was told tiiat he was on tiie right track 

and should just wait. Before long he saw an old countryman 

making his way slowly down the slope. When tiiey were 

abreast, Mr. Williams asked tiie old man if he knew where the 

archbishop was, and watched while he put his hand in a pocket 

and fished out his episcopal ring. Then, gesturing towards the 

cave behind tiiem, he said in excellent English, "Welcome to 

my home and cathedral!" With quiet charm he granted a brief 

interview, lamenting that "the fires of Bolshevism are burning 

in Mexico," tiiat "Mexico had become a land of martyrs."^^^ 

The reporter commented furtiier: "People said that he bore a 

charmed life; he would not allow his priests to come to him, 

but went to tiiem."^^^ 

On tiie rocks on the road to San Cristobal can be seen today 

painted slogans: Vuelva Cristo Pronto, and Viva Cristo Rey. 

A taxicab driver in Mexico City told me how as a boy he had 

taken the place of a mule in a mill to grind wheat for the 

archbishop and tiie priests in hiding. He described how the 

generals would come, but look the other way. Engelberto 

Castaneda recalled tiiat as a boy of 10 he followed "El Viejo," 

the "Old Man," around, remarking that everyone knew him 

by tiiat name. "When you speak of good men, tiiere was a 

good man, a humanitarian, not like the vulgar, thieving priests 

of today!" 

But the archbishop's stay in the ravine was cut short when 

he was bitten by a rattiesnake. He decided to move to 

Guadalajara. 

One morning, reading the newspaper in a friend's house, 

he saw the headline, "Chamula en San Cristobal de la 

Barranca." Turning to his friend, he laughed and said, 

"Chamula is drinking his coffee. "^^ 

Father Kelley opined that "tiie Mexican government was 

more afraid of Archbishop Orozco than of any other man." 

"Why don't you leave the Archbishop of Guadalajara alone?" 

Ambassador Morrow asked President Calles, "He is one of the 

gentlest and kindest men I have ever met; the last man in the 

world to hurt anyone." 

"You do not know him at all. I tell you that he is not an 

archbishop, but a general."^^^ 

G.B. Shaw and otiier European intellectuals were trying to 

influence the government in his favor, while tiie president and 

the Mexican press were accusing him of personally directing 

the campaign, and the press even screamed tiiat he had burnt 

prisoners alive! 

Urging the Pope not to concede to the government, he 

exclaimed, "I stay like Moses on the mountains, with my arms 

raised on high, hoping that God, Our Lord will do tiie rest and 

solve the problem."^^^ 

While opposed to arms, he could not but sympathize witii 

the Cristeros' aims. Those who fell were "a true constellation 

of illustrious confessors of Christ."^^'^ And in his 17th pastoral 

letter he called up "tiie no less glorious names of so many who 

have succumbed on the battiefield for their rehgion."^^^ 

Years later, when Father Parsons asked his friend if he had 

taken part in the rebellion, he replied: 

I have examined my conscience on the matter. I can honestly say that I did 

not. I even suspended two of my priests, who, goaded beyond their strength, 

did take arms...My sympathies were not with Calles. But I am absolutely 

guiltless of having taken arms, or of having directed those who todc aims, or 

of any part in the fighting.'^' 

In June 1929, the Church, as a sort of offering for the sake 

of peace, agreed that the archbishop be deported. On learning 
NUMBER 31 47 

the news, Don Francisco drove to Mexico City to call upon 

President Portes Gil to try to persuade him tiiat he was no 

rebel. But he could not resist recounting to tiie president all his 

escapes from his army. Exclaimed tiie president, "You see 

what a rotten police force I have!" "No," rephed the archbishop, 

"you see what a fine guardian angel / have!"!''^ The next day 

the archbishop left for the United States. 

This exile, from July 1929 to March 1930, was spent in 

Laredo, Oklahoma City, New Orleans, New York, and, finally. 

Mother Cabrini's hospital in Chicago. During his times abroad 

the archbishop amused himself by writing poems in Latin and 

reading Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. "Of towering intellect, witii 

a capacity for command, and a personal presence that was 

almost hypnotic...he was lionized by Catholic activists."^''^ 

Once again the archbishop returned to Mexico and served 

his diocese from IVLarch 1930 to January 1932 when, one 

evening, his automobile was commandeered by three individuals who directed the chauffeur to the military airport. It seems 

that the President of Mexico, upon hearing of plans to 

assassinate tiie prelate, decided tiiat he should be exiled for his 

own safety. With orders from the President, the local generals, 

knowing tiiat the archbishop "always carried a Thompson 

machinegun and had at his disposition a permanent guard of 

twelve bold young men, armed to the teeth.. .as well as a large 

body of spies," resolved that this would be tiie safest means 

to kidnap him.^'^^ 

On the way, Don Francisco, feeling that his pectoral cross 

had become entangled in the chain, inserted his hand under his 

cassock to adjust it, making a metallic jangle which so alarmed 

his kidnappers that he had to turn on the light and show them 

the cross to allay tiieir fears. The next day, after spending the 

night on the ground, the archbishop was flown to Hermosillo, 

where he tiianked the pilots and apologized for being unable 

to tip them or give them a souvenir because of the 

circumstances! Hours later, still accompanied by the colonel 

who had kidnapped him, he proceeded by train to Nogales. At 

the immigration office the colonel dropped to his knees to kiss 

the archbishop's hand while he received the prelate's blessing 

"tiirough the many dangers which you must encounter."^'^^ 

The archbishop's fifth exile was spent first in El Paso, and 

then Los Angeles, where he became a favorite of the Chicano 

community. In 1933 Don Francisco decided to travel to Rome 

to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the Latin American 

College, as he had been appointed representative of the 

Mexican students. But more important, he had been chosen to 

officiate at a ceremony that had been in the planning stages 

since 1903. Our Lady of Guadalupe was to be installed as 

patron saint of Latin America. Offers to extend her patronage 

to Canada and the United States were declined as the National 

Shrine of the Immaculate Conception had just been erected in 

Washington. During his trip across the ocean, Don Francisco 

advanced his idea to have the Philippines included. Both the 

Catiiolic hierarchy of that country and Pope Pius XI agreed to 

his arguments. 

For Don Francisco, liturgist and "prince of the Church," 

these were days of supreme splendor and satisfaction. His 

birthday happened to coincide with the anniversary of the 

College, and as an internationally known fighter for the 

Church, he was accorded first place in the ceremonies. He 

celebrated High Mass and presided over discussion groups, the 

recipient of fervent applause, and, in a poem dedicated to the 

smdents, he was reserved final place as the "Martyr of 

Jalisco."i74 

But this honor only whetted his appetite, for Don Francisco 

set about to convince the Vatican Council that Our Lady of 

Guadalupe was wortiiy of a crown. And so, on 10 December, 

she was coronated. 

December 12th perhaps was the apotiieosis of the archbishop's career. At early Mass he sang tiie Te Deum, and 

accompanied the procession of the Virgin to the Basilica of St. 

Peter's. Chosen by Pope Pius XI to celebrate mass in his stead, 

an honor usually reserved for cardinals, tiie Archbishop of 

Guadalajara gave full honor to his beloved Mexican Virgin, 

under the gaze of the pope who presided on his throne and 

that of flocks of cardinals, patriarchs, nuncios, archbishops and 

bishops, monsignors, ambassadors, consuls, and rectors. 

When the Mass was concluded. Pope Pius XI bestowed the 

kiss of peace on the archbishop who, in turn, handed him an 

18th century gold medallion of the Virgin. After the ceremony, 

one of the Italian cardinals was heard to say, "He is more of a 

cardinal than all of us!"^''^ 

The archbishop's international influence extended to Japan. 

He had discovered a manuscript in the Genaro Garcia collection 

at the University of Texas portraying the life of the only 

Mexican saint, San Felipe de Jesiis de las Casas, martyred in 

Nagasaki. After publishing this, he sent funds from Rome to 

Japan to build a chapel in honor of San Felipe. He sent 

Guadalupe tracts in Japanese and a 17th century icon of the 

Virgin to be hung in the chapel. 

But all these exertions had taken a heavy toll on the 

archbishop, who recrossed the ocean and returned to Columbus 

Hospital with a serious heart condition. He recuperated in the 

house of his steady friend. Father Kelley, who, years later, 

recalled that 

The trappings of his rank sat on him with such grace that in them he appeared 

to be bom to the purple. A palace fitted him and the miter became him. One 

could think of him as a great prelate statesman in the court of a medieval 

monarch. But under the ermine of the great cape there could have been a hair 

shirt. The archbishop could shower love on a child, and whQe he lived with 

me few were his visitors, but the children of my parish.'^* 

Father Kelley reported how he would come home at the end 

of the day to find a cluster of children all with sticky fingers 

from the candy the archbishop had given them; one wearing 

his episcopal ring, one his pectoral cross, and one his skullcap. 

But this sedentary life was not bearable to Don Francisco. He 

told Father Parsons in New York tiiat he was going home to 

Mexico. When the priest warned that it might be extremely 

dangerous, he answered, "I don't care; I can't die in tiiis 
48 

country."!'''^ 

The archbishop climbed on a train at tiie border. Wishing 

to stretch his legs, he walked into the next car where he found 

the Governor of Jalisco and all his henchmen. He did not know 

who was more surprised! But they did not arrest him. The 

governor merely sent him a letter to lie low. And this he knew 

well how to do! He hid out in a hospital in Guadalajara, where 

he worked as a gardener while he received treatment. 

Shortly after his arrival, Calles decided to give a speech in 

Guadalajara that was designed to bait "the Lion of Jalisco" and 

to convert the younger generation to tiie radical cause. 

It would be a grave and cowardly dereliction of duty not to snatch our youths 

from the claws of the clericals, from the claws of the conservatives.'^* 

In December of 1934, Don Francisco published another 

pastoral letter, this time on the subject of Socialism (or 

Communism). 

Remember the heroic examples of Ireland and Poland who passed the cmcible, 

and severely tried for centuries, emerged Catholic...[The socialist state] 

proclaims itself to be God, God the State."' 

Who defended the disarmed and weak Indians from the power and ambition 

of the conquerors? It was the Church, it was the friars, those blessed 

missionaries, who, with Fray Bartolome de las Casas at their head, stmggled 

untiringly suffering persecutions and martyrdoms, until they achieved the 

fullest recognition of liberty and rights for the Indians as human beings: 

responsible for issuing those famous "Laws of the Indies," the finest monument 

to the civilizing influence of the Catholic Church in America.... 

The Church is not an enemy of progress and economic well-being of the 

towns, not an enemy of working classes.'*" 

They want God the State established, as in the pagan world of Greece and 

Rome, and man will be of the State and for the State. We are fertile ground 

for taking things to the extreme. Our nation is composed in large part of 

credulous people, not entirely refined by civilization. Many pagan customs 

will be accepted and decrees and laws will be dispatched for the worship of 

Huitzilopochtli, with human sacrifice and banquets of human flesh: the Indian 

dances, songs, and tales that we celebrate indecently with shouts and howls 

issuing from breasts convinced of the reality of a life intoxicated by alcohol, 

before long we wUl see...We will then have Holy Caesar, Holy Tiberius, Holy 

Nero drunk on the blood of Martyrs and singing their triumph in the reddish 

light of the bonfire of the Nation in its death agony...Would that be hard to 

imagine?'*' 

Clearly the archbishop had come to the end of his patience, 

mouthing words that might have sprung from General Paz! 

Arguing that he was just an old man, he paid no heed when 

his refuge was breached and a bullet lodged next to him. A few 

weeks later when he was told that soldiers were breaking into 

his house, he waited for mass to end and tiien went out to watch 

the spectacle. He was actively, if secretiy, carrying out all the 

duties of an archbishop until almost the last day of his hfe. 

When he died in February 1936, his funeral was attended by 

50,000 of his parishioners. On his tomb in tiie cathedral lies a 

lion pierced by an arrow. 

He saw rivers of gold pass through his hands destined for his great charitable 

and cultural projects, even unto his death, which he reached as a poor man!'*^ 

Eulogies were collected from those who knew the archbishop. Out spilled a string of metaphors. 

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

a human ocean, silent and magnificent'*^ 

a live oak'*^ 

hero, martyr, rock in mid-ocean'*' 

cl86 

,187 

cypress 

meteor, prince 

volcano'** 

good shepherd'*' 

crystal fountain"" 

apostle, saint'" 

chQd, steady quiet rain and furious tempest 

father"^ 

192 

This was the manner of man who, travehng under the care 

of St. Christopher, kept the inspiration of Las Casas before 

him, even in the ravine. This was tiie man who discovered the 

Diccionario grande and passed on a copy to Dr. Nicolas Leon 

that it might proceed into future generations. 

Nicolas Leon 

Nicolas Leon was born in Quiroga, Michoacan, in 1859, not 

many miles from the birthplace of the bishop of Chiapas. At 

the age of 14 he published Hombres ilustres de Michoacan, 

which testified that at that early age he had read every book 

written by a fellow michoacano! Even then he scolded those 

who lacked tiie courtesy to respond to his numerous letters.^^"^ 

His family, which owned the principal houses on the square, 

were hving in the Meson de Leon, the Leon Inn, which 

provided forage for the animals that came into town from far 

away. Educated locally, he received his medical degree in 

1883. A year later, at the age of 25, Nicolas Leon was in 

correspondence with Spencer Baird, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his letter of 18 October 1884, he gave thanks 

to Dr. Baird for $50 he received from the Institution, which 

had already been spent on the excavation of a Tarascan site. 

On 16 November, Dr. Baird suggested to Major Powell tiiat 

Leon "can be made a very useful correspondent of tiie 

Etiinological Bureau." On 16 November Leon wrote Dr. Baird 

again, wishing to exchange books. 

In 1885 Dr. Leon was a Latin teacher in tiie Colegio de San 

Nicolas. A year later he sent a circular to 300 people to create 

the Museo de Arqueologia e Historia Natural. He learned 

taxidermy and made a collection of human brains tiiat caused 

a flood of snide commentary. In 1888 Dr. Leon pubhshed the 

Anales de Michoacan, a scientific journal with international 

distribution. In its preface he stated, "To attempt great tilings 

even though they are not achieved in full, is of itself a wortiiy 

and meritorious act."^^^ A year earlier, Don Angel Nunez 

Ortega, a local politician, diplomat, and historian, had written 

him: "It is not strange that your writings have created many 

envious people and enemies. Everything out of the ordinary 

that one does reaps such a harvest."^'^ 

During this period, Dr. Leon became engaged in a lifelong 

activity, the collection of rare books. He made an agreement 

with the Franciscans and Augustinians in Morelia to collect 

duplicates from tiieir monastery libraries. These he transported 
NUMBER 31 49 

FIGURE 8.—Birthplace of Dr. Leon, Quiroga, Michoacan. 

in baskets on the backs of asses to his place of residence. 

In 1889 he became a deputy of the local congress, and his 

efforts to create tiie museum were strongly supported by the 

Governor of Michoacan. But the governor suddenly died and 

his successor abruptly fired Dr. Leon, dissolved the museum, 

and banished him to Oaxaca, where, despite the onslaught of 

illness, he founded the Museum of Oaxaca. During this time 

his defamers published scandalous letters under his name. 

Once again Dr. Leon penned a letter to the Secretary of tiie 

Smithsonian, on 18 September 1892. 

I need pecuniary means and scientific protecticHi. A monthly salary of $200 

American gold would be enough for me, and I would deliver to the American 

Minister in Mexico the result of my investigations and labors. 

He had assembled 48 agents in Oaxaca. 

In 1894 he moved to Mexico City where he was given the 

paltry job of assistant in tiie agricultural school. 

Shortly thereafter he was also given a position in the 

National Museum as assistant. To gain a few pennies he also 

opened an office as obstetrician and pediatrician. 

In 1898, Ales Hrdlicka, physical antiiropologist of the 

Smithsonian Institution, came to Mexico and rapidly passed 

on his knowledge to Dr. Le6n, who became the pioneer 

physical antiiropologist of Mexico. Writing to Frans Boas in 

1903, he referred to Hrdlicka as "my teacher." 

From the very beginning. Dr. Leon established a set of 

standards intolerable to the world. He was impatient witii 

superficial, careless work. "Sometimes intractable and brusque, 

with intemperate bursts of language that overlaid his goodness 

and gratefulness for favors bestowed on him.''^'? QJ- Leon, 

knowledgeable in Nahuatl, Tarascan, Latin, English, French, 

and German, developed a wide correspondence in the United 

States and Europe. In 1919, he gave formal tribute to those 

who had hghted his way. It is a galaxy of eminent scholars: 

Daniel G. Brinton, Count de Charency, Alfredo Chavero, 

Albert S. Gatschet, Frederick Webb Hodge, Ales Hrdlicka, 

Joaquin G. Icazbalceta, James Mooney, Zelia Nuttall, James 

C. Pilling, Francisco Plancarte, and George Parker Winship.^^^ 

Dr. Leon, founder of the Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 

declared tiiat "all historical work requires sincerity and 

enthusiasm."^^^ He applied an objective, scientific method of 

observation and analysis to history that was totally revolutionary in Mexico. He had "an iron will for smashing the world 

of intellectual mediocrity in which he happened to live."^*^ 

Dr. Leon's biography of Bishop Vasco de Quiroga, "greatest 

of the teachers and friends of the Indians of Michoacan, reveals 

Leon's veneration of the first bishop of Michoacan."^^ 

This was followed by a letter of Fray Bartolome de las 

Casas, an article on San Felipe de Jesiis, as well as numerous 

pieces on church history, the publication of two colonial Otomi 

grammars, two Huave dictionaries, Cordova's grammar and 

dictionary of Zapotec, and a linguistic scheme and map of 

Mexico. He wrote a history of Mexico that focused on Indian 

history and scarcely touched the porfiriato. 
50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FiGtmE 9.—Dr. Nicolas Ije6n in the field. (Photo courtesy Laboratorio DAF-INAH, 

Mexico City.) 

Dr. Leon's correspondence, which, when still an unknown, 

he began with the dean of Mexican historians and bibliographers, Garcia Icazbalceta, stimulated him to publish again 

and again. In addition to a Tarascan ethnography he pubhshed 

word hsts of 12 languages, ethnobotanical studies, a history 

of Mexican obstetrics, natural history, a Tzeltal calendar wheel 

from Ordonez y Aguiar, the reproduction of many maps and 

codices, an 18tii centiuy bibliography of Mexico, and a reprint 

of Beristain de Sofiza's Biblioteca hispano-americana. 

"Both in natural history and the history of medicine he set 

new standards for Mexico of scientific seriousness and 

documentary exactitude."202 He was noted for his "extreme 

care, scrupulous documentation, simphcity of style that made 

[his investigations] accessible to all readers, and his heightened 

nationalism as a Mexican."^^^ 

Even as bibliophile and bibliographer beyond comparison, 

in Mexico he was not free from criticism: "His love for books 

was very relative; after having gained tiie advantage with one 
NUMBER 31 51 

FIGURE 10.—Dr. Leon's study. 

FIGURE 11.—^Bookplate of Dr. Leon. 

rare book or some manuscript, he easily gave them up for a 

good offer."2w 

Dr. Nicolas Leon, whose name is unknown to most 

antiiropologists, published a minimum of 347 tities and 

reprinted or edited another 104. 

A man of "gigantic simplicity," he survived an endless series 

of trials and tribulations. "Every page tiiat he wrote, every 

pamphlet that he edited, every archeological piece tiiat he 

collected for a museum signified a battie."^^^ 

In 1897 an anonymous friend, probably Dr. Icazbalceta, 

sent him a clipping announcing that the governor of Chiapas 

offered a prize of 4000 pesos to whomever would write a 

history of Chiapas. Encouraged to respond. Dr. Leon printed 

a table of contents for Ensayo de una historia general de 

Chiapas, but never could find the time to edit his 674 pages 

of notes and illustrations. Suffering economic difficulties, he 

sold his book collection to the John Carter Brown Library in 

1906. 

Around this time. Dr. Leon is reputed to have asked Bishop 

Orozco y Jimenez for a copy of the Diccionario grande. There 

is no record of correspondence then between the two, but Dr. 

Leon was a friend of tiie bishop's childhood teacher, Francisco 

Plancarte y Navarrete, the priest and archeologist who, years 

before, had taken his students to tiie Latin American College 

in Rome. This contact must have been extended beyond the 

dictionary, for a copy of Flavio Paniagua's Una rosa y dos 

espinas, memorias del imperio, published in San Cristobal in 

1870 and stamped with tiie bishop's name, appeared in 1915 

in a book sale tiiat contained much of Dr. Leon's hbrary. 

The dictionary copy was duly delivered to the National 

Museum where the director in a letter of 4 December 1907, 

promised that it "would soon be published by this establishment." But the incompetence and lack of administrative tact 

of the new director. Lie. Garcia, had caused Dr. Leon to resign. 

More than a year passed until the bishop wrote Dr. Leon, 

revealing that he was aware tiiat tiie dictionary, though donated 

to the doctor, was still in the director's hands. Replying, 14 

February 1908, to a letter of 20 November 1907, the bishop 

assured his "very dear friend" that the "lost manuscripts, 

dedicated to you were placed by a young man in the hands of 

the Director of the Museum." The bishop described with 

excitement his latest finds, including an ancient decree ordering 

the destruction of two boxes of Thomas Gage's work that had 

reached Oaxaca. He concluded his letter, "Now you have 

caused me to consent to your coming here," explaining tiiat the 

people were complaining about the lack of doctors. A second 

letter followed on 28 March. 

If you think it wise I will write lo Lie. Garcia, Director of the Museum, so 

that he will hand over the notebooks to you, which contain the Sotzil 

Dictionary, written surely by the missionaries of the XVI or XVH centuries, 

and several sermons in the 2^u e language. 

This would be advisable especially since they have a Dedication made by 

me for you. You have every right to take than. 

Dr. Leon had reason for concern, as the director was also a 

book collector whose private library later laid the foundation 

for the Latin American Collection at the University of Texas, 

This letter, too, the bishop concluded by saying: 

I see that you are almost resolved to come to this land, resigned to bring your 

poverty with you. Since, so far as I know, there are scarcely any doctors, you 

may be presented with a period of prosperity. 

But there is no record of Dr. Leon ever bringing his poverty 

to Chiapas .2^ 

Dr. Leon responded positively (16 July 1911) to the request 

by the American linguist, William Gates, to help in gathering 

native material, but he was still unemployed. 

a bitter lesson which envy prepared over time...I will not be more than a 

shadow of what I once was. 

When I resigned from the Museum.. .my future then was to die of starvation 

with my family. 

A month later he was back at tiie Museum, but he found his 

laboratory and collection nearly destroyed by the du-ector, who 
52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

^SmmiM^SS^' 

mim^ 

Ai£ifc.>ti. 

*«»-Jwwii»*'K*^' 

FIGURE 12.—Commemorative plaque. 

had dispersed the bones and replaced them witii plaster casts 

of archeological pieces. 

Perhaps it was at this time that the Diccionario grande was 

entrusted to Dr. Leon, for it was surely in his possession; Lie. 

Garcia ordered the destruction of Dr. Leon's physical 

antiiropology laboratory. One month later Dr. Leon lost more 

than 180,000 silver pesos in the Revolution. 

Over the next decade Dr. Leon remained in contact with his 

teacher. Dr. Hrdlicka. There was a continual refrain where Dr. 

Leon spoke of his financial difficulties, while Dr. Hrdlicka 

stressed the need for more "liberal laws" to permit foreigners 

to work in Mexico and restore anthropology to what it was 

before the revolution. 

Then, on 18 March 1926, he sent a letter to Dr. Hrdlicka, 

informing him tiiat he had retumed to the Museum Department 

of Physical Anthropology in 1925, "which I found almost 

destroyed and tiie objects thrown on the floor. For the tiiird 

time I reconstructed it," He asked for a certificate of 

competence. 

On 16 April 1926, he sent a second letter to Dr. Hrdlicka. 

With this certificate I am entirely tranquU and perfectly armed against my 

gratuitous enemies of the Gamio band. You see how they treat those in this 

land who devote their lives and even sacrifice financial advantages for the 

sake of science; and it is because there are many impatient people who now 

want to have the same salary as I enjoy. 

Dr. Leon continued working at the museum, but, a thorough 

individualist, he would not kowtow to his director, Dr. Manuel 

Gamio. His publications became more infrequent, and suffering considerable physical pain, he finally retired to Oaxaca to 

die, in 1929. 

His death passed unnoticed and his name was not revived 

until 29 March 1945, when Dr. Donald Brand, a geographer 

of tiie Institute of Social Anthropology of tiie Smithsonian 

Institution wrote to his director. Dr. Julian Steward. 

A matter which will help a lot is the unveiling of a bronze plaque to the 

memory of Dr. Nicolas Leon...The main thing is to convince the people of 

Quiroga that we are what we claim to be [geographers, historians, and 

anthropologists] and not what we are reported to be by different parties: 1) 

Fifth columnists representing the United States in some sort of attempt to 

undermine Mexico, 2) Protestant propagandists, 3) Communists, 4) Agrarian 

engineers about to expropriate lands, 5) Government assessors who are making 

studies towards the end of raising taxes. Since Dr. Leon published an article 

in the A[nnual] R[eport] of the SI I thought that it was justifiable to have the 

Smithsonian Institution as one of two institutions.. .sponsoring the plaque. 

This plaque, donated by the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia and the Smithsonian Institution, was erected 

in February 1945 on the Meson de Leon, but its present owner, 

who has renovated the house, has removed it. "This town," he 

says, "has done nothing to honor Dr. Leon except to name a 

primary school after him." 

In 1959,30 years after Dr. Leon's death, and a hundred after 
NUMBER 31 53 

FIGURE 13.—Dr. Nicolas Leon in formal pose. 

his birth, he received the first significant commemoration. The 

Sociedad Mexicana de Anfropologia organized memorial 

sessions and the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia 

dedicated its Anales XII to "the illustrious investigator and 

prime mover of physical anthropology in Mexico."^^ 

It was this simple but indefatigable man whose interest in 

antiiropology was ignited by the first bishop of Michoacan, 

Don Vasco de Quiroga, who rescued from obhvion many of 

the colonial dictionaries, and who passed the Diccionario 

grande on to Mr. Paul Wilkinson. 

Paul Wilkinson 

Paul Wilkinson was bom in Buchanan, Michigan, in 1870, 

but spent all his childhood in Seneca, Kansas, a pretty town 

with brick-paved sfreets surrounded by fields of com and 

wheat. Here his father, Westem Wilkinson, became the 

pubhsher of the Seneca Weekly Courier and, later, cashier of 

the bank. Paul attended Kansas University, but never graduated 

from tiiere. He was a member of the Phi Delta Theta chapter, 

which "in those days was known for its scholarship.''^^* There 

he cavorted with William Allen White, who later achieved a 

"national name in literature, joumalism and politics."^^ A 

classmate described how a group of students, members of the 

FIGURE 14.—Dr. Nicolas Leon at ease. 

YMCA, outraged their landlady bn a Sunday "witii tiie aid of 

a mandolin in the hand of Wilkinson.. .making more noise than 

was seemly on that particular day."^^^ 

He was employed many years in St. Louis witii the Acme 

Cement Co, In 1909 he was living in Merida, and from 1911 

to 1915 in Mexico City, where he was an "expert accountant 

by profession," employed by the Mexican Eagle Oil Company .^^ Mexican Eagle, tiiough independent, was managed 

by S. Pearson and Sons, Ltd., under tiie direction of Lord 

Cowdray, which company, in tum, operated under the umbrella 

of Royal Dutch/Shell. It was by far the most important oil 

company in Mexico and also built the Trans-Istiimian Railroad. 

Its aim was "to obtain absolute control of tiie oil business in 

Mexico.''^'-^ "At no time was tiie company seriously interested 

in the goodwill of the Mexican govemment; instead, it sought 

to protect its position by requesting U.S. intervention whenever 

it felt threatened to any extent."^^^ 

The littie that is known of Mr. Wilkinson derives mainly 

from correspondence between Dr. Leon, Wilkinson, and Gates, 

primarily during the years 1911-1913. T.A. Willard, an 

amateur Mayan archeologist, recommended Wilkinson to 
54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

715 MAIN STREET, 

KANSAS CITY, Mo. 

FIGURE 15.—Paul Wilkinson, 1891. 

Gates as "a genuine Mayan scholar," Gates responded quickly 

and, in a letter of 20 April 1911 to Wilkinson, told him, "I am 

pleased to meet another enthusiast to join our 'tiny band'," 

In the beginning tiiere was a flood of letters from Wilkinson 

to Gates, many written in a lively style while "on the road," 

discussing witii excitement his various acquisitions of Mexican 

and, principally, Mayan materials, Mr, Gates' long letters to 

Wilkinson were "a Maya tonic," 

On 22 June 1911, Dr, Leon informed Gates that he had sold 

his collection to Wilkinson, but apparentiy tiie Diccionario 

grande was not included, for on 15 April 1912, Gates told 

Wilkinson tiiat Dr, Leon had "a large Tzotzil vocab. old, 

autiior's original ms, 312 pages and I did not know tiiat tiiere 

had ever been a Tzotzil piece of such size ever written,. ,1 may 

be able to get temporary access," And on 9 June 1912, Gates 

friumphantiy told him, "I get the Tzotzil Vocab," Wilkinson 

responded, confiding, "I am really crazy to get busy on my 

'Bibliography of Mayaland,'" This work, whose full titie was 

Outline of bio-bibliographical accounts of the writers on 

Yucatan and Central America with special relation to those 

who have treated of the Maya race and 'Mayaland,' never was 

taken beyond the stage of rough notes that were inspected years 

later by Dr, Tozzer, who remarked tiiat tiiey were "incomplete 

and uneven bibliographies" togetiier with miscellaneous papers 

including "pages tom from reports of the Smithsonian 

Institution for 1901-1903," 

In December 1912, Wilkinson fell gravely ill witii typhoid 

fever. In January he had recovered, as Gates wrote Dr, Leon 

to tell him that Wilkinson was serving as go-between to return 

the dictionary. He spoke of Wilkinson's close call and 

commented, "we cannot spare an enthusiast and honest man 

like him," 

But matters became strained and Wilkinson grew exasperated with Gates: "instead of writing me such long letters why 

don't you condense—just once—and answer my numerous 

inquiries?" There are repeated letters from Dr, Leon to Gates 

asking him to recover Ordonez' Palenque ms, from Wilkinson, 

And tiien Wilkinson asked Gates to retum Ordoiiez as Dr, 

Leon was vexed. He wished to visit Gates as "we can only 

understand each other thoroughly in that manner," The matter 

became clearer when Dr, Leon explained that he gave the 

manuscript to Wilkinson, who had promised that Gates would 

make a copy of it. Apparently Gates retumed the document 

shortiy thereafter! 

In 1914 Wilkinson told Dr, Leon with pride, but also witii 

a touch of embarrassment, that he had become a Mason of tiie 

33rd degree. On 2-3 March, in New York City, Wilkinson 

held a book sale comprised mainly of material from the 

libraries of Dr, Leon and Alfredo Chavero, The handsomely 

designed catalog offered a wondrous display of Americana, 

Among the 774 volumes were 66 works from tiie 17th century 

and 32 from the 16tii, including botii Molina's and Gilberti's 

dictionaries. These items were carefully footnoted, witii an 

emdition that Wilkinson must have acquired from his contacts 

with Dr, Leon, Almost immediately Gates sent a letter to Dr. 

Leon: "After some time, however, I was compelled to realize 

tiiat Mr, Wilkinson had undertaken to be tiie medium of transit 

between you and me, at apnce," 

And Dr, Leon responded with great agitation, telling how 

Wilkinson had moved his residence without informing anyone, 

in a manner not heard of among Mexicans, tiiat he had cut off 

all communication, and "he does this out of very serious and 

justified motives," Eight montiis later, Dr, Leon sent anotiier 

letter to Gates, trying to locate Wilkinson over "unfinished 

business," 

In January of 1915 Wilkinson sent a testy reply to Gates 

from Seneca, Kansas: "As to the rest of your letter, you seem 

to be playing some game which I cannot fathom, hence I do 

not believe it well for me to take any chips in same," 

In April, Gates had seen the American Art Association 

catalog for Wilkinson's second book sale of 483 items, of 

which #213 was a "Diccionario en lengua Sotzil," Gates was 

disfressed witii tiie contents of the sale: "He is selling I can see 

absolutely everytiiing, even as in lot 335, /"Mexican 

Bibliography "/some of my private memoranda sent to help his 

work," Gates was right; this collection contained only 4 17tii 

century documents and 2 16tii, Gates' photographic reproduc-
NUMBER 31 55 

FIGURE 16.—^Wilkinson book sale catalog. 

tions of rare works were prominent. The sale of lot 335, 

Wilkinson's notes for his bibliography, meant tiiat he was 

abandoning the field. 

Present at the sale were a representative from the Library 

of Congress, Dr. Tozzer for the Peabody Museum, and for 

Gates, Dr. Bowditch and a "G.H." The material bought for tiie 

Library of Congress became the Wilkinson Collection of 

Indian Languages, limited chiefly if not exclusively to Gates' 

photocopies and Wilkinson's notes. 

After the sale. Gates wrote to Wilkinson in El Paso, telling 

him what a disaster it had been: "...only [the Library of 

Congress] and my competition saved tiie Coronel, and the 

Gilberti, Tzotzil and Tzoque from being equally smashed off." 

He reviewed the downward shde of tiieir relations and summed 
56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

it up by adding: "It was not good friendship at all; but it was 

beyond all question, not good business, for you were certainly 

losing by it at every step." A few days later he commented to 

a Miss Breton: "As to Wilkinson, in time tiie speculator [also 

under the complications of Mexican troubles] killed out the 

Maya work fever, and his only care was to use his literary 

connections to make money. He broke nearly every promise 

he made me, where he tiiought he could get more money by 

doing so." 

The final acerbic note is given by Dr. Tozzer. 

I met Wilkinson for the first time in Mexico about five years ago. I bought a 

number of books of him then...I did not like him and I have never wholly 

tmsted him. I never could understand his desire and his true purpose in 

collecting books. I am sure you are right that Leon and he had some 

arrangement with each other in regard to turning the collection into money. 

Leon is quite capable of anything as shown in the latest catalogue of the 

Wilkinson sale. 

In 1916 Wilkinson was office manager of a real estate and 

insurance firm in El Paso. In 1917 he is hsted as a clerk and 

smelter. From there he moved to Los Angeles, employed as 

an industrial chemist. After a "hngering illness" he died in 

1922 in Hollywood, leaving a 6-year-old adopted son and a 

German wife, who had his ashes buried in Seneca.-^^"* 

Paul Wilkinson was the bearer of a secret for tiie last 20 

years of his life, which included, of course, his years in Mexico. 

He suffered from genito-urinary TB. Every summer his parents 

packed up a chest and traveled from Seneca to Mexico to visit 

him. He, in tum, was last seen in Seneca when he came to be 

at his dying mother's bedside. Perhaps he was drawn to 

Hollywood by tiie presence there of the Barlow Hospital, 

dedicated to tiie cure of tubercular patients. 

There is no way of knowing whether the hints of Wilkinson's 

dishonesty and greed were not simply the imaginings of men 

known for their bouts of crankiness. Perhaps Dr. Leon's 

difficulties with Wilkinson were happily resolved. 

Ten years after Wilkinson's death, Wilham Allen White 

wrote to Paul's brother. Dr. Hugh Wilkinson, a much revered 

surgeon in Kansas City, Kansas. 

I was very fond of him. He was one of the most prcxnising boys in the 

Fraternity. I remember very well that he was my prospect. I brought him in.^'^ 

The last word on Paul Wilkinson should be given by his 

brotiier, in his correspondence to W.A. White. 

He was a good sport, always, and was always a REAL big brother to me. 

While his career wasn't as illustrious as that of some of his college mates, it 

was an honorable and successful one and had it not been a continuous fight 

for health with him I feel certain the world would have heard more of him.^'^ 

This was the man who sold the Diccionario grande to Mr. 

William Gates. 

William E. Gates 

William E. Gates, grandson of tiie Revolutionary hero 

General Horatio Gates, and a descendant of Sir Thomas Gates, 

the 2nd governor of Jamestown, was bom in Atlanta, Georgia, 

in 1863. After graduating from Johns Hopkins University, he 

entered the University of Virginia to prepare for a law degree, 

but witiidrew because of poor eyesight. For 20 years he ran a 

small printing business in Cleveland, Ohio. 

In 1905 he retired to Point Loma, California, where he 

became a professor in the School of Antiquity of the Aryan 

Theosophical Society. "He was a firm believer in living and 

let live, and in the fundamental principle that the rights of all 

men should be honored."^^'' In tiiis spiritual environment he 

could pursue his "intellectual pastime" of Mayan studies that 

had been awakened several years previously: "All my hfe I 

have poked into language work as the key to that which lies 

behind our messed up history of 'religion'...until in 1898 I 

bought a copy of the Codex Troano [Tro-Cortesianus or 

Madrid] and my fate was sealed, and my 'job' in this 

incamation sealed upon me."'^^^ 

In 1900 he had pubhshed 94 copies of The Maya and Tzental 

Calendars. A year later, already a bibliophile, he offered to 

help the Bureau of American Ethnology complete its files of 

Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico. In 1909 he published 

the Codex Perez: Maya Tzental. This combined photographic 

reproduction and printed facsimiles, utilizing the glyph type 

that he had developed. 

Reputed to having a speaking knowledge of 13 languages, 

in 1911 Gates delved into Scandinavian and Tibeto-Chinese, 

both for tiieir philosophical interest and tiieir possible reputed 

influence on Maya. 

In 1912 I realized that the problem of the hieroglyphic writing, inseperable 

from a knowledge of the spoken native languages, must be found only on a 

thorough science of Comparative Mayance Linguistics, and that this could not 

be built either on the existing printed material, or on studies of the modem 

degenerated dialects.^" 

This demanded exhaustive scouring of bibliographies, auction 

and booksellers' catalogs, and the gatiiering of material from 

archives and private collections, either by purchase, copying, 

or photography. He developed special photographic techniques 

and "he expended many thousands of dollars each year in this 

almost fanatical pursuit and eventually succeeded in scouring, 

as he said, ninety-five percent of the material that he sought."^^^ 

His spirits buoyed by his success, he wrote to Dr. Hodge in 

1914. 

I am willing to do anything except be a beggar even for Maya manuscripts, 

even if I were not already beyond the point where I any longer need to ask 

favors, as I am.^^ 

And in 1915: 

I have now just about got all the rest of the world cleaned up, so I suppose it 

is time for Seville.^^ 

But Seville never opened its doors to Mr. Gates. And despite 

his success elsewhere. Gates' "cantankerous" personality soon 

alienated those who were most in a position to aid him. Since 

1911 he had been in correspondence with Dr, Leon and Mr, 
NUMBER 31 57 

Wilkinson, patientiy waiting for tiieir collections to fall in his 

lap. On 22 November 1913, in a letter to Antonio Batres 

Jauregui he wrote, "For Tzotzil just enough to work witii, as 

but very httie seems to have been written for tiiat" He had 

already seen the Diccionario grande. Was he being coy? 

Happily esconced in Point Loma, while keeping in touch 

with Dr. Leon and Wilkinson, he hired an agent, Frederick J. 

Smith, who was familiar with Yucatan, to travel tiirough 

soutiiem Mexico and Guatemala in 1914-1915 for 15 montiis, 

searching for documents. 

In Febmary of 1915, Smith reached Chiapas and passed on 

to Gates the gossip he had picked up. 

This Bishop Orozco is or was very rich, owning several very valuable haciendas 

and was the King in Chiapas and had absolute control of the Indians and what 

he said went. It seems he sent scrnie Indians with dynamite and oil to bum 

Tuxtia, but those of Tuxtia won out and cut off the ears of the Indians and 

branded them on the face, and even postcards were sold showing the Indians 

branded thus. 

About the Indians whose ears were cut off by the Tuxtia 

soldiers (following the example of the Itahans in their war witii 

the Turks)—quite tme! This action was justified by tiie 

following arguments: 

1, The Chamulas, all of them semi-savages, needed a 

punishment in harmony witii their mdimentary sentiments, 

2, A lasting and visible punishment was requfred for the 

other Chamulas who comprised the numerous and terrible tribe, 

3, It was considered that the removal of tiieir ears was the 

most efficient means for the Chamulas to leam to respect tiie 

autiiorities and society, 

4, In the light of tiie ferocity of tiie Indians who do not 

respect children, old people or women, tiiey must be instilled 

with fear to avoid a probable caste war,223 

A montii later, Smith was in San Cristobal, where he 

received a chilly welcome. He gave a dire report. 

The soldiers' horses are eating up history. I tried to see the Mayor and met him 

at three thirty on the street and asked him if it was covenient to give me the 

keys [to the Bishop's library], but before I had hardly got the words out of 

my mouth he said no ahora and passed on, and after he had passed he turned 

and in a loud voice said to his companions "eslos cabrones gringos no dan 

uno tiempo a comer." 

The mayor then had him arrested and put in solitary 

confinement, 

[The] little round tower five feet in diameter, and no supper and no blanket 

and these cold nights up this high was no fun...He was dmnk when he ordered 

me arrested and if he had ordered me to be shot would have been no surprise. 

Smith was taken on a 14-hour ride to Tuxtia, where he was 

jailed again, but finally he was able to gain permission from 

the govemor to inspect the episcopal library. Back in San 

Cristobal, Smith commented philosophically: 

They never do anything in a way to save you time, as someone has said they 

do one thing right and that is when they dig a well they begin at the top. Most 

of the good books of value have been stolen or carried away by others. A Prof, 

de escuela of Tuxtia got a bunch in november. 

On 20 April, Smith, referring to the valuable documents no 

longer to be found in the San Cristobal archives, consoled 

Gates with, "I believe he [Orozco] has taken tiiem with him." 

Just 10 days later. Gates was making arrangements with Dr, 

Tozzer to serve as his agent at the Wilkinson sale in New York 

City to get the four top pieces. 

The two modem copies ought to go for half what I bid, or less. But I dare not 

lose them, most especially the Tzotzil vocab...I simply cannot let Huntington 

lock up that Tzotzil; $150 is more than I think it will go, but in view of the 

above facts, the value is such that you may cut in for me higher if you find I 

have undershot. 

Gates discussed witii Dr, Bowditch the importance of tiie sale. 

Some mss. I wanted excessively for the bare reason that the whole work could 

not be done without them, and there were no others known to exist to supply 

the gap they would leave...And also, some of the very most hopeless empty 

places are being filled by new discoveries. The Tzotzil Vocabulary in last 

night's sale is such. After sending on a $150.00 bid (most ample ccmsidering 

the ms. is only a recent copy), I wrote Tozzer to cut loose if need be, that I 

would not stop a moment at $300—simply because there is no other early 

Tzotzil in existence, and further, only a year or so ago, Bp. Orozco's palace 

was attacked, and he had to fly to Guatemala [not so].. .1 have had direct reports 

of wholesale archive destraction in Chiapas, and while the original may have 

survived, I simply carmot risk it. 

Two days later, on 10 May, he sent another letter to Dr. 

Bowditch, 

It seems that when Orozco became Bishop of Chiapas he set out to write aU 

the history, frran the earliest period, and to do that called in to his own archive 

everything in all the various parish archives of the state... Amraig these it was 

he found those few dialect mss. he had copied, and among them that dictionary 

absolutely the only piece of early Tzotzil I have ever heard of. And so the 

entire ms. and other archive of the Tzental-Tzotzil district must have been in 

his obispado. 

I know the palace has been attacked, and himself driven from the country, 

and have great fears. My friend was in the archivo six weeks ago—^was given 

a key to go and come as he pleased, and I understand was free to help himself. 

He writes it would make you weep...The place has been made a cuartel: mss 

and parchment covered books scattered and tom everywhere. 

He looked and found nothing that he thought would interest me at all—^no 

linguistic. 

I did not sleep much last night. 

Attempting to console Smith, Gates wrote: "But tiiere is one 

future possibility; Orozco may have carried off some things I 

would like," 

To which Smitii responded: 

Orozco was bishop of Guadalajara some time before he left Mexico and if 

anything was left it was probably left there, however I will see about it These 

priests don't have much confidence in each other. 

Now that Gates had a copy of tiie coveted dictionary in hand 

he wrote a despairing letter to Dr, Tozzer, 

But there is more than a mistake to a line in the Zotzil, both as to wrong letters 

and word separations; it is so grossly misleading and erroneous as to be a great 

deal worse than worthless. 

He cannot forget the possibility that the original might still 

exist, and so fired off a letter to Smith. 
58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Have been copying off some of the Zotzil diet, that Bp. Orozco had copied 

from the XVI ms. and I find it pretty doubtful in many places; I am only too 

thankfid to have it, but if there is the slightest chance that some one as you 

suggested coUared such things before you were there, and you can find any 

possible way to get your comandante or his like after them, it simply must be 

done...Tzental, Zotzil and Mam, etc. are simply the toughest proposition I 

have. 

So do what you can; and also, if you can get hold of a Tzental or Zotzil 

speaking native, be sure to get him in some measure on the phonograph. 

Ignoring Gates' despair, Dr, Tozzer responded with a letter 

of congratulations. 

I am so glad that you obtained the Tzotzil. It is fine for you to have it in your 

collection. I can imagine your amazement at the prices and the way they went. 

There was no competition at all. 

But Gates had not forgotten Mexico. Perhaps because of his 

disappointment in Smitii's findings. Gates began to find fault, 

accusing Smitii of trying to profit at his expense, an accusation 

that must have been very hard to accept, considering the great 

physical privations and even dangers that Smith had endured 

in working in revolutionary Mexico for Gates. Smith finally 

"tumed him over to the Lord," for retribution.^^ 

Gates decided he should see, for himself, not only tiie 

documents but the social and economic situation in Mexico. 

So, armed with a letter of safe conduct from President 

Carranza, he traveled throughout southem Mexico. 

These [joumeys] I began in 1917, in full war and revolutionary times, riding 

them on horse some 1,500 miles from far northeastern Yucatan to near the 

Guatemalan border on the Pacific side.^^ 

...at tunes, entirely alcaie, at times with escorts of Zapatistas or Oaxaca 

Serrano Indians as protection frcsn the marauding Carrancistas, I set myself 

to penetrate to those places where no oie else tried to go. I stopped in fuUy 

half of all the villages in Yucatan, out to the fringe of "civilization" and the 

indios rebeldes.'^^ 

In 1918 Gates was made an Honorary Professor of the 

Mexican National Museum, the only American to be so 

honored. Perhaps emboldened by his intemational reputation. 

Gates testified before the Senate subcommittee of the 

committee on foreign relations on 8 September 1919, 

Dr. Gates: 

What I did in Mexico you know. I did it not because of interests, for I have 

none, but because I care for my Indians; because they can come back; because 

they are the great bulk of the population and are not an "inferior race"—only 

a suppressed one; and because their economic regeneration means the peaceful 

solution forever of the Mexican-Central American problem.'^' 

I have been doing for [President] Wilson the work which was the province 

of his State Department and ambassador to do, and which they refused...It is 

possible to form a new Mexican administration by a coalition of all the decent 

and patriotic Liberal elements, who will initiate a policy of reconstmction, 

with our accepted help.^^ 

This attack on both the United States and Mexican govemments caused quite a stir. President Carranza denounced Gates 

as "an agent of the rebels."^^^ 

In 1921 Gates founded the San Diego Museum, endowing 

it with a collection of books and manuscripts on Chinese art 

and linguistics, "considered the finest in tiie world."^^^ 

[I] assured myself that (except in Guatemala, which alone has enjoyed peace 

in the last 50 odd years) there is nothing left worth effort to find.^^^ 

Gates, now a research associate of the Camegie Institution, 

fraveled widely with Dr. Morley. For tiie next three years he 

focused his attention on Guatemala, where he was appointed 

Director-General of Archeology, In tiiis capacity he effected 

the passing of an antiquities law to protect Guatemalan 

archeological treasures. Gates' involvement with tiiis act 

aroused great hostihty among American archeologists, who 

viewed it as a mean attempt to block Morley and the Camegie 

Institution, which for years had removed their findings from 

the country. Gates had hoped to build a great museum in 

Guatemala, using material from American excavations, but his 

outspoken opposition to the arrogance of American archeological enterprises doomed the museum. 

Although Gates spoke of the "modem degenerated dialects" 

of Mayan as being of no use for deciphering the glyphs, he had 

urged Smith in Chiapas to record native speech, and while in 

Guatemala he became interested in Quiche, He brought this 

interest back to the United States where he had moved to a 

farm in Virginia, "I had come back to.,,build myself a Maya 

work center, across the fields from Monticello."^^^ There was 

a big spread in the Washington Star, on 7 January 1923: 

"Virginian May Solve Mysteries of Ancient Egypt of 

America." Gates was working at his farm, Aubum Hill, with 

Cipriano Alvarado, a Quiche Indian. Under the guidance of 

Dr. J.P. Harrington of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 

Gates recorded Alvarado's voice on a kymograph or "wavewriter." 

Despite Gates' batties with the academic establishment he 

retained the support of Dr. Tozzer, 

Mr. Gates of Point Loma, California, is a Maya scholar to whom all students 

of Maya linguistics owe a deep debt of gratitude. An indefatigable energy, 

great acumen, and a knowledge of the Middle American field have enabled 

Mr. Gates to gather together the largest collection of documents on the Maya 

linguistic stock ever assembled in one place.^^ 

Financially pressed, Gates had made arrangements to sell 

half of his collection, primarily from the Valley of Oaxaca 

north, comprising 1580 items, but its sudden purchase by 

Tulane University in 1924, before the announced sale date, 

caused many hard feelings. Tulane simultaneously appointed 

Gates director of their new Middle American Research 

Institute. Gates soon envisioned a University of tiie Caribbean 

that would unite scholars of Meso-America. He made plans for 

a tropical research station that would focus on agronomy, 

tropical diseases, and medical botany. At the same time he 

broadened the role of archeology. 

Archeology is inseperably united to the history of culture; and to know and 

interpret either we must know aU we can of the region—geography, climate, 

old and new trade routes, natural products...folklore, language, music. 

One must leam all possible about those things, in order to interpret the 

history of human culture, as well as to apply that knowledge to the betterment 

of conditions today...The. end of Archeology is this inteipretalion, and not the 
NUMBER 31 59 

FIGURE 17.—^WiUiam E. Gates and Cipriano Alvarado at the kymograph, 1923. 

mere fllUng of Museums that are only loo often morgues...It is a science of 

life and not of exhumation.^^ 

But Gates' dreams far outreached his means and Tulane 

found itself encumbered with unpaid bills. Gates' espousal of 

archeology became dwarfed by his interest in ethnobotany, and 

when his botanical expeditions received none of the publicity 

of his associate Frans Blom's archeological trips through 

southem Mexico and Guatemala, Gates became very annoyed. 

Blom, who had entered the field of archeology after manning 

an expedition to Chiapas for the Mexican Eagle Oil Company, 

was Gates' first appointee to the Institute. Blom was soon to 

inspire tiie dismissal of his department head, and take his place. 

[Blom] just hijacked the Dept., after I had built it into the greatest collection 

for study of all Latin America.^' 

Pubhshing a scathing attack on Tulane, Gates retired to 

Aubum Hill, where he set about to produce typed manuscripts 

of the Tzeltal and Tzotzil dictionaries. His agent in Europe had 

been able to secure Ara's Tzeltal-Spanish. He had a photocopy 

of the Spanish-Tzeltal and he owned Guzman's revisions. On 

his manuscript of tiie Diccionario grande, typed in 1929, Gates 

placed tiie following note: 

This win need very careful use. The copyist does not seem to have been very 

capable, either as to the language or the XVI script. I shall have to do the best 

I can in the transcription, and work out doubts later by comparison. At times 

he splits his m, fails to dot his j , seems to have an s where we should have an 

e (as ?- comegh, ? comigh, seemingly written comsgh). All this cannot be 

straightened save by boiling up together the whole of our Tzotzil and Tzeltal 

material.^* 

Considering Gates' ignorance of modem Tzotzil, his 

franscription was remarkably faitiiful. During a single year 

(1934) at Aubum Hill Gates also typed up a 68-page 

Tzeltal-Tzotzil word list, a Spanish Tzeltal, and Zotzil Root 

Vocabulary, and prepared a 16-page digest of Barrera's Tzotzil 
60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

grammar. 

But Aubum Hill was always a terrible burden to Gates. To 

prevent bankmptcy he decided he had to sell his collection of 

521 items (the Diccionario was #452). A sale list was printed, 

but there were problems, for in an undated document, it stated, 

"Mrs. E.R. McComas of Baltimore [Gates' sister] holds and 

claims a still unadjudicated adverse titie to Dr. Gates' entire 

collection of material on the American Indians." In 1930 Gates 

quietly sold his collection to Mr. Robert Garrett of Baltimore. 

Gates became a research fellow of Johns Hopkins University. This same year he founded tiie second Maya Society. 

For the prcanotion of knowledge and better understanding of all matters 

pertaining to the Indian races of Middle America, past and present, and 

particularly those matters relating to the Maya people, and their country.^^^ 

Gates felt obliged to state the ironic position of the collector 

of rare books who was often described in Mexico as a looter 

of national freasures. 

And then since Independence we have dispersions and total destmctions of 

entire archives accompanied by individual collecting ending in nearly every 

case in a sale in Europe or New York.. .While in the lands of origin practically 

everything that has not been so saved to science and history in this latter 

fashion, has wholly disappeared.^^ 

Referring to his own collection: 

But from its start its coUeaor's objective was not "ownership" merely, but 

"use"....Perhaps the greatest service then this collection can give is the 

reconstmcticHi of the ancient Mayan language from the various dialects into 

which it separated.^^' 

Commenting on the Maya Society Council, Gates stated: 

its purpose is to bring forth into usabihty and into English translations, 

important material from that veritable ocean which has so long remained 

inaccessible and inactive...the essential questions of origins and actual culture 

are treated with leamed ignorance. 

The seven main branches of the Mayance languages are to be drawn upon, 

and themselves studied and presented (so far as we can now reach) as tongues 

worth study in the same way as we do Chaucer, Greek, Old Norse, and other 

cultural languages.^*' 

The first publication of the Maya Society was Gates' An 

Outline Dictionary of Maya Glyphs (1931) tiiat was so roundly 

condemned by Dr. Hermann Beyer, that Gates never tumed to 

glyphs again, but despite failing health he persisted in his 

studies, publishing many valuable facsimile editions of 

unknown or barely known works. 

In the words of the Baltimore Sun: 

Dr. Gates pursued his fetish alone and declared on several occasions that he 

was "on the verge of a great discovery."^' 

Witii no success. Gates proposed that Johns Hopkins 

University found an "Institute of Linguistics." 

During this same time Gates threw himself into dramaturgy, 

writing a play whose typescript copy is to be found in tiie 

Library of Congress. It is titled A Princess of the Itzds: A 

Drama with a Prelude and three Acts, with five Scenes. It is 

set in Eastem Yucatan about 1490, with scenery of Uxmal, 

Copan, and Chichen Itza, graced witii Dresden Codex figures. 

It is a tragedy of intemecine conflict expressed in high style: 

"Ah solar orb resplendent! "^^ 

Not content witii scholarly and literary endeavors, Gates 

traveled to the West as a member of tiie board of directors of 

the American Indian Defense Association, Inc. He took an 

active part in supporting passage of the Harold Ickes-John 

Colher program, "trying to help put the Indians on tiieir feet 

under this new law."^^ 

Nor had he forgotten the Indians of Mexico, for he made a 

short trip there, collecting a last few pieces of ethnobotanic 

material, retuming to Johns Hopkins to give a lecture on "Rural 

Education in Mexico and the Indian Problem." 

For in this country you are all simply magnificently ignorant of what lies below 

your southem border, archeologically, ethnologically, and sociologically.^*' 

Mexico must retain the spiritual stmcture of the Indian and at the same time 

provide him with the necessities of a scientific method which carmot be 

improvised.^^ 

For the next five years Gates was very active. He traveled 

frequentiy to Washington, where he would meet witii J.P. 

Harrington at the Cosmos Club to discuss his latest findings. 

He intended to have Harrington provide a phonetic section for 

a Mayan "Grammar and Comparative Dicty. that is authoritative and final," to be published by tiie Smithsonian 

Institution. Once again his hopes were dashed. In 1937 he 

published an English translation of Friar Diego de Landa's 

Relacion de las cosas de Yucatan, which he dedicated to 

President Lazaro Cardenas witii these words: 

There are so few instances to be foimd in the world today of balanced, 

constmctive and h(Miest programs in the life of the nations, that when one 

appears like that of Mexico in her present solution of her centuries-old problem 

of peasant farm lands and its allied practical needs of social and econ(»nic 

education, working, succeeding and acmaUy rebuilding a nation of selfrespeaing and self-keeping citizens, and at the same time restoring the Indian 

race to a contributing positicwi in the life of America....^* 

As early as 1937 Gates wrote to Robert Garrett suggesting 

that the Maya Society be moved to the Institute for Advanced 

Studies in Princeton. After Gates' deatii, his sister was in 

frequent correspondence with Garrett, in the hopes of uniting 

his remaining collections with the Garrett collection at the 

Institute. She confided that it had been "a secret wish" of her 

brother to buy back the Garrett Mayan collection. 

In 1938 Gates pubhshed his A Gramnuir of Maya, which 

went totally unnoticed. This was followed by his last 

publication, in 1939, of tiie De la Cruz Badiano Aztec Herbal, 

whose preparation aroused controversies with the Smitiisonian 

Institution (that had a claim on the watercolors), the Vatican 

Library (tiiat demanded payment), and Johns Hopkins University (that was presented tiie bill). 

Gates, "very disturbed about the 'whole rotten business' of 

the Badiano herbal affair and with the 'Hitierian' tactics at 

Johns Hopkins," moved to the Library of Congress. In the 77th 

and last year of his life. Gates described with boundless 

entiiusiasm his plans for the future: a list of studies that would 
NUMBER 31 61 

take an ordinary man several reincamations to complete! 

Gates' departure from tiiis worid, in 1940, received no mention 

by his colleagues. He just disappeared. And his Maya Society 

Publications, all printed in limited editions, can be found now 

in only a few libraries. Until recently his typescript copies 

have lain unseen in tiie Rare Book and Manuscript Division 

of Brigham Young University, 

A year after Gates' deatii, John P. Harrington, "Senior 

Etiinologist of the Smithsonian," wrote to Gates' sister. 

[Your brother] thought, if ever he todc time to think at all, tha [sic] God would 

spare him for realizing a large part of his contemplated publications and that 

further work than he would be able to do would be carried on by students of 

the future to whom his collection and work would become available. 

J. Eric Thompson added his commentary to Garetii Lowe's 

sensitive evaluation of Wilham Gates. He described his 

generosity, "his unflagging zeal in gathering or photographing 

every available manuscript or rare book on Mayan linguistics,"^^'' Gates, a "volcano," resented being considered merely 

a collector rather than a great Mayan scholar. Carrying on a 

lifelong battie witii tiie foremost Mayanist scholars, despite all 

he retained the friendship of many. A "lone wolf," quick to 

take offence, overlooked, he sfrove to make academic 

knowledge relevant to tiie survival of American, and particularly, Mayan Indians. 

It should be noted that it was J, Eric Thompson who rose 

in Gates' defense, Thompson, who most adamantiy opposed 

the relevance of linguistics to the decipherment of the glyphs. 

Quite simply. Gates was years ahead of his time; tiie 

decipherment of tiie glyphs has followed tiie very principle of 

cross-cultural Mayan linguistics that Gates espoused years 

ago. This man who sold tiie Diccionario grande to Robert 

Garrett, was a voice in the wildemess. 

Robert Garrett 

Robert Garrett was bom in 1875 of a four-generation family 

of Baltimore bankers and bibliophiles. Robert Garrett & Sons 

were the financiers of the B & O Raihoad from almost its 

inception. Robert's grandfatiier, John W Garrett, was photographed by Mattiiew Brady, posing with President Lincoln 

and General McClellan at Antietam, for it was his raihoad that 

supplied tiie coal for the Union army. Said Lincohi: "[he was] 

the right arm of tiie Federal Govemment in tiie aid he rendered 

the authorities in preventing the Confederates from seizing 

Washington and securing its retention as the Capital of the 

Loyal States."2^8 

The family mansion. Evergreen, was an hour's distance by 

carriage from downtown Baltimore, so the Garrett children 

were educated at home by private tutors. When Robert was 

12 it was suggested to his fatiier that tiie boys be taken by their 

tutor to Europe to see tiie world. Believing that they should see 

their own country first, he sent them instead on a five-month 

tour of the Far West. The following year Robert's fatiier was 

drowned in a boating accident Mrs. Garrett tiien took tiie 

children to Europe for two years (1889-1891). Robert was 

educated at the Lycee in Tours. Twice tiiey made tours of 

Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. Robert recalled vividly his 

horseback trip, at tiie age of 15, from Damascus to Jemsalem. 

Retuming from the Near East, they settied in Princeton while 

the boys attended college. As a junior at Princeton University, 

Robert practiced the shotput, with sufficient skill that he 

decided to participate in tiie first Olympics in Athens in 1896. 

He had tried to throw the discus at Princeton, but nobody knew 

what a discus was. He had one made, but it weighed 20 lbs. 

and was too heavy to throw. 

The Princeton members of the team, funded witii an 

anonymous bequest by Garrett's mother, were joined by a 

contingent from the Boston Athletic Association. Disembarking in Naples, they discovered they had misinterpreted the 

Greek calendar and might miss tiie event. They mshed across 

Italy as fast as one could in 1896 and leapt on an olive boat. 

Landing in Greece, they reached Athens by train on the eve 

of the Olympics. That same evening the team hurried to the 

field to find themselves in the middle of an empty stadium 

being prepared for tiie opening day by a clean-up crew. Garrett 

spotted a piece of metal lying on the grass. When he leamed 

it was a discus, he could not resist taking a throw. He decided 

he had nothing to lose, so entered the competition. He was 

slated against the Greek champion discus thrower. His first two 

throws landed far short, but on the tiiird tiirow he made tiie 

world record. The first prize at that time was an olive branch 

and a silver medal. He entered shotput—anotiier first. He 

entered long jump—second prize, a laurel branch and a bronze 

medal. High jump—tied for second, another laurel. He was 

"the premier athlete at tiiat premier meet."^'*^ 

His later comment on this event was 

They tell me I took part in the Olympic Games. That must mean I go bade at 

least to 394 A.D., for no real Olympic Games have been held since 

then—Olympia having been in mins for many Centuries.^" 

Robert graduated from Princeton with the degree of Bachelor 

of Sciences. Fresh out of college, Garrett became the junior 

member of the American Archeological Expedition to Syria, 

sponsored by Princeton University and comprised of three 

Americans and one German. Their mission was to penetrate 

the Ottoman Empire to survey the archeological remains of 

northem central and soutiiem Syria. 

Equipped by Thomas Cook and Son, the expedition 

proceeded with a staff of 40, transported by 82 animals: 22 

horses, 30 mules, 17 donkeys, and 15 camels. In the 2-montii 

autumn joumey they were in the saddle for 175 hours and 

covered 670 miles. The following spring (1900) tiieir survey 

was even more extensive, traveling, as before, through "rivers 

of mud"^^ and over "rough rocks,"^^^ tiieir tents buffeted by 

winds in temperatures that ranged from 29° to 99° F, tiie 

radiation at times so great that a flock of goats swelled into a 

fearsome camp of bandits. Their hardships were described 

merely as "trying experiences!"^^ 
62 SMITHSONIAN CONTREBUnONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FIGURE 18.—Robert Garrett at the First Olympics in Athens, 1896. 

It was Garrett's responsibility to do the mapping and 

day-to-day accounting of their progress. In a condensed 

inventory he meticulously provided the temperature readings 

three times a day, and the time spent to reach each destination. 

In tiie 142 ruins they examined, one member recorded tiie 

architecture, one tiie Greek and Latin inscriptions, and the third 

the Semitic inscriptions, collecting also Arabic folklore. 

Whenever possible, they captured tiie inscriptions with wet 

paper "squeezes" to later become plaster casts. 

The expedition traversed wide areas, which, deforested in 

the 6th century A.D., were converted to virtual wastelands, 

inhabited by a few Mohammedans, Dmses, Bedouins, and 

Circassians, 

In many locations the inhabitants had not seen a foreigner 

within the memory of hving man. 

Our party and our encampment excited the curiosity of the natives, and they 

gave very disagreeable evidence of the fact by scrutinizing everybody and 

everything. 
NUMBER 31 63 

FIGURE 19.—^Robert Garrett in later life. 

They came to stay as long as daylight lasted and brought their lunch along 

like a picnic party out for a day's amusement.^^ 

Their reception was totally unpredictable, A sheik might 

feast them with rice, bread, cream, and honey. Commandants 

and outiaws alike generously provided services. In one town 

they tried to dispel the natives' suspicion by remarking, "We 

are merely smelling the air,"^^ In another town, "a crowd of 

boys and men followed, hurling small stones at us, and 

shouting epithets which, fortunately, most of us did not 

understand, "2^^ 

The people wondered at the nature of our work and the care we took with it. 

They thought that the inscriptions we sought and copied indicated to those 

who could decipher them where treasure was hid, and that the camera was a 

magical instramenl which would locate gold in the ground and spirit it away 

to any point we desired.^^ 

In his geographic survey, Garrett stmggled with conflicting 

responses to his questions, and leamed to become a skillful 

etiinographer. 

It is frequently noted in the Orient that if one asks about something in such a 

FIGURE 20.—Bookplate of Robert Garrett. (Photo courtesy Princeton 

University Library.) 

way that a particular answer seems to be expeaed, that answer is very apt to 

be made ... one might ask, "Is that mountain far to the south the Djebel Riba?" 

It is much easier for the native to say, "Yes," than to exert his mind to the 

extent of deciding whether it is that or some other mountain, so he asserts 

without hesitation. I always tried to have my attendant ask the question in a 

noncommittal way, so that the local guide would have to give some such 

information.^** 

Throughout his "itinerary" Garrett demonstrated a broad 

range of interest. 

Many of the ruins are in a marvelously perfect state of preservation and they 

appeal to the traveler as no other remains of antiquity do, unless we except 

Pompeii, because of their beauty and dignity and also—^and for this reason 

particularly—because of the vivid picture they afford of the character and the 

life of those who built and lived in them.^*' 

Drawing upon early written documents, he describes the 

vanished civilizations and then tums to the modem settlements, 

their architecture, soil, agricultural and grazing techniques, 

dress, and customs, worrying about the place of women in 

Mohammedan society. On his retum to the United States, 
64 SMnHSONL\N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

KVERORr-:K.N HOUSK is now the property of The Johns Hopkins University. Ihe 

rare book library and the numismatic collections of the University aie located 

here. The property was formerly the residence of the T. Harrison Garrett and 

John Work Garrett families. 

FIGURE 21.—Evergreen, home of Robert Garrett. 

Garrett enrolled at Johns Hopkins University for courses in 

economics and history, prior to entering tiie family business. 

He followed the Garrett tradition of civic involvement "with 

unremitting energy.''^^^ 

In Baltimore he became "a sagacious leader in church and 

state,"^^ a leader of good causes. He was a public recreation 

devotee of national reputation who established a series of 

outdoor gymnasiums with public instmctors for the youth of 

Baltimore. A system of modest parks and playgrounds was 

supplemented by libraries for the underprivileged younger 

generation. Under his direction the Baltimore public school 

standards were raised from the bottom to the top. He was also 

active in the Boy Scouts and the YMCA. As chairman of 

Baltimore's Public Improvement Commission very little 

escaped his attention. He was a guiding force in the 

Presbyterian Church. A true Garrett, he was president of the 

board of the Walters Art Gallery and director of the Baltimore 

Museum of Art. In a predominately Democratic city, Garrett's 

political aspirations were blocked consistentiy. 

When tiie city notables gathered to do him honor, Garrett 

remarked very simply, "The tmtii is that I have had too good 

a time and have led a happy life and if I have transformed 
NUMBER 31 65 

some of this happiness to otiiers, I am still more happy."^^^ 

"Prim, proper, straight-laced, a stickler for formalities," he 

had "enormous presence" and was extremely "forceful."^^^ 

Not a talkative man, except when asked about his special 

interests, he had a talent for bringing out everyone whom he 

met. His responses were garnished with a dry wit. 

Robert Garrett was tiie father of 10 children. His household 

was not ever "haphazard,"^^* Civic and family responsibilities 

curtailed his travels. Besides canoe trips with his sons in the 

Adirondacks, he visited Greece in 1925, and in 1929 and 1931 

took each of his sons separately to Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. 

The last family trip was to Mexico in 1930, where tiiey rode 

horseback down the Paseo de la Reforma, visited Dwight 

Morrow's summer house in Cuemavaca, and watched Diego 

Rivera painting a mural in Taxco. 

This would seem to have been a lifetime filled to the fullest, 

but from his earliest childhood both he and his brotiier, John, 

again following family tradition, were inveterate collectors. In 

the early years Robert focused on coins. In 1904 he removed 

his collection from the bank vault to exhibit it at tiie Walters 

Art Gallery, and so, by chance, saved it from being melted in 

the Great Fire. Afterwards he fransferred his collection to his 

brother and the two switched interests. 

He was 14 when he bought his first book, a French Book of 

the Hours. Garrett's fluency in French and German was a great 

asset for a bibhophile. As French was tiie second language 

throughout tiie Near East, he had no difficulty dealing with 

Arab merchants. He could not translate Arabic texts, but could 

easily identify and distinguish between the different Arabic 

languages. In 1901 he purchased from E.J, Brill in Leiden a 

collection of 384 Arabic, 64 Persian, 13 Turkish, and other 

miscellaneous manuscripts. In 1904 he purchased a second 

collection from Brill. That same year his expedition colleague, 

E. Littmann, wrote an annotated listing of the Arabic 

manuscripts. A similar list of the Turkish and Persian 

manuscripts followed. Two further libraries were acquired in 

1925. In tiie 1930s Garrett proceeded to expand his collection, 

first in blocks, "purchased at different times on the recommendation of scholars," and then by the selection of individual 

manuscripts .2^^ These collections were placed on loan at 

Princeton University, Garrett's Arabic manuscripts were used 

for an experiment in library science to determine how Arabic 

bibhographic material should be standardized. 

At the age of 29 Robert Garrett was also asked by tiie 

president of Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson, to 

become a trastee, a position he served for over half a century. 

In 1942, when Garrett was 67 years old, he donated his entire 

collection of Old World manuscripts to his alma mater, "The 

distinguished gift to Princeton University by Robert Garrett 

of the Class of 1897 of one of the world's great collections of 

books and manuscripts, embodying the best of the literature, 

art, religion, science, and history of tiie Islamic and Westem 

civilizations, is welcomed at a time when the best thought of 

the past is under bmtal attack,"^^^ 

President Dodds continued: 

The acceptance by Princeton University of this great collection of books and 

manuscripts signifies the assumption of a dual responsibility. On the one hand 

is an acceptance of such a responsibility as was met by the monasteries during 

the Middle Ages, the responsibiUty of preserving the records themselves. On 

the other hand, it is an acceptance of the duty of going beyond this passive 

protection into such an offensive warfare of the inteUea as, in Milton's 

Areopagitica, wamed the forces of intolerance and bigotry that their attempts 

to suppress and efface the wide-ranging records of human thought were futile 

and cowardly. At Princeton these records of the Arabic and Westem 

civilizations will be cherished and protected. TTiey will remain free for the use 

of scholars everywhere. ^^ 

This collection of manuscripts is as astonishing as Garrett's 

performance as a young man at the first modem Olympics, 

The collection of Arabic, Turkic, and Persian manuscripts 

numbers 10,000 volumes, the greatest library of its kind in any 

university of tiie world. Its very gift stimulated the creation of 

the Department of Oriental Languages and Literature tiiat 

became a model of serious research in this previously neglected 

field in America. But this was not all: there was the collection 

of Byzantine Greek miniatures of the greatest rarity and beauty, 

the most important Byzantine miniatures in America. There 

were Coptic and Sanskrit manuscripts as well as Egyptian 

papyri dating back 2000 years. There was also a collection of 

Westem European illuminated manuscripts from tiie eightii 

century on, one of the finest in the country, not restricted to 

the major countries of Europe, but including manuscripts from 

Scotiand and Poland. 

But Mr. Gates' collection of New World documents was not 

included, because Mr. Garrett had a dream: tiiat tiie Institute 

for Advanced Studies in Princeton, presided over (at least in 

spirit) by Albert Einstein, might become also a center of 

Mayanist study. And so he donated the 265 manuscripts of the 

Gates Collection of Mayance Manuscripts, augmented by a 

number of other Latin American items in his possession, "in 

the hope that this will constitute a nucleus of material in tiiis 

field and a beginning with which you may ultimately develop 

a section of the Institute devoted to Latin American history, 

languages and culture."^^ In addition to his efforts to have tiie 

Institute purchase Gates' remaining collection, he also 

endeavored to have a Mormon Mayanist scholar, M. Wells 

Jakeman, hired to care for the collection. In 1940 Jakeman had 

inventoried Gates' collection. Garrett stipulated that if no 

Mayanist were appointed, the collection should go to Princeton 

University. 

At tiie time of its receipt, Frank Aydelotte, director of tiie 

Institute, wrote to Garrett: "This is one of the most interesting 

gifts tiie Institute has ever received." The Robert Garrett 

Collection of Manuscripts in Indigenous Middle American 

Languages was judged by Sylvanus Morley (despite his years 

of conflict witii Gates) to be tiie "most important collection of 

its kind now to be found in any one place."^^' 

Alas, because of the war-time scarcity of funds, the Institute 

did not accept the challenge. Worrying over tiie need for expert 

conservation care, the lack of copying provisions and 
66 SMITHSONL\N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

photographic equipment, J. Robert Oppenheimer was advised 

that "the Garrett collection has been stored, successively, in 

Dr. Aydelotte's and Prof. Merritt's offices and is now 

temporarily housed in a safe in the Newspaper Room."^^*^ And 

so, in 1949, the collection was fransferred to Princeton 

University. Here it was stored unseen in tiie vault of the rare 

book division of Forestall Library until it was discovered by 

Alfred Bush, Curator of tiie Princeton Collection of Westem 

Americana, and part-time resident of San Cristobal. 

Reviewing the lives of those who passed on the dictionary, 

as if it were one of those chain letters dedicated to San Judas 

Tadeo, promising great rewards if the duty were fulfilled and 

hellfire if not, they share in great part a fierce individuality, 

extraordinary energy, breadtii of vision, a fascination witii 

history, and an interest in language not per se, but as a patii to 

the understanding of that history. Their concem with the past 

led them to the present and the future destiny of the Mayan 

Indians. These were men witii a dream, a dream often cmelly 

frusfrated, but carried forth with determination. Today their 

names are all but forgotten. 

At Play in the Fields of the Lord 

It was perhaps in 1974,13 years after Robert Garrett's deatii, 

that Alfred Bush showed me the manuscript of the Diccionario 

grande that had fraveled through all these hands to the town 

where I was bom and bred. 

Having just completed my dictionary of modem Tzotzil, 

this great dictionary presented a definite threat. "One enfry 

hints that it was compiled in Zinacantan, but tiie phonetics 

point to a more northerly dialect."^ ^ With tiiis statement I 

uneasily consigned tiie great dictionary to personal irrelevance, 

salving my conscience by adding: "Hopefully, tiiis colonial 

midden will be sifted by future scholars," never dreaming that 

I would be the one to slip into tiie garbage pit!^^^ 

It happened this way—one day, in the fall of 1976, sitting 

bored in my office, I pulled open a desk drawer and discovered 

the yellowed xerox pages of the colonial dictionary that I had 

stuffed in years before. I took out a page, saying to myself, "I 

wonder how long it will take me to read this page?" I spent tiie 

rest of the day on it. The next moming I pulled out page 2, and 

in tiie aftemoon, page 3. I had fallen in, but with the 

determination that I would crawl out before 14 years had 

passed! 

As anonymous as the lexicographer of the Diccionario 

grande is the copyist or copyists. 

I am convinced that there was but one, with tricks up his 

sleeve. He had a fine hand that inscribed tiie text with letters 

uniformly slanted forward, but when he wrote the capital A to 

head the entries under A and the B for entries under B, he 

either stood those capitals upright or tilted tiiem backwards. 

Similarly, when he wrote a line in Latin to signify the end 

or beginning of a letter, and also when he copied the Latin 

quotation from the Book of Lamentations of Jeremiah at the 

conclusion of tiie dictionary, he used a backward-tilting, 

thick-pointed style comparable to italics. 

The last paragraph of the dictionary, following the biblical 

quotation, and written in Tzotzil, seems to be a cross between 

the above styles, combining fine point witii backward tilt, but 

the letters are formed in exactiy the same way as in the 

preceding two styles. 

Despite tiie clarity of hand he was, alas, as much at sea in 

Tzotzil as in Latin. He did not even recognize tiie Tzotzil name 

for San Cristobal, Jovel /Jobel/l So he merely copied the letters 

that he thought he saw. We have no idea of tiie condition of 

the manuscript tiiat he was told to copy—the water stains, 

worm holes, wrinkles and tears. 

The alphabetical order became totally chaotic as he 

modemized tiie spelling of some words and left others intact. 

He never bothered to copy cedillas, which greatiy accentuated 

the chaos, until finally, after seeing Guzman, I realized the 

situation. In addition to the confusion of spelling in the 

original, it was very easy for the copyist to convert fs into e's, 

and 6>'s into a's or M'S, /'S into fs or h's, w's into n's, z's into 

^'s, y's, or ^'s, and all of these vice versa. To unscramble tiie 

letters and create real words one had to withdraw and float 

easily over them, scarcely concenfrating, watching freely, 

gliding aloft. Even the Spanish words could be distorted: 

aguzar was converted into azucar, manzana into manana, 

rancio into racion, pie de cuesta into pico de cuesta, o se oye 

cantar aves into o se oye tamalaves, zumo into cama! It was 

even worse when the copyist was unfamiliar with medieval 

Spanish terms as when he wrote maza o mazo como debe del 

0 portero, for maza o mazo como de bedel o portero (beadle 

or gateman's mace). 

The hundreds and hundreds of errors infroduced in Tzotzil 

can be imagined if one looks at a single entry, that of lirio, hly, 

where tiie Tzotzil is given as castillan cuchini instead of 

castillan nichim. 

I wrote down each entry on a card and tiien, below the 

original, tried to modernize the spelling of tiie Tzotzil, 

changing botii letters and word boundaries. Below that I wrote 

the English translation, when possible. For the interpretation 

of archaic Spanish terms, such as turquesa, pellet mould for a 

crossbow, I relied upon Fray Tomas Connelly and Fray Tomas 

Higgins' marvelous Diccionario nuevo de las dos lenguas 

espahola e inglesa, 1798. 

Eight months into the project, half-way through tiie alphabet, 

1 wrote to W.S. Merwin. 

Among yesterday's entries and examples: "Take pity on me!" "It gives me a 

headache." "I will die in peace." "I cannot sleep I am so fatigued by the torture." 

To think that I could have tumbled back into this vortex of words; my days 

not numbered, but lettered as I scramble in tortoise haste from glottalized k 

down the cards to IP^ 

But my pace accelerated, and in two more months I had 

finished the first draft of tiie Tzotzil to English. 

Not until I had fransferred tiie entire dictionary onto 5x8 

cards did I discover, at a linguistic workshop in Coban, tiiat a 
NUMBER 31 67 

FIGURE 22.—Alfred Bush. (Photo by Kim Otis.) 

typed copy had been made by Mr. Gates! I can only hope I 

profited by the immersion. 

In 1978 I tumed to the Spanish-Tzotzil. 

Free at last! For six weeks, from 6:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m., I have been copying 

the Spanish-Tzotzil dictionary, putting it in properly alphabetical order, with 

the Tzotzil words spelt according to my alphabet and the Spanish words with 

reasonably modem spelling. My deadline was May Day at 10 p.m. On page 

653 I finished "vulgar cosa'' and pulled out my bottle of armagnac.^* 

After several years of poring over the cards, I was left witii 

257 undecipherable words. I tumed, tiien, to Gates' AraGuzman typescript, and later to Guzman's dictionary itself. 

As tiie alphabetical order was nearly identical to that of the 

Diccionario grande, the number of cognates very high, and the 

examples very similar, I was able to solve many mysteries. 

The Ara dictionary was temporarily missing from the Berendt 

collection, so I had to rely at first on a very fuzzy microfilm. 

Only recently I leamed of a clear microfilm at Chicago, which 

I used for final consultation. By interviewing people from 

Zinacantan, Venustiano Carranza, Chamula, and Tenejapa, I 

was able to discover words that were archaic in Zinacantan or 

surviving only in other communities; but it is exfremely 

difficult to present a list of words to a person and ask if they 

exist, when the majority are unfamiliar or sound impossible. 

Very soon his or her mind goes blank. I also sent lists of 

problem words to many of my linguistic colleagues, who 

diminished the number again, so tiiat only about a hundred 

remain. 

Many of the entries on the 356 pages of legal-size hned 

paper have been checked, probably by Gates, for no discemible 

reason. 

The sum of Tzotzil entries, 11,055, is distributed as follows: 

•a 569 

'e 130 

'i 347 

'o 315 

'u 224 

b 494 

tz 391 

tz' 270 

ch 595 

ch' 464 

c 51 

d 5 

e 10 

f 3 

g 4 

h 3 

i 2 

j 785 

k 387 

k" 646 

1 647 

m 728 

n 626 

0 3 

p 713 

p' 154 

q2 

r 17 

s 352 

X 249 

t 897 

t' 140 

u 1 

v 408 

y 288 

H 124 

Examination of the roots results in tiie distribution listed in 

Table 33, and Table 34 classifies colonial roots by categories. 

Replying to the question, "How much has Tzotzil changed 

over a period of 400 years?" one may point first to tiie hst of 

roots: 903 are identical, and 46 differ only slightiy; 169 were 

not listed in Laughhn, 1975, but a few were overlooked and 

do persist in Zinacantan, while others occur in other Tzotzil 

communities. 

Of course, tiie language has responded to cultural changels; 

vocabulary specific to the medieval world has been lost. The 

term vinik, which once meant human being, was replaced by 

krixchano, and has come to mean man, as opposed to woman. 

This change was already in process when Z was compihng the 

dictionary. The original term for man, xinch'ok, has disappeared. The terms for warrior, ch'ilom, j'antzil-ti', and jyabutil, 

all have been lost Natz'il, which once meant bracelet, now 

means necklace. Chob, which referred to fields of squash, 

beans, or com, now refers to milpa (which may contain all 

three, but one no longer says xchabal chenek'). 

Discussion of Tzotzil grammatical changes is found in the 

next chapter. 

Despite tiie great number of errors in franscription, and tiie 

degree of change over 400 years, it is remarkable tiiat I was 

able to decipher over 95% of the material. It indicates, I believe, 

a much lesser degree of change than one finds in tiie Enghsh 

language from Shakespeare until now. Perhaps literacy, which 

fraditionally has been thought to deter language change, in fact, 

accelerates it.^^^ 
68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FIGURE 23.—^The fiddler, John B. Haviland, with Romin Peres Peres, rebuilding the roof of his dream house in 

Naben Chauk, 1984. (Photo by Frank Cancian.) 

TABI^E 33.—Comparison of colonial and modem roots. 

Dictionary 

Tzotzil 

Tzeltal 

Yucatec 

Proto-Mixe-Zoque 

Chiapanec 

Nahuatl 

Spanish 

Total 

Colonial 

1118 

7 

3 

1 

6 

284 

1419 

Modem (Laughlin, 1975) 

1854 

2 

8 

3 

12 

836 

2715 
NUMBER 31 69 

TABI.E 34.—Colonial roots. (The roots have been classified under the following categories: "Tzotz" for roots 

that occur still in modem Tzotzil of Zinacantin, "diff R" for roots that occur in modem Tzotzil of Zinacantan, 

but slightly altered, "Tzo cog" for roots occurring in modem TzotzU exclusive of Zinacantan, "old Tzotz" for 

roots no longer known in modem Tzotzil, "Tze" for roots occurring in modem Tzeltal, "Y" for Yucatec Mayan 

loans, "M-Z" for proto-Mixe-Zoque loans, "N" for NahuaU loans, "Sp-Tz" for Spanish loans listed in Laughlin, 

1975, "Span" for Spanish loans not listed in Laughlin, 1975.) 

Root 

a 

'a 

'e 

'i 

'o 

*u 

b 

tz 

tz* 

ch 

ch* 

c 

d 

e 

f 

g 

h 

i 

J 

k 

k* 

1 

m 

n 

o 

P 

P' 

q 

r 

s 

X 

t 

t' 

V 

y 

H 

Total 

Tzotz 

39 

11 

27 

25 

20 

50 

29 

24 

46 

44 

55 

41 

46 

44 

49 

42 

65 

16 

40 

36 

60 

21 

53 

20 

903 

diffR 

5 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

5 

1 

1 

2 

17 

46 

Tzo cog 

2 

3 

1 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

21 

old Tzotz 

5 

4 

7 

9 

5 

3 

5 

13 

4 

10 

14 

4 

4 

8 

8 

10 

1 

3 

7 

8 

2 

5 

3 

6 

148 

Tze 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

7 

Y 

1 

1 

1 

3 

M-Z 

1 

1 

N 

2 

1 

1 

2 

6 

Sp-Tz 

7 

14 

3 

7 

2 

3 

2 

1 

2 

5 

14 

4 

2 

12 

1 

10 

9 

1 

6 

3 

108 

Span 

4 

5 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

5 

8 

2 

1 

12 

1 

7 

7 

10 

4 

1 

79 
70 SMITHSONEAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

FIGURE 24.—^The author at play in the fields of the Lord, 1982. (Photo by John Haviland.) 
NUMBER 31 7 J 

FIGURE 25.—First approximation. 

ce^ 

^ 1 &<*n o 

FIGURE 26.—Spanish key; suge 1. 
72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

likel 7oy, punto de partida 

likel kajel, (1) a cada paso, (2) cada paso 

likel kajel jnup. a cada paso 

likel kajel sk*an ve7el, momento de tiempo 

likel kajel xiyik*. a cada paso 

likel likel, 

likel likel jnup, a cada paso 

likel ta Yolonton, voluntariamente 

likel t*abel, a cada paso 

likes, (1) apartar algo, (2) comenzar algo, (3) estrenar, 

(4) fundar o principiar ..., (5) mover asi, (6) 

mover del lugar, (7) mudar otra cosa, (.8) ocasion 

dar, (9) quitar, apartar algo, (10) romper batalla, 

(11) trasegar, (12) trabar pelea o cuestion 340 

Ho7ot alikes! trabar pelea ... 340 

likes ch'ub, fundar, poner fundamento ... 

likes j-tek lum, poblar pueblo de nuevo 

likes k*eyo3, entonar, comenzar canto 

likes ta 7ochel, romper batalla 

likesabil, hataca para mecer 

likesabil tz'ib, parrafo de escritura 

likesabil k'op, parrafo de escritura 

likesbil, (l) provocado, (2) trabar pelea ... 

likesbil 7ox k'op ejta. trabar pelea ... 

likesoj1 ta 7il, provocado asi 

likey, colgar 

likil, ahogsir ahogado 

likillikil, penca apenca 

liklik tak'in, (l) plomo de albanil, (2) sonda para el sondo 

del agua 

FIGURE 27.—Spanish key; stage 2. 
NUMBER 31 73 

7^^ ^ (00 f{u4^ 

^7/ftD nakleba l te7,Vnphr(n type ri7>| bench. 

^^I^d naklebiiTj^ tv . Iphabi^t^, reside^. 

%^flO> nalclejj(^n57'.family, positioOu. residence, , 

seat . 

7<^7utz7utz anaklejy^You have a good family y 

^'fo?^^^ nsJ<rna]^n4d. Conqueror, enemy, opponent, pursuer, 

y/arrior. -^ -—^^sj^-^ ~"^>k 

ffS/ O nalcnak ba t a k'op , dw^jlu ^J><i^up^<i-F>fc/. disputeil.-!!^^^' ^ ?f ^ ^ ' 

.?^a<?Onalcoj, jfk4d_.. subjec t of dispute . 

3 ^ , 

yT^J^jiakva n t a k'op , TsplacljtegqBf^yi—1>5;). Jt^ljLja&ainstV^f!^^"^^ ^ tf '^ 

<^?^^6 nakvanej,C^vn5,j opposition , persecution , pursuit . 

^•^P5t> jnaklej ^ r'agn^ inhabitant , resident . 

JgMi?;^ 

"pf^Li) Jnal^vap^j, agny nuisance ^ tormente r 

5?^C?^^ .JSMII?^'"^^' '^>T>'i'P"'A^fl>^ItSi>/). a"bse]it :::_„_. ^ VfV..^^ ^ aj/^ ^ 

naka 7atz'an , 'iiplii'("ja' n?t^y ^ w^*' oversalty . -_V|'^*' ' " ' 

uoarnCslcL Q>l^i^V naka 7a]<*il, vplirj^jfiw i i1/ifi ii>iU)« mr n jjn.x^lV] ri i im, i 

??3/ ^ naka 7ak'i l 7ayan, vphr. 

Ji^fi,r/ 

fre t (cloth. 

',571? -~- -r2- . 

g73^dl naka 7ak'i l no 7ox, vphr('^;tfp'^^37'"*&' iWi "y'^'l* •awJ'pt)., ' " " " 

fretted . , ^^.Vf^t^ ^ ?^V ^ '^^^I^l/pv^/^ " ?^^ f^ 

^^35d^ "2ika 7a l ba , vpj3kJi4«-r«^rSi,. pretend . ""^"-^-^ V/fW^S^^^^^ ^ 

^^nak a xa l sba t a batel^H e i s pretendin g he i s 

going. ^ 

Oj^fO naka 7altik , arjph|>/<i»*i*ii««g>*' in vain , unjustified , unJSO naka 7alti k xch'a y jun k'ak'a l ku7unyN[ am spending a 

v;hole day in vai n 7' 

FIGURE 28.—Grammatical revision and preparation for computer. 
74 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Notes 

^ Flores Ruiz, 1978:25, citing Tomas de la Ton-e. All 

translations are mine. 

^ Diccionario en lengua Sotzil, n.d., p. 27. In the text this 

dictionary will be referred to by its alternate name, 

Diccionario grande. 

3 Trens, 1957:163. 

4 Gage, 1969:140. 

5 Ibid., 141. 

6 Ibid., 142. 

7 Flores Ruiz, 1973:141. 

8 Ximenes, 1929:1,366. 

9 Cuervo, 1914:2,186. 

0 Ibid., 181. 

1 Ibid., 208. 

2 Archivo General de Indias, Audiencia de Guatemala, 10, 

63-6-10, Document 2. 

3 Gerhard, 1979:25. 

^ Ibid., 150-152. 

5 Calnek, 1962:24-25. 

6 Ximenes, 1929:1, 359-360. 

7 Calnek, 1962:99-100. 

8 Remesal, 1932:2,130. 

9 Cuervo, 1914:2,189. 

20 Chamberlain, 1948:181. 

21 Remesal, 1932:2, 248. 

22 Nune z de la Vega, 1702:131. 

23 Ibid., 9. 

24 Diccionario en lengua Sotzil, n.d., p . 284. 

25 Ibid., 342. 

26 Remesal, 1932:2, 212. 

27 Cuervo, 1914:2, 189. 

28 Cuervo, 1915:3, 195. 

29 Cuervo, 1914:2,178 . 

30 Ximenes, 1929:1,413. 

31 Ibid., 416. 

32 Cuervo, 1914:2, 255. 

33 Cuervo, 1914:2, 199. 

34 Ibid., 200. 

35 Cuervo, 1915:3,202. 

36 Ibid. 

37 Ibid., 203. 

38 Cuervo, 1914:2,175. 

39 Remesal, 1932:2,128. 

40 Ximenes, 1929:1,422-423. 

41 BoletindelAGG, 1945:9,1. 

42 Cuervo, 1914:2,209-210. 

43 Ximenes, 1929:2, 118-119. 

44 Cuervo, 1915:3,195. 

45 Remesal, 1932:2,492. 

46 Ximenes, 1929:1,390. 

47 Remesal, 1932:2,64-65. 

48 Ibid., 97. 

49 Ximenes, 1929:1, 398. 

50 Ibid., 361. 

51 Ibid., 365. 

52 Remesal, 1932:1,422. 

53 Ximenes, 1929:1, 359. 

54 Remesal, 1932:2.106. 

55 Ibid., 114. 

56 Ibid., 539. 

57 Ximenes, 1929:2, 64-65 . 

58 Ibid., 122. 

59 Remesal, 1932:2, 609. 

60 Ximenes, 1929:1, 383. 

61 Remesal, 1932:2,471. 

62 Ximenes, 1929:2, 64. 

63 Remesal, 1932:1,427. 

64 Cuervo, 1915:3,188. 

65 Hilton, 1976:110-112. 

66 Cuervo, 1914:2,185. 

67 Remesal, 1932:2, 141-144. 

68 Remesal, 1932:1,427. 

69 Ibid., 426. 

70 Remesal, 1932:2,421. 

71 Remesal, 1932:1,427. 

72 Cuervo, 1915:3, 299. 

73 Diccionario en lengua Sotzil, n.d., p. 5. 

74 Ibid., 35. 

75 Ibid., 89. 

76 Ibid., 78. 

77 Ibid., 348. 

78 Ibid., 271 . 

79 Ibid., 104. 

80 Ibid., 227. 

81 Several important colonial dictionaries are not included 

in this review as they wer e unavailable to me , e.g., Vico's 

Diccionario cakchiquel-quiche. 

82 I am indebted to Ulrich Kohler for informing me of the 

existence of this dictionary. 

83 Gage, 1969:146. 

84 Gates, 1934, ms, b:i. 

85 Diccionario en lengua Sotzil, n.d., p. 98. 

86 Coto, 1691:6. 

87 Diccionario en lengua Sotzil, n.d., p . 74. 

88 Ibid., 214. 

89 Ibid., 180. 

90 Ibid., 328. 

91 Ibid., 325. 

92 Ibid., 328. 

93 Ibid., 345. 

94 Ibid., 162. 

95 Xim6nes, 1929:1,400. 

96 Remesal, 1932:2, 73. 

97 The New Analytical Bible and Dictionary of the Bible, 

1973:920. 

98 Diccionario en lengua Sotzil, n.d., p. 3. 
NUMBER 31 75 

99 Remesal, 1932:2,473 . 

100 Ibid., 492 . Anyone wh o has the least doubt about the 

difficulties of creating genealogical dictionary trees to 

discover the lexicographer should read Riese and Zimmerman's discussion of the riddle of the Solana/o Mayan 

dictionary, wher e they discover not only errors by Gates 

and J.E.S. Thompson, but deliberate doctoring of manuscripts to fool the unsuspecting bibliophile (Riese and 

Zimmerman, 1978). 

101 de la Barrera, 1788:2. Z's manuscript does not appear to 

have been used by Fray Juan de Rodaz in 1688 for his 

arte of the Tzotzil of Huitiupan, nor by Nicolas de Morales 

y Astina in his vocabulary list submitted to the govemor 

of Guatemala in 1789. 

102 Ibid., 101. 

103 Ibid., 82. 

104 Ibid, 95. 

105 Con-ea, 1804:82. 

106 Ibid., 1-2. It is not clear where this priest was working, 

but it was not in Zinacantan, as he gives mol totil for 

grandfather and chichil for grandmother. The former term 

is used in Larrainzar and Chalchihuitan. The latter is also 

spoken in Chalchihuitan, but refers not to grandmother, 

but rather to mother's brother's wife. 

107 Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:1, 109-110. This biography, 

despite its cloying adulation, provides an extraordinary 

number of intimate scenes in the life of Camberos' hero. 

My account is drawn in great part from this source. 

108 Orozco y Jimenez, 1917:7. 

109 Orozco y Jimenez, 191 l:i. 

0 Davila Garibi, 1918:6. 

1 Ruiz Medrano, 1936:14. 

2 Orozco y Jimenez, 1907:12. 

3 Orozco y Jimenez, 1918b:23. 

4 Ibid., 7. 

5 Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:1,187-189 . 

6 Orozco y Jimenez, 1918b:24. 

7 Orozco y Jimenez, 1918a:53. 

8 Orozco y Jimenez, 1918b:23. 

9 Ruiz Medrano, 1936:181-182. 

120 Davila Garibi, 1963:5, 243 . 

121 Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:1,187-189 ; Orozco y Jimenez, 

1918:6. 

122 Orozco y Jimenez, 1918b:23. 

123 Espinosa, 1912:19. 

124 Ibid. 

125 Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:1, 506-507. 

126 Orozco y Jimenez, 1918b:8. Jan Rus, who assures me that 

the bishop was, indeed, intimately involved in the war, 

discovered an exchange of telegrams between the ladino 

military leader of the forces of San Crist6bal, J. Ballinas, 

and the prelate. Responding to the request that the priest 

of Chiapilla accompany the forces "on an expedition," the 

bishop replied through a third party that "the priest knows 

and must carry out his respective duties." In light of the 

bishop's actions in the Cristero War, years later, I am 

confident that the priest was not authorized to bear arms 

and would have served as a chaplain, administering last 

rites, etc., on the field of battle. 

127 Ibid., 17. 

128 Boletineclesidstico, 1911:1,80. 

129 Orozco y Jimenez, 1918a:49-50. 

130 Orozco y Jimenez, 1911:28. 

131 Espinosa, 1912:52. 

132 Paz, 1912:29-30. 

133 Orozco y Jimenez, 1912:1,11 , 216. 

134 Orozco y Jimenez, 1912:1, 13, 244. 

135 Orozco y Jimenez, 1912:2, 2, 26. 

136 Rore s Ruiz, 1978:121. 

137 Ruiz Medrano, 1966:235. 

138 Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:1, 217. 

139 Gaffey, 1980:2, 39. 

140 Kelley, 1916:16. 

141 Kelley, 1948:199-200. 

142 Orozco y Jimenez, 1918b:6. 

143 Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:1, 393. 

144 Gaffey, 1980:2,41 . 

145 Ibid., 60. 

146 Orozco y Jimenez, 1918b:39. 

147 Memorial, 1918:7. 

148 Ibid., 30. 

149 Kelley, 1948:200. 

150 Orozco y Jimenez, 1918b:33. 

151 Gaffey, 1980:2,42. 

152 I have been unable to locate this. 

153 Orozco y Jimenez, 1920:9. 

154 Ibid., 9-10. 

155 Ibid., 10. 

156 Gaffey, 1980:2,61 . 

157 Ibid., 62. 

158 Ibid., 76. 

159 Meyer, 1976:41. 

160 Weber, 1968:14. 

161 Parsons, 1936:58. 

162 Wimams,F., 1935:12-13. 

163 Ibid, 12. 

164 Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:2, 262. 

165 KeUey, 1948:199. 

166 Blanco Gil, 1947:181. 

167 Ibid., 270. 

168 Ibid., 271 . 

169 Parsons, 1936:58. 

170 Ibid., 55. 

171 Bailey, 1974:44. 

172 Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:2, 317. 

173 Ibid., 321 . 

174 Ibid., 381 . 

175 Ibid., 388. 
76 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

76 Kelley, 1948:198. 

77 Bailey, 1974:298. 

78 Quigley, 1969:233. 

79 Orozco y Jimenez, 1934:3^ . 

80 Ibid., 9-10. 

81 Ibid, 13. 

82 Ruiz Medrano, 1966:221. 

83 Ibid., 236. 

84 Ibid., 239. 

85 Ibid., 62. 

86 Ibid, 67. 

87 Ibid, 68. 

188 Ibid., 71. 

89 Ibid, 73. 

90 Ibid, 78. 

91 Ibid, 80. 

92 Ibid, 81. 

93 Ibid., 82. 

94 Leon, 1980:146. 

95 Leon, 1888:1,2. 

96 Amaga, 1960:37. 

97 Gonzalez, 1961 :i, xi. 

98 Leon, 1919:14. 

99 Arriaga, 1964:24. 

200 Ibid., 16. 

201 Ibid, 28. 

202 Ibid., 1. 

203 Leon, 1980:28. 

204 iguiniz, 1953:226. 

205 Arriaga, 1960:35. 

206 In this same letter of 28 March 1908, the bishop thanks 

Dr. Leon for his notes on the "Cartilla Sotzil" published 

in Tiempo Ilustrado. I have searched through this 

periodical for the years 1902,1904, the latter half of 1905, 

1906-1907, and up to April of 1908 without success. This 

leaves only the issues of 1901, 1903, and the first half of 

1905, which were unavailable, untested. 

I had thought perhaps the bishop was mistaken in the 

source, as this weekly seemed most unlikely, being a 

record of high fashion; popes, archbishops, and bishops, 

kings and princes, battle scenes, and banquets, natural 

calamities, poetry, as "Standing before the Body of the 

Prince," and the latest in fine apparel, but in two issues of 

1904 are notes authored by N.L. and Dr. N. Leon (Leon, 

1904b, d). Indeed the bishop himself is awarded two full 

page, front page photographs and accompanying notes 

{Tiempo Ilustrado, 1902:2, 77, 87). No article on Tzotzil 

is listed in Leon's bibliographies. 

207 Anonymous. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, 1959:12, i. 

208 White, 1946:142. 

209 Rich, 1941:v. 

210 Ibid., 43. 

211 Morgan, 1911:2,585. 

212 Gen-etson, 1957:4,260. 

213 PhiUp, 1982:208. 

214 Kansas City Kansan, 15 August 1934. 

215 White, 1932, letter to Hugh Wilkinson, 12 September 

1932. 

216 Wilkinson, H., 1932, letter to White, 11 September 1932. 

217 Lowe, 1973:6. 

218 Ibid., 2. 

219 Gates, 1930:11. 

220 Lowe, 1973:8. 

221 Ibid., 9. 

222 Ibid., 12. 

223 Moscoso Pastrana, 1972:83. These Indians were, in fact, 

not Chamulas, but natives from Huistan. 

224 Lowe, 1973:9. 

225 Gates, 1935:6. 

226 Gates, 1937a:8. 

227 Senate, 1919:316. 

228 Ibid., 323. 

229 Gates, 1937a:5. 

230 Lowe, 1973:18. 

231 Gates, 1930:15. 

232 Gates, 1926:3. 

233 Tozzer, 1921:148. 

234 Lowe, 1973:34. 

235 Gates, 1936, letter to Dorflinger, 7 August 1936. 

236 Gates, 1929. 

237 Gates, 1930:1. 

238 Ibid., 16. 

239 Ibid., 8. 

240 Gates, 1931:1. 

241 Gates, 1937a:5. 

242 Gates, 1934a:22. 

243 Lowe, 1973:43. 

244 Gates, 1935:6-7. 

245 Ibid., 22. 

246 Gates, 1937:1. 

247 Thompson, 1950:32. 

248 WilUams, H., 1965:42. 

249 Dujack, 1979:10. 

250 Garrett, R., 1950:3^ . 

251 Gan-ettR., 1914:40. 

252 Ibid., 17. 

253 Ibid., I confess to being unable to relocate this citation. It 

has been most trying. 

254 Ibid., 6. 

255 Ibid., 62. 

256 Ibid., 44. 

257 Ibid., 56. 

258 Ibid., 140. 

259 Ibid., 87. 

260 Anonymous, 1950:1. 

261 Ibid., 2. 

262 Garrett, R., 1950:1. 
NUMBER 31 77 

263 Sloane, W. (personal communication). 

264 GarrctU H. (personal communication). 

265 Hitti and Paris, 1938:iu. 

266 Dodds, 1942:113. 

267 Ibid., 113-114. 

268 Garrett, R., 1944, letter to Frank Aydelotte, 5 February 

1944. 

269 Garrett, R., 1949:115. 

270 Sachs, 1949, letter to J. Robert Oppenheimer, 23 May 

1949. 

271 LaughUn, 1975:2. 

^ 2 Ibid. 

273 Laughlin, 1977, letter to W.S. Merwin, 31 July 1977. 

274 LaughUn, 1978, letter to Walter "Chip" Morris, 4 May 

1978. 

275 Though Terrence Kaufman cautions that one is much more 

inclined to be struck by change in one's own language 

than in a foreign language. 

It's My Own Invention: 

A Comparative Grammatical Sketch of Colonial Tzotzil 

John B. Haviland 

Outline 

1. Introduction to the Grammatical Formulas 

l.a. Grammatical Categories 

l.b. Root Categories 

I.e. Additional Affixation 

l.d. Co-reference Restrictions 

I.e. Parsing 

l.f. Constituent Stmcture and Required Arguments 

l.g. Equivalences 

l.h. Phonology 

Li Morphology 

2. Simple Sentences 

2.a. Stative Sentences 

2.a.l. Nominal Sentences 

2.a.2. Adjective Sentences 

2.a.3. Sentences Whose Predicates Are Qualifying Phrases 

2.b. Verbal Sentences 

2.b.l. Verbal Inflection 

2.b.2. Ditransitive Sentoices 

2.b.3. Reflexive and Reciprocal Sentences 

2.b.4. Impersonal Constructions 

3. Nominal Constituents 

3.a. Possession 

3.a.l. Noun Subcategorization 

3.a.2. Possessed Nouns 

3.a.3. Possessive Adjuncts to Noun Phrases 

3.b. The Stmcture of Nominal Expressions 

3.b.l. Noun Compounds 

3.b.2. Agentive Nouits 

3.b.3. Further Elements in Noun Phrases 

3.b.4. Numeral Expressions 

3.b.5. Relative Qauses 

4. The Veib Phrase 

4.a. Parts of the Verb Phrase 

4.a.l. Directionals 

4.a.2. Toise and Aspect 

4.a.3. Subjunctives 

(i) Auxiliaries 

(ii) Imperatives 

(iii) Causatives 

(iv) Subjunctive and Negative 

(v) Conditionals 

(vi) Approximations 

4.a.4, Voice and Verbal Arguments 

4.a.5. Passive and Anti-passive Constructions 

4.b. Additional Constituents in the Verb Phrase 

4.b.l. Adverbial Modifiers 

4.b.2. Further Adjuncts to the Verb 

5. Complex Sentences 

5.a. Double Verb Constructions 

John B. Haviland, Department of Anthropology, Reed College, Portland, 

Oregon 97202. 

S.b. Sentoitial Complements 

5.C. Conjunaions and Coordination 

1. Introduction to the Grammatical Formulas 

Tzotzil is a morphologically rich language that foUows a 

mildly ergative patterning of verbal cross-indexing. In the past 

400 years of constant and intimate contact with Spanish 

language and Mexican society, Tzotzil speakers have incorporated many Spanish words into their language, but have 

maintained the syntactic integrity of Tzotzil grammar with 

surprisingly few changes. Apart from ongoing variation in the 

phonological and morphological details of the language, 

modem Tzotzil differs most obviously from its colonial 

ancestor in its use of Spanish conjunctions and discourse 

devices to make expUcit the logical links between clauses. 

The entries in this colonial dictionary are presented in what 

might be called a "normalized form." (See the explanatory 

notes that accompany the dictionary itself.) Whereas the 

original author presented most Tzotzil examples as inflected 

phrases, often whole sentences, the dictionary is organized 

around single words or decontextualized expressions. In most 

cases entries have been stripped of affixes and appear as bare 

stems, or strings of stems. Although this normaUzation gives 

a common face to all the entries and allows the reader more 

easily to compare the expressions listed with their counterparts 

in the modem Tzotzil of The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San 

Lorenzo Zinacantan (Laughlin, 1975), it may leave the 

syntactic behavior of the Tzotzil expressions unclear. Where 

the original author might have written a whole sentence, 

consisting of a conjugated verb with its subject and object, 

only parts of the original sentence may survive in the resulting 

dictionary entries. 

For example, under the entry 

enronquecer a otro "make person hoarse" 

the friar has written 

jmak snuk'. 

This is, in fact, an entire Tzotzil sentence, which can be 

translated "I make him hoarse," or literaUy, "I close his throat." 

It is composed of the following parts: 

j -

prefix marking 1st person Agent (transitive subject), T 

mak 

transitive verb stem, "cover, close' 

sprefix marking 3rd person possessor, 'his' 

79 
80 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

nuk* 

nominal stem, 'neck, throat' 

Thus, the sentence has an Agent ('I,' the person who makes 

another hoarse), a verb ('close'), and a possessed direct object 

(the thing closed, i.e., his throat). 

The corresponding entry in the Tzotzil to English section 

of this dictionary reproduces neither the Agent, nor the 

possessive prefix on -nuk'. It appears as 

mak nuk', vphr:tv & -n4d. make person hoarse. 

The grammatical formula 

vphr:tv & -n4d 

is meant to explain how the entry is to be understood, and how 

it behaves in syntactic terms as part of well-formed Tzotzil 

utterances. (It says that the expression mak nuk' is a verb 

phrase composed of a transitive verb (which itself requires an 

Agent, the T of the friar's original sentence), and its direct 

object, a noun that in tum must also have an explicit human 

(or at least animate) possessor (the 'his' of 'his throat' in the 

example).) This grammatical sketch, in tum, is meant to explain 

how the grammatical formulas work. 

Because many of the original Tzotzil examples are complex 

coordinated sentences, the syntactic behavior of individual 

entries can often be explained only in the context of the overaU 

stmcture of Tzotzil grammar. In the sections that foUow, 

therefore, I present an abbreviated general outUne of Tzotzil 

syntax and morphology, using examples from the dictionary 

itself, and pointing out contrasts or discrepancies with the 

modem Tzotzil of Zinacantan. The remainder of this section 

summarizes the abbreviations that appear in grammatical 

formulas, cross-referenced to the relevant explanatory sections 

elsewhere in this chapter. Although I have provided a few 

examples here, this first section should be treated as an index 

to the more detailed descriptions that follow. 

l.a. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES 

The basic constituents of an expression are drawn from a 

limited set of terms, most of which in tum is a legacy from 

LaughUn, 1975. In the text I have noted instances in which the 

implicit analysis suggested there for modem Zinacantec Tzotzil 

is not appropriate for the colonial language. Please refer to the 

grammatical sketch itself for a description of the syntactic 

behavior of the elements. The following list is intended only 

as a key to abbreviations. 

adv 

advph 

agn 

aj 

ajphr 

art 

aux 

av 

contr 

adverbial 

adverbial phrase 

agentive 

adjective 

adjective phrase 

article 

auxiliary verb 

affective verb 

contraction 

cpd 

dv 

excl 

iv 

n 

natt 

nc 

neg 

negphr 

nphr 

num 

numphr 

pn 

PP 

prep 

pt 

ptphr 

qphr 

ragn 

raj 

rdv 

m 

rpp 

rv 

rvn 

s 

temp 

tv 

vn 

vphr 

X 

compound 

ditransitive verb 

exclamation 

intransitive verb 

noun (see section 3.1.a for a description of the 

subcategorization system, by number and letter, of 

possession classes; elements from the categories n, 

num, and vn can appear with a further letter from a 

to f, and/or a further number from 1 to 5; hence, for 

example: n3d or vnlb or n5.) 

attributive noun 

numeral classifier 

negative particle 

negative phrase 

noun phrase 

numeral (see note above for n) 

numeral phrase 

pronoun 

passive participle of transitive or ditransitive verb 

preposition 

particle 

particle phrase 

qualifying phrase 

reflexive agentive noun 

reflexive adjective 

reflexive ditransitive verb 

reflexive noun 

reflexive passive participle 

reflexive transitive verb 

reflexive verbal noun 

sentence 

temporal expression (subset of adv) 

transitive verb 

verbal noun (see note above for n) 

verb phrase 

constituent of unknown grammatical class 

l.b. ROOT CATEGORIES 

In a few compounds, roots are attributed to underlying 

categories on the basis of derivational possibilities. The root 

categories are identical to those used to classify all roots (a 

classification not attempted here) in LaughUn, 1975. They 

include the foUowing: 

A 

I 

N 

0 

P 

T 

U 

X 

adjective root 

intransitive verb root 

noun root 

onomatopoetic root 

positional root 

transitive verb root 

unique CVC root 

undeterminable root 
NUMBER 31 81 

OccasionaUy roots borrowed from another language have been 

tentatively identified: 

N Nahuatl 

M-Z Mixe-Zoque 

Sp Spanish 

Y Yucatec 

I.e. ADDITIONAL AFFIXATION 

Constituents in some complex expressions must appear with 

additional affixes, which have often (but not always) been 

stripped from the dictionary entries themselves. We have tried 

to patch up this inconsistency by occasionally indicating where 

specifically inflected (or totally uninflected, in the case of the 

category IrooxJ) forms of words must occur within a larger 

expression. We represent such cases by including within 

slashes such specific forms as the following: 

/1st person/ 

/Is/ 

/Ip/ 

/2s/ 

/3s/ 

/3p/ 

/ap/ 

/att/ 

/pass/ 

/perf/ 

/pred/ 

/root/ 

/stat/ 

/subj/ 

Examples: 

a 1st person form 

1st person singular subject or possessor 

1st person plural subject or possessor 

2nd person singular subject or possessor 

3rd person singular subject or possessor 

3rd person plural subject or possessor 

active participle (stative form of transitive 

verb) 

attributive form of noun, adjective 

passive form of transitive or ditransitive verb 

perfect form of verb 

predicative inflection on noun or adjective 

bare root form of a verb 

stative form of verb 

subjunctive affixes on verb or other predicate 

chabiat k'in, s:tv/pass/ & n5. holy day. (This example, 

though glossed as a noun, is actually a sentence that 

means, literaUy, "the day is guarded, or watched 

over." The verb -chabi 'guard, care for, watch over,' 

appears with a passive suffix.) 

Ha' no 'ox k'op, s:n5/pred/ & pt & pt & n4d/lp/. be in 

agreement. The friar's example, concordar en sentencia a negocio alguno, has as one Tzotzil equivalent 

Ha' no 'ox jk'optik. That is the extent of our 

words, 

where the noun -k'op 'word,' appears with fu^st 

person plural possessive affixes. 

l.d CO-REFERENCE RESTRICnONS 

Many complex expressions are only grammatical or can 

only have the indicated meaning if some of their nominal 

constitutents refer to the same entities. For example, the 

expression 

Jam nuk', clear one's throat (literaUy, "open throat of) 

can only mean "clear one's throat" if the throat in question is 

one's own; that is, if the possessor of the throat is the same as 

the Agent of the verb 'open.' Symbols enclosed in square 

brackets in the grammatical formulas indicate restrictions on 

nouns that function either as constituents or as possessors of 

constituents. Using the standard abbreviations A(gent) for 

subject of a transitive verb, S(ubject) for subject of an 

intransitive verb, 0(bject) for direct object and B(eneficiary) 

for indirect object, the following symbols occur: 

[A] 

[O] 

[S] 

possessor must be the same as the Agent of the clause. 

possessor must be the same as the direct Object of the 

clause. 

possessor must be the same as Uie intransitive Subject 

of the clause. 

[B] 

possessor must be the same as the indirect object of 

the clause. 

[P of <some constituent>] 

possessor must be the same as the Possessor of some 

other specified constituent in the expression. 

[=A...] 

the indicated constitutent must be identical to the 

Agent of the specified transitive or ditransitive verb. 

[=S...],[=0...] 

etc. similarly for the other categories shown. 

[= <some constituent>] 

the possessor must be identical to some other 

(indicated) constituent in the overaU expression. 

Thus, the formula for the entry shown would be 

jam nuk', vphr tv & n4d[A] 

Further examples would be 

'ich' moton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. receive a gift. The 'gift' 

must bear possessive markers corresponding to the 

Agent of the verb 'receive.' Thus, the friar shows, 

under presente que se recibe, the entry 

xavich' amoton 

literally, "you receive your gift." 

mo 'oyuk tot mo 'oyuk me', s:(s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d) 

& (s:neg & n5/pred/ & n4d[P=P of tot]), orphan. This 

compUcated example shows again the friar's use of 

entire sentences, often compound sentences, to render 

single word Spanish equivalents. (See section 5.) In 

this case, he gives for huerfano 

mo 'oyuk stot mo 'oyuk sme'. 

This sentence means "He has no father, he has no 

mother" (or more literally "His father does not exist, 

his mother does not exist"). 
82 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Diagrammatically: This bracketing could be represented by a tree stmcture with 

labeled nodes, as follows: 

neg n/pred/ n neg n/pred/n ^^\ 

mu 'oy tot possessor mu 'oy me' possessor 

not exist father ? not exist mother ? 

To make sense the sentence must obviously refer to 

the same person's mother and father, and this is what 

the notation in square brackets tries to indicate. In 

many similar cases we have not bothered to indicate 

such coreferentiality expUcitiy. 

'ak'bey '11 be, vphr:-dv & vphr(tv[A=B of dv] & 

n5)/subj/. show the way to. The friar's example, under 

encaminar, ensehar el camino, is simply 

xkak'bey 'il be 

literally, "I show (him) seeing-the-road." However, 

to yield a grammatical expression in modem Tzotzil 

one would have to have something like 

ch-a-k-ak'be avil Ii be e 

"I wUl show you the road," or 

"I will cause you to see the road" 

in which the indirect object (the [B] constituent) of 

the verb ak' 'cause' is the same as the transitive 

subject (the [A] constituent) of the embedded verb il 

'see.' 

I.e. PARSING 

Expressions are bracketed according to the following 

notational hierarchy: 

a colon after a grammatical category indicates 

the outermost category to which an expression 

belongs (except with some nominal expressions, 

which use parentheses at the outermost level). 

( ) parentheses indicate the next highest level of 

stmcture within a larger expression. 

< > angle brackets enclose constituents within parenthesized expressions. 

( ) except that subexpressions within expressions 

themselves enclosed by angle brackets are again 

enclosed within parentheses. 

Hence, to give a complex example: 

Ha' te chanantasbil 'u'un 'ajval, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & 

s<pp/pred/ & — & qphr(n4d of n4d/lp/)>). disciple. 

(LiteraUy, "one who has been taught by Our Lord.") 

n54>red/ 

Ha< 

s 

/ \ 

te / \ 

pp/pred/ 

chanantasbil 

n4d 

y-u'un 

nphr 

/ \ 

\ 

of n4d 

k-ajval-tik 

We have not been entirely consistent in applying this system 

of hierarchical bracketing to noun phrases. Thus, for example, 

one wiU encounter entries with a colon at the outermost level: 

tz'ajbU vaj, nphr:pp & n5. bread soup. 

But other noun phrase entries with exactly the same stmcture 

are represented by formulas which deUmit the outermost level 

witii parentheses (often with the fmal 5 that indicates an 

unpossessable noun or noun phrase (see section 3.a.l) hopping 

outside): 

juch'bil 'ixim, nphr(pp & n)5. com dough. 

This inconsistency is another legacy from the grammatical 

formulas of LaughUn (1975), where there was somewhat less 

syntactic complexity in individual entries. We introduced a 

new notation to represent deeper levels of embedding only after 

many of the formulas had been written, and we decided it was 

unnecessary, at that point, to rewrite formulas which required 

only a change in parsing. Note that there is also some 

inconsistency in the placement of the numbers marking 

possession category (see section 3.l.a below) within or without 

the parentheses. Except in the case of some compounds (see 

section 3.b.l) it is the relevant head noun constituent within a 

complex noun phrase whose possession class is in question. 

l .f CONSTTTUENT STRUCTURE AND REQUIRED ARGUMENTS 

NormaUy constitutents within an expression are joined with 

the symbol &, However, certain adjunct constituents, with 

special syntactic properties (cf. section 4.a.4), are joined to the 

rest of the expression with the symbol +, which usually 

indicates an agent or instmment involved in the action, but 

distinct from the syntactic subject of the verb. 

nik 'o 'osil 'u'un, s:iv & pt & n5 + -n4d. caU to arms. 

The example means, literally, "The earth shakes as a result 

of—," where the missing argument here is represented in the 

Tzotzil expression as a possessor of the word -u'un. Many 

entries in the dictionary, if Uiey are to yield grammatical TzotzU 
NUMBER 31 83 

expressions, require further arguments that do not appear 

explicitiy in the entries themselves (though they may have 

been implicit in the original inflected expressions offered by 

the friar). For example, verbs and other predicates require 

subjects; in our notation, a verb phrase is an expression 

containing a verb or other predicate, but no subject A sentence, 

on the other hand, is an expression containing both verb (or 

other predicate) and subject. Certain other constituents in 

complex expressions require arguments (possessors, objects, 

and the like); a dash signals that such arguments are necessary. 

The following combinations occur: 

tv-

-dv 

-dv-

-(v)n(phr) 

a transitive verb that requires a 

direct object 

a ditransitive verb that requires an 

indirect object (but whose direct 

object is probably akeady expUciUy 

present in the expression) 

a ditransitive verb that requires both 

an indirect and a direct object 

a (possibly verbal) noun or noun 

phrase that requires a possessor 

Dashes indicating these additional required arguments appear 

mostiy on predicate and sentence level expressions, and only 

rarely on complex noun phrases. (On noun phrases, the noun 

class of the head constituent determines whether or not the 

expression must bear possessive affixes, and therefore whether 

a possessor argument is required for syntactic completeness. 

See section 3.a. Unfortunately, some uncorrected noun phrase 

formulas occur in which required arguments are not shown by 

explicit dashes, although in other cases the dashes are present) 

Examples: 

'il 'olonton, nphr(n4f of-n4d). rage. LiteraUy the example 

means "anger of the heart," where 'heart' requires a 

possessor (the one who feels rage). In some expressions of this kind we have indicated the dash, although 

in others no indication of the required argument is 

present other than the 4 on the n4d, which indicates 

that the noun is obligatorUy possessed. See section 

3.a.l. 

'ilin 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be angry. The friar's example 

is 

x'ilin kolonton 

enojado. 

But the sentence he gives means Uterally, "My heart 

is angry," and the expression requires a possessor on 

the subject constituent, -olonton 'heart (of someone).' 

'a'ibey 'olonton, vphr-dv & n4d[B]. test Again, the 

original example is fully inflected: 

xka'ibey yolonton. (I) test (him). 

This means, Uterally, "I sense (or understand, or leam 

about) his heart," and the possessor of -olonton 'heart' 

is the same as the required indirect object ([B] 

constituent) of the ditransitive verb -a'ibey. 

OccasionaUy the additional required arguments fall in 

unexpected places, from the point of view of the EngUsh or 

Spanish translations. For example, the entry 

'elov cha'ley ba, vphr:-n4e & rv. pretend, 

requires two arguments: one, the subject of the reflexive verb, 

is the person who pretends; the second argument, the 

grammatical possessor of 'elov "appearance, facade, front,' is 

the thing one pretends to be like. The conjugated example the 

friar offers as an equivalent to simidar lo que no es is 

yelov jcha'ley jba. (LiteraUy, "I behave myself with its 

appearance.") 

which means "I pretend to be like it," where the 'it' is 

represented only by the y- possessive prefix on -elov. 

A more compUcated example of deeply embedded arguments is the entry 

tamtamuk dios ta 'olonton, s:iv/subj/ & n5 & qphr(prep 

& -n4d). Remember God frequentiy! 

The expression is an indirect imperative, and the only required 

argument refers to the person who is enjoined to remember 

God. Since the literal translation of the phrase is something 

like "Let it happen that God arises frequentiy in the heart 

of—," the correct place to attach this argument is as a possessor 

of the noun 'olonton 'heart.' The dash in the formula indicates 

this syntactic 'slot' in the phrase. Thus, in the friar's own 

example 

tamtamuk Dios ta avolonton! 

Acuerdate de Dios a menudo! 

the second person possessive prefix av- attached to -olonton 

yields the translation "You remember God frequentiy!" 

Some entries require for grammatical completeness, but do 

not explicitiy include, nominal constituents of other sorts. This 

is frequentiy the case when an entry includes an embedded 

sentence, but where the entry does not make expUcit aU of the 

sentence's essential constituents (usually, its subject). In such 

cases, the grammatical formula contains a series of dashes (—) 

to indicate the missing element. For example: 

mu vinaj bat, s:neg & iv & s(iv —). be squandered or 

wasted. 

The example, listed under disiparse is 

mu xvinaj xbat 

or, literaUy, "that it goes is not apparent." The subject of the 

main verb, vinaj 'be evident, be perceivable,' is an entire 

sentence, x-bat 'it goes.' But clearly, something must go (i.e., 

be 'squandered or wasted'), and this is the required additional 

argument, a subject for the verb bat 'go.' The example presents 

the foUowing tree stmcture: 
84 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

neg 

mu 

IV 

xvinaj / 

iv 

bat 

l.g. EQUIVALENCES 

(subject) 

Zinacantec Tzotzil words can be assigned to categories along 

famiUar dimensions: there are nouns, which may be modified 

by adjectives, and which serve as arguments to a variety of 

predicates, verbal and otherwise, both active and stative. Yet, 

many of the entries in this dictionary do not produce neat 

equivalences between Tzotzil syntactic classes and parts of 

speech in Spanish. In some cases this discrepancy is due to 

stmctural differences between Spanish and Tzotzil ways of 

expressing things, or pattemed differences in idioms. (The 

entries above that use the TzotzU word 'olonton 'heart' provide 

good examples.) In other cases, a Tzotzil expression and its 

suggested Spanish equivalent do not correspond apparentiy 

because of a misunderstanding or misinterpretation on the part 

of Uie friar who compiled the dictionary. 

Many of the examples I have given so far represent cases 

where what is a single monolexemic noun or adjective in 

Spanish requires a clause or even a series of clauses in TzotzU. 

The inverse case is also possible. 

Let me clarify the issue with a single example that iUustrates 

these partial or suspect correspondences. In the following entry, 

a locational adjective in Spanish is rendered in colonial TzotzU 

by an entire nominal sentence. 

Ha' tz'el, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. near to. 

Many Tzotzil sentences have the form 

Ha' & {nominal expression}. 

The friar gives Ha' as a translation of ese, esa 'that,' but its 

functions are considerably more extensive than this might 

suggest (See section 2.a.l.) Ha' often means "it is the case 

that..." or "that is a/the thing which is..." where the nominal 

expression which follows suppUes the missing predicate. In 

Zinacantec TzotzU (using the modem form ja') one says 

ja' j-na. That is my house (referring to some specific 

house, afready mentioned or, perhaps, being pointed 

at) (j- = first person possessive prefix, 'my'; and -na 

'house.') 

In the dictionary entry shown, -tz'el is an obligatorily 

possessed noun, that acts something lUce a body part word 

(meaning 'edge' or 'boundary,' perhaps): it denotes an 

otherwise unspecified area near to the thing or person that 

"possesses" it. Thus, the fiiar's example, with a first person 

possessive prefix. 

Ha' jtz'el 

which he translates as cabe, appears to mean "tiiat (something 

specific) is near to me." The relational nature of Uie English 

translation 'near' is captured in the Tzotzil phrase by means 

of a possessive prefix on a relational noun; Ha' asserts this 

predicate of some entity. 

As we shall see, many of Uie dictionary entries require 

considerable syntactic untangling before tiie glosses can be 

linked to tiie underlying TzotzU expressions. 

l.h. PHONOLOGY 

The phonemes of colonial Zinacantec Tzotzil appear to have 

been identical to those of today (see LaughUn, 1975:22-23) 

except for the addition of the voiced glottal fricative H 

(sometimes seen as the modem descendent of the 'proto-Mayan 

H') that survives only outside of Zinacantan in modem TzotzU. 

The rounded bilabial semi-vowel w is omitted from Uie colonial 

orthography (although it may have been present in the Tzotzil 

pronunciation of Spanish loanwords) as it does not appear in 

the friar's renderings of Spanish words into Tzotzil. 

The entire inventory of phonemes is as indicated in Uie data 

section "Phoneme Inventory." 

Let me add one final phonological note. The entries in this 

dictionary have also been orthographically normaUzed, and the 

Tzotzil words are speUed as LaughUn guesses they were likely 

to have been pronounced. There are a few notable exceptions. 

In some cases, where rules of assimilation and deletion 

operate to omit doubled consonants, occasionally entries retain 

these doubled (but unpronounced) consonants to make Uie 

syntactic or morphological stmcture of an expression clear. 

e-laj x-xen. He stabbed him many times. 

The verb xen 'stab,' appears with a prefix x- which marks Uie 

third person agent. Nonetheless, a word like xxen would be 

pronounced xen, with a single x. 

The second major reservation has to do with Uie sound 

represented by capital H. In modem Zinacantec TzotzU this 

consonant does not exist phonetically (although it does in other 

modem dialects). It has, however, left its legacy in a few roots 

whose phonetic behavior can only be understood if one 

postulates this separate phoneme at an underlying level. In fact, 

modem TzotzU dialects differ extensively in how they realize 

roots which must be reconstmcted as containing Uiis H 

phoneme; and the colonial situation appears to have been 

simUarly confused. I wiU mention only one example. 

The verb Halijes 'continue, delay, perpetuate' appears under 

the root Hal 'long lasting.' In modem Zinacantec Tzotzil Uiis 

root is jal, but, again, in Chamula it is Hal. LaughUn notes 

that the first person form of the verb appears as both ghaleghes 

and xcaleghes, or, following our normaUzed orthography, as 

either j-Halijes or x-k-alijes. This altemation suggests that 

colonial Tzotzil dialects were somewhat ambivalent about 

whether an initial H was a tme consonant or not. 

Words whose speUing is suspect have been starred. 
NUMBER 31 85 

Phoneme Inventory 1 pi. exclusive suffix 

2 and 3 pi. suffix 

VOWEL.S 

high 

low 

stops 

voiced 

imvoiced 

glottalized 

affricatives 

unglottalized 

glottalized 

spirants 

voiced 

unvoiced 

nasals 

semivowels 

lateral 

f l ^ 

front 

i 

e 

bilabial 

CONSONANTS 

mid 

• 

alveolar 

labio-dental 

b 

P 

P' 

m 

w 

l.i. 

V 

f 

d 

t 

t' 

tz 

tz* 

s 

n 

1 

r 

alveopalatal 

MORPHOLOGY 

ch 

ch 

X 

y 

back 

u 

o 

velar 

glottal 

g 

k 

k' * 

H 

j 

Modem TzotzU is a highly inflected language, and it makes 

use of numerous, multi-layered derivational processes to 

produce stems. The colonial material suggests that Tzotzil 

speakers of four centuries ago had equaUy rich morphological 

resources. Here I wUl summarize the most prominent 

inflectional and derivational affixes that appear in the 

dictionary, making brief mention of their equivalents in modem 

Zinacantec TzotzU. (Parenthetical numbers refer to the relevant 

sections of the accompanying grammatical sketch. The letters 

"C" and "V" stand for 'some consonant' and 'some vowel,' 

respectively. The symbol "0" stands for a 'zero' or empty 

affix.) 

Inflectional affixes: 

Absolutive prefixes(-suffixes)/suffixes (2.a) 

i-/-on 1st person singular 

a-/-ot 2nd person singular 

0-/-0 3rd person singular 

i -otik/-otik 1 plural inclusive 

i -otik6tik/-otik6tik 1 pi. exclusive 

a -ik/-oxuk 2 pi. 

0 -ik/-ik 3 pi. 

Ergative and possessive prefixes/suffixes 

(vowel initial: consonant initial)(2.b.l): 

k-:j- 1 s. 

av-:a- 2 s. 

y-:s- 3 s. 

k-:j- -tik 1 pi. inclusive suffix 

k-:j- -tikdtik 

y-:s- -ik 

Aspect markers (4.a.2): 

ta- incompletive aspect 

X- unmarked aspect 

n-/i-/e- completive aspect (modem Zinacantec Tzotzil has 

1- and!-) 

-em/-om stative aspect (intransitive) (modem Zinacantec 

Tzotzil has -em) 

-oj/-ej stative aspect (transitive)(modem Zinacantec TzotzU has only -oj) 

Benefactive suffix (2.b.2): 

-be(y) promotes indirect object to direct object status 

Subjunctive suffixes (4.a.3): 

-ik-/-uk subjunctive and negative 

-an 2nd person subjunctive 

-o transitive 2nd person imperative 

Passive suffixes (4.a.5): 

-at, -e(y), -ot non-stative passive (modem Zinacantec 

Tzotzil has -at and -e) 

-bU stative passive (resembles passive participle) 

-balal plural or attributive form of -bil ('ak'-balal Hun 

'letter, message' < 'ak' 'give,' Hun 'paper') 

Verbal derivations: 

Affective verbal derivation: 

-laj/-luj.(modem Tzotzil also has -Uj); sudden sound or 

motion 

-[C]on(et), -et. exaggerated, perhaps overly slow or 

clumsy action 

-te-ROOT-te. repetitive action with motion (the root 

receives extra stress, and is of Uie form ConsonantVowel-Consonant). 

Intransitive verbal derivation: 

-Vj. an intransitive action associated with a nominal root; 

(e.g., 'anil 'race, swiftness, mnning,' > 'anU-aj 'mn') 

-ib/-ub. inchoative (e.g., 'utz 'good, fortunate,' > 'utz-ib 

'get well, be pleased, etc.') 

-van. antipassive (4.a.5) 

-Vlaj. repetitive intransitive action 

-p'ij, -ch'uj, -tzaj. derives an intransitive stem which 

often denotes exaggerated, sudden motion or noise 

(including their lack; e.g., tz'ot 'twist' > tz'ot-p'ij 

'become twisted, rebound with a twist'; nak 'at home, 

seated, secure' > naktzaj 'be dammed up, stop 

moving.') 

Transitive verbal derivations: 

-in. usitative (na 'house' > na-in, tv., 'inhabit, reside in, 

use as a house') 

-es, -tas. causative (4.a.3) 

-a(y), -u(y), -ta(y). act on in a specific way related to the 

nominal stem from which the verb is derived ('anU 

'mnning' > 'anil-tay 'make mn, hurl self; 'ach'el 

'mud' > 'ach'el-ay > 'flood') 

-Vlan. repetitive transitive action (noy 'grind very fine' 
86 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

> noyilan 'grind very fine') 

-ch'un, -p'in, -tzan. transitive equivalent of intransitivizing -ch'uj etc. above (tz'ot-p'in 'make rebound') 

Verbal noun derivations: 

-el. passive nominal (4.a.5) 

-baU. reflexive or reciprocal noun (2.b.3) 

-ben(al). Uie result or mark left by an action (chik' 'bum' 

> chik'-benal 'bumt area') 

-bol. a prototypical direct object of Uie parent verb (e.g., 

lo' 'eat (fmit)' > lo'bol 'fmit') 

-ej. doing whatever action the verb denotes (malay 'wait' 

> malayej 'waiting for (something)') 

-eb. tiie place for doing something or for something to 

happen ('och 'enter' > 'ocheb Ho' 'sewer' (literaUy, 

"place where water enters")) 

-ob, -ab. an instmment for doing something (in the 

colonial examples, -ob follows monosyllabic roots, 

and -ab polysyUabic roots; in modem TzotzU -ob 

occurs in both cases) 

j - . agentive prefix (3.b.2) 

Nominal derivations: 

-etik. plural for non-possessed stems 

-VI. special possessed forms, or attributive forms of nouns 

(see section 3.a; note that all five vowels can occur 

as V, with a variety of meanings) 

Adjective derivations: 

-VI. attributive form of an otherwise predicative adjective 

(2.a.2) 

-an. frequent suffix on color words ('ik' 'black,' lum 

'earth' > 'ik'-lum-an 'dawn') 

2. Simple Sentences 

Let me now present the major features of Tzotzil syntax. 

One way to classify Tzotzil sentences is to distinguish different 

predicate types, on the basis of the different sorts of arguments 

they take, the way these arguments are marked or cross-indexed 

morphologicaUy, and the sorts of additional grammatical 

categories that accompany them. For example, we can 

distinguish stative from verbal predicates. 

2.a. STATIVE SENTENCES 

The simplest sentences in Tzotzil take the form 

PREDICATE + SUBJECT 

where the predicate carries a suffix which corresponds to (or 

cross-indexes) the subject. This suffix is drawn from a set of 

"absolutive" affixes, which include the following forms: 

[Absolutive suffixes, singular forms only] 

-on 1st person, "I" 

-ot 2nd person, "you" 

-0 3rd person, "he, she it"; the suffix is 'zero' 

or empty 

Stative sentences assert Uiat the subject is a certain sort of 

thing (represented by a nominal predicate, for example), or 

that it exhibits a certain property (denoted by an adjective, 

perhaps), or Uiat it occupies some position, or location. (These 

characterizations obviously do no more than suggest the range 

of meanings of the three basic sorts of stative sentences Uiat 

occur in tiiis dictionary.) Stative predicates do not require 

explicit marking for tense or aspect, but record, instead, an 

ongoing continuous state. 

2.a.l. Nominal Sentences 

First nominal sentences take Uie form 

N + absolutive suffix (X) 

meaning 

X (the subject) is N (the nominal predicate). 

Such sentences assert membership in a class.(They may mean, 

among other things, "X is an N" or "X is Uie N," or even "X 

is a kind of N" or "X's are N's.") 

Consider the following examples from the dictionary: 

'atelon. I am a partner. 

The friar gives 'atel as a nominal form of Uie verb 'at 'count, 

belong to,' meaning "partner" (someone counted, presumably.) 

The sentence takes the form 

'atel-on ("I") 

partner-1st person Absolutive suffix 

Predicate (Subject) 

The presence of the suffix -on indicates Uiat Uie subject is 'I,' 

and no further expUcit subject pronoun is required. On Uie 

basis of modem TzotzU grammar, we may surmise that it was 

also possible in colonial TzotzU to say 

'atel-ot. You are a partner, 

and also 

'atel-0. He (or she) is a partner, 

using different absolutive suffixes to cross index subjects of 

different persons. (The last hypothetical sentence shows that a 

bare noun by itself can serve as an entire Tzotzil sentence in a 

context in which it can be taken as asserting that some specific 

third person (or object) is an instance of the class of entities 

denoted by the noun.) 

The expression that serves as a nominal predicate can be 

derived from oUier sorts of root. For example, it can be an 

agentive-noun phrase, lUce j-'epal-k'op, which can be analyzed 

into its component parts as foUows: j - 'agentive prefix'; 'epal 

'much, lots'; k'op 'words, taUc'; tiius: 'talkative person.' (See 

section 3.b.l.) The sentence 

j'epal-k'op-on. I am talkative, 

thus consists of the agentive-noun predicate plus a 1st person 

absolutive suffix. 

Similarly, nouns derived from other sorts of consituent can 

provide nominal predicates. 

lajebal-on. I am nearly dead. 

Here, tiie noun lajebal (from the verb laj 'finish, end'), 

meaning "the moment of finishing or ending" is predicated of 
NUMBER 31 87 

a 1st person subject. Other deverbal nouns aUow more complex 

ideas: 

ch'aniel-on ta tze'ej. I have stopped laughing. 

Ch'ani is a verb meaning 'stop'; ch'ani-el is a derived noun 

meaning 'stopping,' here with a first-person absolutive suffix; 

tze'ej is a noun meaning 'laughter,' part of a prepositional 

phrase with the aU-purpose TzotzU preposition ta, 'in, at, on, 

with... etc' (See section 4.a.5.) 

The nominal expression that serves as predicate in such a 

sentence can itself be complex. It may be a possessed noun, 

for example, which combines a possessive prefix corresponding to the possessor with a noun stem which denotes the 

possession. In Tzotzil, there are two series of possessive 

prefixes, one for vowel-initial nouns and the other for 

consonant-initial nouns. (These forms are presented in more 

detaU in section 3.a.2.) 

[Possessive prefixes, singular forms only, 

Vowel-initial/Consonant-initial] 

k-/j- 1st person, "my" 

av-/a- 2nd person, "your" 

y-/s- 3rd person, "hers, his, its" 

A possessive noun, as a nominal predicate, brings its possessor 

along with it into the resulting sentence (often creating an 

expression whose English franslation seems to require two 

arguments). For example, in modem TzotzU, one often hears 

such sentences as 

s-krem-ot 11 vo'ote. You are his son. 

The subject of this sentence is the pronominal expression 11 

vo'ote 'you', cross referenced with a 2nd person absolutive 

suffix -ot. The predicate is a possessed noun, composed of the 

3rd person possessive prefix s- and the noun krem 'boy.' 

(Thus, the possessed noun s-krem means 'his boy.') A similar 

example appears in this dictionary: 

s-k'inal tana. It is Uie opportune time. 

The evident subject of the sentence is the temporal noun tana 

'now, today'; and again the predicate is a possessed noun, the 

3rd person possessed form of k'inal 'day, time'; hence, 'its 

day, its time.' The sentence thus means "now is Uie day (or the 

time)/or it" (where the 'it' is Uie grammatical possessor of the 

word 'day.') 

Numeral expressions form numeral predicates. For example, 

the sentence 

jun s-pasel. (He/she/it) resembles (someUiing). 

has as its predicate the numeral jun 'one.' The subject is a 

possessed form of a verbal noun, based on the fransitive verb 

-pas 'do, make.' LiteraUy, the sentence means something Uke 

"its making is one," i.e., "it is made the same way" or "it 

resembles (something)." One imagines that a fuU expression 

would indicate what it is tiiat tiie logical subject (the 

grammatical possessor of -pasel) resembles. Thus one would 

expect something like: 

1-a-nae, jun s-pasel xchl'uk Ii j-nae. 

ART-2s-house one 3s-making with ART Is-house 

Your house resembles my house. 

The foUowing examples make use of a reduplicated form 

of jun. 

junjun kibeltik. We are of the same parentage. 

junjun jtasaltik. We are of the same Uneage. 

Both have Uie predicate junjun 'one, one and Uie same,' and 

in both sentences Uie subjects are 1st person plural possessed 

forms of nouns: 'ibel 'foot, origin' (in modem Zinacantec 

TzotzU 'root'), and tasal 'friend, Uneage.' 

(These 1st plural possessed forms use the same suffix -tik, 

but altemate prefixes: k- marks 1st person possession wiUi a 

vowel initial noun, where j - appears with consonant initial 

nouns. See section 3.a.2 below.) 

Such numeral predicates can also be appUed to body part 

expressions. 

chib k-olonton y-u'un. I am suspicious of him. 

Chib is the numeral 'two'; Uie sentence literally means "my 

heart is two (in two parts?) because of him." (The other 

constituents are k- '1st person' + -olonton 'heart,' and y- '3rd 

person' + -u'un 'on account of, due to'; see sections 2.6.2 and 

3.b.l.) The same metaphor survives in modem Tzotzil, where 

one says 

jun k-o'on. 'I am happy' (literaUy, "My heart is one.") 

Moreover, nominal sentences can also be based on more 

complex numeral expressions, which in tum consist of a 

numeral combined with a numeral classifier, an element which 

denotes a particular unit or kind of countable Uiing. (See section 

3.b.2.) 

cha'-jech ye 'ek'el. 'two-sided axe' (or, perhaps, "The 

axe has two edges" or "The cutting edge of the axe 

has two sides.") 

One possible analysis of this example would take as tiie 

predicate Uie numeral expression cha'- 'two' + jech 'side,' and 

as subject Uie complex noun phrase y-e ek'el, literaUy 'Uie 

mouth (or edge) of the axe,' yielding a Uteral gloss 'The edge 

of the axe is (oO two sides." The appropriate formula would be 

s: num(num & nc)/pred/ & nphr(n4f of n5). 

Such constmctions are also possible with the 'interrogative 

numeral' jay-, which means 'how many?' 

jay-tom s-tz'ujel? How many leaks does it have? 

(Literally, "It's leaks are (in) how-many places?") 

Nominal sentences also occur in the negative, asserting that 

some entity (the subject) is not of a certain sort (denoted by 

the predicate). Often the presence of a negative particle, mu 

in modem Tzotzil, but variously rendered as mo or mu in this 

dictionary, engenders a special change in the "absolutive" 

suffix that cross-indexes the subject of the sentence. In Uie 

case of a 3rd person subject, for example, a negative predicate 

takes the negative suffix -uk before the zero absolutive suffix. 

(With non-zero absolutive suffixes, Uie negative suffix is -ik-, 

as we shall see shortiy.) 

mo s-nup-uk. (It is) different (from something). 

mo j-nup-uk. (He is) different from me. 
88 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

The subjects of these sentences are pronominal Uiird person 

entities, and the predicates are, respectively, 3rd and 1st person 

possessed forms of the noun -nup 'companion, spouse' (or, 

by extension, 'match, counterpart'). The predicate, in turn, 

combines wiUi the negative particle mo 'not' and the negative 

suffix -uk. Hence, a literal translation of the second example 

would be "He (she/it) is not my counterpart." 

Negative stative sentences can also contain temporal clitics, 

like to 'still, yet.' 

sob, mu to s-k'inal-uk. (It is) early. (It is) not yet time 

(for it). 

The adjective sob means 'early'; the second part of Uie sentence 

is the negative form of the predicate which we saw in the 

sentence S-k'inal tana "It is the opportune time." This 

complex negative predicate means "(it is) not yet its time." 

Similarly, negative forms of predicates composed of numeral 

expressions are possible. Consider 

mu cha'-lom-uk. (It is) simple. 

The expression cha'- 'two' plus lom 'layer' (from the verb 

lam, 'cover, lay') suggests complexity, whUe its negative 

clearly suggests simplicity. 

Though the friar does not give any expUcit inflected 

examples, it was presumably possible in colonial TzotzU, as 

in modem Tzotzil, to have negative stative sentences whose 

subjects are in the 1st or 2nd person, as weU as in the 3rd 

person (wiUi the negative suffix -uk). Thus, whereas the friar 

gives 

mo a-chi'il-uk. (He is) different from you. (Literally, "He 

is not your companion.") 

In modem Tzotzil one can also say such things as 

mu x-chi'il-ik-ot. You are different from him. ("You are 

not his companion.") 

and 

mu a-chi'il-ik-on. I am different from you. ("I am not 

your companion.") 

We can represent these noun forms as follows: 

Poss. Prefix 

X- (3rd pers.) 

a- (2nd pers.) 

Noun 

chi'il 

chi'U 

Neg. infix 

-ik-

-ikSubject suffix 

-ot (2nd pers.) 

-on (1st pers.) 

The absolutive (or subject) suffixes are the same as in other 

stative sentences, but, in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, they must 

be preceded by the negative form -ik-. (See section 4.a.3.) 

There are two predicates which give rise to a wide variety 

of nominal sentences, many of which are idiomatic. One is the 

root 'oy, grammatically a noun, that might be glossed 

'something that exists'; 'oy often serves as the predicate in 

existential sentences that assert that something exists, that Uiere 

is something of a certain kind, or Uiat someone has someUiing 

(that his or her possession exists). Another root. Ha', also 

behaves somewhat lUce a noun, meaning 'this, Uiis is it, the 

entity Uiat is here and now.' Ha' appears in sentences that 

assert the equivalence of two things, or that comment on the 

presence or immediacy of tilings. Both predicates also occur 

in the negative, and accept subjects which are Uiemselves 

whole sentences or clauses. (Both words could also be 

interpreted as adjectives, but the derivational possibUities of 

'oy at least are somewhat more like Uiose of other nouns; it 

seems to be related to the intransitive verb, 'ayan 'be bom,' 

for example.) 

Here are examples from the dictionary of nominal sentences 

in which 'oy is the predicate. 

ta yol xinch'oketik, 'oy 'antzetik. There are women 

amongst the men. 

The subject of 'oy 'exists' is 'antz-etik, Uie plural form of 

'antz 'woman'; ta yol xinch'oketUc is a prepositional phrase 

meaning 'in the midst of the men.' The subject of 'oy can also 

be a possessed noun, as in the foUowing example wiUi a 1st 

person possessive prefix, j- , on the noun tza 'wisdom, skiU.' 

'oy j-tza. (I am) clever, respected, or skillful. 

(Literally, "My clevemess exists.") 

'Oy can also be inflected in other than the 3rd person, often 

when the predicate is used togeUier with a modifier an adverb, 

adjective, or other adjunct to the sentence. Consider the friar's 

example: 

'ip 'oy-on j-tuk. I am all alone. 

'Ip is an intensifier, an adverb that means 'strongly, intensely, 

completely'; j-tuk is the first person form of a word which, 

although syntactically somewhat like a noun, functions as an 

independent constituent in a sentence that emphasizes Uie 

isolation or uniqueness of its possesssor: 'I myself,' 'I alone.' 

(See section 4.b for more detaUs on these sentential adjuncts.) 

The predicate 'oy carries the 1st person absolutive (subject) 

suffix -on. Thus the entire constmction means "I exist 

completely alone." 

The friar suggests that 'oy is the underlying verb in all 

sentences of existence and predication; that is, he confuses Uie 

regular process of cross-indexing the subject of a stative 

sentence by means of absolutive affixes with the need for an 

explicit 'verb' which can hold the suffixes. He remarks: "many 

times the verb is understood within the nouns, as when we say, 

'1 am the son of someone' [i.e., a nobleman—JBH]. 

'ajvetik-on. 

'You are rich.' 'ayik'al-ot. 

and they don't put the verb 'oy." He goes on to say that 'oy 

states existence, "as when someone says 'There is no one here' 

and another answers 

'oy-on. Yes, I'm here." 

Like oUier nominal predicates, 'oy also occurs in the 

negative, accompanied by the negative suffix -uk. 

mu 'oyuk k-anil. I have no swiftness, i.e., I am feeble. 

(Literally, "My swiftness does not exist") 

mu la 'oy-uk. They say there isn't any. 

(La is an evidential cUtic, often caUed a 'quotative'; modem 

Zinacantecs in careful speech insert the cUtic to indicate that 

what is being asserted is based on hearsay: 'I hear that...,' 'they 

say that...,' etc. In modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, the constmction 

mu + *oy + -uk has contracted to the single word mu'yuk.) 
NUMBER 31 89 

The subjects of sentences which have 'oy as predicate are 

often not simple nouns or noun phrases, but sentences or whole 

clauses, sometimes beginning, lUce English relative clauses, 

with interrogative words lUce buy 'where' or buch'u 'who,' 

introducing clauses that stand as indefinite nominal expressions: 'somewhere,' 'someone.' 

mo 'oy-uk buy Hech. It is strange. 

Hech is an adjective meaning 'Uius, that way.' The sentence 

might be translated, literally, "somewhere like that does not 

exist," or "places like that don't exist" 

When the grammatical subjects of 'oy sentences are 

themselves whole sentences, 'oy conveys a meaning of 

'sometimes, it happens, it has happened that...' 

'oy e-j-pas. (I am) experienced. 

The grammatical subject of this sentence appears to be itself a 

sentence (realized as an inflected transitive verb: e- 'completive 

aspect' + j - '1st person agent (transitive subject)' + pas 'do 

(someUiing),' Uius 'I did it'). Combined wiUi 'oy Uie force of 

the sentence is "there exist occasions of my doing (something)," hence: "I am experienced (from having had Uie 

experience of doing it)." 

I mentioned that this putative noun root 'oy also seems to 

be the source for the intransitive verb 'ayan- 'be bom, come 

into existence,' which, unlike 'oy in nominal stative sentences, 

can carry expUcit inflection for tense and aspect. (See section 

2.b.) 

haka tok x-'ayan. It is clouding over. (Literally, "purely 

clouds are coming into existence.") 

In modem TzotzU, there is another intransitive verb stem, 'ay, 

which means 'be in a place (in the past),' or 'go to and retum 

from.' 

I-i-'ay ta Jobel. I went to San Cristobal (and have 

retumed). 

This stem is also lUcely to be related to the nominal predicate 

*oy, although its equivalent in colonial Tzotzil is itseU 

morphologicaUy a noun, taking absolutive suffixes like 'oy. 

'ay-on ta tzob-patan. I went to collect taxes. 

Whereas 'oy asserts existence (or state), the predicate Ha' 

asserts an equivalence, identity, or fact In modem Zinacantec 

Tzotzil, if someone asks "Who's Uiat coming up Uie path," Uie 

form of the reply may be: 

Ha' Ii Xun e. It's John. 

Ha' Ii krem e. It's the boy. 

(Li and the enclitic -e function Uke a definite article when they 

enclose a noun or noun phrase like Xun 'John' or krem 'boy.') 

The logical 'subject' of such expressions is some entity aUeady 

known or mentioned in the context of discourse: that person 

coming up the path. 

Ha' slajeb k'op bi! That was the conclusion! 

(The noun phrase s-lajeb k'op means 'Uie end of the words,' 

and bi is an emphatic particle, 'indeed!') 

When Uie noun serving as a subject of Ha' is possessed, Uie 

resulting sentence is relational: 

Ha' j-tz'el. (It (sometiiing specific) is) near to (me). 

As I mentioned in section 1, in modem TzotzU -tz'el is an 

obligatorUy possessed noun Uiat suggests the 'edge' or 

'boundary' or 'outskirts' of something. Thus, Uie example that 

contains a 1st person possessed form, means something like 

"It is my nearness (something near to me)." Similarly, with the 

noun -koj 'fault or cause of, reason for,' the friar gives the 

example 

Ha' s-koj. (That is) the cause (of it), 

where, as it were. Ha' points towards the cause, and the 

possessive prefix s- cross-references the thing caused. 

It appears that Uie same root. Ha', produces the expressions 

that function in modem TzotzU as independent pronouns. 

Consider again Uie situation where a Zinacantec asks "Who is 

coming?" If / am coming, I may answer simply: 

Vo'-on. It is I. 

One assumes in colonial TzotzU the equivalent would have 

been (as it stiU is in some dialects of modem TzotzU, where 

the sound represented by H still exists): 

Ho'-on. It is I. 

I suggest that the root Ha' is again involved here, in Uiis case 

in combination with a 1st person absolutive suffix -on. Second 

person and plural forms also exist. 

Ho'-ot-uk, a-tot-uk. (It is) neither you, nor your father. 

Apparentiy, here, Uie suffix -uk by itself is sufficient to convey 

the negative sense of the expression. (See section 4.a.3.) 

When used with a sentence or clause. Ha' suggests 'it is 

the case that...' or 'this is what happened.' 

Ha' x-sakub j-jol. My hair is turning white, (sakub 'turn 

white,' from sak 'white'; -jol 'head, hair.') 

(The sentence can emphasize or highlight a variety of 

constituents in Uie sentence. It can suggest, for example, Uiat 

it reaUy is Uie case that I am going gray (or, asserts that it reaUy 

is my hair that is turning white); or Uie sentence cites the fact 

that my hair is tuming white in the context of an explanation 

for someUiing else. One needs to know more about Uie 

discursive setting to be sure.) SimUarly, in the 2nd person: 

Ho'-ot a-Ukes. It was you who started it. 

The verb is a- '2nd person transitive subject' + -likes 'begin 

(it),' hence, 'you started (it).' 

Ha' also occurs with relative clauses introduced by te, 

parallel to "that..." clauses in EngUsh. 

Ha' te mo lek-uk xanav. 

The friar glosses Uiis expression as 'incontinent'; however, Uie 

expression is clearly an entire sentence, based on a relative 

clause. We may supp)ose Uiat it was possible, in colonial 

Tzotzil, to say, 

mo lek-uk e-xanav Ii Pedroe. 

neg good-neg past-walk art Peter 

Peter did not comport himself well (i.e., was incontinent). 

With the conjunction te 'that,' this sort of sentence produces 

a relative clause '(the one) that is incontinent.' The original 

sentence with Ha' Uius means: "he (someone specific) is the 

one who does not comport himself weU." 

Not surprisingly. Ha' sentences also occur in Uie negative. 
90 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

e-maj-ey-ik, mo Ha'-uk e-y-a'i. They whipped him, but 

he did not profit by it, 

E-maj-ey-ik appears to be a passive form of maj 'beat, whip' 

(although Uie apparent plural suffix, evidentiy cross-indexing 

a plural Agent which is otherwise missing in Uiis passive 

constmction, is puzzling); 'a'i is a verb meaning 'feel, 

understand (something).' (See section 4.a.5.) The hypothetical 

sentence 

Ha' e-y-a'i. 

would mean "He reaUy did feel it" (or in this context, 'profit 

by it'). By contrast, the negative form of Ha' suggests: "but 

he didn't even feel it." (In modem Zinacantec TzotzU the 

negative form of Ha' is often abbreviated ma'uk.) 

2.a.2. Adjective Sentences 

There is another large class of stative sentences with 

adjectival predicates. LUce nominal predicates, adjectival 

predicates also receive absolutive suffixes which crossreference Uieir subjects. Adjectival sentences ordinarily attribute qualities to Uieir subjects. 

'ep-on. I am many, i.e., I have a big famUy. 

'ep-on ta j-nail. I have a big family. (LiteraUy, "I am 

many in my house"; 'ep 'many,' -nail 'house, 

household.') 

'utz-ot ta a-nail. You have a good famUy. (Literally, 

"you are good in your house"; 'utz 'good.') 

As in many of the examples we have seen, adjective 

sentences often have possessed nouns as subjects. (See section 

3.a.2 for more detaUs of possessive forms.) 

'ip j-bak'el. I am exhausted, ('ip 'extreme,' -bak'el 

'aches and pains, tiredness.') 

Many idiomatic constmctions in colonial TzotzU, as in modem 

Tzotzil, are based on possessed body-part words. 

'utz nakal av-olonton yo'e. You feel secure Uiere. 

(-olonton 'heart,' yo'e 'there.') 

This example also shows that adjectival predicates can 

themselves be modified by one of a Umited class of other 

adjectives, of which 'utz 'good, well,' is one. Nakal means 

'residing, seated, sitting' in this dictionary (and in modem 

Zinacantec TzotzU U means 'at home'). Thus Uie sentence 

means, Uterally, "your heart is weU at home there." 

Other kinds of modifiers can accompany adjectival predicates. For example, the quotative clitic la 'Uiey say,' appears 

in the example: 

Hech la. They say it's like this. (Hech 'thus.') 

Or, in the next entry, the adjectival predicate lek 'good,' is 

modified by a passive verbal noun derived from the transitive 

verb -U 'see,' to convey the meaning 'it seems, it appears.' 

lek yilel. (It is) pretty. 

Temporal expressions, including clauses, also modify adjectival predicates. 

kuxul s-batel 'osil. (He/she is) immortal. 

Here the predicate is the adjective kuxul 'alive,' appearing in 

the Uifrd person (i.e., wiUi a null absolutive suffix). S-batel 

'osil is a complex noun phrase, based on the deverbal noun 

-batel (from bat- 'go') and 'osil 'earth'; it means Uterally "the 

going of tiie eartii," hence, "(until) tiie end of tiie world, 

forever." 

This same kind of (passive) deverbal noun (formed by 

adding Uie suffix -el to a verb stem, see section 4.a.3) provides 

subjects for a number of interesting adjectival sentences, with 

idiomatic meanings. We have afready met the adjective 

predicates 'ip 'exfreme, much, very,' and 'utz 'good': 

'utz j-pas-el. I am well-mannered, (pas 'do, make,' hence, 

literally, "my making—the way I am made—is 

good.") 

'ip j-na'-el. I am very famous, (na' 'know,' hence, 

literally, "my knowing—my reputation—^is considerable.") 

Of the same type are the foUowing examples, where the 

syntactic possessors of Uie deverbal nouns in -el are 2nd and 

3rd person nouns, respectively. 

kolo' av-U-el. You make a bad appearance, (kolo' 'bad,' 

-il 'see,' hence, literaUy, "your seeing—the way you 

are seen—is bad.") 

toj tzotz x-k-a'i x-chan-el 'amayil. I can't leam how to 

play the flute. 

In this last complex example, we appear to have an embedded 

sentence 

toj tzotz x-chan-el 'amayil. Leaming the flute is hard, 

whose predicate is tzotz 'hard' (modified by the intensifier toj 

'very'), and whose superficial subject is tiie possessed noun 

phrase x-chan-el 'amayil (from -chan 'leam'), 'the leaming 

of the flute.' This embedded adjectival sentence is, in tum, Uie 

dfrect object of Uie verb x-k-a'i, a 1st person verb form of 'a'i 

'feel, understand.' (See sections 2.b and 4.a.3 for detaUs of 

verb inflection.) Hence, a Uteral translation of the whole 

sentence might be something like "I feel that leaming Uie flute 

is hard" or "I find it hard leaming the flute." 

Consider Uie form of expUcit comparison in the friar's 

example: 

toj muk' Pedro, bik'it te Juane. Pedro is bigger than 

Juan. (Literally, "Pedro is very big, (but) Juan is 

small.") 

Adjective sentences also accept other kinds of constitutents. 

For example, forms of Uie word -tuk 'alone, self,' that we 

have met before, can complement Uie subject of an adjectival 

predicate, in such comparative contexts. 

toj kolo'-ot a-tuk. You are worse. 

(The example suggests a context in which someone else has 

been caUed kolo' 'bad,' and Uie retort is given: "You yourself 

are bad.") Further adjuncts to adjective sentences can describe 

instmments or agents that bring about or affect the state or 

quality being described. BoUi prepositional phrases wiUi ta 

'in, at, on, with, by,' and forms of the syntactically active word 

-u'un 'because of, as a result of, belonging to' can act as Uiese 

instmmental or agentive adjuncts. (For more -u'un con-
NUMBER 31 91 

stmctions, see section 4.a.4.) 

bal-on ta 'ach'el. I am muddy, (bal 'covered, rolled in' 

+ -on '1st person subject'; 'ach'el 'mud'; hence, 

literally, *I am covered in mud.') 

tzoj k-olonton y-u'un. (I) hate (him), (tzoj 'red.') 

The last example means, literally, "my heart is red because of 

him." Here is anoUier adjectival sentence with an agent 

expressed by -u'un, which also has a complex relative clause 

as its subject: 

tz'akal k-u'un te x-tuun ta j-nae. I have my house 

supplies. 

The predicate here is tz'akal 'complete,' complemented by the 

1st person form of -u'un (hence, "because of me," i.e., "as a 

resuU of my efforts"). The subject is a relative clause tiiat 

means "what is needed in my house" (tuun 'serve, be needed,' 

na 'house'). Thus, Uie entire sentence means not simply that I 

have the necessary items of my household operation, but Uiat 

through my efforts I have managed to get tiiem aU togetiier. 

It is, of course, also possible to have negative adjectival 

sentences, again with negative suffixes attached to the predicate 

word. 

mu nat-uk j-xanbal-tik Ii' ta balumUe. Our Ufe is not 

long here on earth, (nat 'long,' xanbal 'walking, 

journey,' Ii' 'here,' balumil 'earth.') 

(The form j-xanbal-tik is the 1st person plural possessive form 

of xanbal 'our joumey.' See section 3.a.l.) 

Subjunctive forms of adjective predicates also exist, wiUi 

inflection Uiat resembles Uiat of the negative forms. 

yanyan-uk. Put it somewhere else. 

(The friar's original gloss is "no lo pongas alii, ponlo en otra 

parte.") The adjective yan means 'other, elsewhere, different,' 

here appearing in a redupUcated form, with a subjunctive suffix 

-uk. (See section 4.a.3.) A more literal translation of the 

example might be "Let it be (in some place) slightiy different 

(from where you are putting it)." 

2.a.3. Sentences Whose Predicates Are Qualifying Phrases 

The basis I have been using for classifying different sentence 

types in colonial Tzotzil has been the nature of the predicate 

constituent, defined formally as the constituent which receives 

absolutive affixes. There are stative sentences based on 

predicates that are, Uiemselves, formally complex: prepositional phrases composed of the universal Tzotzil preposition 

ta 'in, at, on, with, from, etc.' plus a nominal expression. The 

canonical sentences of this type express the location of some 

entity. 

ta CastiUa s-na. (He is a) Spaniard. 

Although the friar gives this expression as a gloss for the single 

word "Spaniard," he has actuaUy provided an entire locative 

sentence, using the prepositional phrase ta Castilla 'in Castille' 

as predicate. The grammatical subject of the sentence is s- '3rd 

person posssessive' plus -na 'house, home.' The sentence 

actually means, therefore, "His home is in Castille." 

Because the subject s-na is a third person noun, it engenders 

only a zero or null absolutive suffix on the predicate. When 

the subject of such a sentence is 1st or 2nd person, it presents 

a morphological difficulty: to what do Uie absolutive suffixes 

(e.g., -on or -ot) attach? In modem Zinacantec Tzotzil Uie 

solution is often to employ a dummy adjectival predicate of 

location, tey 'there,' which bears absolutive inflection, and 

which is then foUowed by Uie prepositional phrase that 

expresses the actual location. 

tey-on ta Jobel. I am (there) in San Cristobal. (Jobel 'San 

Cristobal.') 

(Tey, in modem Zinacantec TzotzU, can be considered a 

dummy locative predicate in much the same way that Ha', 

described in the preceding section, is a dummy 'assertive' 

predicate, that carries absolutive inflection in certain nominal 

constmctions.) 

By contrast, in colonial Tzotzil, an absolutive suffix can 

attach directiy to the nominal constituent of the prepositional 

phrase, someUiing Uiat modem Zinacantec TzotzU does not 

always permit (although it apparentiy does sometimes). 

ta 'ak'ol-on. I am on top. ('ak'ol 'above, top.') 

ta y-olon-on. I am under it (-olon 'underside, undemeaUi, 

below.') 

The famUiar -on suffix marking a 1st person intransitive 

subject in these two sentences, is affixed to the noun 

complement to ta. In the second case, the sentence admits two 

logical arguments: the 1st person subject (the person who is 

under), and the thing under which the subject is (grammatically 

represented as the possessor of -olon). Thus, the second 

sentence means, literally, "1 am at/in its undemeath." 

Colonial TzotzU does use the locational predicate te(y) to 

mark location, as in the adjectival sentence 

tey va'al lume. He is standing over Uiere. 

Va'al is a positional adjective, 'standing,' and the expression 

tey lume means 'over there' (lum 'land, earth'). 

In some sentences with prepositional phrases as predicates, 

the noun in the prepositional phrase is based on a verb, and the 

resulting sentence asserts that some activity or process is taking 

place. 

ta ch'iel to. (He is) a minor. 

The verb ch'i means 'grow'; hence Uie sentence suggests "He 

is still in Uie growing stage." 

In otiier cases, the meaning of the qualifying phrase may be 

more instmmental, as in the foUowing complex negative 

example, which appears in the dictionary under the same entry, 

menor de edad. 

mo to ta s-tak'inal s-k'ulej s-tuk. (He is) a minor. 

Here the subject is the 3rd person possessed form of k'ulej 

'family, residence' (but 'wealth' in modem Zinacantec 

Tzotzil), plus the adjunct s-tuk 'himself, alone.' The predicate 

is a qualifying phrase using the 3rd person possessed form of 

-tak'in(al) 'money,' modified by the negative particle mo and 

the temporal clitic to 'still.' Thus, a literal rendering of the 

sentence would be something like 
92 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

"His residence is not yet on/by his own money." 

The negative suffix appears when the object of the 

preposition in such sentences is directly negated. 

mo ta j-k'op-uk a-pas. You did not do it with my 

consent. 

Here the prepositional phrase, ta j-k'op 'on/by my word' (k'op 

'word') is dfrectiy negated, and thus receives the negative 

suffix -uk. The form a-pas is a transitive verb meaning 'you 

did it' (see section 2.b). A sUghtiy more accurate translation 

of Uie sentence would thus be: "You did it without my 

consent." 

The dictionary also contains a set of sentences whose 

subjects are possessed body-part words, and whose predicates 

are ta phrases based on positional roots, nominaUzed wiUi the 

suffix -lej. The resulting noun denotes a state pervaded by the 

position or condition the parent root signifies. 

ta p'us-lej s-pat. He is hunchbacked, (p'us 'bent, bowed, 

hunched' in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, pat 'back,') 

ta tzav-lej s-tzotzU. (He has his) hair standing on end. 

(tzav 'standing on end,' tzotz 'fur, hair.') 

ta pet-lej j-k'ob. My hands are blistered, (pet 'blistered, 

witii boU,' k'ob 'hand.') 

Based on parallel constmctions in modem Zinacantec TzotzU, 

a sentence like the last would suggest "my hands are covered 

in blisters." 

2.b. VERBAL SENTENCES 

Verbal sentences, unlike the stative sentences we have been 

considering, are obUgatorily marked for tense or aspect. In 

modem Zinacantec Tzotzil the verbal system is aspectual, in 

that it distinguishes, by means of verbal inflection, between 

completed and incompleted actions; a Uiird aspect denotes 

states that result from actions, and an unmarked or neutral 

aspect occurs in certain special contexts (negative sentences, 

for example). (I wiU abbreviate these aspects as COMP, INC, 

STAT, and NEUT respectively.) Aspects are marked by means 

of prefixes in the case of COMP, INC, and NEUT aspects, and 

by a suffix attached to Uie stem in the case of STAT aspect. 

These aspectual variants, in combination with explicit temporal 

particles, and in particular contexts, often correspond to past, 

present or future, and perfect tenses. 

TzotzU also distinguishes formally between intransitive 

verbs (which accept a single argument: a Subject), and 

transitive verbs (which always have two arguments: an Agent, 

and a direct Object), A common notation for these different 

sorts of arguments employs the letters S, A, and O, Tzotzil can 

also be described as formally ergative because of the way in 

which it cross-indexes these different types of arguments on 

the verb. The infransitive subject (S) and the fransitive direct 

object (O) of a verb must be explicitiy marked on the verb 

itself with a single series of "absolutive" affixes, (In the 

preceding sections we have afready met some of these 

absolutive suffixes.) The fransitive subject (A) is likewise 

marked on a fransitive verb by means of a different series of 

"ergative" prefixes. 

2.b.l. Verbal Inflection 

For speakers of dialects of modem TzotzU, an important 

diagnostic of where one comes from is how one forms one's 

verbs, that is, Uie set of absolutive, ergative, and aspectual 

affixes Uiat one uses; Uiere are often differences even between 

neighboring hamlets of the same community in the way verbs 

are conjugated. Examples in this colonial dictionary, not 

surprisingly, often differ from modem Zinacantec TzotzU on 

exactiy these grounds. To show the confrast, let me ffrst present 

the modem system (whose details are well understood), and 

then show how the colonial examples (or, at least, Uie friar's 

franscriptions) diverge. 

Intransitive verbs, in modem Zinacantec TzotzU, are 

composed of a stem, an aspect marker and an absolutive affix 

that cross-indexes the subject (S function). For STATive 

aspect the suffix -em is added to the stem, followed by an 

absolutive suffix drawn from the set we have afready met (here 

I include plural forms as well): 

•on 

ot 

0 (null) 

otik 

•otikotik 

•oxuk 

ik 

1 

you (singular) 

he/she/it 

you and I (and perhaps others) 

I and others (not you) 

you (plural) 

they 

Thus, with the intransitive stem yul 'arrive (to here)' one 

encounters such forms as 

yul-em-on. 

yul-em-ik. 

yul-em. 

yul-em-otikotik. 

I have arrived. 

They have arrived. 

He (she/it) has arrived. 

We (not including you) have 

arrived. 

(The last sentence might be uttered, for example, in response 

to a polite query: mi yul-em-oxuk? "have you all arrived?") 

In the remaining aspects, infransitive stems receive an 

absolutive prefix before the stem, which is in tum preceded 

by an aspect marker; this entire complex then receives a further 

suffix in the plural forms. The series of absolutive affixes can 

be represented as foUows: 

prefix 

-i-

-a-

-0-

-1-

-i-

-a-

-0-

suffix 

(nuU) 

-otik 

-(o)tik6tik 

-ik 

-ik 

meaning 

T 

1 

you (singular) 

he/she/it 

we (you and I, and perhaps 

others) 

we (not you) 

they 

For NEUT aspect, the prefix is x- (which assimilates to sbefore certain consonants); for INC aspect Uie prefix is ta plus 

X-; for COMP aspect, the prefix in modem Zinacantec TzotzU 
NUMBER 31 93 

is 1- before a vowel, and i- oUierwise (i.e., in Uie 3rd person 

cases). (Note that all intransitive stems are consonant initial, 

even if the initial consonant is simply a glottal stop, rq)resented 

here as ".') 

Thus, one meets the following forms, with Uie intransitive 

stem ve' 'eat': 

INC ta x-i-ve'. 

ta x-a-ve*. 

ta x-ve*. 

ta x-i-ve'-otik. 

ta x-i-ve'-(o)tik6tik 

ta x-a-ve'-ik. 

ta x-ve'-ik. 

I (wUl) eat. 

You (wiU) eat. 

He (she/it) (wiU) eat. 

We (inclusive) (wiU) eat. 

We (exclusive) (wiU) eat. 

You (plural) (wUl) eat 

They (will) eat 

(The NEUT forms are the same, except without the preceding 

ta.) 

COMP l-i-ve'. 

1-a-ve'. 

i-ve'. 

l-i-ve'-otik. 

l-i-ve'-(o)tik6tik. 

l-a-ve'-ik. 

i-ve'-ik. 

late 

You ate. 

He (she/it) ate. 

We aU ate. 

We (not you) ate. 

You aU ate. 

They ate. 

Although there is both inconsistency and incompleteness in 

the examples in the colonial dictionary, Uie basic system seems 

to resemble that of modem Zinacantec TzotzU, with a few 

exceptions: 

(1) The 1st person absolutive prefix is often -e- instead 

of-i-, 

(2) Full INC forms almost never occur, being replaced 

instead by NEUT forms (without the preceding ta-). 

It is worth pointing out that this distinction is often 

difficult for non-TzotzU speakers to hear, since Uie 

INC combination ta + x- is frequentiy contracted to 

ch-, which differs only slightiy from NEUT x-. 

(3) The COMP prefixes are usually n- before a vowel, and 

e- elsewhere. The n- form still occurs in such 

divergent modem Tzotzil dialects as Uiose of Huistin 

and Ixtapa. Moreover, the COMP i- in modem 

Zinacantec TzotzU is often omitted or pronounced so 

lightiy that the vowel quaUty is difficult to judge. 

Modem Tzotzil dialects also differ greatiy in the plural forms 

they employ, but there are not enough examples from colonial 

Tzotzil to allow us to speculate on what differences there may 

have been. Furthermore, there are very few examples of STAT 

forms of intransitive verbs in the dictionary, leaving us in the 

dark about how those forms might have diverged. 

Here, by way of illusfration, are some intransitive examples 

from the dictionary. 

'ach' to e-nupun. He was married recentiy. ('ach' 'new'; 

nupun 'marry, be married,' here in 3rd person 

singular COMP form.) 

mu sob-uk n-a-Hul, n-a-Halej. You did not come early. 

but delayed, (sob 'early'; Hul 'arrive (yul in modem 

Zinacantec Tzotzil)'; Halej 'delay.' These are two 

2nd person singular COMP forms.) 

Ha'-uk te x-a-bate, x-e-bat 'ek-uk tok. If you go, I wiU 

go, too. (bat 'go'; 'ek and tok mean 'also'; the -uk 

is a subjunctive ending that, attached to Ha', suggests 

"Should it be the case that you go, it would also be 

that I would go, too." The forms are 2nd and 1st 

person, NEUT aspect which probably should be INC 

aspect in the latter case.) 

Transitive verbs in TzotzU always have two arguments, in 

A and O functions. A fully inflected fransitive verb consists 

of a stem, with an "ergative" prefix which cross-indexes Uie 

agent or A argument, plus an aspect marker and an absolutive 

affix that cross-indexes Uie O argument or dfrect object. 

Transitive stems can be either vowel or consonant initial 

(vowel-initial transitive stems in this dictionary are often 

shown wiUi an initial glottal-stop although this is formaUy 

unneccesary), and there are two complementary series of 

ergative (A function) prefixes. 

Vowel init/Cons. init 

k-/jav-/ay-/s- (x-) 

Meaning (A function) 

I 

you (singular) 

he/she/it 

(3rd person s- sometimes assimilates to x-, when it occurs, for 

example, before ch or x.) Plural forms are again marked with 

suffixes (alUiough in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil plural forms 

are often omitted, and the mles for the interaction between 

absolutive and ergative plural suffixes are complex and varied). 

The normal ergative plural suffixes (always in combination 

with a personal prefix) are: 

-tik 1st person inclusive plural 

-(ti)k6tik 1st exclusive plural 

-ik 2nd and 3rd person plural 

Absolutive prefixes or suffixes, corresponding to Uie dfrect 

object (O function) noun, are added to this combination of stem 

and ergative prefix. In the STAT aspect, the stem receives the 

suffix -oj, then any plural ergative suffix, and then an absolute 

suffix. In the oUier aspects, absolutive affixes are attached to 

the complex of ergative prefix and stem, according to Uie 

following mle: absolutive prefixes are used before a consonant 

but suffixes are required if the ergative prefix is a vowel (i.e., 

second person). Finally, aspect prefixes are added, according 

to mles similar to Uiose goveming intransitive verbs. (One 

difference: the x- prefix of NEUT and INC aspects only occurs 

before a vowel; before a consonant it is omitted. AnoUier 

difference: no expUcit COMP prefix is used before a bare 

second person ergative prefix.) Thus, with the transitive stem 

maj 'hit': 

STAT j-maj-oj-ot. 

j-maj-oj. 

I have hit you. 

I have hit him. 
94 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUT[ONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

a-maj-oj-on. 

a-maj-oj. 

s-maj-oj-on. 

s-maj-oj-ot. 

s-maj-oj. 

j-maj-oj-oxuk. 

s-maj-oj-otikotik. 

INC ta x-a-j-maj. 

ta j-maj. 

ta x-a-maj-on. 

ta x-a-maj. 

ta x-i-s-maj. 

ta x-a-s-maj. 

ta s-maj. 

ta x-i-s-maj-otik. 

ta x-a-s-maj-ik. 

COMP 1-a-j-maj. 

i-j-maj. 

a-maj-on. 

a-maj. 

l-i-s-maj. 

l-a-s-maj. 

i-s-maj. 

i-j-maj-tikotik 

l-i-s-maj-otikotik 

You have hit me. 

You have hit him. 

He has hit me. 

He has hit you. 

He has hit him. 

I have hit you all. 

He has hit us (not you), etc. 

I (wUl) hit you. 

I (wUl) hU him. 

You (wiU) hit me. 

You (wiU) hit him. 

He (will) hit me. 

He (wUl) hit you. 

He (will) hit him. 

He (will) hit us (all). 

He wUl hit you (all). 

OR: They wUl hit you, etc. 

I hit you. 

I hit him. 

You hit me. 

You hit him. 

He hit me. 

He hit you. 

He hit him. 

We (not you) hit him. 

He hit us (not you), etc. 

These verb forms, of course, must be combined with real 

arguments to form actual TzotzU sentences, and not every 

possible combination is represented in the examples from 

colonial Tzotzil. Notice that the system of cross-indexing 

arguments by means of expUcit affixes attached to the verb 

stem itself often, but not always, makes clear which argument 

is Agent and which Object, i.e., who is doing what to whom. 

'altik e-j-tzames. By chance I killed him. (altik 'by 

chance,' -tzames 'kUl' (from cham 'die').) 

The ergative prefix j - makes it clear, in Uiis sentence, that / 

am doing the kUling; and the nuU absolutive affix shows that 

I killed some thfrd person, otherwise unidentified in Uie 

sentence itself Similarly, the 3rd person ergative s- (which is 

assimilated to x-, since it precedes a stem beginning with ch), 

and the combination of 1st plural absolutive prefix -e- and 

suffix -otik makes it clear, in the next example, that he is doing 

something to us. 

laal x-e-x-chi'in-otik ta xanbal. He is well acquainted 

with us. (laal 'abundant,' -chi'in 'accompany,' 

xanbal 'fravel, walking'; hence, literaUy, "he frequentiy accompanies us on our affairs/travels.") 

When a bride says 

n-e-s-k'elan j-tot. My father gave me away, (k'elan 

'give,' tot 'fatiier.') 

the 1st person absolutive -e and the 3rd person ergative -sleave no doubt about Uie roles of father and daughter. 

In Uie case of botii 3rd person Agent and 3rd person Object, 

the form of tiie verb does not allow us to disambiguate tiie two 

sentence roles: we must eiUier judge from principles of 

semantic naturalness (sometimes called 'selectional restrictions'), as when, in a sentence with a verb like 'want,' we 

expect an animate agent, or with a verb lUce 'eat' botii an 

animate agent and an inanimate dfrect object, regardless of the 

order in which tiie actual nouns appear in Uie sentence. 

va'alva'al no'ox s-k'an ve'el. He wants to eat every few 

minutes, (va'alva'al 'aU Uie time,' no'ox 'only,' 

-k'an 'want,' ve'el 'food' (from -ve' 'eat')). 

Here tiie form of the verb, s-k'an, teUs us only that some tiiird 

person wants something or someone. The noun ve'el can only, 

given the semantic restrictions, be the Object 

p'UU s-na' te Juane, juteb no'ox te Pedro. John knows 

more than Peter. (p'UU 'more,' -na' 'know,' juteb 'a 

littie'; hence the sentence Uterally means "John knows 

more, Peter only a Uttie.") 

Here p'UU apparentiy modifies an (unstated) dfrect object, and 

it comes in the first position in the sentence, a position often 

reserved for Agents. However, it is clear in this context, that 

it is John who knows more of something, and not vice versa. 

There are often cases, however, when a transitive sentence 

could logically admit its Object as Agent or vice versa. For 

example, in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, the following sentence 

could mean either "John killed him" or "He kUled John": 

i-s-mU U Xun-e. (-mU 'kiU,' Xun John.) 

That is, the form of Uie verb tells us only that Uie A and 0 

arguments are 3rd person singular, so that the exact function 

of the explicit noun, Xun, remains potentiaUy ambiguous, 

given no further context In modem Zinacantec TzotzU, in 

sentences of this kind, when there are two explicit noun 

phrases, the ordinary sentence order is always: 

Verb Object Agent. 

I-s-mil Xun Ii Petul-e. 

kiUed John (art.) Peter 

Peter kiUed John. 

OccasionaUy, the A noun is moved to the front of Uie sentence, 

producing the order: 

Agent Verb Object 

Ali Petul-e i-s-mU Ii Xun-e. 

Peter kiUed John. 

We may surmise that the same sorts of conventions of order 

operated in colonial Tzotzil as well, although the friar gives 

us only examples of Uie second type. 

dios e-(y)-ulesan av-ajvalel. God ended your dominion. 

(dios 'God,' -ulesan 'end' (from 'ul 'disappear'), 

-ajvalel 'dominion' (from 'ojov 'lord').) 

2.b,2. Ditransitive Sentences 

AlUiough, as we have seen, the morphology of TzotzU verbs 

provides for two main varieties—infransitive verbs with a 

single S argument, and fransitive verbs with an A and an 0 
NUMBER 31 95 

argument—there are some verbal notions Uiat seem, inherently, 

to imply three arguments. 'Give,' for example, entails a giver, 

a thing given, and a receiver. (Compare 'say,') Tzotzil permits 

only two arguments to be cross-indexed on a verb, and 

therefore, to accommodate such difransitive actions, it provides 

a mechanism by which Uie ordinary Object (tiie tiling given, 

in the case of 'give') is demoted or rendered syntactically 

inactive, and tiie indfrect object, (Uie receiver, in the case of 

'give'), is promoted to a position of prominence in which it, 

raUier than the Object, engenders absolutive affixes on the verb. 

To record this altered perspective, such ditransitive stems carry 

an additional suffix, -be, or -bey in the friar's transcription. 

x-a-k-ak'-bey te caballo. I wUl give you the horse, (-ak' 

'give,' caballo 'horse.') 

The verb in this sentence can be decomposed as follows: 

X- NEUT aspect 

a-

-ak' 

2nd person Absolutive 

1st person Ergative 

'give' 

-be Benefactive or ditransitive suffix 

Hence, the verb form means 'I give (it) to you.' Similarly, in 

tiie COMP aspect: 

mu n-e-y-ak'-bey e, e-y-al ta s-ti' x-e-y-ak'-bey la. He 

did not give it to me, but he promised he would give 

it to me. (-al 'say,' ti' 'mouth'; hence, Uterally, "He 

did not give (it) to me, he said with his mouth he 

would give (it) to me." Note Uie quotative particle la.) 

Perhaps Uie commonest case in which this sort of ditransitive 

constmction appears is one in which the Uteral dfrect object 

of a transitive verb is actuaUy a possessed noun. In modem 

Zinacantec Tzotzil, in such cases, the possessor of the direct 

object noun is aUnost invariably promoted to Uie position of 

indfrect object, hence engendering absolutive affixes and Uie 

corresponding -be suffix on the verb. Such examples are also 

common in colonial Tzotzil. 

e-k-il-bey s-bek'tal. I had sexual relations with her. (-U 

'see,* bek'tal 'flesh'; hence, Uterally, "I saw her 

flesh.") 

x-ich'-bey te s-tza Pedro. He foUows Peter's opinion, 

(-ich' 'receive,' tza 'wisdom'; hence, literally, "He 

receives Peter's wisdom.") 

ta x-a-j-k'an-bey a-ch'akel. I ask for your judgment. 

(-k'an 'want,' ch'akel 'judgment, appraisal.') 

In Uiis last case, note that the verb bears tiie explicit 2nd person 

absolutive prefix, -a-, which cross-indexes the 2nd person 

possessor of Uie direct object noun a-ch'akel. 

(These considerations suggest that such examples as Uie 

following are in error: 

x-a-chan-bey j-ti'. You imitate my speech, (-chan 'leam,' 

ti' 'mouUi, speech'; hence, literaUy, "You leam my 

mouth.") 

Here the absolutive affix on the verb seems to be missing. In 

modem Zinacantec Tzotzil this would have to be, instead, 

x-a-chan-b-on j-ti' 

where -b- is an altemate form of -be, and with an expUcit 1st 

person absolutive suffix attached to the verb, corresponding 

to the 1st person possessor of j-ti' 'my mouUi.') 

The same constraints on order, when the A and B 

constituents are both 3rd person, apply as with A and O 

constituents. The basic order is 

Verb (Object) Indfrect Object Agent 

which sometimes becomes 

Agent Verb (Object) Indfrect Object 

The colonial dictionary contains a complex example of this 

sort: 

dios x-ak'-bey s-ve'el skotol ti k'usitik kuxul x-xanave. 

God feeds every living creature. 

The Agent is dios 'God,' the Object is s-ve'el 'its food,' and 

the verb is x-ak'-be "he gives (it) to (someone)." The indfrect 

object is itself a complex noun phrase with an embedded 

relative clause, which means, literaUy, "all the things that walk 

around alive." (kotol 'all'; kuxul 'Uving,' xanav 'walk.') 

2.b.3. Reflexive and Reciprocal Sentences 

Special forms are also requfred when Uie A constituent is 

the same as the O or B constituent (i.e., when someone does 

something to or for himself, or when people do tilings to each 

other). In such cases, Uie O (or B) constituent appears as a 

possessed form of the reflexive noun -ba 'self These 

possessed forms, in tum, use combinations of possessive 

prefixes and suffixes which exactiy duplicate the ergative 

prefix/suffix set we have akeady met in connection with 

transitive verbs. (See sections 2.b.l, for the ergative set, and 

3.a.2 for further detaUs on noun possession.) Thus, in modem 

Zinacantec TzotzU, one can say: 

ta j-maj j-ba. 

ta x-a-maj a-ba. 

ta s-maj s-ba. 

ta j-maj j-ba-tik. 

ta x-a-maj a-ba-ik. 

ta s-maj s-ba-ik. 

I hit myself. 

You hit yourself. 

He hits himself. 

We hit ourselves (or each otiier). 

(Note that the plural suffix 

appears only once.) 

You hit each oUier. 

They hit each oUier. 

The friar gives Uie same example, under Uie gloss "quarrel in 

more Uian words, i.e., come to blows": j-maj j-ba. 

Ditransitive sentences can also be reflexive, if Uie indfrect 

object and Agent are coreferential. For example, the dictionary 

contains Uie entry 

j-jak'-bey. I ask him about someUiing. 

The verb is jak' 'ask, ask for,' appearing here in a ditransitive 

form in order to admit as B constituent the person whom I 

ask. In modem Zinacantec Tzotzil one can say, for example. 
96 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

ta x-a-j-jak'-be j-p'el-uk k'op. I ask you for a word of 

advice. 

The dictionary also has a reflexive example of the same 

difransitive construction, under the gloss "consult with many 

in the town hall," or "ask one another": 

j-jak'-bey j-ba-tik k'op. (Let's) consult with one another. 

The sentence might be franslated, "let's ask words of one 

another (of ourselves)," where the 1st person plural reflexive 

pronoun assumes Uie syntactic function of the B constituent 

(and the literal O constituent, k'op 'words,' is demoted to a 

syntactically inactive position). 

In many cases, a reflexive form assumes a meaning that 

extends somewhat beyond that of a literal reflexive or 

reciprocal, and many of the expressions from colonial TzotzU 

survive in modem Zinacantec TzotzU. 

'oy j-k'alal te j-toy j-ba. I have a reason for rebeUing. 

(k'alal 'reason,' -toy 'raise'; hence, Uterally, "there 

exists my reason for which I raise myself.") 

j-pas j-ba ta av-olon. I submit to you. (Literally, "I make 

myself (into) your subject or underling.") 

mu x-k-a'i j-ba x-lok' j-k'op. I spoke inadvertentiy. (-a'i 

'hear, feel, understand,' lok' 'leave, exit,' k'op 

'word'; hence, literally, "I did not feel myself (that) 

my words came out.") 

The syntactic ramifications of these formaUy reflexive 

processes are far-reaching in TzotzU, both modem and colonial. 

With verbs of speaking, reflexive and reciprocal forms often 

suggest not only Uteral meanings, but also have more 

introspective readings: 'talk to each other,' or 'get along with'; 

'say to oneself,' or 'think about, consider, pretend.' 

j-k'opon j-ba j-chi'uk j-tot. I am consulting wiUi my 

father, (k'opon 'speak to,' -chi'uk 'with,' tot 'father.' 

LiteraUy, "I am speaking to myself with my father.") 

In modem Zinacantec TzotzU this would also mean, "I get 

along with my father (i.e., I have not quarreUed with him)." 

naka x-al s-ba ta batel. He is pretending he is 

going, (naka 'only,' al 'say,' bat 'go'; literally, "He 

only tells himself (that he is) going.") 

Similarly, many reflexive expressions offer boUi a literal, 

concrete reading, and a somewhat more idiomatic meaning 

having to do with inner states, or the imagery of an action. 

j-bik'tajes j-ba x-e-k'opoj. I am speaking modestly. 

(bik'it 'smaU,' bik't-ajes 'diminish, make small,' 

k'opoj 'speak'; literaUy, "I make myself smaU (as) I 

speak.") 

mu to ta stak'in x-chabi s-ba s-tuk. He is a minor. 

(LiteraUy, "he does not yet care for himself on his 

own money"; chabi 'care for.') 

It is clear that, formally, a reflexive constmction provides a 

syntactic mechanism which reduces the number of arguments 

of a fransitive (or ditransitive) verb. (Whereas a transitive verb 

has both an agent and a direct object, in the reflexive form the 

agent and dfrect object are formally collapsed into one, and 

fransitive action of one entity onto anotiier object is reduced 

to an action by an entity on itself.) Not surprisingly, TzotzU, 

lUce many oUier languages, uses reflexive constmctions to 

describe a variety of situations in which action is impersonal 

or which emphasize reduced agency. 

'utz e-s-tz'ak s-ba. (The adobes) were laid properly, ('utz 

*weU,' tz'ak 'join'; Uterally, "(The adobes) join 

themselves weU.") 

yo 'oy s-nup s-ba be. crossroads, (be 'road,' nup 'meet'; 

literally, "where Uie road meets itself,") 

Reflexive syntax is also appropriate, for simUar reasons, 

with actions that are otherwise agentless (as, for example, in 

the case of unintentional or accidental acts). 

k-atin-ej j-ba ta ch'ich'. I was bloodied, ('atin 'wash,' 

ch'ich' 'blood'; Uterally, "I washed myself in blood," 

But note the friar's translation,) 

On the oUier hand, reflexive forms also seem appropriate 

vehicles for representing actions that are aU-encompassing, 

that involve the whole of Uie agent (its entire self). 

x-kuch-oj s-ba 'anil. (It is) mnning hard, (kuch 'carry,') 

The friar gives this expression in the context, for example, of 

a deer mnning headlong. As it stands the sentence seems 

ungrammatical, requiring instead a preposition ta before 'anU; 

in that case, the sentence would mean, literally, "(it) is carrying 

itself in mnning." 

Reflexive forms also permit transitive conjugation of some 

verb stems which are otherwise only intransitive. For example, 

many positional stems (which mean 'be in a position') do not 

easUy form transitive stems (which would mean 'put in a 

position'), but wUl allow reflexive forms (which mean 'put 

oneself in a position'), 

p'ev abaik. (You [pi,]) move aside! (According to Uie 

friar: "Said to people on a bridge, or so that they will 

get thefr horses off the trail,") 

The friar gives p'ev as an intransitive verb 'be absent from 

work,' wiUi an adjectival form p'evel 'absent from work.' No 

fransitive form is shown, but the reflexive form clearly suggests 

"absent oneself" In modem Zinacantec TzotzU, the positional 

root p'ev implies an opening, tear, or crack in an otherwise 

intact surface or barrier. Again, there is no dfrect transitive 

stem, but the reflexive appears in ritual contexts to talk about 

leaving the parental home after marriage (Laughlin, 1975:295). 

There are, additionally, a number of predicates, both verbal 

and non-verbal, which appear only in reflexive forms, both in 

colonial and modem Tzotzil. An example is the reflexive 

adjective, 'abol -ba 'v^etched, poor,' which inflects for person 

not by attaching absolutive affixes to the adjective but rather 

by means of possessive prefixes on the reflexive pronoun -ba. 

'abol j-ba. I am wretched. 

'abol s-ba. He is wretched. 

Some nouns also inflect, as predicates, by means of reflexive 

pronouns. For example, the underlying root of the agentive 

noun j-lak'-na 'neighbor' (from lak' 'companion' and na 

'house') appears to form a predicate eiUier as a reflexive noun, 

or in the reflexive form of an explicit fransitive verb (lak'-na-in 
NUMBER 31 97 

'have as a neighbor'). 

j-lak'-na j-ba. I am a neighbor (to someone). 

j-lak'nain j-ba j-chi'uk Pedro. I am neighbor of Pedro. 

(LitCTaUy, "I take myself as a neighbor witii Pedro.") 

Otiier reflexive nouns require boUi an inflected form of the 

reflexive pronoun -ba and possessive affixes cm Uie head noun 

itself. The word 'utz' 'close consanguinal relative' (in modem 

Zinacantec TzotzU it means 'immediate next sibUng') appears 

as a predicate in sentences of the form 

k-utz' j-ba (jchi'uk Pedro). I am a close relative (of 

Pedro), 

where boUi k-utz' and j-ba are 1st person possessed forms. 

(The sentence might be, literaUy but unenlighleningly, glossed 

"I am my relative myself wiUi Pedro.") 

2.b,4. Impersonal Constmctions 

A few expressions in TzotzU resemble the impersonal 

sentences of other languages, in Uiat there are no genuine 

subjects or agents to thefr verbs, orUy dummy, unspecified thfrd 

person entities. 

There are other possibiUties, The impersonal weather verbs 

of other languages, for example, are, in TzotzU, usually 

ordinary intransitives whose subjects are the meteorological 

phenomena themselves. In modem Zinacantec TzotzU one says 

ch-tal vo'. It is raining, (tal 'come,' vo' 'water,') 

The friar's colonial equivalent is 

x-yal Ho'. It is raining, (yal 'descend, fall,' Ho' 'water.') 

However, the foUowing entry suggests that Tzotzil has as 

weU the nebulous and impersonal it of weaUier verbs. 

e-tz'i'lej ta tok. It clouded over, (tz'i'-lej 'be damaged 

or mined,' tok 'cloud.') 

It is not clear to me from the friar's original entry whether this 

can also mean, of some specific thing, "it was damaged by 

clouds." 

Similarly, certain expressions having to do with time and 

the seasons appear wiUi thfrd person impersonal grammatical 

subjects. In tiie following example, Uie main verb, ta 'find, 

reach,' is transitive, wiUi a third person ergative prefix, 

s-ta y-osilal 'ovol. It is com planting season, (ta 'find, 

reach,' -osU 'season, time, earth,' 'ovol 'planting': 

literally "it reaches the season of planting,") 

OccasionaUy, the only constituent available to generate 

absolutive affixes on a verb seems an unlUcely candidate as a 

subject, again producing an expression with impersonal flavor. 

k'usi ta k'oplal x-k'opoj? What is tiie subject? (k'usi 

'what,' k'oplal 'topic, matter,' k'opoj 'taUc (intransitive),') 

The only possible Uteral rendering seems to be "it is 

talking about what topic?" where tiie identity of the impersonal 

'it' is very unclear. 

Some of the friar's examples use a dummy second person 

subject to express an impersonal meaning (Uiat might be 

rendered ui EngUsh by 'one' or, occasionaUy, 'you'—Pooh's 

"you never can tell with bees.") For example, the friar glosses 

the foUowing sentence as "His goodness is without measure," 

mo no 'ox jay av-at y-utzil. (mo 'negative,' no 'ox 'only, 

just,' jay 'how much,' -at 'count, measure,' 'utzU 

'goodness'; hence, literally, "you measure his goodness as not how much (i,e„ an uncountable amount).") 

It is not clear whether this second person subject comes from 

ordinary Tzotzil expressions or whether it has been imported 

from Spanish (along with the notion of 'goodness,' in this 

example). 

Modem Zinacantec Tzotzil also uses first person plural 

forms in a generalized or impersonal sense, in such expressions 

as 

(mu) j-na'-tik? Who knows? (na' 'know'; Uterally, "we 

(don't) know.") 

The strict syntactic division, in Tzotzil, between transitive 

and intransitive verbs, is tempered by extensive derivational 

and syntactic mechanisms applied to verbs, to aUow for 

considerable subtiety in expressing the nuances of action, 

SemanticaUy, there are degrees of transitivity; that is, an agent 

can act on another entity to varying extents, and with varying 

sorts of consciousness and intention. Tzotzil expresses these 

shades of meaning with a variety of syntactic devices 

(including reflexive forms we have afready met, as well as 

passives, antipassives, and "middle" verbs with oblique 

agents—see sections 4.a,5, and 4,b), and by shifting perspective. The results of such shifts often produce expressions that 

in translation, seem impersonal, because they shift Uie locus 

of action onto an impersonal entity, which appears as the 

grammatical subject of a verb. The logical agent in such cases, 

is frequentiy represented by a phrase using a possessed form 

of u'un 'on behalf of, by means o f 

'ep x-'elmaj k-u'un. I am making a good profit, ('ep 

'much,' 'elmaj 'be profitable, advantageous'; UteraUy, "it is very profitable for me.") 

tz'akal x-Hu' y-u'un. He is all-powerful, (tz'akal 

'complete,' Hu' 'be able'; UteraUy, "everything is 

possible for him,") 

The form of these expressions shifts the perspective of action 

from the logical agent (the person making a profit or the one 

able to do something) to Uie result or logical patient (the 

profitable activity, or Uie result of Uie omnipotent agent's 

efforts), 

3. Nominal Constituents 

3,a. POSSESSION 

3.a.l. Noun Subcategorization 

In The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantan, 

Laughlin (1975:24) infroduces a system of noun classification 

with the intention of signalling to the reader, in a kind of shorthand, what nouns 

may be possessed and what their shape is when they are unpossessed, possessed 

animately, or possessed inanimately. 
98 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Many of the categories that appear in the subclassification of 

modem Zinacantec Tzotzil nouns have also been appUed to 

colonial. TzotzU, though not all possibiUties are represented in 

this dictionary. Unfortunately, the system of notation adopted 

in Uie dictionary is not entirely adequate for representing the 

behavior of TzotzU nouns, and some clarification is requfred 

to make the facts clear. 

Let me first outiine what sorts of phenomena are involved. 

We have seen afready that nouns are formally marked as 

possessed by means of prefix-suffix pafrs Uiat exactiy match 

the ergative affixes engendered on transitive verb stems by an 

A constituent. A possessed noun phrase consists of the 

possessed noun, followed optionally by the noun phrase 

denoting the possessor itself; that is the order of constituents 

in a noun phrase like s-na Xun 'Uie house of John' is as 

follows: 

poss. prefix + noun stem 

s-n a 

3rd sg. 'house' 

"John' 

(+ poss. suffix) (p( 

s house" 

To recapitulate, the inflectional forms are as follows: 

Prefixes 

[Vowel inU./Cons. init.] 

k-/j- 1st singular 

av-/a- 2nd sg. 

y-/s- 3rd sg. 

Suffixes 

[added for plurals] 

-tiklstplu. incl. 

assessor) 

Xun 

'John' 

-(ti)k6tik 1st plu. excl. 

-ik 2nd, 3rd plural 

For example, wiUi the two nouns na 'house' and 'abtel 

'work,' such possessive forms as the following exist: 

j-na 'my house' 

a-na 'your house' 

s-na 'her house' 

j-na-tik 'our house' 

j-na-tikotik 'our (excl.) 

house' 

a-na-ik 'your (pi.) house' 

s-na-ik 'their house' 

k-abtel 'my work' 

av-abtel 'your work' 

y-abtel 'his work' 

k-abtel-tik 'our work' 

k-abtel-tikotik 'our (excl.) 

work' 

av-abtel-ik 'your (pi.) work' 

y-abtel-ik 'thefr work' 

In the case of these two nouns, in modem Zinacantec TzotzU 

and, apparentiy in colonial Tzotzil as well, the noun occurs 

both as an unpossessed entity (na 'house'), and as a possessed 

form (someone's house, e.g., j-na 'my house'). These nouns 

are represented as of type 'nl' (with a further subdivision by 

letter to which I will retum shortiy). 

There are also, in modem Tzotzil, some noun stems which 

seem not to be possessable. We may assume that such stems 

existed also in colonial Tzotzil, although clearly a dictionary 

does not offer sufficient evidence to be sure in any particular 

case. (In this dictionary, nouns marked as class 'n5' simply do 

not happen to appear in given contexts with explicit possessive 

markers.) Such an example, then as now, is the noun 'ak'ot 

'dance.' A related (but smaU) category comprises nouns Uiat 

are not possessable as bare stems, but which require a suffix 

(usuaUy of the form vowel plus I, or -VI) before they can bear 

possessive affixes. Such a noun in colonial Tzotzil is k'uk'um 

'feather,' which can be possessed only if it has the additional 

suffix -al: s-k'uk'um-al 'its feather,' 

Another large class of nouns includes those of the so-called 

"inalienably possessed" variety. These denote entities which 

are, in some sense, inherently possessed: they logically requfre 

possessors. Prototypical examples are body part words. (We 

normaUy speak not of 'hands' but of 'someone's hand.' In 

Tzotzil, the bare roots of such words function as nouns that 

requfre possessive affixes. Hence the root -k'ob 'hand' can 

appear as j-k'ob 'my hand,' a-k'ob 'your hand,' etc. 

InaUenably possessed nouns can appear M/ipossessed only if 

they bear a special suffix, of the form -VI (where various 

vowels may appear as V). The suffix suggests "generaUzed 

possession"; e.g., k'ob-ol, 'someone's hand' (with the 

someone unspecified, or understood as indefinite). In Uiis 

dictionary, nouns of this class are shown occasionaUy as of 

type 'n3' (when they appear with the generalizing suffix -VI), 

or, more frequentiy, as of type 'n4' (when they requfre 

grammatical possessors in a complete expression). 

In the colonial dictionary, as in modem speech, body part 

words are often glossed in Tzotzil by the 1st person possessed 

form. If you ask a speaker of modem Zinacantec TzotzU how 

to say 'hand,' he or she wUl ordinarily reply 

j-k'ob-tik 

1st person-hand-plural 

"our hand(s)" 

The same sort of form appears in Uie colonial example 

junjun k-ibel-tik. We are of the same parentage, (junjun 

'one'; -ibel 'root') 

The indefinite possessed form, on the other hand, appears in 

expressions such as 

kolo' yak'el mulil ta 'olontonU. To acquiesce in sin is 

evU. (kolo' 'evil'; mulU 'sin'; yak'el ta 'olontonU 

means Uterally, "giving to one's heart," where 

'olonton-il is the indefinite possessed form of 'heart.') 

