/ P c / T

Wages and Demographic

Characteristics in the

Work Clothing Manufacturing

Industry, March 1972

U S. Department of Labor 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

1975

Bulletin 1858

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Wages and Demographic

Characteristics in the

Work Clothing Manufacturing

Industry, March 1972

U.S. Department of Labor 

John T. Dunlop, Secretary 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Julius Shiskin, Commissioner 

1975

Bulletin 1858

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Preface

This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and 

demographic characteristics in the work clothing manufacturing industry.

The survey, made in March 1972 at the request of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment 

Standards Administration, was primarily designed as a pilot study. Its purpose was to test the 

feasibility of collecting employee job and demographic characteristics data, particularly in industries 

paying significant numbers of employees hourly rates at or near the Federal minimum wage. Data 

were collected partly from the employer and partly, with the employer’s assistance, from the 

employees. A summary of the survey findings is contained in the Employment Standards 

Administration’s report, required under Section 4 (d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act, and 

submitted to Congress by the Secretary of Labor on January 31, 1974.

The study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. Edward J. 

Caramela of the Division of Occupational Wage Structures prepared the analysis in this bulletin. 

Field work was directed by the Bureau’s Associate Assistant Regional Directors for Operations.

Bulletins available from the Bureau’s program of industry wage studies, as well as the addresses of 

the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end of this bulletin.

in

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Contents

Page

Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 1

Labor force characteristics................................................................................................................ 1

Sex, occupation, and r a c e ........................................................................................................ 1

Age ............................................................................................................................................. 1

Education ................................................................................................................................ 1

Family s t a t u s ............................................................................................................................ 2

Length of service ..................................................................................................................... 2

Commuting time to work and mode of tran sp o rtatio n ........................................................ 2

Industry characteristics ............................................................................ 2

L o c a tio n ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Size of establishm ent................................................................................................................ 2

Unionization ............................................................................................................................ 2

Weekly hours worked and overtime provisions .................................................................... 2

Method of wage p a y m e n t........................................................................................................ 3

E arnings................................................................................................................................................. 3

Earnings trends ........................................................................................................................ 3

Earnings by industry characteristics............................................................ 4

Earnings by labor force characteristics ................................................................................. 5

Tables:

Average hourly earnings:

1. By selected characteristics . . 7

Hourly earnings distribution:

2. All non supervisory workers ....................... 8

3. By occupational category .................................................................................... 9

4. By selected characteristics........................................................................................10

5. By travel time to work ............................................................................................10

Annual income distribution for 1971:

6. Employee and family spending unit comparison . . 1 1

Establishment practices:

7. Weekly hours w o r k e d ................................................................................................ 11

8. Method of wage payment ........................................................................................ 12

Appendixes:

A. Regression analysis ............................................................................................................13

B. Scope and method of survey and definition of terms ....................................................15

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Wages and Demographic Characteristics in the

Work Clothing Manufacturing Industry, March 1972

Summary

White women who operated sewing machines dominated the labor force profile of the Nation’s work 

clothing manufacturing industry, according to the Bureau’s March 1972 study of the industry.1 The typical 

worker, age 20 to 44 years, with at least 9 years of 

schooling, was employed in the South.1 2 As wife of the 

household head, she most commonly provided 20 to 40 

percent of her family spending unit’s total income.

When the wages earned were tabulated against such 

demographic characteristics, average pay advantages in 

this work force clearly fell to white men who were heads 

of households. Also related to higher than average 

earnings levels were location of plant, occupation, and 

unionization.

Overall, the 66,708 nonsupervisory workers covered 

by the study averaged $2.14 an hour in March 1972.3 

Whites, comprising about nine-tenths of the work force, 

averaged $2.15 compared with $2.02 for Negroes and 

other races. Women, accounting for nearly nine-tenths of 

the workers, were employed mainly as sewing machine 

operators and averaged $2.10 an hour; men averaged 

$2.48.

About one-sixth of the workers had earnings at or 

slightly above the $1.60 an hour Federal minimum wage 

in effect for manufacturing establishments at the time of 

the survey. This proportion applied consistently to each 

of the “typical worker” characteristics described earlier.

Earnings and demographic data (e.g., age, sex, race, 

educational status, and family position) are presented in 

this report both for the entire United States and

1 See appendix B for scope and method of survey and

definition of terms.

2 For purposes of this survey, the South consists of the

following: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia,

Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,

North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,

Virginia, and West Virginia.

3 Hourly earnings data in this bulletin exclude extra payments

for work on late shifts and premium pay for overtime and for

work on weekends and holidays, as well as the value of room,

board, or other perquisites provided in addition to cash wages.

separately for the South, where three-fourths of the 

work force was employed.

Labor force characteristics

Sex, occupation, and race. Women comprised nearly 90 

percent of the industry’s nonsupervisory work force in 

March 1972. Occupationally, they accounted for 95 

percent or more of the operatives (e.g., sewing machine 

operators, assemblers, pressers), trainees (apprentices 

and learners), and office clerical workers; and between 

35 and 40 percent of the skilled crafts and laborers.4 

Negro and other races5 constituted 10 percent of the 

workers, typically women employed as operatives, both 

nationwide and in the South.

Age. About 60 percent of the nationwide work force 

were between the ages of 20 and 44; an additional 30 

percent were between 45 and 64. Virtually all the 

remaining workers were under 20 years of age. In the 

South, the proportions were about the same.

The distribution of workers by age groups showed a 

somewhat different pattern by race. Slightly more than 

80 percent of the 6,393 Negroes covered by the survey 

were between the ages of 20 and 44 and 13 percent were 

between 45 and 64. For whites, Jhe proportions were 

practically the same as those cited for the industry as a 

whole.

Education. Nearly 70 percent of the industry’s nonsupervisory work force reported the completion of 9 to 12 

years of education, slightly more than one-half of these 

44,762 workers had finished high school. An additional 

17 percent of the workers had 8 years of education, 

most of the remainder, between 5 and 7 years.

The proportion of workers completing 12 years of 

school did not vary significantly by sex; however, a

4 See appendix B for occupational classification definitions.

5 Hereinafter referred to as Negroes, for purposes of brevity.

Slightly more than 90 percent of the “Negro and other races”

are Negroes.

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higher proportion of Negroes than of whites completed 

high school (48 to 35 percent, respectively). Formal 

vocational training programs were completed by somewhat less than 10 percent of the work force.

Family status. Employees in family units at the time of 

the March 1972 survey made up 90 percent of the work 

force. Single individuals (those unrelated to family units) 

comprised the remainder.

Slightly more than 60 percent of the 59,739 employees in family units were wives of family heads.6 Of 

the others in family units, female heads of households 

comprised an additional 18 percent, and male heads of 

households 10 percent. The remainder considered in 

family units were such persons as dependent or nondependent sons and daughters or grandparents.

Length o f service. About two-fifths of the industry’s 

work force had at least 5 years of service with their 

current (March 1972) employer. As illustrated in the 

following tabulation, a significantly smaller proportion 

of Negroes than of whites had 5 years or more of service:

Percent of workers

having length of service

Years of service: All Female Male White Negro

Less than 1 ........ 23 23 21 22 32

1 to 2 ................ 15 15 11 14 16

2 to 3 ................ 10 9 17 9 14

3 to 4 ................ 6 7 5 6 10

4 to 5 ................ 5 4 6 4 8

5 to 10 .............. 19 19 20 20 16

10to 15 ............ 9 9 5 10 1

15 to 20 ............ 6 6 6 7 2

20 or m o r e ........ 7 7 9 8 1

N O T E : Because of rounding, sum s of individual items m ay

not equal 100.

Commuting time to work and mode o f transportation.

Nearly 90 percent of the nonsupervisory workers reported that one-way commuting time to work required 

30 minutes or less. Trips of over 30 minutes but less 

than 60 accounted for virtually all remaining workers. 

This commuting time also typified a somewhat higher 

proportion of workers in metropolitan areas7 than in 

smaller communities (15 and 10 percent, respectively). 

Similar comparisons were not possible for the South.

Driving alone to work or else sharing driving in a 

carpool arrangement constituted the dominant modes of 

transportation, applying to 65 percent of the work 

force. Those paying a driver as carpool passengers 

accounted for most of the remaining workers.

6That person recognized as head by other family members.

See appendix B for further definition.

7Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined by the

U.S. Office of Management and Budget through January 1968.

Industry characteristics

Work clothing manufacturing establishments covered 

by the survey employed 66,708 nonsupervisory workers 

in March 1972—about the same total as recorded in the 

Bureau’s February 1968 occupational wage study of the 

industry.8 The 365 plants within scope of the current 

study were primarily engaged in the manufacture of such 

apparel items as dungarees, overalls, and industrial 

garments, washable service apparel, work pants, work 

shirts, and other work clothing.

Location. The South-the only region for which data are 

presented separately—employed three-fourths of the 

industry’s nonsupervisory work force. Nationwide, 

plants located in metropolitan areas employed about 

one-fifth of the work force; the proportion was oneeighth in the South.

Size o f establishment. Survey establishments ranged in 

size from about 20 workers up to nearly 1,000. Plants 

employing 500 workers or more accounted for nearly 

one-fourth of the industry’s work force. The remaining 

three-fourths was about equally divided between plants 

with less than 250 workers and those with 250-499. In 

the South, similar proportions were employed by each 

plant-size group.

