NBSIR 76-1058

Performance of Mobile Homes - Summary Report

J. H. Pielert

W. E. Greene, Jr.

L. F. Skoda

W. G. Street

Office of Building Standards and Codes Services

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

April 1976

Final Report

Prepared for Office of Policy Development and Research

Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

NBSIR 76-1058

PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE HOMES - SUMMARY REPORT

J. H. Pielert

W. E. Greene, Jr.

L. F. Skoda

W. G. Street

Office of Building Standards and Codes Services

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

April 1976

Final Report

Prepared for Office of Policy Development and Research

Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards

U.S. Department of Housing and urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Elliot L. Richardson, Secftary

James A. Baker. Ill, Under Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Sacratary for Scianea and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

4

Table of Contents

Page

Abstract ii

SI Conversion Units iii

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Project Objectives and Approach 1 1.2 Summary Comments 2 1.3 Overview of Mobile Homes 2 1.3.1 Mobile Home Industry 2 1.3.2 Standards Development 3 1.3.3 Enforcement Process 3

2,0 Mobile Home Performance Data 3

2.1 Mobile Home Performance Data Acquisition 3 2.1.1 HUD Sample 3 2.1.2 Private Sample 4 2.1.3 Field Sample 4 2.2 Mobile Home Performance Data Characteristics 4 2.2.1 Problem Data Characteristics 5

3.0 Evaluation of Problems Related to the ANSI A119.1 Standard 6

3.1 Contruction (Part B) 6 3.2 Plumbing Systems (Part C) 17 3.3 Heating Systems (Part D) 23 3.4 Electrical Systems (Part E) 24

4.0 Evaluation of Problems Related to the Mobile Home Enforcement Process 26

4.1 Construction 26 4.2 Plumbing Systems 28

4.3 Heating Systems 33

4.4 Electrical Systems 40

5.0 Durability Related Problems 50

6.0 Summary Comments and Recommendations 52

References 55

Acknowledgements 56

Figures 57

Tables 65

Appendix A - Organization and Use of the Problem Summation Tables 89

Appendix B - Problem Summation Tables—HUD Sample 98

Appendix C - Problem Summation Tables—Private Sample 110

Appendix D - Problem Summation Tables —Field Sample 125
Performance of Mobile Homes-Summary Report

by

J. H, Pielert, W. E. Greene, Jr., L. F. Skoda and W. G. Street

Center for Building Technology

Abstract

This project was sponsored at the National Bureau of Standards by the Department of Housing

and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research, Division of Energy,

Building Technology and Standards, with the objective of documenting mobile home performance

problems and relating them to possible inadequacies in the ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile

Homes and the mobile home enforcement process. Additionally, the durability of mobile home

components was a study objective for potential use in mortgage insurance evaluation. The

mobile home performance data were obtained for 4,105 mobile homes, categorized and related

to the project objectives. This summary report is the last of a series of four project

reports. It documents the project approach, results of the various tasks, and presents

conclusions and recommendations. This was a problem-oriented study and did not attempt

to document the many areas of satisfactory mobile home performance.

Key Words: Computer Techniques; Construction; Enforcement Process; Housing; Hurricane

Agnes; Mobile Homes; Mobile Home Parks; Performance Data; Regulatory Process;

Standards

ii
SI CONVERSION UNITS

In view of the present accepted practice in this country for building technology, common U.S.

units of measurement have been used throughout this publication. In recognition of the

position of the United States as a signatory to the General Conference on Weights and

Measures, which gave official status to the metric SI system of units in 1960, appropriate

conversion factors have been provided in the table below. The reader interested in making

further use of the coherent system of SI units is refered to:

NBS SP330, 1972 Edition^, "The International System of Units"

E380-72 ASTM Metric Practice Guide (American National Standard Z210.1)

Table of Conversion Factors to Metric (S.I.) Units

Physical

Quantity

To Convert

From To Multiply By

Length

Area

Volume

Temperature

Temperature difference

Pressure

Mass

Mass/unit area

Moisture content rate

Density

Thermal conductivity

U-value

Thermal resistance

Heat Flow

inch meter

foot m

inch m

f .2 2 foot m

3 inch

foot^

Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit

Inch Hg (60°F)

Ibm

Ibm/ft^

2 Ibm/ ft week

Ibm/ft-^ kg A

2.54* X 10

-2

"•3 m

Celsius

Kelvin

newton/m^

kg

kg/m

kg/m^s

Btu/hr ft (°F/in) W_

mK

Btu/hr ft °F

°F/(Btu/hr ft^)

Btu/hr ft^

m^K

K/(W/m )

2

3.048* X 10

-1

6.4516* X 10

9.290 X

10"^

-4

1.639 X 10

2.832 X 10

-2

t^ ^ (t,p-32)/l.

At'-K = (Atop/1,

W/

3.377 X 10'

4.536 X 10

4.882

8.073 X 10

1.602 X 10^

1.442 X 10

5.678

1.761 X 10

3.155

-1

-6

-1

-1

*Exact value; others are rounded to fourth place.

iii

1.0 introdlx:tion

1.1 PROJECT OBJECTR^S AND .APPROACH . Recently, many individuals and groups have questioned

the effectiveness of mobile homes in providing safe, adequate and low-cost shelter. Although

life-safety aspects such as fire safety and susceptiblity to wind damage receive the most

publicity, functional characteristics appear to be of broader concern to mobile home owners.

It is recognized that the mobile homes supply process (manufacturing, transportation,

gitingi^) differs greatly from conventional site-built housing and is partly responsible

for some of their unique performance problems. Unfortunately, there is a limited amount

of organized documentation of these performance problems, making it difficult to pinpoint

what aspect of the mobile home supply process may be in need of change or improvement.

To respond to this recognized deficiency of information, a project funded at the National

Bureau of Standards (NBS) by the Office of Policy Development and Research of the Department

of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was structured around the following objectives:

1. Identification and documentation of significant mobile home performance problems.

2. Determine the relationship of these problems to provisions of the ANSI A119.1

Standard for Mobile Homes [1]— .

3. Determine the relationship of these problems to the mobile home enforcement

process (plan review, design certification, plant inspection.)

4. Relate problem data to the durability of mobile home components (mortgage insurance concern .

)

5. Identification of needed areas of research relative to the mobile home supply

process.

The project scope and the unique data acquisition and analysis methodology developed to accomplish the objectives are presented in reference [2] . The project was organized into

two principal tasks. Task I was designed to collect and analyze existing mobile home performance data relative to the structural, electrical, heating and plumbing systems. These

data, presented in reference [3], were obtained from Federal and state agencies responsible

for the regulation of mobile homes, consumer groups, and owner of mobile homes. Task II involved the field inspection of mobile homes to determine the causes and consequences of

the performance problems found during Task I. The results of Task II are documented in

reference [4]

.

This report summarizes the results of the project where the data obtained in Tasks I and II are synthesized to determine if a relationship exists between the identified problems, the

ANSI A119.1 Standard, and the mobile home enforcement process. The mobile home problems

documented can be generally related to (1) malfunctioning components (structural, electrical,

mechanical and plumbing) resulting in conditions affecting health and safety and adversely

impacting on the longevity of the unit, (2) inadequate durability of components, and (3) poor

design and construction practice. Routine maintenance concerns are also included but are tabulated separately.

This is a problem oriented study which does not reflect the many mobile home owners who are happy with the performance of their units. The number of mobile homes included is small

when compared to the total number of mobile homes in use in the United States. While the

results of this study may not be statistically applicable to mobile homes in general, it

is believed that the problems documented are representative of those encountered with mobile

homes in this country.

_1/ Siting encompasses placement and leveling the mobile home on its foundation, installation, steps, skirting and connection of utilities.

11 References are listed at end of paper.

1
1.2 SUMMARY CC^IMENTS. The data presented in this report and in references [2], [3] and

[A] represent a significant base of information from which the project objectives can be

addressed. While the study does include data on A105 mobile homes, this number is small when

compared to the total number of units now occupied in the United States. It is felt that

the problems identified in the study are typical of mobile homes now in use; however, it is not intended that the data can be statistically extrapolated to the total mobile home

population in the United States.

Problem data were separated into five different categories; (1) inadequacies or omissions in

the ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes, (2) deficiencies in the mobile home enforcement

process, (3) routine maintenance problems, (4) mechanical/electrical appliance problems, and

(5) miscellaneous or undefined problems. Sections 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 present detailed discussion of the various problems in these categories.

Problems in the ANSI A119.1 category are organized within the construction, plumbing, heating

and electrical systems. The major problem areas in the construction system were rain leaks,

failure of interior paneling attachment, inadequate bottomboard durability, corrosion of

exterior fasteners, and excessive metal roof membrance flexibility (roof rumble.) Plumbing

problems included questionable quality of fixtures, loose fixture connections, watertightness

of shower enclosures, and freezing of piping. Heating and electrical problems consisted of

questionable location of furnace thermostat and inadequate fastening of electrical boxes.

The mobile home enforcement category included problems which indicated deficiencies in the

mobile home regulatory process (plan and specification review, certification, and in-plant

inspection). In the construction area, this included instances where thermal insulation in

the walls and roof were found missing or improperly installed. Typical problems in the

plumbing area included piping water leaks, inadequate grade (slope) of drain pipe, water

heater relief valve drain problems, and corrosion of piping. Heating system problems included

use of unlisted or inadequately installed components, inadequate accessibility of appliances,

joints of supply and vent systems not airtight, inadequate separation of combustion air

system, inadequate marking of appliances and improper flexible gas connector usage. Electrical

problems included lack of durability and long-term performance of devices, improper location

of receptacles and devices, inadequate number of branch circuits, and problems related to workmanship such as insufficient cable support, inadequate cable protection, etc.

Problems related to durability of mobile home components are discussed in Section 5.0 which

includes most of the items in the Mechanical/Electrical Appliance category.

Many specific recommendations are made in the body of the report for revisions to the ANSI

A119.1 Standard and improvements in the mobile home enforcement process. The following areas were identified for additional mobile home work.

A. The effect of transportation and site set-up.

B. The effect of wind forces both during transportation and on site.

C. Durability of mobile home components.

D. Application of the performance approach to the development of mobile home standards.

E. Pre-occupancy inspection of mobile home after set-up.

1.3 OVERVIEW OF MOBILE HOMES

1.3.1 Mobile Home Industry . Mobile homes have risen to a position of importance in

housing in the United States representing approximately one-fifth of all new housing starts

in each of the past five years - 1970 through 1974 (Figure 1) . Considering only the single

family housing classification, mobile homes have provided 30 percent of the total during the same period (Figure 2). The production of mobile homes increased dramatically from 103,700

units in 1960 to 566,920 in 1973; however, consistent with trends in conventional housing,

production fell to 329,300 units in 1974 (Figure 3). Mobile homes represented 94% of the

houses produced in 1974 in the under $20,000 new housing market as shown in Figure 4.

2
1.3.2 Standards Development . The mobile home industry is unique within the building

industry in that there is a single model standard, ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes [1],

which covers the major aspects of the mobile home building process; i.e., construction,

plumbing, heating and electrical. Park considerations are included in ANSI A119.3 Standard

for Mobile Home Parks [5]. These standards are developed using the concensus process by

ANSI Committee A119 on Mobile Homes and Recreational Vehicles.

States that have legislated mobile home construction requirements have most frequently

adopted ANSI A119.1 as a whole or have used it as a model upon which to base their standards.

As of June 1, 1974, 45 States had adopted or were in the process of adopting ANSI A119.1 or portions thereof. An NBS publication by Cooke, Zelenka, and Tejuja [6] presents deviations

various States have made in the ANSI A119.1 Standard when modifying it for use in their

regulatory programs.

1.3.3 Enforcement Process . Enforcement of a mobile home standard is primarily the responsibility of the State in which the mobile home is manufactured and generally includes certification of the design by that State's regulatory agency and in-plant inspection to insure

compliance to the approved design. Generally, when a mobile home is transported and sold

in a State other than in which it was manufactured, standard compliance becomes the responsibility of the State in which it is sold and is subject to that State's regulatory process.

There are two basic enforcement programs which are used separately or in combination by

the States. Some States set up mobile home agencies to enforce mobile home regulations

while others utilize independent third-party organizations to perform such services in their

behalf. A typical combination would be for the State to set up an in-house agency for plan

certification while employing a third party to perform in-plant inspection. An NBS publication by Cooke, Tejuja, Dikkers and Zelenka [7] outlines the various programs in use by the

50 States as of early 1974.

2.0 NPBILE HOME PERFORMANCE DATA

2.1 ^DBILE HdlE PERFORMANCE DATA ACQUISITION. The three major mobile home performance

data sources were: (1) data accumulated by HUD as a result of using mobile homes as temporary housing following Hurricane Agnes, (2) data collected from State regulatory

agencies and federal sources, and (3) data resulting from the field inspection of Hurricane

Agnes units, private sector units and units being used by other government agencies. These

data bases are referred to as the HUD Sample, Private Sample and Field Sample.

2.1.1 HUD Sample . The Department of Housing and Urban Development purchased approximately

18,000 mobile homes that were used as temporary housing for victims of the Hurricane Agnes

disaster which occurred in June 1972. The largest concentration of these mobile homes was

in the Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania area and totaled approximately 12,500 units. The urgent

need for mobile homes following the hurricane was such that units were purchased from manufacturers and dealers from as far away as Texas and Florida and shipped to Wilkes-Barre. In many instances, the exigencies of time precluded specifying that the mobile homes meet the

requirements of standards such as ANSI A119.1 or the code of the State in which the home was

purchased.

A large maintenance operation was established in Wilkes-Barre to make the units ready for

occupancy and to maintain the units when occupied. The maintenance crews also refurbished

homes between occupancies or prior to shipment to storage sites around the country.

Data for approximately 10,000 of the 12,500 units were brought to NBS from Wilkes-Barre on

loan from HUD. Since it was not possible to evaluate data for the entire 10,000 units,

a method of selecting a representative sample without bias was devised by the Statistical

Engineering Section of the NBS Institute for Basic Standards. The resulting HUD Sample

consisted of 2,881 randomly selected units chosen without regard to performance problems or attributes such as manufacturer, size, etc. Maintenance and refurbishment data were accumulated for these units.

3
This sample is unique since all the units were manufactured at approximately the same time

(1971-1972) and were put into use under emergency conditions. The temporary nature of the

mobile home parks and private site placements created problems that would not have been

encountered under normal circumstances. The conditions were further complicated by the fact

that the occupants were living in mobile homes by necessity and not by choice. In general,

the mobile homes were treated as rental units with the HUD Maintenance Staff being called

upon to perform all maintenance services. The mobile home performance data in the HUD Sample

reflects a wide range of problems from routine maintenance to major component failures.

2.1.2 Private Sample . Acquisition of performance data on mobile homes from sources other

than HUD was established as a basic requirement of the project.

States with large mobile home populations were selected to gain access to a quantity of

mobile home performance data in an efficient manner. These agencies regulating mobile homes

varied widely from State-to-State and were attached to building code, consumer affairs,

community development, labor and motor vehicle organizations, etc. In addition to the State

organizations. Federal agencies such as the Veterans Administration and Department of Defense,

mobile home owners' organizations, privately owned mobile home parks with rental units, and

various consumer groups were contacted. There were no attempts made to interview private

mobile home owners on an individual basis. After a preliminary review of performance data

available around the country, data from 14 sources listed in Table 1 were selected for detailed evaluation. Problem files for a total of 967 mobile home units were obtained from

these sources making up the Private Sample.

2.1.3 Field Sample . Since the degree of problem detail obtained in Task I varied considerably, the field inspection of mobile homes was necessary to determine specific causes and

consequence of the identified performance problems. A total of 257 units were inspected in

the Field Sample and included mainly those used by HUD for temporary housing following the

Hurricane Agnes disaster in addition to a small number of units from the private sector.

2.2 mBILE HOME PERFORMANCE DATA CHARACTERISTICS . An attempt was made to gather all identifying attributes possible for each mobile home included in the three samples. Tables 2 through 5 summarize the State of manufacture, the year of manufacture, unit width data, and

agency certifying seals for the units in the total combined sample.

With regard to the performance problems identified in the study, four major categories listed

below were established to classify the problems. An additional miscellaneous category was

used to tabulate a small number of problems of an undefined nature.

A. Problems Related to deficiencies and inadequacies of the ANSI A119.1 Standard for

Mobile Homes

B. Problems Related to Mobile Home Enforcement Process

C. Routine Maintenance Problems

D. Mechanical Electrical Appliance Problems

E. Miscellaneous Problems

This categorization of problems permits documentation of all mobile home performance problems

obtained from the data sources or observed during the field Inspections. Computer techniques

are used to organize the data into tables (See Appendix A) . Computer printouts showing the

performance problem distribution are in Appendix B (HUD Sample) , Appendix C (Private Sample)

,

and Appendix D (Field Sample). The problem distribution in these four major categories for

all data samples in percent of total problems is summarized in Table 6.

Table 7 shows the rank ordered distribution of problems relative to the five categories

for the Private Sample data. The rank ordered problem distribution within each of the four

major categories are shown in Tables 8 through 11.

Table 12 shows the rank ordered distribution of problems relative to the five categories

for the Field Sample data. The rank ordered problem distribution within each of the four

4
major categories are shown in Tables 13 through 16.

Table 17 shows the rank ordered distribution of problems relative to the five categories

for the HUD Sample data. The rank ordered problem distribution within each of the four

major categories are shown in Tables 18 through 21.

2.2.1 P roblem Data Characteristics . Since each of the three data samples exhibit unique

problem distributions, as seen in Tables 6 through 21, it is necessary to consider the

characteristics of the data in each sample in evaluating the severity of the various problems.

Since the mobile homes in the HUD Sample were generally treated as rental units by the

occupants, a large portion of the problems were routine maintenance in nature of the type

that a home owner would normally repair on his own rather than seeking professional

assistance

.

Private Sample data generally consisted of consumer complaints and the resulting on-site

inspection reports of enforcement officials. The data would tend to be of a more severe

nature than the HUD Sample since the mobile home owner would generally not go to the

enforcement agency for assistance with problems of a routine maintenance nature. Also,

enforcement official inspections generally concentrated on problems associated with code

violations and enforcement program inadequacies.

The inspection procedures used in accumulating the Field Sample data were structured to concentrate on problems related to Standard violations and enforcement program inadequacies.

Since most of the mobile homes were unoccupied at the time of the inspections, problems

with appliances of a routine maintenance nature were less prominent.

The various characteristics of the three data samples should be considered in evaluating

the problems discussed in Sections 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 of this report.

5
3 . 0 EVALUATI ON OF _ PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE

ANSI A119.I STANDARD

3.1 CONSTRUCTION fPART B) - The following problems are taken from the data presented in

Appendices B, C and D. The percentage of mobile homes in each sample which have the

problem is tabulated along with the pertinent paragraphs of the 1974 and 1975 editions of

the ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes (NFPA 501B-1973 and 1974 editions). A discussion

of the problem is included with recommendations for changes in the Standard and other phases

of the mobile home supply process where appropriate.

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References (1974 and 1975)A/ ~

VuLndplz No. 7. To pKovldt agcUtut thz zntMLncz oi^ Moutdh. and m.ndl, at all jolnti, connec- tLoM, and opzyiLngi in dxtoAA-on. iuA|Jace6.

87./ WmtheA RuAjitancd . ExXeJiiofi covining -ilialt be o{, moAj,tuAZ and vozatheA fiulitivt

mateAAjxli attachtd i^iXh conA06ion fieA-iAtant (^odttntfu to fieA-Lit uilnd and n/iin. MztaZ

coveAA.ng6 ihall b& Oj^ cofiAo^ion fiuiAtant mateAA.al6

.

Discussion - Roof membrane rain leaks were generally evidenced by staining of ceiling panels.

The leaks appeared to be caused by one or more of the following factors:

a. Flexibility of the metal roofing membrane.

b. Lack of effective sealants.

c. Inadequate joint constructions in the metal roofing.

d. Flashing procedures at roof penetrations.

e. Ineffective joint design details of roof-exterior wall interface.

Other factors impacting the severity of this problem include transportation induced forces

and deflections, and improper site set-up and leveling procedures. Also, the roof leak problem can be aggravated by persons walking on the roof for purposes of repair or maintenance

which can affect the integrity of the roof membrane joints. The ANSI A119.1 Standard states,

in general performance terms, that the mobile home shall be moisture resistant. However, there

is no way for enforcement officials to completely evaluate a mobile home design to determine

the expected performance in this area.

—' Symbol refers to computer code used to identify the problem (Appendices B, C and D)

.

—/ Excerpted and reprinted with permission from NFPA 501B, Standard for Mobile Homes,

Copyright 1973 and 1974, National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Massachusetts.

3.1.1 ROOF SYSTEM-RAIN LEAKS (RLWR)3/

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

17.4

27.9

40.1

6
Recommendat ions

1. A method of evaluation should be developed and included in the Standard if enforcement

officials are to determine if the moisture resistant performance specified in B7.1 is

provided by the manufacturer.