Similarly, the indefinitely possessed form of -tzotz 'hafr, fur,' 

appears in the example 

ta tzavlej tzotzil. with hair standing on end. 

Elaborating on these three basic noun classes—possessable, 

unpossessable, and inherentiy possessed nouns—Tzotzil extends the formal mechanisms of grammatical possession lo 

distinguish several different logical or semantic types of 

possession. In modem Tzotzil these include Uie following: 

(i) an absolute or unpossessed form, which makes 

no reference to a possessor at all: 'ixim 'com,' 

'abtel 'work,' na 'house.' 

(ii) a simple possessed form, which relates tiie 

entity denoted by the noun to the entity denoted 

by its grammatical possessor as part to whole, 

as possession to owner or confroUer, or as 

product or creation to producer or creator. The 
NUMBER 31 99 

relation is one of "belonging": k-ok 'my leg,' 

j-na 'my house'; k-ot 'my tortUla (tiiat I made, 

or tiiat I'm about to eat),' s-na 'fatim 'granary,' 

lit. 'house of com.* 

(iiO an "indefinitely possessed" form, without possessive prefixes and witii a -VI suffix (usually 

-il), which indicates a thing possessed (in sense 

(ii)), but whose possessor is unspecified or 

indefinite: ok-ol 'the leg of someone,' 'abtel-U 

'the work (of some person).' 

(iU) a special form of "inanimate" (Laughlin, 1975), 

"impersonal" (Cowan, 1969), or "benefactive" 

(HavUand, 1981) possession, which connects 

the noun with its "possessor": a person or thing 

on which it wiU be used, or for whose benefit 

(or detriment) it is intended. Inanimate possession is marked with possessive prefixes and 

a special suffix (also of Uie form -VI). The exact 

semantic relationship impUed may be one of the 

following: location or origin (s- bolom-al ch'en 

'the cave's jaguar,' i.e., the one who Uves there), 

function or purpose (y-ot- al Ii bek'et e 'Uie 

meat's tortUla,' i.e., the one to be eaten with the 

meat), destination, cause, victim or beneficiary 

(y-U-al na 'the house's debt' i.e., the debt 

which the owner incurred in building it). 

A good example of "benefactive possession" from colonial 

Tzotzil is 

e-juy-be-at x-xuch'-al. It was mended with pitch. 

The verb juy means 'smear, mb'; xuch' is 'pitch.' The sentence 

means, Uterally, "It had its (benefactive) pitch smeared on it," 

where the type (iU) form of the possessed noun suggests "Uie 

pitch that affected it" 

There are oUier more specialized "possessive" forms in 

modem Zinacantec TzotzU, which do not figure prominentiy 

in this colonial dictionary. These utUize further suffixes to 

denote qualities or states associated with some nominal stem, 

or expanses of plants or natural features. (For a more complete 

discussion, see Haviland, 1981:191-215.) 

The behavior of a noun stem in TzotzU depends fu-st on 

which possession class (possessable, unpossessable, or inalienably possessed) it belongs to (Uiis is partly a semantic matter 

things that are never owned may also be grammatically 

unpossessable; words denoting parts of wholes are generally 

inalienably possessed); and second, on which sorts of "logical" 

possession (types i-iU) it accepts. 

One difficulty with the label "inanimate possession" in 

LaughUn (1975) is that it conflates what I have distinguished 

here as two different sorts of possession. Inanimate objects can 

function as "possessors" in both sense (ii) of simple possession 

and sense (Ui), benefactive possession. Thus, Uie relationship 

between the house and its possessor is substantially the same 

in both the case of j-na 'my house (where I live)' and s-na Ii 

'ixim e 'Uie house of Uie com (where it is kept).' This is type 

(ii), simple possession; but consider Uie noun -te'-el 'stick/or 

something' (from te' 'wood'), which requfres type (iU) 

benefactive possession. Its possessor may be animate (as in 

s-te'el cabaUo 'the horse's stick,' i.e., the post to teUier it to) 

or inanimate (as in s-te'el coles 'cabbage stock,' i.e., the rigid 

stem which supports the cabbage), and in either case a similar 

benefactive relationship is impUed between stick and its 

grammatical possessor. In general, it is always the case that 

benefactive possession requfres an additional -VI suffix on a 

noun stem, whether or not the possessor is animate or 

inanimate. 

In Uie context of Uiis brief description, let me summarize the 

notation that actually appears in the dictionary. Four noun 

classes are distinguished as foUows: 

nl These are ordinary possessable nouns, which 

occur in boUi forms (i) and (u), without any 

change to Uie stem. 

n3 These are the indefinitely possessed forms of 

inalienably possessed nouns. They therefore 

appear with the -VI suffix. 

n4 These are the bare stems of inalienably possessed 

nouns, shown without possessive prefixes. They 

therefore always require additional possessive 

inflection for morphological completeness. 

n5 These are unpossessable nouns stems (or, at least 

nouns that in the context of Uie friar's examples 

do not appear wiUi possessive inflection). 

In addition, nouns are further categorized by letter, where Uie 

following occur (I give ffrst the original characterization from 

Laughlin, 1975:24, followed by an explanation in terms of Uie 

scheme I have presented here): 

a "if inanimate has -VI, animate does not; if 

inanimate lacks -VI, animate adds it." This 

category is an artifact of the decision Laughlin has 

made to include as tiie citation form an absolute 

or indefmitely possessed form (type n) of an 

otherwise inalienably possessed word (a body part, 

for example). Luckily, raUier few examples of Uiis 

'type' survive in the current entries. 

b "inanimate same as animate." This means Uiat the 

noun may have both animate and inanimate 

possessors, of eiUier type (ii) or (in). 

c "inanimate wiUi or without VI." The noun may 

have boUi types (u) and (ui) possession, and in 

both cases the grammatical possessor may be an 
100 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

inanimate entity, Laughlin's original assignment 

to this category I think ignored Uie distinction 

between types (ii) and (Ui), and hence sometimes 

a noun labeled type b occurs wiUi a further -VI 

suffix (in type ii possession), and sometimes 

without such a suffix (type ii possession). 

d "only animate occurs." This means tiiat, probably 

for semantic reasons, the possessor, of type (ii), 

seems always to be animate, at least in Uie contexts 

shown. 

e "only inanimate occurs with -VI." This notation 

suggests a context in which only type (iU) 

benefactive possession seems appropriate (and the 

possessor in the examples given happens to be 

inanimate). 

f "only inanimate occurs without -VI." Such cases 

are examples of type (U) simple possession, in 

which the possessor happens to be an inanimate 

entity. 

The following dictionary entries exempUfy these categories. 

The noun leb 'bfrd net' is shown as 'nla'; it can occur as an 

absolute, unpossessed noun, type (i). It can also appear in type 

(ii) possession, with a -VI suffix, when we are interested in the 

person whose net it is. It can also evidentiy appear in type (in) 

possession, with a further suffix: s-leb-al X 'the net of (with 

which to catch) X'. 

In the expression ta 'olon 'below, undemeath,' the relational 

noun 'olon is given as 'nib' to show, ffrst, Uiat Uie word can 

be unpossessed (meaning 'below, low, lowlands,' etc.), and 

possessed, in which case its logical possessor can be either 

animate or inanimate—it denotes the person or thing below 

which something is. (In this sense, 'olon functions something 

like a body-part word meaning 'the undemeath part.') 

The noun 'ach'el 'mud' is shown as 'nlc ' That is, again, u 

can appear either unpossessed (type i) or ordinarily possessed 

(type ii), with no change in the stem. In the latter case, tiie 

'possessor' can be either a person or a thing. But there is also 

type (iii) possession, as in the friar's example 'ip yach'elal '(it 

is) muddy', in which a further -VI suffix is added to suggest, 

literally, "its mud (covering it, or all over it, or created by it 

or waiting for it to fall into) is extensive." 

In the expression 'ak' vokol 'exhaust, torment,' the noun 

vokol (which means 'difficulty, pain, suffering') is marked as 

'nld'; that is, it can appear either possessed or unpossessed, 

and in its possessed form 'only animate occurs,' presumably 

because only animate things can be tormented. 

x-k-ak' vokol. 1 I torment (torture) (someone), ('ak' 

'give, cause.') 

x-k-ak' a-vokol. I exhaust you. (Literally, "I cause your 

suffering.") 

The expression jok' ch'en is glossed as 'dig a hole'; ch'en 

'hole' is shown as type 'nle.' The fact tiiat it is 'nl' suggests 

that the word can occur either unpossessed, as in 

j-jok' ch'en. I dig a hole, 

or in a possessed form, as in 

j-jok' x-ch'en-al. I dig a hole/or it. 

The subcategory 'e' represents the fact tiiat in the friar's 

examples, Uie only possessed forms of the word are of type 

(iu), benefactive possession. (The hole I dig does not belong 

to someone or something but rather is designed for someUiing 

to be put into.) 

There are also some nouns marked as 'nlf. These nouns 

evidentiy occur in an unpossessed form (type i) without suffix; 

but the only possessed form they display, in the dictionary 

materials, is of type (ui), with a further -VI suffix, and in cases 

where Uie 'possessor' is an inanimate thing. For example 'uxub 

evidentiy refers to a knot or lump on a tree; but if you want to 

specify that it is the knot or lump on, say, a particular tree you 

must seemingly use a type (iii) 'benefactive' possession 

constmction of the form y-uxub-al te' 'the free's knot.' 

Of 'n3' type nouns, only the subtypes 'a', 'b,' and 'd' occur 

in this dictionary. Most of these, the 'n3d's, are ordinary body 

part words (or other inalienably possessed nouns such as 

vayich-il 'dream' or k'u'-ul 'garment'), which seemingly 

requfre animate possessors; the full cited form bears the -VI 

suffix of indefinite possession, a suffix that disappears in the 

presence of possessive affixes. Only two 'n3a' types nouns 

have slipped through into the present dictionary, both of th&m 

articles of clothing that are ordinarily possessed by thefr 

wearers, usually animate, in both cases witii the final -VI suffix 

of Uie citation form stripped away. Thus *ual 'rosary' and vexil 

'trousers' are the unpossessed forms; with possessors these 

lose thefr suffixes, to become y-u 'his (or its) rosary', or j-vex 

'my trousers.' The subtype 'n3b' represents part words that 

may belong to things as well as to humans or animals. Thus, 

the expression ta pat-il is glossed as 'behind' <pat-il is 'back'), 

and the following examples are given: 

ta s-pat. Behind it. (Literally, "at its back.") 

ta pat-U. Behind (sometiiing). 

ta j-pat. Behind me. ("At my back.") 

The type 'n4' nouns are also inalienably possessed; the only 

difference between these and nouns of type 'n3' is that the 

'n4' nouns appear in the dictionary cited in the possessed-only 

form, without -VI suffix. Type 'd' nouns logically requfre 

animate possessors. 

'a'i ta -olonton. treat a matter pmdentiy or diUgentiy. 

(LiteraUy, "feel in one's heart," where -olonton 

'heart' is of type 'n4d.') 

Type *a' nouns also seem to requfre animate possessors, Uiough 

Laughlin's notation suggests that he also anticipates the 

possibUity that a 'benefactive' possessor of type (ui) could 

occur without an added -VI suffix. One case is Hotob 'drUl,' 

shown as 'n4a' and presumably ordinarily possessed by tiie 

person who wields it. Type 'b' nouns can also have 'inanimate' 
NUMBER 31 101 

possessors: 

*a'i-bey -ik.' Smell (something or someone). (LiteraUy, 

"sense the smeU of—," where -ik' 'smeU, scent' is 

'n4b.') 

Type *e' nouns requfre a -VI suffix before they can accept thefr 

obligatory possessive affixes. Thus they represent two different 

types of constmction: one in which only 'benefactive 

possession' (type iu) is possible, and the other in which a 

simple possessed form (type u) itself requires a -VI suffix on 

an otherwise unpossessable noun stem. In the following two 

examples, Uie ffrst is of the former type, and the second of the 

latter. 

s-na-U te'. jail. (Literally, "the house of Uie stick"; the 

friar offers the following gloss: "la casa del palo y 

del cepo." -na 'house,' is shown as 'n4e'— requiring 

an inanimate benefactive-type possessor.) 

'ajil s-k'uk'um-al. Having small (reed-Uke) feathers, ('aj 

'reed,' and k'uk'um, type 'n4e' only because to be 

possessed at all the stem k'uk'um 'feather,' requfres 

a suffix -al.) 

Nouns of type 'n4f are shown as requfring an inanimate 

possessor, but with no additional -VI suffix. The restriction to 

inanimate possessors may be only an artifact of the particular 

examples the friar happens to give. 

x-k-a'i s-vinajeb. I note (it). (LiteraUy, "I perceive its 

sign, its appearance"; where -a'i is 'perceive,' and 

-vinajeb is a noun of type 'n4f meaning 'the means 

or cause of its appearing,' from the verb vinaj 'appear, 

be perceivable.') 

Finally, a great number of nouns appear as 'n5,' unpossessable, a label that in this colonial dictionary merely 

means that, in a given context, the noun does not happen to 

appear with any possessive affixes. 

laj ta taiv. be frostbitten. (LiteraUy, "be finished by the 

frost," where taiv 'frost' is shown as 'n5.') 

OccasionaUy the friar's explicit syntactic remarks touch on 

these possession classes, especially when, in his zeal to 

reproduce a pedagogically important CathoUc concept, he 

seems to have squeezed the morphological and derivational 

resources of Tzotzil dry. The following entry appears, under 

the root ch'u, which includes such notions as 'God,' 'holy,' 

'blessing,' 'soul,' and 'luck.' The friar has derived an abstract 

noun from the adjective ch'uul 'holy': 

ch'uulil, nlf holiness. 

The category 'nlf suggests that the noun can appear boUi 

possessed and unpossessed (class 1), but that only an inanimate 

possessed form occurs (type f). The friar adds the comment: 

"But they talk this way rarely except when Uiey say Uiat 

someone is holy and the other responds: k'usi x-ch'uulil? 

What is holy about him?" The example, which translates 

literally, "what is his holiness?"—spoken, presumably, of an 

animate being—suggests that Uie noun should be listed as 

'nib.' The sentence also shows the relationship between two 

syntactic roles: the possessor of a derived noun, and the subject 

of an adjectival predicate from which the noun is derived. 

It is important to note that "unpossessability" is a formal 

feature of the language, and not strictiy a semantic matter. As 

LaughUn (1975:24) notes, in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, a 

noun's category may change over time, as when Uie word "bus" 

became syntacticaUy possessable only after Zinacantecs began 

to own them. However, there is a mechanism by which 

formaUy unpossessable nouns may be associated, obUquely, 

with a possessor, which is marked by affixes attached, not to 

the noun itself, but to an adjunct to the noun, the word -u'un 

'belonging to, the possession of, for the benefit o f (-U'un 

also has a variety of related syntactic functions, as we have 

seen; for example, it is used to mark an obUque agent in 

contexts where the verb cannot explicitiy record an agent; see 

section 4.a.4 below.) In modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, almost any 

*n5' can be effectively possessed in a constmction like the 

following: 

ch'abal xa te'tik k-u'un. I no longer have woodlands. 

(ch'abal 'there is none'; te'tik 'forest'—an unpossessable n5 noun.) 

The noun phrase te'tUc k-u'un (where k-u'un is the 1st person 

singular possessed form of -u'un) means something like 'forest 

which is mine'', hence the entfre sentence means: "tiiere is no 

longer a forest which belongs to me." 

In colonial TzotzU the word -u'un also apparentiy has Uiis 

possessive function. It appears in contexts like the one just 

mentioned, to associate a possessor with an otherwise 

unpossessable noun, like 'osil 'time, weather, country.' 

mo natuk yilel 'osil k-u'un-tik Ii' ta balamil. We don't 

have a long Ufe. (Literally, "our time here in earth is 

not long," where 'osU k-u'un-tik, wiUi 1st person 

plural affixes on -u'un, means 'our time.') 

Similarly, colonial TzotzU, like modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, 

uses the word -u'un to formulate questions about possessors: 

much'uy y-u'un li'e? Whose (is Uiis)? (much'uy 'who'; 

li'e 'tills'). 

Finally, Uie dictionary includes several examples of a 

possessed form of -u'un attached to a verbal noun Uiat already 

bears possessive affixes; as the direct possessor of a noun 

derived from a transitive verb corresponds to the direct object 

of Uie original verb, this second possessor, marked with -u'un, 

corresponds to the verb's original subject. 

mo 'oyuk j-na'el av-u'un. You are not grateful to me. 

(mo 'not'; 'oy 'exist') 

The 1st person form j-na'-el, from the verb na' 'know, 

remember,' suggests 'remembering of me'; the 2nd person 

form av-u'un suggests 'by you.' Thus, Uie whole sentence 

means: "your remembering of me does not exist" 

3.a.2. Possessed Nouns 

Noun phrases with possessors display considerable formal 

complexity in Tzoteil. Where the basic form of a possessed 

noun phrase is 
102 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

N(+ possessive affixes) NP(possessor) 

it is further possible that the possessor may be possessed noun. 

For example, in the sentence 

'ip y-ila'al s-ba. It is deformed, 

the predicate is Uie adjective 'ip 'sfrong, great, exfreme,' The 

subject is a complex possessed noun phrase, consisting of a 

3rd person possessed form of ila'al 'ugUness,' whose possessor 

is itself a 3rd person possessed form of -ba 'self, face.' Hence, 

the sentence might be franslated Uterally as "the ugliness <?/the 

face of it is exfreme." 

As we have afready seen, possessed nouns in Tzotzil play a 

number of syntactic roles m the language. Or, put anotiier 

way, the mechanism of grammatical possession serves a variety 

of functions besides marking the relationship between an object 

and its owner. For example, TzotzU often uses the mechanism 

of possession to mark the arguments of nouns whose meanings 

are inherentiy relational. What appears formally as the 

grammatical possessor of a noun often resembles rather more 

the direct object of a verb. This is the case with the noun 

-chi'il 'companion' in sentences such as 

mu x-chi'U-uk. (It is) different (Literally, "(it) is not the 

companion of it.") 

where the counterpart to a relational notion in EngUsh like like 

or the scone is represented with an equivalent of the notion 

companion, and where the grammatical possessor is one of the 

arguments or terms in the relation. Consider also the sentence 

mu s-tojol-uk x-bat. It is wasted. 

LiteraUy, Uiis sentence means "It goes (but) not on account of 

(anything)." The word tojol, which appears here in 3rd person 

possessed form, and in Uie negative, is derived from the verb 

toj 'pay,' and hence is relational: the account, meaning, cost, 

or rectitude of something. 

Nominalized adjectives, on the other hand, make use of 

grammatical possessors to mark relations that might otherwise 

be expressed between an adjectival predicate and its subject. 

For example, the adjective ch'uul in colonial Tzotzil means 

'holy'; as we have seen, U produces a derived noun -ch'uuUI 

'holiness,' which is obligatorUy possessed. In the sentence 

k'usi x-ch'uuHl? What is holy about him (Uterally, "what 

is his hoUness?") 

the 3rd person grammatical possessor is the entity of which 

ch'ul is predicated (if only grudgingly, in this example). 

We have also seen examples, based on possessed forms of 

the word -k'inal 'day (of or for something),' in which the 

grammatical possessor of the noun anchors the temporal 

expression. 

mo to s-ta s-k'inal ve'el. It isn't mealtime yet (Literally, 

"it does not yet reach Uie day or moment of Uie meal." 

Ve'el is the grammatical possessor of -k'inal.) 

Somewhat more interesting is the sentence 

j-k'inal n-i-HuI. I arrive opportunely. 

Here the verb means 'I arrived.' The first person possessed 

form of k'inal evidently suggests "at (or in) my own (good) 

time." 

Finally, possessed forms of verbal nouns mark as grammatical possessor what would, wiUi a fully inflected verb, be a 

subject (in the case of an infransitive verb) or a dfrect object 

(in the case of a fransitive verb). 

junjun j-tal-el j-chi'uk Pedro. Peter and I are of tiie 

same blood. (Literally, "my coming is one with 

Peter.") 

The word j-tal-el is the 1st person possessed form of a noun 

based on the infransitive verb tal 'come'; it means 'my 

coming,' or 'the fact (or Uie moment) that I came.' The 

grammatical possessor corresponds to the subject of a simple 

sentence in which tal might be the verb. 

Nominalized fransitive verbs ending in the suffix -el have a 

passive flavor; accordingly, thefr grammatical possessors are 

logically like transitive direct objects. (See section 4.a.5.) 

mo x-ch'uun-el-uk dios. unfaithfulness. 

What the friar here glosses as a noun is in fact a negative 

sentence, meaning Uterally "(It is) not belief in God"; the 

sentence is based on a possessed, nominaUzed form of ch'uun 

'believe (in).' The grammatical possessor of this nominaUzed 

verb is dios 'God,' in some sense the logical direct object of 

the verb 'believe in.' The semantic relationship between 

possessor and dfrect object is even more obvious in the 

sentence 

'ip j-na'-el. I am very famous. 

The predicate of this adjectival stative sentence is again 'ip 

'very, great, extreme'; Uie subject is the 1st person possessed 

form of a noun derived from the verb na' 'know, remember.' 

Hence, the sentence means, literaUy, "my knowing (i.e., Uie 

knowing o/me) is very great" 

3.a.3. Possessive Adjuncts to Noun Phrases 

The mechanism of grammatical possession also provides 

colonial Tzotzil with additional syntactic resources for 

including adjuncts that either complement or go entirely 

beyond tiie normal sentential roles of subjects and dfrect 

objects. Two important roots, -tuk 'alone, self and -kotol 'aU,' 

can supplement almost any noun phrase to indicate its 

solitariness, uniqueness, or unambiguous identity on Uie one 

hand, or its totality on the other. In both cases, the adjunct 

must bear possessive affixes that correspond to the main noun 

phrase. 

toj kolo'-ot a-tuk. You are worse. (Literally, "you are 

very evil, yourself") 

mu j-ta Pedro, juteb j-na' j-tuk. I am not as smart as 

Peter. (Literally, "I do not reach Peter, I know littie 

myself") 

toj s-tuk. He himself (toj 'very, completely,' hence 'aU 

by himself 

In sentences lUce toj kolo'-ot a-tuk, where the subject of Uie 

main predicate, kolo' 'evU' is a second person singular 

pronoun (cross-indexed with the 2nd person absolutive suffix 
NUMBER 31 103 

-ot), the adjunct a-tuk 'your-self agrees with the subject 

which it complements by bearing a second person possessive 

prefix, 'Hik emphasizes that a nominal argument is exactly, 

only, OT prototypically the person or thing in question, of which 

some predication is made. 

The colonial word tza, which embraces a wide range of 

meanings having to do with thought and clevemess, shares 

some syntactic properties wiUi tuk. As an adjunct to Uie subject 

of a verb (and bearing the corresponding possessive prefix) it 

suggests intention and wiU (which perhaps misfu-es). The friar 

gives tza as the translation for pensar 'think,' "as when one 

thought such and such a thing," 

x-e-tal ta j-tza-e, mo x-Hu' k-u'un. I tiiought I would 

come, but I couldn't, (tal 'come,' Hu' 'be able,' -u'un 

'by,' or 'for' (bears 1st person possessive inflection); 

literally, "I (would) come by my intention, but it 

wasn't possible for me,") 

Similarly, a possessed form of -kotol 'all' can appear as an 

adjunct to a nominal expression, 

x-e-'och-otik j-kotol-tik. We aU fit (Literally, "we enter, 

we all"; 'och 'enter,') 

dios x-ak'-bey s-ve'el s-kotol te k'usitik kuxul xxanave. God feeds every living creature. 

The verb in the second example is x-ak'-bey 'he (God) gives 

it (food) to (someone)'; the indfrect object the recipient of the 

food is a thfrd person expression, composed of s-kotol 'all (of 

them)' plus a relative clause 'those which walk about alive,' 

Notice Uiat, in the first example, the first person plural 

possessive affixes on kotol agree wiUi the underlying subject 

of tiie verb, which also engenders fu-st person plural absolutive 

affixes on the verb. 

S.b. THE STRUCTURE OF NOMINAL EXPRESSIONS 

Many of the entries in this dictionary function as noun 

phrases, but are themselves complex. A noun phrase is, 

minimaUy, a single noun or verbal noun. Some entries in the 

dictionary contain noun phrases that consist only of a noun 

with an accompanying definite article, te 'the.' 

x-k-al te k'in. (I) hold the fiesta. (Literally, "I say the 

fiesta.") 

A noun may also be modified by a variety of oUier 

constituents: numerals, adjectives, and passive participial 

verbal forms. 

'ox-vinik k'in. sixty-day period. (*ox-vinik 'three twenties, i.e., sixty,' k'in 'day,') 

castiUan pom. incense (Uterally, "CastUUan incense,") 

tz'aj-bU vaj. bread soup, (tz'aj 'dip, sop, dunk,' vaj 

'tortilla'; literally, "dunked bread/tortillas,") 

In the following example, both adjectival and passive verbal 

modifiers are present 

'epal tz'albil Hun. quantity of books, ('ep-al 'many,' 

tz'al 'lay, stack,' Hun 'paper'; literaUy, "many 

stacked papers.") 

3.b.l. Noun Compounds 

The most common way to form a compound noun phrase 

from simpler nominal constituents involves Uie mechanisms 

of possession in ways we have afready seen. That is, a noun 

phrase can have the form 

NofNP 

where the individual constituents are themselves noun phrases. 

In a normal constmction of this sort, the ffrst N bears 

possessive affixes which correspond to the second NP, In 

compounds, however, possessive affixes on the first N 

constituent remain only as vestiges (in Uie form of a y- prefix 

on a vowel initial first noun, for example), and the entire 

compound inflects as a unit 

pK jolol. hat. (pix 'covering,' jolol 'head.' The friar notes 

that this expression means, Uterally, cobertura de 

cabeza. Note that pbc, a consonant initial noun, 

requfres no explicit possessive prefix in this compound.) 

jol na. roof (jol 'head'; na 'house.') 

y-ut 'okU. sole of the foot ('ut 'inside,' 'okil 'foot' Here 

the vowel-initial ut requires a vestigial 3rd person 

possessive prefix y-.) 

As we have seen, when the head noun of such a constmction 

is a verbal noun, derived from a transitive verb, the syntactic 

possessor corresponds to what would be, in a fuU sentence, the 

object (dfrect or indfrect) of the verb. 

y-a'i'-bey-el s-ve'el 'ojov. pregustation. 

The grammatical formula for this entry is 

nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4d of n5). 

The internal constituent s-ve'el 'ojov means 'the food of Uie 

lord.' The verbal noun is based on the ditransitive form of -a'i 

'taste, feel,' which might appear in a modem Zinacantec 

Tzotzil sentence like 

ta x-k-a'i-be s-ve'el 'ojov. I wiU taste Uie lord's food 

(for him). 

In this nominal form, the entfre phrase thus means "the tasting 

of the lord's food (for him)." 

When N of NP compounds are themselves possessed, 

different pattems are possible. In compounds of the last type, 

the possessive affixes attach to the body-part word (which is 

itself the logical possessor in the compound): 

y-ut k-ok. my sole (i.e., the sole of my foot.) 

In modem Zinacantec TzotzU, compounds Uke jol na "roof 

follow Uiis same pattem; the logical possessor attaches to Uie 

constituent, which is itself Uie grammatical possessor in Uie 

compound; and the explicit possessive prefix on Uie first part 

of the compound must reappear. Thus, to say 'my roof in 

modem Zinacantec Tzotzil one says 

s-jol j-na. ('its roof o/my house.') 

The friar's franscription is not quite up to such phonological 

subtleties, and his equivalent entry simply shows s-jol na. 

Such a pattem is quite correct, in modem Zinacantec TzotzU, 

for compounds Uke pix jolol, which maintain Uiefr compound 

integrity even when themselves possessed. The friar shows 
104 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

x-pix jol, which corresponds to modem s-pixol, as 'his hat.' 

Here, the original compound origin, of the form 

NofN 

has been submerged under a newly reinterpreted root (In 

modem Zinacantec TzotzU the indefinitely possessed form is 

now an integrated stem, pixalal, which corresponds to colonial 

Tzotzil pix jolol.) 

The constituent parts of compound noun phrases can 

themselves be complex. In the following example, the second 

part ofa.N ofNP compound is a modified noun phrase. 

y-av castUlan pom. incense holder, ('av 'place, container.') 

Laughlin (1975) distinguishes two further sorts of compound 

noun phrase, labeled 

N type N, and 

Natt N. 

He writes (1975:27-28): 

[w]here the first noun describes the quality or content of the second, as in 

'leather bag,' 'baby bird,' the phrase is labelled 'noun type noun.* The third 

category is...distinguished in Tzotzil by a -VI attributive suffix. It is 

represented by phrases that, in translation, might be rendered as 'land crab,* 

'tree fern,' and 'house boat' These phrases are labelled 'noun attribute noun.' 

Colonial TzotzU shows the same range of constmctional 

possibUities. 

tux-nok' chij. sheep, (tux-nok' 'cotton'; chij 'deer, 

domestic animal.' This is N type N.) 

'antz-U tux-nok' chij. ewe. ('antz 'female, woman.') 

This last example shows both types of compounding: 

nphr:natt & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). 

(One might franslate the entfre expression as "womanly cotton 

type deer.") SimUarly, consider 

x-pbc jol Hun. dunce's cap (Uterally, 'paper hat' Note 

that the order o(N type N is reversed from the English 

equivalent, and that one of the constituents is itself a 

compound noun phrase of the N ofN variety.) 

3.b.2. Agentive Nouns 

There is a subclass of agentive compound nouns, which 

normaUy denote kinds of people, or roles which people can 

occupy. In modem TzotzU, agentive nouns normally have a 

prefix of the form j- , and agentives in the colonial dictionary 

are represented in the same way. The following pafr Ulusfrates 

the relationship between ordinary nouns and agentives: 

'abtel, nld. work, job, (religious) office. 

j-'abtel, agn. worker, day laborer, official. 

(RML—^The j - prefix is frequentiy not found with agentive 

nouns having an -om suffix, as satin-om, marksman, or 

vayaj-om, diviner. It never occurs wiUi agentive nouns having 

a -vii suffix, as ch'uba-vil, official builder, or mula-vil, 

sinner.) 

Many of Uie same pattems which govem the formation of 

ordinary nominal compounds, with the addition of the agentive 

j - , also produce a complex agentive expression. In particular. 

where a verbal noun denotes some activity, the corresponding 

agentive denotes a person who devotes him or herself to that 

activity. Hence, 

tza, nle. clevemess. 

tzai, tv. plan imagine. 

tzaiej, iv. become clever, think. 

tzaijel, vnld. clarity, clevemess, invention. 

j-tzaijel, agn. inventor, thoughtful person. 

Agentives are also formed from nouns modified by 

adjectives (which are then incorporated into the whole agentive 

expression). For example, 

j-'epal-k'op-on. I am talkative, ('ep 'much,' k'op 'talk.') 

In attributive form, 'ep becomes 'epal, and Uie resulting 

modified noun assumes an agentive character wiUi the addition 

of j- . This compound agentive in tum receives a ffrst person 

absolutive suffix, to create a nominal sentence: "I am a 

lots-of-talk person." 

Agentives are also commonly based on a fransitive verb stem 

compounded with a noun phrase, itself possibly complex, 

which functions as the underlying direct object of the verb. 

The friar gives several such examples with Uie verb 'ak' 'give, 

cause,' 

j-'ak'-vokol. torturer. (LiteraUy, "giver of suffering.") 

j-'ak' 'utzU k'op. mediator. (LiteraUy, "giver of good 

words.") 

j-'ak' xonob chij. horseshoer. (xonob 'sandal, footwear,' 

chij 'deer, here: horse.') 

Evidentiy, agentives can also be formed by nominalizing 

reflexive verbs, alUiough the evidence from colonial Tzotzil is 

somewhat ambiguous. In modem Tzotzil a reflexive verb can 

be nominaUzed by incorporating the reflexive noun ba 'self,' 

with an added suffix -U, into the verb stem. Hence, from 

baj, tv. lock, strike, let /blood/, 

and its reflexive 

baj ba, rv. flagellate self or pierce self, 

one forms 

baj-bail, vn, blood-letting, 

j-baj-bail, agn, person who has blood let. 

Colonial Tzotzil also allows nominalized reflexive verbs, as 

in the case of 

mak naiej bail, seclusion 

which derives from mak 'close,' and na 'house,' through a 

compound transitive verb mak-na-i 'jail, close up in a house,' 

which, in its reflexive form produces the entry 

mak-nai ba, rv: tv(tv & ncpd) & rpn, hide in one's house, 

seclude oneself, shut oneself up. 

The friar does not include an agentive form derived from this 

reflexive verb (which would presumably mean 'someone who 

secludes him or herself). 

However, consider the friar's entry 

j-jok'an-ej j-ba. (I am) tmsting (or a frusting person). 

The ffrst person j - prefix on j-ba 'myself indicates the 

possessor (as in Uie case of other reflexive nouns we have met 

in section 2,b,3), whereas the first j - represents either another 
NUMBER 31 105 

1st person possessive prefix or Uie agentive j- . If tiie expression 

is an agentive, its syntactic behavior has no parallel in modem 

Zinacantec Tzotzil; nor do reflexive verbs nominalize in this 

way in the modem language. Perhaps Uiis expression would 

be better analyzed not as an agentive noun but as a perfective 

verbal sentence meaning "I have committed myself' 

In both colonial and modem TzotzU, agentives are also 

formed from verbal nouns supplemented by quaUfying phrases 

infroduced by ta. 

j-ch'ikvan-ej ta sitz'el. damer, sewer, (ch'ik ta sitz'el, 

somewhat opaquely, means 'dam or sew,* and in this 

case the antipassive suffix -van apparentiy suggests 

"dam or sew things for people." See section 4.a.5.) 

j-ch'ak-el ta y-ol, or 

j-k'opoj-el ta y-ol. senator or govemor. (ch'ak 'divide' 

or, in this case, probably 'elect'; k'opoj 'speak,' -ol 

'community'; hence, "one elected (or who speaks for) 

his community.") 

In the last case, notice that the 3rd person prefix on y-ol 'his 

community,' must evidentiy refer to Uie senator himself; that 

is, it refers back to the head constituent of the agentive phrase 

(the 'taUcer'). This fact in tum suggests, although tiie friar does 

not give us explicit examples of such expressions in fuU 

sentences, that the qualifying phrase is syntactically disjoint, 

and that absolutive affixes should attach dfrectiy to the head 

constituent One would expect, tnhat is, a sentence of the form 

j-ch'ak-el-on ta k-ol. I am a senator (for my own 

community). 

This is, incidentally, the pattem in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil. 

3.b.3. Further Elements in Noun Phrases 

Ordinary noun phrases are also composed of simpler 

nominal constituents—nouns, noun phrases, verbal nouns, or 

agentive nouns—to which are added other sorts of adjunct 

qualifying prepositional phrases, or words like -u'un, -tuk, 

etc., which we have afready met. Qualifying phrases specify 

time, place, instmment, material, and so on. 

chukvanab ta y-ut lum. dungeon. (Literally, "jail in the 

inside of the earth.") 

'ik'al ta j-k'ob. arthritis. (Literally, "wind in (my) hand.") 

y-ak'-el s-bel na ta Hun. inventory of possessions, (ak' 

'give, put'; bel 'contents,' na 'house'; Hun 'paper'; 

hence, "putting of the contents of the house on paper." 

This noun phrase has the form: vn of nphr(n of n) & 

qphr(prep & n).) 

Other adjuncts in compound noun phrases play roles similar 

to Uiose they play in fuU sentences. For example, a possessed 

form of -u'un may appear together with a possessed verbal 

noun, where Uie possessor on the noun corresponds to a verbal 

dfrect object whereas the possessor on -u'un corresponds to 

an agent or transitive subject. 

'ep j-na'el av-u'un. You are very grateful to me. ('ep 

'much,' na' 'know, miss, be grateful to'; literaUy, 

"Uie knowing of me by you is great") 

StUl other complex noun phrases combine interrogative 

words wiUi mechanisms of possession. For example, to ask 

"whose is this?" Tzotzil speakers must form a possessed noun 

phrase whose possessor is Uie interrogative pronoun much'u(y) 

'who?' 

much'uy y-u'un li'e? Whose is Uiis? (Literally, "Uiis is 

the possession of whom?") 

Of a similar sort is the expression 

k'u y-epal? How much? (LiteraUy, "what is its amount"; 

k'u(si) 'what'; 'ep 'many'; the tiling whose quantity 

is questioned appears as the grammatial possessor of 

-epal 'quantity.') 

3.b.4. Numeral Expressions 

When countiuig things, colonial TzotzU, like modem 

Zinacantec TzotzU, uses numeral classifiers to form quantifying expressions. That is, a numeral expression takes the form 

{numeral + classifier} noun 

where the classifier specifies aspects of the shape, position, 

size or form of Uie enumerated entities. 

OccasionaUy a noun can be counted wiUiout a specific 

classifier, using instead a numeral form that incorporates a 

generalized classifier (of the underlying form -Vb on all 

numerals except jun 'one'), or no classifier at all. 

vaxakib k'ak'al. one week, (vaxakib 'eight,' k'ak'al 

'day.') 

chib k-olonton. (I am) doubt(ful). (chib 'two,' -olonton 

'heart'; literaUy, "I have two hearts.") Note Uiat in 

this example, unlike the others, the Numeral expression (chib, 'two,' which includes an unmarked -(V)b 

classifier suffix) acts as a full predicate. 

'ox-vinik k'in. period of sixty days, ('ox 'three,' vinik 

'man, i.e., twenty'; hence, 'three twenties.*) 

Hearts and days apparentiy come in units that need no further 

delimiting. 

On Uie other hand, most nominal expressions requfre an 

explicit numeral classifier, or one of several possible different 

classifiers. For example, in counting cattie, colonial Tzotzil, 

lUce modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, uses the numeral classifier kot 

(which denotes four-legged objects). 

lajun-kot. ten (cattie). (lajun- 'ten.*) 

But, in the expression 

cha'-choj vacas x-chabanan ta jun k'ak'al. (The 

amount of ground that) two yokes of oxen can plow 

in one day. (cha'- 'two,' -choj 'bunch, string, yoke 

(of oxen).') 

the vacas 'oxen' are enumerated in groups, using Uie special 

classifier -choj (for groups of tilings attached, as for example 

bunches of grapes). Clearly the Tzotzil classifier system, tiien 

as now, provided a flexible and creative way to emphasize 

features of the entities being classified, rather than automaticaUy associating a fixed classifier with each sort of denotatum. 
106 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

An expression of the form numeral + nianeral classifier 

shares syntactic properties with both adjectives and noun 

phrases. As I showed in section 2.a.l, such an expression can 

be the predicate of a stative sentence; or it can modify (that is, 

quantify) a substantive in the manner of an adjective or 

attributive noun. Tzotzil also permits possessed forms of 

numeral expressions, which function as ordinal numbers, and 

which requfre a -VI suffix in addition to possessive affixes. 

y-ox-kaj-al na ta chamebal. purgatory. (Literally, "thfrd 

storey of Uie place of death": 'ox- 'Uu-ee,' koj 'level,' 

na house,' cham 'die,' > chamebal 'place of death.') 

In modem Zinacantec Tzotzil one can use the numeral classifier 

koj 'level' to count, among otiier tilings, the floors of a house: 

'ox-koj na 'a house of three stories.' A possessed form of such 

a numeral expression yields an expression that can mean either, 

'its tiifrd level' or 'aU three of its levels.' (Similarly, one can 

say, in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, 'ox-vo' vinik 'three men,' 

and k-ox-va'al-tik (with 1st person plural possessive affixes) 

'the three of us.') 

With temporal expressions, ordinal numerals imply past 

time, 

y-ox-ib-al 'u. Uiree months ago. 

or duration 

y-oxib-al 'u s-pas. It matures in three months, (pas 'do.') 

Here, as with other temporal units, 'u 'monUi* uses the 

generalized form of the numeral 'three,' 'oxib (where the suffix 

-ib is a generalized classifier); this form, in tum, is suffixed 

and possessed to create an ordinal numeral, 

3,b.5. Relative Clauses 

The most complex noun phrases contain a noun and a 

modifying sentence, in the form of a relative clause. Many of 

the friar's glosses in this dictionary are periphrastic attempts 

in Tzotzil to render, with a relative clause, a single Spanish 

word. In his examples, the friar resorts to three distinct types 

of relative clause. The first takes the form 

noun + {(te) + sentence) 

where the Tzotzil conjunction te corresponds to EngUsh 'Uiat,' 

and where the introductory head noun is often Ha' 'that, the 

one that* 

Ha' te mu xa'i k'ope. disobedient person. (Literally, 

"(That is) the one that doesn't understand words.") 

'oy j-k'alal te j-toy j-bae. I have a reason for rebelling. 

(LiteraUy, "tiiere exists my reason tiiat I rebel.") 

s-pasnej te mo ch'uunvan vinike. heaUien custom. 

(Literally, "the practice of a person that does not 

obey.") 

In the last example, the entfre expression is of the form 

pasnej of nphr 

where the head of Uie possessor nphr is vinik 'man,' and the 

relative clause is te mo xch'uunvan "that doesn't obey." This 

is an example of an apparentiy forced franslation that would 

be suspect, if not impossible, in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, 

where one would instead use a relative clause of the thfrd type 

I mention below, with an interrogative word. That is, one could 

say, in modem TzotzU, 

s-kostumbre ti much'u mu xch'unvan. The custom of 

one who doesn't obey. 

The conjunction te does not always appear, just as, in 

English, tiie 'tiiat* of a relative clause can sometmies be 

omitted. 

natU te' pajal ta yol jom. mast. (Literally, "long stick 

stuck in Uie middle of a boat.") 

Natil te' 'long piece of wood,' in this periphrastic expression, 

is foUowed without further preamble, by the clause pajal ta 

yol jom 'planted in Uie middle of the boat' (from Uie verb paj 

'plant'). 

The friar often franslates a single Spanish noun by means 

of a noun phrase that contains a relative clause of Uiis sort. His 

gloss for 'foot soldier or pikeman' is 

ch'ilom x-xanav ta y-ok. (ch'ilom 'soldier,' xanav 

'waUc,' 'ok 'leg,') 

Clearly, the entfre expression means nothing more than "a 

soldier (who) walks on his legs." It sometimes seems that the 

missing conjunction te has only disappeared as a result of the 

compUer's desfre to represent his TzotzU translations as less 

"ad hoc" or better integrated than ordinary TzotzU usage would 

have suggested. 

The second class of relative clauses is introduced by the 

conjunction yo' 'oy (in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil yo'o), 

'where, when, in order that' 

s-tz'omol yo' 'oy xHu' ch'akel. court, (Literally, "seat 

where trial takes place,") 

lum yo' 'oy xlok' talel k'ak'al. East, (Literally, "country 

where Uie sun rises,") 

Some of the friar's entries omit Uie head noun, 

yo' 'oy n-e-ch'i. my homeland, (Literally, "where I grew 

up.") 

The thfrd class of relative clauses, like the second, is related 

to English "wh-clauses," which are based on an interrogative 

word. 

mo 'oyuk bu Hech kolo'. especiaUy bad or evil. 

(Literally, "there is nowhere as evil.") 

mo 'oyuk bu s-nup. (He is) a sovereign lord. (Literally, 

"there is nowhere where he has a match.") 

mo 'oyuk k'usi tzotz x-a'i. (He is) skUlful. (Literally, 

"there is notiiing which he finds difficult.") 

Here the interrogative words bu 'where, when,' k'usi 'what' 

(and the word much'u(y) 'who' also belongs in Uiis group) 

infroduce relative clauses of the form "where S," "which S" 

(or "who(m) S"), where the interrogative word in Uie embedded 

S refers back to Uie head noun of Uie entire expression. 

TzotzU provides a further complex mechanism for relating 

an entire clause to a nominal expression, to form a complex 

noun phrase. The relational particle 'oy (in modem Zinacantec 

Tzotzil 'o) refers back to a previously identified nominal entity, 

marking Uie action of Uie current clause as related or dependent. 
NUMBER 31 107 

in a general way, on Uiat entity. (See section 5.) For example, 

in modem speech, one can say 

ta jsa' tak'in, ta jman 'o 'aim. I am looking for money 

to buy corn with. 

The two parts of Uiis sentence, ta jsa' tak'in *I am looking for 

money,' and ta jman 'hcim 'I wUl buy com,' are interrelated 

by the particle 'o. The particle aUows a constmction somewhat 

lUce an English relative clause: "tiie money with which I'U buy 

com." In the second clause, ta jman 'o 'ixim, tiie 'o marks tiie 

place of tiie otherwise elided instrument, tak'm. The same 

sort of device appears to have occurred in colonial TzotzU, 

although in a somewhat obscure form. 

k'usi achi'U xak'el 'oy? What is your kinship (to him)? 

The first clause, k'usi a-chi'il (chi'il 'companion, 

relative'), appears to mean 'what is your relationship?' 

or 'how is he your relative?' The second clause, 

x-a-k'el (k'el 'look at'), suggests a translation like 

"how do you see him (i.e., relate to him)?" The 

particle 'oy relates tiie two clauses: 'how do you see 

him as your relation?' 

4. The Verb Phrase 

The nucleus of a Tzotzil sentence is the verb. In fact, many 

Tzotzil sentences consist of notiiing more than a verb, which 

contains tense and aspect markers, and which cross-indexes 

subjects and dfrect objects with explicit absolutive and ergative 

affixes, I have afready shown, in section 2,b, how simple 

transitive and intransitive verbs are formed. There are other 

constituent parts of a verb phrase that we have not yet met, 

4,a, PARTS OF THE VERB PHRASE 

4.a.l. Dfrectionals 

OccasionaUy a verb is supplemented by a dfrectional word, 

ordinarily formed from an intransitive verb of motion with Uie 

addition of -el. The dfrectional word suggests that the action 

of the main word involves motion or orientation of the 

indicated sort going, coming, ascending, staying, etc. 

x-k'aman muy-el ta te'. It is coUing up the free, (k'aman 

'coU,' muy 'arise,' te' tree.) 

lum yo' 'oy x-lok' talel k'ak'al. East, (lum 'country,' 

lok' 'exit, come out,' tal 'come,' k'ak'al 'sun*; 

literally, "land where the sun comes out from.") 

The dfrectional batel, from bat 'go,' means not only 'going' 

(i.e., in a dfrection away from the point of speech), but also 

'from now on (extending from the point in time of speech).' 

In modem Zinacantec TzotzU batel also means 'sometimes,' 

naka tza x-xanav bat-el. He waUcs for a long time, 

(xanav 'waUc,') 

Dfrectional words can also be attached to nouns derived from 

verbal stems, 

tz'alal batel. plowed field, (tz'al 'plow, furrow.') 

jakal talel. foreigner, (jak 'be absent, end (in modem 

Zinacantec Tzotzil),' jakal 'distant'; literaUy, "coming 

from afar.") 

The friar gives examples of a double verb constmction in 

colonial Tzotzil Uiat would, in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, be 

managed by directionals. The colonial examples involve Uie 

verb lut' 'jump.' 

e-lut' i-'och ta 'uk'um. He jumped into the sfream. 

(LiteraUy, "he jumped, he entered the stream.") 

e-lut' e-muy ta sba mesa. He jumped onto the table. 

(Literally, "he jumped he cUmbed onto the table top,") 

In modem Zinacantec TzotzU, using the verb p'it 'jump,' one 

would say, instead, 

i-p'it 'ochel ta 'uk'um. 

or 

i-p'it muyel ta sba mexa. 

with normal dfrectionals based on 'och 'enter,' and muy 'rise,' 

4.a.2. Tense and Aspect 

The verbal aspects that TzotzU distinguishes formaUy are 

associated in ordinary speech with different effective tenses. 

Incompletive aspect ordinarily corresponds to present or future 

actions, completive aspect to past, and stative aspect to some 

perfect tense. In modem Zinacantec Tzotzil there are, in 

addition, reasonably strict mles goveming the sequence of 

aspects in related clauses, or thefr concurrence witii negative, 

imperative or causative forms. Unfortunately, the friar's 

transcriptions do not permit careful analysis of the corresponding phenomena in colonial Tzotzil. To be sure one would need 

exact transcriptions of the aspectual prefixes, whereas I have 

the impression that in many examples in the dictionary, die 

friar's attention was concentrated more on his informants' 

words than on thefr consonants. 

For example, in the sentence 

x-i-bat ta 'ak'in. I am going to weed, 

the unmarked or neutral aspect of the verb (marked by the 

prefix X-) would be impossible in modem TzotzU, where one 

would have to use an explicit incompletive form: ch-i-bat or 

ta x-i-bat. 

Because the colonial examples consistentiy omit the ta 

prefix of the incompletive aspect, it is possible Uiat Uie 

unmarked aspect had a wider range of uses in colonial TzotzU 

than in the modem language, (It may also be that x- was, in 

fact, an incompletive aspect marker in colonial times, and that 

the explicit ta prefix in modem Tzoztil is a recent development, 

perhaps from an aspectual particle,) 

j-bik'tajes j-ba x-e-k'opoj. I am speaking modestly, 

(bik'tajes 'make small*; k'opoj 'speak'; literaUy, "I 

make myself small (as) I talk,") 

In the last example, as in many in the dictionary, both verbs 

appear in unmarked neufral aspect, where from Uie gloss, one 

would expect incompletive aspect with ta in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, 
108 SMITHSONL\N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

In Tzotzil tiie cUtic *ox denotes a time other than the moment 

of speech. UsuaUy, in modem Zinacantec TzotzU, Uiis means 

a time in the past. Combined with a stative predicate, 'ox 

suggests a past state that no longer continues. 

'ay-on 'ox ta kol-el, x-e-nipaj. I was recovering and had 

a relapse, ('ay is, according to the friar, "conjugated 

like an adjective," and means 'be, go'; kol 'recover,' 

nipaj 'faU Ul.') 

Here the neufral aspect of Uie verb x-e-nipaj 'I faU sick' would 

be unlUcely in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, where one would 

expect a completive form. 

Completive aspect focuses on the completion of an action, 

and hence ordinarily franslates into English as a past action, 

n-e-'elk'an-at, e-laj s-bel j-na. I was robbed completely, 

('elk'an 'rob,' laj 'fmish,' bel 'contents,' na 'house,') 

The main verb is a passive form of Uie transitive verb 'elk'an. 

The sentence thus means "I had my tilings robbed; the contents 

of my house were completely finished," (One would expect, 

following modem TzotzU, a passive ditransitive form like 

n-e-'elk'an-b-at 'I had something stolen/-o/n me,' with the 

benefactive suffix -b-.) 

The colonial examples use stative verb forms to express a 

continuous state, regardless of whether the state is in the past 

k-atin-ej j-ba ta ch'ich'. I was bloodied, (LiteraUy, "I 

had washed myself in blood.") 

or in a timeless present 

y-elan-ej s-ba s-ti' lok'ebal s-na xchi'uk s-na X. His 

house faces X's. (LiteraUy, "the entrance to his house 

has faced itself witii tiie house of X,") 

Although, in modem dialects of Tzotzil, neutral aspect is 

common in present and future negative sentences, as well as 

in negative imperatives, the friar's examples are again 

somewhat suspect. 

mo j-k'opon j-ba, j-ch'uun mo 'oy-uk x-k-U. I am not 

speaking with him; I act as if I don't even see him. 

In modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, boUi negative verbs in this 

sentence would be, as these are, in unmarked neutral aspect: 

mu j-k'opon j-ba j-chi'uk 'I am not speaking with him'; and 

mu 'oy-uk x-k-U 'I do not even see him.' But the neutral 

aspect on j-ch'uun 'I act as if, I pretend' would be replaced 

by tiie incompletive aspect ta j-ch'uun. 

In fact, the friar explicitiy includes the incompletive aspect 

marker ta in very few expressions. 

mu to ta x'ech'. It is indigestible, ('ech' 'pass*; literally, 

"it does not pass yet.") 

By confrast, in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, it is precisely in 

negative contexts lUce this one that unmarked neutral aspect is 

most likely to appear, indeed, the friar, himself, in an altemate 

gloss for 'indigestible,' gives unmarked aspect: 

mu to x-yal x-ch'ut. (yal 'descend,* ch'ut 'stomach*; 

literally, "its stomach does not yet go down.**) 

Explicit incompletive aspect does appear, in a way tiiat 

exactiy parallels modem syntax, in the following example. The 

friar says "When one sees a bfrd or something, Uie otiier wUl 

say, I am looking, but I don't see it": 

ta j-k'ele-ey, mu x-k'elav. (k'el 'look [transitive],' k'elav 

'see something [intransitive].') 

ta j-k'el-ey, mu s-ta j-sat. (ta 'reach, find,' sat 'eye*; 

literally, "I am looking but it doesn't reach my eyes.") 

Notice that in these examples, too, the negative verb receives 

neufral aspect. 

4,a.3. Subjunctives 

Subjunctive inflection appears, with transitive verbs, as tiie 

absence of explicit aspect markers, sometimes with an 

additional suffix -uk attached to Uie verb. On infransitive verbs, 

subjunctive inflection uses either an additional suffix -ik- or 

-uk, or a portmanteau suffix that combines, in a single form, 

both subjunctive and 2nd person absolutive affixes. 

Table of Subjunctive Forms 

Transitive Intransitive 

j-pas 'I do* 'abtej-k-on 'I work' 

a-pas 'you do' 'abtej-an 

'abtej-k-ot 'you work' 

'abtej-uk 'he/she works' 

'abtej-k-otik 'we work* 

'abtej-an-ik 

'abtej-k-oxuk 'you all work' 

'abtej-uk-(ik) 'they work* 

s-pas 'he/she does* 

j-pas-tik 'we do' 

a-pas-ik 'you all do* 

s-pas-ik 'they do' 

4.a.3(i) AuxiUaries 

Subjunctive forms are requfred with verbs Uiat contain 

auxiliaries. Most auxiliary verbs are themselves derived from 

infransitive verbs of motion. They add a sense of motion (or 

its lack) to the action of the main verb: go (or come, or descend, 

or stay, or begin) in order to do something. However, most of 

the colonial examples have the auxiUary laj, which in modem 

Zinacantec Tzotzil means simply 'finish,* but which here 

seems to imply 'do completely, Uioroughly, or many times,' 

mu x-laj 'och-uk-otik. We can't fit, ('och 'enter'; 

literally, "we do not fmish entering.") 

mu x-laj k-a'i. I did not understand it very well, ('a'i 

'hear, understand.') 

e-laj x-xen. He stabbed him many times. 

In these examples, the fransitive main verb appears with only 

ergative and absolutive affixes, and the aspect marker is 

attached to the auxiliary itself. The form 'och-uk-otik is 

composed of tiie verb stem, plus the subjunctive suffix -uk-, 

plus a 1st person plural absolutive suffix, 

Anotiier common auxUiary verb is tal 'come,' 

Ha' te mo 'oyuk stojol k'op x-tal y-al-bey-one. He does 

not come to me wiUi polite speech, (LiteraUy, "It is 

the case that it is without poUte speech that he comes 

to talk to me.**) 
NUMBER 31 109 

The main verb here is x-tal y-ai-bey-on 'he comes to say it to 

me,' which may be analyzed as follows: 

X- tal y- al -bey -on 

NEUT 'come' 3erg 'say' BENefactive Isg person abs. 

Again, the auxiUary bears die aspect marker, and the main verb 

carries only Uie markers for agent and dfrect object. 

Colonial TzotzU presents other double verb constmctions 

where the ffrst verb receives full inflection, and the second the 

reduced inflection (without expUcit tens^aspect markers) of 

the subjunctive. (See section 5.) 

j-yokin j-ch'ay. I discard it. 

x-a-yokin a-ch'ay. You discard it. 

s-yokin x-ch'ay. He discards it. (yokin 'hurl, scatter, toss 

out,' ch'ay 'lose'; literaUy, "you Uirow it out (in order 

to) lose it.") 

Both stems are transitive, but only Uie ffrst is marked for aspect 

(and given the compiler's penchant for omitting incompletive 

aspect markers, this is only evident in the second person form). 

The friar was aware of this interesting constmction, for he says: 

"AU these verbs are conjugated this way, with Uie fu-st 

(conjugated) by tense and mood [i.e., aspect—^JBH], and Uie 

second only like an adjective regardless of tense [i,e,, wiUi 

only person markers—JBH], 1 say 'the ffrst verb* because in 

each there are two," 

4,a,3(U) Imperatives 

The normal imperative for tal is Uie irregular la' 'come!' 

and this same form appears in imperative sentences in which 

tal is the underlying auxiUary; the colonial examples are first 

person imperatives, "Let's (do such and such)!": 

la' j-lok' j-bat-U(! Come, let's cast lots! 

la' j-mak-tU(! Come (let's) fix iti 

In both imperative and non-imperative contexts, Uie auxUiary 

bat 'go' is sometimes reduced, in boUi modem Zinacantec 

Tzotzil and in colonial Tzotzil, to ba. 

ba k-a'i-tik 'brim! Let's (go) enjoy com (i,e,, drink com 

liquor)! 

Giving orders is a frequent context in which subjunctive 

verb forms must appear. Ordinary second person imperatives 

requfre specialized verbal suffixes: -o for transitive imperatives, and -an (the ordinary portmanteaux suffix for second 

person absolutive subjunctive) for intransitives, 

bet'an-be-o a-k'obi Give him a fig! (bet'an 'press,' k'ob 

'hand'; literaUy, "press your hand to him" (i,e., press 

your thumb between your fingers, in a gesture dfrected 

at him).) 

'abolaj-an k-u'un! Take pity on me! ('abolaj 'be 

merciful, have pity,' -u'un 'on behalf of; Uterally, 

'have pity on my behalf.') 

Plural fransitive imperatives, especially wiUi reflexive verbs, 

often appear to have no expUcit suffixes whatsoever. 

p'ev abaik! Move aside! (p'ev -ba 'step aside.') 

k'up av-ik' yu'un xk'uxul! Hold your breath for the 

pain! (k'up 'cut,' 'Uc' 'breaUi, wind.') 

One imperative form which, in modem Zinacantec TzotzU, 

occurs only rarely and has an archaic flavor, seems to have 

been more productive in colonial Tzotzil. Superficially, the 

constmction combines a verb root with a subjunctive form of 

laj 'fmish,' In modem Zinacantec speech, one of the few 

examples of this form is the especially polite response of 

elderly people to a leave-taking. The person departing bows 

and says ch-i-bat "I am going.** The elder person touches the 

forehead of the interlocutor, saying 

bat-laj-an kik! Go, perhaps! (bat 'go,* kik 'perhaps,*) 

(The ordinary way to say this, a regular imperative of bat, is 

simply bat-an.) If the suffix is, indeed, a form of laj 'finish,' 

it can stiU combine with the fuU verb laj, as 

laj-laj-uk ba'yuk! Let it fmish fu-st! (ba'y[i] 'fu-st') 

Several seemingly related subjunctive forms appear in the 

colonial dictionary, under the entry for mientras 'while.* 

malayvan-an bat-laj-uk-on ta j-na! Wait here while I 

go home! 

(malayvan 'wait,' bat 'go,' na 'house.') 

U'-uk-ot to-e, bat-laj-uk-on ta j-na! (Stay) here, while I 

go home! (Ii' 'here.') 

Here again, as in the modem examples, the verb bat-laj-uk-on 

consists of the main veib root bat 'go,* combined with the 

stem laj, a subjunctive -uk, and an absolutive suffix: in this 

case the fu-st person -on. The translations of these colonial 

examples suggest that the formative laj has aspectual meaning: 

let something fmish first (so that something else may happen). 

One peculiarity of verbs of eating in modem Tzotzil is that, 

although they are transitive, they permit second person 

imperatives with Uie intransitive form -an, both in a general 

meaning ("Eat! Drink!" without specifying what to eat or 

drink), and when an explicit dfrect object is present. One would 

expect instead a transitive imperative form (in -o). For example, 

in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil one says boUi: 

Ve'-an! Eat! Have a meal! 

ve*-an me vaj! Please eat a tortilla! (ve' 'eat (tortillas, 

bread),' me 'poUte desiderative particle,* vaj 'tortilla.') 

In the second case, since there is an explicit dfrect object (vaj), 

and the verb is transitive, one would expect 

*ve'-o vaj! 

Such a form is incorrect in modem speech. Eating verbs in 

colonial Tzotzil seem to behave the same way. For example, 

the root jech' produces both a transitive stem (jech' 'bite') and 

an intransitive stem (jech'olaj 'eat a cold or miserable meal*). 

But both verbs take an imperative in -an. Says the friar: 

He who invites another to eat says out of humility: 

"jech'-an jech'olaj-an!" "Eat a miserable or cold 

meal!" 

Similarly, the dictionary contains the example 

lo'an, x-a-laanej yu'un! Eat it! It will refresh you. (lo' 

'eat (fmits).*) 

In both cases, although no explicit nominal direct object 
110 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

appears, the franslations suggest Uiat Uie verbs are used 

fransitively witii an impUcit (understood) nominal dfrect object. 

In any case, no case of an fransitive imperative suffix -o appears 

witii eating verbs in the colonial material, altiiough aU the stems 

except ve' are exclusively fransitive in other moods. (See 

section 4.a.4.) 

In modem Zinacantec Tzotzil only positive imperatives use 

subjunctive suffixes; negative imperatives instead requfre 

neutral aspect. For example, one says 

mu me x-a-pas! Please don*t do it! (me 'desiderative 

particle*; pas 'do.*) 

However, the friar gives tiie same example with what appears 

to be a subjunctive (Uiough not imperative) form of the 

transitive verb: 

mo me a-pas! Please don*t do it! 

Similarly, where in modem Zinacantec TzotzU one would 

expect neutral aspect x-a-k'opoj, the friar gives a subjunctive 

form in the following negative imperative of an intransitive 

verb: 

mu lomlomtik k'opoj-an! Don*t speak abusively! 

(lomlom 'pitted, sunken,* k'opoj 'speak.') 

The meaning of subjunctive inflection includes desfre, 

intention, and purpose. The suffixes can therefore be attached 

not only to verbs but to oUier constituents to convey the full 

semantic force of an imperative. 

tzotz-uk moch-o! Knot it tightiy! (tzotz 'hard, tight,* 

moch 'tie knot*) 

The adjective tzotz receives subjunctive inflection, in addition 

to the imperative suffix on Uie verb, suggesting a franslation 

like: "knot it, and let it be tight!" 

Similarly, subjunctive inflection can be used to create third 

person, and indfrect imperatives, 

tamtam-uk dios ta av-olonton! Remember God frequentiy! (tam 'arise,* 'olonton 'heart'; literaUy, "Let 

God rise repeatedly in your heart.") 

tzatzub-uk a-k'ulej, muk'ub-uk a-naklej! Stay in town! 

(tzatzub 'be sfrong,* k'ulej 'residence,' muk'ub 

'increase,' naklej 'dweUing'; literaUy, "May your 

residence be sfrong, your dweUing increase!**) 

In the following example, the second verb is marked with 

second person subjunctive inflection, which corresponds to the 

syntactic dfrect object of the verb. The first verb is an explicit 

second person imperative. 

lo'-an li'e. Ha' sikubes-an! Eat this, it wUl refresh you! 

(lo' 'eat (e.g., fmits),' sikubes 'cool (something).*) 

A more literal translation would be: "Eat Uiis; let yourself be 

refreshed (cooled) by it** Compare Uie following altemate 

example, given by Uie friar, with no subjunctive inflection in 

the second clause. 

lo'an li'e, x-a-sikub y-u'un! Eat this, it wUl refresh you! 

(LiteraUy, "., .you wiU be cooled by it*') 

From the adjective sik 'cold,* TzotzU forms an infransitive 

verb sikub 'become cold,* and a transitive verb sik-ub-es 'cool 

(something).* 

Indfrect imperatives can also involve a nommal or adjectival 

constittient, witii subjunctive inflection, in a constmction that 

seems to mean: 'Let it be X that does such and such.' For 

example, the dictionary contains the example 

dios-uk tzatzubes-ot! May God give you good healUi! 

(dios 'God,* tzatzubes 'sfrengtiien*; literally, "May 

God sfrengtiien you." The fact tiiat Uiere is no ergative 

prefix on the verb (one would expect s-) may be 

simply a phonological misfranscription.) 

yan-yan-uk! (Put it) somewhere else! (yan 'other.') 

Subjunctive inflection, smiUarly, may occur on a verb which 

is the dfrect object of a verb of commanding. 

e-k-al-bey te 'utz-uk s-k'ele. I told him to look (and look 

weU). ('al 'say, teU,' 'utz 'weU,' k'el 'look.') 

Thfrd person imperatives (which would, in EngUsh, be 

translated "let so and so happen...") often combine a form of 

the verb 'ak' 'give, let, cause* with a further clause whose 

predicate bears subjunctive inflection. 

'ak'-o 'ech'-uk ya! May the suffering pass! ('ech' 'pass,' 

ya 'adversity, suffering'; literally, "Cause that Uie 

suffering should pass.") 

'ak'-o y-ich' s-tojol av-u'un! Give it temper! ('ich' 

'receive,' tojol 'payment, hardening'; Uterally, 'may 

it receive temper by you.") 

4.a.3(ui) Causatives 

Some causative constmctions in Tzotzil involve verbal 

morphology alone. Generally, when an intransitive verb stem 

denotes some change of state, it is possible to form a causative 

transitive stem by adding -es to Uie intransitive stem. For 

example, from tiie intransitive verb yaij 'be anguished by 

sickness or loss,' (in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil yayij 'be 

wounded or injured'), the causative transitive verb yaijes is 

formed. 

Ho'otik e-j-yaijes-tik k-ajval-tik. It was we who 

tormented our Lord. 

When there is no dfrect causative form of a verb and a 

periphrastic expression is required, however, Tzotzil uses a 

subjunctive constmction to express a causative. Here, two 

clauses are linked; the main clause contains a verb of causing, 

usuaUy 'ak'. The syntactic dfrect object of 'ak' is a second 

clause that denotes the result. 

x-k-ak' 'oy-uk. I let it be. (Literally, "I give that it should 

exist.") 

mu x-ak' k'opoj-uk-on. He won't let me speak. 

(LiteraUy, "he won't allow that I should speak," Note 

the subjunctive affix -uk that follows the verb k'opoj 

'speak,' and precedes the ffrst person absolutive suffix 

-on.) 

mu x-k-ak' pas-uk. I won't let him do it 

In the last example, where the verb of the embedded clause, 

pas 'do,' is fransitive, modem Zinacantec Tzotzil would 

requfre a different subjunctive form, which included at least 
NUMBER 31 111 

an ergative prefix s-, whether or not the subjunctive suffix was 

also present. For example, one says in modem Zinacantec 

Tzotzil 

ch-k-ak' av-il U k'in e. I wUl show you (i.e., let you see) 

the fiesta. ('U 'see,' k'in 'fiesta.') 

There are also productive examples, in modem Tzotzil, in 

which tiie second verb in such a constmction involves a 

fransitive stem m a semi-passive or 'middle voice' use. For 

example, one says 

I-y-ak' 'U-uk U balamUe. He showed the land. 

But such an example means sometiiing sUghtiy different from 

the friar's sentences in that the embedded clause is truly 

agentiess: it means 'I let the land be seen' (for example, when 

there was some possibUity Uiat I might not allow access to it). 

It cannot mean 'I let him see the land,' 

The main verb, the verb of causing, can itself be in 

imperative, in the subjunctive. 

'utz-uk 'ak'-o s-tz'ak s-ba av-u'un! See Uiat they are 

weU joined! ('utz 'weU,' tz'ak ba 'join [reflexive]'; 

literally, "let it be good, you make it join itself, by 

you.") 

4.a,3(iv) Subjunctive and Negative 

In both colonial and modem TzotzU there is a close 

morphological connection between subjunctive and negative 

inflection. Negated predicates bear suffixes which are identical 

to Uiose on subjunctive forms, as in the case of sob in the 

following sentence. 

mo sob-uk x-laj. (It is) long-lasting, (sob 'early,* laj 

'finish'; literaUy, "not early does it come to an end.") 

Sometimes, in tiie friar*s examples, only the presence of 

subjunctive inflection shows the negative sense of an 

expression. 

Ho'-ot-uk, a-tot-uk. neither you nor your father, (Ho'ot 

•you,' tot 'fatiier.') 

4.a.3(v) Conditionals 

The colonial examples suggest a connection between this 

simUarity of subjunctive and negative morphology, and Uie 

frequent use of subjunctive inflection to mark contrary to fact 

conditionals. (Perhaps a Uteral reading for the previous 

example should be: 'as if it were you, as if it were your 

faUier*—implying that it is neitiier.) Clausal complements to 

the verb 'a'k (probably derived from 'a'i 'think' plus -uk), 

which means 'think (mistakenly),* always take subjunctive 

inflection, presumably because the events they describe did 

not actually take place. 

x-k-a'k x-a-Hul-uk voljeye, mu n-a-Hul. I tiiought you 

would come yesterday (but you didn't come), (Hul 

'arrive here,' voljey 'yesterday,') 

x-k-a'k n-a-Hul-uk voljeye. I tiiought (mistakenly) you 

came yesterday. 

(This pafr of sentences is one of the few in which the friar 

records a difference in aspect which is significantiy translated. 

The fu-st sentence has neufral aspect (in modem Zinacantec 

Tzotzil it would be incompletive), for the franslation 'you 

would come,' whereas the second has completive aspect, with 

the franslation 'you had come,*) 

Subjunctive inflection alone seems to imply a hypoUietical 

but unreaUzed (or unrealizable) situation, 

chak-uk Ha'-uk juez. (It is) as if he were a judge (but 

he isn*t), (chak 'as if,* Ha' 'it is tiie case that' juez 

judge,') 

Ordinary positive conditional sentences do not requfre 

subjunctive inflection on Uie if-clause: 

'a ma ti x-a-bat, x-e-bat 'ekuk. If you go, I'll go too. ('a 

ma ti 'if,' 'ek 'also.') 

This example shows the form of ordinary conditional 

sentences, in which the if-clause is bracketed by the 

introductory conjunction and a phrase final suffix -e, before 

the then-clause. The conditional clause may also be in the 

negative indicative, 

'a ma ti te mu x-a-tal-e, x-i-bat. If you don*t come, I 

will go. 

(This example includes an explicit conjunction te 'that* after 

tiie 'a ma ti 'if*) 

However, when speakers speculate about an unreaUzed 

hypothetical condition (a different completive or past outcome, 

for example), subjunctive inflection is requfred, 

'a ma ti te n-a-bat-uk-e, x-i-bat 'ek-uk tok. If you went, 

I would go too. 

Notice that the verb in the conditional clause, n-a-bat-uk 'you 

would have gone,* is in completive aspect, wiUi a second 

person absolutive -a-, and a final subjunctive -uk; whereas, the 

verb in the Uien-clause is simply first person indicative, in 

neutral aspect x-i-bat 'I go,* Sentences where the condition 

is contrafactual always have subjunctive if-clauses, 

maxa 'oy-uk-ot, pisU x-pas-ey te k'in-e. The fiesta wiU 

be celebrated without you. (LiteraUy, "even if you 

should not be there, all the same tiie fiesta wUl be 

held.") 

mu k'usi x-Hu' av-u'un-ik te manchuk-on-e. You can*t 

do anything without me. (Hu' 'able,* te 'if; literaUy, 

"Nothing is possible by you, if it were not for me." 

Manchuk 'were it not,' seems to include a built-in 

subjunctive -uk.) 

Ha'-uk manchuk-ote. If it weren't for you... 

The last phrase implies: 'if it were the case that you did not 

exist... (but you do exist).* In Uie friar*s peculiar terminology, 

subjunctive forms like 'oy-uk-on 'if I were,* 'oy-uk-ot 'if you 

were,* etc., are caUed "imperfect.** 

4.a.3(vi) Approximations 

Finally, subjunctive inflection appears, in both colonial and 

modem Tzotzil, wiUi quantifying expressions, to suggest 
112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'about SO much,* and with interrogative words to form 

indefinite expressions paraUel to Uie EngUsh 'whenever, 

wherever, whoever,...' 

jun 'u-uk n-e-x-ch'ak-bey. He gave me (about) a 

montii's sentence, (jun 'one,' 'u month,' ch'ak 

'divide.*) 

buytik-uk 'ep ta j-mek x-tuun. (It is) handy, (tuun 

'serve,* buy-tik 'where [plural],' 'ep 'a lot,' ta j-mek 

'very'; literaUy, "it is very useful wherever.") 

4.a.4. Voice and Verbal Arguments 

As we have seen, the strict division between transitive and 

intransitive morphology in TzotzU, and the mapping of 

different roots onto transitive and infransitive stems, occasionaUy compUcates the dictionary compiler* s attempts to gloss 

Spanish expressions in a natural way in TzotzU. In particular, 

fransitive verbs in colonial Spanish often appear in the friar's 

Tzotzil glosses as infransitive or 'middle* verbs. Accordingly, 

the expressions requfre some oblique mechanism to represent 

agents, and occasionaUy instmments or even objects. 

Many Tzotzil verbal roots can, in fact, be conjugated as 

either transitive or intransitive stems. The common pattem is 

for a single root to produce both a fransitive stem (that means 

'act on something in some way*), and an intransitive 'middle 

verb* stem (which means 'be acted upon in some way*). This 

is the pattem with a root like mak 'close,* which shows entries 

mak, tv. assault, cover, etc. (In modem Zinacantec TzotzU 

it means 'close.*) 

mak, iv. be constipated, become less ill, stop (bleeding). 

(In modem TzotzU it means 'close, be closed*—a 

prototypical 'middle verb.*) 

The relationship between the two forms is clear in sentences 

like the foUowing. 

ta j-mak Ii nae. I wiU shut the house, (mak is fransitive, 

with a 1st person agent; Uie direct object is na 

'house.') 

ta x-mak Ii nae. The house wiU (be) shut (for example, 

by a gust of wind, or by legal authorities), (mak is 

intransitive, and the subject is na.) 

The dfrect object of Uie transitive verb paraUels the subject of 

the infransitive middle verb. In both cases, what remains 

constant is the logical patient: the entity acted upon. The 

middle verb obviously gives less emphasis to the agent, or to 

the will, intention, or effectiveness of the agent. 

Not all verbs work this way in TzotzU, however, Ffrst there 

is a large class of verbs that display what one might caU a 

higher degree of fransitivity. They produce only transitive 

stems, which can also occur in passive voice (see section 4,a.5,) 

or with reflexive forms. The root maj *hit* is an example; it 

seems to require an agent, and thus does not occur as a middle 

verb, although both reflexives and passive uses are possible, 

maj, tv. shatter with blows, whip, wound. 

maj ba, rv. come to blows. 

majey, tv/pass/. take an airing, be sentenced to corporal 

punishment, etc. 

There are also a few verbal roots that produce both fransitive 

and infransitive stems, which, nonetheless, do not stand in a 

fransitive/middle verb relationship. A good example is ve' 

'eat,* as iUusttated in tiie following modem TzotzU sentences: 

ta j-ve' vaj ta sob. I eat tortiUas in the moming. (vaj 

'tortiUas,' sob 'early'; tiie verb is fransitive, witii 1st 

person ergative inflection.) 

ch-i-ve' ta sob. I eat in the moming. (The verb is 

infransitive, with a 1st person subject) 

Here the argument held constant is the transitive agent (Uie 

eater) and the intransitive subject (also the eater). The 

intransitive verb merely faUs to mention (or generaUzes) the 

dfrect object of the action (in this case, the food). 

Where the lexical resources of Tzotzil do not present an 

appropriate verbal voice to translate a Spanish transitive, or 

where TzotzU usage confounds the friar's desfre for exact 

translation of both content and perspective, what mechanisms 

exist for, say, encoding an agent where an intransitive verb has 

no syntactic slot to accommodate it? We have met two common 

devices afready. An intransitive, middle verb, whose subject 

is a logical patient may be accomparued by an adjunct that 

obliquely records the agent, either as the syntactic possessor 

of the word -u'un 'by means of, on behalf of,' or as part of a 

qualifying prepositional phrase with ta, the all-purpose TzotzU 

preposition that means 'in, on, at, by, for, to,' etc. 

x-*'ap' 'abtel k-u'un. I wiU ease up on the work. (*'ap' 

is apparentiy an intransitive verb meaning 'be 

unoccupied, stop'; 'abtel 'work'; the sentence thus 

means, Uterally, "the work wUl be eased by me.") 

e-tz'ot ta chon. He was poisoned by snakebite. (Tz'ot as 

a transitive stem means 'turn, twist'; here it is a 

middle intransitive verb, presumably 'twist, be 

twisted.* Chon is 'snake.* Hence, literaUy, "he twisted 

(shriveled, contorted?) from a snake.**) 

Indicating an agent obliquely with an -u'un adjunct brings 

additional semantic nuances to Tzotzil expression. In Uie first 

place, -u'un suggests ability or possibility. 

'utz x-a-kol y-u'un. You can be cured (by it), (kol 

'recover, be cured,* 'utz 'good, well.*) 

The friar offers this example as an equivalent to sanable 

'curable.* Whereas the normal TzotzU word for 'recover (from 

an Ulness)* is the infransitive kol, the notion of possibility is 

incorporated by including an agent with -u'un: 'you can 

recover well as a result of it.' 

Secondly, showing an agent with an oblique -u'un clause 

aUows the logical dfrect object to assume a more prominent 

role, as the syntactic subject of the (intransitive) verb. Often 

such a syntactic subject can be moved, from its normal position 

after the verb, to the very front of a sentence. 

s-kotol x-Hu' y-u'un. (He is) all powerful, (kotol 'all,' 

Hu' 'can, be able.') 
NUMBER 31 113 

The sentence means, Uterally, "Everytiiing is possible/or him," 

and the emphasis is on the 'everything,' which occupies Uie 

front position. 

Finally, demoting an agent from transitive subject position 

to an indirect syntactic role may suggest that the action 

described is unintentional or accidental, or Uiat it does not 

have Uie fuU cooperation of tiie logical agent. 

naka 'altik x-ch'ay jun k'ak'al k-u'un. I am spending 

a whole day in vain, ('altik 'uselessly,' ch'ay 'lose, 

be lost,' jun 'one,' k'ak'al 'day': Uterally, "uselessly 

one day is lost by me.**) 

Logical dfrect objects can also be demoted to an oblique 

position in Tzotzil, partly as Uie result of slightiy different 

partitioning of dfrect objects and indfrect objects in the syntax 

of Tzotzil verbs from that of English or Spanish. For example, 

verbs of giving in EngUsh normaUy have Uie object given as 

the dfrect object of a verb, with the person receiving the gift 

acting as an indirect object. The Tzoztil verb -ak' 'give* also 

functions in this way. However, a few colonial verbs seem to 

have behaved in a different way, in particular verbs derived 

from Uie root moton 'gift.' 

j-matanijes Pedro ta capa. I am favoring Pedro with 

my cape. 

Pedro is the syntactic dfrect object of the transitive matanijes, 

and the object given, the capa, appears in a prepositional 

phrase witii ta. From the point of view of EngUsh (or Spanish) 

syntax, tiie foUowing example shows the same sort of peculiar 

oblique dfrect object 

ta j-chanantas ta be. (I) show (someone) the way. 

(chanantas 'teach,' be 'road, paUi.*) 

Presumably the syntactic dfrect object is the person to whom 

I show or teach the way, and the way itself appears only as the 

object of the preposition ta. 

The friar comments explicitiy on this sort of dfrect object 

perspective in the case of 

x-e-ch'uiv ta dios. I pray to God. 

The verb is infransitive, and God is only an obliquely 

represented object The auUior remarks: 'There is no active 

form, as to say 'I pray to God* Uiey have to say 'in God or 

with God.'" 

Reflexive verbs, whose syntactic direct object positions are 

occupied by a reflexive pronominal form, also requfre a ta 

phrase to represent a logical dfrect object 

ta j-pas j-ba ta av-olon. I submit to you. (pas 'do,* -olon 

'undemeaUi'; literaUy, "I make myself into your 

underling.") 

e-sk'ex s-ba ta 'abtel. He won Uie job. (k'ex 'change,' 

'abtel 'work'; literaUy, "he exchanged himself in Uie 

work.") 

As a last example of tiiis change of perspective, consider 

e-j-tij ton ta j-jol. I bumped my head on a rock, (tij 

'bump,' ton 'rock,' jol 'head.') 

The Tzotzil would have it, apparentiy, Uiat "I hit the rock on 

my head." This perspective contrasts with Uiat of 

j-p'osi k-ok ta ton. I wiU trip over a stone, (p'osi seems 

to mean 'cut, slice, chop,' or perhaps 'cross'; 'ok 

'leg.') 

in which ta ton 'on the stone* marks an inanimate agent or 

cause (or perhaps merely a location). 

In fact, if the position of transitive agent is prototypically 

appropriate for animate, conscious, voluntary agents, it is not 

surprising that TzotzU uses obUque ta-phrases to indicate 

inanimate agents or instmments which can ordinarily not be 

considered to act consciously or voluntarily. 

x-e-yakub ta chi'. I am dmnk with wine, (yakub 'be 

dmnk,' chi' 'sweet, i.e., fermented, drink.*) 

e-yanij ta s-ku'. (He is) with disguised clothes, (yanij 

'alter, be different,* k'u' 'clothes.') 

Ta adjuncts have one final major function in these colonial 

examples. When the object of ta is a verbal noun, the phrase 

often denotes an activity. 

ch'aniel-on ta tze'ej. I have stopped laughing, (ch'ani 

'cease, be silent,' tze'- root for 'laugh'; literally, "I 

am being silent from laughing.**) 

The same constmction seems possible with nouns that, though 

not derived from verbal roots, imply a specific sort of activity. 

x-a-s-nak' ta k'op. He is speaking against you. (nak' 

'store, enclose,' k'op 'speech*; Uterally, "he is closing 

you in speech*'—^presumably a reference to formal 

denunciation in court.) 

x-i-bat ta petz'. I am going hunting witii a deadfall, (petz' 

'deadfall.*) 

Complex verbal nouns are possible, which in tum aUow 

logical dfrect objects, deriving from Uie fuU verbal ancestor of 

the head noun. 

j-nop Pedro ta s-tzamesel j-vinik. I suspect Pedro of 

kiUing my man. (nop 'think, suspect* tzames 'kUl,' 

vinik 'man.*) 

taki-bil ta x-ch'ayel 'abtel. (He is) excused from work. 

(taki 'excuse, exempt command,* ch'ay 'lose*; 

literally, "He is commanded in the losing of work.") 

Although the device is somewhat less frequent in colonial 

Tzotzil than in modem dialects, additional oblique verbal 

arguments can often be incorporated into a verb phrase by 

means of the word -chi'uk 'with,' which is inflected like a 

possessed noun. Often when a verb has no remaining place to 

accommodate a direct object constituent, a logical object can 

be represented as the grammatical possessor of -chi'uk. 

j-k'opon j-ba j-chi'uk j-tot. I am consulting (with) my 

fatiier. (k'opon 'speak to,' tot 'father.') 

Here the verb is reflexive and thus the ordinary grammatical 

dfrect object position is occupied by the reflexive pronoun j-ba 

'myself* The sentence thus means, Uterally, "I am speaking 

to myself with my faUier." Logical 'dfrect objects* can also 

occur with nominal or adjectival sentences that have no explicit 

verb at all. 

junjun j-talel j-chi'uk Pedro. Peter and I are of tiie 

same blood, (junjun 'just one,* talel 'Uneage' (from 

tal 'come'); Uterally, "my coming is one wiUi Pedro.") 
114 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

4.a.5. Passive and Anti-passive Constructions 

The form taki-bil 'excused' above illusfrates a set of passive 

forms that we have not yet met. Botii fransitive and difransitive 

verbs, in aU aspects, produce passive forms, in which the 

original fransitive dfrect object becomes an infransitive subject 

(which generates absolutive affixes on the passivized verb), 

and in which tiie agent, if expUcitiy present at all, is represented 

by an oblique constmction with -u'un or ta. 

The passive form of a verb varies with aspect. The simplest 

forms are in the stative aspect, where the stem combines with 

-bil, to produce an adjective or participle-like form that inflects 

with absolutive suffixes. 

'at-bil-on ta a-tojol. I am your partner, ('at 'count,* tojol 

'account, behalf; literally, "I am counted on your 

account.") 

'a'i-bU k-u'un. I am experienced, ('a'i 'understand, feel'; 

literally, "it is understood by me." This is another 

example of the reversed perspective between the 

Tzotzil expression and the friar's gloss.) 

These -bil forms also commonly function in embedded or 

subordinate clauses, where only some of thefr verbal attributes 

remain. 

likes-bU 'ox k'op i-j-ta. I found that Uie dispute had 

afready started, (likes 'start, begin,' 'ox 'already, by 

then,* k'op 'dispute,* ta *fmd, encounter.*) 

Here both verbs in the sentence focus on the same dfrect object 

constituent, k'op 'dispute.* The main verb, i-j-ta tells us that 

'I found the dispute,' which was, according to the passive verb, 

'afready begun.* 

Ditransitive verbs, which incorporate botii a third person 

direct object and an indfrect object, also form a stative passive 

with tiie same suffix -bil. Consider what must happen to the 

various arguments of a ditransitive verb, when it is passivized. 

We may imagine the hypothetical sentence: "I shoed the 

horse.'* In modem Zinacantec Tzotzil tiiis would be something 

lUce 

i-k-ak'-be xonob U ka' e. 

(Literally, "I gave shoes to the horse.*') The agent is 1st person 

(T), the dfrect object is xonob 'shoe,* and Uie indirect object, 

which gives rise to absolutive affixes (zero, in this case), is 

ka' 'horse.* In a passive form, the agent disappears (or only 

appears obliquely), and Uie indfrect object is promoted to the 

position of syntactic subject; the direct object, 'shoes,* remains 

syntactically tied to the verb. 

The horse was given shoes (by me). 

The dictionary contains just such an entry: 

'ak'-bil x-xonob. (It is) shod (e.g., a horse). (Literally, "it 

is given Us shoe.") 

where the understood third person subject of 'ak'-bil 'be given 

something' is some sort of animal. The original Spanish gloss 

is herrada bestia. 

In other aspects, passive stems are formed by adding one of 

several possible passive suffixes to the active stem, which is 

then inflected as an intransitive stem in the same aspect. The 

affixes are -e(y), which mostiy occurs wiUi mono-syllabic verb 

stems, and -at, which occurs wiUi oUier stems, including 

difransitive stems. (Occasionally tiie suffix -ot occurs in Uie 

colonial examples, although its exact status is unclear, as I 

demonstrate below.) 

cha'-jech x-t'ox-ey. (It is) spUt in two. (cha' 'two,' jech 

'half, piece,' t'ox 'spUt*) 

x-a-'at-ey k-u'un. I make you my partner, ('at 'count*; 

literally, "you are counted by/for me.*') 

The -at suffix also occurs from time to time wiUi 

monosyllabic verbs stems. 

i-maj-at ta chauk. (He was) stmck by lightning, (maj 

'hit,' chauk 'lightning.*) 

Ordinarily, however, it appears on longer verbs, especially 

with difransitive stems. 

'oy ta x-ch'aU-al x-muyibtay-at. (It is) perfumed wiUi 

incense, (ch'ail 'smoke,' muyibtay 'flavor'; Uterally, 

"it happens tiiat it is flavored with its smoke 

(presumably, of copal).") 

'oxib 'abU i-ch'ak-be-at. ('oxib 'tiiree,' 'abU 'year,' 

ch'ak 'divide.') 

The Spanish expression for which this Tzotzil constmction is 

offered as a gloss is "for a period of three years," although Uie 

example is clearly a full sentence, with a passive difransitive 

verb, meaning "it has been aUotted three years." 

Completive aspect also occurs in the passive voice. 

n-e-'elk'an-at e-laj s-bel j-na. I was robbed, my 

possessions are gone, ('elk'an 'rob,' laj 'finish,' bel 

'contents,' na 'house'; literally, "I was robbed, Uie 

contents of my house are finished.") 

mo s-tojol-uk n-e-pas-be-at. I was wronged by him. 

(tojol 'on account of,' pas 'do'; the example means 

"I had it done to me not on his account." I think the 

proper gloss should be, "I was wronged, but not by 

him.") 

The status of the suffix -ot is unclear in the colonial 

examples. In some examples it appears to be an altemative to 

-at. 

sob x-na'-ot. It is easUy leamed. (sob 'early, quickly,* 

na' 'know.*) 

However, the friar also gives several examples, with both -at 

and -ot, whose glosses suggest passive constructions but where 

the verbs still seem to bear ergative prefixes. 

k-ak'-ot x-pbc jol Hun. 

x-k-ak'-be-at x-pbc jol Hun. I had a pasteboard cap put 

on me. (ak' 'give,* pix jol 'hat,' Hun 'paper.') 

In modem Tzotzil an ergative prefix is impossible on a passive 

verb, and such a sentence would have to be translated by 

something like 

ta x-i-'ak'-b(e)-at j-pixol. I was given a hat. 

where the 1st person grammatical subject is marked by the 

absolutive prefix -i-. It seems likely that these are not syntactic 

differences between colonial and modem Tzotzil, but rather 
NUMBER 31 115 

systematic errors on the part of the dictionary's compUer. 

A last important passive form, which we have met before, 

results from nominalizing transitive verbs, by attaching Uie 

suffix -el to the verb stem. The deverbal noun thus produced 

denotes an activity, and it can, in tum, be possessed; the 

grammatical possessor corresponds to the logical dfrect object 

of the fuU fransitive verb. 

toj tzotz x-k-a'i x-chan-el 'amayU. It is too difficult for 

me to leam the flute. (Literally, "I find very hard the 

leaming of the flute"; chan 'leam,* 'amayU 'flute.') 

j-kisnan ta j-maj-el-e. I was exhausted by the beating. 

(Literally, "by my beating**; kisnan 'be exhausted 

by,* maj 'beat*) 

This stmcture permits a variety of hidden passive constmctions. One way of understanding the following examples 

would be to start with an underlying clause wiUi a fransitive 

verb and a dfrect object The verb of this underlying clause is 

nominalized, and its underlying logical dfrect object now 

becomes its grammatical possessor. This grammatical possessor in tum becomes the grammatical subject of the outer, 

higher verb: 'it wants splitting (being split)*; 'it allows stealing 

(being stolen).' 

s-k'an jav-el. (It is a) separable (thing), (k'an 'want,' jav 

'split, separate*; literaUy, "it wants spUtting, i.e., to 

be split.") 

s-tak' 'elk'an-el. (It is) easy to steal, (tak' 'possible, 

admit the possibility of,* 'elk'an 'steal'; literaUy, "it 

admits of stealing (being stolen).") 

Compare this last example witii other equivalents offered in 

the dictionary that use a possessed form of 'elk'an-el, 

matanal y-elk'an-el. It is easy to steal, (moton 'gift*; 

literally, "its stealing is a gift,*') 

'utz y-elk'anel. It is easy to steal, ('utz 'good,') 

A verbal noun denotes an activity, and thus can appropriately 

serve as the object of the preposition ta in a qualifying phrase, 

i-sit ta ve'-el. He is stuffed wiUi food, (sit 'swell,* ve' 

'eat'; Uterally, "he sweUed from eating,") 

yakyak-on ta vay-el. I am sleeping, (yak 'current, 

happening now,' vay 'sleep,') 

Verbal nouns are, in a sense, simply syntactically reduced 

full clauses; they can retain not only Uiefr dfrect objects 

(fransformed into grammatical possessors), but also modifying 

temporal or locative phrases, or oblique agents as well, 

mo x-Hu' s-ti'-el bek'et ta viernes. Meat must not be 

eaten on Fridays. (Literally, "the eating of meat on 

Fridays is not permitted.") 

The foUowmg expression is given in the dictionary as an 

equivalent to the word 'martyrdom.' 

tzamesel y-u'un dios i-cham. (cham 'die,' tzam-es 'kill,' 

dios 'God'; literaUy, "killed on behalf of God, he 

died.") 

Transitive sentences have (at least) two arguments: an agent 

(who does something) and a dfrect object (to which he does 

it). In Tzotzil, the agent is cross-referenced by ergative affixes 

on the verb, and Uie dfrect object engenders absolutive affixes. 

Formally intransitive sentences have only a single subject 

which in Tzotzil produces an absolutive affix on the verb. 

Passive sentences are formally intransitive. The subject of a 

passive sentence paraUels the dfrect object of the corresponding 

transitive sentence, whose agent is formaUy demoted and, as 

we have seen, appears only obUquely, if at all. In modem 

Tzotzil, one might say 

l-i-s-maj U Xun e. John hit me. 

in which Uie agent (Xun) acts on me. (Note the 1st person 

absolutive affix -i-, which cross-indexes the dfrect object of the 

(verb maj 'hu.') In Uie corresponding sentence 

l-i-maj-e (y-u'un Xun). I was hit (by John), 

the original direct object has become Uie subject of the formaUy 

intransitive passive verb, still cross-indexed by the absolutive 

-i-. The original agent has been demoted to an oblique adjunct 

to the verb. 

TzotzU also allows anti-passive constmctions: in Uiese 

formaUy intransitive sentences, the intransitive subject corresponds to a transitive agent (and the transitive dfrect object is 

demoted—^in fact, it disappears). In modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, 

anti-passives may be formed wiUi a special, rather rare suffix, 

-on as in the following example. 

muk' much'u x-maj-on. There is no one to do the hitting. 

(LiteraUy, "who hits does not exist") 

There is also an extremely productive derivational suffix, -van, 

which, when attached to a transitive stem, produces an 

anti-passive stem, usually with the restricted meaning "do x 

to people.** 

tol ch-maj-van. He hits (people) too much (i.e., he fights 

a lot), (tol 'high, too much.*) 

Colonial TzotzU makes free use of this second anti-passive 

derivational suffix. The friar gives four Tzotzil sentences under 

the entry 'obey*: two are transitive, and two are Uie 

corresponding anti-passives, with -van. 

j-ch'uun. I obey (him), (ch'uun 'obey'; note Uie 1st 

person ergative prefix j-.) 

x-e-ch'uun-van. I obey (people). (The subject is crossindexed by absolutive -e-.) 

x-k-ak' ta vinik. 1 obey him. (Literally, "I give him as a 

man.") 

x-e-'ak'-van ta vinik. I am obedient (Literally, "I give 

(people in general?) as a man.**) 

Similarly, giving Tzotzil expressions for 'praise,* the friar 

uses a circumlocution based on 'utz 'well* and 'al 'speak.' 

One might imagine a hypothetical fransitive sentence 

'utz ta x-k-al. I praise him. (Literally, "I speak weU of 

him.") 

which in tum produces two dictionary entries, one passive, and 

the oUier anti-passive, 

'utz 'al-bU. He is praised, (Literally, "he is spoken of 

well"; Uie original transitive dfrect object has been 

promoted to tiie intransitive subject of the passive 

verb,) 
116 SMiraSONL^ CONTRlBUTEONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'utz x-e-'al-van. I praise (people), (The original transitive 

agent is retained, now as the intransitive subject of die 

anti-passive; the original specific dfrect object has 

disappeared, and the resulting anti-passive has a more 

general meaning,) 

Finally, note Uiat derived anti-passives with -van need not 

imply an exclusively human generalized dfrect object, although 

it may requfre at least a generalized animate object. The 

dictionary entry for 'slalUon' uses an anti-passive form of the 

transitive verb japi 'grapple, wrestle,' 

ta x-japi-van caballo. The horse grapples (wiUi tilings). 

The friar explains tiiat Uiis means "a horse that takes mares," 

commenting that Uie expression is suggestive and thus should 

be avoided in favor of euphemism, 

4,b, ADomoNAL CONSTITUENTS IN THE VERB PHRASE 

4 ,b, 1, Adverbial Modifiers 

Tzotzil makes extensive use of special adverbial roots, as 

well as ordinary adjectives and fuU clauses, to modify verb 

phrases. The categories are famUar: adverbial modifiers quaUfy 

the manner, time, location, or degree of the action denoted by 

the verb. 

Perhaps the canonical verbal modifier is the word Hech 'like 

tiiat, Uke this, such,* (yech in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil), 

which might be considered a demonstrative adverb or 

adjective; attached to a verb, it means 'do it this way'— 

requiring a gesture, or a pre-understood referent, to make clear 

what way the speaker intends, 

Hech no 'ox j-pas taleltalel. I am just used to doing it 

tills way, (no 'ox 'just,* pas 'do,* talel 'usuaUy* (from 

tal 'come*); Uterally, "just this way I do it again and 

again,") 

Time and degree adverbials are simUar in form, and often 

involve explicit quantification. Occurring in boUi positive and 

negative forms, they also frequentiy include temporal cUtics 

of perspective: tiie forward looking to 'stiU,* and the backward 

looking xa 'afready, more,* 

'ak'-o xa! Put more on! ('ak' 'give,* given here in 

imperative form; Uterally, "give it afready/now!") 

'ach' to e-nupun. He was married recentiy, ('ach' 'new,' 

nupun 'marry'; literally, "he married still newly.") 

x-cha'-kajal n-e-s-maj. He hit me for a second time. 

(cha'- 'two,' koj 'layer, time, blow,' maj 'hit') 

The inflected transitive verb n-e-s-maj 'he hit me* itself 

constitutes a complete sentence, witii no argument slots 

unfiUed. Thus, the numeral expression, 'the second blow,' acts 

as an adverbial adjunct of degree. 

When negated, these adverbial modifiers ordinarily bear the 

negative suffix -uk, much like full predicates. 

mu sob-uk x-laj. (It is) long lasting, (sob 'early,' laj 

'finish'; literally, "it is not early (tiiat) it fmishes.") 

Such adverbial expressions can modify fransitive verbs as weU. 

mo nat-uk x-k-U 'osil. I am not far-sighted, (nat 'long,' 

-il 'see,' 'osil 'country, earth*; Uterally, "it is not far 

tiiat I see tiie earth.") 

FinaUy, tiiey can also modify clauses witii oblique agents, 

'ok'elal n-e-kom y-u'un. He made me stay, ('ok'elal 

'involuntarily' (from 'ok' 'cry'), kom 'remain*; 

Uterally, "I remained involuntarily because of him,") 

*ip x-a-xi' y-u'un. You are (very) frightened by him. ('ip 

'very,* xi' 'be afraid.*) 

Many of the colonial examples with adverbs cluster around 

a few main verbs, which the compiler clearly used to create 

periphrastic TzotzU equivalents for somewhat simpler Spanish 

notions. For example, Uie friar bases expressions having to do 

with speech and public performance on tiie verb k'opoj 

'speak,* and expressions relating to behavior more generally 

on such motion verbs as bat 'go,' and xanav 'travel, walk,' 

'amay'amay x-i-k'opoj. I speak harmoniously, ('amay 

'flute,') 

s-be x-k'opoj. (He) speaks tiie tmth, (be 'path'; literally, 

"its path he speaks,") 

In tiiis last example, the syntactic status of s-be 'it*s path,' is 

problematic, as the main verb is /ntransitive and cannot admit 

a dfrect object. If the sentence is grammatical at aU, s-be must 

be considered some sort of adverbial adjunct. 

Somewhat more interesting, syntactically, are sentences of 

this type in which the adverbial modifiers are themselves full 

clauses, 

mo 'oy-uk s-be x-bat. It is wasted, (Literally, "it has no 

path (as, in the way that) it goes.") 

The entfre clause mo 'oyuk she 'it has no path,' appears to 

modify the main verb. 

j-bik'tajes j-ba x-e-k'opoj. I am speaking modestiy. 

(bik'itajes 'make small*; Uterally, "I make myseU 

smaU (as) I taUc.") 

e-kom j-lumal x-e-xanav. (I) go on a pilgrimage, (kom 

'remain,' lumal 'homeland*; Uterally, "my homeland 

stays behind (as) I travel.*') 

In tiie previous example, notice that the possessor of lumal 

'homeland' must coincide witii the subject of xanav 'joumey.' 

As a final example of clausal adverbs, consider the foUowing 

roundabout entry for 'be sleepless.' 

'oy to 'ak'abal x-e-julay. I am sleepless, wake early. 

('ak'abal 'night,* julay 'wake*; literaUy, "there is stUl 

night (when) I awake.") 

4.b.2. Further Adjuncts to tiie Verb 

We have afready met obUquely represented agents and 

instmments tiiat are part of Tzotzil verb phrases but which do 

not receive explicit morphological cross-referencing on Uie 

verb itself These adjuncts usually occur in prepositional 

phrases with ta or in constmctions with -u'un or -chi'uk, as 

we saw in section 4.a.4. There is a further class of syntactically 

isolated adjuncts that seem to float unconnected in a verb 

phrase. I wUl mention only a few examples: those associated 

witii two verbs, -a'i 'feel, think, understand,' and 'ayan 'be 
NUMBER 31 117 

bom, come into existence, be,' and those examples involvuig 

the so-caUed affective verbs. 

FormaUy, -a'i is a fransitive verb: its agent perceives, hears 

or feels something, and its direct object is the tiling perceived. 

x-k-a'i k'op. I am obedient. (Literally, "I heard words.") 

-A'i can take an entfre clause as its dfrect object, as we shall 

see in section 5. However, -a'i commonly takes an additional 

adjunctive argument, often an adjective, which can be 

understood as modifying the grammatical direct object of the 

verb (although it does itself not inflect). Such a sentence, of 

the form 

Adjective -a'i dfrect object agent 

means "[Agent] finds [direct object] to be [adjective]." Thus, 

the dictionary includes Uie example 

mu x-k-a'i. It tastes good, (mu 'tasty.') 

There is no explicit dfrect object of the verb -a'i, but we know 

it must be some thfrd person entity; Uie sentence means, 

literally, "I feel (it) (something unnamed but understood) to 

be tasty." The same constmction, but this time with an explicit 

dfrect object—^k-abtel 'my work, my job*—appears in the 

following sentence, 

k'ux x-k-a'i k-abtel. I value my work, (k'ux 'painful* 

and hence 'serious, valuable,*) 

The adjunct need not be only an adjective. In the following 

example, appearing under the entry for 'hold in low esteem,* 

it appears that tiie syntactic dfrect object of -a'i must be the 

thing or person held in low esteem; the adjunct is the noun 

phrase bik'it ch'amal, literaUy, 'smaU child,* i,e,, 'inconsequential, trifling,* 

bik'it ch'amal x-k-a'i. I hold (it) in low esteem. 

There are also more complex examples in which the 

syntactic dfrect object of -a'i is a full clause. We have met the 

following sentence several times before: 

toj tzotz x-k-a'i x-chanel 'amayil. I can*t leam to play 

the flute, (tzotz 'dUficult' chan 'leam,* 'amay 

'flute*; Uterally, "I fmd tiie leaming of tiie flute (to 

be) very hard,** 

The grammatical dfrect object of tiie verb seems to be the 

whole clause predicating toj tzotz 'very difficult* of tiie verbal 

noun phrase x-chan-el 'amayil 'tiie leaming of the flute,' The 

subject of -a'i is 1st person (marked by the ergative -k- on the 

verb), 

A second verb Uiat routinely accepts adjunct constituents 

outside the range of the normal syntactic slots is the intransitive 

'ayan, literally 'be bom,* but more generally, a verbal form 

of the stative predicate 'oy 'exist, be,* In some modem dialects 

of Tzotzil, 'oy accompanies many nominal and adjectival 

predicates (in a way reminiscent of tiie friar's comments about 

'oy as a near equivalent to Uie verb 'to be'). For example, in 

modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, one can say botii 

lek-on. I am well, (lek 'good,') 

and 

lek 'oy-on. I am well. 

If we consider 'ayan to be an infransitive verbal derivative of 

this same word, it can be understood to mean 'come into 

existence,' or 'become.' It thus accepts a subject and, in tiie 

second meaning at least, a ftuther (adjunctive) constituent 

which teUs us what sort of thing the subject has become. 

lukluk e-'ayan. He became one-eyed, (lukluk 'crooked 

one-eyed.') 

When an agent is incorporated with an -u'un constmction, 

the resulting translation has a fransitive flavor. The foUowing 

example is offered under the entry "make long or taU things 

equal": 

ko'ol x-'ayan k-u'un. I make it the same size, (ko'ol 

'equal'; literally, "it becomes equal because of me.") 

The adjunct can also be a noun phrase, and, in fact can be 

in the negative, 

mo melel-uk x-'ayan. (He is) perverse. Or: he does 

something perversely, (melel 'right straight') 

The last sort of additional constituent in a verb phrase I wUl 

mention is an "affective verb**: a member of a subclass of verbs 

that, in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, are "used characteristicaUy 

in narrative description with a certain gusto, a desfre to convey 

a vivid impression. They have dash..." (LaughUn, 1975:26). 

Affective verb stems are derived from other roots by means 

of a small set of endings, and they display Umited inflectional 

possibUities. Moreover, in the colonial examples, affective 

verbs only rarely occur as the main verb of a sentence. 

x-k'opk'on k-olonton. (I am) anxious, (k'op 'speech,' 

-k'opk'on 'persist unreasonably,' -olonton 'heart*; 

literally, "my heart keeps talking.*' The friar's gloss 

is afiigirse interiormente.) 

Instead, affective verbs combine with other fuU verbs to 

amplify the meaning of a predication. The dictionary's 

compUer seems somewhat undecided about wheUier both 

verbs, or only the main verb, in such combinations, wUl bear 

full absolutive inflection. (All affective verbs are, syntactically, 

intransitive.) In the following two examples, the main verb and 

tiie affective adjunct carry first person absolutive inflection. 

x-e-joyet x-e-xanav. I revolve, (joy 'tum around'; 

literally, "I waUc tuming around.") 

x-e-bichbonet x-e-tak'av. I reply shamelessly (or repeatedly), (tak'av 'reply'; bich in Zinacantec TzotzU 

suggests 'sticking out, bubbUng, pulsing, spurting* 

or perhaps 'twisting.') 

However, the dictionary also contains perhaps ungrammatical examples in which only the main verb has fuU nominal 

inflection. 

x-laet x-e-xanav. I am at peace, (laet 'at peace'; literally, 

"I waUc about being at peace.**) 

Perhaps in Uie last example Uie entry should read x-laet 'osU 

x-e-xanav "I waUc about with Uie world at peace,** paralleling 

the foUowing complex sentence: 

x-laet 'osU x-k-a'i x-i-cham. I wiU die in peace, (-a'i 

'feel,' cham 'die*; literaUy, "I wUl die feeling Uiat Uie 

world is at peace.**) 

It is to such complex sentences that I tum in the final section. 
118 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

5. Complex Sentences 

I wUl end tiiis sketch of colonial Tzotzil grammar witii a few 

brief notes on the syntax of constmctions that incorporate 

multiple clauses into single sentences or discourse units. 

5.a. DOUBLE VERB CONSTRUCTIONS 

We saw in section 3.b.l the form of noun compounds of 

different types. TzotzU verbs also combine to form units that 

are syntactically coherent. The important variables in this 

cohesion are the obUgatory categories of verbal inflection— 

aspect, subject and object affixes—and how they are distributed between the constituent verbs. 

The loosest conjunct merely concatenates two syntactically 

simUar verbs, boUi of which are fully inflected but which 

exactiy share a subject, or an agent and a dfrect object. 

j-japi j-ch'ay. (I) grapple (witii it), (japi 'grapple with, 

hold, seize,* ch'ay 'lose, throw away.*) 

j-jip j-ch'ay. (I) discard (it), (jip 'Uirow*; literally, "I 

throw it I lose it.*') 

In botii tiiese examples, the two verbs share the same agent 

(1st person, in both cases), and the unnamed dfrect object of 

both verbs may be presumed to be the same entity. 

In the foUowing example, the first verb is reflexive, and the 

second intransitive, with identical subject. 

j-kak j-ba x-e-'och. (I) slip in through a narrow place. 

(kak ba 'become thin, contract,' 'och 'enter.*) 

It is not clear, given the friar*s inconsistent orthography, 

whether fransitive double verbs, lUce those shown above, do, 

in fact, exactiy share inflection. Another possibUity, more 

consistent with modem syntax, is that the second member of 

such a pafr receives no explicit aspect marker, inflecting instead 

lUce a subjunctive complement. The colonial dictionary has 

such examples, which we have afready met in section 4.a.3, 

where the friar explicitiy comments that the second verb in the 

pafr does not bear aspectual inflection. 

x-a-yokin a-ch'ay. You discard it. (yokin 'hurl, scatter, 

toss out* Notice that the second verb has no aspect 

prefix, whereas the fu-st has Uie neufral aspect marker 

X-.) 

Here one might interpret the relationship between tiie fu-st verb 

and the second as one of purpose, or cause and result: "you 

hurl it (in order to) lose it." 

Some of tiie dictionary entries that appear to consist of 

double verbs probably have a stmcture that more closely 

resembles the adjunct constmctions we met in the previous 

section. The second element is the main verb, and the first 

element is part of a clause that modifies tiie action denoted by 

the second. For example, the dictionary contains the entry 

ch'an-chi xanav, vphr: iv(aj & ivcpd) iv. be at peace. 

The second verb is our old friend xanav 'walk, fravel' Ch'an 

is an adjective meaning 'calm, still, silent,' and chi is the verb 

for 'speak, say' or (in tiiis case) 'act.* The friar gives a fully 

inflected example: 

ch'an x-chi x-e-xanav. (I am) at peace. 

It seems likely that the correct form should either be 

ch'an x-e-chi x-e-xanav. (Literally, "I am sUent (as) I 

waUc about," i.e., "I go about (while) I am at peace.") 

where both verbs have 1st person absolutive subjects, or 

ch'an-xi x-e-xanav. ("I go about (being) quiet.") 

where ch'an-xi is, effectively, an adverbial modifier. In either 

case, tiie effect of tiie fu-st verb is that of a modifying sentence: 

"Uie way I go about is at peace." 

Other examples of this sort involve body part expressions 

that suggest the manner or form of an action. 

j-*keman j-sat j-k'el. (I) look angrUy (at it). (*keman 

sat 'frown,' sat 'eye, face,' k'el 'look at'; literaUy, "I 

frown (as) I look at it") 

A thfrd type of double verb, which remains important in 

modem Tzotzil dialects, combines an infransitive verb wiUi the 

transitive -a'i 'Uiink, feel, hear.' The Unkage of arguments is 

complex: the syntactic subject of tiie intransitive verb must be 

assumed to be identical to the direct object of -a'i, which in 

tum also has an agent, 

e-ch'ay x-k-a'i. I forgot (it), (ch'ay 'lose'; literally, "it 

got lost (as) I perceive it") 

e-nop x-k-a'i. It was agreeable to me, (In modem 

Zinacantec Tzotzil this would mean, "I got used to 

it" Nop 'fit in, be in harmony'; thus, literally, "I feel 

it to fit m,") 

These syntactically complex idioms survive unchanged in 

modem Tzotzil dialects, 

5,b, SENTENTIAL COMPLEMENTS 

In Tzotzil, as in most languages, some verbs accept entire 

clauses as direct objects. Such verbs fall into clear-cut 

categories: (a) verbs of perception, feeling, or thought ('a'i 

'hear, feel, think,* 'U 'see,* na' 'know,* ta 'find, discover'); 

(b) verbs of ordering, causing, or permitting ('ak' 'cause, 

make, give,' taki 'permit'); (c) verbs of saying ('al 'say,* 'ut 

'tell*); and (d) verbs of wanting (k'an 'want need*). Not aU 

of the sentential complements take the same form, however; 

some requfre subjunctive inflection, while others must be 

introduced with conjunctions. Here are some representative 

examples. 

Sentential complements to the ubiquitous 'a'i 'think, hear,' 

are fuUy inflected clauses. They both precede and foUow Uie 

main verb. 

chak e-k-ak'-bey Pedro x-k-a'i. I thought I gave it to 

Pedro, (chak 'as if,* 'ak' 'give.*) 

mu e-k-a'i-tik e-tal. He came suddenly, (tal 'come'; 

literally, "we didn*t hear (perceive) that he came.") 

mu x-k-a'i x-lok' j-k'op. I spoke inadvertently, (lok' 

'exit, leave,* k'op 'word'; literally, "I didn*t perceive 

that my words came out*') 

Notice tiiat Uie inu-ansitive form of x-lok' j-k'op emphasizes 
NUMBER 31 119 

the fact tfiat the speech was inadvertent and unintentional: there 

is no agent, no transitive subject 

U' x-tal x-k-a'i. It seems he is coming tiiis way. (Ii' 'here,* 

tal 'come'; literaUy, "I perceive (Uiat) he comes 

here.") 

The verb 'il 'see' accepts simUar sentential complements. 

x-lok' j-ch'ich'el x-k-il. (I) have a menstmal period, (lok' 

'exit, leave,' ch'ich'el 'blood'; UteraUy, "I see (Uiat) 

my blood comes out.") 

Temporal particles in the dfrect object clauses may have 

interesting effects on tiie overaU force of Uie sentence. One of 

tiie most curious particles is 'ox, glossed as a particle 

expressing 'completed time,' by tiie friar; however, as I have 

mentioned before, in modem Zinacantec Tzotzil, 'ox suggests 

not simply completed time but action undertaken or completed 

in some time other than that mentioned or described by the 

main verb. 

kuxolaj 'ox e-k-il. 1 saw him after he had come back to 

life, (kuxolaj 'revive'; literaUy, "I saw he had afready 

(by then) revived,") 

e-Hul 'ox i-k-a'i. He had come before I realized U, (Hul 

'arrive'; Uterally, "I perceived tiiat he had afready 

arrived,") 

Otiier verbs in this class distinguish between two types of 

complements—those that denote facts and those that denote 

events that remain in doubt The ffrst type of complement is 

introduced with the conjunction te 'that' and Uie second type 

with the conjunction me 'whether, if,' which is also an 

interrogative clitic. 

Ha' j-na' 'oy te 'ok'ob-uk cham-an-e. I assume you 

will die tomorrow, (na' 'know,' 'ok'ob 'tomorrow,' 

cham 'die,*) 

Here tiie complement is inflected in tiie subjunctive. Literally, 

the sentence means "I know (from that, i,e,, from some 

independent evidence, signaled by the relational particle 'oy) 

that you wUl probably die tomorrow," By contrast, infroducing 

the complement with the interrogative particle me represents 

an as yet unestablished or uncertain situation: 

x-k-il me 'oy j-ch'ulel. I'U see if I have luck, (il 'see,' 

'oy 'exist,' ch'ulel 'luck.*) 

Witii verbs of speaking, 'al 'say, teU, order' requfres a 

complement with te, whereas 'ut 'tell* requfres no conjunction, 

expressing instead a dfrect quote, 

e-k-al-bey te 'utz-uk s-k'el-e. I told him to look, ('utz 

'good,' k'el 'look'; Uterally, "I said to hun that he 

look weU,") 

mu x-Hu* k-u'un x-k-ut I say tiiat I can't (Hu' 'be 

possible.') 

5.C. CONJUNCTIONS AND COORDINATION 

A major difference between the colonial TzotzU of this 

dictionary and modem Tzotzil dialects is tiie total absence, in 

the colonial material, of borrowed Spanish conjunctions. By 

contrast, conjunctions lUce pero, que, and y are frequent 

loanwords from Spanish in modem Tzotzil; and tiie list 

continues to expand. Before Spanish conjunctions were 

available (and there is no reason to suppose tiiat the author of 

tills dictionary pmned such foreign items from his entries), 

Tzotzil speakers must have had recourse to different devices 

for indicating tiie logical relations between conjoined clauses. 

We have afready met tiie conditional conjunctions te and a 

ma ti, which infroduce if-clauses. 

'a ma ti te mu x-a-tal-e, x-i-bat. If you don't come, I 

will go. 

The clitic -e(y) attaches to Uie last part of Uie conditional clause, 

and, judging by modem Tzotzil, u coincides wiUi a pause or a 

rising inflection tiiat separates the condition from the 

consequence. Apparentiy te by itself can suggest a fact: a 

condition more or less certain to obtain (much Uke modem 

Zinacantec ti). 

tey x-vinaj j-ve'el te ta x-chonel cabaUo-e. WiUi the sale 

of horses I wUl see my way to a meal, (vinaj 'appear,' 

ve'el 'meal,' chon 'seU,' caballo 'horse*; literaUy, 

"My meal wiU appear then when (or: if it happens 

tiiat) there is a sale of horses.") 

Notice again that the conditional clause is bracketed by the 

conjunction te at the beginning and the phrase fmal enclitic -e 

at the end. 

A simUar use of te occurs in 

k'usi s-k'alal x-a'i te x-ut-e? What does he think his 

reason is for scolding? (k'usi 'what' k'alal 'reason,' 

'a'i 'Uiink,' 'ut 'say, scold*; literaUy, "he thinks Uiat 

the reason that he scolds is what?") 

The particle 'oy relates two clauses, or a clause and an 

independent noun phrase, by showing a causal or instmmental 

link between one entity or action and another. 

K'usi j-mak-tU( 'oy? What can we repafr it with? (k'usi 

'what,' mak 'close, repafr.') 

Mak is a transitive verb, and so Uie 1st person plural form 

shown means 'we repair (it).' No further argument positions 

are avaUable on the verb, and the instmment about which we 

are asking can only be shown wiUi the relational 'oy, referring 

back to Uie interrogative k'usi 'what' The sentence Uius 

means: "we repafr it by means c/what?" However, rather than 

simply indicating an instmment, 'oy can have a more general 

meaning. 

x-tuun 'oy e-Hul. He arrived at a good time, (tuun 

'serve,' Hul 'arrive'; Uterally, "it serves that he 

arrived/or that reason.") 

The unspecified reason shown in the literal gloss suggests that 

'oy refers back to some previously mentioned cfrcumstance 

that makes his arrival particularly opportune. Here is a final 

example: 

k'usi a-chi'U x-a-k'el 'oy? What is your kinship (to him)? 

(k'usi 'what,' chi'U 'kinship, relative,' k'el 'see, 

look'; Uterally, "what is your relationship through 

which you see him?") 
120 SMITHSONLVN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Causal Unks are also shown explicitiy with y-u'un 'because 

of it,' attached to tiie causal clause. 

lo'-an Ii', x-a-sikub yu'un! Eat this, U wUl refresh you! 

(LiteraUy, "Eat Uiis, you will be cooled because of 

iti") 

mu x-i-vay y-u'un y-ipal k'uxul k'op. I cannot sleep I 

am so fatigued from the torture. 

In both these examples, the constituent infroduced by y-u'un 

might be analyzed as a simple noun phrase oblique agent. In 

modem Tzotzil, however, the pattem has been more clearly 

generalized so that y-u'un is nearly equivalent to, and 

sometimes occurs together with, the Spanish loan porke. 

By contrast, two clauses are sometimes chained together 

with no subordinating conjunctions or particles, where each 

clause could stand as an independent sentence. The logical 

relationship between the clauses follows from certain intemal 

semantic clues, with several recurrent pattems. 

First, two clauses may represent altemative and parallel 

expressions of the same proposition. Colonial Tzotzil, Uke 

most Mayan languages, makes extensive use of couplets— 

parallel constmctions that differ often in only a single word—in 

formal speech, which may include not only prayer and 

exhortation, but also scolding and formal denunciation. 

Mu 'oy-uk s-tot, mu 'oy-uk s-me'. 

The friar offers this expression as a gloss for 'orphan'; it uses 

a parallel conjunction of two sentences, meaning "he has no 

father, he has no mother.'' 

me a-bet'oj-on, me av-olon-on? Am I your subject, your 

underling? (LiteraUy, "have you dominated me? am I 

undemeatii you?**) 

In the last example, Uie two clauses are not exactiy 

syntactically parallel (because the first clause has a stative verb, 

whereas tiie second has a possessed noun as predicate), but the 

outward form preserves a close simUarity. Both conjuncts are 

interrogatives. In the following examples, both of which 

suggest the formal exhortatory style of a curer, the two clauses 

are imperatives: 

tzatzub-uk a-k'ulej, muk'ub-uk a-naklej! Stay in town! 

(tzatzub 'become sfrong,' k'ulej 'home, place of 

wealth,' muk'ub 'increase, enlarge,' naklej 'residence'; Uterally, "may your home be sfronger, may 

your residence be larger!**) 

Says Uie friar: "To console a person in suffering they say: 

'ak'-o 'ech'-uk ya, 'ak'-o 'ech'-uk kisin! May tiie suffering 

pass, may the adversity pass!** ('ech' 'pass,* ya 'anguish, 

suffering,' kisin 'adversity, devU, exhaustion.') 

Parallel couplets are also appropriate for scolding. 

Ho'ot a-jut, Ho'ot a-likes! You started it! (Ho'ot 'you,' 

jut 'begin (something new),' likes 'begin,' from Hk 

'arise.*) 

Non-parallel conjuncts seem to display three logical pattems, 

which we could represent diagrammatically as foUows: 

[S, S]. The two clauses complement each other, with the 

second ampUfying, clarifying or simply restating the 

fu-st Often tiie fu-st conjunct is negative, and tiie 

second a positive reformulation. 

[S, but S]. Two two clauses present a contrast, where tiie 

expectation or premise of tiie fu-st is confradicted or 

otherwise altered by the cfrcum stances of the second. 

One frequent device, in the TzotzU examples, is for 

the second clause to begin with an expUcit negative 

particle that, as it were, abmptiy changes the dfrection 

of tiie sentence. 

[S, because S]. Often the second clause begins with Ha', 

producing an emphatic effect something lUce the 

English constmction "p,/<?r q." 

Here are a few examples of each type, starting with the [S,S] 

variety, 

mo j-lekoj-uk j-k'ulej, 'oy k-ajval. I Uve in my master's 

house, (LiteraUy, "My house is not separate, I have a 

master,**) 

mu s-ta, toj juteb x-k-a'i. I do not think U is enough. 

(LiteraUy, "it doesn*t reach, I tiiink it is too littie.") 

mu sob-uk n-a-Hul, n-a-Halej. You did not arrive early 

but delayed. (LiteraUy, "not early you arrived, you 

delayed.'*) 

In the last example, the two clauses do not contrast, despite Uie 

'but* in Uie EngUsh translation. 

The confrasting conjuncts, where the second clause typically 

contains a negative, include the following examples: 

e-j-k'an-e, mo x-Hu' ku'un. I wanted to, but I could not 

do it (k'an 'want,* Hu' 'be able*; literaUy, "I wanted 

it, but it was not possible for me.**) 

'ep s-k'op-e, mo s-ta ta sk'op. He makes many promises 

but doesn't carry them out ('ep 'many,* k'op 'word,* 

ta 'reach, find*; literaUy, "he has many words, he 

doesn*t reach to his word.*') 

x-k-a'k x-a-Hul-uk voljey-e, mu n-a-Hul. I thought you 

would come yesterday. (Literally, "I tiiought (mistakenly) you would arrive yesterday, you didn't arrive.") 

And consider the foUowing complex ecclesiastical example: 

'ep ta j-mek x-e-s-jotz'-k'optay-otik-e, mu x-e-s-jotz'iotik. (The devil) tempts us many times, but does not 

conquer us. (jotz'i 'conquer,' jotz'-k'optay 'tempt') 

In all of these examples, the second clause begins wiUi Uie 

negative mu; moreover, the initial clause is itself bracketed 

with the clause final -e, which suggests, in the context of 

discourse, that there is more to come: that the utterance is not 

yet complete. 

The contrast between clauses that would produce a 'but' in 

the franslation can be set up in other ways. The presence of Uie 

particle 'ox 'at another time,' in the ffrst clause, or a narrowing 

of focus in the second, accomplish the same effect in Uie 

following examples. 

'ay-on 'ox ta 'utz'utz, ta x-e-cham x-cha'-mekel. I had 

a relapse, ('ay 'be, have been,' 'utz 'good,' cham 

'die,' cha' 'two,' mek 'time'; Uterally, "I was 

formeriy somewhat good, I got sick a second time.") 
NUMBER 31 121 

jol x-k-il s-kotol-e, yan-ot a-tuk-e. I love everyone, but 

you especially, (jol 'beloved', U 'see,' kotol 'all,* yan 

'different, other,' tuk 'alone'; literaUy, "I see everyone as beloved, you yourself are different**) 

The thfrd common pattem infroduces a second reason clause 

with the emphatic Ha' 'it is the case.' 

i-j-tak'-bey, Ha' s-koj n-e-s-tzatzal-k'an-bey. I agreed 

for he insisted, (tak' 'answer,' koj 'fault of,' tzotz 

'sfrong,' k'an 'want'; Uterally, "I answered him, U 

was the case Uiat it was the fauU of tiie fact that he 

strongly asked me.") 

sob e-j-pas-tik s-na dios, Ha' y-ak' te sababU-otik 

y-u'un padre. We built the church quickly, because 

the priest made us hurry, (sob 'quick,* pas 'make,' 

na 'house,' dios 'God,' 'ak' 'cause,' sababil 'hurried,' padre 'priest*; literaUy, "We quickly made Uie 

house of God; it h^pened that we were made to hurry 

by the priest.") 

The stmcture of discourse in modem Tzotzil grammar is 

itself not well described, and Uie decontextualized materials 

of a colonial dictionary aUow one to draw only the most 

schematic conclusions. NoneUieless, Uie complex sentences in 

the dictionary do permit insights into some interesting 

developments in TzotzU discourse over four centuries. Perhaps 

the scraps of colonial syntax embedded in this dictionary wiU 

feed future study of the continuing evolution of batz'i k'op, 

'tiie tme word.' 
Explanatory Notes 

A Word of Warning 

The proud titie of tiiis dictionary may have seduced those 

who, choosing to skip over "A Web of Mysteries," have landed 

here, confident tiiat tiiey are gazing upon a monument of 

colonial Tzotzil. Not so! By pUfering and reassembUng Uie 

colonial debris, we have aspfred to buUd on this site a much 

sturdier, far more elegant edifice. 

The Design 

TZOTZIL-ENGUSH 

For the Tzotzil-English section, I extracted all TzotzU words 

from tiie "original," and organized them alphabetically, first 

by root and tiien by stem. Stems are listed in Uie following 

order: 

1. (a) stems with the same phonemic sequence as the root 

(b) such stems wiUi derivational prefixes 

(c) such stems embedded in phrases 

2. (a) stems not having Uie same phonemic sequence as the 

root 

(b) such stems wiUi derivational prefixes 

(c) such stems embedded in phrases 

For example: 

pak'—plaster 

pak'ak'tik—wall witii many turrets 

jpak'tayej—cheat, falsifier, pretender 

ta pak' -k' op—lying 

pok'—cloth 

[2(b) does not occur in this root no root has the fuU series.] 

bik' tal pok'—small clotii 

Note: phrases and compounds are listed alphabetically under 

the stems where tiiey appear. 

To make tiie vocabulary more accessible to native speakers 

I have chosen an orthography that closely approximates that 

used in contemporary bUingual publications, but to aid the 

scholar I have retained initial glottal stops. Roots and/or stems 

whose spelUng is particularly dubious are marked with an 

asterisk (*). 

Each entry is given a grammatical analysis whose format is 

adapted from that found in The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San 

Lorenzo Zinacantdn. Our classification of the nouns should 

not be considered "the tmth," but simply a reflection of what 

the friar eUcited. Although the format is not entirely 

satisfactory, it does permu rapid grammatic comparison 

between colonial and modem Tzotzil. 

I derived the English translation from the Spanish entries 

under which each TzotzU term occurs in tiie "original,** ratiier 

than dfrectiy from tiie Tzotzil itself. I tried to remain tme to 

the friar's perception of tiie language. Colonial SpanishEnglish dictionaries aided in the interpretation of archaic terms. 

The EngUsh definition is sometunes followed by Uie friar's 

commentary, which is marked with an asterisk. Then I may 

offer my own commentary, indicated by "RML—." Here can 

be found arguments for tiie particular speUing chosen, literal 

franslations of Tzotzil expressions, and criticism of tiie friar's 

interpretation. 

Finally, I have indicated for every TzotzU entry its location 

in the priest's Spanish-TzotzU reconstmction so that my 

version may be checked readily against "the original." This 

feature is a necessary aid, because I altered, or corrected to 

my best satisfaction, what I presumed to be an abundance of 

copyist's errors. However, for the Spanish entries, themselves, 

except for fi's, where the tilde was sometimes absent, and 

which I have provided in all cases, the speUing is identical to 

that of the "original," even when defective. When entries did 

not occur where expected, I have provided the page number 

in the "original." These Spanish entries are not necessarily 

defmitions of the TzotzU, for the term for "godmotiier" might 

be included in the entry for "godfatiier.** 

The material in the Tzotzil-English section is presented, 

then, as follows: 

1. root 

2. stem 

3. grammatical analysis 

4. English translation 

5. Z's commentary 

6. my commentary 

7. location in Spanish "original" 

8. illustrative example 

9. location of illustrative example in Spanish "original" (if 

different from that of the stem) 

ENGUSH-TZOTZIL 

For the English-Tzotzil section I simply exfracted all English 

definitions from the Tzotzil-English and Usted them alphabetically, indexed to the thesaums, which follows it. In cases 

where I beUeve Z's franslation to be surely in error I supplied 

my own (taken from my commentary). The Tzotzil equivalents 

are given in thefr abbreviated form, precisely as in the 

Tzotzil-English, but are stripped of thefr grammatical analysis. 

122 
NUMBER 31 123 

Z's commentary and my own are excluded also. Hopefully the 

thesaums wUl permit easy access to Uie cultural content of Uie 

dictionary. 

SR\NISH-TZOTZIL 

The Spanish-Tzotzil section is not an exact repUca of the 

"original.** I have modemized the speUing of many Spanish 

words and alphabetized them according to contemporary 

practice so that they may be understood by Zinacantecs as 

weU as by foreign scholars. I have franslated the friar's Latin 

grammatical commentary into Spanish only when I felt it 

contributed to our understanding. The TzotzU words are given 

according to my analysis, with no attempt to reproduce the 

friar's orthography. Although he normally gave both 1st and 

2nd person verb forms and noun possession, I have limited 

these to Uie 1st person. Whoever finds this presentation 

inadequate may consult the facsimile. 

Phonology 

TzotzU fransitive verbs having an -ay, -lay, or -tay suffix, 

as ch'ub-ay, build, k'op-lay, bewitch, or lok'-tay, copy, 

frequentiy are given without the y when foUowed by the 

suffixes -bey, -bil, or -van, as in lok'-ta-bey, ch'ub-a-bil, 

lok'-ta-bil, and k'op-la-van. The presence or absence of Uiese 

)'*s seems totally random, so I have inserted them tiiroughout 

the TzotzU-EngUsh section, but have been faithful to the text 

in the Spanish-TzotzU, 

Spanish loan words are reproduced just as they were written. 

Compounds 

Compounding has been indicated by hyphenation. For 

aesthetic reasons I have omitted the hyphens in compounds 

that are made up of more than two words, such as jpak'tayej 

ta kokov, cocoa bean forger. 

Tzotzil-English Dictionary 

Pictograph of Santo Domingo 

(Codex Aubin) 

Tzotzil-English 

aceite (Sp.) 

aceite, n5. oU. aceite 37. 

aceituna (Sp.) 

aceituna, n5. oUve. molino de aceite. 

juch*obU aceituna, cf juch'. 

aguja (Sp.) 

aguja, n5. needle, aguja. 

ajos (Sp.) 

ajos, n5. garUc. sartal de cuentas. 

j-jU ajos, cf jil. 

alcalde (Sp.) 

alcalde, n5. alcalde, sustituto ser 324. 

jlok'tay-alcalde, cf lok'. 

almohasa (Sp.) 

almohasa, n5. curry comb, almohasa. 

altar (Sp.) 

altar, n5. altar, frontal de altar. 

tzatzajel altar, cf tzotz (2), 

angel (Sp,) 

angel, n5. angel, cf yabut. matanza. 

arroba (Sp,) 

arroba, n5. weight of twenty-five pounds, quintal. 

chanib arroba, cf chan (2), 

asna (Sp,) 

asna, n5, donkey, pollino, hijo de asna. 

'ol asna, cf 'ol (2) 

ayuno (Sp,) 

ayuno, n5, fast, ayunar 14, 

pas ayuno, cf, pas. 

'a 

*a ma ti, ptphr:pt & pt & pt, if RML—In colonial Tzeltal Uiis 

is always given as hamaU (Gates, 1934b:45), en alguna 

parte. 

'a ma ti 'oy buch'uy (or) 'a ma much'uy (or) 'a ma ti te 'oy 

much'uy (or) 'a ma ti te 'oy much'uyuk. If tiiere were 

anyone, if there were someone, si, conjuncion condicional. 

'a ma ti xabat xebat 'ekuk tok. If you go I will go too. si, 

conjuncion condicional. 

'a ma ti te 'oy buy (or) a ma ti te 'oy buyuk. if it were any 

where, if it were somewhere, if it were from some place. 

si, en algun lugar. 

'a ma ti te nabatuke xibat 'ekuk tok. If you went I would 

go too. si, conjuncion condicional. 

'a ma ti te mu xatale xibat. If you do not come I wUl go. 

sino, conjuncion condicional. 

*'aal 

*'aal, bet guiU, sin, temptation, treason, cf 'al (1). 

'a' (1) 

'a', tv. suppose, Uiink or believe mistakenly, pretend. (l)fingir, 

{2)fingir que no entiende, (3) pensar asi de otro. 

xka'k xaHuluk voljeye mu naHul. I tiiought you would 

come yesterday, you did not come, pensar asi de otro. 

xka'k naHuluk voljeye, I thought you came yesterday. 

pensar asi de otro. 

ya'ukon 'oy. I pretended. (1) fingir, (2) fingir que no 

entiende 

'a' (2) 

'a'onet, av. cackle (goose), howl lUce a crying dog, mutter, 

waU. (1) ganir, (2) gemir llorando, (3) graznar, (4) 

hablar entre dientes. 

'a'onetel, vn5. howUng, waUing. (1) ganir como perro como 

llorando. (2) gemido asi. 

j'a'onetel, agn. waUer. gemidor que asi gime. 

'a'i 

'a'i, tv. accept advice or reproach, consent, experience, feel, 

give opportunity to or reason for, Usten, profit by, taste, 

test think, understand. (1) aprovechar, (2) atentar 35, 

(3) consentir, (4) entender algo, (5) escuchar, (6) 

experimentar 128, (7) experiencia 128, (8) oir como 

quiera, (9) probar algo que se come o bebe 21 A, (10) 

recibir como admitir avisos, reprehensiones 289, (11) 

recibir, percibir por el sentido 289, (12) sentir. 

e'a'iat He is experienced, publica cosa. 

eHul 'ox eka'i. He had come before I reaUzed it subita cosa. 

eka'i batuk. I gave him the opportunity to leave (or) the 

reason for leaving, ocasion propiamente, sino comenzar. 

emajeyUc mo Ha'uk eya'i. They whipped him, but he did 

not profit by it. aprovechar. 

'ep eka'i (or) 'oy eka'i. I am experienced. (1) prueba, 

experiencia, (2) ser experimento. 

chak ekak'bey Pedro xka'i. I tiiought I gave it to Peter. 

pensar como cuando decimospienso.... 

chak xchi Juan xka'i. I thought John said it pensar corrw 

cuando decimos pienso... . 

mo no 'ox eya'i jutuk xchamel. He was not the least affected 

by his death, sentimiento, obra de sentir. 
128 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

mu eka'itik etal. He came suddenly (witiiout us reaUzing it). 

subita cosa. 

mu xka'i xlok' jk'op (or) mu xka'i jba xlok' jk'op. I spoke 

inadvertentiy. soltarseme de palabra. 

mu xa'i stijel. He overlooked it (or) he ignored it 

inadvertentiy, pasarse por alto sin sentir o entender. 

xa'i skotol vinUc ek'opoj. He spoke in public, publicamente. 

xka'i smuil (or) mu xka'i. It tastes good, saberte al que lo 

comes. 

toj xa'i. He is wise, sabio que seconte las cosas. 

Ha' iya'i. He profited by it (whipping or sermon). 

aprovechar. 

Ho'on eka'i spas. It was me who caused him to do it. ocasion 

propiamente sino comenzar. 

'a'i ba, rv. wake up. despertar. 

'a'i k'op, vphr:tv & n5. be obedient ynobediente 188. 

'a'i lot vphr:tv & n5. listen to backbiting or gossip, recibir, 

admitir chismerias... 289. 

'a'i vinajeb, vphr:tv & -n4f. note, notar sehalando. 

'a'i ta 'olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(pt & n4d[A]). treat a matter 

pmdentiy or dUigently. pesar el negocio con cordura o 

diligencia. 

'a'i ta k'ubul, vphr:tv- & qphr(pt & n5). impound, secrestar 

en otro. 

xka'i ta k'ubul sbel ana. I am impounding your possessions, 

'a'i tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f acquaint self with, ynformarse 188. 

'a'iab, n5. auditorium (place where they listen), sample. (1) 

auditorio, lugar donde oyen, (2) muestra para ver o 

probar algo. 

'a'iab k'ak*al, nphr:n4f of n5. sun porch or gallery, solana o 

corredor para el sol. 

'a'iabil, n4f auditorium (place where they listen), sample, 

sense of hearing, signs for making self understood, 

understanding. (1) auditorio, lugar donde oyen, (2) 

entendimiento, (3) muestra para ver o probar algo, (4) 

oido, sentido para oir. (5) sehas para entender. 

'a'ibey 'ik*, vphr:-dv & n4b[B]. smeU. oler como para conocer 

0 sacar para rastro. 

'a'ibey 'olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. test, tentar en muchas 

maneras. 

'a'ibey k*op, vphr:-dv & n5. persuade, persuadir. 

'a'ibey ve'el 'ojov, vphr:dv & nphr(n4d of n5[=B]). taste the 

lord's food, salva hacer. 

'a'ibey ve'ob, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. taste the lord*s food, salva 

hacer. 

'a'ibeyel ve'el 'ojov, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4d of n5). pregustation. salva. 

'a'ibU, pp. famous, experienced, esclarecido. 

'a'ibU ku'un. I am experienced, experimentado 128. 

'a'iel, vn4d. experienced, proof (1) experiencia 128, (2) 

prueva. 

chabjey 'oxjey to ya'iel. It happened just three days ago. 

poco tiempo como cuando... . 

ya'iel ya'iel xk*opoj. He mixes in many subjects, mezclar 

muchas ablas o palabras 223. 

'a'ivan, iv. be obedient ynobediente 188. 

'a'ivanab, nld. mind, sense of hearing, understanding. (1) 

entendimiento. (2) mente, (3) seso o sentido. 

'a'ivanej, vn5. mind, skiU, talent (1) yngenio, habilidad 188, 

(2) mente. 

'ip 'a'iel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. be famous, esclarecimiento. 

'utz 'a'iel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f sound good or pretty, son o 

sonido. sonar, sonido hacer. 

k'ux 'a'i, cf k'ux (3). 

j'a'i-k*op, agn(tv & ncpd). listener. (1) auditorio, los que 

oyen, (2) escucha o escuchador. 

j'a'ivanej, agn. Ustener, judicious or wise person. (1) oidor que 

oye, (2) sesudo de buen seso. 

toj j'a'ivanej. sensitive person, sabio que seconte las cosas. 

mu 'a'i ba, vphr:neg & rv. be stupefied, embobecerse mirando 

algo. 

toj 'a'i, vphr:adv & tv-. be sensitive, sabio que.... 

Ha' te mu 'a'i k*ope, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & neg & tv & n5). 

disobedient person, ynobediente 188. 

Ha' te mo 'a'ivan ta vinike, s:n5/pred3s/ & s(pt & neg & iv 

& qphr<pt & n5>). disobedient person, ynobediente 188. 

'a'yej, vnld. fame, news, opportunity, reason. (l)fama o nueva 

cierta, (2) nuevas. 

tojol 'a'yej (or) tojtoj 'a'yej. fame (or) reputation, 

'a'yejlal, n4d. fame, reputation, ynfamado ser 187. 

j'a'yej-k'op, agn(vn & ncpd). listener, oidor. 

'ip 'a'yejlal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be famous, esclarecimiento. 

'utz 'a'yejlal, cf 'utz. 

'utzil 'a'yej, cf. 'utz. 

'utzil 'a'yejlal, cf. 'utz. 

'a'y 

'a'y. fame, listener, news, opportunity, reputation, reason. 

cf 'a'i. 

'ab 

'ab, n5. future year, ahofuturo. 

jun 'ab, a year from now, 

cha'-'ab, two years from now. 

'abi, n5. past year, aho pasado. 

jun 'abi, last year (or) a year ago. 

cha'-'abi, two years ago. 

'abU, nle, year. RML—^Modern TzotzU: jabil. Perhaps this 

root should be read Hab, as the inanimately possessed 

form of this entry is given both as yabilal and zabilal. 

aho. 

taju-jun 'abU, annual (or) annually, cada aho. 

ju-jun 'abil jch'akel, annual office holder (alcalde), anal. 

Ha' U' 'abUe, this year, ogaho. 

'abUal, natt annual, anal. 

'abUal jch'akel, nphr:natt & agn, annual office holder, anal. 

'abat 

'abat, nld. messenger. RML—^Modern Tzotzil of Larrainzar: 

soldier, messenger (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:13), 

modern Tzeltal of Bachaj6n: servant (Slocum and 
NUMBER 31 129 

Gerdel, 1965:115), modern TzotzU of Chamula: mutual 

servant, el mensajero asi 97, 

'abat papa, nphr:n4d of n5. papal legate, legado del Papa. 

'abatij, iv. send as a messenger, mensajero hacer. 

'abatU, nlf. messenger, errand boy, (1) mensajero, (2) mozo 

para mandado 226. 

'abatU k'op, nphr:natt & n5. message, mensaje. 

'abatin, tv. send as a messenger. RML—^Modern Tzeltal of 

Bachajon: to send on errands (Slocum and Gerdel, 

1965:115). (1) enviar, hacer mensajero 97, (2) mensajero hacer. 

'abatok, nld. messenger. (1) el mensajero asi 97, (2) 

mensajero. 

'abatokin, tv, send as a mesenger. enviar como quiera 97. 

j'abat agn. porter. RML—In modem TzotzU of Larrainzar: 

soldier (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:13). garuz pan. 

*'abten, tv. send. RML—^This term occurs also in colonial 

Tzeltal for "enviar hacer mensajero" and "enviar como 

quiera" (Guzman, 1620:64). enviar como quiera 97. 

*'abtenat tv/pass/, be sent enviar como quiera 97, 

'abnal 

'abnal, n5, leaf (tree leaf and aU other leaves except pine 

needles), hoja de arbol. 

'abnaUl, natt wild, salvaje. 

'abnaUl vinik, nphr:iiatt & n5. savage, salvaje. 

"abnaltik, n5. forest pasture, RML—^In modem Tzotzil of 

Chenalhd, abmaltic means forest (Delgaty and Sanchez, 

1978:13) (1) erracal, (2) monte. 

'abnaltikil, natt wUd, montahes. cosas ilustres. 

'abnaltiOkil lo'bol, nphr:natt & n5. wild fmit montahes, cosas 

ilustres. 

'abol 

'abol ba, vphr:aj/pred/ & m4d, poor, wretched, (1) cuitado, (2) 

pobre. 

'abol ba, s:n4e[P=P oibd\ & -m4d, poverty, pobreza. 

'abolaj, iv. be merciftil, give ahns, take pity on. (1) apiadarse, 

(2) limozna hacer, (3) merced hacer asi. (4) merced 

haber asi. 

x'abolaj avu'un. You are merciful, misericordia haber. 

'abolajan ku'un. Take pity on me! misericordia haber. 

'abolajel, vn5, aid, ahns, indulgence, leniency, mercy. (1) 

yndulgencia 187, (2) limozna. (3) merced o misericordia, 

(4) misericordia, (5) socorro. 

'abolan, tv. give alms, limozna hacer. 

'aboltay, tv. aid the poor or miserable in thefr needs, do charity, 

do good, do merciful acts, favor, give alms, reward, take 

pity on. (1) apiadarse, (2) caridad hacer, (3) galardonar 

el servicio, (4) hacer bien o actos de misericordia 165, 

(5) limozna hacer. (6) merced hacer asi. (7) privilegiar 

111, (8) remediar al pobre o necesitado. (9) socorrer, 

(10) socorrer al pobre o misero en su necesidad. 

avaboltayon. Take pity on me. merced haber asi. 

'aboltaybey ch'ulel, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. perform obsequies. 

exeqiuas hacer 126. 

'aboltaybU, pp. rewarded, prenuado asi. 

'aboltaybU vinik, nphr:pp & n5. individual who has been 

granted a privilege, privilegiado 271. 

'aboltayel, vn5. charity, favor, mercy, prize, reward. (1) 

caridad que se me hace, (2) galardon. (3) merced haber 

asi. (4) misericordia que recibo. (5) piedad o clemencia 

que recibo. (6) premio, galardon de buena obra. (7) 

prerruado asi. (8) socorro. 

mu avaboltayeluk xava'i. You do not feel that you have 

been rewarded, merced haber asi. 

muk' kaboltayel xka'i, I have been greatiy favored, merced 

haber asi. 

'aboltayel chame-vinUc, nphr:vn4f of n(aj & ncpd)5, obsequies, 

exequias 126, 

'aboltayel ch'uleUl, nphr:vn4f of n5. obsequies, exequias 126. 

'aboltayvan, iv. do good, do merciful acts, give alms, (1) hacer 

bien o actus de misericordia 165, (2) limozna hacer. 

'aboltayvanej, vnld, alms, charity, clemency, indulgence, 

leniency, kindness, mercy, reward, (1) caridad o limozna 

que hago. (2) gracia. merced, (3) yndulgencia 187, (4) 

limozna. (5) merced o misericordia. (6) misericordia. (7) 

misericordia que hago. (8) piedad o clemencia que 

hago. (9) premio, galardon de buena obra. 

kaboltayvanej, charity that I perform, caridad o limozna 

que hago. 

j'abolajel, agn, alms-giver, limoznero. 

j'aboltayvanej, agn, ahns-giver, charitable, fiank, liberal or 

merciful person, (1) caritativo. (2) dadivoso. Q) franco, 

liberal, (4) limoznero, (5) misericordioso, (6) piadoso. 

'abt 

'abtej, iv. work, trabajar. 

'abtejeb k'u'ul, nphr(n type n)3d, work cloUies, vestidura para 

el trabajo. 

'abtejebal, n3d, tool, herranuenta. 

'abtejebal tak'in, nphr(n type n). tool, herramienta. 

'abtejel, vn, work, trabajo. 

'abtejes, tv, give work to, keep busy, ocupar. 

'abtel, nld, business, craft, difficulty, exercise, job, occupation, 

office, work, (1) ejercicio 136, (2) hechura del que hace 

obra. (3) negocio, ocupacion. (4) obra. el trabajo que 

se pone.... (5) obra mia trabajada.... (6) obra como..., 

(7) obra como cuando..., (8) cupacion asi, (9) oficio. 

(10) trabajo. 

'oy kabtel, I am in office (or) I am in difficulty, (1) 

ympedimiento tener 185, (2) oficio tener. 

ch*akbil jun k*ak'al 'abtel (or) jun k*ak*al 'abtel, one day's 

work, tarea. 

mo 'abteluk (or) mo 'abteluk spasel. It is easy, (1) facil 

cosa. (2) facilidad. 

mo 'abteluk sna'el. It is clear, claro. no dificultoso. 

'abtelan, tv, tell stories, work, (1) ejemplos o ystorias asi dicen 

136, (2) trabajar. 

'abtelanel, vnlb, craft, difficulty, workmanship, (1) artificio, 

(2) hechura del que es hecho. 
130 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'ep yabtelanel spasel. It is artfully done, artificiosa cosa. 

tzotz yabtelanel. It is difficult, trabajosa cosa. 

mo 'utzuk yabtelanel. It is not good work, obra como.... 

j'abtel, agn. day laborer, official, official mason, worker. (1) 

albahil. (2) obrero. (3) oficial. (4) trabajador. 

'ip 'abtel 'a'i, vphr:nphr(aj & n5) & tv-. be laborious, seem 

difficult, trabajosa cosa. 

'atz'am 

'atz*am, n5, salt, saU weU, saltpeter, (1) sal. (2) salina o sale 

la sal. (3) salitre. 

'atz'am lum, nphr(n type n)5. saltpeter, salitre. 

'atz'am ton, nphr(n type n)5, saltpeter, salitre. 

'atz'amU Ho', nphr(natt & n)5, brine, salmuera. 

'atz'mel, n4f. salt salada cosa. 

'oy yatz'mel. salted, salada cosa. 

'atz'meltas, tv. salt, salar. 

'atz'meltasbil, pp. salted, salada cosa. 

'Uc'al 'atz'am, cf 'Uc' (2). 

sakU 'atz'am, cf sak. 

'ach' (1) 

'ach*, aj. fresh, new, recent, recentiy. (1) fresco, reciente, (2) 

nueva cosa. 

'ach' jpan. my fresh bread, fresco, reciente. 

'ach' 'a'ibil. recentiy heard, nuevamente. 

'ach* 'ich*bil. recentiy married (bride), novia, recien casada. 

'ach* pasbil. recentiy done, nuevamente. 

'ach' 'ayan 'u'un, vphr:aj/pred3s/ & iv + -n4d. renovate. 

renovar. 

'ach* 'u, nphr(aj & n)5. new moon, luna nueva. 

'ach* chi', nphr(aj & n)5. must, new wine, mosto. 

'ach* j'abtel, nphr(aj & agn). novice, novicio. 

'ach' j'ich*el, nphr(aj & agn). bride, newlywed. novia, recien 

casada. 

'ach* k*op, nphr(aj & n)5. news, novelty, novedad. 

*ach* lo'bol, nphr(aj & n)5. fresh fmit. fresco, reciente. 

'ach* ni'atz, nphr(aj & n)5. groom, newlywed. novio, recien 

casado. 

'ach' ni'atzU, nphr(aj & n)5. groom, newlywed. novio, recien 

casado. 

'ach' padre, nphr(aj & n)5. novice, novicio si es religioso. 

'ach' to, qphr:aj & pt recent untamed, recently. *As when 

we say he died recentiy or he married recentiy. (1) ahora 

poco a, (2) bosal cosa 42, (3) nuevamente (4) poco 

tiempo como.... 

'ach' to enupun. He was married recently, novio. recien 

casado. 

'ach' to eyich' baptismo. He was baptized recentiy (convert). 

tornadezo. 

*ach* to 'Uc'ti', nphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & n5. recent history, ystoria 

antigua 190. 

*ach' to vokol, nphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & n5. recent history, (1) 

ystoria antiqua 190, (2) ystoria de este dia 190, 

'ach' vacas, nphr(aj & n)5, young buU (or) ox, novillo, buey. 

'ach' Hulel mu'nat, nphr(nphr<aj & vn> type n)5, newly 

arrived slave, siervo. bocal. 

'ach' (2) 

'ach', iv. get wet sweat. (1) mojarse. (2) mojado, (3) remosar. 

'ach'el, nlc. mud. lodo. 

'ach'el ye ta 'ok'el (or) 'ach'el ye ta 'ov. Lfr. His mouUi is 

mud from crying (or) screaming, i.e.. He is screaming 

and crying, gritar llorando. 

'ip yach'elal. It is muddy, lodoso. 

'ach'elay, tv, be flooded, enaguasarse la tierra. 

'ach'eltik, n5. mfre, bog, mudhole, (1) atoyador, (2) cieno 71, 

(3) lodoso lugar. 

'ach*es, tv, wet, water, remojar. 

'ach*et, av, sweating (glass), salirse el vaso. 

'at*es, tv, wet, water. (1) mojar a otro. (2) remojar. 

'utz 'ach*el, cf 'utz. 

'ain 

'ain, n5. crocodile, lagarto de los grandes que andan en el 

agua. 

'aj (1) 

'aj, n5. reed. cam. 

'ajil k*uk*um, nphr(natt & -n4e). fledged witii very smaU or 

young feathers, emplumecido. 

'ajtik, n5. reed field. Canaveral. 

'aj (2) 

'ajulan, tv. pant asesar 1. 

'ajulanel, vn5. panting, acceso 7. 

'aja 

'aja. bee, rattiesnake, cf 'ojov. 

'ajan 

'ajan, n5. ear of corn when the kernels are large and soft 

mazorca cuando estan los grandes tier nos 203. 

'ajm 

'ajmul. concubine, gfrlfriend, mistress, cf. mul (1). 

'ajnil 

'ajnilaj, iv. marry (man), casarse el varon. 

'ajnilal, n5. married woman, wife, mujer casada. 

'ajnilan, tv. marry (man), casarse el varon. 

'ajv 

'ajv. elegant, empfre, to master, nobility, palace, weasel. 

cf 'ojov. 

'ak 

'akanaj, iv. complain (or) groan with pain (or) sickness. (1) 

gemir con dolor o enfermedad, (2) quejarse el enfermo. 

'aket, av. complain (or) groan with pain (or) sickness. (1) gemir 

con dolor..., (2) quejarse el enfermo. 

'akan (1) 

'akan k'ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). knuckle, joint (1) articulo de 

dedo, (2) coyuntura de manos o pies 55. 

'akan vale', nphr(n4f of n5). sugarcane node, nudo de cana. 

'akan vitz, nphr(n4f of n5). mountain pass, lower slopes of 

mountain. (1) garganda, (2) haldas de sierra. 

'akanij, iv. wither (plant or reed), ennudecer. 

'akanU, n3d. knee, rodilla. 

'akantUc, aj. with many joints (or) nodes, nudo de cam. 
NUMBER 31 131 

*'akan (2) 

*'akan-'ol ba, raj. industriousness. RML—In colonial Tzeltal 

the noun is given as acol acol (Guzman, 1620:88,114). 

In colonial Yucatec acaan ol is given for "el que esta 

quieto y sosegado" with acaan described as a participle 

(Martinez Hernandez, 1929:66, 67). estudio asi. 

*'akan-'olaj, iv. solicit solicitar. 

*'akan-'oltay, tv, be pmdent at work or in business, chastise, 

solicit RML—^In colonial Tzeltal the term is given as 

-ghacalotanih and -ghacalotaniy (Guzman, 1620:48, 

200). (1) cuidado tener en alguna obra o negocio, (2) 

hostigar. (3) solicitar. 

*xkakan-'oltay xchanel sk'op Dios. I am careful or diUgent 

in learning the doctrine, estudio asi. 

*'akan-'oltayvanej, vn5, chastisement, petition, (1) hostigamiento, (2) ynstancia 188, 

*j'akan-'ol, agn, diligent or soUcitous person, solicito. 

*j'akan-'oltayvanej, agn. chastiser. hostigador. 

mu *'akan-'oltay, vphr:neg & tv-. lazUy, perezosamente. 

'ak' (1) 

'ak*, nld. large net, vine, bark rope, lasso. (1) cor del de los 

que cogen de los arboles. (2) laso, (3) red grande. 

'ak*U, n4b. cordage, cap (or) hat strap. (1) cordeL... (2) fiador 

de gorra o sombrero. 

'ak*U tz*i', nphr(n4b of n5). leash, traya para atar perros 338. 

'ak*il tz'usub, nplir(n4b of n5). grapevine, grapevine mnner. 

(1) sarmiento en la vid. (2) vid. parra o cepa. 

'ak*U freno, nphr(n4b of n5). reins, rienda defreno. 

'ak'il vob, nphr(natt & n)5. harp, harpa. 

'ak*ol chij, nphr(n4b of n5). deer lasso, laso. 

'ak*ol mut, nphr(n4b of n5), bfrd lasso, laso. 

j-'ak' cuentas, nphr(num<num & nccpd> of n)5, string of 

beads, sartal de cuentas. 

j-'ak' nichim, nphr(num<num & nccpd> of n)5, garland, sartal 

de cuentas. 

'ak' (2) 

'ak*, tv, bet, cause, escort give, let permit put, set (1) 

acompanar hasta alguna parte, (2) dar, (3) jugar 

como.... (4)permitir. (5)poner absolute. 

xkak' k'upinUcon, I am becoming jealous (man, woman). 

hacer se codiciar el hombre o la muger 165. 

'ak*o ta 'Ik*al 'Ojov. Lit Escort him to Black Lord, i.e.. 

Escort him to Zinacantan. acompanar hasta alguna 

parte. 

mu xak* k'opojukon. He won*t let me speak, estorbar. 

mu xkak* batuk. I won*t let him go. estorbar. 

mu xkak* pasuk (or) xkak' manchuk pasuk. I won't let him 

do it. ympedir que no se haga alguna cosa 185. 

mu xkak' xanavan. I won't let you walk, estorbar. 

xkak' 'oyuk. I let it be. *Because tiie meaning may be "let" 

or "cause," it is necessary to add something before or 

afterwards to eUminate the confusion, as "mo ejkomes 

mo ejpajes." "I did not abandon it, I did not stop it" 

permitir. 

xkak' pasuk. I am letting it be done, permitir. 

xkak' ta sba mesa. I am putting it on Uie table, poner encima. 

xkak* ta yolon. I am putting it undemeaUi. poner debajo. 

xkak* ta yut lum. I am putting it underground, poner de 

tierra. 

'ak* 'a'i, vphr:tv & tv-/subj/. explain, interpret, notify. (1) 

entender o hacer entender. (2) notificar. 

xkak' ava'i. I explained it to you. 

'ak' 'a'i 'ik'al 'ak'abal, vphr:tv & vphr(tv/subj/ & nphr< n4f 

of n5>). expose to the night afr. serenar. poner algo al 

sereno. 

'ak' 'a'i sUcil 'ak'abal, vphr:tv & s(tv/subj/ & nphr<n4f of 

n5>). expose to the night afr. serenar.... 

'ak* 'a'i tojol, vphr:tv & s(tv/subj/ & -n4f). inform, ynformar 

188. 

'ak* 'atey, vphr:tv & tv/pass//subj/. make person one's partner. 

parcionero hacer a otro. 

xkak* 'ateyan. I make you a partner, 

"ak* *'elo, vphr:tv «fe -n4f add up. sumar en la cuenta. 

'ak' 'U, vphr:tv & tv-/subj/. show, mostrar. 

'ak' 'U, vphr:tv & tv-/subj3p/. announce fasts, prayers, and 

other good things, publicar los ayunos u oraciones u 

otra cosa asi buena. 

'ak' 'Uinuk, vphr:tv & iv/subj/. anger (person). eru:>jar a otro. 

'ak' 'olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. be careful or soUcitous, intend 

to do, propose wiUingly. (1) proposito tener de hacer 

algo o proponer en la voluntad. (2) solicito estar o 

cuidado so. 

'ak' ba ta k'el vinik, vphr:rv & s(prep & tv/3s/ & n5[=A of 

k'el]). edify, set an example, edificar, dar buen ejemplo. 

'ak* tzo' cabaUo, vphr:tv & nphr(n4d of n5). fertUize. 

estercolar la tierra. 

'ak' tzukulinabU, vphr:tv & -n4f. uip up. poner ofendiculo 

para que se tropieze. 

'ak' chabajuk, vphr:tv & iv/subj/. fine, multar, penar con 

diner0. 

'ak* chi'il, vphr:tv & -n4b, pafr. parear o hermanar algo. 

'ak' chUc'bil xamiti ta lumtUc, vphr:tv & nphr(pp & n5) & 

qphr(prep & n5). lay brick floor, ladrillar el suelo. 

'ak' chon, vphr:tv & tv-/subj3p/. settie on a price in order to 

sell poner en precio oala moneda para que se venda. 

'ak' ch*an chiuk, vphrtv & vphr(adv & iv/subj/). sUence. 

callar. 

'ak* ch'ayuk ta 'olonton, vphr:tv & vphr(iv/subj/ & qphr<prep 

& -n4d>). make forget, quitar algo de la memoria. 

'ak* ch*Uomal, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. be daring, atreverse. 

'ak' ch'upak', vphr:tv & -n4e. soap, enjabonar 121. 

'ak' freno, vphr:tv & n5. bridle, enfrenar. 

'ak' jlok'ob k'op, vphr:tv & agn(n4f of n). give hostages. 

rehenes dar. 

'ak' kejeluk, vphr:tv & aj/pred//subj/. make kneel, arrodillarse. 

'ak* kojob, vphrtv & -n4d. load, cargar, echar carga a otro. 

'ak* k*exol, vphr:tv & -n4f refund, replace, substitute. (1) 

restituir, (2) sustituir. 
132 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'ak' k'ob te', vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n5). decorate witii 

branches, enramar. 

'ak' k'op, vphr:tv & n5. promise, prometer. 

'ak' k'op ta tz'el juez, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d 

of n5>),litigate, pleitear. 

'ak' k'upin, vphr:tv & tv/pass?//subj/[S=A of 'ak']. arouse 

another's desfre. hacer se codiciar el hombre o la muger. 

xkak* k'upinikon, I am sexy, 

xavak* k*upinUcot, You are sexy, 

'ak' k'ux ba, vphr:tv & rv/subj/, fit in, wedge in, encajar 106, 

xkak* xk'uxojuk sba, I am fitting it in, 

'ak* lek 'ekuk, vphr:tv & vphr(tv/subj/- & pt), include a person 

in an activity, hacer participante a alguno de alguna 

cosa 165. 

'ak* lok*ol, vphr:tv & -n4f replace, substitute, sustituir en 

lugar de otro. 

'ak' majey 'Uc', vphr:tv & vphr(tv/pass/ & n5). afr. orear, poner 

al aire. 

'ak* maxilajuk, vphr:tv & iv/subj/. divert, entertain, recrear a 

otro. 

'ak' melol, vphr:tv & -n4f pafr. parear o hermanar algo. 

'ak' muibuk, vphr:tv & iv/subj/. divert, entertain, please. (1) 

placer hacer o dar a otro, (2) recrear o otro. 

'ak' na'uk, vphr:tv & tv-/subj/. annouce fasts, prayers and other 

good things, publicar los ayunos u oraciones u otra cosa 

asi buena. 

'ak' nit-bail ta jol, vphr:tv & vn(tv & rncpd) & qphr(prep & 

-n4d). place garland on person's head, guirnalda poner 

a otro en la cabeza. 

'ak' nop ba, vphr:tv & rv/subj/. fit in. encajar una cosa en otra 

106. 

xkak' snopojuk sba. I am fitting it in. 

'ak* pakobU misa, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n5). charge fee for 

Mass. recaudo poner para decir misa. 

'ak' pakol, vphr:tv & -n4b. tip. gratificar. 

'ak* pakol 'aboltayel, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of -vn4d). recompense, reward, recompensar. 

'ak* pafio, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. put on one*s hood, tocarse. 

'ak* pas, vphr:tv & tv-/subj/. driU, excite, incite. (1) ejercitar 

a otro, (2) yncitar 186. 

'ak' pas juramento, vphr:tv & vphr(tv/subj/ & n5). make person 

swear an oath. *As a creditor makes a debtor do when 

he refuses to pay. juramentar, hacerle que jure 

como.... 

'ak' patan, vphr:tv & n5. apply a rent recurrir con la renta. 

'ak' patan, vphr:tv & -n4d. keep busy, make work, ocupar. 

'ak* pimijuk, vphr:tv & iv/subj/. make abundant, abundancia. 

'ak' pix jol Hun, vphr:tv & nphr(nphr<n4f of n5> type n5). 

put on pasteboard cap of infamy, encorosar. 

k*ak*ot xpix jol Hun. I had a pasteboard cap put on me. 

encorosado. 

'ak' pox, vphr:tv & nle. apply plasters, emplastar. 

kak'ot xpoxU. I had plasters applied to me. 

'ak' sUla, vphr:tv & n5. saddle, ensillar. 

'ak' sUla, vphr:tv & -n4e. saddle, ensillar. 

*ak' sobuk pas, vphr:tv & vphr(adv & tv-)/subj/. make person 

do someUiing quickly, apreciar. sehalar precio, cf apresurar. 

'ak' xak-toj, vphr:tv & nphr(n of ncpd)5. decorate witii pine 

needles, enramar con hojas de pino. 

'ak' xahna, vphr:tv & n5, saddle (pack saddle), emlbardada 

cosa. 

'ak' xanavuk, vphr:tv & iv/subj/. make waUc. caminar. 

'ak' xonob chij, vphr:tv & nphr(n4d of n5). shoe (horse), herrar 

bestias. 

'ak' ta 'ale, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). bet on, jugar 

como 

k'usi skoj avak' ta 'ale? Why did you bet so much on it? 

'ak' ta 'olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]), believe in, 

give in to temptation, imagine, intend to do, make up 

one's mind, propose wUUngly, take advice seriously, 

take note of, Uiink, freat dUigentiy or pmdentiy, tinst, (1) 

consejo tomar asi, (2) consentir en alguna cosa 

interiormente, (3) crecer. cf creer. (4) determinarse. (5) 

ymaginar. pensar 184, (6) notar algo en otro, (7) 

proposito tener de hacer algo o proponer voluntariamente. 

mu ekak' ta kolonton sk'op, I did not give in to his taUc. 

resistir como.... 

'ak' ta 'olonton 'u'un, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]) + -n4d. 

treat diligentiy or pmdentiy. pesar el negocio con 

cordura o diligencia. 

'ak* ta chonel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). settie on a price, 

poner en precio o a la moneda para que se venda. 

'ak* ta chukvanab na, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<n type 

n>5), jail, encarcelar a otro. 

'ak* ta ch'ailtik, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). perfume, 

perfumar. 

'ak* ta ch*amol, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep &, n5), give on credit, 

lend, (1) arrendar, dar a renta, (2) emprestar, dar 

prestado, {'i)fiar darfiado. (4) prestar. 

kak'ot ta ch'amol, I borrowed it, emprestada cosa, dada 

prestada. 

*ak* ta ch*amunel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). lend, rent, (1) 

arrendar, dar a renta, (2) prestar. 

'ak' ta k'elanel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). give without 

charge, graciosamente asi dar. 

'ak* ta k*exlal, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), humUiate, afrentar 

a otro. 

'ak' ta k'ubul bel na, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n5) & nphr(n4f 

of -n4d), impound one's belongings, secrestar en otro. 

'ak* ta lotz*op, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]), carry under 

one*s arm, sobacar. 

'ak' ta na te', vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<n4e of n5>), jaU, 

(1) echar en la car eel. (2) encarcelar a otro. 

'ak' ta namal, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), affront, humiUate. 

afrentar a otro. 

*ak' ta vinUc, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). obey, respect, revere. 
NUMBER 31 133 

(1) obedecer, (2) respeto tener. (3) reverencia acatar. 

'ak' ta ya, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). molest, vex. acosar 

persiguiendo o molestando. 

'ak' ta HatzU, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), give on credit fiar. 

'ak' ta Hun bi, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n5) & -n4d, take census, 

empadronar. 

'ak' ta Hun k'op, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n5) & n4d[A]. make 

a bond, obligacion. 

'ak* ta'aluk 'a'i, vphr:tv & s(adv & tv-/subj/), content, satisfy, 

contentar asi a otro. 

'ak' ta'aluk 'oy 'a'i, vphr:tv & s(aj/pred//subj/ & pt & tv-), 

content, satisfy, contentar asi.... 

'ak' tan, vphr:tv & -n4f plaster (putting on quantities of plaster 

as with a trowel), encalar poniendo mucha cal como con 

plana. 

'ak* tan na, vphr:tv & nphr(n4e of n5). lay cement floor, echar 

suelo a la casa. 

'ak* tanal, vphr:tv & -n4f lay foundation, poners fundamento. ... 

'ak' tanal lUceb ch'ub, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of nphr<n4f of n5>). 

lay foundation./un^iflr, poner fundamento... . 

'ak' te'el, vphr:tv & -n4f build, lay beams or boards 

(carpenter). (1) enmaderar 99, (2) fabricar o asentar 

madero el carpintero. 

'ak* te'el jol na, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of nphr<n4f of n5>). roof 

techar. no 

'ak* tenal te'al, vphr:tv & -nphr(natt of n)4f constmct loft, lay 

boards. (1) entablar algo. (2) techar de zaquicami. 

'ak' tik' ba, vphr:tv & rv/subj/, fit in, encajar una cosa en otra 

106, 

xkak' stik'ojuk sba, I am fitting it in, 

'ak* tojol jom, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n5). charter a shi^p. fletar 

navio. 

'ak* t*abuk ta 'olonton, vphr:tv & s(iv/subj/ & qphr<prep & 

-n4d>). remind, acordar a otro. 

'ak* vokol, vphr:tv & -nld. exhaust torment torture. (1) 

fatigar asi a otro, (2) tormentar o atormentar. 

'ak'balal Hun, nphr(vn type n)5. letter, message, letra. carta 

mensagera, carta. 

'ak'beat, dv/pass/. be granted a request, ympetrar 185. 

'ak'bey, dv. distribute to, give, give to, turn over to. (1) dar, 

(2) entregar algo a otro, (3) partirles asi a otro algo. 

'ak'bey 'a'iel, vplir:-dv & n4f[B]. water, regar. 

'ak'bey 'aboltayel, vphr:-dv & vn4d[B], give ahns to, limozna 

hacer. 

'ak'bey 'Uc'ti', vphr:-dv & n5, torture, atormentar. 

'ak'bey 'U, vphr:-dv & tv-[A=B of dv]/subj/, show to, mostrar. 

'ak'bey 'U 'Uc'ti', vphr:-dv & vphr(tv[A=B of dv] & n5)/subj/, 

torture, atormentar. 

'ak'bey 'il be, vphr:-dv & vphr(tv[A=B of dv] & n5)/subj/, 

show the way to. encaminar, ensehar el camino. 

'ak'bey 'U vokol, vphr:-dv & vphr(tv[A=B of dv] & nld[B of 

dv])/subj/, afflict, punish, torture. (1) penar a otro asi o 

darle pena o tormento, (2) punir castigando. 

'ak'bey 'uch' chi', vphr:-dv & vphr(tv[A=B of dv] & n5)/subj/. 

serve drink to. escanciar. 

'ak'bey 'uch' kola'al pox, vphr:-dv & vphr(tv[A=B of dv] & 

nphr<natt & n5)/subj/. poison, emponzonar, dar a beber 

ponzona. 

'ak'bey ba, rv. divide up or distribute among selves, partir o 

repartir entre nosotros. 

'ak'bey bi, vphr:-dv & n4b[B]. name, nombre poner. 

'ak'bey bon, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. paint, pintar. 

'ak'bey tza, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. be clever, teach, abil hacer a 

otro. 

'ak'bey chab, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. wax. encerar. 

'ak'bey chu', vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. nurse, leche dar. 

'ak'bey freno, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. bridle, enfrenar. 

'ak'bey k'op, vphr:-dv & n5. excite, incite, yncitar 186. 

'ak'bey nukul, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. cover with leaUier. encorar 

algo. 

'ak'bey patan, vphr:-dv & n4d[B], entmst office to, encomendar oficios. 

'ak'bey pix jol Hun, vphr:-dv & nphr(nphr<n4f of n5> of n5), 

put on pasteboard cap of infamy, encorosar. 

xkak'beat xpix jol Hun, I had a pasteboard cap put on me, 

'ak'bey pox, vphr:-dv & n4e[B], apply plasters to, emplastar. 

'ak'beat xpoxil. He had plasters appUed to him. emplastado. 

'ak'bey xuch', vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. mend with pitch (leatiier 

or wine jug), empegar cuero o jarro para vino. 

'ak'bey tak'in, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. gUd. dorar algo. 

'ak'bey te'el jol na, vphr:dv & nphr(n4f of nphr<n of n>5[=B]. 

roof techar, no 

'ak*bey tojol, vphr:-dv & n4b[B]. tip. gratificar. 

'ak*bey vokol, vphr:-dv &. nld[B]. afflict punish, torture. (1) 

justiciar, (2) penar a otro asi o darle pena o tormento. 

'ak'bey yolob te', vphr:-dv & nphr(n4f of n4b[B]). give a 

dowry to. dotar. 

'ak'beybil patan, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4d[S]. entmsted with an 

office, encomendado asi. 

'ak*beyel k'op, nphr(vn4f of n5). incitement yncitacion 186. 

'ak'beyel vokol, nphr(vn of n)5, punishment punision. 

'ak*bil xonob, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4d[S], shoed (horse), herrada 

bestia. 

'ak'bil ta vinik, vphr:pp/pred/ «fe qphr(prep & n5). obeyed. 

obedecido. 

'ak*bil ta Hun, vphr:pp & qphr(prep & n5). inventoried. 

ynventariada cosa asi 189. 

'ak'bil vinajeb, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4f[S]. branded, herrada asi. 

'ak*ebU, pp. delivered, submitted, entregado. 

'ak'ebU 'Ucatzinab, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4f[S]. saddled, enalbardada cosa. 

'ak'ebU freno, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4e[S]. bridled, enfrenado. 

'ak'ebU k'op, vphr:pp/pred/ & n5. incited, yncitado 186. 

'ak'ebU nukul, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4e[S]. covered wiUi leaUier. 

encorado. 

'ak'ebU pox, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4e[S]. applied with plasters. 
134 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

emplastado. 

'ak'ebU sUla, vphr:pp/pred/ & n5, saddled, encillada bestia 

116. 

'ak'ebU ta ch*amol, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5), loaned, 

emprestada cosa, dada prestada. 

'ak'ebU tenal te'al, vphr:pp/pred/ & nphr(natt & n)[S]. planked, 

entablado. 

'ak'el, vn4d, position, social standing, estado o grado en que 

esta cada uno. 

'ak'el ba, rvn. obligation, obligacion. 

kak'el jba. tiie obligation I put on myself 

'ak*el bel na ta Hun, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4f of n5) & qphr(prep 

& n5). inventory of possessions, ynventario 189. 

'ak'el k'exol, nphr:vn4f of -n4b. restitution, restitucion. 

'ak'el ta 'olonton, nphr:-vn4f & qphr(prep & -n4d). purpose. 

proposito. 

'ak*el ta 'olontonU, nphr:-vn4f & qphr(prep & n5). compliance. 

consentimiento con que es consentido algo. 

kolo' yak*el muUl ta 'olontonU. To acquiesce in sin is evU. 

'ak*el ta Hatzil, nphr:-vn4f & qphr(prep & n5). surety, fianza 

asi. 

'ak*ob bak, nphr(n of n)5. ossuary, osario para hechar huesos. 

'ak'ob tan, nplir(n of n)5. trowel, plana de albahil. 

'ak'van, iv. put poner absolute. 

'ak*van ta vinik, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be obedient 

obedecer. 

'ak*vanej, vn5. position, postura. 

j'ak*-'ik'ti', agn(tv & ncpd), torturer, atormentador. 

j'ak' 'utsU k'op, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd. mediator. 

medianero en amistad. 

j'ak' k'anal tak'in, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd. gilder, dorador. 

j'ak*-k*op, agn(tv & ncpd). agitator, instigator. (1) yncitador 

186, (2) revolvedor que mete mal entre algunos 287. 

j'ak' xonob chij, agn(tv & nphr/n4d of n5/cpd). horseshoer. 

herrador. 

j'ak* ta ch'amol, nphr:agn(tv) & qphr(prep & n5). lender. 

prestador que da prestado. 

j'ak' ta ch'amunel, agn(tv & qphr<prep & vn5 >). lender. 

prestador que da prestado. 

j'ak' ton ta lUceb ch'ub, agn:vphr(tv & ncpd) & qphr(prep & 

nphr<n4f of n5>). foundation msker. fundador tal. 

j'ak'-vokol, agn(tv & ncpd). executioner, punisher, torturer. 

(1) punidor, verdugo, (2) sayon 307. 

j'ak*ol, agn. escort el que asi acompaha 5. 

j'ak'vanej ta vinik, nphr:agn(vn5) & qphr(prep & n5). obedient 

person, obediente. 

j'ak*vanejon ta vinik. I am obedient, obediente. 

j'ak*vanej ta ya, nphr:agn(vn5) &. qphr(prep & n5). molester, 

person who vexes another, acosador asi. 

'ak'abal 

'ak*abal, n5. night RML—As in modern Tzotzil of Ixtapa: 

ac'abal (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:13). noche. 

'ak'abal julay, vphr:qphr(n5) & iv. rise early in tiie morning. 

rruidrugar. 

'ak'abal k'op, nphr(n type n)5. black magic, nigromancia. 

'oy to 'ak'abal, s:n5/pred/ & pt & n5. dawn, (1) madrugar. (2) 

madrugada. 

'ak'al 

'ak'al, n5. red hot coal, ember, charcoal. (1) ascua de fuego, 

brasa. (2) brasa, (3) carbon 51. 

'ak'lel candela, nphr(n4f of n5). candle snuff, pabesa de 

candela 252. 

'ak'lin, iv. burn (coals). (1) abrasarse, (2) ascua hacerse, 

abrasarse. (3) brasa. 

'ak'in 

'ak*in, nld. weeding, plants removed by weeding. (1) 

escardamiento asi. (2) escardadura, lo que asi quitan 

escardando. 

sk'inal 'ak*in. weeding season, escardamiento asi. 

xibat ta 'ak*in, I am going to weed, yr a limpiar o escardar 

las milpas 190. 

'ak*inaj, iv. weed, limpiar de la maleza y mala yerba. 

'ak*inajeb, nld. weeding instmment, weeding hatchet escardador o hachuelo con que escardan. 

'ak'inajebal, n5. weeding instrument, hatchets tiiey use for 

weeding, escardador o hachuelo con que escarden. 

'ak'intay, tv. weed, limpiar de la maleza y mala yerba. 

'ak*intay 'ixim, vphr:tv & n5. weed cornfield, escardar. 

limpiar de la maleza y nulla yerba. 

j'ak*in, agn. weeder. escardador asi. 

j'ak*inajel, agn. weeder. escardador asi. 

j'ak'intayvanej, agn. weeder. escardador asi. 

'ak'ol 

'ak'ol, nld. above, on, over, arriba. 

kak'ol. above me, sobre. preposicion. 

ta 'ak'olon. I am on top, estar encima. 

ta yak*ol, above it. sobre, preposicion. 

'ak*ol 'ak'vanej, nphr(n type n)5. high standing, estado alto. 

'ak*ol 'Uc*, nphr(n type n)5, east wind, west wind, *I believe 

they do not have names for otiiers (than the west wind), 

RML—^East wind is surely the only correct gloss. 

levante, viento oriental. 

'ak*ol 'ut 'e, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of -n4d). palate, paladar. 

'ak*ol na, nphr(n4f of n5). attic, sobrado de casa. 

'ak*ol ti', nphr:n4f of -n4d. upper Up. (1) beso de arriba 39, 

(2) labio de encima. 

'ak'ol ti' na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. lintel, lumbral de 

puerta alto. 

'ak'ol va'leb mak na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of <n of n>5). lintel. 

lumbral de puerta alto. 

'ak'ot 

'ak*ot, n5. dance, baile. 

'ak*otaj, iv. dance, bailar. 

'ak*otajeb, n5. dancing school, escuela de danzar. 

'ak'otajes, tv. make dance, spin (top), bailar hacer. 

'ak*otal, n5. dance, baile. 

'ak*otan, tv. make dance (cat), bailar o mitotear algun goto. 
NUMBER 31 135 

'ak'ottas, tv. make dance, bailar hacer. 

j'ak*ot, agn. dancer, bailador. 

j'ak*otal, agn. dancer, bailador. 

'al(l) 

'al, nld. bet. RML—In modem TzotzU of Venustiano Carranza 

'ak'be 'al and pas 'al mean to bet apuesta. 

'oy kal. I have a bet. apostar. 

'al, n5. guUt, sin, temptation, tentacion asi. 

'al, tv. accuse, bequeaUi, bless, mean (as when we say that bfrd 

calls mean rain, planets or comets, such and such), offer, 

promise, relate person's history, say, serve, testify. (1) 

acusar, (2) decir 84, (3) mandar asi, (4) mandar asi o 

hacer manda, (5) significar como, (6) testiguar, (7) tratar 

de alguno contaruio sus hechos o historias, (8) volar, 

dar el voto. 

chamel xal. It means sickness, significar como.... 

vi'nal xal. It means hunger, significar como.... 

ta sna Juan kaloj padre. I serve in the church of St John. 

servidor y servir. 

yalojotUc kajvaltUc dios. We serve Our Lord God. servidor 

y servir. 

ta xkal ta stz'el jch'akel. I wUl testify before the judge, pedir 

asi enjuicio al reo.... 

'al 'a'yej, vphr:tv & n5. give message, tell news, mensaje o 

nuevas decir. 

'al bidios, vphr:tv & nphr(n4d of n5). Lit. say God*s name, 

i.e., swear, jurar como.... 

'al mul, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. confess, confesar. 

'al nopobil, vphr:tv & -n4f, give an example, ejemplificar, 

poner ejemplo o comparacion 136. 

'al patan, vphr:tv & n5. pay tribute or tax. echar tributo o 

derrama. 

'al p*isobU, vphr:tv & -n4f give an example, ejemplificar, 

poner ejemplo o comparacion 136. 

'al ta ti', vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). promise, mandar 

asi 0 hacer maruia. 

mu neyak*beye eyal ta sti' xeyak*bey la. He did not give it 

to me, but he promised he would give it to me. 

ta xkal ta jti' xkak'bey sk'u'. I promised I would give him 

his clotiies. 

'al te k'in, vphr:tv & nphr(art & n5). hold fiesta, echar la fiesta. 

'al ti', vphr:tv & n4d[A], reply, replicar. 

*al tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f interpret significar. 

'alben, n4d, statement, decir a otro algo 84. 

'albey, dv. impute, summon, tell. (1) achacar a alguno algo, 

(2) decir a otro algo 84, (3) requerir. 

'albey kola'al, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. blame, vituperar. 

'albey patan, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. entmst office to. encomendar 

oficios. 

'albey pukuj, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. call person a devil, cf 'al 

(1). diabolica cosa. 

'albil patan, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4d[S]. be entmsted to an office. 

encomeruiado asi. 

'albol, n4d. accusation to be made, acusar. 

'ale, vn5. bet jugar como 

ebat ku'un ta 'ale. I lost it on a bet 

k*usi skoj avak* ta 'ale. Why did you bet so much? 

ta 'ale ebat. It was lost on a bet. 

'alel, n4d. vote, voto de esta manera. 

'aley, tv. bet, cause to commit treason, tempt and win over, 

win game or bet (1) ganar en el juego o apuesto, (2) 

traicion asi, (3) traicion hacer. 

ekaley Pedro. I tempted Peter and won him over, tentacion 

asi. 

'aley ba, rv. bet together, apostar. 

Hal xkaley jbatUc. We wiU bet on it. apostar. 

'aleyat, tv/pass/. lose bet (or) game. (1) ganarme a mi, (2) jugar 

como..., (3) perder algo en juego o apuesta. 

xe'aleat (or) xe'alebat (or) ne'aleat I was beaten, 

"aleyey, tv/pass/. fall to temptation, tentacion asi. 

xe'aleyey (or) xe'aleat yu'un pukuj. I was tempted and 

conquered by the devil, 

'aley van, iv. win bet (or) game, ganar en juego o apuesta. 

'alobil, n4f story, decir 84. 

yalobU svinkilayel kajvaltUc. tiie story of Our Lord*s birth, 

'ip 'aley, vphr:adv & tv/pass/. be famous, cf 'al (1). 

esclarecerse o ctfamarse. 

j'al-k*op, agn(tv & ncpd). talkative person, parlero. 

j'al-k*op ta tz'el jch*akel, nphr:agn(tv & ncpd) & qphr(prep 

& nphr<n4d of agn>). litigant, pleiteador. 

j'al-k*op ta tz*el juez, nphr:agn(tv & ncpd) & qphr(prep & 

nphr<n4d of n5>). Utigant pleiteador. 

j'al-mul, agn(tv «& ncpd). confessor (who confesses), corfesante que descubre sus pecados. 

j'al-ti'U, agn(tv & ncpd). responder. replicacion. 

j'alal-k*op, agn(tv & ncpd). prophet (male or iemaie). prof eta, 

varon o mujer. 

j'alal-k*op mu to x'ayan 'oy. He is a false prophet, 

j'aleyvanej, agn. traitor. RML—This is given both here and in 

colonial Tzeltal as ghalavanegh (Guzman, 1620:210). 

traidor. 

mu 'al, vphr:neg & tv-. deny, negar. 

*'aal, n5. guilt, sin, temptation. RML—This term occurs also 

in colonial Tzeltal (Guzm^, 1620:206). tentacion asi. 

*'aal k'op, nphr(n type n)5. temptation, treason. (1) tentacion 

asi, (2) traicion. 

*'aal-k'optay, tv(n & tvcpd). cause to commit treason, tempt 

*They have the same word for winning at a game or in 

a bet; it can be used for tricking and sometimes the 

Indians use it that way. Some use indifferentiy *xkaalk'optay y jjotz-k'optay y xe'aleyey y xejotz'iey y xkaley 

yjjotz'i. (1) tentacion asi. (2) tentar como para veneer lo. 

(3) traicion hacer. 

'ep ta mek *xeyaal-k'optayotUc pukujey mu xeyalotik. We 

are tempted many times by the devil, but we do not fall. 

tentacion asi. 

*j'aal-k'op, agn. traitor. RML—The same term occurs in 

colonial Tzeltal (Guzmdn, 1620:210). traidor. 
136 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'al(2) 

'al. adopt, chUd, conceive, give bfrth, goddess, hamlet, relative, 

womb, cf 'ol (2) 

'al(3) 

'al. heavy, lazy, sluggish, weight cf 'ol (1). 

'al (4) 

'al, perpetuate, cf Hal. 

'alib 

'aUb, n4d. daughter-in-law, parents-in-law (woman's), (1) 

nuera. muger del hijo. (2) suegro o suegra, la muger 

dice. 

'aljun 

'aljun, n4d. woman's nephew or niece (sister's son or daughter) 

or woman's stepchUd, RML—^Modem Tzeltal of Bachajon: 

woman's nephew or niece, (Slocum and Gerdel, 1965:117), 

(1) ante todo cf entenado. (2) sobrino hijo de hermana.... 

'altik 

'altik, adv. in vain, en vano. 

'altik ejtzames. By chance I kiUed him. acaecer. 

'altUc nebat By chance I went, acaecer. 

'amak' 

'amak', nld. yard, patio, porch, (i) fuera, (2) patin de casa o 

patio 252, (3) portal de casa. 

'amak'il, nib, yard, patio, (I) fuera, (2) patin de casa o patio 

252, 

yamak'il jna. My patio,/uera, 

'amay 

'amay, n5. flute. RML—As in modern Tzotzil of Larrainzar, 

amay (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:15), and Chalchihuitan. flauta. 

'amay'amay xik*opoj. I speak harmoniously, cordel 

llaman.... 

'amayain, iv. play Uie flute, taner flauta. 

'amayain, tv. play the flute, taner flauta. 

j'amay, agn. flutist./Zawrero que las tahe. 

'amoch 

'amoch, n5. frog. (1) harda, (2) ranml. 

'an (1) 

'an, iv. kindle, burn (coals). (1) abrasarse, (2) ascua hacerse, 

abrasarse. (3) brasa. 

'anel Ho', nphr(natt & n)5. lye. lejia 196. 

'an (2) 

'an, tv. hew, carve, dolar. 

'anbil tz*am te'. hewn beam, viga labrada. 

'an te', vphr:tv & n5. hew (or) carve wood, carpintear o labrar 

madera. 

'an ton, vphr:tv & n5. hew (or) carve stone, escodar o labrar 

piedras. 

'anben te', nphr(nle of n5), wood chip, shaving, (1) astilla de 

cosa labrada, (2) dolar con cincel u otra cosa asi dando 

golpes, (3) ripia, astillas que caen cuando labran. 

'anben ton, nphr(n of n)5, stone chip, dolar con cincel u.... 

'anob te', nphr(n of n)5, adze, woodworking ax, (1) acuela. 

(2) hacha para labrar madera. 

'anob ton, nphr(nle of n5), stonecutter's hammer. (1) acuela, 

(2) escoda para labrar piedra. 

'anob tontik, nphr(n of n)5. quarry, pedrera. 

j'an-te', agn(tv & ncpd). carpenter. (1) carpintero, (2) dolador 

de madera, carpintero. 

j'an-ton, agn(tv & ncpd), stonecutter. (1) cantero, (2) dolador 

de madera. carpintero, (3) pedrero que las corta o labra. 

j'an-yolobU, agn(tv & ncpd). fletcher. flee hero que las hace 

147. 

*'an (3) 

*'ani, iv, be crippled or injured. * *xe'am. *xa'am. x'ani. i.e., 

injure or hurt myseU" causing blood to flow. They use 

tills word when tiiey fall or stumble or bump into 

something or however they are hurt by chance. And tiiey 

add ku'un to mean "injure another," *na'ani ku'un. you 

were injured by me, putting tiie ffrst word in the present 

or past according to the proper tense, and the person also 

according to the person who was injured and adding 

ku'un, by me, 'avu'un, by you, converting neufral verbs 

to active, xave' ku'un means the same as xajve'eltas, 

*xa'ani ku'un as *xkanibtas. which is to injure anotiier, 

*e'ani, past tense, RML—In several instances this verb 

is given with transitive verb person markers, (1) 

descalabrar. (2) descalabrado. (3) despehar a otro, (4) 

lisiar. 

'anibtas, tv, injure, descalabrar. 

*'anibtasbU, pp. injured, descalabrado. 

'anal 

'anal coles, nphr(n4d of n5), cabbage leaf, penca de bersa o 

lechuga. 

'anal jobel, nphr(n type n)5. thatch (for houses, with a rather 

wide leaf), paja para casas.... 

'anal lechuga, nphr(n4f of n5), lettuce leaf, penca de.... 

'anal te', nphr(n4f of n5). tree leaf, * And aU other leaves except 

pine needles, hoja de arbol. 

'anal tuix, nplir(n4f of n5), leek leaf, porretas. hojas de puerro. 

'analin, iv. leaf, hojas hechar los arboles. 

'antz 

'antz, n5. woman, female of any species. (1) hembra en 

cualquier genero o especie. (2) muger, hembra. 

'antzU 'olol, nphr(natt & n)3d. woman*s daughter, hijo 

respecto de la muger. 

'antzU cabaUo, nphr(natt & n)5, mare, yegua 183. 

'antzU k'op, nphr(natt & n)5. womanly talk, mugeril, asi 

perteneciente a muger. 

'antzU mu'nat, nplir(natt & n)5. female slave, sierva. 

'antzU mul, nphr(natt & n)5. womanly sin. mugeril, asi 

perteneciente a muger. 

'antzil pom, nphr(natt & n)5. bee (other kind), abeja de otra 

especie. 

'antzU xinch'ok, nphr(natt & n)5. hermaphrodite, hombre y 

muger 239. 

'antzU ti', nphr(natt & n)5. war, guerra. 
NUMBER 31 137 

'antzU tuluk', nphr(natt & n)5, hen, gallina. 

'antzU tux-nok' chij, nphr:natt & nprh(n<n & n>cpd type n)5, 

ewe, oveja. 

'antzU vinUc, nphr(natt & n)5, mermaid, RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal, Guzman gives this as vinic chay, "human fish," 

which seems more apt (Guzm^, 1620:196), sirena del 

mar 315. 

'antzU-ti'ij, iv(natt & ivcpd), wage war, guerra hacer. 

'antzU-ti'in, tv(natt & tvcpd), wage war on, guerra hacer a 

otro. 

'antzUel, n4d, vagina, *More proper than lu'il, miembro de 

muger. 

j'antzil-ti', agn(natt & ncpd). warrior, real de gente armada. 

'atil 'antz, cf 'at (1). 

'utzU 'antz, cf 'utz. 

'anil 

'anU, n4d. race, swiftness. (l)flacosa sinfuerzas, (2) ligereza. 

mo 'oyuk kanU. Lit I have no swiftness, i.e., I am feeble. 

flacosa sinfuerzas. 

'anil 'apon, nphr(n type n)5. buboes that spread from one part 

of the body to another, encordio que anda.... 

'anU jkotz, nphr(aj & n)5. young rooster, gallo pequeho o polio. 

'anUaj, iv. hurry, run. (1) aguijar, ir a prisa, (2) correr. 

'anUajebal, n3d. racetrack where they run. carrera doruie 

corren. 

'anUal, n4d. first in everything, prima en cada genero. 

yanilal. he himself, el mismo. 

yanilalik vinUc. town founders, primeros del pueblo. 

'anUtay, tv, make mn. *(As) "Run to your priest, mn to the 

church.'* correr algo. 

'anUtay ba ta majel, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & vn5). attack each 

other, arremeter ambos o mas asi. 

'anUtay ta lut'el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). hurl oneself 

into the assault. *The verb is always foUowed by what 

it is that one hurls oneself into, arremeter para saltar. 

'anUtay ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). attack, assault. 

arremeter a mi asi. 

j'anil, agn. swift person or thing, ligera cosa. 

'ay ta muk*ta 'anU, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). 

fugitive, huidico. 

'ap 

'ap, confession, oath, pact, pray, proclaim, promise, cf 'av (3). 

'apon 

'apon, nld. boU, pus-fiUed growth. (1) divieso, (2) nacido o 

nacida de materia. 

'anU 'apon, cf 'anil. 

tzajal 'apon, cf tzoj, 

ton 'apon, cf ton (1). 

'ap' 

'ap*, iv, crack open (ground), abrirse hendiendose como la 

tierra. 

*'ap*, iv, be unoccupied. RML—This verb is given very 

confusedly, sometimes seeming to be a vowel initial and 

other times consonant mitial, sometimes as infransitive 

verb and sometimes as transitive verb. In colonial Tzeltal 

it is given both as ahp and hap (Gates, 1934b:3,45). (1) 

aflojar en el trabajo, (2) continuar, (3) tiempo no tener 

para hacer algo 

mo 'oyuk *yap*el 'osU (or) mu *x'ap' 'osU. be too busy to 

do something tiempo ano tener 

mo no 'ox *x'ap' jutuk. I won't stop at all. continuar. 

*x'ap' 'abtel ku'un. I wUl ease up on the work, aflojar en 

el trabajo. 

'ap'al, aj. cracked, abierto como hendido 3. 

'ap*al, n4e. crack, abertura como hendidura 3. 

'ap'alul, n4f crack (board, window, door), resquicio de labia 

o ventana o puerta. 

'ap'el, vn4f crack, abertura como hendidura. 

'ap'ap'tUc, aj. badly cracked, cracked in many places, hendicb 

en muchas partes. 

'ap'ap'tUc 'ak', vphr:adv & tv-. insert in many places. 

entremeter entre otras cosas. 

'ap'ap'tik lok*es, vphr:adv & tv-. pick out entresacar. 

'ax 

'axibal, n3d. raincape (woven palm leaves they carry for when 

it rains), guarida asi. 

'axibal 'abnal, nphr(n type n)5. arbor, place with shade 

provided by branches, ramada, sombra de ramas. 

'axiban, tv, use palm leaf rain cover, guarida asi. 

'axibin, tv, use palm leaf rain cover, guarida asi. 

'axina, n5, helmet, casco. 

'axinaj, iv, take shelter from the rain, guarecerse de la lluvia. 

'axinajebal, n3d. rain shelter, guarida asi. 

'axintas, tv. shelter from the rain, gtmrecer algo asi. 

'at(l) 

'at k*ok*, nphr(n4f of n5). flame, llama de fuego. 

'at xinch*ok vacas, nphr:n4f of nphr(n type n)5. buU penis. 

vergajo de toro. 

'atil, n3d. penis. (1) miembro del hombre, (2) pixa. 

'atil, n4d. friendUness, frankness, familiaridad. 

'atil, n5. nobUity. nobleza. 

'atil 'antz, nphr(natt & n)5. hermaphrodite, hombre y muger 

289. 

'atil 'uch', nphr(natt & n)5. crab louse, ladilla. 

'atil chon, nphr(natt & n)5. crab louse, ladilla. 

'atil vinUc, nphr(n type n)5. noble, merrymaker, friendly, 

generous, Uberal, serene (or) sociable person. (1) alegar, 

(2) familiar persona, conversable, sereno, (3) franco, 

liberal, (4) llano en conversacion, (5) noble de condicion. 

laal 'atil, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. friendly, serene, sociable, familiar 

persona, conversable, sereno. 

'at (2) 

'at, tv. count, belong to, be in partnership with, contar. 

'atbUon. I am a partner, parcionero. 

x'atey ta 'atojol. He is your partner, parcionero. 

xa'atey ku'un. I make you my partner, parcionero hacer a 

otro. 

mo no 'ox jay avat yutzil. His goodness is without measure. 
138 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

...ynfinito en bondad 188. 

ta San Juan xe'atey. I belong to the parish of St. John. 

parroquiano ser en tal o tal parroquia. 

'at 'olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. consider, think. (1) pensar, (2) 

pensar si es cosa que le conviene, (3) suspirar 323. 

'at tza, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. think, pensar. 

'at ta 'olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). consider. 

conciderar 63. 

'atal jetav, nphr(aj & n)5. branchy. RML—This term also 

occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:176). ramoso 

o lleno de ramos. 

'atal k'elom, nphr(aj & n)5. branchy, ramoso o lleno de ramos. 

'atal mek, nphr(aj & nc)5, frequentiy, a cada paso, a menudo. 

'atel, vnld. account, sum. cuenta de lo que es contado 63, 

katel. My account cuenta de lo que es contado 63, 

mo xu' yatel. It is infinite, ynfinito en numero 187. 

mo xu' yatel yutzil. His goodness is infinite, ynfinito en 

bondad 188. 

mu sta yatel. It is infinite, ynfinito en numero 187. 

'atel 'olonton, nphr:vn4f of -n4d. thought, pensamiento. 

'atob, n4f pointer puntero. 

'atob 'osU, nphr(n of n)5, clock, reloj. 

'atob 'osil, nphr(n4e of n5), calendar of saints' days, 

martirologio. 

'atob biil, nphr(n of n)5, register, list of names, matricula de 

nombres propios. 

'atob biU, nphr(n4e of n5), register, Ust of names, matricula 

de nombres propios. 

'atob k'ak'al, nphr(n4e of n5), calendar of saints' days. 

martirologio. 

'atob k'in, nphr(n4e of n5). calendar of saints' days. 

martirologio. 

'atob vinik, nphr(n of n)5. register, list of names, martricula 

de nombres propios. 

'atob vinUc, nphr(n4e of n5). register, Ust of names, matricula 

de nombres propios. 

'atolaj, iv. count, contar. (1) prudente, (2) sabio que discurre 

mucho. 

j'at-'olonton, agn(tv & ncpd). reflective person, sage, pmdent 

person, contador. 

j'atolayel, agn. counter (person), contador. 

j'atvanej, agn. counter (person), contador. 

ta tojol 'atey, vphr:qphr(prep & -n4d) & tv/pass/. be a parmer 

of parcionero. 

'otol, nld. count, possession, rent of Vs of harvest, share. (1) 

cuenta 63, (2) perteneciente cosa, (3) racion o quinta 

286. 

j'otol, agn. counter (person), contador. 

'at (3) 

'atimol, nld. batii, bath water. (1) baho, la agua... 345, (2) 

baho o la agua... 345. 

battik ta 'atimol! Let's go bathing! 

ebat ta 'atimol. He went to take a bath, 

mi avatimol Ii' stuk? (Seeing the water gourd) Is tiiis your 

bath water? 

'atin, iv. batiie (not in sweatbatii), get wet. (1) banarse o 

lavarse fuera de baho 345, (2) mojado. 

'atin 'ach'el, vphr:tv & n5. be muddied, enlodarse. 

katinej 'ach'el. I was muddied, enlodado. 

katinej jba ta ch*ich', I was bloodied, ensangrentarse. 

'atin ch*ich*, vphr:tv & n5, be stained witii blood, ensangrentarse. 

'atin ta ch*ich*, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be stained wiUi 

blood, ensangrentarse. 

'atin Ho', vphr:tv & n5. bathe (not in sweatbath), get wet (1) 

baho doruie se bahan 345, (2) mojado. 

'atinab, n5. bath, bathing place, baho donde se bahan 345. 

'atinej ch*ich*, vphr:tv/ap/ & n5. bloodied, bloody, sangriento. 

'atintas, tv. batiie, wet (person). (1) banarse o lavarse fuera 

de baho 345, (2) mojar a otro. 

'atintas ta 'ach*el, vplir:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). muddy, enlodar 

a otro. 

j'atimol, agn. bather, bahador de los que se bahan asi 345. 

'at' 

'at*, wet, water, cf 'ach' (2). 

'av (1) 

'av, n4f place where something is or is put, mold for bell or 

casting of other metal object, site. *Site for buUding 

town, as when they say, "Look for a good site to found 

a town.'* "We cannot find a good site.'* RML—yav is 

usuaUy represented as "yauh," bnt also "yav."{l) lugar 

donde algo se pone o esta, (2) molde de campanas a 

cosa asi vaciadiza, (3) sitio, (4) sitiopara edificar pueblo 

como 

'av 'atz'am, nphr(n4f of n5). saltcellar, salero. 

'av 'amay, nphr(n4f of n5). flute case, caja defiautas 53. 

'av 'ixim, nphr(n4f of n5), granary, troje de pan 342, 

'av 'itaj, nphr(n4f of n5), garden, huerta 343. 

'av 'okil, nphr(n4f of n3d). footprint. (1) patada o huella, (2) 

pisada de pie, (3) rastro por sehal si es de pisadas, (4) 

sehal de la planta o pisada. 

'av bon, nphr(n4f of n5). dyer's vat tina de tintorero. 

'av tz*unbaltik, nphr(n4f of n5). garden, orchard, huerta 343. 

'av tz'unubil, nphr(n4f of n5). garden, orchard. *To say I want 

to make a garden here you have to say jk'an jlek (or) jk'an 

jpas IV yav tz'unubil (or) yav jtz'unubil (or) yav 

tz'unbaltik, and it is incorrect to say jk'an jlek tz'unubil 

(or) jtz'unub because that means that you want to make 

or take the free or vegetable itself, huerta 343. 

'av candela, nphr(n4f of n5). lantern, linterna 193. 

'av castUlan pom, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. censer, naveta. 

'av ch'ojon, nphr(n4f of n5). whiplash, sehal de azote. 

'av incienso, nphr(n4f of n5). censer, naveta de incienso. 

'av japbalal, nphr:n4f of -n4f candlestick, lamp socket 

mechero de candil o lampara. 

'av j-tek lum, nphr:n4f of nphr(n<num & ncpd> of n5). town 

site, sitio. 

'av kap ve'el, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). sauceboat. salsera. 
NUMBER 31 139 

'av k'a'-'ep, nphr:n4f of n(aj & ncpd)5. dump, establo no de 

bestias sino de suciedades. 

'av k'obil, nphr(n4f of n3d). handprint, sehal de la planta o 

pisada. 

'av k'obol, nphr(n4f of n3d). handprint, mark left by blow of 

the fist or by a slap. (1) sehal de la planta o pisada, (2) 

sehal de azote o herida absolute. 

'av k'ok', nphr(n4f of n5). hearth, ho gar. 

'av na, nphr(n4f of n5). house site, solar de casa 

'av nanatUc, nphr(n4f of n5). site of abandoned town. (1) sitio, 

(2) sitio de pueblo, casas que ya no habitan. 

'av naul, nphr:n4f of -n4f candlestick, lamp socket, mechero 

de caruiil o lampara. 

'av nichim, nphr(n4f of n5), flower garden, (1) huerto como 

ver gel 344, (2) vergel. 

'av sibak, nphr(n4f of n5), inkweU, tintero. 

'av tak'in, nphr(n4f of n5), surgeon's case, estuche de cirujano. 

'av vinagre, nphr(n4f of n5), vinegar bottie, vinagrera. 

'av Ho', nphr(n4f of n5). basin, fountain. (1) nuidre de rio. (2) 

pila de agua. 

'av (2) 

'av, tv. plant (as tiiey plant corn or we plant radishes), sembrar 

como 

'ovol, n5. planting, sembrar corrw 

xibat .ta 'ovol, I am going to plant, yr a sembrarlas 190. 

'av (3) 

'avalet, av. cackle (goose), cry, howl like a dog, scream. (1) 

ganir como perro como llorando. (2) graznar el ansar, 

(3) gritar, (4) llanto hacer. 