Unionization. Nationwide, slightly more than one-half of 

the work force was in plants where collective bargaining 

agreements covered a majority of nonsupervisory 

workers. Union and nonunion establishments each employed one-half of the work force in the South.

As illustrated in text table 1, the proportions of 

workers in establishments with agreements varied somewhat by race, and considerably by size of community 

and size of establishment. The major unions at the time 

of the survey were the United Garment Workers of 

America (UGWA) and the Amalgamated Clothing 

Workers of America (ACWA), both of the AFL-CIO.

Weekly hours worked and overtime provisions. The 

employees covered by the study averaged 40 hours of 

work during a specified 1-week period in March 1972. 

(See table 7.) Nationwide, weekly hours worked 

averaged higher in metropolitan than in nonmetropolitan 

areas (41 and 39, respectively); in the South the average 

for all workers, regardless of community size, was 39 

hours.

A distribution of employees by hours actually 

worked, however, reveals a wide variation. For example,

8 See Industry Wage Survey: Work Clothing, February 1968

(Bulletin 1624,1969).

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Text table 1. Percent of employees in work clothing manufacturing establishments

operating under labor-management agreements

Item Total

Size of community Size of establishment

Metropolitan

areas

Nonmetropolitan

areas

Under

250

workers

250-499

workers

500

workers

or more

United S ta te s................... 54 40 58 34 60 77

W h ite ..................... 55 41 59 35 61 78

Negro and other . . . . 44 36 46 29 59 —

South ............................. 50 — 55 21 58 73

W h ite ..................... 51 - 56 23 57 74

Negro and other .... 38 — 44 — 64 —

N O T E : Dashes indicate data that do not meet pu blication criteria.

one-fourth of the employees worked less than 35 hours 

during the week, a similar proportion worked more than 

40 hours. Only about one-third of the employees 

actually worked a 40-hour week.

Overall, about two-thirds of the workers were in 

establishments with formal provisions for payment of 

daily overtime, typically after 8 hours a day. As 

illustrated in text table 2, the proportions of employees 

in establishments with such provisions are much higher 

in union than in nonunion plants. The Fair Labor 

Standards Act applying to this industry requires IVi

times an employee’s regular rate for hours worked in 

excess of 40 in a work week.

Method o f wage payment. Approximately four-fifths of 

the industry’s production workers9 were paid under 

incentive wage payment systems. (See table 8.) Slightly 

over nine-tenths of the operatives were paid on an 

incentive basis (most commonly individual piece rates), 

as were three-fourths of those employed as trainees.

The two remaining production-oriented occupational 

groups—craft workers and laborers—were generally paid 

on a time-rated basis, as were virtually all office clerical 

workers. Similar relationships for all categories were 

found in the South.

Earnings

Earnings trends. Straight-time earnings of the 66,708 

nonsupervisory workers covered by the study averaged 

$2.14 an hour in March 1972. (See table 1.) Production 

and related workers (96 percent of the work force) 

averaged $2.1310 —16 percent higher than the $1.84 

recorded in the Bureau’s February 1968 survey of the 

industry.11

During the period between the Bureau’s May-June 

196412 and February 1968 study, average earnings in

the work clothing industry rose by 29 percent, about the 

same as the Federal minimum wage for manufacturing 

establishments (28 percent—from $1.25 to $1.60 an 

hour).13 Also, during that period, percent increases in 

average earnings were greater for workers in the lower 

paid segments of the industry than in the higher paid 

segments. Thus, relative wage advantages held by men 

over women, union workers over nonunion workers, and 

similar relationships, narrowed. These changes were

9The terms “production workers” and “production and

related workers” are synonymous and relate to all nonsupervisory employees except office clerical workers.

I °The straight-time average hourly earnings in this bulletin

differ in concept from the gross average hourly earnings

published in the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series

($2.14 in March 1972). Unlike the latter, estimates here exclude

premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,

and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing

individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number of

individuals; in the monthly series, the sum of the man-hour

totals reported by establishments in the industry was divided

into the reported payroll totals.

Estimates of the number of production workers within the

scope of the study are intended only as a general guide to the

size and composition of the labor force included in the survey.

They differ from those in the monthly series (74,400 in March

1972). Planning for the survey required the assembling of lists of

establishments considerably in advance of data collection. Thus,

establishments new to the industry are omitted, as are establishments originally classified in the work clothing industry but

found to be in other industries at the time of the survey. Also

omitted are establishments manufacturing work clothing but

classified incorrectly in other industries at the time the lists were

compiled.

II Op. cit., BLS Bulletin 1624.

12 See Industry Wage Survey: Work Clothing, May-June

1964, Bulletin 1440 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1965).

13The Federal minimum wage for manufacturing establishments engaged in interstate commerce was $1.25 an hour at the

time of the 1964 survey; was raised to $1.40 on Feb. 1, 1967,

and to $1.60 on Feb. 1, 1968.

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Text table 2. Percent of workers in establishments by daily overtime provisions and

labor-management contract status

United States South

Provisions

Total Union Non

union

Total Union Nonunion

Workers in establishments

with no daily overtime

provisions........................... 33 8 64 38 9 67

Workers in establishments

with daily overtime

provisions........................... 67 92 36 62 91 33

After 8 h o u r s ................ 61 90 26 57 89 24

Other than 8 hours ........ 6 2 10 5 2 9

partly the result of the upward adjustments in the 

Federal minimum wage between the two surveys.

Between the 1968 and March 1972 studies, however, 

the Federal minimum wage remained at $1.60 an hour, 

and as illustrated in text table 3, the 1964-68 pattern 

was reversed. The industry’s higher paid workers in 1968 

recorded greater percent increases in earnings over the 

next 4 years than their lower paid counterparts, and in 

most cases, by March 1972, surpassed the relative wage 

advantages held in 1964.

Earnings by industry characteristics. Plants located in 

the South employed three-fourths of the industry’s work 

force; workers there averaged $2.09 an hour, compared 

with $2.30 for those elsewhere.

Nationwide, workers employed in metropolitan areas 

averaged a higher wage than those in the smaller 

communities, $2.17 an hour compared with $2.13. In 

the South, however, this relationship was reversed, 

workers in nonmetropolitan areas held a 9-percent wage 

advantage over those in the larger communities. Larger 

plants paid more than smaller ones. Plants employing 

500 workers or more paid an average of $2.22 an 

hour—4 percent more than those employing 250499 

workers ($2.13), and 6 percent more than those employing fewer than 250 workers ($2.10).

Labor-management contracts were identified with 

higher wages. Establishments with a majority of their 

nonsupervisory workers covered paid an average of 

$2.26 an h o u r-13 percent above the $2 average for

Text table 3. Earnings relationships of production workers1 in work clothing manufacturing, by selected characteristics, 1964-72

Characteristic

Average hourly

earnings

Percent

increase,

Average

hourly

Percent

increase.

May-June

1964

February

1968

1964 to

1968

earnings in

March 1972

1968 to

1972

M e n ....................................... $1.61 $2.03 26 $2.48 22

Women ................................. 1.40 1.81 29 2.10 16

Union ................................... 1.48 1.87 26 2.26 21

N onunion............................... 1.38 1.82 32 2.00 10

Metropolitan a re a s................... 1.48 1.86 26 2.17 17

Nonmetropolitan

a re a s ................................. 1.41 1.84 30 2.13 16

Plants with 250

workers or more ................ 1.43 1.85 29 2.16 17

Plants with less than

250 w orke rs....................... 1.43 1.83 28 2.10 15

United States, except

South ............................... 1.53 1.88 23 2.30 22

South ................................... 1.40 1.83 31 2.09 14

1 Data for 1964 and 1968 relate to earnings o f prod u ction w orkers on ly; 1972 data relate to

earnings o f all nonsupervisory (production and clerical) w orkers in the industry. It is estim ated,

however, that the inclusion of clerical w orkers in the 1972 data had an upw ard influence on earnings

levels o f not m ore than 2 cents for an y single characteristic in the tabulation.

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workers in nonunion plants.

At the time of the March 1972 study, about one-sixth 

of the 66,708 nonsupervisory workers in the work 

clothing industry earned within 5 cents of the $1.60 

Federal minimum wage. (See table 2.) As illustrated in 

text table 4, however, the proportion of workers earning 

at or slightly above the minimum wage varied considerably within selected categories.

Overall, earnings for most of the remaining workers 

ranged from $1.65 to $3 an hour; the middle half of the 

employees in the total array of earnings fell between 

$1.75 and $2.39 an hour.

Earnings by labor force characteristici Whites in the 

survey averaged $2.15 an hour—6 percent above the 

$2.02 recorded for Negroes. The wage advantage held by 

whites varied considerably by sex, with white women 

averaging 6 percent above Negro women ($2.11 and 

$1.99) and white men 15 percent above Negro men 

($2.52 and $2.19). Overall the average differential 

between men and women amounted to 18 percent in 

favor of men ($2.48 compared with $2.10), who made 

up slightly more than one-third of the work force.

For five broad occupational groups, separate earnings 

data are also presented covering the study’s nonsupervisory work force. Operatives and kindred workers— 

typically women sewing machine operators, comprising 

83 percent of the survey’s work force—averaged $2.11 

an hour. These operatives earned slightly less than the 

$2.15 for laborers, custodial, service, and other unskilled 

workers. Craft and technical employees (mostly men) 

had highest average earnings at $2.60 an hour, followed 

by office clerical workers (virtually all women) at $2.30. 