2. Manufacturers should provide the mobile home owner with instructions for routine preventative maintenance of the roof. This could include coating of all roof membrane joints

at specified intervals.

3. There should be provided at least a one-year warranty on roof leakage.

4. Inspection for rain leaks should be part of a pre-occupancy inspection program and the area of any leaks should be repaired before occupancy of the unit is authorized.

3.1.2 PARTITION WALLS AND SIDEWALLS - FAILURE OF ATTACHMEM' OF INTERIOR PANELING TO WALL

FRAMING (INSSl.) ~~

The higher percentage of this problem

in the Field Sample may have been due

to the frequent occurrence of water

leaks causing wood panel buckling.

S amp 1

e

% of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

15.2

25.4

38.1

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1974

86.7 IntzMA-OK VoAtUxon . Whzmvun. an inteAA^ofL pcuvUJxon -ii duigmd to iZAvz cu a 6tcondojiy ^t^acJuAot mzmb2A, iX -ihalt bd coMtAucX^d Mith adzquaXz iiyirngth {^on. tkz puApo-lie.

Intmddd.

66.7 0 Vuign Load VtitiKitLoM . bJhzn a 6tKactuJval ai,i>mbty -u iabjzcttd to total de^tgn

ti\)t load6, the dz^l^cXion 6 halt not exceed the, (^ottoMlngTloon. 1/240

Rood CtiLing i/l^O (4ee \pptndtx II)

SldewalLi L/ISO

WheM.& L = tko, cZtoA i,pan boJMZzn -!>uppoAt>> on. two t^jnu tho, tmgth o(^ a cantiZzvufi.

7975

B6.7 IntiVhioi Watti . InteAyion. iMattd AkaZZ be aomVtuctzd wtth itn.uctu/ial cjxpaatty adzqimZz

ion tkz tntzndzd puApo6& and 6hatl be capable oi nu-Osttng a hontzontal toad o^ not £e44

than {jtvz pounds peA iqaano. ^oot.

7
B6.T0 des ign load dzj^tzction . W^en a ^VnxcXoKcUi a^izmbly -u iubj&ctzd to total design

lly^d lo'adi, the dziltctcon l^ofi 6tA.uctuAal iKominq mmbzxt> ihalt not exceed thz ioU.om.nQ'-

fioofi in^o

Rooi and C<uJUnQ l/UO [See Appendix, Vaxt B)

HeadzAA, Beam, G-UdeAA L/180 {UeAtical Loadi Only]

Whete L = the cZean. 6pan b&twz&n 6u.ppo>vti> on. two timu the length oi a caYttiZeven..

Discussion - This problem represents a failure of the attachment of the wood wall paneling

to wall framing. Field inspection revealed that paneling is often attached with smooth

staples which appear to provide inadequate fastening strength. The use of adhesive attachment in conjunction with staples was seldom found in the field investigation, and when it was encountered, continuous glue lines between the paneling and studs were rarely observed.

The use of 1/8 inch and 3/16 inch thickness interior wood paneling provides questionable

flexural rigidity between wall studs. Field observations indicated that some of the paneling appeared susceptible to dimensional changes due to moisture which could account for the

buckling observed in conjunction with rain leaks.

The structural function of interior wall paneling is to aid in resisting forces due to transportation, site set-up, wind, and occupancy. These data bring into question the

adequacy of the wall construction in resisting these forces; especially since the ANSI

A119.1 Standard does not provide specific design criteria for transportation and site

set-up.

The ANSI A119.1 Standard does not adequately define performance criteria that would insure

successful attachment of paneling to the framing members. The ANSI A119. 1-1975 was improved

to require interior walls to be designed for 5 psf horizontal load; however, the sidewall

deflection limit of L/180 in the 1974 edition (B6.10) was deleted in 1975.

Recommendations

1. B6.10 should be modified to again incorporate a deflection limit on walls subjected to design loads. Consideration should be given to reimposing the L/180 limit as in ANSI

A119. 1-1974 or adopting L/240 as required in paragraph 601-lle of FHA Minimum Property

Standards [8].

2. The effects of wind loads and forces resulting from transportation and site set-up

should be studied to develop additional design criteria for wall design.

3. Adhesive bonding should be used with mechanical fasteners in attaching wood paneling to the wall framing.

3.1.3 BCTERIOR WALLS - RAIN LEAKS (EXWR)

The high occurence of window leaks

(paragraph 3.1.5) and door leaks

(paragraph 3.1.6) in the Private Sample

should also be considered in evaluating

these data.

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

15.9

6.4

14.4

8
Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

B7.7 fjJ^cLthzA Rt^-Uiance . ExteAloA covQMA.nQ 6kaZl be 0|) mo-UtoKe, and weatheA fiuU^tlvt

matexiaJU aXtachzd Mith coK/io^lon H-Ulitant {^(UtmoM to n.ej>i6t wind and naln. Mttal

covQAJ^nQi) 6katt be oi coAAoiion KeA-ii tant maXeAlaij,

.

Discussion - Penetration of rain water is the predominate problem with exterior walls.

These leaks occurred through the exterior siding and at windows, doors, and other penetrations. The rain leaks at windows and doors occurred at the juncture with the exterior wall.

Rain leaks through windows and doors are discussed in paragraphs 3.1.5 and 3.1.6- The usual

manufacturing procedure is to attach the siding material to the wall framing, cut out

openings for windows and doors and install windows and doors over the exterior siding.

Caulking must be used where the frame of these components mate with the siding in order to prevent rain water penetration.

Lack of effective sealing of joints in exterior walls can be caused by:

1. Excessive distortion of the walls due to transportation and set-up. The

resulting differential movement between the window/door frame and exterior

wall covering can disturb the caulking seal applied in the factory.

2. Manufacturing procedures of installing window and door frames over exterior

siding which is not good flashing practice.

3. Poor workmanship characterized by improper application of sealant, the

omission of sealant in some areas around frames, etc.

4. Inferior caulking that becomes brittle and cracks in a relatively short

time

.

Recommendations

1. A water penetration test procedure should be established for exterior wall assemblies

similar to that adopted for windows (MHMA Specification 1-71-Rev. 1973). The test should include simulation of the effects of transportation.

2. The use of sealants between components of wall assemblies should be required to meet

one or more of the following Federal Specifications:

TT-S-00230

TT-S-001657

TT-S-001543A

TT-S-00227E

3. Paragraph B7.1 of ANSI A119.1 should be revised as follows:

B7.1 Exterior covering and component joints shall be of moisture and weather

resistive materials attached with corrosion resistant fasteners to resist wind

and rain. Metal coverings shall be of corrosion resistant materials.

3.1.4 BCTERIOR WALL SYSTEM - FAILURE OF ATTACHMENT OF EXTERIOR COVERING TO WALL FRAMING (EXSSl .)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

6.9

12.0

17.1

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

86.6 WaLti . Tkz MoJUU ikalZ be oi 4u;$^^ci.eHi: it/irngth to M-cth^tciYid tkt toad fizquuxmznXyti

04 dzf^lnzd In 6.3.1, 6.3.2 and 6.4 o{, tkh, Pa/it, wiXhoixt zx.ate.dA.ng thd dt^fZtdtion^ a6

9
4pccx!^-ccd in 6.10. T/ie conntctioii6 faeiweeen th^ bzaxing moJUU, dlooK, and fioo{^ i^n.mmofLk. mmbzM ithaJit bt {^abtidatzd -in iach a rnanmn. cu, to pKovidz iuppon.t {^ofi the. mateAial a6ed

to tncXo6Z the mobttz homo, and to pfiovidz (^OH. tfiaMitn. 0|5 aJil latoAal and veAtA.cjil load6

to the iloot and c.haM>-a>

.

Discussion - Typical of these problems was pulling of the fastener head through the metal

siding and loosening of the fasteners. These problems could be related to excessive

vibration and racking during transportation and site set-up of the unit. Wind induced

forces could also cause connection loosening and fastener pull through problems.

Recommendation - A research study should be initiated to investigate the acceleration

forces and stresses induced by transportation and site set-up in mobile homes. A study

of wind effects on exterior wall connections, over an extended period of time, should also

be initiated. The results of these studies would form the basis for the development of more

realistic design criteria for incorporation into the current Standard.

3.1.5 WINDOWS - RAIN LEAKS (WNIVR)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

2.7

13.9

3.9

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1974

87.7 \})QxiutheA Rutitance . Exte/UoH. covtfiing i>haiZ be. mo-utuAe and {jotatheA fLU-iitive

mateAiati, attached with coKAoiiion fieAiAtant ^aittneAA to fieA>iJit wind and fixin. HeXaZ co\jeAinQi> iihaJit be ojj conAoiion ^e6i6tant mateAiati.

BS.5.1 Windom . Alt windom ihoLl comply wiXh KeqaiAement^ i>et {^onXh in Table 8-2 and, in

addiXion, ihall meet the fieqiAementi ^on. windom detailed in the "(flindow Spediicationi)

iofi Utilization in Mobile and factoAy-Baitt Home6 (MHMA Spec. Mo. 1-71 - Rev. 1912].

1975

87. / Same oa 1974.

BS.5.1 Wind.ow6 . All windows i>haZl meet the KeqaiJiementA ^on windows OA detailed in the

Window SpeciJZcation^ ^on. UtiZization in Mobile and Vactony-Bmilt Hotuing, (MHMA Spec.

No. 1-71-Rev. 1973).

Discussion - These problems are concerned with the penetration of rain water through windows.

Rain leaks at the juncture of the window frame and the wall are discussed in 3.1.3. The

referenced Mobile Home Manufacturers Association (MHMA) Spec No. 1-71 includes a winddriven rain test which appears adequate in evaluating window performance. This specification

was first included in the 1973 edition of ANSI A119.1. A large majority of the mobile homes

in this study were 1972 models, or older, and may have used windows which did not meet the

MHMA Specification.

Recommendation - Use of windows which meet the latest revision of MHMA Spec. No. 1-71 may

alleviate the rain leak problem.

3.1.6 EXTERIOR DOORS - RAIN LEAKS (DHVR)

Sample

r % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

3.2

13.0

3.1 •

10
Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

B7.7 WixitkeA Rutitancz , Extznion. covzAing ikcM fae moZituA^ and wtathtK ^eAA^tAve.

maXeAA-dti aJXachzd Mith cohAO'iion KU-Utayit {,ai,tzneA^ to ^u-Ut wind and ftain. Mztal

coveju.ng.6 ikaJit be conAoiion fiUAj>tant maXzxlaJj)

.

Discussion - This problem concerns the penetration of rain water through exterior doors.

Rain leaks at the juncture of the door frame and the exterior wall are discussed in 3.1.3.

ANSI A119. 1-1975 does not include a wind-driven rain test for exterior doors. MHMA Spec.

3-7A "Exterior Passage Door Specifications for Utilization in Mobile and Factory Built

Housing" is weak in the area of water penetration as indicated by the following from

paragraph 1.4.4:

"No leakage shall pass interior face of the test specimen at a test pressure of

9 psf when tested in accordance with ASTM E-331. Note: The development of this

standard was primarily instituted to answer energy conservation requirements.

Insufficient time to establish further water penetration criteria was allowed;

therefore, the MHMA Door Subcommittee is presently effecting further testing

and criteria for revision to this standard at a later date."

Recommendation - MHMA Spec. 3-74 appears to be a step in the right direction. Work on the

development of additional water penetration criteria to augment this specification should

be undertaken.

3.1.7 FLOOR SYSTEM - INADEQUATE BOTTOMBOARD IVEATIIER AND RODENT RESISTANCE (FLIVR, FLRR,

PREQ5., HGPGTTT

Sample

' — ...... 1 No. of Problems*

HUD

Private

i Field

129

290

127

*Table represents a summation of problems in the Construction, Plumbing and

Heating Parts of A119.1 relative to bottomboard durability.

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References (1974 and 1975)

87.? WzatheA RuZitanct . Extz/Uo^ coveAing i>katl be mo-LituAz and wexUhoA fiuiitive

maZzAioLd aJJLachzd maXH coHA06Zon fiz&AJitant {jOAt&n&Ai to n.&iAj>t Mind and Kain. UttxxJL

c.ovQAA.n.Q& 6hatt be c.oKAoi,lon Kz^-litant matzAiati.

87.4 Rodznt ^zi-iAtanct . ExXtAion. i>uA^acu 6halZ be 6e.alzd to ^u-iit tho. zntAancz AodzntA>.

C5.2.5 Rodznt Rz^-iitancz . kit txtzAioK op&nlngi aAound p-iplng and zqiUprnznt ihalZ be

iiZXitzd to fiuJjit tkz tnXAancz n.odznti,

.

VB.1 .1 .1 Rodznt Rej>i^tancz . Ktt zxtzAion. opznA^ngi, oAound piping, dact^ , plznwm6 oK vznt6

6hall be 6zalzd to KUij>t tkz zntAancz o^ fiodznti,

.

Discussion - The problems grouped in this category concern penetrations in the bottomboard

material (underside covering material) which affects the weather and rodent resistance of

the mobile home. As illustrated in the referenced paragraphs of the ANSI A119.1 Standard,

Part B (Construction), Part C (Plumbing) and Part D (Heating) contain essentially the same requirement against rodent penetration. A summation of these problems for the three samples

represents 7.2% of all ANSI A119.1 related problems.

The failure of the bottomboard barrier could lead to penetration of the underside of the home

by wind, rain, rodents, insects and dust. The low tear and puncture strength characteristics

of most bottomboard materials presently being used allows them to be easily damaged. In many

11
cases, the attachment of the bottomboard material to the main floor frame failed, possibly as

a result of low "wet strength" or due to forces imposed during transportation and site set-up.

The referenced ANSI A119.1 Standard paragraphs give the required performance of the bottomboard in general terms without specifying methods for enforcement officials to determine if

the performance of a material is acceptable. This problem can be attributed to the Standard

which does not provide specific performance requirements for the strength and durability of

the bottomboard along with methods to evaluate the adequacy of the barrier.

Recommendations

1. The bottomboard construction of mobile homes should be upgraded.

2. Performance requirements for mobile home bottomboard materials and attachment methods

should be developed and incorporated in the ANSI A119.1 Standard. These requirements

should include tear resistance, puncture resistance, wet strength and water penetration resistance.

3.1.8 EXTERIOR WALLS - CORROSION OF EXTERIOR FASTENERS (EXDR)

Exterior fasteners were routinely inspected in the Field Sample Survey.

Mobile home occupants (HUD and Private

Samples) did not generally consider

this a major problem.

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

1.3

49. A

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

87. J WzaXheA ReA-utancz . ExteJiioK covejilng shaZi be mo^tuAZ and wtcuthoA n.U'Utivt

mateAlal^ aXtachzd w-ith coKn.oi,lon fiuiiitant {^cutzneA^ to fiu-ist wind and HJxLn. MztaZ coveA.- inQ6 i,hall be cofOioiion xej,i6tant matoAiaZi

.

Discussion - In many cases, corrosion of exterior fasteners were noted on mobile homes less

than two years old. While this initially may be only an aesthetic problem, it could eventually lead to a loss of the structural attachment of the exterior covering. The ANSI A119.1

Standard specifies "corrosion resistant fasteners;" however, it gives no level of performance

for enforcement officials to evaluate the adequacy of a proposed fastener.

Recommendations

1. The ANSI A119.1 Standard should include performance specifications that would insure

long-term durability of exterior fasteners.

2. The specification should be such that hot-dip galvanized, electro-galvanized, aluminized steel, stainless steel, double cadmium plated, aluminum screws, or any other

corrosion-resistant fastener type could be considered for use by the manufacturers.

12
3.1.9 ROOF SYSTEM - FAILURE OF ATTACHMEIxTT OF CEILING mTERIAL TO TRUSS (RFSS4.)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in i Sample with Problem |

[ h HUD ; 0.1

Private ' 6.3 ! Field

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References (1974 and 1975)

PnA.nc^pZz Mo. 3 . To pfiovidt itAuctuA/it 6tfizngth and fviQi.dJXy ^ajjijxlcxetti (^on. du^gn ZoadA,

both -in tAavnit and on 6-Lte.

B5.3 StfLuctuA/il AnaZiji^A . Th& 6Vimgth and HJ^gldity o{) tkz compomnt poAt^ and/ on. the

Inttghatzd itAucXuJi&. ihall b^ doXeJuni-ntd by ^nglmeAing anaZy^-U on. by i,txitabt(i toad tej>tf> to i-imulatQ. thz actual loadi and conditio n^ o{j appticcition that ocean on A-itz.

Discussion - The loss of attachment between ceiling material and roof trusses occurred almost

totally in the Private Sample. This problem can be related to transportation forces, site

set-up and occupancy. Another contributing factor would be the excessive occurrence of roof

rain leaks and the resulting water damage to ceiling material which generally exhibits a lack

of wet strength. Except for the referenced paragraphs which call for good engineering design,

ANSI A119.1 does not give specific design criteria for the attachment.

Recommendations

1. The susceptibility of mobile home roofs to rain leaks should be reduced which would help

alleviate the incidence of ceiling material attachment failure.

2. Results from a study of the effects of transportation and site set-up on mobile homes

could be used to develop design criteria for the ceiling system.

3.1.10 ROOF SYSTEM - EXCESSIVE METAL MBIBRANE DEFLECTION AND ROOF RU^IBLE (RDEF)

As expected, these data are predominantly

in the Private Sample where mobile home

owners were unhappy with the excessive

noise. The HUD Sample units were

occupied on a temporary basis while the

majority of the Field Sample units were

unoccupied.

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References (1974 and 1975)

VtbincipaJi Ho . 3 . To pKovldt 6tn.uctanjaZ i,tn.zngth and nA.gtdJXy iu{j{itctent {^on. d<z6tgn load!,,

both -in tAOLYUiAX and on 6ttz.

85.3. StAuctuAot Analy-iiA . The iitnzngth and nyigtdity o(^ the. compomnt pa/U^ and/on. th&

intzgnattd itAuctam 6 halt bo, doXz/mi-ncd by znglntoJilng analyiiU> on. by suitable load tuti

to i-imvLtaXz thz actual load& and conditions o^ application that ocean, on

Sample % of Mobile Homes in , Sample with Problem

1 HUD

1

! Private 4.7

Field 0.4

13
Discussion - This problem primarily consisted of excessive noise or "roof rumble" during

windy weather conditions. The basic cause of the problem is the lack of rigidity of the

metal roof membrane. Typical roof construction consists of a sheet metal installed over the

wood trusses attached only around the outside perimeter edges of the mobile home. This

method of attachment allows deflection of the roof membrane between trusses under the oscillating wind conditions. A sheathing material and/or insulation is sometimes placed between

the metal membrane and the roof trusses. Roof rumble occurs when the metal roofing "slaps"

against the roof trusses or sheathing material or the metal itself "oil cans" under wind

loading. While walking on the roof is not recommended, it may be necessary to do so when

performing routine maintenance. This could damage the metal membrane because of its lack of

rigidity between roof trusses.

Recommendations

1. Establish criteria to limit the deflection of metal roofing membrane between trusses.

This would impart rigidity to the membrane and greatly reduce the occurrence of "roof

rumble.

2. The manufacturer should alert the mobile home owner to the fact that "roof rumble" may

occur and caution against walking on the roof.

3.1.11 FLOOR SYSTBl - FAILURE OF ATTACHMENT OF DECKING TO FLOOR JOISTS (FASSl.)

Sample % of Mobile

Sample with

Homes in

Problem

hHUD

1 Private

Field^

0.1

3.8

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1974

86.9 fZoou . Floon. a66mbtlu 6haZl b<L duZgnzd in a.ccoH.da.nt(L Mith acczpt&d eng-cneeAx.ng

pKactLcz to i>appofvt a iml{,om livz load 40 lb/^t2, pluA tht dtad load o^ thd matzAlaZi.

In addition {biut not itmuttantoiLily] , {^loou 6kaIZ be ablt to i>appofvt a 100-poimd contzntuatzd load on a 2 -inch diameXeA dxAc at thz mo6t cAaJU-CjoZ location with a maxi/num dz^lzction not to zxcttd 1/S inch n.Qjjxtivz to iloofi {^KajninQ.

7 975

86.9 F-£oo^

[a] Tloon. a^^mbtiu ihall. bo. duignzd in accofidancz uoiXh accepted znginztfiinQ pfiacXicz

6tandaAd6 to 6uppofit a minumum uni^^om live, load o{j 40 lb/{it2 pluA thz dzad load oi

thz matoAlali. In addiXion {but not ^bimultanzoiiily] , {^looHA -ihall bz ablz to 6uppr t. a 200-poand conczntAotzd load on a two-inch diamztzA dUc at thz mo-it critical location

with thz maxAjmum dz{jlzction not to zxczzd 1/S inch fizZativz to {^loon. lucmina. Vznjjnztzn joi^ti 0|5 moKZ than iix inchzi dzpth i>halt bz itabitizzd again.it ovz^iawing ^Kom

6upzHA.mpoizd loadi a6 {jOltow^: at zndi by i,olid blocking not lzi6 than ti'Jo-inch thicknz6i, by f^atl dzpth of^ joi^ti, oh. by connzcting to a continaoum hzadoA not t<j:>i> than tKio inch thic.knz66 and not lzi,t) than thz dzpth 0(5 thz joi^t with connzcting dzvicz; aX. zight {^zzt maxjjmum intzumzdiatz spacing by 6otid blocking ol by wood cn.06i>-bHA.dging o(^ not lzt>t, thzan onz inch by thJizz inchz^, mztaZ cAoii-bfUdging o(^ zqaal itAzngth, oK by

othzA appKovzd mzthodi,.