'avan, iv. bleat, cry, proclaim. (1) balar, (2) gritar, (3) llanto 

hacer, (4) pregonar. 

'avan 'osU, s:iv & n5. thunder, atronar. 

'avan chauk, s:iv & n5. Uiunder. atronar. 

'avan ta 'ok'el, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). waU. gritar 

llorando. 

'avanabil, n3d. adam's apple, throat, vent, (1) garganta, (2) 

nuez del cuello, (3) respiradero. 

'avanel, vn5, bleat, scream. (1) balido, (2) grito. 

j'avanel, agn. shouter. gritador. 

'aptay, tv. proclaim, pregonar. 

'aptay dios, vphr:tv & n5. pray to God. rogar a Dios. 

'aptayabU kotol sanctoetUc, nphr(n4f of nphr<n4f of n5>). 

litany, cf 'av (3). letania. 

'aptaybil, pp. mocked, escarnecido. 

'aptayel, vn5. prayer, ruego. 

'ov, nld. bleat, publication of town crier, shout. RML—Given 

as oy. (1) balido, (2) grito, (3) pregon. 

'ov chauk, nphr(n4f of n5). thunder, tronido. 

j'ov, agn. loudmouth, shouter, town crier. (1) bocinglero 44, 

(2) gritador, (3) pregonero. 

'ipal j'ov, nphr(aj & agn)5. loudmouth, bocinglero 44. 

'a vob 

x'avob, n5. pollywog, RML—This term is still in use in 

Larrainzar, x'avob (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:228). 

ranacuajo. 

'ay 

'ay, n5, came, went, cf 'oy (1). 

'ay ta jatval. He fled, huidico. 

'ayon ta tzob patan. I went to collect taxes, recadar rentas. 

'ayon ta maj-'ak*. Lit. I went to the vine-beating, i.e., I went 

to poison fish, pesca de esta manera. 

'ayon ta maj-'ak*iej choy. I went to poison fish, pesca de 

esta manera. 

'ayon ta nupol (or) 'ayon ta snupol. I went to the reception 

(the welcoming), recibimiento 289. 

'ayotik ta tzamesvanej. We went to the kilUng. rebato hacer. 

'ayotUc ta xchukel vinUc. We went to the jaiUng. rebato 

hacer. 

'ayan 

'ayan. be born, Christmas, social standing, supply, cf 'oy (1). 

'ayik* (Y.) 

'ayik*al, aj. rich. RML—^No longer in use in modern TzotzU, 

it is found in both colonial and modern Yucatec; ayikal, 

rich, and ayikalil, wealth, and modern Yucatec; ayikal, 

rich, and ayikalil, wealUi (Perez, 1877:11). The same 

terms occur in colonial Chorti (Moran, 1935:56). rico. 

'ayik'alot. You are rich. ser. 

'ayik' 

'ayUc'al chabjom, nphr(aj & n)5. lit. "rich cultivator,** i.e., rich 

man. * (Referring to cultivator) many times they consider 

him a rich man. rozador o labrador. 

'ayik*al xanvU, nphr(aj & agn)5. rich trader, rozador o 

labrador. 

'ayUc*aletik, aj. rich. RML—This reading is suspect, rico. 

'ayik'lej, iv. grow rich. (1) enriquecer, (2) enriquecido. 

'ayik*lejel, vn5. enrichment, enriquecimiento. 

'ayik'lejes, tv. enrich, enriquecer a otro. 

'ayUc'lejesbil, pp. enriched, enriquecido. 

'ayik'leUl, n3d. property, wealth. (1) bienes, haciendas, (2) 

hacieruia o riqueza 166, (3) riqueza. 

"ayik*leltas, tv, enrich, enriquecer otro. 

'e(l) 

'e, n4f blade,/z7o de espada o cuchillo. 

'e elefante chij, nphr:n4d of nphr(n type n)5. ivory, marfil. 

ye chij Ha' te elefante sbie. Lit. tooth of the deer that is called 

elephant i,e,, ivory, 

'eal, n3d. tooth, diente. 

'oy 'e, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f sharp (blade), filos tener asi. 

'utz 'e, cf. 'utz. 

'e(2) 

'ean, tv. carry, transport acarreara. 

'ean tzo'op, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. build a nest nido hacer. 

'eanbol, n4d. goods being transported, acarrear lo que tengo 

que acarrear. 

j'eanvanej, agn. porter, ganapan. 

*'e' 

*'e'et, av. breathe. RML—Possibly related to Totontepec 

Mixe, xeh, "breaUie.** resollar. 
140 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

*'e'onet, av. breatiie. resollar. 

*'echan 

*'echan, n5. today. RML—In colonial Tzeltal tiie term is 

hichan (Guzman, 1620:144). oy 237. 

'ech' 

'ech*, iv. be digested, exceed, go tiirough streets or gardens, 

pass by, surpass. (1) digerirse, (2) digerido, (3) pasar 

caminando, (4) pasarse por calles, huertas, cf pasearse, 

(5) sobrar, sobrepujando, (6) sobrepujar. 

mu to ta x'ech*. It is indigestible, yndigesto, rw digerido 186. 

'ech' 'olonton, s:iv/3s/ & -n4d. become tame, manso hacerse 

asi. 

'ech* 'osU 'u'un, s:iv/3s/ & n5 + -n4d. divert self, recrearse. 

'ech* ta be, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). get ahead of 

RML—^This is given as xequich tabe. adelantarse como 

dejando los otros atras. 

'ech* ta lekom, vphr:iv & qphr(prep Sc -n4d). become the 

property of. poseer. 

'ech* Ho'tUc 'u'un, s:iv/3s/ & n5 + -n4d. winter, ynvernar, tener 

invierno 189. 

ta Soktom x'ech* Ho'tUc ku'un. I am wintering in Chiapa. 

'ech*bU, pp. surpassed, sobrepujado. 

'ech*eb, n4f. ford, pasadero, lugar do pasan. 

'ech'eb 'osil, nphr(n4f of n5), competent sustenance appointed 

to person entering the priesthood, pastime, (1) pasada, 

cf pasadia, (2) pasatiempo. 

'ech'eb 'uk'um, nphr(n4f of n5), stepping stone, pasadero, 

lugar do pasan. 

'ech'el, vn4f, departure, aun ahora fue 22, 

yech'el to. He just left, 

'ech'el ta jom, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & n5). navigation, 

passage. (1) navegacion, (2) rmvegante. 

'ech'olaj, iv. drop in price, vilescerse en el precio. 

'ech*om, aj. old, stale, ahejo. 

'ech*te 'ech'te xanav, vphr:av(av & av)/3s/ & iv. go on 

pilgrimage, peregrinar. 

'ech'te 'ech'te xanbal, s:vphr(av & av) & -nld. make a 

pilgrimage, peregrinacion. 

j'ech'el-be, agn(vn & ncpd). passerby, traveler. (1) caminante, 

(2) viandante. 

Ha' te 'ech'e, s:n5/pred3s/ & s(pt & iv). predecessor, antecesor. 

Ha' te tana 'ech', s:n5/pred3s/ & s(pt & qphr<n5> & iv). 

current presente cosa. 

'et'es, tv. abort, administer to (giving something to someone). 

(1) abortar, (2) administrar daruio algo. 

'et'es 'ipal k'ak'al, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n5). take a siesta. 

sestear, tener la siesta. 

'et'es 'osU, vphr:tv & n5. divert self, pass Uie time away. (1) 

pasar tiempo, (2) recrearse. 

'et'es k'ak'altik, vphr:tv & n5. summer, estio tener o pasar 

en lugar, estivar. 

'et'es tumuch k'ak'al, vphr:tv & nphr(n type n)5. take a siesta. 

sestear. 

'et'es ve'el, vphr:tv & n5. digest, digerir. 

'et'esab 'osil, nphr(n of n)5. RML—See 'ech'eb 'osil. (1) 

pasada, cf pasadia, (2) refrigerio. 

'et'esab k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. place for taking a siesta. 

sesteador. cf. sesteadero. 

'et'esabil 'osil, nphr(n4f of n5). competent sustenance appointed to person entering the priesthood, consolation, 

refreshment (1) pasada, cf pasadia. (2) pasatiempo, (3) 

r^rigerio. 

•et*esabil chamel pox, nphr:nphr(n4f of vn5) type n5. purge. 

purga. 

jk*an kak*be yet'esabil chamel pox. I want to take a purge. 

.. .purgar. 

'et*esbey, dv. give to, tum over to. RML—This is given 

as xquitasbey. entregar algo a otro. 

'et'esbey 'a'iel, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. frrigate with water from a 

draw weU. regar con agua de pie. 

'et'esbey 'osU, vphr:-dv & n5. divert, recrear a otro. 

'et'esbU, pp. deUvered, submitted. RML—^This is given as 

etasbil. entregado. 

'et'esej 'osU, nphr(vn of n)5. recreation, recreacion. 

'ek 

'ek, pt, also, too, RML—As in modem Tzotzil of Chamula and 

Chenalho, tambien. 

'ekuk, pt, also, and, too, (1) e, conjuncion. (2) y. conjuncion. 

mo 'ekuk, neg & pt. neither, tampoco. 

mu jk'an 'ekuk. I don't want U eiUier. 

'ekel 

'ekel, vn5. purchase of corn, comprar maiz 190. 

xibat ta 'ekel. I am going to buy com. 

'ekel, vn4d. corn that has been bought, comprar maiz. 

'ekelaj, iv. buy corn, comprar maiz. 

'ekeltay, tv. buy corn, comprar maiz. 

'ek'el 

'ek'el, n5. hatehet used by the Indians, metal. (1) hachuela de 

las que ellos tienen, (2) metal. 

'ek'el tomin, nphr(n type n)5. copper coin (quarter), moneda 

de cobre como cuartos. 

batz'i 'ek'el, cf batz'i. 

castiUan 'ek'el, cf castiUan. 

'elan 

'elan, be in front of, face, cf. 'elov, 

'elav 

"elav. admfre, wonder, cf 'elov. 

'eiek' 

'elek*, n5, larceny. (1) hurto, (2) latrocinio. (3) robo o hurto. 

'elek*, nld. stolen goods, robo o hurto. 

j'elek', agn. robber (who acts in secret). (1) hurtador. ladron, 

(2) ladro secreto. 

'elk'aj, iv. steal, hurtar. 

'elk'ajebal tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. picklock, ganzua. 

'eUc'an, tv. steal, hurtar. 

ne'eUc'anat elaj sbel jna. I was robbed, my possessions are 

gone, fatiga asi o adversidad. 
NUMBER 31 141 

'eUc'an bel na dios, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of nphr<n4f of n5>). 

commit a sacrilege (by stealing from Uie church). *There 

is no general term for sacrilege, but they must specify 

wheUier it is against a place or a person, sacrilegio. 

'utz 'eUc'anel, cf 'utz. 

'em» 

'eUc*. steal, cf 'elek'. 

'elm 

'elm. eam, profit, provide, cf. *'elo. 

*'elo 

*'elo, n4f count, profit RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term is 

yela (Guzm^, 1620:203), (1) logro, (2) surm en la 

cuenta. 

*'elaaj 'u'un, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d), add up, RML—The same 

term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:203), 

sumar en la cuenta. 

*'elaajes, tv, add up, sumar en la cuenta. 

*'elaaj 'u'un, iv, eam, make a profit, (1) ganar, ganar en la 

mercaduria, (2) ganar trabajando. 

'ep x'ebnaj ku'un. I am making a good profit, gamr, ganar 

en la mercaduria. 

'elmaj j'Uojel 'u'un, s:iv & agn -i- n4d, prove with a witness. 

probar con testigos 274. 

'elmaj p'olmal, s:iv & n5. make a profit, ganar en la 

mercaduria. 

'elmaj yo' 'oy, vphr:iv & pt & pt be advantageous or 

profitable, provecho y provechoso. 

'elmajes, tv. provide, RML—In colonial Tzeltal -elmaghtez 

means "garuir en la mercaderia, proveer" (Guzman, 

1620:168), proveer. 

'elmajesbil, pp, supplied, proveido. 

j'elmajesvanej, agn, provider, proveerfor, 

mo 'elmaj k'in, s:neg & iv & ii4e, be too busy (to do something 

because of disturbances), tiempo no tener 

'elov 

'elov, n4f excess, facade, front, surface, (1) frontera o 

delantera o la haz de algo, (2) haz, la cara. (3) haz de 

cualquiera cosa, (4) sobra que sobrepuja. 

'elov cha'ley ba, vphr:-n4e & rv, pretend to be, similar lo que 

no es. 

'elovil, n3d, face, rostro o cara. 

'elan, iv, be in front of, face, publicamente. 

x'elan skotol vinik e'elk*aj. In front of everyone he stole, 

x'elan skotol vinUc elaj ya'i vinUc. Everyone heard him in 

pubUc. 

'elanej ba, nphr(vn4f of m4f). in front of (one house or 

another), facing, ertfrente de tal casa o de tal cosa. 

yelanej sba sti' lok'ebal sna xchi'uk sna fulano. His door 

(or) house faces so and so's. 

'elanej ba *ak', vphr:nphr(vn4f & rn4f) & tv-. place against. 

poner en contrario. 

'elavaj, iv. admfre, wonder at admirar. 

*'eno 

*'eno, pt Look! Here! (1) he, (2) hea aqui 166, (3) que buena 

cosa es, admirandose. 

*'eno avil. Look! he! 

*'eno U'. Look here! hea aqui 166, 

*'eno avutzil bi. Look how good you are! que buena cosa 

es, admirandose. 

*'eno yutzil. Look how good he is! que buena cosa es. 

admirandose. 

*'eno jt'ujumal. Look how good I am. que buena cosa es. 

admirandose. 

'ep 

'ep, aj. abundant many, much. (1) abundancia. (2) muchos 

en numero cantidad. 

'epon. Lit. I am many, i.e., I have a big famUy. casa,familia. 

toj 'ep. a great many, muy mucho. 

'ep 'il 'osil, vphr:aj & tv & n5. be long-lived or old. grande 

en edad. 

'ep 'olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d, fickle, mudable asi en el 

parecer. 

'ep tza, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. fickle, mudable asi en el parecer. 

'ep tz'i'ley ba, cf tz'i' (2). 

'ep ch'uunat, cf. ch'u. 

'ep k'op, cf. k'op. 

'ep labal, cf lab. 

'ep labanel, cf lab. 

'ep nopel, cf nop. 

'ep patan, cf pat. 

'ep xi'ey, cf. xi'. 

'ep ta jech 'ak', cf jech. 

'ep takot, ajphr:aj & qphr(prep & nc). flock (cattie). res, cabeza 

de ganado. 

'ep ta mek, ajphr:aj & qphr(prep & nc). frequentiy, many 

times, often, muchas veces. 

'ep ta mek jna' (or) 'ep ta mek xkat kolonton (or) 'ep ta mek 

xkich' jtza. I think of it often, pensar muchas veces. 

'ep ta mek xlik. It moves frequentiy. mudable, cosa que 

muchas veces se muda. 

'ep ta mek tuuney, cf tu (2). 

'ep takiej, cf tak (1). 

'ep tojol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f be expensive, valuable, or worthy. 

(1) caro, (2) estimable, cosa preciada. 

'ep tuun 'u'un k'usitik, cf tu (2), 

'ep'ep, aj. quite a lot, quite frequentiy. muchos algun tanto. 

'ep'ep nopbil. thought of quite frequentiy. 

'ep'ep tijbil. mentioned quite frequentiy. 

'epaj, iv. become abundant, increase, multiply. (1) abundancia, 

(2) acrecentarse, (3) multiplicarse. 

'epaj na, s:iv & n5. grow (town), poblar se o engrandecerse 

el pueblo. 

'epajes, tv. increase, multiply. (1) abundancia, (2) multiplicar 

otra cosa. 

'epal, n4f multitude, muchedumbre. 

'epal, aj. much, many, muchedumbre. 

'epal 'olonton, nphr(aj & n)5 fickle, ynconstante 186. 

'epal 'olontonU, nphr(aj & n)5 fickleness, inconstancy. 
142 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

ynconstancia 186. 

'epal tzaijel, nphr(aj & vn)5. fickleness, inconstancy. (1) 

ynconstancia 186, (2) pensamiento asi. 

'epal tz'albU Hun, nphr:aj & nphr(pp & n5). quantity of books. 

libreria muchos libros. 

'epal caballo, nphr(aj & n)5. flock of horses, piara de ganado. 

'epal jom, nphr(aj & n)5. fleet, flota de navio. 

'epal k'ob, nphr(aj & n)5. branchy, ramoso o lleno de ramas. 

'epal k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. disagreement, discord, diferencia o 

discordia. 

'epal na, nphr(aj & n)5. population, town, poblacion. 

'epal na yo' 'oy. There is a large population there, 

'epal pom, cf pom (1). 

'epal tux-nok' chij, nphr(n<n & ncpd>type n)5. flock of sheep. 

piara de ganado. 

'epal tux-nok' chij, nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. crowd. 

muchedumbre de hombres. 

'epal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. crowd. (1) gente o gentio, (2) 

muchedumbre de hombres, (3) tropel de gente. 

*epub, iv. spread out. desdoblar. 

e'epub avUcatz. Your burden is spread out. 

'epuj, iv. spread out desdoblar. 

j'epal-'olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). capricious person, antojadiso. 

j'epal-tza, agn(aj & ncpd). capricious person, antojadiso. 

j'epal-k'op, agn(aj & ncpd). imperious, long-winded or 

talkative person, person who speaks empty words. (1) 

baladron asi, (2) hablador que habla mucho, (3) mandon 

que mucho manda, (4) parlero, (5) vano en palabras. 

j'epal-k'opon. I am talkative, parlero ser. 

j'epal-ti', agn(aj & ncpd). taUcative person, palabrero. 

'es (1) 

'es, n4d. luck, ventur a buena. 

'oy kes. I am lucky, 

'esomaj, iv. procure by one means or another, profit, garuir, 

sacar que de una parte que de otra. 

j'esel, agn. lucky person, ventura buena. 

'ep 'esomaj 'u'un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4d. have great luck. *This 

is when one's crops multiply and are sold, ventura buena. 

'ep 'esomajes, vphr:aj & tv-. multiply one's wealth almost 

inadvertently, ventura buena. 

'es (2) 

'esel, n5. chilblain, savanon. 

'eselul, n4d. chUblain. savanon. 

'eseltUc, n5. afflicted wiUi many chilblains, savanon. 

'etel (1) 

'etel k'anal tak'in, nphr(n4f of nphr<aj & n>5). carat quilate 

de oro. 

'etel k'u'ul, nphr(n4f of n5). uniform, traje de vestido. 

'etelaj, iv. mark, sehalar dejando seha o muesca en arboles. 

'etelaj 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. mark stiver, etc. rmrcar plata u 

otra cosa. 

'eteUl, n3b. blaze, brand, dot (in writing), mark, sign. (1) nota 

asi, (2) punto encinm de letra, (3) raya para sehalar 

284, (4) sehal como..., (5) sino por sehal 317. 

'oy yetel. marked, marcada cosa. 

'eteltas, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n)5. blaze, brand, chisel, engrave, 

mark (wood or stone for cutting), seal (document), (1) 

herrar ganado con fuego, (2) marcar plata u otra cosa, 

(3) notar sehalando, (4) rayar, hacer raya 284, (5) reglar 

asi madera, piedra para cortar aserrar, (6) sellar 

escritura. (1) sehalar dejando seha o muesca en arboles, 

(S) sincelar 319. 

'eteUcas k'anal tak'in, vphr(tv & nphr<aj & n>5), mark carat 

quilate dar al oro. 

'etel (2) 

'eteltasab tak'in, nphr(n type n)5, branding fron, hierro para 

herrar ganado. 

'eteltasabil, n5, seal, RML—^This is given as dazabil. sella. 

'eteltasbenal, n4f, seal (on document), selladura. 

'eteltasbil, pp, branded, marked. (1) herrada asi, (2) marcada 

cosa. 

'eteltasbil sakil tak'in, nphr:pp & nphr(aj & n)5. marked sUver. 

plata marcada. 

'i, n4d. woman's grandchild. RML—This term persists in 

Venustiano Carranza. nieto del varon. 

'i' (1) 

'i'onet av. howl like a dog, neigh, waU, whinny. (1) ganir 

como perro como llorando, (2) gemir llorando, (3) 

relinchar. 

'i'onet 'ok', vphr:av & iv[S=S of av]. neigh, whinny, relinchar. 

'i'onet ta 'ok'el, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). neigh, whinny. 

relinchar. 

'i'onetel, vn5. howling, neigh, waUing, whinny. (1) ganir corrw 

perro como llorando, (2) gemido asi, (3) relincho. 

j'i'onetel, agn. waUer. gemidor que asi gime. 

*'i' (2) 

*'i'et, av. breathe. RML—^PossbUy related to modern Tzeltal 

of Bachajon, hu'xiy, "blow," (curing ritual), respirar. 

*'i'onet, av. breathe, respirar. 

'ib (1) 

'ibet 'olonton, s:av & -n4d. squeamish, acedia tener 37. 

4b (2) 

'ibel, n4b. foot (tree witii branches), origin, relationship, right, 

titie (legal). (1) arraigar, (2) origen o principio. (3) 

original cosa, (4) parentesco por sangre, (5) raigar, (6) 

titulo o derecho a alguna cosa. 

junjun kibeltik. We are of the same parentage (or) of tiie 

same stock, parentesco por sangre. 

'ibel ch'ub, nphr(n4f of n5). foot of waU, foundation. (I) fundar 

o asentar, (2) fundamento asi desde la haz de la tierra 

arriba. 

'ibel mulil, nphr(n4f of n5). original sin. original cosa. 

'ibel te', nphr: n4f of n5. foot of tree, tronco de arbol si es.... 

'ibel totil, nphr(n4f of n5). patriarch, patriarca. 

'ibel vitz, nphr(n4f of n5). foot of mountain. (1) arraigar, (2) 

cuesta por la ladera. (3) haldas de cierra al pie de la 

sierra. 
NUMBER 31 143 

'ibeltas, tv. give the motive for, lay the foundation, (1) fundar 

0 asentar desde encima la tierra arriba, (2) ocasion dar. 

'ibelub, iv. take root arraigar. 

'iben, iv. take root (1) arraigar. (2) asirse en la planta en la 

tierra, (3) prender la planta. 

e'iben. rooted, presa planta. 

j'ibeltasej-ch'ub, nphr(vn4f of n5cpd). foundation maker, 

fundador asi. 

*'ib (3) 

*'ibal pok*, nphr(aj & n)5. striped cloth (witii stripes of one 

color), RML—^This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal 

(Guzman, 1620:120). This root may also refer to 

armadillo, listada cosa cuando todo es de un color. 

'itz' 

'itz'lajet 'osil, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. sparkle (sunbeam 

through a crack in the wall, stars), RML—^This verb 

persists in modern TzotzU, resquicio de labia o ventana 

o puerta. 

'itz'in 

'itz'inal, n3d. man's younger brother, hermano menor del 

hombre 161. 

'itz'intas ba ta lum, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). humble 

oneself RML—In colonial Tzeltal -itzintez is "abatir a 

otro humillandolo" (Guzman, 1620:4). humillarse. 

'ich (1) 

'ich, n5. chiU. pimienta. 

'ich, n5. iteh. RML—^This term also occurs m colonial Tzeltal 

(Guzman, 1620:193). sarna 193. 

'ichil chak, nphr(natt & n)5. piles, almorranas. 

castiUan 'ich, cf castiUan. 

*'ich (2) 

*'ichinal, nld. merchandise, property, wealtii. RML—This 

may be related to colonial Yucatec ichinah "frutiflcar, 

darfruto los arboles" (Michelon, 1976:163). (1) alhaja 

de mercader, (2) bienes haciendas, (3) hacieruia o 

riqueza. 

*'ichinaUl, n3d. furniture, wealth. (1) mueble cosa, (2) riqueza. 

'ichin 

'ichin, n5. great homed owl. lechusa. 

'ichok' 

'ichok'U, n3d. man's nephew or niece, (sister's son or 

daughter). RML—^Modern Tzotzil of Chalchihuitan: 

man's sisters' son and man*s first cousins (Hopkins, 

1969:8, 86). sobrino hijo de hermana si habla el varon. 

'ichon 

'ichon, n4b. front, presence. *In Uie prayers which we give 

when we say, "Uie presence of the king has a great effect 

in the kingdom, Uiat of Uie bishop in the bishopric." 

They say: 'utz te yichon yilik svinkilel yu'un 'ojove. 

presencia, (or) 'utz yichon yilel svinkilel yu'un obispo. 

presencia. (l)frente de cualquiera cosa, (2) presencia. 

'ichon na, nphr(n4f of n5). facade, portal, portada de casa. 

'ichoninej ba 'ak*, vphr:rv/ap/ & tv-. place against. RML—In 

tills and the following entry tiie verbal noun perhaps 

should be read 'ichonel. poner en contrario. 

'ichoninej ba chi'uk na, vphr:rv/ap/ -i- nphr(n4f of -n4d). facing 

the house of ...enfrente. 

ta 'ichonil, qphr:prep & n3d. ahead of, in front of (1) adelante, 

(2) enfrente. 

ta kichon. ahead of me (or) in front of me. 

'ich' 

'ich', tv. accept, exceed, receive, take. (1) recibir. tomar 289, 

(2) sobrepujar, (3) tonuir, recibir. 

ekich* ejpas. I did it voluntarily, voluntariamente. 

'ich' 'ip, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. convalesce, make an effort, rest. 

(1) esforzarse tomando fuerzas, (2) reposar, descansar. 

'ich* 'olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. relax, reposar, quietarse el 

inqideto. 

'ich* batel, vpphr:tv- & dr. take away, llevar. 

'ich' tza, vphr:tv & n4d[A], be cautious, consider if suitable, 

(1) pensar si es cosa que le conviene, (2) recatado. 

yich*oj stza. He is cautious, recatado. 

'ich* ch*ulel, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. become brave, animar, tomar 

anima. 

'ich* k'uk', vphr:tv & n4d[A]. Lit. to collect feathers, i.e., to 

coUect tribute, recaba o recaudar. 

'ich' lot, vphr:tv & n5. listen to backbiting or gossip, recibir 

admitir chismerias.. .289. 

*ich' moton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. receive a gift presente que 

recibe. 

'ich' padreU, vphr:tv & nld[A]. be ordained, graduate from 

priestly order. (1) graduarse de orden sacerdotal, (2) 

ordenarse asi. 

'ich' patan, vphr:tv & n5. collect taxes, recaudar rentas. 

'ich' tak'in, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. collect taxes, recabar o 

recaudar. 

'ich* sacerdoteil, vphr:tv & n5. be ordained. (1) ordenarse 

asi, (2) ordenado asi. 

'ich' tojol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. earn wages in war. sueldo garuir 

asi. 

'ich* tojol 'u'un, vphr:tv & n4d[A] + -n4d. restore to former 

shape or beauty, shape, temper on Uie forge. (l)formar, 

reducir a cierta forma, (2) templar el hierro en la fr agua. 

'ich*bey tza, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. follow the opinion of opinar, 

seguir opinion. 

xich*bey te stza Pedro. He foUows Peter's opinion, 

'ich'bey juramento, vphr:-dv & n5. take an oaUi. juramentar 

tomar juramento. 

'ich'el patan, nphr(vn4f of n5). collection of taxes, recaudamiento asi. 

'ich'on, iv. win (lottery). *If (Uiey draw lots by) writing names 

they wiU say, "la'kak' ta Hunjbitik much'uy van texlok' 

sbie Ha' 'ich'onuk," "Come, we'U put our names on 

paper, whoever's name comes out wins." RML—This 

term is given xchichonuc, but in colonial Tzeltal for the 

same meaning it is given as xichon and xihchon 

(Guzman, 1620:201). sortear o echar suertes. 

j'ich*-k*op, agn(tv & ncpd). gossip, talkative person, parlero, 
144 SMTHSONl/^ CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

chismero. 

'ach* j'ich*el, cf 'ach' (1), 

'ik 

'Uc, aj. fast, frnn, fortified, strong, flrmeza. 

'Uc, tv. grasp, hold in Uie hand. (1) asir asi algo o tener en la 

mano, (2) tener. 

kUcoj. I am holding it 

'Uc ba, rv, join, shake hands, (1) asirse de las manos. (2) travar. 

'Ucobal, n4f handle, asa. 

'ikobil, n4f handle, asa. 

'iktalep, n5, widow, dejado. 

'iktalepay, iv. be widowed, (1) enviudar. (2) enviudada. 

'iktay, tv, abandon, leave, move (from one*s house), take a 

drop in rank, (1) desamparar. (2) dejar 84, (3) mudar. 

(4) renunciar dignidad o algo asi. 

mo no 'ox xkiktay jutuk. Lit I do not abandon it in the least, 

i.e., I continue doing it continuar. 

'Uctay 'ik'al pok', vphr:tv & nphr(aj &. n)5, remove mourning 

clothes, luto quitar. 

'iktay 'ixim, vphr:tv & n5, diet, fast (1) bebedor 41, (2) dieta 

tener. 

'iktay 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d, move object mudar otra cosa. 

'iktay chu', vphr:tv & -n4d. be weaned, (1) destetarse, (2) 

destetado. 

'iktay ch'uunel dios, vphr:tv & nphr(vn4f of n5). renounce 

one's reUgion, renegar de Dios. 

'Uctay dios, vphr:tv & n5, forsake God, renounce one's religion, 

renegar de Dios. 

'iktay na, vphr:tv & n4d[A], move from one's house, mudar. 

'iktay na xanav, vphr:vphr(tv & n4d[A]) & iv[S=A of tv], 

travel far away, peregrinar. 

'iktaybil, pp. abandoned. (1) desamparado, (2) dejado 84. 

'Uctayel 'ixim, nphr(vn of n)5. diet dieta templanza. 

j'iktayej, agn. apostate, renegade, renegador o renegado. 

'ikatz 

'ikatzil, n3d. burden, carga. 

'Ucatzin, iv. pack, carga. 

'Ucatzinab, n5. pack saddle, enjalma de bestia 115. 

'ikatzinab chu'uy, nphr(n type n)5. bag, sack, saco, costal. 

'ikatzinay, tv. saddle, enalbardar. 

'ikatzinaybU, pp. saddled, enjalma de bestia 115. 

'Ucatzinom caballo, nphr(n type n)5. drove, recua. 

'Ucatznom cabaUo, nphr(n type n)5. drove, recua. 

'ikatznom caballo yu'un Pedro. Peter's drove. 

j-'Ucatz, num(num & nccpd)5. bundle of torch faggots or plants. 

hace o haz de tea o yerba. 

j'Ucatznom, agn. bearer, porter. RML—Given as ycatznom. 

carga. 

*'ikoy 

*'ikoy, n5. fight. RML—Also occurs in colonial Tzeltal 

(Guzman, 1620:30). It is possibly a loan from Nahuati 

iizk alii, "atacar, batallar." pelea. 

*'ikoyaj, iv. fight, fight in a contest RML—^Also occurs in 

colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:41, 119). (1) lidiar asi. 

(2) pelear. 

*'Ucoyajel, vn5, fight RMI^-Also occurs in colonial Tzeltal 

(Guzm^, 1620:195). pelea. 

*'Ucoyan, tv. fight in a contest. RML—Occurs in colonial 

Tzeltal for "batallar" (Gxasn^, 1620:30). lidiar asi. 

*j'Ucoyajel, agn. fighter, peleador. 

'ik' (1) 

'Uc', n5. afr, spfrit, wind. (1) ayre 14, (2) espiritu, (3) espiritual, 

(4) viento. 

mo 'oyuk 'ik'. It is calm, calma. 

'ik', n4b. scent, rastro por olor. 

'Uc'al, n3d, breath, reputation, huelgo. aliento. 

'ik'al chamel, nphr(n type vn)5. gout, gota de pies. 

'Uc'al nab, nphr(n4f of n5). sea breeze, marca. viento de mar, 

cf, marea. 

'Uc'al ta 'ok, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). gout, gota de pies. 

'Uc'al ta k'ob, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5), arthritis, gota de 

manos. 

'ik'altik, n5, gouty, gotoso. 

'ik'ayabil 'brim, nphr(n4f of n5), winnowing floor. RML— 

Modern TzotiH: jik'aob. era doruie trillan. 

'ip 'Uc*, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. famous, iUustrious. esclarecerse o 

afamarse. 

'ip 'Uc'al, s:a]lpredl & -n4d. important (official), grave, persona 

de autoridad. 

'ipal chamelal 'Uc', nphr:nplir(aj & natt) type n5. pestilential 

wind, pestilencial cosa. 

'ipal 'ik', nphr(aj & n)5. whfrlwind, windstorm. (1) torbellino. 

(2) viento redo. 

'ipuk 'ik* 'a'i, vphr:nphr(aj & n5) & tv-. revere, miedo haber 

de reverencia. 

'oy 'Uc*, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be awe-inspiring or fearsome. 

temerosa cosa. 

'oy 'Uc* 'a'i, vphr:s(n5/pred/ & -n4d) & tv. respect think highly 

of. tener en mucho a alguna persona, 

k'ak'al 'Uc*, cf k'ak'. 

nab 'ik*, cf nab (1). 

toj nom 'Uc*, s:adv & aj/pred/ & -n4d. majesty, majestad. 

'ik' (2) 

'Uc' 'ak*abal, nphr(n of n)5. night dew, *They don*t have a 

word for it, nor do they know what it is, though 

sometimes they say: ek'uxub jjol yu'un 'ik' 'ak'abal. 

My head aches from the night* s darkness, sereno de 

noche. 

'ik*-'otz*tay, iv(aj & Ucpd). grow dark (trees in the distance). 

RML—Given as xihcutztay. negreguiar como negreguean los arboles de lejos. 

'ik'-'oman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (abyss), abismo. 

'ik*-baltay, iv(aj & Pcpd). smoke (firewood). RML—In 

colonial Tzeltal this is given as xihcbeltay (Guzman, 

1620:209), but in modern Choi, 'ik'-baltay is to become 

black, referring to roof poles. (1) humear sin querer 

arder, (2) humosa leha que rw quiera arder. 

'Uc'-loman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (abyss, backwater). (1) 
NUMBER 31 145 

abismo. (2) negreguiar como.... (3) remanso de rio. 

'Uc*-loman yanal, nphr:aj(aj & Ucpd) & n5. leafy, hojosa cosa. 

'Uc*-lomtay, iv(aj & Ucpd). grow dark (frees in the distance). 

negreguiar como 

'Uc'-luman, n(aj & ncpd)5. dawn. (1) de manana. (2) en 

amaneciendo, (3) manana del dia 210. 

toj 'ik'-luman. early at dawn, madrugada. 

'Uc*-lumantUc, n(aj & ncpd)5. at dawn, de manana. 

'Uc*-mustay 'isim, s:iv(aj & Pcpd) & -n4d. begin to grow a 

beard, mozo que comienza a barbar 226. 

'ik'-numan, n(aj & Ucpd)5. dawn. (1) de manana, (2) manana 

del dia 210. 

'Uc*-numantik, n(aj & Ucpd)5. at dawn, de maharui. 

'Uc*-pulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (abyss), dark, gloomy. (1) 

abismo, (2) negro asi. (3) negreguiar como.... (4) 

tenebroso. 

'Uc'-pulan 'osU ta tok, s:aj(aj & \Jcpd)lpredl & n5 & qphr(prep 

& n5). cloudy, nublado. 

'ik*-pulantUc, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark, gloomy (sky), negro asi. 

'ik*-pultay, iv(aj & Ucpd). grow dark (sky). RML—^In modem 

Tzotzil the verb to grow dark as in an eclipse is 

'ik'-pultaj. negro asi. 

'Uc'-pultan 'osil, s:iv(aj & Ucpd) & ii5. have sky grow dark. 

negregiUar el tiempo. 

'ik'-pultay 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(iv<aj & Ucpd> & n5) & tv. grow 

dizzy, desvanecerse. 

'ik'-pultay 'osil ta tok, s:iv(aj & Ucpd) & n5 & qphr(prep & 

n5). cloud over, nublado hacer. 

'ik*-t*uban, aj(aj & T2cpd). black (backwater), remanso de rio. 

'Uc*-votzan, aj(aj & P, P2cpd). black, negreguiar como.... 

'Uc'-volan, aj(aj & P, P2cpd). black, negreguiar como.... 

'ik'-yaman, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown, dark gray (clotii). (1) 

morena cosa, (2) pardo, color de pano. 

juteb 'ik'-yaman. raUier dark gray, negro un poco. 

'Uc"ik', aj, black, blackish, dark. (1) negra cosa. (2) prieto. 

'ik'al, aj. black, blackened, ennegrecida cosa, poniendo la 

cosa. 

'ik'al 'atz'am, nphr(aj & n)5. black salt, sal negra. 

'Uc'al 'ak'abal, nphr(n of n)5, night dew, sererw de noche. 

ek'uxub ijol yu'un 'ik'al 'ak*abal. My head aches from the 

night's darkness. 

'Uc'al 'Ojov, nphr(aj & n)5. Zinacantan. RML—Lit "black 

lord." cf 'ak' (2). acompanar hasta alguna parte. 

'ik'al lum, nphr(aj & n)5, black earth, negra manta. 

'ik'al moy, cf moy, 

'Uc*al pok*, nphr(aj & n)5, mouming clothes, negra manta. 

'ik'al saben, nphr(aj & n)5, black weasel, huron. 

'ik'al seda, nphr(aj & n)5. black siUc. prieto. 

'ik'al tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. fron. hierro. 

'Uc*al ton, nphr(aj & n)5, blackened rock, jasper, jet, piteh, 

*St. Gregory says that (jasper) is green and in Spain it 

has a thousand colors. (1) azabache 37, (2) betun, (3) 

ennegrecida cosa poniendo la cosa, (4) jaspe. 

'ik'al vinik, cf vinik. 

'Uc*arik*al, n5, blackness, negregura. 

'Uc'ub, iv, get dirty, grow dark, grow murky (as when wine, 

ete., is roUed down several slopes), (1) ennegrecerse, (2) 

ensuciarse, (3) ensuciada cosa, (4) revotado vino o otra 

cosa semejante 287, (5) sucio hacerse o ensuciarse 327, 

'ik'ub 'u, s:iv & n5. have eclipse of the moon, eclipsarse la 

luna. 

'Uc*ub 'u'un chame-vinik, vphr:iv + nphr(n4d of n<aj & 

ncpd>5). dress in mouming, enlutarse. 

'ik'ub k'ak'al, s:iv & n5, have eclipse of the sun, eclipsarse 

el sol. 

'ik'ubal, n4f spot stain, peca. 

'ik'ubaltik, n5. spotted, pecosa, llena de pecas. 

'Uc'ubel, vn5. blackness, darkness, ennegrecimiento. 

'ik'ubes, tv. dirty, ensuciar otra cosa. 

'ik'ubtas, tv. blacken, dirty. (1) ennegrecer algo. (2) ensuciar 

otra cosa. 

'Uc'ubtasbil, pp. soiled, ensuciada cosa. 

'ik'uyal, nib. dirt, grease (as on old clothes), soot (1) grasa 

como suele haber en las vestiduras usadas. (2) suciedad 

327, (3) tizne u hollin. 

'ik'uyal ba, raj. duty, sucia cosa 327. 

'ik*uyal jom, nphr(n4f of n5). bUge. sentirm de nave. 

j'Uc*al, agn. Negro from Guinea, negro de guinea, 

'ep 'ik*uyal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. greasy, grasiento, lleno de esta 

grasa asi. 

'ip 'ik*uyal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. dirty. (1) sucia cosa 327, (2) 

sucio estar 327. 

noj ta 'ik'uyal, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). greasy. 

grasiento, lleno de esta grasa asi. 

pim 'ik'uyal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. greasy, grasiento, lleno de esta 

grasa asi. 

'ik' (3) 

'Uc', tv. call, invite, seize, prender. 

'Uc' batel, vphr:tv- & dr. take live animals, llevar cosas vivas. 

'ik' chij, vphr:tv & n5. decoy deer with a whistie. reclamar. 

'ik' dios, vphr:tv & n5. pray to God. rogar a Dios. 

'ik' mut, vphr:tv & n5. decoy bfrd with a whistie. reclamar. 

'ik' ta 'ichon jch'akel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of 

agn>). summon before the judge, emplazar para delante 

de la justicia. 

'Uc* ta tzamesel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). challenge. 

desaflar. 

'Uc' ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). chaUenge. desaflar. 

'ik' ta ve'el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). invite to a meal. 

convidar 56. 

'Uc'bil, pp. invited to a meal, seized. (1) convidado, (2) 

engarrafar o asir. 

'Uc'ob chij, nphr(n4e of n5). deer decoy, reclamo para aves. 

'Uc'ob mut, nphr(n4e of n5). bird decoy, reclamo para aves. 

'ik'van, iv. decoy witii a whistle, pander. (1) alcahuetear, (2) 

reclamar. 

j'ik'vanej, agn. pimp, alcahuete. 

jmukul-'Uc'vanej, cf muk (2). 
146 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

muktal 'Uc'van, cf muk (2). 

'ik'ti' 

'Uc'ti', n5. fable, torment, torture. (1) atormentar, (2) conseja. 

'Uc'ti'ij, iv. improve one's wealth or luck, teU fables. (1) hablar 

consejas, (2) medrar por mejorar en hacienda o suerte. 

'Uc'ti'U, n3d. history, improvement, legend. (1) ystoria 190, 

(2) leyenda 195, (3) mejoria o medra asi. 

'Uc'ti'U k'op, nphr(n type n)5. fable, hablador asi de consejas, 

cf habla. 

'ik'ti'in, tv. teU fables, hablar consejas. 

'il(l) 

'U, n4d. debt, deuda. 

'il(2) 

'il, tv. experiment, find what one was looking for, have a 

vision, see. (1) experimentar 128, (2) hallar cosa 

perdida. (3) ver como quiera. 

'ep ekil (or) 'oy ekU. I am experienced. (1) prueba, 

experiencia, (2) ser experimentado. 

'U avil. Look (or) Here it is! hea aqui! 

ekil te diose. I saw God. vision, la cosa que se veo aparece. 

ekil te lobe. I saw Uie evU spirit, vision, la.... 

ekil te santo. I saw the saint, vision, la.... 

xkU me 'oy jch'ulel. TU see if I have good luck (casting 

lots), lance. 

toj 'utz jUel te ekile. What I saw was wonderful, vision, 

la.... 

'il 'osU, vphr:tv & n5. live, see. (1) vida, (2) vista, tengo.... 

mo natuk xkU 'osU. I am not far-sighted, vista, tengo.... 

nat eyil 'osU. He lived a long time. vida. 

'il bek'tal, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. have sexual relations, hacer, 

tener parte el hombre con la mujer.... 

'il ch'ulel, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. be happy or lucky. RML—The 

verb is in the past tense, bien aventurado o dichoso 

como 

'il ta lok'obU, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). cast or draw lots. 

suerte echar. 

manchuk kut jbatik la' kiltik alok'obU. Even though we 

quarreled, come, let's cast lots, 

'il tun, vphr:tv & tv/3s/. prophesy, ahorar 12. 

'il vokol, vphr:tv & n5. be punished, be tortured (as the 

damned). (1) penar, por tormento como los dahados, (2) 

punido. 

'U vokol 'u'un, vphr:tv & n5 -i- -n4d. affUct, exhaust, punish, 

torture. (1) fatigar a otro absolute, (2) penar a otro asi 

o darle pena o tormento, (3) punir, castigando. 

'il Hun, vphr:tv & n5. read. (1) leer, (2) relatar proceso. 

'ilben ta vayichil, nphr:vnld & qphr(prep & n3d). dream 

vision, vision de suehos. 

'ilbey bek'tal, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. have sexual relations with. 

hacer, tener parte el hombre...166. 

ekilbey sbek'tal. I had sexual relations with her. 

'ilbil, pp. visited, visitado asi. 

'ilel, vn4b. appearance, form, style. (1) forma, o manera, (2) 

manera de..., (3) vista, que.... 

'utz yilel. He makes a good appearance./orwia.... 

kolo' avUel. You make a bad appearance. (1) forma.... (2) 

vista, que.... 

'ilel 'ak'abal, nphr(vn4f of n5). wake, vigilia o velada. 

'ilel 'Uel 'abtel, s:nphr(vn & vn)4f of -n4d. mix many works. 

mezcla muchas obras 223. 

'ilel 'ilel tza, s:nphr(vn & vn)4f/pred/ & -n4d. mix many 

works, mezclar muchas obras 223. 

'ilel 'Uel k*elay, vphr:nphr(vn & vn)4f/3s/ & tv-. make 

grimaces, visaje hacer. 

'ilel 'Uel lok'tay, vphr:nphr(vn & vn)4f/3s/ & tv-. make 

grimaces, visaje hacer. 

'ilel 'Uel pasel satU, s:nphr(vn & vn)4f/pred/ & nphr(vn4f of 

n5), grimaces, visaje. 

'ilel 'ilel pasnej, s:nphr(vn & vn)4f/pred/ & -vn4d, mix many 

works, mezclar muchas obras 223. 

'ilel 'ilel p*is, vphr:nphr(vn & vn)4f/3s/ & tv-. make grimaces. 

visaje hacer. 

'ilel 'ilel p*isel satU, s:nphr(vn & vn)4f/pred/ & nphr(vn4f of 

n5). grimace, visaje. 

'ilel 'osU, nphr(vn4f of n5). life. vida. 

mo natuk yilel 'osU ku'untik Ii' ta balamUe. We don*t have 

a long Ufe here on earth, 

'ilel vokol 'u'un dios, nphr:vn4f of n5 + nphr(n4f of n5). 

martyrdom, martirio. 

'iley, tv(pass). visible, visible 350. 

'ilob 'Uc'ti', nphr(n of n)5. place of torture, atormentador. 

'ilob pomtUc, nphr(n of n)5. apiary, colmenar. 

'ilob vokol, nphr(n of n)5. place of torture, atormentador. 

'ilobil, n5. nest egg. nidal, huevo del nido. 

'iloj, iv. witness, ver como quiera. 

'ilolaj, iv. witness. (1) testiguar. (2) ver como quiera. 

'ilomaj, iv. menstmate. menstruo padecer. 

'ilomajel, vn5. menstmation. menstruo de muger 220. 

'ilot, tv(pass). known (to be good or evil). (1) sehalada cosa 

de bien o mal, (2) visible. 

'ilvan, iv, see, vista. 

'ilvanab, nld. eyesight, spectacles. (1) antojos, (2) vista, 

tengo.... 

kolo' kUvanab. I have bad eyesight, vista, tengo.... 

j'U 'antzil chij, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd5. keeper of breeding 

mares, yeguarizo que las guar da 183. 

j'U-chij, agn(tv & ncpd). drover, shepherd, ganadero o pastor. 

j'U-chitom, agn(tv & ncpd). pigherd. porquero. 

j'U-jomal, agn(tv & ncpd). skipper, patron de nao. 

j'il-tuluk', agn(tv & ncpd). poultryman. gallinero que las 

cuide. 

j'U tux-nok' chij, agn:tv & nphr(n<n & nx;pd type n)cpd5. 

shepherd, ovejero que guarda ovejas. 

j'U-Hun, agn(tv & ncpd). reader, reporter (of lawsuit). (1) lector 

que lee 195, (2) relator asi. 

j'ilojel, agn. witness. (1) testigo, (2) ver como quiera. 

j'Uolajel, agn. witness. (1) testigo, (2) ver como quiera. 

mo 'oyuk 'U, s:(neg & n5/pred/[S=0 of tv]) & tv-. not be on 
NUMBER 31 147 

Speaking terms with, extraharse, extraho de mi fulano. 

mo 'U naklej, vphr:neg & tv & vn5. be restless, inquieta cosa. 

ta 'ut 'Uob, qphr:prep & nphr(n4f of n4d/lst person/), from 

everywhere, de todas partes. 

'U(3) 

'U, nld. anger. (1) enojo. (2) yra 190, (3) rencor, ira 285, (4) 

saha. enojo. 

'il 'olonton, nphr(n4f of n4d). rage, aquella pasion de amor 25. 

'ila'aj, iv. be disgusted by, become disgusting, scorn. (1) 

asquerosa cosa hacerse.. .32, (2) menospreciar. 

'ila'al 'a'i, vphr:s(n4f[0 of tv]) & tv-. be disgusted by. asco 

aver. 

'ip yila'al xka'i. I can't bear it. menosprecio con que uno 

es menospreciado. 

xtal yila'al xka'i. I hate it (1) menosprecio con que..., (2) 

odio tener. 

'ila'al ba, nphr(n4f of n4f). terrible, terrible cosa. 

'ip yUa'al sba. It is deformed. disforme,feo. 

'ila'alU, n3d, detestation, disgust scom, ugUness, (1) asco, (2) 

fealdad. (3) menosprecio con que.... 

kUa'al. disgust that I provoke (or) scorn that I receive. 

asquerosa cosa hacerse.. .32. 

'ilan, tv. denounce, deny, detest, loathe, reproach, scorn. (1) 

asco aver, (2) menospreciar. (3) renegar, (4) renunciar 

digrudad o algo asi. (5) reprochar o reprovar. 

'ilan 'ajvalel, vphr:tv & n4d[A], drop one's dignity, renunciar 

dignidad o algo asi. 

'ilan tzitzo', vphr:tv & -n4d, resist temptations, resistir. como 

a las tentaciones. 

'ilan k*op, vphr:tv & -n4d, resist temptations, resistir como... 

'ilanbU, pp. scomed. menospreciado. 

'ilet 'U, vphr:s(av[S=A of tv]) & tv-. hate, odio tener. 

'ilet 'Uey, vphr:s(av[S=S of tv/pass/]) & tv/pass/. be hateful. 

odioso. 

'iletel, vn4d. hatred one receives, odio con que soy aborrecido. 

'iletel 'ilel, nphr(vn5 type vn4d). hatred one receives, odio con 

que.... 

'iletel 'ilvanej, nphr(vn type vn)5. hafred towards anotiier. odio 

0 enemistad con que aborrezco. 

'iUn, tv. become angry wiUi, quarrel, scold. (1) corregir 

reprehendiendo, (2) enojarse. 

xkUin jtot I am angry with my father, enojarse. 

'iUn, iv. become angry, quarrel. (1) rehir, (2) reprehender. 

'iUn 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be angry, enojado. 

'iUn ta tojol, vphr:iv + qphr(prep & -n4d). become angry with. 

eru}jarse. 

'iUnel, vn5. anger, saha. enojo. 

'ilinoj, tv. anger person, enojar a otro. 

'ilo ba, raj. be terrible. RML—This occurs also in colonial 

Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:206). terrible cosa. 

j'U, agn. quarrelsome or angry person. (1) rencilloso 295, (2) 

sanudo. 

j'Ua'ajel, agn. detester, scorner. menospreciador. 

j'Uanvanej, agn. detester, disgusting person, scorner. (1) 

asqueroso 32, (2) menospreciador. 

j'Uetel, agn. angry person, sanudo. 

bik*tal 'il, nphr(aj & n)5. frritation, quarrel. (1) rencilla o 

renilla, (2) saha pequena. 

toj j-lUcel j'U, nphr:nphr(aj & n<num & nccpd>) type agn. 

person quick to anger, yrado subitamente 190. 

**iliko 

*'iliko, pt. right away. RML—This same term occurs in 

colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:121). luego. 

'inam 

j'inam, agn. doe. RML—This same term occurs in colonial 

Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:104). In modem Tzeltal of 

Tenejapa (h)^inam, meaning "wife** is not applied to 

deer, but to trigonid bees (Hunn, 1977:272, 341). hembra 

venado o ciervo. 

'inatab 

'inatab, n5. iguana (that they eat), lagarto de los que se comen, 

o iguana. 

'ip (1) 

'ipaj, iv. fester. (1) enconarse la llaga, (2) encoruida llaga. 

nipaj, iv. fester, grow worn (in sickness), have a relapse. (1) 

empeorado asi, (2) enconarse la llaga, (3) recaer en 

enfermedad. 

'ayon 'ox ta kolel xenipaj. I was recovering, 1 had a relapse. 

recaer.... 

xenipaj xcha'-mekel. I had a relapse, recaer.... 

toj 'ip 'a'i, vphr:s(ajphr<adv & aj>/pred/[S=A of tv]) & tv. 

become gravely iU. enfermar gravemente. 

'ip (2) 

'ip, nle. firmness, strength./frmeza 11. 

'ip, aj. fast, fum, firmly, fortified, grave, loud, serious, strong. 

(1) cfirmado o fortalecido o flrme. (2) alto en voz, (3) 

estar, ser.... (4) flrme cosa, (5) flrmemente, (6) grave 

cosa que da pesadumbre. 

'ip "a'i, vphr:n4d[0] & tv-. be awed by. miedo haber de 

reverencia. 

p 'a'iel, cf 'a'i. 

p 'a'yejlal, cf 'a'i. 

p 'abtel 'a'i, cf 'abt. 

p 'aley, cf 'al (1). 

p'Uc*,cf'ik'(l). 

p 'Uc*al, cf 'ik* (1). 

p 'it*et cf 'it'. 

p 'olet, cf 'ol (4). 

p 'oy tuk, cf tuk (1). 

p biUlul, cf bil (1). 

p tza, cf tza. 

p tzatzal, cf tzotz (2). 

p tzon tzotz, cf tzon. 

p tzon tzotzil, cf. tzon. 

p tz'i'lelal, cf tz'i' (2). 

p tz'i'lelal 'a'i, cf tz'i' (2). 
148 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'ip ch'aU, cf ch'a (1). 

'ip jalal, cf jol (2). 

'ip jelav, cf jel. 

'ip jelavel, cf jel. 

'ipal jjokjonetel, cf jok. 

'ip kola'al, cf kolo'. 

'ip kux, cf kux (1). 

'ip k'ak'al, cf k'ak'. 

'ip k'uxul jol, cf k'ux (3). 

'ip lek'-ti'U, cf lek'. 

'ip likok, cf. likok. 

'ip ma', cf ma'. 

'ip muk'ul, cf muk'. 

'ip na', cf na'. 

'ip na'el, cf na'. 

'ipna'ey, cf na'. 

'ip nap'ap'ul, cf nap'. 

'ip natil, cf nat. 

'ip pukuk, cf puk. 

'ip xi', cf xi'. 

'ip xixib ton, cf. xixib. 

'ip xojobil, cf. xoj. 

'ip tajley yan, cf toj (2). 

'ip te'te'U, cf te'. 

'ip ti' 'ok', cf ti'. 

'ip tUet, cf tn (1). 

'ip to ba ta jchamel, s:aj/pred/ & pt & -n4d & qphr(prep & 

agn). feign sickness, mortecino fingido. 

'ip tok, cf tok (1). 

'ip ton, cf ton (1). 

'ip vay, cf vay. 

'ip vokol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. have sorrows or hardships, duelo 

tener o trabajos. 

'ip vokol 'u'un, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d + n4d. exhaust person. 

fatigar a otro absolute. 

'ip avokol ku'un. I am exhausting you. 

'ip Ho', s:aj/pred/ & n5. constant rain. Hover mucho. 

'ip'ip, aj. strong (animal)./werre animal. 

'ipaj, iv. be buttressed, fortified or strengthened, become strong 

(sun, rain, wind, child), convalesce, regain one's strengtii. 

(1) arreciar el sol o el agua o el aire 30, (2) convalecer, 

(3) estribar asi. (4) fornecer o fortalecer, (5) rehacer 

fortalecerse. 

'ipaj k'uxul, s:iv & -n4f have pain doubled, doblar la pena. 

'ipaj me'anajel, s:iv & vn5. have grief doubled, doblar la pena. 

'ipajeb chij, nphr(n4d of n5). fodder, pasto. comida de 

animales. 

'ipajeb ch'ub, nphr(n4f of n5). buttress, estribo de edificio. 

'ipajeb jom, nphr(n4f of n5). ballast lastre. 

'ipajebal, n3b. buttress, food, grapevine prop, insttument for 

making ffrm, supporting post, sustenance. (1) afirmado 

o fortalecido o firme, (2) arreciar el sol 30, (3) 

bastimento. (4) mantenimiento. (5) poste para sostener. 

(6) rodrigon para vid. 

'ipajel, vn5. fumness, fortification, sttengtii. (1) firmeza 11, 

(2) fornecimiento. 

'ipajes, tv, fortify, prop up (grapevme), strengtiien, support, 

(1) afirrmr o fortalecer asi algo. (2) firmarse o 

fortalecerse algo. (3) mantener a otro. (4) rodrigar vides 

u otra cosa. 

'ipajes ba, rv. support oneself mantenerse. 

'ipajes jom, vphr:tv & n5. baUast lastrar el navio. 

'ipajes yabutinab na, vphr:tv & nphr(n type n)5, garrison a 

fortress, guarnecer fortaleza. 

'ipajesbil, pp. fortified, cfirmado o fortalecido o firme. 

'ipajesel, vn4f fortification, fornecimiento. 

'ipal 'Uc*, cf'ik' (1), 

'ipal 'ok 'akan tontik, nphr:aj & nphr(n4f of nphr<n4f of n5>). 

torrent raudal. 

'ipal-tzitz, tv(aj & tvcpd), scold strongly, reprehender. 

'ipal tzitz, cf tzitz (1). 

'ipal tzitzvanej, cf tzitz (1). 

'ipal chamel, cf cham. 

'ipal chamelal, cf cham. 

'ipal chamelal 'Uc', cf 'Uc' (1). 

'ipal chamelal ve'el, cf ve'. 

'ipal j'anil-tz'i',cf tz'i'(1). 

'ipal j'ov, cf 'av (3), 

'ipal jjokjonetel, cf, jok. 

'ipal-kola'aj, iv(aj & ivcpd), get worse (sickness), empeorarse. 

'ipal pumlajetel nab, cf pum. 

'ipal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5, skUfuU person, suelto o cosa diestra. 

'ipal Ho', nphr(aj & n)5. constant rain, flood, rainstorm, 

whfrlwind, (1) diluvio. tempestad de agua. (2) Hover 

mucho, (3) tempestad de agua, (4) torbellino. 

'ipaltas, tv, fortify, RML—^This is given as xqusaldas. afirmar 

o fortalecer asi algo. 

'ipan, tv, butfress. estribar asi. 

j'ipal-'osil, agn(aj & ncpd). quarreler, rencilloso 295. 

j'ipal-k'op, agn(aj & ncpd). quarreler, rencilloso 295. 

j'ipal-metz*, agn(aj & ncpd). philosopher, razonador asi. 

j'ipal-pom, agn(aj & ncpd). philosopher, razonador asi. 

j'ipal-ti', agn(aj & ncpd), quarreler, rencilloso 295, 

j'ipal-vayel, agn(aj & vncpd), sleeper, sleepyhead, (1) dormecido, dormilon. 

j'ipal-ve'el, agn(aj & vncpd), eater, comedor. 

mo 'ipalajuk, vphr:neg & n5, easy, raeso, facil. 

mo 'ipuk, vphrneg & aj, v^eak. fiaca cosa no recia. 

mo 'ipuk, vphrneg & aj, not let, obstruct, estorbar. 

Ho'on ku'un mo 'ipuk x'abtej, I won't let him work. 

Ho'un ku'un mo 'ipuk xxanav. I won*t let him waUc, 

Ho'un ku'un mo 'ipuk xve'. I won*t let him eat, 

mo 'oyuk 'ip, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. be v/eak. flacosa. 

'is 

'is-ak*, n(x & ncpd)5. potato, batata. 

'isim 

'isim, n4d, beard, barba. 

'isimay, iv. take root (plant). (1) presa planta, (2) prender la 
NUMBER 31 149 

planta. 

ch*ixil 'isim, cf ch'ix. 

'ix(l) 

'ixim, n5, com, maiz. 

ba ka'itUc 'ixim. Lit Let's enjoy com, i.e,. Let's drink,,. . 

bebedor 41. 

'ixin, iv. shell com. desgranar maiz. 

'ixin, iv. shell com. desgranar maiz. 

'ox-vinik k'in 'ixim, nphr:nphr(n<num & numcpd> type n) 

type n5, com that matures in sixty days, maiz que se 

hace en sesenta dias. 

tz'ibal 'ixim, cf tz'ib. 

castiUan 'ixim, cf castUlan. 

sakU 'ixim, nphr(aj & n)5. white com. maiz bianco. 

'ix(2) 

'ix kelemil, nphr(n type n)3d. guest who lodges in one's house. 

huesped en cuya casa posan 344. 

'ix-kelmaj, iv(n & ivcpd). take lodgings, hospedarse 242. 

'ix-kelmajeb vinUc, nphr:n(n & ncpd) type n5. innkeeper. 

hospederia 242. 

'ix-kehnajebal, n(n & ncpd)5. hostel, inn. hospederia 242. 

'ix-kelman, iv(n & ivcpd), take Icxlgings, RML—^This is 

probably a transitive verb, hospedarse 242, 

'ix-kehnan, tv(n & tvcpd), give lodgings to, hospedar a otro 

242, 

'ix me'elU, nphr(n type n)3d, cousin, faUier's sister's child, 

mother's sister*s child, prima hijo de hennana de su 

madre. 

'ix ta 'ajvalel, nphnn4d & qphr(prep & n5), feUow lord. 

companero en el sehorio. 

'ix ta 'ajvetikil, nphr:n4d & ciphr(prep & n5). fellow lord. 

companero en el sehorio. 

'ix ta 'unetikU, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). feUow in infancy. 

companero en la nihez. 

'ix ta *tzaatil, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). marriage partner. 

companero en casarse. 

'ix ta ch'iel, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). agemate. ser de una 

edad. 

'ix ta kelmal, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). chUdhood 

companion, companero en lajuventud. 

'ix ta k'ulej, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). roommate, morar 

con otro. 

'ix ta majel, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). concubine, mistress, 

whore. (1) amancebarse haciendo pecado, (2) manceba 

con quien pecan. (3) puta. ramera. 

'oy yix ta majel. He is having an affair, amancebado. 

j'ix-kelmajel, agn(n & vncpd). host who gives lodgings. 

hospedero que da posada 242. 

'ixlel 

'ixlel 'ixlel tot, nphr:-n4d & nphr(n4d of n4d[P of 1st n4d]). 

man's faUier*s brother's daughter when younger Uian he 

is. tia. hermana de padre.... 

'ixIeUl, n3d. man's faUier's broUier's daughter when younger 

than he is, or mother's daughter when younger than he 

is. (1) prirm. hija de hermano, (2) tu hermana, cf tia 

334, (3) tia, hermana de padre. 

'ixtal 

'ixtal. act perversely, stir up discussion, cf 'bftol. 

'bftol 

'ixtol, nld. chUd*s doU. muheca de nihos. 

j'ixtol-k*op, agn(n type ncpd). speaker of vain tilings, hablador 

de cosas vanas. 

'ixtalaj, iv. act perversely, stir up dissension. (1) hurgar. (2) 

siniestramente hacerse algo. 

'ixtalan, tv. stfr up dissension, hurgar. 

'itaj 

'itaj, n5. edible greens, vegetable. (1) yerva comestible 183, 

(2) legumbre, (3) hortaliza 242, (4) verdura. 

tz'ul 'itaj. RML—^In modem Tzotzil, Anujranthus hybridus, 

A. spinosus. 

ch'ixal 'itaj, cf ch'bc. 

'ito 

'ito, pt. Look! Here! RML—^This is Uie same in colonial Tzeltal 

(Guzman, 1620:103). In modem Tojolabal it is "Aqui 

tenga" (Lenkersdorf, 1979:131). he. 

'ito Ii' Look! (or) Here! hea aqui! 

'it' 

'it'et, av. become greasy, grasa o gordura salir asi de algo. 

'it'it*, aj. fat, greasy. *They speak this way of the kitehen or 

cheese or bacon that is very greasy: laal 'it'it' (or) laal 

yit'it'ul. RML—In modem Tzotzil of Venustiano Carranza '//'//' means sticky. (1) grasa por grosura, (2) 

grosura. 

'it*it'ul, n4f fat, grease. RML—^In colonial Tzeltal ititul is 

given for "grasa por grosura" (Guzman, 1620:98). (1) 

grasa por grosura, (2) grosura. 

laal 'it*it*, ajphr:aj & aj. very greasy, grasa por grosura. 

laal 'it*itul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f very greasy, grasa por grosura. 

'it*it*ul tocino, nphr(n4f of n5). bacon fat pringue de torrezno. 

'ip 'it*et, vphr:aj & av. be greasy, grasiento, lleru? de esta grasa 

asi. 

pim 'it*it*ul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f be greasy, grasiento, lleno.... 

'it'ix 

'it'ix, n4d. envious or jealous person, (1) celos tener 70, (2) 

envidioso que a mi tiene envidia 98, 

kit*ix, person who is jealous of me. *Term of address 

between sisters-in-law and between two wives of one 

man when they are together, celos tener 70. 

'it*ix'it*ix, n5. enviously, envidiosamente 98. 

'it*ixaj, iv. be envious or jealous. (1) celos 70, (2) envidia 

tener 98. 

'it'ixajel, vn5. envy, envidia 98. 

'it*ixal, n5. envy. (1) envidia 98, (2) envidiosa cosa 98. 

'it*ixal k'op, nphr(natt & n)5. jealous or envious talk. (1) celos 

tener 70, (2) envidiosa cosa 98. 

'it'ixan, tv. be envious or jealous of (1) celos tener 70, (2) 

envidia tener 98. 

j'it'ixajel, agn. envious person, envidioso 98. 
150 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'o, excl. oh! 0. 

'o' (1) 

'o'U, n3d. flank, leg of animal, tiiigh. (1) yjares 184, (2) muslo, 

(3) parte trasera, (4) pierna de animal. 

'o' chitom, nphr(n4d of n5). leg of ham. pernil de tocino. 

'o' (2) 

'o'. fifth, cf Ho' (2). 

'o'lol 

'o'lol, n5. halfway, medio, lugar en medio de dos extremos. 

'o'lol 'ak'abal, nphr(n of n)5. midnight, media noche. 

'o'lol 'oxib Ubra, nphr:n of nphr(n4e of n5). two and a half 

pounds, libras dos y media. 

'o'lol 'oxib p*is, nphr:n of nphr(n4e of n5). two and a half 

pounds, libras dos y media. 

'o'lol chib 'u, nphr:n of nphr(n4e of n5). one and a half months. 

mes y media. 

'o'lol chib p*is, nphr:n of nphr(n4e of n5), one and a half 

pounds, libra media. 

'o'lol k*ak'al, nplir(n of n)5, noon, medio dia. 

'o'lol k*ob, nphr(n5 of n4d), middle finger, dedo de en medio 

351, 

'o'lol k*opoj, vphr:n5 & iv, be reserved (person), esquiva 

persona. 

'o'lol libra, nphr(n of n)5. half a pound, media libra. 

'o'lol nab, nphr(n of n)5. deep water, high seas, mar alta. 

'o'lol tojol, nphr(n5 of n4d). half pay. medio de la paga. 

'o'lol ve'el, nphr(n of n)5. midpoint in meal, medio de la 

comida. 

ta 'o'lol jat, vphr:qphr(prep & n5) & tv-. break in half, break 

in two. romper por medio. 

'ob 

'obal, nld. cough, head cold, phlegm. (1) pechuguera, tener 

enfermedad, (2) romadizo, (3) lose. 

'obal 'a'i, vphr:n5 & tv. cateh a cold, have a cough. (1) 

pechuguera, tener enfermedad, (2) romadizarse. 

'oban, iv. cateh a cold, cough, hawk, escupir gargajos 125. 

'ip x'oban. He has a bad cold, tosegoso que mucho lose. 

'obtay, tv. hawk on. escupir gargajos 125. 

j'obal, agn. person with a bad cough, tosegoso que mucho lose. 

'obok 

'obok, nle. soot (1) hollin de fuego, (2) tizne u hollin. 

'och 

'och, iv. be put in, enter, fit, batch, take lodgings. (1) caber. 

(2) empollarse el huevo, (3) entrar, (4) metido, (5) posar 

en posada 

xe'ochotik jkotoltUc. We all fit... .caber. 

mu xlaj 'ochukotik. We can't fit ...caber. 

ta sna Julio ne'och. I took lodgings in Julio's house. 

posar.... 

'och 'a'iel 'u'un, s:iv & -n4f + -n4d. water, regar. 

'och 'ak*U 'u'un, s:iv & -n4f -i- -n4d. fasten hat strap, fiador 

asi poner. 

'och 'u'un tzo' cabaUo, s:iv + -n4f & nphr(n4d of n5). fertilize. 

estercolar la tierra. 

'och 'u'un xalma, s:iv + -n4d & n5. saddle (pack-saddle). 

enalbardada cosa. 

'och 'u'un xonob chij, s:iv + -n4f & nphr(n4d of n5). shoe. 

herrar bestias. 

'och 'u'un ta tak*in, vphr:iv + -n4d & qphr(prep & n5). print 

ymprimir 185. 

'och 'u'un ton ta likeb ch'ub, s:iv + -n4d & n5 & qphr(prep 

& nphr<n4f of n5>). lay a foundation, fundar, poner 

fundamento cuando.... 

'och tzatzubeb 'u'un, s:iv & -n4f + -n4d, fortify, sfrengtiien. 

fornecer o fortalecer. 

'och tzatzubesabil 'u'un, s:iv & -n4f-i- -n4d. fortify, strengthen. 

fornecer o fortalecer. 

'och ch*upak*, s:iv & -n4d. be soapy. RML—The verb is in 

the past tense, enjabonado 121. 

'och freno, s:iv & -n4d. be bridled, enfrenado. 

'och kap, s:iv & -n4f mbced, RML—^The verb is in tiie past 

tense, mesturada cosa. 

'och k*inajel 'u'un, s:iv & vn5 + -n4d, brand, herrar ganado 

con fue go. 

'och lapluk sat, s:vphr(aux & aj/subj//pred/) & -n4d, get cfrcles 

under one*s eyes, ojeras hundidas. 

'och lomluk, vphr:aux & aj/subj/, be dented, hundirse, 

abollarse cosa dura. 

'och nivel 'u'un, s:iv & n5 + -n4d, be leveled, nivelar. 

'och patan 'u'un, s:iv & n5 + -n4d. pay rent, recurrir con la 

renta. 

'och potz*luk, vphr:aux & aj/subj/. be dented, hundirse, 

abollarse cosa dura. 

'och xojob yo' 'oy, s:iv & n5 & ptphr(pt & pt). shine tiirough 

(thin cloUi). traslucirse como la manta delgada 

'och xojobU yo' 'oy, s:iv & n5 & ptphr(pt & pt). shine through, 

translucent (1) traslucirse como la manta delgada..., 

(2) trasluciente. 

'och ta 'abnaltUc, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). lie in ambush. 

emboscarse. 

'och ta 'ojov, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). become king, reinar. 

'och ta 'olon, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4d). submit to. someter. 

'och ta 'uk*um, vphr:iv & qphr(<prep & n5). jump in the river. 

saltar en alguna cosa. 

'och ta jom, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). embark, embarcar. 

*och ta na 'ajval, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n4d>). 

become a day laborer or a soldier, entrar a jornal o 

soldado. 

'och ta nap*eU, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). become sterUe. 

esteril hacerse. 

'och ta natil Ho', vphr:iv & qphr(prep & <aj & n5>). enter 

deep water, engolfarse. 

'och ta padre, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). take holy orders. (1) 

graduarse de orden sacerdotal. (2) religioso. 

'och ta pox 'u'un, vphniv & qphr(prep & -n4e) 4- -n4d. Lit to 

be cured, i.e., to be beaten, acotar como quiera. 

'och ta sacerdote, vphniv & qphr(prep & n5), take holy orders. 
NUMBER 31 151 

graduarse de orden sacerdotal. 

och ta sUc-potz 'ik*, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & <aj(aj & ajcpd) 

& n5>), become paralyzed, perlatico hacerse. 

och ta tak*in, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5), be printed, ympresa 

cosa 185. 

och ta te'tik, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5), lie in ambush, 

end)oscarse. 

och ta Hun, vphr.iv & qphr(prep & n5). be registered. 

empadronado asi. 

och ta yalel k*ak'al, s:vphr(iv & qphr<prep & vn5>) & n5. 

set (sun), ponerse el sol. 

och te'al 'u'un, s:iv & n5 + -n4d. roof techar de zaquicami. 

och tenal te', s:iv & nphr(aj & n)4e, be planked, entablado. 

ochan, iv. steal, hurtar. 

ocheb 'a'iel, nphr(n4f of n40, sluice, tube, cano, canal. 

ocheb jom, nphr(n4f of n5). port, puerto al mar. 

ocheb j-tek lum, nphr,n4f of nphr(n<num & ncpd> of n)5, city 

gate, puerta del pueblo. 

ocheb sakubel, nphr(n4f of vn5), loophole, saetera o tronera. 

ocheb Ho', nphr(n of n)5. sewer, albahar. 

ocheb Ho', nphr(n4f of n5), sluice, tube, caho. canal. 

ochebal, nld. entrance, entrada. 

ochel, vn5, entrance, entrada. 

ochel 'ak'abal, nphr(vn4f of n5). ffrst quarter of the night. 

prinm noche. 

ochem ch'ak, nphr(ajpp & n)5. chigger. pulga. 

ochol, n5. stolen goods, theft. (1) hurto. (2) latrocinio. 

ocholaj, iv. steal, hurtar. 

'ochol, agn. robber. (1) hurtador, ladron, (2) ladron secreto. 

otes, tv. put Ul. (1) entrar hacer, meter, (2) mesar 221. 

otes biU ta Hun, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). register. 

matricular. 

otes chab, vphr:tv & -n4e, wax, encerar. 

otes chUc'bU xamiti, vphr:tv & nphr(pp & n)5, brick, ladrillar 

el suelo. 

otes ch'upak', vphr:tv & -n4e. soap, enjabonar 121. 

otes freno, vphr:tv & n5. bridle, enfrenar. 

otes naktzajeb jom, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n5). baUast lastrar 

el navio. 

otes sakil tak'in, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n)5. tin. estahar. 

otes xak-toj, vphr:tv & n(n of ncpd)5. decorate wiUi pine 

needles, enramar con hojas de pino. 

otes xonob chij, vphr:tv & nphr(n4d of n5). shoe, herrar 

bestias. 

otes ta jom, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), embark, embarcar. 

otes ta Hun biU, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n5) & n5, take census, 

empadronar. 

otes te'el, vphr:tv & -n4f plank, enmaderar 99. 

otesbey sakU tak'in, vphr:-dv & nphr(aj & n)4e[B]. tin. 

estahar. 

otesbey silla, vphr:-dv ' n4d[B]. saddle, ensillar. 

otesbey tak'in, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. gUd. dorar algo. 

otesbil, pp. put in. metido. 

otesbil nukul, s:pp/pred/ & -n4e. covered wiUi leather. 

encorado. 

j'otesej Hun ta tak'in, nphr;agn(vn & n) & qphr(prep & n5). 

printer, impresor. 

'ojov 

'ojov, nld. king, lord, master of slaves, prelate. *Note Uiat 

"'ojov" is universal for any individual of autiiority. They 

even caU the alcaldes of thefr town, Uie prefects, and Uie 

provincial fathers "'ojov" in respect. When it is 

necessary to explain the difference between the king and 

the otiiers, one must add to king "sba 'ojov, muk' 'ojov, 

batz'i 'ojov." (1) caballero. (2) hidalgo, (3) perlado, (4) 

rey, (5) sehor de siervos. 

'ojov kotol 'osU, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). prince of Uie 

world, principe de todo.... 

'ojov padre, nphr(n type n)5. prelate, perlado. 

'ojov ta padreil, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). prelate, prelado. 

'ojovin, tv. take as one's lord or king, ensehorear, tomar 

por.... 

'ojovinbU ta kotol 'osU, vphnpp/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<n4f 

of n5>). prince of the world, principe de todo.... 

x'ojov, n5. lady, mistress of slaves, queen. (1) reina, (2) sehora 

de siervos. 

'Ik'al 'Ojov, cf 'ik' (2). 

ta tz'el 'ojov xanav, vphr:qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>) & iv. 

Lit. he walks beside the king, i.e., courtesan, palaciano. 

ta na 'ojov xanav, vphr:qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>) & iv. 

Lit. he walks in the king's house, i.e., courtesan. 

palaciano. 

'aja-pom, n(n & ncpd)5. bee (best species), abeja la mejor.... 

'ajav chon, nphr(n type n)5. rattiesnake. culebra llaman 

tambien.... 

'ajval, n4d. master, person who affUcts or kUls us. (1) 

ensehorear, tener por..., (2) morar con otro.... 

*oy kajval ta na. Lit. I have a master in tiie house, i.e., 1 Uve 

with my master, morar con otra.... 

kajvalon ta k'ulej. I Uve with my master, morar con 

otra 

mo jlekojuk jk'ulej 'oy kajval. Lit. My house is not my 

own, I have a master, i.e., I live in my master's house. 

morar con otra... . 

'ajval k'op, nphr(nld type n5). elegant speech, habla asi. 

'ajval-k'opoj, iv(n & ivcpd). speak elegantiy or eloquentiy. 

hablar elegantemente. 

'ajval tuluk', nphr(n4d of n5). fox, weasel, ensehorear, tener 

por.... 

'ajvalej, iv. enter into servitude, take as one's master. 

ensehorear, tener por.... 

'ajvalel, nld. kingdom, nobUity, prelacy. (1) Mdalguia, (2) 

imperio, (3) prelacia. 

'ajvalel emperador, nphr(n4d of n5). empfre. imperio. 

'ajvalel kotol 'osil, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). princedom of 

the world, principado asi. 

'ajvalel k'u'ul, nphr(n type n)3d. royal vestments, vestidura 

real. 
152 SMiraSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'ajvalel na, nphr(n type n)5. palace, palacio real. 

'ajvalel pop tz'omol, nphr:n5 of nphr(-n4d & -n4d[P=P of 

pop]). Lit. lord of his mat and stool, i.e., lady, sehora 

de Sehor. 

'ajvalel ta kotol 'osU, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4f of 

n5>). princedom of Uie v^orld. principado asi. 

'ajvaUn, tv. to take as one's master, ensehorear, tener.... 

Ha' no 'ox ekajvalintik castUlan vinik. We just took the 

Spaniards as our master, 

ch'ich' nakal xkajvalintik. Bloody dysentery is mastering us. 

'ajvaUnbil ta kotol 'osil, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & 

nphr<n4f of n5>). prince of the world, principe de.... 

'ajvay, iv. become a lord or master, mle. *It is not used 

commonly except to signify that one has received tiie 

kindgom or mandate or that one is entering into office. 

(1) ensehorear, hacerse Sehor, (2) reinar. 

'ajvayeb na, nphr(n type n)5. palace, palacio Real. 

'ajvetik, n5. chief, lord of slaves, nobleman. (1) caballero 53, 

(2) hidalgo, (3) noble, (4) principal, (5) sehor de siervos. 

(6) ser. 

'ajvetikij, iv. rise to nobility, ennoblecerse. 

'ajvetikU, nld. nobUity. (1) hidalguia, (2) nobleza. 

'ajvetikU vinik, nphr(natt & n)5. nobleman, noble de condicion. 

'ojtak 

'ojtakin, tv. know, recognize, conocer. 

xe'ojtakiney. I am known, conocidos. 

x'ojtakinat. It is known (to be good or evil), sehalada cosa 

de bien. de mal. 

stalel te vinik mu xojtakinan diose. The people do not know 

God (heathens). ...gentil, cosa de gentiles.... 

'ojtakinabil, n4b. mark of identification, sehas para conocer. 

'ojtakinel, vn4d. knowledge or recognition of person, conocimiento con que soy conocido. 

avojtakinel. knowledge about you. 

'ojtakinvan, iv. know, recognize, conocer. 

'ojtakinvanej, vn4d, knowledge, recognition, conocimiento con 

que conozco. 

avojtakinvanej, your knowledge (of someone or somethmg). 

j'ojtakin-'abnal, agn(tv & ncpd), herbman, erbolario. 

j'ojtakin-pox, agn(tv & ncpd). herbman. erbolario. 

j'ojtakinej-ton, agn(vn & ncpd). lapidary, lapidario. 

'ok (1) 

'okel, n4d. maturity (full grown), new business, (1) negocio, 

el que viene de fuera..., (2) sason de lo sasonado. 

'okelan, tv. obtain, trade, negociar o procurar algo. 

'okU, n3d. foot, thigh. (1) parte trasera, (2) pie con que anda 

el animal. 

mu to k'ot ta 'okel, vphr:pt & pt & iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). 

be a minor (having a guardian), be immature (wine). (1) 

menor de edad que esta debajo de tutor, (2) mosto. 

'ok (2) 

'ok, n5. aquatic turtle. (1) galapago de el agua, (2) tortuga. 

'okalpbc (N.) 

'okalpix, n5. steward. RML—This term perhaps should be read 

kalpix. It is derived from tiie Nahuati term for majordomo 

or steward: calpixqui. guardador de casa. 

'okotz 

'okotz, n5. lizard, lagartija. 

'ok' (1) 

'ok'U, n3d, tongue, lengua. 

'ok' (2) 

'ok', iv, cry, howl (dog), peep (chicken), sing (bfrd, frog), 

warble, *It is better to say howl tiian bark. (1) ayna, cf 

ahulla. (2) cantar aves o rams, (3) gorgear las aves, (4) 

llanto hacer, (5) piar el polio. 

'ok' 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d, be disfressed, repent, fatiga o 

afliccion.... 

'ep x'ok' kolonton. I am greatiy distressed./flft,ga o afliccion 

interior o del anima. 

x'ok' kolonton yu'un jmul. I repent my sins, pesarle de sus 

pecados. 

'ok'el, vn5, crying, llanto. 

'ok'el, vn4d. message, mensaje. 

'ok'el 'osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). disturbance, outcry, alborotado. 

'ok'elal, aj. barely, hardly, involuntarily, negligent, scanty in 

weight or size, scarcely, with difficulty, (1) diflcultosamente, (2) escasamente en peso o medida, apenas, (3) 

forzar 144, (4) tibia, cosa perezosa. 

'ok'elal sta. He barely hit it (witii a lance), apenas o con 

diflcultad. 

'ok'elal nekom yu'un. He made me stay, forzar 144, 

'ok'elal kich' Ha' skoj te nestek'tek'-'ak'ey, I conceded it 

with difficulty, it was because he asked me persistently. 

forzar 144, 

'ok'elal neHul Ha' skoj nestajal-'ik'ey. He made me come. 

forzar 144. 

'ok'elal 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be weak with 

age or infirmity, dificultosamente. 

'ok*es trompeta, vphr:tv & n5. blow a tmmpet. taner 

trompetas. 

'ok*esol, n5. megaphone, tmmpet (1) bocim 44, (2) trompeta. 

'ok*etay, tv. cry over person, llanto hacer por otro. 

'ok'U, n5. wolf RML—Probably should be coyote, lobo. 

'ok'U te', nphr(n type n)5, cypress, *It is the most resistant 

wood, but is darker than cedar, and has leaves like a 

cypress, cedro de hoja mayor.. .70. 

'ok'olet, av. cry. llanto hacer. 

j'ok'el, agn. warbler (bfrd), gorgeador. 

j'ok*es-frompeta, agn(tv & ncpd). tmmpeter. trompeta, el que 

las tahe. 

j-'ok*, num(num & nccpd)5. distance, moment, while, trecho. 

cha'-'ok* 'ayon. I was there for two moments, rato de 

tiempo. 

j-'ok* no 'ox. just a moment poco tiempo conw.... 

j-'ok' yulel. He arrived a moment ago. rato de tiempo. 

muk*ta 'ok* sHulel, He arrived a long while ago, rato de 

tiempo. 

j-'ok' ba'yi, num(num & nccpd)5 & aj. shortiy before, poco 
NUMBER 31 153 

tiempo antes. 

j-'ok* xa, num(num & nccpd)5 & pt, a littie later, shortiy after, 

a while later, (1) de aqui a poco. (2) despues como de 

aqui a un poco, (3) luego de aqui a poco. 

j-'ok' to, num(num & nccpd)5 & pt. recentiy, a short time 

ago. ahora poco a. 

j-'ok*uk xa, num(num & nccpd)5 & pt a littie later, shortiy 

after, a whUe later, despues como de aqui a un poco. 

'ok'ob 

'ok'ob, n5, tomorrow, mahana despues de hoy 210, 

'ok'ob xa *oy, temp:n5 & pt & pt. the day before, mahana 

despues de hoy 210. 

'ok'ob xa 'oy San JuUo. The day before the fiesta of San 

Julio, 

'ok'ob xa 'oy xtal. The day before he came, 

'ok'ob xa 'oy xcham. The day before he died, 

'ok*ob xa 'oy domingo, temp:n5 & pt & pt & n5. Lit the day 

before Sunday, i,e,, Saturday, sabado. 

'ok*om'ok*om, n5, daUy, cada dia. 

'ok*om'ok'om x'ak*beat sve'el taju-jun k*ak*al. He is given 

his daUy ration of food, racion de comida. 

'ok'och 

'ok*och, n5, cavem (hole in rock), caverna. 

'ok'om 

'ok'om. daily, cf 'ok'ob. 

'ol(l) 

'ol, aj, grave, heavy, serious. (1) grave, cosa que da 

pesadumbre, (2) pesada cosa. 

mo 'oluk, vphr:neg & aj. Lit not heavy, i.e., Ught liviana cosa. 

'al-poman 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(aj<aj & Ucpd>/pred/ & n5) & tv. 

be lazy or sluggish, hobacho estar. 

'al-poman vuiik, nphr(aj<aj & Ucpd> & n)5. lazy or sluggish 

person, hobacho. 

'alal, n4f weight pesadumbre. 

'alub, iv. become heavy, pesado hacerse. 

'01(2) 

'ol 'ok, nphr(n4f of n4d). toe. dedo del pie. 

'ol 'ub, nphr(n4d of n5). young partridge, perdigon. 

'ol asna, nphr(n4d of n5). young donkey, pollino, hijo de asm. 

'ol tz'unubil, nphr(n4f of n5). seedUng. planta para plantar. 

'ol cabaUo, nphr(n4d & n5). colt, potro. 

'ol chitom, nphr(n4d of n5), suckUng pig, (1) cochino, (2) 

lechon. 

'ol kuich', nphr(n4d of n5), young partridge, perdigon. 

'ol k'ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). finger, dedo de la mano. 

'ol sak 'ichi, nphr:n4d of n(aj & ncpd)5. baby or young egret. 

garceta. 

'ol tuluk', nphr(n4d of n5). chick, polio, hijo de gallina. 

'ol t'ul, nphr(n4d of n5), young rabbit gazapo 149. 

'ol vacas, nphr(n4d of n5). heifer, ternero, hijo de.... 

'olol, n3d, woman's chUd, (1) hijo respecto de la muger, (2) 

niho o niha. 

'antzU 'olol, cf 'antz. 

'unen 'olol, cf 'unen. 

ba 'ol, cf ba (2). 

tzajal 'olol, cf tzoj. 

cha'-va'al 'olol, cf cha'. 

juymom 'olol, cf juy. 

k'oxU 'olol, cf k'ox (1). 

xinch'ok 'ol, cf xinch'ok. 

xinch'okil 'ol, cf xinch'ok. 

'alab lechuga, cf lechuga. 

'alaj, iv, give birth (woman), conceive (woman), (1) ahijar la 

muger, (2) concebir, (3) parir la hembra. 

'alajebal, n3d, womb, (1) madre do conciben las hembras, (2) 

matriz de la muger. 

'alajel, vn5, birth, parto. 

'alajom, n5, bearer, principal goddess, RML—^This is given 

as alhaghon. In colonial Tzeltal it is given as alaghan 

by Guzman (Guzman, 1620:59) and alaghom by Ara 

(Ara, n,d,, p, 57), both of whom pafr it with naom. Nunez 

de la Vega states Uiat patol and alaghom are god and 

goddess, creators of the earth, the sky, and mankind, 

"estos son cabeza y principio de los otros dioses que 

tiene cada pueblo" (Nunez de la Vega, 1702:131). They 

parallel the Quiche god pafr in the Popol Vuh; bitol and 

alom, shaper and bearer (Edmonson, 1979:3). Dios de 

burla. 

'alal, n5. woman's chUd. hijo respecto de la muger. 

'alal, n4d. relative, parentesco por sangre. 

'alal j-tek lum, nphrn type nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. 

hamlet, aldea. 

'alal vinik, nphr(n type n)5. hamlet dweUer. aldeano. 

'alan, tv, give birth (woman), adopt (woman), (1) ahijar la 

muger, (2) concebir, (3) prohijar. 

'alanbil, pp, bom of a woman, ahijado. 

'alnom, n5. woman who has given birth, parida. 

'alnom, n4d. cow (or) mare, ete., that has given birth, parida. 

'alnom chitom, nphr(n type n)5. sow that has given birth. 

puerca parida. 

'alnom tux-nok' chij, nphr:n type nphr(n<n & n>cpd type n). 

ewe that has given birth, ovejuno, cosa de oveja. 

j'alal-'antz, agn(n & ncpd). woman in fu-st labor. *The "g" (j) 

is pronounced differently than in "ghalal" (jalal) for 

beloved, which is pronounced strongly, primeriza, muger 

en parto. 

j'alalon to. I am stiU in first labor. 

baj'alanel, cf ba (2). 

'ol (3) 

'ol, n4f communal, community, counsel. (1) comunidad, (2) 

consejo 59. 

'ol 'abtel, nphr(n4f of n5). pubUc office, publico oficio. 

'ol 'amak', nphr(n4f of n5). yard, patin o sitio de casa. 

'ol 'osil, nphr(n4f of n5). desert, uninhabited wUdemess. (1) 

desierto, (2) yermo sin casas 183. 

'ol labal k*op, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. Ulicit talk. 

rrwnopodio. 

'ol na, nphr(n4f of n5). courthouse. (1) comun cosa, (2) 
154 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

consistorio. 

'ol nanatik, nphr(n4f of n5). street calle. 

'ol patan, nphr(n4f of n5). pubUc office. (1) comun cosa, (2) 

publico oficio. 

'ol setz*, nphr(n4f of n5). sauceboat salsera. 

'ol vinik, nphr(n4f of n5). person exempt from taxation, exento 

126. 

'olal, nld. heart (1) corazon 64, (2) ymportuno sin tiempo. (3) 

ynquieta cosa. 

'olU, n5. heart, corazon 64, 

ta 'ol, qphr:prep & -n4f amongst, entre algunos. 

ta yol xinch*oketik 'oy 'antzetik. There are women amongst 

the men. 

'ol (4) 

'olet, av. become greasy. RML—This term is suspect, grasa 

o gordura salir asi de algo. 

'ip 'olet, vphr:aj & av. be greasy, grasiente, lleno de esta grasa. 

'olan 

'olan, iv. die, dismount, stop. RML—In colonial Tzeltal -olan 

is given for "cesar" and "descansar" (Guzm^ 1620:49, 

53). (1) bajar 39, (2) cesar 71, (3)fenecer. hacer cesar, 

(4) morir. 

'olaneb k'op, nphr(n4f of n5). league, liga en amistades. 

'olaneb yabutil, nphr(n4f of n5). tmce. treguas para cierto dia. 

y'olanebal, n3d. passage of death, end. (1) posamiento de 

muerta 250 cf pasamiento, (2) termiru? por fin. 

'olanel, vnld. death, fenecimiento. 

'olantas, tv. humble, put to deatii, rein in a horse. (1) achicar, 

(2) averiguar, (3)fenecer, hacer cesar, (4) sofrenar. 

mo sobuk 'olan, vphr:advphr(neg & aj) & iv. be long-lasting. 

estable cosa. 

ta 'olaneb, qphr:prep & -n4b. finally, in the end. (1) en fin, (2) 

finalmente. 

'olan ta ch'ob, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). remove mouming 

clothes, luto qidtar. 

'olanabil, n3d. ovemight stay, manida de Jornada. 

'alantas, tv. deprive, humble, overmateh, subject. RML—^In 

colonial Tzeltal alantez means "abatir a otro hwnillandole" (Guzman, 1620:4). (1) achicar a otro asi, (2) 

privar a otro, (3) sojuzgar o sujetar 326. 

'alantas ba, rv. submit. (1) sujeccion, (2) sujetarse. 

xalantas sba ta jtojol. He submits to me. sujeccion. 

xkalantas jba ta stojol Pedro. I submit to Peter, sujetarse. 

'alantasbU, pp. subject, subdito o sujeto 325. 

'alantasej, vn4d. subjection, subdito o sujeto 325. 

'alantasej kotol 'osil, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4f of n5). prince of 

the world, principe de todo el mundo. 

'alantasel, vn4d. subjection, sujeccion. 

'utz xka'i kalantasel yu'un. I am happy to be his subject 

sk'an yalantasel ku'un. He wants to be my subject. 

'olbaj 

'olbaj chamuk, vphr:aj & iv/subj/. half dead, medio muerto. 

'olbaj Hechuk, vphr:aj & aj/pred//subj/. more or less. 

RML—yolbaj in modem Tzotzil means "still,** synonymous wiUi yolel to. In modem Tzeltal of Tenejapa, 

yolbajuk skoltael is to give poor advice, poco mas o 

menos. 

'olbaj Hechuk 'ep, nphr:ajphr(aj & aj/subj/) & -n4e. more or 

less, poco mas o menos. 

'olon 

'olon 'ak'el, nphr(n5 type vn4d). low social standing, estado 

bajo. 

'olon 'Uc, nphr(n type n)5. west wind, RML—I believe Uie 

lexicographer must have erred by glossing this as "east 

wind," viento de oriente. 

'olon ti*, nphr(n4f of n4d), lower lip, beso de arriba 39. 

'olon ti' na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. threshold, lumbral de 

puerta. lo bajo. 

'olon va'leb mak na, nphr:nphr(n4f of n4f) of nphr(n of n)5, 

threshold, lumbral de puerta, lo bajo. 

'olon vinik, nphr(n type n)5, person in low social standing, el 

que en bajo estado 131, 

'olonil 'a'i, vphr:s(aj/pred/) & tv. have low opinion of, hold 

in littie value, estimar en poco. 

'olonilon xka'i. I have a low opinion of myself estinmrse 

en mucho. 

'olonil vinik, nphr(n type n)5. person in low social standing, el 

que en bajo estado 131. 

ta 'olon, qphr:prep & -nib. below, beneatii, down, under. (1) 

abajo, (2) esta debajo, (3) so, preposicion. 

ta kolon. under me, so.... 

ta yolonon. I am under it. so.... 

ta 'olon 'osU, qphr:prep & nphr(n type n)5. in the lowlands. 

abajo. 

ta 'olontUc, qphr:prep & n5. below. RML—It is not clear 

whether this term meant Tenochtitian then as it does 

Mexico City now. abajo. 

'olonton 

'olonton nichim, nphr(n type n)5. magnoUa (very fragrant 

heart-shaped flower). RML—I have identified this flower 

as the magnolia on the supposition tiiat it is the same as 

yolloxochitl, 'heart flower,' described by Molina as "flor 

muy olorosa de hechura de corazon" (Molina, 1571:40) 

that is Ulusfrated on plate 98 of the Badianus manuscript 

Emmart comments that "Martinus doubtiess intended to 

iUustrate the Mexican magnoUa Talauma mexicana" and 

adds that Sahagiin stated that "its use was reserved solely 

for the nobUity." The blossom was fiUed with the powder 

of magnolia leaves and other flowers and bark and carried 

by fravelers as a taUsman. The exfract of the flower was 

used to flavor cocoa (Emmart, 1940:310). flor muy 

olorosa de hechura de corazon. 

'olontonU, n3d. heart, mind. RML—Modem Tzotzil of 

Zinacantan: 'o'onil, of Chamula: 'o'ntonil, and of 

Chenalho: 'o'ntonal. (1) corazon 64, (2) mente. 

'olontonU ya, nphr(natt & n)5. suffering of the soul, pasion 

del anima. 
NUMBER 31 155 

'olontonU yaijel, nphr(natt & vn)5. suffering of Uie soul, pasion 

del ardma. 

'utz 'olonton, cf 'utz. 

'UtzU 'olonton, cf 'utz, 

'unen 'olonton, cf. 'unen. 

bUc'tal 'olonton, nphr(aj & n)5. cowardly, flojo en el animo 

144. 

bUc'tal 'olonton, nphr(n4f of n5). despondency, poquedad de 

anima. 

bik'tal 'olontonU, nphr(n4f of n5). despondency, poquedad de 

anima. 

j'epal 'olonton, cf 'ep, 

k'op 'olonton, cf. k'op. 

mo 'oyuk 'olonton, s:neg & n5^red/ & -n4d, foolish, 

importunate, incompetent, (1) bobos 44, (2) ymportum 

sin tiempo 185, (3) ynhabil cosa 186, 

naka 'olonton no 'ox, vphr:pt & -n4d/pred/ & pt & pt wUl, 

corazon. 

ta 'olonton, qphr:prep & -n4d. honor, purity, decoro. 

talel ta 'olonton, cf. tal. 

'om (1) 

'om, n5. sUkworm, smaU spider. (1) araha pequena, (2) gusano 

de seda. 

'om seda, nphr(nle of n5). siUcworm. *A worm that makes a 

web like yeUow siUc and for Uiat they call the silkworm 

'om. gusano de seda. 

'om (2) 

'omel, vn5. rainstorm. RML—This is given as homal, but 

homel in colonial Tzeltal is "dilubio" (Guzman, 

1620:58). lluvia grande. 

'omet, av. roar (fire, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean, wind, 

large flute). RML—In colonial Tzeltal xeohmet is given 

for "hervir a borbollones, hacer aquel ruido" (Guzman, 

1620:106) and xomomet for "estruendo" (Guzm^, 

1620:87). (1) estruendo, (2) hervir a borbollones. (3) 

ruido hacer el rio o aire grande, (4) sonar la flauta 

sola 

'on 

'on, n5. avocado, madrono. 

lo'balal 'on, cf lo* (1) 

te'el 'on, cf te'. 

'osil 

'osil, n5. region, site. *Site for building a town, as when they 

say, "Look for a good site to found a town, we can't find 

a good site," (1) regio 292, (2) sitio para ediflcar 

pueblo 

'osil, nle. climate, season, time, weatiier. (1) tiempo, (2) temple 

de tierra. 

'utz 'osil yo' 'oy. It is a good climate there, temple de tierra. 

'utz 'osil tana. The weather is good now (or) It is Uie right 

tune (for planting, etc.) tiempo. 

mu to sta yosUal. It isn't the season yet. tiempo. 

sta yosilal 'ovol. It is Uie com planting season, tiempo. 

yan 'osil tana. The weather is bad now. tiempo. 

'osilaj, iv. be bom. nacer. 

'osilajel, vn5. appearance or birth of plants, nacimiento de 

plantas, yerbas. 

*utz 'osil, s:aj/pred/ & n5. at Uie proper time. *As he left at the 

proper time, en buen tiempo se parte. 

biUl 'osU, cf bU (1). 

'ox (1) 

'ox, num4e. thfrd. tremesina. 

yoxil 'u. three months ago. 

*ox , num(num & nccpd)le. Uiree, Uifrd. tres ahos de 

espacio. 

'ox-jechel, num(num & nccpd)4f a thfrd. tercera parte. 

'ox-jov, num(num & nccpd)4f a Uifrd. tercera parte. 

'ox-kajal na ta chamebal, nphr:nphr(num<num & ncpd>4f & 

n5) & qphr(prep & n5). Lit house on tiie thfrd level of 

the place of death, i.e., purgatory (where the sins are paid 

for after this life), purgatorio, lugar do se pagan.... 

*ox-k'in, num(num & nccpd)5. three days, tres anos de espacio. 

'ox-k*in echam. He died three days ago. *Three days wiUi 

thefr nights, 

'ox-lajun-vo', num(num & numcpd & nccpd)5. thirteen 

(people), trese 

'ox-lajuneb, num(num & numcpd)5. thirteen, trese. 

'ox-va'al, num(num & nccpd)4f Uifrd (person), tercero. 

'ox-vinUc, num(num & numcpd)5. sixty, sesenta. 

'ox-vinkej k*in, nphr:num(num & numcpd)5 & -n4e. sixty-day 

period.tres ahos de espacio. 

'ox'ox, num5. three, tres anos de espacio. 

'ox'ox 'abU batel. three years ago. tres ahos de espacio. 

'oxej k*in, nphr(num5 & n4e). three-day period, tres ahos de 

espacio. 

'oxib, numle. Uu-ee, thfrd. (1) tercero, (2) tres. 

'oxib 'abU 'ech*akbet for a period of three years, tres anos 

de espacio. 

'oxib sk*inal. three-day period, tres ahos de espacio. 

'oxib to sk*inal yo' 'oy emakey. The time will be up in three 

days, tres anos de espacio. 

yoxibal 'abU batel. three years ago. tres ahos de espacio. 

yoxibal 'u spas. It (wheat, com, etc.) matures in three months 

(of thefr monUis). trigo o maiz u otra cosa tremesina. 

yoxibal yual. three months ago. tremesina. 

'oxib 'u, nphr(num4e & n5). Lit. third montii, i.e., March. 

nuirco. 

'oxjey, n5. three days ago. oy a cuatro dias 238. 

j'ox-lajun Ha'al chon, agn:ajphr(num<num & numcpd> & aj) 

& ncpd. thunder. RML—See jjun Ha 'al chon, tronar. 

tronar. 

'ox (2) 

'ox, pt particle expressing completed time. RML—^This term 

is not given a Spanish listing, but occurs tiiroughout the 

text. 

'ot(l) 

'ot, n4d. bread, pan. 

'ot (2) 
156 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'Ot. baUast, brick, bridle, decorate, embark, gUd, plank, printer, 

put in, register, saddle, shoe, tin, wax. cf 'och. 

'ot(3) 

'ot. count, possession, rent, share, cf 'at (2). 

'ov (1) 

'ov, n4f frost, ice. RML—^This reading is suspect, for "elada" 

is also given as om. and "nieve" as ohm. yelo o elada 

183. 

'ov 'ak*abal, nphr(n4f of n5). dew. rocio de noche. 

'ov (2) 

'ov. planting, cf 'av (2), 

'ov (3) 

'ov, bleat, shout, thunder, cf 'av (3), 

*'ova 

*'ova, n5, parrot. RML—^In colonial Tzeltal this term is given 

as xova (Guzman, 1620:150). papagayo. ave conocida. 

'oy (1) 

'oy, n5. be, have, possess, '^'oyon, 'oyot, 'oy. Imperfect: 

'oyukon, 'oyukot, 'oyuk. But many times the verb is 

understood in tiie nouns as when we say, "I am son of 

somebody," 'ajvetikon (1) aver, (2) ser. 

'oy. Enough, basta tal. 

'oy butikuk no 'ox pisU. It is common. ...manual que se 

halla dondequiera. 

*oy jk*u'. I have clotiies. tener algo, poseer. 

'oy 'u'un, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. have, possess, tener algo, poseer. 

mo 'oyuk, vphr:neg & n5/pred/. be scarce (bread), be weak. 

flaco que no puede 

mo 'oyuk 'olonton, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. be importunate 

or impmdent. ymportuno sin tiempo 185. 

mo 'oyuk 'u'un, vphr:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. lack, carecer. 

mo 'oyuk te' yo' 'oy, s:neg & n5/pred/ & n5 & pt & pt treeless 

wasteland, yermo sin arboles 183. 

mo 'oyuk tot mo 'oyuk me', s:(s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d) & 

(s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d|P=P of tot]), be an orphan. 

huerfano. 

'ayan, iv. be bom, be created, nacer. 

'ayan butzuy, s:iv & -n4d, grow feather crest, encrestado con 

cresta de pluma. 

'ayan tzalub, s:iv & -n4d. grow a comb, encrestado conw gallo 

o gallina de castilla. 

'ayan k'op, s:iv & n5. have subject be revived, recrearse algo. 

'ayanajes, tv. supply, proveer. 

'ayanajesbil, pp. supplied, proveido. 

'ayanel, vnld. being, natural state, social standing. (1) estado 

o grado en que esta cada uno, (2) natural cosa, (3) 

sustancia. 

'ayanel, vn5. Christmas, navidad. 

j'ayanajesvanej, agn. provider, proveedor. 

bet'bil 'ayanel, cf bet'. 

jelel 'ayanel, cf jel. 

p'iUl 'ayanel, cf p'il. 

toyol 'ayanel, cf toy. 

'oy(2) 

*oy, nle. house post, stake for hanging things. (1) estaca para 

colgar, (2) estaca para edificar casa.... 

'oy ch'ub, nphr(n4e of n5). butfress. estribo de edificio. 

'oy te'el, nphr(n4f of n5). wooden column or pUlar. pilar para 

sostener edificios. 

'oy tonal, nphr(n4f of n5). stone column or pillar, pilar para 

sostener edificios. 

'oy(3) 

'oy, pt. particle expressing completed time. RML—Modem 

Tzotzil: 'o. This term does not have a Spanish Usting, 

but occurs frequentiy throughout the text. 

*'oyo 

*'oyo liklUc, vphr:aj & iv. movable, moving frequently, 

RML—^The verb is given as xlicligh. mudable, cosa que 

muchas veces se muda. 

*'oyo pas, vphraj & tv-, do over and over, menudear, hacer 

una cosa muchas veces.... 

*'oyo'oyo, aj. frequentiy, many times, RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal this is given variously as aay aay (Guzman, 

1620:137),yaay, yaay, (op, cit, 131, 137,156) andyaai 

yaai (op, cit, 7), (1) a cada paso, (2) a cada paso, a 

menudo, (3) a menudo. (4) cada paso, (5) muchas veces. 

*'oyo'oyo 'at 'olonton, vphr:aj & tv & n4d[A]. think 

frequentiy. pensar muchas veces. 

*'oyo'oyo 'atel 'olontonU, nphr:aj & nphr(vn4f of n5). frequent 

thinking, pensamiento asi. 

*'oyo'oyo tzaijel, vphr:aj & -vn4f. frequent thinking, pensamiento asi. 

*'oyo'oyo na', vphr:aj & tv-. tiiink frequently, pensar muchas 

veces. 

*'oyo'oyo pas, vphr:aj & tv-. do over and over, menudear, 

hacer urui cosa muchas veces 

'u(l) 

'u, nle. moon, montii, *Month or moon because they count 

by moons. (1) luna, (2) mes o luna. 

'u marzo, nphr(n4e of n5). March, marco. 

*u octubre, nphr(n4e of n5). October, octubre. 

bik'tajel 'u, nphr(vn4f of n5). waning of moon, menguante 

de luna. 

'u(2) 

'ual, n3a. necklace. *The same for anything put around the 

neck or the chest such as chains or beads and the breast 

plate of beUs they put on horses, collar. 

'ual k*anal tak*in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. lit. gold necklace, 

i.e., jewel. 7oya, 

*ual sakil tak*in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. Ut. stiver necklace, 

i.e., jewel, collar. 

'uan, tv. wear a necklace, collar. 

'u'un 

'u'un, n4d, by or for me, you, ete,, mine, my, hers, his, its, 

yours. (1) mio. casa mia, (2) suyo, cosa suya 326. 

'u'un, n4f because, therefore, por ende. 

'u'un lik ch'ut, s:-n4f + vphr(iv & -n4d). produce gas in one's 

stomach (food), ventosa cosa que 
NUMBER 31 157 

'u'un obispo, nphr(n4f of n5). episcopal, obispal cosa. 

'ub 

'ub, n5. large partridge. RML—^This may be the great curassow 

whose voice is described as "oohm." perdiz, ave 

conocido. 

'utz 

'utz, aj, correct, elegant, faithfully, good, graceful, handsome, 

holy, just, merrily, polished, praiseworthy, pretty, weU, 

(I) alegremente, (2) bien. (3) dispuesto. gentil hombre. 

(4) elegante, (5)fielmente asi. (6) galan, (1) justa cosa. 

(8) linda cosa, (9) loable cosa, (10) pulida cosa 265, 

(II) santa cosa. 

'utzon. I am fine, estar, ser. 

'utzuk 'ak'o stz'ak sba avu'un (or) 'utzuk tz'akojuk sba. See 

that the (adobes) are well-joined... .travar. 

'utz 'a'i, vphr:aj & tv-. be pleased, sound good or pretty. 

agradar 12. 

'utz 'a'i 'u'un, vphr:aj & tv + -n4b. please, agradar a otro 12. 

'utz 'a'i ba, vphr:aj & rv. be healthy, sana cosa. 

'utz 'a'ibil, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. be praised, loado. 

'utz 'a'iel, s:aj/prep/ & -vn4f, sound good or pretty, son o 

sonido, sonar, sonido hacer. 

'utz 'a'yejlal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. have a good reputation./ama 

buena de mi. 

'utz 'ach'el, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. have good mortar, mezcla para 

asentar piedra o adobes. 

'utz 'al, vphr:aj & iv-. praise, alabar. 

'utz 'albil, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. praised. (1) alabado, (2) locuio. 

'utz 'aley, vphr:aj & tv/pass/. be praiseworthy, loable cosa. 

'utz 'alvan, vphr:aj & iv. praise, alabar. 

'utz 'ayan, vphr:aj & iv. produce well (com, fruit), poder, 

verba. 

'utz 'ayan 'u'un, vphraj & iv + -n4b. better, improve, repafr. 

sanear la cosa. 

'utz 'e, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f be sharp, agudo que corta bien 13. 

'utz 'eUc'anel, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f be easy to steal, hurtible cosa. 

'utz 'U, vphr:aj & tv-. be pleased, agradar a otro 12, 

'utz 'Uel, s:ajy^red/ & -vn4f be pretty,/orma o gesto. 

'utz 'olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d, be innocent, judicious, or wise, 

(1) ynocente 188, (2) sesudo de buen seso. 

'utz 'osU, cf 'osil. 

'utz 'oy, vphr:aj/pred/ & n5. be fine or weU, bien esta. 

'utz balam, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be lucky, hado bueno. 

'utz chabi bek'tal, vphr:aj & tv & n4d[A]. be chaste, casta. 

'utz chi 'u'un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4b, be pleased by. agradar a 

otro 12, 

'utz ch*ulel, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d, be lucky, hado bueno. 

'utz kol 'u'un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4b, be curable, sanable cosa. 

'utz k'in, cf k'in (1), 

'utz k*opoj, vphr:aj & iv, speak graciously, graciosamente 

hablar o decir. 

'utz na, cf na (1), 

'utz nakal 'olonton, s:ajphr(aj & aj/pred/) & -n4d. feel safe or 

secure, segura cosa. 

'utz nakal avolonton yo' 'oy. You feel secure there. 

'utz no 'ox, vphr:aj^red/ & pt & pt. safe, seguro de peligro. 

'utz pas, vphr:aj & tv-. act faithfully, do good, polish. (1) bien 

hacer. (2)fielmente asi. (3) pulir 266. 

'utz ta nail, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & -n4d[S]). have a good 

family, familia. 

'utzot ta anail. You have a good family. 

'utz tan, cf tan (1). 

'utz te vinik chi'U ta naklej, s:aj^red/ & nphr(art & n5 & 

vphr<-n4d & qphr(prep & n5)>). have a good family. 

familia. 

'utz te vinik chi'uk ta naklej, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(art & n5 & 

vphr<-n4d & qphr(prep & n5)>). have a good family. 

familia. 

'utz te vinik junjun na chi'uk, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(art & n5 & 

vphr<num & -n4d & -n4d[P=P of na]>). have a good 

family, familia. 

'utz vinaj, vphr:aj & iv. sound beautiful, son o sonido. sonar, 

sonido hacer. 

'utz'utz 'a'i, vphr:aj & tv. recuperate, mejorar en la dolencia. 

'utz'utz naklej, cf nak, 

'utz'utz vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. holy person, santa cosa. 

'utzib, iv. be fortunate, honored, merry, or pleased, become 

good or holy, get weU, rejoice, take a rest take delight 

in. (1) abonarse. hacerse bueno, (2) alegrarse. (3) bueno 

hacer algo. (4) gloriarse, recibir gloria o descanso. (5) 

holgar. burlar, (6) placer recibir o deleitarse. (1) santo 

hacerse. 

'utzib 'osil, s:iv & n5. have weather improve, abonar el tiempo. 

'utzibeb, n5. glory, heaven, gloria, lugar de la gloria. 

'utzibebal, n5. glory, heaven, gloria, lugar de la gloria. 

'utzibel, vnld. bUss, grace, joy, leisure, pleasure, prosperity, 

recreation. (1) alegria. (2) bienaventurado o dichoso 

como..., (3) bueno hacer algo. (4) gloria, (5) gracia, (6) 

holganza o pasatiempo, (1) placer o deleite. 

'utzibes, tv. do well, gladden, make good. (1) abonarse. 

hacerse bueno. (2) alegrar otro, (3) bueno hacer algo. 

'utzibtas, tv. cure, entertain, flatter, gladden, glorify, make 

good, please, sanctify, (1) abonarse, hacerse bueno (2) 

alegra a otro, (3) buem hacer algo, (4) complacer, (5) 

placer hacer o dar a otro, (6) regalar alhagando, (1) 

santo hacer a otro o sanctificar 

'utzibtasbU, pp, glorified, (1) bienaventurado. (2) bueno hacer 

algo. (3) glorificado. 

'utzibtasel, vn4d. glorification, glorificacion. 

'utzibtasvanej, vn5. glorification, glorificacion. 

'utzil, nib. delight, faitiifulness, gaUantry, goodness, grace, 

gracefulness, holiness, modesty, nobility, pleasure, polish, 

prosperity, recuperation, subtiety, virtue, wealth. (1) 

bienes. (2) bondad, (3) disposicion. (4) familiaridad, (5) 

fidelidad, (6) gala. (1) gracia, (8) mejoria en. (9) 

rmdestia. (10) nobleza. (11) placer. (12) pulidesa 266, 

(13) prosperidad, (14) santidad, (15) sutileza 324. 

'utzil, aj. modest, modesta cosa. 
158 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'utzil 'a'yej, s:aj/pred/ & -nld. have a good reputation./ama 

buena asi. 

'utzil 'a'yejlal, s:aj/pred/ & -nld. have a good reputation./ama 

buena de mi. 

'utzil-'al, tv(aj & tvcpd). bless, praise. (1) alabar, (2) bendecir, 

alabar, (3) engrandecer a otro, alabarle. 

'utzil-'albil, pp(aj & tvcpd). be praised, alabado. 

'utzil 'alel, nphr(aj & vn)4d. praise directed towards person. 

alabanza con que soy alabado. 

'utzil-'aley, iv(aj & ivcpd)/pass/. be praiseworthy, loable cosa. 

'utzil-'alvan, iv(aj & ivcpd), praise, alabar. 

'utzil 'alvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. praise, alabanza con que 

alabamos. 

'utzil 'antz, nphr(aj & n)5, vfrgin, muger casta. 

'utzil 'olonton, nphr(aj & n)5, virtue, virtuoso. 

'utzU tzajal ton, nphr:aj & nphr(aj & n)5, mby, rubi. 

'utzil j'ok'el mut, nphr:aj & agn(vn type n)5, nightingale, 

RML—^This is probably the brown-backed solitafre, 

Myadestes obscurus. ruisehor. 

'utzil k'op, nphr(aj & n)5, holy or modest talk, (1) modesta 

cosa, (2) santa cosa. 

'utzil lo'lo k'op, nphr:aj & nphr(n type n)5. witty saying. 

donaire. 

'utzil lo'lo k'opoj, iv(aj & n & ivcpd). speak wittUy, donaire 

decir. 

'utzil-nop, tv(aj & tvcpd). react positively towards, think well 

of. echar las cosas a buena parte. 

'utzil-pas, tv(aj & tvcpd). do good, bien hacer. 

'utzil pasvanej, nphr(aj & vn)4d. good deed, craftsmanship. 

bien hecho y buena obra. 

'utzil pox, nphr(aj & n)5. proven medicine, medicirui 

experimentada. 

'utzil sakil tak'in, nphr:aj & nphr(aj & n)5. stiver, plata. 

'utzil xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. reUgion, vfrtue. (1) religion, (2) 

virtud generalmente 

'utzil ton, nphr(aj & n)5. jewel, pearl, (1) perla, (2) piedra 

preciosa. 

'UtzU vinik, nphr(aj & n)5, faithful, frank, friendly, modest, 

noble, serene, sociable, weU-mannered, or worthy 

person, merrymaker. (1) alegar, cf alegrador, (2) bien 

criado, (3) costumbre. (4) digna persona, (5) familiar 

persona, conversable, sereno, (6) fiel cosa de que 

confiamos, (1) llano en conversacion. (8) modesta cosa, 

(9) noble de condicion. 

'utzilal, n4d. goodness, bondad. 

'utzin, tv. flatter, frolic. (1) halagar, (2) retocar. 

'utzin, iv. become good, buerui cosa hacerse. 

'utzintas, tv. do weU, remedy. (1) buem hacer algo, (2) 

remediar, como.... 

'utzintasbU, pp. successful, bueno hacer algo. 

'utzinvanej, vn5. flattery, halagueho. 

j'utzU-'olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). innocent person, ynocente 

188. 

j'utzU lo'lo k'op, agn:aj & nphr(n type n)cpd. witty person. 

donoso asi. 

j'utzU-pasvanej, agn(aj & vcpd). benefactor, bienhechor. 

j'utzintasvanej, agn. glorifier, successful or vfrtuous person. 

(1) bueno hacer algo. (2) glorificador, (3) virtud 

generalmente. 

j'utzinvanej, agn. flatterer, reveUer. (1) halagueho. (2) retocon. 

*ep 'utzU, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. endowed with grace, dotado. 

batz'i 'utz, cf batz'i. 

laal *utzU, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. friendly, serene, sociable./amiV/ar 

persona, conversable, sererw. 

mo 'utzuk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. bad, inconvenient, froublesome, unjust, vUe. (1) ynconveniente, cosa que no 

conviene 186, (2) ynjusta cosa 188, (3) ruin. 

mo 'utzuk te xch'akeb jk'optike. The contract we made is 

not a good one. partido o concierto. 

mo 'utzuk 'a'i, vphr:neg & aj & tv-. consider evU, rebuff, reject, 

reproach, wish to flee from. (1) correr algo, (2) rechazar, 

(3) reprochar o reprovar, (4) sabele mal o pasale algo. 

mo 'utzuk 'a'i pas, vphr:neg & aj & tv & S(tv-). do without 

one*s consent consentimiento. 

mo 'utzuk eka'i apas. You did this without my consent 

mo 'utzuk 'abtelanel, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -vn4f poor 

workmanship, obra como.... 

mo 'utzuk pasel, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -vn4f poor workmanship. 

obra como.... 

mu 'utzuk. RML—See mo 'utzuk. 

mu tojol 'utzibeluk, s:neg & aj/pred/ & vn. vainglory, gloria 

vana. 

ta 'utzil k*op nop, vphr:qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n5>) & tv-. 

interpret favorably, tiiink weU of, tonmr a buena parte. 

toj 'utz, vphr:aj & aj, delicious, especially good, healthy, 

pleasurable, prosperous, subtie, (1) placentera cosa o 

deleitable, (2) prospera cosa, (3) singular cosa. (4) sutil 

cosa 324. 

toj 'utz mu 'osil xava'i yu'un. You wUl find it a healthy 

place (or) climate. 

'utz' (1) 

'utz*, n4d. close relative (descended from a single stock or 

lineage), pariente cercaru?.... 

'utz' ba, m4d. be a close relative of *The other kin terms they 

use witii those that are of their origin or Une even though 

it may frace back one thousand years, pariente ser asi. 

'utz' (2) 

*utz*i, tv. sniff, oler algo. 

'utz'i ni', vphr:tv & -n4d. Ut "sniff one*s nose," i.e., kiss. 

besar, dar besos. 

'utz*ibey ni', vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. kiss, besar, dar besos. 

'utz*iel ni', nphr(vn4f of -n4d). kiss. beso. 

'utz*'onet, av. scent, sniff, oler como para conocer o sacar 

para rastro. 

'utz*ob bolom, nphr(n4d of n5). flower painted like a tiger 

with the image of a dragon inside./ifor pintado.... 

'utz*obU, n3d, nosegay (odorous object tiiat is sniffed), olores 

como perfumes. 
NUMBER 31 159 

'utz' (3) 

'utz*'utz' ba, raj. poor, wretched. (1) miserable, pobre. (2) 

pobre. 

'utz"utz' pas, vphr:aj & tv-. do so-so. medianamente hacer 

algo. 

'utz*'utz' nopbU, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. moderately good. 

razonable, no muy bueno. 

'utz"utz' taey tal, vphr:aj & tv/pass/ & dr, so-so, medianamente, 

'utz*'utz*U ba, m4f misery, poverty, (1) miseria de pobreza. 

(2) pobreza. 

tzakbU ta 'utz'il, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n4f[S]), 

moderately good, cuitado. 

'uch' (1) 

'uch', nld, louse, piojo. 

'uch' (2) 

'uch*, tv. be absorbed (as when the rain is absorbed in Uie 

ground), drink, swallow. (1) beber 41, (2) embebido en 

otra cosa..., (3) embebido asi. (4) sorber. 

'uch', iv. leak (glass), salirse el vaso. 

'uch' 'a'iel, s:iv & -n4f fester, apostemarse con materia. 

'uch' Iza'ayabU chamel pox, vphr:tv & nphr(nphr<pp & vn5> 

type n5). be purged, purgado. 

'uch' kola'al pox, vphr:tv & nphr(natt & n)5, be poisoned. 

emponzohado. 

'uch' pox, vphr:tv & n5. be purged, purgado. 

'uch'abal, n5. drink, bebida 41. 

'uch'et av. sweat (glass) resumarse el vaso 289, 

'uch'li, iv, be absorbed (as when the rain is absorbed in the 

ground), sweat (glass), (1) embebido en otro cosa 

como.... (2) embebido asi. (3) resumarse el vaso 289. 

'uch'ob chi', nphr(n of n)5. wine gourd, taza 327. 

'uch'ob Ho', nphr(n of n)5. water gourd (half gourd), taza 327. 

'uch'obU, n5. cup. taza 327. 

'uch'om, nld. drink, bebida 41. 

'uch'om-o', n(n & ncpd)ld. com dough, pozol. *Ground com 

is Uiefr common drink. RML—^This word should perhaps 

be given as 'uch'om Ho'. (1) bebida 41, (2) masa. 

'uch'van, iv. sweat (glass), resumarse el vaso 289. 

j'uch'-Ho', agn(tv & ncpd). drinker. *Thatis "drinker of water" 

even though it is chocolate tiiat is being dmnk because 

all drinks are subsumed under water as are meals under 

com, just as the holy scripture is subsumed under bread. 

bebedor 41. 

'uch' (3) 

'uch'p'ij, iv. faint, desfallecer. 

"uch'uy, iv. faint, starve, starve to death. RML—^This verb had 

the same meanings in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 

1620:54, 137). In modem Tojolabal, uch'imb'es is 

"matar de hambre" (Lenkersdorf, 1979:384). (1) desfallecer. (2) hambre grande haber. (3) morir de hambre, 

(4) muerto de hambre. 

'uch*uyel, vn5. famme, starvation. (1) hambre muy grande. (2) 

hambriento de gran hambre. 

'uch*uyel *a'i, vphr:vn5 & tv. starve, hambre grande haber. 

j'uch*, agn. starving person, hambriento. 

j'uch*uyel, agn. starving person, hambriento. 

*'uk 

*uk, n5. bedbug. RML—^This occurs in colonial Tzeltal as hue 

(Guzmdn, 1620:50). chinche. 

'uk'um 

'uk'um, nle. river, rio. 

'uk'umal chon, nphr(natt & n)5. water snake, serpiente de 

agua. 

bUc'tal 'uk'um, nphr(aj & n)5. canal fUled with water, sfream. 

(1) acequia que lleva agua. (2) arroyo. 

'ul (1) 

'ulU vaj, nphr(natt & n)5. baby food, papas para nihos. 

'ul (2) 

'ul, iv. absorb, be absorbed, drained off (strength, water), or 

ended, decrease, melt, sink (water into ground). (1) 

achicar se dando. (2) agotarse 12, (3) agotado 12, (4) 

amenguarse o apocarse como agua. (5) derretir, (6) 

descrecer, (1) embeber, (8) embebido asi, (9) menguarse 

el agua. (10) regalarse derritiendo, (11) sumirse. 

e'ul yajvalel. His dominion was ended. 

'ulbal 'osil, nphr(n type n)5. frrigated land, regadillo, lugar... . 

'ulbaltik, n5. irrigated land, regadillo, lugar.... 

"ulbay, tv, irrigate (comfields in the dry season), regar asi 

como maizales de verano. 

'ulbaybU, pp. irrigated, regado asi. 

'ulebal, n3d. end, exhaustion, agotamiento o acabamiento 12. 

'ulel, vnld. decrease, deterioration, menoscabo o mengua. 

'ulel nab, nphr(n4f of n5). low tide, menguante de mar. 

'ules, tv. defame, diminish, drain off, finish off, humble, melt. 

(1) achicar a otro asi, (2) agotar algo 12, (3) amenguar 

a otro afrentandolo, (4) derretir, (5) menguar asi. 

dios eulesan avajvalel. God ended your dominion, agotar 

algo 12. 

dios xaulesan. God wiU finish you. agotar algo 12. 

'ules tak'in, vphrtv & n5. melt meta^. fundir metales. 

'ulesbil, pp. exhausted, finished, agotado 12. 

'uiey, tv/pass/ blot, pasarse el papel. 

'ulul, aj. low (tide). (1) menguado asi, (2) menguado asi. 

j'ulesej-tak'in, agn(vn & ncpd). smelter, fundidor asi. 

'ulo' 

'ula'aj, iv. visit. RML—Modem Tzotzil: vula'aj. visitar, ir a 

ver. 

'ula'ajel, vn5. visit visitacion tal. 

'ula'al, n5. visit, visitacion tal. 

'ula'an, tv. provide a lodging for, receive a guest visit (1) 

hospedar a otro 242, (2) huesped recibir 344, (3) visitar, 

ir a ver. 

'ul (3) 

'ula'anbil, pp. visited, visitado asi. 

'ulo' 

'ulo', nld. guest huesped 344. 
160 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'ulo'in, tv. receive guest, huesped recibir 344. 

'ulovil, n5. guest, huesped 344, 

j'ula'ajel, agn. visitor, visitador asi. 

j'ula'al, agn. visitor, visitador asi. 

*'ulubalal 

*'ulubalal, aj, graceful (person), polished, pretty, (1) dispuesto, 

gentil hombre, (2) linda cosa. 

*'ulubalal 'Uel, vphr:aj/pred/ & vn4f[S], be pretty, linda cosa. 

*'ulubalal ba, raj. be beautiful, hermoso. 

toj *'ulubalal ba, vphr:adv & raj. be excellent (person), gentil 

hombre o muger. 

'um 

'um, tv. swallow, *But frequentiy they say, "xkuch' " I drink, 

(1) bocado. (2) bocado dar. (3) sorber. 

'um ch'ay, vphr:tv- & tv-, take a mouthful, bocado dar 

mordiendo. 

'umel 'umey, s:vn5 & tv/pass/. be swallowable. sorbible cosa. 

j-'um, num(num & nccpd)5. mouthful, swallow, *By swallow 

is meant swelling the cheeks or mouth with what is 

swallowed. (1) bocado, (2) sorbo. 

ju-j-'umuk xkich*tik. Let*s each take a mouthful, sorbo. 

'uma' 

'uma', aj, mute, (1) enmudecer a otro 99, (2) mudo. 

etaot ta 'uma'. He became mute, enmudecido 99, 

'uma'ib, iv. become mute, enmudecer a otro 99, 

'uma'ij, iv, become mute, (1) enmudecer a otro 99, (2) 

enmudecido 99, (3) mudescer 

'uma'ijel, vn5, muteness, enmudecimiento 99. 

'uma'ijes, tv. make mute, silence, enmudecer a otro 99, 

'uma'U, n4d. muteness, enmudecimiento 99, 

'umum 

'umum, n5, duck, goose. RML—^This term is also found in 

colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:19, 153), (1) anade, (2) 

pato, ganso. 

'unen 

'unen, nld. infant, chUd, servant. (1) mozo de servicio, (2) niho 

o niha. 

'unen 'olol, nphr(aj & n)5. child, niho o niha. 

'unen 'olonton, nphr(aj & n)5. cowardly./Ifc»yV? en el animo 144. 

'unen bakel, nphr(aj & n)4f gristie. ternilla entre hueso y 

carne. 

'unen k*exbon, nphr(aj & n)5. graft (tree), puapara injertar. 

'unen te', nphr(aj & n)5. bmshwood for an oven. RML— 

Perhaps unem should be read 'aneb. horniga. 

'unenal, n4b. sprout, tendemess. (1) cogollo, (2) enternecimiento. 

'unenal nich, nphr(n4f of n4f), sprout, cogollo. 

'unenay, iv. be moved to pity. (1) enternecerse, (2) enternecido. 

'unetUci ba, rv. act childish (older person), nihar los grandes 

o viejos. 

'unetikil, nld. childhood, childishness, niheria. 

ta kunetikU. in my childhood, en mi tiempo. 

'unetUcil k*op, nphr(n type n)5. childish talk, niheria. 

'unetUdl pasnej, nphr(n type vn)5. childish act. niheria. 

tzajal 'unetikil, cf. tzoj. 

'unet 

*unet childhood, childishness, cf 'unen. 

'up' 

'up*, iv., crack badly. (1) abrirse asi casi del todo, (2) 

resquebrajado. 

'up'el, n4f bad crack, abertura grande 3. 

'up'ul, aj. cracked (wall). (1) hendido, conw pared, (2) 

resquebrajado. 

'up'uUl, n4f bad crack, abertura grande 3. 

'up'up*tik, aj. cracked in many places, hendido en muchas 

partes. 

'us 

'us, n5. gnat mosquito. 

'ux 

'ux, excl. giddap! shoo! (for chickens or dogs). (1) eje. lo que 

decimos al perro 136, (2) harre para aguijar bestias. 

'ux 'ut, vphr:excl & tv. drive horses, say "giddap.** harrear. 

'uxub 

'uxub, nlf. fmit stem, tree knot. (1) nudo de arbol. (2) pezon 

defruta 252. 

'uxub, nle. lump (as those on the faces of people afflicted wiUi 

bubonic plague), tororuiron como 

'uxub 'ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). attachment point of com kemel 

or attachment stem of ear of com. pico de grano de maiz. 

'uxubtik, aj. knotty (wood), lumpy (face). (1) nudosa cosa 

asi. (2) torondron como 

laal 'uxub, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. lumpy (face), torondron 

como 

'ut (1) 

'ut, tv. blame, censure, curse, do, insult, oppose, quarrel, say 

that, tell, touch. (1) afrentar de palabra. (2) baldonar, 

(3) decir a otro algo 84, (4) nwldecir de otro, (5) 

murmur ar, (6) per seguir con pleitos o contr adiccion, (7) 

que, digo..., (8) rehir, (9) rehir mas.... 

mo xHu' xkut (or) mo xHu' ku'un xkut. I say Uiat I can*t 

(or) that I don*t want to. que, digo.... 

'ut dios, vphr:tv & n5. blaspheme, curse, renegar. blasfemar. 

'ut santo, vphr:tv & n5. blaspheme, curse, renegar. blasfemar. 

'utben, n4d. statement, decir a otro algo 84. 

'utbil, pp. blamed, insulted. (1) afrentado asi. (2) vituperado. 

'utel, vn4d. blame, insult (1) afrenta asi. (2) murmuracion. 

(3) vituperio. 

'utvan, iv. curse, defame. (1) maldecir de otro, (2) rehir, (3) 

rehir mas. 

'utvanej, vn5. blame, insult (1) afrenta asi, (2) murmuracion, 

(3) vituperio. 

mu sna' 'utvanej. He never insults anyone, afrenta asi. 

j'ut-dios, agn(tv & ncpd). blasphemer, renegador asi o 

blasfemo. 

'ut(2) 

'ut 'okil, nphr(n4f of n3d). sole of foot. (1) pata o planta de 

pie, (2) planta de pie. 
NUMBER 31 161 

'utU, n3b. inside, dentro. 

ta kut. inside me. 

'ak*ol 'ut 'e, cf 'ak'ol. 

'uy 

'uyuj, n5. kinkajou. RML—^This was glossed probably 

incorrectiy as gato monies, though in modem Tzotzil of 

Chalchihuitan 'uyo is a cacomistie. gato monies. 

*'uya 

*'uya, n5. cocoa stirrer. RML—^This term also occurs in 

colonial Tzeltal (Guzm^, 1620:177). (1) mecedor con 

que mecen cacao. (2) revolvedero de cacao. 

B 

bad ) 

ba, n5. gopher. (1) liron. (2) topo. 

ba(2) 

ba, n4f best ffrst ffrst in everything, the ffrst. (1) el primero. 

(2) primero, (3) prima en cada genero. (4) primero y 

principal. 

ba 'antzU nich*on 'ojov, nphr:nphr(n4f of nphr<n4f type n5>) 

of ii5. princess, princesa. 

ba 'ojov, nphr(n4f of n5). king, sovereign lord. (1) rey 292, (2) 

sehor soberano. 

ba 'ol, nphr(n4f of n4d). woman's first chUd. hijo primero. 

ba-betzaj, iv(n & ivcpd). ascend mountain top. encumbrar, 

llegar a lo alto. 

ba-betzajebal, n(n & ncpd)5. moment before completing ascent 

of mountain top. encumbrar. llegar a lo alto. 

ba-betzajebalon. I have nearly reached the peak, 

ba tza, nphr(n4f of n5), invention, ynvencion 189, 

ba tzaijel, nphr(n4f of vn5). invention, ynvencion 189. 

ba tz*ibajom, nphr(n4f of n5). fu-st painter or scribe. 

RML—^This and the foUowing entries referring to writing 

were associated with firstborn under "primero." It is not 

clear whether this is fortuitous, primero. 

ba ch'aj, nphr(n4f & aj). extremely lazy, perezoso. 

ba ch*ilom, nphr(n4d of n5), captain, capitan. 

ba j'abtel, nphr(n4f of agn), fu-st worker, top-ranking worker, 

primero. 

baj'alanel, nphr(n4f of agn), fu-stbom (of a woman), primero. 

ba j'U-jom, nphr:n4f of agn (tv & ncpd), pilot piloto. 

ba jtz*ib, nphr(n4f of agn), fu-st painter or scribe, primero. 

ba jchabi-jom, nphr:n4f of agn(tv & ncpd), pUot piloto. 

ba jk'ulej, nphr(n4f of agn). master or misfress of the house. 

sehor de casa. 

ba jk*ulej ta na, nphr:n4f of agn & qphr(prep & n5). master or 

misfress of tiie house, sehor de casa. 

ba jnaklej, nphr(n4f of agn). tiie fu-st in sitting order, el primero 

de los que estan sentados. 

ba jva'lej, nphr(n4f of agn). tiie fu-st m standing order, el 

primero de los que estan en pie. 

ba kajal, nphr(n4f of nc). fu-st row, step or time, grada cada 

uno de por si, como.... 

ba k*op, nphr(nf4 of n5). motive, motivo. 

ba nich'nal, nphr(n4f of n5). firstborn (of a man), mayor hijo 

205. 

ba nich'on, nphr(n4f of n4d). ffrstbom (of a man), hijo primero. 

ba nich*on 'ojov, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5) of n5. prince. 

RML—^Presumably the hefr apparent, principe. 

ba padre, nphr(nf4 of n5). prelate, prelado. 

ba ta 'abtel, nphr:n4f & qphr(prep & vn5). top-ranking 

(worker), primero. 

ba ta 'ajvalel, nphr:n4f & qphr(prep & n5). first in rank. 

primero. 

ba ta 'alanel, nphr:n4f & qphr(prep & vn5). firstbom (of a 

woman), primero. 

ba ta tz*ib, nphr:n4f & qphr(prep & n5). first painter or scribe. 

primero. 

ba ta tz*ibajel, nphr:n4f & qphr(prep & vn5). ffrst painter or 

scribe, primero. 

ba te', nphr(n of n)5. army ant. hormiga. 

ba vitz, nphr(n4f of n5), hUltop, mountain top, altura de monte. 

ba vitz batel, nphr:nphr(n of n)5 & dr, departure over mountain 

top, altura de monte. 

ba vitz talel, nphrnphr(n of n)5 & dr. approach over mountain 

top. altiwa de monte. 

ba-vitzaj, iv(n & ivcpd). ascend mountain top. altura de monte. 

ba-vitzil 'osU, nphr:natt(n of ncpd) & n5. mountainous region, 

ridge of mountains, serrania. sierra de montahas. 

ba-vitzil lo'bol, nphr.natt(n of ncpd) & n5. fruit native to 

mountainous region, serrarui cosa de. 

ba-vitzil lum, nphr:natt(n of ncpd) & n5. mountainous region, 

ridge of mountains, serrania. sierra de rrwntahas. 

ba-vitzil te', nphr:natt(n of ncpd) & n5. tree native to 

mountainous region, serrarui cosa de. 

ba-vitzil vinik, nphr:natt(n of ncpd) & n5. mountain dweller. 

serrana cosa de. 

ba vinajel, nphr(n4f of vn5). invention, ynvencion 189. 

ba vinajesel, nphr(n4f of vn5). invention, ynvencion 189. 

ba vinik, nphr(n4f of n5). noble, hidalgo. 

baU, n3d. face, presence. (1) cara o rostro, (2) gesto, la cara, 

(3) haz, la cara, (4) presencia, (5) rostro o cara. 

ta jba espas. He did it in my presence, presencia. 

baU, n4d. front teetii. RML—^This may just as well be read as 

"jba ye," but both interpretations are questionable. 

Modem TzotzU would be sba ke. dientes delanteros. 

bain, iv. become famous or Ulustrious. (1) ennoblecerse, (2) 

esclarecerse afamarse. 

ta ba, qphr:prep & n5. on, on top of en la cumbre. 

ta ba vitz. on the mountain top. (1) encima del monte, (2) en 

la cumbre. 

ta ba, qphr:prep & -n4f on, on top of (1) encima del agua, 

de la mesa, (2) en la cumbre, (3) sobre, preposicion. 

ta sba Ho', on top of the water, sobre, preposicion. 

ta sba mesa, on the table, sobre, preposicion. 

ta sba vitz. on the mountain top, encima del monte. 

ba'yi, tv, take as one*s guide, RML—^There is no way of 
162 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

knowmg wheUier "bay" should be read as ba'i or ba'yi. 

guia. 

ba'yi, aj. be ahead, be the ffrst, before, fu-st, antes. 

ba'yi ta k*op sttUc. He is Uie first to speak, prevenir, 

anticiparse. 

ba'yion. I am ahead. (1) adelantarse, (2) aventajarse. 

ba'yion talel. I am Uie ffrst to come, prevenir, anticiparse. 

stuk ba'yion. I am the very first, prevenir, anticiparse. 

ba'yi, iv. get ahead, guide. (1) guiar, (2) prevenir, anticiparse 

xeba'yi ta k*op. 1 am going to speak first, prevenir. 

anticiparse. 

ba'yi , vphr:aj & tv-. for the fu-st time, forewam. (1) 

estrenar, (2) prevenir dando aviso antes— 

ba'yi 'ayon. I told them before I left, prevenir dando aviso 

antes.... 

ba'yi ekalbey. I told him fu-st. prevenir dando aviso 

antes.... 

ba'yi jk'opon. 1 am telUng him ffrst. prevenir dando aviso 

antes.... 

ba'yi jlo', I am eating it for the fu-st time, estreruir. 

ba'yi jpas, I am doing it for Uie first time, estrenar. 

ba'yi , vphraj & iv. be early (fmiting). temprano arbol 

que primero madura. 

ba'yi ssatin. It is early-fmiting. 

ba'yi xta'aj. It is early-ripening, 

ba'yi jut ta 'olonton, vphr:aj & tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). 

invent ynventar 189. 

ba'yi Ukes, vphr:aj & tv-. invent ynventar 189. 

ba'yi nich'nal, nphr(aj & n)5. man's ffrstbom chUd. hijo 

primero. 

ba'yi nich'onU, nphr(aj & n)5. man's firstbom child, hijo 

primero. 

ba'yi nach'el, nphr(aj & vn)5. early-fruiting (figs, quinces, 

ete.). higo temprano.... 

ba'yi nop ta 'olonton, vphr:aj & tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). 

invent ynventar 189. 

ba'yi ta'ajel, nphr(aj & vn)5. early-fmiting (figs, etc.). higo 

temprano.... 

ba'yi vinajes, vphr:aj & tv-. invent, ynventar 189. 

ba'yi vinik, nphr:aj/3p/ & n5. town founders, primeros del 

pueblo. 

ba'yijes, tv, prepare in advance. RML—^This is given as 

xcaihughes. prevenir dando aviso antes.... 

ba'yin, tv. prefer, preferir. 

ba'yitajel, vn5. foremost in rank, at the lead (on traU). 

aventajado en dignidad o caminos 37. 

ba'yitajel, vn4f beginning, best, chief, ffrst, ffrst in everything, 

foremost. (1) prima en cada genero, (2) primero y 

principal, (3) principal cosa, (4) principio, principal. 

ba'yitajel vinUc, nphr(vn4d of n5). chief principal. 

ba'yitas, tv. advance, guide, prefer, put ahead of (1) anteponer, 

(2) aventajar o anteponer. (3) guiar, (4) preferir. 

ba'yitas ba, rv. get ahead of anteponer se. 

ba'yitasej, n4d. object advanced or put ahead of aventajarse. 

jba'yi, agn. guide, guia. 

jba'yitajel, agn. chief principal cosa. 

jba'yitajel ta ve'el, agn:vn & qphr(prep & n5). banquet host 

RML—^glossed as "principe del convite." Uiis term 

occurs also in Tarascan (GUberti, 1901:448), in Nahuati 

(Molina, 1880:98), and in Yucatec, where Motul 

describes the host as "el casero dueho de la casa llamada 

popol na, donde se juntan a tratar cosas de republica, y 

enseharse a bailar para las fiestas de pueblo" (Acuna, 

1978:30). principe del convite. 

ba'yi 

ba'yi. ahead, before, chief, early, ffrst, prefer, cf ba (2). 

batz' 

batz', n5. howler monkey. *Named so by Uie Tzendales and 

by some people here, monas grandes que dan bramidos, 

cf. monos. 

batz'i 

batz'i, aj. fine, pure, very. (1) fim cosa, (2) pura cosa sin 

mezcla. 

batz'i 'ek'el, nphr(aj & n)5. hatehet used by tiie Indians. 

hachuela de las que ellos tienen. 

batz'i 'ojov, nphr(aj & n)5. king, rey 292. 

batz'i 'utz, ajphr(aj & aj), fine, firw cosa. 

batz'i balumil, nphr(aj & n)5, continent, tierra firme. 

batz'i bek*et, nphr(aj & n)5, lean meat, meat without bones, 

(1) magra carne, (2)pulpa, carne sin hueso. 

batz*i tzeb, nphr(aj & n)5, vfrgin. virgo de doncella. 

batz'i tzitz, nphr(aj & n)5. wUd fennel. RML—In modem 

Tzotzil this is the marsh marigold, Tagetes lucida. himjo 

de la tierra o silvestre. 

batz'i tzoj, ajphr(aj & aj). bright red. fina cosa. 

batz'i chi', nphr(aj & n)5. pure wine, vino puro. 

batz*i ch*ay, vphr:aj & iv. fatally iU. perecer sin remedio o del 

todo. 

batz*i jun, nphr(aj & num)5. entfre, whole, entera cosa. 

batz*i kolo', ajphr(aj & aj). very bad. fina cosa. 

batz'i k'ob, nphr(aj & n)4d. right hand, mam derecha. 

batz*i k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. certain, certain word, native 

language (Tzotzil), tme word. (1) cierto 71, (2) cierta 

palabra 71. 

batz'i k'op, nphr(aj & n)4d/lp/. reality, tmth. veras. 

batz'i laj, vphr:aj & iv. be fataUy Ul. perecer sin remedio o del 

todo. 

batz'i lekoj, vphr:nphr(aj & n4d)/pred/. legitimate, legitima 

cosa por ley. 

batz'i lum, nphr(aj & n)5. continent tierra firme. 

batz*i me'on, nphr(aj & n)5. desperately poor person, pobre 

con gran miseria. 

batz*i muibel, nphr(aj & vn)5. tme glory, gloria verdadera. 

batz*i xokon, nphr(aj & n)5. right side, lado diestro. 

batz'i tomin, nphr(aj & n)5, stiver coin, moneda de plata. 

batz'i t'abel, nphr(aj & vn)5. purely, puramente. 

batz'i t'abeluk, nphr(aj & vn)5, purely, puramente. 
NUMBER 31 163 

batz'i vaj, nphr(aj & n)5, tortiUa (tme bread), verdadera cosa. 

batz'ijesel ta j'ilojel, nphr:vn4f & qphr(prep & agn). provable. 

probable, cosa que se prueba. 

xHu' sbatz'ijesel ta j'ilojel. be provable. 

batz*U, nld, faithfulness, purity, tmtii, tmtiifulness, (1) 

ciertamente, (2) fielmente asi, (3) fidelidad asi, (4) 

pureza. (5) verdad, (6) verdadera en lo que dice. 

jbatz*U jpas, I act in good faiUi, (1) fielmente asi, (2) verdad. 

jbatz'U xkal, I speak the truth, fielmente asi. 

batz*U, n4d/lp/. reality, tmtii, veras. 

batz*Utik, aj. certain, tme. (1) cierto 71, (2) ciertamente 71. 

batz*itay, tv. make progress, persevere, proceed. (1) perpetuar, 

continuar, (2) proceder, ir adelante en algun caso. 

batz'itay chabiel k*op dios, vphr:tv & nphr(vn4f of <n4f of 

n5>). follow God*s commands or persevere in that effort. 

perpetuamente hacer la palabra de Dios 

batz*itay pasel k*op dios, vphr:tv & nphr(vn4f of <n4f of n5>). 

follow God's commands or persevere in that effort. 

perpetuamente hacer la palabra de Dios.... 

batz*itay ta j'ilojel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & agn). prove with 

a witness, probar con testigos 274, 

mo batz*iluk, vphr:neg & n4f[S]/pred/. evil, false, mala y 

falsemente. 

baj (1) 

baj, tv, chop, drive (naUs or stakes in a wall), nail, (1) clavar, 

(2) hincar como hincan clavos o estacas en pared, (3) 

partir cortando a golpes. 

baj nukuUl vob, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n)5, dmm (using hands 

or sticks). (1) taher atabal como tahen los palos. (2) 

taner los atabales con las manos. 

baj ta cmz, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), cmcify, crucificar. 

bajben, n4e, injury caused by blow of hands or feet, herida 

que da el que asi hiere. 

bajbonet, av, chop, estruendo hacer labrando. hacieruia leha. 

bajbonetel, vn5, chopping sound, estruendo hacer labrando, 

haciendo leha. 

bajlaj, av, clang, ruido hacer asi. 

bajlajetel, vn5, clang (copper or stiver platter falUng to ground), 

rmdo de cosa, que cae.... 

bajluj, av. clang, ruido hacer la madera que la hienden. 

bajobU, n4f hammer, sledgehammer. (1) maza 203, (2) 

martillo. 

bajulanbU, pp. hammered, martillado. 

baj (2) 

baj ti' ba, nphraj & nphr(n of n)5. bald, calvo. 

bajbaj, aj, bald, palada cosa. 

bajbaj ti' ba, nphr:aj & nphr(n of n)5. bald, encalvecido. 

bajub ti' ba, s:iv & nphr(n of n)5, grow bald, encalvecerse. 

bak 

bak, n5. bone, hueso de animal 344. 

bak-julan, aj(aj & Pcpd). sti-ong. reciente cosa 299. 

bak-julanU, n(aj & Pcpd)4f sfrengtii. reciura 299. 

'ip sbak-julanil. He is very sfrong. 

bak mut, n(aj & n)5. boat-tailed gackle. tordo 

bak xinich, nphr(aj & n)5. arboreal ant. hormiga. 

bakal, n5. comcob (after it has been shelled), nuizorca, el 

corazon de ella despues de desgranada 204. 

bakal-k'opoj, iv(n & ivcpd). persist. RML—^This is an archaic 

form in modem Tzotzil synonymous with the more 

frequentiy used 'epal-k'opoj. porfiar. 

bakbak tz'i', nphr(aj & n)5. greyhound. (1) galgo, (2) lebrel. 

bakel, n4d. bone, hueso de animal 344. 

bakel choy, nphr(n4d of n5). fishbone, espina de pescado. 

bakel jol, nphr(n4f of nld). skuU. casco hueso. 

bakel te', nphr(n4f of n5). tree tnmk and branches, tronco de 

arbol. 

baklej 'ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). comcob (after it has been 

sheUed). nuizorca. el..., 204. 

baklel castUlan 'ixim, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. wheat chaff 

granzas de trigo grandes 

bakub, iv. grow Uiin. enfiaquecer. 

bakubes, tv. make thin, enfiaquecer a otro. 

'unen bakel, cf 'unen. 

mo 'oyuk bakel, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4f Ut it has no bones, 

i.e., flesh, pulpa, carne sin hueso. 

bak' 

bak' 'olal, s:iv & -n4d. be importunate or relentiess. ynquieta 

cosa 188. 

toj xbak' yolal. He is very importunate, ymportuno sin 

tiempo... 185. 

bak' 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be anxious, careful, disturbed, or 

solicitous. (1) afiigirse interiormente, (2) alterarse, (3) 

solicito. 

bak' 'osil 'a'i, vphr:s(iv & n5) & tv. feel aches andpains.fatiga 

del cuerpo de dolor o inquietud exterior. 

bak'el, vnld. aches and pains, dissolution, restiessness. 

ynquietud 188. 

'ip jbak'el. I am exhausted./ari^a del cuerpo de dolor.... 

'ip sbak'el. She is dissolute (or) it is restless (horse that 

neighs and acts up). (1) disoluta muger. (2) rifadura 

cosa. 

mo smalay bak*el xa'i. He does not wait, he is importunate. 

ymportuno 185. 

bak*el 'olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). anxiety, afliccion asi 11. 

bak*el 'osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). turmoU. alborotado. 

bak*es, tv. disturb, make merry, stir up. (1) ynquietar 188, (2) 

retocar. (3) turbar 

bak*es 'osU, vphr:tv & n5. agitate, incite, alborotar. 

bak*es ba, rv. be restless (horse), rifar caballos. 

bak*laj, av. thunder, retronar. 

bak'lajet, av. thunder, retronar. 

bak*luj, av. tiiunder. estallar, dar sonido. 

bak'lujel, vn4f thunder, estallido. 

jbak'el, agn. enemy, reveller. (1) contrario, (2) retocon. 

jbak'el-caballo, agn(vn & ncpd). restless horse, rifadura cosa. 

jbak'el-vinik, agn(vn & ncpd). restiess person, ynquieta cosa 

188, 
164 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

jbak'esej-'osU, agn(vn & ncpd), agitator, alborotador. 

jbak'esvanej, agn. reveUer, retocon. 

bak'in 

bak'in, pt. sometime, then, or when in the future, tiempo. (1) 

algun tiempo de preterito, (2) en algun tiempo defuturo, 

(3) en otro tiempo.... (4) en que tiempo..., (5) cuando. 

en que tiempo 279, 

jna' to bak*in. Sometime I wUl know it. tiempo 

mo no 'ox bak*in xlaj. lit. It wiU never end, i.e., it wiU last 

forever, durar para siempre. 

bak*inuk, pt. sometime in the future, en algun tiempo defuturo. 

bak'inuk no 'ox, ptphr(pt & pt & pt). whenever in the future. 

cuando quiera 279. 

bak'inuk to, ptphr(pt & pt). sometime in the future, en otro 

tiempo.... 

'oy bak'in, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt sometime in tiie future. *Rarely 

used, alguna vez defuturo. 

bak'ni 

bak'ni, pt once, sometimes, then or when in tiie past. (1) algun 

tiempo de preterito. (2) en otro tiempo.... (3) en que 

tiempo.... 

'oy jpas bak*ni. I did it once, tiempo. 

'oy bak*ni, vphr;n5/pred/ «fe pt sometime in the past alguna 

vez de preterito. 

bal 

bal, tv, gird.fajar 140, 

bal, n4d, sash, faja 140. 

bal ta 'ach'el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). muddy, enlodar a 

otro. 

bal ta 'ach'el, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). be muddy. 

enlodado. 

balon ta 'ach'el. I am muddy, 

bal ta k'uk'um, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). feather (cover 

with feathers), emplumar. 

balaj, iv. roll downhUl or on the ground, rodar cuesta abajo o 

por el suelo. 

balajtUc pok*, nphr(aj & n)5. undulate trimming of clothes. 

trepa de vestidura. 

balaUj, iv. roU around, waUow. revolcarse 287. 

balaUjebal, n3d. wallow, revolvadero 287. 

balan ba, rv. roll around (like children who throw themselves 

to the ground in a temper). (1) echarse en el suelo...,(2) 

revolcarse 287. 

balan ba ta 'ach*el, vphr:rv & qphr<prep & n5>). wallow, 

revolcarse 287, 

balax k*ak*tay, tv(aj & tvcpd). bum (tuming the ffrebrand or 

embers and scattering them), quemar revolviendo el 

tizon.... 

balax k*ok', nphr(aj & n)5. ffre (with embers scattered far and 

wide), quemar revolviendo el tizon 

xebat ta balax k'ok'. I am going to the ffre. 

balbal, aj. round and long, rolliso, cosa redonda y larga. 

balbal te', nphr(aj & n)5. cartwheel hub. maza de carreta 203. 

balbil, pp. wrapped up. envuelto 98. 

balbil ta 'ach'el, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). muddied. 

enlodado. 

balch'uj, iv. roU downhUl or on tiie ground, twist between tiie 

pahns of one's hands. (1) rodar cuesta abajo o por el 

suelo. (2) torcer dentro las manos. 

balch'un ba, rv. roll around, wallow, revolcarse 287. 

balch'un ba ta 'ach'el, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). waUow. 

revolcarse 287. 

balch'uy, tv. twist between the palms of one's hands, torcer 

dentro las manos. 

balem chin, s:iv/stat/ & n5. mangy, sarmso. 

balem ch'ich', s:iv/stal/ & n5. bloody, sangriento. 

balet, av. roU around (Uke chUd with temper tantmm). echarse 

en el suelo 

balet nojel, s:av & -vn4f have water stfrred up by storm or 

wind, turbarse el agua con viento o tempestad. 

baley ta 'ach'el, vphr:tv/pass/ & c|phr(prep & n5). be muddied. 

enlodarse. 

baley ta ch'ich*, vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & n5). be bloodied. 

ensangrentarse. 

balobU, nld. sa&h.faja 140. 

balobU, n4f cover, undulate trimming, wrap. (l)funda o cosa 

donde se envuelve algo. (2) trepa de vestidura. 

balobU 'unen, nphr(n4d of n5). diapers, pahales para criar 

muchachos. 

baloj ba coles, s:rv & n5. cabbage head, repollo de berza. 

balam 

balam, n4d. fate, luck, hado o ventura. 

'utz balam, cf 'utz. 

kolo' balam, cf. kolo'. 

balumU 

balumil, n5. ground (not sky), world. RML—As in modem 

TzotzU of Larrainzar (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:18). 

(1) mundo. (2) tierra a diferencia del cielo. 

balumil tok, nphr(n type n). fog, mist, niebla de la tierra abajo. 

balumilal, n5. ground, world. (1) mundo, (2) tierra a diferencia 

del cielo. 

balumilal, natt5. earthly, worldly. (1) mundam o mundanal. (2) 

terrenal. 

balun 

balun-tekel, num(num & nccpd)4f ninth, nono o noveno. 

baluneb, numle. nine, ninth. (1) nono o rwveno. (2) nueve. 

baluneb k*ak*al, nphr(num4e of n4e). novena. novenas. 

banco (Sp.) 

banco, n5. bench, banco 345. 

bandera (Sp.) 

bandera, n5. banner, estandarte. 

bankU 

bankilal, n3d. man*s elder brother, hermano mayor respectu 

viri 161. 

bax 

bax, n5. marble. RML—In this and aU but one of the foUowing 

entries the root is given as bas. marnwl. 

baxbol, aj. diligent, diligente. 
NUMBER 31 165 

baxbol ta spasel. work dUigentiy. diligentemente. 

baxbol ta xanbal. joumey diligentiy. diligentemente. 

baxbolon. I am dUigent diligente ser. 

baxbolaj, iv. become diUgent, diligente hacerse. 

baxbolal, n4d. diUgence. diligencia. 

baxbolal vinUc, nphr(n type n)5. diUgent, nimble or skiUful 

person. (1) diligente. (2) suelto o cosa diestra. 

bat 

bat, iv. absent one's self, go. (1) ausentarse, (2) yr 189. 

bat 'U, vphr:aux & tv-. visit, visitar. 

bat 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4b, send, spend, gastar. 

xbat ku'un yo' 'oy jtot, I am sending it to my fatiier, enviar 

a otro algo. 

'ep xbat ku'un ta ju-jun k*ak*al. I spend a lot every day, 

gasto conw.... 

bat ta xanbal, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). go trading. 

RML—^The verb is given in the past tense, andar. 

batat iv. withdraw, apartarse. 

batates, tv. remove, apartar algo. 

batbat, iv. withdraw, apartarse. 

batbates ba, rv. keep one's distance, retraerse alejandose algo. 

batel, dr. away, from now on. de aqui adelante. 

utzukot batel tana, utzukot tana. May all goodness be with 

you forever more, 

batel, vn5. departure, yda 183. 

batel *osU, nphr(vn4f of n5). always, siempre. 

batel 'osil 'oy, vphr:nphr(vn4f of n5) & n5/pred/. perpetual. 

(1) durar para siempre, (2) perpetua o continua cosa. 

batel 'oy, nphr(vn4f & pt). moment of departure, punto de yda. 

batel to, nphr(vn4d & pt). recent departure. (1) aun ahora fue 

22, (2) poco ha que fue o vino como aun ahora. 

bautismo (Sp.) 

bautismo, n5. baptism, bautisnw. 

me'U ta bautismo, cf. me', 

be 

be, n5. paUi, road, way. (1) camirw, (2) via, camino. 

be, n4d. new business (of outsider or person who starts new 

enterprise), negocio, el que viene de fuera.... 

be 'a'iel, nphr(n4f of n4f). pipe, sluice, caho, cahal. 

be 'ik*, nphr(n4f of nld). windpipe, garguero. 

be 'Uc'al, nphr(n4f of n3d). windpipe, espiradero. 

be k'opoj, vphr:-n4d & iv. speak the tmUi. verdadera en lo que 

dice. 

be-o', n(n & ncpd)5. dry canal, pipe, sluice. RML—^This may 

just as well be be Ho'. (1) acequia cuando no lleva 

agua, (2) caho, cahal. 

be t', nphr(n4f of n5). track left by beam that has been dragged. 

senda o sendero. 

be ton, nphr(n4f of n5), frack left by stone that has been pushed, 

senda o sendero. 

be Ho', nphr(n4f of n5), canal, drainage ditch, (1) cahal, (2) 

madre de rio, (3) surco para que salgan las aguas. 

bein, tv, go to get sometiiing, frade, travel, (1) camimr camino 

y al camim torno o andar, (2) negociar o procurar algo. 

belel, n4f path, road, via, camino. 

belel tza, nphr(n of n)5, pmdence. prudencia. 

belel tzaijel, nphr(n of vn)5. pmdence. prudencia. 

belel pat na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). door, postigo, puerta 

tras casa. 

belel vinik, nphr(n4d of n5). honest person, honesta 240. 

jbelel-tza, agn(n & ncpd). pmdent person, prudente. 

jbelel-tzainom, agn(n & ncpd). pmdent person, prudente o 

discreto ser. 

'oy be, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. justiy, worthily, dignamente. 

mo 'oyuk sbe xbat. It is squandered (or) wasted, disiparse 

89. 

'oy belel, s:n5/pred/ & n4f justifiable, reasonable (anger), saha 

con causa o razon. 

mo 'oyuk sbelel. It is unreasonable (anger), saha sin por que 

o sin razon. 

bik'tal be, nphr(aj & n)5. trail, senda o sendero. 

bech 

bech-k'abay, tv(aj & tvcpd). gesture with one*s hands, sehas 

hacer con las mams. 

bech-joli, tv(aj & tvcpd). gesture with one*s head, sefias 

hacer.... 

bech joli 'ik*, tv(aj & tv & tvcpd). beckon with a nod. llanuir 

con la mano. 

bek' 

bek', n4f fruit pit seed, meolla defruta. 

sbek' tz'usub. grape seed, granillo de uva. 

sbek' lechugas. lettuce seed, simiente de rabanos. 

sbek' rabanos. radish seed, simiente de rabanos. 

bek' lino, nphr(n4f of n5). linseed, linaza. 

bek' tuk', nphr(n4f of n5). ball of harquebus or moorish 

shotgun, pelota de espingarda, arcabuz. 

bek'et 

bek'et n5, meat carne. 

bek'etal vaj, nphr(natt & n)5, meat pie. RML—^This is given 

as bequetel huagh. pastel de carne. 

bek'tal, n4d. flesh, carne. 

bek'tal chu', nphr(n4f of n4d). udder (cow, sow), ubre de 

puerco o vaca. 

bek'tal-muib, iv(n & ivcpd). indulge in camal pleasure, deleite. 

bek'tal mul, nphr(n type n)5. lust lujurioso. 

bek'tal-mulav, iv(n & tvcpd). lust lujuriar. 

bek*tal mulavej, nphr(n type vn)5. lust lujurioso. 

bek*tal muUl, nphr(n type n)5. lust lujurioso. 

mo 'oyuk bek*tal, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. skinny./7aca cosa 

mayra. 

muk'muk' bek'tal, cf muk'. 

bek't 

bek't. flesh, lust, robust skinny, udder, cf bek'et. 

be! 

bel na, nphr(nlf of nld). property, wealth. (1) ajuar 37, (2) 

bienes, haciendas. (3) caudal, (4) hacienda o riqueza 

166. 

bel nail, nphr(nlf of n3d). furniture, household fumishings, 
166 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

precious fumiture. (1) alhaja de casa, (2) mueble cosa, 

(3) provision de casa. 

'oy bel, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f fuU, occupied. (1) alhaja de 

mercader, (2) ocupado lugar o cosa con algo. 

mo 'oyuk bel, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4f empty, alhaja de 

mercader. 

ben 

benet, av. be big-belUed (pregnant woman), prenada. 

bet' 

bet', tv. dominate, subject, take one's place. (1) ensehorearse, 

(2) ocupar lugar, como..., (3) sojuzgar sujetar 326. 

bet' juramento, vphr:tv & n5. swear in vain, jurar. 

bet' ta tek'el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). kick, molest 

greatiy. acosar o pesar mucho. 

bet'an, tv. press, higas dar. 

bet'anbey k'ob, vphr:-dv & n4d[A]. give a fig to (thumb placed 

between other fingers), higas dar. 

bet'anbeo ak'ob! Give him a fig! 

bet'anel k'obU, nphr(vn4f of n5). fig. hija para afrentar 111, 

cf. higa. 

bet'anel k'obol, nphr(vn4f of n5). fig. hija para afrentar 111. 

bet'balal, n5. person in low standing, el que en bajo estado 131. 

bet'bil, pp. dominated, foreign, subjected. (1) agena 13, (2) 

ensehorearse, (3) subdito o sujeto 325. 

bet'bil 'ak*el, s:pp/pred/ & -vn4d. standing, estado bajo. 

bet*bil 'ak*vanej, nphr(pp & vn)5. low standing, estado bajo. 

bet'bil 'ayanel, nphr(pp & vnld). low standing, estado bajo. 

bet'bil nojel, s:pp/pred/ & -vn4f be made to swell by stepping 

on and stuffing in. henchido 174, henchido, lleno asi 174. 

bet'bil ta tek'el, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & vn5). greatly 

molested, trampled on. (1) acosado, de assi, (2) pateada 

cosa o pisada. 

bet'bil vinUc, nphr(pp & n)5. person in low standing, el que 

en bajo estado 131. 

bet'el k'obil, nphr(vn4f of n5). fig. hija para afrentar 171. 

bet*el k*obol, nphr(vn4f of n5). fig. hija para cfrentar 111. 

bet'et*ik, aj. protmding (adobes or stones in poorly made waU). 

higas dar. 

bet'ey, iv. be pressed, higas dar. 

bet*oj, n4d. jurisdiction, occupied place, power over a person, 

subject, subjection. (1) ensehoreado o sojuzgado por mi, 

(2) juriadiccion, (3) mando, (4) ocupada cosa asi por 

mi..., (5) subdito o sujeto 325. 

me abet*ojon me avolonon? Am I your subject, am I your 

underling? ensehorearse. 

bet*oj tuk 'a'i, vphr:s(-n4d/pred/ -f- n4d[A]) & tv-. owner. 

propietario. 

bet'oj vinik, nphr(n4d/3s/ type n5). foreigner, agena cosa. 

jbet'anej-k'obol, agn(vn & ncpd). giver of figs, higas dar. 

bid ) 

bi Hun, nphr(n4f of n5). book titie. titulo de libro. 

biU, n3d. name, mmbre. 

biUtas, tv. name, specify, vote. (1) nombrar, (2) nombre 

poner, (3) volar, dar el voto. 

biUtas-'Uc', tv(tv & tvcpd). call by name, llanuir por nombre. 

biUtasbil, pp. famous, esclarecido. 

biUtasel, vn5. vote, voto de esta manera. 

biinem, iv/stat/. famous, esclarecido. 

bi (2) 

bi, tv, knead between tiie fingers or in hands (small object, 

wax), sobar cosas pequehas como.. .324. 

biulan, tv. knead, sobar cosas pequehas conw.. .324. 

bich 

bichbonet tak'av, vphr:av & iv[S=S of av]. reply shamelessly 

or many times, responder desvergonzadamente o mucho. 

bichuy, tv. twist (as rope on thefr thighs), torcer, como tuercan 

sobre los muslos. 

bik 

bUcU chitom nojesbil ta bek'tal, nphr:nphr(n4d of n5) & 

ajphr(pp & qphr<prep & n5>). pork sausage, longaniza. 

bikUU, n3d. intestines, tripas. 

bik' 

bUc', tv. swallow (chewed object or drink), tragar cosa 

mascada o bebiendo. 

bik', n5. swaUow. RML—This is probably the numeral 

classifier, trago asi. 

bik'it 

bUc'it, aj. littie, narrow (beam, board, container), smaU, Uiin 

(round object). (1) achicar se, (2) angosto que no cabe 

algo 24, (3) angosto corrw tabla o viga 24, (4) delgada, 

cosa redoruia. 

bik*it 'a'i, vphr:aj & tv-. hold in low esteem, tener en poco. 

bik'it 'a'i ba, vphr:aj & rv, hold self in low esteem, estimarse 

en mucho. 

bik*it 'a'i-baU, nphr:aj & vn(tv & mcpd)5. humiUty. humildad. 

bUc'it cha'ley ba, vphr:aj & rv. humble self achicarse. 

bik'it cha'ley-baU, nphr:aj & vn(tv & mcpd)5. humiUty. 

humildad. 

bik*it ch*amal, ajphr(aj & aj). small, small part, trifling. 

RML—^In modem Tzotzil this means inconsequential, 

insignificant. (1) chico. (2) menuda cosa, (3) parte 

pequena, (4) pequeho. 

toj bik*it toj ch'amal mo no 'ox xk'ot 'oy asat It is too 

small to see or make out. pequeho. 

bik'it ch'amal 'a'i, vphnajphr(aj & aj) & tv-. hold in low 

esteem, estimar en poco. 

bik'it ch*amal ve', vphr:ajphr(aj & aj) & iv, diet, dieta tener. 

bik'it ch'amal ve'el, nphr:ajphr(aj & aj) type n5. diet, moderate 

diet, dieta, templanza. 

bik'it lum, cf lum (1) 

bik'it naul, cf no. 

bUc'u te', cf te'. 

bik'itbUc'it, aj. smaller than, menor. 

mu jta Pedro, bUc*itbik*iton jtuk. I am smaller than Peter. 

bUc*ituk, aj. trifling, menudencia. 

bik*itul, n4f smaUness. achicadura. 

bik'taj, iv. be exhausted or wom out (person), decrease (water), 

grow narrow or smaU, humble self (1) achicarse caendo 
NUMBER 31 167 

de su estado, (2) amenguarse o apocarse conw agua, (3) 

desbastar, (4) enhangostadura 115, (5) humillarse. 

bik*taj 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d, be anxious, distressed, penitent, 

sorrowful or unhappy, grow sad, repent. (1) afiigirse, (2) 

entristecerse, (3) pena tener, (4) penar, recibir pern, (5) 

penitente. 

'ip xbik'taj kolonton. I am very anxious... .fatiga o afliccion 

interior o del anima. 

xbik*taj avolonton yu'un. It makes you sad. ...penal, cosa 

que da perui. 

xbik'taj kolonton yu'un jmul. I repent my sins. .. .pesarle 

de sus pecados. 

bUc'tajeb, n4f piece tom off a gown, giron que se quita. 

bik'tajebal, n3d. moment when or place where one humUiates 

self or repents, achicadura. 

bUc'tajel 'olontonU, nphr(vn4f of n3d). anxiety, penance, 

sorrow, repentance. (1) fatiga o afliccion interior..., (2) 

pena generalmente, (3) penitencia, dolor de corazon, (4) 

pesadumbre asi. 

bik'tajel 'u, nphr(vn4f of n5). waning of moon, menguante de 

luna. 

bUc'tajes, tv. cut short, find fault witii, humble, weaken. (1) 

abreviar, (2) achicar a otro. (3) desbastar. 

bUc'tajes ba, rv, humble self, lessen self (by wicked deed), 

subdue self, submit (1) achicarse. (2) apocarse haciendo 

vileza, (3) humillarse. (4) sujetarse. (5) tachar. 

jbik'tajes jba xek'opoj, I am speaking modestiy and 

pmdentiy, mesurarse. 

bUc'tajesabil 'olontonU, nphr(n4f of n5), motive for sorrow. 

penal, cosa, que da pena. 

bUc'tajesbey 'olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[B]. sadden, upset (1) 

entristecer a otro, (2) nwlestar, (3) penar, dar pena. 

bik'tajesej-bail, vn(vn & mpd)5. humiUty. humildad. 

bUc'tal, n4f brevity, smaUness, trifle, young. (1) achicadura, 

(2) brevedad. (3) menudencia. 

bik'tal 'U, cf 'il (3). 

bUc'tal 'olonton, cf 'olonton. 

bik'tal 'olontonU, cf 'olontonU. 

bik'tal 'u, cf 'u (1), 

bik*tal 'uk*um, cf, 'uk'um. 

bik'tal be, cf be. 

bik'tal tzeb, cf tzeb. 

bik'tal tzitzo', cf tzitz (1). 

bik'tal tz*i', cf tz'i' (1). 

bik'tal chamel, cf cham. 

bik'tal chenek', cf chenek'. 

bik'tal chitom, cf chitom. 

bik'tal ch'amal, cf ch'am (2). 

bUc'tal ch'ubU xamiti, cf xamit. 

bUc'tal jatal,cf jat (3). 

bik'tal kelem, cf kelem. 

bik'tal k'o, cf k'o. 

bik'tal k*op, cf k'op. 

bik'tal k'opk*onel, cf k'op. 

bik'tal lechuga, cf lechuga. 

bik'tal lum, cf lum (1). 

bUc'tal na, cf na (1). 

bik'tal nab, cf nab (1). 

bUc*tal nen, cf nen. 

bUc*tal poket, cf poket. 

bUc*tal pok*, cf pak'. 

bUc'tal p'in, cf p'in. 

bik'tal sak-'ichi, cf. sak. 

bik'tal setz*, cf setz'. 

bUc'tal-xanav, cf xan (2). 

bik'tal xanbal, cf xan (2). 

bUc'tal xotxot vaj, cf xot. 

bUc'tal te', cf te'. 

bik'tal tenel te', cf ten. 

bik'tal ton, cf ton (1). 

bUc'tal t'ul, cf t'ul. 

bik'tal vacas, cf vacas. 

bUc'tal Ho', cf Ho' (1). 

bik'talul, n4f trifle, menudencia. 

jbik'tajesej-'olonton, agn(vn & nvpd). person who causes 

sadness, entristecedor. 

jbUc'tajesej-baU, agn(vn & mcpd). humble person, humilde. 

jbik'tajesvanej-'olontonU, agn(vn & ncpd). nuisance, tormentor, moles to o molestador que persique a otro. 

jbUc'tal-'olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). despondent person, poquedad de anima. 

jbUc'tal-jatal, cf jat (3). 

bik't 

bUc't, anxious, brevity, cut short, decrease, humble, lessen, 

nuisance, penitent quarrel, sorrowful, subdue, tormenter, 

trifle, waning, weaken, cf. bik'it. 

bU (1) 

bil, tv. swaUow whole as chickens swallow com. tragar cosa 

sin mascar.... 

bil, iv, swaUow whole, *Neuter, tragar cosa sin mascar.... 

xbU vaj. The tortUla is swaUowed whole. 

biUl, aj. sUppery. delicadero o delezruible. 

biUl 'osil, nphr(aj & n)5. sUppery place, resbaladero. 

biUlul, n4f slipperiness. RML—There is no Spanish entry for 

this term; it is simply derived from the entry below. 

resbaladero. 

'ip bililul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f very sUppery. resbaladero 

jaal bilUul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f very slippery, delicadero o 

deleznable. 

bil (2) 

bili-ba vinUc, nphr(n<aj & ncpd> type n)5. lively or spirited 

person. RML—In this and Uie following entries the 

colonial Tzeltal stem is bilba (Guzman, 1620:96, 120). 

lozano gallardo 199. 

biU-baij, iv(aj & ivcpd). make a face, gestos hacer con visajes. 

biU-baijel, vn(aj & ivcpd)5. wry face, gestos asi. 

biU-batay, tv(aj & tvcpd). make a face at gestos hacer a otro. 

jbili-batay Pedro. I make a face at Peter. 
168 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

biU-batUc, n5. wry face. RML—In modem Choi bilil ti-ba 

means gesturing, gestos asi. 

biU-batik xanav, vphr:n(aj & ncpd)5 & iv. walk spiritedly. 

lozano gallardo andar 199. 

jbUi-baijel, agn(aj & vncpd). person who makes faces, gestos 

asi. 

jbUi-batayvanej, agn(aj & vncpd). person who makes faces. 

gestos asi. 

botz' 

botz', tv. pull out (object without roots, pole, stake). (1) 

arrancer lo que no tiene raices, (2) sacar arrancando 

lo que no tiene raiz 

boch 

boch jay tulan, nphr(nphr<n type n> type n)5. large-leaved 

oak. roble de hojas grandes. 

boch *ji tulan, nphr(nphr<n type x> type n)5. large-leaved 

oak. *Other towns call them (this). RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal the term is boch ghite (Guzman, 1620, 186). In 

modem Tzeltal of Tfenejapa hih te^ refers to oaks (Berlin, 

Breedlove, and Raven, 1974:274). The same term is used 

in Bachajon (Slocum and Gerdel, 1965:148). roble de 

hojas grandes. 

bochil *puk, nphr(natt & n)5. drinking glass, vidrio. 

bochil ton, nphr(natt & n)5. stone basin, pila de agua. 

boj 

boj, tv. chop, cortar dando golpes algun palo. 

boj 'osil, vphr:tv & n5. hoe, plow, rosa cavando o arando 301. 

boj ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). wound with hoe or 

ax. herir con hacha o azadon o cosa asi. 

bojel 'osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). hoeing, plowing, rosa cavando 

o arando 301. 

bojob lum, nphr(n of n)5. hoe. acadon. 

jboj-lum, agn(tv & ncpd). hoer, plowman, ganan. 

bok' 

j-bok*, num(num & nccpd)5. four hundred, milla. 

lajun-vinUc 'ox-bok', cf lajun. 

bol 

bol, aj. befuddled, stupid. (1) rebotado, (2) ruda cosa. (3) torpe. 

bolib, iv. be befuddled or stupefied. (1) entorpecido, (2) 

entorpecerse, (3) rebotarse en elentendimiento. 

bolibes, tv. befuddle, stupefy. (1) entorpecer, (2) entorpecer a 

otro. 

bolU, n4d. befuddlement, stupidity. (1) rebotadura asi o 

torpeza de entendimiento, (2) rudesa asi, (3) torpe. 

bolU vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. duU-witted, incapable or stupid 

person, boto o torpe, no habil. 

bola (Sp.) 

bola, n5. bowling ball. bola. 

ten bola, cf ten. 

bolom 

bolom, n5. ferocious beast, jaguar. (l)fiera bestia, (2) lazo de 

venados. 

bolom, aj. ferocious.//era cosa. 

tzajal bolom, cf tzoj. 

bon 

bon, tv. color, dye, paint. (1) color dar, (2) tenir. 

bon, n5. cochineal, color, dye, pitch. (1) betun, (2) color, (3) 

grana, (4) tinte de tintor. 

bon, n4f cooking pit pan cocido en agujeros— 

bon, nlf enchasing, engaste asi. 

bon k'u', vphr:tv & -n4d, enchase (leaUier), engastar como 

cuero. 

bon ta chab, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), wax, encerar. 

bon ta k'uk'um, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). featiier. 

emplurrmr. 

bonbU, pp. colored, dyed. (1) Colorado, (2) tehido. 

bonbU ta chab, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). waxed. 

encerado. 

bonobil, n4f color, dye, dyer's vat, pitch. (1) betun, (2) color, 

(3) tehido, (4) tina de tintorero, (5) tinte de tintor. 

bonoj, iv. dye, paint (1) pintar, (2) tehir. 

bonol, n4f dye, paint, tinte de tintor. 

'oy sbonol. It is painted, pintada cosa. 

bontaybU mail, nphr(pp & n)4f squash cooked in a pit pan 

cocido en agujeros 

bontaybU vaj, nphr(pp & n)4f bread cooked in a pit. *Bread 

cooked in holes or pits as they do sometimes when they 

go to frade and lack bread. They make a pit, put the posol 

there and then a fire on top. pan cocido en agujeros 

jbon, agn. dyer, tintor. 

jbonojel, agn. dyer, tintor. 

k'anal bonojeb, cf. k'on. 

bonok' 

bonok'il, n3d. mane, crirus. 

hot 

bot, n5. haU. grardzo. 

hot' 

bot'ol-'Uc', tv(aj & tvcpd). summon importunately, nwlestar, 

ser nwlesto.... 

bot'ol-k'an, tv(aj & tvcpd). request importunately, nwlestar, 

ser rrwlesto.... 

butz 

butzuy, nld. feather crest cresta de pluma. 

'ayan butzuy, cf 'oy (1). encrestado con.... 

'oy butzuy, s:n5/pred/' & -n4d. have featiier crest, encrestado 

con.... 

butz' 

butz', tv. lick, suck (as when tiiey suck tiiefr fingers or lick the 

bowl), chupar como cuando chupan.... 

buch 

buchul, aj. sprouting (seedling), reventar la simienta 287. 

buch'uy 

buch'uy, n5. which (person), who. (1) cual 278, (2) quien. 

buch'uyuk, n5. whichever (person), cualquiera, cualquiera 

cosa 279. 

buch'uyuk no 'ox, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). whoever, quien quiera. 
NUMBER 31 169 

much'uy, n5. someone, which (person), who. (1) alguno, (2) 

ciuil 278, (3) quien. 

much*uy 'u'un U', s:n5 & n4d[P = much'uy]/pred/& n5. 

whose? cuyo es esto 69. 

much*uy junuk, nphr(n5 & num5). which (person), cual 278. 

much'uy lekoj Ii', s:n5 & n4d[P = much' uy]/pred/& n5. whose? 

cuyo 69, 

much'uyuk, n5. whichever (person), cualquiera, cualquiera 

cosa 279, 

much*uyuk no 'ox, nphr(n5 & pt & pt), whoever, quien quiera. 

buj 

bujbuj, aj. lumpy. (1) hinchado asi, (2) hinchar sumiendose 

la cosa 

bujey, iv, swell with large lumps, hincharse asi a tolondrones 

para grandes. 

bujujtUc, aj. lumpy, with large sweUings. hinchado asi. 

bujulbujul, aj. lumpy, hinchar sumiendose la cosa 

buk 

bukbon ch'aU, s:av & -n4e, smoke, humear. 

bukbonet av. smoke, smoke before catching ffre. RML—^The 

latter is given as xbusbonet, but in colonial Tzeltal it is 

xbucbonet (Guzman, 1620:1), (1) humear, (2) humear 

antes que arda la cosa. 

buket, av, smoke, smoke before catching ffre, RML—^The latter 

is given as xbucet. (1) humear, (2) humear antes que 

buk' 

buk*, n5, shuttie, lanzadera de tejedor 192. 

buk*ul, n4f weft, rasa o veta atravesada 283. 

bul (1) 

bul, tv. puU out, pull out by the roots (as radishes, carrots, 

without digging), pull the hafr out of (1) arrancar corrw 

quiera, (2) pelar, sacar los pelos, (3) secar lo enterrado 

conw 

bul, n5. chess, dice, RML—The term is no longer in use. In 

modem Ch'ol, bu'ul means bean (Aulie and Aulie, 

1978:33), (1) ajadrez 37, (2) dado. 

bul tzotzU jol, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n4d[A]). tear one*s hafr. 

mesar 221. 

bulan, tv, pull out leaving no trace, arrancar asi perfectamente 

sin dejar nada. 

bulin, iv, play cards, play games of fortune. (1) jugar juego 

de fortuna, (2) jugar a los naipes. 

bulin ta Hun, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). play cards, jugar a 

los naipes. 

bulinab, n5. gameboard, tablero. 

bulinabil, n5. gameboard. tablero. 

bulinom, n5. chess player, player of games of fortune. (1) 

ajedrez, (2) jugador asi. 

bulinom ta Hun, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). card player, 

jugador asi. 

jbul, agn. chess player, ajedrez 37. 

chenek' bul, cf chenek'. 

te'el bul, cf te'. 

Hunal bul, cf Hun. 

bul (2) 

bulbon, av. bubble up. fuenta que se hace en tiempo de aguas. 

bulbonet, av. simmer, hervir. 

bulbux, n5. rainy season spring.fuente que se hace.... 

bulbuxtUc, n5. place abounding in springs. (l)fontanal, lugar 

de muchas fuentes, (2)fuente que se hace.... 

bulin, iv. gush up. (1) fuente que se hace.... (2) manar a 

borbollones. 

bulinab, n4f spring. RML—The possession marker is given 

as "x." manadero o manantial. 

buUajet, av. gush up in many places, manar por muchas partes. 

buluch 

buluch , num(num &, nccpd). eleven, numero. 

buluchib, num5. eleven, numero. 

bus 

bus ba, nphr(n of n)5. gopher mound. RML—Glossed as "mole 

hiU." tierra amontonada por las hormigas. 

bus k*is, nphr(n of n)5. leaf-cutter ant mound, tierra 

amontonada por las hormigas. 

bus xinich*, nphr(n of n)5. ant mound, tierra amontonada.... 

busan, tv. gather togetiier, heap up, pile (firewood). (1) 

amontonar a otro, (2) colmar, (3) juntar asi..., (4) 

recojer. 

busbon, av. swarm, hormiguear. 

busbonet, av, be in heaps, a montones. 

sbusbonet xcham. They are dying in heaps, 

bustzaj, iv. heap, pile. (1) amontonarse, (2) colmar, (3) juntar 

asi..., (4) montonar. 

bustzajeb, n4f place where objects are piled, a montones. 

bustzajel, vn4f heap, colmo. 

busi, iv. pile up. amontonarse. 

busul, aj. heaped, piled. (1) armntonado, (2) junta o cosa 

juntada asi. (3) montonado. 

busustik, aj. in many smaU piles, a montones. 

j-bus, num(num & nccpd)5. heap, pUe. RML—This root is 

given sporadically as "butz." (1) a montones. (2) rima 

o rimero. 

but' 

but', tv. bury under, cover up. *Sometimes they use this for 

covering thefr nakedness, but commonly it means to 

cover by fiUing up as when Uiey bury or when weeds 

cover Uie garden or Uie paUi or when Uiey fill up a house 

or church with dirt. (1) cobijar, tambien es..., (2) sumir 

debajo. 

but', iv. heal, mend (wound), sink. (1) soldarse la herida, (2) 

sumirse. 

but* na ta lum, vphr:tv & n4d[A] & qphr(prep & n5). lay an 

earth floor, solar, echar suelo a la casa. 

but* ta lum, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). bury, put 

underground. (1) poner de tierra, (2) soterrar. 

but'bil k'anal tak'in, nphr:pp & aj & n5. buried treasure, tesoro 

escondido. 
170 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

but'bil ta k'anal tak'in, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<aj 

& n>5). gUded. dorada cosa. 

but'i, tv. cover, put underground, cf but'. (1) cobijar, tambien 

es..., (2) meter debajo de la tierra. 

but'i j-tz'uj ta lum, vphrtv- & num(num & ncpd) & qphr(prep 

& n5). put underground, meter debajo de la tierra. 

but'iabil, n4f bench clotii, any cloUi covering, poyo para 

sentarse. 

but'iabil mesa, nphr(n4f of n5). tablecloUi. manteles. 

but'ibU ta lum, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). buried, 

metido asi. 

but'ibU ta lumtik, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(pred & n5), buried, 

metido asi. 

but 'iej, vn4d, buried or covered object, cobijar tambien es— 

but'ij, iv. be covered up. cobijarse asi o henchirse algo. 

but'ijes ta lumtUc, vphr:tv- & qphr(pred & n5). put underground, meter debajo de la tierra. 

but'ijesbil, pp. buried, metido asi. 

but'oj, n4d. buried or covered object, cobijar tambien es.... 

but'ul, aj. buried, metido asi. 

but'ul tz'i'leltik, nphr(aj & n)5. overgrown./ra^o^a de arboles 

y maleza. 

buy 

buy, n5. from where, to where, where, where? RML—Modem 

Tzotzil: bu, and buy. (1) adoruie, (2) de donde, (3) donde. 

buy toj ebat? Where did it go to? hacia donde preguntando 

166. 

buy 'osil, vphr:nphr(n5 & n5)/pred/. at what time, when? 

cuando, en que tiempo 279. 

buy jechuk, vphr:nphr(n5 & n5)/pred/. which way? (1) hacia 

donde preguntando 166, (2) por donde. 

buy k'ak'al, vphr:n5 & n5/pred/. what day, when? cuando, en 

que hora 279. 

buy k'ak'al k'in, s:vphr(n5 & n5)/prep/ & -n4e. what day, 

when? cuando, en que hora 279. 

buy k*alal, qphr:n5 & pt. till when, hasta cuando. 

buy tojol, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f which way? (1) hacia donde 166, 

(2) por donde. 

buytik, n5. from where, de donde. 

buytikuk, n5. wherever. (1) adonde quiera, (2) de donde 

quiera, (3) doruie quiera. 

buytikuk 'ep ta mek tuun, vphr:n5 & qphr(aj & qphr<prep & 

n o ) & iv. be handy, manual cosa. 

buyuk, n5. somewhere, wherever. (1) adonde quiera, (2) de 

donde quiera, (3) doruie quiera, (4) en alguna parte. 

buyuk jechuk, qphr:n5 & n5. which way? por donde 

preguntando. 

buyuk no 'ox, qphr:n5 & pt & pt. whichever way. hacia do 

quiera 166. 

buyuk no 'ox jechuk, vphr:qphr(n5 & pt & pt) & n5/subj//pred/. 

whichever way. hacia do quiera 166. 

'oy buy, s:n5/pred/ & s(n5—). somewhere, por algun lugar. 

'oy buyuk, s:n5/pred/ & s(n5—). somewhere, por algun lugar. 

'oy no 'ox buyuk, s:vphr(n5/pred/ & pt & pt) & s(n5—). 

common, general cosa. 

TZ 

tza 

tza, nle. clevemess, cognizance, craftsmanship, guess, industriousness, inteUigence, opinion, pmdence, skill, 

speculation, talent, tiiought. *Think, as "I thought he 

would come,** "I tiiought such and such,** "give him 

what he expected." (1) abilitarse o hacerse habil, (2) 

artificio, (3) a sabiendas, (4) conjetura, (5) consideracion, (6) especulacion, (1) yndustria 187, (8) yngenio, 

habilidad 188, (9) mana 209, (10) opinion, (11) 

pensamiento, (12) pensar conw..., (13) prudencia, (14) 

sentencia o parecer de lo que sentinws, (15) traza asi 

338. 

'ep stzail spasel. It is done with great craftsmanship. 

artificiosa cosa. 

xetal ta jtzae mo xHu' ku'un. I thought I would come and I 

couldn*t pensar corrw.... 

tza 'u'un, s:-n4e/pred/ & -n4d. knowingly, a sabiendas. 

stzail ku'un jpak*tay. I lie knowingly, mentir a sabiendas. 

tza pas, vphr:n4d[A] & tv-. be moderate, govem self 

comedirse. 

tzatza, aj. on the pretext of so color. 

tzatza xestzitzotUc spakol yatel. On the pretext of justice he 

takes his revenge, 

tzatza xbat yil yol nanatik ta mulavej xbat. On the pretext 

of taking a walk in town he goes sinning. 

tzai, tv. imagine, plan, think, (1) ymaginar, pensar 184, (2) 

trazar en el entendimiento 338, 

tzai 'olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. guess, barruntar. 

tzaibil, pp. cautious, clear, cunning, distinctiy, gentiy, imagined, thought of (1) astuto, (2) avisado, (3) distintamente, (4) distinto. (5) ymaginada cosa o pensada 184, 

(6) paso a quedo. 

tzaibil k*op, nphr(pp «& n)5. deceitful talk, doblada habla asi. 

tzaibil k*opoj, vphr:pp/pred/ & iv. explain, speak deceitfully. 

(1) distinguir razones, (2) dobladamente hablar. 

tzaibil to pas, vphr:advphr(pp & pt) & tv-. do so-so. 

medianamente hacer algo. 

tzaibiltzaibil, pp. graduaUy. poco a poco. 

tzaibiluk no 'ox, vphr:pp/pred/ & pt & pt. graduaUy. poco a 

poco. 

tzai}, iv. become clever, speak, talk, tiiink. (1) abilitarse o 

hacerse habil, (2) parlar o hablar, (3) pensar como.... 

tzaijel, vnld. clarity, clevemess, discretion, industriousness, 

invention, skUl, speech, talent, thought (1) discrecion, 

(2) distincion, (3) fabricacion tal, (4) yndustria 187, (5) 

yngenio, habilidad 188, (6) mam 209, (7) parleria, (8) 

pensamiento. 

tzaU, n3d, inteUigence, RML—This seems suspect and 
NUMBER 31 171 

probably should be merged under tza. seso o sentido. 

tzaU k*op, nphr(natt & n)5, deceit engaho. 

tzaU-k'opoj, iv(n & ivcpd). speak deceitfuUy. dobladamente 

hablar. 

tzaU-tak, tv(n & tvcpd). send cautiously, enviar con cautela 97. 

tzaU-takbU, aj(n & ppcpd). sent cautiously, enviado asi 97. 

tzainom. RML—seejtzainom. 

jtza-'abtel, agn(n & ncpd). master craftsman, maestro de algun 

arte. 

jtzai-yolobU, agn(tv & ncpd), arrowsmith, flechero que las 

hace. 

jtzaiej-'olonton, agn(vn & ncpd), wise man who discourses at 

length, sabio que discurre mucho. 

jtzaijel, agn, inventor, thoughtful person, (1) fabricador asi, 

(2) pensativo. 

jtzail-k*op, agn(n & ncpd), deceiver, engahador asi. 

jtzainom, agn, cautious, clever, cunning, deceitful, discreet, 

industrious, ingenious, judicious, speculative or wise 

person, wise man who takes good measures. (1) avisado, 

(2) discreto. (3) doblado hombre. (4) especulativo, (5) 

fabricador asi. (6) yndustrioso 186, (7) yngenioso 188, 

(8) mahoso 210, (9) sesudo de buen seso. 

jtzaivanej, agn. ingenious person, wise man who takes good 

measures. (1) yngenioso 188, (2) sabio que da buenos 

cortes. 

'ak'bey tza, cf 'ak' (2). 

'at tza, cf 'at (2). 

'ip tza, s:aj/pred/ & -nld. cunning, ingenious, judicious, wise. 

(1) astucia, (2) yngeniosa 188, (3) sabio que de buenos 

cortes, (4) sesudo de buen seso. 

'oy tza, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be clever, respected or skillful. (1) 

considerado, hombre de consideracion, (2) rrwha 209. 

'oy tzaitzaibil, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f be discreet. RML—This 

reading is suspect, discreto. 

'oy tzaijel, s:n5/pred/ & -vn4d. be clever or skUlful. nuiha 209. 

ba tza, cf ba (2). 

ba tzaijel, cf ba (2). 

mu tzaUajuk, vphr:neg & iv/subj/. be easy, raeso, facil. 

mu tzailuk 'u'un pak'tay, vphr:s(neg & n4/3s//pred/ + n4d[A]) 

& tv-. tell falsehood unknowingly, mentir no da 

proposito o a sabiendas. 

ta tzail k*op, qphr:prep & nphr(natt & n5). deceitfully, 

figuratively, engahosamente asi. 

toj ta tzaU k'op xek'opoj. I am speaking figuratively. 

figurativamente hablar. 

toj 'utz tza, s:vphr(aj & aj/pred/) & -n4d. industrious. 

yndustrioso 186. 

Ha' no 'ox tza, nphr(n5 & pt & pt & n5). whenever, cuando 

quiera 279. 

*tzaat 

*tzaat, aj. married. RML—^In colonial Tzeltal tiiis term appears 

to be a noun meaning "nwgo mancebo por casar" 

(Guzman, 1620:135). In modem Choi tsa' is a completive particle (AuUe and AuUe, 1978:117). In modem 

Yucatec d'o' ^ok u b'e'el, Ut "his/her road is completed" 

means "he/she is married" (Bricker, personal communication), casado 52. 

tza' 

tza'. chamberpot, privy, purge, cf tzo'. 

tzatz 

tzatz. adom, arm, castie, courage, difficult, dress up, firm, 

garrison, glorify, hardness, health, martyr, obstinacy, 

rough, sacristy, scold, strength, support, uniform, cf 

tzotz (2). 

tzaj 

tzaj. annoy, blush, bribe, compulsory, confiscate, hatred, rape, 

redden, cf tzoj. 

tzak 

tzak, tv. capture, catch (live animal), eam wages, meet, pillage, 

seize, take, cf tz'ak. (1) achar, (2) cautivar, (3) 

encontrar a otro, (4) ganar trabajando, (5) prender, (6) 

presa hacer, asir, (1) robar en guerra, (8) tomar, 

prender. 

tzak ba, rv. meet. (1) encontrar se, (2) travar. 

tzak choy, vphr:tv & n5. fish, pescar. 

tzak lum, vphr:tv & n5. take root, prender la planta. 

tzakal, aj. sprouted, reventar la simienta 287. 

tzakbU ta 'utz'U, cf 'utz' (3). 

tzakel bel na ta ch'ilomal k'op, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n of n)5 & 

qphr(prep & nphr<natt & n>5). pillage, saco marw para 

robar. 

tzakleb, n4f fmit stem. RML—^This should be read perhaps 

as tzakleb. pezon defruta. 

tzakobil p*olmal Hun, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5) type n5. order of 

payment for property, libramiento de hacienda. 

tzakobil tak'in Hun, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5) type n5. debenture, 

order of payment, libramiento de dineros. 

tzakolaj, iv. capture, presa hacer, asir. 

tzakolajel, vn5. capture, presa. 

'ep tzak, vphr:nphr(aj) & tv. make a profit, ganar trabajando. 

tzokil, n3d. captive, capture, plunder. (1) achar 32, (2) cautivo, 

(3) presa, (4) robo asi. 

jtzok-vinUc, agn(n & ncpd). slave (who has been captured). 

siervo. 

tzalub 

tzalub, nld. cockscomb, comb of hen. cresta de gallo o gallina. 

'ayan tzalub, cf 'oy (1). 

'oy tzalub, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. have a comb, encrestado, como 

gallo o gallina de castilla. 

tzam 

tzam. arsenic, fisher, greet, hunter, kill, respect, revere, warm. 

cf cham. 

tzan (1) 

tzan, tv. light, alumbrar el fuego. 

tzan, iv. bum. *When we say, "You will bum in HeU," they 

say, "You wiU be bumt in HeU.** arder. 
172 SMTTHSONL\N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tzan k*ok', vphr:tv & n5. light, encender fuego. 

tzan-ti' ba, nphr(aj & ncpd & n5). bald, calvo. 

tzan-ti' baot. You are bald, 

tzanal ti' ba, s:aj/pred/ & -nphr(n of n)4d. bald, calva. 

tzantzan ti' ba, s:aj/pred/ & -nphr(n of n)4d. bald, encalvecido. 

tzaneb k*ok', nphr(n of n)5. hearth, ho gar. 

tzanob k'ok', nphr(n4f of n5). tinder of bumt clotii. yesca de 

manias quemadas M. . .184, 

tzanobil k'ok', nphr(n4f of n5). tinder of bumt cloth, yesca de 

manias quemadas M. . .184. 

tzanub ti' ba, s:iv & -nphr(n of n)4d. grow bald, encalvecerse. 

tzan (2) 

tzantzon, av. ring (anything Uiat echoes, whether it is a bell or 

a blow on wood), son o sonido. sonar, sonido hacer. 

tzanet, av, ring. RML—see tzantzon. son o sonido.... 

tzanlaj, av. clang, cUnk (falling metal or money). (1) retehir 

el metal, dinero cuando cae asi. (2) ruido hacer asi. 

tzanlajetel, vn5. clang (falling copper or stiver platter), ruido 

de cosa que cae en el suelo como 

tzanluj, av, thunder, estallar. dar sonido. 

tzanlujel, vn5. thunder, estallido. 

'''tzaom 

*tzaom, agn. glutton. RML—In colonial Yucatec tzamezah is 

"gastar y consumir la comida poco a poco" (Martinez 

Hemandez, 1929:258). gloton. 

*tzaomal, nld. gluttony, glotoneria. 

*tzaomal vinik, nphr(n type n)5. glutton, gloton. 

tzav 

tzavet tzotzil, s:av & -n4d. have one's hafr stand on end. 

espelucarse. 

tzavub, iv. have one's hafr stand on end. espelucarse. 

ta tzavlej tzotzil, s:qphr(prep & n5)/pred/ & -n4d. wiUi hafr 

standing on end. (1) espelucarse. (2) espelucada. 

tze (1) 

tze, aj. green, raw, unripe. (1) crudo. (2) verde cosa no matura. 

tze to, vphr: aj/pred/ & pt. half-cooked, medio crudo. 

tze to ta voel, vphr: aj/pred/ & pt & qphr(prep & vn4f[S]). 

half-broUed. medio asado. 

tzeel, aj. green, pure, unripe. (l)pura cosa sin mezcla. (2) verde 

cosa no matura. 

tzeel tzeb, nphr(aj & n)5. virgin. (1) doncella, (2) virgo de 

doncella. 

tzeel tz'usub, nphr(aj & n)5. unripe grape, agras 12. 

tzeel chi', nphr(aj & n)5. pure wine, vino puro. 

tzeel castUlan vaj, nphr(aj & nphr<aj & n>)5. wheat dough. 

nuisa de harina. 

tzeel kokov, nphr(aj & n)5. pure chocolate, pura cosa sin 

mezcla. 

tzeel kokov yiloj sba chi'. pure chocolate, 

tzeel vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. innocent person, ynocente 188. 

tzeel vino, nphr(aj & n)5. pure wine, vino puro. 

*tze (2) 

*tze, n4d, cause, suffering. RML—This term occurs in colonial 

Tzeltal for "causa porque padece" (Guzman, 1620:39). 

causa. 

k'usi *atze? What is your suffering?/aft'^fl asi. 

*tzein, tv. suffer fiom. fatiga asi. 

Ha' *jtzein te chamele. I am suffering from sickness. 

Ha* *estzein te jmultike. (Our Lord) paid for our sins. *Note 

weU because it is a very obscure phrase, 

tze' 

tze'ej, vn5, laugh, mockery. (1) escarnecimiento asi, (2) risa. 

tze'i, tv. jeer, laugh at, mock. (1) burlar, rrwfar. (2) escarnecer 

riendose de alguno. (3) rehir de otro. 

tze'ibil, pp. mocked, escarnecido asi. 

tze'in, iv. laugh, reir. 

tze'inel, vn5. laughter, risa. 

tze'ivanej, vn5. mockery, escarnecimiento asi. 

jtze'tzonel, agn. smiling person, risueho. 

jtze'ej, agn. mocker, smiUng person. (1) burlador de esta 

manera, (2) escarnecedor asi. (3) risueho. 

jtze'inel, agn. smUing person, risueho 

jtze'ivanej, agn. mocker. (1) burlador de esta anera. (2) 

escarnecedor asi. 

tzeb 

tzeb, n5. gfrl, maiden. *They call all women "tzeb" who have 

not given bfrth even if they have known many men or 

have been married several times. RML—^This term is 

given as tzeum. Perhaps it should be read tzeidy as in Uie 

modem Tzotzil of Larrainzar where the attributive is 

tzebal as it is here (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:205). (1) 

doncella, (2) rrwsa asi 225. 

tzeb cabaUo, nphr(n type n)5. fiUy. potranca. 

tzebal, nld. gfrlhood. (1) doncella, (2) mosedad de aquestas 

225. 

tzebal 'olol, nphr(natt & n)3d. woman's fu-st child, primera 

de las que paren.... 

tzebal malal, nphr(natt & n)4d. gfrlhood husband, doncella. 

tzebal mul, nphr(natt & n)4d. gfrlhood sin. doncella. 

tzebal tuluk', nphr(natt & n)5, pullet, polio grande. 

tzebay, iv, reach girUiood, mosa hacerse 225, 

batz'i tzeb, cf batz'i. 

bUc'tal tzeb, nphr(aj & n)5. young gfrl. nwzuela asi 225. 

tzeel tzebal, cf tze (1). 

ch'iom tzeb, cf. ch'i. 

tzek 

tzek, n5. scorpion, alacran. 

tzek petet, nphr(n4f of n5). spindlewhori. tortero de huso. 

tzekU, n5. skirt./a/a de mugeres. 