Trainees and apprentices were the lowest paid employees 

studied, averaging $1.71 an hour. In the South, average 

earnings levels for each occupational group providing 

comparisons were slightly lower than industry levels.

Nationwide, earnings of individual workers varied 

widely within the same occupational group. (See table

3.) Except for trainees, hourly earnings of the highest 

paid employees exceeded those of the lowest paid in the 

same category by $2 or more. This resulted in a 

substantial overlap in earnings between workers in 

occupations with dissimilar skill requirements and pay 

levels, as illustrated in the following tabulation:

Laborers,

Craft custodial.

and service, and

technical other unskilled

Item employees employees

Total workers . . . 3,255 4,071

Average hourly earnings . . , $2.60 $2.15

Under $ 2 .0 0 .................... 269 1,581

$2.00 and under $2.20 . . . . 714 1,130

$2.20 and under $2.40 . . . . 366 534

$2.40 and under $2.60 . . . . 530 209

$2.60 and under $2.80 . . . . 248 156

$2.80 and under $3.00 . . . . 228 109

$3.00 and o v e r ........ .. . . . 900 352

Distribution of workers among occupational groups 

with disparate pay levels is one of several factors 

accounting for the differences in pay between men and 

women and Negroes and whites. For example, craft 

workers averaged $2.60 an hour, and men comprised 

nearly three-fifths of such workers. On the other hand, 

trainees averaged $1.71 and were virtually all women. 

The distribution of workers by race among the various 

occupational categories further illustrates the point. Of 

the nearly 1,000 Negro men covered by the study, 

slightly less than 10 percent were employed as craft 

workers, compared with about 30 percent of the 6,700 

white men.

As noted earlier, earnings in some jobs are largely 

determined by production at piece rates. Variations in 

incentive earnings for individuals or employee groupings 

may be traceable to differences in work experience, 

effort, work flow, or other factors which the worker 

may or may not control.

Text table 4. Percent of employees with straight-time hourly earnings of $1.60 and under $1.65

Characteristic Percent Characteristic Percent

All nonsupervisory workers ......................... 16.3 Age: Under 20 y e a rs ................................... 32.5

M a le ............................................... 3.8 20-44 years....................................... 16.8

Female ........................................... 17.9 45-64 years....................................... 11.9

White ............................................. 15.4 65 and over ..................................... —

Negro ............................................. 24.7 Education:

Family status: Less than 5 y e a rs ............................... -

Male head......................................... — 5-7 years ......................................... 24.6

Female h e a d ..................................... 17.5 8 years............................................. 16.5

Wife of h e a d ..................................... 17.2 9-11 years ....................................... 16.0

12 y ears ........................................... 14.9

13 years or m o r e ............................... —

N O T E : Dashes indicate data that do not meet publication criteria.

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In addition, each of the five broad occupational 

categories used in this study span a number of more 

specific jobs with varying pay levels. In the 1968 study, 

for example, average earnings of hand and machine 

finish pressers exceeded those of garment repairers by 16 

percent—yet both occupations are classified as “operatives.”

Slightly more than three-fifths of the work force were 

between 20 and 44 years of age in March 1972 and 

averaged $2.17 an hour. This compared with $1.84 for 

the under-20 age group and $2.14 for those in the 

45-to-64 age group. (See tables 1 and 4.)

Educational attainment, between 8th grade and a 

high school diploma, did not produce any substantial 

differences in average hourly earnings of the work force. 

(See tables 1 and 4.) Employees having completed 8 

years of schooling averaged $2.13 an hour, compared 

with $2.14 for those with 9 to 11 years of education and 

$2.17 for high school graduates.

Nationwide, wives of family heads, accounting for 

slightly more than 60 percent of the workers in family 

units, averaged $2.11 an hour-about the same as for 

female family heads ($2.10) but 19 percent less than the 

$2.61 recorded for male family heads. (See tables 1 and

4.) As illustrated in the following tabulation, the 

majority of male heads of family were the primary, but 

not the sole, wage earners in the family spending unit,14 

while female family heads were usually the only wage 

earner, and wives of family heads typically were secondary wage earners in the family spending unit:

Percent of workers classified as—

Family status

Number of

workers1

Only

family

wage

earner

Primary

family

wage

earner

Secondary

family

wage

earner

Male head .... 5,738 37 60 3

Female head . . 10,787 75 22 3

Wife of head . . 37,343 6 6 88

1 Excluded are 5,871 em ployees belonging to the "o th e r

fam ily m em b er" group.

14A group of related persons living together in one household and pooling their incomes for major items of expense. See

appendix B for further definition.

In terms of commuting time, average hourly earnings 

were higher for workers with a one-way time of over 30 

but less than 60 minutes ($2.20) than for those 

reporting 30 minutes or less ($2.13). (See table 5.) This 

relationship held in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas.

For the 45,295 workers who were actively employed 

in 1971, data were obtained on their total annual wage 

and salary income15 in 1971, as well as the total annual 

income (including sources other than wages and salaries) 

of their family spending unit in 1971. Nearly one-half of 

these workers reported wages and salaries of $2,000 and 

under $4,000 in 1971. (See table 6.) An additional 

two-fifths of the workers reported $4,000 and under 

$7,000 and nearly all of the remainder reported under 

$2,000.

Male heads of family had the largest average annual 

income at $5,585 in 1971; female heads of family 

averaged $3,754; and wives of heads of families averaged 

$3,439. The wage and salary income for wives of heads 

of family most commonly accounted for between 20 

and 40 percent of the total income of their respective 

family spending units in 1971.

The survey design did not attempt to isolate and 

measure any of the preceding characteristics as individual determinants of wage levels. Appendix A of this 

bulletin, however, presents a brief technical note on the 

results of a multiple-regression analysis in which the 

singular effects of a number of survey characteristics 

were isolated to a measurable degree. In several cases 

there were marked differences between the earnings 

differentials produced by cross-tabulation (simple regression) as discussed in this section of the report, and those 

derived from multiple-regression. For example, the 

average craftworker earned 49 cents an hour more than 

the average operative, but apparently less than one-half 

(20 cents) of this differential can be attributed solely to 

classification by occupational group.

1 5 Includes all wages and salaries, commissions, tips, cash

bonuses, etc., before deductions for income taxes, social

security, health or life insurance, retirement, bonds, union dues,

or any other deductions.

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Table 1. Average hourly earnings: By selected characteristics

(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of nonsupervisory employees in the work clothing manufacturing industry, by selected characteristics, United States and South, March 1972)

Item

United States2 South3

Item

United States2 South3

Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings

All nonsupervisory em ployees......................... 66,708 $2.14 50,446 $2.09 Occupation:

58 986 2 10 44 634 2 05 PrnHurtinn workers 63,891 $2.18 48,856 $2.09

Male ................................................ 7*722 2.48 5^812 2.40 Craftsmen, technical, and

kindred occupations................. 3,255 2.60 2,372 2.56

W hite................................................ 60,315 2.15 45,088 2.11

Operatives and kindred

Female .................................... 53,579 2.11 40,052 2.07

occupations........................... 55,467 2.11 43,075 2.07

6,736 2.52 5 036 2.45

Laborers, custodial, service

Negro and other ra c e s........................... 6,393 2.02 5,358 1.92

workers, and other unskilled

Female .................................... 5,407 1.99 4,582 1.90 occupations........................... 4,071 2.15 2,653 2.00

Male ........................................ 986 2.19 776 2.03 Training occupations ................... 1,098 1.71 - -

Clerical occupations............................. 2,817 2.30 1,590 2.17

Age:

Under 20 years .................................. 4,116 1.84 2,936 1.84 Size of community:

2044 ye a rs ........................................ 41,634 2.17 32,647 2.13 Metropolitan areas5 ............................. 12,688 2.17 6,931 1.94

45-64 yea rs ........................................ 20,317 2.14 14,612 2.06 Nonmetropolitan areas ......................... 54,070 2.13 43,515 2.12

65 and ove r........................................ 641 2.12 - - Size of establishment:

Family status: Under 250 w orkers............................... 25,160 2.10 16,965 2.04

In fa mil ies— 250-499 workers ................................. 25,834 2.13 20,116 2.08

Male head.................................. 5,738 2.61 4,387 2.50 500 workers or m ore............................. 15,714 2.22 13,365 2.18

Female h e a d .............................. 10,787 2.10 8,558 2.03 Labor-management contracts:

Wife of hea d ............................... 37,343 2.11 28,781 2.07 Establishments w ithOther family member4 ................. Majority nf workers covered 36,247 2.26 25,024 2.22

Contributing to family Either none or minority of

in co m e ......................... 2,335 1.97 1,710 1.90 wnrkers covered 30,461 2.00 25,422 1.96

Not contributing to family

inco m e ......................... 3,536 1.96 2,144 1.95

Unrelated individuals ........................... 6,969 2.15 4,866 2.09

Education:

Years of school completedLess than 5 ye a rs......................... - - - -

5-7 years ................................... 6,679 2.05 6,018 2.04

8 years...................................... 11,191 2.13 8,435 2.08

9-11 years ................................. 20,376 2.14 16,418 2.09

12 years.................................... 24,386 2.17 16,801 2.12

13 years or m o re ......................... 2,557 2.23 1,438 2.15

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts, as well

as the value of room, board or other perquisites provided in addition to cash wages.

2 Includes data for regions other than the South.

3The South consists of the following: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida,

Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina,

Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.