14
(fa) Wood iloonji OK iub^loou in kltchzM, bcuClvioom^ {incZudlng toltzt compaAtrnznti]

lamdAij Koom, mt&A ktateA compaAtrnzyvd , and any othdH aAzoi iubjzcX to zxceMivz

molituAz ikaU be molituAz KU-Utant ok ^kall be made mo^ta^e Kti^tant by ^zaUng oK

by an ovzAlay nonab^oibtnX matzfvLal appUzd wUh watQA-fizA-Utant adhu^vz.

Discussion - This problem is concerned with inadequate attachment of the decking to the

floor joists. Attachment is generally by staples or nails and adhesive bonding. The fasteners often pull through particle board floor decking commonly used in mobile homes,

especially if it should become water soaked from plumbing or rain leaks. The requirements

as presented for floors in the referenced ANSI A119.1 Standard paragraphs are consistent

with most codes and standards that exist for conventional housing. However, conventional

housing is not subject to the dynamic forces of transportation and site set-up that are imposed on mobile homes. Therefore, consideration for these special conditions should be

made during the design process. As presently written, the Standard does not provide design

criteria for these special load conditions.

Recommendations

1. Develop design criteria for floors which take into account the effects of transportation

and site set-up. This could result from a program to determine the magnitude of dynamic

forces to which mobile homes are subjected during transit and set-up.

2. A performance criteria should be developed using these measured dynamic loads to assure adequate attachment strength for floor decking to floor joists.

3. A test procedure could be developed and specified so that regulating agencies can evaluate compliance with the criteria.

3.1.12 DOUELBtflDE MISALIGNMENT (RFSS5.)

There were no doublewide units in the 1 Sample % of Mobile Homes in

HUD and Field Sample Data. 1

1 Sample with Problem

[ HUD

i Private 2.9

1 Field

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

?Kin(u.ptii No. 7 (Paxt B] . To pKovidz against thu zntAanct moXqa and wind at aJUi jolnti,

conntcXioYU) , and optningis -in zxtexioK 4uAi^ace/S.

Discussion - Misalignment of the two sections forming a doublewide mobile home generally

resulted in a rain water leak.

This problem can be attributed primarily to two causes: (1) failure of the manufacturer to hold dimensional tolerances during the fabrication phase, and (2) improper leveling and

blocking of the two halves during site set-up. Except for general requirements of Principle

No. 7, the ANSI A119.1 Standard does not include guidance for dimensional tolerance requirements to be used by the manufacturer in the production of doublewide units. ANSI A119.3

Standard for Mobile Home Parks [5] does not include dimensional tolerance requirements for

mobile home set-up.

15
Recommendations

1. The ANSI A119.1 Standard should include a section on dimensional tolerances of mobile

home construction with particular attention given to doublewide units.

2. A mobile home installation guide should be supplied with each mobile home by the manufacturer.

3. The ANSI A119 Committee on Mobile Homes should undertake further study of the installation problems.

Note: In response to this need, ANSI Committee A119 has established a new Sectional

Committee on Mobile Home Installation with the following scope, "to develop standards or recommend practices for the proper placement of mobile homes on any lot, covering such

items as piers, skirting, removal of running gear and any additional provisions for

tiedowns and connections to utilities not covered in either the ANSI A119.1 Standard

for Mobile Homes or the ANSI A119.3 Standard for Mobile Home Parks." The successful

completion of this effort should help alleviate this problem with doublewides which are providing an ever increasing share of the mobile home market.

3.1.13 ROOF SYSTEM - CUTTING STRUCTURAL ROOF CdlPONENTS TO ALLOW FOR INSTALLATION OF VENT

PIPES OR STACKS (RLCCJ ~

Where possible, roof trusses over the

furnace were inspected in the field

study. The mobile home occupant would

not generally know of this problem as evidenced by the low frequency of occurrence in the HUD and Private

Samples

.

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

0.3

1.9

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References (1974 and 1975)

55.2 ConitAuctlon . Alt conitAuction meXhodU) ihcutt be In con{iOfmanc^ waMi aac&pte.d e.ng.imeA.-

ing p^acticu to iMuJie danabt^, livable., and iai^e housing. Expand meXal 6tAactuA.at mmbeA^

6hall be pitotictdd to ftzA-ut confioi>lon.

85.3 Stn.iL(iJnA.al knaJLLji>U> . The. 6tn.e.ngth and >u.glduJ:y the compomnt poAts and/on. the

lYvtzgn.ate.d ittuctuAe lhaJLl bt deXsAmtned by zngi.nzznA.ng anaJiy&ij, on. by ivuitablz load tz^ti

to iiimmlatz tkz actual loadi and condJXioM o{^ apptication that oacuA on 6itz.

Discussion - This problem was observed over furnace compartments where roof trusses were cut

to allow for installation of roof jacks. Even though there were a small number of instances,

it is serious enough to warrant a revision in the Standard. The basic cause of this problem

was a result of poor design of the mobile home and/or inadequate plant inspection. Although

the referenced ANSI A119.1 paragraphs cover this type of violation in a general sense, it is

believed that there should be specific wording in the Standard that would prevent the cutting

of major structural roof components without justification by engineering analysis.

Recommendation - Add the following requirement to ANSI A119.1:

"Cutting of roof truss components for passage of electrical, plumbing or mechanical

systems are not permitted without justification by engineering analysis."

16
3.1.14 7:E3G<N'S - IMPROPERLY L0C\TH3 BEntEEN ROOF TRUSSES [TIDNZ .

)

Inspection for this problem was possible only in the field inspection

study.

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HDD

Private

Field 1.0

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (197- and 1975)

36.5.1 Tizdc.'yj, . \ZZ mcb-LLz 'iC'i2^ iiiaiZ have. iA.ejdoiwii> uiith pfiovAj^-ioni ^oA dLUXAlbating

ti:t icxd ca thziz tie,dc'j.YJi cuid picvZi-ioni ^on. thz attachmmt to gnound cuicJwu io (U to

xtiAJit ulind 0\jZAXuMJUjiQ and ^tiding aj> Ajnpo&zd by thz Aupzctlvz du-ign Zoadi thU paJit.

Discussicr. - It was noted in the field inspection task that over-the-roof hurricane straps were sonezires located between roof trusses and not at a truss where a path of load transfer

frc- vail zo wall is provided.

ANSI A119. 1-1975 does not specifically address this point other than calling for good design.

The proposed Tentative Interim Admendner.c (IIA) on Windstorm Protection for the ANSI A119.1

Standard has the following require-enr:

"6.6.1.2(c) When continuous straps are provided as vertical ties, such ties shall

by positioned at rafters and studs."

Recomniendation - Adoption of Windstorm Protection iIA should alleviate this problem.

3.2 PLUMBING S^'b'IhMS rP..\RT - The following problems are taken from the data presented in

Appendices 3, C and D. The percentage of mobile homes in each sample with the problem is

tabulated along with the pertinent paragraphs of the 1974 and 1975 editions of the ANSI A119.1

Standard for Mobile Homes (NF?A 5013-1973 and 1974 editions). A discussion of the problem is

included with recommendations for changes in the Standard and other phases of the mobile home

supply process where appropriate.

3.2.1 QU.ALIIY OF FIXTURES - DURABILin' OF F.AUCET .ASSE-IBLIES fPFGRl

.

)

1 Sample % of I'lobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

15.6

11.1

13.6 '

Pertinent A^CSI A119.1 References

1974

C6.7 yiinimm StandoAdi . 'iatzJiaili , ilxtuAZi, an. deu^ei oded on. znt?Ju.)ig into tiiz cctvit/iuctior. c{ plumb-u-.g iyitzm Zn any mcb-iZz rxmt ^ImZZ bz ^fizz ^Kom dz^zcti, and 6hatt con{.cm to

appJicvzd 6tat'.dand6 on tJr.z ajppllcablz itandtvidi, Liitzd In thz KppzndLx oj^ ti-vii, Vant, Tabtz C-I.

7975

C6.I }iuUmm StandoAdi . f^znZati, {,lxXuAU, ok devicu a&zd on znteJung Into thz comtfiuction oft pZumbAjig iy^tzm, tn any mobU-Z home, ihaJUL bz in.zz piom dz^zcti, and ihaZZ condom to

appnovzd itandandi.

Uotz: See Appzndix icx Tlz^ZAzncz TabZz ion. Standojidi, c*: yZjuiribing Sy^tm Componznti,.

17
Discussion - The majority of these problems concerned early faucet failures requiring

replacement . The replacement of faucet washers (routine maintenance) is not included in

these data. The ANSI A119.1 Standard is deficient with regards to specifying a minimum

quality of faucet; therefore, a large percentage of faucet assemblies did not perform

adequately

.

Recommendations

1. The ANSI A119.1 Standard should include performance criteria on faucet assemblies that

would insure the owner of some useful life (in years).

2. The Appendix to Part C of ANSI A119.1 should include acceptable durability standards for

faucet assemblies.

3. A requirement for permanently marking the faucet assemblies with the manufacturers'

name and model number should be adopted to enable enforcement officials to check for

compliance.

3.2.2 TOILET FLUSHING DEVICES - REPAIR OR REPLACEMBJT OF TOILET FLUSHING DEVICES (T0IL2.)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD 5.9

Private 5.6

Field 5.4

Pertinent ANSI A119.i Reference (1974 and 1975)

C9.2.7.2 Tollzt ipjuiihlm dzvicu .ihcLll be duigntd to fieplacz tht moXza i>z.al in the. bou)l

0i(^tzA tdch opzACLtion. Fliuk valvu, (^tiUikomzteA valves, and ball cock6 ihaZl opeAatz auXomaticalZy to 6hut oi^j) at thz znd oi each. ^Ivah on. when the tank {^iZltd to opeAoting

cjxpacAXy.

Discussion - The general quality of toilet assemblies installed by mobile home manufacturers

appears to be equivalent to those used in conventional housing. When the effects of transportation are considered, however, these data indicate that the toilet flushing device may

not be adequate for the forces and vibrations encountered.

Recommendations '• •

1. The effect of transport induced forces on plumbing fixtures including toilet flushing

devices should be examined in an overall study of transportation induced forces on mobile homes.

2. From these studies, performance criteria could be developed for plumbing fixtures

(including toilet flushing devices) that would insure the owner of the mobile home

reduced maintenance costs and extended life for these devices.

18
3.2.3 TOILET - LOOSE TOILET TO FLOOR CONNECTIONS (T0IL5.)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

4.1

8.2

9.3

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

7 974

C9.2.7.5 Floon. ConmcJxon . ToHtt6 -ihalZ be 6zcuA.eI.y bott&d to tho, iloon. by rrnaM o{i an

appfLOvtd (^lanQt oH. othtK appKov&d ^IttinQ. Bolti and i,cAejA)'!>, Mhm iu>e.d, ihatt be 0|) iotid

bfiOM ofi othzA coHAOi>ivii-KQJiJj,tant maXeJiiaZ and ihoLt be not tU6 than 1/4 inch in diameXeA.

A u)ateAtight i>Q,aJi ihaZl be made be^tween thz toiZtt and ilangz oi oth^A appKovzd (fitting by

Ui6z o{^ a goik^t on. i waling compound.

1975

C9.2.J.5 ¥loo/L Conntction . Toiltt!> ihatt be iiZcuA^Zy boltzd to an approved (^langz on. othtn

appfioMtd {fitting Mhi^ch ij> izcuAtd to tkz {^toon. by rntam 0() coiAo^ion-nuiitant ptattd icH.m}6.

Thz bolZi ihaZl be iotid bnxu,6 on. othoA conAoi>ion-n.e^iJ>tant matexial and f^haLt be not leA^

than 1/4 inch in diajmtteJi. A MateAtight iea£ i>haJLl be made be^een thz toitoX and {^tangz on. otkM. appn.ovzd fitting by oie OjJ a ga^keX on. itaZing compound, (See aZbo PoAagnaph 6.9(b) o{j VanJ: 8.

)

Discussion - This problem concerns the connection of the toilet assembly to the floor of the

mobile home. The toilets frequently become loose and require tightening or seal replacement.

In some cases, this looseness resulted in waste water leakage (which can cause deterioration

of the bathroom floor) and the release of sewer gases and odors into the home. Since toilets

are normally tightened down on the seal in the factory, it is likely that the vibrations due

to transportation and set-up account for the loosening of many connections. This toilet

connection method is the same as that used in conventional housing; however, mobile homes

are subjected to these additional transit induced forces which do not appear to be adequately

taken into consideration during the design and fabrication process,

Recommendations

1. The effect of transport induced forces on the floor connection of the toilet should be

included in an overall study of transportation forces on mobile homes.

2. The feasibility of transporting the mobile home with the toilet loose and temporarily

shimmed to be tightened after set-up should be considered.

3. Tightening of all plumbing fixtures should be part of a pre-occupancy inspection.

4. The following clarifying statement should be added to the Standard:

"Attachment to Structure . Plumbing fixtures shall be securely attached to the mobile home to resist transportation, set-up and normal use forces.

Piping shall not be used to support the weight of the fixtures."

19
3.2.4 WATERTIGHTNESS OF TUB/SHOWER ENCLOSURES

CSHRR5.)

WATER LEAKAGE AT JOINTS OF SHUIVEK HNLLUSUKbS

This problem could not readily be

evaluated in the field study since

unoccupied mobile homes were generally inspected.

1 Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

1.7

13.8

2.3

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference

1974

C9.2.2.1 - Each. ^koiM2A i>tall 6halZ be pnovlddd with an appfiovQ.d mteAtight fizczptoK Mlth

i,ldu and back zxtmding 1 -inch above, thi ilnldhzd dam ot tkfiojihold. In no coie i,hatt thz

dzpth o{, a shouJeA KtCHptofi bo, Zu6 than I inches oh. xnoKd than 9 incheA mzoMixAzd ifiom the. top

o{, thz {ilnlihed dam on. tiiAe^hold to the top oi the. dfuiin. Thz watt ane.a In i>howeA compoAtme.nti> i^haZJL be con6tMicte.d o{, mooth, noncoHAoitve, and nonab^ofibent wateApfiooi mateAiati to a height not lt66 than 6 ^eeX above, the lloon level.. Such watU ihatt iohm a wateAtlght

joint wtth each otheA and with the lecepton. on. ihoweA ^loon.. The. iloon 6halZ 6lope uni-

(jOmly to the dn.aln at not ZeA-i than one-iouAth not mon.e. than one.-haZ{^ inch peA ioot.

7 975

C9.2.2.J - Each compoAtrntnt i>taJUi 6haZZ be piovtdtd with an appnovcd wateAtight fiecepton.

with iiide^ and back e.xte.nding 1 inch above, the. {^iniAhed dam on. thAe^hold. In no ca^e ihalZ

the. dzpth o{, a i>howeA necepton be leA6 than 1 inckei> on mone. than 9 inches mcoMLned {^nom the

top o{j the. linij>hed dam on tkneAhoZd to the. top oi the dAain. The. waLt oAta -ihatl be con6tnu.ct&d o{j smooth, nonconAoiiive, and nonab^onbcnt wateApnooi matextaJU to a hetght not £e44

than 6 izet above, the compantmcnt {,loon te.veZ. Such waZJU -ihatt ^onm a wateAtight joint

with ejich othen and with the ne.ce.pton on ihoweA ^Zoon. The. {^Zoon the compantment ihalZ

iZope. unifjOnmZy to the dnain at not ZeAi, than one-iounth non mone. than ont-haZ^ inch peA

ioot.

Mote: See aZ{,o Appendix to Pant B on Selection of, MateAiat and ImtaZZation o^^ (flood Vnoduct Ba6e.d Watt SuK^acing ^on Tub and ShoweA Enctoiune^

.

Discussion - The problem of leaking shower enclosures can be attributed primarily to the

breakdown of the moisture seal at corners, edges and joints of the enclosure material. The

1975 edition of the ANSI A119.1 Standard includes a new appendix that specifies material and

installation requirements for wood product based wall surfacing materials for tub and shower

enclosures. However, this new appendix does not include specific requirements relative to the materials to use when caulking and sealing corners and edges to prevent water leakage.

Even if shower enclosure joints are sealed against moisture in the factory, transportation

and set-up forces can damage the joints causing leakage. Aging of sealants is also a concern.

, 1 -I

20
Recommendations

1. The ANSI A119.1 Standard should be amended to include the use of the sealants meeting

Federal Specification Nos. TT-S-00230, TT-S-001543A, and TT-S-00227E when the design of

of a shower stall enclosure requires sealing.

2. A pre-occupancy check should include an evaluation of the seals of shower enclosure

j oints

.

3.2.5 WATERTIGHTNESS OF JOirff AT DRAIN - StOVER DRAIN LEAKAGE CSHRS2.)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD 4.2

Private

Field

3.7

3.5

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1974

C9.2.2.2 T/te. joint oAomd thz dHxuLn conne.ctlon and aJioixnd tho. toU-oX ouXJLtt In combination

compoAtrmnti ihaUi be made {/^aXwtlQht by a ^ZanQZ, clamping King, on otheA appnovtd on. tutted

mzani .

C14.4 SkoMSA StaZUs . Nommtattic ihoM&n i,taZti and nzco-ptou i>haJil be tuttd Ion. £eafe^

pivioh. to bQA.ng coveAcd by ^ina>k matoAixit. Each pan 6kall 6e (,iZl&d with wat&n to the top of, the dm ^oK not tej,6 than J 5 mintxtei.

1975

C9.2.2.2 The joint aAaund the dinain connection ^hoJil be made watentight by a flange, damping ning, on oth&n appnoved tinted meam,.

CI 4. 4 ShoMen CompoAtmenti . MonmetaZtic ihowen compantmentA and neceptom, ^hatl be tested

fan leak}, pnion to being covened by finiih maXenial. Each pan ihatt be filled MiXh waten. to

the top of the dam fon not le^-i than 15 minutei.

Discussion - This general problem may be related to forces or vibrations induced as a result

of transportation and set-up. The connections used are similar to those used in conventional

housing

.

Recommendations

1. The effect of dynamic loads on plumbing piping connections should be included in an overall study of transportation and set-up forces on mobile homes.

2. A pre-occupancy check should include an evaluation of the tightness of the plumbing

piping system.

21
3.2.6 PROTECTR^ REQUIRBtEm': FREEZING OF IVATER SUPPLY PIPING rPRI'Q4.)

Most of these problems occurred in

HUD Agnes units (HUD and Field

Samples)

.

S amp ]

e

% of Mobile Homes in

j Sample with Problem i

HUU "3 '3 J . J

1 Private 0.1

Field 4.7 !

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

C5.2.4 ffizzzlnq . Alt piping and {^Ixtiinu iiixbjzcJ: to ^Ae.&z.ing tmpeAcutuAU i,haJLL be Indalatzd OK pnottcXtd to pfizvznt ifizzzlng undeA nomaZ occapancij.

Discussion - The predominance of these data in the HUD and Field Samples indicated that

conditions unique to the HUD Wilkes-Barre operation may be responsible for many of these

problems. In many cases, it is known that due to the emergency conditions following the

Agnes disaster, some mobile homes awaiting occupancy were unheated resulting in freezing of

pipes. A contributing factor was the difficulty in draining the water supply and drain

systems. Also, there were malfunctions of heat tape which allowed piping within the floor

cavity to freeze. Cases of inadequate insulation were noted but the HUD procured mobile

homes may have been manufactured for southern climates and not for Central Pennsylvania.

Recommendations

1. The following sentence should be added to Section C5.2.4:

"The plumbing system shall be designed for convenient drainage of both the water

supply and drain systems."

2. The plan review and plant inspection aspects of the enforcement process should be

tightened to insure that plumbing piping is adequately insulated for the intended climate.

3. There is a potential weakness in the mobile home design where reliance is place on heat

tape to prevent freezing of plumbing pipe. Heat tapes wear out requiring periodic

replacement and the typical mobile home occupant normally will not be alerted to the

failure until pipes are frozen.

3.2.7 VENT TERMINAL - VENT CAPS - REMOVAL POTE^JTIAL (VVTL3.)

Vent pipe terminations on roofs were routinely inspected during the field

study. Mobile home occupants would

not normally be aware of the problem.

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

0.1

7.4

22
Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1974

CI 3.5.3 Vznt Capi . All vz'nt capi ihati a ^movabtz typz to pvmlt toJutuiQ undeA.