TzekU, n5. Mexico City, cf lik, toj (3). (1) desde, (2) hacia 

Mexico. 

ta TzekU na, s:qphr(prep & n5)/pred/ & -n4d. native of Mexico 

City, natural, natural de Mexico. 

tzel 

tzelel chamel, nphr(aj & vn)5. cmel death, muerte cruel. 

tzeluyel, vn5. cramp, calambre. 

tzepen 

tzepentUc, aj. badly scarred, mancillada cosa asi llena de 
NUMBER 31 173 

mancillos 211. 

tzepenub, iv. heal, mend (wound). (1) encorarse la herida. (2) 

soldarse la herida. 

tzitz (1) 

tzitz, tv. counsel, dupe, incite, persuade, preach, punish, scold, 

teach, wam. (1) amonestar. (2) castigar. (3) consejar. 

amonestar. (4) corregir reprendiendo, (5) dispensado, 

(6) embaucar, (1) justiciar, (8) yncitar 186, (9) 

persuadir, (10) predicar, hacer sermon, (11) pufifr 

castigando, (12) reprehender. 

ejtzitz vinik ta sk'op dios. I taught the people tiie word of 

God. dispensado. 

tzitza'aj, iv. counsel, give a sermon, preach, reason, sermonize, 

wam. (1) amonestar, (2) consejar, amonestar, (3) orar 

asi, (4) predicar. hacer sermon, (5) razonar. (6) 

sermonear. 

tzitza'ajebal, n5. pulpit (1) predicatorio o pulpito, (2) pulpito. 

tzitza'ajel, vn5. preaching place. RML—This reading is 

suspect, arrwnestador o predicador. 

tzitzbU, pp, duped, incited, punished. (1) embaucado asi. (2) 

yncitado 186, (3) punido. 

tzitzel, vnld. counsel, incitement punishment. (1) castigo, (2) 

consejo que se toma. (3) yncitacion. 

mo jtak tzitzel. I don't want to be counseled, consejo dicunt. 

mo xalan atzitzel! Don*t give your counsel! consejo dicunt. 

tzitzil k*op, nphr(natt & n)5, jeer, pulla. 

tzitzil lo'il k'op, nphr(natt & nphr<n type n>)5. jeer, pulla. 

tzitzo', nld. counsel, sermon, waming. RML—^This reading is 

suspect. (1) amonestacion o predicacion, (2) consejo, 

sermon. (3) oracion. razonamiento, (4) predicacion. (5) 

sermon. 

tzitzo'bil Hech espas dios. God did this for my punishment 

castigo. 

tzitzoj, n4d. sermon, oracion mia.... 

tzitzvan, iv. preach, predicar. hacer sermon. 

tzitzvanej, vnld. punishment, sermon. (1) predicacion. (2) 

punision. 

tzitzvanejeb, n5. preaching place, arrwnestador o predicador. 

jtzitza'ajel, agn, counselor, preacher, wamer. (1) amonestador 

o predicador. (2) consejaro. (3) predicador asi. 

jtzitzo', agn. preacher, predicador asi. 

jtzitzvanej, agn. counselor, inciter, preacher, punisher, wamer. 

(1) amonestador. (2) consejero. (3) yncitador 186, (4) 

orador que hace oracion asi o predicador. (5) predicador asi, (6) punidor. 

jtzitzvanej ta 'utzil k'op, agn:vn & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & 

n>cpd). go-between, medianero en amistad. 

'ipal tzitz, nphr(aj & n)5. sfrong scolding, RML—This should 

probably be tzitzo'. reprehension. 

'ipal tzitzvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5, sfrong scolding, reprehension. 

bik'tal tzitzo', nphr(aj & n)5, brief sermon, brevedad. 

tzitz (2) 

tzitz, n5, diU, wild fennel, (1) hirwjo de la tierra o silvestre. 

(2) quijones, yerba conocida. 

batz'i tzitz, cf batz'i. 

castiUan tzitz, cf castiUan. 

tzik' 

tzik', iv. crack open, split (as the ground, fresh tUe or green 

wood does in the sun), RML—Given once as tzi. (1) 

abrirse hendieruiose como la tierra. (2) henderse como 

la tierra.... (3) hendido asi. (4) resquebrajado. 

tzik' k'ob, s:iv & -n4d. sprain one's wrist, derrengarse. 

tzik'el, vn4f, crack, abrirse hendiendose como a tierra. 

tzik*esbey k*ob, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. sprain wrist derrengar a 

otro. 

tztic'Uc*tUc, aj. cracked in many places, hendido asi. 

tzik*U, aj, cracked open. (1) abierto como hendido 3, (2) 

resquebrajado. 

tzik*Uul, n4f. crack, abrirse hendiendose conw la tierra. 

tzU 

tziltzon, av. tremble from cold or fright, temblar de frio o 

temor. 

xetziltzon ta sik. I am trembUng from the cold, aterido, 

temblar. 

tziltzonel, vn5. trembling, temblor. 

tziltzonet av. tremble, temblar defrio o tenwr. 

tzm 

tzintzin ti' baU, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n of n)3d. bald, calva. 

tzis 

tzis chauk, nphr(n of n)5. laurel, laurel. 

tzisanil, n3d. pubic hafr. pendejo o vendija. 

tzisin, iv. fart. peer. 

tzisinet, av. fart, pedo 

jtzisnom, agn. person who farts frequentiy. pedorro que mucho 

se peer. 

tzistay, tv. fart at ungraciously or mockingly, peer en desfavor 

o burla a otro. 

tzo' 

tzo', nld. shu (bad word), mierda. 

tzo' 'okil, nphr(n4f of n3d). calf of tiie leg. pantorilla de pierna. 

tzo' *uch*, nphr(n4d of n5). nit. liendre. 

tzo' 'uch*U, nphr(n4d of n5). nit. liendre. 

tzo' *'uk, nphr(n of n)ld. mole, wart. RML—This term also 

occurs in colonial Tzeltal as tzahuc for "lunar sehal de 

cuerpo" (Guzm^, 1620:121). In colonial Yucatec taau 

is given for moles and for "sehal de las picaduras de 

chinches" (Perez, 1877:313). The Totontepec Mixe caU 

lunar tsoo. (1) berruga, (2) lunar, sehal del cuerpo. 

tzo' chikin, nphr(n4f of n4d). ear wax. cera del oido 71. 

tzo' ch*upak*, nphr(nf4 of n5). soapsuds, lavamiento, el ado 

de lavar. 

tzo' jom, nphr(n4f of n5). bilge, sentina de nave. 

tzo' k'ak'al Ho', nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. foam of boiUng 

water, hollin de agua caliente. 

tzo' k'anal, nphr(n of n)5. meteor, meteorite, cometa. 

tzo' k*anal tak*in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. gold dross. 

escoria de oro. 

tzo' sakil tak'in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. silver dross, escoria 
174 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

de plata. 

tzo' tak'in, nphr(n4f of n5). fron slag, escoria de hierro. 

tzo' tulan, nphr(n type n)5. small-leaved oak. *They consider 

this to be terrible for firewood and tiiat must be why they 

give it tills name. The evergreen oak has Uie same name 

in several towns, but to distinguish tiiem they caU tiie 

one that makes a poor ffre bik'it tzo' tulan and the 

evergreen oak muk' tzo' tulan. RML—In Zinacantan Uie 

evergreen oak is properly called chikin 'ib. roble de hoja 

pequena. 

tzo' tuluk', nphr(n4d of n5), chicken droppings, gallinaca, 

estiercol de gallina. 

tzo' vaj, nphr(n4f of n5), bran bread, pan de cemita. 

tzo' vino, nphr(n4f of n5), dregs, heve. 

tzo' vojton, nphr(n4f of n5). com gleanings, redrojo de mieses. 

tzo'U, n3d. human or other excrement, shit (bad word). (1) 

estiercol, suciedad de hombre o caballo, (2) mierda, mal 

vocablo, (3) suciedad o estiercol de hombr o de otro 

animal 327. 

toj 'ip tzo' 'uch', s:adv & aj/pred/ & -nphr(n of n)4d. be 

nit-ridden, lendroso, lleno de liendres. 

tza'an, iv. purge, purgar, compurgar. 

tza'nabil, n5. chamberpot, privy. (1) latrina privada, (2) 

necesaria o privada, (3) privada, (4) servidor, bacin. 

tza'nabil na, nphr(n type n)5. outhouse, latrina, privada. 

tza'neb p'in, nphr(n type n)5. chamberpot, bacin o servidor. 

tza'nebil p*in, nphr(n type n)5. chamberpot RML—^This is 

given as tzanebil pin. bacin o servidor. 

tza'tayabil chamel pox, nphr:nphr(n4f of vn5) type n5. purge. 

purga. 

jtza'nel, agn. person covered with shit, merdoso. 

jtza'nom, agn. person covered with shit, merdoso. 

tzob 

tzob, tv. accumulate, gather, gather together. (1) ayuntar algo 

14, (2) cojer, juntar en uno 54, (3) juntar como quiera 

y.... (4)ponor en uno, (5) recojer. 

tzob 'ikatz, vphr:tv & -n4d. collect taxes, get with insistence. 

recabar o recaudar. 

tzob patan, vphr:tv & n5. collect taxes, recaudar rentas. 

tzobaj, iv. gather together. (1) ayuntar 14, (2) cojer, juntar en 

uno 54, (3) juntar como quiera y.... 

tzobajes, tv. gatiier togetiier. ayuntar algo 14. 

tzoban, tv. gather together, cojer, juntar en uno 54. 

tzobanbil, pp. gathered togetiier. (1) ayuntada cosa...4, (2) 

cojer, juntar en urw 54. 

tzobben, n4d. objects gathered together, ayuntada cosa...14. 

tzobbU, pp. gatiiered together. (1) ayuntada cosa...14, (2) 

cojer, juntar en uno 54. 

tzobtzob tzobilan, vphr:n5 & tv. show desire to suck (baby). 

paladear el niho cuando mama. 

tzobel patan, nphr(vn4f of n5). tax collection, recaudamiento 

asi. 

tzobey, iv. gather together. (1) ayuntar 14, (2) cojer, 

juntar...54, (3) juntar como quiera. 

tzobleb, n4d. cattiepen. majada donde se recoge o duerme el 

ganado. 

tzoblebal, n5. meeting place, ayuntamiento 14, 

tzoblebal k*op, nphr(n of n)5, meeting place, acuerdo o junta. 

tzoblej, nld, meeting, (1) acuerdo o junta, (2) ayuntamiento 14. 

tzobob bak, nphr(n of n)5, ossuary, osario para hechar huesos. 

tzoboj, n4d. objects being gathered, ayuntada cosa.... 

tzoboj tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f amount, molar 228, cf montar. 

tzobojeb bak, nphr(n4f of n5), ossuary, osario para hechar 

huesos. 

tzobojebal, n3d, meeting place, ayuntamiento 14. 

tzobojel, vn5. meeting, ayuntamiento 14. 

tzobol, aj. gatiiered, intermingled, piled. (1) cojer, juntar en 

uno 54, (2) entreverado, (3) junta o cosa juntada asi. 

tzobol 'aja-pom, nphr(aj & n<n & ncpd>)5. swarm of 

honeybees, enjambre de avejas 121. 

tzobol jom, nphr(aj & n)5. fleet flota de navio. 

tzobol k*op, nphr(aj & n)5. agreement acuerdo o junta. 

tzobol-k*opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). consult with many (as in the 

courthouse), consultar muchos conw el cabildo 62. 

j-tzob, num(num & nccpd)5. group (object), heap, herd, pile. 

(1) majada o hato de ganado. (2) rima o rimero, (3) un 

par. 

xcha'-tzobol. The two groups, un par. 

tzobol-k'opon ba, rv(aj & tvcpd & m). consult with many. 

consultar mucho.. .62. 

tzobol labal k*op, nphr(aj & nphr<aj & n>5). UUcit agreement. 

nwmpodio cf. monipidio. 

tzobvan, iv. gather together, ayuntar algo 14. 

jtzob-patan, agn(tv & ncpd), tax collector, recaudador. 

j-tek tzobbUej vacas, cf tzob. 

tzotz (1) 

tzotz ta tzavlej, nphr:n2d & qphr(prep & n5), messy hair. 

melena. 

tzotzil, n3d. hair (head), cabello. 

tzotzU, aj. woolly, lanudo. 

tzotzil 'isim chij, nphr:n4f of nphr(n type n)5. goat hafr. lana 

de cabras. 

tzotzil chij, nphr(n4d of n5). sheep*s wool, lana de ovejas. 

tzotzil jol, nphr(n4f of n4d). hair (head), pelo de cabeza. 

tzotzil satil, nphr(n4f of n3d). eyelash, pestaha. 

tzotzil tentzun, nphr(n4d of n5). goat hafr. lana de cabras. 

tzotzil tux-nok' chij, nphr:n4d of nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. 

sheep's wool, lana de ovejas. 

tzotzilal, n4b. hafr (head), pelo de cabeza. 

tzotzilal chitom, nphr(n4d of n5). pig's bristie. seda de puerco, 

de caballo. 

tzotzilal caballo, nphr(n4d of n5). horsehair, seda de puerco, 

de caballo. 

tzotzilal jol, nphr(n4f of n4d). hafr (head), pelo de cabeza. 

sakU tzotz, cf sak. 

tzotz (2) 

tzotz, aj, difficult, fast, ffrm, ffrmly, fortified, grave, hard, 

harshly, resistant serious, stale, strong. (1) afirmado o 
NUMBER 31 175 

fortalecido o firme. (2) arreciarse 30, (3) dificil cosa. 

(4) dificultoso, (5) dura cosa. (6) duramente. (1) 

endurecido asi. (8) firme cosa. (9) firmemente. (10) 

fuerte cosa. (11) grave cosa. (12) reciente cosa 299. 

toj tzotz xka'i xchanel 'amayU. It's too difficult for me to 

leam to play Uie flute, dificultad. 

tzotzuk chuko! Tie it fast! afirmadamente. 

tzotz ak*opoj (or) tzotz k*opojan! Speak frnnly! rigurosamente. 

tzotz nestzitz. He punished me harshly, rigurosamente. 

tzotzuk apas ta stojol (or) tzotzukot ta stojel! Be harsh with 

him! apretar. 

tzotz 'abtelanel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f difficult, trabajosa cosa, 

tzotz 'ayan, vphr:aj & iv. become difficuU. dificultad. 

tzotz 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be healUiy (person). 

salud. 

tzotz 'osil 'a'i 'u'un, vphr:s(aj^red/ & n5) & tv -i- -n4b. be 

healUiy. saludable cosa. 

tzotz ch*ilom, nphr(aj & n)5. strong warrior./werfe aminal. 

mo 'oyuk k'usi tzotz 'a'i, s:neg & n5/pred/ & s(n5 & aj & tv). 

lit. feel nothing to be difficult i.e., be skUlful. suelto o 

cosa diestra. 

mo tzotzuk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. clear (not difficult), easy, 

weak (body). (1) claro. o dificultoso, (2)fiaca cosa no 

recia, (3)fiojedad del cuerpo, (4) raeso. facU. 

mo tzotzuk 'ok, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -n4d. be weak, flaca que 

no se puede tener. 

mo tzotzuk 'olonton, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -n4d. be inconstant. 

(1) ynconstante (2) liviano enseso. 

mo tzotzuk na'el, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -vn4f easy to leam. 

facilmente saber se. 

mo tzotzuk pasel, s:neg & aj^red/ & -vn4f easy to do. (1) facil 

cosa, (2) facilidad. (3) facilmente hacerse. 

toj tzotz, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. harsh, riguroso. 

tzatzaj, iv. arm self, dress up. (1) adornar con atavios, (2) 

armarse. (3) armado, (4) ataviarse. 

tzatzajeb na, nphr(n4f of n5). house fumishings. paramentos. 

tzatzajeb padre, nphr(n4d of n5). sacristy, sachristia. 

tzatzajebal, n5. place where one dresses or puts on armor, 

sacristy. (1) arnui o armas, (2) sachristia. 

tzatzajebal k'u'ul, nphr(n of n)3d. uniform, librea. 

tzatzajebal pok', nphr(n of n)5. vestments, paramentos. 

tzatzajebal vayeb^, nphr(n of n)5. bed canopy, paramentos 

de cama. 

tzatzajel, vnlb. dress, finery, weapon. (1) aderezo o aparejo, 

(2) arma o armas, (3) atavio. 

tzatzajel altar, nphr(vn4f of n5). altar forehangings./ron/a/ de 

altar. 

tzatzajel caballo, nphr(n4f of n5). horse trappings, paramentos 

de caballo. 

tzatzajel jol obispo, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4d of n5). mifre. mitra. 

tzatzajes, tv. adom, arm, dress with finery, embeUish. (1) 

adornar a otro, (2) armar a otro, (3) ataviar algo. (4) 

guarnecer gente. (5) paramentar. emparamentar. 

tzatzajes ba, rv. get ready, disponerse. 

tzatzajesbey jol, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. put on hood, tocarse. 

tzatzajesbU, pp. adomed, armed, readied, (1) armado. (2) 

dispuesto, aparejado, (3) paramentada cosa. 

tzatzal, nld. firmness, hardness, strength (man). (1) arreciarse 

30, (2) firmeza 11, (3) dureza, (4) firmemente. (5) 

fortaleza de varon. (6) reciura 299, 

tzatzal 'olonton, nphr(n4f of nlc), courage, obstinacy, (1) 

esfuerzo. (2) obstinacion 243. 

stzatzal 'olontonU ta mulil. He is hardened in sin. 

obstiruicion 243. 

tzatzal 'osU, nphr(n4f of n5). health, salud. 

muk' 'aboltayel te stzatzal 'osile. Good health is a great 

blessing. 

tzatzal-tzitz, tv(aj & tvcpd). scold, reprehender. 

tzatzal tzitzvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. scolding, reprehension. 

tzatzal juez, nphr(aj & n)5. harsh judge, riguroso. 

tzatzal kelem, nphr(aj & n)5. grown boy. mancebo crecido. 

tzatzal k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. harsh talk, persistence, response 

to enigmatic questions or signs. (1) dura cosa, (2)porfla, 

(3) responder a argumento enigmas. (4) riguroso. 

tzatzal-k'opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd), persist, porfiar. 

tzatzal-k'opon, tv(aj & tvcpd), scold, reprehender. 

tzatzal na, nphr(aj & n)5. castie, fortress. (1) castillo, (2) 

fortaleza. 

tzatzal te', nphr(aj & n)5. hard wood. (1) arreciarse 30. (2) 

reciente cosa 299. 

tzatzal ton, nphr(aj & n)5. hard rock, dura cosa. 

tzatzal tux-nok' chij, nphr:aj & nphr(n<n & ncpd> of n)5. 

coarse WCK)1. lana gruesa. 

tzatzalil, n3d. courage, virtud por la fortaleza. 

tzatzub, iv. be given a rest or honored, become difficult or 

strong, grow stale, harden (bread, mud), regain one's 

strength, take deUght in. *To say, "Stay in the town," 

"tzatzubuk ak'ulej muk'ubuk anaklej." "May your house 

grow strong, your residence grow big." (1) cfirmarse. 

fortalecerse, (2) arreciar 30, (3) convalecer, (4) dificultad, (5) duro hacerse, (6) empedernerse o endurecerse 

el pan o lodo, (1) endurecerse. (8) endurecerse el pan, 

(9) fornecer o fortalecer, (10) gloriarse, recibir gloria o 

descanso, (11) rehacer fortalecerse, (12) recio hacerse, 

arreciar o hacerse duro, eruiurecer 299. 

tzatzub 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. become brave, animar, tomar 

esfuerzo. 

tzatzub ta kola'al, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). sin wiUfuUy. 

(1) obstinado en mal 243, (2) obstinarse en el mal 243. 

tzatzub 'ok, s:iv & -n4d. become energetic, flaco que no se 

puede tener. 

mo stzatzub yok xch'ilomal. Their warriors are lazy. 

tzatzubeb, n4f supporting post, poste para sostener. 

tzatzubel, vn5. courage, firmness, strength, (l)flrmeza 11, (2) 

esfuerzo, (3) fornecimiento. 

tzatzubes, tv, embolden, fortify, glorify, strenghten, (1) afirmar 

o fortalecer asi algo, (2) arreciar o esforzar a otro 30, 
176 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

(3) esfuerzo. (4) firmarse o fortalecerse algo. (5)fornecer 

o fortalecer. (6) glorificar. 

diosuk tzatzubesot May God give you good health, salud. 

tzatzubes 'olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d. embolden, aninwr asi a 

otro. 

tzatzubes ta kola'al, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[0]). harden 

in evU. obstinar a otro 243. 

tzatzubes ta mul, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[0]). harden in 

sin, obstinar a otro 243. 

tzatzubesab, nle. instmment for making firm, (firmado o 

fortalecido o firme. 

tzatzubesbil, pp. fast, ffrm, fortified, afirmado o.... 

tzatzubesbol, n4d. that which is to be fortified, afirmado o.... 

tzatzubtas, tv. embolden, fortify, strengtiien. (1) esfuerzo, (2) 

fornecer. 

tzatzubtas 'olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d. embolden, esforzar o 

animar a otro. 

tzatzubtas yabutinab na, vphr:tv & nphr(n type n). garrison a 

fort, guarnecer fortaleza. 

tzatzubtasabil, n4f supporting post posta para sostener. 

tzatzubtasbey 'olonton, vphr-dv & n4d[B]. embolden, esforzar 

o arumar a otro. 

tzatzubtasel, n4b. fortification, strength, fornecimiento. 

jtzatzal-'olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). courageous, or magnanimous 

person. (1) aninwso. (2) esforzado. (3) magnarunw. 

jtzatzal-ch'uunvanej, agn(aj & vncpd). martyr, martir. 

'ip tzatzal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. difficult rough, strong. (1) aspera 

cosa conw ropa o arbol, (2) dificultad, (3) fuerte cosa. 

'ip tzatzal 'a'i, vphr:s(aji^red/ & -n4f) & tv. seem difficult 

dificultad. 

'och tzatzubeb 'u'un, cf 'och. 

'och tzatzubesabil 'u'un, cf 'och. 

'oy tzatzajel, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f adomed, embeUished. paramentada cosa. 

tzoj 

tzoj, aj. angry. RML—tiiis is given as ghogh. furioso. 

tzoj 'il, vphr:aj & tv-. dislike, hate. (1) abomirwr. (2) 

aborrecer. (3) malquerer. (4) odio tener. 

tzoj 'iley, vphr:aj & tv/pass/. be hateful, odioso. 

tzoj 'olonton 'u'un, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d + -n4b. hate, aborrecer. 

tzojtzoj, aj. red. (1) bermeja cosa. (2) Colorado, bermejo. 

tzojtzoj 'ayan, vphr:aj & iv. blush, redden, embermejer. 

batz'i tzoj, cf batz'i. 

tzajal, n4d. blush, rage, reddishness. RML—This is given as 

zghaghal for rage. (1) bermejura, (2) bravear. (3) 

Colorado, bermejo, (4) embravecimiento. 

tzajal, aj. compulsory, obligatory. forsosa cosa 144. 

tzajal-'ak'bey, dv(aj & dvcpd). bribe, sobornar. 

tzajal 'ak'beyel k'op, nphr(nphr<aj & vn> type n)5. bribery, 

soborno. 

tzajal 'apon, nphr(aj & n)5. large and very serious bubo. 

encordio grande y muy malo. 

tzajal-'ik', tv(aj & tvcpd). annoy, bother, bring forcibly, call 

repeatedly. (1) llamar menudo, (2) molestar, ser 

molestoso 

tzajal 'ilel, nphr(aj & vn)4d. hafred one receives. (1) odio con 

que soy aborrecido, (2) odioso. 

tzajal 'ilvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5, hatred, odio o enemistad con 

que aborrezco. 

tzajal 'olol, nphr(aj & n)5. newbom baby, niho o niha recien 

nacido. 

tzajal 'unetikil, nphr(aj & n)4d, infancy, nihez, edad de 

aquestos. 

tzajal bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. mountain lion. leon. 

tzajal-tzitz, tv(aj & tvcpd). bribe, sobornar. 

tzajal tzitzvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5, bribery, soborrw. 

tzajal chi', nphr(aj & n)5. red wine, vino tinto. 

tzajal choy, nphr(aj & n)5. shrimp, camaron. 

tzajal-komes, tv(aj & tvcpd), be forced to leave behind, forzar 

144. 

tzajal ch'abajel, nphr(aj & vn)5. compulsory fast, forsosa 

cosa 144. 

tzajal ch*abajel ta cuaresmatUc, nphr:nphr(aj & n)5 & qphr(prep 

& n5). compulsory Lenten fast, forsosa cosa 144. 

tzajal-k'an, tv(aj & tvcpd). request repeatedly (with suppUcations or threats). (1) forzar 145, (2) molestar ser 

rrwlesto.... 

tzajal patan, nphr(aj & n)5. compulsory tay^. forsosa 144. 

tzajal-poch'i, tv(aj & tvcpd). rape, forzar mujer 145. 

tzajal poch*ibU, vphr:tv(aj & tvcpd)pp. raped, forzado asi 145. 

tzajal-poj, tv(aj & tvcpd). confiscate, seize. (1) forzar 145, (2) 

forzar mujer 145. 

tzajal pojbil cha'leyat, vphr:s(aj & pp) & tv/pass/. be raped. 

RML—^The verb is in the past t&nse. forzado asi. 

tzajal pok*, nphr(aj & n)5. cochineal-dyed scarf, grana, pano. 

tzajal saben, nphr(aj & n)5. brown weasel, huron. 

tzajal xamiti, nphr(aj & n)5. brick, ladrillo. 

tzajal toj, nphr(aj & n)5, pine torch, tea, pirw. 

tzajal ton, nphr(aj & n)5, topaz, jacinto. 

tzajub, iv, become angry, blush, redden, RML—This is given 

as xeghaghum for "become angry,*' (1) bermejo hacerse, 

(2) brava cosa, (3) embermejer, (4) embermejecido. (5) 

embravecerse. 

tzajub 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. redden, embermejecer algo. 

tzajubes, tv. make red, redden, embermejecer algo. 

tzajubtas, tv, make red, redden, embermejecer algo. 

jtzajal-'Uc*vanej, agn(aj «&; vncpd). person who brings or 

summons another by force, forzador asi 145, 

jtzajal-komesvanej, agn(aj & vncpd). person who forces 

another to stay behind, forzador asi 145. 

jtzajal poch*i 'antz, agn(aj & tv & ncpd). rapist, forzador asi 

145. 

jtzajal poj 'antz, agn(aj & tv & ncpd). rapist, forzador asi 145. 

tzok 

tzok. captive, capture, plunder, slave, cf tzak. 

tzon (N.) 

tzon tzotzil, nphr(n type n)5. hafr. RML—Given as tzom. pelo 
NUMBER 31 177 

de cabeza. 

tzon te', nphr(n4f of n5). Spanish moss, mar hoyo o mocho que 

citelga de los arboles. 

'ip tzon tzotz, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n type n)5. hairy, peloso asi. 

'ip tzon tzotzil, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n5 type -n4e). hairy, peloso 

asi. 

tzoy 

tzoy, tv. tether, atar algo al palo. 

tzoy ba, rv. commit oneself to another's protection, confide in, 

tinst (1) colgar, (2) confiarse. 

tzoy k*uk*, vphr:tv & n5. hunt quetzals wiUi bfrdlime. 

RML—Given as tzay. pegar asi aves. 

tzoy mut, vphr:tv & n5. hunt bfrds with bfrdlime. RML—Given 

as tzay. pegar asi aves. 

tzoyan ba ta tojol, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & -n4d). entmst object 

to (as when entrasting one*s house to someone when 

going to txade). fiar se encomendandole algo.... 

tzoyan ta tojol, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & -n4d). entrust./za/e asi 

algo. 

tzoyanbey, dv. enttiist to. fiale asi algo. 

tzoytzaj, iv. stick (bfrds or feaUiers in bfrdUme), pegarse las 

aves o plumas en liga. 

tzoyleb, n4d, hitehing post, hope, object of one's tmst (1) 

corfiarse, (2) esperanza con confianza, (3) estaca para 

atar bestia. 

tzoylej, n5. hope, esperanza con confianza. 

tzoyob, n5, bfrdUme, catehing of bfrds in bfrdlime, sticking, 

pegamento o pegadura.... 

tzoyob xuch', nphr(n type n)5. bfrdUme, liga. 

tzoyobU, n4f falcon's fetters, pihuela de halcon. 

tzoyol, aj. hanging, tmsting. (1) colgado, (2) confiado. 

tzoyom, n5. hunter of bfrds with bfrdlime. RML—Given as 

tzayom. pegador o cazador de esta manera. 

jtzoyleb, agn. person in charge of orphaned women or widows. 

*And they say the same for God. colgar. 

tzu (1) 

tzu, n5, gourd. RML—Given as cuh. calabaza. 

tzu (2) 

stzu, n5. dove. RML—Given as ztzuh. In modem TzotzU of 

Zinacantdn the mouming dove is caUed tzuin. In 

Larrainzar it is stiU called stsu (Delgaty and Sanchez, 

1978:338). tortola. 

tzu' 

tzu', n5, wrinkle (in the face), ruga en la cara. 

tzu'ib, iv. wrinkle. (1) arrugarse, (2) ruga en la cara. 

tzu'ul, aj. wrinkled. (1) arrugado, (2) ruga en la cara. 

tzu'ulUc, aj. wrinkled, arrugado. 

tzu'utUc, aj. wrinkled in many places. (1) ruga en la cara, (2) 

ruga de ropa, (3) rugosa, cosa arrugada. 

tzu'utik sat mool, nphr(nphr<aj & n> type n)5. wrinkled old 

man. viejo hombre. 

tzub 

tzub ba, rv. curl up (as do some caterpUlars or bugs when 

touched), tauten (tendons). (1) encojerse conw..., (2) 

encojerse los nervios. 

tzutz 

tzutz, iv. die, finish (work). (1) acabarse o destruirse, (2) 

concluirse, (3)fenecer. 

etzutz jk'optik. Our business is concluded, concluirse. 

tzutz 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4b, make progress, proceed, proceder, 

ir adelante en algun caso. 

tzutzeb, n4b, completion, end, outcome. (1) fenecimiento, (2) 

fin de cosa, (3) salida ofin de negocio, (4) termino por 

fin. 

tzutzeb k*op, nphr(n4f of n5). end of negotiation, conclusion 

de esta manera. 

tzutzel, vnld, end, (1) fenecimiento, (2) fin de cosa. 

tzutzes, tv, end, finish, (1) acabar asi algo, (2) concluir, (3) 

fenecer, acabar algo, (4) proceder, ir adelante 

tzutzesbey k*oplal, vphr:-dv & n4f[B], expedite a matter. 

espedir lo impedido. 

ta tzutzeb, qphnprep & -n4f finally, in the end. (1) en fin, (2) 

finalmente. 

tzuk 

tzukan sat k*el, vphr:s(tv & n4d[A]) & tv-[A=A of tzukan]. 

look at whUe frowning or witii wrinkled brow, mirar asi. 

tzukbU, pp. puckered, encojido asi. 

tzuktzuk, aj. puckered, encojido asi. 

tzukib, iv. witiier. (1) marchitarse, (2) marchita cosa. 

tzukli, tv. pleat. RML—^This is given as -tzuclihi. (1) encojerse 

corrw..., (2) encojido asi. 

tzukli, iv, pucker up (as when sewing shrinks), RML—See 

above, encojer asi algo. 

tzukutz, n4e, cowUck, remolino de cabellos. 

tzukutzil, n3d, belly, stomach. (1) estomago, (2) panza de 

vientre 245. 

tzukumtik, aj. with a cowUck. remolino de cabellos. 

tzul (1) 

tzul ta Ho', vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), put underwater, (1) 

meter debajo del agua, (2) metido asi. 

tzulbU, pp. put underwater, metido asi. 

tzulul, aj. underwater, metido asi. 

jtzul-ti', agn(tv & ncpd), interpreter, tmsted messenger, (1) 

faraute interprete, (2) ynterprete 188, 

*tzul (2) 

tzul, tv, bowl, roll (as a ball), (1) andar alrededor, (2) jugar a 

los bolos. 

TZ' 

tz'ab 

tz'abub, iv, make feathers stand on end (chicken), make hafr 

stand on end (cat), enerisarse el gato o gallina. 

ta tz*ablej, qphr:prep & n5, bristiing (cat), puffed up (chicken), 

(1) enerisarse el..., (2) enerisado asi. 

tz'aj 

tz'aj, iv, be put underwater, metido asi. 

tz'aj j-tz'uj. It was put sUghtiy underwater. 
178 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tz'aj ta chab, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), wax. encerar. 

tz'aj ta Ho', vphr:tv- & qphr(prep «& n5). put underwater, soak. 

(1) echar algo en remojo, (2) meter debajo del agua, (3) 

remojar. 

tz'aj vaj ta chi', vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). sop bread 

in wine, sopear, 

tz'aj vaj ta Ho', vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). sop bread 

in water, sopear. 

tz'ajal, aj. put in water, metido asi. 

tz*ajal ta chab, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). waxed. 

encerado. 

tz'ajal ta Ho', vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). flooded. (1) 

echado asi en remojo, (2) enaguasada tierra. 

tz*ajan ta Ho', vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). soak, remojar. 

tz'ajbil, pp. put in water, metido asi. 

tz'ajbil ta chi' vaj, nphr:ajphr(pp & qphr<prep & n5>) & n5. 

bread soaked in wine, sopa de pan. 

tz'ajbil vaj, nphr(pp & n)5. bread soup, sopa de pan. 

tz'ajey, iv. be put in water, remosar, cf rermjarse. 

tz'ak 

tz'ak, tv. fasten, knot mend (by fastening or sewing), stick on 

(graft), tie. (1) anudar, (2) ligar, (3) pegar o asir como 

los inyertos, (4) soldar trabando o cosiendo. 

tz'ak, iv. mend (by fastening or sewing). (1) soldar trabando..., (2) soldado asi. 

tz'ak, nle. boundary marker, mojon. 

tz'ak 'osU, nphr(n4e of n5). boundary (between properties). 

linde entre heredades. 

tz'ak ba, rv. join, mend (by fastening or sewing, bones), stick 

on (graft). (1) asirse. los arboles..., (2) concertar. 

componer huesos, (3) pegarse asi, (4) soldado asi. (5) 

travar. 

'utz estz*ak sba. (The adobes) were properly laid, travar asi. 

stz*akoj sba. joining, trabada 340. 

tz'ak bakel, vphrtv & -n4d. mend broken bone, concertar, 

componer huesos. 

tz'ak lum, nphr(n4e of n5). boundary. (1) linde entre 

heredades, (2) mojon, (3) termino por linde. 

Lz'ak-pati, tv(tv & tvcpd). edify self, foUow, follow an example, 

follow in the company of, opine, pursue enemies, serve. 

(1) edificar se, toma ejemplo, (2) opinar, seguir opinion, 

(3) perseguir enemigos, (4) seguir acompahando, (5) 

servidor. 

stza stuk stz*ak-pati (or) sk*op stuk stz'ak-pati. He sticks to 

his own opinions, opinar, seguir opinion. 

tz'ak-patianab, n(tv & ncpd)4d. example one gives, ejemplo 

que doy. 

tz'ak-patibey, dv(tv & tvcpd). follow, opinar, seguir opinion. 

Ha' no 'ox stz'ak-patibey te stza (or) te sk'op Pedroe. He 

just foUows Peter's opinion, 

tz'ak-patiel, vn(tv & tvcpd)4d. example one gives, ejemplo que 

doy. 

tz'ak-pativan, iv(tv & ivcpd). follow. (1) segidr, (2) seguir 

acompahando. 

tz'ak-pativanej, vn(tv & ivcpd)4d. example one follows, seta 

de lo que alguno sigue. 

tz'akal, aj, after, all, at last, behind, complete, every, supplied, 

whole. (1) a la postre, (2) cabal, (3) despues, (4) entera 

cosa. (5) proveido, (6) suplida cosa, (1) todo, (8) tras. 

tz'akal 'ay jun 'abU. He went for a whole year, entera cosa. 

tz'akav, n4d, sticking, pegadura. 

tz'akav 'uk'um, nphr(n4f of n5), fork in a river, junta de dos 

rios. 

tz'akav k'ob, nphr(n4f of n4d), knuckle, joint, RML—tz'akav 

may also refer to the joints of one's toes, (1) articulo de 

dedo. (2) coyuntura de manos o pies 55, 

tz'akav patil, nphr(n4f of n3d), backbone, lorrw. 

tz'akbenal, n4f mending, soldadura. 

tz'akbil, pp, mended, soldado asi. 

tz'aki, iv, be complete or finished, (1) cabal, (2) cabal estar, 

(3) cumplirse algo. 

tz'aki 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. complete. (1) cumplir en numero 

58, (2) suplir lo que falta. 

tz'akiab, n4f supplement (amount added or needed to achieve 

completion), suplemento de lo quefalta. 

tz'aklon, nlf last RML—The fmal consonant is given also 

as m. (1) caber a, cosa postrera, (2) postrero, (3) trasera 

cosa. 

tz'aklon e'ayan ku'un. He was the last I gave birth to. 

posponer 268. 

tz'aklontas, tv. put behind, posponer 268. 

tz'akoj ba, rv. become knotted or stuck. (1) anudarse algo, 

(2) pegado asi. (3) trabada. 

'utz estz'akoj sba te xamite. The adobes are well-joined. 

travar. 

stz'akoj sba. joining, trabada 340. 

tz'akubtas, tv. complete, provide for, support. (1) cabal hacer, 

cumplir. (2) cumplir el numero 58, (3) cumplirse algo, 

(4) mantener a otro, (5) proveer. (6) suplir o quefalta. 

tz'akubtasbil, pp. completed, suplida cosa. 

tz'akubtasel testamento, nphr(vn4f of n5), wUl, testamentario. 

jtz'ak-patian, agn(tv & ncpd), exemplar, ejemplo que tomamos 

136, 

jtz*ak-pativanej, agn(tv & vncpd), exemplar. (1) allegados, 

amigos, (2) ejemplo que tomamos 136. 

j'-tz*akal maletik, nphr(n<num & nccpd>4f of n5). second 

generation, edad una. 

mo tz'akluk, vphrneg & aj/pred/. incomplete, falta. cosa no 

cumplida. 

cha-tz*ok maletik, nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. first 

generation, edad una. 

tz'al 

tz*al, tv. furrow (not plowing, but as the Mexicans prepare their 

com fields), lay (stones, bricks, adobes as tiie officials 

do). (1) fabricar o asentar piedra..., (2) surcar m 

arando 

tz*al ba, rv. contract (as when a snake contracts and coUs). 

encojerse como— 
NUMBER 31 179 

tz'alal, nlf patch, pleat, ridge between furrows. (1) giron de 

vestidura o pliegue. (2) lonw entre surco y surco. 

tz'aki batel, nphr(n5 & dr). plowed field, surcador cosa.... 

tz'alaltik, n5. plowed field, surcador cosa.... 

tz'alaltUc, aj. patehed, pleated, giroruida o cosa asi depliegues. 

tz'alan, tv. make a ridge, lonw hacer asi. 

tz'alav, n4f furrow (eitiier plowed or as in the Mexicans* 

comfields or as we do when we plant radishes). (1) surco 

arando, (2)surco como.... 

tz'alav na, nphr(nlf of n5). room, sanctuary. RML—In colonial 

Chorti tzalam meant prison (Mor^, 1935:22). (1) 

aposento. camara. (2) recamara, (3) retrete. 

tz*alav na jnupunel, nphrnphr(n4f of n5) of agn. bridal 

chamber, talamo de novios. 

tz'ales, tv. interweave, entretejer algo. 

tz'aley, iv. become intertwined, entretejerse. 

tz'alobil, n4f. mortar, mezcla para asentar piedra o adobes 

222. 

stz'alobU xamit. mortar for adobes. 

stz'alobU ton. mortar for stones, 

'utz Stz'alobU. good mortar, 

tz'aloj, iv. lay (adobes, bricks, stones), fabricar o asentar 

piedra... . 

jtz'al-xamiti, agn(tv & ncpd). mason (adobe-layer). (1) albahil, 

(2) edificador de tal cosa. 

jtz'al^ton, agn(tv & ncpd). stonemason, edificador de tal cosa. 

jtz'alojel, agn. mason, fabricador u oficial asi. 

tz'ol, nc. pateh, pleat RML—This may be a noun and hot a 

numeral classifier, giron. 

tz'am 

tz'am te', nphr(n type n)5. beam, rafter, viga. 

tz'omol, nib. chair, silla para sentarse. 

tz'omol yo' 'oy Hu' ch'akel, nphr:n4f(3s) & s(pt & pt & iv & 

vn5). court, tribunal donde juzgan. 

tz'an 

tz'anal tok, nphr(aj & n)5. foggy, hacer niebla 165. 

tz'anal Ho', nphr(aj & n)5. canal, dammed up water, puddle. 

(1) estancada agua, cahal. (2) mar general. 

tz'ananet, av. moving quietiy (water), queda o sosegado 

conw 

tz'ananet Ho', s:av & n5. calm water, mansa agua. 

tz'ananet xanav, vphrav & iv. calm (water), mansa agua. 

tz'antzaj, iv. become stagnant estancarse el agua que corre. 

tz'antzajeb, n4f. reservofr. albarque. 

tz'antzajeb 'ach*el, nphr(n4f of n5). mire, atoyador. 

tz'antzajeb Ho', nphr(n4f of n5). pond, reservoir. (1) estacada 

agua. cahal. (2) preza de agua 270. 

tz'antzayaj, iv. become stagnant estancarse el agua.... 

tz'aney, iv. become stagnant, estancarse el agua.... 

tz'anleb Ho', nphr(n4f of n5). pond, reservofr. (1) albarque, 

(2) estancada agua, cahal, (3) preza de agua 270. 

tz'e' 

tz'e' chikin, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. prick up one's ears. RML—The 

noun was given as unpossessed, orejear. 

tz'e'-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. one-eyed, entuertecido asi 118. 

tz'e'-sati, tv(tv & tvcpd). squint (as when they aim a bow and 

arrow), atencion tener para acertar...35. 

tz'e'an chikin, vphrtv & n4d[A]. pay attention, atencion tener. 

tz'e'an achticinik! Pay attention! atencion. 

tz'e'anel chikinU, nphr(vn4d of n5). attention, atencion. 

tz'e'tz'e' sat, s:aj/pred/ & n5. one-eyed, tuerto de un ojo. 

tz'e'el, aj. lying on one's side, acostado asi. 

tz*e'elon. I am lying on my side, estar echado de lado. 

tz'e'el batel, ajphr:aj & dr. go by a cUff that forms a point or 

comer, cuesta por la ladera. 

tz'e'el chUcin, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be attentive, atento. 

tz*e'eluk achikinik! Pay attention! atencion. 

tz'e'el sat, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. one-eyed, tuerto hacerse. 

tz'e'el satU, s:aj/pred/ & n5. grimace, visaje 350. 

tz*e'ey, iv. be lying on one's side, estar echado de lodo. 

tz'e'lay, tv. lay on one*s side, acostar asi. 

tz'e'lay, iv. lie on one's side, acostarse de lado. 

tz'e'p'uj, iv. form a point or comer (cUff). cuesta por la ladera. 

tz'e'ub sat, s:iv & -n4d. go blind in one eye. enturbecerse el 

ojo 118, cf. entortecerse. 

tz'el 

Ha' tz'el, s:n5/pred/ & -n4b. near, next to. cabe. 

tz'et (1) 

tz'et, tv. cut (upright object as a tree), cortar lo que esta 

levantado.... 

tz'et te', vphr:tv & n5. feU trees, talar monies. 

tz'etav, iv. be engaged in feUing ttees. tala. 

tz'etbU, pp. felled, cortar lo.... 

tz*etob, n4d. feUed tree, cortar lo 

tz'etob, n5. felling of trees. (1) cortar lo..., (2) tala. 

'ayem ta tz'etob. He went to fell frees, cortar lo.... 

battik ta tz'etob Let's go fell trees, cortar lo 

tz'etoj, n4d. tree being feUed. cortar lo.... 

tz'et (2) 

tz'et k'obil, nphr(aj & n)3d. left hand. (1) mano izquierda, (2) 

siniestra mano, izquierda. 

tz'et k'obol, nphr(aj & n)3d. left hand, siniestra rruino, 

izquierda. 

tz'et xokon, nphr(aj & n)5. left side, lado diestro. 

tz'i(1) 

tz'iet, av. creak, squeak, rechinar. 

tz'i (2) 

tz'i, raise, support, cf ch'i. 

tz'i' (1) 

tz'i', n5. dog, hound. (1) perro o perra, (2) podenco. 

tz'i' 'eal, nphr(n type n)3d. canine tooUi. colmillo. 

tz'i' chabiomal tux-nok' chij, nphr:n5 & nphr(agn4d of 

nphr<n(n & ncpd) type n>5). sheepdog, mastin de 

ganado. 

tz'i' choy, nphr(n type n)5. trout. *I do not beUeve Uiere are 

any here, but this one resembles a u-out trucha. 

tz*i'tz*i'-k*opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). speak witii barbs, foully or 

dishonestly, echar puas o hablar mal o deshonestamente. 
180 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tz'i'tz*i' ve', vphr:aj & iv. gormandize, glotonear. 

tz'i'H, n4d. currishness, doggishness. perruna, cosa de perro. 

tz'i'U k*ak'al, nphr(aj & n)5. rabies, rabia 286. 

tz'i'U-k'ak'ub, iv(aj & ivcpd). become rabid, rabiar 286. 

tz'i'U k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. currish talk, perruna, cosa de perro. 

tz'i'U-mulav, iv(aj & ivcpd). sin persistentiy (as a stubbom or 

shameless dog), obstinarse en el mal 243. 

tz'i'U pasel, nphr(aj & vn)5. currish act. perruna, cosa de 

perro. 

tz'i'U ta mulU, nphr:-n4d & qphr(prep & n5). persistent 

sinfulness, obstinacion 243. 

tz'i'U-ve', iv(aj & ivcpd). gormandize, glotonear. 

tz'i'U ve'el, nphr(aj & vn)5. gluttony. (1) glotoneria, (2) guia. 

tz'i'U vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. juggler, yu^/ar. 

tz'i'ub, iv. become a sinner, (1) obstinado en mal 243, (2) 

obstinarse en el mal 243, 

'ipal j'anil-tz*i', nphr:aj & agn(n & ncpd)5, greyhound, galgo. 

bakbak tz'i', cf bak. 

bik*tal tz*i', nphr(aj & n)5. cur, puppy, gozque, perrillo 

jchabi tux-nok* chij tz*i', cf chab (3). 

tz'i' (2) 

tz'i'lej, iv. act perversely, be cormpted, damaged or in danger, 

become dirty or ugly, change color (face), scar. (1) 

afearse, (2) corromperse, daharse. (3) ensuciarse, (4) 

estragarse, (5) estragado. (6) mancillarse 211, (7) 

peligrar, (8) rebotarse el color o tez. (9) siniestamente 

hacer algo. 

tz'i'lej 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4b. make cunning or deceitful, hacer 

bellaco 165. 

tz'i'lej ta tok, s:iv/3s/ & qphr(prep & n5), cloud over, nublada 

cosa o dahada asi. 

tz'i'lejel, vnld. cormption, danger, risk. (1) corrompimiento, 

(2) peligro, (3) riesgo. 

tz'i'lejes, tv. cormpt, dirty, make cunning, deceitful or ugly, 

spoil. (1) afear, hacer feo, (2) ensuciar otra cosa, (3) 

estragar, (4) hacer bellaco 165. 

tz'i'lejesbil, pp. cormpted. estragado. 

tz'i'lejesel 'osU, nphr(vn4f of n5). tyranny, tirania. 

tz*i'lel, aj, difficult, dificil cosa. 

tz*i'lel 'osU, nphr(aj & n)5. brambles, weeds, maleza, brena. 

tz*i'lel ch*en, nphr(aj & n)5. cliff (1) pena o enriscada, (2) 

risco de pena. 

tz*i'lel k'eyoj, nphr(aj & n)5, intricate song, entrincada, 

intricada cosa, cf intrincada. 

tz'i'lel k'op, nphr(aj & n)5, intricate speech, entrincada, 

intricada cosa... . 

tz'i'lelal, aj. dangerous, peligrosa cosa. 

tz'i'lelal 'uk'um, nphr(aj & n)5. dangerous river, peligrosa 

cosa. 

tz'i'lelal chamel, nphr(aj & vn)5. dangerous sickness, peligrosa 

cosa. 

tz'i'leltUc, n5. brambles, tiiicket weeds. (1) maleza, brena, (2) 

matorral, cosa de matas 213. 

tz'i'ley, tv. bewitch, cormpt, make cunning, deceitful or ugly, 

spoil, (1) afear, hacer feo. (2) estragar. (3) hacer bellaco 

165, (4) maleficiar. encantar. 

tz'i'ley, iv. be in danger, peligrar. 

ta jtojoluk jtuk te tz'i'leyuke. Let it be at my risk if he falls 

in danger, riesgo. 

tz'i'ley 'osil, vphr:tv & n5. tyrranize. tiranizar. 

tz'i'leybil, pp. cormpted, spoUed. estragado. 

tz'i'leyel, vnld. danger, risk. (I) peligro, (2) riesgo. 

jtz'i'leyeluk te tz*i'leyuke. Let it be my risk if he faUs in 

danger, riesgo. 

jtz*i'lejesvanej, agn. depraver, estragador. 

jtz*i'leyvanej, agn. depraver, evildoer, (1) estragador. (2) 

maleficio, hacedor de tal. 

'ep tz'i'ley ba, vplir:aj & rv, purge well, cf tz'i' (2), purgar, 

compurgar. 

'ip tz'i'lelal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f be dangerous or difficult (1) 

dificultad, (2) peligro. 

'ip tz'i'lelal 'a'i, vphr:s(ajy^red/ & -n4f) & tv. seem difficult 

dificultad. 

mo tz*i'leluk, vphr:neg & aj. be easy, facil cosa. 

tz'ib 

tz'ib, nld. letter (of the alphabet), picture, retablo, writing. (1) 

dibuja con tinta, (2) escritura, (3) letra, (4) retablo. 

tz'ib, n4e. epitaph, inscription, painting. (1) letrero. (2) epitafio 

260, (3) pintura 

tz'ib, aj, painted, pintada cosa. 

tz'ib 'olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d, clever, cunning, judicious, 

wise. (1) mahoso 210, (2) sesudo. de buen seso. 

tz'ibaj, iv. draw (in ink), paint, write. (1) dibujar con tinta 74, 

(2) pintar. 

tz'ibaj ta ba, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n40. address, sobre 

escribir. 

tz'ibaj ta pat, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4f). address, sobre 

escribir. 

tz'ibajeb, nld. inkstand, escribania o tintero. 

tz'ibajeb tak'in, nphr(n type n)5, printing press, emprenta. 

tz'ibajebal, n5, inkstand, escribania o tintero. 

tz'ibajebal k'uk'um, nphr(n type n)5. quill, pendola o pinola. 

tz'ibajebal tak'in, nphr(n type n)5, printing press, emprenta. 

tz'ibajom, n5. painter, scribe. (1) escribano, (2) pintor. 

tz'ibal 'ixim, nphr(aj & n)5. painted com. maiz pintado. 

tz'ibaltik, aj. intermingled, entreverado. 

tz'ibay, tv. draw, engrave, paint, write. (1) dibujar con tinta 

74, (2) escribir, (3)figurar, (4) pintar, (5) sincelar 319. 

tz'ibay biil, vphr:tv & n5. Ust (in writing), matricular. 

tz'ibay firma, vphr:tv & n5. sign, firmar escritura. 

tz'ibay ta 'olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). store in 

one's mind (to do or say at a later date), pensar para 

decir o hacer algo despues. 

tz'ibay ta tak'in, vphrtv- & qphr(prep & n5). print ymprimir 

185. 

tz'ibay Hun, vphr:tv & n5. illuminate books, yluminar libros 

184. 

tz'ibayab Hun, nphr(nle of n5). printing, ympresion 186. 
NUMBER 31 181 

tz'ibayel 'ayik'lelil, nphr(vn4f of n5). inventory, ynventario 

189. 

tz'ibaybU, pp, drawn, imagined, painted. (l)figurada cosa, (2) 

pintada cosa. 

tz'ibaybU 'Uc' ti', nphr:pp & n5, history (written), ystoria, libro 

o escritura de historias 190, 

tz'ibaybU bi vinUc, s:pp/pred/ & nphr(n4f of n5), list of names. 

matricula de nombres propios. 

tz'ibaybU pok', nphr(pp & n)5, canvas retablo, retablo. 

tz'ibaybU ta tak'in, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5), printed, 

ympresa cosa 185, 

tz'ibaybU ta Hun, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). inventoried, ynventariada cosa asi 89, 

tz'ibaybU te', nphr(pp & n)5, wooden retablo. retablo. 

tz'ibaybU vokol, nphr(pp & n)5. history of legend (written). 

(1)ystoria libro...190, (2) leyenda 195. 

jtz'ib, agn. painter, scribe. (1) escribano, (2) pintor. 

jlz*ib-'olontonU, agn(tv & ncpd). wise man who discovers new 

inventions in books, sabio que halla trazos nuevos 

inventados en obras. 

jtz*ibajel, agn, scribe, escribano. 

jtz*ibay-Hun, agn(tv & ncpd). author, librero que 

jtz'ibay Hun ta tak*in, agn:tv & n & qphr(prep & n)cpd, printer, 

ympresor 186. 

jtz'ibay-tak*in, agn(tv & ncpd). writer who writes about metals. 

escritor de tal o tal cosa 

jtz*ibay-vinUc, agn(tv & ncpd). writer who writes about people. 

escritor de 

jtz'ibayvanej, agn. painter, scribe, pintor. 

ta *ak*ol tz*ibaj, vphr:qphr(prep «fe -n4f) & iv. address, sobre 

escribir. 

ta tz'ib, qphr:prep & n5. f\g\aati\ely. figurativamente. 

tz'Uc 

tz'ik, tv. be patient, conceal one's anger or grief, endure, suffer 

for another's sins. (1) encubrir el enojo opena, (2) lastar, 

pagar pecados, (3) paciencia tener, (4) soportar. 

tz'ikel, vn4d. concealment of anger or grief encubrimiento. 

tz'ikvan, iv, be patient, paciencia tener. 

tz'ikvanej, vn5, concealment of anger or grief, patience, (1) 

encubrimiento, (2) paciencia. 

mo jtz'ikomuk, vphrneg & agn/pred/, be impatient, ympaciente, no sufrido 185, 

tz'is 

tz'is, tv, sew, string (beads). RML—This root is most 

frequentiy given as tzitz, but in colonial Tzeltal it is 

invariably tziz (Guzm^, 1620:46, 75, 119, 193). 

ensartar como cuentas. 

tz'isan, tv. bind (books), encuadernar. 

tz*isav, n4f. seam, costura, la sehal que queda en lo cosido. 

tz'isbU tube, nphr(pp & n)5. string of garlic or onions, ristra 

de ajos o cebollas 300. 

tz'isbU Hun, nphr(pp & n)5. book, libro. 

tz'islajeb tak'in, nphr(n type n)5. large needle (that they sew 

with), aguja grande con que cosan. 

tz*isom, n4d. sewing, coser. 

tz*isomaj, iv. sew. coser. 

jtz*is-jubon, agn(tv & ncpd). doublet maker, jubitero. 

jtz*isom, agn. tailor. (1) coser, (2) sastre. 

jtz*isvanej, agn. tailor, sastre. 

tz'o' 

tz'o'tz'o' sat, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. squint-eyed, turnio de ojos. 

tz'o'el satil, s:aj/pred/ &. n3d. squint-eyed, turnio de ojos. 

tz'ok 

tz*ok, generation, cf tz'ak. 

tz'ol 

tz'ol. patch, pleat, cf tz'al. 

tz'om 

tz'om. chafr, court, cf tz'am. 

tz'ot 

tz'ot, tv. tum (candle, stick), twist, twist between the fingers. 

(1) re torcer. (2) torcer entre los dedos. 

tz'ot ta chon, vphr:iv + qphr(prep & n5). be poisoned by 

snakebite, emponzonar mordiendo viboras. 

tz'otan, tv. straighten, twist, retorcer o dar vuelta lo tuerto. 

tz*otbenal, n4f sprain, retorcedura asi. 

tz*otbU, pp. twisted, retorcido. 

tz*otbU pok*, nphr(pp & n)5. unraveled cloth, manta deshilada. 

tz'ottz'ot, aj. twisted, tuerta cosa algo retorcida. 

tz'otey, tv/pass/. become twisted. (1) torcer entre los dedos, 

(2) torcerse asi algo. 

tz'otel, n4f. sprain, retorcedura asi. 

tz'otU, iv. straighten, twist. (1) retorcer, (2) retorcido 

tz*oto-ti', n(aj & ncpd). crooked-mouUied. *Said as an insult 

besudo 39, 

tz'otobil, n4f sprain, retorcedura asi. 

tz*ototUc, aj, twisted (candles to make a torch), (1) retorcido, 

(2) torcida cosa o retorcida. 

tz*otp'ij, iv, become twisted, twist (1) retorcer, (2) torcerse 

asi algo. 

tz'otp'ij 'e, s:iv & -n4d, rebound with blade tuming. rebotar 

torcieruiose elfilo. 

tz'otp'ijes, tv. straighten, twist, retorcer. 

tz'otp*in, tv. make rebound, straighten, twist. (1) redoblar, (2) 

retorcer. 

tz'otp*inbey 'e, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. make blade rebound and 

twist, rebotar asi. 

tz*otp'inel, vn4f. sprain, retorcedura asi. 

tz'ub 

tz'uban, tv. make pointed, puntado hacerse algo. 

tz'ubtz'ub tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. tine, pua de hierr. 

tz'ubey, tv/pass/. become pointed. (1) puntado asi, (2) puntado 

hacerse asi. 

tz'ubey 'u'un, vphr:tv/pass/ + -n4d. make pointed, puntado 

hacerse algo. 

tz'utz' 

tz*utz*un, tv. suck (as when they suck a bone), chupar para 

sacar el zumo.... 

tz'utz'unej, n4d. object being sucked, chupar para.... 
182 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tz'utz'up, n5. canine tootii (of any animal), whistie (made 

through one's fingers). (1) colmillo, (2) silvete. 

t5*utz*upaj, iv. whistie (through one's fingers), silvete. 

tz'utz'uptay, tv. whistie at silvete o juguete para silvar. 

tz'uj 

tz'uj, iv. leak (glass, roof). (1) gotear asi, (2) salirse. 

tz'ujebal, n5. leak, gotera, lugar do se llueve. 

tz'ujel, vnlf leak, gotera, lugar.... 

jay-tom stz'ujel? How many leaks does (tiie house) have? 

gotear asi. 

tz'ujlemal 'atz'am, nphr(n4f of n5). salt deposU (on bottom of 

pot for making salt), sal negra. 

tz'ujubal, n4f dew (on plants or trees). (1) rocio, (2) rocio de 

arbol o mala. 

tz'ujul, nle. dew. rocio de arbol o mala. 

tz'ujultik, aj. dewy, rociada cosa o llena. 

tz'uk 

tz'ukulin 'ok, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. sttimble. *This means to 

coUide into, stumbling or falUng. tropezar. 

tz'ukuUn lum, vphr:tv & n5. stumble over dirt, estropesar en 

palo. 

tz'ukuUn takiej, vphr:tv & -vn4d. violate a law. traspasar 

mandamiento de alguno. 

tz'ukuUn te', vphr:tv & n5. trip on a branch or root, estropesar 

en.... 

tz'ukuUn ton, vphr:tv & n5. trip on a rock, estropesar en— 

tz'ul 

tz'ul 'itaj, nphr(x type n)5. amaranth. RML—^In modem 

Tzotzil, this refers to Amaranthus hybridus, A. spinosus. 

bledo. 

tz'uk 

tz'ukuUnabil 'okil, nphr(n4f of n3d). object one stumbles over. 

tropezadero, cf. tropazadero. 

tz*ukuUnbey takiej, vphr:-dv & vn4d[B]. violate a law. 

traspasar maruiamiento de alguno. 

tz'ukuUnel 'ok, nphr(vn4f of n4d). stumble, tropezadura o 

estropiezo. 

tz'un 

tz'un, tv. plant sembrar. 

tz'un tz'usub, vphr:tv & n5. plant a vineyard, mazuelo plantar 

206, cf majuelo. 

tz'un k'ob te', vphrtv & nphr(n4f of n5). decorate witii planted 

branches, enrarruir hincando amos. 

tz'unbaj, tv. plant, sembrar. 

tz'unbajel, vn5. planting, simiente. 

tz'unbal, n4d. genealogy, seed. (1) genealogia, (2) semental 

cosa de simiento o para sembrar, (3) simiente. 

tz'unbal te', nphr(n type n)5. slip, ranw para plantar. 

tz'unbaltik, n5. garden, huerta 343. 

jk*an jpas U' yav tz'unbaltik. I want to make a garden here, 

tz'unubil, n3d. seed, seedling. (1) planta para plantar, (2) 

semental, cosa..., (3) simiente, (4) huerta 343. 

jk'an jpas Ii' yav tz'unubil. I want to make a garden here. 

huerta 343. 

tz'unubU 'ol te', nphnn type nphr(n4f of n5). slip, planta para 

plantar. 

tz'unun 

tz'unun pepen, nphr(n type n)5. green butterfly eaten by the 

Indians. RMI^I n modem Tzotzil tz'unun means 

hummingbfrd. This butterfly may have been Uie blue 

morpho, mariposa de las verdes que comen los indios. 

tz'usub 

tz'usub, n5, grape, parra, vid o cepa. 

tz'usubtUc, n5, vineyard, viha. 

'ak'il tz'usub, cf 'ak' (1), 

CH 

cha' 

cha'-'ak* ta *'aal, vphr:tv(num & tvcpd) & qphr(prep & n5). 

bid again, revidar. 

cha'-'ak* ta 'al, vphr:tv(num & tvcpd) & qphr(prep & n5). bid 

again, revidar. 

cha'-'al, tv(num & tvcpd). assure, repeat (1) afirmar, tornar 

a decir lo dicho una vez. (2) duplicar carta o escritura. 

cha'-'av, tv(num & tvcpd). reseed. sembrar otra vez. 

cha'-'epaj k*op, s:iv(num & ivcpd) & n5. have subject be 

revived, recrearse algo. 

cha'-'i, n(num & ncpd)4d. woman*s great-grandchild. RML— 

Presumably there was an absolute form cha'-'HI. bisnieto 

o bisnieta. 

cha'-'ikatz, n(num & ncpd)5. one hundred weight quintal. 

cha'-'ik', tv(num & tvcpd). call again, duplicar carta.... 

cha'-'U, tv(num & tvcpd). reread, leer otra vez. 

cha' 'ox toj toj, vphr:numphr(num & num & nccpd) & tv-. pay 

in three instaUments. pagar por tercios. 

cha'-'otes ta *'aal, vphr:tv(num & tvcpd) & qphr(prep & n5). 

bid again, revidar. 

cha'-tz'ibay, tv(num & tvcpd). rewrite, duplicar carta 

cha'-tz'ibay Hun, vphrtv(num & tvcpd) & n5. rewrite, reatar, 

reescribir. 

cha'-tz'un, tv(num & tvcpd). reseed. sembrar otra vez. 

cha'-cho', tv(num & tvcpd). clean a second time (scraping). 

renwndar. 

cha'-choj vacas, nphr:num(num & nccpd) & n5, two yokes of 

oxen, yugada de tierra 190, 

cha'-choj vacas xchabanan ta jun k'ak'al. extent of ground 

that two yokes of oxen can plow in one day. 

cha'-chuk, tv(num & tvcpd). tie again, reatar. 

cha'-ch'ixU, num(num & nccpd)4f boUi (long objects as 

bananas, flutes), entrambas cosas largas. 

cha'-jach', iv(num & ivcpd). fall again, recaer. 

cha'-jech 'ayan, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & iv. break in two. 

partido en dos partes. 

cha'-jech 'e 'ek'el, s:num(num & nccpd)/pred/ & nphr(n4f of 

n5). two-bladed ax. hacha que corta por dos partes. 

cha'-jech 'e hacha, s:num(num & nccpd)/pred/ & nphr(n4f of 

n5), two-bladed ax, hacha que 
NUMBER 31 183 

cha'-jech t'oxey, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & tv/pass/, be split 

in two. partido en dos partes. 

cha'-jok'ol, aj(num & ajcpd). hard aground, encallada cosa asi. 

cha'-jos, iv(num & tvcpd). clean again (scraping), renwndar. 

cha'-jot 'ayan, vphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & iv, spUt in two, 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, hendido en dos o 

tres partes. 

cha*-jot 'ayan 'u'un, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & iv + -n4d. 

break in two. RML—^The verb is in the past tense. 

romper por medio. 

cha'-kUcil, aj(num & ajcpd), hard aground, encallada cosa si. 

cha'-kotol, num(num & nccpd)4f boUi (animals), (1) ambos 

si son.... (2) entrambas cosas vivas. 

cha'-kux, iv(num & ivcpd). revive, revivir 2&1. 

cha'-kuxes, tv(num & tvcpd), renovate, remvar o caido. 

cha'-kuxey, tv(num & nccpd)/pass/, be revived, revivir 287. 

cha'-k'ol bat, vphr.num(num & nccpd)5 & iv. be two deep 

(waU of adobe or stones), pared de adobes. 

cha'-k'opoj, iv(num & ivcpd), reclaim, reclamar de gravio. 

cha'-k'os k'asey, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & tv/pass/. be 

broken in two. partido en dos partes. 

cha'-lamal, num(num & nccpd)4f lining, enforrado. 

cha'-laman, tv(num & tvcpd), line, enforrar vestidura. 

cha'-lamanbU, aj(num & pp). interwoven, lined, entretejido asi. 

cha'-lamanbU lum, nphr:aj(num & pp) & n4f lined, enforrado. 

cha'-likes k'op, vphr:tv(num & tvcpd) & n5. reclaim, reclamar 

de agravio. 

cha'-lom, num(num & nccpd)5. interwoven, Uned. (1) enforrado, (2) entretejido asi. 

cha'-lom 'av, tv:num(num & nccpd) & tvcpd. reseed. sembrar 

otra vez. 

cha'-lom k'op, nphr:num(num & nccpd) type n5. deceit, 

deceitful talk, gossip intended to arouse discord, lie, 

freason. (1) chismessar, cf chismear, (2) doblada habla 

asi, (3) engaho, (4) forzadura 145, cf forjadura, (5) 

traicion. 

cha' lom k'opoj, iv:num(num & nccpd) & ivcpd. gossip 

intending to arouse discord, Ue, speak deceitfuUy, (1) 

chismear, (^) forzar o decir 145, cf. for jar. 

cha'-lom k'opojel, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 type vn5. 

deceitful talk, lies forzadura asi 145, ef. forjadura. 

cha' lom k'opojtayvan, iv:num(num & nccpd) & ivcpd. speak 

deceitfuUy. dobladamente hablar. 

cha' lom k*optay, tv:num(num & nccpd) & tvcpd, deceive wiUi 

fafr-seeming words or manners, engahar con palabras 

o apariencias buenas. 

cha' lom vaj, tv:num(num & nccpd) & tvcpd, reseed, sembrar 

otra vez. 

cha'-mekel, num(num & nccpd)4f a second time, recaer. 

xcha'-mekel nejach* (or) xcha'-mekel neyal, I fell a second 

time, recaer. 

'ayon 'ox ta 'utz"utz* ta xecham xcha'-mekel (or) 'ayon 'ox 

ta kolel xe'ipaj xcha'-mekel, I was recovering, then 1 had 

a relapse, recaer en enfermedad. 

cha' mel k'opoj, iv:aj(num & ajcpd) & ivcpd, consult in a 

group (as at courthouse), consultar muchos como el 

cabildo. 

cha' mel k'opon ba, rv:aj(num & ajcpd) & rvcpd, consult in 

group (as at courthouse), consultar muchos 

cha'-mom, n(num & ncpd)4d, man's great-grandchild. RML— 

Presumably Uiere was an absolute form cha'-momil. 

bisnieto o bisnieta. 

cha' muk*ta me', n(num & aj & ncpd)4d. great-grandmoUier. 

RML—^Presumably there was an absolute form cha '-muk' tame 'il. bisabuela. 

cha' muk'ta tot, n(num & aj & ncpd)4d, great-grandfaUier, 

RML—^Presumably Uiere was an absolute form cha '-miJc tatotil. bisabuelo. 

cha'-nup* mak na, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 type nphr (n of 

n)5, french doors, puertas ambas a dos. 

cha'-pas, tv(num & tvcpd), redo, repafr, (1) duplicar carta o 

escritura, (2) sanear la cosa, (3) rehacer. 

cha'-pisU, num(num & nccpd)4f both (round objects). 

entrambas cosas redondas. 

cha'-p'ei tza, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 type n4d. suspense. 

suspenso estar. 

cha'-tek, num (num & nccpd)4f both (towns), ambos si.... 

cha'-tek pasel, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 type vn4f made in 

two v/ays. formado en dos maneras. 

cha'-tek', tv(num & tvcpd). pack down, trample underfoot. (1) 

recalcar, (2) rehollar. 

cha' 

cha'-tek'el, num(num & nccpd)4f second in Une. segundo en 

orden. 

cha'-ti'il vinik, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 type n5. person who 

speaks empty words, vano en palabras. 

cha'-t'ox 'ayan 'u'un, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & iv + -n4b. 

split in two. hender en dos partes. 

cha'-t'ox cha'ley, vphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & tv-. spUt in 

two. hender en dos.... 

cha'-t'ox t'ox, vphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & tv-. split in two. 

heruier en dos.... 

cha'-va'al, num(num & nccpd)4b. both (people), second in 

line. (1) ambos si son hombres, (2) entrambas personas, 

(3) segundo en orden. 

jcha'-va'altik. both of us. entrambas. 

cha'-va'al 'olol, nphr:num(num & nccpd)4f of n3d. woman's 

second child, hijo segundo. 

cha'-va'al muk'ta me', nphr:num(num & nccpd)4f of nphr(aj 

& n)4d. great-grandmother, bisabuela. 

cha'-va'al muk*ta tot, nphr:num(num & nccpd)4f of nphr(aj 

& n)4d. great-grandfather, bisabuela. 

cha'-va'al nich*nal, nphr:num(num & nccpd)4f of n5. man*s 

second child, hijo segundo. 

cha'-va'al nich*on, nphr:num(num & nccpd)4f of n5. man's 

second child, hijo segundo. • 

cha'-va'al va'lej, nphr:num(num & nccpd) type n4d. second 
184 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

in line, el segundo de los que estan en pie. 

cha'-vaj, tv(num & tvcpd), reseed, sembrar otra vez. 

cha'-vinaj k*op, s:iv(num & ivcpd) & n5. have subject be 

revived, recrearse algo. 

cha'-vinUc, num(num & numcpd)5, forty, cuarenta 279, 

cha'-vok* 'ayan, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & iv, break in two, 

partido en dos partes. 

cha'-vok* vok*ey, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & tv/pass/. be 

broken in two, partido en dos partes. 

cha'-yal, iv(num & ivcpd), faU a second time, recaer. 

cha'cha'-kot, n(num & nccpd)5. in pafrs (animals), de dos en 

dos. 

cha'cha'-vo', num(num & nccpd)5. in pafrs (people), de dos 

en dos. 

cha'ej, n5. day after tomorrow, tras mahana. 

cha'ej xa 'oy domingo, s:qphr(n5 & pt) & n5/pred/ & n5. 

Friday, viernes. 

cha'ley ba, rv. pretend, disimular 88. 

mu xka'i jcha'ley jba. I pretend I don*t understand, fingir 

que no entiende. 

mu xkil jcha'ley jba. I pretend I don*t see it. disimular que 

no ve 88. 

cha'ley ba 'elov, vphrrv & -n4. pretend to be someone else. 

simular lo que no es. 

cha'ley ba ta 'utz vinUc, vphrrv & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). 

be hypocritical, ypocrita 189. 

cha'leyel ba, rvn. dissembling, disimulacion 88. 

mu xka'i jcha'leyel ba. I pretend I don't understand, 

jcha'leyel jba ta chamel. I pretend to be sick, 

jcha'-chonojel, agn(num & vncpd). huckster, regaton, el que 

revende 288. 

jcha' lom k'op, agn(num & nc & ncpd). deceiver, gossip, 

malicious person, traitor. (1) chismero. (2) doblado 

hombre. (3) engahador asi, (4) malicioso, (5) traidor. 

jcha' p'ei tza, agn(num & nc & ncpd). person in suspense. 

suspenso. 

mu cha'-lomal k'opuk, vphr:neg & nphr(n<num & nccpd> 

type n5)/pred/. simplicity, sencilles. 

mu cha'-lomaluk, vphnneg & num(num & nccpd)/pred/. 

simplicity, sencilles. 

ta cha'-lom k'op, qphr:prep & nphr(num<num & nccpd> type 

n5). deceitfuUy, maliciously. (1) engahosamente, (2) 

maliciosamente, maligna, malignamente. 

chabchab, num5. in pafrs, two by two. (1) a pares, (2) dos a 

dos. 

chabjey, n5. day before yesterday. (1) antier, (2) oy a tres 

dias 238. 

chabjey 'oy 'ech' domingo, s:qphr(n5 & pt) & iv & n5. 

Tuesday. RML—The verb is in the past tense, martes. 

chabjey ta 'ak*abal, qphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). night before 

last, anteanoche. 

chabjeychabjey, n5. three days ago. tres ahos de espacio. 

chabjeychabjey icham. He died three days ago. 

chajeychabjey 'oy k'ak'altik, s:n5/pred/ & pt & n5. tertian 

fever, terciana calentura. 

chab (1) 

chab, nle. paste, wax. (1) cola, engrudo, (2) cera 71, (3) 

engrudo o cola de la tierra. 

chabil pom, nphr(natt & n)5. honeycomb, pahal de abejas. 

chab (2) 

chab. day before yesterday, in pafrs, night before last, tertian 

fever, Uiree days ago, Tuesday, cf cha' (1). 

chab (3) 

chabaj, iv. cultivate, plow. *Properly it means to cultivate land 

after tiie dead plants and frees have been bumed, (1) 

arar. (2) labrar tierra. (3) rosa cabando o arando 301, 

chabaj ta 'Uc'al pok', vphr:iv & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). 

be in mouming. enlutarse. 

xechabaj ta 'Uc'al pok* yu'un te jtote. I am in mouming for 

my father, 

chabajeb, nld. cultivating tool, rosador, instrumento con que 

rosan 301. 

chabajeb, n4d. cultivated field, arar. 

chabajeb j-choj vacas ta jun k*ak*al, nphrn4f of nphr(n<num 

& nccpd> of n5) & qphr(prep & num & n5). extent of 

ground plowed by one yoke of oxen in a day, yugada 

de tierra 190, 

chabajeb k'u'ul, nphr(nld type n3d), mouming clothes, (1) 

luto, (2) vestidura de lutos. 

chabajebal k'u'ul, nphr(n type n)5, mouming clothes, luto. 

chabajel, vn5. cultivation, fine of money or property, 

punishment. (1) labranza de tierra, (2) pena de dinero 

o castigo, (3) pena de dinero o hacienda 

chabajes, tv, fine, multar, penar con dinero. 

chabal, n4d, improvement (in health), mejoria en dolencia. 

chabal tz*usub, nphr(n of n)5, vineyard, mazuelo 206, 

chabal tz*usub, nphr(n4f of n5), vineyard, viha. 

chabal castUlan chenek*, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5, broad bean 

field, habar 164. 

chabal castiUan ch'um, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. melon patch. 

melonar. 

chabal chi', nphr(n4f of n5). vineyard, viha. 

chabal k*u'ul, nphr(n type n)3d. moummg clothes. (1) luto. (2) 

vestidura de lutos. 

chabal juteb, vphr:aj/pred/ & aj. slightly improved (in healUi). 

mejorar en la dolencia. 

chaban, tv. cultivate, plow. (1) arar. (2) labrar tierra. 

chaban chob, vphrtv & n5. cultivate, plow, rosa cabando a 

arando 301, 

chabanbil 'osil, nphr(pp & n)5. cultivated ground, agada 27, 

cf. arada. 

chabanbil lum, nphr(pp & n)5. cultivated ground, labrada 

tierra. 

chabi, tv. govem, guard, watch over. *To ask who governs 

Mexico or Guatemala tiiey say: much'uy xchabian, who 

guards, or much'uy yajchabiomal, who is their guard. (1) 

gobermcion 155, (2) gobernar 155, (3) guardar como 

quiera. 
NUMBER 31 185 

chabi-'ak*abal, vn(tv &, ncpd)5. night pafrol. ronda, aquel acto. 

chabi k*oplal, vphr:tv & -n4f comply with the ordinances or 

mandates of the king or courthouse RML—^The noun is 

given as zcopbol. orden u.... 

chabiabU, n4f storeroom, lugar donde algo se guarda. 

chabiabU bel na dios, nphr.n4f of n4f of nphr(n of n)4f sacristy. 

sachristia. 

chabiabU ch*uul komenaUl, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. 

reUquary. relicario. 

chabiat k*in, s:tv/pass/ & n5. holy daiy. fiesta de guardar. 

chabibil k'anal tak'in, nphr:pp & nphr(aj & n)5. pubUc 

freasury. tesoro publico. 

chabibil to, vphr:pp/pred/ & pt minor, menor de edad que esta 

de bajo de tutor. 

chabiej, vn4d. possession, poseer. 

chabiej-'ak*abal, nphr(vn type n)5. night patrol, ronda, aquel 

acto. 

chabiej ta na, nphr:vn4d & qphr(prep & n5). possession. 

poseer. 

chabiel, vn4d, custody, guarda. 

chabiel me'on, nphr(vn of n)4f guardianship of an orphan, 

tutela de aquesta. 

ta jtojol xchabiel me'one. The orphan is in my custody, 

chabiel ta na, nphr:vn4d & qphr(prep & n5). possession. 

poseer. 

chabiomal, n5. custody, govemment (1) gobernacion 155, (2) 

gtrnrda. 

chabivanej, vn5. custody, guarda. 

chabjom, n5, cultivator, (1) labrador, (2) rosador o labrador 

301, 

chabjomal, n5, cultivation, labranza de tierra. 

jchabatal, agn, farmhand, plowhand. RML—^This reading is 

suspect, ganan. 

jchabi-'ak*abal, agn(tv & ncpd). night watchman, rondador. 

jchabi 'antzil chij, agn:tv & nphr(natt & n)cpd. keeper of 

breeding mares, yeguarizo que las guarda 183, 

jchabi 'Ucatzinom caballo, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd, 

muleteer, recuero. 

jchabi-'itaj, agn(tv & ncpd), gardener, hortelano 242, 

jchabi-'unetUc, agn(tv & ncpd), schoolteacher, maestro de 

escuela. 

jchabi bel nail, agn:tv & nphr(n of n)cpd, butler who guards 

stiver and gold platters, repostero de plata, oro. 

jchabi-tz'usub, agn(tv & ncpd), vineyard keeper, vinadero que 

la guarda. 

jchabi-chij, agn(tv & ncpd), drover, mule keeper, shepherd, (1) 

ganadero o pastor, (2) guardador de yeguas. 

jchabi-chitom, agn(tv & ncpd). pigherd. porquero. 

jchabi-chukvanab, agn(tv & ncpd). jaUer, carcelero. 

jchabi-ch'u, agn(tv & ncpd). priest. RML—^This is probably a 

native priest, sacerdote 307. 

jchabi-jom, agn(tv & ncpd). sailor, marinero. 

jchabi-jomal, agn(tv & ncpd), skipper, patron de nao. 

jchabi k*anal tak'in, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd, freasurer. 

tesorero. 

jchabi muktal k'op, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd, secretary. 

sacretario. 

jchabi-na, agn(tv & ncpd). house watehman, reUgious steward, 

guardador de casa. 

jchabi setet te', agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd, cart driver, 

cartwright. carretero. 

jchabi xan vii caballo, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd. muleteer, 

harriero. 

jchabi xanvU chij, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd. muleteer. 

harriero. 

jchabi-tak'in, agn(tv & ncpd). freasurer. tesorero. 

jchabi-te', agn(tv & ncpd). jailer, carcelero. 

jchabi ti' na, agn:tv & nphr(n of n)cpd. gatekeeper, portero 

que guarda la casa. 

jchabi-tienda, agn(tv & ncpd). storekeeper. *Now they also say 

jchabi tienda. tendero que vende en tienda. 

jchabi-tuluk', agn(tv & ncpd). poultryman. gallinero que las 

cuide. 

jchabi tuxnok' chij, agn:tv & nphr(n< & ncpd>type n)cpd, 

shepherd, ovejero que guarda ovejas. 

jchabi tuxnok* chij tz*i', nphr:agn(tv & nphr<n type n>cpd) 

type n5. sheep dog. mastin de garuido. 

jchabi-vacas, agn(tv & ncpd). cowherd, oxcart driver. *Common 

term for oxcart driver. (1) regidor de carreta 292, (2) 

vaquero. 

jchabi ve'ebal tak'in, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd. butier who 

guards gold and silver platters, repostero de oro, plata. 

jchabiej, agn. possessor, so-so object xakak'be te caballo 

jchabieje. I will give you Uie horse such as is no good, 

he adds "mo 'utzuk. Ha' xkak' taj jchabiej." And if Uie 

other wants to reply "I will take it such as it is," "Ha'uk 

rw 'ox stzapisilxkich'". (1)poseedor, (2) tal cual. 

jchabiej 'aboltayabil Hun, nphr:agn & nphr(n4f of n5). person 

who has been granted a privilege, privilegiado 271. 

jchabiej-ch'u, agn(tv & ncpd). priest, sacerdote 307. 

jchabiomal, agn. custodian, govemor, guard. (1) gobernacion 

155, (2) guarda, lapersorui que guarda, (3) guardador. 

jchabiomal, agn4d. govemment gobernacion 155. 

jchabiomal-me'on, agn(n & ncpd)4d. custodian (of an orphan). 

tutor. 

jchabiomal-padre, agn(n & ncpd). prelate, perlado. 

jchabivanej, agn. custodian, guard, guardian. (1) guarda, la 

persona..., (2) guardador. 

'oy jchabiomal, s:n5/pred/ & agn4d. minor, menor de edad.... 

'utz chabi bek'tal, cf 'utz. 

mu to ta tak*in chabi ba nUc, vphr:neg & pt & qphr(prep & 

n4e[A]) & rv + n4d[A]). be a minor (having a guardian). 

menor de edad.... 

chob, nld. cultivated field. (1) arar, (2) roca cabando o 

arando. 

xibat ta chob. I am going to cultivate, yr a cabar 190. 

chobtikil na, nphr(n type n)5. sheepcote. majada. 

chobtUcil vinik, nphr(n type n)5. fieldhand. labrador rustico. 
186 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

jchob-'abtel, agn(n & ncpd). cornfield laborer, peon que 

trabaja en cabar o hacer milpa. 

*chaj 

*chaj tontik, nphr(x & n)5. expanse of boulders or cliffs, hard 

ground. RML—In colonial Tzeltal tiiis term refers to 

"pedregillas" (Guzman, 1620:92). fragosa cosa. 

chak (1) 

chak 'oy 'U 'a'i, vphr:qphr(pt & s<n5/pred/ & tv->) & tv[A=A 

of tv]. recognize, reconocer. 

chak Hech, ajphr(pt & aj). such a thing, tal cosa. 

chakuk, pt. as if. manera respondiendo, de esta manera. 

chakuk Ha'uk juez (or) chakuk juezuk. as if he were a judge, 

chakuk mu jna' jtuk. as if I didn*t know. 

chak (2) 

chak, n4f bottom, deep hole, end, point (1) cabo o auto donde 

se pone el recaton, (2) hondon. 

chak, n5. buttocks, nalgas. 

chak, n5. glue, paste, engrudo. 

chak 'okil, nphr(n4f of n3d). heel, calcahar. 

chaktzaj, iv. form a depression or hoUow. quebrada o 

bajio.... 

chakchak, aj. with a depression or hollow (land), quebrada o 

bajio.... 

chaki, tv. glue, paste. *This comes from hechar por colas. 

encolar poner ofregar cola. 

chakibil, pp. glued, pasted, encolado asi. 

chakil, n3d. anus, buttocks, hindpart. *Coarse term. (1) nalgas, 

(2) rabo por satuorwr, (3) salvanos, (4) si eso. cf sieso. 

chaklej, n4f depression, hollow, quebrada o bajio... . 

castiUan chak, cf castiUan. 

chak (3) 

chak-*ban, aj(aj & Pcpd). naked, desnudo. 

chak-*bananot! Get undressed! 

chak-chitom, n(aj & ncpd)5. peccary, puerco de monte. 

chak-juban chi', nphr(aj<aj & Ucpd>& n)5. red wine, vino 

tinto. 

chak-*jutan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red sky. RML—In colonial Tzeltal 

the adjective is given as chicghutghut (Guzman, 1620:30). 

bermejear el cielo a las maharuis o tardes. 

chak-*juttay, iv(aj & ivcpd). redden (sky at dawn or dusk). 

bermejear el cielo.... 

chak-loman, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (chiU, blood), bermejear las 

cosas coloradas... . 

chak-lomtay, iv(aj & ivcpd). redden (chiU, blood). RML—In 

colonial Tzeltal tiiis is given as -chiclomtay (Guzman, 

1620:30). bermejear las cosas.... 

chak-lupan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (bald pate, metal on the forge). 

(1) arder como el hierro en la fr agua, (2) calvo 351. 

chak-luptay, iv(aj & ivcpd). bum red hot (metal on the forge). 

arder corrw 

chak-palan ba, raj:aj & Ucpd. with face red with anger. 

demudarse de enojo. 

chak-paltay, iv(aj & ivcpd). redden wiUi anger (face). 

demudarse de enojo. 

chak-paltay ba, s:iv(aj & ivcpd) & -n4d. have face redden wiUi 

anger, demudarse de enojo. 

chak-pan, n(aj & ncpd)5. parrot RML—In modem Choi pan 

means forehead. This term most lUcely refers to the 

red-lored parrot, Amazonia autumnalis. the only Chiapas 

parrot with a red forehead, papagayo ave conocida. 

chak-xojan ton, nphr:aj(aj & Ucpd) & n5. translucent stone. 

piedra que se transluce. 

chak-te', n(aj & ncpd)5. brazUwood. brasil. 

chakal, n5. boil, divieso. 

chakanol 

chakanol, nld. desperation, scom, detestation. RML—^This and 

the foUowing entries have the same range of meaning in 

colonial Tzeltal (Guzm^, 1620:54, 124, 125, 131). In 

modem Choi the term refers to a serious crime. (1) 

desesperacion. (2) menosprecio. 

chakanol k'op, nphr(n type n)ld. curse, scom, detestation. (1) 

maldicion. (2) menosprecio. 

chakanoltay, tv. curse, scom, detest (1) maldecir alguno. (2) 

menospreciar conw detestando y abominando. 

chakanoltay ba, rv. despafr. desesperar. 

chakanoltaybil, pp. cursed, detested, scomed. (1) maldito, (2) 

menospreciado. 

chakanoltay vanej, vn5. curse, maldicion. 

jchakanol-k'op, agn(n & ncpd). person who curses another. 

maldecidor asi. 

jchakanol tayanej, agn. person who curses another, maldecidor 

asi. 

*chal 

*chal, tv. split gradually (as when they want Uie split to be 

straight or when they make the mark ffrst and Uien 

graduaUy open it up with tiiefr hatchets). *To tell (a 

person) to do it tiiis way before putting the wedges in: 

manchuk toj j-likeluk apajchuchuy *chalo ta bojel 

ba'yuk, *chalbiluk ta bojel cha'leyo! Even though you 

could split it very fast with wedges, spUt it gradually 

first Have it split gradually! RML—^This same term 

occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:155). hender 

poco a poco. 

•chalopol 

*chalopol, aj. stiff witii cold. (1) aterecerse, (2) aterecido, (3) 

yerto estar 183. 

*chalopolon. I am stiff witii cold. (1) aterecerse, (2) yerto 

estar 183. 

cham 

cham, iv. be or get sick, die, grow numb. (1) adolescer, estar 

malo, (2) enfermar. (3) entumecerse el pie, (4) malo 

estar 206, (5) morir. 

xcham kok. My foot is growing numb, entumecerse el pie. 

toj echam. He is surely dead, muerto del todo. 

cham 'u, s:iv & n5. have eclipse of the moon, eclipsarse la 

luna. 

cham 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. be mortal, kiU. (1) rmtar, (2) 

mortal cosa que muere. 
NUMBER 31 187 

cham cha'-'atel, vphr:iv & n(num & nccpd)4e. have a relapse. 

recaer en enfermedad. 

cham k*ak'al, s:iv & n5. have eclipse of tiie sun. eclipsarse el 

sol. 

cham ta sUc, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be very cold, die of 

the cold, morir defrio. 

cham ta taki-ti'U, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & no j & ncpd>5). die 

of thirst muerto de sed. 

cham ta vayel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be sleepy. 

soholiento. 

cham ta vi'nal, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be hungry, die of 

starvation. (1) gana de comer..., (2) nwrir de hambre. 

(3) muerto de hambre. 

cham ta yan, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & aj). be sentenced to death, 

perui corporal. 

chamal, aj, dead, muerto. 

chame-vinUc, n(aj & ncpd)5. dead person, (1) difunto 74, (2) 

muerto. 

bakUc*tik chame-vinik. Let*s go get Uie dead person, difunto 

74. 

jk*opon dios yu'un chame-vinik. I pray for the dead, difunto 

74. 

chamebal, n3d. passage of death, posamiento de muerte 250, 

cf, pasamiento. 

chamebalon. I'm nearly dead, malo estar casi a la muerte 

206. 

chamebal, n5. hell, limbo, purgatory, ynfierrw 187. 

chamebal naU, nphr(n type n)5. patrimony, patrimonio. 

chamel, vn5. cholera, death, disease, lump jaw, mortality, 

sickness. (1) adolescer, estar malo, (2) colera. (3) 

dolencia, (4) enfermedad, (5) hava de bestias. (6) 

mortandad, (7) muerte. (8) pasion del cuerpo. 

chamel echam jnich'on. My child fell ill and died, fatiga asi 

o adversidad. 

chamel chij, nphr(vn & n)4d. glanders, muermo de bestias. 

chamel chij, nphr(vn4e of n5). glanders, muermo de bestias. 

chamolaj, iv. admfre, marvel at, pity, sympaUiize. (1) admirar. 

(2) compadecerse o tener compasion. (3) maravillado. 

chamolajel, vn5. marvel, miracle. *When we say marvel or 

marvel at they say be frightened especiaUy when they 

are frightened by visions that they have seen or heard. 

(1) maravilla. (2) milagro. 

chamolan, tv. pity, sympathize, compadecerse o tener compasion. 

jcham-me', agn(tv & ncpd). motherless child, huerfano de 

madre 343. 

jcham-tot, agn(iv & ncpd). fatherless child, huerfano sin padre 

343. 

jchamel, agn, dead or sick person, mortal, (1) adolescer. estar 

malo, (2) difunto 74, (3) doliente, (4) mortal cosa que 

muere. 

ba kik'tUc jchamel. Let's go get the dead person, difunto 74, 

jchamel k'ob, nphr(agn & n4d), one-armed person, manco de 

mano 207. 

'ipal chamel, nphr(aj & vn)5. epidemic, plague, pestilencia. 

'ipal chamelal, nphr(aj & vn)5. pestilential, pestilencial cosa. 

'ipal chamelal 'Uc'. pestilential wind, 

'ipal chamelal ve'el. pestilential food, 

batel 'osil mo 'oyuk chamel, s:qphr(vn4f of n5) & neg & 

n5/pred/ & vn5, immortality, ynnwrtalidad 185, 

bik'tal chamel, nphr(aj & vn)5, swelUng of Uie glands, landres 

del cuello. 

k'in chame-vinik, cf. k'm (1), 

mo no 'ox bak'in cham, vphr:neg & pt & pt & pt & iv. 

immortal, yrunortal cosa 185, 

mo no *ox cham bak'in, vphr:neg & pt & pt & iv & pt 

immortal, yrunortal cosa 185. 

mu cham 'oy, vphr:neg & iv & pt. perpetual, perpetua o 

continua cosa. 

mu cham batel 'osil, vphr:neg & iv & nphr(vn4f of n5). 

immortal, yrunortal cosa 185. 

pisis chamel, cf pis. 

tzames, tv. greet, kiU. *But now they use this verb seldom (for 

to greet). (1) matar. (2) saludar alguno. 

tzames ba, rv. greet one another, saludarse urns a otros. 

tzames choy, vphr:tv & n5. fish, pescar. 

tzames dios, vphr:tv & n5. respect or revere God. acatar, hacer 

reverencia. 

tzames rey, vphr:tv & n5. respect or revere the king, acatar, 

hacer reverencia. 

tzamesbey 'e, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. warm (water or cold object). 

templar el agua o cosa asifria. 

tzamesej choy, nphr(vn4d of n5). fishing, pesca de pescados. 

xibat ta tzamesej choy. I am going fishing, 

tzamesel 'u'un dios cham, vphr:nphr(vn + nphr<n4d of n5>) 

& iv. martyrdom. RML—The verb is in tiie past tense. 

martirio. 

tzamesel jalal xeptik 'u'un Angel, nphr:nphr(vn4d of nphr<aj 

& n>5) + nphr(n4d of n5). greeting of the Vfrgin by tiie 

angel, salutacion del Angel. 

tzamesvan, iv. kiU, respect revere. (1) acatar, hacer reverencia, (2) matar. 

tzamesvanej Angel, nphr(vn4d of n5). angel's greeting. 

salutacion del Angel. 

jtzamesej, agn. kUler, murderer, matador de tal cosa. 

jtzamesej-chij, agn(tv & ncpd). deer hunter, matador de tal 

cosa. 

jtzamesej-choy, agn(tv & ncpd). fisherman. (1) matador de tal 

cosa, (2) pescador. 

jtzamesej nich'on, nphr(agn of n4d). man who murders his 

child, matador de hijo. 

jtzamesej tot, nphr(agn of n4d). parricide, matador de padre. 

jtzamesvanej, agn. deadly thing, kiUer, murderer. (1) matador, 

(2) mortal. 

jtzamesvanej chamel, nphr(agn type vn)5, fatal sweUing of 

glands, landre que mafa. 

jtzamesvanej pox, nphr(agn type n)5. arsenic, deadly herb, 

poison. (1) yerva ponzohosa 184, (2) ponzoha bebedizo 
188 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

266, (3) rejalgar. 

Chamo' 

Chamo', n5. Chamula. cf nom, RML—This term is used in 

the modem TzotzU of Chalchihuitan, distancia. 

chan (1) 

chan, tv, edify oneself, follow the example, leam, practice, (1) 

abecarse. (2) edificar se. tomar ejemplo. 

chan ch'Uomajel, vphr:tv & vn5, fence, esgrimir. 

chan k'eyoj, vphrtv & n5, study music, estudiar. 

chan k'op, vphr:tv & n5, study in school, estudiar. 

chan k'op dios, vphr:tv & nphr(n4d of n5). leam the doctrine. 

•There is no word for studiousness or dUigence in a 

certain thing—tiiey say I do such and such with a great 

deal of heart, estudio o diligencia. 

toj talel ta kolonton ta jchan sk'op dios (or) t'abal kolonton 

ta jchan sk'op dios. I am leaming the doctrine with 

diUgence. 

chan pat-vaj, vphr:tv & n(vn & ncpd)5. leam to make bread. 

panaderia, arte de ello. 

tana jchan pat-vaj. Now I am leaming to make bread, 

chan ta 'olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). leam by 

heart, decorar. 

chan ta ti', vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). leam by heart, decorar. 

chan Hun, vphr:tv & n5. study (in school), estudiar. 

chan yabutil, vphr:tv & n5. fence, esgrimir. 

chanantas, tv. show, teach. RML—^This is given variously as 

chanandas, chanamdas, chanandes. Modem Tzotzil is 

chanubtas. (I) abecar, (2) dispensado, (3) doctrinar 3, 

(4) ensenar, (5) mostrar, ensenar. 

ejchanantas Pedro ta k'eyoj. I taught Pedro to sing. 

dispensado. 

chanantas ba, rv. practice, study. (1) abecarse, (2) ensallarse 

para algo. (3) estudiar. 

chanantas ta be, vphrtv- & qphr(prep & n5). guide, show the 

way. encaminar, ensehar el camino. 

chanantasvan, iv. lecture, sermonear. 

chanantasvanab k'op, nphr(n type n)5. sermon, serrrwn. 

chanantasvanab na, nphr(n type n). school, escuela donde 

aprenden. 

chanantasvanej k'op, nphr(vn type n)5. sermon, sermon. 

chanbey, tv. copy, imitate, remedar. 

chanbey 'ok, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. decoy, imitate or mimic one's 

gait. (1) reclamar, (2) remedar. 

chanbey ti', vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. decoy, imitate or mimic one's 

speech. (1) arrendar o remedar o imitar en la habla, (2) 

reclamar, (3) remedar. 

xachanbey jti'. You imitate my speech, arrendar o.... 

xajchanbey ati', I imitate your speech, arrendar o.... 

chanbol, n4d. subject to be studied, abecarse. 

Chanel k'op dios, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4d of n5). study of tiie 

doctrine, estudio. 

t'abal kolonton ta xchanel sk'op dios. I am leaming Uie 

doctine with diligence, 

chanob, n4d. example being followed, subject being studied. 

(1) abecarse, (2) ejemplo que tomamos 136. 

chanob 'ak'ot, nphr(n of n)5. dancing school, escuela de 

danzar. 

chanob tzitzo', nphr(nle of n5). oratory, rhetoric, oratoria o 

retorica. 

chanob castUlan k'op, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5. study of 

Spanish. RML—^Either tiie good friar was distracted or 

a Zinacantec was having some fun with him because 

obviously what is being studied is castillan k'op, the 

Spanish language, not castillan 'ixim, Spanish com, i.e., 

wheat, gramatica, arte de la lengua latina. 

chanob k*eyoj, nphr(nle of n5). study of music or singing. (1) 

arte de ciencia, (2) musica. arte de cantar. 

chanob k*op, nphr(n of n)5. doctrine, doctrina 93. 

chanob latin k*op, nphr:nle of nphr(aj & n)5. grammar. 

gramatica, arte de la lengua latina. 

chanob na, nphr(n of n)5. school, escuela donde aprenden. 

chanob yabutU, nphr(n of n)5. fencing school, escuela de 

esgrimir. 

jchan-k*op, agn(tv & ncpd). disciple, student. (1) discipulo 85, 

(2) estudiante. 

jchan-Hun, agn(tv & ncpd). student (1) discipulo 85, (2) 

estudiante. 

jchanantasej-ch*ilomajel, agn(vn & vncpd). fencer, esgrimidor, 

jchanantasej-yabutU, agn(vn & vncpd). fencer, esgrimidor. 

jchanantasvanej, agn, doctor who teaches, teacher. (1) doctor 

que enseha 92, (2) maestro de escuela. 

jchan vanej, agn. person who sets an example to follow, ejemplo 

que tomarrws 136. 

Ha' te chanantasbU 'u'un 'ajval, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & pp^red/+ 

nphr<n4d of n4d/lp/>). disciple, discipulo 85. 

chan (2) 

chan-jechel, num(num & nccpd)4f four quarters (mutton). 

cuarto de carnero 279. 

chan-jekel, num(num & nccpd)4f four quarters (mutton). 

cuarto de carnero 279. 

chan-kajal na, nphr.num(num & nccpd)4f of n5. HeU, 

particularly of the damned. *The fourth room or house 

of Hell, ynfierrw particularmente de los dahados 187. 

chan-kot, num(num & nccpd)5. four (animals), cuatro 279. 

chan lajun mek, num (num & num & nccpd)5, fourteen times. 

catorce. 

chan-lajuneb, num(num & numcpd)5. fourteen, catorce. 

chan-xuk*, iv(num & ivcpd), stand at attention, cuadrarse 278. 

chan-xuk*, num(num & nccpd)5. square, cuadrada cosa 278. 

chan-xuk* 'ayan, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & iv. be squared. 

cuadrarse 278. 

chan-xuk*es, tv(num & tvcpd). square, cuadrar, hacer 

cuadrado 278. 

chan-xuk'esabU, n(num & ncpd)4f carpenter's square, quadrant cuadrante o cartabon 278. 

chan-vinUc, num(num & numcpd)5. eighty, ochenta. 

chan-vo', num(num & nccpd)5. four (people), cuatro 279. 

chanib, num5. four, cuatro 279, 
NUMBER 31 189 

chanib, n5. reed, cana recia maciza. 

chanib arroba, nphr(num & n)5, one hundred weight quintal. 

jchan *ut ni' chon, agn:nphr(n<num & n o of n) type ncpd. 

fer-de-lance. *A kind with four windows in its nose. 

culebra, una especie 

chan (3) 

chan. bee, caterpUlar, clothes moUi. cf. chon (2). 

•chan (4) 

•chanul, aj. gathered, ayuntada 14. 

•chanul jom, nphr(aj & n)5. fleet. RML—^This adjective occurs 

in the colonial Tzeltal term for fleet (Guzman, 1620:91). 

flota. 

•chanul k'op, nphr(aj & n)5, agreement, meetmg. RML—^This 

term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:9) 

(1) acuerdo o junta, (2) ayuntada cosa. 

*chanul-k*opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). consult with many (as in the 

courthouse). RML—^This term occurs also in colonial 

Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:44), consultar muchos conw el 

cabildo 62, 

*chanul-k*opon ba, rv(aj & tvcpd), consult with many (as in 

the courthouse), consultar muchos.. .62, 

•chanul vinik, nphr(aj & n)5, crowd, RML—^Also occurring 

in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:96), (1) ayuntada 

cosa 14, (2) gente o gentio. 

•chaxopol 

•chaxopol, aj, stiff with cold, (1) aterecerse. (2) aterecido. (3) 

yerto estar 199, 

•chaxopolot. You are stiff with cold, yerto estar defrio 199. 

chauk 

chauk, n5. lightrung, thunder. *And they attribute everything 

to him, (1) rctyo del cielo. (2) tronar. 

chaukU tok, nphr(natt & n)5, storm cloud, niebla de la tierra 

abajo. 

chay 

chay, fish tamale, cf choy (1), 

Chech 

Chech, tv. drag, lead against one*s wiU, pull. (1) engarrafar o 

asir. (2) traer porfuerza. 

chechbil, pp. dragged, engarrafar o asir. 

cheche 

cheche, n5. fungus that grows on frees. RML—In modem 

Tzotzil chechev refers to many arboreal funguses, hongo 

que nace en los arboles. 

chenek' 

chenek', n5. bean, juego de fortuna 

chenek' bul, nphr(n type n)5. game of fortune (that Uiey used 

to play with beans), juego de fortuna.... 

bUc'tal chenek', nphr(aj & n)5. lentil, lenteja. 

castiUan chenek', cf castillan. 

xuch' chenek' te', cf xuch'. 

chenk'ul vaj, nphr(natt & n)5. bean tamale. empanada de 

frijoles. 

chenk' 

chenk'. bean tamale. cf chenek'. 

chep 

chepel, aj. loose, floja cosa 144. 

•chet 

•chetan, tv. do (as when we say, "what is he doing, what is 

he up to, what did he come for?"). RML—This and the 

following root are given as synonyms corresponding to 

tiie colonial Tzeltal -cheghen (Guzman, 1620:102). I 

have taken liberties in my reading of the example 

sentences, which are badly garbled, hacer conw 

cuando...165. 

k'usi *xchetan? mo k'usi, vayel no 'ox *xchetan, ve'el no 

'ox *xchetan. What is he doing? Nothing, he just sleeps, 

he just eats. 

*chey 

•cheyan, tv. do (as when we say, "what is he doing, what is 

he up to, what did he come for?"), hacer como 

cuando...165. 

k'usi *xcheyan? What is he doing? 

•cheyU vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. lazy person, flojo. negligente 144. 

•cheyUal, n3d. laziness. (\)flojedad asi 144, (2) negligencia. 

chi (1) 

chi, n5. henequen fiber, maguey, hebra de hilo de maguey. 

j-lik chi, cf lik. 

'a'iel chi, cf Ho' (1). 

pamal chi, cf pom. 

chi (2) 

chi, iv. say, think. *As, I think he recovered, I think such and 

such made me sick. (1) decir a otro algo 84, (2) pensar 

como 

chi' (1) 

chi', n5. wine, vino generaliter. 

chi', aj. deUcious, sweet. (1) dulce, (2) sabrosa cosa. 

chi'-Ho', nphr(aj & ncpd)5. salty water, salobre agua. 

chi'U Ho', nphr(aj & n)5. salty water, salobre agua. 

chi'ub, iv. become sweet dulce hacerse. 

tzajal chi', cf tzoj. 

mu to pas chi', vphr:neg & pt & tv & n5. must new wine. 

mosto. 

sakU chi', cf sak. 

chi' (2) 

chi'il, n4d. companion, familiar thing, friend. (1) amigo, (2) 

compahero, (3) familiar cosa. 

chi'il k*el 'oy, nphr:-n4d & s(tv[A=P of chi'il] & pt). 

relationship, parentesco por sangre. 

k'usi achi'U xak*el 'oy? What is your kinship? 

chi'il ta 'a'al dios, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). 

ritual kin of baptism, pariente espiritual.... 

chi'il ta confirmacion, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). ritual kin 

of confmnation. pariente espiritual.... 

chi'il ta na dios, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). 

ritual kin of baptism or confumation. pariente espiritual... . 

chi'iluk, n4d. witii, RML—Given as chiluk. (I) conmigo, (2) 

contigo. 
190 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

jchi'Uuk. with me. conmigo. 

chi'in, tv, accompany, be famUiar witii, serve. (1) acompahara. 

(2) familiaridad, (3) servidor y servir 

*ep ta mek jchi'in ta lo'lo k*op. I join him frequentiy for 

recreation, familiaridad. 

'ep ta mek jchi'in la tajimol. I play witii him frequentiy. 

familiaridad. 

chi'uk, n4d. and, witii. (1) conmigo 57, (2) conmigo tener 

algo 64, (3) e, conjuncion, (4) y 183. 

achi'uk. witii you. conmigo 57, 

jchi'uktUc x'atey. He is our neighbor. (1) e, conjuncion, (2) 

yl83. 

Pedro xchi'uk Juan. Peter and John. (1) e, conjuncion, (2) y 

183. 

Ho'on jchi'uk. and me. e, conjuncion. 

'oy chi'U ta k*ulej, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d & qphr(prep & n5). Uve 

with another, morar con otro. 

mo chi'Uuk, vphr:neg & -n4d/pred/. different. (1) diferente, (2) 

diferente de mi. 

chib 

chib, num5. two. dos. 

chib 'ayan, vphr:num & iv. fork (river), RML—The verb is in 

the past tense, dividirse el rio haciendose dos. 

chib 'olonton, s:num/pred/ & -n4d. doubt, dudar. 

chib 'olonton, nphr(num4e of n5). distmstful. receloso asi 289. 

chib 'olonton 'u'un, s:num/pred/ & -n4d + n4d. suspect recetar 

sospechando 289, cf recelar. 

chib 'olonton k'opoj, vphr:s(num/pred/ & n4d[S]) & iv. speak 

with doubt, dudosamente hablar. 

chib 'olonton ta tojol, s:num/pred/ & -n4d + qphr(prep & 

-n4d). suspect recetar sospechando 289. 

chib jobel, nphr(num & n)5. bedsfraw. RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal this was chib 'ak (chibac) (Guzm^, 1620:141). 

paja para canui. 

chibaj 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. become doubtful of, repent, 

weaken in one's resolve. (1) arrepentirse, (2) duda 

hacerle la en algo, (3) entibiarse en el proposito, (4) 

repentimiento. 

chibal 'avanab, nphr(num & n)5. duo (in singing), duo que se 

canta. 

chibal 'avanabal, nphr(num & n)5. duo (in singing), duo que 

se canta. 

chibal k'op, nphr(num & n)5. deceitful taUc, he. forzadura asi 

145, cf. forjadura. 

chibal-k'opoj, iv(num & ivcpd). gossip, lie, speak deceitfully. 

(1) chismear, (2) forzar o decir palabras forzadas o 

dobladas 145, cf.forjar. 

chibal k'opojel, nphr(num & vn)5. deceitful taUc, lies. 

forzadura asi 154, 

jchibal-'olonton, agn(num & ncpd), person in suspense, 

suspenso. 

jchibal-k'op, agn(num & ncpd). deceitful person, gossip, 

malicious person. (1) chismero, (2) doblado hombre, (3) 

maliciosa. 

chich 

chichin, tv, sfrain (tiwough a clotii), (1) colar, (2) encolar, colar 

pano. 

chichinab, n5, sfrainer. colar. 

chichmab pok', nphr(n type n)5, unraveled cloth, manta 

deshilada. 

chichinabil, n4f sfrainer, colar. 

chichinabil castiUan 'bcim, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5, wheat 

sieve, harnero. 

chij 

chij, n5. deer, horse, mule, ox, sheep, stag. (1) bestia, (2) 

caballo 53, (3) ciervo 71, (4) ganado mayor. 

chijU chamel, nphr(natt & vn)5. glanders, muermo de bestias. 

chijU vinUc, nphr(natt & n)5. bmtish person, bruta cosa. 

elefante chij, cf, elefante. 

tux-nok' chij, cf, tux. 

chik 

chUcilchUcil 'a'i, vphr:n5 & tv, be tickUsh, cosquillas sentir. 

chUciltay, tv, tickle, cosquillas hacer. 

chikin 

chUcin, n5, pillar, pilar para sostener edificios. 

chikin, n4d. report or mmor that one has heard./awa de nuevas 

que yo hallo. 

chUcin 'ib, nphr(n of n)5. oak. RML—^In modem TzotzU 

chikin-ib is Quercus acatenangensis and Q. mexicana. 

(1) encina 121, (2) roble de hoja pequeha. 

chUcin 'ibtik, nphr(n of n)5, oak forest encinal 121, 

chikin bax, nphr(n of n)5. marble column, marnwl, columna. 

chUcin na, nphr(n4f of n5), comer of house, esquina de casa. 

chikin te', nphr(n of n)5. wooden column, pUlar or raUing, (1) 

columna o pilar, (2) pilar para..., (3) barandas 346, 

chikin te', nphr(n of n)le. wooden corridor, andamos o 

andadero..., cf andamio. 

chUcin ton, nphr(n of n)5. stone column, pUlar or raUing. (1) 

columna o pilar, (2) pilar para.... (3) barandas 346. 

chUcinil, n3d. ear. (1) oido, oreja, (2) oreja. 

chik' (1) 

chUc', tv. bum, stfr tiie ffre. (l)atisar el fuego, (2) guenuir. 

chUc' 'osU, vphr:tv & n5. bum the fields, quemar campos. 

chUc' ta tak*in, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), brand (catUe, 

horses), herrar ganado con fue go. 

chik*benal, n4f bumt area, guemadura. 

chik*bU, pp. branded, bumt. (1) herrada bestia, (2) quemada 

cosa con fue go. 

chUc*bU jomal xamiti, nphr:pp & nphr(natt & n)5. roofmg tile. 

tejar de barro. 

chUc*bU lum, nphr(pp & n)5, pottery, pottery cup. loza, vaso 

de barro 199. 

chUc*bU xamiti, nphr(pp & n)5. brick, ladrillo. 

chUc*bU xamiti ta lumtik, nphr:nphr(pp & n)5 & qphr(prep & 

n5). brick floor, ladrillado suelo. 

chik*bU xuch*, nphr(pp & n)5. piteh. pez. 

chUc'et 'osU 'u'un, s:av & n5 + -n4d. excite disturbances. 
NUMBER 31 191 

alborotar. 

chUc'il-k'ak*tay, tv(aj & tvcpd). set fire in patches, quemar 

dando fue go 

chUc'il k'ok', nphr(aj & n)5. bumt patch, ffre in patehes. 

quemadura o fuego de esta manera. 

chik*ob caballo, nphr(n4d of n5). brand, hierro para herrar 

ganado. 

chUc*ob tan, nphr(n4f of n5). lime pit. calera. 

chUc*obU tan, nphr(n4f of n5). lime pit calera. 

chik*ulan, tv. stfr the fu-e. atisar el fuego. 

jchUc'-'ak'al, agn(tv & ncpd). charcoal maker, carbonero 51. 

chik' (2) 

chUc'ey, tv/pass/. be flooded, enaguasarse la tierra. 

chUc'U, n3d. sweat sudor. 

chik'il ta Ho', vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). flooded. 

enaguasada tierra. 

chik'inabU, n5. place where one sweats, sudadero o lugar do 

Sudan. 

chik'inebal, n5. place where one sweats, sudadero.... 

chU (1) 

chU, n5. cricket. *It eats clothing and sings in the dry season. 

grillo de los que comen la ropa. 

chil (2) 

chUol, n5. rattie. sonajas. 

chUol tak*in, nphr(n type n)5. rattle, cascabel. 

chin (1) 

chin, n5. mange, scab (with pus). (1) roha. sarna. (2) sarna. 

chin-te', n(aj & ncpd)5. cudgel, porra para aporrear. 

chinchin, aj. mangy, sarnoso. 

chinchintik, aj. mangy, scabby (with pus). (1) rohoso, (2) 

sarmso. 

chin (2) 

chin-bak, n(x & ncpd)5. bone marrow, tuetano del hueso. 

chin-bakel, n(x & ncpd)4f bone marrow. RML—This term 

persists in modem TzotzU, tuetano del hueso. 

chin-bakelal, n(x & ncpd)4f bone marow. tuetarw del hueso. 

chinamil, n3d, brains, sesos o meollos. 

chix 

chix-te', n(x & ncpd), cherry, (1) ceresa, (2) gorrui de arbol. 

chitom 

chitom, n5, bacon, pig, (1) puerco o puerca, (2) tocino. 

bUc'tal chitom, nphr(aj & n)5, suckling pig, lechon. 

te'tikil chitom, cf, te'. 

voymoltikU chitom, cf, voymol. 

chiton 

chiton chuHaj, nphr(x & n)5. epilepsy. RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal the term is chitamit (Gates, 1934b:24). gota coral. 

jchiton-chuaj, agn(x & ncpd), person who faints, RML—This 

is given as chitoni chuagh. anwrtecerse. 

cho 

cho, n4d, cheek, RML—^Presumably there was an absolute 

form choil, see Kaufman, 1972:83, mejilla del rostro 

222. 

cho' 

cho', tv. husk (broad beans), peel (pears or apples with a knife), 

skin, (1) desollar 82, (2) nwndar algo como habas, (3) 

mondar quitando la corteza.... 

cho', n5. metate (used by women to grind com), piedra para 

nwler maiz las mugeres. 

cho'ben, n4d, skinned article, desollar 82. 

cho'benal, n4f husk, peeling, mondadura asi. 

cho'U, n3d, gizzard, molleja de ave. 

cho'ilan, tv, weed a second time, renwndar. 

cho'obil, n3d. molar. RML—Given as chohomil. muela de a 

boca. 

chob 

chob. cultivated field, cornfield laborer, fieldhand, sheepcote. 

cf chab (2). 

chochob 

chochob, n5. acom. bellota. 

choj 

chojet, av. sound of rainspouts, of cocoa being poured from 

one bowl to another, or of horses urinating, ruido hacer 

las goteras.... 

chojol, n4d. blood relationship, genealogy. (1) genealogia, (2) 

parentesco por sangre. 

j-choj, num(num & nccpd)5. bunch (bananas, dates, grapes), 

pafr (sandals), string (garUc, onions), yoke (oxen). (1) 

yurua de bueyes 191, (2) racimo de uvas, platanos, 

datiles, (3) ristra de ajos o cebollas 300, (4) un par. 

xcha'-chojol. tiie second bunch, ete. unpar. 

j-choj cuentas, nphr(num<num & nccpd> of n)5. string of 

beads, sartal de cuentas. 

j-choj nichim, nphr(num<num & nccpd> of n)5. garland, sartal 

de cuentas. 

j-choj ta vinUc, nphr:n(num & nccpd)5 & qphr(prep & n5), 

genealogy, genealogia. 

chol 

chol, tv. Une up, set in row. (1) concertar asi algo, (2) poner 

por orden. 

chol ba, rv. line up. (1) concertarse por ringlera, (2) ordenarse 

asi. 

chol chik*bU xamiti, vphr:tv & nphr(pp & n)5. lay a brick 

floor, ladrillar el suelo. 

chol vinik, vphr:tv & n5. line up or assemble people (as in a 

procession), regir o concertar la gente.... 292. 

cholbU te', nphr(pp & n)5. wooden grate, reja 299. 

choley, tv/pass/. be lined up. ordenarse asi. 

choley k'op, s:tv/pass/ & n5. have a discussion set in order. 

ordenar. 

choUej, n5. row. ordenarse asi. 

k'usi xapasUc ta choUej? What are you doing lined up? 

cholo-nok', n(aj & ncpd)5. cotton armor (wom by the Indians). 

lariga, cota de algodon.. .200, cf loriga. 

cholo-nok'in, tv(aj & tvcpd). tuck up (by tying tiie ends). 

regazar 290. 

choloj ba 'ak', vphr:s(rv/3s/) & tv. set in a row. ponor por 

orden. 
192 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

choloj ba lok'ob-ba, s:rv & n(n & mcd)4d. soUd row of shields, 

pabesada de pabesas 252, 

cholol tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. coat of mail, (1) lariga cota de 

maya 200, cf loriga, (2) malla o arma de malla. 

chololcholol, n4f lined up. concertado. 

chololcholol, aj, Uned up. ordenadamente. 

choltajesbil k*op, nphr(pp & n)5. legal case, proceso en el 

pleito. 

choltajesbU Hun, nphr(pp & n4d). legal case, proceso en.... 

j-chol, num(num & nccpd)5, row, orden continuada o ringlera. 

j-chol tz'ib, nphr(num<num & nccpd> of n)5, line of writing, 

renglon de escritura. 

j-chol jyabutil, nphr(num<num & nccpd> of agn)5, row of 

soldiers in battle order, haz batalla ordenada. 

chon (1) 

chon ba, rv. become a day laborer or soldier, entrar a jorruil 

o soldado. 

chon chi', vphr:tv & n5, seU wine, tabernear 329. 

chonbil k'in, nphr(pp & n)5. day set for payment plazo. 

chonel patan dios, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4d of n5). simony. 

simonia. 

chonel sacramento, nphr(vn4f of n5), simony, simonia. 

chonob bek'et, nphr(n of n)5, butehershop. carniceria. 

chonob chi', nphr(n of n)5. tavern, taberna de vino 329. 

chonob choy, nphr(n of n)5. fish market, pescaderia donde se 

vende pescado. 

chonob nukul, nphr(n of n)5, shop where skins are sold. 

pellejeria, lugar donde se venden. 

chonob vaj, nphr(n of n)5. bakery, panaderia do se vende pan 

246. 

chonob vino, nphr(n of n)5. tavem. taberna de vino 329. 

chonojebal, n5. market place, plaza, lugar doruie venden. 

jchon-bail, agn(tv & mcpd). porter, gana-pan. 

jchon-bek'et, agn(tv & ncpd). butcher, carnicero. 

jchon-chi', agn(tv & ncpd). tavem keeper, wine merchant. (1) 

tabernear 329, (2) vinatero que trata en vino. 

jchon-choy, agn(tv & ncpd). fishmonger, pescadero que lo 

vende. 

jchon k'op dios, agn:tv & nphr(n4d of n5)cpd. simoniac. 

simoniaco. 

jchon panbil pom, agn:tv & nphr(pp & n5)cpd. taffy-seller. 

melcochero. 

jchon-pan'^oo, agn(tv & ncpd). rag dealer, trapero. 

jchon patan dios, agn:tv & nphr(n4d of n5)cpd. simoniac. 

simoniaco. 

jchon-p'olmal, agn(tv & ncpd). storekeeper, tendero que vende 

en tienda. 

jchon sakil pok', agn:tv & nphr(aj & n5)cpd. linen seller. 

lencero que vende lienzos. 

jchon-Hun, agn(tv & ncpd). bookseller, librero que los vende. 

jchonojel, agn. merchant, storekeeper. (1) mercader 220, (2) 

tendero que vende en tienda. 

chon (2) 

chon, n5. caterpUlar, serpent, snake, spider, toad. (1) culebra 

generalmente, zapo, aram. (2) gusano de arbol, de 

verdura, de maiz, (3) serpiente generalmente, (4) sierpe. 

chon choy, nphr(n type n)5. eel. anguilla. 

jchan 'ut ni' chon, cf chan (2). 

chanul, n4f, caterpUlar, gusarw de arbol— 

chanul 'atil, nphr(n4f of n5), crab louse, ladilla. 

chanul 'bcim, nphr(n4f of n5). com gmb. gorgojo. 

chanul pok*, nphr(n4f of n5). clotiies moth, polilla. 

'ajav chon, cf 'ojov. 

chanul pom, nphr(n4f of n5). bee (generally), abeja en comun. 

chop 

j-chop, num (num & nccpd)5, pafr (sandals), un par. 

chox 

*chox, tv, hold (alcalde*s staff, flyswatter), RML—This term 

also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:29, 208), 

(1) asir, tener..., (2) tener. 

*choxoj, n4d. object held. (1) asir, tener..., (2) tener. 

chot 

chotan, tv. make person squat sentar a otro. 

chotey, iv. squat (1) estar en cuclillas. (2) sentarse en cuclillas. 

chotiej, n5. squat sentamiento asi. 

chotol, aj. squatting. (1) estar en cuclillas. (2) sentado asi. 

choy (1) 

choy, n5. fish, pez 252, 

tzajal choy, cf tzoj. 

tz*i' choy, cf tz'i' (1), 

chon choy, cf chon (2). 

vinik choy, cf. vinik. 

chayal vaj, nphr(natt & n)5, fish tamale. empanada de pescado. 

choy (2) 

choychoy 'anU, nphr(aj & n)5. trot. RML—In colonial Tzeltal 

the term is choychoy anumal (Guzman, 1620:212), In 

modem Chol choychoynya refers to the sound of 

walking, trote asi. 

choychoy-'anilaj, iv(aj & ivcpd), jog along, frot, trotar o correr 

poco a poco. 

chu' 

chu', n4d, udder (sow, cow), ubre de puerco o vaca. 

chu' 'antz, nphr(n4d of n5), woman's miUc, leche. 

chu' tux-nok* chij, nphr:n4d of nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. 

sheep*s miUc. leche. 

chu'il, n3d. milk, leche. 

chu'nom, n5. sucking (animal), mamanton. 

chu'ul, n3d. breast, tela. 

chu'un, tv. entertain taking care to provide all tiiat is needed, 

nurse, (1) mamar, (2) regalar teniendo cuidado de 

proveer lo que es menester. 

chu'un, iv, nurse. (1) amamantar. (2) mamar. 

chu'uneb 'olol, nphr(n4d of n5). newbom child, niho o niha 

recien nacido. 

chu'unom, n5. nursing chUd. niho o niha de tela. 

chu'untas, tv. nurse, amamantar. 

chu'uy, n5. bag, knapsack, sack, saddlebag, funda como de 

almohada. 
NUMBER 31 193 

chu'uy, n4e, pillowcase, (1) alforja, (2) bolsa. (3) mochila. (4) 

saco costal. (5) talega comunmente. 

chu'uy nuti', nphr(n type n)5, net, sack, talega de red. 

chu'uy tak'in, nphr(n4e of n5). surgeon*s case, estuche de 

cirujano. 

chu'uy yolobU, nphr(n4e of n5). quiver, aljaba. 

jchu'unel 'unen, nphr(agn type n)5. nursing baby, niho o niha 

de teta. 

jchu'untasvanej, agn. wetnurse. (1) anui, (2) moza de servicio 

226. 

'ikatzinab chu'uy, cf 'ikatz. 

muk'-chu'uy, n(aj & ncpd)5, large sack, saca o saco grande. 

muk*ta chu'uy, nphr(aj & n)5, wineskin, odre para vino. 

muk*tik chu'uy, nphr(aj & n)5, large sack, saca o saco grande. 

nukul chu'uy, cf nukul. 

nukulal chu'uy, cf, nukul, gota coral. 

tik*obU chu'uy, cf tUc'. 

chub 

chub ba, rv, become shriveled or deformed (hand, foot). 

RML—^This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 

1620:70). In modem Tojolabal chub'u is "encoger 

(brazo o pierna)" (Lenkersdorf, 1979:103). encojido asi 

o mamo. 

chubbU, pp. shriveled, deformed (hand, foot), encojido asi o 

nmnco. 

chuch (1) 

chuch, n5. squirrel, harda. 

chuch (2) 

chuch k'ok', vphr:tv & n5. stfr the fire, hurgar asi el fuego. 

chuchob k'ok', nplir(n of n)5. poker, horgonero de horno 179, 

cf, hurgonero. 

chuchobil k*ok', nphr(n4f of n5), poker, horgonero de horno 

179. 

chuchoj, n4d. fire being stirred, stick being poked into ffre. 

atisar y de esto hacer que haga llama. 

jchuchvanej, agn, person who stfrs the fire, atisador de esta 

manera. 

chuk 

chuk, tv. fasten, seize, tie. (1) atar o prender. (2) ligar. (3) 

prender. 

chuk tzekil, nphr(n of n)3d. woman*s sash, faja de mujeres 140. 

chuk-ch*utin, tv(tv & tvcpd). tuck up (under sash when 

working), regazar 290, 

chuk ta ch'ojon, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), lead by the halter, 

encabestrar. 

chuk ta ch'ojon tak'in, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<n type 

n>5), chain, encadernar. 

chukav, iv, raise the roof purlins, techar. 

chukay, tv, raise the roof purlins, techar. 

chukbey k'ob, vphr:-dv & n4d[B], hobble, manear bestias. 

chukbil, pp, jailed, preso. 

chukel, vn4d. capture, prendimiento. 

chukleb ve'el, nphr(n4f of n5), gizzard, papo. 

chukob k'obil, nphr(n of n)5. manacles, esposas, prision. 

chukob k'op, nphr(n4f of n5), league (between alUes), liga en 

amistades. 

chukob vacas, nphr(n of n)5, yoke, yugo 190, 

chukobil, n4f cap or hat strap, falcon's fetters, (1) fiador de 

gorra o sombrero, (2) pihuela de halcon. 

chukobil 'okil tak'in, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5) type n5, leg fetters, 

grillos. 

chukobil tz'i', nphr(n4d of n5). leash, traya para atar perros 

338. 

chukobil caballo, nphr(n4d of n5). fetters (horse, mule), suelta 

de mula o caballo 

chukobil jolol, nphr(n4f of n5). braid, scarf, trena o trenza. 

chukobil k'obil, nphr(n4f of n3d). manacles, esposas, prision. 

chukobil toniUl, nphr(n4f of n3d). tmss. tira braguero. 

chukobil vacas, nphr(n4d of n5). yoke, yugo 190. 

chukoj, n4d. object being tied, atar o prender. 

chukul, aj. narrow (unable to contain something), angosto que 

rw cabe algo 24. 

chukulU nab, nphr(aj & n)5. narrow body of water, mar 

estrecho. 

chukvanab, n4f jail. RML—As in modem TzotzU of 

Larramzar. carcel. 

chukvanab ch'en, nphr(n type n)5. dungeon, masmorra 214. 

chukvanab ta 'ut lum, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4f of 

n5>). dungeon, sima o carcel de mazmorra. 

chukvanej, vn5. capture, prendimiento. 

j-chuk, num(num & nccpd)5. bunch, handful (tied bunch of 

herbs, torch sticks). (1) hacha de tea para alumbrar. (2) 

manojo o manada. 

mu chukbiluk, vphr:neg & pp/pred/. loose, untied, suelto. cosa 

no atada. 

chuk' 

chuk*, tv, launder, wash, lavar. 

chuk* bol, n4d. laundry bundle, envoltorio 98. 

chuk'ob, n5. moat RML—^Perhaps this should be read 

chuk'om. cava. 

chuk*om, n5. washing, lavamiento. el acto de lavar. 

xebat ta chuk*om. I am going to wash (glasses). 

chuk*omaj, iv. launder, wash, lavar. 

chuk*omajeb, n5. washing place, labadero. lugar de lavar 193. 

jchuk*om, agn. laundress, washer, lavador o avandero. 

chuman 

chuman te', nphr(n of n)5. stump, tronco de arbol, si es tronco 

sin ramas. 

chumay 

j-chumay, num(num & nccpd)5. cubit RML—^This term is 

given as a numeral classifier in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 

1620:40). In colonial Quiche it means forearm (Edmonson, 1965:30). codo medida. 

CH' 

ch'a (1) 

ch'a, aj. acid, bitter, sour. (1) amargo. (2) acedo 37. 
194 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

ch'a chi', ajphr(aj & aj). oversalty. salada cosa. muy salada. 

ch'a (2) 

ch'ach'on 'olonton, s:av & -n4d. be enraged, encenderse de ira. 

ch'ach'onel, vn4d, rage, encendimiento asi. 

ch'a (1) 

ch'ail, nle. smoke. (1) humo. (2) sahumerio. 

ch'ail, n4f bittemess. anuirgor. 

ch'ail muibtayat, vphr:-n4e & tv/pass/, perfumed (witii 

incense), perfumes. 

ch*ailal pok', nphr(natt & n)5, smoky clothes, humosa cosa, 

llena de humo. 

ch'ailal vinik, nphr(natt & n)5, smoky person, humosa cosa, 

llena 

ch'ailay, iv. become smoky, cense, steam (waU or cloth). (1) 

ahumarse como la comida..., (2) ahumarse la pared o 

manta, (3) hunwso hacerse, henchirse de humo, (4) 

sahumar. 

ch'ailtas, tv. cense, sahumar. 

ch'atay, tv. cense, sahumar. 

ch'atayabil, n5. censer, sahumador en que sahuman. 

ch'aub, iv. become bitter or smoky. *When they make threats 

over someUiing which has brought pleasure they say: 

"xch'aub to bak'in" "sometime he will become bitter." 

or "jch'aubtas bak'in" "I wUl make him bitter sometime." (1) ahumarse conw la comida..., (2) amargar, (3) 

amargar hacer. 

ch'aubel, vn4d. bittemess. amargar hacer. 

ch'aubes, tv. embitter, make bitter, arrmrgar hacer, cf 

amargor. 

ch'aubtas, tv. embitter, make bitter, RML—See ch'aub. 

amargar hacer. 

'ip ch'aU, s:aj/pred/ & n4e. smoky, humosa cosa. 

'oy ta ch'aU muibtayat, s:n5/pred/ & s(qphr<prep & n4e[S]> 

& tv/pass/). perfumed (with incense), perfumes. 

laal ch*aU, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. smoky, humosa cosa, llerui.... 

ch'a' 

ch'a'al, aj. messy (hafr). RML—This term persists in modem 

Tzotzil, redropelo. 

ch'ab 

ch'abaj, iv. fast, ayunar 14. 

ch'abajel, vn5. fast. (1) ayuno 14, (2) cuaresma 279. 

ch'ob, n5. fast. Lent. (1) ayuno 14, (2) cuaresma 279. 

ch'ach'ak 

xch'ach'ak, n5. pigeon. RML—This perhaps should be read 

xch'achak. Both ch'achak and ch'ach'ak in modem 

Tzotzil refer to tiie band-tailed pigeon, Columbia 

fasciata. (1) paloma, ave. (2) torcaza. paloma. 

ch'aj (1) 

ch'aj, aj. lazy, negligent, slow. (1) lerdo. perezoso, (2) 

negligente. (3) pereza, (4) perezoso, (5) tibia, cosa 

perezosa. 

ch'aj vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. lazy person, perezoso. 

ch'ajch'aj, aj. lazily, negligentiy. (1) negligentemente, (2) 

perezosamente. 

ch'ajU, n4d, laziness, flojedad asi 44, 

ch'ajU, aj, lazy, negUgent, (1) perezoso. (2) tibia, cosa 

perezosa. 

ch'ajU vinUc, nphr(aj & n5). lazy, negligent, or slow person. 

(1) flojo negligente 144, (2) lerdo. perezoso, (3) 

perezoso. 

ch'ajUal, nld. laziness, negUgence, slowness. (1) flojedad asi 

144, (2) negligencia. (3) pereza, (4) tibieza asi. 

ch'ajUal 'osU 'a'i, vphr:nphr(n of n)5 & tv. be lazy, perezoso 

ser. 

ch'ajleytay, tv, neglect negligore. 

ch'ajub, iv, be lazy, perezoso ser. 

ch*ajubel, vn5. laziness, pereza. 

ch'aj (2) 

ch'aj. cord, guitar, halter, monocord, rope, string, twist cf 

ch'ojon. 

ch'ak (1) 

ch'ak, n5. flea, pulga. 

'ochem ch'ak, cf. 'och. 

ch'ak (2) 

ch'ak, tv. break or cut roots or vines with which they bind Uie 

wood of thefr houses, break cord or thread, decide a legal 

case, investigate, judge, postpone, rip clothing, rule a 

govemment or town, sentence, set a day, limit or place, 

tear, undo. (1) aplasar tiempo o dia, (2) averiguar, (3) 

condenar, (4) descoser 79, (5) desaserse corrw descoserse 79, (6) determinar juzgando, (1) emplazar, (8) 

juzgar, (9) quebrar o cortar las raices..., (10) quebrarse 

el hilo o soga, (11) rasgar, (12) regir como pueblo o 

gobernacion, (13) romper ropa. (14) romperse. (15) 

sentenciar. (16) sehalar tiempo o lugar para algo. 

ch'ak, iv. be fined, become a lord, break (cord or Uiread), come 

undone, govem, rip, tear. (1) descoser 79, (2) desaserse 

corrw descoser se 79, (3) ensehorear hacerse sehor. (4) 

goberrwr 155, (5) quebrarse el hilo o soga. (6) romperse. 

ech*ak ta Ho'-vinik pesos. He was fined a hundred pesos. 

condenar. 

ch'ak, n4f rip. descocido 79. 

ch'ak 'olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A], make up one's mind, 

determiruirse. 

ch'ak 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. deliberate, deliberar. 

ch'ak tzamesel, s:iv & -vn4d. be sentenced to deaUi. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, condenar. 

ch'ak k'in, vphr:tv & -n4e. set a day or deadline for someUiing. 

sehalar tiempo o lugar para algo. 

ch'ak lum, vphr:tv & n5. mark boundaries of inherited land. 

alindar heredad. 

ch'ak majel, s:iv & -vn4d. be sentenced to a beating. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, condenar. 

ch'ak nivel 'u'un, s:iv & n5 -i- -n4d. level, nivelar. 

ch'ak patan, vphr:tv & n5. set tribute, tazar tributo. 

ch'ak ta 'olonton, vphr:tv - & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). make up 

one's mind, determinarse. 

ch'ak ta be k*op, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n5) & n4d[A]. cut 
NUMBER 31 195 

short conversation, abreviar platica. 

ch'ak tojobU, vphr:tv & n5, set a price, tazar precio. 

ch'ak tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f price, set a price, (1) apreciar, 

sehalar precio, (2) tazar precio. 

ta jch'aktik stojol. We agree on the price, ygualarse en el 

precio 184. 

ch'akal, aj. ripped, tom, (1) descosido 79, (2) quebrado asi, 

(3) quebrado asi, (4) rompida cosa. 

ch'akaltUc, aj, ripped in many places, rompida cosa por muchas 

partes. 

ch'akalul, n4f rip, tear. (1) quebradura asi, (2) rasgadura. 

ch'akben, n4d. judgment or resolution that has been made. 

determiruicion. 

ch'akben k'op, nphr(n type n)4d. judgment or resolution Uiat 

has been made, determinacion. 

ch'akbey k'in, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. set a day. plazo dar. 

jun 'uuk nexch'akbey. He gave me a month, plazo de tres 

dias. 

ch'akbey tojol mul, vphr:-dv & nphr(n4f of n4d[B]). sentence. 

sentenciar. 

ch'akbU, pp. judged, ripped, set (deadline), tom. (1) descocido 

79, (2)juzgado, (3) quebrado asi, (4) quebrado asi. 

'oxib k'ak'al ch'akbU. a deadline of Uiree days, plazo de 

tres dias. 

ch'akbU k'in, s:pp/pred/ & -n4e. deadline, plazo. 

ch'akbU tojol, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. with price set. juzgado el 

precio. 

ch'akbU ve'el, s:pp/pred/ & -nld. ration, racion de comida. 

ch'akbU sve'el ta sna. He receives his ration at (someone's) 

house, 

ch'akeb, n4f separation, anadidura para henchir 24. 

ch'akeb k'op, nphr(n4f of nld). agreement contract, partido 

0 concierto. 

Hechtiik Hechtik xch'akeb jk'optik. Our agreement is like 

thus and so. 

ch'akeb vaxakib k'ak'al, nphr:n4f of nphr(num4e of -n4e). 

octave (eight-day fiesta), ochavas u ochavada. 

ch'akebal 'Uc', nphr(n5 of n4d). near death, malo estar casi 

muerto 206. 

ch'akebal 'ol, nphr(n5 of n4f). courthouse, cabildo donde se 

juntan. 

ch'akebal na, nphr(n type n)5. council, royal audience. 

consistorio. 

ch'akel, vnld. appraisal, judgment, punishment, sentence. (1) 

juicio, (2) justicia por el acto de hacer justicia, (3) 

sentencia, (4) tazacion asi. 

'oy epas ch'akel ta stojol. He was sentenced. ^Mz^a^o. 

ch'akel 'olonton, nphr(n4f of n5). deliberation, intention, (1) 

deliberacion, (2) proposito. 

ch'akel vaxakib k'ak'al, nphrn4f of nphr(num4e of -n4e), 

octave (eight-day fiesta), ochavas u ochavada. 

ch'akes, tv, divide, sentence, (1) despartir, (2) sentenciar. 

ch'aklajetel, vn5, sound of pottery smashing, ruido de cosas 

quebradas de barro. 

ch'akob k'op, nphr(n of n)5, agreement, courthouse, gameroom 

where they play, meeting, (1) acuerdo o junta, (2) 

consistorio. 

ch'akobU lum, nphr(n4f of n5), boundary marker, mojon. 

ch'akoj, tv. determine, determinar juzgando. 

ch'akoj, n4d. subject of investigation, averiguar. 

ch'akoj 'olonton, vphr:tv/ap/ & n4d[A]. make up one's mind. 

determinarse. 

ch*akvanej, vn5. judgment, ywicw. 

jch*ak tojol, nphr(agn of n4f). middleman, medianero en 

compra o venta. 

jch*akel, agn. council, govemor, judge, prefect royal audience. 

(1) consejo o audiencia real, (2) gobernacion 155, (3) 

juez, (4) justicia, el que la hace, (5) regidor asi 292. 

jch*akel ta 'ol, nphr:agn & qphr(prep & n4f[=agn]). govemor, 

senator. RML—Cordova under senador refers the reader 

to oydor (Cordova, 1942:376). senador, gobernador. 

ch'al 

ch'al jol, vphr:tv & -n4d. braid, tranzar, cf trenzar. 

ch*albil vinik, nphr(pp & n)5. person who is ready. RML— 

This probably means ready in the sense of dressed, for 

ch'al in modem Tzeltal is to adom (Slocum and Gerdel, 

1965:135). pre^ro. 

ch'alob tux-nok*, nphr(n4f of n<n & ncpd>5). spindle, rueca 

de hilar. 

ch*alobil tzotzU jol, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4e of n4d). braid. 

trenzado de mujer 338. 

ch*alobil jol, nphr(n4f of n4d). braid, trenzado de mujer 338. 

ch'am (1) 

ch'am, tv. catch a contagious disease, light. RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal -cham is "encender fuego" (Guzman, 1620:69). 

(1) alumbrar el fuego, (2) pegarse asi la enfermedad. 

ch'am, iv. have epidemic strike, pegar enfermedad contagiosa. 

ch'am ch'enal, s:iv & -n4d. have epidemic strike, pegarse la 

enfermedad tal. 

ch*ambey k*op, vphr:-dv & n5. interpret, translate, ynterpretar 

en otra lengua.. .188. 

ch*ambil, pp. contagious, translated. (1) contagiosa, pegada 

cosa, (2) ynterpretada cosa 189. 

ch'amel k'op, nphr(n4f of n5). interpretation, translation. 

ynterpretacion 189. 

ch*amet, av. be contagious, spead (sickness). (1) contagiosa, 

(2) pegarse la enfermedad. 

ch*amob k'ok', nphr(n of n)5. tinder (bumt cloUi). yesca de 

manias quemadas.. .184. 

ch'amobil k'ok', nphr(n4f of n5). tinder, yesca de manias 

quemadas...IS4. 

ch'amojel chamel, nphr(vn type vn)5. fatal tumor, landre que 

mata. 

ch'amol, n5. lending. (1) emprestada cosa, dada prestada, (2) 

emprestar, dar prestado, (3) prestado, (4) prestado 

tonuir. 

xbat ta ch'amol. It is being lent, emprestar, dar prestado. 

ebat ta ch'amol. It was lent. (1) emprestada cosa, dada 
196 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

prestado, (2) prestado. 

•ch'amtan, tv. cateh a contagious disease. RML—This same 

term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:154). (1) 

pegar enfermedad contagiosa, (2) pegarse asi la 

enfermedad. 

ch'amun, tv. borrow, rent, rent out. (1) arrendar. tomar 

arrendado. (2) emprestada tonuir. (3) prestado tomar. 

ch'amunbil, pp, borrowed, (1) emprestada cosas, tomada 

prestada, (2) prestado, recibido prestado. 

ch'amunbU ku'un, I borrowed it, prestado, recibido 

prestado. 

ch'amunej, n4d. borrowed article, prestado, recibido prestado. 

ch'amunel, vn5. borrowing, prestado. 

ebat ta ch'amunel. It was borrowed, 

ch'amunaobil, n4f article to be borrowed, rent. (1) pension 

por alquiler, (2) renta.... 

jch'am-alcalde, agn(tv & ncpd). deputy alcalde, sustituto ser 

324. 

jch'am-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). interpreter, translator, ynterprete 

188. 

jch'am-na, agn(tv & ncpd). person who lives in anotiier's 

house, morar en casa ajena. 

'ak* ta ch*amunel, cf 'ak' (2). 

ch'om, n4d. borrowed or rented article. (1) arrendar. tomar 

arrendado. (2) emprestada cosa, tomada prestada. (3) 

prestado. recibido prestado. 

ch'am (2) 

ch*amal, aj. Uttie, smaU, trifUng. RML—This term persists in 

modem Tzotzil. (1) chico, (2) menuda cosa. (3) 

menudencia. (4) pequeho. 

ch'amal xa, ajphr:aj & pt. a Uttie more, cf bUc'it. unpoco mas. 

ch'amal xa mu ta, vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & neg & tv-. a little less. 

un poco menos. 

bUc*tal ch*amal, nphr(aj & n)4f trifle, menudencia. 

ch'an 

ch'an chi, vphr:aj & iv. be calm or quiet, relax, shrink or 

withdraw from noise or impediment (1) encojerse o 

recojer se de ruidos o embarazos, (2) quedo o sosegado, 

(3) reposar i quietarse el inquieto. 

ch'an xechi. I am quiet. (1) callar. (2) encojerse o.... 

ch'an chian! Be quiet! reposar i quietarse el inquieto. 

ch'an-chi, iv(aj & ivcpd). be calm or quiet, become peaceful, 

relax, shrink or witiidraw from noise or impediment. (1) 

callar. (2) encojerse o recojerse.... (3) paciflcarse. (4) 

reposar i quietarse.... 

ch'an chi 'osU, s:aj & iv & n5. calm (without wind), calma. 

ch'an-chi kotol, vphr:iv(aj & ivcpd) & aj/pred/. stand stiU 

(deer, horse), quedo estar. 

ch'an-chi xanav, vphr:iv(aj & icpd) & iv. be at peace, paz tener. 

ch'an-chi xanbal, s:iv(aj & ivcpd) & n5. peace, paz. 

ch'an-chi va'al, vphr:iv(aj & ivcpd) & aj/pred/. stand stUl 

(person), quedo estar de cosas animadas. 

ch'an chiel, nphr(aj & vn)5. sUence. silencio. 

ch*anabal vinik, nphr(n type n)5, melancholy, pensive, silent. 

or witiidrawn person, (1) callado. (2) encojido asi. (3) 

melancolico 207, (4) pensativo. 

ch*anantas, tv. calm, check a horse with a violent puU of Uie 

bridle, conciliate, deprive of office, pacify, prevent from 

fleemg, stop. (1) despartir, (2) fenecer. hacer cesar, (3) 

pacificar, (4) pacificar, hacer paz, (5) privar, quitar de 

oficio. (6) quedar lo que huye. (1) sofrenar. 

ch*anantas caballo, vphr:tv & n5. tame a horse, domar 

caballos. 

ch*anantas ta chu', vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). wean, destetar, 

quitarle la leche. 

ch*anantas vacas, vphr:tv & n5, tame a buU, domar caballos. 

ch'ani, iv, stop, (1) cesar 71, (2) fenecer. 

ch'ani 'u'un ta 'anU, vphr:tv -i- -n4d & qphr(prep & n5), make 

(horse or ox) stop mnning, quedar a lo que huye. 

ch'ani ta 'anU, vphriv & qphr(prep & n5), stop in one's fracks. 

quedarse asi. 

ch'ani ta tze'ej, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). stop laughing. 

finarse de risa. 

ch'aniab, n4b. end, termination. (1) en fin, (2) fenecimiento, 

(3) termino por fin. 

ch'anieb, n4b. end, termination, fenecimiento. 

ch'anieb yabutil, nphr(n4f of n5). tmce, treguas para cierto 

dia. 

ch'aniel, vnld, end, termination, fenecimiento. 

ch'anielon ta tze'ej. I have stopped laughing.^/lado de risa. 

ch*anies, tv. prevent from fleeing, stop, fenecer, hacer cesar. 

ch'anob, n5. stone on which they performed sacrifices. 

RML—^This is given as chanem. piedra sobre que 

sacrificaban. 

ch'anobU ton, nphr(n4f type n5). stone on which Uiey 

performed sacrifices. RML—^This is given as xechanebil 

ton. In colonial Tzeltal it is given as chamibal ton 

(Guzmdn, 1620:160). piedra sobre que sacrificaban. 

ch*anol, n4f calm (wind), quedo o sosegado. viento. 

'ak' ch'an chiuk, cf *ak' (2). 

ta ch'anieb, qphr:prep & -n4f finally, en fin. 

ch'ay 

ch'ay, tv. devastate, dimuiish, free from debt, lose, squander, 

tear up, waste. (1) asolarse 33, (2) desperdiciar, (3) 

destruirse, (4) disipar 89, (5) menguar, (6) perder algo. 

ch'ay, iv, be absent from work, be depopulated in war, be 

destroyed or devastated, be lacking, die, disguise self, 

end, fall from a height, get lost, have one's color or 

complexion change, min self (1) acabarse o destruirse, 

(2) asolarse 33, (3) caer de alto, (4) despoblarse. 

acabandose en guerra. (5) destruirse, (6) disfrazarse, 

(l)faltar el que habia de venir a trabajar. (8) perderse, 

(9) perecer, (10) rebotarse el color o tez. 

ch'ay, iv. be dead, disguised, dissipated or lost. RML—^These 

are all given in the past tense. (1) disfrazarse, (2) 

disiparse, (3) perdida cosa, (4) perecido. 

ch'ay 'a'i, vphr.iv & tv[0 = S of iv]. forget RMI^-The 

infransitive verb is in the past tense, olvidar. 
NUMBER 31 197 

ch'ay 'Uc', s:iv & -n4d. die. morir. 

ch'ay 'Uc', s:iv & -n4d. be dead. RML—^The verb is in tiie past 

tense, muerto del todo. 

ch'ay 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be stmck with amazement, deceive 

oneself, go mad. (1) embebecerse, (2) engahar se, (3) 

enloquecerse. 

ch'ay 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be dissolute, forgotten, mad or 

stmck with amazement. RML—^The verb is in the past 

tense. (1) disoluta muger, (2) embebecido, (3) enloquecido, (4) olvidar, (5) olvidada cosa. 

ch'ay 'olonton 'u'un, s:iv & -n4d + -n4d. make person forget 

quitar algo de la memoria. 

ch'ay 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. lose, perder algo. 

ch'ay 'u'un, vphr:iv -i- -n4d. squander, RML—^The verb is in 

the past tense, disipar. 

ch'ay ba, rv, disguise oneself, disfrazarse. 

ch*ay-tzaij, iv(tv & ivcpd), be befuddled, rebotarse en el 

entendimiento. 

ch*ay ch'ulel, s:iv & -n4d. be stupefied, embobeserse mirando 

algo. 

ch*ay mul, vphr:tv & -n4d. absolve, confess. (1) absolver del 

pecado 33, (2) confesar. 

ch*ay na'el 'u'un, s:iv & -vn4f + -n4d, destroy one*s reputation, 

quitar la honra. 

ch'ay patan, s:iv & -n4d, be absolved from work or retfred, 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, (l)jubilado, suelto 

del trabajo, (2)jubilado ser. 

ch'ay sat, s:iv & -n4d, be drowsy, trasponerse. 

ch'ay xi'el 'u'un, s:iv & -vn4f + -n4d, destroy one's reputation, 

quitar la honra. 

ch'ay ta 'ach'el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), mfre. encenagar. 

ch'ay ta 'ach'el, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). wallow. 

enceruigarse. 

ch'ay ta ch'en, vphniv & qphr(prep & n5). faU off a cliff 

despehar. 

ch'ay ta ch'en 'u'un, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5) + -n4d. hurl 

off a cliff despehar a otro. 

ch'ay ta jom, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5), sink (in a boat), 

arrugarse 23, cf, anegarse. 

ch'ayal, aj, absent from work, diminished, lost. (1) faltar 

el..., (2) menguado asi, (3) perdida cosa. 

ch'aybey, tv. absolve, free from debt, pardon. (1) perdon, (2) 

soltar deuda. 

ch*aybey 'olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B], dupe, embaucar. 

ch*aybey kola'al, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. pardon, perdon. 

ch*aybey k'op juramento, vphr:-dv & nphr(n4f of n5). free 

person from his oath, soltar la palabra o el juramento. 

ch'aybey mul, vphr:-dv & n4d[B], absolve, pardon, (1) 

absolver del pecado 33, (2) perdon. 

ch*aybU, pp. pardoned, perdonado. 

ch'aybU 'abtel, s:pp/prep/ & -n4d. exempt from work, retfred, 

(1) franco privilegiado, (2)jubilado. 

ch*aybU ba, s:pp/prep/ & -m4d, disguised, disfrazado. 

ch'aybU patan, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d, exempt from tribute, retired. 

jubilado, suelto del trabajo. 

ch'aybU ta 'abtel, vphr:pp/prep/ & qphr(prep & n4d[S]), 

exempt from work, retfred,/ranco privilegiado. 

ch'aybU ta patan, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5), exempt 

from tribute, retired, franco privilegiado. 

ch*ayeb, n4d, time or place of diminishment (of one*s sins). 

achicadura. 

ch'ayeb k*a'-'ep, nphr:n4f of n(aj & ncpd)5. dump, establo 

no de bestias sirw lugar de suciedades. 

ch*ayel, vnld. deatii, disguise, loss, pardon, wallowing in 

mud. (1) disfrase, (2) encenagamiento, (3) perdimiento 

asi, (4) perdon. (5) perecimiento. 

k*anbeyo xch*ayel amul. Beg pardon for your sins, perdon. 

ch'ayel 'olontonU, nphr(vn4f of n5). madness, loco. 

ch'ayel bel naU, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n of n)5. prodigality. 

prodigalidad. 

ch'ayob mul, nphr(n of n)5. concession of plenary indulgence. 

jubileo. 

ch'ayobU mul, nphr(n of n)5. concession of plenary indulgence. 

jubileo. 

jch'ay 'ol vinUc, agn(tv & n & ncpd). dissolute person, perdido 

hombre o disoluto. 

jch*ay-'olonton, agn(tv & ncpd). forgetful person, olvidadiso. 

jch*ay bel na, agn:tv & nphr(n of n)cpd. prodigal person. 

prodigo. 

jch*ayel, agn. dead person, perecido. 

ch'ej 

ch*ejch'on, av. sound like a cracked bell, soruir como campana 

quebrada. 

ch'el 

xch*el, n5. parakeet RML—This parrot, described as smaUer 

than the other parrots, was probably the orange-fronted 

parakeet Aratinga canicularis. papagayo. ave conocida. 

ch'elop 

ch'elopU, n3d, rib. costilla. 

ch'en 

ch'en, nle. burrow, hole. (1) bivar. (2) hoyo 175. 

ch'en k'anal tak'in, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5. gold vein. 

minero de oro. 

ch'en sakU tak'in, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5. silver vein. 

minero de plata. 

ch'en t'ul, nphr(n4d of n5). rabbit burrow, bivar. 

ch'ench'entik, n5. many holes, place with many holes, hoyos 

muchos 0 lugar donde los hay 175. 

ch'et 

ch'etel tzaval jol, s:ajphr(aj & aj)/pred/ & -n4d. dishevelled 

hafr. melena. 

ch'etel tzotzil jol, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -n4d). disheveUed 

or mussy hair, redropelo. 

ta ch'etiej jol, s:qphr(prep & n5)/pred/ & -n4d. wiUi dishevelled 

hafr. melena. 

ch'i 

ch'i, iv. grow, crecer. 
198 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

ch'i 'e, s:iv & -n4d. have new tooUi grow in. mudar los dientes. 

ch'i batel, vphr:iv & dr. grow up. crecer. 

ch'i k*exol 'e, s:iv & nphr(n4f of -n4d). have new tootii grow 

in. mudar los dientes. 

ch*i k'uk'umal, s:iv & -n4d. fledge. (1) emplumecer. (2) 

emplumecido. 

ch*ieb 'aj, nphr(n4f of n5). reed field, cahaveral. 

ch'ieb ch'uj, nphr(n4f of n5). cochineal cactus, grana. 

ch'ieb vale', nphr(n4f of n5). cane field, cahaveral. 

ch'iel, vn5. appearance of plants, nacimiento de plantas, 

yerbas. 

ch'iom tzeb, nphr(aj & n)5. young gfrl. (1) borrico, (2) mosuelo 

asi 225, cf. mozuela. 

ch'iom caballo, nphr(aj & n)5. colt, borrico. 

ch'iom jkotz, nphr(aj & n)5. young rooster, polio grande. 

ch'iom kelem, nphr(aj & n)5. young boy or rooster. (1) borrico. 

(2) garzon, mancebo 151, (3) mancebo pequeho, (4) 

mosuelo pequeho 225, (5) polio grande. 

ch'iom sak-'ichi, nphr(aj & n<aj & ncpd>)5. young egret. 

garceta. 

ch'iom tenel te', nphr:aj & nphr(natt & n)5. tablet. RML— 

Perhaps tenel should be read tenal as given, tablilla. 

ch'iom tuluk*, nphr(aj & n)5. puUet. polio grande. 

ch'iom tux-nok' chij, nphr:aj & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. 

lamb, borrico. 

ch'itas, tv. raise (child, dog, horse). (1) crecer, (2) criar 

nin^os, caballos. 

mo ch'i 'a'i, vphr:s(neg & iv) & tv. feel ill. malo estar 206. 

ta ch'iel to, vphr:qphr(prep & vn5)/pred/ & pt minor (in age). 

menor de edad que esta debajo de tutor. 

yo' 'oy ch'i, nphr:pt & pt & s(iv—). native country. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, tierra patria. 

tz'itas, tv. raise (child, dog, horse), crecer. 

,tz*itas ba, rv. support oneself mantenerse. 

ch'i' 

ch'i', tv. rip, tear, rasgar. 

ch*i'et, av. have tmmpets sound, soruir las trompetas. 

ch'i'U, aj. ripped, tom. rasgado. 

ch'i'iltik, aj. ripped or tom in many places, rasgado. 

ch'i'ilul, n4f rip, tear, rasgadura. 

ch'ich' 

ch'ich', n5. blood, menses, pulse. (1) menstruo de muger 220, 

(2) pulso, (3) sangre. 

ch'ich' lukum, nphr(n type n)5. leech, sanguijuela. 

ch'ich'-nak*al 'a'i, vphr:n(n & ajcpd)5 & tv. suffer from bloody 

dysentery, camaras de sangre. 

ch*ich' pojov, nphr(n type n)lf serous blood, sanguasa 309. 

ch'ich'el, n4d. blood, child (metaphoricaUy). (1) hijo permetaphoram, (2) sangre. 

ta xa ch'ich' yaxaub, vphr:qphr(prep & pt & n5) & iv. uterine 

flux. RML—^The verb is in the past tense, sangre 

lluvia. 

ch'ij 

ch'ij, tv. break one object against anotiier. quebrar una cosa 

con otra. 

ch'ijbenal, n4f break, quebradura asi. 

ch'ijbU, aj. broken, quebrado asi. 

ch'ijch'onet, av. be strong (like a bone), reciente cosa 299. 

ch'ijet, av. make a din with mfrthful or quarrelsome talk, sound 

(flutes). (1) bullicio hacer como cuando hablan muchos 

43, (2) chacota tener, (3) estruendo hacer..., (4)parlar 

asi con alborato, (5) sonar las flautas juntas. 

ch*ijet 'osU 'u'un, s:av & n5 + -n4d. excite disturbances. 

alborotar. 

ch*ijetel, vn5. din of mfrthful or quarrelsome talk, discord, 

dispute, disturbance, muttering, talk of many as in a 

cofradia. (1) alborotado, (2) bullicio hacer como cuando 

hablan muchos, (3) chighetel, cf. chacota, (4) diferencia 

o discordia, (5) diferentemente, (6) estruendo hacer..., 

(1) murmullo de gente, (8) parla de muchos como en 

cofradia, (9) cuestion como...2S3. 

ch'Uc (1) 

ch'Uc, tv. dam, repafr leaking roof (1) adobar el tejado de las 

goteras, (2) reparar. (3) surcir o coser. 

ch'ik ba ta jobel, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). make one's way 

through second growth, meterse entre yerbas o matorrales. 

ch'Uc ba ta voymol, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). make one's 

way through second growth, meterse entre yerbas.... 

ch'Uc k'u', vphr:tv & n4d[A]. tuck up one's skirts or blankets 

under one's sash, regazar 290. 

ch'ik ta lum, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n). put underground. ;?6>/ier 

de tierra. 

ch'Uc ta sitz'el, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & vn5). dam, sew. surcir 

o coser. 

ch*Ucben, n4d. leak one has mended, adobar el tejado.... 

ch'Ucil, aj. entered in second growth, metido asi. 

jch*ikvanej ta sitz*el, agn(vn & qphr<prep & vn>cpd). darner, 

sewer, surcidor. 

ch'Uc (2) 

ch*Ucet, av. warble, gorgear las aves. 

jch*iketel, agn. warbler, gorgeador. 

ch'a 

ch*U, tv. fry (eggs), freir. comofreir huevos. 

ch*UbU chenek*, nphr(pp & n)5. bean flour, harina de frijoles. 

ch*Uim, n5. com flour, pinol. harina de maiz o pinol. 

ch*Uob tak*in, nphr(n of n)5. frying pan. sarten parafreir. 

ch*Uob vaj, nphr(n of n)5. bmshwood for oven, hornija, cf 

horniga. 

ch'Uobil, n4f frying pan. sarten parafreir. 

castiUan ch*iUm, cf castiUan. 

ch'Uom 

ch'Uom, n5. brave man, fight, fighter. RML—^In modem 

Tzotzil of Chalchihuitan this term is used in the phrase 

ch'ilom majbenal as a synonym for the evil spirit, 

poslom. (1) atrevido, valiente hombre. (2) caballero 53, 

(3) pelea, (4) peleador. 

ch*Uom 'olonton, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be cmel. cruel. 
NUMBER 31 199 

ch'Uom xanav ta 'ok, vphr:n5 & iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). 

foot soldier, pUceman, peon lanzero en guerra. 

ch'Uom vinUc, nphr(n type n)5. brave man, lowborn, (1) osado, 

(2) villano. 

ch'Uomaj, iv, fight, skfrmish. (1) escaramusar, (2) pelear. 

ch'Uomajel, vn5. fight, pelea. 

ch'Uomal, n5. skirmish, escaramusa. 

ch'Uomal, n4d, courage, fortaleza de varon. 

ch'Uomal vinUc, nphr(n type n)5, lowborn, villano en la 

crianza. 

ch'Uomay, iv, battle, fight, batallar o pelear. 

'ak' ch'Uomal, cf 'ak' (2), 

ba ch'Uom, cf ba (2), 

mo ch'ilomuk, vphr:neg & n5/pred/, feeble (unable to fight or 

act vigorously), flaco que no puede pelear 

nakan jch'ilom, cf, nak. 

ch'in — 

ch'inin 'osU 'a'i, vphr:nphr(aj & n)5 & tv, itch, comezon. 

ch'bf 

ch'ix, n5. thistle, abrojo. 

ch'ix choy, nphr(n4e of n5). fishbone, espina de pescado. 

ch'ix-majan, aj(aj & Pcpd). bristUng witii cold, enerisado asi. 

ch'ix-majtay, iv(aj & ivcpd). bristle with cold, enerisarse por 

frio. 

ch'ix-tontik, n(aj & n)5. sharp rocky place, fragosa cosa de 

Unas piedras agudas. 

ch'ixal, n3d. thorn. (1) espina, (2) pua de espina. 

ch'ixal, aj. spiny, espinosa cosa. 

ch'kal 'itaj, nphr(natt & n)5. borrage, thistie. borraja. 

ch'ixal chitom, nphr(natt & n)5. porcupine, puerco espin. 

ch'ixal choy, nphr(natt & n)5. bony fish, espinosa cosa. 

ch*bcal nichim, nphr(natt & n)5. rose, rosa flor. 

ch'bcal te', nphr(natt & n)5. thomy tree, espinosa cosa. 

ch'ixil, aj. sprouting, reventar la simiente 287. 

ch'ixil 'isim, nphr(aj & n4d). new growUi of beard, barbar 

otra vez despues de afeitado. 

ch'ixtUc, n5. thomy place, espinal. 

ch'it 

ch'itet, av. sound of rainspouts, of cocoa being poured from 

one bowl to another, or of horses urinating, ruido hacer 

las goteras.... 

ch'iv 

ch'ivet 'e, s:av & -n4d. scold, regahar. 

ch'ivet 'e ta tze'ej, s:av & -n4d & qphr(prep & n5). laugh 

softly, smile, reir un poco o sonreirse. 

*xch'iv, n5. morUcey. RML—I am hypothesizing here that 

monkeys' frequent grimaces have won them tiiis name. 

Given as xchiu, the same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal 

(Guzmdn, 1620:36). mona, cf. mono. 

ch'ivit 

ch'ivit, n5. fair, market (l)feria, mercado. (2) mercado, lugar 

220. 

ch'ivitajeb choy, nphr(n4d of n5). fish pond, piscina, estanque 

de peces 261. 

ch'ivitajebal, n3d. fafr, marketplace. (1) feria, (2) mercado 

lugar 220, (3) plaza, lugar do venden. 

ch'ivitajel, vn5. market trading./mar, mercar o vender alii. 

xibat ta ch'ivitajel. I am going marketing, yr a la 

plaza...19,9. 

jch'ivitajel, agn. person who buys and sells at market (1) 

feriar, mercar o vender alii, (2) plazera.... 

yo' 'oy Hu' ch'ivit, nphr:pt & pt & s(iv & n5). marketplace. 

feria, mercado. 

yo' 'oy Hu' ch'ivitajel, nphr:pt & pt & s(iv & vn5). 

marketplace./eria, mercado. 

ch'o' 

ch'o'et av. have stomach growl, rugir las tripas. 

ch'ob 

ch'ob. fast. Lent cf ch'ab. 

ch'oj 

ch'oj, tv. chisel, drill, engrave, perforate, pierce, sculpt wooden 

image. (1) agujerar algo, (2) dibujar cosa de bulto en 

madera 74, (3) escoplear, (4) horadar, (5) sincelar 319, 

(6) taladrar. 

ch'oj, iv. be pierced, perforate, pierce. (1) agujerearse, (2) 

horadar. 

ch'oj ch'en, vphr:tv & nle. make a hole, hoyo hacer 175. 

ch'oj te', vphr:tv & n4d[A]. masturbate (man), tocarse las 

partes vergonzosas. 

ch'ojbenal 'ok mak na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of nphr<n of n>5). 

pivot hole (door), quicio o quicial. 

ch'ojbU, pp. pierced, agujerado. 

ch'ojbol, n4d. object to be pierced or sculpted, agujerado. 

ch'ojes, tv. pierce, horadar. 

ch'ojob te', nphr(n of n)5. chisel, escoplo. 

ch*ojobU, n4f drill, hole. (1) agujero, (2) agujerado, (3) 

taladro. 

ch*ojobU te', nphr(n4f of n5). chisel, escoplo. 

ch'ojojtUc, aj. wiUi many holes, agujerado. 

ch'ojol, aj. with a hole, agujero. 

ch'ojoUl tenam ton, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. breach, portillo 

de muro. 

ch'ojoltik, aj. wiUi many holes, agujerado. 

ch'ojvan, iv. chisel, escoplear. 

ch'ojon 

ch'ojon, nld. cord, halter, rope. (1) cabestro o soga, (2) cordel, 

(3) soga. 

ch'ojon jobel, nphr(n of n)5. grass rope, tonui. 

ch'ojon tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. chain, cadena. 

ch'ojon vob, nphr(n type n)5. harp, harpa. 

ch'ojonch'ojon k'opoj, vphr:aj & iv. speak harmoniously. 

cordel llaman... . 

ch'ajnuj, iv. make a halter, twist (as they twist rope on thefr 

thighs). (1) cabestro, torcer, (2) torcer, como tuercen 

sobre los muslos. 

ch'ajnul, n4f cord, fishline; halter, leaUier helmet strap. (1) 

amiento, (2) cabestro o soga. (3) cordel, (4) sedal para 

pescar. 
200 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

mo 'oyuk xch'ajnul. It has no halter, cabestro o soga. 

ch'ajnul vob, nphr(n type n)5, guitar, monochord, (1) 

manucordio 227, cf momcordio, (2) vihuela, instrumento musico 350. 

ch'ajnul vob, nphr(n4f type n5). guitar, lute. (1) laud, 

instrumento, (2) vihuela, instrumento musico 350. 

ch'ajnuy, tv. make a halter, twist (as they twist rope on thefr 

thighs). (1) cabestro torcer, (2) torcer como.... 

ch'ajnuybil jobel, nphr(pp & n)5. grass rope. (1) soga de 

esparto, (2) toma, soga de esparto. 

ch'ajnuybil no, nphr(pp & n)5. sUk twist torsal 336. 

ch'ajnuybil seda, nphr(pp & n)5. silk twist, torsal 336. 

ch'ajnuybil tuix, nphr(pp & n)5. string of garUc or onions. 

ristra de ajos o cebollas 300. 

jch'ajnujel, agn. halter maker, cabestrero. 

ch'ok 

ch'okil, n5, lump (as on tiie face of a person afflicted with the 

pox), torondron como... . 

ch'okiltik, aj. wiUi many lumps, torondron como 

laal ch'okU, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. covered with lumps (pox). 

torondron como.... 

ch'om 

ch'om. borrowed, rented, cf ch'am (1), 

ch'op 

ch*op, tv, put hand or finger in narrow place like mouth or 

nose, metida la marw 

jch*op 'ixim ta p'in. I scoop the corn out of the pot 

jch'op jk'ob ta jti'. I put my hand in my mouth, 

ch'op ba, rv. masturbate (woman). *To ask women about thefr 

sins, you say: "meach'op aba?" or "meach'op abek'tal 

ta ak'ob?" "Did you masturbate?" (1) metida la 

mano..., (2) tocarse las partes vergonzosas. 

ch'op bek*tal, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. masturbate (woman), tocarse 

las partes vergonzosas. 

ch'ot 

ch'oti, tv. scratch hard. (1) escarbar, (2) rascar con un dedo. 

ch'u 

ch'u, n5. god. *But everyone says "Dios."dios. 

ch'u te', nphr(aj & n)5. cedar (wiUi a bigger leaf, lighter wood 

and reddish), cedro de hoja mayor.. .10. 

ch'ual, n4f divinity, divinidad 87. 

ch'uiltas, tv. bless (meal, water), consecrate. (1) bendecir agua, 

comida, (2) consagrar o bendecir. 

ch'uiltasbU Ho', nphr(pp & n)5. holy water, agua bendita. 

ch'uiltasvanej, vn5. blessing, bendicion. 

ch'uiv, iv. pray, have to say "in God or with God." *There is 

no active form, as to say, "I pray to God," they have to 

say "in God or with God." (1) orar, (2) rezar, orar. 

ch'uivej, vn5. prayer, oracion. 

ch'uivel Ho', nphr(vn type n)5. holy water, agua bendita. 

ch'uivU, n5, person who prays, (1) orador, (2) rezador que ora. 

ch'ulel, nld, happiness, dicha. 

ch'ulel satil, nphr(n4f of n3d). pupil (eye), niha del ojo. 

ch'ulelajel, vn5. prosperity, prosperidad. 

ch'ulelil, n3d. fate, happiness, luck, mind, soul, (1) aguero 12, 

(2) alma, (3) anima, (4) hado o ventura, (5) mente, (6) 

ventura buena. 

ch'uul, aj, holy, spiritual, sagrada cosa. 

ch*uul chi'U, nphr(aj & n4d). ritual kinsman, pariente 

espiritual por bautismo o conflrmacion. 

ch'uul komenaUl, nphr(aj & n)3d. relics (of saints), reliquias 

de santo. 

ch'uul k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. word of God. (1) dios de burla, (2) 

sagrada cosa, (3) santa cosa. 

ch'uul-k'opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). worship, adorar. 

ch*uul-k*opon, iv(aj & tvcpd). worship, adorar. 

ch'uul me'anajel xanbal, nphr:nphr(aj & vn) type n5. 

pilgrimage, romeria. 

ch'uul me'on, nphr(aj & n)5, desperately poor person, pobre 

con gran miseria. 

ch'uul na, nphr(aj & n)5. church, sagrada cosa. 

ch'uul xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5, religion, religion. 

ch'uul tot, nphr(aj & n)5, holy father, espiritual cosa como 

padre espiritual. 

ch'uul vinik, nphr(aj & n)5, friar, priest (1) dios de burla, (2) 

religioso. (3) santa cosa. 

ch'uulib, iv. become holy, santo hacerse. 

ch'uulibtas, tv, make holy, sanctify, santo hacer a otro a 

sanctiflcctr. 

ch*uulU, nlf hoUness. *But they taUc this way rarely except 

when they say that someone is holy and the oUier 

responds: santidad. 

k'usi xch'uulU? What is holy about him? 

ch'uun, tv. believe, honor, obey, respect, revere, tmst, worship. 

(1) crecer. (2) honrar. reverenciar. (3) obedecer, (4) 

respeto tener, (5) reverencia, acatar. 

ch'uun ba, rv. live a good life, tratar se bien. 

ch'uun vinik ton, vphntv & nphr(n type n)5. worship idols. 

ydolatrar 183. 

ch'uunbey k'op, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. believe in or tmst a 

person, fiarse de alguno... . 

ch*uunbU, pp. honored. *More commonly it is said that it is 

good or very good, honrado. 

ch'uunbil vinUc, nphr(pp & n)5. important authority. RML— 

The past participle is given as chunbil. grave, persona 

de autoridad. 

ch'uunbol, n4d. that which must be believed, lo que es creido 

68, cf creencia. 

ch*uunej, n4d. that which is believed, lo que es creido 68, cf 

creencia. 

ch'uunel, vn4d. beUef, faith or respect tiiat one receives. (1) 

creencia ofe...,(2)fe del que es creido, (3) honra con 

que es honrado. 

ch'uunel *a'i, vphr:-vn4d & tv. feel honored (as when we say 

we feel honored to be visited), honrosa conw.. .240. 

ch'uunel dios, nphr(vn4d of n5). one of the articles of tiie faiUi, 

beUef in God. (1) articulos de lafe, (2) creencia ofe.... 

jk'an xch'uunel dios. I want to believe in God. fe del que 
NUMBER 31 201 

es creido. 

ch'uunel vinik ton, nphr:vn4d of nphr(n type n)5. idolatry. 

ydolatria 183, 

ch'uunvan, iv. beUeve, honor, obey, respect, (1) crecer, (2) 

honrar, reverenciar, (3) obedecer. 

ch'uunvanej, vnld. faith, honor or respect that one has. (1) 

creencia con..., (2)fe o creencia del que cree, (3) honra 

como 240. 

jch*uul-xanbal, agn(aj & ncpd), friar, priest religioso. 

jch*uun pak*tayej ch'u, agn:tv & nphr(vn type n)cpd, pagan, 

pagam. 

jch*uun vinUc ton, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd. idolator. 

ydolatro 183. 

jch'uunvanej, agn. faithful or obedient person. (1) fiel que 

cree, (2) obediente. 

'ep ch'uunat, vphr:aj & tv/pass/. honored, honro como 240, cf 

honra. 

'ich' ch'ulel, cf 'ich'. 

'U ch'ulel, cf 'U (2). 

'oy ch'ulel, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be happy or lucky. (1) 

aventurarse, (2) bienaventurado, o dichoso, (3) dichoso 

ser, (4) suerte buena..., (5) entura buena haber. 

'oy jch*ulel ekal jmul. I am lucky, I confessed my sins. 

ventura buena haber o venturo ser. 

'oy ch'ulel ta pasel, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d & qphr(prep & -vn4f). 

be prosperous, prosperamente hacer algo. 

'utz ch'ulel, cf 'utz. 

mo 'oyuk ch'ulel, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. be unhappy, 

unlucky or wretehed. (1) desastrado, (2) desdichado, (3) 

suerte buena. 

mo 'oyuk ch'uunvanej, s:neg & n5^red/ &, -n4d. be without 

faith, fe del que es creido. 

mo ch'uun lum dios, vphr:neg & tv & nphr(n4d & n5). be 

sacrilegious, sacrilegio. 

mo ch'uun na dios, vphr:neg & tv & nphr(n4d of n5), be 

sacrilegious, sacrilegio. 

mo ch'uuneluk dios, vphr:neg & nphr(vn4d & 5)/pred/, 

unfaithfulness, ynfidelidad 187. 

mo ch'uunvan, vphr:neg & iv. be disobedient teso, inobediente. 

mo ch'uunvan vinUc, s:neg & iv & n5, infidel, ynfiel, no 

cristiano 187, 

mo ch'uunvanejuk, vphr:neg & vn5/pred/, unfaithfulness. 

ynfidelidad asi 187. 

pak'tayej ch'u, cf pak'. 

pasnej te mo ch'uunvan vinike, cf pas. 

tajimol ch'u, cf tajim. 

Ha' te mo batz'i diosuk ch'uunane, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & 

nphr<neg & aj & n> & tv), pagan, pagam. 

Ha' te mo ch'uunvanej, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & neg & 

-vn4d/pred/), infidel, (1) ynfiel no cristiano 187, (2) 

ynfidelidad 187, (3) ynobediente 188, 

ch'ub 

ch'ub, nle, wall, pared. 

ch'ub na dios, nphr:nle of nphr(n4d of n5), church v/all. pared. 

ch'ubaj, iv. lay or make adobes or bricks, lay stones (as do the 

officials)./afcncar o asentar piedra.... 

ch'ubajel, vn5. corrstiuction. fabricacion asi. 

ch'uban, iv. build, lay or make adobes or bricks, lay stones. 

(1) edificar, fabricar o asentar piedra.... 

ch'ubanej, vn5. construcnon. fabricacion asi. 

ch'ubavU, n5. mason, official buUder. (1) albahil, (2) 

edificador oficial, (3) fabricador u oficial asi. 

ch'ubay, tv. buUd, console, lay or make adobes or bricks, lay 

stones. (1) consolar, (2) edificar, (3) fabricar o asentar 

piedra.... 

ch'ubay 'olontonU, vphntv & n5. console, consolar. 

ch'ubaybil si', nphr(pp & n)5. stacked fu-ewood. leha 

hacinada. 

ch'ubayej, vn5. constmction. edificacion. 

ch'ubayel 'olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). consolation, consolador. 

jch'ubajel, agn, mason, official builder, fabricador u oficial asi. 

jch'ubayej-'olontonil, agn(vn & ncpd). consoler, consolador. 

jch'ubayej-na, agn(vn & ncpd). builder, edificador de tal cosa. 

ch'uch' 

ch'uch*, n5. frog. (1) harda, (2) ramal. 

ch'uch'ul 

ch'uch'ul, n4e. sawdust, polvos de palo como aserraduras. 

ch'uch'ul tak'in, nphr(n4e of n5). metal filings, limaduras. 

ch'uch'ul te', nphr(n4e of n5). shaving, splinter, wooden chip. 

(1) astilla, (2) dolar con cincel..., (3) ripia de nuidera 

conw astillas. 

ch'uch'ul te', nphr(aj & n)5. shaving, spUnter, wooden chip. 

ripia de madera.... 

ch'uch'ul ton, nphr(n4e of n5). stone chip, ripia de piedra. 

ch'uch'ul ton, nphr(aj & n)5. stone chip. (1) dolar con cincel..., 

(2) ripia de piedra. 

ch'uch'ul vaj, nphr(n4e of n5). breadcmmb. mendrugo 

menudo. 

ch'uch'ul vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. breadcrumb, migajas de pan. 

ch'uj 

ch'uj, n5. cochineal, grana. 

ch'ujal pok', nphr(natt & n)5. cochineal-dyed scarf, grana, 

pano. 

pim ch'uj, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. covered with cochineal bugs. 

gramoso, lleno de grana, cf granoso. 

toj ch'ujch'ujtik, ajphr(aj & aj). covered with cochineal bugs. 

gramoso, llerw de grana. 

ch'ul 

ch'ul, tv. bmsh, clean, cleanse, plane, poUsh, purify. (1) 

acepillar, (2) acicalar, (3) alisar, (4) limpiar, (5) purgar 

0 limpiar. 

ch*ul tak*in, vphr:tv & n5. file, limar. 

ch*ul tux-nok* chij, vphr:tv & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. 

card wool, peinar car dando la lana. 

ch'ulbenal, n4f mbbish. limpiaduras. 

ch'ulbU, pp. clean, smootii. (1) alisado o liso, (2) limpia cosa. 
202 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

ch'ulel, vn4d. cleanUness. limpieza. 

ch'ulob, n5. poUsher. acicaladera. 

ch'ulob chij, nphr(n of n)5. curry comb, almohasa. 

ch'ulob tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. fUe. (1) alisadera, (2) lima. 

ch'ulob tan, nphr(n of n)5. ttowel. plana de albahil. 

ch'ulob te', nphr(n of n)5. plane, alisadera. 

ch'ulobU, n4f cleaner, poUsher, purifier. (1) alisadera, (2) 

limpiadero, (3) pulidero para pulir 266, (4) purgatisa, 

cosa que purifica. 

ch'ulobU tak'in, nphr(n4f of n5). file, acicaladera. 

ch'ulobU te', nphr(n4f of n5). plane, acicaladera. 

ch'ulobU ttUc'al lum, nphr:n4f of nphr(natt & n)5. crossbow 

peUet mould, turquesa para hacer bodoques. 

ch'ulomaj, iv. clean, limpiar. 

ch*ulul, aj. bright, glazed, pretty, slippery, smooth. (1) alisado 

o liso, (2) delicadero o deleznable, (3) linda cosa, (4) 

lucio 202, (5) vidriada cosa. 

ch*ulul 'osil, nphr(aj & n)5. slippery place, resbaladero. 

ch'ulul seda, nphr(aj & n)5. satin, silk, razo, seda. 

ch'ulul taza, nphr(aj & n)5. glazed cup. vidriada cosa. 

ch'ululch'ulul ba, raj. pretty, linda cosa. 

ch'ulum-ti', n(aj & ncpd)5. clever, wise. RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal chulumti is "abil" (Guzman, 1620:4). (1) 

avisado, (2) abil. 

ch'ulum-ti'ij, iv(aj & ivcpd). become clever, abilitarse o 

hacerse habil. 

ch'ulum-ti'il, n(aj & ncpd)ld. cleverness. (1) abilitarse o 

hacerse habil, (2) modorro. 

ch'ulvan, iv. bmsh, plane, polish, acepillar. 

jch'ul-na, agn(tv & ncpd). mason, albahil. 

jch'ul-tan, agn(tv & ncpd). mason, alisadera. 

jch'ul-te', agn(tv & ncpd). carpenter, alisadera. 

jch*ulvanej, agn. person who smooths floor or waU. alisadera. 

mo 'oyuk ch'ulum-ti'il, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n(aj & ncpd)4d. 

be incompetent or stupid, ynhabil cosa 86. 

mo ch'ululuk ba, vphr:neg & raj. ugly, fea cosa. 

toj ch'ulul ba, vphr:adv & raj/pred/. beautiful, excellent 

(person). (1) gentil, hombre o mujer, (2) hermoso 169. 

laal ch'ulul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. slippery, delicadero o deleznable. 

ch'um 

ch'um, n5. squash (a kind lUce a melon). RML—This term 

applies now to the pumpkin squash, Cucurbita moschata. 

calabaza otra especie de hechura de melones. 

castillan ch'um, cf castiUan. 

ch'upak' 

ch'upak', nle. soap, soapweed. RML—^This term applies now 

to Cyclanthera langaei. (1) yerva jabonera 183, (2) 

xabon. 

'oy ch'upak', s:n5/pred/ & -n4e. soapy, enjabonado 121. 

ch'uxuv 

ch'uxuval, n3d, nerve, nervio. 

ch'uxuvtUc, aj, nervous, nerviosa cosa. 

ch'ut 

ch'ut 'a'i, vphr:n4d[A] & tv, have dysentery, camaras tener. 

ch'ut jkotz, nphr(n4d of n5), rooster's dewlap, papa^/a de gallo. 

ch'ut k*obil, nphr(n4f of n3d). forearm (ventral surface), tabla 

de el brazo. 

ch*util, n3d, beUy, vientre. 

ch*utul, n5, belly, vientre. 

ch*utul, n4e, rip, tear, rasgadura. 

ch'utub 

ch'utub, n5, forefinger, dedo iruiice 351. 

ch'utubtay, tv. point at or to. (1) a mostrar con la mano..., (2) 

dermstrar con el dedo, (3) mostrar con el dedo o con la 

mano, (4) sehalar algo con el dedo. 

ch'utubtayej, n4d. that which is being pointed at or to. (1) a 

rmstrar con la mano..., (2) denwstrar con el dedo. 

ch'uy 

ch'uy, tv. break or cut the end off of RML—In colonial Tzeltal 

-chuy is "cortor algo por las ramas o puntas o cabas, 

degollar" (Guzman, 1620:46, 51). This root is given by 

Kaufman as "tajar" (Kaufman, 1972:212). (1) cortar 

algo por la punta o cabo, (2) quebrar o partir.... 

ch'uy jol, vphr:tv & -n4d. behead, degollar. 

ech'uyot sjol. He was beheaded, cortar algo por la punta o 

cabo. 

ch'uybey jol, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. behead. (1) degollar, (2) 

quebrar o partir.... 

ch'uybey nuk', vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. behead, degollar. 

ch'uybil jol, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. with the end broken off 

quebrado asi. 

ch'uyilan-tzames, tv(tv & tvcpd). kill by cutting to pieces. 

matar despedasando. 

ch'uyul, aj. with the end broken off quebrado asi. 

ch'uyulU, n4f broken pieces, quebradura asi. 

cabaUo (Sp.) 

cabaUo, n5. horse, caballo 53. 

bik'tal caballo, nphr(aj & n)5. small horse, haca. 

mulav caballo, s:iv & n5. breeding staUion. garahon caballo. 

nich'naj caballo, s:iv & n5. breeding stalUon. garahon caballo. 

caja (Sp.) 

caja, n5. chest, candado. 

makobU caja, cf mak. 

camisa (Sp.) 

camisa, n5. shirt, cabezon, camisa. 

nuk' camisa, cf nuk'. 

campana (Sp.) 

campana, n5. beU. campana. 

natil campana, nphr(aj & n)5. cattie bell, esquilon. 

natnat campana, nphr(aj & n)5. cattie bell, esquilon. 

candela (Sp.) 

candela, n5. candle, candela, 

tz'otbU candela, nphr(pp & n)5. large taper witii four wicks. 

hacha para alumbrar. 
NUMBER 31 203 

muk'ta candela, nphr(aj & n)5. large taper with four wicks. 

hacha para alumbrar. 

candelero (Sp.) 

candelero, n5. candlestick, candelero. 

capa (Sp.) 

capa, n4d. cloak, cf. k^e.presentar, hacer que reciben presente. 

carneros (Sp.) 

carneros, n5. sheep, cf k'in (2). rihon de animal. 

castilla 

ta CastUla na, s:qphr(prep & n5)/pred/ & -n4d. Spaniard. 

natural, ruitural de Mexico. 

castUlan (Sp.) 

castiUan 'ek'el, nphr(aj & n)5. fron hatchet, hachuela de hierro. 

castiUan 'ich, nphr(aj & n)5. pepper, spice. (1) especies de 

comer, (2) pimienta. 

castiUan 'ixim, nphr(aj & n)5. wheat trigo. 

castiUan 'umum, nphr(aj & n)5. duck, goose, pato, ganso. 

castUlan tzitz, nphr(aj & n)5. fennel, hinojo de castillo. 

castiUan chak, nphr(aj & n)5. glue, paste, cola, engrudo. 

castiUan chenek*, nphr(aj & n)5. broad bean, lentil. (1) haba 

164, (2) lenteja. 

castiUan ch*iUm, nphr(aj & n)5. wheat flour, harina. 

castiUan ch*um, nphr(aj & n)5. melon, melon. 

castiUan ch*umtik, nphr(aj & n)5. melon pateh. meloruir. 

castiUan jom, nphr(aj & n)5. ship, nao y cualquiera otro navio. 

castiUan k*o, nphr(aj & n)5. brick or stone bridge, puente de 

piedra o ladrillo. 

castiUan k*op, nphr(aj & n)5. Spanish language, romance. 

castiUan makum, nphr(aj & n)5. mulberry, pomegranate. (1) 

granado, (2) moral, arbol. 

castiUan nok', nphr(aj & n)5. Unen. lienzo. 

castiUan pech'pech*, nphr(aj & n)5. lentil, lenteja. 

castiUan pok*, nphr(aj & n)5. Unen. lienzo. 

castiUan pom, nphr(aj & n)5. incense, naveta de incienso. 

castillan potov, cf potov. 

castiUan toj, nphr(aj & n)5. pinon. pihon. 

castiUan tuil nichim, nphr:aj & nphr(aj & n)5. mint RML—In 

modern Tzotzil of Larramzar: tul nichim. yervabuena 

183. 

castillan tuix, nphr(aj & n)5, leek, puerro. 

castiUan tuluk', nphr(aj & n)5, chicken, gallina de castilla. 

castiUan vaj, nphr(aj & n)5, wheat bread, pan de trigo. 

castiUan vinik pato, nphr:nphr(aj & n) type n5. goose, ganzo. 

castiUan vob, nphr(aj & n)5. lute, laud instrumento. 

'av castUlan pom, cf 'av (1). 

lo'balal castiUan toj, cf lo' (1). 

pech'e-'ok castUlan nichim, cf pech'. 

cebada (Sp.) 

cebada vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. barley bread, pan de cebada. 

clavo (Sp.) 

clavo, n5. nail. (1) clavo, (2) tarugo, clavo de madera. 

clavos te', nphr(n type n)5. wooden peg. tarugo, clavo de 

madera. 

tasob clavos, cf tas. 

coles (Sp.) 

coles, n5. cabbage, repollo de berza. 

'anal coles, cf 'anal. 

confesion (Sp.) 

confesion, n5. confession, confesar. 

pas confesion, cf pas. 

conffrmacion (Sp.) 

confirmacion, n5. confirmation, pariente espiritual. 

chi'il ta confirmacion, cf chi' (2). 

coro (Sp.) 

coro, n5. chofr. coro. 

cruz (Sp.) 

cmz, n5. cross, crucificar. 

baj ta cmz, cf baj (1). 

cuaresma (Sp.) 

cuaresma, n5. Lent cuaresma. 

cuentas (Sp.) 

cuentas, n5. bead, sartal de cuentas. 

j-'ak' cuentas, cf 'ak' (1). 

D 

dios (Sp.) 

dios, n5. God. dios. 

diosU, n4f divinity, divinidad 87. 

domingo (Sp.) 

domingo, n5. Sunday, domingo. 

domingoil, aj. referring to Sunday, domingo. 

dominico (Sp.) 

dominico, n5. friar, fraile, padre. 

durasnos (Sp.) 

durasnos, n5. peach, miel rosada. 

pamal durasnos, cf pom (1). 

elefante (Sp.) 

elefante chij, nphr(n type n)5. elephant, marfil. 

'e elefante chij, cf 'e (1). 

enjalma (Sp.) 

enjalma, n5. packsaddle. enjalnw. de bestia. 

escuadra (Sp.) 

escuadra, n5. right angle, escuadra, carta. 

escudUla (Sp.) 

escudiUa, n5. bov/l.fregadero de platos. 

suk'obU escudilla, cf suk'. 

esgrimir (Sp.) 

esgrimfr, iv. fence, esgrimir. 

espada (Sp.) 

espada, n5. sword, espada. 

especies (Sp.) 

especies, n5. pepper, especies de comer. 

espuela (Sp.) 

espuela, n5. spur, espuela. 
204 SMITHSONL\N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

estribo (Sp.) 

estribo, n5. sirmp. estribo de silla. 

-'ey 

-ey, suffix, but, however, RML—In modern and colonial 

Tzotzil this suffix separates interrelated clauses, often 

showing contrast or cause and effect, empero. 

'utzey mo 'oyuk ku'un. It is good, but I do not have it. 

jna'ey mu xta ta kolonton. I know it, but I can not remember 

it. 

firma (Sp.) 

firma, n5. signature./zrma de escritura. 

Francia (Sp.) 

Francia, n5. France, cf lok'. rehenes dar. 

frontal (Sp.) 

frontal, n5. altar forehangings. yro/ifa/ de altar. 

G 

gato (Sp.) 

gato, n5. cat. gato. 

gracia (Sp.) 

'ep gracia, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. endowed with grace, dotado de 

gracia. 

granada (Sp.) 

granada, n5. pomegranate, cf nich. fior de granada, de 

membrillo. 

granado, n5. pomegranate tree, granado. 

H 

hacha (Sp.) 

hacha, n5. ax. hacha para cortar leha. 

higos (Sp.) 

higos, n5. fig, hijos. 

poxtaybU higo, cf pox. 

hoz (Sp,) 

hoz, n5, sickle, hoz para regar. 

I 

iglesia (Sp,) 

iglesia, n5. church, yglesia. 

incienso (Sp.) 

incienso, n5. incense, naveta de incienso. 

'av incienso, cf 'av (1). 

*ja' 

*ja'al, aj. unexpectedly. RMI^-The same term occurs in 

colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:209). toparse en una 

puerta o asi con otro. 

ja'al jtij jbatik. We meet unexpectedly. 

*jach 

*jachet, av. sound softiy (wind, breeze), RML—^In colonial 

Tzeltal tiie term is xghachachet (Guzman, 1620:188), 

ruido hacer el aire o viento suave. 

jach' 

jach', iv, fall, faU when walking, caer andando o conw quiera. 

jach'ebal, n5, sUppery place, resbaladero. 

jach'ub 

jach'ub, n5, comb, peine. 

jach'ubtasbil, pp. combed, peinado. 

jach'ubtay, tv, card, comb, whisk. (1) cardar, (2)peinar alguna 

cosa. 

jach'ubtay tux-nok* chij, vphr:tv & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type 

n)5, card wool, peiruir cardando. 

jach*ubtayabU, n4f comb, carding bmsh, clothes whisk, comb, 

escobilla para limpiar ropa. 

jach*ubtayabU tux-nok' chij, nphr:n4d of nphr(n<n & ncpd> 

type n)5, carding bmsh, peine de cardador. 

jak 

jak, iv, deviate, withdraw. RML—^Perhaps this means to be 

dissuaded. In colonial Tzeltal ghaquem is "desviado" 

(Guzman, 1620:56), In modern Chol jac is "desgajar" 

(Aulie and Aulie, 1978:61). (1) alongarse, (2) apartarse, 

(3) desviarse. 

jaka jol, ajphr(aj & aj), worthy, valuable, RML—^In modern 

Tzotzil jaka te likem tal means to have come from a 

distance, estimable, cosa preciada. 

jakal, aj. distant, foreign, from far away, on the wrong road. 

RML—^In modern Tzotzil jakal ch'aj is industrious, and 

jakal to chamel is healthy. In colonial Tzeltal ghacal is 

"lexos" (Guzman, 1620:118). (1) de lejos, (2) desviado, 

(3) lejos 196. 

jakal talel, ajphr(aj & dr). foreign. RML—^In colonial Tzeltal 

ghacal talel vinic is "estrano o estrangero" (Guzmdn, 

1620:87). extraho o extranjero 134. 

Jakes, tv. put on the wrong road, remove, remove to a greater 

distance. RML—^Perhaps the ffrst meaning should be to 

dissuade. (1) alongar, alejar otra cosa, (2) apartar algo, 

(3) desviarse, (4) quitar, apartar algo. 

jakesbU, pp. put on the wrong road, desviado. 

mo jaka k'opoj, vphr:neg & aj & iv. be reserved (person). 

esquiva persona. 

mo jaka tak* 'Uel, vphr:neg & aj & vphr(tv & vn5). be elusive 

(person), esquiva persona. 

mo jaka tak* k*oponel, vphr:neg & aj & vphr(tv & vn5). be 

elusive (person), esquiva persona. 

mo to jaka 'Uctayvan, vphr:neg & pt & aj & iv. be incontinent 

yncontinente 186. 

mo to jaka 'oyuk 'olonton, s:neg & pt & aj & n5/pred/ & -n4d. 

be inconstant, liviano en seso. 

mo to jaka ta'aj, vphr:neg & pt & aj & iv. be half-cooked. 

medio crudo. 
NUMBER 31 205 

mo to jaka ta'aj ta voel, vphr:neg & pt & aj & iv & qphr(prep 

& vn5). be half-broUed. medio asado. 

mu jaka Hechuk 'epal, s:neg & aj & aj/pred/ & -n4f a Uttie 

less, poco menos. 

mu to jaka ta, vphr:neg & pt & aj & tv-. a littie less, poco 

menos. 

jak' 

jak', tv. ask, investigate, pry uito. (1) examinar 121 (2) 

escudrihar, (3) pescudar o preguntar, (4) preguntar. 

jak', n4d. investigation, examinacion 122. 

jak' 'Uc', vphr:tv & n5, exhale (as when they drink sometiiing 

sour or foul smelling and so as to not perceive the odor 

they exhale), soplar para fuera 

jak*o 'Uc*! Exhale! 

jak* 'Uc*, vphr:tv & -n4d[A]. exhale, RML—In modern 

Tojolabal yaA:'a ik' is respiro (Lenkersdorf, 1979:138), 

soplar para fuera.... 

jak* tza, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. request advice, pedir consejo. 

jak' mul, vphr:tv & -n4d, pry into another*s doings, escudrihar 

los hechos de otros. 

jak* muUl, vphr:tv & n5, search out sins, escudrihar pecados. 

jak* pasnej, vphr:tv & -n4d, pry into another's doings. 

escudrihar los hechos de otros. 

jak* ta 'olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). intend to 

do, propose wiUingly. proposito tener. 

jak' tojol, vphr:rv & -n4f price, estimar. tasar o apreciar. 

jak'beat, dv/pass/. investigated, RML—The verb is in the past 

tense, examinado 121, 

jak'bey, dv. ask, preguntar a otro de alguno 260. 

jak'bey ba k'op, vphr:rdv & n5. consult with many (as in the 

courthouse), consultar muchos corrw el cabildo 62. 

jak'beybil, pp. asked, investigated. (1) examinado 121, (2) 

preguntado. 

jak*beyel, vn4d. question, pregunta. 

jak*beyel ta k'uxul k'op, nphr:vn4d & qphr(prep & nphr<aj 

& n>5). questioning under torture, cuestion de tormento 

282. 

jak'bil, pp, asked, preguntado. 

jak'ebU, i^, investigated, examinado 121, 

jak'el, vn4d, question, pregunta. 

jak'ob k'op, nphr(n of n)5. question, cuestion pregunta 282, 

jak'obU, n4f, question, cuestion pregunta 282, 

jak'obU ta xuk'ul k'op, nphr:n4f & qphr(prep & nphroj & 

n>5), questioning on the rack. RML—xuk'ul perhaps 

shoud be read k' uxul. cuestion de tormento 282. 

jak'oj, iv. investigate, examinar 121. 

jak'ojel, vn5. investigation, examinacion o excusa 122. 

jak'van, iv. ask, investigate. (1) pescudar, (2) preguntar. 

jak'vanej, vn5. investigation, question. (1) examinacion o 

excusa 122, (2) pregunta. 

jjak'-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). investigator, scrutinizer. (1) 

examinador 121, (2) escudrihador de esta manera. 

jjak'-muUl, agn(tv & ncpd). scmtinizer. escudrihador de esta 

manera. 

jjak'ojel, agn, investigator, examinador 121. 

jjak'vanej, agn. investigator, examiruidor 121. 

jal(l) 

jal, tv. interweave, weave, (1) entretejer algo, (2) lexer. 

jalav, iv, weave, lexer. 

jalbU, pp. woven, tejida cosa 333. 

jalbU jobel, nphr(pp & n)5. large grass basket sera de esparto. 

jaley, iv. become intertwined, entretejerse. 

jjal pimil tux-nok' chij, agn:tv & nphr(aj & nphr<n(n & ncpd) 

type n>5). weaver of coarse cloth, sayatero que lo obra 

307, cf sayalero. 

jjal tux-nok' chijU pok*, agn:tv & nphr<n(n & ncpd) type n>att 

& n5). wool-comber, perayle. 

jjalom, agn. weaver, wool-comber. (I) perayle. (2) tejedor 333. 

jal (2) 

jolob, nld. woven clotii. (1) tela tejida, (2) tejedura 333, 

jolobil, n5, woven cloUi, tela tejida. 

jal. charity, generous, lovable, pearl, protege, ritual kin, mby, 

scarce, valuable, cf jol (3), 

jam 

jam, tv. interpret open, uncover. (1) abrir algo, (2) destapar, 

(3) significar. 

jam, iv, accuse, open, split open (cotton, ripe pomegranate), 

(1) abrir, (2) abrirse como..., (3) acusar. 

jam 'osU, s:iv & n5. have sky clear, abonar aclarando el tiempo 

de las nubes. 

jam ba, rv. show oneself ostentatiously or not. mostrarse con 

vanagloria o sin ella. 

jam ba ta k*elvanej, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). look upwards 

with mouth agape, mirar hacia arriba. 

jam nuk*, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. clear one*s throat, gargajear. 

jam ta tz*el jch'akel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of 

agn>). sue at law (criminal, debtor, accuser), pedir asi 

enjuicio al reo.... 

jam ta chikin, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & -n4d). report news to. 

noticia dar a alguno o avisar de algo. 

jamalul, n4f. opening, abertura absolutamente. 

jambeat 'u'un dios, vphr:tv/pass/ + nphr(n4d & n5). known 

by revelation. RML—The verb is in the past tense. 

revelacion. 

jamben, n4d. opened object abrir. 

jambey, dv. interpret, reveal. (1) revelar, (2) significar. 

jambey bek'tal, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. deflower, corromper 

doncella. 

jambey pix jol, vphr:-dv & nphr(n of n)4d[A], greet (by doffmg 

one's hat), saludar alguno. 

jambey ta chUcin, vphr:-dv & qphr(prep & n4d[B]), report 

news to, noticia dar.... 

jambey toj-ti'el, vphr:-dv & vn(n & tvcpd)5. respond to 

enigmatic questions or signs, responder a argumentos 

enigmas. 

jambeybU, pp. revealed, revelada cosa. 

jambeyel, vn4f revelation, revelacion. 
206 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

jambol, n4d. accusation that must be made, acusar. 

jameb k'ak'al, nphr(n4f of n5). sunrise, salida del sol. 

James, tv. confess, reveal, say. confesar, decir o manifestar 

algo. 

jamob baU, nphr(n of n)5. duty, tax. alcabala. 

jamob na, nphr(n of n)5. key, picklock. (1) ganzua, (2) Have. 

jamobU 'elek', nphr(n4f of n4d). picklock, ganzua. 

jamobU na, nphr(n of n)5. key. Have. 

jamoj, n4d. article being opened, abrir. 

jam vanej dios, nphr(vn4d of n5). divine revelation, revelacion 

divina. 

jjam-mul, agn(tv & ncpd). confessor who confesses his sins. 

confesante que descubre sus pecados. 

jjam-na, agn(tv & ncpd). gateman. portero que guarda a casa. 

jjambeyvanej, agn. revealer. revelador. 

jjamvanej, agn. revealer. revelador. 

mu jam, vphr:neg & tv-. deny, negar. 

mu ta sjamuk. reluctantly, 

mu ta jamuk, vphr:neg &. reluctantly, pospelo 268. 

pox jamobil nuk', cf. pox. 

jan 

Janet, av. resound (beU). RML—In colonial Tzeltal -ghananet 

is "retihir como campana" (Guzman, 1620:184). retihir 

conw campana 184. 

janjonet, av. pray aloud with intonation, rezar alto corrw en 

tono. 

jap 

jap, tv. hold a candle, light up. alumbrar o tener candela. 

jap-tajley, tv(tv & tvcpd). light up person with a torch or a 

candle, alumbrar alguno con tea o candela. 

japapet, av. be translucent, trasluciente. 

japbalal no, nphr(n type n)5. wick made of string, mecha de 

caruiil. 

japbalal pok', nphr(n type n)5. wick made of cloth, mecha de 

candil. 

japbalal toj, nphr(n type n)5. pine torch, mecha de candil. 

japet av. shine, sparkle. (1) relumbrar, (2) resplandecer. 

japetel, vn4f radiance, resplandor. 

japi, tv. grapple, hold, hold a sword, seize. (1) empuhar espada, 

(2) engarrafar o asir, (3) prendar, (4) tener. 

japi ch'ay, vphr:tv- & tv-. grapple, engarrafar o asir. 

japibU, pp. seized, engarrafar o asir. 

japiej, n4d. object held or seized, tener. 

japivan cabaUo, s:iv & n5. stalUon. xmulav caballo, xnich'naj 

caballo. *Horse that "takes" mares. So it is better (to 

say) xmulay caballo, xnich'naj caballo. garahon caballo. 

japivanej, vn5. grappling, engarrafamiento. 

japjonet 'ik', s:av & -n4d. become famous or iUusfrious. 

esclarecerse o afanarse. 

japluj, av. shine, lucir, resplandecer 202. 

japluj 'Uc', s:av & -n4d. become famous or iUustrious. 

esclarecerse o afamarse. 

japoj, n4d. object being lit up. alumbrar o tener candela. 

jax 

jax, tv. caress. (1) refrega, hablando conw halagando, (2) 

regalar o halagar con la mano tocandole. 

jaxal nojel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f brimful, arrasado asi. 

jaxbey, dv. caress, regalar o.... 

ejjaxbey sjol. I caressed her head, 

ejjaxbey sni' yolonton, I caressed her breast, 

jaxet, av. sound of earth faUing from a height, sound of flutes 

together. (1) ruido hacer conw..., (2) sonar las fiautas 

juntas. 

jaxulan, tv, caress, refrega. 

jaxulanbey, dv. massage (person*s painful belly), sobajar como 

la barriga al que le duele 324. 

jat (1) 

jat, tv. deflower, rip, split (ffrewood, wood), tear (clothing). 