4 0ther family members are divided into two groups: those who make substantial contributions to

family income and those who make little or no contribution, e.g., a nondependent son or daughter

who contributes only enough to cover the reasonable cost of room and board.

s Standard Metropolitan Statistical areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget

through January 1968.

NO TE: Dashes indicate either no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(Percent distribution of nonsupervisory employees in work clothing manufacturing by straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and South, March 1972)

Hourly earnings'

United States2 South3

All workers White Negro and 

other races

All workers White Negro and 

other races

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

$1.60 or less ............................. 14.3 2.8 15.8 13.4 2.3 14.8 22.9 6.4 25.9 16.0 2.9 17.7 14.6 2.1 16.2 27.3 8.1 30.5

Over $1.60 and under $ 1 .6 5 .......... 2.5 1.4 2.4 2.2 1.2 2.4 2.5 .2 3.0 2.1 1.4 2.4 2.0 1.9 2.4 3.2 _ 3.7

$1.65 and under $1.70 ............... 4.2 2.3 4.5 4.2 2.0 4.5 4.1 4.6 4.0 4.9 3.1 5.2 5.0 2.7 5.2 4.9 5.8 4.7

$1.70 and under $1.75 ............... 4.1 3.0 4.2 3.9 2.2 4.1 6.0 8.2 5.6 4.5 3.5 4.6 4.1 2.4 4.4 7.2 10.4 6.7

$1.75 and under $1.80 ............... 4.0 1:0 4.4 3.8 1.1 4.1 5.5 _ 6.5 4.8 1.3 5.2 4.7 1.5 5.1 5.6 _ 6.5

$1.80 and under $1.85 ............... 4.3 1.2 4.7 4.2 1.0 4.6 5.2 2.9 5.6 4.7 1.6 5.1 4.6 1.3 5.0 6.2 3.7 6.6

$1.85 and under $1.90 ............... 4.0 2.1 4.3 4.1 1.9 4.3 3.6 3.2 3.7 3.9 1.8 4.2 3.9 1.4 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.4

$1.90 and under $1.95 ............... 3.9 5.9 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.7 5.9 21.7 3.0 4.5 7.3 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 7.0 27.6 3.5

$1.95 and under $2.00 ............... 3.2 1.4 3.4 3.3 1.6 3.6 1.5 - 1.8 3.1 1.9 3.3 3.4 2.1 3.5 1.0 - 1.2

$2.00 and under $2.10 ............... 8.6 7.3 8.8 8.7 7.2 8.9 7.5 8.0 7.4 8.6 7.9 8.7 8.8 7.8 8.9 7.2 8.9 6.9

$2.10 and under $2.20 ............... 8.5 11.2 8.1 8.8 12.4 8.3 5.6 3.2 6.0 8.4 12.7 7.8 8.7 14.0 8.0 5.5 4.1 5.8

$2.20 and under $2.30 ............... 8.2 7.7 8.3 8.4 7.6 8.5 7.0 8.3 6.8 7.6 7.9 7.6 7.8 7.5 7.9 5.8 10.6 5.0

$2.30 and under $2.40 ............... 5.8 5.1 5.9 6.1 5.9 6.1 2.9 - 3.5 5.5 6.4 5.3 5.8 7.4 5.6 2.6 _ 3.0

$2.40 and under $2.50 ............... 5.7 5.0 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 4.7 - 5.5 5.7 5.4 5.7 5.9 6.2 5.9 3.5 - 4.1

$2.50 and under $2.60 ............... 3.2 5.9 2.9 3.4 5.6 3.1 1.7 7.9 .5 3.0 4.8 2.7 3.3 5.2 3.0 .3 2.3 _

$2.60 and under $2.70 ............... 3.3 6.4 2.9 3.4 5.6 3.1 2.8 12.2 1.1 3.3 6.8 2.8 3.4 6.7 3.0 1.9 7.7 .9

$2.70 and under $2.80 ............... 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.3 3.0 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.3 2.2 1.7 2.3 2.6 3.9 2.4

$2.80 and under $2.90 ............... 1.4 2.1 1.3 1.4 2.1 1.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.0 2.2 .9 1.0 2.1 .9 1.2 2.7 .9

$2.90 and under $3.00 ............... 2.0 2.8 1.9 1.9 3.2 1.8 2.7 - 3.2 1.4 2.0 1.3 1.3 2.3 1.2 1.8 - 2.1

$3.00 and under $3.10 ............... 1.1 3.7 .7 1.1 3.4 .8 1.2 6.1 .3 .7 2.3 .5 .8 2.6 .5 _ _ _

$3.10 and under $3.20 ............... 1.0 5.6 .4 1.1 6.4 .4 - - - .7 3.4 .3 .8 3.9 .4 _ _ _

$3.20 and under $3.30 ............... .7 2.5 .4 .7 2.9 .4 .5 - .6 .4 1.9 .2 .5 2.2 .2 _ _ _

$3.30 and under $3.40 ............... .8 2.7 .5 .8 3.1 .5 .5 - .6 .7 2.1 .5 .8 2.5 .5 _ _ _

$3.40 and under $3.50 ............... .7 2.1 .5 .6 2.5 .4 .9 - 1.1 .6 2.4 .4 .6 2.7 .3 .9 - 1.1

$3.50 and over........................... 1.8 6.1 1.6 2.3 6.8 1.8 .4 2.0 _ 1.6 5.0 1.2 1.8 5.6 1.2 _ _ _

T o ta l...........................

Number of w orkers.....................

Average hourly earnings' .............

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

66,708

$2.14

7,722

$2.48

58,986

$2.10

60,315

$2.15

6,736

$2.52

53,579

$2.11

6,393

$2.02

986

$2.19

5,407

$1.99

50,446

$2.09

5,812

$2.40

44,634

$2.05

45,088

$2.11

5,036

$2.45

40,052

$2.07

5,358

$1.92

776

$2.03

4,582

$1.90

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts as well as 

the value of room, board or other perquisites provided in addition to cash wages.

2 Includes data for regions other than the South.

3 For definition of South, see footnote 3, table 1.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 3. Hourly earnings distribution: By occupational category

(Percent distribution of nonsupervisory employees by occupational category in work clothing manufacturing, by straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and South, March 1972)

United States1 South

Production workers Production workers

Hourly earnings1

Total

Craft

and

technical

employees

Operatives Laborers, 

custodial, 

service, 

and other 

unskilled 

employees

Trainees

Clerical

employees Total

Craft

and

technical

employees

Operatives Laborers, 

custodial, 

service, 

and other 

unskilled 

employees

Clerical

White

Negro and 

other races

White

Negro and 

other races

Total Female Total Female Total Female Total Female

$1.60 or less................... 14.9 _ 14.5 15.1 22.7 24.8 8.9 61.9 0.9 16.5 _

16.0 16.7 26.9 28.8 6.4 1.5

Over $1.60 and under $1.65. 2.4 - 2.7 2.6 2.9 3.2 1.9 - - 2.1 - 2.2 2.6 3.5 3.7 2.8 -

$1.65 and under $1.70 . . . . 4.4 - 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.2 1.0 16.1 - 5.1 - 5.3 5.3 5.0 4.9 1.6 _

$1.70 and under $1.75 . . . . 4.2 - 4.2 4.3 4.6 5.1 8.4 - 1.8 4.5 - 4.2 4.4 5.4 5.9 12.9 2.6

$1.75 and under $1.80 . . . . 4.1 1.2 4.2 4.3 6.3 6.9 2.9 4.4 _ 4.9 1.7 5.0 5.2 6.2 6.7 4.5 _

$1.80 and under $1.85 . . . . 4.4 - 4.8 5.0 5.5 5.7 1.4 - 2.1 4.8 - 5.2 5.3 6.5 6.6 2.2 2.5

$1.85 and under $1.90 . . . . 4.1 4.5 4.4 4.5 2.7 3.0 2.6 2.2 2.4 4.0 6.2 4.0 4.1 3.2 3.4 2.6 3.2

$1.90 and under $1.95 . . . . 4.0 2.1 3.8 3.7 5.2 2.9 7.4 - 2.5 4.7 2.9 4.3 4.3 6.1 3.4 10.4 -

$1.95and under $2.00 . . . . 3.3 .4 3.5 3.6 1.8 2.0 4.4 3.3 .9 3.2 .5 3.5 3.6 1.2 1.3 5.4 1.5

$2.00 and under $2.10 7.8 8.2 7.4 7.7 7.9 8.2 14.6 - 27.7 7.8 5.6 7.6 8.0 7.5 7.6 14.7 34.0

$2.10 and under $2.20 8.5 13.8 8.2 8.0 6.4 6.7 13.2 - 7.6 8.3 14.2 7.9 7.6 6.2 6.3 15.5 9.9

$2.20 and under $2.30 . . . . 8.2 9.7 8.4 8.4 6.5 6.4 6.9 7.4 9.2 7.6 10.0 7.8 7.9 6.0 5.5 6.9 9.5

$2.30 and under $2.40 . . . . 5.5 1.6 6.0 6.0 3.5 3.9 6.2 - 13.3 5.2 2.2 5.5 5.4 3.0 3.3 8.3 15.0

$2.40 and under $2.50 . . . . 5.4 12.7 5.2 5.1 5.6 6.1 3.6 - 10.5 5.4 15.1 5.4 5.2 4.2 4.5 .8 13.8

$2.50 and under $2.60 . . . . 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.3 2.0 .6 1.5 2.2 2.4 3.0 1.9 3.5 3.1 .4 _ 1.9 2.8