Vcvuiq.vx.-pk 14.2.

?975

C73.7 l/&>tt Capi . l/trvt cap^i, i.^ pfw\ji.dzd, ihaiZ bz the. xmovabtz typz {iMiXhout fimovlnQ

thz ffta&liLng ^Acm the. fuio^] MkeJiz KZjciuAJizd to pzft^om tkz t2Mti> undeA. VaAag^apk 14.2.1 and

14.2.2 OK LOheji thz oied oi a ctzan. oat.

Discussion - These data are related to the necessity of removing penoanent flashing from

around roof penetrations in order to test or maintain plumbing vent systems as required in

C14,2. The 1975 revision requires that vent caps be the removable type "without removing

the flashing from the roof" which is an improvement.

Recosnendation - For testing and maintenance of the mobile home plumbing systems (according

to C14), it is important that plumbing vents be identified. The following addition to Section C13.7 should be considered:

"When vent caps used for roof space ventilation are identical to the vent caps

used for the plumbing system, plumbing system caps shall be identified with

permanent markings."

3.3 HEATING SYSTEMS CP.AJ^T D} - The following problems are taken from the data presented in

Appendices 3, C and D. The percentage of mobile homes in each sample with the problem is

tabulated along with the pertinent paragraphs of the 1974 and 1975 editions of the ANSI A119.1

Standard for Mobile Homes (NTPA 501B-1973 and 1974 editions). A discussion of the problem is

included with recommendations for changes in the Standard and other phases of the mobile home

supply process where appropriate.

3.3.1 .APPLIANCES - QUESTIOX\BLE LOC\TI0X ZY "X'.CZ rriER'DST^I (HAIM.)

The location of the thermostat was routinely checked in the field study.

Mobile home occupants generally did not recognize this as a problem.

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HOD

Private 0.4

Field 8.6

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

Hot covzAtd In MSJ An9. 1-1974 OK 1975.

Discussion - This category involved the location of furnace thermostats on walls adjacent to

the furnace. In some cases, the thermostat was attached to a wall common to the furnace

compartment or on an exterior wall. This proximity to the furnace or to a cold exterior

wall has an adverse effect on the operation of the thermostatic control.

23
Recommendation - Add the following requirement to ANSI A119.1:

"The furnace thermostat shall be placed a minimum of three (3) feet from the

vertical edge of the furnace compartment door. It shall not be located on an exterior wall or on a wall separating the furnace compartment from a habitable

room.

3.4 ELECTRICAL SYSTBIS (PART E) - The following problems are taken from the data presented

in Appendices B, C and D. The percentage of mobile homes in each sample with the problem is

listed along with the pertinent paragraphs of the 1974 and 1975 editions of the ANSI A119.1

Standard for Mobile Homes (NFPA 501B - 1973 and 1974 editions). A discussion of the problem

is included with recommendations for changes in the Standard and other phases of the mobile

home supply process where appropriate.

3.4.1 WIRING METIDDS - FASTENING BOXES, FITTINGS, CABINETS (Hl^fFB)

Boxes were routinely inspected for

tightness in the field study. Mobile

home occupants would not generally

recognize this as a problem (Private

and HUD Samples)

.

^Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

5.6

26.8

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

ES.13 - Boxe^, (^-cttingi and cuxblneXi 6hatl fae ^zcuAzZy ^tut&md -in place. Exczption: Snapin typt boxt6 on. faox£4 pnovldzd iM-vth i>pe.CA.at wait on. celLlng bnxickzX^ thxvt 6e.cuA&Zy {^oMtzn

boxe6 -in ivalli> and ceUZing^ may be tMed [El 1.5 in 1974).

Discussion - The basic problem was that switch boxes, duplex outlet boxes and boxes that

serviced ceiling fixtures were not adequately attached to their surroundings. Where

mechanical fastenings of boxes to wall paneling was used (screws, nails, or staples) and the

wall paneling was less than 1/4 inch thick, the paneling did not offer a sufficient thickness of material to adequately anchor the boxes. Where snap-in boxes were used, the clearance between box and paneling becomes critical and in the majority of cases these clearances were excessive resulting in inadequately anchored boxes.

Loose ceiling fixtures were noted where snap-in type boxes were used in vegetable fiberboard ceiling materials. Some of these ceiling materials do not have the necessary degree

of structural integrity to provide proper anchorage for snap-in type boxes or mechanically

fastened boxes. As in the case of snap-in boxes anchored to wall paneling, the dimensions

of the cutouts into which the box fits are critical. The cutout dimensions are specially

critical when vegetable fiberboard ceiling materials are used.

Another possible cause for the loosening of the mechanical fasteners used to attach boxes

and fittings are the vibrations induced during transportation of the mobile home.

These observed problems can be related to an inadequacy in the ANSI A119.1 Standard that

simply states that "boxes, fittings and cabinets shall be securely fastened in place," and

does not define "securely fastened in place" or indicate how it can be evaluated in the

enforcement process.

24
Recommendations

1. A solution to this problem could be to adopt the National Electrical Code (N.E.C.) requirements for support of boxes that require attachment to structural members directly, or

to approved metal or wooden braces that are attached to structural members. The pertinent paragraph in N.E.C. is 370-13 "Supports" which states that:

"Boxes shall be securely and rigidly fastened to the surface upon which they

are mounted, or securely and rigidly embedded in concrete or masonry. Boxes

shall be supported from a structural member of the building either directly

or by using a substantial and approved metal or wooden brace, or shall be supported as is otherwise provided in this Section. If of wood, the brace shall

not be less than one-inch thickness. If of metal, it shall be corrosionresistant and shall not be less than No. 24 MSG.

I'Jhere mounted in new walls in which no structural members are provided or

in existing walls in previously occupied buildings, boxes not over 100

cubic inches in size, specifically approved for the purpose, shall be

affixed with approved anchors or clamps so as to provide a rigid and secure installation."

2. An alternative to adoption of the N.E.C. prescriptive requirement would be to develop a performance specification giving strength and rigidity requirements for box and fitting

attachments to ceiling and wall components.

3.4.2 LIGHTING FIXTURES - DURABILITY OF LIGHTING FIXTURES (EXUR)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

i Sample with Problem !

HUD 3.5 1 Private 5.5

Field 4.7

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

7974

E5.J - ^ItcXihicaZ maXeJilaZi,, dzv-icu, apptlancej>, l-UXinQi^ and otkzfi e.quA.pme.nt IviktaJiltd,

l\nX.mdtd {,ofL oie in, on. attackzd to the. mobile, home. ihaZl be Zlited by a nattonatZy fiecoQntze.d testing agency and hhaJit be connected In an appn.oved manneA when In ^eAvtce. VaciJiLtieM ikatl be provided to ittcuJiety ^lUten appliances when the mobile home is in tfiamiZ (4ee

SecXion 23 (^on. pAovi^om on gKounding]

,

J975

E7.1 - Eltctfiical mateAiati , devices, appliances, ^ittingi, and othex. equipment installed,

intended {,oH. use in, on. attached to the mobile home ihall be approved {,ox thz application

and ihaZl be connected in an approved manneA when in 6eAvice, Facilities ihatt be pAovide,d to iecuAzty {^asten appliances when the mob-Lie home ti> in tAansit (4e.e Section 9 {^ofi pAovisions

on gAounding )

.

25
Discussion - Poor durability performance of lighting fixtures was a general problem found in

the study. Although the fixtures had been approved for use "by nationally recognized testing agencies" many were of a low quality and required frequent repair or replacement. It is

difficult for the enforcement officials to require some useful life of the fixtures since

the ANSI A119.1 Standard (like most of the housing standards) does not address durability

other than in general terms.

Recommendation - A study of durability of electrical devices, including lighting fixtures,

should be initiated for all types of housing.

3.4.3 OUTDOOR OUTLETS, FDCTURES, ETC. - LACK OF WATERPROOFING (EBTF)

"~ Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD 1.3

Private 1.9

Field 2.7

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1974 '

E22.1 - OuXdoofL and &qiu.pme.nt ikatl be fie,cognized iofi ouutdoon a6e. Outdoon. izczptoi- cZnM OK conveivizncz oatloMi ihati b^ ga{,k2Xzd-coveA type..

7975

E/3. J - Some cu, E22. J - 1974.

Discussion - The majority of problems were caused by convenience outlets that did not remain

waterproof or by the use of non-waterproof outlets in exterior applications. The Standard

does not require mobile homes to have exterior convenience outlets but does state that if they

are provided, they must be waterproof.

The mobile home manufacturers cannot be held responsible in the many instances where mobile

homes delivered to the Wilkes-Barre area in the aftermath of Hurricane Agnes had to be

equipped with outside outlets for heat tape connections and weatherproof fixtures were not

available for installation; non-waterproof outlets were used in these cases. This does point

out a problem if the mobile home occupant should require use of heat tape and an exterior

outlet is not available on the unit.

Recommendation - The ANSI Standard should be amended to require at least one weatherproof

outlet on a separate fused circuit in the vicinity of the water inlet pipe for heat tape use.

4.0 EVALUATION OF PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE MOBILE HOME

ENFORCEMENT PROCESS

4.1 CONSTRUCTION - The following problems are taken from the data presented in Appendices

B, C and D. The percentage of mobile homes which have the problem is listed along with

the pertinent paragraphs of the 1974 and 1975 editions of the ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile

Homes (NFPA 501B - 1973 and 1974 editions) . A discussion of the problem is included with

recommendations for changes in the enforcement process or other phases of the mobile home

supply process where appropriate.

26
4.1.1 EXTERIOR WALLS - EXCESSIVE liEAT LOSS (EXI^L)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

HUD

Private

Field

5.5

1.7

0.4

Wall cavities of mobile homes in the

Field Study were generally not

inspected for sufficient amounts of

insulation since it would require

removal of permanent construction.

Data in the HUD and Private Samples

resulted from occupant complaints.

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

87. 5 Hzdt Lo6i . The. total caJLcuJiaut2.d kzat loii tkz living unit out tkt oatdooK dulgn

tmpiAdtuAZ cu> dtntlilzd In 7.5.7 thli PoAt ihall not ^xczzd 40 Etu/ht/it^ ol tkz^total

dloofi oAta. on lis Bta/hA llnsMl. it. oi tkz pzAMnzteA o{, tkz i>pa.cz to be hzatzd to

LOhlckzvejL gfLzatzA. Tkz mlnlmwm total fizi>li>tancz valuz (R), zxcladlng iimlng,

wall [IzM volndom and doo-ti), ceyHing and ^loot i,kaUL not be tu>i: than:

70°¥,

oft thz

blaJUi i.O

Celling 16.0

Tloon IQ.O

Discussion - Problems recorded in this category were generally indications of missing or inadequate amounts of thermal insulation in portions of exterior walls including hot water

heater compartment doors. The frequent problem of insufficient insulation in the HUD mobile

homes may be explained in part, at least, by the fact that some probably were not insulated

for the Central Pennsylvania climate. Missing insulation is an indication of an inadequate

enforcement program (plant inspection)

.

Recommendations

2.

In-plant monitoring of the construction process must be improved to eliminate the

possibility of insufficient or missing insulation or the application of insulation that

is cut too short for the intended purpose or not properly fitted.

Adoption of the Tentative Interim Admendment on Energy Conservation being developed by

the ANSI A119.1 Committee is recommended.

4.1.2 ROOF SYSTEM - EXCESSR^ HEAT LOSS (RHLS)

The Field Sample data are quite significant since of the 20 units inspected

in the roof cavity for missing insulation or insulation cut short, three

(1.2% of Field Sample) were found to have insulation deficiences.

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problems

HUD 0.1

Private 0.9

Field 1.2

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

B7.5 Heat . Thz total ciaicuZatzd hzcit loii> of, thz living unit at thz otitdooK dzilgn

tmpznaXuAz au, zznJxiizd In 7.5.1 oi thl6 VaAt ihall not exceed 40 Btu/hA/(,t^ o^ thz total

ilooK cuiza on. 275 Btu/hK tinzal ^t. o^ thz pzKmztzn. o^ thz -ipazz to be hzaXzd to 10°f,

MhichzvzA lit gfizatzK. Thz mlnlmwm total fiziildtancz valuz (R), zxcladlng in.ajnlng, o^ thz

uiall [IzM wlndom and doou] , zzlllng and iloofi ihall not be £e6i than:

27
Wall S.O

CQAJUnQ 76.0

floon. 7 0.0

Discussion - Thermal insulation between roof trusses were found to be missing or cut short

of the wall resulting in the potential for excessive heat loss. Inadequate In-plant inspection probably accounted for most of these construction deficiencies.

Recommendation - Improved in-plant inspection during the manufacturing process is needed to insure that the required thermal insulation is used.

4.2 PLUMBING SYSTEMS - The following problems are taken from the data presented in

Appendices B, C and D. The percentage of mobile homes which have the problem is listed along

with the pertinent paragraphs of the 1974 and 1975 editions of the ANSI A119.1 Standard for

Mobile Homes (NFPA 501B - 1973 and 1974 editions). A discussion of the problem is included

with the recommendations for changes in the enforcement process or other phases of the mobile

home supply process where appropriate.

4.2.1 PLUMBING PIPING - WATER LEAKS (JCTl.)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD 23.3

Private 17.7

, Field 22.6

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

C7.7 Tigktne^-i . Jointi and conne.ctlon6 -in thd plmbZng iy^tm 6katt be gcutight and watoAtight loft thz pfiZMiOAQJi fizqixifitd undeA testing pfiOce.dan.eA.

Discussion - These problems include plumbing piping joint leaks of supply, drain and vent

systems. This category includes all piping problems not related to freezing, material

defects or corrosion. Possible reasons for approximately one-fifth of the mobile homes

in the study exhibiting plumbing leaks are: (1) poor workmanship, (2) inadequate in-plant

inspection, and (3) inadequate design for forces induced during transit and site set-up.

Recommendations

1. Improved in-plant inspection of the manufacturing process is needed to insure that

workmanship standards are maintained.

2. An evaluation of the dynamic loading effects of transportation and site set-up on joints

and piping should be conducted.

4.2.2 DRAINAGE SYSTB1 - INADEQUATE GRADE OF HORIZONTAL PIPING (DSGR)

ri Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

. HUD 1 0.1

Private 5.7

Field 0.4

28
Pertinent :\NSI A119.1 References

7974

Same. 7975 excep-t thz phtajiQ. "Except don. (^ixtuAe tomicXioni, on thz -InteX {,ldt o^ the. tAap,"

16 dzleXzd.

7975

C7 2.7 Gw.dz o{i HoKlzontjit VnaJimgz VlpAjng . Exctpt ion. ilxX.an.z conne.(itioyi& on tht Intzt

i-lde. oi tho. fmp, hoK^zoYitaZ dAainage plptnq ^kalZ be fiun -in piadticaJi atignmmt and have. X ufiiionm gfiadz o^ not Zu6 than 1/4 -inch poA ^oot toivoAd the mobiZe home dKaA.n outleX.

WhuAZ -it -ii -impfmctxcat, due to the htAactuKol ^eatuJiei, on. ajwangement o^ any mob-ile home,

to obtain a ghjade o^ 1/4 -inch peA ^oot, the pipe on. piping may have a gn.ade o^ not le66 than

1/8 -inch pen. ioot, when a ^uJit 6lze cteanout -Li tnAtaZled at the appen. end.

Discussion - The inadequate slope of horizontal drain piping is an enforcement problem in

that the ANSI A119.1 Standard is very specific as to minimum slope requirements.

Recommendation - The in-plant inspection process should be improved in the area of plumbing

piping for Standard compliance.

4.2.3 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM - PROBLBIS WITH WATER PffiATER RELIEF VALVE DRAINS 0VIIRV5.)

Hot water heater relief valve drains Sample % of Mobile Homes in were routinely inspected during the Sample with Problem

field study. Occupants of units

included in the HUD and Private Sam- HUD 0.1

ples would not generally consider Private 0.8

this a problem. Field 15.6

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References (1974 and 1975)

7974

C7 7.3.7.3 - ReZiei vatve^ -i,kall be provided M-ith i{xZJi-i,-ized dAoim, which 6haIZ extend out- itde dJjiecZed domwan.d and teAjm-inaXe beneath the mob-Lie home. Vnjiln tine-i 6haH be o^ a matenlat tiited ^on. hot waten. dl6tnyibution and 6 hall. dAoin iuZly by gnav-Uty, 6hali not be

tfiapped and 6haJit not ha.ve tkexA outZeti thn.eaded.

7975

C7 7.3.7,3 - Retiei vaZvei -ihati be provided w-ith {,iM-ilze dAoln^ which ishaJil be directed

downward and dJjiChajiged beneath the mobite home. Vn.aA.n tinej> i,hall be o^ a matexiaJi tinted

ion. hot waten. di^tnAhution and 6hatt dAoin iaULy by gnmj-uty, -ihalZ not be tnxipped, and i>haJUi not have thein. OLutleti tkneaded.

Discussion - Most of these data occurred in HUD Agnes units and could have resulted from

field replacement or repair of hot water heaters. The problems are of three general types

which are violations of Cll.3.1.3; (1) relief valve terminates above the floor or in the

floor and does not directly "discharge beneath the mobile homes," (2) relief valve drain end

threaded, and (3) relief valve drain undersize as compared to the relief valve outlet. These

observed violations would only result in a problem if a water heater malfunction occurred

requiring the relief valve drain to function. Violation (1) would result in water discharge

into the mobile home damaging flooring, carpeting, floor insulation, etc. Violations (2)

and (3) could result in a life-safety hazard, such as pressure build-up and explosion

of the hot water heater, if a threaded-end drain were capped or an undersized drain installed.

Recommendat ions

1. Excluding hot water heater problems caused by modifications in the field, the standard

violations indicate an inadequate enforcement program (in-plant inspection)

.

29
2. As a clarification, revise Cll.3.1.3 as follows (revised portion underlined):

"Relief valves shall be provided with drains of cross sectional area equivalent to that of the relief valve outlet and be directed downward and discharge beneath the

mobile home. Drain lines shall be of a material listed for hot water distribution

and shall drain fully by gravity, shall not be trapped, shall not have their outlets threaded, and the end of the drain shall be visible for inspection ."

4.2.4 PLUMBING PIPING - INADEQUATE HANGERS AND SUPPORTS (PHAS)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

2.1

2.8

0.8

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References (1974 and 1975)

C.IO. Hang2Ais and SappofvU

CI 0.1 StAcuini and StA2A>i> U . ViplnQ In a plumbing i>Lj{>tm 6h(M be In&talZzd wiXhout undue

ipLoini, and it/ieA^di , and pfiov-ulon ihall be made {^on. expansion, cowbiacXlon, and 6tKucXuAal

iiZXtlmznt.

CIO. 2. Piping SuppofvU . Piping i,kalZ be 6&cuAzd at {>ai{^icli.ntZij cZo&z iYitoJvoaJU to kzzp

the. pipe in alignment and coAfiy the Mei.ght the pipe and contents.

CIO. 3 Hange/U and Anchonj,

CI 0.3.1 Hangeu and anchor ihall be 6u{,{,icient 6t/Length to iappo^ theJji pxopoKtionaZ

6haAe o{, the pipe oLignmenti, and prevent fiattZing.

CI 0.3.2 Piping 6katl be iecu/ieZy attached to the 6tAucJiUie by pfiopen. hangeMA, cZamp6 o>i bfiacketi which pfiovide protection against motion, vibration, Koad ihock, tofiqae in the

choi'iiA, OK otkeA uniLiuat conditions.

Discussion - Plumbing piping support criteria in ANSI A119.1 are presented in a performance

format with requirements such as "secured at sufficiently close intervals," "sufficient

strength," and "securely fastened." CIO. 3. 2 specifically requires design for the anticipated forces of transportation and site set-up. This would appear to be adequate as long

as the enforcement agency requires the manufacturer to provide documentation showing such

compliance.

Recommendations

1, The enforcement process (plan review and in-plant inspection) should be improved to insure adequate support of the plumbing piping.

2. A study of the effects of transportation on mobile homes should include its impact on

the plumbing system.

4.2.5 FITTINGS - CORROSION OF WATER SUPPLY PIPING QVDML)

Water piping was routinely inspected

during the field study. Corrosion of

piping would generally not be reported

as a problem by mobile home occupants

(HUD and Private Samples) unless it

resulted in a water leak.

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

0.3

8.6

30
Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

7 974

cn.4.2 Titting6 . AppfLopfiidtt {,itZing6 i>hcLil be oied {^on. all changu in cUAzctlon o>i and whzAz p^pej> oAe joimd. Thz mateAial and dulgn 0|) {jittingi i>halt aoniofm to the. type

0|5 piping iLizd.

7 975

C7 7.4.2 TitXingi . KppnopKiatQ. {^Lttingi, ikall be u^ed {^on. all changes in 6ize and wheAO.

pipeA ofiz joimd. Thz mcutoAlaJL and duign ol {jittingi 6halt con{^om to the. type, piping uAzd.

Discussion - Corrosion of water distribution piping was observed with systems composed of

similar metals as well as those of dissimilar metals (copper to galvanized steel) . The

A119.1 Standard requires special consideration for the design of fittings when piping

materials are joined.

Recommendations

1. The enforcement process should be improved at the plan review stage to insure that

necessary precautions are taken to prevent corrosion of piping at fittings.

2. In-plant inspection procedures should verify that these precautions are implemented in

the manufacturing process.

3. As a clarification of good practice, Cll.4.2 should be modified as follows:

" Fittings - Appropriate fittings shall be used for all changes in size and where

pipes are joined. The material and design of fittings shall conform to the

type of piping used. Special consideration shall be given to prevent corrosion

when dissimilar metals are joined .

4.2.6 PLUMBING FIXTURE MALFUNCTIONS (WGL)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

1.2

0.1

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

C7 3.7 G&neAol. Each plumbing (iixtuAt tAap ihall be p^otecXe.d against Uphonage. and back

pKOAiuAZ, and aJji cUculation ihall be imuAcd thAoughout att paAti oi the drainage, itjitzm

by m&an^ 0|$ vmti in^toMcd in accofidance. miXh the fLequiAcmcnti oi tku section and at, otheMoiAe. ficciuJjicd by thij> itandoAd.

Discussion - These problems are related to poorly functioning plumbing fixtures or reported

sewer gas odors in the mobile home. Even though the amount of data is small with most

occurring in the Private Sample, it is significant because of the potential life-safety

hazard if sewer gas should back up into the mobile home. Plumbing systems which were inadequately sealed or vents which were plugged oould have caused this problem. Even if the

plumbing piping is sealed correctly in the factory, joints could become loose during transportation and site set-up.

31
Recommendations

1. Adequate plant workmanship and conformance with the ANSI A119.1 Standard should be

verified by improved in-plant inspections as part of the enforcement process.

2. The drainage system, vent system and plumbing fixtures should be tested prior to occupancy to insure tightness of the system which may have been affected by transportation and set-up.

4.2.7 TOILET FLUSH TANKS - USE OF NONAPPROVED FLUSHING DEVICES (W0SC6.)

The ball cock was routinely inspected

in the field study. Mobile home

occupants (HUD and Private Samples)

would not report this as a problem

unless a malfunction occurred.

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field 3.9

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

Cn.2.6 Flmh Tank^ . ToileX {^ixuh tanlu ikatt be ^qvuipptd W-oth an appKovtd a.vvU.-i>iphon

bolt cock wkick 6hcUZ be iMtattzd and maintained u)iXh iX6 oiMzt on. cAiticat tQ.\}QX moAk

not leM, than 1 inch abovo, thz ivJit opening o{i tkz oveA^lou) pipz.

Discussion - These problems concern the use of a submerged ball cock flushing devices in

violation of Cll.2.6. These devices could allow flushing tank water to back flow into the

potable water supply.

Recommendation - Improved plan review and in-plant inspection is required.

4.2.8 VENT PIPE PENETRATION PROBLEM Q/VTLl.)

Although only a limited number of roof

vents were inspected during the field

study, this problem was observed with

sufficient frequency to warrant discussion here.

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

0.5

0.8

CI 3.6.1 Roo{i ExXe.n^ion . Each vznt pipe, ihall extend thnoagh iZi ila^hlnq and tznmlnate

veAXicaLty, undMninijthed in i>lzt, not £e64 than 1 incheA above the noo{^. Vent openings dhatt

not be teii than 3 ieet, 0 inche^ away {^>tom any mtoi-dfiiven atn intake that open4 into

habitable oAeoi.

Discussion - These problems are concerned with extension of the vent pipe 2 inches above

the roof as required by C13.6.1. Vents were observed which terminated within the roof

cavity, at the roof level or the vent opening was blocked by insulation which could cause

trap seal failure.

Recommendation - The required extension of vents above the roof is quite specific in C13.6.1

and the violations would indicate a problem with the enforcement process (in-plant inspection) .

32
4.3 liEATING SYSTEMS - The following problems are taken from the data presented in Appendices

B, C and D. The percentage of mobile homes in each sample with the problem is listed

along with the pertinent paragraphs of the 1974 and 1975 editions of the ANSI A119.1 Standard

for Mobile Homes (NFPA 501B - 1973 and 1974 editions). A discussion of the problem is included

with recommendations for changes in the Enforcement Process or other phases of the mobile home

supply process where appropriate.

4.3.1 VEiYT SYSTEM - USE OF UNLISTED APPLIANCE COMPONENTS OR INADEQUATELY INSTALLED COM- PONENTS CHAVET

'

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD 2.5

Private 14.6

Field 12.5

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

V6.4.1 - Thz vznting OM fLzqiuAzd by 6.1.2 ihalZ be accompLUhtd by one oh. mafin tke. mttkodi

g-Lvzn In [a] and (b) boJLoiM-

[<x] An IntZQfial ueni i>yitm tifste.d oi toAXllltd on, poAt o^^ thz apptianaz.

(b) A vzntLng iyitzm con^U>tinq zniVizly o{j tUtzd compomnti, , -including fioo^ jack, iMtaLtdd In accon.da.ncz MiXh thz tzMM thz apptiancz Liiting and

apptiancz manu^aciuAZA' 6 -inAitfiuction^ [i>zz 6.3.2).

Discussion - These problems concern the vent systems of heating appliances (furnace and hot

water heater) which do not consist entirely of listed components or were not installed in

accordance with the terms of the appliance listing or the manufacturer's instructions. The cause of this problem appears to be regulatory in nature with the inspection process allowing

the installation of venting systems which do not conform to D6.4.1.

Recommendation - The plan and specification review and plant inspection phases of the

enforcement process should be improved to insure that vent systems conform to D6.4.1.

4.3.2 APPLIANCES - INADEQUATE ACCESSIBILITY FOR REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT (HAAC)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD 3.5

Private 1.3

Field 19.5

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

V6.7 AcczMibttity . EvzAy apptiancz bhaJU. be acczMiilbtz {)on. inipzcXian, i>ZA.vicz, fizpalfi,

and fizpZaczjinznt uxtthouX n.zmovi.ng pzAjnanznt comtraction. Su{i{j.iciznX fioom ^halZ be avaJJiablz to znabZz thz opzAaton. to ob&zxvz thz bunnzA, contAol, and tgn^tlon mzam u)kLtz ^toAtxng thz

appJbiancz.

Discussion - Accessibility to hot water heaters for replacement or repair was quite limited

in many cases. D6.7 is quite specific in requiring "accessibility for inspection, service,

repair and replacement without removing permanent construction." The placement within permanent kitchen cabinet construction makes it difficult to repair and impossible to replace

without removing permanent construction. The location adjacent to living areas or closets

often requires the removal of wall paneling for access.

Appliance accessibility was routinely

inspected during the field study.

Mobile Home occupants (HUD and Private Samples) would not generally

recognize this as a problem.

33
Recommendation - The enforcement process (plan review and in-plant inspection) should be

improved to insure accessibility to appliances as required by D6.7.

4.3.3 VEMT SYSTEM - LOOSE VEOT PIPING aiAVI:3.)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

0.8

9.1

10.5

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

06.4.2 - [/anting and combustion ouA 6y6tm6 i>haJUi fae Initattzd in accofidancQ, wiXh thu ^ottou)-

ing:

[a] Componnnti, ihoM. be izcuA^y cu>imbls.d and pxopeAly atigmd using th&

meXhod 6hown in tho. apptiancz mana^actuAeA' 6 imtAuctions

.

ib) Vfiaf^t hood conmctou 6haJil be iimlij attacked to dxait hood outlzts, on

ilat coltoAS by 6h&eX mztaJi icAews oft by an dquuvattnt rmaM

.

(c) Evejiy joint oi a vtnt, vtnt conntcXon., ZKhaust duct and combustion ain. intakt shall, be stcuAz and in aZigmant.

Discussion - Problems listed in this category are related to loose piping in the venting and

combustion air systems for gas and oil furnaces and gas hot water heaters. This could be a life-safety hazard if flue gases should discharge into an appliance compartment which shares

a common atmosphere with the living area. In describing the type of vent connections

required, D6.4.2 (b) specifies required performance attributes such as "firmly attached"

and "by an equivalent means" which could present difficulties in obtaining uniform enforcement. It is also possible that the vent system attachment may meet the requirements of the

Standard as the mobile home leaves the plant but forces induced during transportation and

site set-up could have a deteriorating effect on the attachments.

Recommendations

1. Because of the life-safety implications,

in-plant inspection) should provide thor^ burning vent system.

2. A pre-occupancy check should be required

combustion air system.

the enforcement process (plan review and

ugh evaluation of the joints of the fuel

including an inspection of the venting and

A study of the dynamic effects of transportation and set-up on mobile homes should

include an evaluation of these effects on venting and combustion air system joints.

Clarify the intent of D6.4.2(b) as follows:

"D6.4.2(b) - Draft hood connectors shall be firmly attached to draft hood outlets

or flue collars by sheet metal screws or by equivalent effective mechanical fasteners .

4.3.4 SUPPLY AIR SYSTB1 - JOIOTS AND SEAMS NOT AIRTIGIfT (HARG)

study

.

were Sample % of Mobile Homes in

field Sample with Problem

HUD

Private 6.5

Field 19.5

34
Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1974

V6.10.3 Jolviti) and Seam . Jo^Lnti and ^eomi o{j ducX^ ^hatl be ie.cuAzly (^oMtznzd and made

iabitayvtiatly alfvtight. Stip jo^nti, 6ka.tt have a lap o{f at tza^t 1 inch and {>hatZ be

individuoLiy {^aMte.nQ.d. Tape. on. caulliing compound may be incd loH. iteaJLLnq mechanicalZy

decuAZ jointi. WheAe ixi>ed., tape on. caulking compound f,hall not be -iubject to detenA.onation

unden long expo-iunes to tempen.atun.ej> up to 200° f and to condJjtiom, o{, high humidity, exce^^ive

moij)tuAe, on miJ.dew.

V6.10.5 RegiiteAi . fitting^ connecting the negiAteMJ> to the duct iy^tem 6halZ be con^tnucted

0^ metal on mateniaJL which compiler wiMi the nequJjiementi, oi Cloi,^ 1 on 1 ductA unden UL StandoAd 181. Regiitenj, i>hall be coni,tnucted ol metal on con^onm with the {)ollowing:

V6.10.5.1 - Be made a matexial cZ£U,6i{fied SE-0 on SE-1 when tested de^cnlbed in UndenMnyiXeJu' LabonatonleA , Inc. StandoAd ^on Tei>ti, oi FlammabiliXy o{) VloMtic MateAiati, UL94- 1972.

1975

V6.10. 3 Same ai 1974.

V6.10.5 RegiJiteAd on GnUlZi . Fittings connecting the negii>teA6 on gnJXli to the duct i,y6tem

6 hall be coMtAucted metal on mateAial Mhich complies Mith the nequOiementi a{, Clai>-i> 1 on

2 ducti unden. UndenwniteAi ' iabomxtoniei, , Inc. Standard {^on Kin. Vucti, ULlSl- 1972. Regii,teAi> on gnjJUU .ihaZl be con^tnucted metal, on con^onm uiith the following:

V6.10.5.1 Same ai 1974 except SE-0 changed to 94VE-0 and SE-1 changed to 94VE-1

.

Discussion - The problems grouped in this category are of three distinct types: (1) riser

from the horizontal air supply duct to the floor register is either missing or constructed

of duct tape, (2) debris in the duct such as trash, flooring covering, etc., and (3) restriction of air flow through the floor register. The use of duct tape risers is a violation of

D6.10.5 where the riser material must meet the requirements of UL 181-1972. The absence of

a riser and the presence of construction debris in the duct are workmanship problems reflecting

on the in-plant inspection process. The restriction of air flow from the duct to the floor

register can be caused by undersize floor openings, sheet metal bent into the air flow of

the duct, or improper workmanship associated with the installation of floor covering.

Recommendation - In-plant inspection should be improved to eliminate obvious violations

of the Standard.

4.3.5 FUEL-BURNING APPLIANCES - INADEQUATE SEPARATION OF COMBUSTION AIR SYSTB1 FROM

ATMOSPHERE OF MOBILE HOME (HAMS)" '

'

The major portion of these data

resulted from the mobile home

inspections by state enforcement

officials (Private Sample)

.

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

5.8

0.4

35
Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1974

V6.3.2 - All {iUzl-buAyu.ng appliances, zxczpt fiangeA, ov^n^, Muininating apptia.YiceJ> and

clothti cbiytAA, 6haZl be in^taZlzd to pKovidz {^ofi the. compleXe iepoAotion of, the combaition

i,Lj6te.m (^Kom the InteAlon. atmo6pheAe the mob-ile home. CombuAtion oIa inlzt6 and {^luz ga6

outleti, 6haiZ be lifted on czAtiiizd ai> compone,nti> the appliance. The. H.tqvuAzd 6&paAation may be obtained by-

[a] The inAtaliation difizct vent iy^tem (i>ejalzd combiution 6y6tem]

appliances , on.

[b] The initaUiation oi appliances Mi^hin e.ncjio6uAes io as to iepanaXe the

appliance combustion -iy-item and venting 6y6tem {^nom thz intexioK atmo6pheM.e o{i the mobile, home. TheAe ihatt not be any doon, lemovable access

panel, on. othen. opening into the enclo^ane {^nom the inside o^ the. mobile

home. Any opening {^on ducts, piping, Mining, etc., 6hatl be iealed.

1975

V6.3.2 - Ali {fUel-buAnlng appliances, except nanges, ovenA, iUiiminating appliances, clothes

dnyens, iolid {^aeJi-bunning (^ineplaces and 6olid \ael-banning ^ineplace itoves, 6hall be

instatled to pnovide {^on the complete i,epaAatLon the combustion iy^tem ^nom the. intenyion

atmo6phene oj^ the mobile home. Combustion ain inlets and {^lue gas outlets ^hall be luted

on centif,ied as components the appliance. The nequJjied iepanation may be obtained by:

[a] Same as 1974.

(b) Same as 1974.

Discussion - Some of these problems were violations of D6. 3.2(b) where the furnace and water

heater compartments were not adequately sealed from the atmosphere of the mobile home.

Others resulted when the direct vent systems of sealed combustion system appliances [D6.3.2

(a) ] were not sealed adequately due to manufacturing problems or separation caused by transit

and set-up. This could be a life-safety problem if combustion air was taken from the interior

atmosphere of the mobile home depleting oxygen available to the occupants.

Recommendations

1. Because of safety-related concerns, the in-plant inspection of sealed combustion systems

for appliances listed in D6.3.2 should be more thorough.

2. A check of the sealed combustion system for these appliances should be part of a preoccupancy inspection to insure that a dangerous condition does not exist.

4.3.6 GAS SUPPLY CONNECTION - INADEQUATE PER>WJENT MARKING (HGID)

The presence of a gas identification

tag was routinely checked in the

field study. Mobile home occupants

(HUD and Private Samples) would not

generally recognize this as a problem.

Sample

HUD

Private

Field

% of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

0.7

17.9

36
Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1974

V5.1.11 Tdiiiitii-iccition Gcu, Supply Conmctiom . Each mobltii homz ihalZ have poAmanantly

ajj^-cxed to the, zxteJiLon. -ikin at on. max zach gcu, supply conmction on. thz znd o() the plpz,

a tag 3 Znchu by 1-1/4 inches minimum i>lzz, madz z-tchzd, mztat~6tampzd on mboi>iiQ.d

bnaMi, 6taA.nl.zi,-{> 6tzzZ, anodtzzd on atcLad aJLiminim not t(i66 than 0.020 Inch tkick, on. othex

appn.ove.d matexiat (e.g., 0.005 inch plastic tamlnatu) , which n.cad{, (oi appn.opnA.ate.) tlthex1975

V5.1.11 Identification o{, Ga6 Supply Connectiom, . Each mobile home ihalZ have pexmanently

a(,(,ix.ed to the extexion i,kin at on. max each gaj, supply connection on the end of the pipe,

a tag o;^ 3 inches by 1-5/4 inches minimum iize, made etched, metal-6 tamped on. embO'Sicd

bnMMi, 6tainleJii> 6tceZ, anodized on alcZad aluminum not leA& than 0.020 inch thick, on othex

appnoved matexiaZ (e.g., 0.005 inch plaitic laminates ] , u)hich n.eadi, [on, appnopntate] in

accordance, vxith one of the {,olZowing labeZ dej,ign^ depending upon the fuel. u6ed. The connecton. capacity indicated on thti tag 6haU. be equal to on. gneatex than the total Btuh n.ating

of alZ intended gai appliances.

Discussion - The absence of a gas supply connection identification tag was noted mostly on

HUD Agnes units. It is possible that the tags were on the units when manufactured but were

lost or removed later. However, this would be contrary to the intent of D5.1.11 which

requires that the tag be "permanently affixed to the exterior skin." This would indicate

that something more than a "paste-on" tag should be used. The change in the 1975 editions of

the ANSI A119.1 as compared to 1974 is related to the wording on the tag and not the attachment method.

Recommendations

1. The enforcement program (plan review and in-plant Inspection) should include the

requirement that the manufacturer use permanently attached identification tags. The

"paste-on" type which can be easily removed should not be accepted.

2. As a clarification, D5.1.11 (1975 edition) should be revised as follows (addition

underlined)

:

"D5.1.11 - Each mobile home shall have permanently affixed to the exterior skin

with mechanical fasteners at or near each gas supply connection or the end of the

pipe, a tag of 3 inches by 1-3/4 inches minimum size, made of etched, metal stamped

or embossed brass, stainless steel, anodized or alclad aluminum not less than 0.020

inch thick, or other approved material (e.g., 0.005 inch plastic laminates), which

reads (as appropriate) in accordance with one of the following label designs depending upon the fuel used. The connector capacity indicated on this tag shall be

equal to or greater than the total Btuh rating of all intended gas appliances."

4.3.7 GAS PIPING - IMADEQUATE HANGERS AND SUPPORTS (HGHS)

Gas piping support was routinely checked

in the field study. Mobile home occupants (HUD and Private Samples) would

not generally recognize this as a problem.

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

Sample

HUD

Private

Field

% of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

2.2

10.5

V5.1.1S HangexM and Sapponti . MZ ga6 piping i>hall be adequately 6upponXed by galvanized

on. equivalently protected metal i>tnapi> on hangexs at intexvaJU, of not mon.e than 4 feet,

except whexe adequate iuppont and pnotection ij> provided by itxuctuxal membeJU. Solid-inonpipe ga6 supply connections [s] shall be ntgidZy anchored to a structuxaJi member Mithin 6 inches,

of the supply connections [s]

.

37
Discussion - An inadequate number of hangers for gas piping is related to the enforcement

process since D5.1.18 is quite specific as to minimum spacing requirements.

Recommendation - Improve plan and specification review and in-plant inspection to assure

compliance with the requirements of D5.1.18.

4.3.8 SUPPLY DUCT SYSTBl - SYSTEM NOT AIR TIGHT (HACSS.)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

4.1

0.4

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 Reference (1974 and 1975)

V6.10.1.3 kUvtiqhX.m^i> oj Sapplij Vuct Sy6tm^ . A iupply duct iy^tm ikaZt be. coMldzxtd

{)U.b6tantiaIZy aujutight Mhm the. Itatic pfLeA^uAe, In the duct i>yi,tem, u)^h oJX fiegtite/u

iewted and {jolth the du/inace cuA cVKuxlaton. out kigh ipeed, -U, at lexat SO peAcent the

i,tatA.c pfie^&ane meaiu/Led in the ^uJinace casing, iMtth its ouXZeXs sealed and the iuJina.ce

aJji ciAcutatox opeAating at high dpeed. Ton. the puApoie Oj$ thid paAa.gn.aph and 6.10.1

pn.eA'&wieA) i^haZZ be meaiuAed wiMi a uoateA manometeA on. equivaZent device caZibnxite.d to

Aexid in incAejment.6 not gAeateA than 1/10 inch wateA coZimn.

Discussion - These problems were recorded from visual observations of enforcement officials

investigating consumer complaints (Private Sample) and do not necessarily reflect the failure

of the supply air system to pass the test requirements of D6.10.1.3. Assuming the supply

system was adequately sealed at the factory, it is possible that effects of transportation

and site set-up could loosen the system causing excessive leakage.

Recommendations

1. In-plant inspection should insure that testing according to D6.10.1.3 is conducted.

2. The air tightness of the supply duct system should be verified as part of a pre-occupancy

inspection.

4.3.9 APPLIANCES - INADEQUATE MARKINGS (HAMK)

Required markings on appliances were

routinely inspected in the field study.

Mobile home occupants (HUD and Private

Sample) would not generally recognize

this as a problem.

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

0.2

10.9

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References (1974 and 1975)

06.6 MoAking

V6.6.1 - Jnf^onmation on cZeoAanceA, input noting, lighting and ihutdom ihalZ be attach&d to the apptlanceA:, with the iome penmanence ai> the nameplate, and 6o located that it iJ> exuily

Aeadable when the appliance ij> pKopenZy injit tailed.

V6.6.1 - Each {^uel- buAning appliance shall beoA peAmanent manking deAignating the type{6] o{t iueJi ion. which iX ij> Liited.

Discussion - The bulk of these data are related to the absence of required appliance markings.

Possible explanations for the missing markings are (1) markings may not have been attached

when manufactured, or (2) they may have been removed by occupants or maintenance personnel.

38
Recommendation - While there can be little control over what happens to the mobile home afte

it is occupied, in-plant inspections must verify that required markings are permanently

attached to the appliances.

4.3.10 APPLIANCE CONNECTIONS - INADEQUATE FLEXIBLE GAS CONNECTOR APPLICATIONS (HGAC)

Flexible gas connectors were Sample % of Mobile Homes in ; inspected during the field study. Sample with Problem j Unless a malfunction occurred, i mobile home occupants would not HUD

generally recognize this as a Private 0.4 1 problem. Field

.. . . 4.3 1

i Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

7974

V5.1.13 Apptiancz ConnnctloYU, . Kit ga6-buAning apptiancu ihalZ be conmcttd to the. (^iioJi p-iping Mith matMMxLs cu, pKov-idzd in 5.1.2 o{i tkci, PoAt on. with tcitzd apptiancz connzctonA

.

Lcit&d apptiancz conmcXoHA tAikzn tiSzd ishaZl not fiixn thAoagh LOalLi, {^loou, cexXcng4 o^l poAti

tioni, Conmctou o^ aluminutn i>haIZ not be vu,zd outdoou.

7975

V5.1.13 Appliancz Conmctiom, . Ml g(U buAning apptiancej, ^kalZ be connected to tho. ^uel

piping. lidtOAAXilM cu, pnovidzd in Section 5.1.2 o{j tkii Vofit oh. tiited appliance conmctou

i>hatl bd u4ed. LUtud appliancz conmctoh^ wfien a6ed &haJil not nan thAough waltf,, {^loou,

ctitingi on. poAtiXiom, . Conmctou o{j aluminum ihall not be a6ec/ ouXdoofU.

Discussion - The problems in this category consist of two types: (1) flexible gas connectors

running through the floor to the underside of the mobile home in violation of D5.1.13, and

(2) flexible connectors installed on appliances with excessively sharp bends. The second is an example of poor workmanship with the sharp bend being an area of potential gas leak. In many of the instances observed, it was not possible to determine whether they originated in

the factory or were related to repair or replacement of the heating units after the mobile

home was placed in service.

Recommendation - These examples of poor practice associated with flexible gas connectors

which originate during the manufacturing process should be caught by in-plant inspection.

4.3.11 VENTING SYSTEM - TERMINATION BENEATH THE MOBILE HCME (HAVES.)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

1.2

0.4

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References (1974 and 1975)

V6.2.3 The. e.xhau6t duct -ihall not teAminate bemath the mobile home.

V6.4.3 Venting System ihall not teAminaXe undeAneath a mobile home.

Discussion - Most of these problems involved the venting of dryers through the floor to the

underside of the mobile home. It could not be determined if this was done by the manufacturer or the occupant; however, it is fair to assume that the occupants were responsible for

a great deal of these violations of the ANSI A119.1 Standard. A space provided for a dryer

was not always accompained by a venting system. If the manufacturer provides space for a clothes dryer, he should provide an approved venting system and not rely on the mobile

home occupant to improvise.

39
Recommendations

1. The enforcement process (plan review and in-plant inspection) should be improved to prevent dryer vent systems provided by the manufacturer from terminating under the

mobile home.

2. Additionally, revise D6.2.3 as follows:

D6.2.3 - If space for a clothes dryer is provided, provision for an exhaust duct, which

does not terminate beneath the mobile home, shall be installed.

4.4 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS - The following problems are taken from the data presented in Appendices B, C and D. The percentage of mobile home units in each data sample with the problem

is listed along with the pertinent paragraphs of the 1974 and 1975 editions of the ANSI A119.1

Standard for Mobile Homes (NFPA 501B - 1973 and 1974 editions). A discussion of each problem is included with recommendations for changes in the enforcement process or other phases

of the mobile home supply process as appropriate.

4.4.1 RECEPTACLE OUTLETS - POOR INSTALLATION WORKMANSHIP AND DURABILITY (EFIN)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

! HUD 2.5

Private 1.8

Field 1.2

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1974 •

E19.1 Vtctptacle OutleXi . Att ^zctptacle oaZlzti, i>haZl be oi tko. QKomdlnQ type, and 6hatt

b^ iyiitallizd In accordance with Se.ctloiu 210-7 and 210-21.b ol thz National El&cXAical Code

[ANSI Cl-1971; WFPA Mo. 70-/977).

7975

E6.7 Att fizceptadiz outlet!) i>hall be:

[a] o{i QfLoandLinQ type;

[b] installed accon.ding to Section 2)0-7 of^ the Mationat ElecJyUcal Code

(WFPA No. 70-1974; ANSI Cl-1974); and

[c] except when supplying 6peci{iic apptlance^, be panxittel- blade, 7 5 ampeAe,

125 -volt, etthen. single on. duplex..

Note-- ¥oK gH.ound-{^auU: cAAcatt IntenAuptefi fiequiAejnenti , leien to Section 210-6[a]

oi the National ElectUcat Code {NFPA No. 70-1974; ANSI Cl-1974).

Discussion - The problems associated with receptacle outlets can be classified into two categories: installation workmanship and durability. The substandard workmanship problems

are related to inadequate electrical inspection during manufacturing. The Standard (E5.1-

1974 Edition) simply states that devices "shall be listed by a nationally recognized testing

agency" which does not necessarily insure long-term durability. This problem of inadequate

durability is not unique to mobile homes within the housing area.

Recommendations

Improved in-plant inspection is required to reduce workmanship problems.

40
2. A study of durability of electrical devices, including receptacle outlets, should be

initiated for all types of housing.

4.4.2 SERVICE GROUNDING - FAULTY INSTALLATION (EGSE)

This problem occurred predominately

in the HUD Agnes units (HUD and Field

Samples) . It can possibly be attributed

to the emergency conditions encountered

with these units.

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

j Sample

1

1

% of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem \

,1

1

! HUD 1.7 ;

i Private 0.6

'

i Field 0.8

1974

E23. 7 SeAu^ce Grounding . SeAu^ce gfiounding ^hatt fae acaompt<J>htd cu> {,otlom:

E23.7.7 - Th^ gn.z<in-(iotoK<id gxoandZng i^vto. -in thz ^mppty con.d ofi peAmamnt ^zzdoji

iM-ifiing -khatt bo. conmcXzd to tki gKoundlng faa6 tkz dAAt/Llbutlon panzlbooA-d on. di^conntcXJ^nQ mea>t6.

E23.7.2 - Thz dyiktA^bmtion pandibooAd 6hoJit havz a gfiounding bu6, on. appn.oved

gn,oundA,ng mzayn {^on. thz \)cinA.ouu> gn.oandlng canmcttovu,

.

E23.1.3 - The, gn.ounding bin i,haLi havz 6u.{,(^ZcA,Q,nt tejuninati {^on aJit gn.ounding

conducton^

.

7975

E9. 7 GzneJuil . Gn.0Linding of, both QJLtcJyvicoil and noviQJitcJju^cat m&tal poAZd In thz mobtlz homz

ihatt fae through connzction to a gn,ounding bin -in thz mobiZz homz dAJ:,tnx.baZLon panzLboaxd.

Thz gn.oundlng faa6 ihalt bz gn.ou.ndzd thn.oa.gh thz gn.zzn-coton.zd aondacton. In thz iuppty zon.d

on. thz {^zzdzA. uMJiing to thz iZAvtcz gn.ound In thz iZAvtzz-znt/mncz zqatprnznt tocatzd adjacznt

to thz mobiZz homz location. MzlthzA thz {,n.amz thz mobJJiz homz non. thz ^n.amz o^ any . apptiancz ihoLt bz connzctzd to thz nzatnjit conducton. -in thz mobiZz homz.

Discussion - Service grounding problems may be the result of improper initial installation of

service wiring in mobile homes at the site. The possibility of loose connectors at the load

center caused by vibration during transportation also exists. The ANSI A119.1 Standard

appears to be adequate in this regard.

Recommendation - A pre-occupancy inspection of mobile homes should include a check of the

load center to make sure that all electrical connections are properly made.

4.4.3 RECEPTACLE OUTLETS - IMPROPER WALL LOCATION (ERLW)

The location of wall receptacles was routinely inspected in the field study.

Mobile home occupants (HUD and Private

Sample) would not generally recognize

this as a problem.

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

1.8

10.9

7 974

E6.7 - Ex.czpt In thz bath and hall oAeoi, n.zczpta.ctz outlzt6 i>haJLl bz -imtaltzd at Malt

ipacz^ 2 {jZzt Midz on. mon.z, 6o that no potnt along thz ^loon. linz ij> mon.z than 6 izzt,

mza^uAzd honlzontaULy, ln.om an oatlzX -in that 6pacz. Except a6 zxplatnzd -in thz lolloping,

nzczptaclz outlzt6 an.z not n.zquAJizd {^on. MoJil 6pacz^ occup-izd by kJXchzn on. u)aAdn.obz cabtnzti.

In addUXion, a n.zczptaclz oiMzt iihaJUi bz In^taHzd'-

41
(a) OvtK on. adjac&nt to countoA topi in tha kttchzn [cut tzaat one. on zack 6idz

0(5 the. 6ink countzA top6 OKZ on zach ilde. and 12 inchu ok oveA In Mldth)

.

(b) Adjacznt to thz fit^fvLgoAoton. and (,Kzt- standing goi-^nge 4pace.

(c) At coantoA top -6pace4 {^on. bvult-ln vavuXieM.

(d) At counttK top -ipace^ undeA watt-mounted CJxbineJji.

?975

E6.3 - Some 06 E6.1 [1974]

.

Discussion - This problem concerns the location of receptacle outlets which do not conform to the requirements of the Standard. It is strictly enforcement related (plan review

and in-plant inspection)

.

Recommendation - Improve plan review and in-plant inspection.

4.4.4 BRANCH CIRCUITS REQUIRED - INADEQUATE CAPACITY FOR GENERAL APPLIANCES (EBCR3.)

Sample

1 % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private ' 5.3

Field

1 .

j

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

7 974

E7.1.3 - Otnojiat Apptiancej, [including FuAnace, WateA HzaXeA, Range, and Czntnat ok Room

AiK ConditioneA, eXc.]. TheAe. 6halJi be. one ok moKe. caac.iuM> oi adzquatz Kxiting in accoKdance. Mith tkz {^ottotjoing-

(a) AmpQAe. Koting o^ {^ixzd appliances not oveA 50 peAccnt o^ ciAcuit Kating i^

lighting outleXi [Kcczptacles , otheA than ki,tche.n, dining oAexL, and laandKy,

con^ideAed as liglvting outleX6 ) aKz on 6ame ciKcait;

(6) ¥oK {jixcd appliancu on a ciAcuit MiXhoixt lighting outJtcts, the 6um o^

Koted cunpeAes 6haZl not exceed the bKanch-ciKcuuX KotLng (^oK otheA than

motoK toads ok SO peKcent the bKanch-ciAcait Kjating {^OK oiK conditioning OK otheA motoK loads;

(c) The hjoting of, a single poKtable appliance on a ciAcuit having no otheA

outlets ihall not exceed 80 peAcent o(, the ciAcuxX. Kating;

id] The Kating oi$ Kange bKanch ciKcuuX shatl be based on the Kange demand

as ipecif^ied {^ok Kanges in Section i o^ this PoAt;

ie] WheAe laundKy {,acltities oAe pKovided in a mobile home, a 20 ampzAe

bKanch ciKcait shall be pKovided Mith a 20 ampeAC outlet within six

deet 0^ the intended location o^ the appliance.

J975

14.10 - A 15-ampeAe multiple Keceptacte ihoLl be acceptable when connected to a 20-ampeAe

laundKy ciAcuit.

E5.1.3 - Same as El. 1.3 [1914].

42
Discussion - All reported problems in this category resulted from consumer complaints in the

Private Sample. The majority of these problems are attributed to inadequate circuit ampere

rating for general appliances. The problems with laundry facility circuitry was either that

the circuit was nonexistent, was too low an amperage rating or the provided outlet was not within the specified distance from the laundry appliance. The ANSI A119.1 Standard is clear

in this regard and the problems can be attributed to inadequate electrical inspection during

the manufacturing process or inadequate plan review prior to manufacturing.

Recommendation - The Standard should be enforced by improved plan review and in-plant inspection procedures.

4.4.5 mL SltflTCHES - IMPROPER CONNECTION AM) INADEQUATE DURABILITY (ESIVL)

• Sample % of Mobile

1 Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD 1.0

Private 1.3

Field 0.8

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1914

E5.I - Elzct/Ucal mateJiiati, d^vicu, apptianczM, ^Ming6 and otkun. e.quipmznt -iMtaZZtd,

intended (^on. a6£ -in, ofi cuUjichzd to the mob-iit harm ikaiZ be ttitzd by a nautiomJity izcoqniztd tuting agzncy and ihatl be conmcted In an app^ovzd mannoji whm -in iOAvicz. VaciLitizs ikalZ be pKov-Cdtd to i>zcunzZij {^aiitzn apptiancu w/ien thz mobttz harm aj, J^n tAanA-tt. (See Section 23 {^o^ pfiovi^ion^ on gfioanding.)

Eli.l - SuuXahej, 6haiZ be mttd {^^ollom-

[a] Ton. Lighting CAAculti, 6iaitchu 6haLt be natzd not tejfi than 10 axnpojieji-- 125 voZZi) and -in no caie. lzA>i, than thz conmct&d load.

(b) fan. motou OH. othzA. load^, 6uiitcheJ, ihoLl have. ompeAe on. hon^epowth. n.aXing6 on both adzqucutz ion. loadi, contn.olI.zd (An "AC gznznal u6z" i>nap mttch may

contn.ot a moton. 1 houzpoMZA on tz^-i u)-ith {^uLi-toad zuA/LZnt not ovzn. pZAcznt 0^ tkz mttch ampzAZ njxtlng. ]

7975

E7. J - EtzcXnA.cat matz/biati) , dzv-iczA, apptiancz^, ^ttXing-i,, and othzA zqaiprnznt -in^talZzd,

intzndzd {^on. oie -in, on. attachzd to thz mobiZz homz 6hatl be appn.ov&d ^on thz apptization and

ihatl be connzctzd -in an appn.ovzd mannzn mhzn In hZJivlzz. Vadititizi) 6 halt be pn.ov-idzd to izzuAzZy ^a^tzn applianzzM u)hzn thz mobttz homz aj> -in tAjan^it:. [Szz Szction 9 ^on. pn.ov-i6ton6 on gnounding , ]

E&.8 - SuuXchzA i>haJil be nxitzd ai> {^ollom-

[a] Eon. lighting cincvUZi, mitzhej^ shall havz a 10-ampzn.z, 120-125 volt noting;

on. kighzA If, needed ^on. thz connzctzd load.

(b) Eon. motony!) on. othzn. loads, Sioitchzs shall havz ampzAz on honszpowzn. natings,

on. both, adzquatz ^on. load^ contAoUzd. (An "AC gzneAol-uAz" snap switch

shaZZ be pzAmiXtzd to contAol a motoK 2 honj>zpoiMZA oA Izss with {^all-load

cuAAznt not ovzn. SO pzAcznt thz switch ampzAZ noting. ]

43
Discussion - Problems associated with switches can be classified into two categories, namely,

workmanship (hook-up or connection) and durability. Workmanship problems can be attributed

to inadequate electrical inspection during the manufacturing process. As to durability,

the ANSI A119.1 Standard simply states that devices "shall be listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory" which does not necessarily assure durability.

Recommendations

1. The enforcement process (plan review and In-plant inspection) should be improved to insure that equipment is installed in a proper manner.

2. A study of durability of electrical devices, including switches, should be Initiated for

all types of housing.

4.4.6 CABLE SUPPORT - INSUFFICIENT CABLE SUPPORT (EWSU)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

2.7

5.8

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1974

E/J.9 - Cabl&6 6halZ be i>appontzd uiitkln 12 inchu of^ oivUeX boxzi, the. ieAvlce. e.nt/L(ince. box,

and 6pticLe. boxeJ> on apptianceA . SuLppoHZd a/id fLtqiMAnd tvaxy 4-1/2 {^teX aX otkvi ptoLdU.

7 975

ES.7 - Exczpt cu ^pdciiilaaJity tiynltzd In thJj> Pcuit, thz ivi/Ung mttkodA and matejUaJU 6p&ciilzd In the. National Elzctnlcal Code (WFPA Mo. 10-1974; ANSI Cl-1974] ikoLl be uaed in mobile,

hornet .

Discussion - These problems relate to cable support techniques which do not meet the requirements of Ell. 9 (1974 edition.) The reference to NEC in E8.1 (1975 edition) removes specific

cable support requirements by calling for good workmanship.

A specific problem observed during the field study related to cable support was the passing

of electrical wiring and water supply piping through the same small wall penetration without

any attempt at isolation of the two.

Recommendations

1. Improved in-plant inspection of electrical wiring methods are needed.

2. The ANSI A119.1 Standard-1975 should be revised back to the same as it was in

ANSI A119. 1-1974 which clearly defines support requirements for cables.

3. The following requirement should be added to Part C - Plumbing Systems:

"C5.2.6 Piping Location . Piping and electrical wiring shall not pass through the same holes in walls, floor or roof. Plastic piping shall not be exposed to excessive heat or radiation from the flame of hot water heaters."

44
4.4.7 ELECTRICAL MARKING - IMPROPER MARKING OF FUSES AT DISTRIBUTION CENTER (EMKE)

Markings of distribution centers were

not inspected during the field study

or reported by occupants of units in

the HUD Sample. Enforcement officials

(Private Sample) did routinely inspect

for proper marking.

Pertinent MSI A119.1 References

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

3.6

1974

E25.7 T/ie main cajlcluX bfie^aktu oK. {^u^u ihcutt bz plalnZy majiktd "Mtun."

E25.2 I|5 a {^Mzd dlAtAibixtion pamZ -U uA,(Ld, tko, maxAjmum ^LU>e. 4'Cze ^ofi tkz mcUyis 6hatl fae pi^untij moAkzd oA {^olZoMi , with LQjUiQjvin.q out tzoAt 1/4 Inch high wKeAe vij^iblz Mhzn ^oiei

oAe changed: "Maxxjnum Main FiLiOA 40 [on. 50] amp."

7 975

E4.1 Thz branch- ciAcuit zquiprnznt i>haJUi fae pMjfniXt&d to bz combimd with thz dticonmcting

mzam, 04 a iinglz aiimbly. Such a combination 6hatl be pz/mittzd to bz dziignxitzd aj> a. duUtxibuition panoJLbooAd. a {,u6zd dij>tAibuXion panztbooAd ii uizd, thz maximwrn {^miz 6izz

ion. thz main6 ihaJit bz plainly moAkzd with IzttzAing at Iza^t 1/4-inch high and viAiblz whzn

iuu,z6 a/LZ changzd.

Hotz- See Szction 110-22 oi tliz National Elzctnlcal. Codz (WFPA Wo. 70-1974;

AWSI C1-1974] conczAning idzntidicaXion o^ zach dJjiConnzcting mzam and zach isOA- vicz, izzdzn., on branch ciAcuit at thz point whzAz it onlginatzd and thz typz

moAking nzzdzd.

Discussion - This problem concerns inadequate marking of the maximum size of main fuses at the distribution center. These problems are an indication of inadequacies in the enforcement process (plan review or in-plant inspection) since the ANSI A119.1 Standard is clear as

to the type and size of markings required.

Recommendation - The enforcement process (plan review and in-plant inspection) should be

improved

.

4.4.8 DISCONNECTION MEANS AND BRANCH CIRCUITS - MALFU^OIONS AND IMPROPER ?1ARKINGS AND

INSTALLATION OF DISTRIBUTION PANELEO.ARDS (EDIS)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

3.4

1.6

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

J974

E9.J f-\obilz homzd 6hall contain a diAtAibution panzlboaAd having a main ovz^cuAAznt pfiotzctivz dzvicz natzd not in zxczii, o^ thz cuAAznt coAAying capacity o^ thz izzdoA oA'izmbly,

inAtalZzd with iupply coKd and branch ciAcaiti wiAzd at thz iactofiy.

45
E9.2 - Tht dUt/tibixtion zqulprmnl, &AJ:h2A cjjicuJjt b^eafeeA on. iuJ>z typz, ihatt be locatzd a. minimum of, 24 incheA d^om the iloofi ttvoX oi the. mobltz, mzouduJitd to tht bottom oi thz

zqulpmtnt on. skaLl be -!,pzci{,iccitZy appnovzd ^on the panpoiz.

E9.5 - A dl6tAA.bution pamlboand main (UAcuit- bn&akzA ^hatt be ncutzd 50 ompeAe^ and mploy

a 2-polz CAAcjjJJ: bmakun. nattd 40 omp&AeA ion a 40-ampzm supply cond, on 50 ampoAU, ion a 50-mpeAz Supply con.d. A dij,tnibation paneZboaAd mploying a dliconmcJ: mitch and iMU

ihatl be n.atzd 60 amp2AU> and i>katl mploy a iinglz l-pold, SO-mpejiz iu^zholdtn iMiXk 40-

on. 50-ampzm main iuA>QA ion. 40- on. 50-mp&m Supply condi, n.z6pzctivzly. The. oatiidz oi

thd di^tnlbution pamlboand ihaU. be plainly mankzd with tkt iiUiZ 4ize. The main circuit

bKzakQAA on iuMZA i>hall be plainly mankzd "Main."

E9.S - OvuncanA&nt pn.otzation ikati be pn.ovidzd ion bn.anch cincuitt, and izzdzn^ in accon.- dance wiXh knXJLolz 240 oi tkz National ElzztKical Codz [AMSJ C1-197U WFPA No. 70-/ 97 7 ) ai

appticablz. Tkz bnanah zincuUt: ovzncuAAznt dzviceA 6kall be nxntzd-

(a) not moKZ than thz aincuit. zonduztonA; and

(b) not mon.z than 150 pznzznt oi thz n.atlng oi a 6inglz applianzz n.atzd 10 ompeAei on mon.z Mhizh iA iupplizd by an indj.viduai bn.anzh ciAzixit but

(c) not mon.z than thz iuAZ i^izz mankzd on thz ain zondJJxonzn. on. othzn moton.- opznatzd applianzz.

E 9.10 - Whzn cincuJX bn.zakznA anz pn.o\jidzd ion. bn.anzh- ziAziiit pn.otzction, 230-volt ciAzaiti

ihalt be pn.otzcJ:zd by 2-polz zommon on zompanion txip, on. handlz-tizd painzd ziAzuit bnzakznA.

7 975

E4.1 - Thz bn.anzh- cinzait: zqaipmznt ihall be pznmiXtzd to be zombinzd with thz diAzonnzzting

mzan^ oi a 6inglz aiAzmbly. Suzh a zombination ihalt be pznmiXtzd to be dzisignatzd a distribution panzlboand. li a iu6zd diAtnlbation panzlboan.d ij, u6zd, thz maximum iuA>z iizz

ion. thz main6 shall be plainly mankzd with lzttznA.ng at Izait 1/4-inzh high and vi^iblz

Lohzn iu6Z{> an.z zhangzd.

Notz: See Szztion 110-22 oi thz National Elzztnlzal Codz [NEVA No. 70-1974;

ANSI CI -1974) zonzznning idzntiiization oi zazh diszonnzztxng mzan6 and zazh

sznvizz, izzdzn, on bn.anzh ziKzuit at thz point whznz it oniginatzd and thz

typz manking nzzdzd.

E4.6 - A duAtAA.buXi.on paneZboand main ziAzuit bn.zakzn shall be n.atzd 50 ampznzi and mploy

a 2-polz zOlzuaX bnzakzn natzd 40 ampznzA ion. a 40-ampznz supply zon.d, on 50 ampznzi ion. a

50-ampzn.z supply zon.d. A distMA.bution panzlboand zmploying a diszonnzzt switch and iuszs

Shalt be n.atzd 60 ampznzi and shall mploy a singlz 2-polz, 60-ampzn.z iuszholdzn with 40-

oK 50-ampzn.z main iu!>zs ion 40- on 50-ampzn.z supply zon.ds, n.zspzztivzly , Thz outsidz oi

tkz distAibution panzlboand shall be plainly mankzd with thz iusz sizz.

E4.9 - Thz bn.anch ziJLCiuX ovznzuAAznt dzvizzs shall be Aatzd:

(a) not moAz than thz cjJizuit zonduztons; and

(b) not moAz than 150 pznzznt oi thz nating oi a singlz applianzz n.atzd 10 ampzfiu OA moAz which iA supplizd by an individual bAanzh cincuit; bat

(c) not moAz than thz iusz sizz mankzd on thz ain conditionzA on othzA motonopzAotzd applianzz.

E4.11 - Whzn cJjLZutt bAzakzns anz pnovidzd ion bnanch-ctnzuvt pAotzction, 230-volt ciAcuits

shall be pnotzctzd by 2-polz common oA companion tnlp, oA handlz-tizd paiAzd ctncuit bAzakznA.

46
Discussion - The problems placed in this category were miscellaneous problems concerning the

distribution panelboard, inadequately marked branch circuits and panelboards located too close to the floor. These are enforcement problems related to inadequate in-plant inspection since the ANSI A119.1 Standard is quite specific in these areas.

Recommendation - More stringent in-plant inspection procedures for electrical installations

should be implemented.

4.4.9 CABLE PROTECTION - INADEQUATE PROTECTION MEASURES (HVPR)

Units in the field study were routinely

inspected for adequate cable protection

as were most units in the Private Sample. Mobile home occupants (HUD Sample)

would not generally recognize this as a problem.

S amp 1

e

% of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

2.6

1.6

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

7 974

EJ7.72 - MomeXattic cable. Zoccutzd 15 incheA on. £e64 abovz the. (^toon., l{, exposed, ihalZ be. protected ^-rom phy6iaal dmagt by coveAing baoJidi,, gucuid 6tfiip6, on. conduit. Cable likeJLy to be damaged by stowage ikall be i>o pnotecZed in oJil ca&eM.

J975

ES.3 - Same cu. Ell. 1 2 (7974).

Discussion - Since the Standard clearly states that cables must be protected if located

within 15 inches of the floor, this problem may be attributed to inadequate electrical

inspection during manufacturing (enforcement process) or improper design.

Recommendation - The in-plant inspection program for evaluating wiring methods should be

improved

.

4.4.10 PASSING OF CABLE THROUGH WALL STUDS - INADEQUATE PROTECTION (HVPS)

This item was routinely inspected Sample % of Mobile Homes in

during the field study. Sample with Problem

HUD

Private 0.4

Field 9.7

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

7 974

E7 7.7 - HeJjzl-ctad and nonmeXaltic cables may be padded tknough the c&nteAA t'm iAU.de -tilde oi 2 by 4 itudi. HoweveA, they ihatl be protected wheAe they pan thtoagh 2 by 2 6tudi on at otken. itudi, on in.ameM wheJie the cable on ansnon. Mould be le^-i, than 1-1/2 Inc'keA /jAom the

Imlde on outilde i>un(,ace. Steel. plateA on each -ilde o(i the cable, on a tube, with not le^6

than Wo. 7 6 manu{,actuneA' i itandand gage MoiZ thlcknej>6, ofie nequlned to pnotect the cable.

TheA>e platen on tabe^ ihatl be iecunely held In place.

47
1975

ES.4 - UeXal-clad and nomztaJitic cablu i>haZl bo. pojmlttzd to p(U6 thAough thz czntdU 0({

thz Mldz 6idz oi 2-inch by 4-Lnch ^txidi,. Hou)&veA, thzij ikatl be pnotzctzd whoAz thzij piU6

thAovLQk 2-inch by 2-inch 6tud6 OA aX othzA 6tad6 an. {^nrnzA w^eAe thz cablz on. anmon maid

bz lzj>i> than 1-1/2 inchzA ($A.om thz iniidz on outiidz iimf^acz. Stzzl ptatz^ on zach &idz o^

thz cablz, on a -Cube, tA)ith not IzM than No. 16 MSG uiatt thicknzM, ihaZl bz nzqainzd to pnotzct thz cablz. ThzAZ platzA on tubzA i,hall bz 6zcuA.zly hzld in placz.

Discussion - This problem involves inadequate protection of electrical cables passing through

wall studs. The Standard is specific in this regard and the problem is a result of inadequate electrical inspection during manufacturing (enforcement process)

.

Recommendation - The in-plant inspection program for evaluating wiring methods should be

improved

.

4.4.11 LISTED AND APPROVED DEVICES - LOOSE CONNECTIONS (ERXYl .

)

The tightness of electrical connections was routinely inspected in the

field study.

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1914

ES.l - ElzcXnical matzniaZi, , dzviczA, appliances, {^itting^, and othzn. zqaipmznt ivUttatlzd,

intzndzd ^on oie in, on attached to thz mobilz homz i>haJit bz tutzd by a nationally nzcognizzd testing agency and i>haZl bz connected in an appnovzd mannen u)hen in iZAvice. FaciZitizA ihall be pnovidzd to izcuAzZy {^oitzn apptianczs whzn thz mobilz homz ii in tnan^it.

(See Section 23 {^on pnovij>ion6 on gnoanding.)

Ell .1 - Connection o/j condu.cX.ons to tzJminal paxtd 6hall zniuAe a thonoughly good connection

Mithout damaging the conductons and 6halt be made by mzani pnzA^uiAZ connzctons {including

6zt iiCAZM) typz] , 6oldzA lug^ , on iptices to {flexible leads. Ho. S on maJULoA 6olid connzctons

and Wo. 10 on i>mallzn. 6tn.andzd conductons may bz connected by means o^ clampi on iCAew-i u]iMi

tznmiYWLl plates having uptimnzd lug^, on by mzans o{, appn.ovzd icnzMlzSi tzAmivuxls . Tenminals

ioA moAz than one conducton 6haLt bz o^ a typz appnovzd {^on thz puApoiz.

7975 "

' "

-•'

El.l - ElzcJyvicaZ matenials, devices, appliances, {jittingi, and othen equipment installed,

intzndzd ^OA usz in, on attachz.d to thz mobilz homz -ihall bz appnovzd {,on thz apptication and

i>hall bz connected in an approved mannen iA)hen in ^envice. VacXZiXies ihatl bz pnovidzd to izcunzZy iastzn appliances Lohen the mobile home is in tnansit. (See Sec-tion 9 ^on provisions

on grounding

.

)

ES.l - Except as i>pecA.{^icatly limited in tlvU font, thz voining methods and matenials -ipeciiied in the National Elzctnlcal Codz (WFPA Wo. 10-1914; ANSI Cl-1914] 6hall bz uszd in mobilz

homes .

Discussion - The loose connections occurred mainly at the wire connection to duplex outlets

or switches that were made at the binding head screws. In some cases, it was obvious that

little or no attempt was made to tighten the binding head screws on the devices which is not

only poor workmanship, but also gross negligence.

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

0.2

7.4

48
Recommendation - The in-plant inspection part of the enforcement process should be improved

to ensure that good electrical wiring practices are being used.

4.4.12 LISTED AND APPRO\^ - ALU'IINU?!/ COPPER PEACES USE WITH ALUMINUTI WflRING fERXYll.)

The compatibility of the electrical

devices and wiring was routinely

inspected in the field study.

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

0.1

7.0

Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

1974

E5.7 - Ele.ct'vLcaZ matznlaJU, , dzvlcu, appllanceA, (^iXtingi, and otheA ^.qulpmznt Initatl&d,

uvtmdzd ion. uAe. in, on. attachzd to tht mobUit homz 6haZl be tutzd by a nationally n.tcognizzd tuting agtncy and ihaJU, fae connzcJlzd in an appnov&d mannoA wkzn in 6eA.vice,. facititlu, ihalt fae pnovidzd to 6(icuJieJiy {,aJ,tzn applianc^A w/ien tkz mobite. homz i^ in tAjmiit.

(See Szction 23 ion. pno\}-u>iom> on gnounding.]

7 975

E7.1 - EtzcJyvicaJi matznA-aJU , dzviczi, apptiancu, iitting6 , and otkzn. zquipmznt initaLtzd,

intzndzd ion tue in, on. attaakzd to thz mobitz homz i,halt bz appnovzd ion. thz application

and 6 hall bz connzctzd in an appnovzd mannzn. whzn in iznvizz. Facilitiz^ i,hall bz pn.ovidzd

to izcuAzZy ioitzn appliance whzn thz mobilz homz ii> in tn.ani>it. (5ee SzcXion 9 ion. pn.O'

viiionA on grounding.)

Discussion - This problem is concerned with the practice of using electrical devices which

are not specifically approved for use with aluminum wire.

Recommendation - Follow the expected lead of the National Electrical Code concerning the

use of special devices with aluminum wire when their position on the subject is clarified.

4.4.13 WIRING PRACTICES - INADEQUATE CO^fflNUITY OF CABLE SHEATO (ElVCS)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD

Private

Field

0.4

1.9

I Pertinent ANSI A119.1 References

7974

E7 7.6 - T^ie ihzath oi nonmztalliz cablz on thz amon oi mztal-znclo6zd cablz ihatl bz con- tinuouA bzMozzn o(itlzt box.z6 and otkzn. zncJioi>uAzi,

.

7975

E^.7 - Exzzpt 04 ipzdiically limitzd in tkci Pant, thz wijiing mzthodi and matzAiali 6pzziiitd in thz Mational EIzcXaIcoZ Codz (WFPA Wo. 70-1974; ANSI Cl-1974] 6hall bz luzd in

mobilz homu

.

49
Discussion - The ANSI A119. 1-1974 Standard clearly states that cable sheath "shall be con- tinuous between outlet boxes and other enclosures." The ANSI A119. 1-1975 is not as specific

but refers to the National Electrical Code where the requirements are similar. The problem

is related to the enforcement process (inadequate electrical inspection during manufacture) . It is also an example of poor workmanship.

Recommendation - The in-plant inspection part of the enforcement process must be improved to ensure that good electrical wiring practices are being used.

5.0 DURABILITY RELATED PROBLEMS

Problems of a durability nature are quite prevalent in the mobile home performance data

accumulated during this project. Many of these problems have already been discussed in

Sections 3.0 and 4.0 since they are, in some cases, closely related to the four major problem subsections established to categorize the data (ANSI A119.1, Enforcement Process,

Mechanical/Electrical Appliances and Routine Maintenance)

.

5.1 WINDOW (NQVD) AND DOOR HARDWARE (NCXH AND NCPH)

%.of Mobile Homes in Sample with Problem

Sample Exterior Door Partition Door Window

HUD 26.2 3.4 6.8

Private 8.3 7.9 12.2

Field 24.5 5.4 5.8

Discussidn - Data from the Routine Maintenance Subsection indicated that the most troublesome hardware problems were associated with exterior doors. Window closing mechanisms and

latches exhibited the most problems followed by partition door hardware.

ANSI A119. 1-1975 does not include a reference specification for either exterior door locks

or partition door hardware which may be a contributing factor to the poor performance indicated by the data. There is an existing specification for Locks and Lock Trim (ANSI A156.2-

1975) which could be referenced in ANSI A119.1.

In the case of windows, ANSI A119. 1-1975 does reference (B8.5.1) MHMA Specification No. 1-71-

Rev. 1973, "Window Specification for Utilization in Mobile and Factory Built Housing." This

specification was developed primarily for energy conservation and weather resistance concerns. Performance requirements which would insure window hardware durability are not

included. There is a proposed American National Standard, ANSI A134.5, "Specifications for

Aluminum Mobile Home Windows" which does contain such performance requirements.

Recommendations

1. Reference ANSI A156. 2-1975, "American National Standard for Locks and Lock Trim" in

ANSI A119.1.

2. When approved as an American National Standard, reference ANSI A134.5, "Specification

for Aluminum Mobile Home Windows," in ANSI A119.1.

50
5.2 FLOOR COVERING (FDURl.)

As mobile home owners, occupants of Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Private Sample units would be more Sample with Problem

concerned with floor covering durability than the occupants of HUD or HUD 1.0

Field Sample units which were rented. Private 13.3

Field 3.5

Discussion - Durability and workmanship problems were encountered with sheet vinyl floor

coverings and carpeting. The sheet vinyl problems almost exclusively involved buckling of

the floor covering at joints of the particle board decking. Carpeting problems, which com- prised the greater percentage of the complaints, had to do with poor quality of materials.

ANSI A119.1 Standard does not include specifications which would insure minimum quality of

floor coverings.

Recommendation - Floor covering specifications of HUD/FHA Minimum Property Stnadards (MPS)

[8] should be incorporated into ANSI A119.1.

5.3 EXTERIOR DOORS (DEDU)

Sample % of Mobile Homes in

Sample with Problem

HUD 0.1

Private 3.6

Field 2.7

Discussion - The durability problems encountered involved deterioration and delamination of

facing materials; including aluminum, wood, hardboard and vinyl. The majority of these problems were encountered in the Private and Field Samples. As discussed in 3.1.6, ANSI A119.1-

1975 does not include a door specification. Proposed MHMA Spec. 3-74, "Exterior Passage Door

Specification for Utilization in Mobile and Factory Built Housing," does not include performance tests which would evaluate durability. It is similar to the performance criteria in

the HUD/FHA Minimum Property Standards for doors, windows and glazing, which covers only air

leakage, water infiltration, and physical load testing.

Recommendation - Methods should be developed for evaluating durability characteristics of

exterior doors which would be applicable to all types of housing.

5.4 APPLIANCES AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

5.4.1 General . Durability of appliances (furnace, range, refrigerator, hot water heater,

etc.) is covered only very generally in the ANSI A119.1 Standard with the statement that

appliances shall be "listed or certified by a nationally recognized testing agency for use in

mobile homes." The definition of "listed," given in Parts D and E of the Standard is,

"Equipment or materials included in a list published by a nationally recognized testing

laboratory that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials

and whose listing states either that the equipment or material meets nationally recognized

standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified manner."

An in-depth analysis of existing standards for appliances in regard to durability is beyond

the scope of this study. As a comparison, standards for furnaces, hot water heaters, ranges,

refrigerators and clothes dryers, as outlined in the HUD/FHA MPS and ANSI A119.1, are presented in Table 22. The standards presented in ANSI A119.1 are more extensive than those in

the MPS and no correlation between the two is evident for any of the appliances. This is

understandable for furnaces since they are generally designed specifically for mobile homes

and tend to differ considerable from those used in conventional housing. However, some correlation between MPS and ANSI A119.1 could be expected for hot water heaters since similar

appliances are used in both types of housing.

51
The other major appliances found in mobile homes and conventional houses (ranges and

refrigerators) are essentially not covered in either standard. ANSI A119.1 does give a specification for commercial cooking equipment and refrigerators using gas fuel, but not for

refrigerators. The MPS does not cover standards for ranges or refrigerators.

5.4,2 Problem Distribution . Problems associated with mechanical/electrical appliances and

equipment accounted for 5,508 (17.2%) of the total number of problems (31,982) categorized

for all samples. The distribution of these 5,508 problems for the Private, Field and HUD

Samples can be seen in Tables 11, 16 and 19. Mechanical/electrical appliance and equipment

problems were found in 52.8% of all mobile homes in the three samples.

Table 23 presents the rank ordering of problem occurrence for the combined sample by com- ponent as follows: furnace, hot water heater, range, exhaust fan, refrigerator, smoke

detector, and electrical baseboard heating units. A further breakdown of problem occurrences

associated with the three most troublesome components (furnaces, hot water heaters and ranges)

are presented in Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8.

6.0 SUMMARY COMMENTS AND RECCDMMENDATIONS

This project was undertaken by the National Bureau of Standards at the request and sponsorship of the Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards of the Department of Housing

and Urban Development with the objective of documenting mobile home performance problems and

relating them to possible inadequacies in the ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes and the

mobile homes enforcement process. Additonally, the durability of mobile home components was

' a study objective for potential use in mortgage insurance evaluation.

The data presented in this report and in references [2], [3] and [4] represent a significant

base of information from which the above objectives can be addressed. It should be pointed

- out that the number of mobile homes included in this study is small when compared to the

total number of units now occupied in the United States. Also, the emphasis in this project,

by design, was to concentrate on reported mobile home problems and does not reflect the

large number of mobile home occupants who have been satisfied with the performance of their

units. A problem oriented study of this type on conventional housing would probably be just

as revealing .

' • i

Problem data were separated into five different categories, as described in Appendix A and

presented in Appendices B, C and D, for the three data samples. These were related to (1)

ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes, (2) Mobile. Home Enforcement Process, (3) Routine

Maintenance, (4) Mechanical/Electrical Appliances, and (5) Miscellaneous. In many cases, a performance problem could be related to more than one of these categories. A judgment was made by the project staff as to which major category a problem should be placed. The problem discussions in Sections 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 attempt to touch on the various reasons for

the problem occurrence.

Problems placed in the ANSI A119.1 category indicated areas where the Standard was inadequate

or where omissions were evident. The major problem areas in the Construction system were

rain leaks, failure of interior paneling attachment, inadequate bottomboard durability,

corrosion of exterior fasteners, and excessive metal roof membrance flexibility (roof

rumble.) Plumbing problems included questionable quality of fixtures, loose fixture con- nections, watertightness of shower enclosures, and freezing of piping. Heating and electrical problems in the ANSI A119.1 category consisted of questionable location of furnace

themostat and inadequate fastening of electrical boxes.

52
The Mobile Home Enforcement category included problems which indicated deficiences in the

mobile home regulatory process (plan and specification review, certification, and in-plant

inspection.) In the Construction area, this included instances where thermal Insulation in

the walls and roof were found missing or improperly installed. Typical problems in the

Plumbing area included piping water leaks, inadequate grade (slope) of drain pipe, water

heater relief valve drain problems, and corrosion of piping. Heating system problems

included use of unlisted or inadequately installed components, inadequate accessibility of

appliances, joints of supply and vent systems not airtight, inadequate separation of combustion air system, inadequate marking of appliances and improper flexible gas connector usage.

Electrical problems included lack of durability and long-term performance of devices,

improper location of receptacles and devices, inadequate number of branch circuits, and problems related to workmanship such as insufficient cable support, inadequate cable protection,

etc

.

Problems related to durability of mobile home components are discussed in Section 5.0. Most

of the problems in the Mechanical/Electrical Appliance category are included in this discussion. While many of the problems in the Routine Maintenance category were of a normal wear

and tear nature, of the types expected in all types of housing, some were related to durability and were also included in Section 5.0.

The body of this report contains many specific recommendations on revisions to the ANSI

A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes and suggested improvements in the mobile home enforcement

process. However, many of the identified problems point out that the state-of-the-art at this time will not permit a specific recommended solution. The following comments and recom- mendations are submitted in response to this obvious need for additional mobile home research:

1. The forces resulting from transportation and site set-up of the mobile home are not documented sufficiently to allow incorporation of specific design criteria into the ANSI

A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes. Throughout this report, the effect of these forces on

the construction, plumbing, heating and electrical systems are implied but cannot be

specifically substantiated. It is recommended that a research program be initiated to determine the effect of transportation and set-up on mobile home performance.

2. The effect of wind forces on mobile homes, both during transportation and on site, are unknown. The configuration of the mobile homes and siting conditions differ considerably

from other structures making it difficult to apply results of available wind research.

It is recommended that a research program be initiated to determine the magnitude and

distribution of wind forces on mobile homes as well as the response of the structural

system to expected wind forces. Available mobile home wind research data are quite limited.

3. Available data indicate that mobile homes are subjected to deteriorative forces after

leaving the factory and prior to occupancy due to transportation and site set-up. It is

recommended that a required inspection be considered for mobile homes after set-up and

prior to occupancy to evaluate the adequacy of the construction, plumbing, heating and

electrical systems. This could include an evaluation of the following which were documented in this study to be problem areas: tightness of the heating vent system; electrical system for shorts; plumbing system for gas, oil or water leaks; tie-down system; and

the operation of plumbing fixtures and appliances. Since the enforcement process is

generally accomplished at the state or local level, a handbook outlining this pre-occupancy inspection procedure should be developed for national use.

4. The problems related to the mobile home enforcement process were associated with inadequate plan/specification review or in-plant inspection. A uniform procedural guide

for these phases of the process should be established for national use.

53
5. The data presented in this report suggests that durability of mobile home components is

a problem. However, there are few existing standards available within the housing

industry which provide for evaluation of long-term durability performance of components

such as door hardware, plumbing fixtures, and electrical devices. The development of

such standards should be encouraged.

6. The ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes consists of a combination of performance and

prescriptive type requirements. Prescriptive requirements are generally written around

systems, components or materials that are currently in use. This approach tends to freeze technology and discourage the use of innovative concepts. The further application of the performance approach to mobile home standards could allow the mobile home

industry, which is quite competitive and receptive to cost effective innovations to produce a quality product which could be purchased by a larger segment of the population.

54
References

ANSI A119.1 (NFPA 501B) "Standard for Mobile Homes," National Fire Protection Association,

Boston, Massachusetts.

J.H. Pielert, W.E. Greene, L.F. Skoda, W.G. Street; Performance of Mobile Homes - Data Acquisition and Analysis Methodology; National Bureau of Standards (U.S.)

NBSIR 75-641, February 1975 (NTIS Accession No. COM-75-11209)

.

W.G. Street, W.E. Greene, J.H. Pielert, L.F. Skoda; A Compilation of Problems

Related to the Performance of Mobile Homes; National Bureau of Standards (U.S.)

NBSIR 75-690, April 1975 (NTIS Accession No. COM-75-11207)

.

L.F. Skoda, J.H. Pielert, W.E. Greene, W.G. Street; Performance of Mobile Homes - A Field Inspection Study; National Bureau of Standards (U.S.) NBSIR 75-688, June

1975 (NTIS Accession No. COM-75-11222)

.

ANSI A119.3 "Standard for Mobile Home Parks," National Fire Protection Association,

Boston, Massachusetts.

P.W. Cooke, L.P Zelenka, H.K. Tejuja; Mobile Home Construction Standards Adopted

by State Regulatory Programs - An Analysis; National Bureau of Standards (U.S.)

NBSIR 75-680, March 1975 (NTIS Accession No. COM-75-10423)

.

P.W. Cooke, H.K. Tejuja, R.D. Dikkers, L.P. Zelenka; State Building Regulatory

Programs for Mobile Homes and Manufactured Buildings - A Summary; National Bureau

of Standards (U.S.) Technical Note 853, September 1974.

HUD Minimum Property Standards - Volume 1 (One and Two Family Dwellings), U, S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Publication 4900.1, 1973 Edition.

55
Acknowledgement

The authors are indebted to many persons for contributions and guidance that made this

report possible. Special thanks are given to NBS staff members who participated in the ( regulatory and field inspection activities and provided invaluable assistance in the data

reduction effort. Staff members from the Center for Building Technology included i R. Beausoliel, T, Ray and W. Niessing. E. Budnick and J. Scott of the Center for Fire

Research provided expertise in Fire Protection Engineering and J. Peebles of the Plant

Division was responsible for the electrical discipline. M. Vogt of Technical Analysis ; Division prepared the computer programs used for data analysis. J. Finnan and T. Porter, I working under outside contracts, provided valuable support to important project tasks.

j The cooperation of the staff of the Office of Emergency Preparedness (OEP) of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, both in Washington, D.C. and at Wilkes-Barre, : Pennsylvania, contributed significantly to the success of this project. Mr. James McCollom

of HUD, Office of Policy Development and Research, provided liaison between NBS staff and > OEP operations personnel, as well as valuable technical advise resulting from a previous I HUD study of the- Hurricane Agnes mobile homes. J

The authors are particularly grateful to the many Federal, State and private organizations

who cooperated with the NBS study team by making mobile homes available for field inspection,

as well as providing mobile home performance data.

56
YEAR

Figure 1 - New Housing Units Produced in U.S. Versus Year

Source: Bureau of the Census
J I I \ I g o o o o CO csi SiaVlS AlllAlVd 319NIS M3N dO lN33y3d

58
YEAR

Figure 3 Mobile Home Shipments

Source: Manufactured Housing Institute

"Quick Facts" 1974 Data

59
COQ

<

CO

o

oCE

C£3

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100 I—

70%

1

1970

NEW MOBILE HOME SHIPMENTS

^ AND % OF UNDER $20,000 MARKET

>^|nEW single FAMILY SITE BUILT HOMES UNDER $20,000

73%

11971

81%

1972

YEAR

91%

1973

94%

1974

Figure 4 The Under $20,000 New Home Market

Source: Manufactured Housing Institute

"Quick Facts" 1974 Data

60
500 —

400

300

200

100

Ln

05

o

COo

QC

20 QUJu

<

QC

COo

QC

Oo

15

CO

CD

10

<

o

5uu

QC

CO

QQo

QC

O

OO

QC

Figure 5 - Problem Distribution for Furnace

Components (Total Sample)

Notes

1. Total sample includes HUD, Field, and Private Data

2. Percentages in bars indicate portion of mobile

homes in total sample with component problem

61
Figure 6 - Problem Distribution for Electric Water Heater Components (Total Sample)

Notes

1. Total sample Includes HUD. Field, and Private Data

2. Percentages in bars indicate portion of mobile

homes in total sample with component problem

62
t/3

COo

oa

Figure 7 Problem Discribution for Gas Fired Water Heaters (Total Sample)

Notes

1. Total sample includes HUD, Field, and Private Data

2. Percentages in bars indicate portion of mobile

homes in total sample with component problem

63
CO

CDOOC

Q-LUCD

<

<

o

ccGO

QQOCC

O

QO

OC

Figure 8 - Problem Distribution for Range

Components (Total Sample)

Notes -

1. Total sample includes HUD, Field, and Private Data

2. Percentages in bars indicate portion of mobile

homes in total sample with component problem

64
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66
Table 2

State of Manufacture and Number of Units

For the Combined (HUD, Field and Private ) Mobile Home Sample

State Number of Units

Alab ama 0 70 Alaska o

Z. Ariz ona 1 Arkansas

California ioU

Loioraao

Florida iocs Georgia

Idaho

II 1 1 n 1 o J-XX-LUOIS J / i.ncixcuici Kan s as 1 Q Kentucky Ij

Louisiana 9 T Maryland /, Michigan Oj

Minnes o t a J O Mississippi 0 o Missouri D New York

North Carolina 131

North Dakota 2 Ohio 65

Oklahoma 7 Oregon 61

Pennsylvania 307

South Carolina 52

South Dakota 2 Tennessee 40

Texas 151

Utah 2 Virginia 46

Washington 58

Wisconsin 6 Wyoming 1 Unknown 1596

Total 4105

67
Table 3

Year of Manufacture vs. Number of Units

Combined HUD, PRIVATE and FIELD SAMPLE

Year No, of Units

1974 32 1973 382

1972 1791

1971 208

1970 18

1969 4 1968 1 1965 2 1962 2 Unknown 1665

Total 4105

Table 4

Width vs. Number of Units

Combined HUD, PRIVATE and FIELD SAMPLE

Width No. of Units

10.0 Feet 2 11.0 " 1 12.0 " 2366

13.0 " 2 14.0 " 84

16.0 " 1

20.0 " 17

24.0 "

2 84 Unknown 1348

Total 4105

68
Table 5

Seals of Certifying Agency

Combined HUD, PRIVATE and FIELD SALIPLE

Agency Type of Agency No. of Units with Seal

Alabama State 336

Arkansas " 1

California " 161

Colorado " 4

Delaware i? ^ Florida " 84

Georgia " 75

Minnesota

Mississippi " 12

Tennessee " 14

Texas " 124

Virginia " 21

Washington " 51

Total State Seals 892

Pittsburgh Testing Lab. Third Party 1

National Consumer

Testing Lab. " " 22

Underwriters Lab. " " 46

Total Third Party 69

MHMA/TCA -

2/ Trade Association 1326

HUD Specification — Federal 449

Others (Misc.) Manufacturers, etc. 14

Total Other Seals 1789

Total Seals 2750 -

4/ Units With No Seals Attached — ^

, 487

Units With No Seal Information — 1126

Trade Association - Mobile Home Manufacturers Association and Trailer Coach

Association.

HUD Purchase Contract required compliance with ANSI A119.1

Exceeds 2492 mobile homes with seals because some units have more than one seal.

Available data indicated that units had no attached seals.

No information available to indicate if mobile homes had seals.

69
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85
Table 22 - Comparison of Appliance Standards Included in the Minimum Property

Standards [8] and ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes [1].

MPS A119.1

Furnaces

Oil

Gas

Electric

UL-727 and 730

AGA Listed

UL-573, NFPA-70

Oil

Gas

Electric

UL-732

AGA Listed

UL-174

Liquid Fuel-Burning Heating

Appliances for Mobile

Homes and Travel Trailers

Gas-Heating Appliances for

Mobile Homes and Travel

Trailers,

Gas-Fired Gravity and Forced

Air Central Furnaces

Gas-Fired Gravity and Fan

Type Floor Furnace

Gas-Fired Gravity and Fan

Type Sealed Combustion

System Wall Furnaces

Installation of Oil Burning

Equipment

Installation of Gas Appliances,

Gas Piping in Buildings

Domestic Water Heaters

Commercial Gas-Fired and

Electrically-Heated Hot

Water Generating Equipment

Automatic Storage Type Water

Heaters with Input Less

than 75,000 BUTH

UL 307(a)

1969

UL 307(a)

1965

Z21.47

1973

Z21.48

1973

Z21.44

1973

Z95.1

1973

NFPA 31

1972

Z21.30

1964

NFPA 54

1969

NSF-5

1959

Z21.10.1

1971

Addenda

86
Table 22 - Continued

MPS A119 .

1

Ranges

NONE

NONE

NONE

Commercial Cooking and

Warming Equipment

Household Cooking Gas

Appliances

Refrigerators

Refrigerators Using Gas- Fuel

Clothes Dryers

Gas Clothes Drvers

NSF-4

1967

Z21.1

1972

Z21.19

1971

A21.5.1

1972

87
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88
Appendix A

Organization and Use of the Problem Summation Tables

89
Organization and Use of Problem Summation Tables

It was necessary to develop a data handling system using computer techniques because of the

large quantity of data collected. The system devised consisted of a listing of performance

problems, a coding technique to record the problems and computer programs to organize and

present the data [2].

Organization of Problem Summation Tables

The Performance Problem List is organized around four major subsections and a miscellaneous

subsection. The mobile home performance problems significant to the project are categorized

under one of the four major subsections listed below and indicated in figure Al.

A. Problems Related to ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes

B. Problems Related to Mobile Home Enforcement Process

C. Routine Maintenance Problems

D. Mechanical/Electrical Appliance Problems

This categorization of problems allows documentation of all mobile home performance problems

obtained from the various sources. . '

The ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes subsection represents virtually the entire 1974

edition of the Standard [1], with coding symbols being assigned to appropriate paragraphs.

In the case of the Plumbing (Part C) , Heating (Part D) and Electrical (Part E) sections of

the Standard, the paragraph numbers and key words appear just as they do in the Standard.

Construction (Part B) differs in that it is organized around the major construction components

such as roof, walls, doors, etc. Therefore, some Standard paragraph numbers which pertain

to several components are repeated (example, weather resistance). The problems reported

under the ANSI Standard A119.1 subsection are related to Inadequacies or omissions in the

Standard

.

The Mobile Home Enforcement Process subsection is organized similar to the ANSI A119.1

subsection to document problems related to deficiencies in the mobile home regulatory

process.

The Routine Maintenance subsection in the catalog is organized under the same general headings

as the ANSI A119.1 Enforcement Process subsections; i.e., construction, plumbing, heating and

electrical.

The Mechanical/Electrical Appliance subsection of the catalog is grouped by appliance; i.e.,

furnace, range, hot water heater, refrigerator, exhaust fan and smoke detector. Since

components of each appliance are listed, it was possible to pinpoint the component problem

where the detail of the data permitted.

Use of Problem Summation Tables

A problem level concept is employed In the Performance Problem List to organize and assist

in the evaluation of the data. Figure Al Illustrates problem levels 1, 2 and 3 and figure

A2 Isolates ANSI A119.1 (Construction) to illustrate levels 2 through 7. The problem

summation tables in Appendices B, C and D show the problem level for each item in the last

column and in some cases the problem list has been extended to an 8th level. The problem

level concept was established as a tool to order the data and does not Impart any degree of

Importance or significance to the Individual problems as they relate to one another .

Using Tables Al, A2 and A3 as references, the use of the Problem Summation Tables is

illustrated as follows.

90
Columns labeled (A), (B) , (C) , (D) , (HOMES), (% Homes), and (Level) defined below are the same for Tables Al, A2 and A3.

Column (A) - The code assigned to identify a particular problem as recorded in the

Performance Problem List.

Column (B) - A brief description of the problem or area of concern including the

appropriate part of paragraph number in the ANSI A119.1 Standard for

Mobile Homes [1].

Column (C) - The number of problems that have been coded with the code identified

on that line in Column A. Reported information on the problem has

not allowed coding below the level of detail of the particular line

(see column labeled "LEVEL.") For example, consider problem code

NPLM on Table Al (Plumbing - Routine Maintenance); 395 of the 3,379

problems were recorded under the general plumbing category, while

problem definition allowed tKe remaining 2,984 (3,379 - 395) problems

to be recorded with greater detail.

Column (D) - The summation of all problems at a discrete level. For example, the

total number of problems associated with Routine Maintenance is 12,602

(Table Al) which is made up of the following summation of level 3 problems.

Construction 6,852

Plumbing 3,379

Electrical 1,637

Heating 732

Undefined (Column C) 2 Total 12,602

The number of problems at a given level is the summation of problems at the next lower level. As another example, the number of level 1 problems

(31,982) consists of the following level 2 problems: 12,602 Routine

Maintenance problems; 7,568 ANSI A119.1 problems; 5,508 Mechanical/Electrical

Appliance problems, 5,160 Enforcement problems, and 1,144 Miscellaneous

problems

.

Column (HOMES) - The values in this column indicate the number of mobile homes in the

sample that had one or more of the problems identified on each line (1,723

mobile homes with 3,379 Plumbing - Routine Maintenance problems in Table

Al).

Column (% Homes) - The entries in this column indicate the percentage of the total

number of mobile homes reviewed in the sample which had the problem

identified on each line. For example, under Plumbing - Routine Maintenance

in Table Al.

1,723 homes with problems ^ ^ 4,105 homes in sample

Column (Level) - These entries define the level of detail of the problem for each

line.

Columns labeled (% 2nd and % 1st) in Table Al are defined below:

Consider the example of "Construction (CONS) - ANSI Standard A119.1"

91
Column (% 2nd) - The entries in this coluinn are the percentage of 2nd level problems

that are contained at the third level of detail.

Level 3 Problems ^ 4^ ^ ^^0 = 63.7% Level 2 Problems 7,568

Column (% 1st) - The entries in this column are the percentages of 1st level problems

that are contained at each lower level of detail.

Level 3 Problems _ 4.820

Level 1 Problems " 31,982 ^ "

^^'^^^

Columns labeled (% 3rd), (% 2nd), and (% 1st) in Table A2 are defined below :

Consider the example of "Exterior Walls (EXTW) - Construction - ANSI Standard A119.1."

Column (% 3rd) - The entries in this column are the percentages of 3rd level problems

which are contained at each 4th level of detail.

Level 4 Problems 995

Level 3 Problems 4,820 X 100 = 20.6%

Column (% 2nd) - Percentages relating 4th levels to the 2nd level of detail.

Level 4 Problems 995

Level 2 Problems 7,568 X 100 = 13.1%

Column (% 1st) - Percentages relating 4th level to the 1st level.

Level 4 Problems 995

Level 1 Problems 31,982 X 100 = 3.1%

Column labeled (% 7th), (% 6th), (% 5th), (% 4th), and (% 3rd) on Table A3 are defined below ;

Consider the example of "Faucet Assembly (NPKA) - Water Supply Piping-Plumbing Routine

Maintenance."

Column (% 7th and 6th) - Entries in these columns are percentages denoting the

portions of the 7th and 6th level problems for each 8th and 7th

level problem. These columns are blank on Table A3 since there

are no 7th and 8th level problems shown on this page.

Column (% 5th) , (% 4th) , (% 3rd) - Entries in these columns related the number

of problems at a given level to preceeding levels (6, 5, 4 and 3).

Level 6 Problems

Level 5 Problems

Level 7 Problems

Level 4 Problems

Level 7 Problems

Level 3 Problems

131

478 X 100 = 27.4% (Column % 5th)

131

1^196 X 100 = 11.0% (Column % 4th)

131

3,379

X 100 = 3.9% (Column % 3rd)

92

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97
Appendix B

Problem Summation Tables - HUD Sample

98
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Problem Summation Tables - Private Sample

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NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUfM, [CATION OR RKPORT NO.

NBSIR 76-1058

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLK

PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE HOMES - SUMMARY REPORT

5. Publication Date Aorll 1976

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

J. H. Pielert, W. E. Greene, Jr., L. F. Skoda, W. G. Street

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Gr int No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Office of Policy Development and Research

Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C. 20410 '

13. Type of Report & Period

Covered

Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most si^ificant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

This project was funded at the National Bureau of Standara .- r> / the Department of

Housing and Urban Development with the objective of docuni«-:. .ij^ mobile home performance

problems and relating them to possible inadequacies in the ANSI A119.1 Standard for

Mobile Homes and the mobile home enforcement process. Additionally, the durability of

mobile home components was a study objective for potential use in mortgage insurance

evaluation. Mobile home performance data were obtained for 4,105 mobile homes,

categorized and related to the project objectives. This summary report is the last

of a series of four project reports.. It documents the project approach, results of

the various tasks, and presents conclusions and recommendations. This was a problem

oriented study and did not attempt to document the many areas of satisfactory mobile

home performance.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter ol the. first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons)

Computer Techniques; Construction; Enforcement Process; Housii^j Hurricane Agnes;

Mobile Homes; Mobile Home Parks; Performance Data; Regulatory I'rocess; Standards

18. AVAILABILITY | | Unlimited

fXl For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I I Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. CH

I I Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

142

22. Price

I

USCOMM-OC 29042-P74