(1) corromper doncella, (2) hender partiendo como leha 

o madera, (3) rasgar, (4) romper ropa. 

jat, iv. crack (as earth, fresh tUe or wood cracks in the sun), 

rip, split, tear. (1) henderse asi algo, (2) hendido asi, (3) 

henderse conw.... (4) hendido asi, (5) romperse. 

jatal, aj. cracked, ripped, split, torn. (1) hendido asi, (2) 

rasgado, (3) rompida cosa. 

jataltUc, aj. torn in many places. (1) rasgado, (2) rompida cosa 

por muchas partes. 

jatalul, n4f rip, splinter, tear. (1) agujero de cosa rasgada, (2) 

astilla de cosa quebrada, (3) rasgadura. 

jatbU, pp. split hendido que lo hendio otro. 

jatbU 'abnal ti' tak'av, vphr:s(pp/pred/ & nphr<n5 of n4d[S of 

iv]>) & iv. reply shamelessly or repeatedly, responder 

desvergonzadamente o mucho. 

jatel, vn4f tear. RML—This is given as sjatal. agujero de cosa 

rasgada. 

jatulan, tv. keep tearing, romper frecuentativo. 

jatulan-tzames, tv(tv & tvcpd). kiU by cutting to pieces, matar 

despedasando. 

cha'-jat 'ayan, cf cha'. 

jat (2) 

jatanel, vn5. escape, flight. (1) huida de esta manera, (2) huido. 

jatav, iv. escape, flee to tiie hiUs. (1) escabullirse, (2) huir. 

jatavel, vn5. escape, flight, huido. 

jatval, n5. escape, fUght. huida de esta rrwnera. 

xebat ta jatval. I am fleeing to the hiUs. (1) armntarse, (2) 

huir. 

jatvUtas, tv. make flee to the hUls. (1) amontar a otro, (2) hacer 

huir 0 ahuyentar 178. 

jatviltay, tv. escape from person, huir de otro. 

jjatanel, agn. fugitive, huidor que huye muchas veces. 

jjatavel, agn. fugitive, huidor que huye muchas veces. 

jjatvil, agn. fugitive, hombre que anda huido 240. 

jat (3) 

jataj, iv. quarrel. RML—This term persists in modern TzotzU 

of Venustiano Carranza. rehir. 

jatan, tv. quarrel, scold. (1) corregir reprendiendo, (2) rehir. 
NUMBER 31 207 

jjatal, agn. quarrelsome person, rencilloso 295, 

bUc'tal jatal, nphr(aj & n)5. quarrel, rencilla. renilla 295, 

jbik'tal-jatal, agn(aj & ncpd). quarrelsome person, rencilloso 

295. 

jat' 

jat'et, av. have tmmpets sound, sonar las trompetas. 

jav 

jav, tv. begin to eat (break bread), break into pieces with tiie 

whole hand, split (ffrewood, wood), (1) encetar cf 

encentar, (2) hender partiendo conw leha o madera. (3) 

quebrar asi con toda la nuino. (4) rejar. 

jav, iv. break into pieces, break open (pomegranates, cotton), 

break up (ship), split (1) henderse asi algo, (2) hendido 

por si, (3) quebrar asi con toda la mano, (4) quebrarse 

la cosa 

jav 'anal, s:iv & -n4f leaf (beans, squash, melons), hojas 

echar.... 

jav 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. aim well, wound. (1) acertar 

hiriendo, (2) tirar certero. 

javal, aj. lying face up. (1) acostar asi. (2) estar echado de 

espaldas. 

javalul, n4f break, quebradura. cosa asi. 

javan, tv. lay face up, acostar asi. 

javay, tv, measure by armspans. brasada o una brasa. 

javay, iv. be affronted or ashamed. RML—In colonial Tzeltal 

ghavay is "avergonzarse" and ghayayon is "estar 

despaldas" (Gates, 1934b:74). (1) afrentarse, (2) verguenza a verba. 

ejavay ku'un. I shamed him. verguenza a verba. 

javayel, vn5. affront, afrenta. 

javayes, tv. affront, afrentar a otro. 

javayesej-k*op, vn(vn & ncpd). revelation, RML—^The verbal 

noun was given as ghayavechogh. predicar. divulgar. 

javbil, pp, broken, spUt, (1) hendido que lo hendio a otro. (2) 

quebrada cosa asi. 

javes, tv. wound, acertar hiriendo. 

javey, iv. be lying face up. (1) acostarse de espaldas, (2) estar 

echado de espaldas. 

javob si', nphr(n of n)5, axe, hacha para cortar leha. 

javobU si', nphr(n4f of n5), axe, hacha para cortar leha. 

xjaval 'ek'en, nphr(aj & n)5, swallow. RML—Modern Tzotzil 

is javal 'ek'el. golondrina. 

'ox-jov, cf 'ox (1). 

j-jov, num(num & nccpd)5. one armspan, half, measure of 1.85 

yards, part or piece. (1) brasada o una brasa, (2) estado, 

medida, (3) media cosa, (4) parte del todo, (5) pieza 261. 

j-jov tocino, nphr:num(num & nccpd) of n5. one rasher of 

bacon, torrezrw. 

jovjov 'u, nphr(aj «& n)5, half moon, media luna. 

jay (1) 

jay-latzan, aj(aj & Pcpd), very thin (board), delgada.... 

jay-latzan sakil tak'in, nphr:aj(aj & Pcpd) & nphr(aj & n)5. 

stiver sheet, plancha de plata. 

jay-latzan tak'in, nphr:aj(aj & Pcpd) & n5. metal sheet, plancha 

de hierro. 

jay-lichan, aj(aj & Pcpd). very tiiin (mule), delgada.... 

jayal chUcin, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. shaip-witted. agudo de ingeni 

13. 

jayal k'anal tak'in, nphr(aj & nphr<aj & n>)5. gold leaf, oropel. 

jayal lum chuk'omajeb, nphr:nphr(aj & n) type n5. glazed 

laundry tub. lebrillo o lebrillo de barro. 

jayal nok*, nphr(aj & n)5. Uiin cloUi. manta delgada asi. 

jayal pok', nphr(aj & n)5. thin cloUi. (1) nuinta delgada, (2) 

manta delgada asi. 

jayal xokon jolol, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. temples, sienes. 

jayal tak*in, nphr(aj & n)5. large chamberpot, metal sheet. (1) 

bacinete o bacin grande, (2) plancha de plata. 

jayal te', nphr(aj & n)5. board, tabla. 

jayal ton, nphr(aj & n)5. precious stone, piedra preciosa. 

jayal vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. lean person, enjuto hombre 121. 

jayil lum, nphr(natt & n)5. pottery plate, platel. 

jayil *pok*omtUc, nphr(natt & n)5. partition, tabique. pared. 

jayU tak'in, nphr(natt & n)5. stiver plate, platel. 

jayil te', nphr(natt & n)5. laundry tub. arteza de estas que 

llaman bateas. 

jayub, iv. become depopulated by famine or sickness, decUne 

(person property), decrease in number, grow thin 

(clothing, person). (1) acabarse asi, no del todo, (2) 

adelgasarse, (3) apocarse en numero, (4) descrecer, (5) 

despoblarse por hambre..., (6) envejecerse la ropa, (1) 

gastarse. 

jayubel, vn5. emaciation, Uiinness. RML—^This is given as 

jayaubel. enfiaquecimiento. 

jayubes, tv. make Uiin. adelgasar algo. 

jayubes 'e, vphr:tv & -n4f sharpen, azucar como quiera 13, 

cf. aguzar. 

jayubtas, tv. make thin, adelgasar algo. 

joy, aj. thin (wide object), delgada.... 

joy 'e, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f sharp, agudo que corta bien 13. 

joyjoy tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. metal sheet. (1) hoja de metal, 

(2) plancha de plata. 

jay (2) 

jay-mek, num(num & nccpd)5. how many (times), cuantas 

veces 279. 

jay-tek, num(num & nccpd)5. how many (objects), cuantas 

cosas 279. 

jay-vo', num(num & nccpd)5. how many (people), cuantas 

per sonas 279. 

jay-vo' vintic? How many people? 

jay-yalel, num(num & nccpd)5. how many times, cuantas 

veces 279. 

jayib, num5. how many, cuanto, cuanto vale, cuanto dar as 279. 

mo no 'ox jay, vphr:pt & pt & pt & num/pred/. infinite in 

number, ynfinito en r^umero 187. 

mo no 'ox jay 'at, vphr:numphr(neg & pt & pt & pt & num) 

& tv-. a great many. RML—The verb is in the past tense. 
208 SMITHSONL/VN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

muy mucho. 

jazmin (Sp.) 

jazmin, n5. jasmine, jazmin. 

j'is 

j'is, n5. pheasant, turkey. RML—This was probably tiie great 

curassow (Crax rubra). (l)faisan, (2) pabo o pava 252. 

jech 

jech ch'uun, vphr:adv & tv-. be partisan, parcial, que sigue 

partes. 

jech k'ex, vphr:adv & iv. be partisan, parcial que.... 

jechel libra, nphr(aj «fe n)4f half a pound, media libra. 

jechel vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. member of a faction, parcial 

que.... 

jechjech k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. faction, bando 345. 

jechjech k'opoj, vphr:adv & iv. be partisan, bandero. hombre 

de bando 345. 

jechjech va'an ba, vphr:adv & rv. be partisan, bandero. hombre 

de bando 345. 

'ep ta jech 'ak', vphr:ajphr(aj & prep & nc) & tv-. put in many 

places, poner en muchas partes. 

'ox-jechel, cf 'ox (1). 

j-jech, num(num & nccpd)5. a half, part, or section (beef, 

venison), another, a quarter of a sheep. (1) media. (2) 

otras cosas, (3) parte del todo. (4) partida. parte, (5) 

cuarto de carnero. 

j-jech xkak'bey. I am giving him a part, parte dar. 

chan-jechel, cf chan (2). 

j-jechjech, num(num & nccpd)5. single piece, parte dar. 

j-jechjech no 'ox ekak'bey. I just gave him a single piece, 

ta 'ox-jechel, qphr:prep & num(num & nccpd)4f. on three 

sides, ambas partes 36. 

ta cha'-jechel, qphr:prep & num(num & nccpd)4f on both 

sides, ambas partes 36. 

ta jech, qphr:prep & nc. beyond, on the other side, allende de 

la otra parte. 

ta jech xkak'. I am putting it on the other side, poner allende 

en otro lugar. 

ta ju-jech, qphr:prep & num(num & nccpd)5. on each side, a 

una parte y a otra. 

ta ju-jech 'osU, qphr:prep & nphr(num<num & nccpd> of n)5. 

from everywhere, de todas partes. 

jech' 

jech', tv. bite, taste. (1) gustar. (2) morder. 

jech', nc. bite, bocado. 

jech'benal, n5. bite, mordedura. 

jech'eltik, aj. haU-eaten, nibbled, medio comido o mordiscado. 

jech'et, av. sound of grinding teeth, scraping sound of a beam 

being pushed on top of another, ruido hacer con los 

dientes.... 

jech'ol ve'el, nphr(n type n)5. cold or miserable meal, fria 

comida, ruin comida. 

jech'olaj, iv. eat a cold or miserable meal. *He who invites 

another to eat says out of humiUty: "jech'anjech'olajan!" 

"Eat a miserable or cold meall" fria comida.... 

jek(l) 

j-jek', num(num & nccpd). quarter of a sheep, cuarto de 

carnero 279. 

jek(2) 

jeket, av. clear one*s thoat. gargajear. 

jeketel, vn5. clearing of one's throat, gargiamento. 

jel 

jel, tv. deprive, deprive of office, overtake by using a shortcut, 

pass by witiiout meeting on Uie fraU, surpass. (1) atajar 

pasando adelante. (2) pasar sin topar.... (3) privar, 

quitar de oficio. (4) privar a otro. 

jel ba, rv. pass by without meeting on tiie trail, pasar sin 

topar 

jel-k*opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). persist, porfiar. 

jel-k'opon, tv(aj & tvcpd). worship, adorar. 

jel takiej, vphr:tv & -vn4d. violate a law. traspasar maruiamiento de alguno. 

jelav, iv. be bigger, cross over, go through (needle in clothes, 

driU m a board), surpass. *Note that they have no 

comparative form. To say that a tiling is bigger tiian 

another they put the adjective muk' or the verb xjelav, 

exceed; other times they put toj muk'. (1) pasar como 

la aguja..., (2) sobrar sobrepujando, (3) sobrepujar, (4) 

traspasar de parte a parte. 

Ha' xjelav te Pedroe. Peter is bigger, mayor 205. 

ejelav yu'un espada ta stakupal. He stuck tiie sword through 

his body, traspasar de parte a parte. 

jelav 'ip, s:iv & -n4e. be sicker, peor en enfermedad. 

jelav 'ipal kola'al, s:iv & nphr(aj & -n4d), be worse, peor 

comparativo. 

jelav ta kola'al, vphr:iv & q|phr(prep & n4d[S]). be worse, peor 

comparativo. 

jelav tojol, s:iv & -n4b. be more valuable, cost more, rrms valer. 

jelav tuk, vphr:iv + n4b[=S]. be bigger or extraordinary, (1) 

mayor 205, (2) singular cosa que rw tiene par. 

jelaveb, n4f, excess profit (1) logro, (2) sobra que sobrepuja. 

jelaveb ta 'utz, nphr:-n4f & qphr(prep & -n4e), improvement 

mejoria absolute. 

jelavel, vn4f, ffrst in everything, victory. (1) prirrui en cada 

genero, (2) victoria, vencimiento. 

jelaves, tv, pierce, traspasar de parte a parte. 

esjelaves yespada ta stakupal. He drove his sword through 

his body, 

jelbey, dv, surpass, sobrepujar. 

jelbU, pp. exceeded, surpassed, sobrepujado. 

jelel, aj, distinguished, especially, special. (1) especial cosa o 

sehalada, (2) particular en bien..., (3) singular cosa que 

no tiene par. 

jelel te Ne. EspeciaUy so and so, particular en bien.... 

jelel 'ak*el, nphr(aj & vnld), high standing, estado bajo. 

jelel 'ak*vanej, nphr(aj & vnld), high standing, estado alto. 

jelel 'ayanel, nphr(aj & vnld). high standing, estado bajo. 

jelel 'utz, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. magnificent, real cosa y muy 

buena. 
NUMBER 31 209 

jelel kola'al tuk, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d + n4d[=P of kola'al]. be 

especially evil, extraha cosa de buena 134. 

jelel tuk, vphr:aj/pred/ + n4d[S]. extraordmary, especially 

good, extraha cosa de buena 134. 

jelel stuk ta skola'al. He is especially good, singular asi. 

jelel stuk ta yutzil. He is especially good, singular asi. 

jelel vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. person placed in high rank, el que 

esta...131, cf estado alto. 

jelp'un, tv, toss arms of one's shirt over one's shoulders, 

regazar 290. 

'ip jelav, vphr:adv & iv. be victorious, victorioso. 

'ip jelavel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. be victorious, victorioso. 

'oy jelaveb 'ich', vphr:s(n5/pred/ & n4f [A of tv]) & tv, be 

profitable, logrero. 

toj jelel, vphr:adv & aj/pred/, sovereign, soberana cosa. 

jen 

jenjen, n5, frog, toad, RML—^This is given as ghinghen, but 

in colonial Tzeltal as ghenghen (Guzman, 1620:176). 

Jenjen in modem Tzotzil is the giant tropical toad Bufo 

horribilis. (1) ramal, (2) sapo. 

jep 

jep, tv, chip, quebrar como dejando mella 

jep, iv. chip, quebrar como dejando mella 

jepbil, pp. chipped, quebrado asi. 

jepel, aj. chipped, quebrado asi. 

jepel ke. My tooth is chipped, mellado en los dientes. 

jepelul, n4f. chip, raja de madera. 

jet 

jetav te*, nphr(n of n)5, pitchfork (for turning Uie wheat), horca 

para revolver el trigo. 

jetobtay, tv. raise the poor or downbeaten, save by shielding, 

RML—^This is given as ghghetmutav. In Gates it appears 

as ghetuntay. "favorecer, y ponerse en medio" (Gates, 

1934b:76), In modem Tzotzil jetobta is to straddle, (1) 

levantar al pobre o abatido, (2) librar poniendose en 

medio. 

*jey 

*jey, pt, God grant, or if. (1) o si, (2) ojala 243. 

'utzukon *jey. or if I were good, o si. 

joluk kU •jey. God grant I loved (him), ojala 243, 

yaluk Ho' *jey. or if it rained, o si. 

*jeye, pt. God grant, or if RML—In colonial Tzeltal gheye 

has the same range of meanuig (Guzman, 1620:147, 

148). (1) o si. (2) ojala 243. 

'utzukon *jeye. or if I were good, o si. 

*jeye ejjalal-'U (or) joluk kil *jeye. God grant I loved (him) 

ojala 243. 

k'opojan *jeye. or if you spoke, o si. 

ji' 

ji' k'ok', vphr:tv & n5. poke the fire, hurgar asi el fuego. 

ji'ob k'ok', nphr(n of n)5. poker (for oven), horgonero 179, 

cf hurgonero. 

jib 

jiban, tv. hang, sfrangle. (1) ahorcar, (2) colgar. 

jibanbil, pp. hung, colgado. 

jibey, tv/pass/. be hung, colgar. 

jibbil, aj. hung, sfrangled. ahogar ahogado. 

jich' (1) 

jich'el ta majel chak, nphr:nphr(vn4f & qphr<prep & n5>) of 

-n4d. whip lash on the buttocks, nalgada o herida.... 

*jich' (2) 

*jich*aj 'osU, s:iv & n5. dawn, RML—^This verb may be related 

to the modern TzotzU root meaning "slender** or to tiie 

modem Chol root, jich', meaning "to hang" (AuUe and 

Aulie, 1978:64), (1) albercar. cf alborear, (2) amanecer. 

*jich'ajel, vn5. dawn, moming. (1) alborada, (2) de manana. 

(3) en amaneciendo. (4) maharui del dia 310. 

jik' (1) 

jUc' abtel, vphr:tv & n5. be cautious, suspirar 323. 

jik* 'olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. be anxious, sigh, suspirar 323. 

jUc' majel, vphr:tv & n5. be cautious (in expectation of the 

lashing one wiU receive), suspirar 323. 

jik'av, iv, choke, drown, (1) ahogarse en agua o..., (2) 

suspirar 323, 

jUc'avel, vn5, choking, drowning, ahogamiento. enfermedad 

asi. 

jUc'avel chamel, nphr(vn type vn)5, convulsion, pasnw. 

jik'el 'olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d), sigh, suspiro 324, 

jUc'jon, av. sob. sollozar. 

jUc'jon ta 'ok*el, vphr:av & qphr(prep & n5). bray (donkey). 

rebusnar el asno. 

jik*jonel, vn5, sobbing, sollozo en el llorar. 

jik'jonet, av, sob. sollozar. 

jik'jonet 'ok', vphr:av & iv. bray, rebusnar el asno. 

jUc'jonet tak'av, vphr:av & iv. reply shamelessly or many 

times, resporuler desvergonzadamente o mucho. 

jUc'jonetel, vn5. sobbing, sollozo en el llorar. 

jjUc'avel-vayel vinik, nphr:agn(vn & vncpd) type n5. sleepy 

person, adormecido. 

tuU jUc*et cf tu (1). 

jik' (2) 

jik*ay, tv. winnow, achar 13. 

jil 

jUbU tube, nphr(pp & n)5. string of onions, ristra...300. 

jUi-'atil vmik, nphr:natt(aj & ncpd) & n5. pimp, echar cuerno. 

cf echacuervos. 

jiljU na, nphr(aj & n)5. haU. sala. 

jUol, n4f length, longura de sala. 

'oy iglesia sjUol. It is as long as a church, longura de sala. 

jilol 'osil, nphr(n4f of n5). continuous, forever, perpetual. (1) 

perpetua o continuamente, (2) siempre. 

sjUol no 'ox 'osU "oy. It is everlasting, perpetua o continua 

cosa. 

jUom, n5. everywhere, en todas partes. 

jUom 'ak*, vphr:n & tv-. put in many places, poner en muchas 

partes. 

jUom no 'ox, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & pt. handy, manual cosa. 

jUom no 'ox 'oy, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & pt & pt common. 
210 SMITHSONL\N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

manual que se halla donde quiera. 

j-jil, num(num & nccpd)5. league, string of garlic or onions. 

•They have no word (for league) but tiiey say j-jil. etc., 

which seems to be lUce a league. (1) legua, (2) ristra de 

ajos o cebollas 300. 

j-jU ajos, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & n. string of garUc. sartal 

de cuentas. 

j-jil chi, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & n. maguey fiber, hebra 

de hilo de maguey. 

j-jil cuentas, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & n. string of beads. 

sartal de cuentas. 

j-jil nichim, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & n. garland, sartal de 

cuentas. 

j-jil no, nphr(num<num & nccpd>)5. thread, hebra de hilo. 

jim 

jimich*, n5. sling, honda para tirar. 

jimich*aj, iv. sUng. honda tirar. 

jimich*tay, tv. sUng. honda tirar. 

jjimich*ajel, agn. slinger. hondero. 

jjimich*vanej, agn. sUnger. hondero. 

Jin 

jin, tv. rock (cradle), swing (hammock), mecear o menear 

hamaca o cuna de nihos. 

jin, iv. escape, flee, demolish or tear down (house, building). 

(1) derribar como casa o edificio, (2) escabullirse, (3) 

huir. 

jinebal, n3d. refuge, guarida para defenderse. 

jinel, vn5. confusion, disorder, flight. (1) confusion, (2) huida 

de esta manera. 

ebat ta jinel. He is a fugitive, hombre que anda huido 240. 

xebat ta jinel. I am fleeing to the hiUs. (1) amontar se, (2) 

huir. 

jines, tv, demolish, make person flee, tear down, (1) amontar 

a otro, (2) derribar como... . 

jinet, av. explode, roar (river, wind), tiiunder. (1) estallar, dar 

sonido, (2) retronar, (3) ruido hacer el rio o aire grande. 

jinet 'osU, s:av & n5. tiiunder. (1) estallar, dar sonido, (2) 

estruendo del trueno... . 

jinet nUc, vphr:av & iv. toll thunderously, retaher como la 

campana. 

jinetel, vnlf explosion, thunder. (1) estallido, (2) estruendo 

del trueno o cosa asi. 

jininet 'osU, s:av & n5. thunder, tronar. 

jjinel, agn. fugitive. (1) huidor que huye muchas veces, (2) 

huido, (3) hombre que anda huido 240. 

jip 

jip ch'ay, vphr:tv- & tv. discard, toss out. (1) batir algo o 

echarlo a mal, (2) echar a mal o conw quiera arrojando. 

jip ta majel ta ch'ojon, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5) & 

qphr(prep & n5). wound wiUi a rope, herir con vara. 

jip ta majel ta te', vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5) & qphr(prep 

& n5). wound with a rod. herir con vara. 

jipben, n4d. wound given (witii rod or rope). RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal ghipuben (Guzman, 1620:105). herida que hace 

el que asi hiere. 

jipbenal, n4d. wound received (from rod or rope), herida del 

que asi la recibe. 

jipbil, pp. discarded, abatir algo.... 

jipel ta majel chak, nphr:nphr(vn4f & qphr(prep & vn5) of 

-n4d, whiplash on the buttocks, nalgada. 

jipoj, n4d, object being discarded, abatir algo.... 

jipulanel k'obU, nphr(vn4f of n5). shove, mangonada. 

jipun k'ob, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. shove, mangonada dar. 

jis 

jis, tv. cut, cut in strips, sUce. (1) lasada dar, (2) partir 

cortando a la larga, (3) rebanar 299, (4) tajar. 

jis-moch, tv(tv & tvcpd). knot (1) atar con, (2) lasada dar. 

jis-mochbU, pp(tv & ajcpd). knotted, lasada. 

jis-mochochtik, aj(tv & ajcpd). fUled with knots, lasada dar. 

jis-mochoj, n(tv & ncpd)5. object being knotted, atar con 

lacada. 

jisbenal, n4f. cut. tajadura. 

jisbU, pp. sUced. revanada cosa. 

jisulan, tv. bleed, cut or tear to pieces (cloth), milk wiUi the 

thumb, scarify. (1) harpar cortar paho en muchas partes, 

(2) jasar, sangrar, (3) ordenar con el dedo pulgar. 

jjis-ti'bol, agn(tv & ncpd). carver at table, trinchante. 

j-jis, num(num & nccpd)5. sUce. revanada. 

j-jis moch, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. knot, lasada. 

j-jis tocino, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. rasher or sUce of 

bacon. (1) lonja de tocino, (2) torrezno. 

j-jisjis, num(num & nccpd)5. single slice (1 only), rebanada. 

jit 

jit, n5. large shrimp. RML—^This term that is given also in 

Guzman (1620:36) refers in modem Tzeltal of Bachajon 

to "pingua," a large, freshwater crawfish (Cowan and 

Gerdel, 1965:149). camaron grande. 

jit' 

jit', tv. bind (as when they bind the poles of thefr houses), set 

in a row. (1) atar corrw cuando atan varas en sus casas, 

(2) poner por orden. (3) trabar con bejucos.. .340. 

jit'aki, tv. prepare warp lashing, enlizar tela. 

jit'anubil, pp. provided with leashes (loom), enlizado. 

jit'oj ba 'ak*, vphr:s(rv-) & tv. set in a row. poner por orden. 

jit'omaj, iv. bind (with vines or cords as they do with Uie 

smaller beams of thefr houses), trabar con bejucos.. .340. 

jkotz 

jkotz. rooster, cf. kotz (2). 

jo' 

jo'et, av. creak, rechinar. 

jobel 

jobel, n5. field, grass, straw. (1) campo, (2) yerva 183, (3) paja, 

generalmente. 

jobel, n5. Zacatlan (Ciudad Real), cf lUc. 

jobeltik, n5. brow of hill, meadow, pasture, plain, (1) carr^o, 

(2) erracal, (3) prado. (4) raso, cosa liana. (5) teso. 

'anal jobel, cf 'anal. 

yaxal jobel, cf yox (1), 
NUMBER 31 211 

jotz 

jotz, tv. pull one's hafr out pelar. sacar los pelos. 

jotz jol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. tear one's hair, mesar 221. 

jotzan, tv. pull up easUy (as when they weed tiie garden), 

arrancar asi. 

jotzbU jol, nphr(pp & n4d), witii one's hafr torn out, mesado 

221. 

jotzbU k'uk'um, nphr(pp & n)5. quUl, pendola o pinola. 

jotzbU nukul, nphr(pp & n)5, parchment. perganUm 248. 

jotz' 

jotz*, tv, dig up (jicama, potato), disinter, pull up easUy (as 

when they weed the garden), scrape (boards). (1) 

arrancar cosa facil.... (2) desenterrar. (3) escarbar, (4) 

raer como.... (5) sacar lo enterrado... . 

jotz' chikin, vphr:tv & -n4d. cut off one's ear. desorejar. 

jotz*-k*op, vn(tv & ncpd)5. deceitful questioning, treason, 

trick. (1) engaho, (2) tentacion asi, (3) traicion. 

jotz'-k'optay, tv(tv & tvcpd). cause to commit treason, gossip, 

investigate, question, tattie, tempt, try to discover the 

tmth by using deceitful words. (1) chismear o sacar 

algo..., (2) pesquisar, (3) preguntar, (4) tentar por 

palabras dobladas..., (5) traicion hacer. 

'ep ta mek xesjotz'k'optayotike mu xesjotz'iotik. (The devil) 

tempts us many times, but he does not conquer us. 

.tentacion asi. 

jotz'-k'optayvan, iv(tv & ivcpd). speak deceitfully, dobladamente hablar. 

jotz'-k'optayvanej, vn(tv & vncpd). interrogation, investigation. (1) pesquisa. (2) pregunta asi. 

jotz' ni', vphr:tv & -n4d. cut off one's nose, desnarizar. 

jotz' vok, vphr:tv & -n4f skim (froth), espumar. quitar la 

espuma. 

jotz'bey vok, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. skim (froth), espumar. quitar 

la espuma. 

jotz'bU chi, nphr(pp & n)5. flax or maguey burlap, estopa de 

lino o maguey. 

jotz'bU chikin, nphr(pp & n)5. with ear cut off desorejado. 

jotz*bU ni', nphr(pp & n)5. with nose cut off desnarizado. 

jotz*i, tv, cause to commit treason, traicion hacer. 

jotz*ob, n5, rake, escarbador. 

jotz'ob 'e, nphr(n & n)5, tootiipick, escarba dientes. 

jotz'ob lum, nphr(n & n)5, hoe, weed-hook, sachudo o 

escardillo para escardar 306. 

jotz'obil, n4f rake, escarbador, instrumento. 

jotz'obil 'eal, nphr(n4f of n5). toothpick, escarba dientes. 

jjotz', agn. investigator, pesquisidor. 

jjotz'-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). traitor, traidor. 

jjotz'-k'optayvanej, agn(tv & vncpd). backbiter, malsin. 

joch 

joch, tv. drag, arrastrar. 

jochbU ti' k'u'ul, nphr:nphr(pp & nl of n3d) type n3d. clotiiing 

with embroidered hem. orilla verduda. 

jochjonet k'u', s:av & -n4d. have one's skirts trail, haldas que 

arrastran. 

jochjonet pok*, s:av & n5. have one*s skirt fraU. haldas que 

arrastran. 

joch' 

joch*, tv. bring by force, carve (not with a chisel, but as 

trimming a beam or carving wood), carve mouldings, 

chew wood (worms), drag, drill, mark (wood or stone 

for cutting or sawing), outUne, sculpt wooden image. (1) 

dibujar cosa 74, (2) dolar haciendo molduras, (3) 

entallar, (4) esculpir o entallar.... (5)perfilar, (6) reglar 

asi madera.... (7) roer la madera los gusanos, (8) traer 

porfuerza. 

joch', iv. outUne. perfilar. 

joch*, nle. weevU, woodborer, wood dust. (1) carcoma, (2) 

gorgojo. 

joch*, aj. worm-eaten, carcomido. 

joch' 'UobU, vphr:tv & n5. mine, minar. 

joch' 'olon ch'en, vphr:tv & n5. mine, minar. 

joch' 'olon na, vphr:tv & n5. mine, minar. 

joch' te', nphr(n4f of n5). wood dust roedura asi.... 

joch' te' ta torno, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). turn on a 

lathe, tornear con torno. 

joch'ben, n4b. driUed article, outline. (1) agujerado, (2) perfil 

o perfiladura. 

joch*ben ch*o, nphr(n4d of n5). area gnawed by a mouse. 

roedura sehal que queda. 

joch'benal, n4f gnawed area, outiine. (1) perfil o perfiladura, 

(2) roedura, sehal que queda. 

joch'bU, pp. carved, mined. (1) estatua de bulto, (2) minada 

cosa. 

joch'bU lok'ob-baU, nphr:pp & vn(n & rncpd)4f. image, statue. 

estatua de bulto. 

joch'bU ta torno, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). shaped on 

a lathe, tomeada cosa asi. 

joch'bU te', nphr(pp & n)5. idiot 'RML—joch'bU is given as 

ghocbil. (1) bolo, (2) dibujar cosa 74. 

joch*el, vn4f carving, outiine. (1) entalladura, (2) perfil o 

perfiladura. 

joch*ey, tv/pass/. be mined. RML—Given in the past tense. 

minada cosa. 

joch*ib, iv. become worm eaten, decay. (1) carcomerse, (2) 

carcomido. 

joch'in, iv. become worm eaten, gorgiarse, cf gorgojearse. 

joch'jon ch'ininul, s:av & -n4f itch, comezon. 

joch'ob te', nphr(n of n)5. driU. agujerado. 

joch'ob ton, nphr(n of n)5. chisel, agujerado. 

joch'obU, n4f drill, taladro. 

joch'obU te', nphr(n4f of n5). lathe, torno para tornear. 

jjoch' , agn(tv & ncpd). carver, entallador. 

jjoch' lok'ob bail, agn:tv & vn(n & rncpd)4fcpd. statue maker. 

estatuario que los hace. 

jjoch'-te', agn(tv & ncpd). woodcarver. entallador. 

jjoch'vanej, agn. carver, entallador. 

joj 

joj, n5. raven (as those in Spain), cuervo de los que hay en 
212 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Castilla. 

jojoch' 

jojoch', n5. corn husk, hoja de masorca de maiz. 

jojoch' castiUan 'bcim, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5. wheat chaff 

(small). RML—The inanimate form is xjojoch'H. granzas 

de trigo grandes.... 

xjojoch' pepen, nphr(n type n)5. large spotted butterfly. 

mariposa grande pintada. 

jok 

jokjonet, av. gmnt (pig), gruhir el puerco. 

jokonet ni', s:av & -n4d. gmnt (pig), gruhir el puerco. 

jokjonetel, vn5. gmnt. gruhido asi. 

jjokjonetel, agn. gmnter. gruhidor asi. 

'ipal jjokjonetel, nphr(aj & agn)5. gmnter. gruhidor asi. 

jok' (1) 

jok*, tv. dig (as they dig with poles), cabar como ellos caban 

con palos 53. 

jok* ch'en, vphr:tv & nle. dig a hole. (1) ahoyar, (2) hoyo 

hacer 175. 

jok*ob lum, nphr(n of n)5. hoe. acadon, cf azadon. 

jok*ob ton, nphr(n of n)5. quarry, camera. 

jok' (2) 

jok'an, tv. hang, colgar. 

jok*an ba, rv. commit oneself to another*s protection, confide 

in, tmst. (1) colgar, (2) corfiarse. 

jok*an ba ta tojol, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & -n4d). entmst object 

to (as when entmsting one's house to someone when 

going to tiade). fiarse encomendandole algo.... 

jok'an ba ta tojol dios, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of 

n5>). tmst in God. encomendarse a Dios. 

jok'an ta ch'ulel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d)[A]. act in good 

conscience. RML—The subject of the verb and the 

possessor of the noun are the same, encargar la 

conciencia asi mismo. 

jok'an ta ch'ulel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & -n4d). Uirow the 

burden of one's conscience upon others, encargar la 

conciencia a otro. 

jok'an ta tojol, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & -n4d). take responsibUity for. RML—Same observation as above, tomar a su 

cargo. 

jok'an tal tojol, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d). entmst to. fiale 

asi algo. 

jok'anab, n5. place of hanging, ahogar ahogado. 

jok'anabil, n4f place of hanging, ahogar ahogado. 

jok'anbey, dv. entmst to. (1) encargar algo a otro, (2) fiale 

asi algo. 

jok'anej ba, rvn. confiding, tmsting. confiado. 

jok'tzaj, iv. be busy, delayed or postponed, last, mn aground 

(boat, canoe), stay. (1) diferir o dilatarse, (2) diferida o 

dilatada cosa, (3) encallar barca o canoa, (4) ocuparse, 

(5) permanecer, (6) retardar, (1) tardarse. 

jok'tzajel, vn5. delay, perpetuity. (1) dilatar, (2) perpetuidad 

asi, (3) tardanza. 

jok'tzajel 'abtel, nphr(vn type n)5. time-consuming work. 

espaciosa cosa. 

jok'tzajel k'op, nphr(vn type n)5, time-consuming taUc, 

espaciosa cosa. 

jok'tzajes, tv, delay, postpone, (1) diferir o dilatar algo, (2) 

retardar, (3) tardar a otro. 

jok'el, vn5. running aground, encallamiento asi. 

jok'ey, tv/pass/. hang, last, stay. (1) colgar, (2) permanecer. 

jok*leb, n4d. hope, hooked pole, source of confidence, (1) 

colgar, (2) corfiarse, (3) esperanza con confianza, (4) 

estaca para colgar. 

jok'lej, n4d, hope, esperanza con confianza. 

jok*ol, aj. aground, confident, poor, tmsting. (1) colgar, (2) 

confiado. (3) encallada. cosa asi. 

jok*ol ta tojol dios, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of 

n5>). tmsting in God. encomendado asi. 

jjok*anej ba, nphr(agn & rn4d). confident or tmsting person. 

confiado. 

jjok'tzajel, agn. delayer, tardador. 

jjok'leb, agn. person in charge of orphaned women or widows. 

*And they say the same for God. confiarse. 

Ha' te jok'anbeat, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & dvy^ass/—). wiU. 

testamentario. 

jol(l) 

jol, tv. uncover or remove the thateh or tiles from a roof 

descubrir o quitar la paja— 

jol (2) 

jol 'e, nphr(n5 of n4d). front tooth, dientes delanteros. 

jol biil, nphr(n4f of n3d). family name, surname, mmbre 

comun o sobrerwmbre. 

jol tz*ib, nphr(n4f of n5). tilde, tilde en la escritura. 

jol chu', nphr(n4f of n5). nipple, pezon de teta 252. 

jol k'op, nphr(n4f of n5). prologue, prologo. 

jol na, nphr(nlf of n5). attic, roof (1) sobrado de casa. (2) 

techo de casa. 

jol ni', vphrtv & n4d[A]. tuck up. regazar 290. 

jol ta k'elel, vphr:n/pred/ & qphr(prep & -vn4f). look upwards 

with mouth agape, mirar hacia arriba. 

jol ta k'elanvanej, vphr:n/pred/ & qphr(prep & vn5). look 

upwards with mouth agape, mirar hacia arriba. 

jolon ta k'elanvanej. I am looking up with mouth agape, 

jol yabutijebal na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n type n)5. highest tower 

of a fortification in which tiie warden lived, homenaje 

de torre 240. 

joUmal, n5. native parish or tribe, perrochia o tribu donde 

proceden. 

joUmal biU, nphr(n4f of n5). family name, surname (of the 

tribes that they once had), renombre. 

jolinej kotol 'osU, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4f of n5). princedom of 

the world. RML—The verbal noun is given as yololinegh. but in colonial Tzeltal under the entry "principe 

del mundo" it is explained that the verb -gholin means 

"tener auno por sehor y cabega" (Guzman, 1620:166). 

principado asi. 
NUMBER 31 213 

jolol, n3d. head, cabeza 45. 

jololtas, tv. investigate, judge, sentence. RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal the term for "juzgar" and "sentenciar" is 

zgholontes zcoplal (Guzman, 1620:111, 195). (1) averiguar. (2) juzgar, (3) sentenciar. 

jolom, n5. skull, calaberna. 

jolom-k'optay, tv. ridicule. RML—See lob-k'optay. nwtejar. 

jolom paxak*, cf paxak'. 

ta jol ba vitz, qphr:prep & nphr(n5 of nphr<n of n>5). on the 

mountain top. encima del monte. 

ta jol vitz, qphr:prep & nphr(n of n)5. on the mountain top. 

encima del monte. 

jol (3) 

jol, aj. beloved, expensive, lovable, scarce, valuable, worthy. 

(1) amable, (2) amado, (3) caro, (4) encarecido, (5) 

estimable, cosa preciada. 

jol 'il, vphr:adv & tv-. be missed, be on intimate terms with, 

faU in love, love. (1) amar, (2) enanwrarse, (3) familiar 

cosa. (4) privar con alguno. 

xjelav jol xkil Pedro yalulyalul te Juane. I Uke Peter better 

than John, mas comparativo. 

jol 'ilbil, vphr:adv & pp/pred/. loved, amado. 

jol 'ilel, nphr(aj & vn)5, love, amor con que soy amado. 

jol 'Uvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. charity, love. (1) amor con que 

arm. (2) caridad o amor con que arrw. 

toj 'utz jol 'ilvanej. Love is a great thing, amor. 

jjol-'Uvanej, agn(aj & vncpd). lover, amador. 

mo joluk, vplir:neg & aj/pred/. base, cheap, vile. (1) barato, 

(2) vii cosa. 

mo k'usi jol 'u'un, vphrneg & n5 & aj/pred/ + -n4d. generous, 

liberal, franco liberal. 

toj jol, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. precious. (1) falta o mengua..., 

(2) precioso o cosa de mucho precio. 

toj jol 'a'i, vphr:s(adv & aj/pred/ & —) & tv. value highly. 

estimar en mucho otra cosa. 

mo joluk 'aley, vphr:ajphr(neg & aj) & tv/pass/. disliked. 

malquisto. 

mo joluk 'U, vphr:ajphr(neg & aj) & tv-. dislUce. malquerer. 

jalaj, iv. be highly valued, become scarce, encarecerse. 

jalajel, vn5. scarcity, encarecimiento. 

jalajes, tv. make scarce, raise the price of encarecer algo, subir 

su precio. 

jalajesbU, pp. made scarce, with the price raised, encarecido. 

jalal, n4d. beloved, scarcity. (1) amado mio, (2) encarecimiento. 

jalal, aj. lovable, amable. 

jalal 'a'i ba, vphr:n4d[A] & rv. have high opinion of oneself 

estimarse en mucho. 

jalal 'UbU, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. loved, amado. 

jalal 'Uel, nphr(aj & vn)4d. charity, love. (1) amor, (2) caridad 

o amor con que soy amado. 

toj 'utz sjalal 'ilel dios. Love of God is a great thing, amor, 

jalal 'Uvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. charity, love, caridad o amor 

con que arrw. 

jalal tzajal ton, nphr:aj & nphr(aj & n)5. mby. rubi. 

jalal chi'il, nphr(aj/att/ & n)4d. ritual kinsman by baptism or 

confirmation, pariente espiritual de bautismo o confirmacion. 

jalal ton, nphr(aj & n)5. pearl, perla. 

jalal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. lovable or worthy person. (1) 

amable, (2) digna persona. 

jalaltasbil, pp. be the protege of a lord, privado de algun Sehor. 

jalaltay ba, rv, be on intimate terms with, tratar se. 

jalaltaybU, pp, be the protege of a lord, RML—This is given 

as ghaltaybil. privado de algun Sehor. 

jalan ba, rv. become scarce, have a high opinion of oneself. 

*When someone likes to be coaxed into singing or 

playing music: sjalan sba. (1) encarecerse, (2) estimarse 

en mucho. 

jjalal 'il , agn(aj & tv & ncpd). lover of . amador. 

jjalal 'il balumilal, agn(aj «& tv & ncpd). worldly person. 

mundarw, amador de las cosas terrenas. 

jjalal 'il dios, agn(aj & tv & cpd). lover of God. amador. 

jjalal 'U vinajel, agn(aj & tv & ncpd). lover of heaven, amador. 

'ip jalal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. be scarce (bread), be valuable or 

worthy. (1) estimable, cosa preciada, (2) falta o 

mengua.... (3)precioso, cosa de mucho precio. 

mo k'usi jalan, vphr:nphr(neg & n5) & tv. be generous./ranco 

liberal. 

toj jalan, vphr:adv & tv-. value highly, *The same when 

someone does not want to give or lend what he has. 

encarecerse. 

jol (4) 

jolet ni', s:av & -n4d. snore, roncar. 

joletel ni'U, nphr(vn4f of n5). snore, ronquido. 

joljon ni', s:av & -n4d. snore. RML—In colonial Tzeltal 

-ghalghonet znuc is "romar el pec ho" (Gates, 1934b:73). 

roncar. 

joljonel ni'U, nphr(vn4f of n5). snore, ronquido. 

jom (1) 

jom, n5. boat, canoe, ship. (1) canoa. barca y cualquier navio, 

(2) nao y cualquiera otro navio. 

jom, n4e. embrasure, loophole, tronera. 

jom ta *ut vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n4f[S]). hollow./oja, 

cosa hueca 144, cf.fofa. 

jomal 'av castUlan pom, nphr:aj & nphr(n4f of nphr<aj & n>5). 

censer, naveta de incienso. 

jomal xamiti, nphr(aj & n)5. roof tUe. tejar de barro. 

jomal te', nphr(aj & n)5. dugout, arteza. 

jomjom, aj. hollow, hoUowed out (embrasure, loophole). (1) 

tronera, (2) hueca 343. 

jomjom ta 'ut, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n4f[S]). hollow. 

hueca, cosa no maciza 343. 

jomjom k'uk'um, nphr(aj & n)5. quiU. pluma, el cahon. 

castillan jom, cf castillan. 

mo 'oyuk jom, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4e. solid, maciza cosa. 

mu jomjomuk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. solid, maciza cosa. 

yabutinab castUlan jom, cf. yabut. 
214 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

yabutinab jom, cf yabut. 

*jom (2) 

*jomet, av. sound (large flutes), sonar la flauta sola.... 

jop 

jop, tv. hold or take a handful to put it down, abarcar o tomar 

un puhado.... 

jopin, tv. tuck up under one's sash (when working), regazar 

290. 

jopin k'u', vphr:tv & n4d[A]. tuck up skirts under one's sash. 

haldas en cinta poner. 

jopoj, n4d. object being held or taken in handfuls. abarcar 

o 

jopopan, tv. hold or take a handful to put down. RML—In 

modern TzotzU this refers to a large amount, abarcar 

0... . 

j-jop, num(num & nccpd)5. handful. (1) abarcar o..., (2)puho 

opuhado... . 

jos 

jos, tv. cut, grate, peel (pears or apples with a knife), rub 

together (two bricks), scrape, shave with a razor, shear 

(with a razor), smooth. (1) qfeitar a ruivaja, (2) alisar 

menos perfectamente conw raspar, (3) mondar quitando 

la corteza..., (4) rayar, (5) rapar o raer el pelo, (6) 

raspar, (1) tajar, (8) trasquilar a ruivaja. 

jos ba 'u'un, vphr:rv -i- -n4d. mb together (bricks)./regar una 

cosa con otra conw.... 

jos sol choy, vphr:tv & nphr(n4d of n5). scale a fish, escamar, 

quitar la escama. 

jos xinch'okU bek'tal, vphr:tv & -nphr(natt & n)4d. cfrcumcise. 

retajar. 

jos tak'in, vphr:tv & n5. file, limar. 

josbenal, n4f cut, scrapings. (1) raedura..., (2) tajadura. 

josbenal tak*in, nphr(n4f of n5). metal fUings. limaduras. 

josbU, pp. smooth, smootiied. alisado o liso. 

josbU nukul, nphr(pp & n)5. suede, baldes. 

josbU sol, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. scaled, escamado asi. 

josilan, tv. scrape (boards), weed a second time. (1) raer..., 

(2) remondar. 

josilan 'e, vphr:tv & -n4d. bmsh one*s teeth, fregar dientes. 

josob tak*in, nphr(n of n)5. grater, rayo. 

josobU 'ich'ak cabaUo, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). blacksmith *s tool bag. herramental de albeitar. 

josobU tak*in, nphr(n4f of n5). file. lima. 

josvanab, n5. grater, rayo. 

jjosel, agn. solicitor who always gains a profit, ganahcioso o 

solicitador... . 

jjosvanej, agn. barber, shearer. (1) afeitador o barbero, (2) 

trasquilador. 

sak-jos, cf sak. 

jot' 

jot', tv. scratch, rascar. 

jot*ben, n4d. scratch of cat or tiger, rascadura. 

jot'benal, n4f scratch, rascadura. 

jot'ilan 'eal, vphr:tv & n3d. brush one's teeth, fregar dientes. 

jot'ob chUcin, nphr(n4f of n5). ear-pick, escarba dientes. 

jov 

jov. half, half moon, past, piece, rasher, cf jav. 

joy (1) 

joy, tv. cut off one's escape, encfrcle, enclose, surround. (1) 

arrodear conw cercar. (2) cercar. poner cerca 71, (3) 

quedas a lo que huye. (4) rodar, traer al derredor. 

joy be, vphr:tv & n5. go a roundabout way. (1) rodear, cercar, 

(2) rodear en el camirw. 

joy-chUc', tv(tv & tvcpd). burn around, quemar en derredor. 

joy-k'ak'ay, tv(tv & tvcpd). burn around, quemar en derredor. 

joy-k'op, n(aj & ncpd)5. comparison, parable, parabola o 

comparacion. 

joy-k*optay, tv(tv & tvcpd). question, preguntar. 

joy-te', n(aj & ncpd)5. enclosure, fence, stockade. (1) 

palanquear, cf. palanquera. (2) seto. 

joyan, tv. turn (wheel). (1) andar alrededor como rueda o 

carreta, (2) rodar, traer al derredor. 

joyben, n4d. enclosed area or object cercar, poner cerca 71. 

joybil, pp. enclosed, cercar, poner cerca 71. 

joybil ta nab 'osU, nphr:ajphr(pp & qphr<prep & n5>) type 

n5. island, ysla. tierra cercada de mar 190. 

joybil ta nab j-tek lum, nphr:ajphr(pp & qphr<prep & n5>) 

type n5. island, ysla...19Q. 

joybil ta nab lum, nphr:ajphr(pp & qphr<prep & n5>) type n5. 

island, ysla...190. 

joyeb j-tek lum, nphr:n4 of nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. night 

pafrol. ronda por donde rondan. 

joyeb na, nphr(n4f of n5). night patrol, ronda por.... 

joyet, av. whfrl around, remolinarse corrw quiera. 

joyet xanav, vphr:av & iv. revolve (wheel), walk around. (1) 

andar al derredor. (2) rodar, andar en derredor. 

joyij, iv. encfrcle, go a roundabout way, waUc around. (1) 

arrodear corrw avidar, (2) cercar, andar alrededor 71, 

(3) rodar, andar en..., (4) rodear, cercar, (5) rodear en 

el camirw. 

joyij xanav, vphr:iv & iv. walk around, andar al derredor. 

joyij ta xanbal, vphr:iv & (jphr(prep & vn5). waUc around. 

andar al derredor. 

joyijeb setet te', nphr:n4f of nphr(n type n)5. axletree of a cart 

eje de carreta 136. 

joyijeb Ho', nphr(n4f of n5). whfrlpool. remolino de agua. 

joyijel, vn5. procession, procesion. 

joyijel xanbal, nphr(vn type n)5. procession, procesion. 

joyijes, tv. tum. rodar. traer al derredor. 

joyin, tv. encircle, surround, walk around. (1) arrodear 

como.... (2) cercar, andar 71. 

joyin be, vphr:tv & n5. go a roundabout way. (1) rodear. 

cercar, (2) rodear en derredor. 

joyinbU, pp. encircled. (1) arrodear conw..., (2) arrodeado o 

cercado asi. (3) cercar, andar alrededor 71. 

joyjoy-k*optay, tv(aj & tvcpd). gossip, tattle, chismear. 

joynej, vn4d. object being walked around, cercar, andar 

alrededor 71. 
NUMBER 31 215 

joynej ta naklej, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). seated in a cfrcle. 

estar al derredor sentado. 

joyoj, n4d. area or object being enclosed, cercar, poner cerco 

71. 

joyoj ta naklej, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). seated in a cfrcle. 

estar al derredor sentado. 

joyoj ta ta'lej, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). lying in a cfrcle. 

estar en derredor echado. 

joyoj ta va'lej, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5), standing in a 

cfrcle, estar al derredor en pie. 

joyol, n4f fence, cerco o seto 71. 

joyol, aj. encfrcled. arrodeado o cercado asi. 

joyol be, nphr(aj & n)5. roundabout way. rodeo asi. 

joyol k*op, nphr(aj & n)5. cfrcuitous or obscure talk, semejanza 

obscura 

joyol-k'optay, tv(aj & tvcpd). talk in a cfrcuitous or obscure 

way. semejanza obscura.... 

joyol ta naklej, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). seated in a 

cfrcle. estar al derredor sentado. 

joyol ta ta'lej, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). lying in a 

cfrcle. esta en derredor echado. 

joyol ta va'lej, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). standing in a 

cfrcle. estar al derredor en pie. 

joy vanej, vn5. night patrol, ronda aquel. 

jjoy-k*op, agn(tv & ncpd). gossip, person who draws one out. 

chismero, el que asi sonsaca. 

jjoy-k*optayvanej, agn(tv & vncpd). gossip, person who draws 

one out. chismero.... 

jjoyvanej, agn. night watehman. rondador. 

ta joyobU, qphr:prep & -n4f round about, enderredor. 

joy (2) 

joy. sharp, thin, cf jay (1). 

ju(l) 

juet, av. sound (heavy rain). (1) estruendo, (2) ruido hacer la 

agua.... 

ju(2) 

ju. one. cf jun. 

ju' (1) 

ju', tv. anoint, cmmble with one's hands, mb, scmb (as they 

scmb muddy clotiies). RML—^The verb to cmmble is 

given variously as ghu and ghuy. (1) desmenusar con las 

manos, (2) fre gar conw friegan..., (3) refregar, (4) 

ungir. 

ju' aceite, vphr:tv & n5. anoint ungir. 

ju'ben, n4d. cmmbled object desmenusar con las nuinos. 

ju'bey aceite ta bek'tal, vphr:-dv & n5 & qphr(prep & n4d[B]). 

anoint ungir. 

ju'Uan, tv, massage (person's painful beUy), mb with one's 

hands, scmb (clothes), (1) estregar con las manos, (2) 

fregar conw friegan..., (3) refregar, (4) sobajar...324. 

ju'Uanbey, dv. massage, sobajar.. .324. 

ju'obil, n4f bmsh. estregadero, instrumento. 

ju'oj, n4d. object being cmmbled. desmenusar con las manos. 

*ju' (2) 

*ju'el ni', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be hawk-nosed. RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal the adjective is given as ghuul (Guzman, 

1620:140). ruiriz aguileha. 

*ju'ju'-ni', n(aj & ncpd)5. hawk-nosed, nariz aguileha. 

*ju'ju' ni', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be hawk-nosed, ruiriz aguileha. 

jub 

jub, tv. row. bogar o remar. 

jub jom, vphr:tv & n5. row. remar. 

jubet, av. growl (stomach), rugir las ripas. 

jubob jom, nphr(n of n)5. oar, mdder. (1) goberna de navio 

156, (2) renw para remar. 

jubobil jom, nphr(n4f of n5). oar. bogador o remero. 

jjub-jom, agn(tv & ncpd). rower. (1) bogador o remero, (2) 

remador. 

jjubvanej, agn. rower, bogador o remero. 

jubUeo (Sp.) 

jubUeo, n5. concession of plenary indulgences, jubileo. 

jubon (Sp.) 

jubon, n5. doublet, jubon. 

juch' 

juch', tv. pound, majar. 

juch' ch'Uim, vphr:tv & n5. grind flour, nwler harina. 

juch' kokov, vphr:tv & n5. make cocoa by grinding it. hacer 

cacao y molerlo 165. 

juch'bU 'ixim, nphr(pp & n)5. corn dough, masa. 

juch'bU mostaza, nphr(pp & n)5. mustard sauce, salsa para 

manjar. 

juch'bU nueces, nphr(pp & n)5. sauce made of pounded 

walnuts and spice, rwgada. 

juch'bU perejU, nphr(pp & n)5. parsley sauce, salsa para 

manjar. 

juch'et vayel ta sat s:av & vn5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). be sleepy. 

soholiento. 

juch'neb, n4f. mill, molino. 

juch'nebal na, nphr(n type n)5. miU. molino. 

juch'nebal ton, nphr(n type n)5. mill. RML—^This is given as 

ghux nabalton. atahona. 

juch'obU, n4f pestie. maza 203. 

juch'obU aceituna, nphr(n4f of n5). oUve oil press, molino de 

aceite. 

juch*obU bon, nphr(n4f of n5), stone for grinding dyes, piedra 

para nwler colores. 

juch'un, iv. grind, pound. (1) majar, (2) nwler harina. 

jjuch'-'ixim, agn(tv & ncpd). miUer. nwlinero.... 

jjuch'nom, agn. female servant who grinds the com, miller. (1) 

rmza de servicio 226, (2) nwlinero que tiene cuidado 

de el. 

juez (Sp.) 

juez, n5. judge, juez. 

Jul (1) 

Jul, tv. bleed, chisel, engrave, hurt wiUi a spur, mark (wood, 

stone for cutting or sawing), pierce (witii an awl), prick, 

sew (sandals, shoes witii an awl), stab. RML—^The final 

consonant is given sometimes as r. (1) alesnar, (2) coser 
216 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

alpargatas o zapatos.... (3) espinar o punzar. (4) 

espolear. herir con la espuela. (5) herir de estocada. (6) 

punsar. (1) rayar, hacer raya 284, (8) reglar asi 

madera..., (9) sangrar, (10) sincelar 319. 

Jul, nc, puncture, stitch, (1) punsadura. (2)puntada con aguja. 

Jul k'anal tak*in, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n)5, mark tiie carats, 

quilate dar al oro. 

Jul k'anal tak'in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5, carat, quilate de 

oro. 

Jul ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5), stab, herir de 

estocada. 

julbenal, n5, stab wound, puhalada como.... 

julbU, pp. punctured, punsada cosa. 

julel, nc. stab wound, puhalada de herida. 

juUntasbU sakil tak*in, nphrpp & nphr(aj & n)5. marked stiver. 

plata marcada. 

juljul nabo, nphr(aj & n)5. long turnip, nabo luengo. 

julob, n5. drill. (1) escoplo, (2) sincel, instrumento de hierro 

319,(3) taladro. 

julob xonobil, nphr(n of n)5. awl. alesnar. 

julob tak*in, nphr(n of n)5. dagger, lancet. (1) puhal, (2) 

sangradera, lanceta. 

julobil, n4f awl, lancet, pencil. (1) alesnar. (2) lanceta de 

sangrador. (3) plomada para reglar. (4) punson, (5) 

sangradera. lanceta. 

julobil 'eal, nphr(n4f of n5). tootiipick. monda dientes. 

julobil caballo, nphr(n4f of n5). spur, espuela. 

julvanab, n5. lancet. (1) lanceta de sangrador, (2) sangradera, 

lanceta. 

julvanej, vn5. bloodletting, sangria. 

jjulvanej, agn. bloodletter, stabber. (1) punsador, (2) sangrador. 

Jul (2) 

julan, aj. awake, dUigent quick. (1) despierto, (2) despierto, 

diligente. 

julan xanav, vphr:aj & iv. be cautious, recatarse. 

julan xexanav (or) julanon xexanav. I am cautious, 

julan vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. cautious person, recatado. 

julantas, tv. awaken person, despertar a otro. 

julay, tv. awaken person, recordar al que duerme. 

julay, iv. wake up. (1) despertar, (2) despierto, (3) recordarse, 

despertar. 

julayel, vn5. vigil, wake, vigilia o velada. 

'ak*abal julay, cf 'ak'abal. 

'oy to 'ak'abal julay, vphr:s(n5/pred/ & pt & n5) & iv. rise 

early in the morning, madrugar. 

toj 'Uc'-luman julay, vphr:adv & n(aj & ncpd)5 & iv. rise early 

in the morning, madrugar. 

jun 

jun, num5. one. RML—There is no Spanish entry for this term; 

it is derived from the entries below, 

jun k'ak*al patan, nphr:nphr(num & n)type n5. one day's work. 

tarea. 

jun k'ak'al xanbal, nphr:nphr(num & n) type n5. one day's 

journey or march, Jornada, camirw de un dia. 

jun k'ak'al ve'el, nphr:nphr(num & n)5 of vnld, one day's 

ration of food, racion de comida. 

xak'beat jun k'ak'al sve'el. He is given one day's ration of 

food, 

jun me'il, nphr(num & n)3d, aunt (mother's sister), great aunt 

(grandmother's sister), stepmotiier. (1) hermana de mi 

Madre 161, (2) hernuina de mi abuela 161, (3) madras ta. 

jun muk'ta totU, nphr(num & nphr<aj & n>)3d, great uncle 

(grandfather's brother), tio, hermano de abuelo. 

jun nich'on, nphr(num & n)4d, man's stepchild, ante todo 

respecto del hombre, cf entenado. 

jun pasel, s:num/pred/ & -vn4f resemble, semejarse o 

parecerse una cosa a otra. 

jun xulub, nphr(num & n)5. falcon, RML—This crested hawk 

must have been the ornate hawk-eagle, Spizaetus 

ornatus. halcon. 

jun ta maletik, vphr:num/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). be of the 

same age, edad una. 

jun ta mool, vphr:num/pred/ & qplir(prep & n5), be of the 

same age. edad una. 

jun totU, nphr(num & n)3d. uncle (father's brotiier). tio, 

hermano de padre. 

junajeb choy, nphr(n4d of n5). fish pond, piscina, estanque 

de peces 261. 

junajes, tv. join, unite, poner en uno. 

junjun, num. alone, of one mind, single. (1) en uno. (2) sola 

cosa. 

junjun ba, raj. resemble, semejarse oparecerse.... 

junjun k'op, s:num/pred/ & -n4d. be m agreement, concordar 

en sentencia o negocio alguno. 

junjun no 'ox chi'uk, vphr:num/pred/ & pt & pt + -n4d. 

neighbor, proximo. 

junjun no 'ox tuk, vphr:num/pred/ & pt & pt + -n4d[S]. 

sovereign lord, sehor soberano. 

junjun pajel, s:num/pred/ & -vn4f matoh. emparejar. 

junjun pajel pas, vphr:s(num/pred/ & vn4f[0]) & tv-. mateh. 

emparejar. 

junjun pajol, nphr(num of n)5. match, emparejar. 

junjun pajol ba 'ayan, vphr:s(num & m) & iv. be matehed. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, emparejar. 

junjun pajol ba pas, vphr:s(num & rn[0]) & tv-. match. 

emparejar. 

junjun vinUc, nphr(num & n)5. each one. cada uno o cada cual. 

jjun Ha'al chon, agn(num & aj & ncpd). tiiunder, *They say 

they are men who walk in the clouds. He who sounds 

by day is a youth and is caUed jjun Ha'al chon. and he 

who (sounds) by night is old and is called fox-lajun 

Ha'al chon, and that is why the younger men now say 

instead xt'ininet 'osH xjininet 'osil. "to crack, to crash." 

RML—^If I interpreted tiiis term properly it means 

literally "one water snake," whUe the otiier is "tiiirteen 

water snake," but de la Barrera gives it as ghun aghal 

chon (de la Barrera, 1788:95), tromr. 
NUMBER 31 217 

mu junjunuk, vphrineg & num/pred/. different diferentemente. 

mu junjunuk k'op, s:neg & num5^red/ & -n4d. disagree. 

diferentemente. 

Ha' te June, s:n5/pred/ & nphr(pt & num). the otiier. otro. uno 

de los dos. 

ju-jun, num(num & numcpd)5. apiece, one each, sendas. 

ju-jun 'abil vokol, nphr:nphr(num<num & numcpd> & n)5 

type n5. annual history, ystoria de cada ano. 

ju-jun chuk batel, nphr:num(num & num & nccpd) & dr. bunch 

by bunch, rruino jo a manojo. 

ju-jun k'ak'al vokol, nphr:nphr(num<num & numcpd> & n)5 

type n5. daily history, ystoria de cada dia 190. 

ju-jun tal 'a'i, vphr:num(num & numcpd) & dr & tv-. taste or 

test each one. probar muchas cosas 274. 

ju-jun vinkUel, nphr:num(num & numcpd) & n4d. limb by 

limb, miembro a miembro. 

juju batel, nphr(num & dr). every few minutes, momento de 

tiempo. 

juju batel 'oy sk*an ve'el. He wants to eat every few minutes, 

juju-ti' ve', vphr:qphr(num<num & nccpd>) & iv. fast 

RML—^In modem TzotzU of Venustiano Carranza, 

huhuti' cic' tohel is "To pay by instaUments*' and 

huhuti'no'o is "Uttie by littie" (Sarles, nd.:75). dieta 

tener. 

ta ju-jun 'abU, qphr:prep & num(num & numcpd) & n5. 

annuaUy, ystoria de aho en aho 190, 

ta ju-jun 'abil vokol, nphr:qphr(prep & num<num & numcpd> 

& n5) type n5, annual history, ystoria de aho en aho 190. 

ta ju-jun 'ak'abal, qphr:prep & num(num & numcpd) & n5. 

nightiy. todos los dias. 

ta ju-jun k*ak*al, qphr:prep & num(num & numcpd) & n5. 

daUy. todos los dias. 

ta juju jech, qphr:prep & nphr(num & n)5. on each side, en 

una parte y en otra. 

*jup 

*jupet, av, sound softiy (wind, breeze). RML—^This is given 

as xghapet, but in colonial Tzeltal the term is xghupupet 

(Guzman, 1620:188). ruido hacer el aire o viento suave. 

jup' 

jup*, iv. grow fat, engordar. 

jup*es, tv, fatten, engordar. 

juramento (Sp,) 

juramento, n5, oath, jurar. 

'ich*bey juramento, cf 'ich'. 

jus 

jus, tv, plaster Ughtiy with daub to fill cracks and to smootii 

surface, embarrar con barro 

jusilan, tv. mb with the hands, estregar con las manos. 

jusob, n5. mbbing instrument, fregadero. 

jusobU, n4f mbbing instmment. (1) estregadero, instrumento. 

(2)fregadero. 

jjusnom, agn. plasterer, embarrador asi. 

jux 

jux, tv, burnish, polish roughly, rub together (bricks, rocks). 

whet (1) acicalar groseramente corrw amolar, (2) fregar 

como regalando, (3) raspar conw ladrillos. 

jux ba 'u'un, vphr:rv + -n4d, mb together, fregar una cosa con 

otra 

juxbenal, n4f dust of ground rock or brick, fUings, scrapings, 

*As when they sharpen thefr axes on a rock. RML—In 

the ffrst listing this is given as xucbenal. (1) polvos de 

limadura..., (2) raspadura. 

juxtzaj, iv. become smooth, arrasar. 

juxUan, tv. mb together (bricks, rocks), raspar conw ladrillos. ... 

juxjonet, av. slippery, resbaladero. 

juxob, n5. burnisher, polisher. (1) acicaladera, (2) alisadera 

o instrumento para alisar. 

juxobil, n4f burnisher, polisher. (1) acicaladera, (2) alisadera 

o.... 

juxoj, n4d. object beuig polished or whetted, acicalar 

groseramente... . 

jut (1) 

juteb, aj. a Uttie, more or less, nearly, to some degree. *As to 

tell the tmth to some degree. It is more or less like this. 

(1) algun tanto, (2) en alguna manera, (3) poco adjetivo, 

(4) poco mas. 

mu sta toj juteb xka'i. I do not think it is enough, poco mas 

o merws. 

juteb mo nejach*. I nearly fell, ayna, presto. 

juteb 'epaluk 'oy, s:nphr(adv & -n4f) & n5/pred/. a littie bit. 

poquito. 

juteb 'ojtakin, vphr:adv & tv-. recognize, reconocer. 

juteb 'utz, ajphr:adv & aj. a littie better, mejor un poco 205. 

juteb ba'yi, ajphr:adv & aj. a littie before./><3C(9 tiempo antes. 

juteb jelav, vphr:adv & iv. be a littie better or bigger. (1) mayor 

un poco 205, (2) mejor un poco. 

juteb k'ak*, vphr:adv & iv. be scorched or singed, socarrarse. 

juteb k'ak*es, vphr:adv & tv-. scorch, singe, socarrarse. 

juteb lok'es, vphr:adv & tv-. take out a Uttie ways, sacar un 

poco fuera. 

juteb muk*, ajphr:adv & aj. a little bigger, mayor un poco 205. 

juteb na'bey ba, vphr:adv & rdv. recognize, reconocer. 

juteb xa, qphnadv & pt. a littie more, a littie while, nearly. (1) 

ahora de aqui a un poco, (2) luego de aqui a poco, (3) 

medio vivo. (4) rato de tiempo. (5) un poco mas. 

juteb xa mo nicham. I nearly died, ayna, presto. 

juteb xa k*an, vphr:qphr(adv & pt) & tv-. more or less, poco 

mas o menos. 

juteb xa mu ta, vphr:qphr(adv & pt) & neg & tv-. be a littie 

less. (1) poco menos, (2) un poco menos. 

juteb tam sat, s:adv & iv & -n4d. recognize, reconocer. 

juteb yalul tuk, vphr:adv & aj/pred/ + n4d[S]. be smaller. 

menor. 

juteb yalulon jtuk. I am smaller, 

jutebaj, iv. become depopulated by famine or sickness, 

decrease in number. (1) apocarse en numero, (2) 

despoblarse por hambre o enfermedad— 
218 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

jutebuk 'oy, s:aj & n5/pred/. a httle. poco, adjetivo. 

jutebuk 'oy xa, vphr:aj & n5/pred/ & pt a Uttie more, poco mas. 

toj juteb 'a'i, vphr:s(adv & aj/pred/ & —) & tv. a Uttie more 

or less, poco mas o menos. 

jut (2) 

jut, tv. begin something new, persuade, start (dispute), cutting 

or sawing), persuade, start (dispute). (1) comenzar cosa 

que antes m la habia, (2) mover asi, (3) trabar pelea o 

cuestion 340. 

Ho'ot ajut Ho'ot alUces! You started it you began it! trabar 

pelea o cuestion 340. 

ba'yi jut ta 'olonton, cf ba (2). 

juy 

juy, tv. stfr. RML—Seeju'. (1) mecer, (2) revolver 287. 

juy 'e, s:iv & -n4f rebound (witii the blade turning), rebotar 

torcieruiose elfllo. 

juy ta tek'el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). trample on. pisada 

con los pies, cf. pisar. 

juy tan, vphr:tv & n5. plaster (putting on a lot of plaster as 

with a trowel), encalar poniendo mucha cal.... 

juybey xuch', vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. mend (leaUier or wine jug 

with piteh). empegar cuero o jarro para vino. 

ejuybeat xxuch'al. It was mended witii pitch, empegado asi. 

juybey 'e, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. make rebound, rebotar asi. 

juybil, pp. mbbed, stirred. (l)fregado, (2) mecida cosa asi. 

juybil xuch', nphr(pp & n)5. pitch, pez. 

juyemal, n4f. rebound, rebotadura asi. 

juyUan, tv. stfr. revolver 287. 

juyUanbU, pp. rubbed, fregado. 

juyinom, aj. alone, single, sola cosa. 

juyinom 'olol, nphr(aj & n)3d. woman's only chUd. hijo uno 

solo o hija. 

juyinom mut, nphr(aj & n)5. solitary bfrd. solitaria ave. 

juyinom nich'nal, nphr(aj & n)5. man's only child, hijo uno 

solo.... 

juyinom nich'on, nphr(aj & n)4d. man's only child, hijo uno 

solo.... 

juyinom ta naklej, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). living 

alone, soUtary. solitario. 

juyinomal, n5. solitude, soledad. 

juyob, n5. stirrer, wooden ladle. (1) hataca para mecer, (2) 

mecedor con que mecen. 

juyob tan, nphr(n of n)5. mason's trowel, plana de albahil. 

juyobil, n4f. stirrer, wooden ladle. (1) hataca para mecer, (2) 

mecedor con..., (3) revolvedero 287. 

juyobil 'ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). threshing floor (where the grain 

is stirred), era donde trillan. 

juyp*ij 'e, s:iv & -n4f rebound (blade), rebotar torciendose el 

filo. 

juyp'in, tv. make rebound, redoblar. 

juyp'in 'e, vphr:tv & -n4f. make rebound, rebotar asi otra cosa. 

juyp'inbey 'e, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. make rebound, rebotar asi 

otra cosa. 

jjuy-Ho', agn(tv & ncpd). person who stirs, mecedor que mece 

alguno. 

jjuyvanej, agn, person who rocks anotiier. mecedor que mece 

alguno. 

K 

ka' 

ka'al te'el k'o, nphr:nphr(aj & n) type n5. wooden bridge. 

RML—^Perhaps this should be read k'atal te'el kfo, for 

in colonial Tzeltal tiie adjective is given as catal 

(Guzman, 1620:169). puente de maderas. 

ka'al ton, nphr(aj & n)5. stone or brick bridge. RML—see note 

above, puente de piedra o ladrillo. 

katz' 

katz', tv. carry crosswise in one's mouth or teetii. llevar 

atravesado en los dientes o boca. 

katz'atz*tUc, aj. prottuding, RML—See katz'an. higas dar. 

katz*an, tv. press down on. * This means to put something in 

a press, and they say that the adobes or stones tiiat have 

been poorly laid in a waU, when some stick out farther 

than others are katz'atz'tik. higas dar. 

katz*anbey k'ob, vphr:-dv & n4d[A]. give a fig to someone. 

higas dar. 

katz'oj, n4d. object carried in one's mouth, llevar atravesado 

en.... 

jkatz'anej-k'obU, agn(vn & ncpd). person who gives a fig. 

higas dar. 

kaj (1) 

kaj, iv. begin. (1) comenzar, (2) moverse. 

kaj tuk, vphr:iv + n4d[S]. take the opportunity. *As when we 

say nobody gave me the opportunity, but I took it. 

ocasion tomar. 

kajal, aj. on top of. encima de algo. 

kajan, tv. load, put on top of, stand up (candle). (1) candelero, 

(2) cargar, (3) poner encima. 

jkajan ta cabaUo. I am loading the horse, pomr encima. 

jkajan ta mesa. I am putting it on the table, pomr encima. 

kajanab candela, nphr(n of n)5. candlestick, candelero. 

kajeb, n4f beginning, comienzo. 

kajeb k'op, nphr(n4f of n5). introduction of a speech, prologue. 

(1) yntroduccion de platica 189, (2) prologo. 

kajeb Hun, nphr(n4f of n5). prologue, prologo. 

kajel lik, vphr:vn5 & iv, movable, moving frequentiy, mudable, 

cosa que.... 

kajes, tv. begin, provide the opportunity. (1) comenzar algo, 

(2) ocasion dar. 

kajey, iv. load, stand up (candle). (1) candelero, (2) cargar. 

kajleb 'ikatzU, nphr(n4f of n3d). packsaddle. alabarda. 

kajleb candela, nphr(n4f of n5). candlestick, caruielero. 

ba kajal, cf ba (2), 

j-kajal, num(num & nccpd)5. row (of stones or adobes or 

anything laid on top of each other), grada cada una de 

por si.... 

xcha'-kajal nesmaj. He hit me for the second time, grada 
NUMBER 31 219 

cada una 

yox-kajal neyut. He scolded me for the Uiird time, grada 

cada una.... 

koj, n4f disgust, legal titie, why? RML—This term for disgust 

is always given as xcogh, an intransitive verb, which 

may be an assimilated form of skoj. (1) hastio tener, (2) 

por que preguntando, (3) titulo o derecho a alguna cosa. 

koj, n4d. because of por para dar causa. 

koj 'a'i, vphr:s(-n4f/pred/ & —) & tv. be disgusted by, loaUie. 

RML—See note above. (1) abominar como..., (2) hastio 

tener. 

koj 'Uel 'a'i, vphr:s(n4f of -vn4f) & tv. dislUce. malquerer. 

koj 'osU *a'i, vphr:s(n4f of n5) & tv. be disgusted by. hastio 

tener. 

koj 'oy, vphr:-n4f/pred/ & pt, worthily, dignamente. 

koj chak, nphr(n4f of n5), coccyx, rabadilla. 

kojobil, n3d, burden, carga. 

'ak' kojob, cf 'ak' (2). 

j-koj, num(num & nccpd)5. row (stone, adobes), step, time. (1) 

escalon o grada, (2) grada cada una de por si, (3) hilada 

de piedras o adobes. 

ta koj, qphr:prep & -n4d. because of. por para dar causa. 

ta jkoj. because of me. 

Ha' koj, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f because of, that's why. (1) por 

para dar causa, (2) por que respondiendo. 

Ha' koj mo'oj, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f & neg. tiiat's why not por 

que no demostrando. 

Ha' ta koj, vphr:n4/pred/ & qphr(prep & -n4f). because of, 

therefore. (1) por para dar causa, (2) por ende. 

Ha' ta skoj mu netal. For that reason I did not come, por 

para dar causa. 

*kaj (2) 

*kajal-pas, tv(aj & tvcpd). do someUiing negligentiy. RML— 

Perhaps this and the following entries should be read 

jakal rather Uian kajal, since in colonial Tzeltal the term 

is ghacal (Guzman, 1620:207) and the meaning is not 

iUogical, but if the friar had a mental short-circuit he was 

consistentiy short-cfrcuited throughout this entry, tibiamente hacer algo. 

*kajalkajal pas, vphr:aj & tv-. do inconsiderately or negligently. (1) ynconcideradamente 186, (2) tibiamente 

hacer algo. 

*kajaltay, tv. do negUgentiy. tibiamente hacer algo. 

*kajaltaybU, pp. done as if it were a joke, tibiamente hacer 

algo. 

*kajalta(y)bil avu'un. You did it as if it were a joke. 

kak 

kak ba, rv. become Uiin, contract meterse o colar se por.... 

kak ba 'och, vphr:rv & iv. go or slip through narrow place as 

an fron railing, meterse o colarse por 

kakal, aj, caught, stuck, parar metiendose entre dos cosas.... 

kakbil 'och, vphr:pp & iv. have shpped through. RML—The 

verb is in the past tense, metido asi. 

kaktzaj, iv. be caught or stuck between two objects (as trees 

that faU and are caught in the branches of others), parar 

metiendose.... 

kam 

kam, tv. stuff (food into one's mouth), tragon. 

kamel tik'el ve'el, nphr:nphr(vn & vn)5 type n5, dinner 

(principal meal eaten at midday), merienda. 

kamkonel tUc'el ve', iv(vn & vn & ivcpd), eat dinner, *There 

is no such verb as merendar; they say xive' for all, but 

to differentiate one can use this, merendar. 

jkamojel, agn. glutton, tragon. 

kamul 

kamul, n4f wood chip, rajas de madera. 

kamul tak'in, nphr(n4f of n5). metal chip, astil. 

kamul te', nphr(n4f of n5). wood chip, astil. 

kan 

kanet, av. ring (bell). (1) retaher conw la campana, (2) son o 

sonido, sonar, hacer sonido. 

kankonet, av. bustie about bullirse. 

kap 

kap, tv. mix. mezclar 222. 

kap, n4f mortar, piteh, plaster. (1) betun, (2) mezcla para 

asentar piedra o adobes 222. 

kap 'a'al tan, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). mortar, argamasa. 

kap bon, nphr(n4f of n4f). mixture of a variety of colors, matiz 

en la pintura. 

kap tz'ib, nphr(n4f of n4f). mixture of a variety of colors, matiz 

en la pintura. 

kap ve'el, nphr(n4f of vn5). sauce, salsa para manjar. 

kapal, aj. mixed, mesclada cosa 222. 

kapal bon, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f multicolored, striped, listada cosa 

da varios colores. 

kapal naul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f multicolored, striped, listada 

cosa de 

kapalkapal, aj, intermingled, entreverado. 

kapaptik, aj. mixed in many places, mezclada cosa en muchas 

partes.. .222. 

kapbil ta Ho', vphr:pp/prep/ & (iphr(prep & n5). diluted (wine). 

vino aguado. 

kapij, iv. mix. (1) mesturas, (2) mezclar 222. 

kapin, tv. mix. (1) mesturas, (2) mezclar 222. 

kapin ta juyel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5), mix around, mecer 

revolviendo una cosa con otra. 

kapinbU, pp. mixed, mesturada. 

kapinbU ta sakil tak'in, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<aj 

& n>5). aUoyed. metalado. 

kapulan ta juyel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5), mix around, 

mecer revolvieruio.... 

mo 'oyuk kap, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4f pure, undiluted (wine). 

*God is clean without any mixture: pokpokbil toj t' ujum 

nw 'oyuk skap. (1) mezcla para...222, (2) pura cosa sin 

mezcla, (3) vino puro. 

'och kap, cf 'och. (1) mesturada cosa, (2) metalado, (3) mezcla 

para.. .222. 
220 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

*oy kap, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f alloyed, diluted, mixed. (1) 

mesturada cosa, (2) metalado, (3) mezcla para.. .222. 

*kata 

*kata, aj. Uvely, spfrited. RML—^This term also occurs in 

colonial Tzeltal. lozarw gallardo 199, 

*kata vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5, imposter, Uvely person, (1) 

embustero, (2) lozano gallardo 199, 

*kataU vinik, nplir(aj/att/ & n)5, Uvely person, lozano gallardo 

199, 

*katatik xanav, vphr:aj & iv. waUc spiritedly, lozano gallardo 

andar 199, 

keb 

keban, iv, belch, regoldar. 

kebanU, n5, belch, regueldo. 

kech 

kech ch*ut, s:iv & -n4d, be purged, purgar, compurgar. 

'ep ekech jch'ut, I was weU-purged, 

kechel, vnle, leftovers, migajas que sobren a los que comen. 

kechelil, n3d, leftovers, (1) migajas que.... (2) relieves. 

kej 

kejan ba, rv. bow, kneel. (1) arrodillarse, (2) reverencia hacer. 

kejel, aj, be kneelmg, (1) arrodillado, (2) estar de rodillas. 

kejey, iv, bow, kneel, (1) arrodillarse, (2) estar de rodillas. 

(3) hincarse de rodillar. (4) reverencia hacer. 

'ak* kejluk, cf 'ak' (2). 

*kek 

*kekub, aj, kneeling, RML—^In colonial Tzeltal this is given 

as necub for "coxo''and the verb -necubagh for "coxear" 

(Guzman, 1620:46), cojear conw...61. 

*kekubaj, iv. genuflect cojear conw...61. 

*kekuban, iv, genuflect, cojear conw.. .67. 

kelem 

kelem, nld. bachelor, boy, page, servant, youth. RML—^It was 

this word which, slightly distorted, became the Spanish 

name of the Tzotzil people—Quelen. (1) mozo mancebo 

225, (2) mozo de servicio 225, (3) paje. 

kelem caballo, nphr(n type n)5. pony, potro. 

kelem vacas, nphr(n type n)5. young bull or ox. novillo, buey. 

bik'tal kelem, nphr(aj & n)5. young boy. (1) mancebo pequeho, 

(2) rrwsuelo pequeho 225. 

ch'iom kelem, cf. ch'i. 

kelmal, nld. youth, mosedad de aquestas 225. 

ta jkelmal. in my youth, en mi tiempo. 

kelmay, iv. grow young, reach boyhood. (1) rrwso hacerse o 

llegar aquella edad 225, (2) remosar. 

kelm 

kelm. boyhood, cf kelem. 

*kem (1) 

j-*kem, num(num & nccpd)5. another, part, section. RML— 

This may be related to the colonial Tzeltal term for 

"grada," -quern (Guzman, 1620:97). (1) algunos, (2) 

otras cosas, (3) parte del todo, (4) parte dar, (5) partida, 

parte. 

j-*kem xkak'bey. I give him a piece, parte dar. 

j-*kemkem, num(num & nccpd)5. single piece, parte dar. 

j-*kemkem ekak'bey, I gave him a single piece, 

*kem (2) 

*kemU, n3d, feathered Utter. *The same (term is used) for tiie 

feathers that they carry in the dances to cover thefr heads 

or thefr backs, andas de pluma de esta manera. 

*skem Dios. litter for the sacrament, andas del sacramento. 

*skem Maria. Utter for the Vfrgin Mary, aruias del 

sacramento. 

*kem (3) 

*keman sat, vphr:tv «fe n4d[A], frown. RML—^In this entry the 

root form is given both as quern and quim. cem mostrar 

70. 

k'usi skoj *xakeman asat? Why do you frown? 

*keman sat k'el, vphr:s(tv & n4d[A] & tv-[A], frown at. mirar 

con enojo. 

k*usi skoj *xakemanbeon asat? Why are you frowning at 

me? 

*kemanbey sat vphr:-dv & n4d[A]. frown at. ceno mostrar 70. 

*xakemanbeon asat? Why are you frowning at me? 

*kemel sat, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be frowning, ceno mostrar 70. 

keov 

keov, nle, shade, sombra hacer. 

'oy skeovU, It is shady, sombra hacer el arbol. 

keovtUc, n5, shade, (1) sombrejo o lugar que hay sombra, (2) 

sombria cosa. 

*kep 

*kepel, aj, all, every, RML—^The same term occurs in colonial 

Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:208), todo. 

*kichin 

*kichin 'osU, nphr(n4f of n5). saltpeter bed. RML—^Possibly 

kichin should be read k'ixin, "hot." salitral, lugar. 

*kichin lum, nphr(n4f of n5). saltpeter, salitre. 

*kichin ton, nphr(n4f of n5). saltpeter, salitre. 

kik 

kik, tv. cluteh. asir asi o tener en la marw. 

kik ba, rv, shake hands, asirse de las manos. 

kikan, tv. lean against (long objects against a waU). arrimar 

otra cosa. 

kikanej, n4d. object that has been leaned against something. 

arrimado. 

kiktzaj, iv. get stuck, mn aground, stem the current, stop, stop 

faUing, stop moving (inanimate object). (1) asirse o 

detenerse una cosa en otra, (2) encallar barca o canoa, 

(3) pararse, (4) parar o estancar, (5) tenerse el que 

quiere caer 

kiktzajebal, n3d. place where one mns aground, encallecerse 

con callos, cf. encallamiento. 

kiktzajel, vn5. mnning aground, encallamiento asi. 

kikey, iv. lean against, arrimarse. 

kikil, aj. run aground, stopped, stuck (unable to be pushed in 

or pulled out). (1) asirse o..., (2) encallada cosa asi, (3) 

parado asi. (4) tenido asi o asido en algo. 

kikoj, n4d, object being grasped, asir asi algo.... 
NUMBER 31 221 

kil 

kil, tv. drag, puU. (1) arrastrar. (2) traer por fuerza. 

•kinich 

•kinich 'ojov, nphr(x & n)5. consumptive, RML—^In colonial 

Tzeltal, quinich aghauh is given for "almorranas" 

(Guzman, 1620:17), The term for pUes in colonial Tzotzil 

is yichil chak. etico, enferrrw. 

kis 

kisin, nld. adversity, devil, exhaustion. RML—quicin is 

colonial Tzeltal for "desdiche.diablo" (Gates, 1934b:225). 

In modem Lacandon kisin is the cause of death, 

earthquake, and the devU (Bmce, 1974:368). diablos. 

nombre de algunos. 

kisnaj, iv, be anguished by sickness or loss./a«"^a venir 

kisnajes, tv. torment fatiga asi o adversidad. 

kisnan, tv, be exhausted by. fatiga asi o.... 

jkisnan te jmajele. I was exhausted by the beating, fatiga asi. 

ko'ol 

ko'ol, aj, equal, equally, of one accord, same, together, (1) en 

urw, (2) juntamente, (3) ygual cosa asi 184, (4) 

ygualmente. (5) pareja cosa. 

ko'ol 'abU, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e, be of the same age, ser de una 

edad. 

ko'ol 'ayan 'u'un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4d, make tiie same size 

(long or taU things), ygualar cosas largas o alias 184. 

ko'ol 'epal 'abil, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -n4e). be of the same 

age. ygual en edad 184. 

ko'ol ba, raj, resemble, semejarse o parecerse.... 

ko'ol ch'i, vphr:aj & iv. be of the same age. ser de una edad. 

ko'ol ch*iel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. be of the same age. ygual en 

edad 184. 

ko'ol k'op, s:aj^red/ & -n4d. be in agreement, concordar en 

sentencia o negocio algtmo. 

ko'ol muk'ul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be of the same size, ygual 

cosa asi 184. 

ko'ol muk'ul pas, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & -n4d) & tv. make the same 

size (flat things), emparejar. 

ko'ol natU, s:pred/ & -n4d. be of the same height or length. 

ygual cosa asi 184. 

ko'ol natil pas, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & -n4d) & tv. be of Uie same 

height or length, emparejar. 

ko'ol pasel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. resemble, semejarse o 

parecerse 

mo ko'oluk, vphr:pt & aj/pred/. different. (1) diferente. (2) 

diferentemente. 

toj ko'ol, vphr:aj & aj/pred/. exact, justa cosa. 

ko'ov 

ko'ovU, n3d. jaw. quijal o quijada. 

kob 

kob, tv. fuck (have relations, a man witii a woman, using a 

clear term), hacer, tener parte el hombre.. .166. 

kobvan, iv. whore, putanear. 

jkob-xinch'ok, agn(tv & ncpd). active homosexual, puto que 

hace. 

jkobel, agn. whore, putanera. 

jkobel-xinch'ok, agn(vn & ncpd). passive homosexual, puto 

que padece. 

jkobvanej, agn. vthoremas^r. putanero. 

kotz (1) 

kotzan sat, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. frown, ceno mostrar 70. 

kotzan sat k'el, vphr:s(tv & n4d[A] & tv & tv-[A]. look wiUi 

a frown, mirar asi, arrugada la frente o con ceno. 

kotz (2) 

jkotz, n5. rooster. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Larrainzar, the 

rooster is termed both cots and jcots (Delgaty and 

Sanchez, 1978:60). In modern TzotzU of Chalchihuitan, 

kotz is botii rooster and gobbler, gallo. 

'anU jkotz, cf 'anU. 

ch'iom jkotz, cf. ch'i. 

koch 

xkoch, n5. fly that oxen drive away. RML—^In modern TzotzU, 

koch is a horsefly, nwscarda que avienta los bueyes. 

koj (1) 

koj. because, burden, coccyx, disgust row, step, therefore, 

time, titie. cf kaj (1). 

*koj (2) 

*kojem, iv. tame (domestic deer). RML—One assumes this is 

the stative form of an intransitive verb, koj. manso 

animal, como venados domesticos. 

*kojib, iv. become tame (animal). (1) amansar o reposar 

animal, (2) manso hacerse asi. 

*kojibtas, tv. tame (wild animal), domar cosafiera. 

kok (1) 

kok, aj. deaf, sordo. 

kokib, iv. grow deaf (1) ensordecer, (2) sordecer. 

kokibel, vn5. deafness, ensordecimiento. 

kokibes, tv. deafen, ensordecer a otro. 

kokibtas, tv. deafen, ensordecer a otro. 

kokil, n4d. deafness, smpidity. ensordecimiento. 

kokU vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. deaf person, sordo. 

kokkok, aj. stupid, ensordecimiento. 

kok (2) 

kokkonet av, cluck (hen), gorgear la gallina de castilla. 

kok (3) 

kok, n5, land turtle. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, coc has the 

same meaning (Guzman, 1620:94). In modern Tzeltal 

of Aguacatenango, Uie term is kokis (Kaufman, 1972:105). 

galapago de la tierra. 

koktom 

koktom, n5. coatimundi. RML—In modern TzotzU, kotom. 

pizobe, aninwlejo. 

kol 

kol, iv. escape, fall (beads from a ribbon, cloth), miss 

(crossbow, pellet, arrow), take shelter. (1) caer conw el 

paho o cuentas de la cinta, (2) escabullirse, (3) escaparse 

del peligro. (4) guarecerse, (5) pasar con lino..., (6) 

salvarse. 

kol, iv. be safe. RML—The verb is in the past tense, seguro 
222 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

de peligro. 

kol-chamuk, tv(aj & tvcpd)/subj/, escaped from death. (1) 

descabullirse o librar se de la muerte..., (2) escabullido 

o librado de muerte, (3) escapado asi de ser muerto.... 

kol-chaman (or) kol-chamukot You have escaped from 

death. (1) descabullirse o librarse..., (2) escabullido o 

librado de muerte. 

kol-japiuk, iv(aj & tvcpd)/subj/. escaped from capture. 

escabullido o librado ya.... 

kol-kom, iv(aj & ivcpd). escaped, escabullido. 

kol-mUuk, iv(aj & tvcpd)/subj/. escaped from being killed. 

escabullido difunto de ser ahorcado. 

kol-majuk, iv(aj & tvcpd)/subj/. escaped from a beating. 

escapado asi.... 

kol ta 'abtel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be exempted from 

labor. RML—The verb is in the past tense, jubilado ser. 

kol ta 'ok'el, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn4d[S]). be full (moon). 

RML—^The verb is in Uie past tense. Apparentiy the 

moon is not thought to be crying when full, luna llena. 

kol ta tzakel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). escape capture. 

descabullirse cuando lo quieren tomar. 

kol ta chamel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). escape death. 

descabullirse o librarse... . 

kol ta jatval, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). flee, huir para 

salvarse. 

kol ta jinel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). flee, huir para 

salvarse. 

kol ta lubel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). divert oneself, rest. 

(1) descanzar, (2) recrearse, (3) reposar, descansar. 

kolukotik ta lubel! Let's rest! descanzar. 

kol ta mu'natU, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be freed from 

slavery. RML—The verb is in the past tense, horror, cf 

horron. 

kol ta patan, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be exempt from 

tribute. RML—The verb is in the past tense, jubilado ser. 

kolebal, n3d. refuge or shelter to defend oneself, guarida para 

defenderse. 

kolel, vn5. liberty, libertad. 

koles, tv. free from danger, protect, rescue, save, shelter. (1) 

amparar conw quiera, (2) defender, (3) librar de peligro, 

(4) redimir, (5) salvar. 

koles ba, rv. be saved, escape from danger, take shelter in the 

church. (1) retraerse a la iglesia, (2) salvarse. 

koles yolobil ta k'ob, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & vn4d[A]). 

miss (arrow).pa^ar con lino.... 

kolesel, vn4d. rescue of oneself, salvacion pasiva.... 

kolesbil mu'nat, nphr(pp & n)5. freed slave, horror, cf horron. 

kolesbil ta 'abtel, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). exempt 

from labor, jubilado, suelto de trabajo. 

kolesbil ta patan, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). exempt 

from tribute., jubilado, suelto.... 

kolesvanej, vn5. salvation, alvacion. 

koltay, tv. act as an attorney, aid the poor or miserable, defend, 

free from danger, help, plead a case, rescue, save. (1) 

ayudar 14, (2) defender. (3) favorecer. (4) librar de 

peligro. (5) procurar por otro o abrojar, (6) redimir, (1) 

salvar, (8) socorrer. 

koltay ba, rv. take refuge, take refuge in Uie church. (1) 

guarecerse, (2) retraerse a la iglesia. 

koltayabU, n4d. help one receives, favorable a mi. 

koltaybil, pp. aided, socorrido. 

koltaybil 'ok, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. exempt from labor, franco 

privilegiado. 

koltaybil k'ob, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. exempt from labor, franco 

privilegiado. 

koltayej, n4d. object of one's defense. (1) amparar como 

quiera, (2) defender. 

koltayel, vn4d. help or salvation one receives. (1) ayuda que 

se nos hace 14, (2) favorable a mi. (3) salvacion pasiva, 

(4) socorro. 

koltayvan, iv. help, ayudar 14. 

koltayben, n4d. object of one's help, favorecido por mi. 

koltayvanej, vnld. help, salvation. (1) ayuda que se nos hace 

14, (2) salvacion, (3) socorro. 

koluk, iv/subj/. escaped, escapado. 

jkolesvanej, agn. rescuer, redentor. 

jkoltayvaney, agn. attorney, defender, patron, rescuer. (1) 

favorable a mi. (2) patron o defensor. (3) procurador, 

(4) redentor. (5) salvacion pasiva.... 

'utz kol 'u'un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4d. be curable, sanable cosa. 

toj kolel bat, vphr:aj & aj & iv. miss (crossbow pellet arrow). 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, pasar con tino.... 

kola' 

kola', blaspheme, cormption, damaged, hate, infamy, innocent, 

malice, poison, sickness, stained, tyrant, ugliness, cf 

kolo'. 

kolo' 

kolo', aj. bad, evil, maUcious, malignant, pregnant ugly, vile. 

(1) emprehado, (2) fea cosa. (3) mal sustantivo, (4) mala 

cosa. (5) mala y falsemente. (6) maliciosamente, 

maligno, malignamente, (1) ruin. 

kolo' 'a'i, vphr:aj & tv-. consider evil, dislike, want to leave. 

(1) correr algo, (2) sabele mal o pesale algo. 

kolo' 'a'yej, nphr(aj & n)5. bad nevjs. fama mala que oimos. 

kolo' 'a'yejlal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. bad reputation, fama mala 

asi. 

kolo' 'elov, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. ugly, fea cosa. 

kolo' 'il, vphr:aj & tv-. hate. (1) aborrecer. (2) odio tener. 

kolo' 'iley, vphr:aj & tv/pass/. be hateful, odioso. 

kolo' 'osil 'a'i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be sick. (1) 

adolescer. estar malo. (2) malo estar 206. 

kolo' 'ut, vphraj & tv-. degrade, abellacar 36. 

kolo' ba 'oy 'ik', s:raj/pred/ & pt & -n4d. be terrible, terrible 

cosa. 

kolo' ba sat, s:raj/pred/ & -n4d. have an ugly appearance or 

face, semblante de cara. 

kolo' balam, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be unlucky, hado malo. 

kolo' ch'ulelil, s:aj/pred/ & n3d. be unlucky, hado malo. 
NUMBER 31 223 

kolo' k*ob, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. lame in one hand, manco de 

rruino 207. 

kolo' k'op, nphr(aj & n)5, word game, juego de palabras. 

kolo' pasbey, vphr:aj & -dv-. hurt, empecer. 

kolo' epasbeat He is hurt empecido. 

kolo' pasey, vphr:aj & tv/pass/. badly made. RML—The verb 

is in the past tense, mal echo. 

kolo' xanav, vphr:aj & iv. limp, cojear sin doblar el cuerpo 67. 

batz'i kolo', cf batz'i. 

mo 'oyuk bu Hech kolo', s:neg & n5/pred/ & nphr(n5 & 

nphr<aj & n>). especiaUy bad or evil, extraha cosa de 

buena 134. 

toj kolo', vphr:adv & aj/pred/. deformed, perverse, poisonous, 

ugly, vicious, wicked. (1) disforme, feo, (2) malvado. (3) 

perversa. (4) ponzohoso 266. 

toj kolo' tuk, vphr:adv & aj/pred/ + n4d[S]. worse, peor 

comparativo. 

toj kolo'ot atuk. You are -worse, feo. 

kola'aj, iv. become cormpt, damaged, defUed, pregnant, 

stained, or ugly. (1) ctfearse, (2) corromperse. daharse, 

(3) dahar. corromperse. (4) empreharse, (5) ensuciarse, 

(6) mancillarse 211, 

'utzot vo'ne ta xakola'aj. Once you were good, now you are 

becoming cormpted. dahar. corromperse. 

t'ujomot vo'ne nakola'aj *'echan. Once you were good, 

now you have become cormpt. dahar, corromperse. 

kola'aj 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. make person cunning or 

deceitful, hacer bellaco 165. 

kola'aj batel, vphr:iv & dr. grow worse, empeorarse. 

kola'ajes, tv. damage, impregnate, dirty, make cunning, 

deceitful, or ugly, stain. (1) cfear, hacer feo, (2) dahar, 

corromperse, (3) emprehar, (4) ensuciar otra cosa, (5) 

hacer bellaco 165, (6) mancillar a otra cosa 211. 

kola'al, nld. cormption, mahce, roguery, ugUness, wickedness. 

(1) abellacar 36, (2) corrompimiento asi, (3) fealdad, 

(4) maldad, (5) malicia. 

kola'al 'a'yej, nphr(n type n)5. bad news, extraha cosa de uena. 

kola'al 'a'yejlal, nphr(n type n)ld. bad reputation, infamy. (1) 

fama mala asi. (2) ynfamia 187. 

kola'al-'al, tv(n & tvcpd). blaspheme, curse, renegar, blasfemar. 

kola'al 'antz, nphr(n type n)5. pregnant woman, prenada. 

kola'al 'e chon, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). snake poison. 

ponzoha de vibora. 

kola'al-'U, tv(n & tvcpd). hate, odio tener. 

kola'al 'ilel, nphr(n type vn)4d. hatred one receives, odio con 

que soy aborrecido. 

kola'al 'ilvanej, nphr(n type vn)5. hatred, odio o enemistad con 

que aborrezco. 

kola'al 'osU, nphr(n4f of n5). sickness, adolescer, estar malo. 

kola'al-nop, tv(n & tvcpd). react negatively towards, echar las 

cosas a mala parte. 

kola'al pasnej, nphr(n type n)5. evil action, mal echo. 

kola'al pasojel, nphr(n type vn)5. evU action, mal echo. 

kola'al pox, nphr(n type n)5. poison drink, ponzoha, bebedizo 

266. 

kola'al-xanav, iv(n & ivcpd). live wickedly, bivir mal. 

kola'al vinUc, nphr(n type n)5. tyrant, tirano. 

jkola'al 'al dios, agn(n & tv & ncpd). blasphemer, renegador. 

'ip kola'al, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. poisonous, ponzohoso 266. 

laal kola'al 'e, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -n4d). poisonous 

(venom).ponzohoso 266. 

mo 'oyuk kola'al, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. innocent ynocente 

188. 

mo k'usi kola'al, s:neg & n/pred/ & -n4d. innocent ynocente 

188. 

kolol 

kolol tak'in, nphr(x type n)5. fron window grate, reja 299. 

kolol te', nphr(x type n)5. bfrdcage, wocxlen window grate. (1) 

jaula, (2) reja 299. 

kolom 

kolomU, n3d. chin, jaw. (1) barba, donde nacen las barbas. 

(2) quijal o quijada. 

kom (1) 

kom, iv. be left, flood widely, remain, stay. (1) dejado. (2) 

quedar. 

kom 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. leave, move. (1) desamparar, (2) 

mudar. 

kom chu' 'u'un, s:iv & -n4d + -n4d. be weaned, destetarse. 

kom lumal xanav, vphr:s(iv & -n4d) & iv [S=P of n4d]. go on 

a pUgrimage. RML—The fu-st verb is in the past tense. 

peregrinar. 

kom na xanav, vphr:s(iv & -n4d) & iv [S=P of n4d]. go on a 

pilgrimage. RML—The ffrst verb is in the past tense. 

peregrinar. 

kom ta na, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). abandon one's 

town, depopulate, despoblar, dejar sitio de pueblo. 

komtzaj, iv. be dammed up, stop in one's tracks, stop moving 

(inanimate object). (1) estancar, (2) pararse lo que anda 

de cosas muertas, (3) quedarse asi. 

komel, vn4f. flood, diluvio. 

komel 'u'un, vphr:-vn4f/pred/ + -n4d. move object mudar otra 

cosa. 

komenal santo, nphr(n4d of n5). relic Of saint, reliquias de 

santo. 

komenal ve'el, nphr(n4f of vn5). leftovers, relieves. 

komenalU, n3d. defect, leftovers. (1) sobra que queda, (2) 

tacha en cualquiera cosa. 

komes, tv. cut short, leave. (1) abreviara, (2) dejar 84, (3) 

quedar. 

komes 'ajvalel, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. renounce one's rank. 

renunciar dignidad o algo asi. 

komes kola'al 'e, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n4d[A]). poison or 

bite; something poisonous, ponzohar o morder cosa 

ponzohosa 266. 

komes kola'al ti', vphr:lv & nphr(n4f of n4d[A]). poison or 

bite; something poisonous, ponzohar o.. .266. 

komes ta 'olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). take note 
224 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

of anotiier person*s actions, notar algo en otro. 

komesbey, dv. leave object to be sold or bought, encargar 

dejandole algo.... 

komesbil, pp. abandoned, desamparado. 

komojes, tv. fmd fault wiUi. tachar. 

mo komes, vphr:neg & tv-, permit RML—^The verb is in the 

past tense, permitir. 

kom (2) 

komkom, aj. short small. (1) baja cosa o corta 39, (2) corto. 

(3) pequeho i bajo. 

komkom vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. dwarf enano. 

komoj, iv. become short, corto hacerse. 

komojel 'u, nphr(vn4f of n5). waning of moon, menguante de 

luna. 

komol 'u, nphr(n4f of n5). waning of moon, menguante de 

luna. 

komol nab, nphr(n4f of n5). shaUow sea. rruir baja. 

kop 

kopkonet, av. triU (earthen jar, phial), gorgoritas hace la 

redoma o botija. 

kopkonetel, vn5. trill, gorgoritas asi. 

koplajet ch*ininul, s:av & -n4f, iteh. comezon. 

kot 

kotaj, iv. stand still or stop (animal), parar cosa animada. 

kotey, iv. be or walk on four legs, estar o andar sobre cuatro 

pies. 

kotol, n4d. possession, poseer. 

kotol, n4f. aU. todo. 

kotol, aj. be or walk on four legs, estar o andar... . 

kotol 'osil, nphr(n4f of n5). world, mundo. 

kotol Hu' 'u'un, s:n4f/3s/ & iv -i- -n4d. be aU-powerful. 

todopoderoso. 

j-kot, num(num & nccpd)5. in reference to animals, res, cabeza 

de ganado. 

lajun-kot. ten head (of cattie). 

j-koticot num(num & nccpd)5, soUtary (bfrd) (1 only), solitaria 

ave. 

kovov 

kovov tak*in, nphr(n of n)5, helmet, quijote, armadura. 

kub 

kubU, n3d, haunch, hip. cadera o anca. 

kutz' 

kutz*av nuk*, nphr(n of n)4f double chin, papo de papudo. 

kutz'el nuk*, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. double-chinned, papo de 

papudo. 

kutz*om nuk' chitom, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. pig's double 

chin, papada de puerco. 

kutz'u-nuk', n(aj & ncpd)5. double-chinned, papo de papudo. 

kutz'ul nuk*, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. double-chinned, papo de 

papudo. 

ta kutz'lej nuk', s:qphr(prep & n5)/pred/ & -n4d. doublechinned, papo de papudo. 

kuch 

kuch, tv. carry on one's back, endure (labor, pain, whiplashes). 

pay for anotiier*s sins. (1) encubrir el enojo o pena, (2) 

lastar, pegar pecados, (3) soportar, (4) tener a cuestas 

en las espaldas. cf, traer 338, 

kuch ba, rv, mate (horses, dogs), tomarse las bestias o perros. 

kuch batel, vphr:tv- & dr, carry on one's back, llevar a cuestas 

en las espaldas. 

kuchoj, n4d, object carried on one*s back, llevar atravesado 

en los dientes.... 

kuchoj 'och, vphr:tv/ap/- & iv[S=A of tv], sUp through narrow 

place as between fron grates, meterse o colarse por.... 

kuchoj ba 'anU, vphr:rv & n5. mn hard (deer, horse, buU). 

RML—One would expect this to be kuchoj ba ta 'ami. 

metido asi. 

kuchoj ba 'och, vphr:rv & iv[S=A of rv]. sUp through. (1) 

meterse o colarse por..., (2) metido asi. 

kuch vanej, vn5. endurance, paciencia. 

kuich' 

kuich*, n5. partridge, quail. *Though I do not know if tiiey are 

partridges as tiiey are small. There are larger ones called 

'ub. RML—^In Venustiano Carranza TzotzU, kuwic' is 

given for quaU (Sarles, nd.:35.) This is probably tiie 

common bob white. (1) codorniz. (2) perdiz. ave comcida. 

kuj 

kuj ba ta jobel, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). peneti-ate heavy 

growth, meterse entre yerbas o matorrales. 

kuj ba ta voymol, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). penetrate heavy 

growth, meterse entre yerbas... . 

kujul, aj. be standing in heavy growth, meterse entre 

yerbas.... 

kukay 

kukay, n5. Ughtning bug. luciernaga. 

kukub 

kukub-te'ey, tv(n & tvcpd). make a stockade. RML—In 

modern Tzeltal, kukub' is "palo de pared" (Kaufiman, 

1972:106). palizada hacer o cercar asi 245. 

kul 

kulU-vay, iv(n & ivcpd). pretend to sleep. RML—In modern 

Tzotzil of Chamula, culij vayel is given for "dormita" 

(Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:28). yzngtr que duerme. 

jkuUl-vayel, agn(n & vncpd). person feigning sleep, flngido asi. 

kuma 

kumay, tv. distUl. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, cumay is given 

for "sacar agua por alquitara. hacer sal" (Gates, 

1934b:323). In modern TzotzU, skumaU is the froUi Uiat 

rises in the salt-distiUing pots, sacar agua por alquitara. 

kumayab, n5. saltworks pot or house, salina donde se hace 

sal.... 

kumayabil 'atz*am, nphr(n4f of n5). saltworks pot or house. 

salirui donde se hace sal.... 

kumay ej, n5. distiUing. *They say the same for soldering wiUi 

ffre underneath as they do in Ixtapa, the same for quince 

meat when it is cooked, i.e., the meat itself and no other 

ingredient in it. sacar agua por alquitara. 
NUMBER 31 225 

jkumavU, agn. saltmaker. salinero que hace sal. 

jkumayej-'atz'am, agn(tv & ncpd). saltmaker. salinero que.... 

*kumpa 

*kumpaU, n3d. large shield. RML—^This same term occurs in 

colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:193). Possibly tiie 

colonial Quich6 verb, qun. "clothe, shelter,** is a cognate 

(Edmonson, 1965:110). adarga grande. 

kun 

kun, nc. pUe. hacina ayuntamiento de hacer. 

j-kun si*, a pUe of firewood, hacina de leha. 

kunaj, iv. gather, juntar tambien asi. 

kunan, tv. gather, pile. (1) amontonar algo. (2) juntar tambien 

asi. (3) recojer. 

kuntzaj, iv. gather, jim/ar tambien asi. 

kuney, iv. pile up. amontonarse. 

kunleb, n4d. cattie pen (where they gather or sleep), majada 

donde se recoge o duerme el ganado. 

kunul, aj. accumulated, piled. (1) amontonada. (2) junta o cosa 

juntada asi. 

j-kun, num(num & nccpd)5. pile, hacina ayuntamiento de 

hacer. 

j-kun si', a pile of ffrewood. 

kup 

kup, tv. cut with scissors, sacrifice people, saw. (1) afeitar a 

tijera. (2) cortar corrw con sierra. (3) matar sacriflcando 

hpmbres. 

kup 'Uc*, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. endure. RML—Given the example 

this is vphr:tv & n5. soportar. 

kup nukul xinch*okil bek'tal, vplir:tv & nphr(n4e of nphr<natt 

& n>5). cfrcumcise. retajar. 

kupUan, tv. bleed, cut (cloth into many pieces), scarify. (1) 

harpar, cortar paho en muchas partes. (3) jasar. 

sangrar. 

kupob tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. file, linui. 

kupob te', nphr(n of n)5. saw. sierra de hierro. 

kupoj, n4d. object being sawed, cortar como con sierra. 

kupul-'ik'tayvan, iv(aj & ivcpd). endure, paciencia. 

kupul-'Uc*tay, tv(aj & tvcpd). endure. *This is to hold one's 

breath, as when they close thefr mouth and clench thefr 

teeth from the pain. And so after they have told the 

person, "kupul- 'ik'tayoxk' uxul. kup avik' yu'un xk' uxul!" 

"Hold your breath for the pain, endure the pain!" they 

often add, "Matz' ati'. k'ux ave!" "Bite your lips, clench 

your teetii!" RML—In modern Tzeltal of Tenejapa, 

kupul-'ik'ta means to hold one's breath. (1) paciencia, 

(2) soportar. 

kupvan, iv. sacrifice people. *They commonly say, "xekupvan, 

jkup." "I cut (or) I saw." sacriflcar y matar hombre. 

kupvanej ta moton ch'u, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d 

of n5>). human sacrifice. *To sacrifice is to give a 

present and, to specify, tiiey say, "I cut a man," "I cut 

off tiie chicken's head," "I cut the ear," according to the 

kind of sacrifice, sacriflcar y matar hombre. 

jkup-ti'bol, agn(tv & ncpd). carver at table, trinchante. 

jkupvanej, agn. barber, (tfeitador o barbero. 

kus 

kus, tv. clean by mbbing off (mud, or as when they remove 

mucous from thefr children's noses). (1) alimpiar 

fregando corrw lodo o rrwcos, (2) fregar como— 

kusilan, tv. clean by mbbing off (mucous)./re^ar conw— 

kusob ni'U, nphr(n of n)5. handkerchief panicuelo de narizes. 

kusobU, n4f. cleaning rag. alimpiadera asi. 

kusobU chUc'U, nphr(n4f of n5). handkerchief for removing 

sweat sudario. 

kusobU ni'U, nphr(n4f of n5). handkerchief sonadero de 

rrwcos. paho. 

kux (1) 

kux, iv. mUdew. (1) ennwhecerse 99, (2) enmohesido 99. 

kux, n4f. mst orin de hierro. 

kux chi', nphr(n4f of n5). mUdew in wine, nwho de pan. 

kux jom, nphr(n4f of n5). bUge. sentina de nave. 

kux vaj, nphr(n4f of n5). mildew (on bread), moho de pan. 

kuxin, iv. mildew. (1) enmohecerse 99, (2) enmohesido 99. 

'ip kux, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. mildewed, mohosa cosa. 

kux (2) 

kux, iv. come back to life, revive (plant, person, free). (1) 

renovar o revivor el arbol o yerba, (2) resusitarse. 

kux 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. become dUigent. diligente hacerse. 

kuxan, tv. bring back to life, light (candle, fu-e), revive. (1) 

candelero. (2) resusitar a otro. resurreccion. 

kuxanab candela, nphr(n of n)5. candlestick, caruielero. 

kuxanabil candela, nphr(n4f of n5). candlestick, caruielero. 

kuxel, vn5. liberty, resurrection. (1) libertad, (2) resurreccion. 

kuxel pascua, nphr(vn type n)5, East&r. pascua de resurreccion. 

kuxes, tv. free, revive. (1) liber tar, (2) renovar lo caido, (3) 

resusitar a otro. 

kuxes k'op, vphr:tv & n5. assure for certam. afirmar. tornar a 

decirlo dicho una vez. 

kuxey, iv. revive. (1) resusitarse, (2) resurreccion. 

kuxlej, n4f aUght (candle), purity, resurrection. (1) pureza, (2) 

resurreccion. 

kuxluk, aj. purely, paramente. 

kuxol, tv. come back to life, come to, revive, wake up. 

RML—^This is given as a transitive verb despite its 

intransitive meaning. (1) reposar el enfermo, (2) revivir 

lo amortecido 287, (3) retornar en si, (4) tornar en si el 

dormido o desmayado. 

kuxolaj, iv. come back to lUe. (1) retornar en si, (2) retornado 

asi. 

kuxolaj 'ox ekil. I saw him after he came back to Ufe. 

retornado asi. 

kuxul, aj. aUve, awake, diligent, pure, purely. (1) bivir, (2) biva 

cosa, (3) despierto, diligente, (4) puramente. 

kuxul 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be healtiiy. salud. 

kuxul batel 'osU, vphr:aj/pred/ & nphr(vn4f of n5). immortal. 

ynnwrtalidad 185. 

kuxul tza, nphr(aj & n)5. free wUl. Ubre albedrio. 

kuxul tzeb, nphr(aj & n)5. vfrgin. virgo de doncella. 
226 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

kuxul tzebaUl, nphr(aj & n)5. vfrginity. virginidad. 

kuxul chi', nphr(aj & n)5. pure wine, pura cosa sin mezcla. 

kuxul xanav, vphr:aj & iv. be living, animal. 

dios xak'be sve'el skotol te k'usitik kuxul xxanave, God 

feeds every Uving creature, 

kuxul vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5, freedman, (1) horror cf horron, 

(2) libre. 

kuy (1) 

kuy, tv, mention, name, relate personal histories (especiaUy the 

old people), say, teU stories. (1) decir 84, (2) mencion 

hacer de alguno, (3) mentar, (4) nombrar, (5) relatar 

historias, (6) tratar de alguno.... 

ha' jkuytik *'echan te svokol diose. We teU today the 

suffering of God. decir. 

kuyel, vn4f story, decir 84. 

skuyel svinUcUayel kajvaltUc. The story of the birth of Our 

Lord, 

kuyobil, n4f story, decir 84. 

*kuy (2) 

*kuy, X. above, hey (adverb to awaken or incite). RML—In 

colonial Tzeltal occur cucuy and cucuyic (Guzman, 

1620:30, 204). (1) ea adverbio..., (2) suso. 

*kuyik, X. above, hey (for many). (1) ea adverbio..., (2) suso. 

*kuy (3) 

*kuyey, iv. arrive (Lent, rainy season), arribar o llegar la 

cuaresma... . 

*xkuyey sk'in San Juan. Saint John's day is arriving. 

K' 

k'a' 

k'a', tv. rot. podrescerse. 

k'a', iv. grow old (clothes), rot, sin. (1) envejecerse la ropa, 

(2) envejecida asi, (3) faltar asi, (4) podrescerse. 

k*a'-'ep, n(aj & ncpd)le. dung, dungheap, mbbish, mbbish 

heap. (1) estiercol o basura, (2) muladar. 

k'a'-'eptik, n(aj & n)5. mbbish heap, muladar. 

k*a'-k'u' 'unen, nphr:n(aj & ncpd)4d of n5. diapers, pahales 

para criar muchachos. 

k'a'-lo'ol k'u' 'unen, nphr:nphr(aj & ajcpd & n)4d of n5. 

diapers, pahales... . 

k'a'-na, n(aj & ncpd)5. old house, envejecida asi. 

k'a'-pok', n(aj & ncpd)5. rag. (1) envejecida asi, (2) trapo, (3) 

vieja cosa. 

k'a'al, n4f pus. podre. 

k'a'al na, nphr(aj & n)5. old house, envejecida asi. 

k'a'al pok', nphr(aj & n)5. rag. envejecida asi. 

k'a'al ton tuluk', nphr:aj & nphr(n4d of n5). rotten egg. huevo 

guero 344. 

k'a'al ve'el, nphr(aj & vn)5. gluttony, guia. 

k'a'el, vn5. scrofula, lamparones. 

jk'a'al-k'u', agn(aj & ncpd). ragged person, pahoso, vestido 

de remendas. 

jk'a'el, agn. sinner./a/ra<ior asi.... 

jk'a'esej-nukul, agn(vn & ncpd). tanner, pellejero que las cura. 

k'o', aj. old, rotten. (1) podrido, (2) vieja cosa. 

k'ab (1) 

k'abil, n3d. urine. (1) agua 22, (2) meados. los orines, (3) 

orina. 

k'abin, iv. urinate. (1) mear. (2) orinar. 

k'abnabU, n5. urinal, orinal, cualquiera vasija para esta. 

k*abnom, agn. person who urinates, meador o meon que mea. 

k*abtay, tv. urinate on. (1) mear a otro. (2) orinar a. 

k'abtaybil, pp. urinated on. meada cosa. 

jk*abinel, agn. person who urinates, meador. 

jk*abnel, agn. person who urinates, meador. 

k'ab (2) 

k'ab. lop off, pmne. cf k'ob. 

k'abis 

xk'abis toj, nphr(n of n)5. tmffle. RML—In modern TzotzU, 

k'abix toj is an edible mushroom, Marasmius sp. turma 

de tierra. 

k'ach 

k'achk'on, av. shiver from fear or cold, aterido. temblar. 

k*achk*on ta sUc, vphr:av & qphr(prep &. n5). shiver from tiie 

cold, aterido, temblar. 

k'achk'onet, av. shiver, aterido, temblar. 

k'achk'onel, vn5. trembUng. temblor. 

k'aj 

k'aj, tv. harvest corn, segar las mieses. 

k'ajben, n5. corn stubble, cana de maiz seco. 

k'ajoj, n5. corn harvest, segar las mieses. 

xibat ta k'ajoj. I am going to harvest the corn, yr a coger el 

maiz 190. 

k'ak' 

k'ak', iv. burn. RML—^Frequentiy the consonants of this root 

are given as gh. quemar. 

k'ak'al, n5. day, sun. (1) dia, (2) sol. 

k'ak'al, n4d. bullying, cmelty, ferocity, fever, fury, rage, 

temper, vengefulness. (1) bravear, (2) calentura, (3) 

crueldad. (4) embravecimiento. (5) encarnizamiento, (6) 

ferocidad, (l)furia, (8) ympaciencia 185. 

k'ak'al, aj. vengeful, encarnizado. 

k'ak'al 'at, nphr(aj & n4d). large brown wasp. RML—^In 

modern Tzotzil this is the tarantula killer, Pepsis sp. 

abispa. otra especie.... 

k'ak'al 'Uc', nphr(n4f of nld). majesty, majestad. 

k'ak'al 'olonton, nphr(nlf of nld). fury, rage. (1) aquella 

pasion de amor 25, (2) apasionado de enojo. 

k'ak'al tz'i', nphr(n4d of n5). rabies, rabia 286, 

k'ak'al tz'i', nphr(aj & n)5, angry dog. encarnizado. 

k'ak'al caballo, nphr(aj & n)5. angry horse (that bares its teetii). 

rifadura cosa. 

k'ak'al-kelmay, iv(aj & ivcpd). grow young, remosar. 

k'ak'al k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. harsh talk, aspera palabra. 

k'ak*al sUc, nphr(aj & n)5. malaria (three- or four-day fever 

with chUls). calentura conw terciana... . 

k*ak'al vacas, nphr(aj & n)5. ferocious cow or bull, feroz cosa. 
NUMBER 31 227 

k*ak*al vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. abusive, cmel, ferocious, harsh, 

hot-tempered, or vengeful person, tyrant. (1) apitonado, 

(2) aspero hombre, (3) cruel, (4) encarnizado, (5) feroz 

cosa. (6) ympaciente no sufrido 185, (7) tirano. 

k'ak'aUl, nld. fury. (1) embravecimiento, (2)furia. 

k*ak*aUl *Uc*, nphr(natt & n)5. east wind, solano viento. 

k'ak*aUc'ak'al pas, vphr:aj & tv-, do inadvertentiy, inconcideradamente hacer algo 186, 

k*ak*altUc, n5, summer (dry season). (1) estio, parte del aho. 

(2) estival cosa.... (3) verano. 

k'ak*altik tana. It is summer now. verano ser o hacer. 

k'ak'altUcil, natt. solar, summery. (1) estival cosa..., (2) solar, 

cosa de sol, (3) veraniega cosa. 

k'ak'altUcil 'ixim, nphr(natt & n)5. summer corn, veraniega 

cosa. 

k'ak'altUcil 'osU, nphr(natt & n)5. summer. (1) estival cosa..., 

(2) verano. 

k'ak'altikil 'osU tana. It is summer now. verano ser o hacer. 

k'ak'altikil 'osU 'ixim, nphr:nphr(natt & n) type n5, summer 

com, estival cosa.... 

k'ak'altUcil lo'bol, nphr(natt & n)5. summer fmit. (1) estival 

cosa.... (2) veraniega cosa. 

k'ak'altUcil sat, nphr(natt & n)5. summer fmU. veraniega cosa. 

k'ak'es, tv. burn, quemar. 

k'ak'esbU, pp. burnt quemada cosa con fuego. 

k'ak'etal, n4f bum. quemadura. 

k'ak'etal, n5. burn, burnt field, quemadura o cosa 

quemada.... 

k'ak'etaltik, n5. bumt field, quemadura o cosa quemada.... 

k'ak'tik, aj. half-burnt medio quemado. 

k'ak'ub, iv, become abusive, angry, cmel or furious. (1) 

airarse, (2) agitonarse 2J6 cf. apitonarse, (3) brava cosa, 

(4) cruel hacerse, (5) embravecerse, (6) embravecido o 

bravo. (1) encarnizarse, (8) encarnizado. 

toj lUcel xek*ak*ub. I get angry very easUy. agitonarse 26, 

cf apitonarse. 

k*ak*ub 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be enraged. (1) apasionarse de 

enojo, (2) aquella pasion.. .25, (3) encenderse de ira. 

k'ak'ubel, vn5. cmelty, fire, rage. (1) embravecimiento, (2) 

encarnizamiento. (3) lumbre. (4) saha o enojo. 

k*ak'ubel 'olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). rage, encendimiento asi. 

k'ak'ubes, tv. enrage, provoke. (1) embravecer algo, (2) 

provocar a otro. 

k'ak'ubesbil, pp. provoked, provocado asi. 

jk'ak'al-'olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). angry person, apasionado 

de enojo. 

jk'ak*ubesvanej, agn. provoker, provocador tal. 

'ip k*ak'al, nphr(aj & n)5. very hot. (1) calor. (2) hacer frio 

165. 

'ip k'ak'al, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. furious, impatient, merciless, 

quarrelsome, (1) airado. (2) brava cosa. (3) embravecido 

0 bravo. (4) ympaciente rw sufrido 185, (5) ympacientemente 185, (6) ynhumanidad 188, (7) rencilloso 295, (8) 

rifadura cosa. 

'ip k'ak'al k'opoj, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d, speak impatientiy or in a 

fit of temper, ympacientemente 185. 

laal k'ak'al, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. enraged, airado. 

ta k'ak'altik, qphr:prep & n5. by day, in the daytime. (1) de 

dia, (2) entre dia. 

ta k'ak'altik xtal. He is coming by day. dia. 

k'ok*, n5. fever, fu-e. (1) calentura. (2) hogar. 

k'ok', aj. abrasive, angry, ferocious, furious. (1) apitoruido, (2) 

brava cosa. (3) embravecido o bravo. (4) ferocidad, (5) 

furioso. 

k'ok'on. I am angry. Z7rava cosa. 

k*ok* 'olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be cmel. cruel. 

k'ok' ba 'a'i, vphr:raj & tv-. hate, scom. (1) merwsprecio con 

que uno es menospreciado, (2) odio tener. 

k'ok' ba 'il, vphr:raj & tv-. scorn, merwsprecio con.... 

k'ok' vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. ferocious person./eroz cosa. 

muk'ta k'ok', nphr(aj & n)5. bonffre. hoguera. 

toj k'ok', vphr:adv & aj/pred/. boUing, enraged, fierce. (1) 

airado, (2)flera cosa, (3) herviente cosa. 

toj k'ok'k'ok*, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. greatiy agitated, ympaciente no sufrido 185. 

k'al 

k'al, tv. sUce. rebanar 299. 

k'al ba ta jobel, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). penetrate heavy 

growth, meterse entre yerbas o matorrales. 

k'al ba ta voymol, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). penetrate heavy 

growth, meterse entre 

k'al ta lum, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). put underground, 

poner de tierra. 

k'alal, n4f, patch, pleat, giron de vestidura o pliegue. 

k'alal, aj. standing in heavy growth, metido asi. 

k'alal, pt as far as, not even, until, hasta preposicion. 

ave' k'alal ta ve'el mu'yuk pisil. Not even you are eating, 

k'alal, n4d. cause, reason, por para dar causa. 

k'usi ak'alal te xatoy abae? What is your reason for 

rebelUng? 

k'usi sk'alal xa'i te xute? What does he think his reason is 

for scolding? 

k'alal ta, qphr(pt & prep). untU. hasta tal tiempo. 

k'alal ta San Juan. Until Saint John's Day. 

k'alal ta 'o'lol, qphr(pt & prep & n5). halfway, reach tiie 

middle. (1) medlar, hinchar hasta la mitad, (2) media 

cosa. 

k'alal ta 'o'lol e'uch'ey. half-dmnk. medio que la mitad se 

ha gastado. 

k'alal ta 'o'lol elaj. half-finished, medio que.... 

k'alal ta 'o'lol ve'bil. half-eaten, medio que.... 

k'alal ta yo' 'oy, qphr(pt & prep & pt & pt). meanwhile. 

entretanto. 

k'alal te 'oy, qphr(pt & pt & n5). as far as, up to where, hasta 

y do tu estas. 

k'alal te 'oyote. up to where your are. 

k'alaltUc, aj. patched, pleated, gironada o cosa asi de pliegues. 
228 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

k'albil, pp. sUced. revanada cosa. 

k'albU ta jbek'tal (or) k'albil ta nukulU. Between my skin 

and my flesh, entre cuero y carne. 

k'usi k'alal, cf k'u. 

mo k'aluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/, healtiiy, sana cosa. 

te k'alal, qphr(pt & pt). as far as, that far. hasta alii do esta 

alguno. 

te k'alal yo' 'oyote. as far as you. hasta y.... 

te k'alal yo' 'oy Pedro, as far as Peter, hasta alii do esta 

alguno. 

j-k*ol, num(num & nccpd)5, pateh, pleat, sUce, step (as when 

we count the steps of a stafrcase), (1) giron..., (2) grada, 

cada uno de por si..., (3) revanada. 

j-k*olk'ol, num(num & nccpd)5. not folded, single sUce (1 

only). (1) revanada, (2) sencilla cosa, no doblada. 

mu cha'-k*oluk, vphr:neg & num(num & nccpd)/pred/. not 

folded, sencilla cosa... . 

k'am 

k'am, tv. bind, make twice as thick (cord, thread), wind around 

(not making a baU, but crosswise or back and forth as 

when cord is put on a frame). (1) atar o poner algo 

retorciendo, (2) devanar no..., (3) doblar corrw.... 

k'am-xoch', n(x & nccpd)5. rope made of tree bark. RML—In 

modern TzotzU, k'am-xoch' is the hand flower Chiranthodendron pentadactylon, whose bark is stiU used for 

house lashing, cordel de los de corteza de arbol. 

k'amam, av. coU, wind around (snake). *0f the snake that 

deceived Eve they say: xk'amam muyel late', It is coiUng 

up the free. (1) atarse o retorcerse asi como culebra, (2) 

devanarse o cojerse asi. 

xk'amam muyel ta te'. It is coiUng up the tree, 

k'amoj, n4d. object that is bound, or thickened, devanar 

no.... 

k'an (1) 

k'an, tv. ask for, desfre, try (to attack), want. (1) aver gana, 

(2) demandar, (3) rw querer, (4) querer. 

jk'an batel. I want to go. querer. 

sk'an la. They say he wants to. querer. 

sk'an spasbeon. He is trying to do it to me. acometer para 

dar. 

sk'an stzameson. He is trying to kill me. acometer para dar. 

ta jk'an ve'el. I want to eat. gana. 

k'an 'a'i, vphr:tv- & tv-. consent consentrir en alguna cosa 

interiormente. 

k'an 'U, vphr:tv- & tv-. ask. aventurarse. 

k'an 'Ubey 'olonton, vphr:tv & s(-dv[A= of A:'an] & n4d[B]). 

test in many ways, tentar en muchas maneras. 

k'an tza, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. ask for advice, pedir consejo. 

k'an chamel, vphr:tv & vn5. half-dead, medio muerto. 

k'an ch'akel ta tz'el, vphr:tv & vn5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). sue 

at law. pedir en juicio. 

k'an-ch'ulel k'op, nphr(vn<tv & ncpd> type n5). flattery. 

lisonja. 

k'an ch'ulel k*opoj, iv(tv & n & ivcpd). flatter, lisongear. 

k*an ch'ulel k*opon, tv(tv & n & tvcpd). flatter, lisongear. 

k*an javel, vphr:tv & vn5. separable, partible cosa. 

k*an k'ak'el, vphr:tv & vn5. half-burnt medio quemado. 

k*an-k*opoj, iv(tv & ivcpd). pray. *Some say this and others 

say that it is not currentiy used, but is archaic, still it is 

good form to say: xek'an-k'opoj.jk'an-k'opon. rogar. 

k*an-k*opon, tv(tv & tvcpd). pray, rogar. 

k*an-k*oponel, vn(tv & tvcpd)5. prayer, ruego. 

k*an patan, vphr:tv & n5. coUect taxes (rentas), recaudar 

rentas. 

k'an patiej, vphr:tv & n5, be broody (hen), clueca. 

k'an pukel, vphr:tv & vn5, separable, partible cosa. 

k'an vok'el, vphr:tv & vn5, separable, partible cosa. 

k'anbey, dv, love, need, requerir de anwres. 

k'anbey ch'akel, vphr:-dv & nld[B]. request civU action (from 

the alcalde), requerir a la justicia.... 

pedfr en juicio. pedir en juicio. 

k'anbol, n4d. article to be demanded, pedimiento. 

k'anel patan, nphr(vn4f of n5). tax coUection. recaudamiento 

asi. 

k'anoj, iv. ask for, beg (poor person), demand. (1) demandar, 

(2) mendigar el pobre. 

k'anoj, nld. object of one's desfre, petition. (1) pedimiento, (2) 

voluntad, lo que quiero. 

k'anojel, vnld. beggary, demand, persistent or demanding, 

request. (1) demanda. (2) mendigues. (3) voluntad lo que 

quiero. 

k'anvan, iv. beg (poor person), mendigar el pobre. 

k'anvanab, nld. wiU, wiUpower. voluntad potencia. 

k'anvanej, vnld. beggary, desfre, persistent demanding. (1) 

mendigues. (2) voluntad lo que quiero. 

jk'an-ch'ulel, agn(tv & ncpd). flatterer, lisongero. 

jk'an ch'ulel k'op, agn(tv & n & ncpd). flatterer, lisongero. 

jk'anbol, agn. petitioner, demandador. 

jk'anojel, agn. beggar, demander, pUgrim who requests 

contributions for God (the church). (1) demandador. (2) 

mendigo, (3) pedigueho, (4) romero que pide por Dios. 

jk'anvanej, agn. beggar. (1) mendigo, (2) pedigueho. 

k'an (2) 

k'an. blue-eyed, bright, choleric, fat, grease, jaundice, lard, 

lean, parrot, red, scorch, singe, star, toast, yellow, yoke. 

cf k'on. 

k'as 

k*as, tv. begin to eat (break bread), break or snap (stick, pole, 

candle, long object), incite, rot (1) encetar, (2) 

podrescerse, (3) quebrar conw vara.... 

k*as, iv. rot. podrescerse. 

k'asal, aj. broken, snapped, quebrado asi. 

k'asbey 'olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. frighten person from 

carrying out a plan, make person relent, hacer desmayar 

0 aflojar...165. 

k'asbU, pp, broken, snapped, quebrado asi. 
NUMBER 31 229 

k'aslaj, av. break loudly (beam, support), ruido hacer asi. 

k'aslajel, vn5. sound of beam or support breaking, ruido de 

cosas quebradas como baculo, viga. 

k'aslajetel, vn5. sound of beam or support breaking, ruido de 

cosas quebradas.... 

j-k'os, num(num & nccpd)5. part (round object as a banana). 

parte del todo. 

k'axtok 

k'axtok kokov, nphr(n type n)5, counterfeit cocoa bean, 

RML—^This term occurs also in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 

1620:136), In colonial times k'axtok was widely 

distributed, occurring in Quiche, Cholti, Cakchiquel, and 

K'ekchi (WiUiam Norman, personal communication). It 

referred to the demon. Pain Knife, "credited with 

dividing the tribes from one anotiier in Cakchiquel 

legend" (Edmonson, 1965:98), The counterfeiting of 

c(x:oa beans apparentiy was a common practice in the 

early years of the colony when a rooster sold for 20 beans 

and a hen for 40. The procedure was described in detail 

by Sahagun's informants (Anderson and Dibble, 1961:65) 

and also in the Codices Matritenses as follows: The bad 

cocoa merchant is a deceiver. He fixes the unripe cocoa 

(so that it appears) ash-coloured. The cocoa is toasted in 

the fire, swollen in water, ripened. The cocoa beans that 

are still green are whitened. He covers the green ones 

with ashes, he worics on them with ashes, he covers them 

with chalky earth, he mbs them with earth. He treats them 

with earth. He makes cocoa beans out of amaranth seeds, 

with wax, with avocado pits. He covers the cocoa beans 

this way. He puts these things in the cocoa beans. The 

white ones, the green ones, tiie wrinkled ones, those that 

are like pepper seeds, the broken ones, the gooey ones, 

those that are like mouse ears—he mixes them all 

together. He mixes them, he turns them inside out, he 

substitutes one for another. By doing tiiis he scorns 

everyone. He carefully puts the quapatlachtli seeds 

among them, mocking the otiier people (my translation) 

(Durand-Forest 1967:155-181). So pernicious was the 

counterfeiting of cocoa beans that it was a sin specifically 

included in tiie early confessionals: And you who sell 

cocoa, did you mix the good cocoa with the bad so that 

aU would be sold, deceiving the people? Did you cover 

the green cocoa with ashes or mix it with white earth so 

that it would look good? Or do you put amaranth dough 

inside the skin of said cocoa, or avocado pit dough, 

counterfeiting said cocoa? And do you toast tiie small, 

skinny cocoa beans so they wUl look big and fat? (my 

franslation) (MoUna, 1972:32). moneda falsa. 

k'axtok pas, vphr:n5 & tv. do negligentiy. negligore. 

k'axtok tak'in, nphr(n type n)5, counterfeit money, RML— 

This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 

1620:136), momda falsa. 

k'axtoki, tv. do negligentiy. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the verb 

is given as caxtoctay (Guzman, 1620:136). mgligore. 

k'at (1) 

k'ataj, iv. be converted, fransform self convertir una cosa en 

otra. 

k'atajeb bUl, nphr(n4f type n5), surname, RML—^This surely 

refers to the new Spanish sumames that have replaced 

the tribal names, renombre. 

k'atajes, tv. convert, transform, convertir una cosa en otra. 

k'atal, aj. crosswise, atravesado. 

k'atan, tv. place across or crosswise, atravesar algo. 

k'atanej, n4d. object being placed crosswise, atravesar algo. 

k'atey, iv. cross, atravesar. 

k'at (2) 

k'atim-bak. RML—See k'atin-bak. 

k'atimol, nld. object used for warming self, warming oneself. 

(1) escalentarse al fuego.... (2) escalentcuniento asi. 

k'atin, iv. warm self by the ffre as do people or animals. (1) 

calentarse al fuego. (2) escalentarse al fuego... . 

k'atin-bak, vn(tv & ncpd)5. hell (where the bones are bumt). 

RML—^This is given as catimbac. ynflerno particularmente de los dahados 187. 

k'atin-bakU, vn(tv & ncpd)5. infernal. RML—^This is given as 

catimbaquil, but four of Uie following entries are given 

as catinbaquil. ynfernal cosa 187. 

k*atin-bakU 'ik*ti', nphr:natt(tv & ncpd) & n5, heUffre./urzas 

del infierno. 

k*atin-bakU 'U-ya, nphr:natt(tv & ncpd) & vn(tv & ncpd)5. 

heUfu-e./Mr/as 

k'atin-bakU k'op, nphr:natt(tv & ncpd) & n5. infernal taUc. 

ynfernal cosa 187. 

k'atin-bakU vinik, nphr:natt(tv & ncpd) & n5. person in heU. 

ynfernal cosa 187. 

k'atin-bakU vokol, nphr:natt(tv & ncpd) & n5. hellfire. 

furias.... 

k'atin-bakU ya, nphr:natt(tv & ncpd) & n5. heUfiie.furias.... 

k'atin si', vphr:tv & n5. warm self by the ffre. calentarse al 

fuego. 

xbat jkuch si' jk'atin. I am going to bring furewood to warm 

myself, 

k'atinab k'ak'al, nphr(n type n)5. sun gallery, solarui o 

corredor para el sol. 

k'atinel, vn5. warming oneself, escalentamiento asi. 

k'av 

k'av, tv. break or snap (stick, pole, candle, long object). 

quebrar conw vara.... 

k'aval, aj. broken, snapped, quebrado asi. 

k'avbil, pp. broken, snapped, quebrado asi. 

k'avk'onet, av. make kicking sound, ruido hacer pateando. 

k'ay 

k'ayk'onet, av. cackle, cacarear. 

k'e 

k'eelaj, iv. offer. RML—See k'elaj. ofrecer. 

k'eelan, tv. offer. RML—See k'elan. ofrecer. 

k'eelU, n3d. gift, offering, present sacrifice. (1) don, dadiva, 

(2) enviar algo de retorho, (3) ofrenda. (4) presente que 
230 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

se da. (5) sacrificio. 

k'elaj, iv. give an offering, sacrifice, sacriflcar, dar presente. 

k'elan, tv. give, give in offering, give away, give for free, 

present, sacrifice. *The ancient women and even the new 

ones say that thefr fathers or thefr husbands gave tiiem 

away to otiier husbands: "nesk'elan jtot," "My father 

gave me away." "nesk'elan jmalal," "My husband gave 

me away." (1) donar, dar, (2) gracioso dar algo, (3) 

presentar, dar presentes. 

ek'elanat kajvaltik ta sna dios. Our Lord was presented in 

the church, presentar, dar.... 

jk'elan cabaUo. I give this horse, presentar, dar.... 

xesk'elan. He is giving me away, presentar, dar.... 

k'elanbey, dv. give to. presentar, dar 

jk'elanbey caballo Pedro. I am givuig Peter a horse. 

presentar, dar... . 

jk'elanbey jcapa Pedro. I am giving my cloak to Peter. 

presentar, hacer que reciben presente. 

k*elanbil, pp. given for free, donada cosa de gracia. 

jk*eel, agn. donor, giver, donador. 

jk'elanvanej, agn. donor, giver, donador. 

k'ech 

k'ech, tv. carry on one*s shoulders as a litter. (1) llevar 

atravesado sobre los hombros..., (2) traer en los 

hombros. 

k*echob, n5. single large log for the ffre. leho, uno solo grande. 

k*echob , nphr(n4f of n5). hand-barrow (for mud, rocks, lime). 

angarillas. 

k'echobU, n4f. hand-barrow, angarillas. 

k'echobU chame-vinik, nphr:n4f of n(aj & ncpd)5. bier, andar 

de difuntos. 

k'echoj, n4d. object being carried on one's shoulders, llevar 

atravesado en.... 

k'echolajebal, n5. Utter, andas absoluto. 

j-k'ech, num(num & nccpd)5. bundle (torch, faggots, plants). 

hace o haz de tea o yerba. 

k'ej 

k'ej, tv. take a shortcut, atajar camino. 

k'ej ba, rv. fork (river, road), dividirse rios o caminos o 

caminantes. 

yo' 'oy sk'ej sba be. where the road forks (or) crossroad, dos 

caminos donde se parten. 

k'ej be, vphr:tv & n5. get lost (on trail), perderse en camim. 

k'ej ta be, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). miss person (on frail). 

errar a alguno en el camino. 

k'ejan ba, rv. greet one anotiier. saludarse. 

k'ejan ba ta tz'el, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & -n4d). greet saludar. 

k'ejel, aj. different (especially counting Uneages). diferir o 

diferenciarse 85. 

k'ejelot You are different 

k'ejey, iv. fork (river, road), dividirse rios... 

yo' 'oy xk'ejey be. where the road forks (or) crossroad. 

encrucijada de caminos. 

k'ejey ta be, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). get lost (on frail), errar 

el camino. 

k'ejeyes ta be, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). make person take 

the wrong trail, errar hacer a otro. 

k'ejibtas, tv. make person take the wrong trail, errar hacer.... 

k'ejp'uj, iv. become crooked (Une, edge, road), sfray off tiie 

Ime or patii. (1) desviar o torcer de..., (2) entortecer la 

linea o regla o camirw. (3) torcer de la linea que llevaba. 

k'el (1) 

k'el, tv. look at wateh. nurar. 

k'el, n4d, sample, dechado. 

k'el 'ak'abal, vphr:tv & n5. sU up the whole night trasnochar. 

k'el ta 'ak'ol, vphr:tv- & ciphr(prep & n5). look up. mirar hacia 

arriba. 

k'elav, iv. be visible. "I see it" "taxk'elav esta j sat." "I am 

looking, but I don't see fr." "tajk'ele mu xk'elav (or) ta 

jk'elel mu sta jsat." And if later he changes and says, 

"Now I see it," "ta xk'elav esta jsat." ver como 

cuando.... 

k'elelet, av. look frequentiy. mirar a menudo. 

k'eIk*onet, av. look frequentiy. mirar a menudo. 

k*elubey, tv. copy or imitate (writing, work), remedar, 

imitarle.... 

k'elul, n4d. representation, sample. (1) dechado, (2) representacion. 

k*eluy, tv. copy or imitate (writing, work), edify oneself, follow 

an example, represent. (1) dechado, (2) edificar se, tomar 

ejemplo, (3) representar. 

k*eluyab, n4d. example one foUows, sample. (1) dechado, (2) 

ejemplo que tomamos 136, (3) ejemplo o dechado de 

donde sacamos, (4) ejemplo 136. 

k*eluyabil, n4f. image, picture, sample. (1) dechado, (2) 

representacion. 

k'eluyanab, n4d. example one gives, ejemplo que doy 136. 

k'eluyel, vn4d. example one gives, ejemplo que doy 136. 

k'elvan, iv. look at, see, wateh. (1) mirar, (2) ver como 

cuando... . 

k'elvanab, n5. lookout, miradero, lugar. 

jk'eluyan, agn. person who sets an example, ejemplo que 

tomamos 136. 

jk'eluyvanej, agn. person who foUows an example, ejemplo 

que tomamos 136. 

k'el (2) 

k'el. donor, give, giver, present, sacrifice, cf k'e. 

k'elom 

k'elom, n4d. child (metaphorically). RML—^In modern TzotzU, 

k'elom is a sprout, but in ritual speech it has the same 

metaphoric extension, hijo permetaphoram. 

k'ep 

k'ep 'osil, s:iv & n5. become calm and clear (weather). (1) 

abonar, aun habiendo sereno, (2) sereno y claro tiempo. 

k'epel 'osil, nphr(aj & n)5. clear or fafr weather, summer, hacer 

claro o sereno 165. 

k'epel 'osU, nphr(aj & n)4f dry season. (1) abona tiempo. (2) 

verano. 
NUMBER 31 231 

k'epel, aj. clear, dry. verano ser o hacer. 

tana k'epel. Now it is the dry season. 

k*epet muil, s:av & -n4f have fragrance spread, esparcirse el 

olor. 

k'ex 

k'ex, tv. barter (as com for salt or chiU), change one's clothes, 

change one's ways, exchange, perform another's functions, produce suckers (tree), receive on credit, respect, 

revere, take one's place, venerate. *When there are two 

people about to race and one starts first the one who is 

left behind says, "nexk'exta 'and." "He took my place 

in the race." (1) baratar otra cosa, (2) cambiar 

recibiendo. (3) honrar. (4) mercar dando una cosa por 

otra, (5) honra conw.. .240, (6) honrar, reverenciar 240, 

(7) oponerse, (8) prevenir a otro..., (9) remudar, (10) 

respeto tener. (11) reverencia acatar, (12) suplir por 

otro, (13) tener en mucho a alguna persona. (14) 

trastrocarse. (15) trocar.... 

jk'ex jcamisa. I am changing my shirt, remudar. 

jk'ex jk'u'. I am changing my clothes, remudar. 

k'ex, iv. change one's ways, trastrocarse algo. 

k'ex 'ixim, s:iv & n5. barter corn, trocar una cosa por otra. 

k'ex ba, rv, change office (one entering, one leaving), change 

one's ways, take one*s place (competing for a favor, a 

position), *And this verb is used for any situation where 

there is competition as in buying and selling when one 

is buying someUiing and Uie other emerges to outbid him 

or pay first (1) trastrocarse, (2) trocar se unos cesando 

y entrando otros. 

esk*ex sba ta 'abtel. He won the job. oponerse. 

esk'ex sba ta yajvalel. He won control, oponerse. 

k'ex lumal 'u'un, s:iv & -n4d + -n4d. transplant, trasponer 

plantas. 

k'ex-nai, tv(tv & tvcpd), change residence, mudar casa. 

k'ex-naij, iv(tv & ivcpd). change residence. (1) mudar casa, 

(2) mudado asi. 

k'ex-naijel, vn(tv & ivcpd). change of residence, mudanza asi. 

k'ex ta k'op, vphr:tv- & ciphr(prep & n5). take person's place. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, prevenir a otro.... 

k'ex ta manel, vphr:tv- & c[phr(prep & n5). secure tiie purchase 

in competition. RML—The verb is in the past tense. 

prevenir a otro... . 

k'exav, iv. be ashamed by or bashful of, be humUiated, cfread 

with embarrassment, wish to mn away. (1) afrentarse, 

(2) correria, cf correr algo, (3) empacho haber de otro, 

(4) temer con verguenza, (5) verguenza a verba. 

k'exavel, vnld. honor, humiUation, shame. (1) afrenta, (2) 

deshonra que padezco 80, (3) honra conw...2A0, (4) 

verguenza. 

k'exaves, tv, humiliate, shame, (1) afrentar a otro, (2) 

deshonrar 80, (3) verguenza poner o avergonzar. 

k*exavesvanej, vn4d, dishonor that one brings, deshonra con 

que deshonro 80. 

k'exbey mukenal, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. move one's grave. 

trasladar muerto. 

k'exbil, pp. honored, honrado. 

k'exbil mukenal, s:pp/pred/ & -n4f have one's grave moved. 

trasladado asi. 

k'exbil vinik, nphr(pp & n)5. important authority, grave 

persona de autoridad. 

k'exbon, n4c. sprout, substitute, sucker. (1) pimpollo, (2) 

retoho de arbol, (3) suplemento asi. 

k'exbonaj, iv. produce sucker, sprout (1) brotar la planta, (2) 

echar las plantas, (3) hojas hechar los arboles, (4) nacer 

la planta, (5) pimpollo echar el arbol, (6) retohecer. 

k'exbonaj nichim, s:iv & -n4f blossom, reventar planta 287. 

k'exel, vn4d, respect, substitute, (1) acatar, hacer reverencia, 

(2) honra con que es honrado 240, (3) honrable cosa 

digruj de honra 240. sustituto ser. 

k'exey, tv/pass/. be respected, honra como. 

k'exey batel, vphr:tv/pass/ & dr. be foUowed or succeeded by. 

susesiva, cosa que sucede 324. 

k'exk'on, av. be affronted, afrentarse. 

k'exk'onel, vn5. affront afrontar a otro. 

k'exlal, nld. bashfulness, disgrace, humiliation, shame, shameful. (1) afrenta, (2) deshonra que padezco 80, (3) 

empacho, (4) verguenza, (5) vergonzosa cosa, (6) 

vituperio. 

k'exlal ba, rn. bashfuUy. empachosamente. 

k'exlal bek'tal, nphr(n type n)5. male or female sexual parts. 

*They have not yet used this term, but they understand 

it weU. verguenzas de hombre o de mujer. 

k'exlal k'op, nphr(n type n)4d. humiliating taUc. (1) afrentosa 

palabra, (2) vergonzosa cosa. 

k'exlal pasnej, nphr(n type n)5, humiUating action, vergonzosa 

cosa. 

k'exlal ti', nphr(n type n)5. honest, honesta cosa 240. 

k'exlal ti' vinik, nphr:nphr(n type n) type n5. honest person. 

honesta cosa 240. 

k'exlal vinik, nphr(n type n)5. well-mannered person, bien 

criado. 

k'exlalel, n4d. shame, deshonra que padezco 80. 

k'exlaltas, tv. humUiate, shame. (1) afrentar a otro, (2) 

deshonrar 80, (3) verguenza poner o avergonzar, (4) 

vituperar. 

k'exlaltasbil, pp. humUiated, shamed. (1) afrentado, (2) 

vituperado. 

k'exlaltas vanej, vn4d. dishonor that one brings, deshonra 

conque deshonro 80. 

k'exlaltUc, aj. embarassed. empachado. 

k'exlomaj, iv. sprout brotar la planta. 

*k'exma ve'el, nphr(x & n)5. fast. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, 

the term for "ayuno"is quex hioc naxbeel (Ara, n.d.: 13). 

ayuno 14. 

k'exobil tak'in Hun, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5) type n5. order of 

payment, libramiento de dineros. 

k'exoj, iv. barter, change one's clotiies. (1) baratar otra cosa, 

(2) cambiar recibiendo, (3) mercar dando una cosa por 
232 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Otra, (4) remudar. 

k'exol, n4d. deputy (of warden or governor), substitute, vicar. 

RML—^Thfrd person possession. (1) sustituto ser 324, 

(2) suplir por otro, (3) teniente de Alcaide de Goberruidor, (4) vicario que tiene veces de otro. 

k'exol rey, nphr(n4d of n5). viceroy, virrey. 

k'exol sancto padre, nphr:n4d of nphr(aj & n)5. papal legate. 

legado del Papa. 

k'exolU, n3d. successor, susesor 324. 

k'extay, tv. exchange, fUl another's role, receive in barter or 

on credit, substitute. (1) cambiar recibiendo, (2) sustituir 

en lugar de otro. 

xk'extay te 'iche. He receives the chili in barter, trocar una 

cosa por otra. 

k'exvan, iv. compete with, honor, revere. (1) honrar, 

reverenciar, (2) oponerse. 

k'exvanej, vn5. barter, trueco. 

jk'exojel, agn. barterer (merchant who does not travel, but who 

is in a store). (1) mercar daruio..., (2) mercader 220. 

'ak* ta k'exlal, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). humUiate. afrentar 

a otro. 

'unen k'exbon, cf 'unen. 

Ha' te k'ex, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & tv ). predecessor, ante esto 

mio, cf. antecesor mio. 

Ha' te k'extay, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & tv ). predecessor, ante 

esto mio, cf. antecesor mio. 

k'et 

k'et tv. cup one's hand (as when we take water). (1) abarcar 

o tomar la mano..., (2) empunar, tomar algo... . 

k'etoj, n4d. object cupped in the hand, abarcar o... . 

j-k'et, num(num & nccpd)5. handful, abarcar o.... 

j-k'etlej, num(num & nccpd)5. handful, puhado de cosas.... 

k'ey 

k'eyoj, nle. motet, song. (1) cantar o cancion, cf cancion, (2) 

rrwtete. 

k'eyojin, tv. pubUsh aloud, sing. (1) cantar, (2) publicar, sacar 

a la plaza.... 

k'eyojin, iv. sing, cantar. 

k'eyojinebal, n5. chofr (of the church), coro. 

jk'eyom, agn. musician trained in harmony, person who tunes 

the ffrst verse of a psalm, singer. RML—The "j** is not 

always present (1) cantor, (2) entonador, (3) musico 

ensenado. 

k'i 

k*i, tv. sfretch out (clotiiing, cloUi). (1) estender conw ropa o 

paho, (2) tender. 

k'i, iv. stretch out. tender. 

k'ian, tv. streteh out. tender. 

k'ianabil, n4f place where cloth is stretched out. tendero. 

k'ianbU pok', nphr(pp & n)5. wall hanging, manta de pared. 

k'ibil tz'usub, nphr(pp & n)5. raisin. paso,fruta. 

k'iebal, nlf place where cloUi is stretched out tendero. 

jk'i-tasil, agn(tv & ncpd). butier who lays out the tablecloth. 

repostero que lo tiende. 

k'ib 

k'ib, n5. waterjug. cantaro. 

k'in (1) 

k'in, nib. bewitchment, fate, fiesta, knowledge or prophecy 

of diviner, omen. (1) adivinanza o saber..., (2) aguero 

12, (3) fiesta, (4) hechizo o suerte asi. 

ekilbey sk'in. I watched hun cast lots (or) prophesy, hechizo 

o.... 

k'in ta 'al, vphr:n5 & tv. have a fiesta, echar la fiesta. 

k'in chame-vinik, nphr:n4f of n(aj & ncpd)5. AU Saints' Day, 

All Souls' Day. difunto 74. 

k'in navidad, nphr(n4f of n5). Christmas, dia. 

k'in pascua, nphr(n4f of n5). Christmas, dia. 

k'inaj 'osU, s:iv & n5. dawn. (1) albercar, cf alborear, (2) 

amanecer. 

k'inajel, vn5. dawn, alborada. 

k'inal, n4b. date, opportune time, person's fate or prophecy, 

season, time. (1) adivinanza o suerte.... (2) dia, (3) 

tiempo, (4) tiempo oportuno. 

'utz sk'inal. It is tiie right time, en buen tiempo.... 

jk'inal niHul. I arrived opportunely, tiempo oportuno. 

mu to sta sk'inal ve'el. It isn't mealtime yet. tiempo. 

sk'inal tana. It is the opportune time, tiempo oportuno. 

sta sk'inal 'ovol. It is planting time, tiempo. 

toj sk'inal tana. Now is the opportune time, tiempo oportuno. 

k'inal Hulel 'olonton, nphr:n4f of nphr(vn4f of -n4d). maturity 

(age of discretion), edad de discrecion. 

k'inal ch'abajel, nphr(n4f of vn5). Lent cuaresma. 

k'inal k'ak*al, nphr(n4f of n5). dry season, summer, estio,parte 

del aho. 

k'inal tuunel, nphr(n4f of vn4f), opportunity, oportunidad. 

k*inij, iv. cast lots, divine, prophecy. (1) adivinar echando 

suertes, (2) ahorar, (3) hechizar hechando suertes o 

cuentas, (4) sortear para adivinar... . 

k'inij ta Ho', vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). divine in water. 

adivirwr en agua. 

k'inil, n4f date, opportune time. (1) tiempo, (2) tiempo 

oportuno. 

k'inil 'osU, nphr(natt & n)5. dawn. (1) alborada, (2) 

crepusculo, la manarui. 

k'iniUc'inU 'osil, nphr(natt & n)5. early, dawn. (1) albercar, 

cf alborear, (2) modorra antes de el alba. 

k'intay, tv. divine by lots, prophesy another*s fate. (1) adivinar 

echando suertes, (2) ahorar a otro, (3) hechizar asi a 

otro..., (4) sortear para adivinar... . 

jk'ina, agn. diviner, adivirw asi. 

jk'inij, agn. diviner, hechizar, hechando suertes.... 

jk'inijel, agn. diviner. (1) adivino asi, (2) hechizar hechando 

suertes.... 

jk'intayvanej, agn. diviner, adivim asi. 

'och k*inajel 'u'un, cf 'och. 

'utz k'in, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. at the proper time. *As he planted 

at the proper time, en buen tiempo como.... 

j-k*in, num(num & nccpd)5. day. dia. 
NUMBER 31 233 

mu to k'inal, s:neg/pred/ & pt & -n4f early, temprano. 

mu to bak'in sk'inal niHul. I arrived early, 

mu to sk'inal niHul. I arrived early, 

mu to sk'inaluk. early, 

ta ba k'm, qphr:prep & nphr(n4f of n5). on the fu-st day. dia. 

taju-jun k'in, qphr:prep & nphr(num<num & numcpd> & n5). 

daUy, each day. cada dia. 

k'in (2) 

k'in, n4d. kidney. RML—^This is now an archaic term in 

Zinacantiin. rihon 294. 

sk'in cameros. sheep kidney, 

sk'in vacas. cow kidney, 

yo' 'oy nap'al k'm, qphr:pt & pt & s(aj/pred/ & -n4d). coat of 

fat around the kidneys, rihonada de animal. 

k'is 

k'is, n5. leaf-cutter ant (that does much damage to trees and 

plants), hormiga. 

k'isis 

k'isis, n5. small-leaved cedar, RML—^In modern TzotzU this 

is the montezuma bald cypress, Taxodium mucronatum. 

cedro de los.. .70. 

k'ix 

k'ix-mukan, aj(aj & T2cpd), lukewarm, tepid, tibia cosa. 

k'ix-mukanU, n(aj & T2cpd)4f tepidness, tibieza asi. 

k'ixin, aj, hot, caliente. 

k'ixnaj, iv. become hot, warm self, calentar algo. 

k'ixnajes, tv. heat, warm. (1) calentar algo, (2) escalentar algo. 

k'ixnajesbU, pp. heated, warmed, caliente, calentado. 

k'ixnajesab, n5. heater, escalentador. 

k'ixnajesab ve'el, nphr(n of n)5. food warmer, escalentador, 

instrumento. 

k'ixnajesabil, n4f. heater. (1) calentador, (2) escalentador, 

instrumento. 

k'ixnay, tv. heat, warm. (1) calentarse, (2) escalentar algo. 

k'ixnayabil, n4f heater, calentador. 

k'ixnaybil, pp. heated, calentar algo. 

k'o 

k'o, n5. bridge, puente. 

bik'tal k'o, nphr(aj & n)5. pontoon, ponton. 

castiUan k'o, cf castiUan. 

te'el k'o, cf te'. 

k'o' 

k'o'. rotten, cf k'a'. ostra pescado. 

k'o' choy, nphr(n type n)5. oyster. RML—In modern Tzeltal, 

k'o' is given as "caracol (de concha)" (Robles, 

1966:44). This term may have referred to the conch, ostra 

pescado. 

k'ob 

k'ob, n4b. sleeve, spoke. (1) manga de vestidura, (2) rayo de 

rueda 284, 

k'ob nichim, nphr(n4f of n5), flower spray, ranw de flores. 

k'ob te', nphr(n4f of n5). branch, sprig. (1) nuita, (2) rama de 

arboles. 

k'obU, n3d. arm, foreleg, hand. (1) brazo, (2) mano del 

hombre..., (3) parte delantera. 

j-k'ob nio, nplir:num(num & nccpd) of n5. skein, madeja. 

k'abay, tv. lop off, pmne. (1) desmochar, (2) podar. 

k'abayabil, n4f pmning knife, podadera. 

jk*abayvanej, agn. pmner. podador. 

k'oj 

k'oj, tv. break one tiling against anotiier, carve stone image, 

carve with chisel or oUier thing by hitting it. (1) dibujar 

cosa de bulto en piedra 74, (2) dolar con cincel..., (3) 

quebrar una cosa con otra. 

k*oj, nc. blow, golpe. 

k'oj te', nphr(x type n)5. mask. RML—In modem TzotzU of 

Ixtapa, the mask is termed c'oj (Delgaty and Sanchez, 

1978:32). mascara 214. 

k'oj te' vinik, nphr:nphr(x type n) type n5. buffoon. 

homarrache. 

k'ojbenal, n4f break, quebradura asi. 

k'ojbil, pp. broken, quebrado asi. 

k'ojbil lok'ob-baU, nphr:pp & n(n & rncpd)4f statue, estatiui 

de bulto. 

k'ojbil ton, nphr(pp & n)5. stone idol (that was made with a 

chisel). (1) dibujar cosa.. .74, (2) dolar con cincel.... 

k'ojk'on 'e ta tze'ej, s:av & -n4d & qphr(prep & vn5). guffaw. 

reir. 

k'ojk'onet, av. hammer (stone), estruendo hacer labrando... . 

k'ojk'onetel, vn5. hammering, estruendo hacer labrando... . 

k'ojilan, tv. hit lightiy. golpear o herir. 

k'ojlajetel, vn5. muttering, murmullo de gente. 

k'ojoj, nle. stiiUc. *Indians note this kind of odor in mutton. 

RML—^It is StUl abhorrent to them, heder, corromperse. 

k'ojojib, iv. cense, sahumar. 

k'ojol ba, m. statue, bulto. 

jk'oj lok'ob bail, agn(tv & rncpd). frnage maker, estatuario 

que los hace. 

k'ok 

k'ok, tv. cut or pick melon or mushroom cap, break off (legs 

of the benches they sit on, squashes, pedicles, branches 

or other objects witii a thick attachment stem). (1) cortar 

o coger melon...,(2) quebrar o cortar... . 

k'okbenal, n4f pmned part, podadura. 

k'okbU, pp. broken or cut off. quebrado asi. 

k'okob, n5. pmning knife, podadera. 

k'okobil, n4f. pmning knife, podadera. 

k'okol, aj. broken or cut off. quebrado asi. 

k'okolil, n4f break, quebradura asi. 

jk'okvanej, agn. pmner. podador. 

k'ok' 

k'ok'. abrasive, angry, boiUng, cruel, fever, ffre, hate, scorn. 

cf k'ak'. 

k'ol 

k'ol. not folded, patch, pleat, slice, step, cf k'al. 

k'on 

k'onk'on, aj. yellow. amarillQ. 

k'an-'ixim, n(aj & ncpd)5. animal grease, sebo de aninuil. 
234 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

k'an-'iximtik, aj(aj & ajcpd). greasy, sebo, Hem de sebo. 

k'an-'ixmal, n(aj & ncpd)lb. fat, grease, lard. (1) enjundia 

121, (2) gordura, m magra, (3) grosura, (4) sebo de 

animal. 

k'an-'ixmal chitom, nphr:n(aj & ncpd) of n5. bacon fat, lard. 

(1) manteca, (2) pringue de torrezno. 

k'an-'ixmal vacas, nphr:n(aj & ncpd) of n5. beef fat. manteca 

de vacas. 

k'an-'ixmay, iv(aj & ivcpd). grow fat. gordura, no magra. 

k'an-balan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yeUow (fat, as the fat of ground 

chickens). RML—"Ground chickens" are probably 

tinamous. sebo lleno.... 

k'an-balan sbek'tal yu'un yepal sk'an-'ixmal. Its flesh is 

yeUow because of aU its fat. 

k'an-'oban, aj(aj & Ucpd). red. *But they do not say 

k'an-'oban vinik, k'an-'oban Pedro, rather k'an-'oban 

sjol Pedro, rojo 304. 

k'an-*'opan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red. rojo 304. 

k'an-tz'Ucan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (hafr). rojo 304. 

k'an-ch'ixal ton, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. most precious stone 

of all. esmeralda. 

k'an-ch'ulan, aj(aj & T2cpd). bright, lucio 202. 

k'an-kolan satil, nphr:aj(aj & Pcpd) & n5. blue-eyed, garzos 

ojos. 

k'an-k'ak', iv(aj & ivcpd). scorch, singe. (1) chamuscar, (2) 

socarrarse. 

k'an-k'ak'es, tv(aj & tvcpd). scorch, singe, chamuscar. 

k'an-k'uyan, aj(aj & P or P2cpd). choleric, colera. 

k'an-mut, n(aj & n)cpd. parrot (the common ones tiiat talk). 

papagayo, ave conocida. 

k'anal, n5. star, estrella. 

k'anal bon, nphr(aj & n)5. yellow dye. jalde. 

k'anal bonojeb, nphr(aj & n)5. yellow dye. jalde. 

k'anal tzotz jol, nphr:aj & nphr(n4f of n4d). blonde, enrubiado 

asi. 

k'anal tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. brass, gold. oro. 

k'anal tak'in tomin, nphr:nphr(aj & n) type n5. gold coin. 

moneda de oro. 

k'anal ton mut, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. egg yolk, yenw de 

huevo 183. 

k'anal ton tuluk', nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. chicken egg yolk. 

yema de huevo 183. 

k'anub, iv. grow yeUow. (1) agotarse 12, (2) amarillarse. 

k'anub, iv. be toasted. RML—^This is in the past tense, tostada 

cosa. 

k'anub tzotzU jol, s:iv & nphr(n4f of -n4d). grow blonde. 

enrubiarse los cabellos. 

k'anubel chamel, nphr(vn type vn)5. jaundice, tiricia, enfermedad 333. 

k'anubes, tv. make yellow, arrwrillarse. 

k'anubtas, tv. make yeUow, toast. (1) amarillarse, (2) tostar. 

k'anubtas tzotz jol, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of -n4d). bleach one's 

hafr. enrubiarse los cabellos. 

jk'an-kolan sat, agn(aj & P & ncpd). blue-eyed person, garzo 

de ojos. 

mo 'oyuk k'an-'ixmal, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n(aj & ncpd)4d. 

lean (meat), magra carne. 

muk'ta k'anal, cf muk'. 

k'op 

k'op, nld. consent, message, offer, opinion, proposal, speech, 

word. (1) habla. (2) manda. (3) mensaje. (4) mensaje, 

traigoos.... (5) opinion. (6) palabra. 

'ep k'ope mu sta ta sk'op. He makes many offers, but he 

does not carry them out. maruia. 

kich'oj sk'op padre. I have received the priest's message. 

mensaje, traigoos.... 

mo ta jk'opuk apas. You did not do it with my consent. 

consentimiento. 

tanaotUc ta k'op ta tza. We are talking, tiiinking. parleria. 

k'op, n4d/lp/. native language (Tzotzil). lenguage propio. 

k'op 'olonton, nphr(n4f of n4d). distmst, will. (1) corazon 64, 

(2) receloso asi 289. 

k'op 'olonton nUc pas, vphr:nphr(n4f of n4d[A] + n4d[A]) & 

tv. be moderate, govern self, comedirse. 

k'op j'ilojel, nphr(n4f of agn). witness' testimony, testimonio. 

k'op ta tz'el jch'akel, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of 

agn>). legal dispute, pleito. 

k'op testigo, nphr(n4f of n5). wimess' testimony, testimonio. 

k'opk'on, av. persist unreasonably, porfia sin razon. 

k'opk'on 'olonton, s:av & -n4d. be anxious, afligirse 

interiormente. 

k'opk'onel, vn5. quarrel, rencilla. 

k'opk'onel 'olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). anxiety, afliccion asi 

11. 

k'opk'onet av. taUc noisUy (many people). (1) bullicio 

hacer...43, (2) casarsar 4, cf. cacarear. 

k'oplajes, tv. negotiate, trafagar. 

k'oplajet av. talk noisUy (many people), bullicio hacer...43. 

k'oplal, n4f. accusation, epitaph, suit at law. (1) acusacion, (2) 

epitafio, (3) proceso en el pleito. 

k'usi sk'oplal? What is the accusation? acusacion. 

k'oplal k'eyoj, nphr(n4f of n5). sheet music, arte de ciencia. 

k'oplaltay, tv. negotiate, tratar algun negocio. 

k'oplay, tv. bewitch, enchant (with words). (1) encantar, (2) 

ensalmar, (3) hechizar, (4) hechizero, (5) maleficiar. 

k'oplay 'osU, vphr:tv & n5. excite disturbances, alborotar. 

k'oplaybil, pp. bewitched, hechisada cosa. 

k'oplayel, vn4f enchantment one suffers, hechizos del que esta 

hechizado. 

k'oplayvan, iv. bewitch, hechizar. 

k'oplay vanej, vnld. enchantment one works. (1) encantamiento, (2) hechizos del que los hace. 

k'oplayvanej, vn5. investigation, pesquisar. 

k'opoj, iv. become lord, govern, pray, rule (town government), 

speak, talk. (1) ensehorear, hacerse Sehor, (2) gobernar 

155, (3) hablar, (4) parlar o hablar, (5) regir conw 

pueblo o gobernacion, (6) rogar. 

k'opoj 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. suspect sospechar. 
NUMBER 31 235 

xk'opoj kolonton ta stojol Pedro. I suspect Peter, sospechar. 

xk'opoj kolonton yu'un. I suspect him. recetar sospechando 

289, cf recelar. 

k*opoj 'u'un, vphr:iv -i- -n4d. intercede, pray for. (1) procurar 

por otro o abrojar, (2) rogar. 

xek'opoj avu'un. I am praying for you. rogar. 

yu'un xek'opoj, I am interceding for him (or) acting as his 

attomey, procurar por otro... . 

k'opojel, vn5. speech, talk, taUcing. (1) habla, (2) parleria. 

k'opon, tv. greet, pray, talk. (1) hablar, (2) rogar. (3) saludar 

alguno. 

k'opono ku'un! Talk to him for me! rogar. 

k'opon ba, rv. be on speaking terms with, consult, consultar 

con otro 62. 

jk'opon jba xchi'uk jtot I am consulting witii my fatiier. 

consultar con otro 62. 

mo jk'opon jba jch'uun mo 'oyuk xkil. I am not on speaking 

terms wiUi him. I act as if I don't see him. extraharse...134. 

k'opon dios, vphr:tv & n5. pray, pray to God. (1) orar. (2) 

rezar. orar. (3) rogar a Dios. 

k'opon vinik ton, vphr:tv & nphr(n type n)5. worship idols. 

ydolatrar 183. 

k'oponabU Santa Maria 'u'un Angel, nphr:n4d of nphr(aj & 

n)5 -H nphr(n4d of n5). angel's salutation of the Vfrgin 

Mary, salutacion del Angel. 

k'oponbey, dv. recommend, encomendadme a fulano. 

k'oponbeon! Recommend me to him! encomendadme a 

fulano. 

k'oponel vinik ton, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n type n)5. idolatry. 

ydolatria 183. 

k'oponvan, iv. intercede, plead, pray for. abogara. 

xek'oponvan avu'un. I will pray for you. rogar. 

k'opuk 'oy, vphr:-n4d/pred/ & pt. pretend, fingir que no 

entiende. 

sk'opuk 'oy mo no 'ox xbat He is pretending, he won't 

even go. flngir. 

jk*op, agn. attorney, defender, lawyer, mediator, patron, 

speaker. (1) abogado, (2) hablador, (3) ynterprete 188. 

kajk'optik. our defender (or) our patron. (1) abogado, (2) 

patron o defensor. 

jk'opk*onel, agn. quarrelsome or talkative person. (1) palabrero, (2) rencilloso 295. 

jk*opk'onetel, agn. long-winded person. (1) casarsar 46, cf 

cacarear, (2) hablador que habla mucho. 

jk'oplayvanej, agn. enchanter, witch. (1) encantador o hechizo, 

(2) ensalmador, (3) hechizero, (4) maleficio, hacedor de 

tal. 

jk'opojel, agn. dealer, government, lawyer, speaker. (1) 

abogado, (2) gobernacion 155, (3) hablador, (4) 

negociante que tiene pleitos. 

jk'opojel ta 'ol, nphr:agn & qphr(prep & n4f). governor, 

senator. RML—See jch'akel ta 'ol. senador, Gobernador. 

jk'opon vinik ton, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd. idolator. 

ydolatra. 

jk'oponvanej, agn. lawyer, abogado. 

'ep k'op, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. have a disagreement, diferencias 

tener. 

'ep k'op ta tojol, s:aj/pred/ & n5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). have a 

disagreement, diferencias tener. 

'epal k'op, cf 'ep. 

'utzil k'op, cf 'utz. 

batz'i k'op, cf batz'i. 

bik'tal k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. brief talk. (1) brevedad, (2) chica 

calsa. 

bik'tal k'opk'onel, nphr(aj & vn)5. quarrel. RML—The 

adjective is given as bik'tabil. rencilla o renilla. 

junjun k'op, cf jun. 

ko'ol k'op, cf ko'ol. 

mu k'opoj, vphr:neg & iv. be mute. mudo. 

nop k'op, cf nop. 

Ha' no 'ox k'op, s:n5/pred/ & pt & pt & n4d/lp/. be in 

agreement, concordar en sentencia.... 

Hu' k'opojel 'u'un, s:iv & vn5 + -n4d. intercede, plead, pray 

for. abogara. 

k'os 

k'os. part, cf k'as. 

k'ox (1) 

k'ox, aj. short-lived, suerte. 

k'ox elok' 'oy echam. He had bad luck, he died, 

k'oxib, iv. decrease, descrecer. 

k'oxibtas, tv. postpone, posponer 268. 

k'oxU, n4f at last, last. (1) a la postre, (2) cabera, cosa 

postrera, (3) postrero. 

k'oxU 'olol, nphr(aj & n)3d. woman's last child. RML—The 

possessed form is given as jk'oxil kol, which is surely 

erroneous, hijo postrero. 

k'ot 

k'ot 'ak' patan, vphr:aux & tv & n5. apply rent recurrir con 

la renta. 

k'ot ta 'okel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). reach maturity. 

RML—^The verb is in Uie past tense. (1) mosa crecida 

225, (2) sason de lo sasonado. 

k'ot ta k'op, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). keep one's word. 

cumplir la palabra 58. 

k'ot tojol, s:iv & -n4f amount molar 228, cf montar. 

k'otbaj, aj. all, every, todo. 

k'otebal ta 'okel, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n4d). nearly mature. 

sason de lo sasonado. 

k'otel pox, nphr(vn type n)5. proven medicine, medicina 

experimentada. 

k'otic'otes patan, vphr:tv & n5. apply rent recurrir con la 

renta. 

jk'otel-poxil, agn(vn & ncpd). experienced doctor, medico 

experimentado. 

jk'otic'onel-vinik, agn(vn & ncpd). restiess person, ynquieta 
236 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

cosa 188. 

mu k'ot k'op, s:neg & iv & -n4d. break one's promise or word, 

lose one*s credit, quebrar o quebrantar palabra.... 

k'u 

k'u 'epal ta tek, nphr:nphr(n5 & -n4f) & qphr(prep & nc). how 

many? cuantas cosas 279. 

k'u muk'ul, nphr:n5 & -n4f how big? cuan grande 279. 

k*u namal, nphr:n5 & -n4f how far? cuanto o que tanto..279. 

k'uk Ha' 'oy, nphr:n5 & n5 & pt. whenever, cuando quiera. 

k'usi, n5. sometiiing, what, what? (1) algo, (2) por ventura 

alguna cosa, (3) que cosa, (4) que cosa 281. 

k'usi 'epal, nphr:n5 & -n4f however much, algun tanto. 

k'usi 'u'un, nphr:n5 & -n4d. v^hyl por que preguntando que es. 

k'usi cha'leybil, nphr:n5 & pp. how? (1) conw, (2) manera 

preguntando, en que manera. 

k'usi chak Ii', nphr(n5 & pt & n5). what does all this mean? 

pregunta de que es cosa y cosa. 

k'usi chake, nphr(n5 & pt). what does all this mean? (1) 

pregunta de..., (2) que cosay cosa 281, (3) que es cosa 

y cosa 282. 

k*usi j-tekuk 'al, s:n5 & n(num & nccpd)5 & tv/3s/. what is 

the subject? que materia.... 

k*usi koj, nphr:n5 & -n4f why? por que preguntando. 

k*usi koj mo'oj, nphr:n5 & -n4f & neg. who not? por que no. 

k*usi k*alal, nphr:n5 & -n4f. why? por que preguntando. 

k*usi ma ti, nphr:n5 & pt & pt. what? (1) que cosa, (2) que 

cosa 281. 

k'usi muk'ul, nphr:n5 & -n4e. how big? cuan grande 279. 

k'usi namal, nphr:n5 & -n4f. how far? cuanto o que 

tanto...219. 

k'usi nop 'oy, s:n5 & tv/2s/ & pt. what does aU this mean? (1) 

que cosa y cosa 281, (2) que es cosa y cosa 282. 

k*usi ta k*op, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). what is the subject? 

que materia.... 

k*usi ta k*oplal k*opoj, s:n5 & qphr(prep & n5) & iv/3s/. what 

is the subject? que materia... . 

k*usitik, n5. something similar. (1) algo, (2) cosa asi. 

k*usitikuk, n5. something simUar. cosa asi. 

k*usiiik, n5. something simUar. cosa. 

k'usiuk no 'ox, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). whichever, cualquiera, 

cualquiera cosa 279. 

k'usiuk no 'ox cha'leybil, nphr(n5 & pt & pt & pp). in whatever 

way. en alguna manera. 

k'u' 

k'u', n4f placenta, skin (grape, onion when very Uiin). (1) 

hollejo, (2) pares de mujer, (3) tela de cebolla.... 

k'u' 'olonton, nphr(n4f of n4d). skin covering Uie heart, tela 

del corazon. 

k*u' caballo, nphr(n4d of n5). horse trappings, paramentos de 

caballo. 

k'u' satU, nphr(n4e of n5). eyelid, parpado del ojo. 

k'u'ul, n3d. clothing, uniform. (1) abito, vestidura, (2) traje 

de vestido, (3) vestidura generalmente. 

k'u'ultas, tv. clothe (give person clothing), arropar, darle 

vestido a otro. 

k'u'un, tv. cloUie, use clothmg. (1) abito, vestidura, (2) 

arropar, darle..., (3) usar. 

k'u'un, iv. own clothing, arroparse, tener.... 

k*u'unej, n4d. clotiiing beuig worn, piece of clotiiing. (1) 

arropar, darle..., (2) vestido de tal o tal vestidura. 

'abtejeb k*u'ul, cf k'u'. 

k'ub 

k'uban ba, rv. commit oneself, confide in, tmst confiarse. 

jk'uban jba ta atojol. I bust you. fiarse encomendandole 

algo. 

k'uban ba ta tojol dios, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of 

n5>). tmst in god. encomendarse a Dios. 

k'uban bel na, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of nld). unpound one's 

belongings, secrestar en otro. 

k'ubanbey, dv. entmst to, send to. (1) enviar a, (2) encargar 

algo a otro. 

jk'ubanbey jna. I am entmsting my house to him (when 

leaving to tiade.)fiarse encomendandole.... 

jk'ubanbey jtot. I am sendmg it to my father, enviar a otro 

algo. 

k'ubanbU, pp. committed, deposited. (1) encargada cosa, (2) 

encomendado asi. 

k'ubanej, n4d. object of one's tmst confiarse. 

k'ubanej ba, nphr(n4d of rn4d). confiding, tmsting. corfiado. 

k'ubanel bel naU, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n of n)5. impoundment 

of belongings, secrestacion. 

k'ubanvanej, vn5. tmst. confianza. 

k'ubul, nld. object entmsted or sent enviar a otro algo. 

k'ubul, aj. tmsting. confiado. 

k'ubul 'u'un, nphr:-n4d + -n4d. object entmsted. encargada 

por mi. 

jk'ubul k'op santo padre, agn:nphr(n type n) of nphr(aj & 

n)cpd. papal legation, legacion asi. 

k'uk' 

k'uk', nld. plume. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Larraonzar 

c'uc' is the name for trogon and probably referred in 

former times to its relative, the quetzal (Delgaty and 

Sanchez, 1978:34). plumaje. 

k'uk' toj, nphr(n type n)5. pine. *It has a small leaf and weighs 

little. RML—In modem TzotzU this is the white pine, 

Pinus ayacahuite. pino, una especie. 

k'uk'um, nle. feather, quiU. (1) cahon, (2) pendola o pinola, 

(3) pluma de ave. 

'ich' k'uk', cf 'ich'. 

k'ul (1) 

k'ulebal, n3d. dweUing, residence. (1) abitacion, (2) estancia 

130, (3) nwrada. 

k'ulebin, tv. inhabit, reside, abitar, rrwrar. 

k'ulej, nld. family, residence, resident. *Sometimes tiiey use 

the word to mean a matter of days as when the husband 

or wife discovers that thefr residence will not be for two 

or three days: me rrw jk'ulejukotik chak vi. (1) familia, 

(2) morada,(3) vecino de...34%. 
NUMBER 31 237 

'epon ta jk'ulej. I have a large family./a/m/ia. 

buy ta k'ulej? Where is he living? vecino de tal o tal parte 

348. 

k'ulej ta Sotz' Leb. residing in Zinacantan. vecino de...34S. 

k'ulej ta Soktom. residing in Chiapa. vecino de.. .348. 

jk*ulej, agn. populator or resident (as the Spaniards say they 

are Uie populators of this land). (1) morador. (2) 

poblador corrw 

jk*ulej ta chobtUc, agn:n & c]phr(prep & n)cpd. person who 

spends many days in the corn field. (1) rrwrador de 

milpa. (2) vecino de.. .348. 

jk*ulej ta te'tik, agn:n & qphr(prep & n)cpd. forest dweUer. 

morador de 

j-tek k*ulej, nphr:n(num & nccpd) of n5. town, pueblo. 

mo k*uluk, vphr:pt & aj/pred/. absent RML—^This is given as 

mo culuc, but it is pafred with nw ruikluk (given as mo 

rwchic) and in colonial Tzeltal the adjective is given as 

culuc (Guzman, 1620:27). ausente. 

mu to ta tak*in k'ulej tuk, s:neg & pt & qphr(prep & 

-n4e)/pred/& n4d[P] + n4d[P]. be a minor (having a 

guardian), menor de edad.... 

muk'ta k'ulej, cf muk'. 

k'uyey, iv. inhabit, reside. (1) abitar. morar, (2) morar. 

k'uyul, nld. family, familia. 

'utzot ta ak'uyul. You have a good famUy. 

chanantaso ta sk'op Dios te ak*uyule. Teach your famUy the 

doctrine. 

k'ul (2) 

k*ulet, av. growl (stomach), make a din with mirthful or 

quarrelsome taUc. (1) bullicio hacer...43, (2) chacota 

tener, (3) estruendo hacer..., (4) parlar asi con 

alboroto, (5) rugir las tripas. 

k*ulet 'osU 'u'un, s:av & n5 + -n4d. excite a disturbance. 

alborotar. 

k'uletel, vn5. din of mirthful or quarrelsome taUc, discord, talk 

of many as m a cofradia. (1) alborotado, (2) bullicio 

43, (3) chacota, (4) diferentemente, (5) diferencia o 

discordia, (6) estruendo hacer..., (1) murmullo de 

gente, (S) parla, (9) cuestion conw...283. 

k'uUc'ul te', nphr(aj & n)5. drum, timbrel, adufe. atabal. 

k'ulub 

k'ulub, n5. locust (that is eaten), langosta grande. 

k'un 

k'un, aj. mildly (cure, rule, punish), softiy, tender, very tender, 

with a soft step. (1) callando. (2) dulcemente curar, 

regir castigar, (3) ternezuelo. (4) tierna cosa. 

k'un 'Uc', ajphr(aj & aj). tawny, lerdo. 

k'un 'isim, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. menstmation./Zore^'. 

k'un-tze'in, iv(aj & ivcpd). laugh softly, smile, reir un poco o 

sonreirse. 

k'un tzotzU, nphr(aj & n)4d. down, new bristies. boso. 

k'un tzoj, ajphr(aj & aj). rose-colored, rosado de color de rosa. 

k'un tzoj to, ajphr(aj & aj & pt). rose-colored, rosado.... 

k'un tzojtzoj, ajphr(aj & aj). tawny, leonado. 

k'un-kola'aj, iv(aj & ivcpd), change color or complexion, 

rebotarse el color o tez. 

k'un k'ixin, ajphr(aj & aj), lukewarm, tepid, tibia cosa. 

k'un k'ixin Ho', nphr:aj & aj & n5, warm water, entibiada asi. 

k'un-k*ixnaj, iv(aj & ivcpd), become lukewarm or tepid, 

entibiarse el agua fria. 

k*un-k*opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd), mutter, speak softiy, (1) hablar 

entre dientes. (2) hablar bajo. 

k'un k'opoj, vphr:aj & iv, speak softiy, hablar bajo. 

k'un-laj, iv(aj & ivcpd), be anxious, ctfligirse interiormente. 

k'un-lik ta muyel, vphr:tv(aj & tvcpd)- & qphr(prep & vn5), 

support sostener. 

k'un-Ut'om, aj(aj & ajcpd), tiptoeing, callando. 

k'un-Ut'ovaj, iv(aj & ivcpd), tiptoe stealthUy, paso a paso 

andar... . 

k'un-pUc, tv(aj & tvcpd). touch lightiy. tocar livianamente. 

k'un pik, vphr:aj & tv-. touch Ughtiy. tocar livianamente. 

k*un-putzan, aj(aj & P2 or T2cpd). soft RML—This could 

also be read k' un-putz an. muelle. cosa blanda. 

k*un sak, ajphr(aj & aj). tawny, lerdo. 

k*un sik, ajphr(aj & aj). cooled, entibiada cosa. 

k'un-sUcub, iv(aj & ivcpd). be refreshed, cool. (1) entibiarse 

la cosa caliente. (2) refrescar. 

k'un-sikub 'osil, s:iv(aj & ivcpd) & n5. cool off (weather). 

refrescar. 

k'un-takin, aj(aj & ajcpd). slightly dry. seco un poco. 

k*un to, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt tender, tierno maiz.... 

k*un-toy, tv(aj & tvcpd). support sostener. 

k'un tux-nok* chij, nphr:aj & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. 

merino wool, lana gruesa. 

k'un-vitz*et Ho', s:av(aj & avcpd) & n5. have dew faU. rociar 

el tiempo. 

k'un-yamaj, iv(aj & ivcpd). slacken. (1) entibiarse. (2) 

sosegarse de la enfermedad. del trabajo. 

k*un-yamaj 'a'i, vphr:s(iv<aj & ivcpd>) & tv[A=S of iv]. enjoy 

a respite from sickness or work, sosegarse de 

k'un-yamaj 'olonton, s:iv(aj & ivcpd) & -n4d. weaken in one's 

resolve, entibiarse en el proposito. 

k'un-yamajel, vn(aj & vncpd)5. coolness, slackness, entibiamiento o tibieza. 

k'un-yaman, aj(aj & 1, T2cpd). soft, very tender. (1) ablandar 

algo. (2) muelle, cosa blanda, (3) ternezuelo. 

k'un-yaman 'Uc', nphr:aj(aj & I, T2cpd) & n5. refreshing 

breeze, fresco, aire que aplace. 

k'un-yaman sUc, nphr:aj(aj & I, T2cpd) & n5. refreshing 

coolness as in the lowlands./no que aplace...141. 

k'un-yaman sikil Ho', nphr:aj(aj & I, T2cpd) & nphr(aj & n)5. 

cool v/ater. fresca agua asi. 

k'un-yamanU, n(aj & 1, T2cpd)4f respite from sickness or 

work, sosiego asi. 

k'unej, iv. become soft, ablandar se. 

k'unejes, tv. soften, ablandar algo. 

k'unij, iv. be moved to pity, become soft, melt (1) ablandar se, 

(2) enternecerse, (3) enternecido, (4) regalarse 
238 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

derritiendo. 

k'unijes, tv. soften, ablandar algo. 

k'unU, nib. tenderness, tepidness, weakness (of body). (1) 

enternecimiento, (2) flojedad del cuerpo 144, (3) 

ternura, tibieza asi. 

'ip jk'unU. I am very v^esk. flojedad del cuerpo 144. 

k'unU 'Uc', nphr(aj & n)5. light wind, viento librano. 

k'unU bakel, nphr(n4f of n5). gristie. ternilla entre hueso y 

carne. 

k'unU k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. politeness, mesura. 

k'unU xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. politeness, mesura. 

k'unU tux-nok* chij, nplir:aj & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. 

merino wool, lana gruesa. 

k'unU vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. weak person, flojo asi 144. 

k'unk'un, aj. gentiy, quietiy, soft, very tender. (1) bajo sin 

voces 39, (2) muelle, cosa blanda, (3) paso a quedo, (4) 

ternezuelo. 

k'unk'un 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be iU, become 

sick, adolescer, estar malo. 

k'unk'un no 'ox, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt & pt. gradually, poco a 

poco. 

k'unk'unuk no 'ox, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt & pt gradually, poco a 

poco. 

k'unuk, aj. gently, paso a quedo. 

toj k'un, ajphr:adv & aj. fluffed (bed), weak. (1) flojedad del 

cuerpo 144, (2) mollida cama. 

k'up 

k'upin, tv. covet, desfre, long for. (1) aver gana, (2) codiciar, 

(3) desear 82. 

k'upinej, n4d. object of one's desire, deseo que yo tengo 82. 

k*usi ak*upinej? What is it you desfre? 

k'upinel, vn4d. covetousness that one receives. (1) adolescer 

estar malo, (2) codicia con que soy codiciado, (3) deseo, 

pasion.. .82. 

k'upinvanej, vnld. covetousness, desfre that one feels, codicia 

con que codicio algo. 

k'ux (1) 

k'ux mak na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. bar across door to 

hinder entrance, tranca para apretar... . 

k'uxi, tv. tighten with a peg. tarugear asi o apretar asi. 

k'uxiabU, n4f peg for tightening or fastening, tarugo para 

apretar o ajustar algo. 

'ak' k'ux ba, cf 'ak' (2). 

k'ux (2) 

k'ux, tv. chew or gnaw (as clothes moths or mice eat clothing), 

eat (fresh corn, greens). (1) comer verdura, maiz fresco, 

(2) roer como... . 

k'ux 'e, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. clench one's teetii, scold. (1) 

regahar, (2) soportar. 

k'uxbaj, iv. eat (fresh corn, greens), comer verdura.... 

k'uxben ch'o, nphr(n4d of n5). hole gnawed by a mouse. 

roedura sehal que queda. 

k'uxbol, n5. food (fresh corn, greens), comida asi. 

k'ux-pok', agn(tv & ncpd). clotiies moth, polilla. 

k'ux (3) 

k'ux, aj, painful, smarting, escocer. 

k'ux 'a'i, vphr:aj & tv-. consider evil, fall in love, grieve, 

repent, value. (1) enanwrarse, (2) sabele mal o pesale 

algo. 

k'ux xka'i jpatan. I value my position, preciar o tener en 

mucho. 

k'ux xka'i kabtel. I value my position, preciar o.... 

toj k'ux xka'i, I value it highly, (1) estimar en mucho otra 

cosa, (2) preciar o... . 

k'ux 'e, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. toothache, doler la cabeza. 

k'ux 'olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be anxious, afligido. 

k'ux jol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. have a headache, tootiiache. (1) 

doler la cabeza, (2) dolor de cabeza, (3) escocer. 

k'uxey 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be enraged, aquella pasion...25. 

k'uxob 'olal ba, nphr:nphr(n of n)5 type -n4d. doleful, 

miserable, poor, wretched. RML—In colonial Tzeltal tiie 

ffrst noun is given as cuxub (Guzman, 1620:161), but the 

second vowel here is consistentiy o. (1) cuitado, (2) 

dolorido, (3) pobre. 

k'uxob 'olal ba, nphr:nphr(n4e of n) type n4d. misery, poverty, 

wretchedness. (1) miseria de pobreza, (2) pobreza. 

k'uxub 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. fall passionately in love, regret, 

repent. (1) apasionarse de amor, (2) pesarle, arrepentirse. 

k'uxubes, tv. please, hacer placer 165. 

k'uxubesbey 'olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. please, hacer 

placer 165. 

k'uxubin, tv. be benign or merciful, bereave, take pity on. (1) 

benignidad aver o piedad (2) clemencia tener, (3) 

compadecer, (4) duelo tener de alguno, (4) misericordia 

haber. 

k*uxubinon! Take pity on me! misericordia haber. 

k*uxubinel, vn4d. mercy or pity one receives. (1) compasion 

que se tiene de mi, (2) duelo de aquel..., (3) piedad o 

clemencia que recibo. 

k*uxubinvan, iv. have mercy, misericordia haber. 

k'uxubin vanej, vnld. benignity, clemency, compassion, grief 

or pity that one feels. (1) benignidad, (2) clemencia, (3) 

compadecimiento o compasion con que me compadezco, 

(4) duelo asi que tengo, (5) piedad o clemencia que 

hago. 

k'uxubtas, tv. hurt, please, hacer placer 165. 

xesk*uxubtas jjol. It gives me a headache, escocer. 

k'uxul, n4f pain, (1) escocer, (2) escocimiento. 

'ep xk'uxul xka'i. I am deeply in love, apasionarse de amor. 

'ip xk'uxul jjol. My head aches terribly, escocer. 

k'uxul 'olonton, nphr(n4f of n4d). love, passion, aquella 

pasion de amor 25. 

k'uxul 'osil, nphr(n4f of n5). anxiety, disfress. fatiga o 

afliccion interior o del anima. 

'ip xk'uxul 'osU xka'i avu'un. You distress me greatly. 

muerte cruel. 

k'uxul chamel, nphr(aj & vn)5. cmel death, muerte cruel. 
NUMBER 31 239 

k'uxul k'ak'al, nphr(n4f of n5). noon, si esta en el medio dia. 

k*uxul k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. questionmg under torture, "^k'uxul 

means Uie same as vokol. cuestion de tormento 282. 

mu xivay yu'un yipal k*uxul k*op. I can not sleep I am so 

fatigued by tiie torture, cuestion de tormento 282. 

jk'uxubinvanej, agn. benign or merciful person. (1) benigm, 

(2) misericordioso, piadoso, (3) piadoso. 

jk*uxul-'olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). person in love, apasionado 

de amor. 

'ip k*uxul jol, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -n4d). have a spUtting 

headache, escoaer. 

mo k'uxubinvan, vphr:neg & iv. be cmel or inhuman. 

ynhumano. 

k'uxk'ul 

k'uxk*ul, nle. gleaning, gleanmg of corn after harvest. (1) 

espigamiento, rebusco, (2) rebusca. (3) redrojo de 

mieses. 

xebat ta k'uxk'ul. I am going to glean corn, espigamiento. ... 

'ayon ta k'uxk'ul. I went to glean corn, espigamiento.... 

k'uxk'ulaj, iv. glean corn. (1) espigar, coger espigas, (2) 

rebuscar despues.... 

k'uxk'ulajel, vn5. gleaning, rebusca. 

k'uxk'ultay, tv. glean, espigar asi con acusativo. 

jk'uxk'ultay jchob (or) jk'uxk'ultay kixim. I am gleaning 

my corn, rebuscar despues.... 

k'uy 

k'uy. famUy, inhabit, reside, cf k'ul (1). 

la 

la, pt supposedly, they say. (1) disque 90, (2) que, dicen.... 

xtal la. They say he is coming, que, dicen.... 

mu la xtal. They say he is not coming, que, dicen.... 

mu la sk'an. They say he does not want it, que. dicen.... 

mu la 'oyuk. They say there isn't any. que, dicen.... 

Hech la. They say it's Uke tiiis. (1) disque 90, (2) que, 

dicen.... 

la k'opoj, vphr:adv & iv. speak graciously. RML—It is not 

clear whether this root should be read la or la'. I have 

grouped here entries Uiat seem to be related to the modern 

TzotzU roots, la (3), la'la', labal, and Ian (1). The 

sequence laan is often given as Ian. graciosamente 

hablar o decir. 

laaet, av. be at peace, be pacified. (1) aplacarse, (2) 

paciflcarse, (3) pacificada cosa. 

laaet 'osil, s:av & n5. calm (without wind), calma. 

laaet 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(av & n5) & tv. feel at peace, paz tener. 

xlaaet 'osU xka'i xicham. I wUl die in peace, 

laaet 'uch'el, s:av & -vn4f be refreshing (cold v/ater). fre sea 

agua asi. 

laaet xanav, vphr:av & iv. be at peace, paz tener. 

laaet xanbal, s:av & n5. peace, paz. 

laal, aj. abundant, abundancia. 

laal 'atU, cf 'at (1). 

laal 'il ba, vphr:adj & rv. be on good t&rms. familiarmente trata 

o habla. 

laal 'U ba chi'uk, vphr:aj & rv -i- -n4d. be on good terms with. 

familiaridad. 

laal 'k'U', cf 'it'. 

laal 'it'fr'ul, cf 'fr'. 

laal 'utzU, cf 'utz. 

laal 'utzU k'opoj, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n4d[S of iv]) & iv. be on 

good terms, familiarmente trata.... 

laal 'uxub, cf. 'uxub. 

laal bililul, cf bU (1). 

laal chi'in ta xanbal, vphr:aj & tv- & qphr(prep & n5). be 

weU-acquainted v^ith. familiar cosa. 

laal xexchi'inotik ta xanbal. He is weU-acquainted with us. 

laal Ch'aU, cf ch'a (1). 

laal ch'okU, cf. ch'ok. 

laal ch'ulul, cf ch'ul. 

laal kola'al 'e, cf kolo'. 

laal k'ak'al, cf k'ak'. 

laal k'opon ba, vphr:aj & rv. be on good terms witii. 

familiarmente trata... . 

laal k'ot ta na, vphr:aj & iv & qphr(prep & -n4d). be weU 

acquainted v^ith. familiaridad. 

laal potz'omal, cf. potz'. 

laal pukuk, cf puk (1). 

laal xuch*, cf xuch'. 

laal te'te'U, cf te'. 

laal tuil, cf tu (1). 

laal vayel 'a'i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & vn) & tv. fall asleep. 

adormecerse. 

laal *Hopolil, cf *Hop. 

laan, aj. milcUy (cure, rule, punish), soft, tame, temperate 

(cUmate), tame, tender, very tender. (1) amansar o 

reposar animal, (2) dulcemente curar, regir, castigar, 

(3) mansa cosa. (4) ternezuelo, (5) tierna cosa. 

laan 'osil, nphr(aj & n)5. mild cUmate. temple de tierra. 

laan 'osU yo' 'oy. It is a mild cUmate Uiere. 

laan juteb, ajphr:aj & num. be improved (health), mejorar en 

la dolencia. 

laan k'epel, ajphr(aj & aj). wiUi a mild climate, templada tierra. 

laan xanav, vphr:aj & iv. be at peace, paz tener. 

laan to, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt. slightiy dry. seco un poco. 

laan vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. polite person, mesurado. 

laanej, iv. be calm, merciful, or pacified, become tame, rest 

(patient). (1) amansar, (2) aplacarse, (3) clemencia 

tener, (4) paciflcarse, (5) reposar el enfermo, (6) 

sosegarse. 

laanej 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be reconciled, reconciliarse el 

amigo. 

elaanej kolonton ta stojol. I was reconciled wiUi him. 

laanej 'osil, s:iv & n5. refresh, refrescar. 

laanej 'u'un, vphriv + -n4d. be refreshed by. refrescar. 
240 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

lo'an xalaanej yu'un! Eat it, it wiU refresh you! 

laanejeb k'op, nphr(n4f of n5). league (among aUies). liga en 

amistades. 

laanejel, vn5. clemency, clemencia. 

laanejes, tv. appease, check a horse with a violent pull of the 

bridle, moderate (water or otiier cold material), pacify, 

soften (string in water), tame. (1) ablandar conw..., (2) 

amansar, (3) aplacarse, (4) sofrenar, (5) sosegar a 

otro, (6) templar el agua... . 

laanejesabU, n4f consolation, refreshment, refrigerio. 

laanejesabU k*ak'al, nphr(n4f of n5). respite from the heat. 

refrigerio. 

laanejesabU me'anajel, nphr(n4f of vn5). consolation in one's 

grief refrigerio. 

laanU, n4d. moderation, modesty, lameness, tenderness. (1) 

mansedumbre, (2) modestia, (3) templanza asi, (4) 

ternura. 

laanU 'olonton, nphr(n4f of n5). calmness, sosiego. 

laanU k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. politeness, mesura. 

laanU xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. poUteness. mesura. 

laanlaan 'a'i, vphr:aj & tv-. feel a respite from sickness or 

work, sosegarse de la enfermedad, del trabajo. 

jlaaetel, agn. peaceful person, pacifico, hacedor de paz. 

jlaal-vayel, agn(aj & vncpd). drowsy person, adormecido. 

jlaanesej-k'op, agn(vn & ncpd). mediator, medianero en 

amistad. 

la' 

la'uian, tv. brandish or shake (lance). RML—In modern Tzotzil 

this verb is appUed to shaking a tree, blaruiear, sacudir 

corrw lanza. 

lab 

lab-sati, tv(n & tvcpd). see visions, visiones ver asi. 

lab-satij, iv(n & ivcpd). see visions, visiones ver asi. 

lab satil, nphr(n of n)3d. vision (seen when awake), vision 

estando despierto. 

labaj, iv. be astonished at the price or beauty, or at tiie loyalty 

of someone, espantarse del precio.... 

elabaj. He marvelled at it maravillado. 

xalabaj yu'un yutzU snupel. You wiU be astonished by the 

beauty of the ceremony, solemnidad. 

labajel, vn5. heroic feat, marvel of the ceremony, mfracle. (1) 

hazaha, (2) maravilla, (3) milagro. 

labal, nld. maUce, roguery, wickedness. (1) abellacar 36, (2) 

maldad, (3) malicia. 

labal tz'i', nphr(n type n)5. dangerous or monstrous dog. (1) 

mal hombre, mal perro, (2) monstruo en la naturaleza 

230. 

labal k'op, nphr(n type n)5. dispute, cuestion como...283. 

labal vinik, nphr(n type n)5. evil person, monster. *(After 

labal) they put the thing that is monstrous, if it has six 

fingers or three eyes. (1) mal hombre..., (2) 

monstruo.. .230. 

laban, tv. be astonished at the price or beauty or at the loyalty 

of someone, be frightened by having seen or heard a 

mfracle. (1) espantarse del precio..., (2) milagros haber 

de ver 

xalaban slekil snupel. You will be astonished by tiie beauty 

of the ceremony, solemnidad. 

labanat, tv/pass/. be mfraculous. rrdlagroso. 

labanej, vn5. evil enchantment, maleficio, encantamiento. 

labanel, vn4b. heroic feat, grandeur, marvel, solemnity. (1) 

hazaha, (2) maravilla, (3) solemnidad. 

labanes, tv. vex. enhodar a alguno. 

labaney, tv/pass/. be grand or solemn, solemne cosa. 

labbey, dv. prefer. RML—This reading for -labey is suspect. 

preferir. 

labtas, tv. prefer, preferir. 

labtay, tv. bewitch. (1) encantar, (2) maleficiar. encantar. 

labtayvanej k'op, nphr(vn type n)5. evil enchantment, maleficio. encantamiento. 

jlabal-k'op, agn(aj & ncpd). person who speaks empty words. 

varw en palabras. 

jlabtayvanej, agn. bewiteher, enchanter. (1) encantador o 

hechizo, (2) maleficio. hacedor de tal. 

'ep labal, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. maUcious. malicioso. 

'ep labanel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. heroic, hazahoso. 

toj labajel, vphr:adv & -vn4d/pred/. grand, solemn, solemne 

cosa. 

toj labanat, vphr:adv & tv/pass/. heroic, hazahoso. 

lob, n5. bad or evil person or vision. (1) mal hombre.... (2) 

vision, la cosa que se ve o aparece. 

lob, aj. maUcious. malicioso. 

lob 'ut, vphr:aj & tv-. degrade, abellacar. 

lob neyut. He degraded me. 

lob-k'optay, tv(aj & tvcpd). gossip, ridicule, tattie. (1) 

chismear.... (2) rrwtejar. 

toj lob, ajphr:adv & aj. malicious, perverse, wicked. (1) 

malvado. (2) perverso. 

latz' 

latz', tv. insert in pile (board, book), meter entre otras 

cosas.... 

latz*atz*tik, aj. inserted in many places, metida cosa asi. 

latz'al, aj. inserted in pUe. metida cosa asi. 

latz'aUatz'al, n4f inserted in many places, metida cosa asi. 

latz*an, tv. insert, meterse asi. 

latz*apuy, tv. raise the poor or downbeaten, save by shielding. 