$2.60 and under $2.70 . . . . 3.3 5.3 3.5 3.3 1.9 .9 2.4 - 3.6 3.3 5.8 3.5 3.2 2.2 1.0 .5 2.6

$2.70 and under $2.80 . . . . 2.6 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.2 2.4 1.4 2.6 3.5 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 1.1 -

$2.80 and under $2.90 . . . . 1.3 4.8 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.1 .3 - 4.0 1.1 5.4 .9 .9 .9 1.0 - -

$2.90 and under $3.00 . . . . 1.9 2.2 1.8 1.8 2.9 3.2 2.4 - 4.2 1.4 3.0 1.3 1.3 2.1 2.3 - 1.1

$3.00 and under $3.10 . . . . 1.1 5.2 .8 .8 1.5 .4 1.9 - .4 .7 5.1 .6 _ _ _ _

$3.10 and under $3.20 . . . . 1.0 6.3 .6 .4 - - 2.7 - .3 .7 4.2 .3 - - - -

$3.20 and under $3.30 . . . . .7 2.8 .5 .4 .6 .6 2.0 - - .4 3.0 .3 - - 1.6 -

$3.30 and under $3.40 . . . . .8 6.0 .6 .6 .6 .6 - - - .7 4.6 .6 - - - -

$3.40 and under $3.50 . . . . .7 1.8 .6 .5 1.1 1.2 - - - .6 1.3 .3 1.1 1.2 - -

$3.50 and o v e r............... 2.1 5.7 2.1 1.8 .2 _ 2.0 _ 2.6 1.7 5.1 1.8 1.4 _ _ _ _

Total ............... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of w o rk e rs ......... 63,891 3,255 50,122 47,711 5,345 4,849 4,071 1,098 2,817 48,856 2,372 38,529 36,519 4,546 4,180 2,653 1,590

Average hourly earnings1 . . $2.13 $2.60 $2.12 $2.10 $2.02 $1.99 $2.15 $1.71 $2.30 $2.09 $2.56 $2.09 $2.07 $1.94 $1.92 $2.00 $2.17

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts as well as 

he value of room, board or other perquisites provided in addition to cash wages.

2 Includes data for regions other than the South.

3 For definition of South, see footnote 3, table 1.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 4. Hourly earnings distribution: By selected characteristics

(Percent distribution of nonsupervisory employees in work clothing manufacturing by straight-time hourly earnings,1 and by age, educational status, family status, and race, United States, March 1972)

Age Educational status Family status

Other family

Hourly earnings1

Number

20 45 65

Less 13 Vocational

Wife

of

member2

of Percent Under than 5-7 8 9-11 12 years

training Male Female Contrib­ Not con­ Unrelated

20

44 64 over

5 years years years years or head head

head uting to tributing individual

years more Yes No family to family

income income

All nonsupervisory workers

$1.60 or le ss ....................... 9,579 100.0 13.7 64.7 20.7 _ _ 15.0 15.6 30.5 35.7 _ 4.4 95.6 _ 16.7 59.9 _ _ 9.5

Over $1.60 and under $1.80 .. 9,771 100.0 9.8 51.8 37.0 - - 13.6 19.9 31.5 28.5 - 5.9 94.1 - 21.1 54.0 - - 10.1

$1.80 and under $ 2 .0 0 ......... 10,237 100.0 5.5 60.4 33.5 - - 10.1 19.4 25.6 39.1 - 3.0 97.0 - 15.5 59.5 - - 13.4

$2.00 and under $ 2 .2 0 .......... 11,395 100.0 6.7 63.1 29.4 - - 5.6 14.7 31.0 40.5 - 7.7 92.3 9.7 11.6 61.1 - - 7.5

$2.20 and under $ 2 .4 0 ......... 9,357 100.0 2.7 63.9 32.8 - - 7.7 14.2 33.7 35.1 - 8.4 91.6 - 16.6 59.0 - - 9.3

$2.40 and over ................... 16,369 100.0 1.7 67.3 29.8 - - 9.2 16.9 31.0 38.3 - 9.9 90.1 19.5 16.3 47.4 - - 12.0

Total ................... 66,708 100.0 6.2 62.4 30.5 1.0 - 10.0 16.8 30.5 36.6 3.8 6.9 93.1 8.6 16.2 56.0 3.5 5.3 10.4

Number of workers ............. 66,708 100.0 4,116 41,634 20,317 641 - 6,679 11,191 20,376 24,386 2,557 4,590 62,118 5,738 10,787 37,343 2,335 3,536 6,969

Average hourly earnings' .... $2.14 - $1.84 $2.17 $2.14 $2.12 ~ $2.05 $2.13 $2.14 $2.17 $2.23 $2.25 $2.13 $2.61 $2.10 $2.11 $1.97 $1.96 $2.15

White

$1.60 or le ss ....................... 8,105 100.0 13.9 60.9 24.1 _ _ 15.9 17.5 29.6 33.6 _ 3.5 96.5 _ 17.5 59.1 _ _ 10.2

Over $1.60 and under $1.80 . . 8,614 100.0 9.5 50.5 38.4 - - 15.3 22.0 29.4 27.8 - 4.8 95.2 - 19.7 55.3 - - 11.1

$1.80 and under $ 2 .0 0 .......... 9,202 100.0 6.1 56.4 36.8 - - 10.9 21.6 26.9 34.5 - 2.9 97.1 - 14.8 62.8 - - 13.1

$2.00 and under $ 2 .2 0 ......... 10,560 100.0 7.1 61.3 30.7 - - 5.5 15.8 31.3 39.4 - 8.1 91.9 - 9.7 63.6 - - -

$2.20 and under $ 2 .4 0 ......... 8,720 100.0 2.9 62.0 34.5 - - 7.8 14.7 32.8 35.5 - 6.4 93.6 - 17.1 59.1 - - -

$2.40 and over ................... 15,114 100.0 1.5 66.6 30.5 - - 9.4 18.0 31.2 38.1 - 9.4 90.6 19.6 16.1 47.9 - - 11.8

Total ................... 60,315 100.0 6.2 60.4 32.4 1.1 - 10.4 18.2 30.3 35.3 3.4 6.3 93.7 8.6 15.6 57.1 3.1 5.2 10.3

Number of workers ............. 60,315 100.0 3,744 36,416 19,514 641 - 6,284 10,982 18,301 21,305 2,032 3,803 56,512 5,186 9,439 34,441 1,848 3,165 6,236

Average hourly earnings1 .... $2.15 - $1.84 $2.19 $2.14 $2.12 - $2.05 $2.13 $2.16 $2.20 $2.25 $2.27 $2.15 $2.64 $2.11 $2.12 $1.97 $1.98 $2.14

Negro and other races

$1.60 or le ss ....................... 1,474 100.0 - 85.5 - - - - - 34.9 47.1 - - 90.7 - - 64.3 - - _

Over $1.60 and under $1.80 . . 1,157 100.0 - 62.1 - - - - - 47.4 34.1 - - 85.8 - - - - - -

$1.80 and under $ 2 .0 0 .......... 1,035 100.0 - 96.2 - - - - - 13.7 80.6 - - 96.1 - - - - - -

$2.00 and under $ 2 .2 0 ......... 835 100.0 - - - - - - - 26.9 54.0 - - 97.6 - - - - - -

$2.20 and under $ 2 .4 0 .......... 637 100.0 - - - - - - - 46.2 29.8 - - 64.1 - - - - - -

$2.40 and over ................... 1,255 100.0 - 75.9 - - - - - 28.0 41.3 - - 84.3 - - - - - -

Total ................... 6,393 100.0 - 81.6 12.6 - - - - 32.5 48.2 - - 87.7 - 21.1 45.4 - - -

Number of workers ............. 6,393 100.0 - 5,218 803 - - - - 2,075 3,081 - - 5,606 - 1,348 2,902 _ _ _

Average hourly earn ing s'........ $2.02 - “

$2.01 $2.15 - - -

$1.99 $159 -

$2.00 - $2.02 $1.96 - -

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts, as well as the 

value of room, board, or other perquisites provided in addition to cash wages.

2Other family members are divided into two groups: Those who make substantial contributions to 

family income and those who make little or no contribution.