RML—^In colonial Tzeltal this appears as "librar 

poniendose en medio, llevar baxodel sobaco. sobar car" 

(Guzman, 1620:119, 122, 199). In modern TzotzU, 

latz'ap'in is to carry under one*s arm. (1) levantar al 

pobre o abatido. (2) librar poniendose en medio. 

latz*apuy ta lotz*op, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). carry a 

bundle under one*s arm. sobacar. 

latz*bil, pp. inserted in pile, metida cosa asi. 

latz*ey, tv^ass/. be inserted, meterse asi. 

latz'ob, n5. vise (of carpenter or sculptor), prensa como.... 

latz'obil, n4f vise, prensa conw.... 

laj (1) 
NUMBER 31 241 

laj, iv. be depopulated or devastated in war, die, end, fret (cloth, 

siUc), mm oneself, wear out (clothing). (1) acabarse o 

destruirse. (2) asolarse 33, (3) destruirse. (4) 

envejecerse la ropa. (5) gastarse, (6) perecer, (1) raerse 

el paho o seda. 

laj, iv. be dead, fretted, squandered or wasted. RML—The verb 

is in the past tense. (1) disiparse 89, (2) perecido, (3) 

rcdda osa. 

elaj xxen. He stabbed him many times, puhalada de herida. 

laj *a'i, vphr:aux & tv/subj/-. understand very weU. entender 

muy bien. 

mu xlaj ka'i. I did not understand very weU. entender no 

muy bien. 

laj 'a'i k'oplal, vphr:aux & tv/subj/ & -n4f be informed. 

RML—^The intransitive verb is in the past tense. 

ynformado 188. 

laj 'a'i tojol, vphr:aux & tv/subj/ & -n4d. be informed. 

RML—^The intransitive verb is in the past tense. 

ynformado 188. 

laj 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. make progress, spend. (1) gastar, (2) 

proceder, ir adelante en algun caso. 

'epon ta k'ulej 'ep xlaj ku'un. I have a large famUy, I spend 

a lot gasto.... 

laj 'u'un, vphr:iv -i- -n4d. squander. RML—The intransitive 

verb is in the past tense, disipar 89. 

laj tza, s:iv & -n4d. be obstmcted in some matter, hallarse 

atajado en algun negocio. 

laj ta taiv, vphr:iv + qphr(prep & n5). be frostbitten, elarse las 

cosas.... 

laj ta tojol, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4d). suffer for another's 

sins, lastar, pagar pecados. 

lajal, aj. small, (1) chico, (2) menuda cosa, (3) pequeho. 

lajal machal 'a'i, vphr:ajphr(aj & aj) & tv-, have low opinion 

of RML—In modem TzotzU, machet is to be haughty, 

estimar en poco. 

lajeb, n4f dregs, end, the last, (1) cabera, cosa postrera, (2) 

estremidad, (3) fin de cosa. (4) heve. (5) termino por fin. 

lajeb 'ayan 'u'un, vphr:n4f[S] & iv + -n4d, postpone, put last, 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, posponer. 

lajeb 'olon, nphr(n4f of n5). abyss, abismo. 

lajeb 'ut nphr(n4f of n4e). abyss, abismo. 

lajeb k'op, nphr(n4f of nld). end of negotiation, sentence 

(legal). (1) conclusion de esta manera. (2) sentencia. 

mo jtak' toj slajeb jk'op. In the end I don't want it. 

finalrmnte. 

mo jtak' jbatz'U xkal slajeb jk'op. In the end I say I don't 

v^ant it. firuilmente. 

Ha' slajeb k'op bi. That was the conclusion, finalmente. 

lajeb-xanav, iv(n & ivcpd). take a walk, pasearse, lugar. 

lajeb xanavebal, nphr(n of n)3d. maU, waUc. paseadero, lugar. 

lajeb xanbal, nphr(n of n)5. walk (of person who is taking a 

waUc), paso de el que se pasea. 

lajeb vino, nphr(n4f of n5). dregs, heve. 

lajebal, n3d. exhaustion, near death, agotamiento o acabamiento 12. 

lajebalon. I am nearly dead, rrwtlo estar, casi muerto 206. 

lajel, vn5, deatii, entfrely, (1) del todo. (2) muerte. (3) 

perecimiento. 

lajel, vn4f end. fin de cosa. 

lajel 'osU, nphr(aj of n)5. always, siempre. 

lajel bat, vphr:aj & iv. continent, tierra firme. 

lajel tz'ak-pati, vphr:aj & tv(tv & tvcpd)-. foUow to tiie end. 

seguir hasta el cabo. 

lajel tz'i'lej ta muUl, vphr:aj & iv & (]phr(prep & n5). become 

a hardened sinner. RML—^The verb is in the past tense. 

obstinar a otro 243. 

lajel cham, vphr:aj & iv. be absolutely dead. RML—^The verb 

is in the past tense, muerto del todo. 

lajel kola'aj, vphr:aj & iv. be persistently evil. RML—The 

verb is in the past tense, obstinado en mal 243, 

lajel pas, vphr:aj & tv-, do to the very end, hacer hasta el 

cabo 165, 

lajel to, qphr:-vn4f & pt just, sUghtly before. (1) ahora poco 

a. (2) aun ahora 22, (3) poco ha que fue 

lajeluk, vn5. entfrely. del todo. 

lajem, iv/stat/. used up, worn out. agotado. 

lajemal, n4f threads of tiireadbare cloth, rasa de paho raido 

o viejo 283, 

lajemal ve'el, nphr(n4f of vn5), leftovers, relieves. 

lajes, tv. destroy, devastate, make progress, pardon, waste, use 

up. (1) asolarse 33, (2) desperdiciar. (3) destruirse. (4) 

gastar. (5) proceder, ir adelante 

lajes mul ta tojol, vphr:tv & n4d[A] & qphr(prep & -n4d). 

accuse another falsely of one's own crime, mentir a 

otro.... 

lajes takiej, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. annul one's law. ley quitar 194. 

lajesbey k*oplal, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. sentence, sentenciar. 

lajesel bel nail, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n of n)5. prodigaUty. 

prodigalidad. 

jlajel, agn. dead person, mortal creature, (1) rrwrtal cosa que 

muere, (2) perecido. 

jlajesel bel na, agn:vn of nphr(n of n)cpd, prodigal person. 

prodigo. 

jlajesvanej, agn. squanderer, disipador 89. 

mo tojoluk laj, vphr:(iphr(neg & -n4f) & iv. be wasted. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, desperdiciar. 

mo tojoluk lajes, vphr:qphr(neg & -n40 & tv-. waste. (1) 

desperdiciar, (2) disipar 89. 

mu laj 'oy, vphr:neg & iv & pt perpetual, perpetua o continua 

cosa. 

ta lajeb, qphr:prep & -n4f in the end, finally. (1) a la postre, 

(2) en fin, (3) finalmente. 

laj (2) 

laj, tv. roughen grinding stone, picar muela.... 

laj-Hux, tv(tv & tvcpd). roughen grinding stone, picar 

muela.... 

lajulan, tv. roughen grinding stone, picar muela.... 
242 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

lajun 

lajun-vinUc, num(num & numcpd)5. two hundred, doscientos 

93. 

lajun-vinik 'ox-bok*, numphr: num (num & numcpd)5 of n(niim 

& nccpd)4f one tiiousand. rrul. 

lajun-vinUc 'ox-bok' ta ta'lej, nphr:numphr(n<num &numcpd> 

of n<num & nccpd>4f) & qphr(prep & n5). one mile. 

milla. 

lajuneb, num5. ten. dies. 

lajuneb 'ox-vinik, numphr:num of num(num & numcpd)4f 

fifty, cincuenta 72. 

lajuneb cha'-vinUc, numphr:num of num(num & numcpd)4f 

thfrty. treinta. 

lajuneb chan-vinUc, numphr:num of num(num & numcpd)4f 

seventy, setenta. 

lajunuk chan-vinik, numphr:num of num(num & numcpd)4f 

seventy, setenta. 

lajchaeb, num5. twelve, doce 93. 

lak' (1) 

lak', n4d. companion, compahero. 

lak'-nain ba, rv:tv(n & tvcpd) & rn4d. be a neighbor of, Uve 

in tiie same household with, vecino o cercam...34S. 

jlak'-nain jba jchi'uk Pedro. I am Peter's neighbor, 

lak'in, tv. accompany, acompahar. 

jlak'-na, agn(n & ncpd). member of the same household, 

neighbor, vecino o cercam...34S. 

jlak'-na ba, rn:agn(n & ncpd) & rn4d. be a neighbor of, Uve 

in tiie same household with, vecino o cercam.. .348. 

lak' (2) 

lak'u, tv. mend, remendar. 

jlak'uvanej, agn. mender, remendon. 

lam 

lam, n4f cream, fat of broth, nata. 

lam chitom, nphr(n4f of n5). bacon fat. pringue de torrezno. 

lam xanbal, nphr(n type n). peace, paz. 

lam xonobU, nphr(n4f of n3d). shoe witii thin sole and low 

heel, escarpin. 

lam tocmo, nphr(n4f of n5). bacon fat pringue. 

lam Ho', nphr(n4f of n5). seaweed, ova que nace en el agua. 

lamal, aj. calm, peaceful. (1) pacificada cosa, (2) pacifica 

cosa 252. 

lamal 'osU, nphr(aj & n)5. peacetime, pacifica cosa 252. 

lamallamal 'a'i, vphr:aj & tv. feel respite from sickness or 

work, sosegarse de la enfermedad del trabajo. 

lamal ton, nphr(aj & n)5. paved, enlozado. 

laman, tv. pave, enlozar. 

laman xamiti, vphr:tv & n5. lay a brick floor, solar, echar suelo 

a la casa. 

jlaman xamiti ta jna. I am paving my house with brick, 

lamanbil, pp. paved. RML—This entry is derived from the 

following, suelo de ladrillos. 

lamanbil xamit ta lumtik, s:pp/pred/ & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). 

brick floor, suelo de ladrillos. 

lamanbil ton, s:pp/pred/ & n5. paving, enlozado. 

lamanbil ton ta lumtik, s:pp/pred/ & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). 

stone floor, suelo de lajas. 

lamtzaj, iv, become peaceful. (1) paciflcarse, (2) pacificada 

cosa. 

lamtzajes, tv. reconcile, reconciliar a otros. 

lamtzan, tv, calm, make peace, pacify, (1) pacificar. (2) 

pacificar hacer paz. 

lamet ch'ail, s:av & n5, smoke, humear. 

jlamtzajel, agn. peace maker, pacifico, hacedor de paz. 

j-lomlom, num(num & nccpd)5. not folded (1 only), sencilla 

cosa, rw doblada. 

mu cha'-lomuk, vphr:neg & n(num & nccpd)/pred/. not folded. 

sencilla cosa.... 

lampara (Sp.) 

lampara, n5. lamp, lampara. 

lap 

lap, tv. mend petates, etc., by inserting straw as if weaving, 

put in a hole, put on shoes. (1) adobar petates..., (2) 

calcar, (3) meter la cosa en hoyo.... 

lap 'Uc'al pok', vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n)5. be in mouming. 

enlutarse. 

lap ba, rv. intmde. entremeterse en. 

lap k'ob ta k'u', vphr:tv & n4d[A] & (}phr(prep & n4d[A]), 

put one's hand over one's heart (inside one's shirt), meter 

la marw en el seno. 

jlap jk'ob. I put my arm in the sleeve. *(The same) for the 

foot in the shoe, the body in the tunic, meter la cosa en 

hoyo... . 

lap no ta aguja, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). thread a 

needle, enhila aguja. 

lapal, aj. inserted, metida cosa asi. 

lapal ta 'abnaltUc, vphr:aj/pred/ & ciphr(prep & n5). lying in 

ambush, emboscado. 

lapaptik, aj. inserted in many places, metida cosa asi. 

lapaptik 'ak*, vphr:aj & tv-. insert in many places, entremeter 

entre otras cosas. 

lapaptUc lok*es, vphr:aj & tv-. pick out entresacar. 

lapbil, pp. inserted, metida cosa asi. 

lapel, vn4d. insertion, metida cosa asi. 

lapot xonob, s:tv/pass/ & -n4d. shoed. herrada bestias. 

latin (Sp.) 

latin, aj. Latin, gramatica, arte de la lengua latina. 

chanob latin k*op, cf chan (1). 

le 

le, tv. hunt, casar 46. 

leav, iv. hunt (1) casa 46, (2) montear, cazar. 

leoj, n5. hunting. (1) casa conw...46, (2) monteria. 

xibat ta leoj. I am going hunting, casa conw.. .46. 

jle-'ub, agn(tv & ncpd). partridge dog. perdiguero perro. 

jle-kuich', agn(tv & ncpd). partridge dog. perdiguero. 

jleom, agn. hunter. (1) casador 46, (2) montero. 

leb (1) 

leb-tanibil ton tuluk', nphr:pp(x & tvcpd) & nphr(n4d of n5). 

eggs cooked on the coals. RML—This adjective is given 
NUMBER 31 243 

as lomtanibil. pan cocido sobre brasas. 

leb-tanibil vaj, nphr:pp(x & tvcpd) & n5. bread roasted on the 

coals, pan cocido sobre brasas. 

leblajet, av. shine, sparkle, relumbrar. 

leblajet 'osU, s:av & n5. flash (Ughtning). relampaguear. 

leblajetel, vn5. lightning, relampdgo. 

Hech sba chak te sleblajetel 'osUe (or) Hech yilel chak te 

sleblajetel 'osU (or) chak te 'oy xleblajet sba. It is lUce 

lightning, relampaguear. 

leblon 'osU, s:av & n5. flash (Ughtning). relampaguear. 

leblonet, av. shine, resplandecer. 

lebluj, av. shine, lucir, resplandecer 202, 

leb (2)-

leb, nla, bfrd net, red estendida para aves. 

leb UkU chij, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5, hunting net, red de 

casar. 

lebal 'ak', nphr(natt & n)5. hunting net. red estendida para 

aves. 

lebayab choy, nphr(n of n)5. fish trap, nasa par pescar. 

lech 

leche-chikin, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-eared, orejudo. 

lechlonet, av. flap one's ears (when they are so large they flap 

like leaves or when dogs shake thefr ears), orejudo. 

lecho-pat n(aj & ncpd)5. hut choca. 

lechob 'ak'al, nphr(n of n)4f. brazier, brasero. 

leche (Sp.) 

leche, n5. milk, leche. 

lechuga (Sp.) 

lechuga, n5. lettuce, leche. 

'alab lechuga, nphr(n4f of n5). young lettuce, lechuguino. 

bik'tal lechuga, nphr(aj & n)5. young lettuce, lechuguino. 

lek (1) 

lek, aj. elegant gallantiy, genteel, graceful, handsome, 

polished, poUtely, pretty. (1) dispuesto gentil hombre, 

(2) elegante, (3) galan. (4) galanamente, (5) gentilmente, 

(6) hermoso 169, (7) linda cosa. (8) pulida cosa 265. 

lek 'Uel, vphr:aj/pred/ + vn4f/3s/. pretty, linda cosa. 

lek 'oy, vphr:-n4f/^red/ & pt. fitting, proper, suitable. (1) 

propiamente. (2) propio oficio ser de alguno, (3) cuadrar 

0 venirle bien algo 278. 

lek pas, vphr:aj & tv-. polish, pulir 266. 

lek vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. handsome person, gentil hombre o 

mujer. 

lekil, nib. beauty, gallantry, gracefulness, handsomeness, 

polish, prettiness, subtiety. (1) disposicion asi, (2) gala 

0 galania, (3) gentileza asi, hermosura 169, (5) lindesa. 

(6) pulidesa 266, (7) sutileza 324. 

lekil k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. elegant talk, elegante platica. 

lekub, iv. become beautiful, hermosearse, hacerse hermoso 

169. 

mo lekuk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. ugly, fea cosa. 

mo lekuk xanbal, s:neg & aj/pred/ & n5. incontinence. 

yncontinencia 186. 

toj lek 'Uel, vphr:adv & aj/pred/ + vn4f/3s/. subtie. sutil cosa 

324. 

toj lek tzaibil pasel, s:adv & aj & pp/pred/ & -vn4f subtie. sutH 

cosa 324. 

Ha' te mo lekuk xanav, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & neg & aj & iv —). 

incontinent, yncontinente 186. 

lek (2) 

lek, tv. occupy. (1) ocupar lugar..., (2) huerta 343. 

lek 'u'un 'ekuk, vphr:tv- & -n4d & pt include person in an 

activity, hacer participante.. .165. 

lekbey, dv. occupy or confiscate another's property in a 

dispute, quitarle la hacienda.... 

lekbil, pp. foreign, occupied. (1) agena cosa 13, (2) ocupado 

asi. 

leknej tuk, nphr:n4d -i- n4d[P=P of lekenej]. one's own. propia 

cosa. 

lekoj, n4d. high position, jurisdiction, object occupied or 

owned, power, repartimiento, territory. (1) dignidad, (2) 

jurisdiccion, (3) mando..., (4) mio, cosa mia, (5) 

ocupada cosa, (6) poner aparte, (1) poseer, (8) 

repartimiento..., (9) territorio. 

jlekoj Ho'on ku'un. It is mine, mi cosa. 

slekoj. his thing, suyo, cosa suya 326. 

lekoj 'ak', vphr:n4f/3s/ & tv-. set apart, poner aparte. 

lekoj 'ekuk, vphr:n4f/3s//pred/ & pt. partner, parcionero. 

lekoj 'ojov, nphr(n4d of n5). king's or lord's attomey. fisco 

del Rey o Sehor. 

lekoj 'oy, vphr:n4f/3s//pred/ & pt. deserve, merecer. 

lekoj ba tuk, vphr:rn + n4d[S]. exempt exento 126. 

lekoj obispo, nphr(n4d of n5). episcopal, obispal cosa. 

lekoj tuk, vphr:-n4d + n4d[P of lekoj]. one's ov^n. propia cosa. 

lekoj tuk 'a'i, vphr:s(n4d[A]/pred/ + n4d[A]) & tv. be the 

owner, propietario. 

lekoj ve'el ta ju-jun k'ak'al, vphr:nphr(n4d/3s/ & n4d[A]) & 

tv & qphr(n<num & numcpd>) & n5. daily ration, racion 

de comida. 

lekoj vinik, nphr(n4f/3s/ & n5). foreigner, agena cosa 13. 

lekojlekoj, n4f by turns, distinctiy, separately. (1) apartados, 

cada uno por si, (2) a veces o cada uno por si 37. 

lekojlekoj 'ak', vphr:n4f/3s/ & tv-. set apart, pomr aparte. 

lekojlekoj ju-jun vinkUel, s:n4f/3s//pred/ & nphr(n<num & 

numcpd> & -n4d). Umb by limb, miembro a miembro. 

lekojlekoj k'opoj, vphr:n4f/3s/ & iv. explain, distinguir 

razones. 

lekojlekoj toj ve'el, vphr:n4f/3s/ & tv & n3d[A]. pay one's 

share, escotar. 

lekom 'ojov, nphr(n4d of n5). king's or lord's attorney./I^cc 

del Rey o Sehor. 

lekon, iv. win (inheritance, lottery). *There is no term for 

primogeniture, but Uiey say, "Ha' xlekon stz'omol spop 

stot," "He wins Uie stool, the petate of his father." If (Uiey 

draw lots) with straws they wUl say, "La'jlok'estik jobel 

much'uy van slok'esan te nate Ha' xlekonuk," "Come 

draw the straws, whoever takes the long one wins." (1) 
244 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

mayorazgo 205, (2) sortear o echar suertes. 

'ech' ta lekom, cf 'ech'. soltero o soltera. 

batz'i lekoj, cf batz'i. 

mu lekav, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. unmarried, soltero o soltera. 

mu lekav xanbal, nphr:neg & aj & n5. bachelorhood, 

spinsterhood. solteria de aquestos. 

toj lekoj, vphr:adv & -n4d/pred/. legitimate, legitima cosa por 

ley. 

lek' 

lek', tv. Uck (as when they suck a finger or lick a cup), taste. 

(1) chuchar..., cf chupar, (2) gustar, (3) lamer. 

lek*an! Taste it! gustar. 

lek*, n5. sense of taste, gusto, la potencia. 

lek' ni', vphr:tv & n4d[A]. lick one's lips, relamerse. 

lek' ti', vphr:tv & n4d[A]. lick one's lips, relamerse. 

lek'-ti'ijes, tv(tv & tvcpd). enrage, provocar a ira. 

lek'-ti'U, vn(tv & ncpd)ld. cmelty, fierceness, impatience, 

inhumanity. RML—Although les is given as frequentiy 

as lee, in colonial Tzeltal it is consistently the latter 

(Guzman, 1620:12, 33, 65, 71). (1) brava cosa, (2) 

crueldad, (3) ympaciente, no sufrido 185, (4) ynhumanidad 188. 

lek'-ti'il vinik, nphr:vn(tv & ncpd) type n5. cmel person, cruel. 

lek'-ti'ub, iv(tv & ncpd). become cmel or furious. RML—In 

colonial Tzeltal, -lectiub is "embrabecerse," "encrudelecerse" (Guzman, 1620:65, 71). (1) airarse, (2) encruelecerse. 

lek'el, vn4d. taste (as when we say he has good or bad taste). 

gusto de lo que es gustado. 

'ip lek'-ti'il, s:aj/pred/ & -vn(tv & ncpd)4d. fierce, impatient 

mercUess, quarrelsome. (1) brava cosa, (2) ympaciente, 

no sufrido 185, (3) ynhumanidad 188, (4) rencilloso 295. 

toj lek'-ti', vphr:adv & aj(tv & ncpd)/pred/. furious, airado. 

letania (Sp.) 

letania, n5. litany, letania. 

letra (Sp.) 

letra, n5. letter (of the alphabet), letra. 

lefratik, n5. inscription, letrero. 

lev 

lev sat, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. make a wry face (with one's eyes). 

visajes hacer.... 

lev ti', vphr:tv & n4d[A]. make a wry face (with one's mouth). 

visajes hacer 

Ii 

lUij, iv. faU (fmit, hair, leaves), sacudir. 

lUij 'e, s:iv & -n4d. have one's tooth fall out. mudar los dientes. 

lilij tzotzil jol, s:iv &. nphr(n4f of -n4d). have one's hair fall 

out. pelarse alguno... . 

lUin, tv. shake, sacudir. 

Ii' 

Ii', aj. here, tiiis. RML—This is given as Ii, lih, lihy, and liy. 

In modern Tzotzil, //' varies with //'/. (1) aca, (2) aqui, 

(3) este, esta, esto. 

li'ukot toe bat lajukon ta jna. Stay here whUe I go home. 

mientras. 

li'ukot toe xetal to, taval xital to. While you are here, I am 

coming, I am comuig soon, mientras. 

Ii' 'oye, vphr:aj & n5/pred/. It is here (pointing), helo aqui. 

Ii' k'alal Ii', vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & aj/pred/. this far, to here, 

untU. hasta aqiu. 

Ii' k'alal Ii' 'oyone. Until I am here, hasta cuando yo estoy. 

Ii' nakal Ii', vphr:aj & aj/pred/ & aj. It is here (pomting). helo 

aqui. 

Ii' tal, vphr:aj & iv. approach, come tiiis way. (1) hacia 

aca... 166, (2) hacia aca. me... 166. 

Ii' xtal xka'i. It seems he is coming this way. hacia aca, 

me...166. 

Ii' xtal xk'elav. I see him coming this way. hacia aca...166. 

Ii' to, ajphr(aj & pt). It is here (pomting), this, helo aqui. 

Ii' toe, ajphr(aj & pt). It is here (pointing), helo aqui. 

li'i, aj, cf Ii'. 

li'li' to, ajphr(aj & pt). recentiy (as when we say, "he died 

recentiy," "he married recently"), poco tiempo como.... 

Ha' Ii', vphr:n5/pred/ & aj. this, este, esta. esto. 

Ha' Ii' to, s:n5/pred/ & ajphr(aj & pt). this, este, esta, esto. 

libra (Sp.) 

libra, n5. pound, este. esta, esto. 

lich' 

lich*, tv. spread out, unfold, estender. desemvolver lo doblado. 

lich'anbU, pp. spread out, unfolded, tendida cosa asi o doblada. 

lich'bU, pp. spread out, unfolded, tendida.... 

lich'bU pok' ta xokomtik, s:pp/pred/ & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). 

waU hanging, manta de pared. 

lich'il, aj. hanging (said of a poor person, an orphan), spread 

out, unfolded. RML—The term for the latter two 

meanings is given as lechbil, but lichil occurs in colonial 

Tzeltal for tiie same entry (Guzman, 1620:205). (1) 

colgar, (2) colgado, (3) tendida... . 

lienzo (Sp.) 

lienzo, n5. linen, lienzo. 

lik 

lik, tv. carry or hold dangling. (1) colgado tener algo en la 

mano, (2) llevar algo colgado. 

lik, iv. be movable, begin, change residence, depart, move, 

take fright, withdraw. (1) apartarse, (2) asombrado 

correr o memarse 33, (3) comenzar. (4) mover se, (5) 

nwvible cosa, (6) mudar. (1) partirse del lugar. 

lik 'u'un, vplir:iv -i- -n4d. transplant trasponer plantas. 

lik 'u'un sacerdoteal, s:iv + n4d & n5. graduate (priest). 

graduar asi. 

lUc ch'utul, s:iv & n5. produce gas in the stomach (food). 

ventosa cosa.... 

lik petiuk, vphr:aux & aj/subj/. swell (boil, bmise). (1) 

hincharse a tolondrones, (2) roncharse o hacersele 

ronchas. 

lik ta, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & —). from, desdeta 78, cf desde. 

jayib k*ak*al sbelel Tzekil xltic ta Sotz' Leb? How many 

days (or) how far is Mexico City from Zinacantiin? *The 
NUMBER 31 245 

Indian speaks like this when we say, "from such and 

such to such and such,'* putting first xlik or likel and then 

ta; xlik ta Jobel or likel ta Jobel, from Zacatian (Ciudad 

Real). 

lik tok, s:iv & n5. cloud over, anublarse el tiempo. 

lik tuk, vphr:iv + n4d[S]. take the opportunity, ocasion tomar. 

lik t*elluk, vphr:aux & aj/pred/. swell (boUs). roncharse o.... 

lik vajluk, vphr:aux & aj/pred/. sweU (boils), roncharse o.... 

lik Ho', vplir:tv & n5. draw water from a weU. sacar agua del 

pozo. 

likan, tv. hang, colgar. 

likan ba, rv. commit oneself to another's protection, colgar. 

likanab, nlf place where object or person is hung, ahogar 

ahogado. 

likanabil, n4f place where object or person is hung, ahogar 

ahogado. 

likanbil, pp. hanging, hung, colgado. 

likanel ta ch'ojon, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & n5). strapado. 

RML—^This is the punishment of a criminal who is 

pulled up by his arms tied behind his back and allowed 

to fall without touching Uie ground, trato de cuerda. 

liktzaj, iv. be dammed up (water), be suspended and about to 

faU. (1) estancar. (2) parar o estancar. (3) tenerse 

colgado de algo.... 

liktzanabil, n4f price tag (sign Uiat purchase price has been 

agreed upon). *And this term may be applied to the ring 

or necklace that the groom gives to his bride to signify 

thefr agreement or betrothal, senal de cosa.... 

likey, tv/pass/. hang, colgar. 

likeb 'epal 'utzU vmik, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & aj & n)5. 

patriarch, patriarca. 

likeb tzitzo', nphr(n4f of n5). theme of a sermon, terrw de 

sernwn. 

likeb tz'ib, nphr(n4f of n5). paragraph, parrafo de escritura. 

likeb ch'ub, nphr(n4f of n5). foundation, foundation ditch. (1) 

cimiento 72, (2) fundamento asi, (3) fundar o asentar... . 

likeb k'op, nphr(n4f of n5). inu-oduction of a book or 

discussion, motive, paragraph, tiieme of a sermon. (1) 

yntroduccion de platica. (2) motivo, (3) parrafo de 

escritura, (4)principio de...,(5) tema de— 

likeb t'abbU k'op, nphr:n4f of nphr(pp & n)5. tiieme of a 

discussion, tema de sermon. 

likeb Hun, nphr(n4f of n5). introduction of a book, principio 

del libro. 

likebal, n3d. beginning, blood relationship, origin, original. (1) 

comienzo, (2) origen o principio. (3) original cosa, (4) 

parentesco por sangre, (5) principio, principal. 

likel, vn4d. departure, partida de el lugar o persona. 

likel, vn5. immediately. (1) momento de tiempo, (2) subita. 

ve'el la lUcel sk'an. The meal should be served immediately. 

likel 'oy, nphr(vn4f & pt). starting point, punto de partida. 

likel kajel, nphr(vn & vn)5. every few minutes, frequentiy. (1) 

a cada paso. (2) cada paso. 

likel kajel jnup. I meet him frequentiy, a cada paso. 

likel kajel sk'an ve'el. He wants to eat every few muiutes, 

nwmento de tiempo. 

likel kajel xiyUc', He calls me every few minutes, a cada 

paso. 

likel likel, nphr(vn & vn)5. frequentiy, a cada paso. 

likel likel jnup. I meet him frequentiy. a cada paso. 

likel ta 'olonton, nphr:vn5 of qphr(prep & -n4d). voluntarily, 

voluntariamente. 

likel t'abel, nphr(vn & vn)5. frequently, a cada paso. 

likel t'abel jnup. I meet him frequentiy. 

likes, tv. begin, change residence, do or use for the first time, 

found, move, persuade, provide the opportunity, remove, 

start a battie or a dispute, upset. (1) apartar algo, (2) 

comenzar algo, (3) estreruir, (4) fundar o principiar..., 

(5) mover asi, (6) mover del lugar, (1) mudar otra cosa, 

(8) ocasion dar, (9) quitar, apartar algo, (10) romper 

batalla, (11) trasegar, (12) trabar pelea o cuestion 340. 

Ho'ot alikes! It was you who started it! trabar pelea.. .340. 

likes ch'ub, vphr:tv & n5. set a foundation, fundar, poner 

fundamento.... 

likes j-tek lum, vphr:tv & nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. found 

a town, poblar pueblo de nuevo. 

likes k'eyoj, vphr:tv & n5. begin a song, intone, entonar, 

comenzar canto, 

likes ta 'ochel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). start a battie. 

romper batalla. 

lUcesabil, n4f. large wooden ladle, hataca para mecer. 

likesabil tz'ib, nphr(n4f of n5). paragraph, parra/o de escritura. 

lUcesabil k'op, nphr(n4f of n5). paragraph, parrafo de escritura. 

likesbU, pp. started. (1) provocado, (2) trabar pelea... . 

likesbU 'ox k'op ejta. I found that the dispute had afready 

started, trabar pelea.... 

lUcesbU ta 'U, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). provoked to 

anger, provocado asi. 

lUcil, aj. hung, ahogar ahogado. 

lUciUikil, n4f leaf by leaf, penca apenca. 

lUclUc tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. plumb bob, sounder for measuring 

depth of water. (1) plomo de albahil, (2) sonda para el 

sondo del agua. 

likob Ho', nphr(n of n)5. water bucket or jug. (1) herrada para 

sacar agua, (2) jarro. 

lUcobil, n4f handle, asa. 

lUcobil Ho', nphr(n4f of n5). water bucket, herrada para... . 

likoj, tv. carry or hold dangling. (1) colgado tener algo en la 

mano, (2) llevar algo colgado. 

jlikesej-'ub, agn(vn & ncpd). partridge dog. perdiguero perro. 

jlikesej-ch'ub, agn(vn & ncpd). person who lays a foundation. 

fundador tal. 

jlikesej-kuich', agn(vn & ncpd). partridge dog. perdiguero. 

jlikesvanej, agn. persuader, movedor asi. 

jlikvanej-mut, agn(vn & nepd). hunting bfrd (general term). 

pajaro casador o de rapina 252. 

j-lik, num(num & nccpd)5. bunch (bananas, dates, grapes). 
246 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

page, sheet of paper. (1) hoja de libro, (2) pile go de 

papel, (3) racinw de uvas, platanos, datiles 286. 

j-Uk 'anal lechuga, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of nphr(n4f of 

n5). lettuce leaf (counting), penca de bersa o lechuga. 

j-Uk chi, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. henequen fiber 

(countuig). hebra de hilo de maguey. 

j-Uk no, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. thread (counting). 

hebra de Mio. 

j-Ukel, num(num & nccpd)5. suddenly (1 only). (1) momento 

de tiempo, (2) subita cosa 

j-lUcel etal. He arrived suddenly, subita cosa. 

j-Ulel majel, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of vn5. blow (counting), porrada. 

j-lUcel majel ta chm te'. a cudgel blow, porrada, herida de 

orra. 

j-UklUc, num(num & nccpd)5. single (cabbage or lettuce leaf)(l 

only), penca de bersa... . 

'u'un lik ch'ut, cf 'u'un. 

ba'yi Ukes, cf ba (2). 

tey likel, nphr(n & vn)5. later. RML—This was given as 

teyliquel. despues. 

toj likel, qphr:adv & vn5. immediately, right away, suddenly. 

RML—^Perhaps this should be read as toj j-likel. (1) 

encontinente, (2) luego, (3) rebatada cosa o subitanea, 

(4) subita cosa. 

etal toj likel. It came so suddenly, subita cosa. 

toj lUcel echam. He died suddenly, rebatada cosa o 

subitanea. 

toj likel chamel, sudden deatii. subita cosa. 

toj likeluk, qphr:adv & vn5. immediately, encontinente. 

tojtoj lUcel, qphr:adv & vn5. precipitately, salir arrebatadamente. 

tojtoj lUcel xelok'. I am leaving precipitately, salir arrebatadamente. 

likok 

lUcokil, n3d. spittie. (1) baba 39, (2) escupitina que salen 

babas 125. 

'ip lUcok, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. drivelUng. baboso 39. 

lima (Sp.) 

lima, n5. file. lima. 

lin 

linlajet, av. pass by noisily (people). RML—^This is given as 

xtinlaghet. ruido hacer asi. 

linlajetel, vn5. sound made by people passing by. riddo de 

gente que pasa. 

linlonet, av. pass by noisily (people), ruido hacer asi. 

linlonetel, vn5. sound made by people passing by. ruido de 

gente.... 

*linko 

*linko vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. stupid person. RML—^This is given 

as tinco, but in colonial Tzeltal it is Unco (Guzman, 

1620:137). mostrenco. 

lino (Sp.) 

lino, n5. flax, linaza. 

bek' lino, cf bek'. 

lit' 

Ut'lonet, av. tiptoe stealtiiUy. paso a paso andar.... 

lit'ovaj, iv, tiptoe stealthily, paso a.... 

liv 

livet 'e ta tze'ej, s:av & -n4d & qphr(prep & n5), laugh, softiy, 

smile. RML—The affective verb is given as tivet and 

Gates gives tivivet ye ta tzeegh for "reirse mucho," 

(Gates, 1934b: 175). Nevertheless, my reading is supported by contemporary familiarity with the phrase as 

interpreted above, reir un poco o sonreirse. 

lo' (1) 

lo', tv. eat eggs or fmit (witiiout pits), comer fruta, huevos. 

lo'baj, iv. eat eggs or fmit, graze. (1) apacentarse. (2) comer 

fruta..., (3) pacer. 

lo'bajeb caballo, nphr(n4d of n5). stable, establo. 

lo'bajeb chij, nphr(n4d of n5). manger, pasture, stable. (1) 

pasto, lugar para pacer, (2) pesebre o pesobrera. 

lo'bajebal, n5. pasture, pasto, lugar.... 

lo'bajes, tv. tend grazing cattie. (1) apacentar. (2) pacer. (3) 

pensar bestias. 

lo'balal 'on, nphr(n4f of n5). avocado, madroho. 

lo'balal castUlan toj, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. piiion nut 

pihon. 

lo'balal toj, nphr(n4f of n5). pinon nut. pihon. 

lo'bol, n5. food as eggs or fmit fmit. (1) comida de esta 

manera. (2) fruta. generalmente. 

lo'bol chij, nphr(n4d of n5). daUy food given to horses, fodder. 

(1) yerva para bestias 183, (2) pasto comida de animales, 

(3) pienzo de bestia. 

lo'ob, n5. pasture.pai'/o, lugar... . 

lo'ob chij, nphr(n4d of n5). manger, pasture, stable, pasto, 

lugar... . 

lo'obtas, tv. feed cattie, tend grazing cattle. (1) apacentar, (2) 

dar de comer o apacentar el ganado 57, (3) pacer, (4) 

pensar bestias. 

lo'obtasbil chij, nphr(pp & n)5. grazing cattie. pensadas 

bestias. 

lo'ol, aj. ripped, torn. (1) rasgado, (2) rompida cosa. 

lo'ol k*u', nphr(aj & n)4d. ragged clotiiing. pahoso, vestido 

de remeruias. 

lo'olil, n4f rip, tear, resgadura. 

lo'oltik, aj. ripped or torn in many places, wounded. (1) 

llagado, (2) rasgado, (3) rompida cosa por muchas 

partes. 

lo'ov, iv. graze. (1) apacentarse, (2) pacer. 

jlo'bajesej, agn. herdsman, apacentador corrw pastor. 

jlo'obtasej tux-nok' chij, agn:vn of nphr(n<n & ncpd> type 

n)cpd. shepherd, ovejero que guarda ovejas. 

mo'yuk lo'el, s:nphr(contr of mo & 'oy & uk)/pred/ & -vn4f 

tasteless, dasabrida cosa. 

pamal lo'bol, cf pom. 

te'el lo'bol, cf te'. 

yaxal lo'bol chij, cf yox (1). 
NUMBER 31 247 

lo' (2) 

lo'lo', n5. gnat Uiat gets in one's eyes. RML—In modern 

Tzotzil Uiis is the halictine sweat bee. mosquito de 

unos.... 

lo' (3) 

lo'U, n5. amusement, leisure, recreation, solace, word game. 

(1) hologanza o pasatiempo, (2) juego de palabras. (3) 

pasatiempo, (4) recreacion. (5) solaz. pasatiempo. 

tanaon ta lo'il. Now I am diverting myself, recrearse. 

lo'U vinik, nphr(n type n)5, buffoon, dunce, nwdorro. 

lo'Uaj, iv. be merry, divert self, mock. (1) holgar. burlar. (2) 

recrearse. 

lo'Uajel, vn5, solace, solaz. 

lo'Utay, tv. divert, recrear a otro. 

lo'lo k*op, nphr(n type n)5, amusement, fable, (1) conseja, (2) 

pasatiempo. 

tanaon ta lo'lo k'op. I am diverting myself now. pasar 

tiempo. 

lo'lo-k'opojebal, n(n & ncpd)5, stone bench against a wall. 

poyo para sentarse. 

lo'lo vinik, nphr(n type n)5. buffoon, truan. 

lo'loy, tv. deceive person about Uie price of something. 

engahar en el precio. 

lo'loyel, vn4f buffoonery, truaneria. 

lo'loyvan, iv. reseU. regatear 288. 

jlo'lo-k*op, agn(n & ncpd). witty person, donoso asi. 

jlo'loyel, agn. person deceived by others, engahado que otros 

lo engahan. 

jlo'loyvanej, agn. huckster. (1) regaton, el que revende 288, 

(2) regaton. 

'utzU lo'lo k*op, cf 'utz. 

muU lo'lo k'op, cf mu (1). 

ta lo'loyel, qphr:prep & vn5. deceitfuUy. engahosamente asi. 

ta lo'loyvanej, qphr:prep & vn5. deceitfuUy. engahosamente 

asi. 

lob 

lob. bad, degrade, maUcious, perverse, wicked, cf lab. 

lotz 

j-lotz, num(num & nccpd)5. bundle of stitched pages, heap, 

pile. (1) cuaderno 278, (2) rima o rimero. 

j-lotz sakU Hun, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of nphr(aj & n)5. 

ream, resma 300. 

lotz' 

lotz', tv. cut (with two things, as scissors or as they cut the 

thateh of thefr houses with an axe and a stick), puU wiUi 

pliers. (1) (rfeitar a tijera, (2) cortar con dos cosas..., 

(3) tenazear con tenazas. 

lotz', iv. shinny, gatear. 

lotz' tzotzil, vphr:tv & -n4e, shear woolen stuff tundir paho. 

lotz'bey tzotzil, vphr:-dv & n4e[B], shear woolen stuff tundir 

paho. 

lotz'lotz', aj. narrow, estrecha cosa. 

lotz'ob 'ok'U, nphr(n of n)5. gag. nwrdaza. 

lotz'ob Hun, nphr(n of n)5. paper cUp. mordaza. 

lotz'ob te', nphr(n of n)4d, hobble (for horses, ete.). tranco de 

bestia. 

lotz'obil, n4f pliers, tenazas. 

lotz'oj, tv, cut with scissors, etc, cortar con.... 

lotz'ol, aj, narrow (plot of land between cliffs, region wiUi 

many ravines, rcxim, valley), (1) estrecha cosa. (2) 

estrecha tierra, (3) valles muchos.... 

lotz'om, n5. person who shinnies up or down tree, gateador 

que asi 

lotz'opil, n3d. armpit sobaco. 

lotz'tay, tv. shinny up or down tree, gateando subir o bajar. 

jlotz'el, agn. person who shinnies up or down a tree, gateador 

que asi.... 

ta lotz'el kuch ba, vphr:qphr(prep & vn5) & rv. mount (mating 

animals, dogs, horses), saltar el animal macho.... 

loch' 

loch'ol voy, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. cloven-footed, pati-hendido en 

dos partes. 

lok 

loklaj chauk, s:av & n5, thunder. RML—^The verb in this and 

the foUowing entry were given with an initial "t** rather 

than an "I,** but in modem TzotzU, -loklaj means to blaze. 

retrorwr. 

loklajet, av. thunder, retronar. 

loklon 'olonton, s:av & -n4d. seethe with anger, encenderse 

de ira. 

loklonet, av. roar (ffre, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean). (1) 

hervir. (2) herviente cosa. (3) hervir a borbollones.... 

(4) ruido hacer la agua... . 

lokom 

lokom jkotz, nphr(n4d of n5). rooster's dewlap, papada de 

gallo. 

lok' 

lok', tv. fill another's role, free captive or prisoner, look like 

(one's father or motiier), obligate self to or for another, 

pay one*s debts in fuU, stand as guarantor. (1) liberies. 

(2) obligarse por otro o para otro. (3) redimir al cautivo 

o encarcelado, (4) satisfacer por la deuda, (5) soltar 

prision. 

jlok' jtot I look like my father, remedar al padre.... 

Ho'on jlok*. I am standing as guarantor, fiador salir por 

alguno. 

lok*, iv. absent one*s self, be divided into parts (rosary, sermon, 

talk), be reduced to (as, "all the commandments are 

reduced to this," "everything that has been said can be 

reduced to this," bud, depart, flow out witiiout bubbles, 

go out, leave, sprout (1) manar sin borbollones, (2) 

partiese el sermon..., (3) pasar como decimos..., (4) 

reventar la simiente 287, (5) reducir, (6) salir, (1) suplir 

por otro. 

'ox-'ech'el xlok' te yotol cuentase. The rosary is divided 

into three parts, partiese el sermon.... 

'ox-tek xlok' te penitencia. The penance is divided in three 

parts, partiese el sermon.... 
248 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

cha'-tek xlok'. It is divided m two parts, dividirse conw la 

platica.... 

cha'-vok' xlok'. They are divided mto two groups, dividirse 

como 

lok', iv. be lucky. RML—The verb is m tiie past tense, suerte 

caer sobre alguno. 

lok' 'oy, vphr:iv & pt, be lucky, *When tiiey close thefr fist 

so that the other wiU say where the object is, (he says): 

"'alok'usi IV? lok'an 'oy!" "Say what this is? Be lucky!" 

This was the only way they had to cast lots, but now if 

they want to cast lots with straws or strings they say: "la' 

jtastik jobel lok'ukotik 'oy!" "Come, let's take tiie sfraws 

(to see) if we are lucky!" And if they put the names of 

each one: "la' kak'betik lok'ukotik 'oy!" "Come, give 

them out (to see) if we are lucky!" RML—The verb is 

in Uie past tense, suertes echar. 

lok* ba, rv. cast or draw lots, suertes echar. 

la' jlok' jbatik! Come, let's cast lots! 

lok* chik', s:iv & -n4d. sweat, sudar. 

lok' ch'ich'el 'U, vphr:s(iv &. n4d[A of tv]) & tv. have 

menstmal period, menstruo padecer. 

lok' k'exbon, s:iv & -n4f sprout (plant), nacer la planta. 

lok* k'uk'um, s:iv & -n4e. fledge. (1) emplumecer, (2) 

emplumecido. 

lok' pat, s:iv & -n4d. become hunchbacked, corcobado 

hacerse. 

lok' ta 'ik'al pok', vphr:iv & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). 

remove mourning clothes, luto quitar. 

lok' takiej, s:iv & -vn4d. establish, establecer. 

lok' talel, vphr:iv & dr. arrive, arribar, como.... 

lok'-te', vn(tv & ncpd)5. lumbering, yr por madera 190. 

xibat ta lok'-te'. I am going to get lumber, 

lok' te'el, s:iv & -n4f sprout (when partly grown). (1) tallescer, 

(2) talluda cosa asi. 

lok* yo' 'oy, vphr:iv & pt & pt. be advantageous or profitable. 

provecho yprovechoso. 

'ep xlok* yo' 'oy ku'un. It wUl be very advantageous for me. 

'oy k'usitik xlok' yo' 'oy. There are profitable things, 

k'usi xlok' yo' 'oy avu'un? What advantage is it to you? 

lok'bey, dv. look like, resemble, remedar el padre.... 

jlok'bey sba jtot. I have my fatiier's face, 

jlok'bey sk'op jme'. I have my mother's way of talking, 

slok'bey sba sme'. He has his mother's face, 

lok'bey ba, rdv. resemble, semejarse o parecerse.... 

slok'bey sba ta sba (or) slok'bey sba ta ssat He has the 

same face, 

lok'bil tonU, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. castrated, capado. 

lok'tzaj, iv. become level (vaUey). allanarse. 

lok'eb, n4f completion, end, exit, spring. (1) estremidad, (2) 

manadero o manantial, (3) salida, (4) salida o fin de 

negocio. 

lok'eb 'a'iel, npiir(n4f of n4f). sewer, albahar. 

lok'eb 'aboltayeb Hun, nphr:n4f of nphr(n type n)5. order of 

merciful acts that the Audience performs, libramiento 

de mercedes 

lok'eb •ek*el, nphr(n4f of n5). copper vein, mimro de cobre. 

lok*eb ch*aU, nphr(n4f of n5). chimney, chimney shaft, humero 

o chimenea. 

lok*eb k'ak*al, nphr(n5 of n5), east, oriente. 

lok'eb k'ak'al, nphr(n4f of n5), east, sunrise, (1) levante, 

oriental parte, (2) oriente, (3) salida del sol. 

lok'eb k*anal tak*in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. gold vein, 

minero de oro. 

lok*eb sakil tak*in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. silver vein, 

minero de plata. 

lok'eb ton, nphr(n4f of n5), quarry, pedrera. 

lok'eb Ho', nphr(n4f of n5), fountain, pipe, sewer. (1) albahal, 

(2) caho, cahal, (3) fuente, manantial. 

lok*el, vn5. appearance of plants or grass, entfrely, exit, surety. 

(1) del todo, (2) fianza asi, (3) nacimiento de plantas, 

yerbas, salida. 

lok*el, vn4f payment of debt satisfaccion de la deuda. 

lok'el tz*ak-pati, vphr:vn5 & tv(aj & tvcpd)-. foUow to tiie 

very end. seguir hasta el cabo. 

lok'el pas, vphr:vn5 & tv-. do to the very end. hacer hasta el 

cabo 165. 

lok'eluk, vn5. entfrely. del todo. 

lok'es, tv. deprive of office, free (captive or prisoner), remove, 

take out, throw out (1) echar fuera, (2) libertar, (3) 

privar, quitar de oficio, quitar, apartar algo, (5) redimir 

al cautivo o encarcelado, (6) sacar, (1) soltar de prision. 

lok'es 'ak'lel, vphr:tv & -n4f. trim a wick, despabilar, cf 

despabitar. 

lok'es ba, rv. go out, leave, salir. 

lok'es chikin, vphr:tv & n5. cut off one's ear. desorejar. 

lok*es k*eyoj, vphr:tv & n5. begin a song, intone, entonar, 

comenzar canto. 

lok'es k*op, vphr:tv & n5. respond to enigmatic questions or 

signs, responder a argumentos enigmas. 

lok'es ta ti', vplir:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). pronounce. 

pronunciar. 

lok'es tonil, vphr:tv & -n4d. casfrate. capar. 

lok'esab ton, nphr(n of n)5. quarry, camera. 

lok'esabil p'olmal Hun, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5) type n5. order 

of payment for property, libramiento de hacienda. 

lok'esabil tak'in, nphr(n4f of n5). debenture, order of payment 

libramiento de dineros. 

lok'esbey, dv, take away from, quitar algo a otro. 

lok'esbey 'ak'lel candela, vphr:dv & nphr(n4f of n5[=B]), trim 

a wick, despabilar. 

lok'esbey 'etel, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. remove a seal from, sello 

quitar. 

lok*esbey 'olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B], please, hacer placer 

165. 

lok'esbey ch'ich'el, vphr:-dv & n4d[B], bleed, sangrar. 

lok'esbey k'ob, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. pmne, podar. 

lok'esbey ta jotz'-k*optayel, vplir:-dv & qphr(prep & vn<tv & 

tvcpd>5), extract information by indfrect questioning and 
NUMBER 31 249 

close examination, sacar la cosa 

lok'esbil, pp. removed, taken out. sacado. 

lok*esej-te', vn(vn & ncpd)5. lumbering, yr por madera 190. 

xibat ta lok*esej-te'. I am going to get lumber, 

lok*esvanej ta ti'il, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & n5), pronunciation, 

pronunciacion. 

lok'lok'es, tv. take a littie ways outside, sacar un poco fuera. 

lok*ob, nld. example, unage, representation. (1) ejemplo o 

dechado...136, (2) ejemplo 136, (3) figura, (4) ymagen 

184, (5) representacion. 

lok*ob-ba, n(n & rncpd)Id. painting on aboard, statue, retablo. 

slok*ob ba kajvaltUc. painting of Our Lord. 

slok*ob ba San Pedro, painting of St, Peter. 

lok*ob-ba kotol 'osU, nphr:n(n & mcpd)4f of nphr(n4f of n5). 

world map. mapa del mundo. 

lok'ob-ba rey, nphr:n(n & rncpd)4d of n5. viceroy, virrey. 

lok'ob-bail, n(n & rncpd)3d. image, printing on a board. (1) 

figura con rostro, (2) ymagen 184, (3) retablo. 

lok'ob-bail sancto padre, nphr:n(n & mcpd)4d of nphr(aj & 

n)5, p^a l legate, legado del Papa. 

lok*ob k*op, nphr(n of n)ld, hostage, rehen. 

slok'ob k*op yojov Francia, The king of France (gave us) 

hostages, rehenes dar. 

lok'ob-k*optay, tv(n & tvcpd), give hostages, rehenes dar. 

lok*ob-k*optayel, vn(n & vncpd)4d. giving of hostages. 

rehenes dar. 

slok*ob-k*optayel srey Francia. The king of France gave 

(us) hostages. 

lok*obil, n3d. figure, model. (1) figura, (2) muestra, dechado. 

lok*ol, n4d. figure, substitute, successor, vicar. (1) figura, (2) 

susesor 324, (3) suplir por otro, (4) vicario que tiene 

veces de otro. 

lok'ol, aj. removed, taken out. sacado. 

lok*ol papa, nphr(n4d of n5). papal legate, legado del Papa. 

lok*om, n5. banner, ensign, flag, motto, standard. (1) divisa 

89, (2) estandarte, (3) ynsignias como bandera 188, (4) 

pendon, (5) bandera 345. 

lok*om pok*, nphr(n type n)5. flag. (1) pendon, (2) bandera 

345. 

lok'omU, n3d. pendant, pendon. 

lok'tay, tv. copy, falsify, forge, imitate (writing, work), obligate 

self to or for another, represent, stand as guarantor, 

franslate. (1) falsear o contra hacer, (2) obligarse por 

otro o para otro, (3) remedar, (4) representar, (5) sacar 

trasladando..., (6) traducir de.... 

jlok'tay ta *atz*am. I am debasing it with salt, falsear o.... 

jlok*tay ta ton. I am debasing it with rocks, falsear o.... 

Ho'on jlok*tay. I stand as guarantor, fiador salir por alguno. 

lok'tayab, n4f example, ejemplo o dechado de donde sacamos 

136, 

lok'tayabU, n4f model, representation, (1) dechado, (2) 

representacion. 

lok'taybey, dv. copy or imitate (writing, work), remedar. 

lok'taybil, pp. painted (portrait), ymaginar, pensar 184. 

lok'tayel, vn4f forgery, falsedad asi. 

lok'tayvanej, vn5. security,//anza asi. 

lok'uk talel ta 'olonton, vphr:iv/subj/ & dr & qphr(prep & 

-n4d). voluntarUy. voluntariamente. 

lok'vanej, vn5. payment of debt, security. (1) fianza asi, (2) 

satisfaccion de la deuda. 

jlok'esej-k'eyoj, agn(vn & ncpd). intoner, person who begins 

song, entonador. 

jlok'esej-ton, agn(vn & ncpd). quarrier. pedrero que las corta 

o labra. 

jlok'tay, agn. deputy, substitote. sustituto ser 324, 

jlok'tay-alcalde, agn(tv & ncpd), deputy alcalde, sustituto ser 

324. 

jlok'tay-obispo, agn(tv & ncpd). deputy bishop, sustituto ser 

324. 

jlok'tay vanej, agn. guarantor. ^ad<9r de la persona. 

jlok*vanej, agn. guarantor, liberator. (1) fiador de la persona, 

(2) libertador asi. 

lom (1) 

lom, tv. make sink, abajar otra cosa asi. 

jlom ta k'atin-bak te 'antze. I wUl make the woman sink into 

HeU. 

lom, iv. settie (ground), sink (ground when stepped on, basket, 

tmnk, or oUier soft object when sat upon). (1) abajar 

corrw..., (2) hundirse, abajarse.... 

lom, aj. dented, depressed, sunken, huruiida cosa asi. 

lom ta tek'el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). cram, kick, make 

sink underfoot molest greatly, trample under-foot, weigh 

down. (1) acosar o pasar mucho, (2) hollar mucho..., 

(3) recalcar, (4) rehollar. 

xajlom ta tek'el. I wUl molest you greatiy. acosar o.... 

lom-tek'bU, pp(aj & tvcpd). pestered, acosado asi. 

lom-tek'bilon yu'un. He pesters me (with frequent visits to 

ask or demand something). 

lombil ta tek'el, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & vn5). greatiy 

molested, acosado asi. 

lomtzaj, iv. become dented, form a plain in a hilly region, settie 

(ground), sink (ground, basket ete,), (1) abajar conw..., 

(2) hundirse abajarse..., (3) hundirse, abollarse cosa 

dura, (4) quebrada rw.... 

lomtzan, tv, make smk, abajar como.... 

lomtz'in, tv, make settie (ground). RML—In colonial Tzeltal, 

xlomtzigh is "bajarse" (Gates, 1934b:97). In modern 

Tzeltal of Bachajon, lomts'ijel is "hendirse (tierra)" 

(Slocum and Gerdel, 1965:157). abajar conw 

lomtz'inbey sat, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. put person's eye out 

RML—In colonial Tzeltal, lomtzin zcit is "entortecer" 

(Gates, 1934b:97). entuertecer o quebrar el ojo a otro 

118. 

lomes, tv. make sink, abajar otra.... 

lomlajet, av. make noise waUcing. RML—This is given as 

xlumlaghet. ruido hacer asi. 

lomlajetel, vn5. noise of people passing by. ruido de gente que 
250 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

pasa. 

lomlej, n4f plain, shaUow valley, shaUowness. (1) allanarse, 

(2) cuesta por la ladera, (3) quebrada rw...,(4) somera 

cosa. 

slomlej batel, towards tiie vaUey, cuesta por.... 

lomlom, aj. pitted (house floor), sUghtiy dented, depressed or 

sunken (valleys). (1) hundida cosa asi..., (2) somera 

cosa, (3) sumida cosa u.... 

lomlomtUc k'opoj, vphr:aj & iv. speak abusively, acosar o.... 

(lomlomttic xk'opoj) Ha' te mo 'oyuk stojol k'op xtal 

yalbeone. (He speaks abusively.) He does not come to 

me with poUte speech, 

mu lomlomtikuk k'opojan! Do not speak abusively! 

lomol, aj. dented, depressed, sunken, hundida cosa asi.... 

lomoUomol, aj. slightly dented, depressed or sunken, hundida 

cosa asi.... 

lomomet, av. sink (ground underfoot, basket, etc.). hundirse, 

abajarse... . 

lomomtik, aj. dented or sunken in many places, huruiida cosa 

asi. 

lom (2) 

lom. simple, cf. lam. 

longaniza (Sp.) 

longaniza, n5. sausage, longaniza. 

lot 

lot n5. Ue, slander. (1) calumnia, (2) mentira. 

lot k'op, nphr(n type n)5. witty saying, donaire. 

lotbey k'op, vphr:-dv & n5. slander, testify falsely against 

person. (1) calumniar algo, (2) mentir a otro levantandole testimonio. 

lotoj, iv. lie, slander. (1) calumniar, (2) mentir. 

lotoj ba, rv. join together (two or Uiree objects, people, 

animals).y^n/ar^'e dos o tres.... 

lotol, aj. in a group, juntada cosa asi. 

j-lot, num(num & nccpd)5. group of two, Uiree or four, un par. 

jlot-k'op, agn(tv & n5). slanderer, calumniador. 

j-lotol, num(num & nccpd)5. group of two, three or four, un 

par. 

*lu 

*lu, iv. abandon one's town, depopulate. RML—^Perhaps this 

should be read lid? as seen in lub (2). despoblar, dejar 

sitio de pueblo. 

Iu' 

lu'U, n3d. vagina, miembro de muger.... 

lub (1) 

lub, iv. become tfred. cansarse. 

lubes, tv. tfre out (in pursuit). (1) acosar cansando algo, (2) 

cansar a otro. 

lub (2) 

lub tzotzil jol, s:iv & nphr(n4f of -n4d). have one's hafr fall 

out. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, xluub and lubagh are 

"caerseel cabello" (Gates, 1934b:99). In modern Tzeltal 

of Bachajon, lubajtesel is "dejar caer" (Slocum and 

Gerdel, 1965:157). pelarse alguno cayendosele los 

cabellos. 

lutz' 

lutz', tv. cover with clotii or clothmg. (1) abrigar cubriendo 

con manta, (2) cobijar con ropa. 

lutz'obU 'unen, nphr(n4f of n5). diapers, pahales para criar 

muchachos. 

lutz'oj, n4d. object being covered with cloth, cobijar o 

cubrir... . 

lutz'oj k'ob, vphr:tv & n4d[A] with one*s arms crossed (in 

idleness), meter la mano— 

Inch 

luch, tv. embroider (witii needle or weaving), remove chiggers, 

mites, or tiiorn from one*s flesh. (1) bordar, (2) sacar 

niguas... . 

luch, n5. embroidery, labrandero... . 

luch 'e, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. pick one's teeth, mondar dientes. 

luchbU pok', nphr(pp & n)5. embroidered cloth, manta 

labrada. 

luchbU ti' k'u'ul, nphr:pp & nphr(n of n)5. clothing wiUi 

embroidered hem. orilla verduda. 

luchiabil 'eal, nphr(n4f of n3d). toothpick, monda dientes. 

luchoj, iv. embroider (with needle or weaving). (1) bordar, (2) 

labrar de aguja o tejiendo. 

luchojel, vn5. embroidery, bordadura. 

luchomaj, iv. embroider (with needle or weaving), labrar 

de.... 

luchomajel, vn5. embroidery, labrandero o 

luchul, n4f embroidery, bordadura. 

jluch, agn. embroiderer, bordador. 

jluchojel, agn. embroiderer, bordador. 

jluchomajel, agn. embroiderer, labrandero o 

luk 

luk, tv. reap wheat segar las mieses. 

lukbaj, iv. fish with hook or pole, pescar con anzuelo o vara. 

lukbay, tv. catch with a hook, hook. (1) gancho de pastor 

u..., (2) tomar con anzuelo. 

lukbay choy, vphr:tv & n5. fish with a hook, pescar con 

anzuelo... . 

lukbay ta julel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). baste, hilbanar 

lo que se ha de coser. 

lukbayabil, n4f basting, hilbanadura. 

lukbayabil 'ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). sickle, hoz para regar. 

lukbayabil bek'et, nphr(n4f of n5). meat hook, garfio para 

sacar carne. 

lukbayabil choy, nphr(n4f of n5). fishing Une. sedal para 

pescar. 

lukbayabil jobel, nphr(n4f of n5). sickle, hoz par regar. 

lukbaybU ta julel, vphr:pp/pred/ & ciphr(prep & vn5). basted. 

hilbanado. 

lukbayej-choy, vn(tv & ncpd)4d. fishing with a hook or pole. 

pesca de esta nuinera. 

lukib, iv. become one-eyed. RML—^This is given in Uie past 

tense, entortecido asi. 
NUMBER 31 251 

lukibel, vn5. one-eyedness. entortecimiento asi. 

lukluk, aj. crooked, one-eyed. (1) entortecido asi, (2) tuerta 

cosa, rw derecha. 

lukluk e'ayan. He became one-eyed, entortecido asi. 

luklukU, n4d. one-eyedness. entortecimiento asi. 

lukuch tak'in, nphr(n type n)5. metal hook. (1) gancho de..., 

(2) garfio. 

lukuch te', nphr(n type n)5, wooden hook, shepherd*s crook. 

gancho de 

lukuchtay, tv. hook, gancho de.... 

lukum, nle. worm, lombriz. 

lukum choy, nphr(n of n)5. fishing with a hook, pesca de esta 

manera. 

xebat te lukum choy. I am going fishing, 

lukum tak*in, nphr(n type n)5. fishhook, ansuelo. 

lukunel *ok, nphr(vn4f of n4d). trip in a v^estUng mateh. 

traspie en la lucha. 

lukuntabey 'ok*, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. trip, traspie en la lucha. 

jlukvanej, agn. reaper, segador. 

lum (1) 

lum, nle. land, plot of land. RML—Inan. poss. may be either 

slumal or slumil. (1) terruho, (2) tierra. 

lum ch*ameb k*ok', nphr:n of nphr(n of n)5. sulphur, sure. 

lum nichim, nphr(n4e of n5). garden, jardin. 

lum nop*eb k*ok', nphr:n of nphr(n of n)5. sulphur, sufre o 

piedra azufre. 

lum yo' 'oy lok* talel k'ak'al, nphr:n5 & s(pt & pt & iv & dr 

& n5). east levante, oriental parte. 

lumal, ii4d. native country, naturaleza o Patria. 

lumal chukvanab, nphr(natt & n)5. dungeon, sinw o carcel de 

mazmorra. 

lumal ten, nphr(natt & n)5. underground granary for wheat, silo 

para guardar trigo. 

lumtay ta tzo', vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). fertilize, estercolar 

la tierra. 

lumtaybU ta tzo', vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). fertUized. 

estercolar la tierra. 

lumtUc ta na, nphr:ii5 & qphr(prep & n5). floor, suelo de casa. 

'Uc'al lum, cf 'ik' (2). 

bUc'it lum, nphr(aj & n)5. narrow plot of land, estrecha tierra. 

bik'tal lum, nphr(aj & n)5. hamlet, aldea. 

muk'ta lum, cf muk'. 

sakU lum, cf sak. 

lum (2) 

lum ta'al, ajphr(aj & aj). lying there, helo alii. 

lum toe, ajphr(aj & pt), over there, yonder, aculla. cuando es 

cerca. 

lum va'al, ajphr(aj & aj), standing there, helo alii. 

lume, aj, over there, yonder, helo alii. 

lumlume, aj, over there (when near), yonder, aculla, cuando.... 

lupd) 

lup Ho', vphr:tv & n5, draw water, yr por agua 189. 

xbat jlap Ho'. I am going to draw water. 

lupes, tv. enrage, poke fue and stfr flames, arz^ar y 

lupob Ho', nphr(n of n)5. waterjug. jarro. 

lupobil vino, nphr(n4f of n5). wine jug. jarro. 

lup (2) 

lup, iv. revive (free or plant), sprout. RML—^In colonial Tzeltal 

this verb is also given for "brotar, retohecer" (Guzman, 

1620:33, 184). In modern Tzeltal of Tenejapa, slujp te' 

is a sucker. (1) echar las plantas, (2) renovar o revivir 

el arbol o yerba. 

lut' 

lut', tv. jump in the afr (as when dancing or when boys jump 

for joy). RML—^This root may be lut. saltar hacia 

arriba 

lut', iv. jump in the afr (as above). (1) saltar hacia arriba..., 

(2) salto a.... 

elut' e'och ta 'uk'um. He jumped into the sfream. saltar en 

alguna cosa. 

elut' emuy ta sba mesa. He jumped onto tiie table, salto 

a.... 

elut' eyal ta yol nanatUc. He jumped into tiie street salto 

a.... 

lut', nc. jump, salto. 

lut'el, vn5. jump, salto. 

lut'ilanbU k'op, nphr(pp & n)5. Ut basted words, i.e., enigmatic 

words or reasoning, responder a argumentos enigmas. 

lut'lij, av. jump in the afr. saltar hacia.... 

lut'lij muyel, vphr:av & dr. mount (mating animals, dogs, 

horses), saltar el animal macho.... 

lut'Ion, av. jump over (guUies, ravines, wood, logs), saltar 

hacia.... 

lut'lonet, av. jump over (guUies, ravines, wood, logs), saltar 

hacia.... 

lut*lut*-k*opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). make a muddle of reasoning or 

words, enzalada hacer de razones o palabras 115. 

lut'um, nle. scar, mancilla en el cuerpo de llaga sanada 211. 

lut'um-'e vinik, nphr(n<aj & ncpd> type n)5. nearly dead 

person, mortecino frio. 

lut'umal, n4d. scar, sehal de herida o llaga despues de saha. 

lut'umay, iv. scar, mancillarse 211. 

lut'umil, n3d. scar, sehal de herida.... 

lut'umtas, tv. scar, mancillar a otra cosa 211. 

lut'umtik, aj. badly scarred. (1) mancillada cosa a^/...211, (2) 

sehalada cosa asi. 

ta lut'el, qphr:prep & vn5. by assault salto asalto. 

M 

ma(l) 

'a ma ti, cf 'a. 

k'usi ma ti, cf k'u. 

ma (2) 

ma, pt. no! no, mandando. 

ma' 

ma'-'olal, n(aj & ncpd)ld. calamity, crazmess, importunity. 
252 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

inabiUty, misery. (1) desatino, (2) desventurado. (3) 

ymportunidad 185, (4) ynhabilidad 186, (5) miseria. 

ma'-ba, aj(aj & ncpd). calamitous, desventurado. 

ma'-ba 'olal, nphr(aj<aj & ncpd> & n)ld. craziness, misery. 

(1) desatino. (2) miseria. 

ma' ba tzatzal k'opoj, iv(aj & n & aj & ivcpd). persist 

unreasonably, porfia sin razon, cf. porfiar. 

ma'-ba chamel, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & vn5. cmel death, muerte 

cruel. 

ma'-ba k'an, vphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & tv-. ask for importunately. 

ymportunamente pide 185. 

ma'-ba k'anvanej, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) &. vn5. importunity. 

ymportunidad 185. 

ma'-ba k'op, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. impmdence. necedad. 

ma'-ba k'opoj, vphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & iv. speak importunately. 

ymportunamente. importunamente hablar 185. 

ma' ba k'opoj, iv(aj & n & ivcpd). speak vainly, hablar asi 

varwmente. 

ma'-ba muibel, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & vn5. vain-glory, gloria 

vana. 

ma'-ba nichimajel, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & vn5. vain-glory. 

gloria vana. 

ma'-ba pas, vphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & tv-. do inadvertentiy. 

RML—^This is given as ghmaba ghpas. ynconcideradamente hacer algo 186. 

ma'-ba pasnej, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & vn5. impmdence. 

necedad. 

ma'-ba xanbal, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. vice, vicio. 

ma'-ba vinUc, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. importunate or 

impmdent person. (1) ymportuno sin tiempo..., (2) mcio. 

ma'-ba vinkUel, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. misery, miseria. 

ma' ba yijU k'opoj, iv(aj & n & aj & ivcpd). persist 

unreasonably, porfia sin razon. 

ma'-bail, n(aj & ncpd)4d. calamity, cormption, importunity. 

(1) corrompimiento asi, (2) desventurado, (3) ymportunidad 185. 

ma'-batUc, aj(aj & ncpd)5. in vain, stubbornly. (1) neciamente, 

(2) por demas. 

ma'-batik bat vphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & iv. be squandered. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, desperdiciar. 

ma'-batik laj, vphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & iv. be squandered or 

wasted, disiparse 89. 

ma'-batik lajes, vphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & tv-. squander, waste. 

disipar. 

ma'-batUc jlajesel, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & agn. squanderer. 

disipador 89. 

ma'-chikin, aj(aj & ncpd). with an ear cut off desorejado. 

ma'-ch'ulel, aj(aj & ncpd). unfortunate, wretched. (1) desastrado, (2) desdichado. 

ma'-k'ob, aj(aj & ncpd). one-armed or handed, manco de 

mano 207. 

ma'-me' me'on, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. motiierless orphan. 

huerfano de madre 343. 

ma'-ni', aj(aj & ncpd). with one's nose cut off desnarizado. 

ma'-sat, aj(aj & ncpd)5. blind, ciego 70. 

ma'-sat hiluk*, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. bluid chicken, gallina 

ciega. 

ma'-sati, tv(aj & tvcpd). doze, cegar 70. 

ma'-satij, iv(aj & ivcpd). daze (as when tiiey daze bfrds), go 

blmd. (1) cegar 70, (2) encaruiilarse. 

ma'-satijel, vn(aj & vncpd)5. witii bloodshot eyes, encandiladamente. 

ma'-satijes, vn(aj & tvcpd), daze (bfrds), encandilar como 

encandilan aves. 

ma'-satil, n(aj & ncpd)4d, with bloodshot eyes, encandiladamente. 

ma'-tot me'on, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5, fatherless orphan. 

huerfano sin padre 343. 

ma'-tuul, aj(aj & ncpd). base, superfluous, unnecessary, vile. 

(1) escusada cosa m necesaria. (2) ruin, (3) superflua, 

(4) vii cosa. 

ma'-tuul vinik, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. incompetent or useless 

person, vagabond. (1) baldio hombre.... (2) ynhabil cosa. 

ma'-tuultUc, aj(aj & ncpd)5. superfluously, superfluamente. 

ma'-vinkilel, aj(aj & ncpd)5. misery, miseria. 

jma' 'ol vinik, agn(aj & n & ncpd). dissolute person, perdido 

hombre o disoluto. 

jma' ba k*op, agn(aj & n & ncpd), speaker of vain things, 

stubborn person. (1) hablador de cosas vanas. (2) 

necedad. 

jma'-ch*ulel, agn(aj & ncpd). unfortunate person, desdichado. 

'ip ma', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. ache, cUzziness. fatiga del 

cuerpo.... 

matz' (1) 

matz* chu' chij, nphr:n4e of nphr(n4d of n5). whey, suero de 

leche. 

matz* ti', vplu-:tv & n4d[A]. clench one's teeth (in pain). 

soportar. 

matz' vaj, nphr(n4e of n5). bran bread, pan de cemita. 

matz'et 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(av & n5) & tv. long for. adolescer 

deseando o antojandosele algo. 

matz' (2) 

matz*al, aj. withered. RML—^This term is also used in modem 

Tzotzil. lasio 191. 

matz*el ni', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be hawk-nosed, RML—In 

modern Tzeltal of Tenejapa the term is matz'-ni'. nariz 

aguileha. 

matz'epal, n4f after fmit, RML—This term is still used in 

modern TzotzU. redrojo defruta. 

matz'matz', aj. smaU (cocoa, corn, peach, grains), menuda 

cosa conw... . 

matz'ub, iv. become flaccid, ripen, wither, (1) lasio. marchito 

91, (2) lacio pararse, (3) marchitarse. 

matz*ub ta te', vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5), ripen on the free 

(figs or otiier fruit). *But this can be mistaken for 

withering before ripening and to say that it has ripened 

weU they add: "'utzematz'ub toj chi'." "It ripened weU. 

It is very sweet." RML—^The verb is in the past tense. 
NUMBER 31 253 

higo pasado. 

matz'ub ta te'el, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n4f[S]), ripen on the 

tree. RML—See above, higo pasado. 

'utz ematz'ub toj chi'. It ripened weU. It is very sweet 

matz*ubtasbil higo, nphr(pp & n)5^ dried fig, higo pasado. 

mach (1) 

machet, av, walk haughtUy, RML—^This meaning persists in 

modern TzotzU. entonado andar. 

jmachetel, agn, haughty person, entonada persona. 

mach (2) 

mach, ladder, scale, cf, moch (1), 

mach (3) 

machach vintic, nphr(aj & n)5, modest person, modesta cosa. 

machachal, aj. relaxed. RML—^This was given as machacha. 

reposado asi, quieto. 

machachal vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. modest person, nwdesta cosa. 

machachil, n4f modesty. RML—In modern TzotzU this term 

means "leftovers.** modestia. 

machal, aj. Uttie, small. RML—In modern TzotzU this term 

means "phlegmatic.** (1) chico. (2) menuda cosa. (3) 

pequeho. 

maj 

maj, tv. shatter with blows, whip, wound. (1) acotar como 

quiera. (2) desmenusar dando golpes. (3) herir conw 

quiera. 

maj-'ak*, vn(tv & ncpd)5. fishing witii poison, pesca de esta 

manera. 

maj-'ak*i, tv(tv & ncpd). fish with roots making the fish dmnk. 

pescar con raices.... 

maj-'ak'iej, vn(tv & ncpd). fishing with poison, pesca de esta 

manera. 

xebat ta maj-'ak'iej choy. I am going fishing with poison, 

maj ba, rv. come to blows, rehir mas que por palabra... 

maj ta martUlo, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). hammer. 

martillar. 

maj ta te', vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). cane, dmb. (1) apalear, 

(2) apaleado. 

maj-tani, tv(tv & npcd). whitewash (wiUi slaps of the bmsh). 

encalar dando golpes o blanquear. 

majat ta chauk, vphr:tv/pass/ + qphr(prep & n5). stmck by 

lightning, herido ser del rayo. 

majav, iv. become a whore, go whoring, have a concubine, (1) 

amancebarse haciendo pecado, (2) puta, ramera, (3) 

putanear. 

majav, iv. be lustful. RML—This is in the past tense, lujurioso. 

majavil 'antz, nphr(n type n)5. whore, puta. ramera. 

majben, n4d. person whom one whips or wounds. (1) acotar 

conw quiera. (2) herida asi. 

majbenal, nld. whiplash, wound. (1) acotar como quiera, (2) 

herida asi que da el que Mere. (3) herida absolute, (4) 

herida que da el que asi hiere. (5) llaga, (6) seha de 

azote o herida absolute. 

majbentik, aj, wounded, llagado. 

majbU, pp. wounded, herido. 

majbU ta te', vphr:pp/pred/ + qphr(prep & n5). caned, dmbbed. 

apaleado. 

majbU vo'ney, vphr:pp/pred/ & n5. sentenced to a whippuig. 

juzgado. 

majey, tv/pass/. take an afring. orearse. 

majey la, vphr:tv/pass/ & pt be sentenced to corporal 

punishment, pena corporal. 

majey lum, vphr:tv/pass/ & n5. take an airing, orearse. 

majey vo'ney, vphr:tv/pass/ & n5. sentenced to a whipping. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, juzgado. 

*majmaj 'Uc', s:aj/pred/ & -n4f rancid, RML—This reading 

is suspect. In colonial Tzeltal the expression is mamayihc 

(Guzman, 1620:176), racion 285, cf rancio. 

majob, n5, hammer, sledgehammer. (1) maza, (2) martillo. 

majob ch'ojon, nphr(n of n)5. whip, acote.... 

majob tak*in, nphr(n of n)5. sword. (1) acote..., (2) espada. 

majob te', nphr(n of n)5. cane, cudgel, acote 

majobil, n4f. hammer, sledgehammer, whip. (1) acote..., (2) 

maza 203, (3) martillo. 

majulan, tv. hammer, martillar. 

majulanbil, pp. hammered, martillado. 

majvan, iv. whip, wound. (1) acotar. (2) herir como quiera. 

maj van ta te', vphniv & ciphr(prep & n5). cane, apalear. 

majvanab, n5. pillory, rollo donde ahorcan. 

jmaj 'ak* choy, agn(tv & n & ncpd). fisherman who fishes wiUi 

poison, pescador asi. 

jmaj 'ak*iej choy, agn(tv & vn & ncpd). fisherman who fishes 

with poison, pescador asi. 

'ak* majey 'ik*, cf 'ak' (2). 

ta k'ob maj, vphr:q[phr(prep & n4d[A]) &. tv-. slap, herir con 

la marw. 

voloj k'ob maj, cf. vol. 

maU 

mail, n5. squash (large and long). RML—In modem Tzotzil 

this is the watermelon squash, Cucurbita flcifolia. 

calabaza otra especie grande. 

maitines (Sp.) 

maitines, n5. matins, maitines. 

mak 

mak, tv. assault, cover (bowl, pitcher, pot, waterjug), cut off 

one's escape, fence in, repafr (faulty constmction), 

shelter (from wind), shield (wiUi one's body or one's 

shield). (1) abrigar. conw de aire. (2) atapar oya. tinaja. 

cantaro, (3) cobijar o cubrir..., (4) cercar 71, (5) 

escudar a otro, (6) favorecer escudando..., (1) quedas 

a lo que huye, (8) remediar conw.... (9) saltear. 

k'usi jmaktik 'oy? What can we repafr it with? remedio. 

mo 'oyuk k'usi jmaktik 'oy. There is no way to repafr it. 

remedio. 

la' jmaktik naka vinajes skola'al! Come fix it or U will look 

badly! remediar conw.... 

la' jmaktik naka 'epajes! Come fix it or it wUl get worse! 

remediar conw.... 

mak, iv. be constipated, become less iU, stop (bleeding). (1) 
254 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

mejorar en la.... (2) restahar. restrihir. 

mak 'Uc', nphr(n of n)5. vagabond, pica a viento o baldio. cf 

pico. 

mak 'osU, vphr:tv & n5. shade, sombra hacer como.... 

mak 'us, nphr(n4d of n5), mosquito net. pabellon o red para 

mosquitos 252. 

mak ba, rv. shut oneself up. encerrarse. 

mak ba ta tojol dios, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). 

tmst in God. RML—^The verb is given as gnau ghba. 

encomendarse a Dios. 

mak be k'abil, s:iv & nphr(n4f of -n3d). have difficulty 

evacuating urine, estangurria tener 134. 

mak-bol, aj(iv & ajcpd). befuddled, stupid. (1) rebotado asi, 

(2) ruda, cosa de ingenio. 

mak-bol vinik, nphr:aj(iv & ajcpd) & n5. befuddled or stupid 

person, rebotado asi. 

mak-boUb, iv(iv & ivcpd). become befuddled, rebotarse en el 

entendimiento. 

mak-bolil, n(iv & ncpd)4f befuddlement stupidity. (1) 

rebotadura asi o..., (2) rudesa asi. 

mak-boUl, aj(iv & ajcpd). befuddled, stupid, rebotado asi. 

mak-boUl vinik, nphr:aj(iv & ajcpd) & n5. befuddled or stupid 

person, rebotado asi. 

mak jom, vphr:tv & n5. freight a ^xp.fletar navio. 

mak k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. vagabond, pica a... . 

mak na, nphr(n of n)5. wooden door, puerta de madera. 

mak-nai ba, rv:tv(tv & tvcpd) & rn. hide in one's house, seclude 

oneself, shut oneself up. (1) encerrarse, (2) esconderse, 

encerrandose en casa, (3) retrahimiento o encerramiento 

de casa. 

mak-nai ta na, vphr:tv(tv & tvcpd)- & qphr(prep & n4d[0]). 

jail, use house as a jail, encarcelar, dar la casa por 

carcel. 

mak-nai ta na te', vphr:tv(tv & tvcpd)- & (]phr(prep & 

nphr<n4e of n5>). jail, encarcelar a otro. 

mak-naiabil, n(tv & ncpd)4f dungeon, masmorra 214. 

mak-naibU, pp(tv & tvcpd). secluded in one's house, encerrado 

asi. 

mak-naibU ta chukvanab na, vphr:pp(tv & tvcpd)/pred/ & 

qphr(prep & nphr<n type n>5). jailed, encarcelado. 

mak-naibU ta na, vphr:pp(tv & tvcpd)/pred/ & qphr(prep & 

-n4d). jaUed in someone's house, encarcelado asi. 

mak-naiej baU, vn(tv & n & rncpd)5. seclusion. (1) encerrado 

asi, (2) encerramiento asi. 

mak-naiel, vn(tv & tvcpd)5. seclusion. (1) encerrado asi, (2) 

encerramiento asi. 

mak-naiel bail, vn(tv & n & rncpd)5. seclusion. RML—This 

is given as smacnayel zbayel. retrahimiento... . 

mak-naivanab, n(tv & ncpd)5. dungeon, masmorra 214. 

mak nuk', vphrtv & -n4d. make person hoarse, enronquecer 

a otro. 

mak nuk', s:iv & -n4d. become hoarse. (1) enroquecerse, (2) 

ronco. 

mak-pati, tv(tv & tvcpd). defend, protect or shield (with body 

or shield), save by shielding. (1) abrigar poniendose en 

medio..., (2) amparar poniendose en medio. (3) defender. (4) escudar a otro, (5) favorecer escudando o.... (6) 

librar poniendose en medio. 

mak-patiej, vn(tv & tvcpd)4d. article or person one is shielding. 

amparar poniendose... . 

mak xenen, nphr(n4d of n5). mosquito net. pabellon.. .252. 

mak te', nphr(n of n)5. wooden grate, reja 299, 

mak ti', s:iv & -n4d, lose one's voice, perder la habla al 

enferrrw. 

makal, aj, closed, covered, (1) rigado lugar. (2) cerrado 71, 

makal 'a'i, vphr:aj & tv-. be solicitous, make provision. (1) 

cuidado tener. (2) recaudo pomr en las cosas. 

makal 'aloj, vphr:aj & tv/ap/-. make provision, recaudo poner 

en 

makal 'osU, nphr(aj & n)5. cloudy, anublarse el tiempo. 

makal nuk*, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be hoarse, ronco. 

makben, n4d. object that has been closed, cerrado por mi 71. 

makbey me'anal, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. provide for person in 

want remediar al pobre o necesitado. 

makbey nuk', vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. make person hoarse. 

enronquecer a otro. 

makbU, pp. closed, cerrado 71. 

maktzaj, iv. be detained as by rain or a full river, detenerse 

como.... 

maktzajes, tv. detain, stop, detener asi. 

maktzan, tv. detain, stop. *Also when robbers or constables 

(who are the same) block the road on Sundays to prevent 

travel, detener asi. 

makeb, n4. tourniquet restrihidora cosa. 

makel, vn4f remedy, remedio. 

mo xu' smakel. There is no remedy, 

makel be k*abil, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4f of n5), difficulty in 

evacuating urine, estangurria 134. 

makel nuk*U, nphr(vn4f of n3d). hoarseness. (1) enronquecirruento, (2) ronquera. 

maki ya, vphr:tv & n5. shield (taking the blows dfrected at 

another), suffer (aUowing others to be saved as when the 

Innocents died instead of the Christians), escudar 

tomaruio en si los golpes.... 

ejmakibey aya (or) ejmaki ya avu'un. I shielded you (or) I 

suffered for you. 

makibey, dv. shield, suffer for anotiier. escudar tomaruio.... 

makob ch'en, nphr(n of n)5. frap (covered hole), hoyo cerrado 

por encima para hacer caer 175. 

makob na, nphr(n4f of n5). house lock, padlock, candado. 

makob te', nphr(n of n)5. stockade, palanquear, cf palanquera. 

makobU, n4f door lateh, lock, pestillo o cerradura. 

makobU caja, nphr(n4f of n5). padlock (for chest), candado. 

makobU mak na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. crossbar, trarxa 

de puerta. 

makobU na, nphr(n4f of n5). padlock, wooden door. (1) 

candado. (2) puerta de nuidera. 
NUMBER 31 255 

makobU puerta, nphr(n4f of n5). crossbar, tranca de puerta. 

makoj, n4d. object covered as piteher or pot. cobijar o 

cubrir.... 

makol, n4f fence. (1) cerco o seto 71, (2) seto. 

jmak muktal k'op, agn(tv & aj & ncpd). confidant secretario. 

jmakiej-ya, agn(vn & ncpd). person who shields or suffers for 

another, escudar tomando.... 

jmakvanej, agn. highwayman, salteador. 

mok, n5. fence. (1) cerco o seto 71, (2) seto. 

makum 

makum, n5. blackberry. RML—Modem Tzotzil: makom. mora 

de zarza. 

makum saya-Hun, nphr:n4e of n(x & ncpd)5. mulberry, mora 

de este arbol. 

castiUan makum, cf castillan. (1) abrigar dando de comer y 

vestir, (2) criar nihos, caballos. (3) mantener otro. (4) 

procurar para otro.... 

te'el makum, cf te'. 

mak' 

mak'lin, tv. provide clotiies, food and lodging, raise (children, 

horses), support. (1) abrigar dando de comer y vestir, 

(2) criar nihos, caballos. (3) mantener a otro. (4) 

procurar para otro.... 

mak*lin ba, rv. support oneself. (1) mantenerse, (2) procurar. 

conw comida o hacienda. 

mak*linej, n4d. industriousness. estudio asi. 

mak*linej ba, rv. support oneself mantenerse. 

mak*linel, vn4d. solicitude, ciddado de tal cosa. 

toj mak*linej, vphr:adv & -n4d^red/. studiously, estudioso asi. 

mal (1) 

mal, tv. spUl. derramar. 

mal, iv, overflow, spUl. (1) derramar, (2) derramado, (3) 

rebosar lo lleno. 

mal k*ak*al, s:iv & n5. have the sun set ponerse el sol. 

malatay, tv. water. RML—Modern TzotzU: ma'Ita. regar. 

malataybil, pp. watered, regada cosa. 

malben, n4d. material that has been spilt, derramar. 

malbU, pp. spilt derramado. 

maleb k'ak*al, nphr(nlf of n5). west, occidente. 

malemal, n4f. overflow, rebosadura. 

maloj, n4d. material being spilt derramar. 

mal (2) 

malay, tv. wait for person. RML—This root is listed as malal 

in mcxiem Tzotzil (Laughlin, 1975:228); perhaps these 

entries fit under mool. esperar a alguno. 

malaybil, pp. awaited, esperado. 

malayej, vn4d. event that one expects to happen, esperar 

confiando.... 

malayej, vn5. hope, esperanza. 

malayvan, iv. wait for person, esperar a alguno. 

malayvanan bat lajukon ta jna! Wait here while I go home! 

mientras. 

malay vanej, vn5. hope, esperanza. 

mo malay k'm, vphnneg & tv & -n4e. be importunate. 

ymportuno sin tiempo 185. 

mo malayej 'a'i, vphr:nphr(neg & -vn4f) & tv. be importunate. 

ymportuno sin tiempo 185. 

mal (3) 

mal. old. cf mool. 

malal 

malalU, n3d. husband, marido. 

malin, tv. marry (woman), casarse la muger. 

malin, iv. marry (woman), casarse la muger. 

malinel, vn5. marriage of a woman, casamiento 52. 

man 

man, tv. barter, buy. (1) comprar, (2) mercar, (3) mercar daruio 

una cosa por otra.... 

man-'ixim, vn(tv & ncpd)5. corn purchase, yr a comprar 

maiz 190. 

xibat ta man-'ixim. I am going to buy com. 

man ba, rv. confide in. corfiarse. 

manbU mu'nat, nphr(pp & n)5. bought captive, cautivo 

comprado. 

manel patan dios, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4d of n5). simony. 

simonia. 

manob, n5. money, moneda. 

manoj, iv. barter, buy. (1) comprar, (2) mercar, (3) mercar 

dando... . 

manojeb, n5. money, moneda. 

manojel, vn5. purchase, compra. 

jmanojel, agn. barterer, buyer. (1) comprador, (2) mercar 

dando... . 

mana 

mana 'ok, nphr(x type n4f). small tmffle, yellow mushroom. 

RML—^In modern TzotzU this refers to Lactarius 

volemus and several other species. (1) hongo amarillo, 

(2) turma de tierra. 

manchuk 

manchuk, pt. no, witiiout RML—The term for "no" is given 

as manchu. (1) no, mandando, (2) sin, preposicion. 

mo k'usi xHu' avu'unUc (or) mo k'u xHu' avu'unik te 

muchukone. You can't do anything without me. 

manchukot pisil jpas te k'ine. I will hold the fiesta without 

you. 

Ha'uk manchuk, cf Ha' (1). 

manga (Sp.) 

manga de cmz, nphr(n5 & prep & n5). arm of the cross, manga 

de crus. 

manteca (Sp.) 

manteca, nle. lard. (1) enjundia 121, (2) manteca. 

manteca vacas, nphr(n4e of n5). beef fat manteca de vacas. 

manteles (Sp.) 

manteles, n5. table cloth, manteles. 

marco (Sp.) 

marco de plata, nphr(n5 & prep & n5). mark (silver weight of 

eight ounces), nuirco de plata. 

marques (Sp.) 

marques, n5. marquess, marques. 
256 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

martes (Sp.) 

martes, n5. Tuesday, martes. 

marzo (Sp.) 

marzo, n5. March, marcal, cosa de este mes. 

Ha' te ta marzo x'ech'e (or) Ha' te ta marzo spase. During 

last March, 

marzoil, n5. referring to March, marcal.... 

martiUo (Sp.) 

martUlo, n5. hammer, martillo. 

tij ta martiUo, cf. tij. 

mas 

mas, tv. purify by cooking as sugar, apurar. 

masob tak'in, nphr(n4f of n5). stiver or gold mine. *Where the 

gold or silver is cleaned or gathered, minero de plata. 

max 

max, n5. long-tailed monkey, monkey. (1) gato paux, (2) mona, 

cf. rrwno. 

maxil, n5. amusement, leisure, recreation, solace, word game. 

(1) holganza o pasatiempo, (2) juego de palabras, (3) 

pasatiempo, (4) recreacion, (5) solaz, pasatiempo. 

tanaon ta maxil. I am amusing myself recrearse. 

maxil-'iUn, tv(n & tvcpd). pretend to scold, fingir. 

maxil-baj, tv(n & tvcpd). hit lightiy. herir livianamente. 

maxil-bat, iv(n & ivcpd). pretend to go. fingir. 

maxil k'op, nphr(n type n)5. amusement pasatiempo. 

maxil-lok'tay, tv(n & tvcpd). make a grimace, visaje hacer. 

maxU-maj, tv(n & tvcpd). hit lightiy. herir livianamente. 

maxil-mU, tv(n & tvcpd). attack in jest, pretend to kUl. 

acometer de burla. 

maxil-pas, tv(n & tvcpd). do something negligentiy. tibiamente 

hacer algo. 

maxil-p'is, tv(n & tvcpd). make a grimace, visaje hacer. 

maxil satU, nphr(n4f of n3d). pupil of the eye. niha del ojo. 

maxil-vay, iv(n & ivcpd). pretend to sleep, fingir que duerme. 

maxil-ve', iv(n & ivcpd). pretend to eat. fingir. 

maxilaj, iv. be merry, divert oneself, mock. (1) holgar, burlar, 

(2) recrearse. 

maxilajel, vn5. pastime, solace, solaz. 

maxilan, tv. flatter, halagar. 

maxilmaxil, nld. lazUy, negUgentiy. (1) negligentemente, (2) 

perezosamente. 

maxilmaxil pas, vphr:aj & tv-. do negligentiy. (1) negligore, 

(2) tibiamente hacer algo. 

maxiltay, tv. divert, do negUgentiy, frick. (1) engahar a otro, 

(2) recrear, (3) tibiamente hacer algo. 

maxiltaybil, pp. done as if it were a joke, tibiamente hacer algo. 

maxUtaybU avu'un. You did it as if it were joke, 

maxmonet, av. jest, play, burlar, jugar. 

jmaxil-vayel, agn(n & ncpd). person feigning sleep, fingido. 

jmaxmonel, agn. jester. RML—This is given as ghmaghnwnel. 

burlon. 

*maxa 

*maxa, pt. without, sin, preposicion. 

*maxa 'oyukot pisU xpasey te k'ine. The fiesta wUl be 

celebrated without you. 

*maxa 'o k'ex me'on icham. He died witiiout issue. 

matan 

matan. gift cf moton. 

may 

mayayet vmUc, s:av & n5. be sad. RML—^This is given as 

xmacyet. In colonial Tzeltal, mayayet ta vinquilel is 

"mustiapersona" (Guzman, 1620:138). mustia persona. 

mayayetel, vn5. honesty. RML—This is given as many etel. 

Perhaps yetel should be read as a separate word meaning 

"its sign," but ui colonial Tzeltal, zmayaietel is 

"onestidad" (Guzman, 1620:145). honestidad 240. 

maymonet, av. be angry or annoyed, rrwhino, enojado. 

jmayayetel-vuiik, agn(vn & ncpd), honest person, homsta 

cosa 240, 

me(l) 

me, pt. please (inserted between the negative particle and the 

verb), ea, vedando.... 

mo me apas! Please don*t do iti 

mo me xalom! Don*t fall! 

me (2) 

me, pt. by chance? RML—Interrogative. Modern TzotzU: me 

or mi. por ventura, preguntando. 

me' 

me' 'ok, nphr(n4f of n4d), big toe, pulgar el pie. 

me' 'olol, nphr(n4f of n5). afterbfrth, placenta, (1) pares de 

muger, (2) red doruie nace el niho. 

me' tzo'U, nphr(n4f of n3d), beUy, panza de vientre 245, 

me' chu'uy, nphr(n4f of n5), large sack, saca o saco grande. 

me' kotz, nphr(n of n)5. hawk, gavilan. 

me' k*inabal, nphr(n4f of n5). rainbow, arco del cielo. 

me' k*ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). thumb, pulgar de la mam. 

me' k'obil, nphr(n4f of n3d). thumb. (1) pulgar de la mano, 

(2) dedo pulgar 351. 

me' mul, nphr(n4f of n5). grave sin. pecado grande. 

me' pak'-k'op, nphr:n4f of vn(tv & ncpd)5. big Ue. mentira 

grande. 

me' pulom Ho', nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)4d. beUy, panza de 

vientre 245, 

me' ta 'a'al dios, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d ofn5>), 

batismal godmother, madrina de bautismo. 

me' tenob tak'in, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)4d, anvil, yunque de 

hierro 191. 

me'el, n5. old woman. (1) anciano, (2) vieja. 

me'elal, n5. old age (of a woman), envejecimiento asi o vejez. 

me'elub, iv. grow old (woman). RML—^This is given as 

xemelum and perhaps should be read, me'lub. envejecerse 

la mujer. 

me'elubel, vn5. aging (of a woman). RML—See above. 

envejecimiento asi o vejez. 

me'il, n3d. mother, madre. 

me'il ta bautismo, nphr:n3d & qphr(prep & n5), baptismal 

godmother, madrina de bautisnw. 
NUMBER 31 257 

me'il ta nupunel, nphr:n3d & qphr(prep & vn5). weddmg 

godmother, madrina de bodas. 

me'in nukuUl, s:iv & -n4d, grow calloused, (1) encallecerse 

con callos, (2) encallecido. 

me'an 

me'an. annoy, anxiety, disfress, impoverish, melancholy, 

nuisance, pilgrim, sad, sorrowful, tyranny, cf me'on. 

me'on 

me'on, n5. orphan, huerfano. 

me'on, aj. miserable, poor. (1) miserable, pobre, (2) pobre. 

me'anaj, iv, be sad or sorrowful, become poor, grow sad. (1) 

empobrecerse, (2) empobrecido asi, (3) entristecerse. 

(4) pena tener. (5) penar. recibir pena. (6) triste. 

me'anaj 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be penitent, penitente. 

me'anaj 'olonton 'u'un, s:iv & -n4d + -n4f be sorrowprovoking, penal, cosa que da pena. 

me'anaj 'olonton 'u'un mul, s:iv & -n4d + nphr(n4f of n4d[=P 

of 'olonton]). repent one's sins, pesarle de sus pecados. 

me'anaj *osU 'a'i, vphr:s(iv & n5) & tv. be anxious, distressed 

or sad. fatiga tener. 

'ip xme'anaj 'osU xka'i yu'un. He distresses me greatiy. 

fatiga o cfficcion interior.... 

te eme'anaj 'osU xka'i. I have grown sad. triste. 

me'anajel, vn5. unpoverishment melancholy, misery, sorrow. 

(1) doloros cosa. (2) empobrecimiento, (3) entristecimiento o tristeza, (4) melancolia 207, (5) miseria, (6) 

miseria de pobreza, (J) pena generalmente. 

nesta me'anajel. I have become sad. triste. 

me'anajel 'olonton, nphr(vn4f of n5). penitence, penitencia. 

dolor de corazon. 

me'anajel 'olontonU, nphr(vn4f of n5). penitence, penitencia. 

dolor de corazon. 

me'anajel 'osU, nphr(vn4f of n5). anxiety, distress, fatiga 

o.... 

me'anajel *osU 'a'i, vphr:nphr(vn type n) & tv. be anxious or 

distressed, triste. 

me'anajel k'eyoj, nphr(vn type n)5. doleful motet. (1) dolorosa 

cosa. (2) motete lastimero. 

me'anajel k'op, nphr(vn type n)5. doleful motet (1) dolorosa 

cosa, (2) motete lastimero. 

me'anajes, tv. annoy, bother, impoverish, sadden. (1) empobrecer a otro, (2) entristecer a otro, (3) nwlestar, (4) penar, 

dar pena. 

me'anajes 'osU, vphr:tv & n5. tyrannize, tiranizar. 

me'anajesabU, n4f cause for sorrow, penal, cosa que da pena. 

me'anajesel 'osU, nphr(vn4f of n5). tyranny, tirania. 

me'anal, nld, impoverishment, melancholy, misery, poverty, 

sorrow. (1) empobrecimiento, (2) melancolia 207, (3) 

miseria, (4) miseria de pobreza, (5) pobreza, (6) triste. 

jme'anajel, agn, pilgrim who requests contributions for God 

(the Church), sorrowful person. (1) entristecido o triste, 

(2) romero que pide por Dios, (3) romero que va en 

romeria. 

jme'anajesej-'olontonil, agn(vn & ncpd). person who causes 

sadness, entristecedor. 

jme'anajesej-'osU, agn(vn & ncpd), tyrant, tirano. 

jme'anajesvanej, agn. malefactor, nuisance, person who annoys 

or causes sadness. (1) entristecedor, (2) mal, echor, (3) 

rrwlesto o molestador.... 

jme'antasvanej, agn. importunate person, person who pesters. 

ymportuno sin tiempo 185. 

metz 

metzan, tv. make person lie down, echar a otro asi. 

metzel, aj. lying down, echado asi. 

metzey, iv. lie down (as in bed), echarse conw en cama. 

metz' 

metz', n5. excuse, wordy explanation, razonamiento asiprolijo 

o excusa. 

metz'aj, iv. explain or talk at length, razonar. 

metz'ajel, vn5. excuse, wordy explanation, razonamiento asi. 

jmetz'ajel, agn. person who explains at length, razonador asi. 

medio (Sp.) 

medio, n4e. half. RML—The inanimate possession is smedioil. 

(1) media cosa, (2) media. 

medio Ubra, nphr(n4e of n5). half pound, media libra. 

mek 

cha'-mekel, num(num & nccpd)4f second tune, vez segunda. 

j-mek, num(num & nccpd)5. tune, una vez. 

j-mek, num(num & nccpd)5. first time, vez primera. 

j-mek xa, nphr:num(num & nccpd) & pt again, another time. 

otra vez. 

j-mekuk xa, qphr:num(num & nccpd)/subj/ & pt. again, another 

time, otra vez. 

ta j-mekeluk xa, qphr:prep & num(num & nccpd)/subj/ & pt. 

again, another time. *(As) "if you do this another time 

you wiU be punished.** otra vez. 

mek' 

mek*an, aj. lame. RML—mecan is given for colonial Tzeltal 

(Guzman, 1620:47). In modern Tojolabal, mek'an means 

kneeling (Lenkersdorf, 1979:248). cojo asi. 

mek*aub, iv. limp or walk with trembUng legs. RML—In 

colonial Tzeltal, xmecman (Guzmdn, 1620:46). cojear o 

andar temblandole las pierruis. 

mel 

mel, tv. line up, propose a discussion, set in a row. (1) concertar 

asi algo, (2) poner por orden, (3) proponer platica. 

mel, iv. line up. ordenarse asi. 

mel ba, rv. line up. (1) concertarse por ringlera, (2) ordenarse 

asi. 

mel k'in, vphr:tv & n5. prophesy, ahorar. 

mel k'op, vphr:tv & n5. report, relator que relata... . 

mel te'om, vphr:tv & -n4e. warp cloth, urdir tela. 

mel vinUc, vphr:tv & n5. assemble or Une up people as in a 

procession, regir o concertar la gente...292. 

melbU chikin te', nphr:pp & nphr(n of n)5. wooden grate, reja 

299. 
258 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

melbU chik'bU xamiti, nphr:pp & nphr(pp & n)5. brick floor. 

ladrillado suelo. 

melbU ta Hun, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). inventoried. 

ynventariada cosa asi 189. 

melbU te', nphr(pp & n)5. wooden grate, reja 299. 

melbU te'om, nphr(pp & n4e). warped (cloth), urdida tela. 

meltzaj, iv. be able to fix, match, prepare self. (1) consertarse 

lo null puesto o hecho, (2) emparejado, (3) enderesarse. 

meltzajel, vn5. equality (tme weight), justice. (1) justicia por 

el acto de hacer justicia, (2) ygualdad 184. 

meltzajel 'olontonU, nphr(vn of n)5. reform, enmienda 99. 

meltzajes, tv. fix, footnote, level, make even, restore to former 

shape or beauty, set right. (1) concertar asi algo, (2) 

enderezar algo, (3) ygualar cosas lianas 184, (4) nivelar, 

(5) notar asi, (6) reducir a su forma o hermosura. 

meltzajes 'olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. make one's confession. 

enderesador. 

meltzajes ba, rv. settie disputes, enderesador. 

meltzajes k'op, vphr:tv & n5. report, relator que.... 

meltzajes xanbal, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. regulate one's life, regla 

de vivir. 

meltzajesabil lok'ob, nphr(n4f of n5). register, registro. 

meltzajesabil xanbal, nphr(n4d of n4d). precept for living. 

regla de vivir. 

meltzajesbey k'op, vphr:-dv & n5. inform, ynformar a otro 

188. 

meltzajesbey tojol, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. inform, ynfornuir a 

otro 188. 

meltzan, tv. harmonize (discordant song), mediate. (1) entonar 

canto desacordado, (2) terciar asi. 

meltzan k'op, vphntv & n5. report relator que.... 

meltzan vinik, vphr:tv & n5. assemble or line up people as in 

a procession, regir o concertar.. .292. 

meltzanbey xanbal, vphr:-dv & n5. make a law. ley dar 194. 

meltzanbil, pp. pafred. parada cosa. 

meltzanel k'op, nphr(vn4f of n5). report, relacion. 

melel, aj. right straight. (1) derecho estar o..., (2) ordenadamente asi. 

melel 'osU, nphr(aj & n)5. good administration or government. 

regimiento. 

mo smeleluk mo stojoluk 'osU yu'un. He does not govern 

weU. 

melel bat 'u'un, vphr:aj & iv -i- -n4d. shoot sfraight. tirar 

certero. 

melel bel na ta Hun, nphr:nphr(aj & nphr<n of n>4f) & 

qphr(prep & n5). inventory of possessions, ynventario 

189. 

melel k'op, nphr(aj & n)4f report, relacion. 

melel k'opoj, vphr:aj & iv. speak the tmtii. verdadero en lo 

que dice. 

melel nich'nab, nphr(aj & n)4d. legitimized bastard chUd. 

legitimar al hijo bastardo. 

melel p'is, nphr(aj & n)5. tme measure or weight ygiuil peso 

o medida 184. 

melel vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. loyal, peaceable or virtuous person. 

(1) leal. (2) Ham en conversacion, (3) virtuoso. 

melelmelel, aj. Imed up, RML—This is given witii a plural 

suffix, ordenademente asi. 

meleluk, aj, right, sfraight, derecho estar. 

mellej, n5, lined up, *When several are standing lined up to 

argue, they usually say: "k'usi xapasik ta mellej ta 

chollej?" "What are you domg Imed up in a row?" 

ordenarse asi. 

meloj ba 'ak*, vphr:s(rv/ap/-) & tv, set in a row, pomr por 

orden. 

meloj ba lok*ob ba, s:rv/perf/ & -rn4f soUd row of shields, 

pabesada de pabesas 252, 

melol, n4f equal, pareja cosa. 

melol na', vphr:n5 & tv, be skillfuU, diestra persom. 

meloloj ba lok'ob ba, s:rv/perf/ & -rn4f solid row of shields, 

pabesada de pabesas 252, 

jmel-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd), narrator who reports what he has 

seen or heard, relator que.... 

jmel-vinUc, agn(tv & ncpd). dfrector (who Unes people up). 

regidor que asi rige 292. 

j mel-vokol, agn(tv & ncpd). historian, ystoriador 190. 

jmeltzajel, agn. person who setties disputes, eruieresador. 

jmeltzajesej-k'op, agn(vn & ncpd). person who setties disputes. 

enderesador. 

jmeltzajesvanej, agn. dfrector (who Unes up people), judge, 

person who setties disputes. (1) enderesador, (^justicia, 

el que la hace, (3) regidor que.. .292. 

jmeltzanej-k'op, agn(vn & ncpd). narrator who reports what 

he has seen or heard, relator que... . 

j-mel xa, nplir(num<num & nccpd>5 & pt). row. orden 

continuada o ringlera. 

mo meleluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. sinister, unjust. (1) ynjusta 

cosa 188, (2) siniestra cosa. 

mo meleluk 'ayan, vphr:ajplir(neg & aj) & iv. be perverse. 

siniestramente hacerse algo. 

mu meltzajes, vphr:neg & tv-. deny, negar. 

toj melel, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. even, ygual asi 184. 

toj jmeltzajesvanej, vphr:adv & agn/pred/. fafr, just, justiciero. 

melcocha (Sp.) 

melcocha, n5. taffy, melcocha. 

melcochero, n5. taffy seller, melcochero. 

melon (Sp.) 

melon, n5. melon, melon. 

membrUlo (Sp.) 

membrillo, n5. quince, membrillo. 

te'el membrUlo, cf. te'. 

pamal membriUos, cf pom (1). 

mes 

mes, tv. sweep, barrer. 

mesav, iv. sweep, escoba. 

mesmonet k'u*, s:av & -n4d. with sweeping skfrts. haldas que 

arrastran. 

mesmonet pok*, s:av & -n4d. with sweeping skfrts. haldas 
NUMBER 31 259 

que.... 

mesob na, nphr(n of n)5. broom, escoba. 

mesoj, iv, sweep, barrer. 

mesojeb, n5. broom, escoba. 

mesojebal, n5, broom, escoba. 

mesvanab, n5, broom, escoba. 

mesa (Sp.) 

mesa, n5. table, mesa donde comemos. 

mey 

mey, tv. embrace, abarcar con los brazos. 

meyben, n4d. object or person that was embraced, abarcadura 

asi. 

meylej, n4d. embrace, abarcadura asi. 

meylej, nc. bundle of plants or torch faggots, hace o haz de tea 

o yerba. 

meyoj, n4d. object or person being embraced, abarcadura asi. 

meyoj k*ob, vphr:tv/ap/ & n4d[A]. wiUi one's arms crossed (in 

idleness), meter la mano 

*mi 

*mi-bail, vn(tv & rncpd)5. glory. RML—In colonial Tzeltal 

this term is given for "presuncion" and "soberbia" 

(Guzman, 1620:166, 199). In colonial Chol, mi is given 

for "padre"(Moran, 1935:51). gloria. 

*jmi, agn. mocker. (1) burlador de esta manera, (2) 

escarnecedor. 

mich' 

mich', tv. hold upright a handful in one's fist (beans, corn, 

untied object). (1) abarcar con el puho, (2) empuhar, 

tomar algo en el puho. 

mich'ben, n4d. object held in one's hand, abarcar con el puho. 

mich'el 'olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). repentance, pesadumbre 

asi. 

mich'oj, n4d, object being held in one's hand, abarcar con el 

puho. 

j-mich', num(num & nccpd)5, fistful, handful. (1) manojo de 

cosa que no se ata, (2) puho o puhada... . 

j-mich' tzotzil, nphr(num<num & nccpd> & n)5. forelock. 

guedeja o vedeja de cabellos. 

j-mich'lej, num(num & nccpd)5. handful of long objects as 

straws. (1) abarcar con el puho, (2) manojo de..., (3) 

puho opuhada.... 

j-mich'mich', num(num & nccpd)5. single handful, abarcar 

con el puho. 

mik' 

mik'mon sat, s:av & -n4d. bUnk, wink. (1) parpadear, (2) 

pestahear. 

mik'ulan sat, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. blink, parpadear. 

mU 

mil, tv. hang, sacrifice bfrds, strangle. (1) ahogar a otro..., (2) 

ahorcar, (3) matar asi aves, (4) sacrificar y matar... . 

milben, n4d. sfrangled anunal or person, ahogar a otro.... 

milbU, pp. strangled, (1) ahogar a otro...,(2) ahogar ahogado. 

milob, n4f gallows, horca para ahorcar. 

milob vinik, nphr(nlf of n5). gallows, ahogadero conw horca. 

mUobU, n4f gaUows. (1) ahogadero, (2) ahogar ahogado, (3) 

horca para ahorcar. 

mUoj, n4d. animal or person being sfrangled. ahogar a otro. 

mUvanab, n5. gallows, pUlory. *Now they caU it picota. (1) 

ahogadero conw horca, (2) rollo donde ahorcan. 

misa (Sp.) 

misa, n5. Mass. misa. 

misal (Sp.) 

misal, n5. missal, misal. 

misto (Sp.) 

misto, n5. cat gato. 

mix 

mix, tv. scratch with one finger as when they hunt lice. 

RML—^In colonial Tzeltal this verb is given with an 

identical meaning (Guzman, 1620:176). rascar con.... 

mixulan, tv. scratch with one finger as when they hunt for lice. 

rascar con.... 

mixik' 

mixik'il, n3d. beUy button, navel, umbilical cord, ombligo. 

mifra (Sp.) 

mitra, n5. mitre, mitra. 

mo 

mo, neg. no, not, *with accompanying noun or adverb, mo, con 

nombre o.... 

mo 'oyuk, vphr:neg & n5/pred/. be lacking (bread), falta o 

mengua. 

mo 'oyuk bak'ni, vphrneg & n5/pred/ & pt. never (in tiie 

past), en ningun tiempo de preterito. 

mo 'oyuk k'usi, vphr:neg & n5/pred/ & s(n5—). no one. ningun 

hombre. 

mo 'oyuk k'usi, vphr:neg & n5/pred/ & s(n5—). nothing. (1) 

nada, (2) ninguna cosa. 

mo 'oyuk buy nup, s:neg & n5/pred/ & s(n5 & -n4d). be a 

sovereign lord, sehor soberano. 

mo 'oyuk k'usi, vphr:neg & n5/pred/ & s(n5—). no one. nadie. 

ninguno. 

mo 'oyuk nup, s:neg & n5/pred/ «& n5. uneven number, nones. 

mo buch'uy vinUc, nphr:neg & nphr(n5 & n5). no one. ningun 

hombre. 

mo k'usi, nphnneg & n5. notiiing. (1) nada, (2) ninguna cosa. 

mo U'uk na, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. stxanger. forastero. 

mo much'uy, nphr:neg & n5. no one. nadie. 

mo no 'ox bak'in, qphr(neg & pt & pt & pt). never (in the 

future). (1) en ningun tiempo de futuro, (2) nunca, en 

ningun tiempo. 

mo no 'ox bak'ni, C[phr(neg & pt & pt & pt). never (in tiie 

past), nunca, en 

mo no 'ox buch*uy junuk, s:qphr(neg & pt & pt)/pred/ & 

nphr(n5 & num5). neiUier one nor the oUier (people), ni 

uno ni otro. 

mo no 'ox buy j-jechuk, s:qphr(neg & pt & pt)/pred/ & nphr(n5 

& n<num & nccpd>5). neiUier here nor Uiere. ni una 

parte ni a otra. 

mo no 'ox buy junuk, s:qphr(neg & pt & pt)/pred/ & nphr(n5 
260 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

& num5). neither here nor there, ni en un lugar ni en otro. 

mo no 'ox buyuk, vphr:neg & pt & pt & n5/pred/. neither here 

nor tiiere. ru en 

mo no 'ox j-tekuk, vphr:neg & pt & pt & n(num & 

nccpd5)/^red/. neiUier one nor Uie other (things), ni uno 

ni otro. 

mo no 'oxeuk bak*in, ptphr(neg & pt & pt & pt). never (in the 

future), en ningun tiempo defuturo. 

mo to, qphr(neg & pt). before, not yet. antes que. 

mo to echam. before he died. 

mo to jna' sk'op dios. I did not yet know the doctrine, 

mok bak'ni, vphr:n(contr of no & oyuk)/pred/ & pt. never (in 

the past). RML—There is no way to determine whetiier 

the "k" of mok is glottaUzed as in Uie modern Tzotzil 

contraction muk'. en ningun tiempo de preterito. 

mok buy, vphr:n(confr of mo & oyuk)/pred/ & s(n5). nowhere. 

en ninguna mamra. 

mok much'uy, vphr:n(confr of mo & ouyk)/pred/ & s(n5). no 

one. ruidie. ninguno. 

moyuk, n(contr of mo & 'oyuk). not. RML—^There is no way 

of determining if this should be read nw 'yuk as in modern 

Tzotzil mu'yuk. linda cosa. 

toj mo, negphr:adv & neg. in no way, under no cfrcumstances. 

en ninguna mamra. 

toj mo jpas. I wiU not do it under any cfrcumstances. 

toj mo xibat. Under no cfrcumstances wiU I go. 

mu, neg. no, not. cf mo. 

mo'och 

mo'och, n5. macaw. RML—In modern TzotzU this is the 

scarlet macaw, Ara macao. papagayo, ave conocida. 

mo'oj 

mo'oj, neg. no. no. 

moch (1) 

moch, n5. basket, ladder, two-handled basket. (1) canasta, (2) 

escalera, (3) espuerta. 

mochU, n3d. molar, muela de la boca. 

yol moch, nphr(aj & n)5. smaU basket, espuerta. 

machul, n4f ladder, escalera. 

machuy, tv. scale with ladders, escalar para entrar en alguna 

parte. 

moch (2) 

moch, tv. knot, make knots in string. (1) anudar, (2) nudos 

hacer en cuerda. 

tzotzuk m(x:ho! Knot it tightly! apretar. 

mochUan, tv. make knots in string, nudos hacer.... 

mochUanbil k'op, nphr(pp & n)5. enigmatic talk, responder a 

argumentos enigmas. 

mochilanbiltik, pp. knotted in many places, anudarse algo. 

mochli, iv. become knotted as when a thread or ribbon moves 

back and forth, anudarse corrw.... 

mochobU, n4f knot (1) anudarse como..., (2) nudo. 

mochochtik, aj. knotted in many places. (1) anudarse algo, (2) 

nudosa cosa. 

mochoj, n4d. article being knotted, anudarse algo. 

mochoj ba, rv/ap/. become knotted, anudarse algo. 

j-moch, num(num & nccpd)5, knot, anudarse como.... 

mok (1) 

mok, fence, cf mak. 

*mok (2) 

*mokolU, n3d, ankle, RML—^In colonial Yucatec, mob kab is 

given for "chueca o coiuntura donde juegan los huessos 

del brazo o de la mano" and u nwchbacil in kab yetel 

voc, "las coiunturas de mis manos o de mis pies" 

(Martinez Hernandez, 1929:630), In modern Chol, mok 

is to "step, waUc on** (Bricker, personal communication), 

tovillo. 

mokan 

mokan, n5, pahn sack in which they carry or sell salt, (1) costal 

de estos de palma, (2) talega de palmas.... 

mom 

mom, n4d. man*s grandchUd. RML—^Presumably there was 

an absolute form, momil. nieto del varon. 

monasterio (Sp.) 

monasterio, n5. monastery, monasterio 228. 

monocordio (Sp.) 

monocordio, n5. monochord. manucordio, cf. monocordio. 

mool 

mool, n5. old man. *Frequentiy they use the plural for the 

singular; mool, maletik, moolon, maletikon. RML— 

Perhaps this should be read mo'ol. (1) anciano, (2) rico, 

(3) viejo hombre. 

jun ta mool, cf jun. 

malelal, n5. old age. RML—This is given as mahelal. 

envejecimiento asi. 

malub, iv. grow old (man), envejecerse el varon. 

malubel, vn5. old age (man), envejecimiento asi o vejez, 

mostaza (Sp.) 

mostaza, n5. mustard, salsa para manjar. 

juch*bU mostaza, cf juch'. 

moton 

motonU, n3d. present that is given, sacrifice. (1) presente que 

recibe, (2) sacrificio. 

matanal 'eUc'anel, s:n5/pred/ & -vn4f easy to steal, hurtible 

cosa. 

matanijes, tv, favor with a gift, presentar. hacer que reciben 

presente. 

jmatanijes Pedro, I am favoring Peter with a gift, 

jmatanijes Pedro ta jcapa. I am favoring Peter with my cape, 

matantay, tv. receive a gift presente que recibe. 

jmatantay jk'u'. I wUl receive my clothes as a gift 

moy 

'ik'al moy, nphr(aj & n)5. bUnd with pale eyes. RML—In 

colonial Yucatec, Pio Perez gives ekmay for "ciego" 

(Perez, 1877:100). ciego asi 70. 

'ik'al moy tuluk', nphr:nphr(aj & n) type n5, blind chicken. 

gallina ciega. 

mu(l) 

mu, aj. delicious, fragrant, merrily, pleasing. (1) alegremente, 
NUMBER 31 261 

(2) olorosa cosa que huela. (3) olor bueno. (4) saber el 

manjar. (5) sabrosa cosa. (6) suave cosa. 

mu 'a'i, vphr:aj & tv-. taste delicious, saborearse en el manjar. 

mu 'a'iel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f sound beautiful, suave al olfato. 

mu 'ayan, vphr:aj & iv, become flavorsome. saborear o tomar 

sabor el manjar. 

mu 'Uc', s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. smell good, (1) oler. echar de si 

olor, (2) olor bueno, (3) suave cosa. 

mu 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv, be delighted or 

pleased, placer recibir o deleitarse. 

mu 'osil chi 'u'un, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & iv + -n4d. delight, 

please, placer hacer o dar a otro. 

mu 'utz'iel, s:aj^red/ & -vn4f smell wonderful, suave al 

olfato. 

mu ti'el, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f taste deUcious. saber el manjar. 

muib, iv, be given a rest, be honored, delight in, rejoice, savor, 

(1) alegrarse. (2) deleitarse, (3) gloriarse, (4) holgar 

burlar. (5) placer recibir.... (6) saborear.... 

muib 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(iv & n5) & tv. be merry, delight in, 

mock, rejoice. (1) holgar, burlar, (2) placer recibir... . 

muib-ch'atay, tv(iv & tvcpd). cense, sahumar. 

muib-ch'atayabU, n(iv & ncpd)4f. censer wiUi which they 

cense, sahumador en que sahuman. 

muib ta tojol, vphr:iv & (iphr(prep & -n4f). delight in eating. 

saborearse en el manjar. 

muibeb, n5. Heaven, gloria, lugar de la gloria. 

muibebal, n5. Heaven, gloria, lugar 

muibel, vn5. delight, ease, glory, joy, pleasure, repose. (1) 

alegria, (2) deleite. (3) gloria. (4) holganza o pasatiempo. (5) placer o deleite. 

muibel 'osil, nphr(vn type n)5. Paradise, paraiso. 

muibes, tv. bring delight to, gladden, glorify, please. (1) 

alegrar a otro. (2) deleite dar o causar. (3) glorificar. 

muibtas, tv, bring delight to, glorify, please, (1) complacer, (2) 

deleite dar o causar. (3) glorificar. (4) hacer placer 

165, (5) placer hacer o dar a otro. 

muibtas ta ch'ail, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), perfume (with 

incense), perfumar. 

muibtasbey 'olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B], please, hacer placer 

165. 

muibtasbil, pp. glorified, glorificado. 

muibtasel, vn4d. glorification, glorificacion. 

muibtasvanej, vn5. glorification, glorificacion. 

muibtay ta ch'ail, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). cense, sahumar. 

muibtayab, n5. perfume, perfumes. 

muibtayabil, n4f perfume, perfumes. 

muil, n4b. delicacy, delight perfume, pleasure, scent (of 

animal). (1) deleite. (2) olores como perfumes. (3) placer 

o deleite. (4) rastro. por olor. (5) suavidad. 

muU 'ik', nphr(n4f of n4b). flavor, sabor de manjar. 

muU bek'tal, nphr(n4f of n5). carnal pleasure, placer carnal. 

muU ch'aU, nphr(n4f of n5). perfume of incense, sahumerio. 

muU lo'el, nphr(n4f of vn5). delicious taste, saber el manjar. 

muU lo'lo k'op, nphnaj & nphr(n type n)5. witty saying. 

donaire. 

muU lo'lo k'opoj, iv(aj & n & ivcpd). speak wittily, donaire 

decir. 

muU vintic, nphr(aj & n)5. merrymaker, alegar. 

mumutik, aj. fragrant, olorosa cosa que huele. 

jmuibtasvanej, agn. glorifier. glorificador. 

jmuil lo'lo k'op, agn:aj & nphr(n type n)cpd. witty person. 

donoso asi. 

batz'i muibel, cf batz'i. 

bek'tal-muib, cf bek'et. 

ma'-ba muibel, cf ma'. 

mo muib 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(neg & iv «&; n5) & tv. be melancholy. 

melancolico 207. 

mo 'oyuk muil 'uch'el, s:neg & n5/pred/ & nphr(n4f of-vn4f). 

tasteless, desabrida cosa. 

mo 'oyuk muU lo'el, s:neg & n5/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -vn4f). 

tasteless, desabrida cosa. 

mo 'oyuk muil ve'el, s:neg & n5/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -vn4f). 

tasteless, desabrida cosa. 

mu tojol muibeluk, vphr:neg & nphr(aj & vn5)/pred/. 

vainglory, gloria vana. 

naka 'altik muibel, cf. naka. 

toj mu, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. joyful. placerUera cosa o 

deleitable. 

tojol muibel, cf toj (3). 

mu(2) 

mu. no, not cf mo. 

mu'nat 

mu'nat n4d. bought captive, slave. RML—^This perhaps 

should be read as jmu'nat. an agentive noun, cautivo 

comprado. 

mu'natij, iv. eat in secret comer a escondidas. 

mu'natil, nld. captivity, gluttony. (1) cautiverio, (2) glotoneria. 

mu'natil, aj. base, low. servil cosa. 

mu'natil k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. base talk. servH cosa. 

mu'natil patan, nphr(n type n)5. servitude, servidumbre. 

mu'natil ve'el, nphr(aj & n)5. base meal, servil cosa. 

mu'natil vinUc, nphr(n type n)5. glutton, gloton. 

mu'natinel, vn5. captivity, cautiverio. 

manbU mu'nat cf man. 

•mu'nil, n5. tribute. RML—This term also occurs in colonial 

Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:154, 211). pecho o tributo. 

mutz 

mutz ba, rv. have nerves tauten, shrink as some kinds of 

caterpiUars or gmbs do when they are touched. (1) 

encojerse como, (2) encojerse los.... 

mutzeptik jol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. curly-haired. RML—In 

colonial Tzeltal motzeptic is "crespo"(Guzman, 1620:47). 

In modern Tzeltal of Tenejapa tiie adjective is mujtzemtik. (1) crespo, (2) encresparse, hacerse respo., 

mutzepay, iv. become curly, cresparse. 

mutzey jol, s:iv & -n4d. curly-hafred. RML—The verb is in 

the past tense, encrespado. 
262 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

mutzib, iv. become curly, curl, encresparse, hacerse crespo. 

mutzutztik jol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. curly-haired. (1) crespo, (2) 

encresparse, hacerse crespo. 

mutz' 

mutz* sat, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. close one*s eyes, cerrar los ojos 

71. 

mutz*-sati, tv(tv & tvcpd). wink at. ojear. 

mutz' sati 'Uc*, tv(tv & n & tvcpd). call by winking, llamar 

hacieruia sehas con el ojo. 

mutz*-sativan, iv(tv & ivcpd). wuik at. (1) guihar del ojo, (2) 

ojear. 

mutz*-sativanej, vn(tv & ivcpd)5. wink, guihamiento si. 

mutz'bil, pp. closed (eyes), cerrar los ojos 71. 

mutz*Uan sat vphr:tv & -n4d[A]. blink, parpadear. 

mutz'monet sat s:av & -n4d. blink, parpadear. 

mutz'oj, n4d. eyes being closed, cerrar los ojos 71. 

mutz'ul, aj. closed (eyes), cerrar los ojos 71. 

mutz*uy sat, s:iv & -n4d. get nervous bluik. enfermar de las 

pestahas. 

mutz'uyel, vn5. nervous bUnk, erfermedad de esta mamra. 

mutz'uyel 'a'i, vphr:vn5 & tv. get nervous bUnk. enfermar de 

las pestahas. 

much' 

much'monet, av. twitch one's ears (when they are so large they 

flap like leaves or when dogs shake thefr ears), orejudo. 

much'uy 

much'uy. who, whoever, whose, cf buch'uy. 

muk (1) 

mukil, n3d. woman's brother's child, woman's maternal 

uncle's son, woman's paternal aunt, woman's paternal 

uncle's son, (when each is younger than the woman), 

woman's younger brother, woman*s younger sister. (1) 

hermano menor de la muger 161, (2) hermana menor 

respecto a la muger 161, (3)prirrw, hijo de hermano..., 

(4) sobrino, hijo de hermano..., (5) tia, hermana de 

padre.... 

muk (2) 

muk, tv. bury, conceal, conceal one's anger or grief, deny, hide, 

put underground. (1) encubrir, tener secreto, (2) encubrir 

el enojo o pena, (3) esconderse, (4) esconder algo, (5) 

meter debajo de la tierra, (6) negar. 

muk ba, rv. hide oneself encubrirse. 

muk ba ta te'tik, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). lie in ambush. 

emboscarse. 

muk jchamel, vphr:tv & agn. bury dead person, enterrar. 

muk jol, vphntv & n4d[A]. swim underwater, ruidador que 

nada debajo del aqua. 

muk ta lum, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). put underground. 

poner de tierra. 

muk ta lumtik, vphntv- & qphr(prep & n5). put underground. 

(1) meter debajo de la tierra, (2) soterrar. 

muk-tanibU membrUlo, nphr:pp(tv & ncpd) & n. quinces baked 

under the ashes, pan cocido debajo la ceniza. 

muk-tanibU vaj, vphr:pp(tv & ncpd) & n. bread baked under 

the ashes, pan cocido debajo la ceniza. 

mukbil, pp. hidden, escondida cosa. 

mukbil ta lumtUc, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). put 

underground, metido asi. 

mukeb t'ul, nphr(n4d of n5). rabbit burrow, madriguera de 

comjo. 

mukebal, n3d, hiding place, escondidijo o escondedero. 

mukenal, nld. grave. RML—^This is given as muquinal. (1) 

sepulcro, (2) uesa para enterrar. 

mukleb, n4d. (rabbit) burrow, madriguera de conejo. 

mukobil ni', nphr(n4f of n5). flap of a montero cap that covers 

the face and neck, papahigo. 

muktal, aj. hidden, secret (1) escondida cosa, (2) secreta cosa. 

muktal-'a'i, tv(aj & tvcpd). Usten in secret, escuchar de secreto. 

muktal-'a'ivan, iv(aj & ivcpd). Usten m secret escuchar de 

secreto. 

muktal-'Uc'van, iv(aj & ivcpd). pander, alcahuetear. 

muktal-'och, iv(aj & ivcpd). enter secretly, entrar escondidamente. 

muktal-tzames, tv(aj & tvcpd). kill treacherously, nmtar a 

traicion. 

muktal-jak', tv(aj & tvcpd). investigate, pe^^uwar. 

muktal k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. secret. (1) secreta cosa, (2) secreto. 

muktal-net'bey, dv(aj & tvcpd). deny one*s guUt negar en 

juicio. 

muktal pasnej, nphr(aj & n)5. secret act secreta cosa. 

muktal-sa', tv(aj & tvcpd). investigate, pesquisar. 

muktal sa'vanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. investigation, pesquisa. 

muktal-ve', iv(aj & ivcpd). eat in secret, escondidamente 

comer. 

mukul-'ik*van, iv(aj & ivcpd). pander, alcahuetear. 

mukul-'oltay, tv(aj & tvcpd). neglect, negligore. 

mukul 'olontonU, nphr(aj & n)5. negUgence. negligencia. 

mukul be, nphr(aj & n)5. path, shortcut. (1) atajo, (2) senda o 

sendero. 

mukul k*op, nphr(aj & n)5. secret secreta cosa. 

mukul pasnej, nphr(aj & n)5. secret act. secreta cosa. 

mukul ta lumtik, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). put 

underground, metido asi. 

mukul ta te'tik, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). lying in 

ambush, emboscado. 

mukula'aj, iv. swim underwater, nadar debajo del agua. 

mukulmukul tzamesvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. secret kiUing. 

secreta cosa. 

mukvanej, vn5. concealment, encubrimiento. 

jmuk-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). denier, mgador. 

jmuktal-jak'vanej, agn(aj & vncpd). investigator, pesquisidor. 

jmuktal-sa'vanej, agn(aj & vncpd). investigator, pesquisidor. 

jmuktal-tzamesvanej, agn(aj & vncpd). treacherous murderer. 

metador asi. 

jmukul-'ik'vanej, agn(aj & vncpd). pimp, alcahuete. 

jmukul-'olonton, agn(aj & ncpd), negUgent person, negligente. 

jmukul-'olontonil, agn(aj & ncpd), negligent person, negligente. 
NUMBER 31 263 

muk' 

muk', aj, big, fat, greater. (1) gorda cosa, (2) grande cosa, (3) 

mayor 205. 

muk' 'a'i, vphr:aj & tv-. respect person, tener en mucho a 

alguna persona. 

muk' 'a'ibil, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. arrogance, ensoberbeserse. 

muk' 'ojov, nphr(aj & n)5. king, rey 292, 

muk' 'olonton, s:aj^red/ & -n4d, big-hearted, magnanimous, 

(1) grande de corazon, (2) magnanimo. 

muk' bek'tal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d, robust membrudo. 

muk* cha'ley ba, vphr:aj & rv, become haughty, presume, 

presumir. 

muk* cha'ley-bail, nphr:aj & vn(tv & rncpd)5. arrogance, 

haughtuiess, presumption. (1) engrandecimiento asi, (2) 

presuncion, (3) soberbia. 

muk* cha'leybil, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. become haughty or proud. 

ensoberbeserse. 

muk' cha'leyel ba, s:aj/pred/ & -rn. haughtiness, engrandecimiento. 

muk' k'op, s:aj/^red/ & -n4d. be subtie. grande en palabras. 

muk' naul, cf no. 

muk' pach'lej, cf pach'. 

muk* pak*tayej k*op, nphr:aj & nphr(vn type n)5. big lie. 

mentira grande. 

muk* pascua, nphr(aj & n)5. Easter, pascua de resurreccion. 

muk* popol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f wide, ancho. 

muk' ta k'op, vphr:aj/pred/ & c\phr(prep & n4d[S]). subtie. 

grande en palabras. 

muk'on ta jk*op. I am subtie. 

muk' vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. giant, gigante. 

muk'muk* bek'tal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. robust. (1) fornido 

hombre, (2) membrudo. 

muk'muk' takupal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. robust./<9rm(ic> hombre. 

muk'ta 'ibel tz'usub, nphr:nphr(aj & n)4f of n5. main tmnk of 

the grapevine, sarmiento grande o.... 

muk'ta-'ich', tv(aj & tvcpd). be careful, cuidado tener. 

muk'ta 'ich'el, nphr(aj & vn)4d. care, cuidado de tal cosa. 

muk*ta-'ich'van, iv(aj & ivcpd). make provision, recaudo 

poner en las cosas. 

muk'ta 'olonton, nphr(aj & n)5. big-heartedness, magnaminity. 

(1) grande de corazon, (2) magnanimo. 

muk'ta bek'tal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. robust membrudo. 

muk'ta j-tek lum, nphr:aj & nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. city. 

ciudad 72. 

muk'ta kelem, nphr(aj & n)5. grown boy. mancebo crecido. 

muk'ta k'anal, nphr(aj & n)5. morning star, lucero, estrella 

de la mahana 202. 

muk'ta k'ok', cf k'ak'. 

muk'ta k'ulej, nphr(aj & n)5. city, pueblo. 

muk*ta lum, nphr(aj & n)5. city, ciudad 72. 

muk*tame', nphr(aj & n)4d. grandmoUier. RML—Presumably 

there was an absolute form, muk'ta me'il. abuela. 

muk*ta mut, cf mut. 

muk*ta na, cf na (1). 

muk*ta nen, cf nen. 

muk*ta te'el, nphr(aj & n)4f tree tmnk (witii its branches). 

tronco de arbol.... 

muk*ta tot, nphr(aj & n)4d. grandfatiier. RML—^Presumably 

there was an absolute form, muk'ta tolH. abuela. 

muk*ta tuk*, nphr(aj & n)5. lombard gun. lombarda. 

muk*ta-ye, tv(aj & tvcpd) make provision, recaudo poner en 

las cosas. 

muk*ta-yebey k*op, vphr:-dv(aj & tvcpd) & n4d[B]. believe 

in or tmst person, fiarse de alguno... . 

muk'tikil, n4f magnificence, solemnidad. 

muk'ub, iv. assume afr of importance, be elevated in rank, 

expand, grow big or fat. (1) encumbrarse en honra, (2) 

engordar, (3) engrandecerse como quiera, (4) enzancharse 115, (5) grande hacerce. 

muk'ub 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. become brave, animar, tomar 

esfuerzo. 

muk'ubeb, n4f. gusset, giron que le pone a la vestidura. 

muk'ubel, vn4f. enlargement, ensanchadura o ensanchamiento 

115. 

muk'ubes, tv. enlarge, expand, fatten. (1) engordar, (2) 

engrandecer a otro, alabarle, (3) enzancharse 115, (4) 

grande hacerse. 

muk'ubes 'olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d. embolden, aninwr asi a 

otro. 

muk'ubtas, tv. enlarge, expand, fatten, glorify, perpetuate. (1) 

engordar, (2) enzancharse 115, (3) glorificar, (4) graruie 

hacerse, (5) perpetuar, continuar. 

muk'ubtasbey 'olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. embolden. (1) 

arreciar o esforzar a otro 30, (2) esforzar o animar a 

otro, (3) seguridad. 

muk'ul, n4b. enlargement, fatness, magnificence. (1) ensanchadura 0...115, (2) gordura, (3) magestad (4) solemnidad. 

muk'ul, aj. big. grande cosa. 

muk'ul 'olontonU, nphr(nlf of n3d). courage, esfuerzo. 

muk'ul nen, cf nen. 

jmuk' cha'ley bail, agn:aj & vn(tv & rn)cpd. presumptuous 

person, presuntuoso. 

jmuk'ul-'olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). big-hearted, brave, or 

magnanimous person. (1) aninwso, (2) esforzado, (3) 

grande de corazon, (4) magnanimo. 

jmuk'ul-'olontonil, agn(aj & ncpd). brave person, esforzado. 

'ip muk'ul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. important gravedad asi. 

toj muk', vphr:adv & aj/pred/. bigger, magnificent solemne 

cosa. 

toj muk* Pedro bik'it te Juane. Peter is bigger, John is little. 

mayor 205. 

toj muk* te Pedro. Peter is bigger, mayor 205. 

mul (1) 

mul, nld. fault, guUt sin. (l).falta. culpa, (2) pecado. 

mul na, nphr(n type n)5. brotiiel. *They don't know what it is, 

but you can say mul na, etc. mancbia, cf mancebia. 
264 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

mulal k*op, nphr(natt & n)5. lustful talk, carnal cosa. 

mulal k*upinvanej, nphr(natt & vn)5. lustful desfre. carnal 

cosa. 

mulal nich*nal, nphr(natt & n)5. man*s bastard child, bastardo 

hijo o hija. 

mulal nich'on, nphr(natt & n)4d. man's bastard chUd. bastardo 

hijo o hija. 

mulal-xanav, iv(n & ivcpd). lust, punp. (1) luguriar, (2) 

rofianzar, cf rifianear. 

mulal xanbal, nphr(n type n)5. incontinence, yncontinencia 

186. 

mulal ve'el, nphr(nalt & vn)5. gluttony, guia. 

mulaltas, tv, make person sin, offend. (1) hacer pecar, (2) 

ofender. 

mulaltasbil, pp. offended, ofendido. 

mulaltasel, vn4d. offense that one receives, ofensa que se 

recibe. 

mulaltas vanej, vn5. offense Uiat one causes, ofensa que se 

recibe. 

mulav, iv. sin, whore. (1) faltar asi, (2) pecar, (3) putanear. 

mulav caballo, s:iv & n5. stalUon. garahon. 

mulav ta 'ajnilal, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). commit adultery. 

adulterar. 

mulaveb na, nphr(n type n)5. brothel. (1) mancbia, (2)puteria. 

mulavej 'ajnilal, nphr(vn type n)5. adulterer, adultero. 

mulavej ta 'ajnilal, nphr:vn & qphr(prep & n5). adultery 

(man's), adulterio. 

mulavej ta malalU, nphr:vn & qphr(prep & n5). adultery 

(woman's), adulterio. 

mulavil, n5. person who has an affafr, sinner. (1) amancebado, 

(2)faltador asi o defectuoso, (3) pecador. 

mulavil 'ajnUal, nphr(n type n)5. adulteress, adultera. 

mulavil 'antz, nphr(n type n)5. whore, puta, ramera. 

mulavil ch*iom kelem, nphr:n type nphr(aj & n). rake, garzon 

en mala parte 151. 

mulavil j'antzU-ti', nphr:n type agn(natt & ncpd). warrior. 

guerreador. 

mulavil kelem, nphr(n type n)5. pimp, rofian. 

mulavil na, nphr(n type n)5. whorehouse, puteria. 

mulavil xinch*ok, nphr(n type n)5. whoremaster. putanero. 

muUl, n5. fault, guilt, sin. (1) falta. culpa, (2) ecado. 

mulmultUc ba, raj. dissolute, disoluta muger. 

jmulaltasvanej, agn. offender ofendedor. 

mo 'oyuk mul, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. innocent, ynocente 

188. 

toj mulavil, vphr:adv & n/pred/. lustful, lujurioso. 

'ajmul, n4d. concubine, gfrlfriend, misfress. (1) amiga o 

manceba con quien peca 20, (2) manceba con quien 

pecan. 

'ajmuUn, tv. have a concubine, amancebarse hacieruio pecado. 

'oy 'ajmul, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. have a concubine, amancebado. 

mul (2) 

mul, tv, put underwater, smk. (1) rmter debajo del agua, (2) 

metido asi. (3) sumir debajo. 

mul, iv. smk. (1) hundirse, (2) metido asi. (3) sumirse. 

mul ch'ay, vphr:tv- & tv[A, O = A, O]. smk to Uie bottom, 

submerge (ship, canoe), hundir. 

mul jol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. swim underwater, nadador que 

nada debajo del agua. 

mul ta 'ach'el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). mfre. (1) atoyar, 

(2) enceruigar. 

mul ta 'ach'el, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5), waUow, encenagarse. 

mul ta Ho', vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5), put underwater, (1) 

meter debajo del agua. (2) poner debajo del agua. 

mul ta Ho', vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5), sirUc. remosar. 

mul ta Ho'tik, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). sink, arrugarse 23, 

cf anegarse. 

mulbil, pp. put underwater, sunk. (1) metido asi. (2) sumido. 

mulel, vnld, wallowing, emenagarrdento. 

mules, tv, sink to the bottom, submerge, hundir. 

mulul, aj, put underwater, sunk, (1) metido asi, (2) sumido. 

mula (Sp,) 

mula, n5, mule, mula. 

mut 

mut, n5, bfrd, (1) ave, (2) pajaro, gemralmente 252. 

bik'tal mut, nphr(aj & n)5. littie bfrd. ave grande. 

muk'ta mut, nphr(aj & n)5. big bfrd. ave grande. 

muum 

muum, n5, wasp with terrestrial nest, RML—^Perhaps this 

should be read mu'um. In modern TzotzU, mum is a 

yeUow jacket gmb, abispa otra especie.... 

muy 

muy, iv, ascend, climb, rise, subir. 

muy ta pat chij, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). 

mount on horseback, cabalgar 53. 

muy tojol, s:iv & -n4d, cost more, have the price rise, *For 

when we say it costs double diese (Indians) have no 

special words for it, rather they put ffrst how much it 

rose. If before it cost one real and now it cost one and a 

half they say: "emuy smedioil." "It rose a half* If before 

it cost ten and now ftfteen or twenty they put that and 

then "it rose*': "Ho'ob emuy." "It rose five.** "lajuneb 

emuy." "It rose ten.'* doblar el precio. 

muyebal, n5. stafr, step (for ascending), grada para subir. 

muyel, vnlf ascent, rise, subida. 

muyel batel, nphr(vn type n)5, uphUl and away, cuesta arriba. 

muyel batelbatel ta 'uk*um, nphr:nphr(vn type vn)5 & 

qphr(prep & n5), upsfream, rio arriba. 

muyel talel, nphr(vn type vn)5, uphiU and towards, cuesta 

arriba. 

muyes, tv, raise, subir. 

muyes tojol, vphr:tv & -n4b. raise Uie price, encarecer algo, 

subir su precio. 
NUMBER 31 265 

muyesbil, pp. raised, subida cosa. 

muyesbil tojol, s:pp/pred/ & -n4b. more costiy. encarecido. 

N 

na(l) 

na, nle. burrow, house, native country. *When we say Uiis 

house has a good view because you can see a large 

expanse of field from it "'utzjnatik 'utz svinajeb 'osil 

yo' 'oy." "Our house is good, it has a good view.** To 

ask, "Where do you live?** they commonly say, "Buy 

ana ta Sotz' Leb?" "Where is your house in Zinacantan?" 

(1) bivar, (2) casa, (3) tierra patria. (4) vecino de tal o 

tal pueblo 348, (5) vista de casa o de ventana. 

na 'amay, nphr(n4f of n5). flute box, caja defiautas 53, 

na 'ixim, nphr(n4f of n5), granary, troje de pan 342, 

na 'ojov, nphr(n4f of n5), royal palace, real cosa o casa real. 

na 'olontonU, nphr(n4f of n5). breast, waist. (1) pecho, parte 

del cuerpo, (2) regaso. 

na 'om, nphr(n4d of n5), cobweb, telaraha. 

na 'uch*, nphr(n4d of n5). lice ridden, piojoso, piojento. 

na tzo', nphr(n4f of n5). dump, privy, privada. 

na tzo', nphr(n4e of n5), latrine, privy, (1) establo no de 

bestias..., (2) latrina. privada, (3) necesaria o privada. 

na tzo' *uch*, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). nit-ridden, lendroso, 

llano de liendres. 

na cabaUo, nphr(n4d of n5). stable, establo. 

na campana, nphr(n4e of n5), belfry, campanario. 

na candela, nphr(n4f of n5). lantern, linterna 193. 

na chitom, nphr(n4d of n5). pigpen, pocilga 265. 

na dios, nphr(ii4d of n5). church. (1) yglesia 184, (2) templo. 

na lomajebal sacramento, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n). ciborium. 

RML—^In colonial Tzeltal, lomagh is "bajarse" (Gates, 

1934b:97), sagrario. 

na me'on, nphr(n4d of n5). poorhouse, espital. 

na mut, nphr(n of n)5, bfrd nest, nidad o nido. cf nidal. 

na padre, nphr(n4d of n5). monastery, nwruisterio 228. 

na pom, nphr(n4f of n5). beehive, colmena. 

na sibak, nphr(n4f of 5), inkwell, tintero. 

na xamiti, nphr(n4e of n5), tile factory, tejar donde hacen teja. 

na xch'ach*ak, nphr(n4d of n5), dovecote, palomar doruie 

crian. 

na xinich, nphr(n4d of n5), ant nest, hormiguero. 

na tak*m, nphr(n4e of n5), belfry, (1) campanario. (2) caseria 

51. 

na tak*in, nphr(n4e of n4e). surgeon*s case, estuche de 

cirujano. 

na te', nphr(n4e of n5). jail, carcel. 

na te'el, nphr(n4e of n5). entablature, entablamiento. 

na tekpan, nphr(n4d of n5). royal palace, real cosa o casa real. 

na tuluk', nphr(n of n)5. chicken pen. gallinero. 

na ttix-nok' chij, nphr:n4d of nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. 

sheep pen. estancia de vacas 130. 

na t*ul, nphr(n of n)5. rabbit nest, nidad o nido, cf nidal. 

na t*ul, nphr(n4d of n5). rabbit burrow. (1) bivar, (2) 

madriguera de conejo. 

na vacas, nphr(n4d of n5). cow bam. estancia de vacas 130. 

na ve'el, nphr(n4e of vn5). dining hall, caseria 51, 

na Hun, nphr(n4c of n5). library, libreria. lugar de libros. 

naU, n4d. outbuUduig. caseria 51. 

naU, nld. family. familia. 

'epon ta jnail. I have a big family, 

'utz anail. You have a good family. 

naU 'abnal, nphr(natt & n)5. arbor (in the form of a hut or a 

house), ramada. sombra de ramas. 

naU pok*, nphr(natt & n)5. bed hangings, mosquito net (1) 

cobertura de cama. cortinas 54, (2) paramentos de 

cama, (3) pabellon o red para mosquitos 252. 

naU pop, nphr(natt & n)5. bridal chamber. *They used to call 

it nail pop because they made them copulate there, now 

they do not call it that, but rather svayeb jnupunel (or) 

stzalav na jnupunel. talamo de rwvios. 

nain, tv. inhabit, reside, use as a house. (1) abitar, rrwrar, (2) 

usar. 

naiv, iv. build a house, inhabit, live in, make a nest reside. (1) 

anidar, (2) fabricar o hacer casa. (3) nido hacer. (4) 

poblar. 

naivej, vn5. constmction, settlement. (1) fabricacion asi. (2) 

poblacion. 

'ayon 'ekuk ta naivej. I went to or helped in the settlement 

of such and such a town, poblacion. 

teyon 'ekuk ta naivej. I am in or am helping in the settlement 

of such and such a town, poblacion. 

naivil, n5. builder, settier (who buUds houses). (1) fabricador 

o el quefabrica. (2) poblador. i.e., que hacen casas. 

jnaivej, agn. builder, fabricador o.... 

'utz nail, vphr:aj/pred/ & n4d. have a good famUy./am/7ia. 

'utz'utz naklej, cf nak. 

bik*tal na, nphr(aj & n)5. small house, chica casa. 

bik'tal na, nphr(n4f of n5). room, recamara. 

muk'ta na, nphr(aj & n)5. hall, parish house, perrochia. 

xna 'om, nphr(n of n)5. spider that spins in Uie forests and 

whose webs seem like yellow silk, araha. 

na(2) 

na. cloUi, spin, thread, wick, cf no. 

na' 

na', tv. guess right, know, recall, remember, resolve. (1) 

acordarse. (2) acertar. diciendo algo 6, (3) remembrarse, (4) saber. 

Ho'on jna'. I will resolve it dispomr de algo. 

na' 'aboltayvanej, vphr:tv & -vn4d. Uiank. (1) agradecer 12, 

(2) gracias dar. 

na'o yaboltayvanej ta atojol! Thank him! gracias dar. 

na' 'aboltayvanej, vphr:tv & vn5. be Uiankful. (1) agradecido 

13, (2) gracias dar. 

na' 'aboltayel, vphr:tv & vn4d[A]. be grateful, Uiank. (1) 

agradecer 12, (2) reconocer el beneficio. 

na'o avaboltayel ku'un! Thank me! gracias dar. 
266 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

na' *'akan-'oltay, vphr:tv- & tv(x & tvcpd)-. make a deal 

move, bullir. 

na* ba'yi, vphr:tv- & adv. invent, ynventar. 

na'-tzai, tv(tv & ncpd). dream up, guess, imagine, speculate, 

tiiink. (1) conjeturar, (2) especular, (3) fabricar en el 

entendimiento o.... (4) ymaginar. pensar 184. 

na'-tzaiabU, n(tv & ncpd)4f indication or premise (for making 

a guess), sehal o premisa para conjeturar algo. 

na'-tzaibey, dv(tv & ncpd). impute, achacar a alguno algo. 

na'-tzaij, iv(tv & ncpd). dream up, guess, speculate, Uiink. (1) 

conjeturar (2) especular. (3) fabricar en el entendimiento. .., (4) pensar. 

na'-tzaijel, vn(tv & ncpd). invention, speculation. (1) especulacion. {2) fabricacion tal. 

na' chij, vphr:tv & n5. know how to ride horseback, cabalgar 

53. 

na* k'exel, vphr:tv & -vn4f barter well, trueco. 

mu xana' xk'exel. You don't barter weU. 

na' k'op, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. carry out one's word, cumplir la 

palabra 58. 

na' ta 'olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). consider. 

Store in one's mind (to do or say at a later date). (1) 

conciderar 63, (2) pensar para decir o hacer algo 

despues. 

na' ta jambeyel ta 'olonton 'u'un dios, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep 

& vn4f[A]) & qphr(prep & n4d[A]) -i- nphr(n4d of n5). 

have a revelation. RML—^The verb is given in the past 

tense, revelacion. 

na' ta tambeyel ta 'olonton 'u'un dios, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep 

& vn4f[A]) & qphr(prep & n4d[A]) + nphr(n4d of n5). 

have a revelation. RML—^The verb is given in the past 

tense, revelacion. 

na' ta tojol, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). be one's business. 

pertenecerme a mi de oficio. 

na'al, n5. mockery, escarnecimiento asi. 

na'al k'op, nphr(n type n)5. witty saying, pulla. 

na'ben tza, nphr(n type n)5, free wUl. libre albedrio. 

na'bey, dv, remind, acordar a otro. 

na'bey 'aboltayel 'u'un, vphr:-dv & vn4d[A] + n4d[B]. thank. 

gracias dar. 

na'bey 'aboltayvanej, vphr:-dv & vn4d[B]. thank, gracias dar. 

na'bey muk'ul, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. respect, respeto tener. 

na'bey tojol, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. acquaint oneself with. 

ynformarse 188. 

na'bil, pp. famous, esclarecido. 

na'el, vn4b. knowledge, fame, longing, respect (1) acatar, 

hacer reverencia, (2) adolescer deseando o antojandosele algo, (3) arte de ciencia. 

'ip jna'el. I am very famous, esclarecimiento. 

'utz sna'el dios. Knowledge of God is good, arte de ciencia. 

'utz sna'el k'eyoj. It is good to know how to sing, arte de 

ciencia. 

'utz sna'el sk'op dios. It is good to know the word of God. 

arte de ciencia. 

na'el 'aboltayvanej, nphr(vn4f of vn5). gratitude, reconocimiento. 

'ep sna'el kaboltayvanej avu'un. You are very grateful to 

me, agradecimiento. 

na'el 'u'un, nphr:-vn4d + -n4d, be grateful to. agradecimiento. 

'ep jna'el avu'un. You are very grateful to me. 

mo 'oyuk jna'el avu'un. You are not grateful to me. 

na'ley, tv. mock, ridicule. RML—^In Venustiano Carranza, 

na'H is "to make fun of, ridicule," (Sarles, n.d.:85). (1) 

burlar, nwfar, (2) escarnecer, (3) nwtejar. 

na'leyvan, iv. mock, escarnecer. 

na'leyvanej, vn5. mockery, escarnecimiento. 

na'non, tv. guess. RML—This was given as ghmon. 

conjeturar. 

na'non, n4d. guess, conjeturar. 

na'nonet, av. guess, jest, play. RML—The term for jest and 

play is given as xemavonet. (1) burlar, jugar, (2) 

conjeturar. 

na'ob 'osU, nphr(n of n)5. wateh. reloj. 

na'obil, n4f commemoration, indication or premise (for 

making a guess), memory. (1) remembranza, (2) sehal 

o premisa... . 

sna'obil slabanel San Juan (or) sna'obil smuk'ul San Juan. 

The grand commemoration of St. John, solemnidad. 

na'obil k*ak'al, nphr(n4f of n5). martyrology. RML—This was 

incorrectiy placed at Uie end of Uie preceding entry. 

martillo. 

na'obil k*in, nphr(n4f of n5). martyrology. martirologio. 

na'obU k'usitUcuk, nphr(n4f of n5). memorial, lit. "memorial 

for anything.'* memorial. 

na'oj, n4d. remembered object, acordar. 

na'ot, tv/pass/. be known or public. (1) conocidos, (2) publica 

cosa. 

na'u, tv. be sure to remember to have someone do someUiing 

good or bad. *It is the same as saying he wUl remember 

it or wiU recommend it RML—The same term occurs 

in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:167). procurar 

acordarse.... 

na'uej, n4d. person to be remembered for doing somethmg. 

procurar acordarse... . 

na'vanab, n4d. memory, mind. (1) memoria, (2) rmnte. 

na'vanej, vnld. genius, industriousness, knowledge, memory, 

mind, science. (1) arte de ciencia, (2) yndustria 187, (3) 

yngenio, habilidad 188, (4) memoria, (5) mente. 

jna'-tzaijel, agn(tv & vncpd). speculator, especulativo. 

jna'-k*eyoj, agn(tv & ncpd). musician, musico esehado. 

jna'-k*op, agn(tv & ncpd). person who speaks a language 

fluently, ladino. 

jna' k*op, nphr(agn & n4d/lp/). person who speaks TzotzU 

fluentiy. ladino. 

jna'al, agn. mocker. (1) burlador, de esta manera, (2) 

escarnecedor. 

jna'vanej, agn. craftsman, expert, industrious, judicious, 

learned or wise person. (1) avisado, (2) yndustrioso 186, 
NUMBER 31 267 

(3) letrado, (4) maestro de algun arte, (5) sabio o 

sabedor, (6) sesudo de buen seso. 

jna'vanej-poxU, agn(vn & ncpd). experienced doctor, rmdico 

experimentado. 

'ip na', vphr:adv & tv-. miss, privar con alguno. 

'ip xesna'. He misses me. 

'ip na'ey, vphr:adv & tv/pass/. become famous, esclarecerse. 

'ip na'el, vphr:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. be famous, esclarecimiento. 

melol na',cf mel. 

mo k*u na', vphr:nphr(neg & n5) & tv. be out of danger, safe 

or secure, seguro de peligro. 

mo k*u xana' yo' 'oy. You are safe there, segura cosa. 

mo k'usi na', vphr:nphr(neg & n5) & tv. be stupid, necio. 

mo na' k'in, vphr:neg & tv & -n4e. be importunate, ymportuno 

sin tiempo 185. 

mu na' 'aboltayel, vphr:neg & tv & vn5. be ungrateful. 

desagradecer. 

mu na'ot, vphr:neg & tv/pass/. be forgotten, olvidada cosa. 

mu to jaka na'ot vphr:neg & pt & adv & tv/pass/. be doubtful. 

dudosa cosa. 

ta na'-tza k'op k'opoj, vphr:qphr(prep & nphr<vn(tv & ncpd) 

type n>5) & iv. speak figuratively, figurativamente 

hablar. 

toj na', vphr:adv & tv-. be skillful, diestra persorui. 

Ha' na' 'oy, s:n5/pred/ & s(tv- & pt). assume, poner por caso. 

Ha' jna' 'oy te 'ok'obuk chamane. I assume you will die 

tomorrow, prueva, experiencia. 

Ha' jna' 'oy te 'oy Hech x'ayan. I assume he will be born 

like tiiat 

nab (1) 

nab, n5. deep river, high sea, lake, ocean. (1) lago de agua. (2) 

laguna si es grande, (3) mar gemral, (4) pielago de rio 

o mar. 

nab, n4e. backwater, remanso de rio. 

nab, aj. deep (water), honda, cosa profuruia si es agua. 

nab 'ik*, nphr(n type n)5. sea breeze, marca, viento de rruir, cf 

rruirea. 

nab Ho', nphr(n4e of n5). deep river, high sea. pielago de rio 

o mar. 

bik*tal nab, nphr(aj & n)5. pond, strait. (1) laguna si..., (2) mar 

estrecho. 

ta 'o'lol nab, qphr.prep & nphr(n of n)5. gulf, golfo de mar. 

ta 'ut nab, qphr:prep & nphr(n4f of n5). gulf golfo de mar. 

ta nab 'ayan, vphr:qphr(prep & n5) & iv. marine. RML—The 

verb is in the past tense, marina, cosa del mar. 

ta nab pas, vphr:qphr(prep & n5) & tv-. marine, marina, cosa 

del mar. 

toj nab, vphr:adv & n/pred/. deep (water), honda, cosa.... 

nab (2) 

naban, iv. paint or bedaub oneself with dye or red ochre. 

RML—In colonial Tzeltal, -nabel is "afeite," and 

-nabamn, -nabantez are "almagrar" (GuzmAn, 1620:12, 

17). In colonial Cholti, Moran gives nabi for "tismr" 

(Moran, 1962), In colonial Yucatec nabal and rwabal are 

given by Pio P6rez for "untarse, embarrarse, embadurnarse" (P6rez, 1877:233). (1) aseitarse con colores, (2) 

almagrarse, (3) tenirse o embrijarse, (4) tenirse o 

enbaijarse. 

nabantas, tv. paint oneself with red ochre, almagrarse. 

nabeb, n4f. dyer*s vat. RML—This is given as znaben. tina 

de tintorero. 

nabnel, n5. colored ointment aseite asi de unguentos o colores. 

nobo, nld. bfrdUme, colored ointment. RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal bfrdlime is naba (Guzman, 1620:119). (1) aseite 

asi, (2) liga. 

*nab (3) 

*nabenabe ba, rv. restrain oneself. RML—In colonial Tzeltal 

the term is -nabentay -ba (Guzman, 1620:180). r^renarse. 

*nabenabe aba k'opojan (or) *nabenabe aba k'op! Hold 

your tongue! 

*nabenabe ba ve', vphr:rv & iv. resd-ain one's appetite. 

refrenarse en la comida. 

nabo (Sp.) 

nabo, n5. turnip. RML—In modern TzotzU, napux is the field 

mustard, Brassica campestris. nabo. 

juljul nabo, cf jul (1). 

volvol nabo, cf. vol. 

natz' 

natz*, n5. bracelet manilla. 

natz'il k'anal tak'in, nphr:natt & nphr(aj & n). gold bracelet 

manilla de oro. 

nach' 

nach', iv. be barely visible, begin to appear, asomado 33. 

buy snach' k'ak'al? When does the sun rise? 

nach' 'u, s:iv & n5. have new moon appear. RML—The verb 

is in the past tense, luna nueva. 

nach'al, aj. barely visible, asomado asi 33. 

nach'eb k'ak'al, nphr(n4f of n5). sunrise, salida del sol. 

nach'itay, tv. pry into others' affairs watching where they go, 

spy on. (1) acechar mirar doruie va o..., (2) asomado 

asi 33, (3) espiar. 

nach'itayvan, iv. pry into oUiers' affafrs, spy on. acechar 

mirar.... 

nach*nonet av. keep peeking, mirar asomandose muchas 

veces. 

•naitz 

*naitzil, n3d. hard bread (biscuit hardtack), provisions. 

RML—^This term occurs also in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 

1620:30). In colonial Cholti it is given as naiz for 

"vianda para el camino" (Moran, 1935:68). (1) bastimento conw matalotaje, (2) pan duro como bizcocho 

o..., (3) vituallas de comer. 

nak 

nak, tv. battie, compete against, conquer, contend, fight in a 

contest, make an enemy of, oppose, repel, resist, wage 

war against. (1) batallar o conquistar algo, (2) 

conquistar, (3) contender conw quiera, (4) enemistar o 
268 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

pelear..., (5) guerra hacer a otro. (6) lidiar asi. (1) 

oponerse en contra. (8) resistir. corrw a las tentaciones. 

nak bel na dios, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of nphr<n4d of n5>). 

commit a sacrilege. RML—^Perhaps the verb should be 

read nak'. sacrilegio. 

nak ta k*op, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). speak agamst, hablar 

contra otro. 

xasnak ta k'op. He is speaking agamst you. contra. 

nakal, aj. residing, seated, sitting. (1) asentado, (2) recidir, (3) 

sentado. 

nakalon. I am sitting down. (1) estar sentado, (2) sentarse. 

nakal 'olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be caUn, or relaxed, feel 

secure. (1) reposar, quietarse el inquieto, (2) reposado 

asi, quieto, (3) sosegarse. (4) sosegado. 

nakal avolonton yo' 'oy. You wiU feel secure there, segura 

cosa. 

nakal tza, nphr(aj & n)5. time-consuming. RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal, nacal abtel is given as an example for 

"espaciosa" and nacal atza for "sosegado" (Guzman, 

1620:83, 202). espaciosa. 

nakal tza xxanav batel. He walks for a long time, 

nakal tza spas 'abtel. He works for a long time, 

nakalnakal, aj. idle, lazy, baldio, estar ocioso. 

nakan, tv. appomt, choose, detain (as when the alcalde does 

not let them go somewhere or a friend detains them), 

seat (1) asentar 33, (2) detener corrw..., (3) elegir o 

escoger, (4) sentar a otro o asentarlo. 

nakan 'olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A], be calm, sosegarse. 

nakan jch'ilom, vphr:tv & agn4d[A]. establish camp (as the 

captain ordered them to establish camp), real sentar. 

nakanab jom, nphr(n of n)5. baUast. lastre de nave. 

nakanbey 'olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. appease, calm, make 

a person feel secure, (1) seguridad (2) sosegar a otro. 

nakanbU, pp, detained, seated, (1) asentado 33, (2) detenido 

asi. 

nakanej, n4d. person detained or seated. (1) asentado 33, (2) 

detener corrw 

nakanel 'olonton, nphr(vn4f of n5). calmness, tranquiUty. 

sosiego. 

nakav, iv. battie, contend, fight in a contest, make an enemy 

of, oppose, repel, reside, resist. (1) batallar o pelear, (2) 

contender conw quiera. (3) enemistarse, (4) forcejar 

defiendose...145, (5) lidiar asi. (6) oponerse en contra. 

(1) resistir. 

nakavel, vn5. opposition, persecution, pursuit, perseguimiento 

o persecucion.... 

nakbal, n5. opposition, persecution, pursuit perse guimiento 

o.... 

nakbal, n4d. ache, contender, dizziness, enemy, opponent, 

pursuer. (1) contendedor. (2) contrario, (3) enemigo, (4) 

fatiga del cuerpo..., (5) perseguidor mio o contrario. 

naktzaj, iv. be dammed up, stop moving (inanimate object). 

(1) estancar, (2) pararse lo que anda... . 

naktzaj 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. feel safe, segura cosa. 

xnaktzaj avolonton yo' *oy. You wiU feel safe there, 

naktzajeb 'olontonU, nphr(n4f of n5). security, seguridad. 

naktzajeb jom, nphr(n4f of n5). ballast lastre de mve. 

naktzajes jom, vphr:tv & n5. baUast lastrar el navio. 

naktzajesbey 'olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. make person feel 

secure, seguridad. 

nakel, vn4d. against, opposition, persecution, pursuit (1) 

contra, (2) perseguimiento o persecucion— 

anakel ta xk'opoj. He is talking against you. contra. 

nakel vinUc, nphr(vn4d of n5). dispute, cuestion como...2^3. 

nakey, iv. be seated, inhabit, reside, sU down. (1) abitar, (2) 

asentar 33, (3) estar sentado, (4) morar, (5) sentarse. 

nakleb 'antz, nphr(n4d of n5). drawing room (where ladies are 

received), estrado de mugeres. 

nakleb 'ojov, nphr(n4d of n5). Ut. "lord*s room," gameroom 

(where they play), estrado donde juegan. 

nakleb chUcin te', nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. pedestal, column. 

basa de columna, cf. base. 

nakleb yo' 'oy pas ch*akel, nphr:n4f(3s) & pt & pt & s(tv/3s/& 

vn5). court of justice, tribunal donde juzgan. 

nakleb Hun, nphr(n4f of n5). maUbag. porta cartas. 

naklebal, n3d. bench, buttocks, chafr, residence, seat (1) 

asiento 33, (2) escaho, (3) lugar donde alguno se asienta 

o..., (4) rrwrada, (5) nalgas, (6) poyo o sentadero o silla, 

banco, (1) posadero para sentarse, (8) salvanos, (9) 

banco 345, 

naklebal ta pat caballo, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of 

n5>), saddle, silla de caballo o mula. 

naklebal te', nphr(n type n), bench, escaho. 

naklebin, tv. inhabit, reside, abitar. 

naklej, n5. famUy, position, residence, seat (1) rrwrada, (2) 

postura, (3) sentamiento o asiento. 

nakmal, n4d. conqueror, enemy, opponent, pursuer, warrior. 

(1) emmigo, (2) perseguidor mio o contrario, (3) real 

de gente armada. 

naknak ba ta k'op, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). dispute. 

disputar. 

nakoj, n4d. subject of dispute, perseguir con pleitos o 

contradiccion. 

nakvan ta k*op, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). talk against, hablar 

contra otro. 

nakvanej, vn5. opposition, persecution, pursuit. (1) lid. (2) 

perseguimiento o persecucion.... 

jnaklej, agn. inhabitant, resident, morador. 

jnakvanej, agn. nuisance, tormentor, rrwlesto o molestador. 

mo nakluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. absent, ausente. 

'utz'utz naklej, vphr:aj;^red/ & n4d. You have a good 

family./a/m/za. 

naka 

naka 'atz*am, vphr:adv & n5/pred/. oversalty. salada cosa. 

muy salada. 

naka 'ak*U, vphr:adv & n4f[S]/pred/. worn (old cloUi). rasa 

de paho... 283. 

naka 'ak*il 'ayan, s: adv & -n4f & iv. fret (clotii, silk), raerce 
NUMBER 31 269 

el paho o seda. 

naka 'ak'U no 'ox, vphr:adv & n4f[S]/pred/ & pt & pt fretted. 

raida cosa. 

naka 'al ba, vphr:adv & rv. pretend, fingir. 

naka xal sba ta batel. He is pretending he is going, 

naka 'altik, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. in vain, unjustified, unreasonable. (1) por demas, (2) sana sin porque o sin razon. 

naka 'altik xch'ay jun k'ak'al ku'un. I am spending a whole 

day in vain, pasar el dia o el tiempo sin provecho. 

naka 'altik muibel, s:adv & aj/pred/ & vn5. vainglory, gloria 

vana. 

naka 'altik naklej, s:adv & aj/pred/ & n5. idleness, laziness. 

(1) haragania, (2) ocio. 

naka 'altik nichimajel, s:adv & aj/pred/ & vn5. vainglory. 

gloria vana. 

naka 'altik pas, s:adv & aj/pred/ & s(tv-). spend tiie day or 

tune in vain. (1) hacer en varw 165, (2) ynconcideradamente hacer algo 186, 

naka 'ech' *osU 'euk, s:adv & iv & n5 & pt spend the day or 

time in vain, pasar el dia 

naka 'ech* 'osU 'u'un, s:adv & iv & n5 + -n4d, be lazy. 

haragan. 

naka 'il, vphr:adj & n/pred/. irritation, unjustified or unreasonable anger, (1) saha pequeha, (2) saha sin porque.... 

naka 'osU, vphr:adj & n/pred/. free tune, holiday, dia de fiesta. 

naka 'osUtik, vphr:adj & n/pred/. free time, holiday, dia de 

fiesta. 

naka bak, vplir:adj & n/pred/. emaciated, skinny. (1) enflaquecido, (2) flaca cosa mayra. 

naka ch*uxuv, vphr:adj & n/pred/. skinny./7aca cosa mayra. 

naka jobeltUc, vphr:adj & n/pred/. freeless wasteland, yermo sin 

arboles 183, 

naka jom, vphr:adj & n/pred/, hollow, spongy, fosa, cosa 

hueca. cf.fofa. 

naka k*an-'ixmal, vphr:adv & n(aj & ncpd)/pred/, covered witii 

lard, sebo, lleno de sebo. 

naka k'op, vphr:adj & n/pred/, duU, stupid, nwdorro. 

naka k*op no 'ox, vphr:adv & n/pred/ & pt & pt, common, 

ordinary, vulgar, 

naka mal k'ak'al 'u'un, s:adv & iv & n5 + -n4d, spend tiie day 

or time in vain, pasar el dia 

naka naklej, vphr:adj & n/pred/, idleness, ocio. 

naka no 'ox, advphr:adv & pt & pt, frequentiy, a menudo. 

naka no 'ox 'ich* juramentu, vphr:adv & pt & pt & tv & n5. 

make person swear an oath, as creditor does to debtor 

who refuses to pay, juramentar, hacerle.... 

naka no 'ox pas, vphr:adv & pt & pt & tv-. do over and over. 

menudear, hacer.... 

naka no 'ox xanav, vphr:adv & pt & pt & iv. be lazy, be 

unmarried. (1) haragan, (2) soltero o soltera. 

naka pas, vphr:adv & tv-. be lazy, do in vain, haragania. 

naka pukuk, vphr:adv & n/pred/, dusty, polvoso. 

naka-xanav, iv(aj & ivcpd), live unprofitably. bivir desaprovechadamente. 

naka tal k*opuk, s:adv & iv & -n4d, pre^nd. fingir. 

naka tok 'ayan, s:adv & n/pred/ & s(iv/3s/). cloud over. 

anublarse algo. 

naka vinUc, vphr:adv & n/pred/. coarse, stupid or useless 

person, vagabond. (1) baldio, hombre que.... (2) material 

persona. (3) mostrenco. 

naka vuyul bakel, s:adv & aj/pred/ & -n4d. skinny,/Zaca cosa 

mayra. 

naka yi', vphr:adv & n/pred/, sandy, arenosa cosa. 

naka yi'tik, vplir:adv & n/pred/. sandy, aremsa cosa. 

naka Ha' no 'ox, vphr:adv & n/pred/ «fe pt & pt common, each 

or every time, many times, ordinary. (1) cada paso, (2) 

muchas veces, (3) vulgar cosa, comun. 

naka Ha' no 'ox pas, s:adv & n/pred/ & pt & pt & s(tv-). 

continue doing, continuar. 

naka Ho' ch'ich*, s:adv & n/pred/ & n5. uterine flux, sangre 

lluvia. 

nakanaka, aj, idle, in vain, (1) baldio. estar ocioso. (2) en vano. 

nakatUc, aj, enough, in vain, (1) basta cosa. (2) en vano. 

nakatik 'abtelanel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f rough work, material 

obra. 

nakatUc pasel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f rough work, material cosa 

grosera. 

jnaka 'altik naklej, agn(aj & aj & ncpd). idle person, ocioso. 

jnaka-naklej, agn(aj & ncpd). idle person, ocioso. 

nak' 

nak', tv. shut up (bread, wine), store. (1) encerrar pan. vino, 

(^forzar o encerrar 145. 

*'eno k'usi yepal duraznos ta snak*! See how many peaches 

he is storing! forzar o encerrar 145. 

nak*abUtik, n5. shady place, sombrajo o lugar que hay sombra. 

nak*bey bel na, vphr:-dv & nphr(n4f of n4d[B]). impound one*s 

possessions, secrestar en otro. 

nak*beyel bel naU, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n of n)5. impoundment 

secrestacion. 

nak'bil ta chukvanab na, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<n 

type n>5). jailed, encarcelado. 

nak*bil tak'in, nphr(pp & n)5. hidden treasure, tesoro 

escondido. 

nak'nak'eb, n5. closet, cupboard, armario, alacena 18. 

nak*nak*ebal vaj, nphr(n of n)5. bread basket, pamra para pan 

cocido. 

nak*ob k*op, nphr(n of n)5. court of justice, tribunal doruie 

juzgan. 

nak*ob vaj, nphr(n of n)5. bread basket panera para.... 

nak'obil, n4f closet, cupboard, place where something is kept. 

(1) armario, alacena 18, (2) lugar donde algo se guarda. 

nak'obil bel na dios, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of nphr<n4d of n5>). 

sacristy, sachristia. 

nak'obil ch'uul komenal santo, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of 

nphr<n4d of n5>). reliquary, relicario. 

nak'obil sacramento, nphr(n4f of n5). ciborium. sagrario. 

nak*obil vaj, nphr(n4f of n5), bread basket panera para.... 

'oy nak'abU, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f shade (tree), sombra hacer el 
270 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

arbol. 

nam 

nam. affront, alcalde, backbite, constable, haughty, humiliate, 

important, judge, sound from afar, cf nom. 

nap 

nap, n5, pahn wiUi round fmits. RML—In modern TzotzU Uiis 

is the coyol, Acrocomia mexicana. palma de unas.... 

nap ch*o, nphr(n type n)5. field mouse. *A round small species. 

RML—In modern TzotzU Uiis refers to a mouse that lives 

in the coyol palm trees. In colonial Tzeltal the term for 

mouse is given as map cho (Guzman, 1620:202). (1) 

raton, (2) sorce, raton pequeho. 

nap' 

nap', tv. stick on. pagar. 

nap' sakU tak'in, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n)5. sUver-plate. p/a/ear. 

nap'al, aj. closely related, neighboring (town). *They seldom 

if ever used this with the meaning of fellow Christian, 

but they understand it weU. The most correct is nap'al 

nochole, which means both relative and any nearby thing. 

RML—^This adjective is followed frequentiy if not 

invariably by nochol. (1) acerca o cerca, (2) proximo. 

nap'al, n4d. neighbor, relative. RML—This perhaps is an 

agentive noun and may be followed by nochol or jnochol. 

(1) acerca o cerca, (2) junta cosa asi..., (3) pariente 

asi, (4) proximo. 

nap'an, tv. blame, solder, stick on. (1) echar la culpa a otro, 

(2) pegar, (3) soldar pagaruio. 

nap'an ta chukel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). clasp. 

abarcando, cf. abarcar. 

nap'anbey k'op, vphr:-dv & n5. testify falsely against mentir 

a otro. 

nap'anbU, pp. stuck on. pegado. 

nap'anbU ta chukel, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & vn5). 

clasped, abarcado asi. 

nap'anej ta chukel, nphr:-n4d & qphr(prep & n5). object being 

clasped, abarcando, cf abarcar. 

nap'ap', aj. sticky (bfrdUme, honey), pegajoso como miel. liga. 

nap'bil, pp. stuck on. pegado. 

nap'tzaj, iv. be soldered, stick to. (1) pegarse algo, (2) soldar 

pegando. 

nap'ey, aj. barren, sterile. (1) esteril hombre o mujer, (2) 

machorra, (3) mujer machorra. 

nap'eU, n4d. sterility, esterilidad. 

nap'ey, tv/pass/. become sterile, esteril hacerse. 

nap'eyel, vn5. sterility, esterilidad. 

nap'lajan, iv. stick to. pegarse algo. 

nap'lajet av. stick to. pegarse algo. 

jnap' k'anal tak'in, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd. gilder, dorador. 

'ip nap'ap'ul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f sticky, pegajoso como.... 

nop'-chuk, tv(tv & tvcpd). clasp, abarcando, cf abarcar. 

nop'-chukbil, pp(tv & ajcpd). object being clasped, abarcado 

asi. 

nop'-chukoj, n(tv & ncpd)4d. object being clasped, abarcando, 

cf abarcar. 

naranjas (Sp.) 

naranjas, n5. orange, naranjo, arbol. 

te'el naranjas, cf te'. 

naranjo, n5. orange tree, naranjo, arbol. 

pat naranja, cf pat. 

nax 

nax 'ox 'ak'abal, s:aj/pred/ & pt & n5. late at night noche ya 

tarde.... 

nax lajel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f that which now passes or had just 

passed, de en antes. 

nax lajel to, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f & pt. that which now passes or 

had just passed, de en antes. 

nax to 'Uc'ti', s:aj/pred/ & pt & n5. contemporary history. 

ystoria de este dia 190. 

nax to vokol, s:aj/pred/ & pt & n5. contemporary history. 

ystoria de este dia 190. 

nat 

nat, aj. deep (ravine, vaUey), durable, lengthy, long, longlasting, prolix. (1) estable cosa. (2) honda cosa como.... 

(3) largo, luengo. (4) prolijo. cosa larga. 

naton. I am long-lastmg. durar. 

nat 'akan, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. tall (creatures), alto. 

nat 'il, vphnaj & tv-. succeed in. RML—The verb is in the 

past tense, lograr algo. 

nat 'U 'osU, vphr:aj & tv & n5. be long-lived. RML—^The verb 

is in the past tense, vida. 

nat 'osU, s:aj/pred/ & n5. long time, espacio de tiempo. 

nat bat, vphr:aj & iv. be long-winded, last, live a long time. 

(1) durar. (2) permanecer. (3) prolijo. cosa larga. 

nat natij, vphr:aj & iv. live a long time, durar un dia. 

nat natU, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. high, tall. alto. 

nat-nuk*i, tv(aj & tvcpd). peer over (stretching one's neck). 

mirar por encima.... 

nat xanav, vphr:aj & iv. be long-lived. RML—^The verb is 

given in the past tense, vida. 

nat xanav ta balumU, vphr:aj & iv & q[phr(prep & n5). be 

long-lived. RML—See above, vida. 

nat xanbal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be long-lived, vida. 

nat tal, vphr:aj & iv. be long-lived. RML—See above, grande 

en edad. 

nat Ho', s:aj/pred/ & n5. deep river, high sea. pielago de rio o 

mar. 

natij, iv. be long-winded or prolonged, last. (1) alargarse. (2) 

durar, (3) permanecer. (4) prolijo ser. 

natij lek, vphr:iv & aj. succeed in. lograr algo. 

natijeb, n4f. added length (rope). (1) alargadura, (2) ahadidura 

para henchir 24. 

natijel, vn5. delay, duration, perpetuity. (1) dilatar. cf dilacion, 

(2) durar, (3) perpetuidad asi. 

natijes, tv. lengthen, alargar algo. 

natik, aj. lengthy, prolijamente. 

natil, nib. deptii, height, lengtii. (1) hondura, (2) largura asi, 

(3) longura. 

natil, aj. long, time-consuming. (1) espaciosa cosa, (2) largo, 
NUMBER 31 271 

luengo. 

natil 'abtel, nphr(aj & n)5. time-consuming work, espaciosa 

cosa. 

natil ch'en, nphr(aj & n)5. deep ravine, honda cosa conw.... 

natil ch'ilomal na, nphr:aj & nphr(n type n). defense tower. 

torre para defenderse. 

natil k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. lengthy talk. (1) especiosa cosa. (2) 

prolijo. cosa larga. 

natil-k'opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). boast, brag, baladrear ofanfarronar. 

natil nab, nphr(aj & n)5. deep ocean, mar alta. 

natil xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. long waUc. prolijo, cosa larga. 

natil te', nphr(aj & n)5. long pole. (1) palo, varal, (2) varal. 

natil te' pajal ta 'ol jom, nphr:nphr(aj & n)5 & s(aj/pred/ & 

qphr<prep & nphr(n4f of n5)>). mast, mastil de navio. 

natil Ho', nphr(n4f of n5). deep river or ocean, pielago de rio 

o mar. 

jnatU-k*op, agn(aj & ncpd). braggart, baladron asi. 

'ip natil, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f deep, horuiura. 

mo natuk *Uvan, vphr:ajphr(neg & aj) & iv. be short-sighted. 

vista, tengo.... 

mo natuk 'osU, s:neg & aj/pred/ & n5. short time, espacio de 

tiempo. 

mu natuk, vphr:ajplir(neg & aj)/pred/. short time, poco tiempo, 

como 

mu natuk 'U 'osU, vphr:ajphr(neg & aj) & tv & n5. be 

short-sighted, vista, tengo... . 

mu natuk bat sat, s:ajphr(neg & aj) & iv & -n4d. be 

short-sighted, vista, tengo... . 

mu natuk k'ot sat, s:ajphr(neg & aj) & iv & -n4d. be 

short-sighted, vista, tengo.... 

toj nat, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. deep, horuia. cosa profunda si es 

agua. 

navaja (Sp.) 

navaja, n5. razor, navaja de barbero. 

navidad (Sp.) 

navidad, n5. Christmas, navidad. 

ne 

ne jom, nphr(n4f of n5). stern, popa de navio. 

neal, n5. tail (of an animal), cola de animal. 

neU, n3d. tail (of an animal). (1) cola de aninuil. (2) rabo de 

animal. 

ne' 

ne'ulan ne, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. wag one's taU. RML—^Perhaps 

this should be read neulan. rabear. 

nech 

nechnon, av. stagger, sway, bambanear. 

nechulan, tv. shake, bambanear otra cosa. 

nekeb 

nekebU, n3d. shoulder, hombro de hombre 240. 

nel 

nelel, vn4f gradual descent, ladera de cuesta. 

nelel batel, nphr(vn5 & dr). gradual descent (patii). (1) cuesta 

por la ladera, (2) ladera de cuesta. 

neUej vitz, nphr(n4f of n5). gradual descent, lower slopes. (1) 

cuesta por la ladera, (2) haldas de sierra de media para 

abajo. (3) ladera de cuesta. 

nehiel, aj. crooked, tuerta cosa asi. 

nelp*uj, iv. go crooked (Ime, path), twist back up (paUi). (1) 

cuesta por la ladera, (2) entortecer la linea.... (3) torcer 

de la linea que llevaba. 

nen 

nen, n5. mirror, espejo. 

bik'tal nen, nphr(aj & n)5. small mfrror. espejo. 

muk'ta nen, nphr(aj & n)5. large mirron espejo. 

muk'ul nen, nphr(aj & n)5. large mirron espejo. 

net' 

net', tv. push (as when they push the door open or closed), 

stuff in (wiUi the hand), trample (shoving with Uie body). 

(1) embutir con la marw, (2) empujar como..., (3) 

trompellar. 

net' k'op, vphntv & n5. deny one's guilt, negar enjuicio. 

net' ta 'alel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). deny one's guUt 

negar enjuicio. 

net' ta nojesel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). stuff in (with the 

hand). RML—^Perhaps this and the following two entries 

should be placed under the root bet', hinchar algo 

recalcando. 

net'bil nojel, s:pp/pred/ & -vn4f be stuffed in. henchido, lleno 

asi. 

net'bil nojes, vphr:pp & tv-. stuff in (with the hand), hinchar 

algo recalcando. 

net'ob, n5. clamp, screw-pin of a wine press. (1) husillo de 

lagar asi, (2) prensa para apretar. 

net'ob tz'usub, nphr(n of n)5. beam of wine press, wine press. 

(1) lagar de vega, (2) viga de lagar. 

net'ob pok', nphr(n of n)5. clothes fron. torno para prensar. 

net'obil, n4f beam or screw pin of a wine press, clamp, clothes 

iron. (1) husillo de lagar asi, (2) prensa para apretar, 

(3) torno para prensar, (4) viga de lagar. 

net'obU tz*usub, nphr(n4f of n5). wine press, lagar de vega. 

ni(l) 

nio, n5. skein, madeja. 

niovil, n3d. woof RML—Perhaps Uiis should be read niobil. 

tela para tejar. 

ni(2) 

ni. saU weU, spring, cf ni' (1). 

ni' (1) 

ni', n4f end, point, short, sprout. (1) cabo o punta, (2) punta, 

(3) tallo de yerba. 

ni' 'olontonU, nphr(n4f of n3d). chest lap, pit of the stomach. 

(1) estomago, (2) pecho, parte del cuerpo, (3) regaso. 

ni' ch*ub, nphr(n4f of n5). corner of a waU. esquina de pared. 

ni' jom, nphr(n4f of n5). bow (ship, canoe), proa de mvio o 

carwa. 

ni' mut, nphr(n4d of n5). b6ak, bill, pico de ave. 

ni' ton, nphr(n4f of n5). pointed end of a rock, canto, lo agudo 
272 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

de la piedra. 

ni'U, n3d. nose, ruiriz del hombre. 

ni'in, iv, sprout (1) tallescer cuando..., (2) talluda cosa asi. 

'unen ni', nphr(aj & n)5, shoot grafted onto a free, pua para 

injertar. 

ni-nab 'atz*am, nphr:n(n & ncpd) of n, saU weU, RML—In Uiis 

and the following entries I have given the modern 

confracted forms though the orthography neither proves 

nor disproves that they were confracted once, salina do 

sale la sal. 

ni-nab Ho', nphr:n(n & ncpd) of n5, spring, fuente, manantial. 

ni-o', n(n & ncpd)5, spring. (1) fontanal, lugar de muchas 

fuentes, (2) fuente, manantial. 

ni-o'tUc, n(n & ncpd)5. place abounding in springs,/(9n/ana/, 

lugar 

xni-nab, n(n & ncpd)5. spring, manadero o manantial. 

ni' (2) 

ni', n4d, man*s father-in-law or motiier-in-law, RML— 

Presumably there was an absolute form ni'U. suegro o 

suegra. 

ni'atzel, n5, man's wedding, RML—This is also given as 

niatzil. (I) bodas o casamiento, (2) casamiento 52, 

ni'atzij, iv. marry (man), casarse el varon. 

ni'atzijel, vn5. man's wedding, bodas o casamiento. 

ni'U, n3d. man's son-in-law, yerno 183. 

'ach* ni'atz, cf 'ach' (1). 

nib 

nib, tv. mb up and down, fregar la mano.... 

nibvan, iv. mb up and do-wn. fregar la marw 

nich 

nich, n4d. chUd (metaphoric). hijo permetaphoram. 

nich, n4f flower, flor de graruida, de membrillo. 

xnich granada. pomegranate flower, 

xnich membrUlo. quince flower, 

nich k*ok*, nphr(n of n)5. spark. *The same for a child whose 

father died before he was born, centella 70. 

nich rosa, nphr(n4f of n)5, rose, rosa, flor. 

nichil vinik, nphr(natt & n)5. merrymaker, alegar, cf 

alegrador. 

nichim, n5. flower (generaUy), jasmme. (l)flor, gemralmente, 

(2) jazmin. 

nichimaj, iv. be given a rest, be honored, be merry, take delight 

in. (1) alegrarse, (2) gloriarse, recibir gloria o descanso. 

nichimaj 'osil 'a'i, vphr:s(iv & n5) & tv. be given a rest, be 

honored, take deUght in. gloriarse, recibir.... 

nichimajeb, n5. Heaven, gloria, lugar de la gloria. 

nichimajebal, n5. Heaven, gloria, lugar.... 

nichimajebal 'osil, nphr(n type n)5. Paradise, paraiso. 

nichimajel, vn5. glory, gloria. 

nichimajes, tv. glorify, glorificar. 

nichimajesbU, pp. glorified, glorificado. 

nichimtik, n5. flower garden, flowery field. (1) floresta, (2) 

jardin. (3) vergel. (4) huerto como vergel 344. 

nichin, iv. flower, florecer. 

'oy nichim, s:n5/pred/ & -n4e. flowery, florida cosa. 

mu tojol nichimajeluk, vphr:neg & nphr(aj & vn5)/pred/. 

vamglory. gloria vana. 

nich' 

nich*naj, iv. engender (man), ahijar el varon, engendrar. 

nich'naj caballo, s:iv & n5. stalUon. garahon caballo. 

nich*najon, n5. engenderer. engendrador. 

nich'nal, n5. man's child, hijo respecto del varon. 

nich'nal j-tek lum, nphr:n of nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. 

hamlet, aldea. 

nich'nal vinUc, nphr(n type n)5. hamlet dweller, aldeano. 

nich*nan, tv. adopt, engender or legitunize (man). (1) ahijar 

el varon, (2) engendrar. (3) legitimar a alguno, (4) 

prohijar. 

nich'nanbil, pp. adopted, ahijado. 

nich'on 'ojov, nphr(n4d of n5). prince, principe. 

nich'onU, n3d. man's child, hijo respecto del varon. 

nij 

nijan, tv. make person bow. ynclinar a otro 186. 

nijan ba, rv. bend over, bow (head, body). (1) encorbarse. (2) 

ynclinar se con el cuerpo o cabeza 186. 

nijanbil, pp. bowed over (by someone else), ynclinado por 

otro 186. 

nijanel, vn4b. bowing, ynclinacion 186. 

nijey, iv. bend over, bow. (1) encorbarse. (2) ynclinarse 

con... 186. 

nijil, aj. bent over, bowed, ynclinado asi 186. 

nijlej, n5. bowing, ynclinacion 186. 

nijp*uj, iv. sfray off the line or path, desviar o torcer 

nik 

nik, iv. be movable, become stirred up (water by wind or 

storm), stagger, sway, wriggle. (1) bambanear. (2) 

menearse algo. (3) movible cosa. (4) turbarse la 

agua.... 

nik 'o 'osU 'u'un, s:iv & pt & n5 & -n4d. call to arms, rebato 

hacer. 

nik 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be disturbed, alterarse. 

nikav, iv. doze, dormitar. 

nikes, tv. shake, wriggle. (1) bambanear otra cosa. (2) 

menearse algo. 

nikes 'osil, vphr:tv & n5. excite disturbances, alborotar. 

nikes j-tek lum, vphr:tv & nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. call 

to arms, rebato hacer. 

nUculan, tv, brandish, shake (lance), RML—In colonial Tzeltal, 

-niculay is "blandear sacudir corrw lanca espada" 

(Guzman, 1620:31), (1) bambanear otra cosa, (2) 

blandear, sacudir corrw lanza. 

nikiUan ne, vphr:tv & n4d[A], wag one's taU. RML—The verb 

given is zrwulan. In colonial Tzeltal, rUculay zne is 

"menear la cola" (Gates, 1934b: 126). rabear. 

jnikavel, agn. sleepy person, soholiento. 

jnikesej-'osU, agn(vn & ncpd), manager, meneador. 

jnUcesej-vinajel, agn(vn & ncpd). manager, memador. 

jnUcesvanej, agn, manager, meneador. 
NUMBER 31 273 

mn 

nin, n5. kind of seed, ayuda echar 14. 

nintay, tv. help. RML—^This is given also in colonial Tzeltal 

with the same meaning (Guzman, 1620:15). ayuda echar 

14. 

nip 

nip, aj. grow worse, have a relapse, cf, 'ip (1), 

nit 

nit, tv. massage, yre^ar asi apretando. 

nit-ba k'uk'um, nphr:n(tv & ncpd) of n. featiier crown. 

guirnalda de flores. 

nit-ba nichim, nphr:n(tv & ncpd) of n. flower crown, guirnalda 

de flores. 

nit-baij, iv(tv & ncpd). put on a crown or garland, guirnalda 

poner en la cabeza. 

nit-baijes, tv(tv & ncpd). crown, guirnalda poner a otro en a 

cabeza. 

enit-baijesat kajvaltUc ta nit-ba ch'bc. Our Lord was crowned 

with a crown of tiioms, 

nit-baU, n(tv & ncpd)3d. crown (witii which they dance), 

garland, pasteboard hood of infamy. (1) corosa, (2) 

guirnalda. 

nit-bain, tv. crown, make a turban. (1) guirnalda pomr en..., 

(2) regazar 290. 

nivel (Sp.) 

nivel, n5. level, nivel. 

no 

no, n5. thread, hilo. 

najel, vn5. spinning, hilar, el mismo ejercicio. 

nauj, iv, spin, hilar. 

naujel, vn5, spinning, hilar, el 

naul, n4b, lamp wick, thread, (1) hilo, (2) mecha de candil. 

naul candela, nphr(n4f of n5), candle wick, pabilo de candela 

252. 

naultas, tv, thread a needle, enhilar aguja. 

nauy, tv. spin, hilar. 

jnajel, agn. spinner, hilador. 

jnaujel, agn. spinner, hilador. 

bUc'it naul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f thin cloth, manta delgada. 

muk' naul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f heavy cloth, manta gruesa. 

pim naul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. heavy cloth, manta gruesa. 

nob (1) 

nob, n5. span between thumb and forefinger. RML—In 

colonial Tzeltal, nab is "pulgada" (Gates, 1934b: 124). 

In modern TzotzU of Zinacantan, nob was given to me 

with uncertainty as the archaic meaning for the distance 

between thumb and forefinger, but in Venustiano 

Carranza as handspan. palnw o jeme. 

nob ta *ol jk'obtik, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d & 

n4d/lp/>). inch, pulgada medida. 

nobU, n3d. span between thumb and forefinger, palmo. 

nob (2) 

nob. bfrdlime, colored ointinent. cf. nab (2). 

noch 

noch, aj. near, acerca o cerca. 

nochan, tv. stick on. pegar. 

nochanbil, pp. stuck on. pegado. 

nochlajet, av, stick to, pegarse algo. 

nochnoch, aj. near, junta cosa asi o cercana. 

nochoj, iv, approach, (1) acercarse, (2) juntar, allegar o 

acercar. 

nochojes, tv, bring near, acercar algo. 

nochol, aj, near, neighboring. (1) acerca o cerca, (2) comarca, 

(3) proximo. 

nochol, n4d, neighbor, relative, RML—See nap'al. (1) acerca 

o cerca, (2) comarca, comarcarw, (3) junta cosa..., (4) 

pariente asi. 

noj (1) 

noj, aj, enough, full, (1) harto, (2) lleno. cosa llena. 

noj, iv, be full or surfeited, fill up, sweU, (1) ahitarse, (2) 

empalagarse. (3) hurtarse 163, (4) henchirse, (5) 

hincharse de mucho comer, (6) hinchar, (1) llerw cosa..., 

(8) ocupado lugar o cosa con algo. 

noj, iv, be full (moon), be occupied, RML—^The verb is in the 

past tense, luna llena. 

noj 'uk'um, s:iv & n5. have river overflow, avenir el rio. 

nojel, n4f. abundance, satiety, anadidura para henchir 24. 

nojel, vn4f brimful, arrasado asi. 

nojel 'uk'um, nphr(vn4f of n5). sudden overflow of river. 

avenida asi. 

nojes, tv. fiU up, make swell. (1) henchirse, (2) hinchar. 

nojes ta Hupanel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). inflate, hinchar 

soplaruio. 

nojesbil, pp. stuffed. (1) lleno cosa..., (2) rellena cosa. 

noj (2) 

noj k'ob, nphr(aj & n)4d. right hand. RML—The adjective in 

colonial Cholti is given as rw (Moran, 1935:43). In 

modem Chol it is mj (Aulie and AuUe, 1978:86). mano 

derecha. 

nok 

nokoxib, iv. get dirty. RML—^This term also occuis in colonial 

Tzeltal, nocoxib (Gates, 1934b: 127), and persists in 

modern TzotzU. sucio hacerse o ensuciarse. 

nokoxil, n4f dfrt. siu:iedad. 

'ip xnokoxil. It is very dirty, sucia cosa 327. 

nokoxtik, aj. dirty, sucia cosa 327. 

nokoxtUc ba, raj. be dirty, sucia cosa 327. 

nok' 

nok', n5. clotii. RML—This term in colonial Yucatec (P6rez, 

1877:246) and modern Chontal of Tabasco means 

clothing, lienzo. 

castillan nok', cf castiUan. 

jayal nok', cf jay (1). 

pimil nok*,cf pirn, 

nom 

nom, aj. distant, far away, foreign. (1) de lejos. (2) distante, 

(3) lejos 196. 

nom 'U ba, vphr:aj & rv. be widely separated, ralos, cosas.... 
274 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

nom na, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. foreign, extraho o extrangero 134. 

nom ta 'abil, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). a long time from 

now. de aqui a mucho tiempo. 

nom ta 'osU, vphr:aj/pred/ & c|phr(prep & n5). a long time from 

now, de aqui a 

nom talel, ajphr:aj & dr, foreign, from far away, on a 

pilgrimage. (1) de fuera del pueblo y extranjero. (2) 

extrano o...134, (3) per egriha, cosa fuera de su tierra. 

nomnomtik, aj. distant, distante. 

nomtik, aj. distant far apart. (1) apartados algo como..., (2) 

distante. 

nomtiknomtik, aj. far apart, widely separated. (1) apartados 

algo conw..., (2) ralos, cosas 

nomtuk, aj. far apart. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Chalchichuitan occurs the term nomtok. apartados algo 

como 

mo nomuk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. not long from now (as, "It is 

not long from now until Easter."), soon, espacio de 

tiempo. 

nam, iv. sound from afar, son o sonido, sonar, sonido hacer. 

nam tal 'ut, tv(aj & iv & tvcpd). backbite. (1) maldecir de otro 

en ausencia, (2) murmurar. 

nam tal 'utvan, iv(aj & iv & ivcpd). backbite. (1) maldecir 

de...,(2) murmurar. 

nam tal 'utvanej, vn(aj & iv & vncpd), backbiting, murmuracion. 

nam-tal xanbal, nphr(aj<aj & ivcpd> & n)4d. pUgrimage. 

peregrinacion. 

nam-tal vinUc, nphr(aj<aj & ivcpd> & n)5. foreigner, pilgrim. 

(1) extraho 0...134, (2) forastero, (3) peregrina, 

cosa 

nam-te'U, n(aj & ncpd)3d. pUgrim's staff, staff (1) bordon, (2) 

vara. 

namaj, iv. be ashamed or humiliated, keep one's distance. (1) 

afrentarse, (2) alongarse, (3) verguenza a verba. 

namajel, vn5. humiUation, infamy, shame. (1) afrenta, (2) 

verguenza. 

namajes, tv. affront, humUiate, remove to a greater distance, 

shame. (1) afrentar a otro, (2) alongar, alejar otra cosa, 

(3) verguenza poner o avergonzar. 

namajes ba, rv. keep one's distance, retraerse alejandose algo. 

namajesbU, pp. affronted, humUiated. afrentado. 

namal, nld. affront, humiliation, shame. (1) afrenta, (2) 

verguenza. 

namal, n4f distance, distancia. 

k'usi snamal xU Jobel likel ta Sotz' Leb? How far is Zacatlan 

from Zinacantan? 

k'usi yepal snamal? How far is it? de lejos. 

Hech snamal. as far. de lejos. 

Hech snamal xU 'o Chamo' xalUc ta Jobel chak ta Sotz' 

Lebe. Chamula is as far from Zacatlan as is Zinacantan. 

...distancia. 

namal ba, raj. be haughty or important (person of autiiority), 

grave, persona de autoridad. 

namal k'op, nphr(n type n)5, humiliating talk, vergonzosa cosa. 

namal pasnej, nphr(n type n)5. humUiating act. vergonzosa 

cosa. 

namet, av. sound from afar, son o sonido— 

xnamet xk*opoj. He can be heard talking in tiie distance. 

namnon, av, be affronted or humiUated. afrentarse. 

jnam-te', agn(aj & ncpd), alcalde, constable, judge, official 

who carries a staff of office, (1) alcalde. (2) alguacil. (3) 

bordon, (4) juez, (5) vara. 

'ak' ta namal, cf 'ak' (2). 

nop 

nop, tv, compare, compose (couplets, song, words), devise, 

figure out (as when we figure out a price or how a thing 

is made), fit into or together (door and doorjamb), give 

an example, imagine, lUcen, mediate, postpone, set in 

order, suspect, (1) aplasar tiempo o dia, (2) comparar, 

(3) componer cosa..., (4) encajar una cosa en otra 106, 

(5) ejemplificar, poner ejemplo o comparacion 136, (6) 

figurar, (1) juntar como cuando..., (8) ordenar, (9) 

semejar o comparar uno a otro, (10) terciar asi, (11) 

trazar en el entendimiento 338, 

jnop Pedro ta stzamesel jvinik, I suspect Peter of killing 

my man, sospechar. 

jnop Pedro ta mulavej, I suspect Peter of sinning, sospechar. 

nop, iv, be in harmony or together (voices), fit in, encajado 

106. 

nop 'a'i, vphr:iv/3s/ & tv-. be tamed (animal), amansar o 

reposar animal. 

nop 'a'i, vphr:iv/3s/ & tv-. be pleased. RML—The intransitive 

verb is in the past tense, agradar 12. 

nop 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(iv & n5) & tv. feel at home, hallarse bien. 

nop ba, rv. fit together, juntarse asi. 

nop bek'tal chi'uk, s:iv & -n4d + -n4f. have sexual relations. 

*(Expression used) when they taUc to us. RML—The 

verb is in the past tense, hacer, tener parte el hombre 66. 

nop k'op, vphr:tv & n5. respond to riddle or signs, responder 

a argumentos enigmas. 

nopbeon 'a Ii nopbil k'ope! Give me an answer to the riddle! 

nop k'op, s:iv & n5. be set in order. (1) concordar en sentencia 

o negocio alguno, (2) ordenar. 

nop k'op, s:iv & -n4d. agree on (price, deal), (1) concertarse 

en precio..,, (2) ygualarse en el precio 184, 

nop-k'op, vn(tv & ncpd)5, comparison, resemblance, (1) 

comparacion o parabola, (2) semejanza asi o comparacion. 

nop ta, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & —), appraise, price, value, 

estimar, tasar o apreciar. 

jnop ta chib peso, I price it at two pesos, 

jnop ta j-tob peso. I price it at twenty pesos. 

nop ta 'olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). devise, 

dream up, doubt, guess, imagine, suspect. (1) barruntar, 

(2) echar juicio. (3) fabricar en el entendimiento..., (4) 

ymaginar. pensar 184, (5) sospechar. 

jnop smul ta kolonton. I suspect him of smning, juzgar 
NUMBER 31 275 

como 

nop te'el, vphr:tv & -n4f build, lay beams, fabricar o asentar 

piedra 

nop tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f agree on a price, appraise, figure out 

a price, price, value. (1) apreciar. sehalar precio. (2) 

estinmr, tasar..., (3) juzgar conw..., (4) juzgado el 

precio. (5) ygualarse en el precio 184, 

nop vayichil, vphr:tv & n5, figure out a dream, soltar suehos. 

nopben, n4d. edict, plan, order. (1) orden u ordenacion, (2) 

traza asi 338. 

nopbey, dv. authorize, impute, respond to riddles or signs. (1) 

achacar a alguno algo. (2) olor gar. 

nopbey tojol, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. appraise, price, value. 

estimar. tasar 

nopbU, pp. clear, fitted in or togetiier, gentiy, imagined, 

ordered. (1) distinto. (2) encajado. (3)figurada cosa, (3) 

orden u ordenacion, (4) paso o quedo. 

nopbU k'op, nphr(pp & n)5. resemblance, riddle, semejanza 

asi o comparacion. 

nopbU k'opoj, vphr:pp & iv. explam. distinguir razones. 

nopbUnopbil, pp. gradually, orderly. (1) ordenadamente, (2) 

poco a poco. 

nopbU tijbil, vphr:pp/pred/ & pp/pred/. orderly, ordenadamente. 

nopbU to pas, vphr:ajphr(pp & pt) & tv-. do so-so. 

medianamente hacer algo. 

nopbUuk no 'ox, vphr:pp/pred/ & pt & pt. graduaUy. poco a 

poco. 

nopbUnopbil pas, vphr:aj & tv-. be prosperous. RML—^The 

adjective is given as cupbilcupbil. prosperamente hacer 

algo. 

noptzaj, iv. approach, come near, acercarse. 

nopeb k*op, nphr(n4f of nld). agreement, contract, league of 

friendship. (1) liga en amistades, (2) partido o concierto. 

Hechtik Hechtik snopeb jk*optik. Our agreement is like thus 

and so. partido o concierto. 

nopel, vn4d. comparison, comparacion a que me comparan. 

jnopel. comparison made of me. 

nopel k*op, nphr(n4f of n5). mediation, terceria asi. 

nopen, n4e. act of fitting one thing into another, encajadura 

106. 

nopes, tv. harmonize (discordant song), entonar canto desacordado. 

nopey, tv/pass/. be suspect sospechoso de quien se sospecha. 

nopoj, iv. approach, come near, acercarse. 

nopoj ba 'u'un, vphr:rv + -n4d. fit in. encajar una cosa en 

otra 106. 

nopol, aj. near, neighboring. (1) acerca o cerca, (2) comarca, 

comarcano. 

nopol, n4d. territory, comarca, comarcano. 

jnop-k*op, agn(tv & ncpd). mediator, person who is suspicious. 

(1) sospechoso que sospecha, (2) tercero que tercia en 

algun mgocio. 

jnop tojol, nphr(agn of n4f). middleman, medianero en compra. 

jnop-tojolU, agn(tv & ncpd). appraiser, estimator, estimador o 

tasador. 

jnopvanej, agn. appraiser, estimator, person who is suspicious. 

(1) estimador o tasador, (2) sospechoso que sospecha. 

'al nopobU, cf 'al (1), 

'ep nopel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. be very suspect, sospechoso de 

quien se sospecha. 

mu nop 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(neg & iv & n5) & tv. feel out of place. 

hallarse mal. 

ta nop k*opoj, vphr:qphr(prep & n5) & iv. speak figuratively. 

figurativamente hablar. 

ta nopbil k'op, qphr:prep & nphr(pp & n5). speaking 

figuratively, figurativamente hablar. 

toj nopbU, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. prosperous, prospera cosa. 

toj nopel 'osU 'a'i, vphr:nphr(adv & nphr<vn & n>5) & tv. 

feel right at home, hallarse bien luego. 

nop' (1) 

nop', tv. burn, arder. 

nop' k'ok', vphr:tv & n5. light a fue. encender fuego. 

nop'eb k'ok', nphr(n of n)5. hearth, hogar. 

nop'eb k'ok*, nphr(n4f of n5). sulphur, piedra azufre. 

nop' (2) 

nop*, clasp, cf nap', 

noy 

noy, tv. grind very fine (cacao). (1) hacer cacao y molerlo. (2) 

nwler muy molido. 

noyUan, tv. grind very fine, moler muy molido. 

noyUan bon, vphr:tv & n5. grind dyes, molar colores. 

noyob bon, nphr(n of n)5. stone for grinding dyes, moledor 

con que se muelen. 

noyobil bon, nphr(n4f of n5). stone for grinding dyes. (1) 

moledor con..., (2) piedra para moler colores. 

nutz 

nutz, tv. banish, chase, follow or pursue enemies. (1) correr 

algo, (2) desterrar, (3) perseguir emmigos, (4) seguir 

al que huye. 

nutzbU, pp. pursued, perseguido. 

nutzel, vn4d. pursuit perseguimiento. 

nutzoj, n4d. object of pursuit correr algo. 

nutzvanej, vn5. pursuit, perseguimiento. 

jnutzvanej, agn. pursuer, perseguidor asi. 

nuez (Sp.) 

nuez, n5. walnut nues. 

p'uyum nueces, cf p'uy. 

nuj 

nuj-maki, tv(tv & tvcpd). cover, shelter (bfrds, etc.), under 

something. (1) abrigar las aves..., (2) trastornando 

asi 

nujan, tv. set or turn face down (bowls, tUes, baskets). (1) poner 

boca abajo, (2) trastornar boca abajo. 

nujanbU, pp. set or turned face down. (1) bulto asi 43, cf 

vuelto, (2)poner boca...,(3) trastorruido asi. 

nujet, av. bend double. (1) encorvarse, (2) encorvado. 

nujey, iv. be set or turned face down. (1) pomr boca..., (2) 
276 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

trastornar boca— 

nujul, aj. set or tumed face down. (1) bulto asi 43, cf vuelto, 

(2) poner boca..., (3) trastor ruido asi. 

nukul 

nukul, n5. wineskin, odre para vino. 

nukul chij, nphr(n4d of n5). animal skin, pelleja o cuero de 

animal. 

nukul chu'uy, nphr(n type n)5, wineskin, odre para vino. 

nukul freno, nphr(n4f of n5), reins, rienda defreno. 

nukul pat, nphr(n type n)5, cypress, RML—In modern Tzotzil 

this refers to the cypress Cupressus lusitanicus. cipres 

72. 

nukulal, n3b. hide, pelt, skin (human, snake). (1) cuero, (2) 

hollego de culebra, (3) piel o pellejo. 

jnukuUl, my skin, 

nukulal chu'uy, nphr(natt & n)5, wineskin, odre para vino. 

nukuUb, iv. become wrinkled, arrugarse. 

nukuUl tz'omol, nphr(natt & n)5. leatiier chafr. silla para 

sentarse. 

nukuUl xonobil, nphr(natt & n)5. sandals, sandalias. 

nukuUl vob, nphr(natt & n)5. skin dmm, tambourine, timbrel. 

(1) adufe o atabal, (2) pandero para taher. 

nukuUl Hun, nphr(natt & n)5. parchment, pergamirw 248. 

nukultik sat mool, nphr:nphr(aj & n)type n. wrinkled old man. 

viejo hombre. 

'oy nukulU, s:n5/pred/ & n5. covered with leatiier. encorado. 

josbU nukul, cf jos. 

pimil nukul, cf pim. 

nuk' 

nuk' camisa, nphr(n of n)4d. neck of shirt, cabezon, camisa. 

nuk' k'obil, nphr(n4f of n5). wrist, muheca de mano o brazo. 

nuk'U, n3d. nape, neck, throat (1) garganta, (2) pescuezo o 

cerviz. 

nul 

nulilan, tv. gnaw (as dogs wiUi a bone), kiss repeatedly (as 

mother to her chUd). (1) besar, dar muchos..., (2) beso, 

(3) roer corrw roen 

nulUanel, vn4d. repeated kissing, beso. 

nup 

nup, tv. fit in or together (beams), harmonize, kiss, meet, meet 

unexpectedly, receive or welcome visitor. RML—See 

synonomous entries under nop, which perhaps are the 

result of copyists' errors. (1) besar, (2) encontrar a otro, 

(3) recibir al que viene 289, toparse encontrando con 

otro. 

xbat jnup. I am going to welcome him. recibimento 289. 

nup, n4b. companion, one of a couple or pair, spouse (man or 

woman). (1) compahero, (2) marido o muger indiferente, 

(3) par de dos cosas, (4) pareja cosa. 

nup 'oy, vphr:tv- & pt. fitting, proper. (1) propio oficio ser de 

alguno. (2) cuadrar o venirle bien algo 278. 

nup ba, rv. be exact, fit tightiy, meet. (1) encontrarse, (2) justa 

cosa. 

nupij tok, s:iv & n5. cloud over, nubes parecer o hacerse. 

nupin, tv. accompany, acompahara, cf acompafSar. 

nupnup ba, rv, be in pafrs, agares 26, cf a pares. 

nupol, nld. reception, welcome, recibimiento 289. 

xebat ta nupol. I am going to the reception, 

nuptan, tv. find what one was searching for or what suits the 

purpose (as when they seek out medicmes for Ubiesses 

and fmd ones tiiat cure (or) a man who seeks a woman 

and finds the proper one), meet unexpectedly at work or 

at war, (1) encontrarse trabajando..., (2) topar con 

los 

nuptan 'utzil, vphr:tv & -n4f be lucky, have good luck, 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, ventura buena haber 

o venturo ser. 

nuptan yaijel, vphr:tv & vn5, be wounded (mentally) or 

tormented by passion, pasion del cuerpo. 

nuptanbey 'utzU, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. be lucky, have good luck. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, ventura buena 

haber 

nuptanel 'utz, nphr(vn4f of n5). good luck, ventura buena.... 

nupul-bein, tv(n & tvcpd). meet unexpectedly at work or at 

war. encontrarse trabajando . 

nupulnupul, n4f pafr, par de dos cosas. 

nupulnupul ba, rn. be in pairs, agares 26, cf, a pares. 

nupulnupul lok', vphr:n4b[S] & iv. leave m pafrs, par de.... 

nupultas, tv, join, marry, pafr, (1) casar a otro 52, (2) parear 

o hermanar algo. 

nupultasbil, pp. paired, parada cosa, cf pareada. 

nupun, iv. marry in the church. (1) casarse en...,(2) casado 52. 

nupunebal, n5. matrimonial, matrimonial cosa. 

nupunel, vn5. marriage, wedding. (1) casamiento. (2) nuitrimonio. 

jnupol, agn. receiver, welcomer. recibidor que sale a recibir 

289. 

jnupultasvanej, agn. matehmaker. casamentero, el que...52. 

'oy nup, s:n5/pred/ & -n4b. be in pafrs. par de 

'oy nup lok', s:s(n5/pred/ & n4b[S]) & iv. leave in pafrs. par 

de.... 

mo 'oyuk nup, s:neg & n/pred/ & -n4b. unique, singular 

cosa 

mo nupuk, vphr:neg & -n4d/pred/, different (1) diferente, (2) 

diferente de mi. 

mo jnupuk, different from me, diferente de mi. 

toj 'utz nupey, vphr:ajphr(adv & aj) & tv/pass/. be received or 

welcomed with great pomp. RML—^The verb is in the 

past tense, solemnidad. 

yo' 'oy nup ba be, qphr:pt & pt & s(rv & n5). crossroads. 

encrucijada de caminos. 

nux 

nux, iv. swim, ruidar. 

nuxobil, n4f swunming place, nadadero. 

nuxom, n5. swimmer, nadador que nada. 

nuti' 

nuti', n5. net for carrymg corn, red donde traen maiz. 
NUMBER 31 277 

o 

obispo (Sp.) 

obispo, n5. bishop, obispo. 

octubre (Sp.) 

octubre, n5. October, octubre. 

'u octubre, cf 'u (1). 

onza (Sp.) 

onza, n5. jaguar, onca, animal. 

papa'-muk'uy, tv(x & xcpd), waylay, acechar. 

pa'-muk'uyab, n(x & xcpd)4d, place where people are waylaid, 

acechador. 

pa'-muk'uybol, n(x & xcpd)4d. person to be waylaid. 

acechador. 

pa'-muk*uyoj, n(x & xcpd)4d, person waylaid, acechador. 

pa'i, tv. invite, peer at, spy on, RML—^Perhaps the terms for 

guest and invite should be read pay. (1) asomar a ver 

algo 33, (2) atalayar, (3) convidar 56, (4) espiar. 

pa'i, n5, spying, espiamiento. 

'ayon ta pa'i. 1 went spying, 

mu ejna* pa'i, I don*t spy, 

pa*i, nld. guest, convidado 56. 

pa*i *osU, vphr:tv & n5, travel (seeing the sights), pasarse por 

calles, huertas. 

pa'i ch*ivU, vphr:tv & n5. see the sights in Uie market, pasarse 

por 

pa'iab, n5, observation pouit. atalasa, cf atalaya. 

pa'ibU, pp. invited, convidado 56. 

pa'ivan, iv. travel through streets or gardens, pasarse por.... 

pa'ivanab, n5. watchtower. miradero, lugar. 

pa'ivanab 'osil, nphr(n type n)5. watehtower. miradero. lugar. 

pa'-muk* uy van, iv(x & xcpd). waylay, acechar. acechador. 

jpa'-muk', agn(x & tvcpd). way layer, acechador. 

jpa'-muk* uy vanej, agn(x & vncpd). way layer, acechador. 

jpa'i, agn, spy. espia de algo. 

jpa'i-be, agn(tv & ncpd). spy who watches the road, espia de 

algo. 

*paax 

*paax. bewitchment cf *pax. 

patz' 

patz', tv. sfraighten a crooked staff or stick, enderesar algo. 

pach' 

pach' ti', vphr:tv & n4d[A]. mminate, suck one*s Ups after 

drinking. (1) chupar como cuando...,(2) rumiar. 

pach'al, aj. setting a (wide object) upside down with the wide 

part on the bottom, (1) poner cosas anchas..., (2) 

trastornado opuesto asi. 

pach*an, tv, set down a wide object, turn object upside down 

with Uie wide part on the bottom, (1) poner cosas 

anchas...,(2) trastornar cualquiera cosa 

pach'an ton, vphr:tv & n5, pave, enlozar. 

pach'anbil, pp, tumed upside down wiUi the wide part on the 

bottom, trastornado opuesto si. 

pach'anbil ton, nphr(pp & n)5. paving, enlozado. 

pach*tzaj, iv. become level (cleared field). RML—^The verb is 

in Uie past tense, rosar antes...301. 

pach*ey, iv. be tumed upside down with the wide part on the 

bottom, trastornar cualquiera.... 

pach*omal k*obU, nphr(n4f of n5), palm of Uie hand, palnui 

de la marw. 

muk* pach*lej, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f wide, ancho. 

*poch*om, n5. platform or walkway beneath the roof, around 

thefr houses. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, pacham is given 

for "portada de casa" (Guzman, 1620:164). andamio o 

andadero 

*poch*omal na, nphr(n4 of n5). platform or walkway beneath 

the roof, around thefr houses, andamio 

padre (Sp,) 

padre, n5, friar, monk, priest, (1) fraile. Padre, (2) monje. 

paj (1) 

paj, tv. plant (post in the ground with one*s hands), hincar con 

las manos 

paj k*ob te', vphr:tv & qphr(n4f of n5). decorate with planted 

branches, enramar hincando ramos. 

pajal vitz, nphr(aj & n)5. mountain pass, puerto de nwnte. 

pajchuch, n5. wedge, cuna para hender madera. 

pajchuchuy, tv. drive in with rcx^k or sledgehammer, split with 

wedges. (1) hender con cunas, (2) hincar recio 

paj (2) 

paj, tv. find fault with, postpone, rebuff, refuse, reject, 

reproach, scom, set day or Umit (1) aplasar tiempo o 

dia, (2) emplazar, aplacar..., (3) menospreciar, (4) 

rechazar, (5) rehusar, (6) reprochar o reprovar. (1) 

tachar. 

paj, iv. be constipated, stop (bleeding), turn back without 

reaching destination. (1) restahar, restrihir. (2) tornar 

del camino 

paj tza, s:iv & -n4d. be obstmcted in some matter, hallarse 

atajado en algun negocio. 

paj ch*iel tzeb, s:iv & nphr(vn4d of n5). be a fuU-grown gfrl. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, nwsa crecida 225, 

paj ch*iel kelem, s:iv & nphr(vn4d & n5), be a fuU-grown 

boy, RML—The verb is in the past tense, moso crecido 

225, 

paj ta be, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). waylay on the trail. 

atajar poniendose en el camim. 

paj ta ch*uunel dios, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & nphr<vn4d of 

n5>). forsake God. renegar de Dios. 

pajbenal, n4f defect, dregs, fault. (1) heve. (2) tacha en 

cualquiera cosa. 

pajbenal vino, nphr(n4f of n5). dregs, heve. 

pajbey k*op, vphr:-dv & n4d[B], resist as temptations, resistir. 

conw a las tentaciones. 

pajbil, pp. scorned, menospreciada. 
278 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

pajeb, n4f. restrainer. restrihidora cosa. 

pajes, tv. prevent person from doing something good or bad. 

detener a alguno.... 

pajes takiej, vphr:tv & -vn4d. abolish a law. ley quitar 194. 

jpajel ta ch*uunel dios, agn:vn & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of 

n5>cpd). apostate, renegador o renegado. 

mo pajes, vphr:neg & tv-. permit. RML—The verb is in the 

past tense, permitir. 

paj (3) 

paj. leaven, sour, yeast, cf. poj (1) 

pak 

pak, tv. double over (corn stalk, sugarcane), fold (clotiiing, 

cloth), praise, repay in kind, requite. *When one gives a 

reward one doubles over or returns the good deed to the 

person who did it, tiiat is why they use this word jpak 

to say reward a good deed received or also avenge an 

evU deed. (1) doblar ropa, (2) engrandecer a otro, 

alabarle, (3) galardoruir la buena obra, (4) plegar, (5) 

quebrar corrw cana 

pak, iv. bend over (wiUow, slender stick), torcer de la 

linea 

pak 'aboltayel, vphr:tv & vn4d[A]. recompense, reward. 

recompensar. 

pak 'aboltayvanej, vphr:tv & -n4d. tip. gratificar. 

pak 'utel, vphr:tv & vn4d[A]. avenge an insult (1) gratificacion, (2) recompensacion. 

pak majel, vphr:tv & vn4d[A]. avenge a beating, recompensacion. 

pak moton, vphr:tv & vn4d[A]. send present in return, enviar 

algo de retorno. 

pak patan, vphr:tv & n5. pay tribute or tax. echar tributo o 

derrama. 

pakaktik, aj. double over, quebradura asi. 

*pakal, n5. bench, chafr, seat. RML—This occurs ui colonial 

Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:164). posadero o sentadero. 

pakal, aj. doubled over, quebrado asi. 

pakalul, n4f doubled section, quebradura asi. 

*pakax, iv. return, tornar de dofuiste. 

pakbenal, n4f fold, doubled section. (1) plegadura, (2) 

quebradura asi. 

pakbey 'aboltayel 'u'un, vphr:-dv & vn4d[B] -i- n4d[A]. 

recompense, reward, galardonar la 

xajpakbey kaboltayel avu'un. I reward you for your help, 

pakbey 'utzU, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. recompense, reward. 

galardonar la 

xajpakbey avutzU. I reward you for your goodness, 

pakbenal, n4f fold, double section. (1) plegadura, (2) 

quebradura asi. 

pakbil, pp. doubled over, folded. (1) plegada cosa, (2) 

quebradao asi. 

pakbil 'utz, s:pp/pred/ & aj. rewarded, galardonado. 

pakbil 'utzil 'u'un, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d + -n4d. rewarded. 

galardonado. 

paktzajes, tv. reconcile, reconciliar a otros. 

paktzan, tv. reconcUe. reconciliar a otros. 

pakojbey, dv/ap/. pay a debt with money received from 

another* s debt, pagar una deuda con otra. 

jpakojbey ta Pedro. I wiU return fr witii Peter's money, 

jpakojbey te yo' 'oy ta k*exel jtak*ine. I wUl return fr from 

where I can get my money back, pagar una— 

pakol, n4f recompense, return of gift or insufr, reward. (1) 

recompensacion, (2) retorno de presente o injuria. 

pakol 'aboltayel, nphr(n4f of vn4d). tip. (1) gratificacion, (2) 

recompensacion. 

pakol 'aboltayvanej, nphr(n4f of vnld). recompense, reward, 

tip. gratiflcacion. 

pakol 'utzU, nphr(n4f of n4d). reward, galardon asi. 

pakol 'utel, nphr(n4f of n4d), reciprocal insult, recompensacion. 

pakol k'eel, nphr(n4f of n4d), reciprocal gift enviar algo de 

retorno. 

pakol majel, nphr(n4f of vn4d), reciprocal beating, recompensacion. 

pakol moton, nphr(n4f of n4d), reciprocal gift, enviar algo.... 

pakpak ba ta k'op, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). argue, dispute. 

(1) arguir, (2) disputar. 

pakpakbey ba k'op, vphr:rdv & n5, dispute, disputar. 

pakpakel ta k*op, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & n5). dispute, 

disputa. 

*pakxin, tv. return, return a loan. (1) restituir, (2) tornar lo 

prestado. 

*pakxin k'exol Hun, vphr:tv & nphr(n of n)5. answer a letter. 

responder a carta. 

*pakxinel, vn4f. restitution, restitucion. 

pakulan, tv. double over, quebradura asi. 

pakulanbil, pp. doubled over, quebradura asi. 

jpak-'utz, agn(tv & ncpd). rewarder. galardonador asi. 

jpak 'aboltayel, nphr(agn & vn4d), rewarder. galardonador asi. 

'ak' pakobil misa, cf, 'ak' (2), 

'ak' pakol 'aboltayel, cf 'ak' (2), 

pokol puj, nphr(n of n)5, reed shield they hang in the church, 

escudillo de espadaha 

pokoUl, n3d. shield. (1) adarga, (2) escudo. 

pokoUn, tv. take or use as a shield, adarga. 

pak' 

pak', tv. plaster, embarrar. 

pak' chak 'abnal, nphr:nphr(n of n) type n. maUow. 

RML—^This was given as pecchac amnal. In modern 

Tzotzil, pak' chak is Malva nicaeensis, M. parviflora, 

and Sida rhombifolia. malba yerba 207. 

pak'-k'op, nphr(aj & ncpd)ld. lie. mentira. 

pak' ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). slap, palnuida o 

bofetada dar. 

pak' ta tek'el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). cram in (wiUi 

one's feet), trample underfoot, (1) recalcar, (2) rehollar. 

pak'-Hun, nphr(aj & ncpd)4d, false document/a/^eada cosa 

asi. 

pak'ak'tik, n5. wall wiUi many turrets, almena. 
NUMBER 31 279 

pak'al, n4f cloth, clotii lamp wick. (1) rruinta gemralmente, 

(2) mecha de candil. 

pak'al-baij, iv(aj & ncpd). frown fiercely, encapotarse de 

enojo. 

pak'al-baijel, vn(aj & ncpd)5. fierce frown, encapotamiento. 

pak'al satil, nphr(n4f of n5). eyelid, parpado del ojo. 

pak'al ti'U, nphr(n4f of n3d). lip. rostro o abio. 

pak'aUn ba, rv. frown fiercely, encapotarse de enojo. 

pak'an, tv. mend, solder. (1) adobar, (2) remendar, (3) soldar 

pegando. 

jpak'an k'anal tak'in ta frompeta (or) jpak'an trompeta ta 

k'anal tak'in. 1 am soldering the tmmpet with brass, 

pak'anej, n4d. mended object adobar. 

pak'av, iv. plaster, embarrar. 

pak*bal na, nphr(n of n)5. waU of stakes, mud or mortar, pared 

de horcorns o 

pak*tzaj, iv. mend by sticking on. soldar pegando. 

pak*tzaj juteb, vphr:iv & num. improve slightiy (sick person). 

mejorar en la dolencia. 

pak'el ta majel chak, nphr:nphr(vn4f & qphr<:prep & vn5>) of 

-n4d. spanking, nalgada o herida alii si es la mano. 

pak'el ta majel nakleb, nphr:nphr(vn4f & qphr<prep & vn5>) 

of -n4d. spanking, ruilgada o 

pak'om, n5. doubled over, embarrador. 

pak'ponet, av. clap hands as when rejoicing or dancing. 

palmadas dar 

pak'tani, tv. knead, amasar. 

pak'tanibU vaj, nphr(pp & n)5. pie. torta. 

pak'tanij, iv. knead, amasar. 

pak'tay, tv. break one's word or promise, falsify, forge, lie, 

pretend. (I) falsear o contra hacer, (2) fingir, (3) mentir, 

(4) quebrar o quebrantar palabra, creditos, promesa, 

(5) simular lo que no es. 

pak'tay ba ta 'utz vinUc, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & 

n>5). be hypocritical, ypocrita 189. 

tzoj x'Uot yu'un dios te spak'tay sba ta 'utz vinik. God hates 

a hypocrite, 

pak'tay ba ta chamel, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & vn5). feign 

illness, simular enfermedad. 

pak'tay ba ta jchamel, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & agn). feign death. 

mortecino fingido. 

pak'tay ba ta me'on, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & vn5). feign 

poverty, simular pobreza. 

pak'tay ta kokov, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). forge cacao. 

falsear o contra hacer. 

pak'tay ta tak'in, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). forge money. 

falsear o 

pak'taybey k'op, vphr:-dv & n5. lie to. mentir a otro.... 

pak'taybil, pp. forged, falseada cosa asi. 

pak'taybil ba, rpp. dissembled, simulado. 

pak'taybil ta kokov, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). forged 

cacao, falseada cosa asi. 

pak'taybil ta Hun 'ojov, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & 

nphr<n4d of n5>). forged official document, falseada 

cosa asi. 

pak'tayej, vn5. falsehood, lie, simulation. (1) falsedad asi, (2) 

mentira, (3) fingimiento oficcion. 

pak'tayej ba, rvn. hypocrisy, ypocresia 189. 

pak'tayej ba ta 'utz vinUc, nphr:rn & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & 

n5>). be hypocritical, ypocrita 189. 

pak'tayej ch'u, nphr(vn type n)5. false god. dios de burla. 

pak'tayej ch'uul xanbal, nphr:vn5 type nphr(aj & n5). false 

reUgion. religion falsa. 

pak'tayej k'op, nphr(vn type n)5. lie. mentira. 

pak*tayej tak*in, nphr(vn5 type n4d). counterfeit money. 

moneda falsa. 

pak'tayejtik, aj. falsely. falsamente. 

pak'tayel, vn4f forgery. falsedad asi. 

pak'tayel ba, rvn. hypocrisy, ypocresia 189. 

pak'tayel ta Hun 'ojov, nphr:vn4f & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d 

of n5>). forgery of official document, falsedad asi. 

pak'tayvan, iv. lie. mentir. 

pak'uian, tv. clap hands as when rejoicing or dancing. 

palmadas dar 

jpak'-k*op, agn(tv & ncpd). Uar. (1) falseada cosa asi, (2)falso 

decidor, (3) mentiroso. 

jpak*-vob, agn(tv & ncpd). tambourine or timbrel player. 

panderetero que lo tahe. 

jpak'al-baijel, agn(aj & vncpd). person who is frowning 

fiercely, encapotado asi. 

jpak*anvanej, agn. mender. (1) adobar, remendon, (2) remendon. 

jpak*tayej, agn. cheat, falsifier, pretender. (1) falsa cosa que 

engaha, (2) falseador, (3)flngidor. 

jpak'tayej-k*op, agn(vn & ncpd). liar. (1) falso decidor, (2) 

mentiroso. 

jpak*tayej-profeta, agn(vn & ncpd). false prophet/a/j'O profeta. 

jpak*tayej ta kokov, agn:vn & qphr(prep & ncpd). cocoa bean 

forger, falseador. 

jpak*tayvanej, agn. counterfeiter, forger, Uar. (1) falseador, (2) 

falso decidor, (3) mentiroso. 

jpak*tayvanej ta tz*ib, agn:vn & ciphr(prep & ncpd). counterfeiter, forger, falseador. 

ta pak*-k'op, qphr:prep & vn(tv & ncpd)5. lying, mentirosamente. 

Ha' te pak'tay ba ta chamel, s:n/pred/ & s(pt & rv & qphr<prep 

& vn5>). person who feigns Ulness. mortecino fingido. 

Ha' te pak'tay ba ta tup*el 'ik', s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & rv & 

qphr<prep & nphr(vn4f of n4d[A of rv])>). person who 

feigns death, nwrtecirw fingido. 

pok', n5. clotii (general term), rruinta gemralmente. 

*pok'om, n5. partition, waU of stakes, mud or mortar. 

RML—^Perhaps tiiis should be read pok'ob. (1) pared 

de hor corns o...,(2) tabique, pared. 

*pok'omtik, n5. partition, wall of stakes, mud or mortar. (1) 

pared de hor cones o...,(2) tabique, pared. 
280 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'Uc'alpok*,cf'ik'(2), 

bUc'tal pok', nphr(aj & n)5. smaU clotii. pahicuelo. 

tzajal pok', cf tzoj. 

pam 

pam, explanation, nougat, pancake, pulque, cf pom (1), 

pan 

pan, tv, cook, coser. 

pan ta mul, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), offend, ofender. 

panbil, pp, cooked, *But note that panbil does not mean 

weU-cooked, cojido 67, cf cocido. 

panbil ch'ich', nphr(pp & n)5. blood pudding, nwrcilla. 

panbil higo, nphr(pp & n)5. dried fig. higo adobado. 

panbil pom, nphr(pp & n)5. taffy, melcocha. 

panbil ta mul, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). offended. 

ofendido. 

paneb, n4d. food that one has cooked. RML—^This reading is 

suspect, cosida cosa 

panel ta mul, nphr:-vn4d & qphr(prep & n5). offense that one 

receives, ofensa que se recibe. 

panob vaj, nphr(n of n)5. oven, horno de cocer. 

panvanej ta mul, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & n5). offense that one 

causes, ofensa que se hace. 

jpan-vaj, agn. baker (man or woman), hornero u hornera. 

pana 

ta pana, qphr:prep & n5. outside, de fuera de casa. 

paho (Sp.) 

pano, nld. woman's headcloth. toca 

pafiolin, tv. cover one's head witii a clotii. tocarse algo. 

pap 

pap. basket mat. cf pop. 

papa (Sp.) 

papa, n5. pope. papa. 

paraiso (Sp.) 

paraiso, n5. Paradise, paraiso. 

pas 

pas, tv. adorn, create (as God made the world), do, dress, make, 

mediate, pacify, prepare, repafr, resolve, shape, waylay. 

(1) adericar, (2) adornar, (3) aparejar, (4) ataviar algo, 

(5) criar o hacer...,(6)formar, reducir cierta forma, (1) 

hacer conw quiera 164, (8) pacificar, hacer paz, (9) 

reparar. (10) saltear. (11) sanear la cosa, (12) terciar. 

apas 'o xital! Do it before I come! mientras. 

Ho'on jpas. I wiU resolve it. disponer de algo. 

pas, iv. become. (1) amigo hacerse. (2) hacerse 164. 

pas altar, vphr:tv & n5. charge for the Mass. recaudo poner 

para decir misa. 

pas ayuno, vphr:tv & n5. fast ayunar 14. 

pas 'aboltayel, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. tip. gratificar. 

pas 'e, vphr:tv & -n4f sharpen, afilar. 

pas 'olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. deliberate, deliberar. 

pas ba, rv. be reconcUed, become, behave with modesty and 

pmdence, get dressed, get ready, grow, prepare oneself, 

regain one's sfrength. (1) amigo hacerse, (2) ataviarse. 

(3) disponerse o aparejarse, (4) hacerse, (5) mesurarse, 

(6) reconciliarse el amigo, (7) reconciliar a otros, (8) 

rehacer. fortalecerse. 

pas ba chi'uk, vphr:rv + -n4d. become friends witii, amigo 

hacerse. 

pas aba xchi'uk. Become friends with him. 

pas ba ta 'olon, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & -n4d). submit to. 

someter. 

jpas jba ta avolon. I submit to you. 

pas ba ta 'utz vinUc, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). 

be a hypocrite, ypocrita 189, 

pas ba ta j'Uojel, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & agn), testify as a 

witness, testiguar. 

pas ba ta padre, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5), be ordained, take 

holy orders, (1) graduarse de orden sacerdotal, (2) 

ordenarse asi, (3) religioso. 

pas ba ta testigo, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5), testify as a 

witness, testiguar. 

pas ba Ho' ta taiv, s:rv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5), form icicles, 

RML—^The verb is given in the past tense, yelo 

caranbano 183, 

pas tza, vphr:tv & n5, cast lots, lance echar. 

pas confesion, vphr:tv & n5, take confession, confesar. 

pas chi'uk, vphr:iv + -n4d, become friends with, amigo 

hacerse. 

pasan xchi'uk. Become friends with him. 

pas ch'akel, vphr:tv &. n5. sentence, sentenciar. 

pas ch*en, vphr:tv & nle. dig a hole, hoyo hacer 175. 

pas ffrma, vphr:tv & n5. sign, flrmar escritura. 

pas juramento, vphr:tv & n5. swear, jurar. 

pas k*exol Hun, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n5). answer a letter. 

responder a carta. 

pas k*in, vphr:tv & nle. hold a fiesta,^e^fa hacer ofestejar. 

pas k*op, s:iv & -n4d, agree on (price, deal), RML—^The verb 

is in the past tense, concertarse en precio o 

pas-k*op, vn(tv & ncpd)5, flattery, lisonja. 

pas k*oplal, vphr:tv & -n4f discuss, tratar algun negocio. 

pas-k*opoj, iv(tv & ivcpd), flatter, lisongear. 

pas lok*ob, vphr:tv & -n4b, represent, representar. 

pas misa, vphr:tv & n5, celebrate Mass, misa. 

pas pano, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. put on one*s hood, tocarse. 

pas patan, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. be a servant of, govern. (1) 

regimiento..., (2) servidor y servir. 

mo 'utzuk spas spatan. He does not govern weU. regimiento 

jpas jpatan ta stz*el Juan. I am John's servant servidor y 

servir. 

pas pech*ech', vphr:tv & n4d[A]. buUd a nest RML— 

pech'ech'. meaning nest, occurs in modem Tfenejapan 

Tzeltal. nido hacer. 

pas pox jamobil nuk'il, vphr:tv & nphr(n5 type nphr<vn4f of 

n5>). make gargle, gargarisnw hacer. 

pas pox pokobU 'eal, vphr:tv & nphr(n5 type nphr<vn4f of 

n5>). gargle, gargarisnw hacer. 

pas ta padre, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). ordain, graduar asi. 
NUMBER 31 281 

pas ta padre, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be ordained. 

graduarse de orden sacerdotal. 

pas ta sacerdote, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). ordain, graduar 

asi. 

pas ta tan, vphr:tv- & qplir(prep & n5). plaster (putting on 

quantities of plaster as with a trowel), encalar poniendo— 

pas te k'op, vphr:tv & nphr(art & n5). carry out one's word or 

promise, cumplir la palabra 58, 

pas testamento, vphr:tv & n5, make a wUl, testar. 

pas ve'el, vphr:tv & vn5, cook, guisar manjares. 

pas vinik, vphr:tv & n5. assemble or Ime up people as in a 

procession, regir o concertar...292. 

pas yabut, vphr:tv & n5, conquer, conquistar. 

pasal juteb, vphr:aj/pred/ & num, sUghtiy improved (in healtii), 

mejorar en la dolencia. 

pasal p'isel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f measured, medido. 

pasben, n4d, work, obra, la cosa hecha. 

pasbey 'e, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. sharpen, whet (1) azucar conw 

quiera, cf. aguzar. (2) amolar. 

pasbey 'isim, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. cUp one's hafr. RML— 

Perhaps the verb of this and the foUowing entry should 

be read p'asbey. trasquilar a tijera. 

pasbey jol, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. cUp one's hafr. trasquilar a 

tijera. 

pasbey kolo', vphr:-dv & n5. do evil, hacer mal 165. 

pasbey k'in, vphr:-dv & n5. hold a fiesta, flesta hacer. 

pasbU, pp. done, made, ready. (1) dispuesto aparejado. (2) 

hecho participio, (3) presto, aparejado. 

pasel, vn4b. abiUty, capacity, condition, custom, form, 

friendship, manner, natural quality, way, workmanship. 

(1) amistad (2) condicion, (3) costumbre, (4) disposicion. (5) forma o manera, (6) hechura del que es hecho. 

(1) natural cosa. 

'utz jpasel. I am well-mannered./orma o mamra. 

Hech jpasel. I am like this, forma o manera. 

pasel 'olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). deUberation. deliberacion. 

pasel ba, rvn. abiUty, capacity, disposicion. 

pasel ch*akel, nphr(vn4f of vn5). government, regimiento, 

conw 

mu sna' spasel ch*akel. He does not know how to govem. 

pasel k'op, nphr(vn4f of n5). mediation, terceria asi. 

pasel k'u'ul, nphr(vn4f of n5). uniform, traje de vestido. 

pasey ta padre, vphr:tv/pass/ & c[phr(prep & n5), be ordained. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, ordenado asi. 

pasnej, nld. deed, exercise, work done. (1) ejercicio 136, (2) 

hecho, (3) hechura del que hace obra, (4) obra, la cosa 

hecha. 

pasnej te mo ch'uunvan vinUce, nphr:n4d of s(pt neg & iv & 

n5). heatiien custom, gentil. cosa de gentiles— 

pasob k'op, nphr(n of n)5. meeting place, acuerdo o junta. 

pasob vaj, nphr(n of n)5. bakery, panaderia do se vende pan 

246. 

pasobU, n4f instmment. ynstrumento de cualquiera cosa 188. 

pasobil tuk*al lum, nphr:n4f of nphr(natt & n)5. mold for 

crossbow pellets, turquesa para hacer bodoques. 

pasojel, vn5. deed (as when we say "a good deed**), exercise. 

(1) ejercicio 136, (2) hecho, (3) obra como.... 

jpas-'itaj, agn(tv & ncpd). gardener, hortelano 242. 

jpas 'u tak'in, agn:tv & nphr(n4e of n5)cpd. jeweler, joielero, 

el que las hace. 

jpas-ch*ojon, agn(tv & ncpd). halter maker, cabestrero. 

jpas-jolol, agn(tv & ncpd). barben trasquilador. 

jpas-jubon, agn(tv & ncpd). doublet maker, jubitero. 

jpas-kolo', agn(tv & ncpd). malefactor, offender. (1) agraviador 13, (2) mal echor. 

jpas-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). flatterer, mediator, middleman. (1) 

lisongero, (2) medianero en amistad, (3) medianero en 

compra o venta, (4) tercero que tercia en algun negocio. 

jpas-*puk, agn(tv & ncpd). glazier, vidriero. 

jpas sUla caballo, agn:tv & nphr(n4d of n5)cpd. saddlemaker. 

silla de caballo o mula. 

jpas-tak'in, agn(tv & ncpd). money-maker, monedero. 

jpas-tomin, agn(tv & ncpd). money-maken momdero. 

jpas-trompeta, agn(tv & ncpd). tmmpeter. trompeta, el que las 

tahe. 

'oy pas, s:n5/pred/ & s(tv-). be experienced. RML—The verb 

is in the past tense, prueva, experiencia. 

mo tojoluk pasbey, vphr:nphr(neg & -n4f) & -dv. wrong. (1) 

agraviar 13, (2) agravio hecho 13. 

mo stojoluk apasbey. You wronged him. agravio hecho 13. 

mo stojoluk nepasbeat. I was wronged by him. agravio 13. 

mo tojoluk jpasvanej, nphr:nphr(neg & -n4f) & agn. offender 

agraviador 13. 

toj pasey, vphr:adv & tv/pass/. be done with pomp. RML—^The 

verb is in the past tense, solemnidad. 

pascua (Sp.) 

pascua, n5. Christmas, Easter. (1) pascua de navidad (2) 

pascua de resurreccion. 

pascuail, natt paschal, pascual cosa. 

muk' pascua, cf muk'. 

ta pascuatik 'ayan, vphr:qphr(prep & n5) & iv. paschal, pascual 

cosa. 

ta pascuatik lok', vphr:ciphr(prep & n5) & iv. paschal, pascual 

cosa. 

*pax 

*paxi, tv. bewitch, give ominous prediction. RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal the term for tiie latter is given as paaxti and 

paaxtU (Guzm^, 1620:165, 198). (1) aojar 24, (2) 

pronostica mal, (3) significar mal venidero. 

*paax, n5. bewitchment aojar 24. 

paxak' 

jolom paxak', nphr(n type n)5. pineapple, piha, fruta de la 

tierra. 

pat 

pat, tv. make pots or tUes. consolar. 

pat 'olontonU, vphr:tv & -n3d. console, consolar. 

pat ba, rv. coagulate, curdle, freeze. RML—The verb is in tiie 
282 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

past tense. (1) elada cosa o cuajada con hielo, (2) 

cuajarse algo 279. 

pat chUcmil, nphr(n4f of n3d). fleshy back of the neck. 

pestoreja, cf. pestorejo. 

pat jol ch'aj, s:nphr(n of n) & aj/pred/. lazy, perezoso. 

pat jolol, nphr(n of n)5. back of tiie head, coyote 54. 

pat kokov, nphr(n4f of n5). cacao pod. mazorca de cacao 204. 

pat-k'ak'ay, tv(n & tvcpd). burn around, quemar en derredor. 

pat naranja, nphr(n4f of n5). orange peel or rind, cascara. 

pat ton tuluk', nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). egg sheU. cascara. 

pat Hun, nphr(n4f of n5). back of a book, lorrw de libro. 

pata-vinik, n(aj & ncpd)5. mstic (not noble), taxpayer, 

tributary. (1) pechoso, (2) villano no hidalgo. 

patal, aj. lying face down, setting (bfrd). (1) echada asi. (2) 

estar echado boca arriba. 

patan, tv. have homosexual relations witii another woman. 

hacer la muger a otra esto 166. 

patan, nld. business, high position, income, job, office, state 

of being busy, tax, tribute, work. (1) dignidad (2) 

negocio, ocupacion, (3) obra como, (4) obra conw..., 

(5) ocupacion asi, (6) oficio, (1) pecho o tributo, (8) 

tributo. 

'ep patan x'och ta sna. His house or inheritance brings a lot 

of income, renta. 

Ho'on jpas jpatan 'a U Hukub k'ak'ale. I work Uiis week (as 

weekly official or choir singer), semanero. 

patan 'ojov, nphr(n of n)4d. be one's business or possession. 

pertenecerme a mi de oficio. 

patan ba, rv. prostrate self reverencia hacer. 

patan ba chi'uk 'antz, vphr:rv + nphr(n4d of n5). have 

homosexual relations with another woman, hacer la 

muger...166. 

patbey 'olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. console, comfort. 

consolar. 

patbil lum, nphr(pp & n)5. adobe, pottery. (1) adobe, (2) loza, 

vaso de barro 199. 

patbil Ho' 'u'un taiv, nphr:pp & n5 + nphr(n4f of n5). icicle. 

yelo, caranbano 183. 

patel 'olonton, nphr:vn4f of -n4d. consolation, consolador. 

patet, av. be bent over. (1) encorvarse, (2) encorvado. 

patey, iv. be lying face down, prostrate self, sit on eggs. (1) 

echarse las aves..., (2) estar echado boca..., (3) 

reverencia hacer. 

patil, n3b. back, bark, behind, buttocks, peel, rind, scab, shell, 

skin (onion, snake). *The same for the green cacao pod. 

(1) cascara, (2) corteza, (3) costra, (4) espalda, (5) 

hollejo de culebra, (6) reves o...,(l) salvanos, (8) tela 

de cebolla u...,(9) trasera parte. 

patilal vinUc, nphr(natt & n)5, backward people (who live in 

the towns behmd Zinacantan as Chamula). atras. 

patiebin 'antz, vphr:tv & n5. have homosexual relations wiUi 

another woman, hacer la muger...166. 

patiebinbil, pp. hatohed. empollado asi. 

patnej, iv. pay tribute, tributar. 

patnejes, tv. give work to. ocupar. 

patnen, tv. trade, tratar el tratante. 

Ha' no 'ox jpatnen *'echan te xchonel caballo. I am just 

making a trade today in the sale of a horse. 

Ha' no 'ox jpattien *'echan te stz*itasel tux-nok* chije. I 

am just making a trade today for the raising of a sheep, 

patel 'olonton, nphr(n of n)5, good, particular en bien o.... 

patob 'utz skotole jelel stuk te N, They are all good, but N 

is specially good, 

patob 'utz 'a'i pas, vphr:s(nphr<n of n> & tv) & tv-, do wiUi 

everyone's consent, consentimiento. 

patob xamiti, nphr(n of n)5. tUeworks. tejar donde hacen teja. 

patobU chUc'bU xamiti, nphr:n4f of nphr(pp & n)5. brickworks. 

ladrilleria donde se hacen. 

patobU xamit, nphr(n4f of n5). mold for tiles, bricks, etc. molde 

par teja, ladrillo 

patol dios, nphr(n type n)5. false god, shaper god. RML—I 

originally thought this term was derived from Nahuati 

patolli, the game of chance, but Nufiez de la Vega 

convinces me that tiie name refers to creative abilities. 

cf. 'alajom. dios de burla. 

patvanab chik*bil xamiti, nphr:n5 of nphr(pp & n)5. brickworks, ladrilleria donde— 

jpat-'olontonU, agn(tv & ncpd). consoler, consolador. 

jpat-vaj, agn(tv & ncpd). baker, panadero. 

jpat-xamiti, agn(tv & ncpd). brick or tUe maker, tejero que 

hace teja o ladrillo. 

jpatan, agn. official, worker. (1) obrero, (2) oficial. 

jpatan-vaj, agn(tv & ncpd). kneader, amasador que amasa. 

jpatan ta j-tek lum, nphr:agn & qphr(prep & nphr<num(num 

& nc) of n>), town official, oficial en el pueblo. 

jpatnejel, agn, taxpayer, tributary. (1) pechoso, (2) tributario. 

'ep patan, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be very busy, have a lot of work. 

RML—^Perhaps the adjective should be read 'ip. (1) 

ocupado en negocios, (2) trabajo tener o tener que hacer. 

'oy patan, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be busy, be in office, be 

obstmcted, have work. (1) ympedimento tener 185, (2) 

ocupado en negocios, (3) oficio tener, (4) trabajo 

tener 

jun k'ak'al patan, cf jun. 

k'an patiej, cf k'an (1). 

ta patil, qphr:prep & -n3b. behind, in reverse, on the oUier side, 

to Uie back. (1) al reves, (2) atras. (3) de la otra parte. 

(4) detras. (5) hacia tras 166, (6) tras. 

ta tojol patil, qphr:prep & nplir(n4f of n5). to the back, hacia 

tras 166. 

yo' 'oy tojol patU, qphr:pt & pt & nphr(n4f of n5), to Uie back, 

hacia tras 166, 

patax 

patax, n5. dough. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, patax vagh is 

"pancogido con geniga" (Guzman, 1620:150). masa. 

pataxin, tv. bleach cloth wiUi lye. RML—In colonial Tzeltal 

the same meaning is given for pataxin ta tan (Guzman, 

1620:40). colar pahos. 
NUMBER 31 283 

patena (Sp.) 

patena, n5. paten, patena de caliz. 

pativU 

pativU, n5. thin cloth, manta delgada. 

pativU pok', nphr(n type n)5. tiim clotii. RML—^This is given 

as patiul. manta delgada. 

patox (Sp.) 

patox, n5. duck, pato, ganso. 

patriarca (Sp.) 

patriarca, n5. patriarch, patriarca. 

pauch 

pauchU, n3d. amber, ambar. 

pay (1) 

payal lok'el, ajphr:aj & dr. beam that projects Uke a corbel, viga 

que vuela como can. 

pay (2) 

pay. pitchfork, cf. poy. 

pay (3) 

paych'ujeb vitz, nphr(n4f of n5). mountain slope, recuesto de 

monte. 

paych'ujeb Ho', nphr(n4f of n5). torrent, raudal. 

paych'ujel, vn5. mountain slope. RML—^This term persists m 

modern TzotzU, meaning "downhiU slope." recuesto de 

monte. 

petz' 

petz', n5. deadfall for bfrds or mice, hunting with a deadfall. 

(1) losa para tomar aves. (2) ratonera. 

xibat ta petz'. I am gouig hunting with a deadfall, ratonera. 

petz'aj, iv. hunt with a deadfaU. RML—^This is given as 

xepetzogh. losa para 

petz'avU, n5. deadfall hunter, losa para 

petz*ay, tv. trap mice or birds that are taken or killed with a 

deadfall. RML—In the second instance the verb is given 

as ghpetzugh, perhaps it should be read jpetz'oj. (1) losa 

para..., (2) ratones ir a tomar 

petz*ayej, vn5. hunting with a deadfaU. RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal, ta petzuyegh cho is "qdo se toman con losilla 

ratones" (Gates, 1934b: 153). It is given here aspetzuegh. 

ratonera. 

jpetz', agn. deadfall hunter losa para.... 

pech' 

pech*, n5. flyswatter. moscador. 

pech' 'e, nphr(aj & n)5. snout (as of a pig), hocico conw de 

puerco. 

pech' ti', nphr(aj & n)5. snout (as of a pig), hocico conw.... 

pech' veluyab, nphr(aj & n)5. fan. moscador para hacer aire. 

pech'e-'ok nichim, nphr:n(aj & ncpd) type n. lily, lirio. 

pech'e-'ok castillan nichim, nphr:n(aj & ncpd) type nphr(aj & 

n). lUy. lirio. 

pech'e-ni', n(aj & ncpd)5. flat nose, nariz roma. 

pech'e-ti', n(aj & ncpd)5. big-lipped person. (1) hocico 

conw..., (2) hombre bezudo de gran bezo 239. 

pech*ech*U, n3d. carrymg cloUi, head cloUi. rodilla para 

cargar.... 

pech*el ni', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be flat-nosed, nariz rorrui. 

pech'el ti', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be tiiick-lipped, have a snout (1) 

hocico como...,(2) hombre bezudo...239. 

pech*pech* te', nphr(aj & n)5. shovel, pala para traspalar. 

pek' 

pek*, nld. tumplme. (1) cincho el...12,(2) mecapal. 

pek'pek' vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. dwarf. (1) enano, (2) hombre 

enano 239. 

pek'ul, n4f tumpline. cincho el...12. 

spek'ul ton. tumpline for carrying rocks, mecapal. 

pek'a 

pek'a, aj. calamitous, crippled. RML—Today this term in 

Larramzar, and pec'a' in Ixtapa, refer to physical 

impairment (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:98). I have 

chosen Uie former quite arbitrarily. (1) desventurado, (2) 

tullido 336. 

pek'a vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. dull-witted, incompetent or stupid 

person. (1) boto o torpe, no habil, (2) ynhabil cosa 188, 

(3) mostrenco, (4) necio. 

pek'aU, n4d. calamity, incompetence, stupefaction. (1) desventurado, (2) entorpecimiento, (3) ynhabilidad. 

pek'aU k'op, nphr(n type n)4d. stupidity, mcedad. 

pek'aub, iv. be benumbed or stuj)efied, become crippled or 

paralyzed. (1) entorpecido, (2) entorpecerse, (3) tullirse 

336. 

pek*aubes, tv. cripple, paralyze, tullir 336. 

pek*aubtas, tv. benumb, cripple, paralyze, stupefy. (1) entorpecer, (2) entorpecer a otro, (3) tullir 336. 

•pen 

*pen, nld. shinbone. RML—This root is given both as pen 

and pin, and the marking of possession seems confused. 

espinilla de la pierna. 

*penil, n5. shinbone. espinilla de la pierna. 

penitencia (Sp.) 

penitencia, n5. penance, cf lok'. partiese el sernwn, cf 

partirse. 

pepen 

pepen, n5. butterfly (general term), mariposa generalmente. 

tz'unun pepen, cf. tz'unun. 

xjojoch* pepen, cf jojoch'. 

pera (Sp.) 

peras, n5. pear, pear tree, peral, arbol. 

te'el peras, cf te'. 

perejU (Sp.) 

perejU, n5. parsley, perejil. 

peso (Sp.) 

peso, n5. peso. cf. nop. estimar, lasar o apreciar. 

pet(1) 

pet, tv. carry in one's arms as children, transplant (1) llevar 

en los brazos..., (2) traer en los brazos, (3) trasponer 

plantas. 

petoj, n4d. object carried in one's arms, llevar atravesado— 

pet(2) 

petel, vn5. bUster, boil, bmise, lump. (1) ampolla asi, gram.... 
284 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

(2) hinchazon asi. (3) roncha. (4) torondron. 

petel, aj. blistered, bmised, with boils, hinchado de esta 

manera. 

petelon. I am bUstered. ampollar o hacersela ampollas 

pequehas. 

petetik, aj. blistered, bmised, witii boUs. (1) ampollado. 

lleno...,(2) hinchado de esta mamra, (3) torondron. 

petetik ssat. His face has boils, roncha. 

petey, iv. get a boU. roncharse o hacersele ronchas. 

petiej, n5. with boUs. (1) roncharse. (2) torondron. 

peQiet, aj. bmised, with lumps. (1) hinchado de..., (2) 

torondron. 

ta petiej, qphr:prep & n5. blistered, bmised, with boUs, with a 

mosquito bite. (1) ampolla asi, grano..., (2) hinchado 

de.... 

ta petiej e'ayan (or) ta petiej ekom. He has boils, roncha. 

ta petiej jk'ob. My hands are blistered, hincharse a 

tolondrones. 

ta petiej jtakupal. My body is bmised. hincharse a— 

petet 

petet, n5. spindle, huso. 

petet n4e. spincUeful of thread, husado o masorca, cf. husada. 

j-petetal, num(num & nccpd)5. spuidleful of Uu-ead. husado 

o.... 

pev 

peve-ti', n(aj & ncpd)5. blubber-lipped, besudo 39. 

pevel ti', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. blubber-Upped (said as an insult). 

besudo 39. 

pi 

piet, av. toot (small flute), sonar la flauta 

pitz 

pitz *osU, vphr:tv & n5. plow, spade, rosa cabando o arando 

301. 

pitzel 'osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). plowing, spading, rosa 

cabando...301. 

pitz' (1) 

pitz', tv. milk using the forefinger, press, squeeze. (1) apretar 

o tomar..., (2) esprimir o sacar zumo. (3) ordenar 

cuando..., (4) prensar asi o esprimir. 

tzotz jpitz*. I am squeezing it hard, apretar de aquella 

manera. 

pitz* 'a'iel, vphr:tv & -n4f get juice from roots or plants by 

squeezing or pressing them, sacar agua de raices o 

pitz* lok'el pojov, vphr:tv & dr & -n4e. squeeze out pus. sacar 

podre o nuiteria. 

pitz'bey 'a'iel, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. RML—See pitz' 'a'iel. 

sacar agua de 

pitz'eb chu' chij, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). miUc jug or pail 

(for milking), orca, vaso de barro. 

pitz'ob, n5. screwpin of wine press, squeezer. (1) esprimidero. 

(2) husillo de lagar asi. 

pitz'ob tz'usub, nphr(n of n)5. beam of wine press, viga de 

lugar. 

pitz'ob chu' chij, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). milk jug or paU. 

orca. 

pitz'ob te', nphr(n of n)5. vise, torno para rensar. 

pitz'ob vale', nphr(n of n)5. sugarcane press. (1) esprimidero, 

(2) torno para prensar. 

pitz'obil, n4f beam or screw of wine press, press, vise. (1) 

husillo de...,(2) prensa para esprimir, (3) torm para 

prensar, (4) viga de— 

pitz'obil chu' chij, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). miUc jug. tarro 

en que ordenan. 

pitz' (2) 

pitz*, n5. baU, ball game played witii tiie buttocks, RML—In 

colonial Tzeltal, pitz is also given for ball and for stems 

referring to playing baU with the buttocks (Guzman, 

1620:110, 155), The term survives m modem Chol, (1) 

juego de pelota con las nalgas. (2) pelota conw quiera. 

pitz*in, iv, play baU with the buttocks, jugar a la pelota con 

las nalgas. 

pitz*nom, n5. person who plays baU wUh the buttocks, jugar 

a 

picota (Sp,) 

picota, n5, gallows, piUory. (1) picota. (2) rollo donde ahorcan. 

pich' (1) 

pich*, tv. knead small object, as wax between the fingers or 

with just Uie hands, sobar cosas pequehas 324. 

pich' (2) 

pich*, n5. pepper plant, RML—In modem TzotzU Uiis is 

Lepidium virginicum var, pubescens. maztuerzo, yerba 

213, 

pik 

pUc, tv, touch. (1) atentar con la marw o tocar 35, (2) tocar 

con la marw algo. 

ptic bek'tal, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. masturbate, tocarse las partes 

vergonzosas. 

pikbey *ok, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. mimic person's manner of 

waUcing. arrendar en el andar. 

pik' 

pik*-jol vinUc, nphr:n(aj & ncpd) type n. bald person. *They 

say this in Totolapa. RML—^Perh^s this and aU other 

entries referring to baldness should be placed under pis. 

encalvecido. 

pUc*-vinik, n(aj & ncpd)5. beardless person, lampino. 

pik*il vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. beardless person, lampirw. 

pUc*ix, aj. spotted, stamed. mancha o ancilla. 

pik*ixtay, tv. spot, stain. (1) manchar o mancillar, (2) 

manchado o mancillado. 

pik*ixU, n4f dirtiness, suciedad 327. 

'ip xpik*ixil. It is very dirty, sucia cosa 327. 

pik'ixtik, aj, duty, spotted, stained. (1) manchado o..., (2) 

sucia cosa 237, 

pik'ixtik ba, raj, be dirty, sucia cosa 327. 

pik*ixtik sat, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d, be blear-eyed, cegajoso 70, 

pik*ixub, iv. get dirty. RML—This is given as xepiquixim. 

sucio hacerse o ensuciarse 327. 

pik'pik', aj. flat and treeless, raso, cosa sin arboles 
NUMBER 31 285 

pUc'pUc' 'osil, nphr(aj & n)5. flat and freeless land. RML—^In 

modern TzotzU of Zinacantdn and modem Tzeltal of 

Tenejapa, pik'pik' balamil is a field, but in Venustiano 

Carranza the term is pispis 'osil. raso, cosa sin 

pik'pUc' tenlej, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. flat field, raso, cosa liana. 

pik'ub tzotzil jol, s:tv & nphr(n4f of -n4d). grow bald. 

RML—^In colonial Tzeltal, picub is "pelarse el pelo" 

(Gates 1934b: 154). pelarse alguno 

jpUc'pUc', agn. toothless person, desdentado. 

pim 

pim, aj. abundant, many. (1) abundancia, (2) muchos en 

numero o cantidad. 

pim 'anal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f leafy, hojosa cosa. 

pim 'Uc*uyal, cf 'ik' (2). 

pim 'it'it*ul, cf 'it'. 

pim ch*uj, cf ch'uj. 

pim-letan, aj(aj & P2cpd). calloused (foot, hand), callo. 

pim naul, cf no. 

pim tux-nok* chij, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. 

sackcloth, chij. sayal 307. 

pimij, iv. become abundant increase, multiply, (1) abundancia. 

(2) acrecentarse, (3) multiplicarse. 

pimijes, tv. make abundant, multiply. (1) abundancia. (2) 

multiplicar otra cosa. 

pimil-baij, iv(aj & ivcpd). lose one's shame, speak or act 

insolentiy. (1) desvergonzarse. (2) perder la verguenza. 

pimil nok', nphr(aj & n)5. heavy clotii, manta gruesa. 

pimil nukul, nphr(n4f of n4b), callous, callo. 

pimil pok*, nphr(aj & n)5, goat*s hafr cloth, sackcloUi or any 

other heavy cloth such as they use for bedding, picote o 

mayal u 

pimil tux-nok* chij, nphr:aj & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n), 

sackcloth, sayal 307, 

pimil Hun, nphr(aj & n)5, parchment, pergamirw 248, 

*pimpoktay 'e, s:iv & -n4f, become duU (knife or sword), 

RML—^Perhaps poc should be read pok' referring to 

spongy. (1) embotarse cuchillo o espada, (2) embotado 

asi. 

*pimpoktaybey *e, s:iv & -n4f. make dull, embotar otra cosa. 

pimub 'e, s:iv & -n4f become dull (knife or sword). (1) 

embotarse cuchillo o espada, (2) embotado asi. (3) 

rebotar lo agudo. 

pimub ba, s:iv & -m4d. speak or act insolentiy. desvergonzarse. 

pimub nukulU, s:iv & -n4d. become caUoused. (1) callescer. 

(2) encallecido. 

pimubtas, tv. thicken (very thin knife blade that is fortified by 

adding metal to it), redoblar. 

pimubtasbey 'e, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. make dull, embotar otra 

cosa. 

jpimU-ba, agn(aj & mcpd). insolent or shameless person. (1) 

desvergonzado. (2)perdida la verguenza o.... 

jpimU-bail, agn(aj & rncpd). insolent or shameless person. 

desvergonzado. 

toj pim, ajphr:adv & aj. a great deal, very many, muy mucho. 

pis 

pis, tv. make into a ball, devanar en cosa 

pis, n5. ball, ball of yam, round object, peya, cosa redonda 254. 

pistzaj, iv. become round, redondo hacerse asi. 

pistzan, tv. make round, redondear. 

pisil, n4f aU, every, whole, todo. 

pisil, aj. even if not, grouped together, round. *Always mo 

ma precedes the verb which is followed by pisil. 

RML—^My reading of "grouped together" is suspect as 

it was given as picul. (1) aunque rw..., (2) redondo. 

espherico 

mo ma xaHul pisil. Even if you do not come, aunque no 

mo ma xak*an pisU. Even if you do not want it aunque 

no 

mo ma Hechuk pisil. Even if it is not like this, aunque 

no 

pisil ba chi'uk ba'yi-tajel, vphr:raj + nphr(n4f of vn<aj & 

tvcpd>5). ffrst foremost primero y principal. 

pisil k*op, nphr(aj & n)5. talk, RML—See note for pisil. 

ayuntada cosa por mi 14, 

pisil vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. crowd. RML—See note for pisil. 

ayuntada... 14. 

pisilul, n4f roundness, redondes asi. 

pisis, n5. neck tumor, pill, (1) landres del cuello. (2) pildora. 

pisis chamel, nphr(n type vn)5, neck tumor, landres del cuello. 

pisis pox, nphr(n type n)5, piU. pildora. 

pispis, aj. bald (parrot, person), round (spherical or columnar), 

whole, (1) entera cosa, (2) pelada cosa, (3) peya. cosa 

redonda 254, (4) redondo, espherico...,(5) rolliso, cosa 

redonda 

pispis tz*am te', nphr:aj & nphr(n type n). unhewn beam, viga 

por labrar. 

pispis no, nphr(aj & n)5. ball or yam. (1) mazorca de hilo, (2) 

ovillo de hilo. 

pispis tak*in, nphr(aj & n)5, mace (of beadle or gateman). maza 

O...203. 

pispis te', nphr(aj & n)5. bowling ball. bola. 

pisub, iv. become round, redondo hacerse asi. 

pisubes, tv. make round, redondear. 

j-pis, num(num & nccpd)5. In reference to round objects, peya, 

cosa...254. 

j-pis no, num(num & nccpd)5 of n, baU of yarn, ovillo de hilo. 

pbc 

pix, tv, cover one*s nakedness, cover with clothing. (1) atapar 

o cubrir las carnes, (2) cobijar con ropa. 

pix ba, rv, cloUie oneself, dress, arroparse, cubrirse. 

pix chame-vinUc, vphr:tv & n(aj & ncpd)5, shroud, nwrtajar 

el cuerpo del muerto. 

pix jol tak*in, nphr:nphr(n4f of n4d) of n5. helmet casco. 

pix jolol, nphr(n of n)3d, hat, sombrero. 

pixanU, n3d, augury, soul, RML—^This term also occurs in 

Yucatec, (1) aguero, (2) alma, (3) anima. 

pixixul, n4f turret almena. 
286 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

pixbcultik, n4f turreted wall, almena. 

pixobU chame-vinUc, nphr:n4f of n(aj & ncpd)5. shroud. 

rrwrtaja. 

pixobil ch*ulel sat, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n4d). cataract, nube 

de ojo. 

pixobil sat, nphr(n4f of n4d). flap of a montero cap that covers 

the face and neck, papahigo. 

pixoj, n4d. object being covered with clothing, cobijar o 

cubrir 

jpix chame vinUc, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd. shrouder. 

mortajador. 

'ak* pix jol Hun, cf 'ak' (2). 

'ak'bey pix jol Hun, cf 'ak' (2). 

pitavul 

pitavul tontik, nphr(n type n)5. gravelly place, caxcajar. 

plata (Sp.) 

plata, n5. stiver, marco de plata. 

marco de plata, cf marco. 

platel (Sp.) 

platel, n5. platter, platel. 

plato (Sp.) 

plato, n5. dish, fregadero de platos. 

suk'ob plato, cf suk'. 

po'on 

po'on, n5. plum, plum free. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is 

the hog plum, Spondias nwmbin and 5. purpurea, ciruelo 

72. 

po'ot 

po'ot 'u, nplir(n type n)5. half moon, media luna. 

po'otaj, iv. reach halfway. (1) medlar, hinchar..., (2) mediado 

asi. 

potz 

potzet tzotzU, s:av & -n4d. have one's hafr stand on end. 

espelucarse. 

potzil, aj. woolly, lanudo. 

potz' 

potz', aj. dented, depressed, sunken, huruiida cosa asi o 

abollado 

potz'aj, iv. be dented, sink. (1) hundirse. abajarse la tierra..., 

(2) hundirse abollarse cosa dura. 

potz'et, av. sink (ground when stepped on or tmnk or basket 

or otiier soft object when sat upon), hundirse, abajarse 

potz'otz'tik, aj. sunken in many places, hundida cosa asi en 

muchas partes. 

potz'ol, aj. dented, depressed, sunken, huruiida cosa asi o 

potz'olpotz'ol, aj. sUghtly dented, depressed or sunken. 

hundida cosa asi o 

potz'om, aj. hoUow (peach pit or almond whose nut has 

shmnken). varw conw.... 

potz'omtik, aj. with hoUow pits or seeds, vano como 

potz'potz', aj. sUghtiy dented, depressed or sunken, hundida 

cosa asi o 

laal potz'omal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f with hoUow pits or seeds. 

varw como— 

*poch 

*pochan, tv. propose a discussion. RML—^The same term 

occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:167, 181). 

proponer. platica. 

*pochan k'op, vphr:tv & n5. report, relatar. 

poch' (1) 

poch'i, tv. rape, stmggle, wrestle, luchar. 

xexpoch'i. I was raped./orzar mujer 145. 

poch'i ba, rv. stmggle, wrestie. luchar. 

poch'ibU cha'ley, vphr:pp & tv-. rape, forzar mujer 145. 

poch'ibU cha'leyat, vphr:pp & tv/pass/. be raped, forzado asi 

145. 

poch*iel, vn4d. struggle, lucha. 

poch'ivanej, vn5. stmggle. lucha. 

poch' (2) 

poch', n5. bedbug. RML—^Term still used in Chenalho 

(Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:100). chinche. 

poch' (3) 

poch'. platform, cf pach'. 

poj (1) 

poj, aj. sour, agra cosa 12. 

pajal, aj. sour, agra cosa 12. 

pajal, n4f sourness, agra 12. 

pajal 'uch'omo', nphr(aj & n)5. sour corn gmel. agra 12. 

pajal vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. sour bread, agra 12. 

pajal vino, nphr(aj & n)5. vinegar, vinagre. vino corrompido. 

pajub, iv. leaven. (1) leudarse el pan, (2) leudado. 

pajubesabil vaj, nphr(n4f of n5). yeast, levadura. 

poj (2) 

poj, tv. assault, carry off, rape, rob, snatch. (1) arrebatar, (2) 

rebatar, (3) robar salteando o por fuerza, (4) saltear. 

xespoj. I was raped./orzar mujer 145. 

pojben, n4d. robbery, robo asi. 

pojbey, dv. confiscate, quitar por 

pojbey ba, rdv. scatter, rebatiha. 

'ak'o spojbey sba 'unetik. Make the children scatter. 

pojbU, pp. carried off, snatehed. rebatada cosa. 

pojbil cha'ley, vphr:pp & tv-. rape, forzar mujer 145. 

pojbil cha'leyat, vphr:pp & tv/pass/. be raped. RML—^The verb 

is in the past tense, forzado asi 145. 

pojel, vn5. quick sale, snatehing. (1) arrebatar, (2) rebatiha. 

pojel mo stzak sba. It is not bought up quickly, caro. 

pojel bat, vphr:vn5 & iv. be sold quickly. (1) arrebatar, (2) 

rebatiha. 

pojel maney, vphr:vn5 & tv/pass/. be bought quickly. 

arrebatar. 

pojel na ta yabutil, nphr:nphr(vn4f of n5) & qphr(prep & n5). 

piUage, sacking, saco mano. 

pojpojbey ba, rdv. scatter. *When boys snateh something in a 

crowd they say: "jpojpojbey jbatik!" "Let*s scatter!" 

rebatiha. 

poj van, iv. carry off, snatch. (1) arrebatar, (2) rebatar. 

jpojvanej, agn. highwayman, robber. (1) ladron publico o 
WMBER 31 287 

salteador, (2) robador asi, (3) salteador. 

toj pojel, vphr:aj & vn5/pred/. be scarce (bread)./a/to o mengua 

como... . 

poj (3) 

pojUan, tv. pat golpear o herir. 

pojlajetel, vn5. sound of smashing earthenware, ruido de cosas 

quebradas de barro. 

pojov 

pojov, nle. pus. RML—The inanimate possession is spojovil. 

(1) apostema materia, (2) materia, podre, (3) podre. 

pojoval, n5. pus. materia. 

pojovin, iv. become pussy, fester. (1) apostemarse con materia, 

(2) materia hacerse. 

pok(l) 

pok, tv. clean, cleanse, purge, purify. (1) alimpiar, (2) limpiar, 

(3) purgar o limpiar. 

pok 'e, vphr:tv & -n4d. pick one's teeUi. nwndar dientes. 

pok ba, rv. apologize, excuse oneself even Uiough tmthfully, 

rid oneself of guilt. (1) disculparse 78, (2) escusarse 

aunque sea con verdad, (3) purgarse, excusandose de 

algo. 

pok-baij, iv(tv & ncpd). become beautiful, hernwsearse, 

hacerse hermoso 169. 

pok-baijel, vn(tv & ncpd)5. beauty, hermosura 169. 

pok bail, vn5. apology, escusacion o escusa. 

pokbenal, n4f mbbish. limpiaduras. 

pokbU, pp. clean, clear and without sediment. (1) claro sin 

hez, (2) limpia cosa, (3) limpieza. 

pokbU xanav 'antz, s:pp & iv & n5. chaste woman, muger 

casta. 

pokbU xanbal, nphr(pp & n)5. chastity, castidad. 

pokel, vn4d. cleanliness, limpieza. 

pokUan 'e, vphntv & n4d[A]. bmsh a person's teeth, fregar 

dientes. 

pokob k'ob, nphr(n5 & n4d/lp/). towel, tovajas. 

pokobil, n4f cleaner, purge. (1) alimpiadera, (2) limpiadero, 

(3) purgatisa. cosa que purifica. 

pokobil chikinil, nphr(n4f of n3d). earspoon. monda orejas. 

pokobil k'obil, nphr(n4f of n3d). basin, towel. (I) fuente para 

lavar manos, (2) limpiadero, (3) tovajas. 

pokobil sat, nphr(n4f of n4d). basin, towel, limpiadero. 

pokomaj, iv. clean, limpiar. 

pokpokbil, pp. absolutely clean (God), mezcla para...222. 

Ha' te mo pokbiluk xanave, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & advphr<neg 

& pp> & iv). incontinent yncontinente 186. 

pok (2) 

pok. shield, cf pak. 

poket 

poket, n5. earthenware jar. tinaja de barro. 

bik'tal poket, nphr(aj & n)5. earthenware pot. puchero de 

barro. 

poko' 

poko', aj. ancient, old, stale. (1) antiguo, (2) ahejo, (3) vieja 

cosa. 

poko' na. old house, vieja cosa. 

poko' 'ik'ti', nphr(aj & n)5. ancient history, ystoria antigua 

190. 

poko' bel nail, nphr:aj & nphr(n of n)5. inheritance. 

patrimonio. 

poko' vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. long-lived or old person. (1) 

anciano, (2) grande en edad. 

poko' vinikon. I am very old. edad temr mucha. 

poko' vokol, nphr(aj & n)5. ancient history, ystoria antigua 

190. 

pokok 

pokok, n5. toad. sapo. 

pok' (1) 

pok' ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). slap. (1) bofetear, 

abofetear, (2) herir con la mano abierta, (3) palmada o 

bofetada dar. 

j-yalel espok' ta majel jsat. He slapped me once in the face. 

bofeteada. 

pok'-chUcin, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-eared, orejudo. 

pok'-ton, n(aj & ncpd)5. sponge, esponja. 

pok'ben, n4d. slap that one gives, herida que da el que hiere 

asi. 

pok'benal, n4d. slap Uiat one receives, herida que se recibe asi. 

pok'el ta majel te' nuk', nphr.nplir(vn4f & qphr<prep & vn5>) 

of nphr (n of n)4d. slap on the neck, pescozada. 

pok'o-chikin, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-eared, orejudo. 

pok'ob k'obil, nphr(n of n)5. rod witii which boys at school 

are beaten on the hand, palmatoria. 

pok'ob k'obol, nphr(n of n)5. RML—See pok'ob k'obil. 

palmatoria. 

pok'obil, n4f RML—See pok'ob k'obil. palmatoria. 

pok'ol, aj. spongy. (1) esponjosa cosa, (2) fosa cosa 144, cf. 

fofa. 

pok'ol membrillo, nphr(aj & n)5. spongy quince, fosa cosa 

144, cf.fofa. 

pok'ol te', nphr(aj & n)5. spongy wood.fosa cosa 144, cf.fofa. 

pok'ponet, av. slapping, palmadas dar... . 

pok' (2) 

pok*. cloUi, partition, waU. cf pak'. 

pol 

pol, tv. mark, rayar, hacer raya 284. 

pol Hun, vphr:tv & n5. line music sheets, reglar papel para 

canto. 

polbey te'el Hun, vphr:dv & nphr(n4f of n5[=B]). line music 

sheets, reglar papel para canto. 

polol, n5. mark, raya para sehalar 284. 

pom (1) 

pom, n5. honey, wordy excuse or explanation. (1) miel, (2) 

razonamiento asi. 

'epal pom, nphr(aj & n)5. swarm of bees, enjambre de abejas 

121. 

tzobol 'aja-pom, cf tzob. 

pamal chi, nphr(nau & n)5. pulque, miel de maguey. 

pamal durasnos, nphr(natt & n)5. peach preserve, miel rosada. 
288 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

pamal lo'bol, nphr(natt & n)5. pancake, fruta de sarten. 

pamal membriUos, nphr(natt & n)5. quince preserve, miel 

rosada. 

pamal nichim, nphr(natt & n)5. honey, miel rosada. 

pamal rosa, nphr(natt & n)5. rose honey, miel rosada. 

pamal sakil, nphr(natt & n)5. nougat, turron. 

pamal vaj, nphr(natt & n)5. pancake. (1) bohuelo 44, (2) fruta 

de sarten. 

paman, iv. make honey (bees), miel, hacer las abejas. 

pamij, iv. explain at length, razonar. 

pamijel, vn5. wordy excuse or explanation, razonamiento 

asi... . 

jpamijel, agn. person who explains at length, razonamiento asi. 

*pom (2) 

*pometel, vn5. haughtiness, entonado andar. 

*pomol vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. useless or vUe person. RML—^In 

colonial Tzeltal the adjective is pompom (Gates, 

1934b: 159). a^froJO. 

*jpometel, agn. haughty person, entonada persona. 

pooy 

pooy, n5. skunk. RML—^This term, given as pohoy, perhaps 

should be read poHoy or po'oy. In modem TzotzU of 

Larrainzar it is poy (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:102), 

and in Zinacantan it is poyoy. cf poyoy. raposo. 

pop 

pop, n5. mat. estera. 

popol 'aj, nphr(n of n)5. reed mat. estera de cahas. 

popol ton, nphr(n of n)5. gravestone, piedra para sepultura... . 

mo muk'uk popol, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -n4f narrow plot of land. 

estrecha tierra. 

muk* popol, cf. muk'. 

xanil pop, cf xan (1), 

papal, n4f. mat. estera. 

papal jobel, nphr(n of n)5. large grass basket sera de esparto. 

poslom 

poslom, n5. kind of devU. diablos. nombres de algunos. 

pox 

pox, nle. balsam, medicine, oinunent, pUl, plaster, purge. 

RML—^The inanimate possession is xpoxil. (1) balsanw, 

(2) curar, (3) emplasto, (4) medicirwl cosa. (5) pildora, 

(6) purga. (1) unguento. 

pox jamobil nuk*, nphr:n5 & nphr(n4f of n5). gargle. 

gargarisnw. 

pox pokobil 'eal, nphr:n type nphr(n4f of n5). gargle. 

gargarismo. 

poxlal, n4d. patient, piU. (1) curar, (2) pildora. 

poxtaj, iv. administer medicines, bewitch with medicinal 

potions, cure, RML—^This is given as poxlagh. (1) curar, 

(2) hechizar dando bebedizos, (3) medicina pomr o 

curar. 

poxtay, tv, apply plasters, bewitch with medicinal potions, (1) 

emplastar, (2) hechizar dando bebedizos, (3) hechijero. 

cf hechicero. 

poxtay ta k*op, vphntv- & qphr(prep & n5). bewiteh. ensalmar. 

poxtay ta k'oplayvanej, vphrtv- &, qphr(prep & vn5). bewitch. 

ensalmar. 

poxtayab tak'm, nphr(n of n)5. doctor's or surgeon's instmment. Herro de cirujarw o medico. 

poxtayabil, n4f medical aid, medicuie. (1) ayuda que se 

echa...14, (2) mediciml cosa, (3) triste ayuda. 

poxtaybU, pp. plastered, poisoned. (1) emplastado, (2) 

emponzohado. 

poxtaybU higo, nphr(pp & n)5. dried fig. higo dobado. 

jpoxil, agn. curer, doctor, witch. (1) curar, (2) medico. 

jpoxtayej, agn. curer, witeh. curar. 

jpoxtayej-chUcinil, agn(vn & ncpd). ear doctor, medico de 

orejas. 

jpoxtayej-satil, agn(vn & ncpd). eye doctor, medico de ojos. 

jpoxta(y)vanej, agn. doctor, medico. 

'utzil pox, cf 'utz. 

pot 

potol, nle. smaU packsaddle on which the Indians take their 

burdens. RML—^The inanimately possessed form is 

spotolil. albardilla donde... . 

potov (M-Z.) 

castiUan potov, nphr(aj & n)5. apple, RML—In modem 

Tzotzil, potov is the guava, Psidium guajava and P. 

guimense. maharui 208, cf, manzana. 

castiUan potovtik, nphr(aj & n)5, apple orchard, mancaruil. 

poy 

poyan, tv, set down crosswise, (1) atravesar algo, (2) poner 

atravesado. 

poyey, iv. cross, atravesar. 

poyol, aj, crosswise, (1) atravesado. (2) poner atravesado. 

payal te', nphr(aj & n)5, pitehfork for tuming wheat, horca 

para revolver el trigo. 

paylej te', nphr(n type n)5, pitchfork for tuming wheat, horca 

para... . 

poyoy 

poyoy, n5. skunk. *Fox—there are none here so they have no 

name, but there are others that stink much and when 

pursued they cause the dogs to retum sneezing, cf pooy. 

raposo. 

procesion (Sp,) 

procesion, n5, procession, procesion. 

profeta (Sp,) 

profeta, n5, prophet/a/jo profeta. 

jpak'tayej-profeta, cf, pak'. 

provisor (Sp,) 

provisor, n5. vicar general, provisor de Obispo. 

putz 

putzet vaj, s:av & n5. French roll, mollete. pan. 

putzpon pat, s:av & -n4d. be baie-assed. echar las carnes de 

fuera. 

putz* 

putz'et, av. sink (ground when stepped on or tmnk or basket 

or otiier soft object when sat upon), hundirse. aba-
NUMBER 31 289 

jarse... . 

puch' 

puch'ilan ti', vphr:tv & n4d[A]. move one's lips, memar los 

labios. 

puch*pon ti', s:av & -n4d. move one*s lips, menear los labios. 

puerro (Sp.) 

puerro, n5. leek, puerro. 

puerta (Sp.) 

puerta, n5. door, tranca de puerta. 

makobU puerta, cf mak. 

puj 

puj, nle. reed (with which they make petates). RML—In 

modem TzotzU this refers to the CaUfomia bulfrush, 

Scirpus californicus, and the cattail, Typha domingensis 

and T. latifolia. (1) espadaha. (2) junco de la hoja 

ancha. (3) junco de que hacen petates. 

pujel chu*, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. big-breasted, tetuda. 

pujel ch'ut, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. big-belUed. panzudo 245. 

puju-ch*ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-bellied, panzudo 245. 

jpujel-chu'ul, agn(aj & ncpd). big-breasted woman, tetuda. 

puk(l) 

puk, tv. distribute, divide up, divulge, publish, slander. (1) 

disfamar, (2) dividir o repartir algo. (3) divulgar 

publicar algo, (4) partir o repartir, (5) repartir. 

puk 'a'yej, vphr:tv & vn5. spread news, echar fama. 

puk 'a'yejlal, vphr:tv & -nld. defame, divulge, publish. (1) 

ynfamar 187, (2) publicar o divulgar nuevas. 

puk-'a'yejlal, vn(tv & ncpd)5. slander disfamia. 

puk ba, rv. scatter, esparcirse o dividirse de en uno. 

puk k'op, vphr:tv & n5. pubUsh. predicar, divulgar. 

puk-k*op, vn(tv & ncpd)5. slander, disfamia. 

pukbeat *a*yejlal, vphr:dv/pass/ & n4d[S]. be defamed. 

ynfamado ser 187, 

pukben, n4d, object one has divided up, dividido por mi. 

pukbey, dv. distribute to, slander, partirles asi a otro algo. 

pukbey 'a'yejlal, vphr:-dv & nd4[B]. defame. (1) disfamar, (2) 

ynfamar 187. 

pukbey ba, rdv, divide up. partir o repartir entre nosotros. 

pukbU, pp. divided up. divisa cosa asi. 

pukbU 'a'yejlal, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. defamed, slandered. (1) 

disfamado. (2) ynfamado 187. 

pukel, vn4f division, division. 

puket ch'ail, s:av & -n4e. with smoke puffing up in the 

distance, humear cuando parece de lejos. 

pukin tzotzUal tz'i', s:iv & nphr(n4d of n5). have dog's hafr 

grow back, renovarse el pelo al perro. 

pukobil 'a'yejlal Hun, nphnnphr(n4f of n5). libel, libelo 

difamatorio. 

pukuk, n5. dust, polvo. 

pukukib, iv, become dusty, polvorear. 

jpuk-'a'yejlal, agn(tv & ncpd), defamer, slanderer, disfamador. 

jpuk-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). defamer, slanderer, disfamador. 

'ip pukuk, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e, dusty, polvoso. 

laal pukuk, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. dusty, polvoso. 

*puk (2) 

*puk, n5, glass. RML—The same term occurs in colonial 

Tzeltal (Guzm^, 1620:218). vidrio. 

pukuj 

pukuj, n5. devU, mortality (archaic term now replaced by 

chamel). (1) diablo, (2) mortandad. 

pukuj k*op, nphr(n type n)5. black magic, nigromancia. 

pukujil, natt. deviUsh. diabolica cosa. 

piUcujil k'op, nphr(natt & n)5. devilish taUc. diabolica cosa. 

pukujil pasnej, nphr(natt & n)5. devilish deed, diabolica cosa. 

'albey jpukuj, cf 'al (1). 

p*is ta pukuj, cf p'is. 

puk' 

puk* kokov, vphr:tv & n5. dUute cocoa, hacer cacao y molerlo 

165. 

puk*um 'e, s:iv & -n4d. lose or remove one's teeth. RML—^The 

reading of this and the following entry are suspect. 

desdentarse o quitarsele los dientes. 

jpuk'um, agn. toothless person, desdentado. 

pul 

pul, tv. fUl by sinking as when they fiU the waterjug by sinking 

it in the water, hinchar sumiendose la cosa. 

pul, iv. fiU as above, sink, stuff oneself. *To say at the time 

of the flood Uie world sank below the water, they say: 

"epul skotol 'osil ta Ho'." (1) henchirse, (2) hinchar 

sumieruiose..., (3) hundir. echar afondo... . 

pul ch'ay, vphntv- & tv-. sink, submerge (ship, canoe), hundir, 

echar... . 

pulel, vn5. fiUing. henchimiento. 

pules, tv. stuff oneself, henchirse. 

puUej, fi4f vaUey sunken in the middle, quebrada liana 

pero... . 

pulom Ho', nphr(n of n)5. chamberpot servidor. bacin. 

pulpul, aj. deep, sunken (ground, valleys, house floor where 

there are depressions). (1) hinchar sumiendose... (2) 

quebrada liana..., (3) sumida cosa u... . 

pulultik, aj. sunken (ground), hinchar sumiendose... . 

pum 

pumel chu', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. big-breasted, tetuda. 

pumel ch*ut, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. big-bellied, panzudo 245. 

pumlajet, av. be rough (water), become stirred up (water by 

wind or storm). (1) olas hacer asi, (2) turbarse la 

agua... . 

pumlajetel, vn4f rough sea. olas grandes. 

pumu-'ok, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-footed. RML—^This is given as 

ponw. In colonial Tzeltal it appeals as pomo oc (Guzman, 

1620:145). But the current use of pumu-'ok together wiUi 

the colonial use of pumu in noun compounds argues for 

the above reading, hombre de grandes pies. 

pumu-ch*ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-bellied, panzudo 245. 

pumumet, av. fat. *They say Uiis when children*s belUes are 

filled witii posol or a meal, and the same for fat men. 

prenada. 

jpumel chu'ul, agn(aj & ncpd). big-breasted woman, tetuda. 
290 SMTTHSONIAN CONTTUBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'ipal pumlajetel nab, nphr:aj & nphr(n4f of n5). sea storm. 

tormenta de mar. 

pumal 

pumalay, tv. spray with the mouth. RML—^This is given as 

ghpumaley. In colonial Tzeltal Uie term is given variously 

as -pubatay and -pubhatay (Guzman, 1620:187). In 

modem Chol, -pumal is to spray, rociar con la boca. 

*pun 

*pun-te', n(x & ncpd)5. box, chest, tmnk (of Uiefrs). RML—In 

colonial Tzeltal Uiis is given as pule (Guzman, 1620:23, 

38). In modem Chol, pun-te' is a stump. (1) area. caja. 

petaca. (2) caja o area o petaca 53. 

*pun-te' chame-vinik, nphr:n(x & ncpd)4c of n(iv & ncpd)5. 

tomb. RML—^In colonial Tzeltal Uie term is given as 

zputeal chamen vinic (Guzman, 1620:212). (1) sepulcro. 

(2) tumba. 

*pun te' ton chame-vinik, nphr:n(x & n & ncpd)4e of n(iv & 

ncpd)5. stone tomb. RML—The inanimate possession 

suffix is -al. but in colonial Tzeltal it is -il (Guzman, 

1620:196). sepulcro de piedra. 

punto (Sp.) 

punto, n5. dot (over a letter), punto encima de letra. 

puhal (Sp.) 

puiial, n5. dagger, puhal, arma. 

purgatorio (Sp.) 

purgatorio, n5. Purgatory, purgatorio, lugar do... . 

pus 

pus, n5. oven, stove, sweatbatii. (1) baho aquel lugar..., (2) 

estufa a baho seco o horrw, (3) vano. cf baho. 

pusin, iv. take a sweatbath. (1) banarse en los bahos..., (2) 

baharse en baho 345. 

pusivU, n5. person who takes a sweatbath. bahador de los que 

se bahan asi 345. 

pux 

pux, tv. double (border, comstalk, hem, sugarcane), fold (cloth, 

clothing). (1) doblar ropa. (2) doblar cosa..., (3) plegar. 

(4) quebrar. corrw caha... . 

pux, n5. wrinkle in clothing, ruga de ropa. 

puxbenal, n4f. fold, plegadura. 

puxbU, pp. doubled, folded. (1) plegada cosa, (2) quebrado asi. 

puxil, n4f undulating trim of clotiiing. trepa de vestidura. 

puxul, aj. doubled, quebrado asi. 

puxulil, n4f doubling, quebradura asi. 

puxuxtik, aj. wrinkled. (1) arrugado asi, (2) quebradura asi. 

(3) ruga de ropa. (4) rugosa. 

puxuxtik k*u', s:aj/pred/ & n4d. undulating frim of clothing. 

trepa de vestidura. 

puy 

puy, n5. snaU. RML—In modem Tzotzil this is tiie river snail, 

Pachychilus indiorum. caracol. 

puyuch' 

puyuch', n5. parrot (smaller than a macaw, larger tiian a 

parakeet). RMI^—As in modem TzotzU of Larrainzar 

(Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:103). papagayo. ave comcida. 

r 

P'aj 

p'aj bot, s:iv & n5. haU. granizar. 

p'aj Ho', s:iv & n5. rain with big drops. (1) gotear corm 

cuando comienza a Hover. (2) Hover gotas grandes. 

p'ajajtik, aj. drop by drop, gota a gota. 

mo 'ipuk eyal Ho' p*ajajtik no 'ox. It did not rain hard, just 

a few drops. 

p*ajbenal, n4f after fruit, redrojo defruta. 

p*ajlajet, av. crash (falling rocks), ruido hacer conw... . 

p*ajlajet Ho', s:av & n5. rain wiUi big drops, gotear conw... . 

p*ajp*aj, n5. raindrop, gota cuaruio llueve. 

p'as 

p*as, tv. chop, cross (ocean, river), saw. RML—In modem 

Tzotzil of Larrainzar, p'asta means to cross a road or a 

river (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:278). (1) cortar corm 

con sierra. (2) cortar dando golpes algun palo, (3) 

pasadero. lugar por do pasan, (4) pasar mar, rio que 

se atraviesa. 

p'as ta be k*op, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n5) & n5. hinder by 

digressing from the subject estorba al que habla... . 

p'as ta nuxel, vphntv- & qphr(prep & n5). swim across, nadar 

pasando de un cabo a otro. 

p'as takiej, vphntv & vn5. violate a law. traspasar mandamiento de alguno. 

p'asalul te', nphr(n4f of n5). chips or chunks of wood, ripia 

depedazos... . 

p'asben te', nplir(n4f of n5). chips or chunks of wood, ripia 

de pedazos... . 

p*asob 'uk*um, nphr(n of n)5. ford, pasadero, lugar... . 

p'asob si' 'ek'el, nphr:nphr(n of n) type n. billhook for 

ffrewood. hacino para leha 175, cf. hocino. 

p'asoj, n4d. object being sawed. RML—This was given as 

ghcapogh. cortar corrw con sierra. 

p'asoj 'u'un, vphr:iv -i- -n4d. transfer (debt, command, office). 

traspasar deuda, sehorio. cargo. 

ep'asoj kajvalel ku'un ta stojol Pedro. I transferred my 

command to Peter, 

p'asojel, vn4f ford, pasadera. lugar.., . 

p'asojel ta jom, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & n5), navigation, 

passage, (1) navegacion. (2) navegante. 

p*asojes, tv, fransfer (debt, command, office), traspasar 

deuda... . 

jp*asojes kajvalel ta stojol Pedro (or) jp'asojesbey Pedro te 

kajvalele. I am transferring my command to Peter. 

*p'asp'onet, av. make kicking sound. RML—^In colonial 

Tzeltal tills is given as -pachponet (Guzman, 1620:188). 
NUMBER 31 291 

riddo hacer pateando. 

jp'asojel, agn. passenger, pasajero de nave. 

jp*asojel ta jom, agn:vn & qphr(prep & ncpd). ship passenger. 

pasajero de nave. 

j-p'as tocino, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n. slice of bacon. 

lonja de tocino. 

jp*asol, agn. robber, robador asi. 

jp*asvanej, agn. highwayman, tanner. (1) pellejero que las 

cura. (2) salteador. 

jp'asvanej, agn4d. auUior, tanner. (1) autor, (2) pellejero que 

las cura. 

p*os, tv. play handball, jugar a la pelota con las manos. 

p'os, n5. handball. 7Me^<9 de pelota con las manos. 

p'osi 'ok, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. stumble over, trip. (1) estropesar, 

(2) tropezar. 

jp'osi kok ta te'. I wUl trip over a stick, estropesar en palo. 

jp*osi kok ta ton. I wUl trip over a stone, estropesar en palo. 

p*osiabiI 'okil, nphr(n4f of n3d). object one stumbles over. 

trompezadero, cf tropezadero. 

p'osiel 'ok, nphr(vn4f of n4d). stumbUng, trip. (1) estropiezo 

o tropezon, (2) tropezadura o estropiezo. 

p'osin, iv. play handball. RML—In colonial Tzeltal -pocibon 

is "jugar a la pelota dandole con los pies" (Guzman, 

1620:110). 7M^ar a la pelota con las nuinos. 

p'osinom, agn. handball player, jugador asi. 

p'osp'os vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. littie person, hombre pequeho. 

P'ej 

j-p'ej t'elel, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & n. wiUi bUsters, 

bumps or bmises. roncha. 

p'ev 

p'ev, iv. be absent from work, faltar el... . 

p'ev ba, rv. step aside, despartir. 

p'ev abaik! Move aside! (said to people on a bridge, or so 

that they will get Uiefr horses off Uie frail), 

p'ev tzotzil, vphntv & n4d[A]. part one's hafr. despartir. 

p'ev jol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. part one's hafr. despartir. 

p'evel, aj. absent from work, faltar el... . 

p'evoj, n4d. object being moved aside, despartir. 

jp'evel, agn. person absent from work, faltar el... . 

p'ich 

p'ichuy 'e, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. pick one's teeth, nwndar dientes. 

P'U 

p'ij, aj. cautious, clever, cunning, ingenious. (1) abil, (2) 

avisado, (3) yngenioso 188, (4) mahoso 210. 

p'ij 'olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be judicious or wise, sesudo 

de buen seso. 

p'ijil, nld. clevemess, discretion. (1) abilitarse, (2) discrecion, 

(3) maha 209. 

p'ijil ti', nphr(aj & n)5. talkative, palabrero. 

p'ijil vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. cautious person, avisado. 

p'ijub, iv. become clever, study. (1) abilitarse o...,(2) estudiar. 

p'ijubtas, tv. teach, abil, saber astro. 

'oy p'ijil, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be eleven maha 209. 

mo 'oyuk p'ijU, s:neg & n/pred/ & -n4d. incompetent, stupid. 

(1) ynhabil cosa 186, (2) ruda, cosa de ingenio. 

P'U 

p'il, iv. add, increase. (1) acrecentarse, (2) ahadir 24. 

p'U tojol, s:iv & -n4f rise in price, mas valor. 

p'ilel, vn4f addition, ahadidura 24. 

p'ilem, n4f addition, ahadidura 24. 

p'ilemal, n4f excess, profit. (1) logro, (2) sobra que sobrepuja. 

p'ilemal ta 'utzil, nphr:-n4f & qphr(prep & n4flP of p'ilemal]). 

improvement, mejoria absolute. 

p'iles, tv. add, increase, lift up the poor or downcast, raise 

one's rank. (1) acrecentar algo, (2) ahadir, (3) levantar 

al pobre o abatido, (4) honrar poniendole en dignidad 

240. 

p'ilesbU, pp. increased, acrecentado. 

p'iUl, aj. increased, more, special, specially . (1) acrecentado, (2) especial cosa o sehalada, (3) particular en bien. 

p'UU 'utz stuk (or) p'UU stuk ta yutzil. It is magnificent (or) 

especially good. (1) real cosa y muy buena. (2) singular 

asi en el... . 

p'UU skola'al stuk. He is specially bad. extraha cosa de 

buena 134. 

p'UU sna' te Juane juteb no 'ox te Pedro. John knows more 

than Peter, mas, comparativo. 

p'UU stuk. specially good (or) without equal. (1) extraha 

cosa de buena 134, (2) singular cosa que no tiene par. 

p'ilUot atuk! You are special! particular cosa. 

p'iUl 'aboltay, vphr:aj & tv-, increase one's wealth (as in wills, 

some are more improved tiian others), mejorar en 

hacieruia... . 

p'iUl 'ak'el, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. be of high standing, estado 

bajo. 

p'iUl 'ak'vanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. high standing, estado alto. 

p'iUl 'ayanel, s:aj/pred/ & -vnld. high standing, estado bajo. 

p'UU ba, raj. distinguished, special, especial cosa o sehalada. 

p'UU tojol 'ech', vphr:nphr(aj & n4d[S]) & iv. be more 

valuable, mas valor. 

p'ilp'on ch'ich', s:av & n5. pulse, pulso. 

'oy p'Uemal 'ich', vphr:s(n5/pred/ & n4f[A]) & tv. be 

profitable, logrero. 

toj p'UU, ajphr:adv & aj. sovereign, soberana cosa. 

p'ilbc 

p'ilix, n5. grasshopper (small locust), langosta pequeha. 

p'in 

p'in chu' chij, nphr:n4e of nphr(n4d of n5). milk jar (for 

milking), tarro en que ordehan. 

p'inal tak'in, nphr(natt & n)5. cauldron, kettie. caldera. 

bik*tal p*in, nphr(aj & n)5. glazed earthen pot. puchero de 

barro. 

p'is 

p'is, tv. compare, draw, falsify, forge, give an example, mark. 
292 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

measure, picttu-e, represent, sketeh, weigh, (1) ejemplificar poner ejemplo o comparacion 136, (2) falsear o 

contra hacer, (3) figurar, (4) notar sehalando. (5) 

representar, (6) semejar o comparar urw a otro. (1) sehal 

con medidas o lineamiento. (8) trazar 338, 

p*is, iv, make a sign (as when they make the sign of the cross 

with Uiefr fingers or signal to a mute). RML—^This is 

given in the past tense, sehal de medida o... . 

p*is, n5. compass, measure, plumb bob, pound, right angle, 

mler, sign. (1) compas. (2) escuadra carta. (3) libra, 

peso, (4) medida, (5) plomo. (6) regla para cortar o 

sehalar algo. (1) sino por sehal 317, 

p*is ba, rv, feign, pretend, disimular 88. 

p*is ba ta chamel, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & vn5). feign iUness. 

disimular enfermedad. 

p'is cmz, vphr:tv & n5. swear whUe making sign of the cross. 

jurar haciendo cruz. 

p'is chi', vphr:tv & n5. serve drinks, escanciar. 

p'is lum, vphr:tv & n5. measure land, medir tierra. 

p'is ta nivel 'oy, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). level, nivelar. 

p'is ta pukuj, vphr:tv- & ciphr(prep & n5). caU person a devU. 

diabolica cosa. 

p*is ta tomin, vphr:tv- & cjphr(prep & n5). forge money, falsear 

0 contra hacer. 

p'is ta Hun 'ojov, vphntv- & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). 

forge an official document./a/^ear o... . 

p'is Hun, vphr:tv & n5. illuminate a book, Une sheet music. 

(1) yluminar libros. (2) regular papel para canto. 

p'isbU, pp. drawn, measured, weighed. (l)figurada cosa, (2) 

medido. (3) pesada cosa asi. 

p'isbU k*op, nphr(pp & n)5. comparison, semejanza asi o 

comparacion. 

p*isbUp*isbil xanav, vphr:pp & iv, pace, pie ante pie o paso a 

paso. 

p*isel, vn4f forgery, falsedad asi. 

p*isel ta kokov, nphr:vn5f & qphr(prep & n5), counterfeiting 

of cocoa beans, falsedad asi. 

p*isel ta Hun 'ojov, nphr:vn4f & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of 

n5>). counterfeiting of official document, falsedad asi. 

p*isob te', nphr(n of n)5. mler. regla para cortar o sehalar 

algo. 

p'isob ton, nphr(n of n)5. mien regla para... . 

p'isobil, n4f image, measurement, picture, mien (1) medida. 

(2) regla para..., (3) representacion. 

p'isobil natil Ho', nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). sounder for 

measuring depth of water, sonda para el sondo del agua. 

p'isobil peso, nphr(n4f of n5). weight for scales, pezo para 

balanza. 

p'isol, n4f mark, sign. (1) sehal de medida o..., (2) siho por 

sehal 317. 

p'isol 'oy, vphr:-n4f & n/pred/. be reasonable, razon tener. 

p'isol k'op, nphr(n type n)5. reasonable, razonable cosa. 

p'isol xonobil, nphr(n4f of n5). shoemaker's last, horma de 

zapotero. 

j-p'is, num(num & nccpd)5. yard, vara de medir. 

jp'is, agn. person who gives tme weight or measure, fiel de los 

pesos o medidas. 

jp*is-bek*et, agn(tv & ncpd). weigher of meat pesador. 

jp*is-chi', agn(tv & ncpd). cupbearer, escanciano. 

jp*is-choy, agn(tv & ncpd). weigher of fish, pesador. 

jp'isojel, agn. person who gives tme weight or measure, fiel 

de... . 

jp*isvanej, agn. person who gives tme weight or measure. (1) 

fiel de..., (2)pesador. 

j-p*is lum, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. lot * j-p'is 

according to what is being spoken of (i.e., measured). 

suerte de tierra. 

j-p*is sakil tak*in, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of nphr(aj & n)5. 

mark (stiver weight of eight ounces), marco de plata. 

ta p*is, qphr:prep & n5. figuratively, figurativamente. 

p'it 

p'it, iv. jump in the afr as when dancing or when boys jump 

for joy. saltar hacia arriba... . 

p'itel, vn5. jump, salto. 

p*itp'on, av. jump up in the afr. saltar hacia... . 

p'itp'onet, av. jump up in the afr, saltar hacia... . 

p'ituj, iv. jump up in the afr. saltar hacia... . 

p'ok 

p'okan nuk'il, nphr(n4f of n5). adam's apple, nuez del cuello. 

p'ol 

p*ol, iv. increase, multiply. (1) acrecentarse. (2) multiplicarse. 

p*oleb, n4f gusset, giron que le pone a la vestidura. 

p*oles, tv. increase, widen, multiply. (1) acrescentar algo, (2) 

multiplicar otra cosa. 

p*olesbil, pp. mcreased. acrecentado. 

p*ohTiaj, iv. buy or seU on a large scale, trade. (1) mercar o 

vender..., (2) negociar el mercader. (3) tratar el tratante, 

(4) tratar de alhajas o mercaduria. 

p*olmajeb, n5. fafr, market/erza, mercado. 

p*ohnajebal, n5. fair, market./erza, mercado. 

p*ohiiajel, vn5. frading. trato asi. 

p*ohnal, n5. property, wealth. (1) bienes, hacienda. (2) caudal. 

p*olmalil, n3d. merchandise, property, wealth. (1) alhaja de 

mercader. (2) bienes. hacienda, (3) hacienda o riqueza 

166, (4) mercaduria 220. 

p*ofrnan, tv. trade. (1) mercar o..., (2) mgociar el mercader. 

p*olmay, tv. trade. (1) mercar o..., (2) tratar de alhajas... . 

jp*olesej-k*op, agn(vn & ncpd). multiplier, multiplicador, 

jp*olesvanej, agn. multiplier, multiplicador. 

jp*olmajel, agn. rag dealer, trader. (1) negociante asi. (2) 

trapero. 

p'onko' 

p'onko' vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. haughty person, entoruida. 

p*onko'U, n4d. haughtiness, entonado andar. 

p*onko'tUc no 'ox, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt & pt. coarse (person). 

material persona. 

p'os 

p'os. littie person, stumble, trip, cf p'as. 
NUMBER 31 293 

p'up' 

p'up', n5. powder (of ground dried material), polvos de cosas 

secas molidas. 

p'up'benal, n4f powder of sawed material, polvos de palo.... 

p'up'un, tv. scatter, sow (wheat). (1) esparcir, (2) sembrar 

derramando conw el trigo. 

p'up'unbil, pp. sown, sembrada cosa asi. 

p'us 

p'us, n5, hunchback, hunchbacked dwarf. (1) corcobado, (2) 

enano de los que tienen giba. 

p'usil, n3d, hump, corcoba. 

p'usin, iv, become hunchbacked, corcobado hacerse. 

ta p'uslej pat, s:qphr(prep & n5)/pred/ & -n4d, hunchbacked, 

corcobado. 

p'uy 

p'uy, tv. cmmble with the hands Oumps of sugar). (1) 

desmenusar con las manos. (2) quebrar. desmenuzando. 

p'uyben, n4d. cmmbled object desmenusar con... . 

p'uybU, pp, cmmbled, quebrado asi. 

p'uyUan, tv, cmmble, quebrar desmenuzando conw terrones. 

p'uyoj, n4d. object being crumbled, desmenusar con... . 

p'uyul, aj. crumbled, quebrado asi. 

p'uyuUl, n4f cmmb. (1) desmenusar con..., (2) quebradura 

asi. 

p'uyuUl vaj, nphr(n4f of n5). cmmb. mendrugo menudo. 

p'uyum, n5. food pickled with sauce, or spiced, manjar cosa 

adobada... . 

p'uyum bek'et seasoned meat, manjar asi de carne. 

p'uyum choy. seasoned fish, manjar asi... . 

p*uyum 'ich, nphr(n type n). chiU sauce, manjar de aji. 

p*uyum nueces, nphr(n type n), sauce made of pounded walnuts 

and spice, nogada. 

queso (Sp,) 

queso, n5. cheese, quezo. 

quintal (Sp.) 

quintal, n5. one hundred weight, quintal. 

R 

rabanos 

rabanos, n5. radish, cf bek'. simiente de rabanos. 

rayo (Sp.) 

rayo, n5. spoke, rayo de rueda 284. 

razo (Sp.) 

razo, n5. satin, razo. 

redoma (Sp.) 

redoma, n5. phial, redoma. 

regla (Sp.) 

regla, n5. mler. regla para cortar o sehalar algo. 

reja (Sp.) 

reja, nle. grate (term now used), reja 299. 

reloj (Sp.) 

reloj, n5. clock, reloj. 

resma (Sp,) 

resma, n5, ream, resma 300, 

rey (Sp,) 

rey, n5, king. rey. 

rienda (Sp.) 

rienda, n5. reins, rienda defreno. 

rodezno (Sp.) 

rodezno, n5. mUl wheel, rodezno de nwlirw. 

romero (Sp.) 

romero, n5, rosemary, romero, yerba. 

rosa (Sp,) 

rosa, n5, rose. rosa. fior. 

rubi (Sp.) 

mbi, n5. mby. rubi. 

ruda (Sp.) 

mda, n5. me. ruda. yerva conocida. 

ruibarbo (Sp.) 

mibarbo, n5. rhubarb, ruibarbo. 

ruisehor (Sp.) 

miseflor, n5. nightingale, ruisehor. 

sa' 

sa', tv. search. (1) buscar. (2) escudrihar. 

sa' 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. mistmst. (1) desconfiar 79, (2) 

desconfiado 79. 

sa' 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be detained. RML—^The verb is in 

the past tense, detenerse asi. 

sa' 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. make a mistake in the doctrine. 

RML—^The verb is in Uie past tense, confundirse en la 

platica o habla. 

sa' choy, vphr:tv & n5. fish, pescar. 

sa' k*op, vphr:tv & n5. be confused in one*s speech. 

corfundirseen... . 

sa'al 'olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be doubtful, dudar. 

sa'al 'olonton k'opoj, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n4d[S]) & iv. speak 

doubtfully, dudosamente hablar. (1) detener a alguno..., 

(2) hacer desmayar... 165. 

sa'alsa'al, aj. scarce (as when they look for cedars or walnuts 

among other trees, or look for someUiing that is not easily 

found), ralas, como... . 

sa'bey 'olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. dismay, make person 

relent, prevent person from doing something good or 

bad. (1) detener a alguno..., (2) hacer desmayar...165. 

sa'el, vn5. confusion, confusion. 

sa'lej, n4d. be greatiy detained in talking or walking. *To say 

to be detained by such and such a thing as when they 

sing or play music they have to use this word which 

properly means to be late, detemrse mucho. 

sa'sa'-k'opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). speak haughtily or vainly, hablar 

asi vanamente. 
294 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

jsa'-choy, agn(tv & ncpd). fisherman./^e^cador de peces. 

jsa'sa'-k'op, agn(aj & ncpd). haughty speaken hablador de 

soberbias. 

sab (1) 

sab. ease, hurry, soUcit. cf. sob (1). 

sab (2) 

sab. steam, cf sob (2). 

sabado (Sp.) 

sabado, n5. Saturday, sabado. 

saben 

saben, n5. weasel. (1) comadreja, (2) huron. 

'ik'al saben, cf 'ik' (2). 

tzajal saben, cf tzoj. 

sacabuche (Sp.) 

sacabuche, n5. sackbut (medieval trombone), saca buche. 

sacerdote (Sp.) 

sacerdote, n5. priest, sacerdote. 

sacerdoteU, n5. holy orders, orden sacra. 

sachristia (Sp.) 

sachristia, n5. sacristy, sachristia. 

sacramento (Sp.) 

sacramento, n5. host sacraments. (1) sagrario, (2) simonia. 

chonel sacramento, cf chon (1). 

nak'obil sacramento, cf nak'. 

sak 

sak-'ichi, n(aj & ncpd)5. egret, stork. RML—In Chamula the 

egret is called sak-'ichil mut. The term probably refeired 

to tiie American egret. The terms yol sak-'ichi. bik'tal 

sak-'ichi. and ch'iom sak-'ichi may have referred to the 

young of Uiis species or to the snowy egret. The term for 

stork which is given as casichich probably referred to the 

wood stork and the jabfru stork. (1) cigueha. (2) garza 

151. 

sak-'itaj, n(aj & ncpd)5. fungus that grows on trees. RML—In 

modem Tzotzil Uiis refers to Panus sp. and Pleurotus 

sp. hongo que nace en los arboles. 

sak-bajan ch'en, nphr:aj(aj & Pcpd) & n. cUff risco de peha. 

sak-tze'i, tv(aj & tvcpd). mock, jeer. RML—In colonial Tzeltal 

-gactzeelay is given for "burlar rrwfando" and gactzeegh 

for "burla asi" (Guzman, 1620:33). In modem Tzotzil, 

sak-tze'in and sak-tze'inta refer to the mockery delivered 

by a witch, burlar. rrwfar. 

sak-tzotzU, n(aj & ncpd)5. white hair, canas. 

sak-ch'ay 'u'un, vphniv(aj & ivcpd) -i- -n4d. use up. gastar. 

sak-ch'ix, n(aj & ncpd)5. tiiom. RML—This term, given as 

cachis. may refer to the tiiistie or the sweet acacia, both 

of which are called sakil ch'ix in modem Tzotzil. espina. 

sak-*jachan vinik, nphnaj(aj & ncpd) & n5. tawny person, loro. 

entre bianco y mgro. 

sak-jalan, iv(aj & Ucpd). appear white as a cliff or churches 

in the distance, blarujuear conw... . 

sak-jaman, aj(aj & T2cpd). bright, clara cosa. 

sak-jaman 'osil, s:iv(aj & T2cpd) & n5. dawn, albercar. cf 

alborear. 

sak-jaman 'osil, s:iv(aj & T2cpd) & n5. dawn, nwdorra antes 

de el alba. 

sak jol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be white-haired, cano. 

sak-jos, n(aj & ncpd)5. suede, baldes. 

sak-kepan, iv(aj & Pcpd). appear white as a cliff or churches 

in the distance, blanquear corrw... . 

sak-kepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). bright, dawning. (1) albercar. (2) 

clara cosa. 

sak-Ukan ba, raj(aj & P, T or T2cpd). have one's face blanched 

from fright, demudado asi. 

sak-Uktay, iv(aj & ivcpd). blanch from fright demudarse de 

temor. 

sak-Uktay ba, s:iv(aj & ivcpd) & -n4d. blanch from fright 

demudarse de tenwr. 

sak-mesan, aj(aj & Tcpd). bright (moonlit night), clean 

(weU-swept house), blanquear conw... . 

sak-mestay 'osil, s:iv(aj & tvcpd) & n5. become bright 

(moonlit night), blanquear conw... . 

sak-pak'an ba, raj(aj & P, P2cpd). be white with fear. 

demudarse de temor. 

sak-pak'tay, iv(aj & ivcpd). blanch from fright, demudarse de 

temor. 

sak-pak'tay ba, rv(aj & tvcpd). blanch from fright demudarse 

de temor. 

sak-pulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). light (sky), mgro asi. 

sak-pulantik, aj(aj & Ucpd). light (sky), negro asi. 

sak-tanan, aj(aj & Acpd). grey, mixture of black and white 

(cloth), pardo color de paho. 

sak-te', n(aj & ncpd)5. roof rod. (1) palo, varal, (2) varas 

grandes. 

sak-te'el, n(aj & ncpd)4f roof rod. varas grandes para cubrir 

sus casas. 

sak-te'i, tv(aj & tvcpd). lay roof rods. (1) embarrar 120, cf 

envarar, (2) techar, no... . 

sak-te'ibil, pp(aj «& tvcpd). laid (roof rods), envarado. 

sak-te'ij, iv(aj & ivcpd). lay roof rods, techar, no... . 

sak-te'ivanej, vn(aj & ivcpd), laying of roof rods, envaramiento. 

tanaon ta sak-te'ivanej, I am laying r(X)f rods, 

sak-*ti'in, tv(aj & tvcpd). support. RML—^This is given as 

ghcactin, but in colonial Tzeltal occur the verbs -sactiygh 

and -sactiin with the same meaning as above (Gates, 

1934b: 126). procurar para otro... . 

sak-*ti'in ba, rv, support oneself procurar corrw... . 

sak-tik'an, iv(aj & P2cpd), appear white as cliff or churches 

in the distance, blanquear corrw... . 

sak-*toan, aj(aj & Ucpd), white (eye witii cataract), blanqueado 

asi el ojo. 

sak-*toan satil, s:aj(aj & Ucpd)/pred/ & -n3d, be white (eye 

with cataract), grimace. RML—The adjective is given 

here as cactoyan, but above as cactoan and in colonial 

Tzeltal as gactoto (Guzman, 1620:31). (1) blanquearse 

el ojo..., (2) visaje 350. 

sak-*tosan satil, s:aj(aj & Ucpd)/pred/ & n5. grimace, visaje. 
NUMBER 31 295 

sak-velan sat, s:aj(aj & Ucpd)/pred/ & -n4d. be white (eye wiUi 

cataract), blanquearse el ojo. 

sakU, n4f whiteness, blancura. 

sakU 'atz'am, nphr(aj & n)5. white salt sal mgra. 

sakU tzotz, nphr(aj & n)5. white hafr. canas. 

sakU chi', nphr(aj & n)5. white wine, vino blamo. 

sakU castillan nichun, nphr(aj & aj & n)5. Uly. lirio bianco o 

azucena. 

sakU lum, nphr(aj & n)5. fuUer's earth, greda para adobar 

pahos. 

sakU pok*, nphr(aj & n)5. linen, lencero que vende lienzos. 

sakU tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. lead, silver, tin. (1) plata. (2) plomo. 

sakU ton tuluk*, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. egg white, clara 

de huevo. 

sakil Hun, nphr(n4f of n5). book margin, mar gen de libro. 

sakU Hun, nphr(aj & n)5. paper, papel. 

saksak, aj. beautiful, bright, white. (1) bianco. (2) clara cosa, 

(3) hermoso 169. 

saksak vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. exceUent person, gentil hombre o 

muger. 

sakub, iv. become bright or white. (1) blanquearse, hacerse 

blamo. (2) clarecer. (3) emblanquecerse algo. 

sakub 'isim, s:iv & -n4d. have one*s beard tum white. 

encanecerse la barba. 

sakub 'osU, s:iv & n5. clear (sky), dawn. (1) abonar aclararuio 

el tiempo de las nubes. (2) albercar, cf. alborear. 

sakub jol, s:iv & -n4d. have one*s hafr tum white. (1) abonar 

aclarando el tiempo de las nubes. (2) albercar. cf. 

alborear. 

Ha' xsakub jjol. My hafr is tuming white, canecer. 

sakubeb 'osil, nphr(n4f of n5). loophole, saetera o tronera. 

sakubel, vn5. brightness, light. (1) claridad. (2) luz. 

sakubes, tv. whiten, emblanquecer otra cosa. 

sakubtas, tv. whiten, emblanquecer otra... . 

bik'tal sak-'ichi, nphr:aj & n(aj & ncpd). baby or young egret. 

garceta. 

mo saksakuk, vphr: neg & aj^red/. ugly, fea cosa. 

sal 

sal, aj. leprous, lepra. 

sal tz'i', nphr(aj & n)5. leprous, leproso. 

sal vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. lepen leproso. 

salub, iv. become leprous, leproso acerse. 

sam 

samelsamel 'osU, nphr(n type n)5. late aftemoon. RML—In 

modem Tzotzil of Venustiano Carranza, samel means 

"late aftemoon" (Sarles, n.d.:64), while in Zmacantan U 

means "last night.** tarde del dia. 

sameltikil, aj. late. RML—^In modem TzotzU of Venustiano 

Carranza, sameltik means "2 p.m.** (Sarles, n.d.:64). 

tardia, cosa retarde. 

samet 'osU, s:av & n5. be stunned, grow dizzy. RML—In 

colonial Tzeltal, gamamet quinal xcabi is "aturdirse 

algo" (Guzman, 1620:27). In modem TzotzU of Venustiano Carranza, samal means "very weak, tfred" (Sarles, 

n.d.:64). In modem Tzotzil of Zinacantan, samet 'osil is 

to grow dark at dawn. (1) aturdido 35, (2) atordecerse 

35, (3) desvanecerse. 

san (Sp.) 

San Juan, nphr(aj & n)5. San Juan Chamula. cf tek (1). 

parroquiano ser... . 

San Pedro, nphr(aj & n)5. San Pedro Chenalho. cf tek (1). 

sancto (Sp.) 

sancto, n5. saint, letania. 

sancto padre, nphr(aj & n)5. pope, legado del Papa. 

'aptayabU kotol sanctoetik, cf 'av (3). 

k'exol sancto padre, cf k'ex. 

santo (Sp.) 

santo, n5. saint, renegar, blasfemar. 

santo padre, nphr(aj & n)5. pope, legacion asi. 

'ut santo, cf 'ut (1). 

jk'ubul k'op santo padre, cf k'ub. 

sap (1) 

sap, tv. wash off (ashes from com, mud from one's knees). 

alimpiar, como... . 

sapulan, tv. wash off (ashes from com, mud from one*s knees). 

alimpiar corm... . 

sapap, aj. acid (unripe fmit), astringent (1) aspero al gusto..., 

(2) estimar en mucho otra cosa. (3) estitico. cosa estitica 

351. 

*sap (3) 

*sapet 'osil, s:iv & n5. grow dark, grow light. RML—The latter 

gloss seems suspect as the former meaning for this root 

occurs also in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:83). (1) 

anochecer. (2) en amaneciendo. (3) tarde hacerse. 

tana 'oy *xsapet 'osil. It is growing dark now. anocheciendo. 

*sapoj 'osU, s:iv & n5. grow dark, anochecer. 

•sap (4) 

*sapav be Ho', nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. drainage ditch, surco 

para que salgan las aguas. 

ta *sq), qphr:prep & -n4f. between. RML—^Perhaps tiiis term 

is related to colonial Yucatec zap for "brazada" (Perez, 

1877:414) and mcxiem Mopan saap with tiie same 

meaning (Ufrich and Ulrich, 1976:181). (1) entre tal y 

tal cosa, (2) entre fieras. 

ta *ssap 'uk*um. between rivers, entre fieras. 

ta *ssapuk membriUos. between quinces, entre tal... . 

ta *sapan, qphr:prep & -n4f between, entre tal... . 

ta *ssapan te membriUos tz*uno te durasnose. Plant Uie 

quinces between the peaches. 

ta *sapav 'a, vphr:qphr(prep & -n4f) & tv. insert, entremeter 

entre otras cosas. 

ta *sapav 'otes, vphr:qphr(prep & -n4f) & tv-. insert 

entremeter entre... . 

sap' 

sap', iv. lose weight mermar en peso. 

sap'al, n4f loss of weight merma asi. 
296 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

sat 

sat, nlf. fmit (general term), fruto de cada cosa. 

sat, n4d. child (metaphoricaUy). hijo per metafora. 

sat 'atz'am, nphr(n4f of n5). grain of salt, grano. conw de sal. 

sat lino, nphr(n4f of n5). linseed, linaza. 

sat saya-Hun, nphr:n4f of n(x & ncpd)5. mulberry, mora de 

esta arbol. 

sat toj, nphr(n4f of n5). pinon nut pihon. 

sat yi', nphr(n4f of n5). graui of sand, grano conw... . 

satibil bat 'u'un, vphr:pp & iv + -n4d. aim weU. tirar certero. 

satibil nop, vphr:pp & tv-. respond to riddles or signs. 

responder a argumentos enigmas. 

satibil tak*av, vphr:pp & iv. respond to riddles or signs. 

responder a argumentos... . 

satU, n3d. eye, face, presence. (1) presencia, (2) rostro o cara. 

satinom, n5. marksman, acertador asi. 

ta sat pas, vphr:qphr(prep & -n4d) & tv-. do in one*s presence. 

presencia. 

saya 

saya-Hun, n(x & ncpd)5. mulberry free, moral, arbol. 

sat saya-Hun, cf sat. 

sayo (Sp.) 

sayo, n5. great wide coat without buttons, sayo de varon. 

setz' 

setz*, n5. bowl, saucen (1) escudilla. (^platel. 

bik'tal setz*, nphr(aj & n)5. sauceboat. salsera. 

seda (Sp.) 

seda, n5. siUc. seda. 

'Uc*al seda, cf 'ik' (2). 

sekub 

sekubU, n3d. entrails, innards, liven (1) asadura. (2) entrahas. 

(3) higado. 

sello (Sp.) 

sello, n5. stamp, sello. 

semana (Sp.) 

semana, n5. week, semana. 

Sep 

sepsep 'ok, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. hoof (as of a horse), pata macisa 

conw caballo. 

sep' 

sep*, tv. cut (with two things, as scissors or as they cut the 

thatch for houses with a hatehet and a stick), cortar con 

dos cosas corrw... . 

sep*oj, n4d. object being cut cortar con... . 

ses 

sesen, tv. cmmble with the fingers or as parrots cmmbling 

bread into large cmmbs or small pieces, migajas muy 

menudas como molidas. 

sesen-tzames, tv(aj & tvcpd). kill by cutting to pieces, matar 

despedasando. 

sesenbil vaj, nphr(pp & n)5. tiny cmmb. migajas muy... . 

sesentUc 'ok*, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. stutter. RML—The adjective 

in this and tiie following is given as cencen or cencentic 

except in one instance, tartamudear. 

sesentik k*opoj, vphr:adv & iv. Usp, stutter. (1) cecar 70, (2) 

tartamudear. 

jsesen-'ok', agn(aj & ncpd). sttitterer. (1) cecoso, tartamudo 

70, (2) tartamudo. 

jsesen-'ok'il, agn(aj & ncpd). stutterer, tartamudo. 

set 

settzaj, iv. become round, redondear se asi. 

setel, n4f. roundness, redoruies asi. 

setel, aj. round, not spherical, but tiiin as table, tortilla, wheel. 

redondo, rw esferico... . 

setet, n5. wheel, rueda absolute. 

setet tak*in, nphr(n of n)5. metal disk or wheel. (1) rueda 

absolute, (2) tejo. 

setet te', nphr(n of n)5. oxcart, pulley, wooden disk or wheel. 

(1) andar al rededor corrw..., (2) carreta. (3) polea, (4) 

rueda absolute. (5) tejo. 

setet te' carreta, nphr:nphr(n of n)4e of n5. cartwheel, rueda 

de carreta. 

setet ton, nphr(n of n)5. stone wheel, andar al... . 

setset, aj. round, not spherical, arrodeado o cercado asi. 

setset te', nphr(aj & n)5. cartwheel hub. maza de carreta 203. 

setub, iv. become round, redondearse asi. 

setubes, tv. make round, redondearse asi. 

setiembre (Sp.) 

setiembre, n5. September, setiembre. mes. 

set' 

set'el, vn5. pinch, pellisco. 

set'vanej, vn5. pinch, pellisco. 

si 

sijel, nle. fluffing, yam bandage. (1) carmenar algo. (2) hilasas 

o hilachas para herida. 

tanaon ta sijel. I am fluffing (wool) now. carmenar algo. 

sivu, tv. fluff carmenar algo. 

sivu tux-nok* chij, vphr:tv & nphr(n<x & ncpd> of n)5. card 

wool, peiruir cardando la lana. 

sivuabU pok', nphr(ajpp & n)5. yam bandage, hilasas o.... 

sivuj, iv, card, clean and pick cotton. (1) carmenar. (2) hilasas 

o... . 

si' 

si', n5, firewcxxl, leha. 

si'bej, n5. gatiiering of fu-ewood, yrpor leha 189, 

xebat ta si'bej, I am gomg to gatiier fu-ewood, 

si'bU, agn. woodcutter, lehador. 

si'vUon 

si'vUon, n5. grass. RML—In modem Tzotzil of Larramzar 

si'vil-on is given for "zacabasto," a grass used for 

thatching (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:265). In Zinacant^ "zacabasto" is tzajal ch'ix jobel. Muhlenbergia 

spp. esparto. 

sib 

sibtas, tv. frighten, intimidate, tiu-eat (1) amenazar. (2) 

asombrar 33, (3) espantar a otro o amedrantarlo. 

sibtasabil, n4f scarecrow, espantajo. 

sibtasan vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. scarecrow, espantajo. 
NUMBER 31 297 

sibtasel, vn4d. fright espanto. 

sibtasvanej, vnld. fright, threat (1) amenaza, (2) espanto. 

sibak 

sibak, n5. ink. tinta para escribir. 

sibak, nle. gunpowder, polvora. 

sitz' 

sitz'et 'osU 'a*i, vphr:s(av & n5) & tv. crave, adolescer 

deseando o antojandosele algo. 

sitz'ij, iv. crave food, hambre grande tener sin poder hartarse. 

sitz'ijel, vn5. cravuig of food, hambre de esta manera. 

sitz'il, n4d, gnawing hungen (1) hambre de..., (2) hambriento 

asi. 

sitz'U 'a'i, vphr:n5 & tv, crave food, hambre grande... . 

sik 

sik, aj. cold, c(X)l. (1) fresco por frio, (2) frio, (3) fria cosa. (4) 

hacer frio. 

sik 'a'i, vphr:aj & tv-. be cold, feel cold. (l)frio haber. (2) tener 

frio. 

sik-laman k'opoj, vplir:adv(aj & Ucpd) & iv. speak coldly. 

friamente hablar. 

sik-potz 'ik', nphr:aj(aj & ajcpd) & n. paralysis, perlesia. 

sik-potztay, iv(aj & ivcpd). be paralyzed, grow numb, perlatico 

hacerse. 

xsik-potztay kok. My foot is growing numb, entumecerse 

el pie. 

xsUc-potztay jk'ob. My hand is growing numb, entumecerse 

la mano. 

sik-potztayel, vn(aj & ivcpd)5, numbness, entumecimiento. 

sik-t'ojan k'opoj, vphr:adv(aj & T2cpd) & iv, speak coldly, 

friamente hablar. 

sik-t'ojan ve', vphr:adv(aj & T2cpd) & iv. eat cold food, 

friamente comer. 

sik-t'ojol ve'el, vphr:adv(aj & T2cpd) & iv, base or cold food, 

fria comida. ruin comida. 

sik-Ho', n(aj & ncpd)5. cool rain, fresco por frio. 

sikil, aj. cold, fria cosa. 

sikU vaj, cold tortilla. 

sikU Ho', cold water, 

siksik, aj. coldly, friamente. 

sikub, iv. be refreshed, become chilled or cold. (1) enfriarse. 

(2) frio hacerse, enfriarse, (3) refrescar. 

lo'an Ii* xasUcub yu*un! Eat this, it wiU refresh you! 

refrescar. 

sikub 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. become tame. (1) manso de cosa 

brava. (2) manso hacerse asi. 

sikubenal k'op, nphr(n4f of n5). league of friendship, ligas en 

amistades. 

sikubes, tv. chiU, cool, make cold, refresh. (1) enfriar algo. (2) 

frio hacerse..., (3) refrescar, (4) resfriar otra cosa. 

'uch'an U' Ha' sUcubesan! DriiUc this, it wiU refresh you! 

r^rescar. 

sUcubtas, tv. chUl, cool, make cold. (1) enfriar algo, (2) frio 

hacerse..., (3) resfriar otra cosa. 

jsUcpotz 'Uc*, agn(aj & aj & ncpd). paralyzed person, perlatico. 

jsikubtasej-k*op, agn(vn & ncpd). mediator, medianero en 

mistad. 

sUc' 

sUc'av, iv. roof, thatch, (1) cubrir las casas de paja, (2) tejar 

asi. 

sUc*ay, tv. r(X)f, thatch, RML—^In modem Tzeltal of Oxchuc, 

sijk'uy is "empajar" (Robles, 1960:63). cubrir... . 

sik'avej, vn5. thatehing. cubrir... . 

sUla (Sp.) 

sUla, n5. chair, saddle. (1) silla para sentarse, (2) silla de 

caballo o mula. 

*oy sUla, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be saddled, encillada bestia 116. 

sim 

sim, n5. mucous. (l)flocadura, (2) rrwcos de narices. 

sim ba, m. continual urging incUnation to go to the bathroom 

without producing anything, pujo de vientre 278. 

sim-nak'al, n(aj & ajcpd)5. uicUnation to go the baUiroom. 

RML—see above, pujo de vientre 278. 

smi-nak*al 'a'i, vphr:n(aj & ajcpd)5 & tv. have dysentery, 

suffering from painful urge to go to the baUiroom without 

result, camaras como de pujo. 

simal, n5. cholera, colera. 

simU, n5. mucous, mocos de narices. 

simtay ni', vphr:tv & n4d[A]. blow or clean one's nose. (1) 

limpiarse las narices. (2) sohar los mocos. 

simtayabU ni'U, nphr(n4f of n5). handkerchief sonadero de 

rrwcos, paho. 

simonia (Sp.) 

simonia, n5. simony, simonia. 

sip 

sip, n5. tick. (1) garrapata, (2) rezno. 

sfrgo (Sp.) 

sfrgo, n5. silk, sirgo o seda. 

sit 

sit, iv, be fuU or stuffed wiUi food, swell, (1) ahitarse. (2) 

hurtarse. cf hartarse 163, (3) hincharse de mucho 

comer. 

esit ta ve'el. He is stuffed wiUi food, hinchado asi. 

xsit jk'ob. My hand is swelUng, hincharse algo de 

enfermedad. 

xsit jnuk'. My neck is sweUing, hincharse algo de... . 

sit, n4e, swelling, hinchazon asi. 

sit, aj, dropsical, swoUen. (1) hinchado asi, (2) ydropico. 

sit nuk', nphr(n4e of n5). goiter (in animals), papera en los 

animales. 

sit pojov, nphr(n4e of n5), pus-fiUed swelUng, hinchazon de 

podre. 

sitel, vnld. be full, blister, satiety, sweUing. (1) ampolla 

grande, (2) hartura, (3) hinchazon asi. 

sitelon. I am fuU. ahito. 

situb, iv. bUster, swell. (1) ampollar se. (2) hincharse algo 

de... . 

situbel, vnld. swelling. (1) hinchamiento asi. (2) hinchado asi. 

situbel 'a'i, vphr:vn5 & tv. be swollen, hinchamiento asi. 
298 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

jsitel, agn. person stuffed witii food. (1) harto, (2) hinchado asi. 

jsitubel, agn. dropsical person, ydropico. 

sob (1) 

sob, aj. early, easUy, in a hurry, Ught, quickly. (1) liviana 

cosa, (2) presto, adverbio. (3) temprano. 

sob 'ayon. I went quickly, prisa 271. 

sob ejpastUc sna dios Ha' yak' te sababUotik yu'un padre. 

We built tiie church quickly because tiie priest make us 

hurry... .prisa dar a otros 272. 

sob jpas. I do it in a hurry, prisa darse 271. 

sob neHul. I arrived quickly, prisa 271. 

sob nesut. I retumed quickly, prisa 271. 

sob spas. He does it easily. facilmente hacerse. 

sob xna'ot It is easUy learned, facilmente saberse. 

sob xpasey. It is done easily. facilmente hacerse. 

sobon. I am in a hurry, prisa 271. 

sob yanij 'olonton, s:adv & iv & -n4d. be fickle, mudable asi 

en el parecer. 

soblaj lok', vphr:iv & iv). leave quickly as from the church or 

school. RML—This and the following entry are suspect 

They were given as xecumlagh and cunlaghel. salir 

aprisa... . 

soblajel lok'el, nphr(vn type n)5. quick exit, salida aprisa. 

sobsob, aj. light, liviarui cosa. 

sobsobuk, aj. quickly, ayna. presto 14. 

sobtikil tijel, nphr(aj & vn)5. bell ringing, repiques asi. 

sobtUcsobtUc 'ok', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. nimble-tongued. ligeras 

manos, ligera lengua. 

sobtUcsobtik k'ob, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. nimble-handed, ligeras 

manos... . 

sobtiksobtik tij campana, vphr:adv & tv & n5. ring a bell. 

repicar campana. 

sobuk, aj/subj/. quickly, aprisa conw imperativo. 

mo sobuk laj, vphr:advphr(neg & aj) & iv. be long-lasting. 

estable cosa. 

sababil vinik, nphr(pp & n)5. person who is made to hurry, 

prisa dar...212. 

sabaj, iv, be eased, hurry, rise fri order to take out from under, 

solicit (1) aliviarse, (2) prisa 271, (3) prisa darse 271, 

(4) solicitar, (5) soliviar lo pesado. 

nesabaj batel. I hurried off prisa 271, 

nesabaj talel, I came quickly, prisa 271. 

sabajel, vn5. act of rising a littie, hurry. (1) prisa 271, (2) 

solivio o soliviadura. 

sabajes, tv. hurry, raise in order to take out from under. (1) prisa 

dar...212, (2) soliviar lo... . 

sabajesbil, pp. hurried, prisa dar...212. 

sabal, nld. hurry. (1) prisa 271, (2) quejura, apresura. 

sabal-pas, tv(n & tvcpd). do in a hurry, prisa darse 271. 

sabaltas, tv, hurry, hurry a person, solicit (1) presto adverbio, 

(2)prisa dar...212, (3) quejura. apresura, (4) solicitar. 

sabaltasbil, pp, humed, prisa dar...212. 

sob ejpastUc sna dios Ha' yak' sabaltasbilotik yu'un padre. 

We built the church quickly because the priest made us 

hurry, 

sabantas, tv. hurry. (1) dar prisa. (2) prisa dar...212. 

sabub, iv, be eased, aUviarse, alivio. 

esabub xka*i, I feel eased, alivio. 

sabubel, vn5. ease, alivio. 

sabubel xka'i, I feel eased, 

sabubes, tv, ease, aliviar algo. 

sabubtas, tv, ease, aliviar algo. 

jsabajel, agn, soUcitous person, solicito. diligente. 

jsabal-vinik, agn(n & ncpd). person who hurries oUiers. 

quejuroso asi. 

jsabaltasvanej, agn. person who hurries others, quejuroso asi. 

sob (2) 

sob, nld. steam, vaporosa cosa. 

sobet, av. steam, vaporosa asi. 

sabtay, tv. steam. (1) bahear otra cosa, (2) vaporear o se halle 

el vapor a otro. 

sotz' 

sotz*, n5. bat. morcielago. 

Sotz* Leb, nphr(n type n)5, Zinacantan. RML—^Lfr. "bat ml." 

cf k'ul (1), na (1). (1) desde, (2) vecino de tal o tal 

pueblo. 

soj 

sojet k'opoj, vphr:av & iv[S=S of av]. speak hoarsely, ronco. 

sojom k'opoj, vphnav & iv[S=S of av]. speak hoarsely, ronco. 

sok 

sok, tv. destroy, disturb, throw into disorder. (1) confundir, (2) 

desbaratar, (3) desconcertar, (4) turbar. 

sok, iv. be uneasy, destroy, disturb. (1) confundir, (2) 

desbaratar, (3) desconcertar, (4) turbarse. 

sok, n5. mistake (in speech), yerro en palabras... . 

sok 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be disturbed or uneasy. (1) alterarse, 

(2) turbarse. 

sok 'u'un, vphr:iv -i- -n4d. be confused or make a mistake in 

conversation, speech, or the doctrine. RML—^The verb 

is given in the past tense. (1) confundirse en la platica 

o habla. (2) errar en lo que hace o dice. 

sok k'op, vphr:tv & n5. be confused in conversation or speech. 

corfundirse en... . 

sokel, vn5. confusion, confusion. 

sokes, tv. desfroy, disturb, entangle, throw into disorder. (1) 

confundir, (2) desbaratar. (3) desconcertar, (4) enredar 

haciendo..., (5) turbar. 

sokes 'osU, vphr:tv & n5. excite disturbances, alborotar. 

sokes ba, rv. become entangled, enredarse asi. 

soket k'opoj, vphr:av & iv[S=S of av]. speak confusedly. 

corfusamente habla. 

sokilan, tv. shake matfress or straw bed. mecer el colchon o 

jergon. 

sokilan vayebal, vphr:tv & n5. fluff the bed. mollir la cama. 

sokilanbU, pp. fluffed (bed), mollida cama. 

sokoktik, aj. thoroughly disturbed (person, speech, house). 

RML—^Perhaps tiiis should be read sokoltik. turbarse. 

sokol 'olonton, nphr(aj & n)5. be disturbed, turbarse. 
NUMBER 31 299 

sokol ti' k'opoj, vphr:nphr(aj & n)4d[S] & iv. speak 

confusedly, confusamente habla. 

sokoltik, aj. confused, confundida cosa. 

jsok-'osU, agn(tv & ncpd). disturber, alborotador. 

jsok-lum, agn(tv & ncpd). disturber, alborotador. 

jsokvanej, agn. disturber, turbador asi. 

soktom 

Soktom, n5. Chiapa. RML—^This is given as coston and socton. 

cf 'ech', k'ul (1). (1) invernar, tener invierm. (2) vecino 

de tal o tal pueblo. 

sol 

sol, tv. husk (beans, broad beans), peel (cooked or roasted 

fmit). (1) nwndar algo conw habas. (2) nwndar quitando 

la corteza... . 

sol, n5. mange, scab. roha. sarna. 

sol, nld. fish scale, ringworm. (1) empeim. (2) escama de 

pescado. 

sol, n4f bran, salvado. 

sol castiUan *ixim, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. bran, salvado. 

solbenal, n4f husk, peeling, mondadura asi. 

solin, iv. become leprous or scaly, change one's skin (snake), 

get ringworm, grow new skin (person, horse). (1) 

empeine tener. (2) escama criarsele. (3) renovarse el 

pellejo la culebra. (4) renovarse o remudar se... . 

solsoltik, aj. scabby, leprous, rohazo. 

sombrero (Sp.) 

sombrero, n5. hat sombrero. 

sot' 

sot'ot'il, n3d. anus, innards, lungs. (1) bofes, (2) entrahas. (3) 

livianos o bofes. (4) pulrrwnes o livianos. (5) sieso. 

suj 

suj k'ok*, vphr:tv & n5. set ffre to. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, 

gugh cahc is "pegar fuego metiendo lo dentro de lo que 

quiere" (Guzman, 1620:154). In modem TzotzU this 

expression refers to stirring up the coals so that the ffre 

will bum more strongly, pegar fuego. 

sujbey k'ok*, vphr:-dv & n5. set ffre to. pegar fuego. 

jsuj-k'ok', agn(tv & ncpd). person who sets fire to something. 

pegador de esta manera. 

suk' 

suk', tv. wash dishes.^e^ar loza. 

suk' 'e, vphntv & n4[A], clean one's teeth, nwndar dientes. 

suk'ilan, tv. wash dishes,/re^ar loza. 

suk'ob k'ob, nphr(n of n)4d. hand towel, hasalejas, pano de 

manos 164. 

suk'ob k'ob, nphr(n4f of n4d), hand towel, hasalejas... 164. 

suk'ob plato, nphr(n of n)5. disheloth. fregadero de platos. 

suk'obil escudilla, nphr(n of n)5. dishcloth, fregadero de 

platos. 

suk'obU k'obU, nphr(n4f of n5). hand towel, hasalejas...164. 

suk'obil plato, nphr(n of n)5. dishcloth, fregadero de platos. 

sul 

sul ta chab, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). wax, RML—The verb 

is given as cui, but in colonial Tzeltal, -zui is "echar 

algo en remojo." and -gul ta Ha is "meter debajo de 

agua." (Guzm^, 1620:63,132). encerar. 

sut 

sut, iv. retum, tornar de dofuiste. 

sut 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d, be converted, change one's mind, 

reform, (1) convertirse de pecador, hacer bueno, (2) 

corregirse. enmendarse. (3) enmendar la vida 99. 

esut yolonton. He is a convert, tornadezo. 

mo to ta xsut kolonton. I am stUl persevering, conversion 

conw...65. 

sut *u*un, vphr:iv + -ii4d. read to the end. RML—^The verb is 

given in the past tense, leyendo, pasar... 194. 

sut 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. franslate. traducir. 

sut k'opoj, vphr:iv & iv. explain, distinguir razones. 

sut ta tojol tuk, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4d + n4d[P of n4d]). 

retaUate. penar por el talion. 

suttzaj, iv. be converted or transformed, convertir una cosa en 

otra. 

suteb, n4b. comment, explanation, ttanslation, (1) declaracion. 

(2) glosa de algo. (3) traduccion. 

sutej-xanav, iv(n & ivcpd), take a walk, pasearse. 

sutej xanavebal, nphr(n type n)3d. mall, walk, paseadero, 

lugar. 

sutej xanbal, nphr(n type n)5. walk (of person who is taking a 

waUc). paso de el que se pasea. 

sutejeb, n4b. comment, explanation, meaning, translation. (1) 

declaracion. (2) glosa de algo. (3) significacion. (4) 

traduccion. 

sutejeb bul, nphr(n4f of n5), sumame, RML—^This would be 

tiie newly adopted Spanish sumame. (1) renombre. (2) 

sobrenombre. 

sutejeb jom, nphr(n4f of n5). mdder. timon de gobernar. 

sutejel, vn4f translation, traduccion. 

sutejes, tv. comment, explain, footnote, translate, transform, 

tum upside down. RML—^For transform, Uie verb is 

given as ghcateagh. (1) declarar. (2) glosar, (3) nota, 

sobre sentencia, (4) notar asi, (5) significar, (6) traducir 

de una lengua en otra, (1) trastornar conw quiera. 

sutejes k'op, vphr:tv & n5. reply, responder. 

sutejes xanbal, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. reform, enmendar la vida 99. 

sutejes ta castillan k'op, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & 

n>5). franslate into Spanish, romancear. 

sutejes ta ti', vphr:tv- & ciphr(prep & n4d[A]). pronounce. 

pronunciar. 

sutejes ta tojol tuk, vphntv- & (iphr(prep & -n4d + n4d[P of 

n4d]). retaliate, penar por el talion. 

sutejesbey ta tojol tuk, vphr:-dv- & qphr(prep & -n4d + n4d[P 

of n4d]). retaliate, penar por... . 

sutejesbU, pp. interpreted, franslated. (1) ynterpretada cosa 

189, (2) traducida cosa. 

sutejesel k'op, nphr(vn & n)5. interpretation, ynterpretacion 

189. 

sutejesvanej ta ti'il, nphnvn & ^hr(prep & n5). pronunciation. 

pronunciacion. 
300 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

sutel, vn4f franslation. traduccion. 

sutel 'olontonU, nphr(vn of n)3d. conversion (as of St Paul), 

reform. (1) conversion como...65, (2) enmienda. 

sutelsutel 'olontonU, nphr(vn of n)3d. inconstancy. (1) 

ynconstante 186, (2) ynconstancia 186. 

sutes, tv. comment, explain, oblige one to pay his debts, retum 

a loan, translate, tum upside down. (1) declarar, (2) 

ejecutar 126, (3) glosar, (4) tornar lo prestado, (5) 

traducir en..., (6) trastornar conw quiera. 

sutes ta castiUan k'op, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). 

translate into Spanish, romancear. 

sutesabil, n4f comment, glosa de algo. 

sutesbil, pp. clear, franslated. (1) distinto, (2) ynterpretada 

cosa 189, (3) traducida cosa. 

sutesbil xanbal, nphr(pp & n)5. reformed, enmendada vida 99. 

sutet, av. whfrl around, remolinarse como quiera. 

sutet 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(av & n5) &. tv. be stunned, grow dizzy. 

(1) aturdido 35, (2) atordecerse algo, (3) desvanecerse. 

sutilan jol, vphntv & n4d[A]. toss one's head, cabesear. 

sutp'ij, iv. be converted or transformed, tum around. (1) 

boltear, (2) convertir urui cosa en otra. 

sutp'ijeb, n4b. comment, explanation. (1) declaracion, (2) 

glosa de algo. 

sutp'in, tv. comment, explain. (1) declarar, (2) glosar. 

sutp'inabil, n4f comment, glosa de algo. 

sutum 'ik*, nphr(aj & n)5. whfrlwind. renwlino de viento. 

sututijeb Ho', nphr(n4f of n5). whfrlpool. renwlino de agua. 

jsut-ti', agn(tv & ncpd). interpreter, ynterprete 189. 

ta sut, qphnprep & n5. common, everywhere, general, en todas 

partes. 

'oy ta sut (or) ta sut 'oy (or) ta sut no 'ox 'oy. It is common. 

manual que se halla donde quiera. 

suy 

suy, n5. fUnt. pedernal. 

suy ton, nphr(n type n)5. flint, pedernal. 

suy tontUc, nphr(n type n)5. sharp flinty place, fragosa. cosa 

de piedras corrw pedernal. 

X 

xa 

xa, pt. afready, more. (1) mas. (2) mas quieres. 

'ak*o xa! Put more on! mas. 

'oy xa avu'un (or) 'oy xa achabiej. You have more. 

jk*an xa. I want more. mas. 

lok'o xa! Take out more! mas quieres. 

xa'ab 

xa'ab, nle. deep pit in the hiUs. honda cosa, como hoyos... . 

'ip xxa'abil (or) toj xa'ab. It is very deep. (1) hondura, (2) 

honda cosa. 

xach' 

xach*, tv. lengtiien one*s stride, sfretch (limbs or metal by 

sfriking it). (1) alargar el paso o hierro a golpes, (2) 

estender el pie o marw. 

jxach* jk'ob. I sfretch my arm. estender el... . 

jxach' kok. I sfreteh my leg. estender el... . 

xach'omaj, iv. streteh out. estenderme en largo. 

xak 

xak-toj, n(n of ncpd)5. pine needle. (1) hoja de arbol. (2) 

juncia. 

xalma (Sp.) 

xalma, n5. pack saddle, enalbardada cosa. 

'ak' xalma, cf 'ak' (2). 

xamit (N.) 

xamital ch*ub, nphr(natt & n)5, adobe wall. RML—The 

Nahuati term for adobe is xamiti. (1) pared de piedra, 

(2) pared de adobes. 

xamital jol na, nphr:natt & nphr(n of n). tUe roof tejado asi 

de teja. 

xamital *pok*omtik, nphr(natt & n)5. partition, tabique, pared. 

patobU xamit, cf, pat. 

xamiti, n5, adobe, adobe. 

bik'tal ch'ubil xamiti, nphr:aj & nphr(natt & n), brick, ladrillo. 

tzajal xamiti, cf tzoj. 

chik*bU xamiti, cf chik' (1), 

xan (1) 

xan, n5, palm, palmetto, RML—^In modem Tzotzil this refers 

to the brahea palm, Brahea dulcis and B. prominens. (1) 

palma. (2) palmito 244. 

xanil pop, nphr(natt & n)5. pahn mat. estera de palmas. 

xantik, n5. palm grove, palmar. 

xan (2) 

xan, tv. travel, walk to or from a certain place. (1) andar. (2) 

caminar o andar a o de tal parte. 

xanantas, tv. make walk, roll (wheel, cart). (1) andar. (2) andar 

al rededor. 

xanav, iv, waUc, (1) andar. (2) camirwr. 

xanav ta 'ok, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]), go on foot. (1) 

yr a pie 190, (2) peon que anda a pie. 

xanaves, tv. make walk, roll (wheel, cart). (1) aruiar, (2) 

caminar. (3) caminar camino y... . 

xanbal, nld. Ufe, walk. (1) andar. (2) vida. 

ebat ta xanbal. He went to frade. andar. 

mu natuk jxanbaltik U' ta balumile. Our life is not long here 

on this world, vida. 

xanbal ta jom, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). navigation. 

navegacion. 

xanel nab, nphr(vn4f of n5), navigation, navegacion. 

xanvil, agn. person whose job it is to fravel, frader, traveler, 

waUcer. (1) andar, (2) caminante, (3) mercader 220, (4) 

viandante. 

xanvil ta 'Uel ch'uul mukenal, nphr:agn & qphr(prep & 

nphr<vn of nphr(aj & n)>). pUgrim. romero que va en 

rormria. 

'ak' xanavuk, cf 'ak' (2), 

'utzil xanbal, cf 'utz. 

bat ta xanbal, cf bat. 

bik'tal-xanav, iv(aj & ivcpd). take a walk, pasearse. 
NUMBER 31 301 

bik'tal xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. waUc. paso de el que se pasea. 

nat xanav, cf nat. 

nat xanav ta balumU, cf. nat. 

nat xanbal, cf nat. 

sutej xanavebal, cf. sut. 

ta 'ok xanav, vphr:cjphr(prep & n4d[S]) & iv. go on foot, peon 

que anda a pie. 

ta pat cabaUo xanav, vphr:qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>) & 

iv. ride horseback, yr cabalgando 190. 

xonob chij, nphr(n4d of n5), horseshoe, herradura. 

xonob jobel, nphr(n of n)5. rope-soled sandal, espartehas. 

xonobil, n3d. sandal, shoe. (1) alpargata o zapato. (2) 

sandalias. 

'oy xonob, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. shoed (horse), herrada bestia. 

*xap 

*xap, tv. have sexual relations with. RML—^This is given as 

ghxapon. hacer, tomar parte el hombre...166. 

*xap 'ajnUal, vphr:tv & n5. commit adultery, adulterar. 

*jxap-'ajnUal, agn(tv & ncpd). adulterer, adultero. 

*jxap-xinch'ok, agn(tv & ncpd). active homosexual, puto que 

hace. 

xax 

xax, tv. chew, mascar 214. 

xaxbil, pp. chewed, mascada cosa 214. 

xaxulan, tv. chew a lot mascar 214. 

x'avob 

x'avob, poUywog, cf, 'avob. 

xch'el 

xch'el, parakeet, cf ch'el. 

•xch'iv 

*xch'iv, monkey, cf ch'iv. 

xe 

xen, iv, vomit revesar. 

xexon 'olonton, s:av & -n4d, be squeamish, acedia temr 37. 

xetay, tv. vomit on, revesar. 

xen 

xen, tv, perforate, insert or ram in with a rammer or long object 

as a lance or stick, stab, wound (with a lance), (1) embutir 

o recalcar con palo, (2) estocadas dar, (3) herir como 

lanzeando, (4) pisar conpison o..., (5)punsar. 

xen 'e, vphr:tv & n4d[A], pick one's teeth, mondar dientes. 

xen ba ta pat cabaUo ta tajunol, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & 

nphr<n4d of n5>) & qphr(prep & n5), joust, justar. 

xen-baU ta pat caballo, nphr:vn(tv & mcpd)5 & qphr(prcp & 

nphr<n4d of n5>). joust justo asi. 

xen ta majel, vphr:tv- & {iphr(prep & vn5). stab with a lance. 

herir como lanzeando. 

xenben, n4d. lance wound that one gives, herida que da el que 

asi hiere. 

xenbenal, nld. lance wound that one suffers. *In this way are 

formed all the wounds, those that are given and those 

received. And note that there is not one word for Our 

Lord's wounds, but three: smajbenal, the whip wounds. 

sbajbenal, those of the hands and feet, xxenbenal, the 

wound in tiie flank, but you can say Hotol, sHotolil. i.e. 

holes. (1) herida asi. (2) herida que..., (2) lanzada 192. 

xenob chUcin, nphr(n4f of n5). earspoon. escarba dientes. 

xenob tak*in, nphr(n of n)5. dagger, lance, rammer. (1) lanza 

192, (2) pison asi. (3) puhal, arma. 

xenob te', nphr(n of n)5. rammer, pison asi. 

xenobil, n4f. rammer, pison asi. 

xenobil chikinil, nphr(n of n)5. earspcx)n. monda orejas. 

xenen 

xenen, n5. mosquito, mosquito zancudo. 

xep 

xep, nld. honest lady, mafron, queen. *To say "our queen" 

they do not say (x'ojov), but xep which is lady, jxep. 

RML—^This term persists in Venustiano Carranza in 

reference to the Virgin Mary and female saints. (1) 

matrona, muger honrada, (2) reyna 292. 

xi' 

xi', tv. be afraid of, fear, honor, respect, revere, worship. *jxi' 

jk'ex, I fear him, I respect him, and both verbs must be 

placed together to avoid the error of simply meaning to 

be frightened, though many times they just say jxi'. (1) 

honrar, (2) miedo haber, (3) honro como cuando...240, 

cf honra, (4) honrar 240, (5) reverencia acatar, (6) 

temer, (1) tener en mucho. 

xi', iv. be afraid, startled or terrified, fear. (1) asombrar se 33, 

(2) espantarse o temer, (3) rrdedo haber, (4) temer. 

xi'benaj ba, raj. be deformed, fearsome (animal's or human's 

horrifying face or appearance), frightful, horrifying, 

terrible or ugly (person, animal). (1) disforme, feo, (2) 

espantable cosa, (3) fea cosa, espantable, (4) temorosa 

cosa, (5) terrible cosa. 

xi'benal, aj. fierce, fiera cosa. 

xi'benal ba, raj. be horrifying./ea cosa, espantable. 

xi'bU, pp. honored, honrado. 

xi'bil vinUc, nphr(pp & n)5. important autiiority. grave, persona 

de autoridad. 

xi'ebal 'uk'um, nphr(n type n)5. dangerous river, peligrosa 

cosa. 

xi'ebal chamel, nphr(n type vn)5. dangerous Ulness. peligrosa 

cosa. 

xi'el, nld. fear, honor, respect (1) acatar, hacer reverencia, 

(2) honra 240, (3) honra con que es honrado 240, (4) 

tenwr. 

mo 'oyuk xi'el avu'un. You have no respect acatar 

hacer... . 

xi'es, tv. frighten, intimidate, espantar a otro o amedrantarlo. 

xi'van, iv. honon honrar 40. 

jxi'-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). agitator. RML—Perhaps this should 

be read jxij-k' op or jxik'-k'op. revolvedor que mete mal 

entre algums 287. 

jxi'el, agn. coward, fearful or timid person. (1) cobarde, (2) 

espantadisa cosa, (3) temoroso. 

jxi'vanej-k'op, agn(vn & ncpd). agitator, revolvedor que...2^1. 
302 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

'ep xi'ey, vphr:adv & tv/pass/. be honored, honro como 

cuando...240, cf honra. 

'ip xi', vphr:adv & tv. be fearful or frightened, temoroso. 

*ip xaxi' yu'un. You are fiightened by him, temorosa cosa. 

mo k'u xi', vphr:nphr(neg & n5) & tv, be safe or secure, segura 

cosa. 

mo k'u xaxi' yo' 'oy. You are safe there, 

mo k'usi xi', vphr:nphr(neg & n5) & tv. be daring, osado. 

xibnel 

xibneUl, n3d. woman's elder brother, woman's brother's child 

if older than she, woman's father's or mother's brotiier's 

son if older than she. (1) hermano mayor de la muger 

161, (2)prima hijo de...,(3) sobrino... . 

xiin 

xiin. stink, cf xin. 

xij 

xij, tv. drag, push or tiirow (not out the front door), push as 

when they push or lift a beam. (1) arrastrar tira..., (2) 

empujar conw... . 

xijbil, pp. dragged, pushed, thrown, arrastrado o tirado asi. 

xiji-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. cross-eyed, entuertecido asi 118. 

xijoj, n4d. object that is dragged, pushed or thrown, aquello 

que estoy asi arrastrando empujando 29. 

xik 

xik, n5. falcon, gyrfalcon, kite. RML—In modem Tzotzil this 

is the general term for hawk. (1) girifalte, (2) halcon, (3) 

milano. 

Hov xUc, nphr(aj & n)5. falcon, gyrfalcon, kite. (1) girifalte, 

(2) halcon (3) milano. 

xikit 

xikit-'avan, iv(aj & ivcpd). scream. *xxikit-'avan ye ta 'ok'el, 

is said about children who cry a lot; xxikit-'avan ye ta 

'ok'el is said about children who cry a lot loudly, gritar 

llorando. 

xUcitin, n5. cicada. (1) cigarra 71, (2) grillo, especie de cigarra. 

xikitxUcit 'avan, vphr:adv & iv. shout loudly. RML—This 

adjective is given the same meaning in colonial Tzeltal 

(Guzman, 1620:99). gritar recio. 

xik' (1) 

xik', nld. bird's wing stripped of feathers, wing. (1) ala, (2) 

alon. 

xik' (2) 

xik'an, tv. lean against (lay object against wall), make progress, 

proceed. (1) arrimar otra cosa, (2) proceder, ir... . 

xik'anbU, pp. leaned, arrimado. 

xik'anej, n4d. object that is leaned against something. 

arrimado. 

xik'ey, iv. lean against, make progress, proceed. (1) arrimarse, 

(2) proceder, ir... . 

xik'il, aj. leaning, arrimado. 

xin 

xiui, aj. stinking as some meats or human sweat. RML—This 

is given as xihan, but xinal is given as such. (1) heder..., 

(2) hedionda, cosa. ..171. 

'ip xin, stinking badly, hedionda, cosa...Illxinal, n4b. stink. (1) heder..., (2) hedionda cosa...111. 

'ip xxinal. stinking badly, hedionda. cosa...111. 

xinub, iv. begin to stink, hediondo, volverse asi 111. 

xinch'ok 

xinch'ok, n5. male, man. (1) macho, (2) ombre, varon, (3) 

varon. 

xinch'ok *ol, nphr(n type n)4d. woman's son, hijo, respecto 

de la muger. 

xinch'ok 'olonton 'antz, nphr:nphr(n type n) type n, manly 

woman, muger varonil. 

xinch'ok nich'on, nphr(n type n)5, man's son, hijo respecto 

del varon. 

xinch'ok tuluk*, nphr(n type n)5. rooster, gallo. 

xinch*ok vacas, nphr(n type n)5. buU. toro. 

xinch'okil, nld. husband, marido. 

xinch'okil 'antz, nphr(n type n)5. barren woman, hermaphrodite. (1) muger machorra. (2) hombre y muger 239. 

xinch'okil 'ol, nphr(n type n)4d. woman's son. hijo respecto 

de la muger. 

xinch*okil bek*tal, nphr(n type n)4d. penis, miembro del 

hombre. 

xinch*okil nich*nal, nphr(n type n)5. man*s son. hijo respecto 

del varon. 

xinch*olcil nich*on, nphr(n type n)4d. man*s son. hijo respecto 

del varon. 

xinch*okil vakax, nphr(n type n)5. buU. toro. 

xinch*oklel, nld. manliness, penis (polite term). (1) fortaleza, 

(2) miembro del hombre, (3) pixa. 

xinich 

xinich, n5. ant. RML—It can not be determined whetiier this 

should be read xinich or xinich' as both occur in modem 

Tzotzil. hormiga. 

bak xinich, cf bak. 

xixib 

xixib ton, nphr(n type n)5. pebble, cascajo. 

xixib tontik, nphr(n type n)5. pebbly place, rough pebbly place. 

(1) caxcajar, (2) pedregal de piedras menudas o chinas. 

'ip xixib ton, s:aj/pred/ & -nphr(n type n)4e. pebbly, pedregoso 

asi. 

xjaval 

xjaval. swallow, cf jav. 

xjojoch' 

xjojoch*. butterfly, cf jojoch'. 

xkoch 

xkoch. fly. cf koch. 

xk'abis 

xk'abis. tmffle. cf k'abis. 

xna 

xna, spider, cf na (1). 

xni' 

xni'. spring, cf ni' (1). 

xoch' 

xoch', n5. owl (smaller tiian a great-homed owl). RML—In 
NUMBER 31 303 

modem Tzotzil this is the common potoo, Nyctibius 

griseus. lechusa. 

xoj 

xoj, tv. interweave or mend mat or cloUi. (1) adobar petates..., 

(2) tejer uno...333. 

xoj 'ok, nphr(n4f of n4d). buskin, stocking. (1) borrequi, cf 

borcegui, (2) calca o borcegui 47. 

xoj k'ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). glove, guante. 

xoj-k'optay, tv(tv & tvcpd). mterfere so as to obstmct a 

negotiation, tejer urw...333. 

xoj-k*optaybUuk, pp(tv & tvcpd). obstmcted (no longer 

desfred). tejer uno...333. 

xoj pokol ta k*ob, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). clasp 

a shield, embrazar rodela o cosa asi. 

xoj ta vok*el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). plow a furrow. 

surcar. 

xoj te' ta tuk*, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5), stick ramrod 

in harquebus, tejer urw...333. 

xoj tuk*, vphr:tv & n4d[A], stick ramrod in harquebus, tejer 

uno...333. 

xoj vok*el, vphr:tv & vn5, plow a furrow, surcar. 

xojav, iv, make a patii, vereda hacerse. 

xojben, n4d, mended object, adobar petates... . 

xojbenal, n4f plowed furrow, surco arando. 

xojbenal ta vok*el, nphr:n5 &. ciphr(prep & vn5), plowed 

furrow, surco arando. 

xojlej, n4f path, vereda o senda. 

xojob, n5. sunbeam, rayo del sol 284. 

xojob 'ut 'ok, nphr:n5 of nphr(n4f of n4d). stocking foot peal. 

xojob ch*en, nphr(n of n)5. cave, mine, mina subterrama, 

cueva. 

xojob k*ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. fiery comet, cometa de los que 

echan rayos. 

xojob yan, vphr:n5/pred/ & adv. be transparent, gleam, shine, 

sparkle. (1) rayar el sol. echar rayos 284, (2) relumbrar. 

(3) resplandecer echando rayos. (4) traslucirse conw 

vidrio. (5) trasluciente. 

xojobil, nlf large wide coat without buttons, shirt, st(x:king. 

RML—^In modem TzotzU of Venustiano Carranza, xojil 

is the term for shirt (1) calca 0...41, (2) camisa de 

varon 307, (3) sayo, (4) tejer, uno...333. 

xojobil 'ok, nphr(n4f of n4d), buskin, stocking, (1) calca 

0...41, (2) tejer uno...333. 

xojobil 'ut 'okil, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). stocking foot 

peal. 

xojobil k*ak*al, nphr(n4f of n5). sunbeam, rayo del sol 284. 

xojobil k*obil, nphr(n4f of n3d). glove, guante. 

xojxoj ch'en, nphr(aj & n)5. cave, mine, nuna subterranea, 

cueva. 

'ip xojobil, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f luminous, lumbrosa, cosa que 

echa rayos. 

'och xojob yo' 'oy, cf 'och. 

'och xojobU yo' 'oy, cf 'och. 

toj xojob yan, vphr:adv & nphr(n5/pred/ & aj). luminous. 

lumbrosa. cosa.... 

xok (1) 

xokol 'osil, nphr(aj & n)5. free tune, uninhabited wasteland. 

(1) dia de fiesta. (2) yermo sin casas 183. 

xokol 'osUtik, nphr(aj & n)5. free time, dia de fiesta. 

xok (2) 

xok 'e, nphr(n4f of n4d). tatar. tova de dientes. 

xokU 'eal, nphr(n of n)5. tatar. tova de dientes. 

xok (3) 

xokbaj, iv. snare (deer, lions), enlazar leoms o venados. 

xokbal, n4d. snare, enlazamiento o lazo asi. 

xxokbal bolom. tiger snare, laso de venados 194. 

xxokbal chij. deer snare, laso de venados 194. 

xokbay, tv. snare, enlazar leones... . 

xokbay ba, rv. fall into a snare (person), enlazarse asi. 

xokob, nld. snare, hunting with snares. (1) enlazador asi, (2) 

enlazamiento o lazo asi, (3) laso para venados o tigres. 

tanaon ta xokob. I am hunting wiUi snares now. enlazar 

leones... . 

xokobU, n5. snare. (1) enlazador asi. (2) enlazamiento o... . 

xokobil chij. deer snare, enlazamiento o... . 

xokom, n5. hunter who uses snares, montero o cazador... . 

xokob 

xokob. side, cf xokon. 

xokom 

xokom, n5. alabaster, plaster. RML—Though this is given as 

"alabado," it occurs in colonial Tzeltal, xocom, "alabastro" (Guzman, 1620:15) and persists in modem 

Tzotzil as Uie name of plaster and an unidentified white 

rcKk. yeso 184. 

xokon 

xokon, nlf side, stiteh in the side, dolor la hijado, cf doler. 

xokon 'a'i, vphr:n5 & tv. have a stitch in Uie side, dolor la 

hijada, cf. doler. 

xokon ch'ub, nphr(n of n)5. buttress, poste para sostener. 

xokon na, nphr(n4f of n5). comer of house, esquina de casa. 

xokon-sati, tv(n & tvcpd). look askance, mirar al traves. 

mo axokon-sation! Do not Icxik askance at me! (said to angry 

person). 

xokon-sativan, iv(n & ivcpd). look askance, mirar al traves. 

xokonil, n3d. flank, side, yjada 184. 

xokonil chamel, nphr(n type vn)5. sickness or stitch in Uie side. 

(1) dolor de hijada, (2) yjada, enfermedad 184. 

ta xokon, qphr:prep & -nib. across, detraves. 

xokobil, n3d, side, costado. 

xok' 

xok', n4f grapevine prop, rodrigon para vid. 

xok' ch'ub, nphr(n4f of n5). buttress, supporting post, poste 

para sostener. 

xok'i, tv, prop up (grapevines, ete,), support building with 

posts or butfresses. RML—This perhaps should be read 

xok'in. (1) reparar, (2) rodrigar vides u otra cosa. 

xok*U, n5. grapevine prop, rodrigon para vid. 

*xol 
304 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

*xol, aj. a lot of, abundant, many. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, 

xoghol cop. "exceso en palabras." may possibly be 

related (Gates, 1934b: 141). (1) abundancia. (2) muchos 

en numero o cantidad. 

xon (1) 

xon jolol, nphr(n of n)3d. piUow. (1) almohada. (2) cabecera. 

xoney, tv. prop up by putting stick or stone undemeath. 

almohada. 

xoneyabil te', nphr(n type n)5. wooden prop, almohada. 

xon (2) 

xon. horseshoe, sandal, shoe, cf xan (2). 

xot 

xot, tv. buUd an arch, edificar de boveda. 

xot ba, rv. coU up (snake), encogerse conw... . 

xotan, tv, make arched or round, (1) arquearse o redondearse 

28, (2) redoruiearse asi. 

xotav, n4f arch, doorway, arco de puerta u otra cosa asi. 

xotbil, pp, coded, enroscado asi. 

xotbil vaj, nphr(pp & n)5. ring-shaped bread, rosea de pan. 

xottzaj, iv. become arched or round, redondearse asi. 

xottzajes, tv. make arched or round, redondearse asi. 

xotzan, tv. make arched or round. RML—^This is given as 

ghxotzatzan. redondearse asi. 

xotey, iv. become arched or round, coil. (1) arquearse 0...2S, 

(2) enroscarse la culebra u otra cosa asi. 

xotij, iv. become arched or round. RML—This reading is 

suspect, redondearse asi. 

xotoj ba, rv/ap/. coiled, enroscado asi. 

xotol, n5. arch, doorway, arco de... . 

xotol, aj. arched, coiled, round (bread, hoop). (1) enroscado 

asi. (2) redondo conw roscas... . 

xotol vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. ring-shaped bread, rosea de pan. 

xotot tak'in , nphr(aj & n)5. fron coUar or pUlory. RML— 

Perhaps tiiis adjective should be read xotxot. collar de 

hierro o argolla. 

xototik, n5. arch, vault boveda. 

xototik ch'ubay, vphr:n5 & tv. buUd arches or vaults, edificar 

de boveda. 

xotxot, aj. arched, round (hollow in tiie middle), redondo 

corrw... . 

xotxot tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. crozier, fron collar or ring, metal 

hoop for playing, pillory, pruning-knife, sickle. (1) 

argolla de hierro como quiera, (2) cayado 46, (3) hoz 

podadera. 

xotxot te', nphr(aj & n)5. crozier, wooden ring. RML—^The 

adjective of this and the preceding entry for crozier is 

given as xochot. (1) argolla de palo. (2) cayado 46. 

xotxot vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. ring-shaped bread, rosea de pan. 

jxot-ch'ubayej, agn(tv & vncpd). arch builder, edificador asi. 

jxotvanej, agn. arch builder, edificador si. 

bik'tal xotxot vaj, nphr:aj & nphr(aj & n)5. small ring-shaped 

bread. rosquiUa de esta manera. 

*xu 

*xu, n5. buboes. RML—This same term occurs in colonial 

Tzeltal (Guzmdn, 1620:33). bubas 45, 

xuch' 

xuch*, nle. gum, resin, piteh. (1) goma de arbol, (2) pez. (3) 

recina 296. 

xxuch*al chix-te'. cherry resin, gorrui de... . 

xxuch*al durasno. peach resin, goma de... . 

xuch*, n4e. ink paste, grasa para escribir. 

xuch* chenek' te', nphr:n4e of nphr(n type n)5. mk paste, goma 

para tinta. 

xuch' toj, nphr(n4e of n5). pme resin, turpentine. (1) goma 

de...,(2) recina, (3) trementina. 

xuch*al toj, nphr(natt & n)5. pme torch, tea, pim. 

xuch'ay, tv, mend with pitch (leatiier, wine jug), empegar 

cuero o jarro para vino. 

xuch'aybil, pp, mended with piteh, empegado asi. 

xuch'tik, aj. gummy, gorrwsa cosa. 

laal xuch', s:aj^rep/ &. -n4e. gummy, gomosa cosa. 

*xuko 

*xuko, n5, red ochre, vermilion, RML—In colonial Tzeltal the 

term is xuca (Guzman, 1620:17, 30), It is "lo que se 

suelen poner el rostro las indias" (Gates, 1934b: 142). 

Possibly tiie colonial Yucatec verb xuc. "abrir la 

lumbre," is related (Michelon, 1976:404). (1) almagre, 

(2) bermello. 

xuk' (1) 

xuk'av, n4f, comer, rincon. 

xxuk*av cocina, kitchen comer, 

xxuk'av na, house comer, 

xuk*av ton, nphr(n of n)5, comer of a stone, RML—^This 

appears to be given as xocon ton. but xokon means side, 

canton de piedra. 

xuk*lej, n4f comer, rincon. 

xuk*ubil, n3d, elbow, codo. 

xuk*ultUc, aj. comer, rincon. 

jak*obU ta xuk*ul k*op, cf jak'. 

xuk' (2) 

xuk'ayvan, iv. hiccup, hipar. 

xuk*ayvan ch*ut, s:iv & -n4d. hiccup, hipar. 

xuk*ayvanel, vn5, hiccup, hipo. 

xuk'xonel, vn5, hiccup, hipo. 

xuk*xonet av. hiccup, hipar. 

xuk'xonet ch'ut, s:av & -n4d. hiccup, hipar. 

xul 

xul, nle. small poles for house constmction. varas pequehas... . 

xulav, iv, lay small roof poles, techar. 

xulay, tv, lay small roof poles, make framework with smaU 

poles. (1) envarar con varas pequehas. (2) techar. 

xulbay ba, rv. butt (rams, cows), topar con la cabeza. 

xulub chon, nphr(n type n)5. worm used to cure hemia. 

quebrado petroso. 

xulub tonil, nphr(n type n)5, hemia (one testicle), quebrado 

potroso. 

xup 
NUMBER 31 305 

xupet k'ok', nphr(n of n)5. firebrand, tizon. 

xux 

xux, n5. brown wasp that nests in trees, RML—In modem 

Tzotzil, vub-xux is a eumenid wasp, abispa bermeja... . 

xuxub 

xuxub, n5. whistie. RML—^This is given as xuxon. but occurs 

in colonial Tzeltal as xuxub (Guzm^, 1620:138) and 

persists in tiiis form in modem Tzotzil. silvo. 

xuxubaj, iv. whistie. silvar. 

xuxubajel, vn5. whistie. silvo. 

xuxuban, iv. whistie. silvar. 

xuxubanel, vn5. whistie. silvo. 

xuxubil, n5. whistie. silvo. 

xuxubtay, tv. whistie at. silvar a otro. 

xut 

xut, tv. begin to eat (break bread), break with one's fingers, 

cmmble (bread). (1) encetar. (2) quebrar con los 

dedos... . 

xut, n5. crumb, mendrugo. 

xutbil, pp. crumbled, quebradura asi. 

xutul, aj. cmmbled, last (1) postrero, (2) quebrado asi. (3) 

trasera cosa. 

xutul 'ayan 'u'un, vphr:aj & iv -t- -n4d. postpone, put last 

RML—^The verb is m tiie past tense, posponer 268. 

xutul vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. bread cmmbs. migajas muy menudas 

como rrwlidas. 

xutulil, n4f broken piece, quebradura o pedazo asi. 

xutulil vaj, nphr(n4f of n5). broken piece of bread given to 

beggars, mendrugo. 

xutultas, tv. postpone, put last, posponer 268. 

j-xut, num(num & nccpd)5. broken piece of bread, broken piece 

of bread given to beggars, sUce (bread, melon). (1) parte 

del todo, (2) quebradura asi. 

j-xut vaj, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. a quarter of bread, 

ete. cuarteron de pan. cosa asi 279. 

xut' 

xut*, tv. pinch with the finger or fingers, pelliscar con el dedo 

o dedos. 

xut*el, vn5. pinch, pellisco. 

xut*vanej, vn5. pinch, pellisco. 

xuvit 

xuvit, nle. caterpUlar, maggot or worm infesting meat, cheese, 

ete. (1) guzano de carne...16X1, (2) oruga. gusano. 

xuvit koch, nphr(nle of n5). horsefly maggot oruga. gusano. 

xuvitan, iv, sweU from maggots, oruga, gusano. 

xyax 

xyax-'ich. bee. cf yox (1). 

ta(l) 

ta, prep, from (the city, the garden), wiUi. (1) con instrumento, 

(2) de. de la ciudad..., (3) desdeta 78. 

ta te*. with a stick, con instrumento. 

ta sk*ob. wiUi his hand, con instrumento. 

ta(2) 

ta, tv. find what one was searching for, get, reach, (1) alcanzar. 

(2) hallar lo que buscaba. 

ta 'ajvalel, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. become a lord, ensehorear. 

hacerse Sehor. 

ta 'elk*anel, vphr:tv & vn4f[A]. be easy to steal, hurtible osa. 

ta 'o'lol, vphntv & n5. reach halfway or the middle. (1) medlar, 

hinchar hasta la mitad. (2) mediado asi. 

ta 'okel tzeb, s:tv & n4d[A] & n5. become a fuU-grown gfrl, 

RML—^The verb is in Uie past tense, mosa crecida 225, 

ta 'okel kelmal, s:tv & n4d[P of A] & -n4d, become a 

full-grown boy. RML—^The verb is in the past tense. 

moso crecido 225, 

ta 'olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d. be grievous, entrahable cosa. 

ta tzebal, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. reach maidenhood, edad tener de 

doncella. 

ta k*inal, vphr:tv & -n4d[A]. be of age. edad tener. 

ta k'inal na, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n4d[A]), reach bachelorhcxxi, edad tener de mancebo. 

ta k'inal nupunel, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of vn4d[A]), reach 

marriageable age. edad tener para casarse. 

ta sat, vphr:tv & -n4d. be able to see, see, ver o veer conw 

cuando. 

ta jk*ele mu sta jsat, I am looking, but I don*t see it 

ta ta 'olonton, vphr:tv- & (iphr(prep & n4d[A]), take counsel 

seriously, consejo tomar asi. 

ta ta'ajel, vphntv & vn5. become ripe, madurarse. 

ta tojol 'u'un, vphr:tv & n4f[A] + -n4d. reform, reformar. 

tabeybil, pp. revealed, revelada cosa. 

tabentay k*op, vphr:tv & n5. intmde. RML—In modem 

Tzotzil, tabenta is to have UUcit sexual relations, 

entremeterse sin que lo llamen. 

tabentay tajimol, vphr:tv & n5, intmde in a game, entremeterse 

en el juego. 

tabentay ve'el, vphr:tv & n5. intmde in a meal, entremeterse 

en la comida. 

taobil, n4f instmment for reaching object, alcanzar. 

taoj, n4d. object Uiat is being reached, alcanzar. 

taoj 'olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d. be grievous, become very sick. 

(1) enfermar gravemente, (2) entrahable cosa. 

taot ta 'ik'al moy, vphntv/pass/ + cjphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). 

go blind with pale eyes, cegar teniendo los claros 70. 

taot ta 'uma', vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & n5). grow mute. (1) 

enmudecer 99, (2) enmudecido 99, (3) mudescer. 

taot ta chamel, vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & vn5). get sick. 

enfermar. 

taot ta sal, vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & vn5). become leprous. 

leproso hacerse. 

taot ta tok, vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & vn5). cloud over, 

anublarse algo. 

tavan *a'i, vphr:s(iv/3s/) & tv-. be disgusted with, hastio tener. 

tavan 'a'iel 'a'i, vphns(iv & vn4[0]) & tv. be disgusted with 

the sound of hastio tener. 
306 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tavan 'ilel 'a'i, vphr:s(iv & vn4[0]) & tv. be disgusted by Uie 

sight of, dislike, hate, (1) abominar, (2) hastio tener. (3) 

malquerer. 

tavan 'osil *a'i, vphns(iv & n5) & tv. be disgusted with or 

vexed. (1) enhadarse. (2) hastio tener. 

tavan ba 'a'i, vphr:s(iv & -n4f) & tv-. be bored by. hastio. 

mu ta, vphnneg & tv-. less, smaUer. menor. 

mu jta Pedro. I am smaller than Pedro, 

mu jta Pedro juteb jna' jtuk. I am not as smart as Peter, 

mu tabat, vphr:neg & tv/pass/. be ignored or overlooked. 

pasarse por alto sin sentir o entender. 

mu tabey 'ipal, vphr:neg & -dv & n4d[B]. not be strong 

enough, no poder. 

toj tavan 'a'iel, s:adv & iv & -vn4f be importunate, ymportuno 

sin tiempo...1S5. 

toj tavan 'ilel, s:adv & iv & -vn4f. be importunate, ymportuno 

sin tiempo...1S5. 

ta(3) 

ta, pKincompletive aspect>. shall, wiU. RML—This term is 

not given in a Spanish Usting but occurs tiiroughout tiie 

text. 

ta' (1) 

ta'al, aj. lying down as in bed, lying (wide objects). (1) 

acostado. (2) echado asi. (3) estar echado. (4) yacer. 

estar echado 183, (5) poner cosas anchas. 

ta'an, tv. lay down, make a person lie down, set down (wide 

objects). (1) acostar a otro, (2) echar a otro asi, (3) pomr 

cosas anchas. 

ta'i, iv. Ue down. (1) acostarse, (2) estar echado, (3) 

yacer...183. 

ta' (2) 

ta'aj, iv. be weU-cooked, ripen. (1) madura cosa. (2) 

madurarse. 

mo eta'aj. It is not well-cooked (or) it is not ripe, cojido 67, 

cf cosido. 

ta'ajeb vaj, nphr(n of n)5. oven. horm. 

ta'al, aj. medium-sized, entre grande y chico. 

ta'al 'oy, ajphr:aj & pt. medium-sized, opportune. (1) mediano, 

entre..., (2) oportuna cosa, (3) tiempo oportuno. 

ta'al 'oy eHul. He arrived at a good time, oportuna cosa. 

ta'al 'oy ek'opoj. He spoke at the right time, oportuna cosa. 

ta'al 'oy jk'inal niHul. I arrived at the right time, tiempo 

oportuno. 

ta'al 'oy 'a'i, vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & tv-. be content or satisfied. 

(1) contentar se, parecesele bastante, (2) contento. 

ta'al 'oy 'a'i 'u'un, vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & tv- + -n4d. content, 

satisfy, contentar asi a otro. 

ta'al 'oy 'uch' Ho', vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & tv & n5. drink 

moderately, templado en beber. 

ta'al 'oy k'opoj, vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & iv. speak with resfraint. 

refrenarse. 

ta'al 'oy ve', vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & iv. eat moderately. (1) 

templado en comer, (2) templado ser en comer. 

ta'alta'al 'oy, ajphr:aj & pt. quite a lot. muchos algun tanto. 

ta'an, tv. propose a discussion, proponer platica. 

ta'an k'op, vphr:tv & n5. report, relatar. 

ta'anel k'op, nphr(vn4f of n5). report, relacion. 

ta'luke, aj. Enough! baste ya, cf. basta. 

jta'ajesej, agn. baken hornero u hormra. 

jta'anej-k*op, agn(vn & ncpd). reporter who reports what he 

has heard or seen, relator que relata... . 

'ak* ta'aluk 'a*i, cf 'ak' (2). 

'ak* ta'aluk 'oy 'a'i, cf 'ak' (2). 

joyol ta ta'lej, cf joy (1). 

taiv 

taiv, n5. frost, ice, icicle. (1) carambola, cf carambano, (2) 

elada o hielo, (3) yelo o helada 183, 

taj (1) 

taj ta jech, qphr,-pt & qphr(prep & n5), that (when far off), 

over there, (1) acM//a cuando es lejos, (2) alia. 

taj toe, ptphr(pt & pt), that (when far off), over tiiere, (1) aculla 

cuando..., (2) alia. 

taj (2) 

taj. candle, Ught, radiant, shine, sparkle, torch, cf toj (2). 

tajim 

tajim, tv. make merry, mock. (1) burlar o retosar. (2) retocar. 

tajim, iv. act childish, be merry, mock, play, RML—^Perhaps 

this should be read -tajin as in modem TzotzU, (1) burlar, 

jugar, (2) holgar, bulgar, (3) nihear los nihos. 

tajimol, n5, game, jest, mockery, (1) burla, (2) holganza o 

pasatiempo, (3) juego de pasatiempo. 

tajimol ch*ilom, nphr(n type n)5, mcx:k warfare, juego a 

nuinera de guerra. 

tajimol ch'u, nphr(n type n)5, false gcxi, dios de mentira. 

jtajimol, agn, jester, player, (1) burlon, (2) espaciarse por via 

de recreacion. 

tak (1) 

tak, tv, banish, expedite what has been impeded, send, take 

charge of (1) desterrar, (2) enviar como quiera 97, (3) 

encargarse de algo. (4) espedir lo impedido. 

takbeat, dv/pass/, be granted a request, ympetrar 185. 

takben, n4d. banished person, desterrar. 

takbey, dv. autiiorize, permit, take charge of. (1) encargarse 

de algo, (2) otorgar. (3) permitir. 

takel ta 'ich'el tza, s:nphr(vn4f[S] & qphr<prep & vn5>)/pred/ 

& -n4d. permission, permision. 

taki, tv. administer a law, bequeath, command, excuse, exempt, 

give permission, notify, order, wam. RML—Perhaps this 

should be read tak'i. (1) dispensar. (2) ley dar 194, (3) 

licencia que..., (4) licencia, licencia dar. (5) mandas 

asi, cf maruiar, (6) mandar el superior, (1) requerir 

corrw amonestando. 

ejtaki Pedro ta xch'ayel sk'op dios. I excused Peter from 

prayers, dispensado. 

ejtaki te ta tzakiel bek'et. I permitted him to take meat. 

dispensar. 

takibU, pp. excused, exempt, dispensado. 

takibil ta xch'ayel ch'uivej. excused from prayers. 
NUMBER 31 307 

takibil ta xch'ayel yabtel. excused from work. 

takibU vinik, nplir(pp & n)5. person who has been granted a 

privilege, privilegiado 271. 

takiej, vnld. command, legacy, order, permission one gives, 

precept for Uvmg, town law, (1) ley 194, (2) licencia que 

se me da, (3) manda de testamento, (4) mandamiento asi 

del que manda, (5) regla de vivir. 

takiej 'ojov, nphr(vn4d of n5), privilege, law, privilegio o ley 

para alguno 271, 

'oy stakiej 'ojov. He is granted a privUege, 

takiel, vn4d, order or permission one receives. (1) licencia 

que..., (2) mandamiento que se recibe. 

nesk'anbey stakiel. He asked for permission. 

takivan, iv. administer a law, command, order. (1) ley dar 194, 

(2) mandar el superior. 

takivanej, vn5. permission, licencia. 

takoj, n4d, person being banished, desterrar. 

takultay, tv, push, shove, RML—In mcxiem Tzotzil the verb 

is takolta. (1) empujar, dar, (2) rempujar. 

takultay vanej, vn5, shove, *But note that when we say he gave 

me a shove they say he shoved me once, he shoved me 

twice, j-yalel nestakultay. cha'-yalel nestakultay. empujon. 

jtak'-Hun, agn(vtv & ncpd). messenger, porta cartas, mensajero. 

'ep takiej, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. imperious person. RML—Lit. 

"he orders a lot." mandon que mucho rruinda. 

tak (2) 

takes vaj, nphr(x & ncpd). biscuit (bread cooked twice), stale 

bread. RML—^Perhaps tiiis should be read taki-vaj. (1) 

endurecido asi. (2) vizcocho. pan dos veces cocido. 

taki-'uk'um, n(aj & ncpd)5. dry canal or streambed. (1) 

acequia. cuando rw lleva agua, (2) rio seco. 

taki-batel, vn(aj & vncpd)5, emaciation, Uiinness. enfiaquecimiento. 

taki-jobel, n(aj & ncpd)5. dry grass, seca cosa. 

taki-na, n(aj & ncpd)5, dry house, secura. 

taki-te', n(aj & ncpd)5. dead tree, seca cosa. 

taki-ti'U, n(aj & ncpd)5. dryness of tiiroat, tiifrst. (1) secura 

de el que ha sed (2) sed gana de beber. 

taki-tontik, n(aj & ncpd)5. dry sfreambed. rio seco. 

takij, iv. be drained, dry off or out, grow hard or stale (bread), 

witiier. (1) agotarse 12, (2) endurecerse el pan. (3) 

enjugarse 121, (4) enjugado 121, (5) marchitarse, (6) 

marchita cosa, (1) secarse. 

takijel, vn5. dryness, drought. (1) secura, (2) sequedad. 

takijel 'osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). drought, sequedad. 

takijes, tv. dry, dry before the fire. (1) enjugarse 121, (2) 

secarse, (3) secar al fuego. 

takijesbil, pp. dried, enjugado. 

takijesbil higo, nphr(pp & n)5, dried fig. higo adobado. 

takin, aj. dry. (1) enjugado 121, (2) seca cosa, (3) secura. 

takin 'osil, nphr(aj & n)5. dry season, abona tiempo. 

takin-bat, iv(aj & ivcpd). grow thin, enfiaquecer. 

takin tz*usub, nphr(aj & n)5, raisin, paso, fruta. 

takin ti', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d, be Uifrsty, thfrst, (1) sed (2) tener 

sed. 

takin vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. lean person, enjuto hombre 121, 

takinal ti', nphr(n4f of n4d), dryness of tiiroat, thfrst, secura 

de el que ha sed. 

takupal 

takupalil, n3d, body, cuerpo. 

tak' 

tak', tv, reply, want, *Commonly it is used in the negative, (1) 

querer, (2) responder. 

mu la stak'. They say he doesn't want to, querer. 

mu stak* batel. He doesn*t want to go. querer. 

tak* 'ech'el ta jom, vphr:tv & nphr(vn5 & qphr<prep & n5>). 

be navigable, navegable cosa. 

tak' 'eUc'anel, vphr:tv &. vn5. be easy to steal, hurtible cosa. 

tak' 'ilel, vphr:tv & vn5. be legible or visible. (1) leible cosa, 

(2) visible 350. 

tak* 'umel, vphr:tv & vn5. be easy to swaUow. sorbible cosa. 

tak' Ukesel, vphr:tv & vn5. be movable, movible cosa. 

tak' nikesel, vphr:tv & vn5. be movable, movible cosa. 

tak' p'asojel, vphr:tv & vn5. be navigable, navegable cosa. 

tak'av, iv. reply, serve as a responder in Uie Mass. (1) 

administrar respondiendo como en la misa. (2) replicar. 

(3) responder. 

jtak'avel, agn. responder in the Mass. administrador asi. 

jtak'beyej-misa, agn(vn & ncpd). acolyte, monacillo. 

mo tak', vphr:neg & tv-. not wish, refuse. (1) no querer. (2) 

rehusar. 

mu tak'bey, vphr:neg & -dv-. deny or refuse a request negar 

lo pedido. 

tak'in 

tak'in, n5. bell, cauldron, copper fetters, gold coin, kettie, fron, 

money, wfre. *Because Uiefr metal is copper they 

distinguish it from that of Spain saying "black metal," 

"white metal," "yellow metal.** (1) alambre. (2) caldera. 

(3) campana, (4) dinero, (5) hierro absolute, (6) moneda, 

(1) pieza o moneda de oro. 

tak'in, n4e. metal ring, miU wheel, syringe. (1) armella, (2) 

rodezno de molino, (3) triste ayuda, cf clistel. 

tak'in, nle. steel for striking ffre wiUi a flint eslabon. 

tak'in chak nam-te'U, nphr:n4e of nphr(n4f of n<aj & ncpd>5). 

metal tip of walking stick, regaton de baculo 288. 

tak'in chak xenob tak*in, nphr:nphr(n4e of n40 of nphr(n type 

n)5. metal socket of a lance, regaton de lanza. 

tak'in chukobil 'okil, nphr:n type nphr(n4f of n5). fetters. 

grillos. 

tak'in jach'ub, nphr(n type n)5. carding bmsh. peine de 

ardador. 

tak'in jotz'obil voy caballo, nphr4d:nphr(n5 type n4f) of 

nphr(n4d of n5). hoof parer. pujavante. 

tak'in peso, nphr(n4e of n5). weight for scales, pezo para 

balanza. 
308 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tak'in xojob k'ob, nphnn5 type nphr(n4f of n4d). gauntiet 

marwpla, armadura. 

tak'in xojobU k'obil, nphr:n5 type nphr(n4f of n5). gauntiet 

manopla, armadura. 

'ik'al tak'in, cf 'ik'(2). dorada cosa. 

'utzil sakil tak'in, cf 'utz. 

k'anal tak'in, cf k'on. 

k'anal tak'm tomin, cf k'on. 

p'inal tak'in, cf. p'in. 

sakU tak'in, cf sak. 

'oy tak'in, s:n5/pred/ & -n4e. gUded. dorada cosa. 

tal 

tal, iv. come, come to the aid of acudir. 

tal vayel ta sat s:iv & vn5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). be sleepy. 

soholiento. 

talel, dr, towards, up tiU now, yet. hasta aqui o hasta 

ahora... . 

mo jna' talel, I don't know it yet, 

talel, vn4d, blood relationship, condition, custom, instinct, 

style, sumame. (1) apellido, (2) condicion, (3) costumbre, (4) estilo o costumbre, (5) ynstinto natural 188, 

(6) parentesco por sangre. 

'utz stalel. He is well-mannered, costumbre. 

junjun jtalel jchi'uk Pedro. Peter and I are of tiie same blood. 

parentesco por... . 

k'usi cha'leybU atalel achi'uk Pedro? How are you related 

to Peter? parentesco por.., , 

Hech jtalel, I am like tiiis,/<?rma o manera. 

talel, vn4f natural law, nature, (1) ley natural 194, (2) natural 

cosa. 

talel 'osU, nphr(vn4f of n5). nature, natura o naturaleza cosa. 

talel tza, nphr(vn type n)4d. common sense, razon ruitural. 

talel p'ijil, nphr(vn type n)4d[lp]. common sense, razon 

natural. 

talel ta 'olonton, nphr:vn5 & ciphr(prep & -n4d). knowingly, 

will. (1) corazon 64, (2) a sabiendas. 

talel ta 'olonton 'a'i, vphr:nphr(vn5 & c[phr<prep & n4d[A]>) 

& tv-, hear approvingly or with pleasure, oir consintiendo o... . 

talel takiel, nphr(vn4f of vn5). natural law, ley natural 194. 

taltal, iv. approach, allegarse. 

taltales, tv. make approach, allegarse. 

jtalel-batel, agn(dr & drcpd). restiess person, ynquieta cosa 

188. 

tam 

tam, tv. fmd (lost object as money, feathers), pick out or up (as 

when tiiey pick up grains on the ground). (1) coger 

alzando...54, (2) escoger como..., (3) hallar cosa 

perdida... . 

tam ta 'olonton, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4d). remember, 

remember frequently, (1) acordarse, (2) remembrarse. 

tam ta chikin, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & -n4d), report news to. 

noticia dar a alguno... . 

tam tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f cost costar. 

tambeat 'u'un dios, vphn-dv/pass/ -•- qphr(n4d of n5). have 

divine revelation. RMI^-The verb is in tiie past tense. 

revelacion. 

tambey ta 'olonton, vphr:-dv & qphr(prep & n4d[B]). reveal, 

revelar. 

tambeybU, pp. revealed, revelada. 

tamol, nld. choice, object picked up from Uie ground, 

recovered object (1) cojer alzando...54, (2) recogimiento asi, (3) hallada cosa perdida. 

tamolaj, iv. find (lost object as money, feathers), pick up from 

tiie ground. (1) cojer alzando...54, (2) escojer como..., 

(3) hallar cosa... . 

tamolajel, vn5. choice, object picked up from tiie ground, 

recovered object, escogimiento asi. 

tamtamuk dios ta 'olonton, s:iv/subj/ & n5 & qphr(prep & 

-n4d), remember God frequentiy, acordarse. 

tamtetamte-k'opoj, iv(av & ivcpd), make a muddle of 

reasoning or words, enzalada hacer de razones o 

palabras 115. 

tamvanej dios, nphr(vn4d of n5). divine revelation, revelacion 

divina. 

jtam-'unen, agn(tv & ncpd), midwife, partera que ayuda a 

parir. 

jtamanej, agn. person who chooses or picks up object from the 

ground, revealer, escogedor asi. 

jtambevanej, agn, revealer. revelador. 

jtamvanej, agn. person who chooses or picks up object from 

the ground, revealer. (1) escogedor asi, (2) revelador. 

likeb tambU k'op, cf lik. 

tan(l) 

tan, n5. ash, lime, (1) cal, (2) ceniza, cal 70. 

tan. n4e. mortar, argamasa. 

'utz stanil. It is gcxxl mortar, mezcla para asentar piedra o 

adobes 222, 

taniab, n5, mask (once used during the sacrifices and wom by 

those who once kept tiie idols), RML—^This is given as 

ham cam and tam cam, but in colonial Tzeltal as ghtaniab 

(Guzmdn, 1620:128), Perhaps these were plaster masks. 

(1) caratula otra manera..., (2) mascara de...l4. 

tanibey, dv. scatter, rebatiha. 

tanibeoy 'unetUc! Scatter the chUdren! 

tanibU *pok'om, nphr(pp & n)5. whitewashed waU. pared 

encalada. 

tanibU *pok'omtik, nphr(pp & n)5. whitewashed waU. pared 

encalada. 

tanil na, nphr(natt & n)5. parish house, perrochia. 

taniv, iv, whitewash, encalar absolute. 

tanivej, vn5. whitewash, encalamiento asi. 

tanivU, n5. whitewasher. encalador asi. 

'utz tan, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. good mortar, mezcla para 

asentar... . 

*tan (2) 
NUMBER 31 309 

*tanay k'op, vphr:tv & n5. uitmde. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, 

-taruiy na is to "entrar en casa de otro" (without being 

invited) (Guzm^, 1620:79). entremeterse sin que lo 

llamen. 

•tanay tajimol, vphniv & n5. intmde in a game, entremeterse 

en el juego. 

*jtana-tajimol, agn(tv & ncpd). intmder in a game, entremetido 

asi. 

*jtana-ve'el, agn(tv & ncpd). intmder at a meal, entremetido 

asi. 

tana 

tana, n5. now, while, ahora. 

tana 'oy xive' xatal xabat! While I am eating come and go! 

mientras. 

tanaon ta xanbal xapas! Do it while I am on the trip! 

mientras. 

tanaon ta ve'el xabat! Go while I am eating! mientras. 

tana to, nphr:n5 & pt now, stUl, (1) ahora, (2) aun ahora 22, 

tana to 'ayan, vphr:nphr(n5 & pt) & iv, be current, presente 

cosa. 

tas 

tas, tv, drag, filch, take a pledge of security for a debt, (1) 

arrastrar, (2) prendar por pena. (3) sosacar. (4) traer 

porfuerza. 

tas, nlf benchcloth or any cloth that object is placed on. (1) 

poyo para sentarse, (2) repostero o paho que se tiende. 

tas 'ik*, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. breathe in smoke or perfume, inhale, 

soplar para dentro corrw... . 

tas-'ik*i, tv(tv & ncpd), scent, sniff oler como... . 

tas 'olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d, be near death, RML—Occurs as 

stasoj kolonton. rruilo estar casi a la muerte 206, 

tas ba, rv, keep one*s distance, retraerse alejandose algo. 

tas ve'el, vphr:tv & -n4d[A], filch food, sosacar. 

tasal, n4d. ally, blood relationship, friend, genealogy, Imeage, 

parish or tribe of origin, surname. (1) allegados amigos. 

(2) apellido, (3) casta. (4) linaje, (5) parentesco por 

sangre. (6) perrochia. 

junjun jtasaltik. We are of Uie same lineage, parentesco 

por.... 

tasal biU, nphr(n4f of n5), lineage name, renombre de linaje. 

tasal k*op, nphr(n type n)5. faction, baruio 345. 

tasaltasal, n4f herd by herd, Uned up, orderly. (1) concertado 

asi por ringlera. (2) manada a manada. (5) ordenadamente. 

tasaltasal viiUcilel, nphr(n4f of n4d), lunb by Umb, miembro a 

miembro. 

tasay, tv, line up, concertar asi algo. 

tasay ba, rv. Une up. concertarse por ringlera. 

tasbey, dv. filch, take a pledge of security for a debt. (1) 

prendar por..., (2) sosacar. 

tasbey ve'el, vphr:-dv & n5. filch food, sosacar. 

tasey, tv/pass/. pledge security for a debt prendar por... . 

tasi, tv. cover with a cloth, poyo para sentarse. 

tasley-k'optay, tv(lv & tvcpd). deceive with fafr-seeming words 

or manners, engahar con palabras... . 

tasob ch'ojon, nphr(n of n)5. rope for pulling beams, soga 

para arrastrar vigas. 

tasob clavos, nphr(n of n)5. pUers. tenazas. 

tasobil clavos, nphr(n4f of n5). pliers, tenazas. 

tastas na, nphr(aj & n)5, haU, sala. 

tastonet k'u', s:av & -n4d, fraUing skirts, haldas que arrastran. 

tastonet pok', s:av & n5. fraiUng skirts, haldas que... . 

tasvan ta p'olmal, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). resell, regatear 

288. 

jtas-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd), wheedler. sosacador asi. 

jtas-tak'in, agn(tv & ncpd). pilferer of money, sosacador asi. 

jtasal-k'op, agn(n «fe ncpd). head of a faction, bandero. hombre 

de bando 345. 

jtasol, agn. pUferer. sosacador asi. 

jtasol-man, agn(n & tvcpd). huckster, regaton, el que revende 

288. 

jtasol-manvanej, agn(n & vncpd). huckster. (1) regaton, 

el...22S, (2) regaton. 

jtasol-ve'el, agn(n & vncpd). pUferer of food, sosacador asi. 

jtasvanej, agn. pilferer, sosacador asi. 

jtasvanej ta p'olmal, agn:vn & qphr(prep & ncpd). huckster. 

(1) regaton, e/...288, (2) regaton. 

j-tasal, num(num & nccpd)4f flcx;k of bfrds. nubada de aves. 

tos, n4d. lineage, linaje. 

j-tos, num(num & nccpd)5. flock, herd, kind, nation, parish or 

tribe of origin. (1) casta, (2) especie. (3) majada o hato 

de ganado, (4) manada de ganado, (5) nacion de gentes 

o manada, (6) nubada de aves, (1) perrochia o tribu de 

donde proceden. 

j-tos 'antzil cabaUo. a herd of mares, yeguada de yeguas 183. 

j-tos tux-nok' chij. a herd of sheep. (1) hato vacas u ovejas, 

(2) majada o... . 

j-tos vacas. a herd of cattie. (1) hato de..., (2) majada o... . 

j-tos ch'ilom, nphr:num(num & nccpd) of n5. squadron. 

escuadron, batalla. 

j-tos j'antzU ti', nphr:num(num & nccpd) of agn(natt & ncpd). 

garrison, guarnicion de gente. 

j-tos jyabutU, nphr:num(num & nccpd) of agn. division or fUe 

of soldiers, garrison, squadron. (1) escuadron, batalla, 

(2) guarnicion de gente, (3) haz, batalla ordenada, (4) 

hueste de gente 344. 

j-tos ta 'antzU ti', nphnnum(num & nccpd)5 & qphr(prep & 

nphr<natt & n>5). army in campaign, hueste de gente 

de guerra. 

j-tos ta jyabutil, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & ciphr(prep & 

agn). army in campaign, hueste de gente de guerra. 

j-tos ta vinik, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & ciphr(prep & n5). 

genealogy, province. (1) genealogia, (2) provincia. 

j-tos yabutil, nphr:num(num & nccpd) of n5. army. RML— 

Perhaps yabutil should be read jyabutil. hueste de gente 

344. 

tat 

tat coagulate, curdle, muddy, murky, rain cloud, rennet, tiiick. 
310 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

cf tot (1). 

taza (Sp.) 

taza, n5. cup. *They only used gourds before. (1) taza 327, (2) 

vidriada cosa. 

ch'ulul taza, cf ch'ul. 

te(l) 

te, n5. then, there. RML—^This term is given always in the 

manuscript as tey and perhaps should have remained so. 

(1) entonces, (2) helo alii, 

te ta'al. lying tiiere. helo alii, 

te va'al lume. standing over there, helo alii, 

te no 'ox, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). where once, donde antes, 

te yo' 'oy ba'yie, nphr:n5 & s(pt & pt & aj/pred/ —). where 

once, doruie antes. 

te(2) 

te, pt tiie, that, to. RML—^In modem Tzotzil this is ti. que. 

dijele que mirase. 

ekalbey te 'utzuk sk'ele. I told him to look. 

te(3) 

te, art tiie. RML—^This term is not given a Spanish entry, but 

can be found scattered throughout die text. It corresponds 

to the Modem Tzotzil // and ti. 

te' 

te', n5. lever, pole, tree, wcxxi, (1) arbol, (2) madera, (3) 

palanca, (4) palo. 

te' yo' majey vinik, nphnn5 & s(pt & tv/pass/ & n5). piUory. 

picota. 

te' nuk', nphr(n4f of nld). nape, neck, pescueso o cerviz. 

te'-*xochtay, iv. stiffen (corpse). (1) yerto pararse el muerto 

183, (2) yerto asi. 

te'el, n4f house framework, miU wheel, plant stem (when 

sturdy). (1) maderarruento, (2) rodezno de molino, (3) 

tallo de yerba. 

ste'el coles, cabbage stock, tronco de bersa o cardo. 

te'el, n4d. hobble (for horses, ete.) tranco de bestia. 

te'el, nc. huncfred weight (seed), sementera o sembradura... . 

te'el aceite, nphr(n4f of n5). olive free, olivo. 

te'el 'on, nphr(n4f of n5). avocado tree, madroho, la fruta.... 

te'el bul, nphr(natt & n)5. chess, juego de ajedrez. 

te'el tz'usub, nphr(n4f of n5). grapevine stock, vid, parra o 

cepa. 

* te'el chol, nphr(n type n)5. widower, RML—^This same term 

occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:31). In modem 

Tzotzil one can say cholol ta 'o'lol be ikom, Ut, He was 

left lined up in the middle of the road, i.e.. He was left 

an orphan, homeless and penniless, viudo. 

*te'el-cholay, iv(n & ivcpd). become a widower. (1) enviudar 

el hombre 98, (2) enviudada 98. 

te'el ch'uj, nphr(n4f of n5). cochineal cactus, grana. 

te'el jolob, nphr(n4f of n4f). loom, telar. 

te'el k'o, nphr(n type n)5. wooden bridge, puente de maderas. 

te'el limas, nphr(n4f of n5). sweet Ume free, lima, arbol. 

te'el limones, nphr(n4 of n5). lime free, limon. 

te'el lo'bol, nphr(n4 of n5). fruit tree, fruta, arbol. 

te'el makum, nphr(n4f of n5). mulberry free, moral, arbol. 

te'el membriUo, nphr(n4f of n5). quince tree, membrillo. 

te'el naranjas, nphr(n4f of n5). orange tree, naranjo, arbol. 

te'el patil, nphr(n4f of n3d). loin. lonw. 

te'el peras, nphr(n4f of n5). pear free, peral. arbol. 

te'el pom, nphr(n4f of n5). beehive, colmena. 

te'el pomtUc, nphr(n of n)5. apiary, colmenar. 

te'el ta bUc'tal te', nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). 

half a peck (half a celemin), medio celemin. 

te'el ta muk'ta te', nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). 

half a hundred weight (half a fanega). media fanega. 

te'el vmik, nphr(n type n)5. freedman. libre. 

te'om, nla. warp. (1) rasa o veta...2S3, (2) trama de tela, (3) 

urdiembre. 

te'te' vmUc, nphr(aj & n)5. cmel person. RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal, tete vinic is "apitonado" (Guzman, 1620:22). 