NOTE: Dashes indicate either no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Table 5. Hourly earnings distribution: By travel time to work

(Number and percent of nonsupervisory employees in work clothing manufacturing by mode of transportation and travel time to work, and percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings1 and 

travel time to work, United States, metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, March 1972)

Item

United States Metropolitan

areas

Nonmetropolitan

areas

Number

of

workers

Percent

Number

of

workers

Percent

Number

of

workers

Percent

Total2

30

minutes

or

less

Over 30 

but

less than 

60 minutes

Total2

30

minutes

or

less

Over 30 

but

less than 

60 minutes

Total2

30

minutes

or

less

Over 30 

but

less than 

60 minutes

T o ta l............................... 66,708 100.0 88.4 11.0 12,638 100.0 84.0 14.9 54,070 100.0 89.4 10.1

Mode of transportation:

Walks or bicycles ................... 2,589 100.0 97.7 - 691 100.0 91.5 1.3 1,898 100.0 100.0 -

Uses public transportation ........ 2,430 100.0 63.7 32.6 1,892 100.0 54.4 40.9 - - - -

Rides, doesn't pay ................. 5,222 100.0 92.6 7.4 759 100.0 93.7 6.3 4,463 100.0 92.4 7.6

Is carpool passenger (pays

driver) ............................. 12,232 100.0 82.6 15.8 1,840 100.0 87.3 12.7 10,392 100.0 81.8 16.3

Drives alone or in carpool.......... 43,459 100.0 90.1 9.8 7,355 100.0 88.9 11.1 36,104 100.0 90.4 9.5

$1.60 or less ......................... 9,579 100.0 89.8 9.3 2,075 100.0 88.0 8.8 7,504 100.0 90.2 9.5

Over $1.60 and under $1.80 9,771 100.0 89.6 10.1 1,617 100.0 85.2 14.8 8,154 100.0 90.5 9.1

$1.80 and under $2.00 ........... 10,237 100.0 88.1 11.7 1,677 100.0 86.4 12.2 8,560 100.0 88.4 11.6

$2.00 and under $2.20 ........... 11,395 100.0 89.1 10.9 1,902 100.0 81.4 18.6 9,493 100.0 90.7 9.3

$2.20 and under $2.40 ........... 9,357 100.0 88.6 9.6 1,826 100.0 84.0 14.4 7,531 100.0 89.7 8.5

$2.40 and ove r....................... 16,369 100.0 86.4 13.1 3,541 100.0 81.5 18.0 12,828 100.0 87.8 11.7

Average hourly earnings1 .......... $2.14 - $2.13 $2.20 $2.17 - $2.16 $2.25 $2.13 - $2.13 $2.18

Number of workers2 ............... 66,708 100.0 58,963 7,361 12,638 100.0 10,619 1,879 54,070 100.0 48,344 5,482

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts, as well 

as the value of room, board or other perquisites provided in addition to cash wages.

2 Includes data for workers in addition to those shown separately.

NOTE: Dashes indicate either no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(Number and percent of nonsupervisory employees in work clothing manufacturing by ratio of worker's total annual wage and salary income in 1971 to the total annual income of the family spending unit1 in 

1971, United States)

Worker's total annual 

wage and salary income 

in 19711 2 and family status

Total

Ratio of worker's annual 

wage and salary income to the 

total annual income of the family 

spending unit1

Income from 

sources other 

than wages 

and salaries

Number

of

workers

Percent

Less

than

20

percent

20-39

percent

40-59

percent

60-79

percent

80-99

percent

100

percent

Yes No

All nonsupervisory workers:

Less than $1,000 ......................... 1,773 100.0 75.5 12.0 5.4 0.5 3.9 2.7 9.9 90.1

$1,000 and under $2,000 ............. 3,037 100.0 34.2 41.8 6.9 3.0 1.2 12.9 12.8 87.2

$2,000 and under $4,000 ............. 21,676 100.0 1.2 41.2 23.3 5.3 4.6 24.4 5.9 94.1

$4,000 and under $7,000 ............. 17,811 100.0 - 20.3 37.7 10.4 6.0 25.7 8.0 92.0

$7,000 and over ......................... 998 100.0 -

2.4 11.2 65.1 2.8 18.4 22.8 77.2

Total .................................. 45,295 100.0 5.8 31.0 26.9 8.3 4.9 23.2 7.7 92.3

Average annual wage and salary

income2 .............................. $3,728 $1,059 $3,344 $4,047 $4,992 $4,173 $3,998 $3,890 $3,715

Male head of family:

$4,000 and under $7,000 ............. 3,348 100.0 - 1.9 26.1 26.2 12.4 33.5 17.3 82.7

Total .................................. 4,958 100.0 - 3.9 23.1 30.7 10.2 32.2 18.5 81.5

Average annual wage and salary

income2 ............................... $5,585 - $3,779 $4,892 $6,693 $5,735 $5,196 $5,078 $5,701

Female head of family:

$2,000 and under $4,000 ............. 4,812 100.0 - 1.9 7.5 5.0 12.9 72.7 16.3 83.7

$4,000 and under $7,000 ............. 3,467 100.0 - - 10.0 9.3 5.2 75.5 13.0 87.0

Total .................................. 8,765 100.0 .3 1.4 8.5 7.4 9.3 73.1 16.5 83.5

Average annual wage and salary

income2 ............................... $3,754 $1,114 $2,504 $3,746 $3,875 $3,569 $3,802 $3,711 $3,763

Wife of head of family:

Less than $1,000 ......................... 1,649 100.0 75.9 12.2 5.8 - 4.2 1.8 10.1 89.9

$1,000 and under $2,000 ............. 2,509 100.0 39.1 48.6 6.7 .7 .8 4.1 7.2 92.8

$2,000 and under $4,000 ............. 15,285 100.0 .9 53.3 29.1 5.0 2.0 9.7 2.3 97.7

$4,000 and under $7,000 ............. 10,721 100.0 -

32.0 50.6 5.9 4.0 7.6 3.4 96.6

Total .................................. 30,222 100.0 7.8 43.0 33.6 4.8 2.7 8.0 3.6 96.4

Average annual wage and salary 

income2 .............................. $3,439 -

$985 $3,339 $3,972 $3,941 $3,774 $3,734 $3,054 $3,454

'A group of related persons living together in one household *nd pooling their incomes for major 

items of expense. Total income of the family spending unit includes such income (other than wages 

and salary) as income from self-employment, Social Security, and Welfare payments, pensions, and 

interest. Family spending units and family status as of March 1972.

2lncome from all employers in 1971 before any deductions for income taxes, Social Security tax, 

insurance, or any other purposes.

NOTE: Dashes indicate either no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. 

Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.

Table 7. Weekly hours worked

(Percent of nonsupervisory employees in work clothing manufacturing by hours worked during a specified one-week period, metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. United States and South, March 1972

Weekly hours worked

United States1 South2

Total

Metropolitan

areas

Nonmetropolitan

areas

Total

Metropolitan

areas

Nonmetropolitan

areas

All w orkers.................................... 100 100 100 100 100 100

Under 15 hours .......................................... 1 2 1 2 2 2

15 and under 35 hou rs .................................. 24 24 24 24 22 24

35 and under 40 hou rs.................................. 19 18 20 19 17 19

40 hours.................................................... 32 33 31 32 39 31

Over 40 including 44 hours ............................ 13 14 13 13 16 13

Over 44 hours.............................................. 11 9 11 10 5 11

Number of workers ............................. 66,708 12,638 54,070 50,446 6,931 43,515

Average weekly hours............................ 40 41 39 . 39 39 39

1 Includes data for regions other than the South. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.

2 For definition of South, see table 1, footnote 3.

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(Percent of nonsupervisory employees in work clothing manufacturing by method of wage payment, by race and occupation, United States and South, March 1972)

Method of wage payment1 Total

Production workers

Clerical

occupations Total

Craft,

technical, and 

kindred 

occupations

Operatives 

and kindred 

occupations

Laborers, 

custodial, 

service workers, 

and other unskilled 

occupations

Training

occupations

United States2

All workers......................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Time ............................................ 20 17 70 9 83 26 96

W hite.................................... 20 16 70 8 82 24 96

Negro and other races ............... 25 24 65 15 88 38 -

Incentive............................... ........ 80 83 30 91 17 74 4

W hite.................................... 80 84 30 92 18 76 4

Negro and other w orkers............ 75 76 35 85 12 62 -

South3

All workers......................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Time ............................................ 18 16 69 8 86 23 93

W hite.................................... 18 15 69 8 84 19 93

Negro and other races ............... 22 22 65 12 91 38 -

Incentive....................................... 82 84 31 92 14 77 7

W hite.................................... 82 85 31 92 16 81 7

Negro and other ra ce s ............... 78 78 35 88 9 62

'See Appendix B for definition of method of wage payment plans. 

2 Includes data for regions other than the South.

3 For definition of South see table 1, footnote 3.

NOTE: Dashes indicate either no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria.

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Appendix A. Regression Analysis

Conventional methods of analyzing wage variations 

using cross tabulations (simple regression) of data 

typically stop short of measuring the independent 

influence on wage levels of such factors as sex of the 

worker, size of establishment, location, and union 

contract status. The independent effect of unionization 

on earnings, for example, may be obscured somewhat by 

earnings differentials associated with larger establishments and location in metropolitan areas—two characteristics generally found more often with union establishments.

One method for isolating the independent effect on 

wages of various establishment and worker characteristics is multiple regression. By this method, the 

estimated wage differential for a given variable is 

determined independent of the influence of other survey 

variables. The variables included in table A-l are defined 

in appendix B—Scope and Method of Survey.

In the regression analysis, one category of each of the 

variables in the equation is not shown explicitly, but its 

influence is embodied in the constant term. In table A-l, 

therefore, the constant term ($2.00) is an estimate of 

straight-time average hourly earnings of what could be 

considered a typical worker in the work clothing 

manufacturing industry: A white female operative, paid 

on an incentive-wage system; age 20 to 44 with 1 to 5 

years of service with the firm and 8 to 11 years of 

education. She would be the wife of the head of the 

family, working in a nonunion, establishment employing 

250-499 workers in a nonmetropolitan area of the 

South. The coefficients of the explicit variables, shown 

in table A-l as dollars and cents, represent the differentials associated with categories of the characteristics 

which differ from the basic set embodied in the 

constant.

To determine the effects of the coefficients on 

average wage levels, substitute the values of the new 

variables for those suppressed in the constant term. For 

example, if the employee is a man, the estimated average 

hourly earnings are higher by 22 cents, or $2.22 if other 

things are held constant. Further, if this male employee 

is in a union establishment located in a metropolitan 

area, an additional 46 cents is added to the constant 

term—22 cents because the worker is a man, 19 cents 

because he is in a union firm, and 5 cents because the 

firm is located in a metropolitan area. Thus included, the 

average hourly earnings would be raised to $2.46.