In modem TzotzU of Venustiano Carranza this phrase 

means a liar, cruel. 

te'te'U, nld. buUymg, cmelty. RML—In colonial Tzeltal teted 

is "inumanidad" (Guzman, 1620:114). (1) bravear. (2) 

crueldad. 

te'te'U vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. cmel person, cruel. 

te'te'ub, iv. become cmel or furious. RML—^In colonial 

Tzeltal,-teteubon. is "encruelecerse" (Gates, 1934b: 171). 

(1) airarse. (2) encruelecerse. 

te'tUc, n5. forest, grove, uninhabited wildemess, woods. (1) 

arboleda. (2) bosque. (3) yermo sin casas 183, (4) rmnte. 

te'tUdl, n5. savage, wUd. (1) montahes, cosas ilustres. (2) 

salvaje. 

te'tikil chitom, nphr(natt & n)5. peccary, puerco de monte. 

jabali. 

te'tikil lo'bol, nphr(natt & n)5. wild fmit. montahes, cosas... . 

te'tikil vinik, nphr(natt & n)5. forest dweller, montahes. 

cosas... . 

te'ub, iv. stiffen (corpse), yerto pararse el muerto 183. 

'ip te'te'U, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. fierce, impatient, merciless. (1) 

brava cosa. (2) ympaciente no sufrido 185, (3) ynhumanidad 188. 

'unen te', cf 'unen. 

bik'it te', nphr(aj & n)5. smaU pole, palo pequeho. 

bik'tal te', nphr(aj & n)5. bmshwood for an oven, small pole. 

(1) hornija. cf horniga, (2) palo pequeho. 

j-te'el, n(num & nccpd)5. half a hundred weight (fanega), 

measure of seed to be planted, medida. 

laal te'te'U, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. furious, airado. 

toj te'te', vphr:adv & aj/pred/. furious, airado. 

tek (1) 

tekel, n4d. Uneage. linaje. 

tekel lum takiej, nphr:nphr(n of n) type vn. town law. ley de 

pueblo 194. 

tekeltekel, n4f herd by herd, marwda a manada. 

teklej, n4d. parish, perrochia. 

ta San Pedro jteklej. My parish is San Pedro, parroquiam 

ser. 
NUMBER 31 311 

jteklej, agn, parishioner, parroquiano ser... . 

jteklejon ta San Juan, I am a parishioner of San Juan, 

'ox-tekel, num(num & nccpd)4e, a thfrd, tercera parte. 

j-tek, num(num & nccpd)5, different herd, kind, lineage, 

nation, other, tiling, type (clotiimg, friar). (I) de otra 

natura, (2) especie de cosas, (3) genero de cual quiera 

cosa, (4) linaje, (5) manada de ganado, (6) manera 

corrw..., (1) nacion de gentes o maruida, (8) otras 

cosas, (9) una cosa. 

j-tek j-tek no 'ox te kolo' espase. He only did one thing 

wrong, urui cosa. 

kalbeyoxuk j-tek k'op. I am going to teU you one thing, una 

cosa. 

j-tek tzobbilej vacas, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of nphr(n4d 

of n5). herd of cattie. rebaho de ganado. 

j-tek k'ulej, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5, town, pueblo. 

j-tek lum, nphr.num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. town, pueblo. 

j-tek ta 'osU, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & qphr(prep & n5). 

province, provincia. 

j-tek ta lum talel, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 &. qphr(prep & 

n5) & dr. foreign, de fuera de el pueblo y extrangero. 

j-tek ta lumal, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & qphr(prep & n5). 

provmce. provincia. 

j-tek ta vinik, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & qphr(prep & n5). 

province, provincia. 

j-tektek ba, m(num & nccpd). resemble, semejarse. 

j-tektek pasel, s:num(num & nccpd)/pred/ & -vn4f resemble. 

sermjarse. 

j-tekuk, num(num & nccpd)5. different, de otra ruitura. 

muk'ta j-tek lum, cf muk'. 

*tek (2) 

*tekan, tv. pUe. RML—^Perhaps these entries belong to the 

preceding root amontonar. 

* tekel, aj. piled, amontonada. 

*tekel tal, vphr:n4f[S] & iv. crowd towards, crowd in. 

anwntonados venir entrar. 

*tekey, iv. pile up. RML—^This is given as -tequiy. amontonarse. 

tekpan (N.) 

tekpan, aj. generous. RML—tekpan is a loan from Nahuati 

meaning palace, yra/ico, liberal. 

tekpan k'op, nphr(aj & n)ld, elegant speech, habla asi. 

tekpan-k'opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd), speak elegantly, hablar elegantemente. 

tekpan viruk, nphr(aj & n)5. generous person, gentleman, 

dadivoso. 

tekpanijel, vn5. generosity, franquesa. 

tekpanil, nld. gift, generosity, nobUity. (1) dadiva, (2) 

franquesa. (3) nobleza. 

tekpanil-k*opoj, iv(n & ivcpd). speak eloquentiy. RML—^This 

is given as xetupanelcopogh. elocuentemente hablar. 

tekpanil vinik, nphr(n type n)5. generous person, franco. 

liberal. 

tek' 

tek', tv. grind more, kick, pursue closely, step on, stuff, 

summon, trample underfoot. (1) acosar o pisar mucho, 

(2) apercibir, (3) cosear 54, (4) hollar, (5) nwler algo 

mas. (6) patear. hollar, pisar, (1) pisada con los pies, 

cf pisar, (8) recalcar, (9) trompellar. 

j-yalel nestik*. He kicked me once, cose 54. 

tek* 'ixim, vphr:tv & n5. tiiresh com. trillar. 

tek* ba, rv. mate (bfrds). (1) saltar el animal macho..., (2) 

tomarse las aves. 

tek* xokob, vphr:tv & nld. faU into snare, enlazarse asi. 

tek* ta nojesel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). stuff in by 

stepping on. hinchar algo recalcando. 

tek*ben, n4d. trampling, holladura. 

tek*ben 'ok, nphr(n4f of n4d). footprint, rastro por sehal... . 

tek*bil, pp, kicked, summoned. (1) apercibidos, (2) pateada 

cosa o pisada. 

tek'bil nojel, s:pp/pred/ & -vn4f be made to swell by stepping 

on and stuffmg in. henchido, lleno asi 174. 

tek'bil nojes, vphr:pp & tv-. make sweU by stepping on and 

stuffing in. hinchar algo recalcando. 

tek'ek'tik lok'es, vphr:aj & tv-. thin out (lettuce, trees). 

entresacar como lechugas... . 

tek'ek'tik lok'esbU, ajphr:aj & pp. thinned, entresacado asi. 

tek'eltek'el lok', vphr:n4f[S] & iv. be thinned out RML—The 

verb is in the past tense, entresacado asi. 

tek'eltek'el lok'es, vphr:n4f[0] & tv-. thin out entresacar 

como... . 

tek'eltek'el lok'esbU, vphr:n4f[S] & pp/pred/. thinned, entresacado asi. 

tek'ey 'ixim, s:iv & n5. be tiireshed (com), trillar. 

tek*leb 'ok, nphr(n4f of n4d). footprint, patada o huella. 

tek*lej, nc. foot (measure), pie. medida. 

tek*ob tz'usub, nphr(n of n)5. winepress where grapes are trod. 

lugar do pisan uvas 192, cf lagar. 

tek'ob tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. stirmp. estribo de silla. 

tek'obal, n5. stafr. grada para subir. 

tek'obU 'ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). threshing floor, era donde 

trillan. 

tek'obU xonobU, nphr(n4f of n5). sole, suela de zapato. 

tek'tek'-'ak', tv(tv & tvcpd). force on. forzar 144. 

tek'tonet 'ok, s:av & -n4d. stamp loudly, patear, hacer 

estruendo. 

tek'ulan, tv. stamp loudly, patear, hacer... . 

tek'van, iv. kick, pursue closely, step, step on, trample 

underfoot (1) acosar o pisar mucho, (2) cosear 54, (3) 

hollar, (4) patear, hollar, pisar, (5) pisada con los pies, 

cf pisar. 

tek'vanab tz'usub, nphr(n4f of n5). winepress where grapes are 

frod. lugar do... 192, cf lagar. 

tek' tz'unubil, nphr:n(num & nccpd) of n. transplanted 

seedling, postura de plantas. 

tel 

tel toj, nphr(x type n)5. pine. *It has a needle like romero and 

I Uiink it is a sabino. pino, otra, especie. 
312 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

telton-ta sUc, vphr:av & qphr(prep & n5). shiver with cold. 

aterido temblar. 

tem 

tem, n5. bed. canui. 

tem, nle. barbecue, platform, tablado como quien quiera o 

barbacoa. 

tenal te'el tem, cf ten. 

voob temal tak'in, cf vo (1), 

ten 

ten, tv, conceal anger or grief, hurl, pound, stone, throw (stone), 

(1) apedrear, (2) arrojar conw piedra. (3) encubrir el 

enojo o pena, (4) majar. (5) tirar piedra. 

ten, n5. granary, *Commonly a hut silo para guardar trigo. 

ten 'ixim, nphr(n4e of n5). granary. (1) silo para..., (2) troje 

de pan 342. 

ten ba ta pat caballo, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). 

tUt juego de cahas. 

ten bola, vphr:tv & n5. bowl, bolear. 

ten ch'ay, vphr:tv- & tv-. despise, disesteem, throw down. (1) 

abatir algo o echarlo a mal. (2) echar a mal o como 

quiera arrojando. 

ten tak'in, vphr:tv & n5. hammer as on the anvil, martillar 

como martillan en la fr agua. 

ten-te', vn(tv & ncpd)5. bowling, juego de bolas. 

ten te', vphr:tv & n5. bowl.yugar a los bolos. 

ten toj, nphr(x type n)5. pine. *It has a needle like romero and 

I think it is sabino. pino, otra especie... . 

tenal te', nphr(aj & n)5. board, tabla. 

tenal te'el bul, nphr:nphr(aj & n)4f of n5. gameboard, tablero. 

tenal te'el tem, nphr:nphr(aj & n)4f of n5, bottom of a bedstead, 

tablado. 

tenal-te'i, tv(aj &, tvcpd). plank, entablar algo. 

tenal-te'ibU, pp(aj & ajcpd). planked, entablado. 

tenal vob, nphr(aj & n)5. monochord. manucordio 227, cf 

monocordio. 

tenav, n4f plain, llanura. 

tenay, tv, level, store in a granary, (1) allanar. (2) encerrar en 

troje. 

tenbil, pp, hammered, thrown down. (1) abatir algo..., (2) 

apredreado. (3) martillado asi. 

tenbil ta pat caballo, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d 

of n5>). thrown in a tilt, juego de cahas. 

tentzaj, iv. become level, allanar. 

tentzajes, tv. level, allanar. 

tenel, aj. flat. (1) allanar. (2) liana cosa. 

tenel te', nphr(vn4f & n5). bowling, juego de bolas. 

tenlej, n4f flat land, large valley, plain. (1) raso. cosa liana. 

(2) valle grande. 

tenlej 'osil, nphr(n4f of n5). flat land, liana. 

tenlej jobel, nphr(n4f of n5). field, meadow. (1) campo. (2) 

prado. 

tenlejil, n4f plain, llanura. 

tenob, n5. hammer, majadero con que majan. 

tenob tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. blacksmiUi's hammer. (1) majadero 

con..., (2) martillo para aquello. 

tenob te', nphr(n of n)5. hammer or rammer (wiUi which to ram 

or wound), pison o martillo... . 

tenobaj, iv, stone, Uu-ow stones. (1) apedrear, (2) arrojar conw 

piedra, (3) tirar piedra. 

tenobU, n4f blacksmiUi's hammer, hammer or rammer (witii 

which to ram or wound), mortar. (1) majadero con..., 

(2) martillo para..., (3) mortero, (4) pison o... . 

tenobU tak'in, nphr(n4f of n5). blacksmiUi's hammer, rmjadero con... . 

tenobU te', nphr(n4f of n5), disk, tejo. 

tenoj, n4d. object being thrown, abatir algo. 

tenten, aj, flat, liana. 

tenulan, tv, pound, majar. 

tenvan, iv, stone, apedrear. 

jten-'ek'el, agn(tv & ncpd). blacksmith, herrero. 

jten k*anal tak*in, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd. goldsmith.p/arero 

que labra oro. 

jten p'inal tak'in, agn:tv & nphr(natt & n)cpd. tinken 

calderero. 

jten sakil tak'in, agn:tv & nphr(natt & n)cpd. sUversmitii. 

platero. 

jten-tak'in, agn(tv & ncpd). blacksmith, person who strikes or 

wounds another with a hammer or rammer, tinken (1) 

calderero. (2) herrero. (3) majadero con..., (4) pison 

o... . 

jten-te', agn(tv & ncpd). bowler, yw^ar a los bolos. 

jten-tomm, agn(tv & ncpd). coin maker, monedero. 

jtenvanej, agn. person who strikes or wounds another with a 

hammer or rammer, pison o... . 

bUc'tal tenel te', nphr:aj & nphr(aj & n)5. tablet, tablilla. 

j-ten, num(num & nccpd)5. throw a stone, pedrada. 

j-ten 'oy (or) teno j-tenuk (or) j-tenuk teno! Throw a stone 

at him! 

ta 'ut lum ten, s:qphr(prep & nphr<n4f of n5>)/pred/ & n5. 

underground granary for wheat silo para... . 

tenam (N,) 

tenam te*, nphr(n of n)5, stockade. RML—^The Nahuati word 

tenamitl means city wall, albarrada. 

tenam ton, nphr(n of n)5. town wall. (1) albarrada, (2) muro 

del pueblo. 

tenam-tonibU j-tek lum, nphr:pp(n & tvcpd) &. nphr(n<num & 

nccpd> of n)5. waUed town, villa o pueblo cercado. 

tenkex 

tenkex, aj. calamitous, vile. RML—^This reading is suspect. 

The term was given variously as tenquex, teruiuix, and 

henquex. but in colonial Tzeltal, tenquex vinic is 

"grosero." and tenquex cop is "necedad" (Gates, 

1934b: 171). In modem TzotzU, tinkix vinik is a man in 

tattered clotiiing. (1) astroso. (2) desventurado. ' 

tenkex pasnej, nphr(aj & n)4d. impudence, mcedad. 

tenkex xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. vice, vicio. 

tenkex vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. coarse person, material persorui. 

tenkexil, n4f calamity, vice. (1) desventurado, (2) vicio. 
NUMBER 31 313 

tenkextik, aj, vile, astroso. 

tenkextUc pasel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f rough work, material cosa. 

terciopelo (Sp,) 

terciopelo, n5. velvet terciopelo. 

testamento (Sp,) 

testamento, n5, wUl. testamentario. 

tz*akubtasel testamento, cf tz'ak. 

testigo (Sp.) 

testigo, n5. witness, testigo. 

ti 

titij, iv, fall (leaves, fruit), faU out (hafr), sacudir. 

titin, tv. shake, sacudir. 

ti' 

ti', tv. eat meat fish, mushrcx)ms or beans, peck, sting (wasp), 

taste. (1) comer carm. pescado. seta, frijoles. (2) gustar. 

(3) picar. (4) picar conw avispa con aguijon. 

ti'an! Taste iti gustar. 

ti', n4d. big-lipped mouth, blubber Ups. (1) beso 39, (2) hocico 

como boca. 

ti', nld. offer, proposal, manda. 

'ep ti'e mu sta ta sti'. He makes many offers, but he does 

not carry them out. 

ti* ba, rv. be restiess (horse), rifar caballos. 

ti' ba *pen, nphnnphr(n of n)4f of nld, shinbone, (1) canilla 

del pie, (2) espinilla de la pierrui. 

ti' ba *penil, nphr:nphr(n of n)4f of n5, shinbone. canilla del 

pie. 

ti' bail, nphr(n of n)3d. forehe&d. frente de la cabeza. 

ti' k'u'ul, nphr(nlf of n3d). edge of clothing, hem, orilla de 

vestidura. 

ti' likeb, nphr(n of n)5, dcxir, puerta por do entranws o salimos. 

ti' lok'ebal, nphr(n4f of n5), door, puerta por... . 

ti' muk'ta nab, nphr:nlf of nphr(aj & n)5. beach, seacoast 

orilla de mar. 

ti' mut, nphr(n4d of n5), beak, bill, pico de ave. 

ti' na, nphr(n of n)lb, door, facade, porch. (1) portada de 

casa, (2) puerta por... . 

ti' nab, nphr(n of n)lf beach, seacoast orilla de mar. 

ti' nanatUc, nphr(n of n)lf outskfrts, town gate. (1) puerta 

del..,, (2) salidas de pueblo. 

'utz lok'el ta ti' nanatik yo' 'oy (or) 'utz sti' nanatik. It has 

good outskirts, salidas de... . 

ti' nanatikU na, nphr:n5 of nphr(natt & n)5, suburb, arrabal. 

ti' nanatiJcU te'tUc, nphr:n5 & nphr(natt & n)5, shady grove, 

solo. 

ti' pat na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5), back door, postigo. 

puerta tras casa. 

ti' pok*, nphr(n of n)5, braid, sash, trena o trenza. 

ti' pok', nphr(n of n)lf edge of scarf orilla de paho. 

ti' sik, nphr(n of n)5, smaU roof jutting out from Uie wall to 

shelter people from the rain, cobertico de las casas... , 

ti* frompeta, nphr(n4f of n5), end of a tmmpet, trompa de 

trompeta. 

ti' Ho', nphr(n of n)lf bank or edge of any body of water. 

ribera de cual quiera agua. 

ti'bentik, aj, badly stung, picada, cosa de muchas picaduras 

asi. 

ti'baj, iv, eat meat, fish, mushr(X)ms or beans, comer carne... . 

ti'bol, n5, broth, food (meat, fish, mushrooms, beans), (1) 

caido. (2) comida de esta manera. 

ti'il, n3b, edge, end (board, table). Up, (1) borde de cual quiera 

cosa. (2) cabo ofin..., (3) estremidad (4) labio. 

ti'il Hun, nphr(n4f of n5), book margin, margen de libro. 

ti'inej ba tak'av, vphr:rv & iv. reply repeatedly or shamelessly. 

responder desvergonzadamente o mucho. 

ti'ol, nld. despafr, detestation, scom. (1) desesperacion. (2) 

menosprecio asi. 

ti'ol k'op, nphr(n type n)ld. curse, detestation, scom. (1) 

maldicion. (2) menosprecio asi. 

ti'olaj, iv. be anxious, afiigirse interiormente. 

ti'oltas 'osU, vphr:tv & n5. despafr. desesperar. 

ti'oltas ba, rv. despafr, desesperar. 

ti'oltay, tv, blaspheme, curse, detest, scom. (1) rruildecir 

alguno, (2) merwspreciar como destestando y abominando, (3) renegar, blasfemar. 

ti'oltay dios, vphr:tv & n5. forsake God. renegar de Dios. 

ti'oltaybU, pp. cursed, detested, scomed. (1) maldito, (2) 

menospreciada. 

ti'oltayvanej, vn5. curse, maldicion. 

jti'iej-k*op, agn(vn & ncpd). prophet, profeta, varon o muger. 

jti'ol-k*op, agn(vn & ncpd). blasphemer, maldecidor asi. 

jti'oltayvanej, agn. blasphemer, maldecidor asi. 

'ip ti' 'ok', vphr:adv & tv & n4d[A]. be quarrelsome, rencilloso 

295. 

ta ti', qphnprep & -n4d. honor, decoro. 

ta jti'. on my honor. 

•titz 

•titzaajel nojel, nphr(n4f of n4f). brimful. RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal tiie verb -titz-tzaagh means "allanarse" (Gates, 

1934b: 101). arrasado asi. 

•titzil nojel, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. brimful. RML—^The same 

adjective occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:24). 

arrasado asi. 

tienda (Sp.) 

tienda, n5. store, tendero que vende en tienda. 

jchabi-tienda, cf chab (3). 

tij 

tij, tv. bump or knock into, compare, frighten, hammer, hit or 

wound lightiy, intimidate, touch wiUi stick, stone or 

anything other Uian hands, warp (cloUi). (1) comparar, 

(2) espantar a otro o amedrantarlo, (3) golpear o herir, 

(4) herir una cosa con otra, (5) martillar, (6) tocar con 

palo..., (1) tropezar, (8) urdir tela. 

ejtij tak'in ta jjol. I bumped my head on the bell, golpe darse 

en... . 

ejtij ton ta jjol. I bumped my head on a rock, golpe darse 

en... . 

tij 'olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d. be grievous, entrahable cosa. 
314 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tij ba, rv. bump mto (door), knock against or touch each other 

(sticks, stones, ete.). (1) herirse unas cosas con otras, 

(2) junto con otra cosa tocandose, (3) tocar con palo..., 

(4) toparse en... . 

tij ch'ajnul vob, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n5). play a guitar, taher 

vihuela. 

tij campana, vphr:tv & n5. ring a bell, taher vihuela. 

tij ni' 'olonton, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n4d[A]). beat one's 

breast, tocar con palo... . 

tij ta "alel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). mention, name. (1) 

mencion hacer de alguno, (2) mentar, (3) nombrar. 

tij ta 'alel bi dios, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & vn5) & nphr(n4d of 

n5). swear, jurar, corrw... . 

tij ta majel ta k'ob, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5) & qphr(prep 

& n4d[A]). strike with one's fist herir con el puho. 

tij ta martiUo, vphr:tv- & (iphr(prep & n5). hammer, martillar. 

tij tak'in, vphr:tv & n5. ring a beU. taher campana. 

tij ti' na, vphr:tv & nphr(n of n)5. knock on tiie door, llamar 

a la puerta. 

tijbU, pp. hammered, warped (cloth). (1) martillado, (2) urdida 

tela. 

tijtzaj, iv. approach. (1) acercarse. (2) juntar. allegar o 

acercar. 

tijtzajes, tv. bring near, acercar algo. 

tijel, vn4d. comparison of person, comparicion a que me 

comparan. 

jtijel. comparison of me. 

tijil, aj. near, next to. (1) acerca o cerca. (2) junta, cosa asi o 

cercana. 

tijUon. I am near, 

tijluyel, vn5. fright. RML—This is given as cighluyel. espanto. 

tijob, n5. hammer, martillo. 

tijobU, n4f hammer, martillo. 

tijub 'e, s:iv & -n4f become dull (knife). RML—This also 

occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:178). rebotar 

lo agudo. 

tijubtas, tv. thicken (very thin knife blade tiiat is fortified by 

adding metal to it). RML—In colonial Tzeltal this is 

-tighubtes (Guzman, 1620:180). redoblar. 

tijulan, tv. hammer, martillar. 

tijulan 'ok, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. tramp loudly, patear. hacer 

estruendo. 

tijulanbU, pp. hammered, martillado. 

tijulanvanej, vn5. beU-ringing, repiques asi. 

j-tij, num(num & nccpd)5. blow, fist blow, hour, o'clock. (1) 

apuhear. (2) golpe. (3) hora del dia 241. 

jtij-lak'in, agn(tv & ncpd). bell ringer, campanero. el que tahe. 

jtij-vob, agn(tv & ncpd). timbrel player, panderetero que lo 

tahe. 

jtijvanej, agn. warper of cloth, urdidor. 

ta tijel tijulan campana, vphr:qphr(prep & vn5) & tv & n5. ring 

a beU. repicar campana. 

tijeras (Sp.) 

tijeras, n5. scissors, tijeras. 

tik 

tUdaj lok', vphr:iv & iv, leave quickly as from a church or 

school, RML—This term persists in modem Tzotzil, but 

refers more to a speedy departure foUowing a quarrel, 

salir aprisa conw... . 

tiklajel kok'el, nphr(vn5 & vn5), quick exfr, RMI^I n colonial 

Tzeltal, ticlaghan loc is "salir aprisa corm los nihos de 

la escuela" (Guzman, 1620:191), salida aprisa. 

tik' 

tUc', tv, insert push in witii one's feet, (1) embutir. (2) embutir 

o recalcar con los pies. 

tUc* jolob, vphr:tv & n4d[A], tiirow Uie warp across the woof 

trama de tela. 

tik*bil, pp, kicked, stuffed, frampled, (1) pateada cosa o pisada. 

(2) rellena cosa. 

tik*bil ch'ich', nphr(pp & n)5, blood pudding, nwrcilla. 

tik'bil nojel, s:pp/pred/ & -vn4f be made to sweU by stepping 

on and stuffing in. henchido. lleno asi 174. 

tUc'bil nojes, vphr:pp & tv-. make sweU by stepping on and 

stuffing in. hinchar algo recalcando. 

tUc'bil ta tek'el, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & vn5). frampled 

on.pateada cosa... . 

tik'U k*op, nphr(aj & n)5. brevity, brevedad. 

tUc*ton, av. move about, swarm, hormiguear. 

tik'obU chu'uy, nphr(n4f type n5). pillowcase, funda conw de 

almohada. 

tU(l) 

tU, iv. bum witii flames, flame up, light. (1) alumbrar el 

fuego. (2) arder haciendo llama, (3) llamas echar. 

tUes, tv. enrage, stfr the ffre (causing flames), atisar y... . 

tUet, av. bum wiUi flames, flame up, shine, sparkle. (1) arder 

haciendo..., (2) lustre salir asi de la cosa. (3) llamas 

echar, (4) relumbrar, (5) resplandecer. 

tUetel, vn4f. radiance, resplandor. 

tUilet, av. flame up, shine. (1) lucir, resplandecer 202, (2) 

llamas echar. 

tUluj, av. shine, lucir, resplandecer 202. 

tUtonet, av. shine, lustre salir asi de la cosa. 

'ip tUet, vphr:aj & av. be radiant, resplandeciente. 

til (2) 

tilch'uj, iv. slip, unravel. (1) delesnarse, (2) resbalar o 

delesnar. 

tUch'ujebal, n5. slippery place, resbaladero. 

tUch'un, tv. unravel, delesnarse. 

tUp'uj, iv. come undone, soltar lo pesado. 

tUp'un, tv. undo, soltar lo... . 

tilde (Sp.) 

tilde, n5. tilde, tilde en la escritura. 

tim 

timulan, tv. play a guitar, taher vihuela. 

tin 

tinet 'Uc', s:av & n5, be stormy, tempestad hacer. 

tinet Ho*, s:av & n5, be stormy, tempestad hacer. 
NUMBER 31 315 

to 

to, n5. black fUnt (with which they make razor blades), (1) 

navaja de barbero, (2)pedernal negro... . 

toca (Sp.) 

toca, n5. woman's headdress or hcxxi. toca de muger. 

tocmo (Sp.) 

tocino, n5. bacon, tocino. 

tojd) 

toj 'utz, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. magnificent. RML—Perhaps Uiis 

root should be merged with toj (3) and possibly (2) as 

weU. real cosa y muy buena. 

toj batz*i muk* tuk, vphr:adv & adv & aj/pred/ + n4d[S] be 

much bigger, mayor mucho 205. 

toj-jayaub, iv(aj & ivcpd). become emaciated, enfiaquecer. 

toj jelav, vphr:adv & iv. be much bigger, mayor muchos 205, 

toj jun, nphr(adv & num5), entfre, whole, entera cosa. 

toj-laj, iv(aj & ivcpd). become emaciated. (1) enfiaquecer, (2) 

enfiaquecido. 

toj-lajes, tv(aj & tvcpd). emaciate, erflaquecer a otro. 

toj lek*-ti', cf lek'. 

toj-lub, iv(aj & ivcpd). become exhausted. (1) cansarse, (2) 

cansado. 

toj-lub 'u'un, vphr:iv(aj & ivcpd) -i- -n4d. exhaust cansar a 

otro. 

toj-takij, iv(aj & ivcpd), become emaciated, enfiaquecer. 

toj te', ajphr:adv & aj, barren, sterile, esteril hombre, hombre 

0 muger. 

toj te'te', cf te'. 

toj tuk, nphr:adv & -n4d. he himself, el mismo. 

toj Ha', nphr:adv & n5. he himself, (1) el mismo. (2) eso 

mismo 130, 

mu toj 'a'i, vphr:neg & adv & tv-, not understand weU, 

entender no muy bien. 

toj (2) 

toj, n5, pine, torch, (1) hacha de tea para alumbrar, (2) pino. 

tojtik, n5. pine forest piruir, lugar de pinos. 

tzajal toj, cf tzoj. 

tajley, tv. light up person witii a torch or a candle, alumbrar 

alguno con tea o candela. 

tajley yan, vphr:iv & adj. be transparent, light, shme, sparkle. 

(1) alumbrar la candela o sol, (2) relumbrar, (3) 

resplandecer, (4) traslucirse corrw vidrio, (5) trasluciente. 

tajley yan toj, s:iv & aj & n5. torch, hacha de tea para 

alumbrar. 

tajleyabil, n4f candle, candela. 

'ip tajley yan, vphr:adv & iv & aj. be radiant, cf toj (2). 

resplandeciente. 

toj (3) 

toj, tv. pay one*s debt in full, reward, tip. (1) galardonar el 

servicio, (2) gratificar, (3) satisfacer por la deuda. 

toj, nc. payment paga, como... . 

toj 'abtel, vphr:tv & -n4d. eam. ganar trabajaruio. 

toj jom, vphr:tv & n5. charter a ship, fletar navio. 

toj-ti*i, tv(n & tvcpd). predict, prophesy. (1) adivinar, (2) 

ahorar a otro. (3) prorwsticar. 

toj-ti*i 'u'un, vphr:iv(n & tvcpd) + -n4d, predict pronosticar. 

toj-ti'ibU, pp(n & ajcpd), foretold, prophecied, adivinado. 

toj-ti*iel, vn(n & ncpd)4d, prophecy received, adivinanza con 

que ha adiviruido. 

toj-ti*ivan, iv(n & ivcpd), prophesy, adivinar. 

toj-ti*ivanej, vn(n & ncpd)Id, prophecy given, adivinanza 

lo... . 

toj ve*el, vphr:tv & n5. pay one's share for a feast, escotar. 

tojel, vnld. corporal punishment, fine, merit payment of debt, 

punishment, tip. (1) galardon asi, (2) merecimiento, (3) 

pena de dinero o castigo, (4) pena corporal. 

tojey, tv/pass/. eam wages in war. sueldo ganar asi. 

tojey ta ch'ilomal, vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & n5). eam wages 

in war. sueldo ganar asi. 

tojob, iv. be able to fix, behave with mcxiesty and pmdence, 

reform. (1) consertarse lo mal puesto o hecho, (2) 

enderesarse, (3) mesurarse. 

tojob, iv. be married or reformed. RML—This is in the past 

tense. (1) concertar asi algo, (2) enmendada cosa asi 99. 

tojob muUl, nphr(n of n)5. purgatory (place where one's sins 

are paid for after this life), purgatorio, lugar do... . 

tojobel, vn5. equality (tme weight), ygualdad 184, 

tojobes, tv, correct (person, writing), fix, prepare, reform, 

restore to former shape or beauty, set right, (1) concertar 

asi algo, (2) corregir reprendiendo. (3) enmendar 

escritura 99, (4) enderezar algo, (5) reducir a su forma 

o hermosura. 

tojobes 'olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A], make one's confession. 

corfesar. 

tojobtas, tv. cleanse, correct (person, writing), dress (beam), 

fix, harmonize (discordant music), hear confession, level, 

make even, obstmct evil, polish, prepare, purge, reform, 

remedy, restore to former shape or beauty, shape, 

straighten with one's hands (beam), tune (musical 

instmments). (1) adericar. (2) adericar con la mano..., 

(3) aparejar. (4) concertar asi algo. (5) corregir 

reprendiendo, (6) enmendar escritura 99, (7) entonar 

canto desacordado, (8) formar. reducir a cierta forma, 

(9) ygualar cosas llaruis 184, (10) nivelar, (11) ulir 266, 

(12) purgar o limpiar, (13) reducir..., (14) remediar 

corrw..., (15) templar ynstrumentos de musica. 

tojobtas 'a'i ta muk'e, vphr:tv- & tv[A=A of tojobtas] & 

qphr(prep & aj), level, nivelar. 

tojobtas 'olonton, vphntv & n4d[A]. make one's confession. 

corfesar. 

tojobtas pasnej, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. regulate one's life, reglar 

asi. 

tojobtas te'el, vphr:tv & -n4f build, lay beams (carpenter). 

fabricar o asentar madero el car pintaro. 

tojobtasabU, n4f polisher, pulidero para pulir 266, 
316 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tojobtasabU 'olontonU, nphr(n4f of n5), confession, confesion. 

tojobtasabU pasnej, nphr(n4f of n4d), precept for living, regla 

de vivir. 

tojobtasbey 'olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. hear confession. 

corfesar, oir pecados. 

tojobtasbil, pp. reformed, enmendada cosa asi 99. 

tojontasel 'olontonU, nphr(vn of n)5. confession, concertar 

algo. 

tojol, n4f agreement or freaty, exactiy, meaning, temper 

(metal). (1) justamente. (2) significacion. (3) temple asi. 

'ak'o yich' stojol avu'un! Give it temper! temple asi. 

mo stojoluk te xak'ane (or) mo stojoluk te xavale (or) mo 

stojoluk te xch'akeb ak'ope. You do not offer me a good 

agreement or treaty, partido o concierto. 

mu to eyich' stojol. It is not yet tempered, temple asi. 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo: 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

tojo 

, n4d. right, sfraight, derecho estar... . 

, aj, ingenuous, modest, protected by tiie lord, straightforward. (1) nwdesta cosa. (2) privado de algun sehor. (3) 

simple, cosa sin dobles. 

'aboltay, nphr:-n4f & s(iv/subj/). be worth crying over. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, ser digno de llorar. 

'abtel, nphr(n4f of n4d). wage, ganar trabajando. 

'ak'el Hun, nphr:n4f of nphr(vn4f of n5). postage, porte 

de cartas. 

'(x:hel Hun, nphr:n4f of nphr(vn4f of n5). postage, porte 

de... . 

'olonton, nphr(aj & n)5. pmdence, vfrtuousness. (1) 

prudencia, (2) virtuoso. 

'osU, nphr(n4f of n5). good govemment. regimiento, 

corrw... . 

'oy, vphr:-n4d/pred/ & pt. be honorable, proper, right or 

worthy, deserve, justiy, worthily, (1) dignamente, (2) 

digrw ser, (3) merecer. (4) propio oflcio ser de algo. (5) 

razon tener. 

'oy 'ok'etayuk, s:n4f/3s/pred// & pt & s(iv/subj/), be 

worth crying over, digno de ser creido. 

'oy ch'uuneyuk, s:n4f/3s/pred// & pt & s(iv/subj/). be 

worthy of beUef digno de... . 

'oy k'exel, s:n4f/3s/pred// & pt & -vn4f be worthy of 

respect, honrable. cosa digna de honra 240. 

'oy xi'eyuk, s:n4f/3s/ & pt & s(tv^ass//subj/). be worthy 

of respect honrable. cosa...240. 

tza, nphr(aj & n)5. pmdence. prudencia. 

tzaijel, nphr(aj & vn)5. pmdence. prudencia. 

ch'ub, nphr(aj & n)5. sfraight waU. pareja pared. 

jom, nphr(n4f of n5). ship passage, pareja pared. 

k'anal tak*in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. carat of gold. 

quilate de oro. 

k*op, nphr(aj & x)5. modesty, poUteness, reasonableness, 

straightforwardness. (1) mesura. (2) modesta cosa. (3) 

razonable cosa, (4) simple, cosa sin dobles. 

k*opoj, vphr:-n4f & iv. speak tmUifuUy. verdadero en lo 

que dice. 

-k*opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). explain, distinguir razones. 

tojol muibel, nphr(aj & vn)4f tme glory, gloria verdadera. 

tojol pasojel ta jom, nphr:n4f of nphr(vn5 & qphr<prep & 

n5>). ship passage, pasaje, precio. 

tojol p'is, nphr(n4f of n5). tme weight ygual peso o medida 

184. 

tojol-xanav, iv(aj & ivcpd). Uve honestiy. bivir honestamente. 

tojol xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. poUteness, straightforwardness. 

(1) mesura. (2) simple cosa... . 

tojol xi'el, nphr(n4f of vn4f). worthy of respect, honrable. 

cosa... . 

tojol ta yabutU, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). wage eamed in 

war. sueldo en la guerra. 

tojol ve*el, nphr(n4f of nld). share in payment of feast. (1) 

escote en el comer. (2) escote mio. 

tojol ve*el, nphr(aj & n)5. abstinence, diet dieta, templanza. 

tojol vitz, nphr(aj & n)5. mountain pass, puerto de monte. 

tojol vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. faithful, frank, honest, loyal, modest, 

polite, tme, virtuous or worthy person. (1) digna persona, 

(2) el que esta puesto en alto estado 131, (3) fiel cosa, 

(4) leal. (5) llano en conversacion, (6) mesurado. (1) 

nwdesta cosa. (8) honesta cosa 240, (9) verdadero en 

lo que dice. (10) virtuoso. 

tojol vokoltas, nphr:-n4f & s(tv/subj/)-. be worth crying over. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, ser digno de llorar. 

tojolU, n3b. honesty, merit, price, rent, reward, tme weight or 

size, wage, wage eamed in war, value. (1) estimar. lasar 

o apreciar. (2) ygualdad, (3) merecimiento, (4) honestidad 240, (5) pension por alquiler, (6) premio. galardon 

de buena obra. (1) salario. (8) soldada. (9) sueldo en la 

guerra. 

tojolU ta 'abtel, nphnn5 & qphr(prep & n5). wage, jornal, 

precio de trabajo. 

tojolin 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. make a profit, ganar. ganar en 

la mercaduria. 

tojoltasbU, pp. rewarded, premiado asi. 

tojoltasey, tv/pass/. be rewarded. RML—^The verb is in Uie 

past tense, premiado asi. 

tojoltojol, n4f distmctiy. distintamente. 

tojoltojol ve', vphr:-n4f & iv. restrain self at meals, refrenarse 

en la comida. 

tojoluk, n4d. right, straight derecho estar... . 

toj vanej, vn5. payment of debt satisfaccion de la deuda. 

jtoj ti'iej k*op, agn(n & vn & ncpd). diviner, prophet. 

pronostico. 

jtoj-ti'iel, agn(n & vncpd). prophet, pronostico. 

jtoj-ti'ivanej, agn(n & vncpd). diviner, prophet. (1) adivino. 

(2) profeta. varon o muger, (3) pronostico. 

jtojobtasej-p*is, agn(vn & ncpd). person who gives tme weight 

or measure, fiel de los pesos o medidas. 

jtojobtasvanej, agn. corrector (of unspecified subject), enmendador absolute sin decir de que 99. 

jtojobel, agn. person who setties disputes, enderesador. 

jtojobesvanej, agn. person who setties disputes, enderesador. 

jtojobtasej- , agn(vn & ncpd). corrector of . 
NUMBER 31 317 

enmendador asi...99. 

jtojobtasej-'olontonil, agn(vn & ncpd). confessor (priest). 

corfesor. Padre. 

jtojol 'uch' Ho*, agn(aj & tv & ncpd). moderate driiUcer. 

templado en beber. 

jtojol-tza, agn(aj & ncpd). pmdent person, prudente. 

jtojol-tzainom, agn(aj & ncpd). discreet or pmdent person. (1) 

prudente. (2) prudente o discreto ser. 

jtojol-ve'el, agn(aj & vncpd), moderate eater, templado en 

comer. 

'ich* tojol 'u'un, cf 'ich'. 

'oy tojol, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be more valuable, mas valer. 

'oy tojolU, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f be justified or reasonable (anger). 

saha con causa o razon. 

mo 'oyuk tojol, s:neg & n5^red/ & -n4f be cheap, barato. 

mo 'oyuk tojoUl, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4f be unjustified or 

unreasonable (anger), saha sin porque o sin razon. 

mo tojol ve'eluk, vphr:neg & nphr(aj & vn5)/pred/. gluttony, 

guia. 

mo tojoluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. evil, false, inconvenient, 

troublesome. (1) ynconveniente cosa que rw conviene 

186, (2) mala y falsemente. 

mo tojoluk, vphr:neg & -n4f/pred/. sinister, unjust (1) ynjusta 

cosa 188, (2) siniestra cosa. 

mu tojoluk bat, vphr:nphr(neg & -n4f) & iv. be squandered or 

wasted, disiparse 89, 

mo tojoluk xanbal, s:neg & n4f[3s]^red/ & n5, looseness of 

manners and morals, disolucion. 

mo tojoluk xanbaluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/ & n5. looseness of 

manners and morals, disolucion. 

ta tojol, qphr:prep & -n4b. among, towards. (1) entre algunos. 

(2) hacia. preposicion 166, (3) hacia ti 166, (4) hacia 

aquel 166. 

ta jtojol, towards me, hacia mi 166, 

ta stojol Tzekil. towards Mexico City, hacia Mexico 166. 

ta stojol slok'eb k'ak'al. towards the east, hacia do sale el 

sol 166. 

ta stojol yut na (or) ta stojol yutil. towards the mside of the 

house, entre algunos. 

ta stojol yutil. towards the inside, hacia dentro en casa 66, 

ta stojol xinch'oketik 'oy 'antzetUc, Women are among tiie 

men. hacia dentro 166. 

ta tojol, qphr:prep & -n4d. belong to, own. poseer. 

ta tojol 'ak'ol, qphr:prep & nphr(n4f of n5). upwards, hacia 

arriba 166. 

ta tojol 'atey, vphr:qphr(prep & -n4d) & tv/pass/. be a partner 

of, belong to. (1) parcionero, (2) pertemcer, (3) poseer. 

ta tojol bat 'olonton, s:qphr(prep & -n4f) & iv & -n4d. be 

favorably disposed to. ynclinarse. aficionarse a alguno 

186. 

ta tojol lok', vphr:qphr(prep & -n4f) & iv, spring from, manar 

algo de otra cosa. 

toj tojol, vphr:adv & -n4f/pred/. even, ygual asi 184. 

toj jtojobesvanej, vphr:adv & agn5/pred/. fafr or just person. 

justiciero. 

yo' 'oy tojol, qphr:pt & pt & -n4f towards, hacia, preposicion. 

yo' 'oy tojol 'olon, qphr:pt & pt & nphr(n4f of n5), downwards, 

hacia abajo 166, 

yo* 'oy tojol 'olon, qphr:pt & pt & nphr(n4f of -n4f). 

downwards, hacia abajo 166. 

Hech 'ak' tojol, cf Hech. 

Hech 'epal tojol, cf Hech. 

tok (1) 

tok, n5. cloud, fog, mist, (1) anublarse el tiempo. (2) niebla 

absolute. (3) nidje. 

tok 'a'i, vphr:n5 & tv, be cloud-covered or filmy, RML—^The 

verb is in the past tense, nublada cosa o dahada asi. 

tokal te', nphr(aj & n)5, bummg of underbmsh. RML—In 

modem TzotzU this term refers to the large trees left 

standing, quemar debajo. 

tokal-te'i, tv(aj & tvcpd). bum beneath the trees as when they 

bum thickets for com fields, leaving the large trees 

standing, quemar debajo. 

tokal-te'ivanej, vn(aj & vncpd)5. burning of underbmsh. 

quemar debajo. 

tokavej, vn5. burning of underbmsh. RML—^This term also 

occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:174). quemar 

debajo. 

toktik, n5. cloudy, anublarse el tiempo. 

'ip tok, s:aj/pred/ & n5, foggy, hacer niebla 165, 

naka tok 'ayan, cf naka. 

tok (2) 

tok, pt, also, too, (1) y. (2) tambien. 

mo no 'ox,, ,tok, ptphr(pt & pt & pt.,, & pt), neitiier, not either, 

tampoco. 

mo no 'ox jk'an tok. I do not want it either. 

mu...tok, ptphr(pt...pt). neither, not either, tok. 

mu jk'an tok. I do not want it either, tampoco. 

tok' 

tok', iv. spurt mearse de miedo. 

xtok' jk'ab ta xi'el (or) xtok' jk'ab yu'un xi'el. I am pissing 

with fear, 

tok'on 

tok'on, aj. ripe, madura cosa. 

tok'oy 

tok'oy, n5. wUlow. RML—^In mcxiem Tzotzil this refers to 

Salix bonplandia and 5. chilensis. (1) sauce, (2) vimbre 

o mimbre. 

tok'oytik, n5. wUlow grove. (1) sauudal, cf saudal, (2) 

vimbreral, saucar. 

tom 

tom-sim, aj(aj & ncpd). mucous-covered, mocoso, lleno de 

mocos. 

tomal, n4f cabbage or thistie stock, tronco de bersa o cardo. 

tomol sim, nphr(aj & n)5. mucous-covered, rrwcoso, lleno... . 

tomin (Sp.) 

tomin, n5. coin, moneda. 

ton (1) 
318 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

ton, n5, rock, stone, piedra. 

ton, nld, egg, huevo 344, 

ston choy, fish egg, 

ston mut, bfrd egg, 

ston tuluk*, chicken egg, 

ton 'atz*am, nphr(n4e of n5), hard salt deposit on bottom of 

evaporation pots, sal negra. 

ton 'apon, nphr(n type n)5. smaU bubo, encordio pequeho. 

ton bek', nphr(n type n)5, walnut, walnut sauce. (1) nogada, 

(2) nuez. 

ton ch'ameb k'ok', nphr:n of nphr(n of n). sulphur. *But this 

is not the proper name for sulphur, but for anything 

which makes the ffre Ught quickly, piedra azufre. 

ton-ch'utuy, iv(n & ncpd). feel stuffed, ahitarse. 

ton-ch'utuyel, vn(n & ncpd)5. feeling stuffed, ahito. 

ton-ch'utuyelon. I feel stuffed, 

ton-kok, agn(n & ajcpd). befuddled, stupid. (1) rebotado asi, 

(2) ruda, cosa de ingenio. 

ton-kokib, iv(n & ivcpd). be befuddled, rebotarse en el 

entendimiento. 

ton-kokil, n(n & ajcpd)If befuddlement, stupidity. (1) 

rebotadura asi o torpeza de entendimiento, (2) rudesa 

asi. 

ton-kokil, aj(n & ajcpd). befudcUed. rebotado asi. 

ton k'anal tak'in, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5. gold nugget. 

grano de oro. 

ton-sati, iv(n & ivcpd). stay awake aU night (unable to sleep). 

trasnochar. desvelarse... . 

ton tuluk'U vaj, nphr:nphr(n of natt) type n5. Easter cake. 

hornazo. 

tonal ch'ub, nphr(natt & n)5. stone wall, pared de piedra. 

tonal na, nphr(natt & n)5. fortress, castillo. 

tonal tak'in, nphr(natt & n)5. gold coin, pieza o momda de 

oro 261. 

tonib, iv. become obstinate, harden (bread, mud). (1) 

empedernerse o endurecerse el pan o lodo. (2) endurecerse, obstinarse. 

tonib 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. become hard-hearted or persistent 

in one's demands. (1) empedernecerse el corazon..., (2) 

empedernido asi. 

tonil, n4f rocky ravine. RML—This is given as ghtonil. 

quebrado potroso. 

tonUil, n3d. testicle. (1) compahon, (2) turma de animal. 

tonin, iv. lay an egg. (1) endurecerse, obstinarse, (2) ovar las 

aves o pescado, (3) poner huevos las gallinas. 

tonm tuluk', s:iv & n5. laying hen. gallinaponedera. 

toninab, n4f nest egg. nidal, huevo del nido. 

toninom, n5. animal tiiat is laying eggs. ovar... . 

toninom choy. fish laying eggs, 

toninom tuluk'. hen laying an egg. 

tontik, n5. gravelly or rocky place, caxcajar 52. 

tontik, aj. rough, fragosa cosa. 

tontikil 'osil, nphr(natt & n)5. rocky place, pedregal, lugar de 

piedras. 

tonton, aj. solid, maciza cosa. 

tonton-net', tv(aj & tvcpd). pack tight pressing wiUi the hand. 

RML—Perhaps tius should be read tonton-bet'. tupir 

apretando con el puho... . 

tonton-tek*, tv(aj & tvcpd). pack tight pressing wiUi tiie foot 

tunir recalcando con el pie. 

tonton-tik', tv(aj & tvcpd). pack tight pressmg with fist or stick. 

tupir apretando con el puho... . 

jtoninom, agn4d. animal diat is laying eggs. ovar... . 

'ik'al ton, cf 'ik' (2). 

'ip ton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. rocky, stony, pedregoso. 

'utzil tzajal ton, cf 'utz. 

'utzil ton, cf 'utz. 

bUc'tal ton, nphr(aj & n)5. gravel. (1) cascajo, (2) ripia de 

piedra. 

tzajal ton, cf tzoj. 

mo 'oyuk tonil, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. castt-ated. capar. 

ton (2) 

tonet, av. have Uiimpets sound. RML—^This is given as xtohet. 

sonar las trompetas. 

tontonet, av. trill (earthen jar, phial), gorgoritas hace la redoma 

o botija. 

tontonetel, vn5. triU. gorgoritas asi. 

torno (Sp.) 

tomo, n5. lathe, torrw para tornear. 

tos 

j-tos. army, (Uvision, flock, garrison, genealogy, herd, kind, 

Imeage, nation, province, squadron, tribe, cf tas. 

tot (1) 

tot, aj. muddy, thick. (1) enturbiada cosa o turbia, (2) espeso. 

tatal, n4b. muddiness, thickness. (1) enturbiamiento, (2) 

espesura. 

tatal tok, nphr(aj & n)5. rain cloud, nubada de lluvia. 

tatub, iv. become muddy or thick, enturbiarse el agua o otra 

cosa. 

tatub, iv. coagulate, curdle. RML—^The verb is given in the 

past tense. (1) espesarse, (2) cuajarse algo 279. 

tatub lUcel, vphr:iv & dr. grow murky (as when wine, etc. is 

rolled down several slopes), revotado vino 0...2S1. 

tatubel, vn5. muddiness. enturbiamiento. 

tatubes, tv. make thick, muddy. (1) enturbiarse..., (2) espesar, 

hacer espeso. 

tatubtas, tv. make thick, espesar... . 

tatubtasabil chu'ul, nphr(n4f of n5). rennet, cuajo 279. 

tatubtasbU chu' chij, nphr:pp & nphr(n4d of n5). curd, cuajada 

278. 

tatubtasbU chu'ul, nphr(pp & n5). curd, cuajada 278. 

tot (2) 

totil, n3d. father. RML—A page of entries including padre is 

missing, but it may be assumed from the existence of the 

derived form for grandfatiier that this term was in use. 

toy 

toy, tv. glorify, honor, lift, Ughten, praise, raise. (1) alzar algo 

16, (2) engrandecer a otro, (3) glorificar, (4) levantar 
NUMBER 31 319 

alzando hacia arriba, (5) honrar poniendole en dignidad 

240, (6) soliviar. 

toy, iv. be elevated in rank, lighten. (1) encumbrarse en 

honra. (2) soliviar lo pesado. 

toy ba, rv. become haughty or rebeUious, presume. (1) 

engrandecerse como por soberbia. (2) presumir. (3) 

soberbecerse. ensoberbecerse. 

toy-baU, vn(tv & mcpd)Id. haughtiness, presumption, rebelliousness. (1) engrandecimiento asi. (2) ensoberbeserse. 

(3) levantamiento como soberbia. (4) presuncion. (5) 

soberbia, (6) soberbia cosa. 

toy bail k*opoj, iv(vn<tv & m> & ivcpd). speak haughtily. 

hablar asi. 

toy jol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. rise in fortune or status. RML—Lit 

"to Uft one*s head.** levantar se asi. 

toy k*in, vphntv & -n4e. postpone, take a long time, estender 

o dilatar tiempo. 

toy tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f outbid at auction or purchase, pujar 

en almomda o compra. 

toy tojol, s:iv & -n4f. rise in price, doblar el precio. 

toybil, pp. lifted, raised, alzar algo 16. 

toybil vinUc, nphr(pp & n)5. person raised to high rank, el que 

esta puesto en alto estado 131. 

toyel, vn5. raising, solivio o soliviadura. 

toyel 'a'i, vphr:vn4d[A] & tv. feel honored (as when we say, 

"he feels honored to be visited"), honrosa conw...240. 

loyes, tv. honor, raise the poor or downbeaten. (1) levantar 

al..., (2) honrar poruendole en dignidad 240. 

toyob-bail, n(n & mcpd)5. haughtiness, presumption. *But Uiis 

is rare in Zinacantan. (1) presuncion, (2) soberbia cosa. 

toyoj, n4d. object being lifted or raised, alzar algo 16. 

toyol, aj. lifted, raised, alzar algo 16. 

toyol 'ak'el, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. high rank, estado bajo. 

toyol 'ak*vanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. high rank, estado alto. 

toyol 'ayanel, nphr(aj & vnld)5. high standing, estado alto. 

toyol 'osil, nphr(aj & n)5. tall forest, alzar algo 16. 

toyol tenlej, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f brow of a hUl. teso. 

toyol tojol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. expensive, caro. 

toyol tuk ta 'utzil, vphr:aj/pred/ + n4d[S] & qphr(prep & 

n4d[S]). be especially gcxxl. singular asi en... . 

toyol vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. person raised to high rank, el que 

esta...131. 

jtoy-bail, agn(tv & mcpd). haughty or presumptuous person. 

(1) engrandecido asi, (2) presuntuoso. 

jtoy bail k*op, agn(tv & m & ncpd). haughty speaker, hablador 

de soberbias. 

jtoy-p'olmal, agn(tv & ncpd). outbidder, pujador asi. 

mo toyoluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. shallow, somera cosa. 

toj toyol, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. sovereign, soberana cosa. 

trebol 

frebol, n5. clover, trebol. 

trompa (Sp.) 

frompa, n5. playuig top. trompa para jugar los muchachos. 

trompeta (Sp.) 

frompeta, n5. trumpet ti-ompeta. 

trompo (Sp.) 

frompo, n5. whip top. trompo. 

tu(l) 

tu, aj. smelly, hedor. 

tu ni', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. bad odor of one's nose, hedor de 

narices. 

tu ti', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. bad breath, hedor de boca. 

tuib, iv. spoil, stink (coat, shirt), heder, corromperse. 

tuU, nib. cxior (good or bad), stink, olor malo o bueno. 

tuU jik'et, s:-n4f & av. have stench spread, esparcirse el olor. 

tuU lotz'opil, nphr(n4f of n5). bad underarm odor, sobaquina, 

hedor. 

tuU ni', nphr(n4f of n4d). bad odor of one's nose, hedor de 

narices. 

tuil ti', nphr(n4f of n4d). bad breath, hedor de boca. 

tuix, n5. leek, puerro. 

'oy tuU, s:n5/pred/ & -n4b. stink, hedor. 

laal tuil, s:aj/pred/ & n4b. stink. (1) hedor, (2) heder, 

corromperse. 

toj 'ep tuU, s:adv & aj/pred/ & -n4b. stink, heder, corromperse. 

tu(2) 

tuul, n4d. be needed, menesterse. 

tuun, tv. need, menester haber. 

tuun, iv. be necessary or needed, menester es. 

xatuun ku'un. I need you. 

xatuunon (or) xetuun avu'un. You need me. 

tuun 'a'i ba, vphr:iv/3s/ & rv. have high opinion of oneself. 

estimarse en mucho. 

tuun 'oy, vphniv & pt. be opportune, oportuna cosa. 

xtuun 'oy eHul. He arrived at a good time, 

xtuun 'oy ek'opoj. He spoke at the right time, 

tuun 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. need, necesidad. 

tuun no 'ox tuk, vphniv & pt & pt + n4d[S]. be handy, manual 

cosa. 

tuun tuk, vphniv + n4d[S]. be handy, manual cosa. 

'ep ta mek tuuney, vphr:ajphr(aj & qphr<prep & no ) & iv. 

be handy, manual cosa. 

'ep tuun 'u'un k'usitik, s:aj & iv + -n4d & n5. be necessary. 

menesteroso. 

'oy tu, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be needed, menesterse. 

'oy jtu. I am needed, 

'oy tu 'u'un, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d + -n4d. need, menester es. 

'oy jtu avu'un. You need me. 

'oy tuul 'u'un, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d + -n4d. need, menester es. 

'oy atuul ku'un. I need you. 

batz'i tuun, cf batz'i. 

buytikuk 'ep ta mek tuun, cf buy. 

mo 'oyuk k'usi tu, s:neg & n5/pred/ & s(n5/pred/ & -n4b). 

useless person, vagabond, baldio, hombre que rw espara 

nada. 

mo 'oyuk tu, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. be unnecessary. 

escusada cosa, no necesaria. 

mo k'u tuun, vphnneg & n5 & iv. be superfluous, superfiua. 
320 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

mo tuul 'a'i, vphr:s(neg & n4d[0]) & tv-. hold low opinion 

of. preciar poco o menospreciar. 

mo tuuluk 'a'i, vphr:s(neg & n4d[0]) & tv-. hold low opmion 

of. tener en poco. 

mo tuun, vphr:neg & iv. be superfluous, superflua. 

mo tuun 'a'i, vphr:s(neg & iv) & tv[0=S of iv], have low 

opinion of (1) estimar en poco, (2) preciar poco... . 

toj 'oy tu, s:adv & n5^red/ & -n4f be necessary, mcesaria 

cosa. 

toj 'oy tuul, s:adv & n5/pred/ & -n4f be necessary, necesaria 

cosa. 

toj tuun, vphr:adv & iv. be necessary. (1) forzados 144, (2) 

necesaria cosa. 

toj xtuun ch*abajel ta cuaresmatik. Abstinence is necessary 

in Lent forsosa cosa 144, 

toj xtuun patan. The tribute is necessary./orjo^a cosa 144, 

toj tuun 'a'i, vphr:s(adv & iv) & tv. have high opinion of, value 

highly, estimar en mucho otra cosa. 

Ha' te tuun ta nae, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & iv & qphr<prep & n5>), 

house supplies. (1) proveimiento o provision, (2) 

provision de casa. 

'oy te xtuun ta jnae (or) tz*akal ku'un te xtuun ta jnae. I 

have my house suppUes. proveimiento o... . 

Ha* te tuune, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & iv). necessary object 

proveimiento o... . 

Ha* te tuuneye, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & tv/pass/). necessary object. 

menester es. 

tub 

tubil, n3d. saUva, spit. (1) escupitina, saliva 125, (2) saliva de 

la boca. 

tubin, iv. spit, escupir 124. 

tutz 

tutzUan ne, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. wag one*s tail, rabear. 

tuch' 

tuch*, tv, break (cord, fiber, thread), break or cut roots or vines 

with which they bind the wood of thefr houses, pick 

(flowers, fmit), rip, tear. (1) cojer cortando corrw flores 

o fruta, (2) cortarse la hebra, (3) descoser 79, (4) 

quebrar o partir..., (5) quebrarse el hilo o soga, (6) 

rasgar. 

tuch', iv, break (cord, fiber, thread), burst, come apart, rip, (1) 

cortarse la hebra, (2) descoser, (3) quebrarse el..., (4) 

reventar 287, 

tuch'bU, pp. broken, ripped. (1) descocido 79, (2) quebradura 

asi, (3) quebrado asi. 

tuch'uch*tUc, aj. chafed (by cloth), frisada cosa asi. 

tuch'uch*tik pas, vphnaj & tv-. chafe, frisar conw paho. 

tuch'uch'tUc pasel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f chafed, frisada cosa... . 

tuch'ul, aj. broken, picked, tom. (1) cojer cortando..., (2) 

descocido 79, (3) quebradura si, (4) quebrado asi, (5) 

rasgado. 

tuch*uUl, n4f broken piece, quebradura asi. 

tuch'ultik, aj. ripped, tom. rasgado. 

j-tuch', num(num & nccpd)5. broken piece, quebradura asi. 

tuk (1) 

tuk tuk, nphr(n4b of n4b), alone, single, sola cosa. 

tukttUc, n4b. all alone, soUtary (bfrd). (1) solitaria ave, (2) tan 

solamente yo. 

tukttUc naklej, nphr(n4d type n5). soUtude. soledad. 

tuktuk xanbal, nphr(n4d type n5). soUtude. soledad. 

tukttUc ta naklej, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). soUtary. 

solitario. 

'ip *oy tuk, vphr:adv & n5/pred/ -i- n4d[S]. all alone, tan 

solamente... . 

'ip 'oy jtuk (or) 'ip 'oyon jtuk. I am all alone, 

toj 'utz ttUc, vphr:ajphr(adv & aj)/pred/+ n4b[S]. be especially 

gcxxl. particular cosa. 

tuk (2) 

tuk, iv. blossom, demoUsh or puU down (house, buUding), split 

open (cotton, ripe pomegranate), sprout, undo. (1) 

abrirse como algodon..., (2) derribar como casa o 

edificio, (3) desatar, (4) reventar planta 287, (5) reventar 

la simiente 287. 

tukes, tv. demolish or puU down (house, building), shake 

(mattress or sfraw bed), start a battie. (1) derribar 

como..., (2) mecer el colchon o jergon, (3) romper 

batalla. 

tukesbey, dv. hoe, weed com field, sachar o escardar la tierra 

306. 

tukesbey lum, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. weed com field, escardar, 

cabar... . 

tukesej-lum, vn(vn & ncpd)5. weeding, sachacampo...306. 

tuketel, vn5. gmmbling. riha asi 295. 

tuki lum, vphr:tv & n5. hoe, weed com field, sachar O...306. 

tuki lum, vphr:tv & -n4e. hoe, weed com field, sachar O...306. 

tukiab lum, nphr(n of n)5. hoe, weed-hook, sachudo o 

escardillo...306. 

tukibey lum, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. weed com field, escardar, 

cabar... . 

tukibil, pp, weeded, escardado asi. 

tukiej-lum, vn(vn & ncpd)5, weeding, sachacampo...306. 

tuku-man, n(aj & tvcpd)5. purchase of small objects in small 

amounts. (1) comprar a poquitos las cosas. (2) mercar 

a poquitos o por menudo. 

tukuk, iv, gmmble (as women do with maids or daughters), 

rehir gruhendo conw... . 

tukuket, av, gmmble (as women do with maids or daughters), 

rehir gruhendo... . 

tukuketel, vn5, grumbling, riha asi 295, 

tukul man, vphr:-n4d & tv, buy smaU objects in small amounts, 

mercar a... . 

tukul-man, tv(n & tvcpd), buy smaU objects in smaU amounts, 

comprar a... . 

tukultukul man, vphr:-n4d & tv, buy small objects in small 

amounts, comprar a... . 

jtukesej-lum, agn(vn & ncpd). com field weeder. escardador 

asi. 

jtukiej-chobtik, agn(vn & ncpd). com field weeder. sachador 
NUMBER 31 321 

o escardador 306. 

jtukiej-lum, agn(vn & ncpd). com field weeden sachador 

0...306. 

tuk' 

tuk', n5. blunderbuss, harquebus, lombard gun, shot, (1) 

arcabus u otro tiro cual quiera. (2) lombarda, (3) tiro 

de arcabus..., (4) trabuco. 

tuk'ajom, n5, harquebus shooter, arcabucero o tiradero asi. 

tuk*av, iv. shoot lombard gun, harquebus, etc, (1) lombardear 

y tirar..., (2) soltar tiro. 

tuk'avej, vn5, fuing of lombard gun, ete, lombardeamiento... . 

tuk'avU, n5, blowgunner, shcxiter of harquebus or lombard 

gun. (1) arcabucero o..., (2) lombardero, arcabucero y 

cerbatamro. 

tuk'avU k'op, nphr(n type n)5. ingenuous or straightforward 

talk (when one speaks plainly like a child), simple, cosa 

sin dobles. 

tuk'avU k'opoj, vphnn5 & iv. speak ingenuously or straightforwardly, simple, cosa... . 

tuk'ay, tv. combat, fight, shcxit (harquebus, lombard gun, etc.). 

(1) arcabus u..., (2) combatir, (3) lombardear y..., (4) 

soltar tiro. 

tuk*ayvan, iv. shoot, soltar tiro. 

tuk*tuk*, aj, straight derecha cosa. 

jtuk*ayvanej, agn, harquebus shooter, arcabucero o... . 

ch*ulobU tuk'al lum, cf ch'ul. 

muk'ta tuk*, cf muk'. 

tul 

tul, tv. pick (beans, chiUs, cotton, flowers, fmit), puU out (hafr, 

feathers). (1) cojer cortando conw flores o frutas, (2) 

pelar. sacar los pelos. (3) sacar conw pelando pelos..., 

(4) segar las mieses. 

tul jol, vphr:tv & -n4d. crop hafr (of those who have committed 

some crime), trasquilar conw... . 

tulbey jol, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. clip or crop hafr (of those who 

have committed some crime). (1) trasquilar a tijera, (2) 

trasquilar conw... . 

tulbil, pp. picked, cojer cortando... . 

tuU-'atij, iv(x & ncpd). jest, play Uie buffcxm. truamar ajuste. 

tuU-'atU, n(x & ncpd)5. buffcxDnery, jesting, truaneria. 

tuU-'atU vinUc, nphr:n(x & ncpd) type n. buffoon, jester, truan. 

tulob motzob, nphr(n of n)5. tweezers, tenazas. 

tulobil motzobU, nphr(n4f of n5). tweezers, tenazas. 

tulan 

tulan, n5. evergreen oak, oak. RML—In modem TzotzU this 

term refers to a variety of oaks, Quercus peduncularis. 

Q. polymorpha. Q. rugosa. Q. segoviensis. (1) carasco 

51, (2) roble. arbol. 

tulantik, n5. oak forest, robledal de arboles. 

boch jay tulan, cf boch. 

boch *ji tulan, cf boch. 

tzo* Uilan, cf tzo'. 

tuluk' 

tuluk', n5. hen. gallina. 

tuluk*U vaj, nphr(natt & n)5. chicken tamale. empanada de 

gallina. 

tuluk'U ve'el, nphr(natt & n)5. gluttony, glotoneria. 

mo k'ot sat tuluk*, s:neg & iv & nphr(n4d of n5). blmd chicken. 

gallina ciega. 

*tulul 

*tulul, n5. frog, toad. (1) ramal. (2) sapo. 

tumba (Sp.) 

tumba, n5. tomb. tund}a. 

tumuch (Y.) 

tumuch 'ak*abal, nphr(n type n)5. midnight. RML—^In colonial 

Yucatec Pio P6rez gives chumuckin for "medio dia" 

(Perez, 1877:81). In modem Mop^, chumuc is "centra 

medio" and chunq'uin is "medio dia" (Ulrich and Ulrich, 

1976:76). (1) media rwche. (2) noche. a la media noche. 

tumuch 'ak*abal ch'uivej, nphr:nplir(n type n) type vn. matins. 

rruitinez. 

tumuch k*ak*al, nphr(n type n)5. n(X)n. *But now they do not 

use this for ncxm. (1) medio dia. (2) siesta en el medio 

dia. 

ta tumuchultUc, qphr:prep & n5. by day, in tiie daytime. (1) de 

dia. (2) entre dia. 

Ha' te 'oy tumuch, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & n5/pred/ & n5). current. 

presente cosa. 

tup' 

tup*, tv. behead, defame, diminish, humble. (1) achicarse 

caendo de su estado. (2) achicar a otro asi. (3) amenguar 

a otro afrentandolo. (4) degollar. (5) menguar asi. 

tup', iv. be extinguished, decrease, humble oneself. (1) 

apagarse. (2) descrecer. (3) humillarse. 

tup' 'Uc', s:iv & -n4d. become asthmatic, faint (1) anwrtecerse, 

(2) asmarse. (3) desmayar. 

tup* 'Uc', s:iv & -n4d. with spasms. RML—^The verb is given 

in the past tense, pasmado. 

tup' ba, rv. lessen self (by wicked deed), apocarse haciendo 

vileza. 

tup' k'op, vphntv & -n4d. contradict, say the opposite of 

contra. 

tup' sat, s:iv & -n4d. be dazed, go blind, go blind in one eye. 

(1) cegar 70, (2) encandilar se, (3) entortecerse perdiendo el ojo de todo. 

tup'bey 'etel, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. remove seal, sello quitar. 

tup'bey ba k*op, vphr:rdv & n5. argue, contend. (1) arguir. (2) 

contender o arguir. 

tup*bey sat, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. daze (bfrds), put person*s eye 

out (1) encandilar como encandilan aves. (2) entuertecer o quebrar el ojo a otro 118. 

tup'ebal, n3d. moment when or place where one humUiates 

self or repents, achicadura. 

tup*el 'Uc', nphr(vn4f of n5). asthma, asma. 

tup'es, tv. extinguish, make person faint. (1) amenguar a 

otro..., (2) apagarse. 

tup'es 'Uc', vphr:tv & -n4d. make person faint, anwrtecerse. 

tup'es ba, rv. humiliate oneself humillarse. 
322 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

tup'oj, n4d. person who is made to faint, anwrtecerse. 

tup'olaj, iv. admfre, pity, sympaUiize. (1) admirar, (2) 

compadecerse o tener compasion. (3) maravillado. 

tup'olajel, vn5. heroic feat marvel, mfracle. (1) hazaha. (2) 

maravilla, (3) milagro. 

tup'olan, tv. pity, sympathize, compadecerse o... . 

tup'olanat, iv. be miraculous. (1) hazahoso. (2) milagroso. 

tup'olanel, vn4d. heroic feat, marvel. (1) hazaha. (2) maravilla. 

tup'ul, aj. decreased, menguado asi. 

jtup'-'ik', agn(tv & ncpd). fainting person, anwrtecerse. 

jtup'-bail, agn(tv & mcpd). humble person, humilde. 

jtup'beyej sat mut, agn:vn & nphr(n4d of n5)cpd. person who 

dazes bfrds. encandilador asi. 

jtup'beyej sat t'ul, agn:vn & nphr(n4d of n5)cpd. person who 

dazes rabbits, encandilador asi. 

tus 

tus, tv. comb, peinar alguna cosa. 

tus tux-nok' chij, vphr:tv & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. card. 

peinar cardando la lana. 

tusan, tv. set down (long objects), poner cosas largas. 

tusbU, pp. combed, peinado. 

tusul, aj. lying (long objects), poner cosas largas. 

tux 

tux-nok', n(x & ncpd)5. cotton, algodon. 

tux-nok' chij, nphr(n<x & ncpd> type n)5. sheep (general term 

comparable to cattie), wool. (1) lana de ovejas. (2) 

ovejurw. cosa de oveja. 

tux-nok' chij pok', nphr:nphr(n<x & ncpd> type n) type n. 

goat's hafr cloth, sackcloth or any other heavy cloth, 

such as they use for bedding, picote o sayal... . 

tux-nok' chijil 'alnom, nphr:n(x & ncpd) type nphr(n type n). 

ewe that has given birth, ovejuno. cosa... . 

T 

t'ab 

t'ab, tv. anoint, bumish, polish. (1) acicalar. (2) Usar mas 

perfectamente conw acicalar, (3) ungir. 

t*ab, iv, be persuaded, begin. (1) comenzar, (2) moverse. 

t*ab 'isim, s:iv & -n4d. begin to grow a beard, mozo que 

comienza a barbar 326. 

t'ab 'obok, vphr:tv & n5. smudge, tiznar. 

t'ab chi, (iphr:tv/root/ & pt. at a point of time, in a moment 

(1) momento de tiempo, (2) punto de tiempo. 

t'ab xchi xmuy jch'ulel ta vinajel. In a moment our souls 

rise to Heaven, momento de... . 

t'ab sibak ta k'ob, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). smudge 

person's hands, tizruir. 

t'ab sibak ta sat, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). smudge 

person's face, tiznar. 

t'ab tuk, vphr:iv -i- n4d[S]. take the opportunity, ocasion tomar. 

t'abal 'itaj, nphr(n4f of n5). vegetable pateh. era de verdura. 

t'abbey 'obok, vphr:-dv & n5. smudge, tiznar. 

t'abbey pox ta bek'tal, vphr:-dv & n5 & (iphr(prep & n4d[A]). 

anoint ungir. 

t'abbil, pp, bumished, poUshed. alisado o liso. 

t'abbil tan ta lumtik, nphr:nphr(pp & n)5 & qphr(prep & n5). 

cement floor, suelo de cal. 

t*abeb, n4f original, original cosa. 

t*abeb k*op, nphr(n4f of n5). introduction, motive. (1) 

yntroduccion de platica, (2) nwtivo. 

t*abel, vn4d. extreme unction, uncion. 

t'abel, n5. point of time, punto de tiempo. 

t'abel no 'ox, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). in a Uttie while, short while. 

poco tiempo como... . 

t'abel xa, qphnn5 & pt. in a Uttie whUe. de aqui a poco. 

t'abeltik, n5. brevity, brevedad. 

t'abeltikil k'op, nphr(natt & n)5. brief words, brevedad. 

t'abeU'abel, nlf moment, point of tune. (1) nwmento de 

tiempo, (2) punto de tiempo. 

t'abeU'abel no 'ox, qphr:n5 & pt & pt m a Uttie while, poco 

tiempo corrw... . 

t'abeluk, n5. quickly, ayna. resto 14. 

t'abes, tv. begin, persuade, provide the opportunity. (1) 

comenzar algo. (2) mover asi. (3) ocasion dar. 

t'abes ta 'U, vphr:tv- & qphr(Tprep & n5). provoke to anger. 

provocar a ira. 

t'abesbU ta 'U, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). be provoked 

to anger, provocado si. 

t'abob, nld. burnisher, polisher, alisadera o instrumento para 

alisar. 

t'abob tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. poUsher. alisadera o... . 

t'abob te', nphr(n of n)5. plane, acicaladera. 

t'abob ton, nphr(n of n)5. bumisher. (1) acicaladera. (2) 

alisadera o... . 

t'abobU, n4f polisher, alisadera o... . 

t'abobU tak'in, nphr(n4f of n5). poUsher. acicaladera. 

t'abobU te', nphr(n4f of n5). polisher, acicaladera. 

t*abtUct*abtik tza, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be fickle, mudable asi en 

el parecer. 

t*abt'onet av. be slippery, resbaladero. 

jt'ab-na, agn(tv & ncpd). mason, albahil. 

j-t'abal, num(num & nccpd)5. seed bed, vegetable patch. 

sementera. 

jt'abesej-k'op, agn(vn & ncpd). persuader, movedor asi. 

jt'abesvanej ta 'U, agn:vn & qphr(prep & ncpd). provoker of 

anger, provocador tal. 

j-t'abel, num(num & nccpd)5. in a hurry (1 only), prisa. 

j-t'abelon. I am in a hurry, 

j-t'abel 'ayon. I left in a hurry. 

lUceb t'abbU k'op, cf lik. 

j-t'ob, num(num & nccpd)5. seed bed, vegetable patch. (1) era 

de verdura, (2) sementera. 

j-t'ob lum, nphr:num(num & nccpd) of n5. plot (of land). 

RML—^This is given in colonial Tzeltal as tahb lum 

(Guzman, 1620:203), suerte de tierra. 
NUMBER 31 323 

t'aj 

t'aj, iv. crack, split (as earth, fresh tile or wood splits in the 

sun), (1) heruierse como la tierra..., (2) hendido asi, (3) 

resquebrajado. 

t'ajajtUc, aj, badly cracked or split, hendido asi con muchas 

hendiduras. 

t*ajal, aj. cracked, spUt, (1) abierto corm hendido 3, (2) 

heruiido asi, (3) resquebrajado. 

t*ajalil, n4f crack, spUt. abertura conw hendidura 3. 

t'ajaltik, aj. cracked (hejels). frier a de pies. 

t*ajel, nlf crack, spUt (1) abertura como...3, (2) grieta. 

fax 

t*ax ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5), slap, herir con la 

mano abierta. 

t*axben, n4d, slap given, herida que da el que hiere asi. 

t'axbenal, n4d. slap received, herida que se recibe asi. 

t'el 

t'elel, vn5. pustule, roncha. 

t'eley, iv. become blemished with pustules, roncharse o 

hacersele ronchas. 

lUc t'eUuk, cf lik. 

t'en 

t'enet av. be big-beUied (pregnant woman), prehada. 

t'ij (1) 

t*ijlajet, av. clmk (falling metal or money), retenir el metal... . 

t'ij (2) 

t'ijt'ij, aj. cUshomed. rrwcha, cosa que no tiene cuernos. 

t'in (1) 

t'inel, n5. giant gigante. 

t'in (2) 

t'in, n5. bow. (1) arco para tirar, (2)flecha. el arco 147. 

t'in tak'in, nphr(n type n)5. crossbow, ballesta. 

t'inal tak'in, nphr(natt & n)5. crossbow, vallesta. 

t'inet av. roar (heavy rain, river, voices of many people, wind). 

(1) estruendo. (2) ruido hacer el rio o aire grande. (3) 

ruido hacer la agua... . 

t'ininet 'osil, s:av & n5. thunder, tronar. 

t*ininetel 'osil, nphr(vTi4f of n5). thunder, tronido. 

t'inlebey 'olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. afflict, afiigir. 

t'int'onet, av. clomp, estruendo hacer con pisadas. 

t'is 

t'is jol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. butt topar con la cabeza. 

t'is-joU ba, rv(tv & tvcpd & m4d). butt heads together (boys). 

RML—In colonial Tzeltal, -tiz gholi is "topar con la 

cabeza" (Guzman, 1620:209), but in modem TzotzU the 

verb is t'ix-joli. topar con la cabeza. 

t'is-joU ton, vphr:tv(tv & tvcpd) & n5. knock one's head on a 

rock, topar con la cabeza. 

t'isluy, tv. fiUip. papirote dar. 

t'isluyvanej, vn5, filUp, papirote. 

t'iv 

t'iv, n5, eagle, RML—^In colonial Tzeltal this is given as thiuh 

(Gates, 1934b: 172), In modem TzotzU of Chalchihuitan, 

t'iv is a very large supematural bird, the ch'ulel of the 

yik'al. In mcxiem Mopan the eagle is t'iiw. (Ufrich and 

Ufrich, 1976:213). aguila. 

fob 

t'ob. plot, seed bed, vegetable pateh. cf fab. 

foch 

t'cx^han, tv. tip (hat), hombre bezudo de gran bezo 239. 

t'ochel ti', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be puffed-lipped (insult), hombre 

bezudo de...239. 

t'cx;ho-ti', n(aj & ncpd)5. puffed-lipped, hombre bezudo 

de...239. 

t'ocht'och, aj. sitting crcK)kedly. hombre bezudo de gran bezo. 

t'ocht'och apix jol. Your hat is crooked. 

t'oj (1) 

t'oj, tv. pour from bowl to bowl (as when they pour a gourd 

of cocoa into another to make foam), spout (1) chorrear, 

(2) echar como... . 

t'oj kokov, vphr:tv & n5. pour cocoa from bowl to bowl, hacer 

cacao y molerlo 165. 

t'oj Ho', vphr:tv & n5. pour water from bowl to bowl, echar 

como... . 

t'ojel, vn5. spout (of liquid). RML—This also occurs in 

colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:50). chorro. 

t'ojet av. sound of rainspouts, of cocoa being poured from one 

bowl to another, or of horses urinating, ruido hacer las 

goteras... . 

t'ojilan, tv. pour from bowl to bowl, echar como... . 

*f oj (2) 

*t'ojey, tv. peck. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term is -toghli 

(Guzman, 1620:159) In colonial Yucatec, thoh is "picar 

con pico" (Perez, 1877:352). ;?/car. 

*t'ojeyvanej, vn5. peck, picada. 

*t'ojoltik, aj. pecked, picada cosa. 

fok 

t'okt'onet av. cluck, cloquear. 

fol 

t'ol, tv. cut into pieces, scarify, slice. (1) jasar, sangrar, (2) 

piezas hacer o pedazos 261, (3) rebanar 299. 

t'olbil, pp. sliced, revanada. 

j-t'ol, num(num & nccpd)5. cut or slice of beef, veal, fish. (1) 

pieza de vaca...261, (2) revanda. 

j-t'ol choy. slice of fish, rueda de pescado. 

j-t'olt'ol, num(num & nccpd)5. single slice (1 only), revanada. 

fom 

t'omt'onet, av. be very painful. RML—This is given as 

lomlonet. doler reciamente. 

fox 

t'ox, tv. spUt (firewcxDd, wood). (1) hender partiendo corrw 

leha o nuidera. (2) rajar. 

t'oxbenal, n4f split, raja. 

t*oxbil, pp. deliberately split hendido que lo hendio otro. 

t'oxli, iv. split. (1) henderse asi algo. (2) hendido por si. 

t'oxob si', nphr(n of n)5. ax. hacha para cortar leha. 

t'oxobU si', nphr(n4f of n5). ax. hacha para... . 

cha'-t'ox 'ayan 'u'un, cf cha'. 
324 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

cha'-t'ox t'ox, cf cha'. 

fub 

t'ub ta Ho', vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5), sink, rerrwsar. 

t'uj 

t'uj, tv. appoint, chcx)se, choose the best, select for office, 

winnow (wheat, rice). (1) elegir o escoger. (2) escojerle 

mejor, (3) mondar como trigo, arroz, (4) sehalar 

personas... . 

t'uj ju-jun tal, vphr:tv- & nphr(num<num & numcpd>5 & cfr), 

winnow (wheat, rice), mondar conw... . 

t'ujel, vn4f, appointment, eleccion. 

t'ujoj, n4d. jmisdiciion. jurisdiccion. 

t*ujum, aj. beautiful, clear and without sediment, elegant, 

genteel, graceful, handsome, perfect, poUtely, pretty. (1) 

claro sin hos, (2) dispuesto. gentU hombre. (3) elegante. 

(4) entera cosa. (5) galan. (6) gentilmente. (1) hermoso 

169, (8) linda cosa. 

t*ujum 'al, vphr:aj & tv-. speak graciously, graciosamente 

hablar o decir. 

t*ujum 'Uel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f pretty, linda cosa. 

t'ujum chi 'u'un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4d. please, agradar a otro 

12. 

t'ujum xachi ku'un. You please me. 

t'ujum k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. elegant taUc, elegante platica. 

t'ujum k'opoj, vphr:aj & iv. speak elegantly, graciosamente 

hablar... . 

t'ujum pas, vphr:aj & tv-, act graciously, graciosamente 

hablar... . 

t'ujum-xanav, iv(aj & ivcpd), Uve virtuously, bivir honestamente. 

t'ujum xanav 'antz, s:aj & iv & n5, chaste woman, muger casta. 

t'ujum xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. chastity, castidad. 

t'ujum vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. exceUent person, gentil. hombre 

o muger. 

t'ujumaj, iv. become beautiful, rejoice. (1) alegrarse. (2) 

hermosearse. hacerse hermoso 169, 

t*ujumajel, vn5, merriment, alegria. 

t*ujumajes, tv, gladden, alegrar a otro. 

t'ujumal, n4d, beauty, gallantry, gracefulness, prettiness. (1) 

gala o galania, (2) gentileza asi, (3) hermosura 169, (4) 

lindesa o galania. 

t*ujumtas, tv. beautify, hernwsearse hacerse...169. 

jt*ujom, agn. chcxiser, elector. (1) elector. (2) escojedor. 

jt'ujvanej, agn. chooser, escojedor. 

mo t'ujumuk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. ugly, fea cosa. espantable. 

mo t'ujumuk 'elov, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -n4d. be ugly, fea 

cosa... . 

mu t'ujumuk xanbal, s:neg & aj^red/ & -n4d. be incontinent. 

yncontinencia 186. 

toj t'ujum, ajphnadv & aj. pure, mesclapara...222. 

fuk 

t'uket, av. be big-bellied (pregnant woman), prehada. 

t'ul 

t'ul, n5. rabbit conejo. 

bUc'tal t'ul, nphr(aj & n)5. young rabbit, gazapo 149. 

fus 

t'us, tv. break, smash (eggs, avocados), squash (figs). (1) 

machucar. conw higos..., (2) quebrar o quebrantar, 

corrw huevos... . 

t'us, iv. break, burst, smash (eggs, avocados), squash (figs). 

(1) machucar como..., (2) quebrar o quebrantar..., (3) 

reventar 287. 

t'usul, aj. broken, smashed. RML—This is given variously as 

tzetzul and ztzutzul. but the foUowing entry is given 

correctiy. (1) machucada cosa asi. (2) quebrado asi. 

t'usuUl, n4f break, broken piece, quebradura asio... . 

fux 

t'uxubtas, tv. water, regar. 

f uf 

t'ut', aj. greedy, avariento. 

t'ut' 'ak*, nphr(aj & n)5. round vme. RML—In modem TzotzU 

this is the catbriar, Smilaxjalapensis and S. mollis, cordel 

de los redondos. 

t*ut'ib, iv. be greedy, avaricia tener. 

t'ut*ibel, vn5. greed, avaricia. 

t*ut'il, n4d, greed, avaricia. 

t'ut'U, aj. greedy, niggardly, escaso. 

t*ut'il vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. greedy or niggardly person. (1) 

avariento. (2) escaso. 

fuy 

t'uy, n4d. proud flesh of wound, beso 39. 

u 

-uk 

-uk, suffix, neither, nor. ni. ni tu... . 

'utzuk kolo'uk (or) 'utzuk kolo'uk pisU. neither good nor 

bad. 

Ho* otitic atotuk. neither you nor your father. 

va* 

va*al, aj. advised, standing (human), straight (upright poles), 

upright. (1) apercibidos. (2) derecho estar o..., (3) 

levantado como en pie. (4) parado asi. (5) poner en 

hiesto. 

va*alon. I am standing, estar en pie. 

va'al ch'en, nphr(aj & n)5. cliff, craggy area, peha o enriscada. 

va'al no *ox, ajphr:aj & pt & pt in a Uttie whUe, in a short 

while.poco tiempo. conw... . 

va'al vinkilaj, vphr:aj & iv. have a breech birth, nacer de pies. 

va'aluk, aj. sti-aight (upright poles), derecho estar... . 

va'alva'al k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. brevity, brevedad. 

va'alva'al no 'ox, ajphr:aj «fe pt & pt. every few minutes, in a 

littie while, in a short while, poco tiempo. como... . 

va'alva'al no 'ox sk'an ve'el. He wants to eat every few 

minutes, nwmento de tiempo. 
NUMBER 31 325 

va'alva'aluk, aj. soon, ayna. presto. 

va'an, tv. advise, appoint, escort, follow in the company of, 

raise, select person for office, serve, sit upright, stand 

up (poles, person). (1) acompahar, (2) apercibir. (3) 

elegir o escocer. (4) empinar o enhestar, (5) levantar 

otra cosa..., (6) poner en hiesto, (1) seguir acompahado, 

(8) sehalar persorujs para..., (9) servidor y servir. 

va'an ba, rv, stop in one's fracks, quedarse asi. 

va'an ba ta testigo, vphnrv & qphr(prep & n5), testify, 

testiguar. 

va'an ba ta tojol, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & -n4d). stand as 

guarantor,/farfor salir por alguno. 

Ho'on jva'an jba ta stojol, I am stancUng as his guarantor, 

va'an j'antzU-ti', vphr:tv & agn(natt & ncpd). arm. guarnecer 

gente. 

va'an jyabutU, vphr:tv & agn. arm. guarnecer gente. 

va'an k*exol, vplir:tv & n4d[A]. entmst one*s office or rank 

to another, encomendar a otro su oficio... . 

va'an ta 'a'yej, vphr:tv- & cjphr(prep & -vn4d). report news to. 

noticia dar a alguno o... . 

jva'an ta ava'yej. I am reporting the news to you, 

va'anbU, pp, set upright (poles), derecho estar... . 

va'anej, n4d. person being advised, apercibidos. 

va'anel, vn4d. appointment eleccion. 

va'et, av. amuse oneself witii recreation, espaciarse por via 

de recreacion. 

va'i, iv. rise up, stand, stand on tiptoes, stand up. (1) empinarse 

0 enhestarse, (2) estar en pie. (3) levantarse. (4) parar 

el hombre. 

va'i k*ak*al, s:iv & n5. have a drought RML—^The verb is in 

tiie past tense, sequedad. 

Hal eva'i k'ak*al (or) 'ip sva'iel eHal k*ak*al. It was a long 

drought, 

va'i k*exol, s:iv & -n4d. entmst one*s office or rank to another, 

RML—^The verb was given as xcas. encomendar a... . 

va'leb, n4d, standing place, lugar donde alguno... . 

va'leb 'ok mak na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of nphr<n of n>)5. 

d(X)r pivot hole, quicio o quicial. 

va'lej, n5. standing position, levantamiento asi. 

va'luk no 'ox, vphnaj^red//subj/ & pt & pt quickly, ayna, 

presto 14. 

va'von, av. stagger, sway, bambanear. 

va'vonetel, vn5. laziness, haragania. 

jva'anej-chij, agn(vn & ncpd). drover, shepherd, ganadero o 

pastor. 

jva'anej-jom, agn(vn & ncpd), sailor, marirw. 

jva'anej-vacas, agn(vn & ncpd). oxcart driver, (1) carretero, 

(2) regidor de carreta 292. 

jva'antasej-vacas chi'uk setet te', nphr:agn(vn & ncpd) & (n4d 

& nphr<n type n>). oxcart driver, *But usuaUy they call 

an oxcart driver jva'am j-vacas or jchabi-vacas. regidor 

de carreta 262, 

jva'anvanej, agn, elector, escort, (1) acompahar, (2) elector. 

jva'etel, agn, person playing, espaciarse por... . 

jva'vonetel, agn. lazy person, haragan. 

'ox-va'al, cf 'ox (1). 

ba jva'lej, cf ba (2). 

toj va'aluk, vphr:adv & aj/pred//subj/, raised, derecho estar 

o... . 

vatz (1) 

vatzal, aj, messy (hafr), redropelo. 

•vatz (2) 

*vatz, tv, bore, RML—^The initial consonant is given variously 

as b and v. In colonial Tzeltal it is given as b, and the 

meaning of the verb is extended to "batir el chocolate" 

(Guzman, 1620:30), In modem Tzeltal, wahtsem is given 

for "hendido" (Slocum and Gerdel, 1965:198), (1) 

barrenar, (2) taladrar. 

*vatzob te', nphr(n of n)5, borer, taladro. 

vacas (Sp.) 

vacas, n5. cow, cattie. majada o hato de ganado. 

bUc*tal vacas, nphr(aj & n)5. heifer, ternero, hijo de... . 

vaj (1) 

vaj, tv, sow (wheat), sembrar derramando como trigo. 

vajbil, pp, sown, sembrada cosa asi. 

vaj (2) 

vaj, n5, bread, RML—Presumably this also means tortUla. pan. 

vaj tz*ajbil ta chi', nphr:n5 & (iphr(pp & qphr<prep & n5>), 

bread soaked in wine, sopa de vino. 

vajil 'ul, nphr(natt & n)5. baby food, papas para nihos. 

vajiv, iv, make bread, pan hacer. 

vajivej, vn5. bread-making, panaderia, arte de ello. 

tanaon ta vajivej. I am making bread, panhacer. 

vajton, n5. wheat tassel. RML—Perhaps this should be read 

vojton. espiga de trigo. 

vajton castillan 'ixim, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5. wheat tassel. 

espiga de trigo. 

vaj (3) 

vajajtUc 'ak*, vphr:aj & tv-. insert entremeter entre otras cosas. 

vajajtUc lok*es, vphr:aj & tv-. pull out entresacar. 

vajal, aj. sparse (white hafrs, poxes on the body), ralas estar 

como... . 

vajey, iv. form a pustule, roncharse o hacersele ronchas. 

ta vajlej 'ayan, vphr:qphr(prep & n5) & iv. form a pustule. 

RML—The verb is in the past tense, roncha. 

vak 

vak, num5. six. seis. 

vak-bok'ol, num(num & nccpd)4f a sixth, sesmo o sexta parte. 

vak-vinkil, num(num & nccpd)4f a sbctii. *But the commonest 

manner of speech is by making particular mention as if 

we said, "the sixtii part of the people is dead" and if there 

were 600 people: "Ho'-vinik echam." "The sixth part of 

wheat or com is mine:" "Ho'-te'el xavich' Ho'ot, j-te'el 

xkich' jtuk" and they speak the same way to say 3rd or 

4th. sesmo o... . 

vakib, num5. six. seis, numero. 

jvak-'ok, agn(num & ncpd). six-toed person, hombre de seis 

dedos en los pies 240. 
326 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

jvak-k'ob, agn(num & ncpd). six-fingered person, hombre de 

seis dedos...240. 

vak' (1) 

vak'ak'et tzotzil tux-nok' chij, s:av & nphr(n4d of nphr<n<n 

& ncpd> type n>5). fat sheep. RML—My reading of the 

affective verb is suspect, oveja grosera. 

vak' (2) 

vak'vonet, av. make kicking sound, ruido hacer pateando. 

val (1) 

valak-pat, n(x & ncpd)5. backwards, sinisten RML—^This is 

sometimes given as valapat. (1) redropelo, al reves, (2) 

reves o enves..., (3) siniestra cosa. 

valak-pat slap sk*u'. He is putting his shirt on backwards. 

reves o... . 

valak-pat 'ayan, vphr:n(x & ncpd)5 & iv. be perverse. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, siniestramente 

hacerse algo. 

valak pat ch'ay, tv:n(x & ncpd) & tvcpd. toss behind, echar 

hacia tras. 

valak pat k'opoj, iv:n(x & ncpd) & ivcpd. recant desdecirse. 

valak-patij, iv(x & ivcpd). go backwards, al reves hacerse algo. 

valak-patij, iv(x & ivcpd). be perverse. RML—^The verb is m 

the past tense, siniestramente hacerse... . 

valak-patij k*op, s:iv(x & ivcpd) & -n4d. recant, retratar. 

valak-patij ti', s:iv(x & ivcpd) & -n4d. recant, retratar. 

valak-patijes, tv(x & tvcpd). do backwards, al reves hacer algo. 

valak-patin, tv(x & tvcpd). do backwards, al reves hacer... . 

valak-patin ch*ay, vphr:tv(x & tvcpd)- & tv-. toss behind, echar 

hacia tras. 

valak-patin k*op, vphr:tv(x & tvcpd) & nld. contradict, recant. 

(1) contra, (2) desdecirse, (3) retratar. 

valak-patin ti', vphr:tv(x & tvcpd) & -n4d. recant retratar. 

valak-patinel k*op, nphr:vn(x & vncpd)4f of n5. recantation. 

retractacion. 

valak-patinel ti'U, nphr:vn(x & vncpd)4f of n5. recantation. 

retractacion. 

vaUc'uj, iv. overturn (bowl), tum over. (1) boltear, (2) 

trastornar escudilla. 

vaUc'ujeb, n4f comment (in book), glosa de algo. 

valk'un, tv. comment, overtum (bowl), push out of one's place. 

(1) glosar, (2) rempujar, (3) trastornar escudilla. 

vaUc'unabil, n4f comment, glosa de algo. 

valk'unabil lum, nphr(n4f of n5). hoe. RML—^This is given 

as zvalghobil lum. acadon. 

jvalak pat k'op, agn(x & n & ncpd). recanter. desdecirse. 

ta valak-pat, qphnprep & n(x & ncpd)5. backwards, on the 

confrary, reluctantiy. (1) al reves, (2) por el contrario, 

(3)pospelo 268, (4) reves o enves... . 

ta valak-pat pas, vphr:qphr(prep & n<x & ncpd>5) & tv-. do 

backwards, reves o... . 

val (2) 

val. genealogy, husband, lover, wife, cf vol. 

vale' 

vale', nle. com staUc, sugarcane, caha de maiz y caha dulce. 

vale'tik, n5, canefield. cahaveral. 

vallesta (Sp.) 

vaUesta, n5. crossbow, vallesta. 

van (1) 

van, iv. be angry or annoyed. RML—^Perhaps Uiis should be 

read xevanet. rrwhino. enojado. 

vanvonet, av. be angry or annoyed. RML—This also occurs 

in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:135). In modem 

Tzotzil, vanal is to be sittmg m sUent anger, nwhino. 

van (2) 

van, pt. perhaps, por ventura. 

vara (Sp.) 

vara, n5. yard, vara de medir. 

varvux 

varvuxtUc, aj. badly cracked (heels). RML—^Perhaps this 

should be read varvaxtik. friera de pies. 

vax 

vax-t'ajel, vn(aj & vncpd)5. cracking of heels, ^/era de pies. 

vaxulan, tv. shake. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, -vaxulay 

(Guzman, 1620:29). bambanear otra cosa. 

vaxak 

vaxak, num5. eight, ocho. 

vaxak-xuk', num(num & nccpd)5. eight-sided, ochavada cosa 

237. 

vaxak-xuk'bel, num(num & nccpd)4f eight-sided, ochavo 237. 

vaxakib, num5. eight ocho. 

vaxakib k'ak'al, nphr(num4e of n4e). octave (eight day fiesta). 

ochavas u ochavada. 

vat 

vatal 'akan, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. giant, gigante. 

vay 

vay, iv. sleep, take lodgings. (1) dormir. (2) hospedarse 242. 

ta sna Julio xivay. I board at JuUo's. posar en posada... . 

vayajel, n4d. witehcraft. brujeria. 

vayajelal k'op, nphr(natt & n)5. black magic. (1) nigromancia, 

(2) nigromantica cosa... . 

vayajelal pasnej, nphr(natt & n)5. deed of black magic. 

nigromantica cosa... . 

vayajom, n5. sorcerer of black magic, itch. (1) brujo o bruja, 

(2) nigromantica. 

vayajom k'op, nphr(n type n)5. interpreter, dusted messenger. 

faraute o interprete. 

kajvayajom k'op. my interpreter, 

vayal na, nphr(x & n)4d. Icxiging. hospedaje 242. 

vayantas, tv. lodge, aposentar. 

vayeb, n4d. cattie pen. majada donde se recoge... . 

vayeb chitom, nphr(n4d of n5). pigpen, pocilga 265. 

vayeb caballo, nphr(n4d of n5). stable, establo. 

vayeb jnupunel, nphr(n4d of agn). bridal chamber, talamo de 

novios... . 

vayeb k'u*, nphr(n type n)4d. bedspread, nuinta de cama. 

vayeb nich'on, nphr(n4d of n5). poorhouse. espital. 

vayebal, n3d. bed, dormitory, hostel, inn, ovemight stay, 

sleeping place or article for sleeping (bed, mattress, ete.). 
NUMBER 31 327 

(1) aposento o posada, (2) canui mia o colchon mio. (3) 

colchon. (4) dormitorio. (5) dormitorio o cama mia. (6) 

lugar donde alguno se asienta o..., (7) manida de 

Jornada, (8) hospederia 242, (9) posada donde ms 

alberganws. 

vayebal k*u'ul, nphr(n type n)5. bedspread, manta de cama. 

vayebal na, nphr(n type n)5. inn. meson. 

vayebal pok', nphr(n type n)5. bedspread. (1) manta de cama. 

(2) sabana. manta 310. 

vayebal tux-nok*, nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. matfress. 

colchon. 

vayel, vn5. sleep, sleepiness, sueho. 

vayet, av. be drowsy or sleepy, doze, adormecerse. 

vayichil, n3d. dream, sueho que sohamos durmiendo. 

vayichin, tv. dream, sohar. 

vayichin, iv. dream, sohar. 

jvayantasvanej, agn. publican, mesonero. 

jvayel, agn. sleeping person, sleepyhead. (1) dormido. (2) 

dormilon. 

jvayijesvanej, agn. pubUcan. mesonero. 

'ip vay, vphr:adv & iv. sleep a lot. dormir mucho. 

ve' 

ve', iv. eat (1) comer. (2) merendar. 

ve', tv, eat comer. 

ve'bol, n4d, fcx)d that must be eaten, comedor. 

ve'ebal, n5, dining table, mesa donde comenws. 

ve'ebal mesa, nphr(n type n)5, dining table, mesa doruie... . 

ve'el, vn5, feast, food, meal, (1) bastimento. (2) convite 56, (3) 

comida. (4) manjar generalmente, (5) vianda. 

ve'eltas, tv. feed, serve at table, serve focxl. (1) administrar. 

servir a la mesa. (2) dar de comer 57, (3) mantener a 

otro, (4) servidor y servir... . 

ve'eltas ba, rv. support oneself mantenerse. 

jve'el, agn, eater, comedor. 

jve'eltasvanej, agn, page who serves fcxid, drink, or towels, 

paje de plato... . 

'ipal chamelal ve'el, nphr:nphr(aj & natt) type vn. pestUential 

food, pestilencia. 

vetz' 

vetz*, tv. decrease. (1) desmedrar, (2) menguar asi. 

vetz', iv. decUne (in number, population, property or rank), 

decrease. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, vetz is "descrecer" 

(Guzman, 1620:53). (1) acabarse asi no del todo, (2) 

descrecer. (3) desmedrar. (4) gastarse rw del todo... . 

vetz', iv/lp/. be depopulated by famine or sickness, despoblarse por hambre... . 

vetz' ba talel, vphr:rv & dr. crowd forward, RML—In colonial 

Tzeltal, "y qdo ay mucha gente q estan apretados dicen 

vetzaabahic" (Gates, 1934b:44). desmedrar. 

vetz' chobtik, vphntv & n5, move in boundary markers on 

another*s com field, meterse en heredad... . 

vetz' lum, vphr:tv & n5. move in boundary markers on 

another's property, meterse en... . 

vetz'bey chob, vphn-dv & n4d[B], move in boundary markers 

on another's com field, meterse en... . 

vetz'bey lum, vphr:-dv & n4d[B], move in boundary markers 

on anoUier's property, meterse en... . 

vetz'el, aj, decreased, menguado asi. 

vetz'es, tv, decrease, desmedrar. 

*vek 

*vekel ch'en, nphr(aj & n)5. cUff RML—In modem Chol, 

wekel ch'en is an encircling cUff In colonial Tzeltal both 

Ara and Guzmdn give the initial consonant of the 

adjective as b (Ara, n.d.:170; Guzman, 1620:186). roca. 

*vekel ch'en ta nab nphr;nphr(aj & n)5 & qphr(prep & n5). 

rock in the ocean, roca en el mar. 

vel 

vele-chUcin, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-eared, orejudo. 

veluyab pech', nphr(n type n)5. fan, flyswatter. aventador o 

nwsqueador. 

velulan, tv. brandish or shake Oance). blandear, sacudir conw 

lanza. 

veluy, tv. fan, winnow, aventar. 

veluy, iv. fan, winnow, aventar. 

veluyej, n4d. object being fanned, aventar. 

verja (Sp.) 

verja, nle. grate (term now used), reja 299. 

ves 

ves, tv. be powerful, poder, verba. 

vesan, iv. carry out, do, guide. RML—This reading is suspect. 

poder, verba. 

dios xvesan. God will do it (or) God wUl guide it. 

vesulan, tv. brandish or shake (lance), blandear, sacudir... . 

vesvanej, vn5. possiblUity. posibilidad. 

jvesej, agn. powerful person, poderoso de tal o tal cosa. 

jvesej kotol, nphr(agn & n4f). aU-powerful person. (1) 

poderoso de..., (2) todopoderoso. 

jvesvanej, agn. powerful person. (1) poderoso, (2) potente o 

poderoso. 

vex 

vexil, n3a. britches, wide and short plaited britches, bragas o 

caraquellas. 

vet 

vet, n5. fox. *It is a very evU animal. RML—^In modem Tzotzil 

this is the gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus. (1) liebre, 

(2) raposo. 

*vi 

*vivon, av. toot (smaU flute). RML—The term is the same in 

colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:201). sonar la fiauta 

sola... . 

vi'n 

vi'naj, iv. be hungry. (1) hombre haber 163, cf hambre. (2) 

tener hambre. 

vi'najel, vn5. hunger, hambre. 

vi'nal, n5. hunger. (1) hambre. (2) hambriento. 

vi'nal 'a'i, vphnn5 & tv. be hungry. (1) hombre haber 

163, cf hambre, (2) tener hambre. 

vitz 
328 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

vitz, n5. hill, mountain, mountain chain, mountain pass. (1) 

cuesta, (2) puerto de nwnte, (3) sierra o monte alto. 

vitz' 

vitz', iv. sprinkle, ysopo para rociar 190. 

vitz* k'inabal, s:iv & n5. drizzle, ysopo para...190. 

vitz' Ho', s:iv & n5. sprinkle. Hover menudo como rocio. 

vitz*es, tv. sprinkle (with the hand or hyssop), rociar algo con 

la mano o... . 

vitz*esab Ho', nphr(n of n)5. hyssop, ysopo para...190. 

vitz*esabU Ho', nphr(n4f of n5), hyssop, ysopo para...190. 

vitz'ub Ho', s:iv & n5. drizzle, ysopo para...190. 

viernes (Sp.) 

viemes, n5. Friday, viernes. 

vij 

vijet, av. drip, chorrear. 

vik' 

vUc' sat, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. rise in fortune or status. RML—^Lit 

to open one*s eyes, levantarse asi. 

vik*il sat vinik, nphr:nphr(aj & n) type n. cautious person. 

recatado. 

vik'ulan sat, vphntv & n4d[A], blink, parpadear. 

vii 

vii, tv, fly, leap, saltar hacia arriba... . 

vii, iv. fly, leap, saltar hacia arriba... . 

vilol, n5. toy whistle, whistie. silvete o juguete para silvar. 

vin 

vinaj, iv. appear in the distance, be clearly visible or exposed, 

begin to appear, discover, sound. (1) asomar o aparecerse de lejos 33, (2) claro que se ve bien, (3) descubrir, 

(4) manifestarse, (5) son o sonido... . 

tey xvinaj jve'el te ta xchonel caballoe. With the sale of 

horses I wUl see my way to a meal, tratar el tratante. 

vinaj, iv. be manifest or public. RML—^This is in the past 

tense. (1) manifiesta cosa, (2) publica cosa. 

vinaj 'a'yejlal, s:iv & -n4d. have a reputation (particularly a 

bad one), yrfamado ser 187. 

vinaj 'osU yo' 'oy, s:iv & n5 & s(pt & pt —). have a view (from 

the house or the window), vista de casa o de ventana... . 

vinaj 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. make a profit ganar trabajando. 

vinaj *utzU 'a'yejlal, s:iv & -nphr(aj & n)4d. have a good 

reputation, tener buerui fama. 

vinaj bek'tal, s:iv & -n4d. expose oneself echar las carnes de 

fuera. 

vinaj kola'al, s:iv & -n4d. have a bad reputation, tener mala 

fama. 

vinaj kola'al 'a'yejlal, s:iv & -nphr(n type n)4d. have a bad 

reputation, tener mala... . 

vinaj ta ba ta sat, s:iv & qphr(prep & -n4d) & ciphr(prep & 

n4d[P of ba]). show ui one's face, semblante de cara. 

vinajeb, n4f uiterpretation, mark. (1) nota asi, (2) significacion. 

vinajeb 'osil, nphr(n4f of n5). view (from the house or the 

window), vista de... . 

'utz svmajeb 'osil yo' 'oy. It has a good view. *As when 

we say, "This house has a good view because you can 

see many fields from it " 

vinajeb bi, nphr(n type n)4d. sumame. mmbre comun o 

sobrenombre. 

vinajeb biil, nphr(n type n)4d. sumame. mmbre comun— 

vinajeb k'u', nphr(n type n)4d. uniform, librea. 

vinajeb ta sat, nphr:-n4d & qphr(prep & n4d[=P of vinajeb]). 

facial expression, semblante de cara. 

kolo* svmajeb ta ssat He has an evU expression, 

vinajeb ton, nphr(n of n)4f quarry, pedrera. 

vinajeb Hun, nphr(n of n)4f book titie. titulo de libro. 

vinajebal, n3d, emblem, insignia, sign, (1) divisa 89, (2) 

ynsignias 188, (3) sehal conw..., (4) siho por sehal 317, 

vinajebal k'u'ul, nphr(n type n)5, uniform, librea. 

vinajes, tv, admit, confess, discover, provide, publish, reveal, 

show, (1) confesar, decir o manifestar algo. (2) 

descubrir, (3) divulgar o publicar..., (4) divulgar, 

publicar algo, (5) proveer, (6) publicar algo. 

vinajes 'ik*, vphntv & n4d[A], declare oneself manifestarse 

algo. 

vinajesabU, n4b. mark of identification, sehas para conocer. 

vinajesabU ve'el, nphr(n of n)4f commercial deal, tratar el 

tratante. 

vinajesbeybil, pp. revealed. (1) revelar, (2) significar. 

vinajesbey, dv. interpret, reveal, revelada cosa. 

jvinajesej-'a'yejlal, agn(vn & ncpd), defamer, ynfamado 187, 

*utz vinaj, cf 'utz. 

mu to jaka vmaj, vphr:ajphr(neg & pt & aj) & iv, be doubtful. 

dudosa cosa. 

mu vinaj bat, s:neg & iv & s(iv-). be squandered or wasted. 

disiparse 89. 

mu vinajes, vphr:neg & tv-. deny, negar. 

toj vmaj, vphr:adv & iv. be obvious, manifiesta cosa. 

vinagre (Sp.) 

vinagre, n5. vinegar, vinagre. vino corrompido. 

vinik 

vinUc, n5. addled egg, human, person. (1) guero vevo. (2) ombre 

0 muger, (3) persona, 

vinik choy, nphr(n type n)5. large fish, pez grande 252. 

vinUc te', nphr(n type n)5. idol (of wood), ydolo 183. 

vinUc ton, nphr(n type n)5. idol (of stone), ydolo 183. 

'Uc*al vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. dark-skinned person, prieto. 

'oy vinUc, s:n5/pred/ & n5. hatch, empollarse el huevo. 

mo vinUcuk, vphnneg & n5/pred/. be inhuman, ynhumano 188. 

toj mo vmikuk, vphr:adv & neg & n5/pred/. be evU. malvado. 

vinkilaj, iv. give bfrtii. parir la hembra. 

vinkilay, iv. be bom. nacer. 

vinkilayel, vn5. bfrth, Christmas. (1) nacimiento de cosas 

animadas, (2) navidad (3) parto. 

vinkilayel pascua, nphr(vn type n)5. Christmas, pascua de 

Navidad. 

vinkilel, nld. family, home, land distribution (as the Spaniards 

of this land have repartimientos), limb, territory. 
NUMBER 31 329 

RML—In modem Tzotzil of ChalchUiuitin, jvinkilal 

means "fellow countryman." (1) casa, familia, (2) 

miembro, parte del cuerpo, (3) repartimiento conw..., 

(4) territorio. 

vinkilelbU kotol 'osU 'u'un, s:pp/pred/ & nphr(n4f of n5) + 

-n4d. be prince of the whole world, principe de todo el 

mundo. 

vinkiltas, tv. engender, engendrar. 

jvinkiltasvanej, agn. engenderer. engendrador. 

'oy vinkUel, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f be hatehed, empollado asi. 

yo' 'oy vinkUay, qphr:pt & pt & s(iv—). native country. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, tierra patria. 

vink 

vink. bfrth, Christmas, engender, family, home, Umb. cf vinik. 

vino (Sp.) 

vino, n5. wine, vino puro. 

tzeel vino, cf tze (1). 

virrey (Sp.) 

virrey, n5. viceroy, virrey. 

VK(1 ) 

vix 'ixlel tot nphr:n4d of nphr(n4d of -n4d). woman*s faUier*s 

sister. *To distinguish sister from aunt tu hermana de 

padre...334, cf. tia. 

vixU, n3d. father's sister, grandfather's sister, man's father's 

or mother's brother's daughter when older than he, man's 

or woman's older sister. (1) hernuina may or...161, (2) 

hermano de mi padre 161, cf hermana. (3) hermana 

de...l6l, (4) prima, hija de hernuino, (5) tu hermana 

de padre..., cf tia 334, (6) tia. hermana de padre..., (1) 

tia hermana de abuelo... . 

vtt(2) 

vixvon, av, pray aloud (as when we pray from the book of 

devotion or read), rezar de manera.., , 

vixvonet, av, pray aloud (as when we pray from the b(X)k of 

devotion or read), rezar de... . 

vo(l) 

vo, tv. dry before the fire, roast, toast. (1) asar. (2) secar al 

fuego. (3) tostar. 

vobU, pp. toasted, (1) cojido 67, cf cosido, (2) tostada cosa. 

voob, n5, spit, asador. 

voob temal tak'in, nphr:n type nphr(natt & n). barbecue grill, 

parrillas para asar. 

voobU, n4f spit, asador. 

voobU temal tak'in, nphr:n4f type nphr(natt & n)5. barbecue 

grill, parrillas para... . 

vo(2) 

voet, av, bark, bray, make a din, roar, (1) bramar, (2) 

estruendo, (3) ladrar los perros u, (4) rebusnar. 

voetel, vn5, roar, bramido. 

vovonet, av. bark, make a din. (1) estruendo. (2) ladrar 

los.... 

vo' 

vo'ey, iv. have large swellings, hincharse asi a tolondrones... . 

vo*o-cho, n(aj & ncpd)5. plump-cheeked, hombre carrilludo 

240. 

vo'o-jol, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-headed, hombre de gran cabeza. 

vo'o-ru', n(aj & ncpd)5. big-nosed, flat-nosed, hombre de gran 

cabeza 239, (1) nariz roma, (2) hombre de gran nariz 

239, 

vo'oel jol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be big-headed (insult), hombre 

de gran cabeza 239. 

vo'oel ni', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be big-nosed (insult), hombre de 

gran nariz 239, 

vo'ol, aj. with a large sweUmg. himhado asi. 

vo'ol ni', s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be flat-nosed, nariz roma. 

vo'otik, aj. with large swelUngs. hinchado asi. 

vo'vo*, aj, with a large sweUing. hinchado asi. 

vo'ney 

vo'ney, n5. long ago, once. (1) antiguo, (2) en otro tiempo de 

preterito. (3) tiempo antiguo. 

vo'ney, aj. old. vieja cosa. 

mu vo'neyuk, vphr:neg & n5/pred/. recentiy, poco tiempo 

como... . 

vob 

vob, n5, wcxxien dmm (all wood), atabal de madera todo. 

votz' 

votz*, tv. knead (dough, clay for pots, thick objects kneaded 

with the whole hand), sobar masa, barro para ollas 324. 

votz'ilan, tv. knead, sobar masa...324. 

voch 

voch, tv, bmise, magullar. 

v(x:h, iv. bmise. magullar. 

vochochttic, aj. badly bmised. magullada cosa en muchas 

partes. 

vochol, aj. bruised, magullada cosa. 

voch' 

v(x:h*, tv. be broken open, chip (glass), grind for die first time, 

pound to pieces, smash. (1) cascarse, (2) descaxcar, (3) 

machucar o frangollar..., (4) mellarse vaso, (5) moler 

al principio o... . 

voch*, iv. be pounded to pieces, chip, smash. (1) cascarse, (2) 

machucar o..., (3) mellarse vaso, (4) mellada cosa asi. 

voch* ta tek'el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). kick or trample 

underfoot RML—Perhaps the verb should be read voch. 

acosar o pesar mucho. 

voch'bil, pp. broken, chipped. (1) cascado, (2) mellada cosa 

asi. 

voch'laj, av. crash (support or beam when breaking), ruido 

hacer asi. 

voch'lajel, vn5. crashing sound (as above), ruido de cosas 

quebradas... . 

voch'latel, vn5. crashing sound (as above), ruido de... . 

voch'ol, aj, chipped, smashed, (1) machucar o..., (2) mellada 

cosa asi. 

voch'olU, n4f chip, ruido de cosas quebradas... , 

v(x:h'oltik, aj, badly chipped, mellada cosa en.... 
330 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

voch'voch'tUc, aj. badly chipped, mellada cosa en... . 

voch'vonet, av, bustle about, bullirse. 

voj 

vojvonet av, bark, ladrar los perros u... . 

vojton 

vojton, n5. dry ear of com. mazorca cuaruio esta seca 204. 

vojtontik, n5. harvest time, mieses. 

vok 

vok, n4f. foam, espuma corrw quiera. 

vok ch'upak*, nphr(n4f of n5). soapsuds, lavamiento, el acto 

de lavar. 

vok k*ak'al Ho', nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. foam of boiling 

water, hollin de agua caliente. 

vok tak'in, nphr(n4f of n5). mst. herrumbre. 

vokan, iv. boil, foam, have water stirred up by wind or storm. 

(1) espumar hacer espuma, (2) hervir. (3) turbarse la 

agua... . 

vokan 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be enraged. (1) brava cosa. (2) 

encenderse de ira. (3) herviente cosa. 

vokan 'olonton ta 'U, s:iv & -n4d & qphr(prep & n5). burst 

with anger, reventar de enojo 287. 

vokanel 'olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). rage, encendimiento asi. 

jvokanel, agn. foamy material (c(x:oa). RML—This reading is 

suspect, espunwsa cosa. conw cacao. 

vokol 

vokol, n5. history, improvement, mercy, pity, torture. (1) 

atormentador, (2) ystoria 190, (3) mejoria o medra asi, 

(4) merced o misericordia. (5) cuestion de tormento 283. 

mu xivay yu'un yipal vokol. I can not sleep I am so fatigued 

by the torture, cuestion de tormento 281. 

vokol, n4d. fable, legend. (1) conseja, (2) leyenda 195. 

vokol 'al, vphr:n5 & tv. take pity on. merced hacer asi. 

vokol 'al 'a'i, vphr:s(n5 & tv) & tv. pity, merced haber asi. 

vokol aval xka'i. I pity you. 

vokol 'albey, vphr:n5 & -dv. take pity on. merced haber asi. 

vokol avalbeyon! Take pity on me! 

vokolij, iv. become rich, improve one*s wealUi or luck, teU 

fables, historical accounts or stories. (1) enriquecer, (2) 

enriquecido, (3) ejemplos o historias..., (4) hablan 

consejas, cf hablar, (5) medrar por rmjorar..., (6) 

relatar historias. 

vokolijel, vn5. enrichment, enriquecimiento. 

vokolijes, tv. enrich, enriquecer a otro. 

vokolil, n5. history, improvement. (1) ystoria 190, (2) mejoria. 

vokoUl, n3d. biography, novel. (1) ejemplo, vida...136, (2) 

novela o cosa para contar. 

vokoUl, natt. historic, ystorial cosa 190. 

vokoUl k'op, nphr(natt & n)5. historic words, fable. (1) 

hablador asi de consejas, cf habla, (2) ystorial cosa 190. 

vokoUl pasnej, nphr(natt & n)5. historic deeds, ystorial cosa 

190. 

vokoUn, tv. exhaust person, relate person's history, tell fables 

or stories. (1) ejemplos 0...136, (2) hablan consejas, cf 

hablar. (3) relatar historias, (4) tratar de alguno... . 

vokoltas, tv, do good or merciful acts, take pity on. (1) hacer 

bien...165, (2) merced hacer asi. 

vokoltasel, vn4d, mercy one receives, misericordia que recibo. 

vokoltasel 'a'i, vphr:n4d[A] & tv, be grateful, merced haber 

asi. 

muk' jvokoltasel xka'i, I am very grateful, 

vokoltas van, iv, do gocxi or merciful acts, hacer bien...165. 

jvokolinom, agn, historian, ystoriador 190, 

jvokoltasvanej, agn, merciful person. (1) hacer bien...165, (2) 

misericordioso. 

vok' 

vok', tv. break or smash (eggs, avocados, head, pot, boards, 

tUes), dig wiUi blows as with a hoe, disttibute, divide 

up, furrow, shatter with blows. (1) cabar a golpes..., (2) 

desmenusar dando golpes, (3) dividir o repartir algo, 

(4) quebrar. quebrantar, (5) quebrar o quebrantar..., 

(6) repartir, (1) surcar. 

vok', iv. break or smash (eggs, avocados, head, pot, boards, 

tUes), break open (pomegranates, cotton), break up 

(ship), be divided up. (1) abrirse asi casi del todo, (2) 

divisa cosa asi, (3) quebrar, quebrantar..., (4) quebrar 

o quebrantar..., (5) quebrarse la cosa abriendose .... 

vok' ch'en, vphr:tv & n5. dig a hole, ahoyar. 

vok' lum, vphr:tv & n5. measure land, medir tierra. 

vok' nuk'ul kelem, s:iv & nphr(n5 of n5). boy with changing 

voice, mozo que muda la voz. 

vok'ben, n4d. objects one has divided up. dividido por mi. 

vok'benal, n4f break, crack, quebradura, la sehal o hendidura. 

vok'bU, pp. broken, cracked, divided up, smashed. (1) abierto 

conw...3, (2) divisa cosa asi, (3) quebrado asi. 

vok'el, vn4f division, division. 

vok'es 'alab, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. hatch chicks, sacar polios las 

aves. 

vok'ilan, tv. distribute, divide up. repartir. 

vok'Uan-Hux, tv(tv & tvcpd). roughen grinding stone, picar 

muela .... 

vok'ob si', nphr(n of n)5. ax. hacha para cortar leha. 

vok'obil lum, nphr(n4f of n5). boundary marker, mojen, cf 

rrwjon. 

vok'obU si', nphr(n4f of n5). ax. hacha para .... 

vok'ol, aj. broken, broken open, cracked, divided up, smashed. 

(1) abierto como...3, (2) cascado, (3) divisa cosa asi, 

(4) quebrado asi, (5) quebrado asi. 

vok'ol 'e, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d-. have a chipped tootii. mellado 

en los dientes. 

vok'olil, n4f break, broken piece, crack. (1) quebradura, la 

sehal..., (2) quebradura, el pedazo..., (3) quebradura 

asi. 

vok'oUl xamiti, nphr(n4f of n5). piece of tile, tejuela, pedazo 

de teja. 

jvok'-lum, agn(tv & ncpd). surveyor, medidor asi. 

mo vok*oluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. do gocxi or merciful acts. 

hacer bien...165. 
NUMBER 31 331 

vol 

vol, tv. grapple, knead (dough, clay for pots), wrap. (1) 

envolver 98, (2) engarrafar o asir, (3) sobar masa, barro 

para ollas 324. 

vol ba, rv. wrinkle (clotiiing). arrugarse la ropa. 

vol ch'ay, vphr:tv- & tv-. grapple, engarrafar o asir. 

vol ta pok', vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). shroud, nwrtajar el 

cuerpo del muerto. 

volbil, pp. bundled, grappled. (1) envoltorio 98, (2) engarrafar 

o asir. 

volbil vaj, nphr(pp & n)5. roU. bolbo, cf bollo. 

voltzaj, iv. become round, redondo hacerse asi. 

voltzan, tv. make round, redondear. 

volUan, tv. knead (dough, clay for pots), sobar masa...324. 

volUanbU, pp. wrinkled, arrugado asi. 

voljey, n5. yesterday, ayer 14. 

volo-jol, n(aj & n)5. big-headed, hombre de gran nariz 239. 

volo-ni', n(aj & n)5. big-nosed, hombre de gran...239. 

volobil, n4f pUlowcase, wrap.funda o ... . 

volobil chame-vinUc, nphr:n4f of n(aj & ncpd)5. shroud, 

mortaja. 

volobil jolol, nphr(n4f of n5), headcloth. paho de la cabeza. 

voloj k'obil, nphr(n4f of n3d), fist puho de mano cerrado. 

voloj k'ob maj, vphr:s(tv/ap/ & n4d[A]) & tv-[A=A of vol]. 

punch, puhada, herida. 

svolbj sk'ob nesmaj. He punched me, 

cha'-yalel nesmaj svoloj sk*ob. He punched me twice, 

volvol, aj, round, roundish, (1) peya rolliza no bien redonda 

254, (2) redondo, espherico corrw ... . 

volvol jol te', s:aj^red/ & nphr(n4f of n5). cudgel, porra para 

aporrear. 

volvol lum, nphr(aj & n)5. clcxl. terron. 

volvol nabo, nphr(aj & n)5. round tumip. nabo redondo. 

volvol no, nphr(aj & n)5. baU of yam. mazorca de hilo. 

volvol tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. roundish piece of metal, peya 

rolliza 254. 

volvol tak'in ta ba, s:ajy^red/ & n5 & qphr(prep & -n4f). mace 

(of beadle or gateman). maza o., ,203, 

volvol ton, nphr(aj & n)5, round rock, peya rolliza, no...254. 

volvolil, n4f roundness, redondes asi. 

jvol, agn, escort, foUower, RML—^The term for foUower is 

given as ghvohol, but the reader is dfrected to see tiie 

other entries, (1) acompahara. cf acompahar, (2) el que 

asi acompaha 5, (3) seguidor asi. 

j-vol ta vinik, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & cjphr(prep & n5). 

genealogy, genealogia. 

val-te', n(x & ncpd)4d. husband, lover (male or female), wife. 

(1) amigo enanwrado..., (2) esposa. 

val-te'ij, iv(x & ivcpd). fall in love (having a residence that 

one has not yet moved to), take a husband or wife (before 

celebrating the wedding), (1) amancebarse conw..., (2) 

esposa o esposa tonuir. 

val-te'in, tv(x & tvcpd), fall in love, take a husband or wife, 

(1) amancebarse corrw..., (2) esposa o esposa tonuir. 

valal, n4d. genealogy. RML—This is given as -balal as it is 

in colonial Tzeltal (Guzm^, 1620:96), but the preceding 

entry here and tiie meaning of Uie root reinforce this 

reading. (1) genealogia. (2) parentesco por sangre. 

*vot 

*votol-'Uc', tv(aj & tvcpd), call frequentiy or importunately. 

llamar a menudo. 

*votol-tzitz, tv(aj & tvcpd), bribe, sobornar. 

*votol-lok', iv(aj & ivcpd), leave quickly as from the church 

or schcKil, salir aprisa. 

*votol lok'el, nphr(aj & vn)5, quick exit, salida aprisa 

como... . 

*votol Ho', nphr(aj & n)5. constant ram for many days. 

RML—^The adjective is given as votal. Hover sin cesar 

muchos dias. 

*votolan lok'el, vphr:tv- & dr. leave quickly as from the church 

or sch(X)l. salir aprisa como... . 

vov 

vovet, av. groan, gmmble (as women do with maids or 

daughters), mutter, (1) bramar. (2) hablar entre dientes, 

(3) rehir gruhendo corrw... . 

vovetel, vn5. groan, bramido. 

voy 

voy, nle. cloven-foot (1) pati hendido en dos partes, (2) pie 

con que anda el animal. 

'oy voy, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. cloven-footed.pie con... . 

voymol 

voymol, nle. weed. RML—Modem Tzotzil of Chamula is 

vomol. verva 183. 

voymoltik, n5. pasture, thicket. (1) erracal. (2) nuitorral, cosa 

de matas 213. 

voymoltikU, natt. wild, salvaje. 

voymoltikU chitom, nphr(natt & n)5. peccary, puerco de rmnte, 

jabali. 

voymoltUcU lo'bol, nphr(natt & n)5. wild fmit montahes. cosas 

ilustres. 

voymoltUcU vinik, nphr(natt & n)5. fieldhand, lowborn, savage. 

(1) labrador rustico, (2) montahes, cosas..., (3) salvaje, 

(4) villarw en la crianza. 

vutz' 

j-vutz', num(num & ncpd). stack, hacina, ayuntamiento de 

hacer. 

j-vutz' si', nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n. stack of ffrewood. 

hacina de leha. 

*vuch 

*vuch, aj. dented, depressed, sunken. (1) hundida cosa..., (2) 

hundida cosa... . 

*vuchul, aj. dented, depressed, sunken. (1) hundida cosa..., 

(2) hundida cosa... . 

*vuchulvuchul, aj. slightiy dented, depressed or sunken. 

hundida cosa... . 

*vuchvuch, aj. slightly dented, depressed or sunken, hundida 

cosa... . 

vuch' 
332 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

vuch'i, tv. blow on (fcxxl to CCK)1 it, head wound or tumor to 

cure it), blow off (dust), winnow. (1) achar 13, (2) 

hechizar con sophs..., (3) soplar como soplanws... . 

vuch'iabil 'ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). winnowing flcxir. era donde 

trillan. 

vuk 

vukvukil, n4f. adam's apple, nuez del cuello. 

vul 

vulul, iv. gmmble (as women do with maids or daughters). 

rehir gruhendo conw... . 

vululel, vn5. gmmbling. riha asi 295. 

vululet, av. gmmble (as women do with maids or daughters). 

rehir gruhendo como... . 

vululetel, vn5. grumbling, riha asi 295. 

vulvon, agn. gmmble (as women do witii maids or daughters). 

rehir gruhendo conw... . 

vulvonet, av. gmmble (as women do with maids or daughters). 

rehir gruhendo conw... . 

vulvonet k'op, s:av & n5. boast angrily, baladrear enojando. 

vuy 

vuyul, aj. feeble./faca cosa. magra. 

naka vuyul bakel, cf naka. 

ya 

ya, nld. adversity, anguish, cause, suffering. (1) causa, el 

porque. (2) fatiga asi o adversidad (3) pasion absolute 

o trabajo. *To console a person in suffering they say: 

'ak'o 'ech'uie ya. 'ak'o 'ech'uk kisin'! May the suffering 

pass, may the adversity pass! fatiga asi... . 

k'usi aya, k'usi akisin? What is your suffering, what is your 

adversity? fatiga asi... . 

ya 'a'i, vphnn5 & tv. take pity on. compadecer. 

ya ch*iel, nphr(n type vn)5. importunity, ymportunidad 185. 

ya ti', nphr:-n4d & n4d[P of ya]. apologize, deny, excuse 

oneself (1) achaque poner. (2) disculparse 78, (3) 

escusarse. (4) negar. 

ya ti'U, nphr(nld of n5). apology, excuse. (1) desculpa. (2) 

escusacion o escusa. 

yaij, iv. be anguished by sickness or loss, fatiga venir, 

corrw... . 

yaijel, vn5. suffering of torments, pasion del cuerpo. 

yaijes, tv. molest, punish, slander, torment, torture, vex. (1) 

acosar persiguiendo o molestando, (2) disfamar, (3) 

fatigar asi. a otro, (4) justiciar. (5) punir. castigando. 

Ho'ottik ejyaijestik kajvaltik. It was we who tormented Our 

Lord, fatigar asi.... 

yaijesbil, pp. punished, punido. 

yaijesel 'u'un dios, nphr:vn5 + nphr(n4d of n5). martyrdom. 

martirio. 

yail, n4d. pity one receives, compasion. 

yain, tv. aid the poor or miserable in thefr needs, suffer for 

another*s sins, support, take pity on. (1) causa, el..., (2) 

compadecer, (3) lastar, pagar pecados. (4) procurar 

para otro.... (5) socorrer al pobre... . 

Ha* jyain te chamele (or) te k'el-'abtele. I am suffering from 

tiie death (of my chUd or from) supervising tiie work. 

fatiga asi... . 

yamel, vn4d. pity one receives, compasion que se tiene de mi. 

yaob ti'il, nphr(nld of n5). excuse, achaque. 

yatik *osU *a*i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be fatigued. 

quebrantandentos sentir. 

yatikU *a*i, vphr:n5 & tv. be fatigued, quebrantandentos sentir. 

yatikU 'osil 'a'i, vphr:s(n5/pred/ & n5) & tv. be fatigued. 

quebrantandentos sentir. 

yatikyatik, aj. fatigued, quebrantado asi. 

yauk 'oy, vphr:n5/pred//subj/ & pt. be one who excuses 

himself, achaque. 

yaukon 'oy. I excuse myself 

yaya, n5. importunity, vexation, (1) enhadamiento. (2) 

ymportunidad 185, 

yaya, aj, grave, lazy, serious, slow, (1) grave cosa que da 

pesadumbre. (2) lerdo. perezoso. 

yaya 'a'i, vphr:aj & tv, be annoyed by, be disgusted by, loathe. 

(1) abominar como..., (2) hastio tener, (3) molestado. 

yaya eka'i jk*anbeyel ekak*bey. It annoyed me to give it to 

him, molestado. 

yaya xka'i batel, I hate to go, hastio tener. 

yaya 'antz, nphr(aj & n)5, pregnant woman, prehada. 

yaya 'ilel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f be loathesome, abominable. 

yaya 'osil *a*i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv, be vexed, enhadarse. 

yaya biU, nphr(aj & n)5, sumame. nombre comun o 

sobrenombre. 

yaya vmik, nphr(aj & n)5, skinny person. RML—^This conflicts 

with yaya 'antz.fiaca cosa mayra. 

yayail, n4d. feebleness, negligence, vexation. (1) enhadamiento. (2)fiojedad del cuerpo 144, (3) tibieza asi. 

yayail, aj, lazy, negUgent, tibia, cosa perezosa. 

yayail-pas, tv(aj & tvcpd), do negligentiy, tibiamente hacer 

algo. 

yayail vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5. feeble, lazy or slow person, (1) 

flojo asi 144, (2) lerdo. perezoso. 

yayatik 'osU 'a'i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. feel feeble (from 

sickness or age), dificultosamente. 

yayaub, iv. be vexed, enhadarse. 

yayaubel, vn5, vexation, enhadamiento. 

yayaubes, tv. annoy, bother, vex, (1) enhodar. (2) nwlestar. 

yayaubtas, tv, torture, justiciar. 

jya-ti'il, agn(tv & ncpd). apologizer, person who excuses 

himself, escusador asi. 

jyaijesvanej, agn. executioner, molester, punisher, (1) acosador 

asi. (2) punidor, (3) sayon, verdugo 307. 

jyail, agn, denien negador. 

jyayaubesvanej, agn. nuisance, tormentor, bambanear. 

jyayaubtasvanej, agn, importunate or vexatious person, (1) 

enhadador. (2) ymportuno sin tiempo 185. 

toj ya, ajphr:adv & aj. annoying, bothersome, nwlesta cosa. 
NUMBER 31 333 

yabut 

yabutij, iv. battie, become enemies, conquer, fight in a contest, 

skirmish, wage war, (1) batallar o polear. (2) conquistar. 

(3) enemistarse. (4) escaramusar, (5) guerra ruicer. (6) 

lidiar asi. 

yabutijel, vn5. skfrmish. escaramusa. 

yabutU, n5. army, battie, conquest, war. (1) batalla, (2) 

conquista, (3) guerra, (4) hueste de gente 344. 

yabutU, n3d. enemy, emmigo. 

'oy *ep jyabuttik etzamesat yu*un angel (or) *oy pim 

jyabuttik icham yu'un angele. Many of our enemies were 

kiUed by the angel, matanza, el... . 

yabutin, tv. battie, become enemies, conquer, fight in a contest, 

skirmish. (1) batallar o conquistar algo. (2) conquistar, 

(3) enemistar o pelear..., (4) guerra hace a otro. (5) 

lidiar asi. 

yabutinab castUlan jom, nphr:n type nphr(aj & n), galley, 

galera. 

yabutinab na, nphr(n type n)5, fortress, fortaleza. 

yabutinajeb jom, nphr(n type n)5. galley, galera. 

yabutin vanej, vn5, skirmish, lid entrada de armas. 

jyabutijel, agn. conqueror, skirmisher, warrior. (1) escaramuseador. (2) guerrero. 

jyabutil, agn. warrior. (1) guerreador. (2) real de gente 

armada. 

jol yabutijebal na, cf jol (1). 

yak 

yakal, aj. snared, enlazardo. 

yakbil, pp, snared, enlazardo. 

yakil, n4d, amazement dmnkenness, love enchanUnent. (1) 

embebecido, (2) encantamiento asi. 

yakil chi', nphr(n of n)5, dmnkenness, emborrachamiento o 

beodez. 

yakil-vay, iv(aj & ivcpd), sleep a long time, dormir mucho. 

yakobil, n5, snare, enlazador. 

yakoj, iv. snare, enlazardo. 

yakojel, vn5. snaring, enlazamiento o lazo. 

yakojob, n5. snare, enlazador. 

yakojob chij, deer snare, 

yakojob mut, bfrd snare, 

yakub, iv. become gravely Ul, get dmnk. (1) embaucado asi, 

(2) enborracharse, (3) enfermar gravemente. 

xeyakub ta chi'. I am drank with wine, emborrar a otro. cf 

emborrachar. 

yakub ta jalal 'ilel, s:iv & qphr(prep & -nphr<aj & vn>4f), faU 

in love, enanwrarse. 

yakubel, vn5, drunkenness, love enchantment. (1) emborrachamiento o..., (2) encantamiento asi. 

yakubes, tv, deceive wiUi plots, dupe, enchant or bewitch so 

as to fall in love, entangle, make dmnk, make fall in love, 

tfre out (in pursuit). *Note that to intoxicate in this 

language does not only mean to be intoxicated with wine 

or another liquor, but also to be amazed or out of one*s 

senses in love with someone, or from sleepiness or anger. 

(1) acosa cansando algo. (2) embaucar, (3) emborrar a 

otro. cf emborrachar. (4) enamorar a otro, (5) encantar 

o hechizar..., (6) enredar algo... . 

yakubesbU, pp, duped, embaucado. 

yakyak, aj. dmnk, duped, in love, stmck with amazement. (1) 

embaucado. (2) embebecerse. (3) emborracharse. (4) 

enamorado. 

yakyakon ta sjalal 'Uel. I am in love, enanwrarse. 

yakyakon ta vayel. I was sound asleep, dormir recio con 

sueho recio. 

yakyak vay, vphr:adv & iv. sleep a lot, dormir mucho. 

yakyaktik, aj, duped, embaucado. 

jyakil-chi', agn(aj & ncpd), dmnkard, (1) emborracharse. (2) 

emborrar a otro. cf, emborrachar. 

jyakil-vayel, agn(aj & vncpd). sleeping person, adormecido. 

jyakubel, agn. drunkard, person in love. (1) emborracharse. 

(2) enarrwrado. 

yok, n5. snaring, enlazamiento o lazo. 

tanaon ta yok. I am snaring (animals), enlazardo. 

yokU, n3d. ensnared animal, snare, enlazamiento o.... 

yak' 

yak* pat, vphr:tv & n4d[A], shrink (as when being whipped 

on the back), encojerse como... . 

yak*al pat s:aj/pred/ & -n4d, shmnken up, encojerse conw... . 

yal 

yal, tv, hurl or shcx)t (long objects, darts, staves, arrows), tirar 

cosas largas... . 

yal, iv. descend, digest fall from a height, go down, humble 

oneself. (1) bajar 39, (2) caer de alto, (3) digerirse, (4) 

digerido, (5) humillarse. 

yal 'ak'ol Ho', s:iv & nphr(n type n)5, drizzle in a nor*easter, 

llovisruir con norte. 

yal Hob, s:tv & n5, snow, nevar. 

yal 'u'un, vphniv + -n4d. abort, abortar. 

yal bot, s:iv & n5, haU, granizar. 

yal k*inabal, s:iv & n5. drizzle in a nor*easter. llovisnar 

con... . 

yal ta 'al, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). fall to temptation, sin. 

(1) pecar, (2) tentacion asi. 

eyal avu'un ta *al. You tempted him and won him over. 

tentacion asi. 

yal ta ch*en, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). fall off a cliff 

despehar. 

yal ta jotz', vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5), faU into temptation. 

tentacion asi. 

yal ta k'exol, vphr:iv & ciphr(prep & -n4d). succeed, suceder 

a otro que procede. 

yal ta mulU, vphr:iv & ciphr(prep & n5). fall into temptation. 

tentacion asi. 

yal ta xokob, vphr:iv & ciphr(prep & n5). fall into a snare. 

enlazarse asi. 

yal tojol, s:iv & -n4f faU in pric«. vilescerse en el precio. 

yal tok, s:iv & n5. become foggy, niebla hacer. 

yal Ho', s:iv & n5, rain. Hover. 
334 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

yalal, aj. enough, hasta cosa. 

yalbaj, iv. goad, shoot (arrow), spear. (1) arrojar vara u..., (2) 

flechar 147. 

yalbay, tv, goad, shoot (arrow, crossbow), sh(X)t at, spear. * 

These (people) prefer to shoot with arrows and not with 

crossbows, (1) arrojar vara u..., (2) asaetear 33, (3) 

ballestear. (4) flechar. (5) tirar para dar..., (6) 

vallestear. 

yalbayab, nld, fish spear, spear, ete, (1) azagaya 37, (2) arpon. 

yalbayabU, n5, goad stick, (1) bautisnw. (2) pila de bautisar. 

yalbaybil, pp, pierced by an arrow, asaeteado. 

yalbayej, n4d, target of one*s arrow shot, saeta 33, 

yaleb Ho' ta jolol, nphr:nphr(n of n)5 & qphr(prep & n5), 

baptism, baptismal font. (1) bautisemo. (2) pi7a de 

bautisar. 

yalebal batel, nphr(n5 & dr), downhUl slope, cuesta abajo. 

yalel, nc, blow, punch, shot (harquebus), slap, stab, time, (1) 

apuhear, (2) bofeteada, (3) pedrada, (4) tiro de arcabuz 

o asi, (5) una vez, (6) vez primera. 

jay-yalel axen? How many times did you stab him? 

puhalada de herida. 

j-yalel no 'ox. Just once, puhalada de... . 

j-yalel majel ta volvol sjol te'. One cudgel blow, porrada, 

herida de porra. 

j-yalel nesmaj ta chin-te'. He gave me one cudgel blow. 

porrada, herida... . 

j-yaleluk teno (or) teno j-yaleluk! Throw one! herida... . 

xcha'-yalelal. The second time, vez segunda. 

j-yalelyalel no 'ox jten 'oy, I just tiirew one. pedrada, 

herida... . 

yalel batel, nphr(vn5 & dr). departing downhiU. cuesta abajo. 

yalel nab, nphr(vn of n)5. low tide, menguante de mar. 

yalel talel, nphr(vn5 of dr). approaching downhUl. cuesto 

abajo. 

yalel tojol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f cheap, barato. 

yales, tv. abort, fmd fault with, get down, lower, overmateh. 

* (Aside from jpaj jkomojes) they have many otilier ways 

of saying to find fault with as when they look at 

someone*s works or words. If Uiey see that some fault 

has been found it is very common to say, "k'usi skoj 

xayales jpasnej?" "What fault do you find with my 

work?** (1) abajar, descender, (2) abortar, (3) bajar 39, 

(4) tachar. 

yales ba, rv. humble self, lessen self (by wicked deed). (1) 

apocarse haciendo vileza, (2) humillarse. 

yales k*op, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. cut short one*s conversation. 

abreviar platica. 

yales ve'el, vphr:tv & n5. digest, digerir. 

yalom, n5. bowman, crossbowman, hunter with bow and 

arrows. (1) asaeteador 33, (2) ballestero, (3) flechero 

queflecha 147, (4) montero o cazador..., (5) vallestero. 

yalp*un ba, rv. hurl oneself off a cUff despeharse de proposito, 

arrojarse. 

yalp'un ta ch*en, vphr:tv- &. qphr(prep & n5). hurl person off 

a cUff despehar a otro. 

yalul, aj. smaller, RMI^—In colonial Tzeltal, yalol utz utz is 

"un poco mejor," and yalol chican quinal xquU is "ver 

poco" (Gates, 1934b:34). menor. 

yalutot attUc or yuteb yalulot attUc. You are smaUer, 

yalul 'utz', ajphr(aj & aj), moderately good, razomble, no muy 

bueno. 

yalul kuxul, ajphr(aj & aj), half-alive, medio vivo. 

yalul xa, vphnaj/pred/ & pt, in a Uttie while, a little later, (1) 

ahora de aqui a un poco, (2) despues conw de aqui a 

un poco, (3) luego de aqui a poco, (4) rato de tiempo. 

yalul to tzajal, s:aj/pred/ & pt «& -n4f rose-colored, rosado de 

color de rosa. 

yaluluk xa, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt a Uttie laten despues conw... . 

yalulyalul, aj. less, mas, comparativo. 

jyalbajel, agn, bowman, flechero queflecha 147, 

jyalbayvanej, agn. crossbowman, (1) ballestero, (2) vallestero. 

jyalesej-baU, agn(vn & mcpd), humble person, humilde. 

jyalvanej, agn, bowman, crossbowman, (1) asaeteador 33, (2) 

flechero queflecha 147. 

juteb yalul tuk, cf jut (1) 

mu to yal ch'ut, s:neg & pt & iv & -n4d, be indigestible. 

yndigesto, no digerido 186. 

Ha' no 'ox yalal, cf Ha' (1). 

Ha' yal ta pop ta tz*omol tot, s:n5/pred/ & s(iv & qphr<prep 

& n4d[P = tot]> & qphr<prep & nphr (n4d of -n4d)>), 

primogeniture, *Lit, He must inherit or possess his 

fatiier's mat and seat mayorazgo 205, 

yolob tak'in, nphr(n of n)5, crossbow, ballesta. 

yolob te', nphr(n5 of nld), dowry, dote. 

yolob vitz, nphr(n of n)5, meteor, meteorite, cometa. 

yolobil, n3d, arrow, bow, crossbow bolt, goad stick, RML—In 

modem TzotzU of Chenalh6 and Chalchichuitan, yolob 

k'ok', is a sky rcx^ket, (1) arco para tirar, (2) saeta 33, 

{3)frecha, (4) garrocha, (5) pasador tiro de balleta, (6) 

saeta. 

yam 

yamaj, iv, ease (sickness), recuperate, relax, slacken, (1) aflojar 

la enfermedad, (2) aliviarse, (3) entibiarse. 

yamaj 'a'i, vphr:s(iv-) & tv, be eased (sickness), RML—^The 

intransitive verb is in the past tense, alivio. 

yamaj 'abtel 'u'un, s:iv & n5 + -n4d, ease work, aflojar en el 

trabajo. 

yamajel, vn5. alleviation, slackness. (1) alivio, (2) entibiamiento o tibieza. 

yamajes, tv. ease, aliviar. 

yamal, aj. slackened, entibiamiento... . 

yamal pasal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f improved (m healUi). mejoria 

en la dolencia. 

yamalyamal, aj. eased, improved, aflojado asi. 

yamalyamal juteb. slightiy improved (health), mejorar 

en... . 

yaman, aj, tender, tierna cosa. 

•yamal 
NUMBER 31 335 

•yamal, n5, large lightning bug. RML—In colonial Tzeltal it 

is yamaz (Guzm^, 1620:121). In modem TzotzU of 

Chalchihuitan it is yamatz. luciernaga. 

yan 

yan, aj. different, differentiy, otiier, special. (1) diferir o 

diferenciarse 85, (2) diferente. (3) en otra nuinera, (4) 

otras cosas. 

yanon. I am different diferir 0...85. 

yanot sbatel *osU. You are unique, particular cosa. 

yan 'al, vphnaj & tv-. contradict, contra. 

yan 'ich', vphr:aj & tv-. mistake, by mistake. RML—The verb 

is given in the past tense, tener una cosa por otra. 

yan 'ik', vphr:aj & tv-. take by mistake. RML—^The verb is 

given in the past tense, tener una... . 

yan 'ilel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f be different manera, desta... . 

yan 'oy, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt, another, otro. urw de muchos. 

yan k'opoj, vphr:aj & iv. contradict speak differentiy, (1) 

contra. (2) en otra manera. 

yan tuk, vphnaj/pred/ + n4d[S], be different or special, (1) 

diferir 0...S5, (2) otro. uno... . 

jol xkU skotole yanot atuk. 1 love everyone, but you 

especially, particular cosa. 

yan xk'opoj stuk. He has a special way of thirUdng, 

particular cosa. 

yan xve' stuk. He has a special diet, particular cosa. 

yanij, iv, disguise oneself, withdraw, (1) disfrazarse. (2) 

dividirse. apartarse de uno. 

eyanij ta k'op. with disguised speech, disfrazarse. 

eyanij ta sk'u', with disguised clothes, disfrazarse. 

yanij 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. regret, repent. (1) arrepentirse, (2) 

pesarle. arrepentirse. (3) repentimiento. 

yanijel, vn5. disguise, disfrase. 

yanijel 'olontonU, nphr(vn & n)5. repentance, arrepentimiento. 

yanijes ba, rv, cUsguise oneself disfrazarse. 

yanijesbil ba, rpp. disguised, disfrazarse. 

yanijesbil ta k'op, vphr:pp/pred/ & cjphr(prep & n5). disguised 

in speech, disfrazarse. 

yantUc, aj. differently, other. (1) diferentemente. (2) otras cosas. 

yantikyantik 'olonton, s:aj/pred/& -n4d. fickle, mconstant (1) 

ynconstante 186, (2) mudable asi. 

yantikyantik tza, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. inconstant, ynconstante 

186. 

yantikyantik vinkilel, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. limb by Umb. miembro 

a miembro. 

yanyanuk, aj. elsewhere, somewhere else. *As "Do not put it 

there, put it somewhere else." on otra parte. 

xojob yan, cf xoj. 

toj yantUc, ajphr:adv & aj. strange, extraha cosa 134. 

yax (1) 

yax. blue, cholera, emerald, falcon, free, fresh, green, liberty, 

screech owl, scrofula, thin, weed, vagina, cf yox (1). 

•yax (2) 

*yax *naan, qphnpt & aj, a Uttie. RML—In modem Tzotzil, 

yaxnan means "nearly," (1) poco, adjetivo, (2) poquito. 

•yax •naan xa, c|phr:pt «& aj & pt, a littie more, (1) poco mas, 

(2) un poco mas. 

•yax •naan xa mu ta, vphr:qphr(pt & aj & pt) & neg & tv-, a 

littie less, un poco menos. 

•yax noch, qphr:pt & aj, a littie. RML—^The same term occurs 

in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmdn, 1620:161). poco. adjetivo. 

•yax noch xa, qphr:pt & aj & pt, a Uttie more, poco mas. 

yavaj 

avaj, n5, avarice, poverty, laseria. 

yavaj, aj. avaricious, poor, scarce. RML—^This occurs in 

colonial Tzeltal meaning "escaso" and "laserado" 

(Guzman, 1620:81, 117). In mcxiem Tzotzil, yavajo 

means angry, stingy. (1) avariento. (2) escaso. (3) 

laserado 194. 

yavajib, iv. become greedy, avaricia tener. 

yavajij, iv. become scarce, escasear. 

yavajijel, vn5. avarice, scarcity, (1) avaricia, (2) escasea. 

yavajU, nld, avarice, poverty, scarcity. (1) avaricia, (2) 

escasea, (3) laseria 194. 

yavajU vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. avaricious or niggardly person. 

(1) avariento, (2) escaso. 

yavajUal, n4d, scarcity, escasea. 

yavajui, tv. make scarce, escasear. 

ye 

ye, tv. reveal, show, prcxilaim wedding banns (as when Uiey 

display those who are getting married). (1) divulgar, 

publicar algo, (2)publicar como... . 

ye ta chonel, vphr:tv- & (iphr(prep & vn5). auction, pomr en 

almomda pregonando. 

yi 

yi, n5. ear of young com (milky, with undeveloped kemels), 

mazorca de maiz antes...203. 

yi batel, nphr(n5 & dr), ear of com (when kemels are beginning 

to develop), mazorca de maiz...203. 

yi' 

yi' ton, nphr(n type n)5, sandstone, piedra arenisca. 

yi'al k*anal tak*in, nphr:natt & nphr(aj & n)5, gold dust oro 

en polvo. 

yi'al ton, nphr(natt & n)5, sandstone, piedra arenisca. 

yi'tik, n5, sandy place, arenal. 

yi'tik, aj. sandy, arenosa cosa. 

yij 

yij, aj. sturdy, reciente cosa 299. 

yijil, n4f strength. (l)flrmesa 11, (2) fortaleza de varon, (2) 

reciura 299. 

yijil, aj. sprouted, entallecidas yerbas asi. 

yijil 'itaj. cabbage head. 

yijil lechuga. lettuce head, 

yijil 'olonton, nphr(n4f of n4d). bravery, esfuerzo. 

yijil caballo, nphr(aj & n)5. strong horse, fuerte aninuil. 

yijil kelem, nphr(aj & n)5. grown boy. mancebo crecido. 

yijil k*op, nphr(aj & n)5. persistfence. porfia. 

yijil-k'opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). persist porfiar. 

yijil te', nphr(aj & n)5. hard w(X)d. reciente cosa 299. 
336 SMITHSONLAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

yijil vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. old or sfrong person. (1) anciarw, 

(2) fuerte aminal. 

yijub, iv. grow hard, become strong, harden, sprout (1) 

afirmarse, fortalecerse, (2) duro hacerse. (3) endurecerse, (4) entallecerse las yerbas..., (5) entallecidas 

yerbas asi. (6) tallescer..., (1) talluda cosa asi. 

yijub, iv. be fuU (mcK)n). RML—The verb is ui the past tense. 

luna llena. 

yijub ta kola'al, vphr:iv & ciphr(prep & n5). sin wiUfuUy. 

RML—^The verb is in the past tense, obstiruirse en el 

mal 243. 

yijubel, vn5. stren^. firmesa 11. 

yijubes, tv. fortify, sfrengthen. afirmar o fortalecer asi algo. 

yijubesbU, pp. fortified, afirmado o fortalecido... . 

jyijU 'olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). brave person, aninwso. 

yo 

yo, tv. shcx) (bfrds, cattie, dogs). (1) eje. lo...136, (2) ojear 

aves 243. 

yo, n5. shcxiing. ojeo 243. 

'ay ta yo-mo'och. He went to shoo the macaws (from the 

com fields), 

yo 'us, vphr:tv & n5, shcx) flies, mosquear solamente. 

yo Ho, vphr:tv & n5. shoo flies, mosquear solamente. 

yobU, pp. sh(X)ed, ojeados asi 243. 

jyo-tuluk', agn(tv & ncpd). chicken tender, gallinero que las 

cuide. 

yo' 

yo* 'oy, ptphr:pt & pt. meanwhUe, untU. (1) en tanto que, (2) 

entretanto. 

mo batan te yo* *oy neHule. Do not go until I have retumed. 

en tanto que. 

yo' 'oy k'usi, nphr:pt & pt & n5. whatever. RML—This was 

given as cohoy cuci. por ventura alguna cosa. 

yo' 'oy much'uy, nphnpt & pt & n5. whoever. RML—This 

was given as cuhoy muchuy. por ventura alguno. 

yo' 'oy Hu* tzitzo*, qphr:pt & pt & s(iv & n5). pulpit 

predicatorio o pulpito. 

yoch 

yoch, tv. lcK)sen. cflojar algo. 

yochol, aj. loose, fioja cosa 144. 

yok 

yok. snare, cf. yak. 

yokin 

yokin, tv. hurl, scatter. RML—In modem TzotzU, yokinta 

means to scold harshly. Perhaps this shold be read yok'in. 

for in modem Tzotzil of Venustiano Carranza, yok'ilan 

is to "agitate" or "annoy," and ui mcxiem Tzeltal of 

Tenejapa, yok' is to "shake out liquid." (1) arrojar. (2) 

rebatiha. 

yokin ba, rv. hurl oneself off a cliff, despeharse de proposito, 

arrojarse. 

yokin ch'ay, vphr:tv- & tv/subj/-. discard, toss out. *jyokin 

jch'ay, xayokin ach'ay, syokin xch'ay. All these verbs 

are conjugated this way. The ffrst by mood and tense. 

The verb acts as an adjective in all tenses. I say the first 

verb because in all these cases there are two. echar a 

malo... . 

yokm ta ch'en, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). hurl person off a 

cUff. despehar a otro. 

yokinbil, pp. discarded, abatir algo o echarlo a mal. 

yokinej, n4d. object bemg cUscarded. abatir... . 

yol 

yol. arrow, bow, comet, crossbow, dowry, goad stick, cf yal. 

yom 

yom, tv. hold in the fist abarcar con el puho. 

yomben, n4d. handful (candles), abarcar con... . 

yomlej, nc. handful, (1) abarcar con..., (2) manojo de..., (3) 

puho o... . 

yomoj, n4d. object held in hand, abarcar con... . 

j-yom, num(num & nccpd)5. handful (of long untied objects 

lUce Sfraws). (1) manojo de cosa que no se ata, (2) puho 

opuhado... . 

j-yom tzotzil, nphr:num(num & nccpd) of n5. horse's forelock. 

guedeja o vedeja de cabellos. 

j-yom toj, nphnnum(num & nccpd) of n5. torch bundle, hacha 

de tea para alumbrar. 

j-yomyom no 'ox, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & pt & pt single 

handful, abarcar con... . 

yox (1) 

yox, aj, fresh (fish, cheese), green, (1) fresco, pescado o 

queso. (2) verde cosa en color. 

yox-o', n(aj & ncpd)5, clear waten RML—This perhaps should 

be read yox Ho', clara agua. 

yox to, vphr:aj^red/ & pt, green (com, etc, that is not dry or 

weU-cured), tierno maiz u... . 

yoxyox, aj. blue, green. RML—Blue is given as yoxox, which 

seems suspect (1) azul, (2) verde cosa... . 

yax-'otz*an, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue. azul. 

yax-'otz'an pas, vphr:aj(aj & Pcpd) & tv-. make blue, azul 

hacer. 

yax-bajan, aj(aj & Pcpd). light, bright green, verdegueada, 

cosa ya verdeguea. 

yax-bajtay, iv(aj & ivcpd). grow green, verdeguear. 

yax-balan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green again (grain field, grass). 

reverdescer. 

yax-tz*anan, aj(aj & Pcpd). light bright green, verdegueada, 

cosa... . 

yax-tz'antay, iv(aj & ivcpd). grow green, verdeguear. 

yax-chelul, n(aj & ncpd)5. post-partum cold or cold sickness 

tiiat women frequentiy suffen enfriamiento o enfermedad... . 

yax-chelulon. I am suffering post-partum cold, estar enfermo 

de aquella frialdad 111. 

yax-chivan, aj(aj & Pcpd). tiiin (Uquid). rala, cosa no espesa. 

yax-cho, n(aj & ncpd). purple. RMI^-The term cho means 

cheek, so I am hypothesizing here that this is a 

black-and-blue eye. In colonial Tzeltal tiie listing for 
NUMBER 31 337 

"morado" is yaxalcho, yaxalna (Guzm^, 1620:137). 

rrwrado, color obscuro. 

yax-joman, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark green (backwater), remanso 

de rio. 

yax-kolan satil, nphnaj(a & Pcpd) & n. blue-eyed, garzos ojos. 

yax-k'a', iv(aj & ivcpd). get scrofula, enfermedad de 

lamparoms, cf enfermar. 

yax-k'a'el, vn(aj & vncpd)5. scrofula, scrofular person. (1) 

enfermedad de esta manera. (2) erfermo de esta mamra. 

(3) lamparones. 

yax-k*utan, aj(aj & Tcpd). green again (grain field, grass). (1) 

reverdescer o verdear..., (2) verdegueada, cosa... . 

yax-k*uttay, iv(aj & ivcpd). grow green, verdeguear. 

yax-k'uyan, aj(aj & P or P2cpd). choleric, colera. 

yax-lUdik, n(aj & ncpd)5. falcon, screech owl. (1) alcotan, (2) 

nwchuelo ave. 

yax-lum, n(aj & ncpd)5. green land, verdigris, cardenillo o 

cual quier tierra verda. 

yax-maj, tv(aj & tvcpd). weed tcxi early whUe the plants are 

stiU young, rosar antes de tiempo...301. 

yaxa-Ho*, aj(aj & ncpd) thin (liquid), rala, cosa... . 

yaxal, aj. fresh, recent, reciente cosa ofresca 299. 

yaxal bek'tal, nphr(aj & n)4d. vagina, miembro de muger. 

yaxal choy, nphr(aj & n)5. fresh fish, fresco, pescado o queso. 

yaxal jobel, nphr(aj & n)5. artichoke, alcaus. 

yaxal lo*bol chij, nphr:aj & nphr(n4d of n5). artichoke, alcaus. 

yaxal lum, nphr(aj & n)5. green land, verde cosa en color. 

yaxal pok', nphr(aj & n)5. green cloth, verde cosa... . 

yaxal queso, nphr(aj & n)5. fresh cheese. (1)fresco,pescado..., 

(2) queso fresco. 

yaxal si*, nphr(aj & n)5. green wood, fresco, pescado... . 

yaxal te*, nphr(aj & n)5. green wood, fresco, pescado.... 

yaxal ton, nphr(aj & n)5. emerald, esmeralda. 

yaxal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. freedman. horror, cf horron. 

yaxaub, iv. become thin (Uquid). ralearse. hacer ralo 299. 

yaxib ton, nphr(aj & n)5. emerald, esmeralda. 

yaxub, iv, become fresh, grow green. (1) resruitar, hacerse 

reciente, (2) verdecerse. 

yaxubel, vn5. Uberty. libertad. 

yaxubes, tv. free, libertar. 

yaxubtas, tv, make blue or fresh, (1) azul hacer. (2) resnatar. 

hacerse...299. 

jyax kolan sat, agn(aj & P & ncpd), blue-eyed person, garzo 

de ojos. 

jyax-k*a*el, agn(aj & vncpd). scrofular person. •But they take 

it as an insult if you caU them jyax-k'a'el and not 

yax-k'a'elot. enferrrw de esta manera. 

xyax-*ich, n(aj & ncpd)5. beautiful metaUic green bee, 

RML—^This is identified as a "mosca o nwsquito" and 

in colonial Tzeltal as a "mosquito de los que estan en los 

monies" (Gates, 1934b: 139), but in modem TzotzU of 

Tenejapa U is a halictine bee (Hunn, 1977:274) and m 

modem TzotzU of Zinacantin, yax-'ich chon is a halictine 

bee. mosca o mosquito verde... . 

yox (2) 

yox, n5. crab, cangrejo. 

yub 

yub, tv. narrow, angostar 24. 

yub, iv. narrow. (1) enhangostarse 115, (2) enhangostado 

115, (3) estrecharse. 

yubeb, n4f piece of cloth removed to narrow suit, giron que 

se quita. 

yubel, vn5. narrowness. (1) angostura 24, (2) enhangostadura 

115, (3) estrechura. 

yubes, tv. narrow. (1) angostar 24, (2) enhangostarse 115, (3) 

estrechar. 

yubesbil, pp. narrowed, enhangostado 115, 

yuboj, n4d, narrowed article, angostado 24, 

yubtas, tv, narrow, enhangostarse 115. 

yubtasbil, pp. narrowed, enhangastado 115. 

yubul, aj. narrow (board, table). (1) estrechura. (2) estrecha 

cosa. 

yubul 'osU, nphr(aj & n)5. narrow plot of land, strait times 

(wiUi hunger). (1) angosto tiempo hay hambre 24, (2) 

estrecha tierra. 

yubyub, aj. narrow, verde cosa en color, estrecha cosa. 

yugo (Sp.) 

yugo, n5. yoke (for oxen), yugo 190. 

yuk' 

yuk'et, av. make small waves, olas hacer asi. 

yuk*etel Ho*, nphr(vn4f of n5). small waves, ola u honda de 

agua... . 

yuk*yonet, av. make smaU waves, olas hacer asi. 

yuk*yonetel, vn4f smaU waves, ola u... . 

yuy 

yuy, n5. mushroom, tmffle. RML—^In modem Tzotzil this term 

includes Amanita caesaria and A. vagiruita. (1) hongo, 

(2) turma de tierra. 

yuy chauk, nphr(n4f of n5). poisonous mushroom. RML—In 

modem TzotzU this is the fly agaric, Amanita muscaria. 

(1) hongo ponzohoso, (2) turma de tierra. 

H 

Ha'(l) 

Ha', pn. he, U, she, the one. RML—^This has no Spanish entry 

but is scattered throughout. 

Ha', excl. yes, tiiat, tiiat*s it. RMI^-Modem Tzotzil: ja'. (1) 

ese, esa, 130, (2) el adverbio. 

Ha' sk*an kolonton (or) Ha' xal kolonton! That*s what I like! 

aficionarse a alguno 186. 

Ha' te icham yu'un diose. Lit, He is the one who cUed for 

G(xl, i.e.. He is a martyr, martir. 

Ha' te k'in xch'uun dios etzamesbeat This is the fiesta for 

the believer who was killed, martir. 

Ha' te k*in xch'uunel dios. This is the fiesta for the believers. 
338 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

martir. 

Ha' te ta stojol 'ojov xa le'e. Lit, he is Uie one who is in the 

Lord's command, i.e.. He is the kmg*s (or) die Lord's 

attorney, fisco del Rey o Sehor. 

Ha' te yu'un jtzatzal ch'uunel cUos echame. (The martyr) 

died because he was a firm believer ui God. martir. 

Ha' 'oy, qphr:n5 & pt. then, cuaruio. afirmando 279, 

Ha' 'u'un, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f because, tiiat's why. (1) por 

ende. (2) por para dar causa. 

Ha' yu'un mu ne'ay. That's why I didn't go. 

Ha' tz*el, cf tz'el. 

Ha' no 'ox, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & pt. continually, enough, just, 

pure, the one. (1) basta cosa. (2) continua cosa. (3) 

muchas veces. (4) pura cosa sin mezcla. 

Ha' no 'ox Ha' no 'ox jpas (or) Ha' no 'ox jpas Ha' no 'ox. 

I do it over and over (or) 1 practice. (1) continuar, (2) 

ejercitar se en algo 136, (3) menudear, hacer urui cosa 

muchas veces o a menudo. 

Ha' no 'ox tza. whichever (or) whatever. (1) cualquiera 

279, (2) cualquiera. quien quiera 279, (3) cuando quiera 

279. 

Ha' no 'ox jpas. I practice, ejercitarse en algo 136, 

Ha' no 'ox spas ku'un. I driU him. ejercitar a otro 136. 

Ha' no 'ox stuk. The very one. eso mismo 130. 

Ha' no 'ox xabtelan ku'un. He just works for me. ejercitar 

a otro 136. 

Ha' no 'ox yanUal. The very one. eso mismo 130. 

Ha' no 'ox xkal! That's what I say! afirmar tornar a decirlo 

dicho una vez. 

mu jk'an Ii' Ha' no 'ox jk'an te June. I don't want Uiis one, 

I just want the other one. sino conjuncion. 

Ha' koj, cf kaj (1). 

Ha' no 'ox yalal, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & pt & pt by accident 

or chance, in vain, por demas. 

Ha' no *ox yalal nebat I went by chance, acaecer. 

Ha' no 'ox yalal ejtzames. I kUIed hfrn by accident, acaecer. 

Ha' xa, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt. also, too. ytem 190. 

Ha' xa tok, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & pt. also, tcx). ytem 190. 

Ha' te 'oy tumuch, cf tumuch. 

Ha' te tana 'ech', cf 'ech'. 

Ha' to, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt. just, poco ha que fue o vino conw 

aun ahora. 

Ha* to Ii', vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & n5. even now. aun ahora 22. 

Ha' to Ii' tanae, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & n5 & n5. even now. aun 

ahora 22. 

Ha' to vokol, s:n5/pred/ & pt & n5. current history, ystoria de 

este dia 190. 

Ha' Hech, s:n5/pred/ & aj. Uke Uiat, such as. tal cosa. 

Ha'u, n5. RML—See Ha'uk. 

Ha'uk, n5. as if manera. de esta manera. 

chakuk Ha'uk juez. as if he were a judge. 

Ha'uk manchuk, nphr(n5 & n5). except, sino, conjuncion. 

Ha'uk manchukote. if it weren't for you. 

Ha'uk xa te, s:n5/pred//subj/ & pt & s(pt —). the more, mas 

para continuar. 

Ha'uk te, s:n5/pred//subj/ & s(pt —). if, Uie more. (1) rms 

para continuar, (2) si. conjuncion. 

Ha'uk te 'avile Ha'u xa te anupe. The more you saw Uie 

more that happened to you. mas para continuar. 

Ha'uk te xabate xebat 'ekuk tok (or) Ha'uk te nabattike 

xebat 'ekuk tok. If you go, I will go too. si, conjuncion. 

Ho'on, pn. I. RML—Modem Tzotzil of Zinacantan: vo'on. yo 

189. 

Ho'on 'u'un, s:n5/pred/ + n4d[S]. mine. mio. cosa mia. 

Ho'on lekoj, s:n5/pred/ + n4d[S]. mine. mio. cosa mia. 

Ho'ot 'u'un, s:n5/pred/ + n4d[S]. yours, vuestra cosa. 

Ho'ot lekoj, s:n5/pred/ + n4d[S]. yours, vuestra cosa. 

Ho'ot ta tojol, s:n5/prep/ & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). yours. 

vuestra cosa. 

Ha' (2) 

Ha'. broUi, fontanel, ink, juice, molasses, water, whey, cf 

Ho' (1). 

Ha' (3) 

Ha', lasting, cf Hal. 

Hab 

Hab. exhale, cf Hob. 

Hatz 

Hatzil, n3d. debt, deferred payment, trappings. RML—^Modem 

Tzotzil: jatz. (1) aderezo o aperejo 10, (2) deuda asi. 

Hatzin, tv. pledge (give something as security), take on credit. 

•There is no verb to owe. deber 84. 

Hatzinbey, dv. owe. deber 84. 

ejHatzinbey Pecfro. I owe Peter. 

Hatzinbil, pp. bought on credit, aderezo o aparejo 10. 

Hatzinej, n4d. that taken on credit, deber 84. 

jHatzinvanej, agn. debtor, adeudador que se adeuda. 

Hal 

Hal, aj. lasting. RML—Modem Tzotzil: jal. 

Halon. I will last, permanecer. 

mo Haluk. brief poco tiempo corrw poco... . 

Halej, iv. be greatiy detained in talking or waUcing, delay, last, 

be long-winded, stay, succeed. •To say to be detained 

by such and such a thing as when they sing or play music 

they have to use this word which properly means to be 

late. (1) diferir o dilatar algo, (2) durar. (3) lograr algo, 

(4) ocuparse. (5) permanecer. (6) prolijo ser, (1) 

retardar, (8) tardarse, (9) torar por durar. 

eHalej lek. He succeeded, lograr lago. 

jun 'abil xHalej. It lasts one year, durar un dia. 

jun k'ak'al xHalej. It lasts one day. durar un dia. 

lajel xeHalej. I will last to the end. durar un dia. 

mo sobuk naHul naHalej. You did not come early, you 

delayed, tarde, tarde veniste, tarde acudiste. 

mu xeHalejotUc ta balamU, mu xenatijotik ta belumil, mu 

xejok'tazajotik ta balumil, ta vinajel no 'ox xejok'tzajotik 

xenatijotik. We do not last on earth, we do not endure 

on earth, we do not remain on earth, only in heaven do 

we remain, do we endure, perpetuar. continuar. 
NUMBER 31 339 

xeHalej k'alal ta jtzutzeb. I wiU last to Uie end. durar un dia. 

Halejel, vn5. delay, duration, perpettiity. (1) dilatar, cf 

dilacion, (2) perpetuidad asi, (3) tardanza. 

Halejes, tv. continue, delay perpetuate, postpone, take a long 

tune. RML—^This is given once as boUi ghaleghes and 

xcaleghes. (I) diferir o dilatar algo. (2) perpetuar, 

continuar, (3) retardar, tardar a otro. 

jHalejes sk*inal. I postponed it (or) I took a long time. 

estender o dilatar tiempo. 

HaliktUc, aj. seldom. RML—^The same term occurs in colonial 

Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:176). raras veces 284. 

HaUl, aj. time-consuming, espaciosa cosa. 

HaUl 'abtel. time-consuming work. 

HaUl k*op. time-consuming talk. 

jHalejel, agn. delayer, tardy person. (1) diferidor o dilatador, 

(2) tardador, (3) tardon. 

Ha'al, aj. lastmg. (1) durar, (2) durar un dia. 

Ha'alon. I wUl last, durar. 

Ha'al xeHalej. 1 wiU last a long time, durar un dia. 

Ha'al 'ech*, vphnaj & iv. continue, continuacion. 

Ha'al bat, vplir:aj & iv, last long, turar por durar. 

Ha'al laj, vphnaj & iv, last long, turar por durar. 

jHa'al, agn, delayer, tardy person, tardon. 

Hap 

Hap ti', nplir(vn & n)ld. promise, public confession. 

RML—Although there seems to be an overlap of 

meaning between this verb and 'aptay, it is consistently 

given as if it were consonant initial. The two verbs are 

(Ufferentiated more strongly in colonial Tzeltal where Uie 

former is consonant initial -ap and the latter, vowel initial 

-auhtay (Guzman, 1620:167, 18). (1) profesion, (2) 

promesa asi. 

Hap-ti'bil, pp. promised, prometido. 

Hap ti'U, vphntv & n3d[A]. make pubUc confession, make 

supplication, swear to God, vote. (1) profesion hacer, (2) 

prometer a Dios o hacer voto. (3) volar, hacer voto, (4) 

voto de esta manera. 

Hap ti'il, nphr(vn of n)5, oath, pact, promise, public confession, 

vote. (1) pleito, omenage, (2) profesion, (3) promesa. (4) 

voto de esta manera. 

Hap ti'il ta xchabiel yabutijebal na. oath made by the 

govemor of a castie to defend it from attack, homenaje 

que hace el alcaide 240. 

Hapbey k*op, vphr:-dv & n5, promise, prometer. 

HapbU ti', nphr(pp & n4d), publicly confessed, supplicated, 

(1) prof eso. (2) prometido. 

Hafis 

Hat*isan, iv, sneeze, estorruidur. 

Hat*isanel, vn5. sneeze, estornudo. 

Hay 

Hayubaj, iv, yawn, bostesar 42, 

Hayubajel, vn5, yawn. RML—This is given as ayubanel. 

bosisco 42, 

Hech 

Hech, aj, like that, like this, such. RML—^Mcxiem Tzotzil: yech. 

(1) asi 33, (2) tal cosa. 

Hech smuk'ul. The same size (or) this big. tamaho. 

mo 'oyuk bak'ni Hech ekiltik. Lit. We*ve never seen 

anything like it, i.e.. It is strange (or) unfamiliar, extraha 

cosa 134, 

mo 'oyuk buy Hech. Lit. There is nothing lUce it anywhere, 

i.e.. It is strange, extraha cosa 34, 

Ha' te Heche! Like this! tal de esta manera. 

Hech 'ak' tojol, vphr:aj & tv & -n4f cost so much, RML—The 

verb is given in the past tense, costar. 

Hech 'epal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f as much again, so many, so 

much, this many, this much. (1) algun tanto. (2) otro 

tanto. (3) tanto. 

Hech yepal ekak' chak te avak' atuktuke. I paid as much for 

it as you did. en tanto en cuanto. 

Hech yepal xbat (or) Hech yepal xchone. It costs this much. 

en tanto se vende. 

Hech yepal xchi'uk k'alal ta 'o'olol xa te xjelav. half as 

much again, tanto y medio. 

Hech yepal xk'uxul. so much love, en tanto grado de amor. 

Hech yepal ta mek (or) Hech yepal ta yalel. so many times. 

tantas veces. 

Hech yepal yutzU. so good (or) this good, en tanto grado 

de bien. 

Hech 'epal tojol, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -n4f). cost so much. 

costar. 

Hech 'Uel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. in this way, lUce this, manera. 

Hech chak, ajphr(aj & pt). as, like. como. 

Hech chak jtot xka'i. He is like my father, hacer cuenta que 

es. 

Hech chak k'in xka'i. It is lUce a fiesta, hacer cuenta que 

es...l65. 

Hech chak U' to (or) Hech chake, LUce tiiis, manera 

respondiendo. de esta manera. 

Hech chak lume. like that, mamra respondiendo... . 

Hech ejchon chak te achon atuktuke. I sold it for the same 

as you did. en tanto en cuanto. 

Hech snatil chak te. as long as tiiat (or) the same lengUi. 

tanuiho. 

Hech ch'ulel, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. fate, luck, suerte, vea... . 

Hech no 'ox, ajphr(aj & pt & pt). just like, similar. 

sermjantemente. 

Hech no 'ox ijman chak te aman atuktuke. I bought it for 

just the same price as you paid, en tanto en cuanto. 

Hech no 'ox jpas taleltalel. 1 am just used to doing it this 

way. soler. 

Hech no 'fcx sba chak te. He has the same face, semejarse o 

parecerse una cosa a otra. 

Hech no 'ox spasel chak te. He acts Uie same way. semejarse 

o... . 

Hech no 'ox xka'i chak te k*ine. It is just like a fiesta, hacer 

cuenta que e^.,.165. 

Hech no 'ox xka'i chak te jtote. He is just lUce my father. 
340 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

hacer cuenta...165. 

Hech no *ox xanbal, s:aj/pred/ & pt & pt & n5. bachelorhood, 

solteria de aquestos. 

Hech no 'ox tok, ajphr(aj & pt & pt & pt). in the same way 

tcx), lUce this too, similar. (1) asi tambien o asi de la 

misma nuimra 33, (2) semejantamente. 

Hech no 'ox tokuk, ajphr(aj & pt & pt & pt). similar. 

semejantemente. 

Hech pasel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4b, style, way, manera, de esta 

manera es... . 

Hech spasel jk*u'. My clothmg is Uiis style. 

Hech spasel jna. My house is this style. 

Hech talel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4b. custom, style, way of Ufe, (1) 

natural cosa, (2) soler, acostumbrar. 

Hech xa 'epal, s:aj/pred/ & pt & -n4f as much again, otro tanto. 

Hechtik, aj, in agreement, partido o concierto. 

Hechuk, aj, lUce this, enough, asi sea 33, 

Ha' te Hechuke! LUce this! el de esta nuinera. 

Hechuk 'ox pisil, ajphr(aj & pt & aj). even though, aunque asi 

sea. 

Hechuk chak, ptphr:aj & pt. as, like, conw. 

Hechuk pisil, ajphr(aj & aj). even tiiough. aunque asi sea. 

toj Hech, vphr:adv & aj^red/. certain, cierto 71. 

•Hel 

•Hel ba, rv. masturbate, RML—^The same term CKCurs in 

colonial Tzeltal (Guzm^, 1620:208), tocarse las partes 

vergonzosas. 

•Hi'it 

•Hi'it, nle. msh (with which they make petates). RML—This 

same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:110), 

junco de que hacen petates. 

Hit 

HitU, aj, lcx)se, untied, suelto, cosa no atada, 

Hituj, iv, come undone, RML—Mcxiem Tzotzil: jit. (1) soltar 

lo atado, (2) suelto cosa. 

Hitun, tv, free. (1) soltar lo..., (2) soltar de prision. 

Ho 

Ho, n5, fly, scarab. RML—^In modem TzotzU vo is the 

housefly. 

Ho' (1) 

Ho', n5, canal, pond, rain, water. RML—Modem Tzotzil 

of Zinacantan: vo'. (1) agua 13, (2) estancada agua, 

cahal. 

Ho' ti', nphr(n type n)5. driveUing. baboso. 

Ho'tik, n5. winten •The rainy season would be better named 

summer which contrasts more with the cold Uian Uie rain 

and then there is no cold. Winter proper is with Uie sun 

because winter contrasts more with heat than rain and 

when they caU U the sunny season here it is cold though 

it does not rain and therefore in my opinion it is winter. 

ynvierno 189. 

Ho'tUcil, natt. rainy, lluviosa. 

Ho'tikil 'ixim, nphr(natt & n)5. rainy season com. ynvernal, 

cosa de invierno o aguas 189. 

Ho'tikil *osU, nphr(natt & n)5. rainy season, lluviosa cosa. 

Ho*tikil lum, nphr(natt & n)5. ramy season, lluviosa cosa. 

bUc'tal Ho', nphr(aj & n)5. brook, sfream. riatillo o rio 

pequeno. 

toj *ip Ho', s:adv & aj/pred/ & n5. constant ram. Hover mucho. 

'a'al, n4d. water. RML—This is given as cal, but in colonial 

Tzeltal fr is caal (Guzm^, 1620:12). agua 13. 

'a'al dios, nphr(n4d of n5). holy water. RML—The first term 

is given as yal. agua bendita 3. 

'a'alU, n3d. fontanel, mollera. 

'a'iel, n4f brotii, juice, sap. (1) agua 13, (2) caido, (3) zumo 72. 

*oy ya'iel. It is watery (wine), vino aguado. 

'a'iel 'ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). com whiskey. •They do not have 

any here, but if they did fr would be caUed ya'iel 'ixim. 

And all other wines are named tiie same way according 

to thefr manufacture, vino de maiz. 

'a'iel 'itaj, nphr(n4f of n5). cabbage broth, caido. 

'a'iel chi, nphr(n4f of n5). pulque, miel de maguey. 

'a'iel chu' chij, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). whey, suero de 

leche. 

'a'iel po'on, nphr(n4f of n5). plum wine, virw de ciruelas. 

'a'iel satil, nphr(n4f of n3d). tear, lagrima. 

'a'iel sibak, nphr(n4f of n5). ink. tinta para escribir. 

'a'iel tuluk', nphr(n4f of n5). chicken broth, caido. 

'a'iel vale', nphr(n4f of n5). molasses, miel de cahas. 

Ha'al ch'en, nphr(aj & n)5. rcx;k in the ocean. RML—^The 

adjective is given as ahal, but in colonial Tzeltal it is 

given as Haal (Gates, 1934b:63) and in modem Tzotzil 

it is ja'al. roca en el mar. 

Ha'al mut, nphr(aj & n)5. wading bfrd (generic term), roca en 

el mar. 

Ha'bej, n5. drawing of water, yr por agua 189. 

xebat ta Ha'bej. I am going to cfraw water. 

Ha'bU, agn. water carrier, acacan. 

kajHa'bil. my water carrier. 

Ha'bUin, iv. serve as a water-carrier. RML—Perhaps this is a 

transitive verb. It is given as xcaghabilin and xaghalibilin. In colonial Tzeltal, xcagh hauilin is "servirse de tal 

(aguador)" (Gates, 1934b:63). acacan. 

Ho' (2) 

Ho'-pUc*, num(num & nccpd)5. mUlion. RML—^The modem 

Tzotzil root is vo'. millon. 

Ho'-vinUc, num(num & nccpd)5. hundred, ciento 71. 

Ho'-vmik 'ox-vinUc, nphnnum(num & nccpd)5 & num(num 

& nccpd)4f nme hundred. RML—^I am unable to 

understand this term, novecientos. 

Ho'ob, num5. five, cinco 72. 

'o'ob, n4e, fifth, quinto. 

Ho' (3) 

Ho', I, you. cf Ha' (1). 

Hob (1) 

Hob, n5. snow, •Referring to snow,.,although I don't believe 

there is any here, RML—Given as om and ohm. (1) elada 

0 hielo, (2) nieva. 
NUMBER 31 341 

Hob (2) 

Hobil, n3d, breath, spirit. RML—In modem Tzotzil of 

Chenalho and Chalchihuitan, job is steam (Sarles, 

n,d,:73). (1) baho, (2) espiritu o huelgo. 

Haban, iv. exhale, espirar, echar huelgo. 

Habtay, tv. exhale on. (1) bahear, (2) espirar. echar huelgo a 

alguno. 

Hom (1) 

Hom, n4d. mother's brother. RML—^Presumably there was an 

absolute form Homil. In mcxiem TzotzU of Chalchihuitan, jom is motiier* s brother, mother* s brother* s son 

and mother's brother's son*s son. hermano de mi Madre 

161. 

•Hom (2) 

•Homol •vukul, ajphr(aj & aj). bad (adminisfration or 

govemment). RML—This expression occurs also in 

colonial Tzeltal where it extends as weU to faulty 

knowledge of tiie doctrine (Guzman, 1620:181, 189). I 

can not understand the metaphor, but yonwl in mcxiem 

TzotzU means "in a small pUe*' and vukul is "inflated.** 

regimiento, como... . 

•Homol •vukul 'osil yu'un (or) •Homol •vukul svinkUel. 

bad govemment 

mu •Homol •vukuluk 'osU. good govemment, 

•Hona 

•Hona vinUc, nphr(aj & n)5, buff(X)n, stupid person. RML—In 

colonial Tzeltal, hontol vinic is given for "loco," 

"mcio." and "torpe" (Guzm^, 1620:120, 140, 209). (1) 

modorro. (2) mostrenco. 

Honon 

Honon, n5. large bee or fly, scarab, RML—In modem Tzotzil, 

vomn is the bumblebee, Bombus formosus. and the 

carpenter bee, Xylocopa sp, (1) abispa. una especie conw 

moscardon, (2) escarabajo, (3) rrwsca grande o moscardon. 

•Hop 

•Hopan, iv, become a valley, valle hacerse. 

•Hoplej, n4f large valley, plain between two hiUs, RML—^This 

term (xxurs also in colonial Tzeltal (Guzman, 1620:173, 

213), (1) allanarse, (2) quebrada de. cuestas..., (3) valle 

grande. 

•Hopol, aj, with vaUeys or gorges, RML—In colonial Tzeltal 

this is given as hopol (Guzm^, 1620:213), valles 

muchos... . 

•HopHoptik, aj, with many vaUeys or ravines. (1) quebradas, 

muchas..., (2) valles muchos... . 

laal •HopoUl, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f with many ravines, quebradas 

muchas... . 

Hot 

Hot, tv. bore through, pierce, wound, RML—In modem Tzeltal 

of Bachaj6n, hotel is "ahoyar, cavar" (Slocum and 

Gerdel, 1965:140), (1) agujerar algo, (2) horadar. 

Hot, iv, be wounded, bore through. (1) agujerar se. (2) horadar. 

Hot 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. wound, descalabrar. 

Hotben, n4d. pierced object, agujerado. 

HotbU, pp, pierced, wounded, (1) agujerado. (2) descalabrado. 

Hotbol, n4d, object to be pierced, agujerado. 

Hotes, tv, bore, pierce, wound, agujerear. descalabrar. 

Hotnej, n4d, pierced object agujerado. 

Hotob, n4a, chisel, drUl, agujerado. 

Hotob, n4e. hole, agujerado. 

Hotob te', nphr(n of n)5, chisel, drill, agujerado. 

Hotob ton, nphr(n of n)5, chisel, agujerado. 

Hotol, nle, hole, wound, (1) agujero, (2) herida que de el que 

asi hiere. 

Hotol, aj, pierced, with a hole, wound. (1) agujerado, (2) 

descalabrado. 

Hotoltik, aj, with many holes, agujerado. 

Hotottik, aj, with many holes, agujerado. 

Hov 

Hov, aj, crazy, RML—Modem Tzotzil: vov. loco. 

Hov, n5, falcon, halcon. 

HovHovtik, aj. f(X)lish. desatinado. 

HovHovtik ba, raj. stupid, tonto. 

HovHovtik k*opoj, vphr:aj & iv. talk fooUshly. desatinar. 

HovHovtik xanav, vphr:aj & iv. be (Ussolute. disoluta muger. 

Hovi, iv. act or talk foolishly, be duped, deceive oneself, go 

mad, lose one*s way. (1) bobear 44, (2) desatinar. (3) 

embaucado asi. (4) engaharse, (5) enloquecerse. (6) 

enloquecido. (1) perderse en canuno. (S) perdido asi. 

Hovi 'u'un, vphr:iv + -n4d. make person deceitful, hacer 

bellaco 165. 

Hovi-xanav, iv(iv & ivcpd). pimp, rofianiar. 

Hovi ta be, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). lose one*s way. errar 

el camino. 

Hoviel, vnld. craziness, fooUsh talk, foolishness, mistake, 

restiessness. (1) boberia 44, (2) desatino. (3) enloquecimiento. (4) yerro 183, (5) ynquietud 188. 

Hovil, nld. crazmess, maUce, mischief, prank, rascaUty, 

wickedness. (1) enloquecimiento, (2) maldad (3) malicia. (4) travesura, (5) truaneria. 

Hovil 'antz, nphr(aj & n)5. cUssolute woman, disoluta muger. 

Hovil kelem, nphr(aj & n)5. pimp, rofian. 

Hovil k*op, nphr(aj & n)5. fcxilish talk, desatino. 

Hovil-k'opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). talk fooUshly. desatinar. 

Hovil xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. mffianism. rofianeria. 

Hovil xinch*ok, nphr(aj & n)5. dissolute man. disoluto. 

HovU vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. fcxil, jester, madman, rascal. (1) 

loco, (2) truan. 

Hovintas, tv. deceive with plots, dupe, make person go mad, 

trick, trouble. (1) embaucar. (2) engahar a otro. (3) 

enloquecer a otro, (4) enredar algo, engahar urdiendo 

tramas, (5) hacer bellaco 165, (6) ynquietar 188. 

HovintasbU, pp. duped, embaucar. 

jHoviel, agn. person who has lost his way. errado. 

jHovU-vinik, agn(aj & ncpd). madman, mischief maker. (1) 

bobos 44, (2) enloquecido, (3) travieso. 

Hu' 
342 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

Hu', iv. be able, can, take place. •Note Uiat tiie verb is xeHu'. 

xaHu'. xHu'. but commonly the neuter is only used in 

tiie tiiird person. RML—In modem TzotzU tiiis verb is 

included under the rcx)t yu'. poder. verba, 

me xHu* 'amay? Are the flutes bemg played? 

me xHu' 'ovol? Is the planting taking place? 

tana xHu' 'ovol. The plantmg is taking place now. 

tana xHu' ve'el. The meal is taking place now. 

Hu' 'Uel, s:iv & -vn4f be visible, visible 350. 

Hu' 'u'un, vphniv -i- -vn4d. be able or powerful, be granted a 

request, can, have power oven (1) ympetrar 185, (2) 

mando, (3) poder, verba. 

skotol xHu' yu'un (or) xHu' yu'un skotol k'usiuk. He can 

do everything (or) He is aU-powerful. .. .poderoso de tal 

o tal cosa. 

tz'akal xHu' yu'un (or) kipel xHu' yu*un (or) k'otbaj-xHu' 

yu*un. He is aU-powerful. ...poderoso de tal o tal cosa. 

Hu* 'u*un, vphr:iv + -n4d. conclude, negotiate (as when we 

act as an attomey or ask if it has been negotiated or 

concluded). RML—The verb is in the past tense. 

negociar conw cuando... . 

Hu' k'op 'u'un ta tz'elel juez, s:iv & n5 + -n4d & q[phr(prep 

& nphr<n4d of n5>). litigate, pleitear. 

Hu' na'el, s:iv & -vn4f. be provable, probable, cosa que se 

prueba 274. 

Hu' pasel, s:iv &. -vn4f. be possible, posible, cosa que se puede 

hacer. 

Hu' Hechuk pasuk, s:iv & s(aj & tv/subj/-). be possible. 

posible, cosa que se puede hacer. 

Hu'el, vn5. possibiUty, powen poder, nombre. 

jHu'el, agn. powerful person, poderoso. 

mo Hu', vphr:neg & iv. be iUicu or impossible. (1) ylicita 

cosa 184, (2) ymposible, lo que no se puede hacer 185. 

mo xHu' sti'el bek'et ta viemes. Meat must not be eaten on 

Friday, ylicita cosa 184. 

mo Hu' 'u'un, vphr:neg & iv -i- -n4d. be frnpotent or unable 

to do. (1) ympotente 185, (2) m poder. 

ejk'ane mo xHu' ku'un. I wanted to, but I could not do U. 

poder. verba. 

jlikese mo xHu' ku'un. I started to, but I could not do it 

poder. verbo. 

mu Hu' 'a'i, s:s(neg & iv-) & tv, be too busy (to do sometiiing, 

because of disturbances), tiempo no tener... . 

toj Hu' 'u'un, vphr:adv & iv + -n4d. be powerful, poderoso 

de tal o tal cosa. 

toj xHu' yabutil yu'un. He is powerful m warfare. 

Hub 

Hub, tv. blow (bellows). RML—In modem Tzotzil, JM^. sollar 

como fuelles. 

Hub, nc. blow (on fire), sople asi. 

Hub k*ok', vphr:tv & n5. blow on ffre. soplar el fuego. 

Hubil, n3d. windpipe, garguero. 

Hubob k'ok', nphr(n of n)5. bellows, fuelles para soplar. 

HubobU, n4f beMows. fuelles para soplar. 

Hubvan, iv. blow (beUows). sollar corrw fuelles. 

Huk 

Huk-'abi, num(num & nccpd)4f seven years old. RML—^The 

modem Tzotzil rcxit is vuk. sietenal. 

Huk-'abi, num(num & nccpd)5. seven years, siete ahos. 

Huk-k'in 'abtel, nphr(num<num & nccpd>4f of n5). a week's 

labor, semamra cosa... . 

Huk-k'in belel, nphr(num<num & nccpd>5 of n40. a week*s 

joumey. semanera cosa... . 

Huk-k*in jun domingo, nphr(num<num & nccpd>4f & 

nphr<num & n>5). week, semana. 

Huk-mekel Hech 'epal tojol, nphr(num<num & nccpd>4f of 

nphr<aj & n4f> of n4d). seventh part of a determined 

amount (fme for robbery), setenas, perui de hurto. 

Huk-vinik ta pik*, nphr(num<num & nccpd>4f & qphr<prep 

& no). mUUon. RML—^In mcxiem Tzotzil of Chalchihuitan, j-pik' is 8000 (ears of com), so this sum would 

be 140 tunes 8000 or 1,120,000. millon. 

Huk-vo', num(num & nccpd)5. seven people, siete. 

Hukub, num5. seven, siete. 

Hukub 'abU, nphr(num & n)5, seven years, siete ahos. 

Hukuk-k*in, num(num & nccpd)4f every week, week by week. 

semana a semana. 

Hul 

Hul, iv. come. RML—^Modem Tzotzil of Zinacantan: yul; of 

Chamula: vul. acudir. 

Hul 'olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be converted (from sinful ways), 

come back to one*s senses (crazy person, dmnk). (1) 

convertirse de pecador. hacer bueno. (2) torruir en su 

seso el loco. 

mo to ta xHul kolonton. I am stUl sticking to it (job that 

person has begun), conversion como...65. 

Hul 'olonton ta tojol, s:iv & -n4d & qphr(prep & -n4d). be 

reconciled, reconciliarse el amigo. 

Hul ta 'olonton, vphr:iv & (iphr(prep & -n4d), remember. 

acordarse. 

Hulel 'oy, vphr:vn4d[S] & pt have just come, (1) luego que. 

(2) punto de partida. 

Hulel to, vphnvn4d[S] & pt, have just come. RML—BoUi 

entries for this and the preceding expression are given 

as if Uie verb were consonant initial. In colonial Tzeltal 

they are always vowel initial (Guzman, 1620:19, 121, 

170). (1) aun ahora 22, (2) poco ha. 

Hun 

Hun, nld. lxx)k, criminal prcx:ess, letter, paper. RML—^Modern 

Tzotzil: vun. 

(1) carta, libro o papel, (2) proceso en el pleito. 

Hun 'Uc*ti', nphr(n4e of n5). history in writing, ystoria, 

libro...190. 

Hun 'ojov, nphr(n4d of n5), privUege, privilegio o ley para 

alguno 271, 

'oy sHun 'ojov •kuchUcoy ta caballo. He has tiie royal 

privilege to ride horseback. 

Hun k'eyoj, nphr(n4e of n5), hymnal, libro. 
NUMBER 31 343 

Hun misa, nphr(n4e of n5). missal, misal. 

Hun nupunel, nphr(n4e of vn5). marriage b(X)k, libro. 

Hun patan, nphr(n4e of n5), tribute notice, tasa. el papel. 

Hun vokol, nphr(n4e of n5). history in writing, ystoria. 

libro...190. 

Hunal bul, nphr(natt & n)5. card game, playing cards, naipes, 

juego. 

HunbU, n5. messenger. •When they scold tiie messenger, to 

apologize he says, "Hunbilon. 'abaton." "I am a 

messenger. I am an errand boy." mensaje. 

HunbU k'op, nphr(n type n)5. message, mensaje. 

sakU Hun, cf sak. 

Hupan 

Hupan, tv. blow through (reed, blowgun), inflate, play (flute, 

tmmpet). RML—In mcxiem TzotzU of Larrainzar Uie 

verb is jupan (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:72), (1) 

hinchar soplando. (2) soplar corrw por caha, cerbatana, 

flauta, trompeta. 

Hupan, nc, blow, soplo asi. 

jHupanej-trompeta, agn(tv & ncpd), tmmpeter. trompeta. el 

que las tahe. 

Hux 

Hux, tv. sharpen, whet RML—^Modem TzotzU is jux. (1) 

azucar en azucadera 13, cf aguzar. (2) amolar. 

Hux, n5, whetstone, (1) cfiladera, (2) azucadera, cf aguzadera. 

Hux *e, vphntv & -n4f sharpen blade, afllar. 

HuxHux ton, nphr(n type n)5. whetstone, muela para moler. 

Huxben, n4d. sharpened blade, afilado. 

Huxbey 'e, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. sharpen blade, afilar. 

HuxbU, pp. sharpened. (1) afilado, (2) azucado 13, cf aguzado. 

Huxbol, n4d. object to be sharpened, afilado. 

Huxob, n4d, whetstone. (1) afiladera, (2) azucadera 13, cf 

aguzadera. 

Huxob 'ek'el, nphr(n of n)5. whetstone, afiladera. 

Huxob ton, nphr(n type n)5. whetstone, muela para nwler. 

HuxobU, n4f. whetstone. RML—^This is given as xuxobil. 

azucadera 13, cf aguzadera. 
Appendix 

Undetermined Words 

(Glottal stops and glottalization are indicated, when known. In many of the words, the "c" must 

have been written with a cediUa in the original manuscript) 

Tzotzil 

achghUan 

xcalubey xch'am 

xcalubey xch'amtan 

xanali 

auc 

xbanitzagh 

ghbes 

bulina 

caghaghtic 

cantzogh 

catal 

catyox 

cavelton 

celobU 

celom 

cenetel 

chich xecol 

chibequel vaj 

ghchicnegh 

xchighebon 

xchilpen 

ghchivi jk'opon 

xechocogh 

xchuchaley 

chul k'op 

chul pasnej 

xechuquet 

chux te' 

chux te' 

cibil 

cochol 

cohoghil 

colcol k'op 

col pasnej 

col xek*opoj\ 

conanta 

xecotzlic 

Spanish 

lebrel (por los hombres delgados) 

pegar enfermedad contagiosa 

pegar enfermedad contagiosa 

echar las plantas 

sfrguerito 

arrasar 

nota, sobre sentencia 

ajedrez 

grada, agrada 

entt-everado 

gigante 

repelo o padrastro de la uva 

esmeralda piecfra preciosa 

azador 

azador 

baladrear enojando 

verdolaga, yerva 

pastel de came 

aUegados amigos 

duro hacerse 

suelta de mula o cabaUo 

reconciliarse el amigo 

manifestarse 

humear sin querer arder 

notoria cosa, sabida o conocida 

notoria cosa, sabida o conocida 

prefiada 

alcomcxjue 

flor de unas coloradas que parecen 

borlas y son arboles 

golondrina 

sumida 

furioso 

manifiesta cosa 

manifiesta cosa 

manifiestamente hablar 

manta de las que dan en tributo y hacen 

camizas noche por n(x:he 

asombrado correr o menearse (colonial 

Tzeltal: xohtzlegh) (Guzman, 

1620:26) 

cuntzac 

aveonabil 

queonabil 

ghalulan 

ghatzetz 

ghghatzecegh k*op 

ghghuta bon 

ghghuta sbon 

ghogh ye 

gholcan mut 

ghop 

pahoh 

xkak* apanabal 

xepanenay 

pen 

ghpoco totol 

ghquelem 

ghquelem sat 

ghquex 

xequin 

xtalttin sba 

j-tos ta tamul 

ghtanupu 

tata 

ghtUulan campana 

tulayatU vinik 

ztulon ycim kolon 

ton 

tzaghebU vinik 

tzalus 

ta xetzequmagh 

ghtzetubel 

ghtsolday ghmul 

ucabel tak*in 

entreverado 

respfradero 

respfradero 

lusfre dar 

pubUcar algo (colonial Tzeltal: zghataghtes) (Guzm^, 1620:168) 

predicar, divulgar 

embamizar 

embamizar 

agudo, que corta bien 

maiz que se hace en sesenta dias 

quebrada (colonial Tzeltal: ghop) 

(Guzman, 1620:173) 

diablos (nombres de algunos) 

fatigar 

apostemarse, enconarse (colonial Tzeltal: xpaynagh) (Guzman, 1620:22) 

verdadero 

siervo nacido en casa 

tuerto de un ojo 

entuertecido asi 

tuerto de un ojo 

banarse en bano 

tonto (colonial Tzeltal: xtulton zba) 

(Guzman, 1620:208) 

hueste de gente de guerra 

encontrarse (es encontrarse acaso sin 

saberlo o pensarlo) 

hijo como llaman las viejas a los 

mosos, a las muchachas o mosas 

repicar campana 

juglar 

estomago 

astuto 

cuervo otra especie (colonial Tzeltal: 

tzaal hoz) (Guzman, 1620:47) ^ 

hermosearse, hacerse hermoso 

gafo (colonial Tzeltal: ghcitubel) 

(Guzman, 1620:94) 

arrepentfrse (de los pecados) 

anUlo 

344 
NUMBER 31 345 

xquich 

xumunet 

uxutic 

ghuldacegh k'op 

ghuUghbey yolonton 

ghutem 

hom te' 

hopip xe'avan 

ghhotz 

hovitique chitom 

ichiconon 

inchagh 

xjuchtay 

ghman k*op 

zmastaniquil 

mayuy 

mayuy 

nabel pom 

nandil 

xenim 

nipal 

xecx:high 

pasar a ofro asi 

doler reciamente 

rapas, muchachos o vU 

precUcar, divulgar 

ynducfr por razones 

yesca de fuego que ellos 

palos 

sacan con 

flor de unas grandes que andan en sus 

vainas 

gritar recio 

rebaflo de ganado 

javaU, puerco silvestre 

yerba de la vibora que en 

llaman xuchipinti 

porque no preguntando 

ayuda echar (colonial Tzeltal: 

(Guzman, 1620:15) 

hablador de cosas vanas 

entorpecimiento 

espfritu 

espfritual 

abeja (otra especie) 

harpon 

manar sin borbollones 

empeorado asi 

mesar (meter) 

mexicano 

xquichtai) 

ghpachuta jti* 

ghaghoghjpas 

junjun zpaghol sba 

jpas 

pahau 

vaam pom 

velay 

ghvogh ti* 

xehuamaley 

xaghnam 

xalen 

ghxetas situbel tonil 

xucum 

xuyutic 

xxabon setet te' 

yaxep 'osU 

yaxmoghom 

yyabal 

zcunal na 

zisbenal 

chupar (como cuando se chupan despues 

de bebido) 

emparejar (colonial Tzeltal: zpagh zba) 

(Guzman, 1620:66) 

emparejar 

diablos (nombres de algunos) 

abeja (otra especie) 

o 

ponzonar o morder cosa ponzoiiosa 

apostemarsele (por entrar en agua) 

espigar hacerle la espiga 

ralesa de cosas ralas 

sanar potras 

gigante 

besudo (por boquituerto que decimos 

en romance) 

eje de carreta 

sombria cosa 

rosar antes de tiempo que aun las matas 

estan tiemas (aquel acto) 

acarrear lo que acarrean (acarreamiento) (colonial Tzeltal: quihabal) 

(Guzm^, 1620:8) 

recamara 

sobra que queda 
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NUMBER 31 347 

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279-2-11 A. 

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279-3-2. 

1914b. Letter to WUUam E. Gates, 23 March 1914. Provo, 

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279-8-5. 

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McComas, Edith 

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191 Id. Telegram to J. Antero BaUinas, 5 October 1911. 

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1924, Open Letter to President Obregdn, 28 Febmary 

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1915c. Letter to WiUiam E, Gates, 20 April 1915. Provo, 

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1915d. Letter to WilUam E. Gates, 25 June 1915. Provo, 

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1921, Statement, 22 March 1921, Washington, D,C,: 

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1912b. Letter to WilUam E. Gates, 11 December 1912. 

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1913d. Letter to WiUiam E. Gates, 8 December 1913. Provo, 

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