Wage differences found by simple cross-tabulation 

can be labled gross differentials, and those isolated by 

regression techniques, net differentials. As illustrated in 

table A-2, net differentials are generally smaller than 

gross differentials. The smaller size of net wage differentials is to be expected, because of the aforementioned 

tendency for characteristics associated with higher 

wages, such as unionization and metropolitan location to 

be found in combination. Regression techniques, thus, 

permit a more precise measurement of the impact of 

individual factors on the relative wage structure of an 

industry.

It should be emphasized that the regression analysis is 

not sufficiently complete to say with certainty that we 

have measured the truly independent impact on wage 

levels of particular employee and establishment characteristics. As table A-l shows, the regression analysis left 

unexplained about 75 percent ©f the variation in average 

earnings levels. (See coefficient of determination, R2.) 

This means that other factors, beyond the scope of the 

survey, undoubtedly influenced the estimates. However, 

by holding constant those characteristics within the 

survey scope, a definite improvement in the estimates 

for specified characteristics was obtained.

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Table A-1. Regression analysis of average hourly earnings for all nonsupervisory workers, work clothing manufacturing, United States, March 1972

Variable

C on stan t.....................................

Union establishment ....................

Establishment size:

Under 250 em ployees..........

500 employees or m o re ........

Metropolitan a r e a .........................

Occupational group:

Craft workers ....................

Laborers, etc........................

Trainees.............................

Clerical..............................

Time-rated wage syste m ................

Length of service with establishment:

Less than 1 y e a r ................

5-10 y ears.........................

Over 10 years ..................

M a le .........................................

Negro or other ra c e ....................

All

nonsupervisory

workers

Variable i

All

workers

$2.00

(.05)

.19

( .02)

Age group:

Under 20 years

Over 44 years

-.18

(-.05)

-.10

(-.03)

.01

(.02)

.01

(.03)

.05

(.03)

Years of school completed:

Less than 8 years . .

12 years or more . .

Single em ployee............

.20

(.05)

-.15

(-.05)

-.21

(-.08)

Position in family spending unit:

Head .................................

Other than head or wife of head

Male-head (interaction)........

.21

(.06)

-.08

(-.04)

-.14

(-.03)

.14

(.03)

.12

(.03)

.22

(.07)

-.08

Non-South

Statistical information:

Coefficient of determination (R2) ..........

Standard error of estimate

Mean earnings (Y) ........

Number of workers (N) . .

| (-.04)

-.1 1

(-.03)

.04

(.02)

.01

(.03)

-.02

(-.03)

-.10

(-.04)

.29

(.08)

.16

(.03)

.25

$.44

$2.14

1971

N O T E : Num bers in parentheses are standard errors. Since

the regression coefficients are based on a sam ple, they m ay differ

from the figures that w ould have been obtained fro m a com plete

census of the industry. Chances are about 2 out of 3 that an

estimate from the sam ple w ould differ from those in a total

census-derived value by less than the standard error, and about

19 out of 20 that the difference w ould be less than tw ice the

standard error. Y is the mean of the earnings (dependent)

variable weighted b y nonsupervisory w orkers. N is the num ber of

w orkers in the sam ple, w hich, when appropriately weighted,

represents the 66,708 nonsupervisory w orkers estimated to be in

the industry at the tim e of the survey.

Table A-2. Earnings differentials by selected establishment and employee characteristics, work clothing manufacturing, United States, March 1972

Characteristics

All

nonsupervisory

workers

Characteristics

All

nonsupervisory

workers

Union to nonunion:

Gross differential................................. $0.26

Whites to Negro and other:

Gross differential............................... $0.13

Net differential ................................... .19 Net differential ............................... .08

Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan:

Gross differential................................. .04

Craft workers to operatives:

Gross differential .49

Net differential ................................... .05 Net differential .20

Males to females:

Gross differential.................................

Net differential ...................................

.38

.22

N O T E : Gross differentials were derived fro m sim ple cross-tabulations; net differentials fro m m ultiple regression analysis.

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Appendix B. Scope and Method of Survey and Definition of Terms

Scope of survey

This survey of employee earnings and socioeconomic 

characteristics in work clothing manufacturing was 

conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics at the 

request of the Labor Department’s Employment Standards Administration. The study was primarily designed 

to test and refine data collection techniques for use in 

possible future studies of employee job and demographic 

characteristics, and was, in this sense, a pilot survey.

The survey covered all establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing men’s, youths’, and boys’ work 

shirts, pants, and other work clothing and washable 

service apparel (industry 2328, as defined in the 1967 

Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by 

the U.S. Office of Management and Budget). Separate 

auxiliary units, such as central offices, were excluded.

Sample design and method of estimation

The survey was conducted on a sample basis. The 

establishments studied were selected from those classified in industry 2328 at the time of reference of the data 

used in compiling the universe lists. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of 

large than of small establishments was studied. In 

combining the data, however, all establishments were 

given their appropriate weight. All estimates, therefore, 

relate to all establishments in the industry.

The number of establishments studied by the Bureau 

of Labor Statistics as well as the number of establishments and employees estimated to have been within 

scope of the survey during the payroll period studied are 

shown in table B-l.

Method of collection

Data were obtained by personal visits of BLS field 

staff under the direction of the Bureau’s Regional 

Offices. Data relating to such survey items as an 

employee’s job category, straight-time hourly rate of 

pay, and annual wage and salary income from the 

establishment were available, for the most part, from 

establishment records. Information concerning such 

items as race, age, educational attainment, position and 

wage earner status in the family were obtained by 

interviewing individual workers, almost always at the 

plant site, but in some instances, by visits or telephone

Table B-1. Estimated number of establishments and employees within scope of survey and number of establishments studied, work clothing manufacturing, March 1972

Location

Number of

establishments1 Workers within scope of survey

Within

scope

of

survey

Studied Total2

Nonsupervisory workers

Total

Production workers

Clerical

occupations T ota I

Craftsmen,

technical,

and

kind red

occupations

Operatives

and

kindred

occupations

Laborers,

custodial,

service

workers,

and other

unskilled

occupations

T raining

occupations

United States . .

South3 ...........

365 102 71,485 66,708 63,891 3,255 55,467 4,071 1,098 2,817

233 73 53,839 50,446 48,856 2,372 43,075 2,653 756 1,590

1 Includes all establishm ents in the industry, regardless of

e m p lo ym en t size.

2 Includes executive, adm inistrative, professional, and other

w orkers excluded from the nonsupervisory w orker categories

show n separately.

3 Consists of Alabam a, A rkansas, Delaware, District of

Colu m bia, Florida, Georgia, K en tu cky, Louisiana, M aryland,

M ississippi, North Carolina, O klah om a, So u th Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West V irginia.

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calls to employee residences.

To conserve time and money in obtaining the detailed 

demographic information through employee interviews, 

data were obtained for a sample of the nonsupervisory 

employees in each assigned establishment. The sampling 

ratios, listed below, were based on the establishment’s 

total employment. Executive, administrative, professional, supervisory personnel and outside sales workers, 

however, were eliminated from the listing prior to 

sampling.

Establishment's Sampling

total employment ratio

Under 50 1 of 2 workers

50-74 1 of 3 workers

75-99 1 of 4 workers

100-174 1 of 6 workers

175-249 1 of 10 workers

250-374 1 of 14 workers

375-499 1 of 20 workers

500-749 1 of 27 workers

750-999 1 of 37 workers

1,000 and over 1 of 50 workers

Employment

The estimates of the number of workers within scope 

of the study are intended as a general guide to the size 

and composition of the labor force included in the 

survey, rather than a precise measure of employment. 

The advance planning necessary to make a wage survey 

requires the use of lists of establishments assembled 

considerably in advance of the payroll period studied. 

Thus, establishments new to the industry are omitted, as 

are establishments originally classified in the work 

clothing industry, but found to be in other industries at 

the time of the survey. Largely due to these reasons, the 

employment estimates in this survey differ from those 

published in the Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly 

series.

Definition of terms

South. Consists of Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, 

South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West 

Virginia.

Non-South. Consists of all other States except Alaska 

and Hawaii, which were not included in the survey.

Metropolitan Areas. Refers to Standard Metropolitan 

Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of 

Management and Budget through January 1968.

Establishment. An establishment, for purposes of this 

study, is defined as a single physical location where 

industrial operations are performed. An establishment is 

not necessarily identical with a company, which may 

consist of one establishment or more.

Nonsupervisory employees. The term “nonsupervisory 

employees,” as used in this report, includes working 

supervisors and all nonsupervisory production and office 

employees. (Working supervisors are those spending 20 

percent or more of their time performing functions 

similar to those under their supervision.) Excluded from 

the nonsupervisory category were executive, administrative, professional, supervisory personnel, and outside 

salesworkers.

All nonsupervisory employees were further classified 

into one of five occupational categories:

1. Craft, technical, and kindred occupations. Includes

craft, technical, and manual occupations that

require a thorough and comprehensive knowledge

o f processes involved in the work, considerable

independent judgm ent, frequently a high degree of

manual dexterity, and in some instances, extensive

responsibility for valuable product and equipm ent.

Occupations in this category usually require an

apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience, with training periods usually o f 6 m onths’

duration or more. Typical occupations include

skilled maintenance trades, cutters, and markers.

Excludes learners, trainees, and apprentices.

2. Operatives and kindred occupations. Includes

manual occupations characterized by a com bination o f the follow ing: Exercise o f manual ability

limited to a fairly well defined work routine:

major reliance on vigilance and alertness, rather

than on worker’s judgm ent or dexterity Judgm ent

limited by either narrow task situations or by

having others make im portant decisions. Proficiency in these occupations normally requires

periods o f on-the-job training usually more than a

few weeks in duration, but rarely exceeding 3

m onths. The duration of training periods may vary

by occupation and for individuals within the same

occupation. Typical occupations include sewing

machine operators, pressers, and underpressers,

assemblers, garment folders, and garment repairers.

Learners and trainees were excluded.

3. Laborers, custodial, service workers, and other

unskilled occupations. Includes occupations that

may be learned within short periods o f tim e and

require little or no independent judgm ent. T y p ically these occupations do not require previous

experience in the field o f work and may be learned

within a few weeks. The occupations vary from

those involving a minimum of physical exertion to

those requiring heavy physical work, w ith little

expectation of further advancement. Typical jobs

include material handling and other laborers,

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janitors and cleaners, work distributors, bundlers,

and food service workers.

4 . Training occupations. Includes occupations involved in preparing apprentices, learners, and other

trainees for higher level occupations.

5. Clerical occupations. Includes non supervisory

occupations involved in clerical and related functions o f the establishm ent, such as payroll, accounting, finance, and personnel. Both office and

plant clerical occupations were included.

The classifications above include all regularly employed 

workers, even though their regular hours of work may 

have been less than others performing the same type of 

work.

Earnings. The earnings information relates to straighttime hourly earnings, excluding extra payments for work 

on late shifts, premium pay for overtime and for work 

on weekends and holidays, as well as the value of room, 

board or other perquisites provided in addition to cash 

wages. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from 

piecework or production bonus systems and cost-ofliving bonuses, were included as part of the workers’ 

regular pay; but nonproduction bonus payments, such as 

Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded.

Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings of employees 

were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly 

earnings) by the number of employees receiving the rate, 

totaling, and dividing by the number of individuals. The 

hourly earnings of salaried employees were obtained by 

dividing their straight-time salary by the normal hours 

corresponding to the salary.

Annual wage and salary income. Includes all wages and 

salaries, commissions, tips, cash bonuses, etc., before 

deductions for income taxes, Social Security, health or 

life insurance, retirement, bonds, union dues, or any 

other deductions.

Income other than wages and salaries. Includes income 

such as earnings from self-employment (net income from 

farms, businesses, or professional practices), Social Security and welfare payments, railroad retirement, pensions,

veterans’ payments, unemployment and worker’s compensation, interest, dividends, rents, annuities, royalties, 

alimony and child support, or cash gifts from friends or 

relatives.

Family spending unit. For purposes of this survey, the 

term “family spending unit” is defined as a group of 

related persons living together in one household and 

pooling their incomes for major items of expense. They 

may be related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

Position in the family spending unit. For purposes of 

this survey, the head of the family is that person 

recognized as head by other family members. Such 

persons are usually the chief earners, but may not always 

be. Separate identification was provided for family 

members, other than the head or wife of head who make 

substantial contributions to family income (considered 

part of the family spending unit); and for members 

making little or no contribution, e.g., a nondependent 

son or daughter who contributes only enough to cover 

the reasonable cost of room and board (not considered 

part of the family spending unit). Unrelated individuals 

refers to single persons not living with a family, 

including persons who were never married, as well as 

those widowed, divorced, or separated. “ Separated” 

does not include couples living apart because the spouse 

is in the Armed Forces, works in another city, or for 

similar reasons.

Wage earner status in family spending unit. The 

“primary” wage earner is defined as the one who 

contributes more to family income than any other 

member of the family.

Weekly hours o f work. Data relate to the number of 

hours actually worked during a week of the payroll 

period studied, but include hours for sick leave, vacations, holidays, etc., paid for but not worked.

Collective bargaining agreements. Establishments were 

classified as to whether (1) A majority of their nonsupervisory workers were covered by labor-management contracts, and (2) none or a minority of such workers were 

covered by labor-management contracts.

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Industry Wage Studies

The most recent reports for industries included in the 

Bureau’s program of industry wage surveys since January 

1960 are listed below. Copies are available from the 

Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402, or from any of its

regional sales offices, and from the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or from any of its 

regional offices shown on the inside back cover. Prices of 

Government publications are subject to change without 

notice.

I. Occupational Wage Studies

Manufacturing

Price

Basic Iron and Steel, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1602 .................................................................................................... 1

Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1732 ................................................................. $0.75

Cigar Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1796 ................................................................................ .................... .65

Cigarette Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1748 ............................................................................................ .60

Fabricated Structural Steel, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1695 . . . .

Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1763 ................

Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1803

Fluid Milk Industry, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1464 ........................

Footwear, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1792 ........................................

Hosiery, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1743 ............................................

Industrial Chemicals, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1768 .................................................................................................... .90

Iron and Steel Foundries, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1626 ............................................................................................ 1

Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1618 ................................................................................ .95

Machinery Manufacturing, 1970-71. BLS Bulletin 1754 ................................................................................ 1

Meat Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1677 ............................................................................................................. 1.50

Men’s and Boys’ Separate Trousers, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1752 . ..................................................................... 1.00

Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Nightwear, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1794 ................................ 1.15

Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1716 ............................................................................ 1.30

Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1690 ................................................................................ 1.00

Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1679 ............................................................................................ 1.25

Nonferrous Foundries, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1726 ................................................................................................ .90

Paints and Varnishes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1739 ................................................................................................ 1.00

Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 9 ............................................................................ 1.80

Petroleum Refining, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1 7 4 1 .................................................................................................... .85

Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1713 ..................................................................... .85

Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1608 ............................................................................. 1

Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1694 ........................................................................ .90

Structural Clay Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1697 ............................................................................................ 1.05

Synthetic Fibers, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1740 ........................................................................................................ .70

Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1757 ..................................................................................... 1.15

Textiles, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1 8 0 1 ......................................................................................................................... 1.55

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I. Occupational Wage Studies—Continued

Manufacturing- Continued

Price

West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1704 ................................................................................................. $0.75

Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1728 ......................................................................... .65

Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1783 ..................................................................................... 1

Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1793 ..................................................... .90

Nonmanufacturing

Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1689 ........................................

Banking, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1703 ........................................................................

Bituminous Coal Mining, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1583 .............................................

Communications, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1828 ........................................................

Contract Cleaning Services, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1778 ........................................

Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1797 . . .

Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 1968—69. BLS Bulletin 1671 

Electric and Gas Utilities, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1 6 1 4 ............................................

.85

1.05

1.25

.55

.85

.55

.85

1.15

Hospitals, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1829 ..................................................................................................................... 1.30

Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1645 ................................................................................. 1

Life Insurance, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1791 ............................................................................................................. .85

Metal Mining, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1820 ............................................................................................................................ 70

Motion Picture Theaters, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1542 ............................................................................................. 1

Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1967—68. BLS Bulletin 1638 ............................................................. 1.20

Scheduled Airlines, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1734 ..................................................................................................... .75

Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 2 ................................................................ .95

II. Other Industry Wage Studies

Employee Earnings and Hours in Nonmetropolitan Area of the South and North Central Regions,

1965. BLS Bulletin 1552 .........................................................................................................................

Employee Earnings and Hours in Eight Metropolitan Areas of the South, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1533 . . .

Employee Earnings and Hours in Retail Trade, June 1966-

Retail Trade (Overall Summary). BLS Bulletin 1584 ................................................................................. 1

Building Materials, Hardware, and Farm Equipment Dealers. BLS Bulletin 1584-1 ............................ .85

General Merchandise Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-2 ..................................................................................... 1

Food Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-3 ............................................................................................................. 1

Automotive Dealers and Gasoline Service Stations, BLS Bulletin 1584-4 ............................................ 1

Apparel and Accessory Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-5 ................................................................................ 1

Furniture, Home Furnishings, and Household Appliance Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-6 ........................ 1

Miscellaneous Retail Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-7 .................................................................................... 1.05

1 Bulletin out of stock; copies are generally available for reference purposes at leading public, college, or university libraries, or in

the Bureau’s regional offices.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

REGIONAL OFFICES

Region I

1603 JFK Federal Building 

Government Center 

Boston, Mass. 02203 

Phone: 223-6762 (Area Code 617)

Region II

Suite 3400

1515 Broadway

New York, N.Y. 10036

Phone: 971-5405 (Area Code 212)

Region III

P.O. Box 13309

Philadelphia, Pa. 19101

Phone: 597-1154 (Area Code 215)

Region IV

Suite 540

1371 Peachtree St., NE.

Atlanta, Ga. 30309

Phone: 526-5418 (Area Code 404)

Region V

9th Floor, 230 South Dearborn St.

Chicago, III. 6 0 6 0 4

Phone: 353-1880 (Area Code 312)

Region VI

1100 Commerce St., Rm. 6B7

Dallas, Tex. 75202

Phone: 749-3516 (Area Code 214)

Region* VII and VIII *

Federal Office Building 

911 Walnut St., 15th Floor 

Kansas City, Mo. 64106 

Phone: 374-2481 (Area Code 816)

Regions IX and X **

450 Golden Gate Ave.

Box 36017

San Francisco, Calif. 94102 

Phone: 556-4678 (Area Code 415)

Regions VII and VIII are serviced by Kansas City 

Regions IX and X are serviced by San Francisco

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis