Bulletin 1518

UNffft|UB®f| COST in manufacturing

TRENDS IN NINE COUNTRIES, 1950-65

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Arthur M. Ross, Commissioner

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UNIT LABOR COST IN MANUFACTURING

TRENDS IN NINE COUNTRIES, 1950-65

Bulletin No. 1518

June 1966

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Arthur M. Ross, Commissioner

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Preface

Changes in unit labor cost in manufacturing in the principal industrial 

nations of the free world are an important factor in changes in the 

balance of trade and the balance of payments. They are also useful in 

comparing wage and price stability at home and abroad.

This bulletin presents units labor cost indexes, the underlying statistical data from which the indexes are constructed, and related estimates of hourly labor cost and output per man-hour in nine countries for 

the period 1950-65. It also presents certain conclusions drawn from the 

data and describes the procedures and limitations involved in making the 

estimates.

The bulletin was prepared in the Bureau’s Office of Foreign Labor 

and Trade by John H. Chandler, Chief, Branch of International Comparisons, and Patrick C. Jackman, Economist, under the general direction 

of William C. Shelton, Assistant Commissioner for the Office.

in

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Contents

Page

Introduction _________________________________________________________ 1

Long-term trends ____________________________________________________ 2

Exchange revaluations_____________________ __________________________ 5

Growth in manufacturing____________________________________________ 5

Hourly labor co st_____________________________________________________ 8

Output per man-hour_________________________________________________ 9

Further research_____________________________________________________ 10

Methods and sources__________________________________________________ 10

United States________________________________________________________ 12

Canada_______________________________________________________________ 13

France _______________________________________________________________ 14

Federal Republic of Germany_________________________________________ 15

Ita ly _________________________________________________________________ 15

Japan________________________________________________________________ 16

Netherlands _________________________________________________________ 17

Sweden_______________________________________________________________ 17

United Kingdom _____________________________________________________ 18

Selected bibliography_________________________________________________ 32

Text tables:

1. Indexes of unit labor cost in manufacturing for nine countries,

1950-65 ___________________________________________________ 4

2. Percent change in manufacturing production, aggregate labor

compensation, and unit labor cost in nine countries, annual 

averages, 1950-57 and 1957-64 _____________________________ 5

3. Indexes of average hourly labor cost of wage and salary earners

in manufacturing in nine countries, 1950-64 ______ 9

4. Indexes of output per man-hour in manufacturing in nine countries, 1950-64 _____________________________________________ 10

Appendix tables:

IA. United States. Basic data on production, labor compensation,

employment, and hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64__ 19

IB. United States. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per manhour, and average hourly compensation in manufacturing,

and related indexes, 1950-64 ______________________________ 20

2A. Canada. Basic data on production, labor compensation, employment, and hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ 21

2B. Canada. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man-hour, and

average hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ 22

2C. Canada. Revised indexes of production, unit labor cost, and

output per man-hour in manufacturing, 1950-64___________ 22

3A. France. Basic data on production, labor compensation, employment, and hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ 23

3B. France. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man-hour, and

average hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ 23

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Contents— Continued

Appendix tables— Continued

Page

4A. Germany (F.R.). Basic data on production, labor compensation, employment, and hours of work in manufacturing,

1950-64 __________________________________________________ 24

4B. Germany (F.R.). Indexes of unit labor cost, output per manhour, and average hourly compensation in manufacturing,

1950-64 __________________________________________________ 25

5A. Italy. Basic data on production, labor compensation, and

hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64 ___________ _____ 26

5B. Italy. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man-hour, and

average hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ 26

6A. Japan. Basic data on production, labor compensation, employment, and hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ 27

6B. Japan. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man-hour, and

average hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ 27

7A. Netherlands. Basic data on production, labor compensation,

employment, and hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64 — 28

7B. Netherlands. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man-hour, 

and average hourly compensation in manufacturing,

1950-64 __________________________________________________ 28

8A. Sweden. Basic data on production, labor compensation, employment, and hours of work in manufacturing and mining,

1950-64 __________________________________________________ 29

8B. Sweden. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man-hour, and 

average hourly compensation in manufacturing and mining.

1950-64 _________________________________________________ 29

9A. United Kingdom. Basic data on production, labor compensation, employment, and hours of work in manufacturing,

1950-64 __________________________________________________ 30

9B. United Kingdom. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per manhour, and average hourly compensation in manufacturing,

1950-64 __________________________________________________ 31

Charts:

1. Percentage changes in unit labor cost in manufacturing:

1950-57; 1957-64 __________________________________________ 3

2. Indexes of unit labor cost in nine countries, 1950-65 _____________ 6

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Unit Labor Cost in Manufacturing

TRENDS IN NINE COUNTRIES, 1 9 5 0 -6 5

N ote: All United States national accounts data in this bulletin are 

taken from estimates published by the U.S. Department of Commerce 

prior to the major revisions in benchmark levels currently being completed. Because of anticipated changes in benchmark estimates and the 

reworking of constant-value output estimates in terms of 1958 dollars 

instead of 1954 dollars, the indexes of U.S. labor cost and productivity 

presented here may require changes when the national accounts revisions 

are completed.

Introduction

For many years the United States has continued its effort to balance its international 

transactions while carrying out major commitments at home and abroad. Since the foreign 

trade account is by far the principal source of 

surplus in the U.S. balance of payments, trade 

occupies a crucial position in this effort. Hence, 

considerable importance attaches to the many 

factors affecting trade, including labor cost 

and other production costs at home and 

abroad.1

Compensation of labor is the principal cost 

factor in manufacturing as a whole (though 

not necessarily for individual industries) 

throughout the industrialized nations of the 

world. In the U.S. manufacturing sector, for 

example, employee compensation amounted to 

68 percent of gross product originating in 

1963; and for other industrial countries also, 

labor is the dominant input cost, although not 

necessarily as dominant as in this country. The 

purpose of this study is to examine trends in 

the relationship between industrial output and 

the cost of labor input for the principal industrial countries of the free world.

Unit labor cost is the ratio of labor expenditure to production. In this bulletin, labor expenditure includes all payments to labor, consisting of wages and other direct payments and 

legally required and voluntary supplements 

paid to employees or into special employee

benefit funds. Production, as used in this 

study, refers to the total physical output of the 

manufacturing sector. An index of unit labor 

cost may be calculated from indexes of labor 

expenditure and production rather than from 

volume figures of expenditure and production. 

The technical problems of defining and measuring unit labor cost have been described in the 

Monthly Labor Review.1 2

The nine countries covered in the present 

study are the United States, Canada, France, 

Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, the 

Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The time period covered by the indexes is 

from 1950 through 1965. Published information and estimates on labor compensation, 

hours of work, production, and labor productivity have been included in the text or appendix materials.

The indexes of unit labor cost show the 

trends for all manufacturing within each 

country. However, the trends for specific 

manufacturing industries may diverge from 

these overall trends, and absolute unit labor 

cost in one country may be quite different from 

that of another country at any one point in 

time.

1See article by William C. Shelton and John H. Chandler, “ The 

Role of Labor Cost in Foreign Trade,” Monthly Labor Review, 

May 1963, pp. 485-490.

2 See article by William C. Shelton and John H. Chandler, “ International Comparisons of Unit Labor Cost: Concepts and Methods,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1963, pp. 538-547.

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Long-Term Trends

From the standpoint of labor cost per unit of 

output, American manufacturers in the mid1960’s have achieved a better competitive 

position relative to foreign producers than they 

held in the late 1950's. This conclusion emerges 

clearly from an inspection of the time series 

indexes in all nine countries, taking account of 

changes in the exchange rates in four of the 

countries. For analytical purposes, the 14 years 

following 1950 may be divided into two contrasting periods of 7 years each, although 

other breaks could be used.

1950 to 1957. From 1950 to 1957, all nine 

countries underwent substantial inflationary 

pressures, varying in degree, but generally 

sufficient to buoy unit labor costs markedly upward. During this early period, the Korean 

conflict and the Suez incident interfered with 

the attempts being made in many of the countries to overcome domestic shortages, regain 

pre-World War II markets, and develop new 

markets. Nevertheless, rationing and price controls were greatly reduced, and the return to 

free market conditions increased export competition. Great progress was made toward liberalizing trade and reducing tariffs, but numerous trade restrictions and exchange controls 

remained in effect in 1957. These restrictions 

and controls were particularly important in 

transactions affecting the dollar zone.

From 1950 to 1957, unit labor cost in the 

United States rose about the same as the average in the other countries.3 As shown by the 

all-employee changes in chart 1, at the end of 

the period this country occupied a middle position between Japan's decrease at the lower extreme and Sweden's 67-percent increase. 

France's doubling of all-employee cost far outstripped rises in the other nations.

Estimates of unit labor cost trends for wage 

earners in foreign countries and production 

workers in the United States 4 display slightly 

less change during 1950-57 than do the corresponding all-employee estimates. This differential movement is attributable largely to a tendency in each country for manufacturing 

industries to increase the proportion of managerial, technical, and clerical personnel to production workers, though differential changes in 

compensation had some effect.

1957 to 1965. After 1957, the international 

competition faced by U.S. manufacturers increased sharply for reasons other than cost. 

Domestic markets in many European countries 

and Japan were becoming saturated, reducing 

the propensity to import and encouraging producers to export. These countries found that 

they could match American competition in 

more and more markets, so they reduced restrictions on imports from the dollar zone and 

restored currency convertibility. The two devaluations of the French franc strengthened 

France's competitive position and permitted 

her to take a leading role in this movement.

Imports of manufactured goods into the 

United States, which had been very small relative to U.S. manufacturing output for almost 2 

decades, increased sharply after 1957. At the 

same time, the U.S. Government, which had 

been concerned about the surplus in the balance of payments between 1946 and 1950, became concerned about the deficit. Under these 

circumstances, changes in relative unit labor 

cost in manufacturing among countries became 

highly important to the balance of payments 

problem.

The trends from 1957 to 1965 show a great 

improvement in the unit labor cost position of

3 Two series of unit labor cost indexes have been constructed for 

the United States. As mentioned later, series based on national 

accounts (Series B for the United States) are preferred for international comparisons of unit labor cost trends for all manufacturing. These data are also preferred for the analysis of unit labor 

cost trends in manufacturing in the United States. Four of the 

countries covered in this article, however (Canada, Japan, the 

Netherlands, and Sweden), do not now publish adequate current 

data on the deflated value of the gross national product originating 

in manufacturing. For these countries, quantity indexes of industrial production have been used. For methodological comparability 

with these countries for which quantity indexes are used, a U.S. 

series based on the Federal Reserve index of manufacturing production (Series A) is included in this bulletin. From 1950 to 1957, 

Series B shows a 32-percent rise in unit labor cost, while Series A 

shows a 26-percent rise.

4 The data actually pertain to “ production and related workers” 

in the United States and “ wage earners” in four European countries. Although the two terms have somewhat similar meanings, 

there are important differences. Production workers in the United 

States include workers and working foremen engaged in production 

or closely associated operations. They exclude executive, professional, technical, supervisory, clerical, sales, delivery, personnel (including cafeteria), major construction, and other nonproduction employees. In Europe the practices vary, but the term “ wage earners” 

ordinarily refers to those who are paid by the hour, or perform 

manual work, irrespective of whether their work is closely associated with production.

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C h a r t 1. P e r c e n ta g e C h a n g e s in U n it La bor C ost in M a n u f a c t u r in g

(N o t a d ju s te d fo r c h a n g e s in fo re ig n e x c h a n g e rate s)

1950-57 1957-64

PERCENT

-30-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

i------ 1------r

JAPAN

-----,------ ,------,------ ,------ 1-------j------ j------ 1------ 1-------1

All employees

GERMANY

(Federal Republic)

UNITED STATES

(Series A)

UNITED STATES

(Series B)

CANADA

NETHERLANDS

UNITED

KINGDOM

SWEDEN

FRANCE

ITALY

GERMANY

(Federal Republic)

UNITED STATES

(Series A)

UNITED STATES

(Series B)

UNITED

KINGDOM

SWEDEN

I_____ I_____L_

Wage earners or

production workers

:

i i i i____ i i j ___ L_

PERCENT

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

i----1---1—

UNITED STATES

(Series A)

UNITED STATES

(Series B)

CANADA

JAPAN

SWEDEN

UNITED

KINGDOM

GERMANY

(Federal Republic)

NETHERLANDS

l

]

FRANCE

UNITED ■

STATES ■

(Series A) ®

UNITED STATES

(Series B)

SWEDEN

UNITED

KINGDOM

ITALY

GERMANY

(Federal Republic)

1 -----1-----1---- 1-----1-----1-----1---- 1-----1

All employees

Wage earners or

production workers

i i____i____i___ L_

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the United States relative to its trading 

partners. For the nine countries as a whole, 

cost increases since 1957 have been more moderate than during 1950-57. All of the countries 

with the fastest rates of increase in the earlier 

period managed to reduce the rate of increase, 

while only Italy, Japan, and Germany showed 

greater increases than in the initial 7 years. As 

these trends developed, the United States and 

Canada came close to achieving unit labor cost 

stability.

For the 1957-64 period, as during 1950-57, 

the tendency for all-employee cost to increase 

at a faster pace than wage-earner and production-worker cost can be observed in the trends 

shown in chart 1. The year-to-year indexes are 

presented in table 1, with 1957 serving as the 

base year for all series. The trends are illustrated in a series of graphs on chart 2.

Over the 7-year period, there were movements which may represent a short-term cycle, 

probably related to the business cycle. In the 3 

years from 1957 to 1960, unit labor cost for 

most countries was rather stable. This was followed by a 3-year period of considerable cost 

inflation in many of the countries. From 1963 

to 1964, there was some return to stability; only France, the Netherlands, and Italy showed 

significant advances.

A distribution of the nine countries by percent increase in unit labor cost for the whole 

period 1950-64 shows that unit labor cost in 

France and Sweden increased the most, followed by increases in the Netherlands, the 

United Kingdom, and Germany. The increases 

were moderate in the United States and Canada (2 to 3 percent per year), while Japan and 

Italy showed the least increase.

Preliminary data for 1965 show a continuation of the unit labor cost trends of the previous 7 years; that is, no change in the United 

States, slight increases in Canada and the 

United Kingdom, and greater increases elsewhere. The 1965 estimates are highly tentative, 

however, because many are based on available 

indicators (of production, employment, and 

earnings), which are often changed significantly as more complete data become available.

Table 1. Indexes of Unit Labor Cost in Manufacturing for Nine Countries, 1950-65

[1957—1003

Country 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 19651

N a t i o n a l C u r r e n c y B a s is

All employees:

United States:

Series A 2_____________ 80 87 91 93 95 92 96 100 103 101 101 101 101 100 99 98

Series B *_ _ ______ 76 82 86 90 92 90 97 100 102 102 106 106 104 105 105 (4)

Canada___________________ 77 84 90 92 94 91 93 100 101 101 104 103 102 103 103 105

France......................... ......... 50 67 76 80 82 87 92 100 110 112 115 123 131 140 148 (154)

Germany (F.R.)___________ 86 96 93 92 91 91 98 100 104 102 105 112 119 123 123 (128)

Japan_____________________ 109 107 113 102 105 106 106 100 106 100 98 100 108 113 111 (118)

Netherlands----------------------- 72 78 81 78 81 85 92 100 103 98 100 108 111 119 126 (132)

Sweden 6 _________________ 60 69 83 85 89 92 97 100 102 101 102 106 110 112 110 (4)

United Kingdom__________ 69 74 83 84 85 88 96 100 105 104 105 113 117 116 117 (119)

Production workers: 

United States:

Series A 2 ------------------ 87 95 97 98 97 95 98 100 100 98 98 95 95 95 94 95

Series B *_____________ 83 89 92 95 94 92 98 100 100 99 102 100 99 100 100 (4)

Wage earners:

Germany (F.R.)----------------- 88 99 96 93 92 93 99 100 103 100 103 108 111 116 116 (4)

Italy------------------ -------------- 109 107 111 106 102 100 101 100 98 91 91 92 99 109 114 (4)

Sweden 6__________________ 62 72 86 86 91 94 97 100 100 98 98 100 102 103 101 (4)

United Kingdom---------------- 70 75 83 85 86 90 97 100 103 102 103 109 111 109 110 (4)

U.S. D o l l a r B a s is 6

All employees:

Canada___________________ 68 76 88 90 92 88 91 100 100 100 103 97 92 91 91 94

France____________________ 54 72 82 86 88 94 99 100 90 86 89 94 101 107 114 (119)

Germany _ _______________ 86 96 93 92 91 91 98 100 104 102 105 116 125 129 129 (135)

Netherlands_______________ 72 78 81 78 81 85 92 100 103 98 100 113 118 126 134 (139)

Wage earners:

Germany (F.R.)___________ 88 99 96 93 92 93 99 100 103 100 103 112 117 122 122 (4)

1 Preliminary. Figures in parentheses are estimates based on 

sources of current production, wage, and employment data that 

differ from the sources used for earlier years.

2 Based on Federal Reserve Board index of manufacturing production.

8 Based on estimates of deflated gross national product originating 

in manufacturing.

4 Not available.

5 Manufacturing and mining.

6 Adjusted for changes in the official or commercial exchange 

rate. Until 1961, the Canadian dollar had no par value and was 

allowed to fluctuate freely in international exchange markets. Adjustments for France are based upon changes that occurred in 1957 

and 1958. Adjustments for Germany and the Netherlands are based 

upon changes in par value that occurred in March 1961.

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Exchange Revaluations

In relating changes in unit labor cost to international commercial competition, it is necessary to take account of changes in international exchange rates. France executed sizable 

devaluations in 1957 and 1958; Germany and 

the Netherlands revalued their currencies upward by 5 percent in 1961; and Canada set an 

official exchange rate in 1961 which was 

significantly below the value that had prevailed 

under the fluctuating exchange system previously operating. Adjustments have been 

made in the unit labor cost calculations for 

these four countries to reflect changes in the 

commercial exchange rate or par value of their 

currencies. The adjusted figures are shown in 

table 1 and chart 2. Where revaluations occurred during the middle of a calendar year, 

the old and new rates have been prorated into 

an average rate for the year without allowance 

for any time lag. No adjustments have been 

made for fluctuations in currency values within the limits of 0.75 percent on either side of 

the par value, generally permitted under International Monetary Fund trading regulations.

The effects of currency valuation adjustments can be seen clearly in the Canadian experience. When Canadian 1964 unit labor cost 

is measured in U.S. dollars—that is, adjusted 

for the exchange devaluation— it is 9 percent 

below the 1957 level, but it runs 3 percent 

above the 1957 level when measured in Canadian dollars. For France, after taking account 

of currency devaluations, unit labor cost increased by only 14 percent since 1957, as compared to a 48-percent increase when measured 

in francs. In Germany and the Netherlands, on 

the other hand, the cost increases are augmented when the 1961 revaluations are applied.

The situation in France from 1950 to 1957 

presents a special analytical problem. The legal 

exchange rate was held at 350 francs to the 

dollar, but the effective commercial rate often 

differed from this figure because of an elaborate system of import charges and export incentives. This situation existed, with frequent 

regulatory changes in detail, from the early 

1950’s until the 1957 devaluation. In the indexes shown here, no attempt has been made to 

adjust the official rate to a more realistic averTable 2. Percent Change in Manufacturing Production, A ggregate Labor Compensation,1 and

Unit Labor Cost in Nine Countries, A nnual

Averages, 1950-57 and 1957-64

1950-57 1957-64

Country Labor Labor

Pro­ com­ Unit Pro­ com­ Unit

duc­ pen­ labor duc­ pen­ labor

tion sation cost tion sation cost

All employees:

United States:

Series A------------- 4.0 6.7 2.6 4.6 4.3 - 0 .3

Series B________ 3.1 6.7 3.5 3.7 4.3 .6

Canada____________ 4.4 7.4 2.9 4.0 4.4 .3

France______________ 5.3 14.2 8.4 5.8 11.6 5.5

Germany (F.R.)_____ 11.8 13.3 1.3 8.3 12.0 3.4

Japan_______________ 17.2 16.1 -1 .0 15.3 17.2 1.6

Netherlands_________ 6.3 10.5 4.0 6.4 10.0 3.4

Sweden 2____________ 2.9 9.9 6.8 6.9 8.8 1.8

United Kingdom____ 3.4 8.6 5.0 3.5 6.1 2.4

Production workers:

United States:

Series A________ 4.0 5.4 1.3 4.6 3.6 - 1 .0

Series B________ 3.1 5.4 2.2 3.7 3.6 - .1

Wage earners:

Germany (F.R.)_____ 11.8 12.8 .9 8.3 11.0 2.4

Italy------------------------ 8.5 6.9 - 1 .5 9.5 11.7 2.0

Sweden2__________!_ 2.9 9.5 6.4 6.9 7.3 .4

United Kingdom____ 3.4 8.5 4.9 3.5 5.2 1.6

Adjusted for currency revaluations:

Canada, all employees 4.4 - 1 .7

France, all employees. 7.9 2.8

Germany:

A ll e m p lo y e e s . 1.3 4.3

Wage earners__ .9 3.4

Netherlands, all employees___________ 4.0 4.5

1 Aggregate labor compensation refers to total payments to labor 

for wages and salaries, social insurance, and voluntary supplements.

2 Manufacturing and mining.

Note: Rates of change are computed from the least squares trend 

of the logarithms of the index numbers.

age commercial rate. Nor has an attempt been 

made to adjust the rate for the British pound 

for the temporary import surtax that was introduced in October 1964.

Growth in Manufacturing

Since unit labor cost is the ratio of labor expenditure to production, trends in unit labor 

costs may be analyzed in terms of the trends in 

labor expenditure and production, which are 

the numerator and denominator of the fraction. These data are set forth, in table 2, as 

annual rates of change for the two 7-year periods considered previously. In general, the 

United States has shown more moderate percent increases than other countries in total 

manufacturing labor expenditure and in total 

manufacturing production. Japan, Italy, and 

Germany have shown the most rapid increases 

in production and the most rapid increases in 

labor expenditure. In the earlier of the two periods, these countries were still replacing production facilities destroyed during World War

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Chart 2. Indexes of Unit Labor Cost in Nine Countries, 1 9 5 0 -6 5

19 57= 100 (Sem ilogarithm ic scale)

LEGEND

All em ployees

Production workers

Adjusted for currency revaluations

Index Index

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C hart 2. INDEXES OF UNIT LABOR COST IN N IN E C O U N TR IE S , 1 9 5 0 -6 5 - Continued

Index Index

Index Index

Index Index

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II, but the continuation of the high industrial 

growth rates during 1957-64 was impressive. 

The most outstanding growth has occurred in 

Japan, where manufacturing production has 

more than quadrupled since 1953.

There is no clear-cut relationship between 

growth in manufacturing and control of unit 

labor cost. The countries which have shown the 

lowest rate of increase in unit labor cost are 

the United States and Canada, which had slow 

growth rates, and Japan, which had the highest growth rate.

Hourly Labor Cost

Another way to measure unit labor cost is to 

calculate the ratio of labor compensation per 

man-hour to output per man-hour. As long as 

identical hours data are reflected in the two denominators, this approach will yield the same 

result as a measurement based on the ratio of 

total labor expenditure to total output.

The total man-hours of labor figure constitutes a third aggregate for analysis; this figure 

makes it possible to determine other important 

ratios besides unit labor cost. When computed 

from aggregates, the ratios may be expressed 

as follows:

(l)

Total compensation 

Total output Compensation per unit of 

output

Unit labor cost

(2)

Total compensation 

Total man-hours

Compensation per man-hour 

Hourly labor cost

(3)

Total output 

Total man-hours = Labor productivity 

= Output per man-hour

(4)

Total man-hours 

Total output

= Man-hours per unit of 

output

= Unit man-hours

Man-hours are not measured in a uniform 

manner in all countries. In the United States 

and certain other countries, the principal hours 

data represent hours for which pay is given, or 

“ paid hours.” Elsewhere, hours data represent 

hours actually spent at the workplace, or

“ hours worked.” An additional difficulty in estimating total man-hours is that salaried employees are usually compensated on a weekly or 

monthly basis, and many countries do not collect hours data for this employee class. Published or estimated data on total hours are presented in the appendix tables to this bulletin, 

with an indication of the hours definition used 

in each country. Trends in hourly labor cost 

are shown in index form in table 3.

The United States is the only country listed 

that did not at least double its average hourly 

compensation in manufacturing between 1950 

and 1964. The U.S. increase was 94 percent 

over the 14 years, compared to 102 percent in 

Canada, 144 percent in the United Kingdom, 

169 percent in Italy, and over 200 percent in 

France, Germany, Japan, and Sweden.

The relative rise from 1950 to 1957 was 

greater than from 1957 to 1964 in most countries. In the first 7 years, average hourly compensation in the United States rose 52 percent, 

but in the latter 7 years, by only 28 percent. In 

each period, the U.S. rise was about the lowest 

among all countries.

In spite of this slower rise, U.S. hourly labor 

cost is still the highest of any nation. The 

differences in the level of hourly compensation 

from one country to another are more difficult 

to analyze than the differences in trend. Compensation is paid in the currency of the individual country and is ordinarily spent within 

that country. From the welfare or benefit viewpoint, compensation must be measured in 

terms of its purchasing power within the 

country, and that is not attempted in this 

bulletin.

From the viewpoint of international trade, 

unit labor cost converted into U.S. dollars at 

the commercial or official rates of exchange is 

more meaningful than hourly labor cost.5 Nevertheless, there are circumstances under which 

the comparison of hourly labor cost converted 

to U.S. dollars is meaningful. The following 

tabulation shows average hourly compensation 

in each country relative to the United States 

for all manufacturing in 1950, 1957, and 1964. 

The figures are based on conversions at the

5 Shelton and Chandler, “ The Role of Labor Cost in Foreign 

Trade,” op. cit.

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official rates of exchange during the years 

given.

Relative of average hourly

compensation in manufacturing

(U.S. = 100)

1950 1957 196U

United States . - 100 100 100

Canada 62 75 66

France - _ . _ 121 24 (226)

Germany (F.R.) 22 25 39

Italy 3 20 20 29

Japan *7 8 (213)

Sweden 33 42 (254)

United Kingdom 26 28 33

1 1951.

2 Estimate.

8 Data for wage earners, compared to U.S. production workers.

Although average hourly compensation in 

the other countries has risen at a more rapid 

rate than in the United States, the table shows 

that the level of compensation in all of the 

other countries is still lower than in the United 

States. Average compensation in Canada has 

generally been about one-third below the U.S. 

level. (The relatively high Canadian level in 

1957 was due almost entirely to the peak exchange value of the Canadian dollar during 

that year.) The Swedish level reached an estimated 54 percent of the U.S. level by 1964, and 

the level in the other countries was less than 40 

percent of the U.S. level in all years.

Adjustment of the hourly compensation estimates for the lower prices of consumer goods 

and services abroad would raise some of the 

percentages (in terms of purchasing power)

6 The U.S. data are based on published estimates of output originating in manufacturing. The estimates are currently being revised 

by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Office of Business Economics.

considerably, but would still leave all of them 

below the U.S. level. Such an adjustment for 

each of the 3 years would also reduce the percentage increase from 1950 to 1964 for most 

countries, because the consumer price index for 

each of these countries has risen more rapidly 

than that of the United States.

Output Per Man-Hour

Trends in output per man-hour in manufacturing, the third important ratio, are shown in 

table 4. The data show that output per manhour in manufacturing increased by 40 percent 

in the United States 6 and 45 percent in the 

United Kingdom. The increases in Canada and 

France were about 50 percent in 14 years, and 

the increase in Sweden appears to have been 

slightly higher. In the Netherlands, output per 

man-hour doubled, and in Germany, Italy, and 

Japan, it rose well over 100 percent between 

1950 and 1964.

The three countries with the greatest increase in indexes of output per man-hour were 

those countries that suffered the heaviest damage to manufacturing plants and equipment 

during World War II. Their rapid increase can 

be explained in part by the abnormally low levels of output that prevailed as late as 1950, 

when these countries were still restoring their 

economies. Many of their industries were rebuilt with newer and more efficient equipment 

than that of other industrial countries.

Economically, there is a relationship between the rate of productivity gain and

Table 3. Indexes of Average Hourly Labor Cost of Wage and Salary Earners in Manufacturing in Nine

Countries, 1950-64

[1957=1003

Country 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

All employees:

United States________ __________ 66 73 78 82 86 89 94 100 104 108 112 116 120 124 128

Canada__________________________ 63 70 77 82 86 89 94 100 106 109 115 116 120 123 127

France____________________________ 43 61 71 75 79 85 91 100 121 131 141 147 160 175 191

Germany (F.R.)___________________ 58 67 72 75 77 82 90 100 109 115 129 143 162 174 189

Japan__________________ _________ 63 66 75 82 88 93 97 100 103 111 123 142 163 181 0)

191

(0

Netherlands ______________________ 54 61 64 67 74 81 90 100 104 107 118 136 152 166

Sweden 2__________________________ 52 62 73 77 81 87 99 100 106 111 119 128 140 151

United Kingdom__________________ 61 66 73 77 81 87 94 100 106 111 119 127 133 139 149

Production workers:

United States______________________ 67 75 79 84 86 89 94 100 103 106 111 113 117 121 125

Wage earners:

Germany (F.R.)___________________ 58 67 71 74 77 82 90 100 109 115 129 144 162 176 192

Italy______________________________ 67 73 79 82 85 90 97 100 105 107 112 120 138 160 180

Sweden 2__________________________ 51 61 73 77 81 86 95 100 106 110 117 126 137 148 0)

United Kingdom_________________ 60 65 71 77 81 87 95 100 106 110 118 126 131 136 147

1 Not available. 2 Manufacturing and mining.

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Table 4. Indexes of Output per Man-hour in Manufacturing in Nine Countries, 1950-64

[1957=100]

Country 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

All employees:

United States:

Series B 1. . _ __ __ 87 89 90 92 93 99 97 100 101 106 106 109 115 118 122

Canada __ _ _ _ __ 82 84 86 89 92 98 100 100 104 109 111 114 117 120 124

France __ _ _ _ _____ 86 91 93 93 96 97 99 100 111 117 122 120 122 126 129

Germany (F.R.)_ __ _ _ _ _ _ 68 70 77 81 85 90 93 100 105 113 122 128 136 142 153

Japan. _________ ____ _ _ _ _ _ 57 62 66 80 84 88 92 100 97 112 126 143 150 160 (2)

Netherlands ____________________ 75 78 79 86 91 96 98 100 100 109 118 125 137 139 151

Sweden *_ ____ __________ _______ 86 87 88 91 91 94 98 100 104 110 117 121 127 135 (2)

United Kingdom _ _______________ 89 90 88 91 96 99 98 100 102 107 113 112 114 120 128

Production workers:

United States:

Series B 1 _____ _ _ _ 81 84 86 88 91 96 96 100 104 107 109 113 118 122 126

Wage earners:

Germany (F.R.)________ ___ 66 68 75 80 83 89 92 100 106 115 125 133 143 152 165

ltaly__ ---------- _ _ _ --------- _ _ 61 69 71 77 83 91 96 100 107 117 123 129 139 147 156

Sweden s _______________ __ 83 84 85 89 89 92 98 100 105 112 119 126 134 144 (2)

United Kingdom _ ______ _________ 86 87 86 90 94 97 97 100 103 108 115 116 118 125 133

1 Based on estimates of gross national product originating in 2 Not available,

manufacturing, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, 3 Manufacturing and mining.

Office of Business Economics.

changes in unit labor cost. In Japan, Germany, 

and Italy, sizable wage increases have been accompanied by sizable productivity gains, resulting in relatively stable labor costs. In 

the United Kingdom and Sweden, productivity 

gains have not kept pace with wage increases, 

and unit labor costs have risen appreciably.

But the experience of the United States and 

Canada stands out in contrast. Percentage increases in productivity and hourly wages have 

been low in the United States and Canada relative to the other countries; therefore, unit labor cost has remained comparatively stable. 

Other economic factors have clearly been important in North America; among them are the 

relatively high rate of unemployment and the 

already high level of industrial wages compared with other countries.

Further Research

Further study is needed to develop comparisons of unit labor cost in absolute terms to 

supplement the trend comparisons presented in 

this bulletin. Such comparisons must be made 

industry by industry, and problems of data 

comparability are great.

Two other research needs deserve mention. 

First, trend data for individual industries and 

industry groups need to be prepared, since 

technological change and the setting of wage 

patterns, through collective bargaining and 

other means, take place largely by industry. 

Research on the comparative performance of

industries heavily involved in foreign trade 

and of industries not directly affected by trade 

would be particularly useful in appraising U.S. 

trade prospects and balance of payments performance, and it would also help in appraising 

the effect of foreign competition on domestic 

production.

Second, there are important analytical needs. 

Careful examination of labor cost and productivity trends in relation to foreign trade should 

be attempted, and the relationship to employment, prices, and growth might also yield useful results. The relationship to trade would be 

clearer if data on unit nonlabor (especially 

material) costs were available; but it must always be kept in mind that reasons other than 

cost frequently influence the flow of trade.7 

Furthermore, time series analysis for the decade of the 1950’s must be done with discrimination because of drastic changes in nontariff 

trade barriers, abnormal market conditions 

(price controls and rationing) in many countries, and lack of currency convertibility.

Methods and Sources

Comparability of Data. The reliability of unit 

labor cost estimates depends, of course, on the 

comparability and reliability of the basic output and compensation data. The degree of comparability achieved in the present estimates is 

considered to be high, although not ideal.

7 Shelton and Chandler, “ The Role of Labor Cost in Foreign 

Trade/' op. cit.

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In developing the present estimates, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has tried to achieve a 

uniform basis of measurement among the 

countries.1 8 Data used by the Governments in 

preparing their national economic accounts 

have been applied, at least in part, to the unit 

labor cost estimates for each country. Aggregate labor expenditure data for manufacturing, used in preparing national accounts, have 

been obtained for France, Germany (Federal 

Republic), Italy, and the United Kingdom, as 

well as the United States. These calculations 

offer a more uniform approach to the measurement of unit labor cost than can be achieved 

through the use of measures such as productivity indexes and hourly labor expenditure indexes, since many of the countries have moved 

toward standard methodology in preparing 

their national accounts.

An examination of several algebraic identities may be useful in illustrating the interrelationships among the data used in the calculation of unit labor cost and to point out the 

assumption implicit when unit labor cost is 

used as an indicator of price changes.

Let us denote the following:

ULC = Unit labor cost in manufacturing

V = Value of output originating in manufacturing

Q = Real output originating in manufacturing

E = Labor compensation in manufacturing

R = Other factor returns in manufacturing.

The sum of capital consumption allowances, indirect business taxes, and profittype income

P = Implicit price deflator for manufacturing

2pq = Sum of price times quantity for individual products

L = Hours of work of all employees in manufacturing

t = Current time period

o = Base time period

I = Input from other sectors

0 = Outputs of manufacturing not adjusted

for input changes

(1) Vt = Et + Rt = Soptqt — 2iptqt

(2) Qt = 2op0qt — 2ip0qt

(3) Pt

Vt Et + Rt 2optqt — Siptqt

Qt Qt 2op0qt — Sip0qt

(4) ULC = —

Qt

Et/Lt Et

Qt/Lt 2op0qt — 2ip0qt

The initial equation states the national accounting equality between the income and the 

product accounts, and separates the product 

account between manufacturing gross output 

and inputs or purchases from other sectors. 

The income side is not factorable into price 

and quantity elements. The second equation 

substitutes base period prices for current 

prices in the product account. This is calculated by deflating output and purchases separately, the difference being real output originating 

in manufacturing, in constant value. The third 

equation shows the calculation of the implicit 

price deflator, or the price change occurring 

within the manufacturing sector, using both 

the product and the income side of the accounts. The last equation presents unit labor 

cost as a ratio of labor compensation to output 

and shows the equality of this ratio to the ratio 

of compensation per man-hour to output per 

man-hour.

There remain some inadequacies or inconsistencies in the available data. To name a few, 

manufacturing is not defined in exactly the 

same way in each country; total labor expenditure may not apply to exactly the same types 

of labor payment in each country; benchmarks 

and weighting systems used in measuring production vary widely; the data collection systems that underlie the measures of production, 

hours, and compensation also vary widely; and 

the coverage of output and expenditure data 

may not always match.

Some of these possible differences are not 

considered significant. There is an internationally accepted definition of manufacturing,9 and 

most countries have adapted their systems to 

this definition with only slight variation. For

8 The rough estimates for 1965 must he excepted. These estimates 

are based on available current sources that may be entirely 

different from the sources for prior years.

9 International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic

Activities (New York, United Nations, 1958), Statistical Papers, 

Series M, No. 4 Rev. 1.

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measurement of all manufacturing trends, the 

classification of borderline activities as either 

within or outside of manufacturing has no 

appreciable effect, provided that a consistent 

classification is followed.10 Likewise, the inclusion or exclusion of certain minor fringe 

benefits from labor compensation is unlikely to 

affect cost trends.

Other differences may influence the trends 

more significantly, particularly the measurement of manufacturing production, which has 

always been a difficult task. Several countries, 

including the United States, have made substantial revisions in their production estimates 

and are expected to make more. Uniform methods of production measurement between countries have not been fully achieved. Also, 

differences in composition of manufacturing 

output (the product mix) are embodied in the 

production indexes. Any comparisons of production would be somewhat different if the 

product outputs of one country were combined 

using the value weights of the United States 

or any other country.

Descriptions of the series used for each 

country are contained in the following sections. 

The original source data and index derivations 

are presented in appendix tables for each 

country.

The measurement of labor compensation 

refers only to wage and salary earners, not to 

the implicit labor earnings of proprietors or 

unpaid family workers engaged in manufacturing production. In most countries, the number 

of proprietors engaged in manufacturing is 

very small in proportion to the paid work 

force, but in a few cases, notably Italy, Japan, 

and France, they constitute a significant proportion. Examination of the production data 

leads to the conclusion, however, that the contribution of proprietors to the measured output 

is largely excluded. For example, several countries exclude handicrafts from manufacturing 

production. Also, certain industries that are 

characterized by small entrepreneurs, such as 

clothing, printing and publishing, and miscellaneous manufactures, are not included in the 

production surveys. In addition, several countries survey only those establishments with at 

least a given number of employees. It is concluded that the omission of proprietors’ compensation from the estimates of labor compensation does not significantly alter the trend 

estimates.

United States

Output. Two measures of manufacturing output are available for use in calculating unit 

labor cost in the United States. One series, 

designated as Series A, is the index of 

manufacturing production published by the 

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve 

System (FRB). The other, Series B, is the 

measure of gross product originating in manufacturing, published by the U.S. Department of 

Commerce’s Office of Business Economics 

(OBE).

Series B, based on the U.S. national accounts, is preferred for the calculation of unit 

labor cost, since it is entirely consistent with 

the compensation data used in the calculations. 

However, as some of the other countries do not 

publish data on real gross national product 

originating in manufacturing, it has been 

necessary to use quantity indexes or other output measures for them. For methodological 

comparability with these countries, U.S. data 

based on Series A have been included as an alternative.

Series B output is defined, from the income 

side of the national accounts, as the sum of employee compensation, indirect business taxes, 

capital consumption allowances, and profit-type 

income. Since these components are not factorable into quantity and unit price, estimates 

of constant-dollar value added are obtained by 

deflating output and purchases separately. 

Current-dollar value added is then divided by 

the constant-dollar value added to obtain a 

manufacturing price index. This price index is 

then used to deflate the current-dollar gross 

product estimates arrived at through the income method.

The Federal Reserve Board index of manufacturing production (Series A) is computed 

as a base-weighted arithmetic average. The 

basic data are indicators of output which are

10 The indexes for Sweden cover manufacturing and mining combined.

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developed from quantities of major products 

shipped, quantities of major materials consumed in production, value of goods shipped 

with adjustment for price changes, or the 

number of production-worker man-hours adjusted for changes in productivity. The 

weights assigned to individual products within 

an industry are based upon the value of shipments of the products during 1957. The 

weights assigned to industries 11 in order to 

combine them into an index of all manufacturing are based upon 1957 value added at factor 

cost.

Compensation. All-employee compensation data 

are those reported in the national accounts. 

Compensation covers wages and salaries, 

which include executive compensation, commissions, tips, bonuses, and payments in kind; 

supplements to wages and salaries, which include employer contributions for social insurance, private pension, health, and welfare 

funds; compensation for injuries; directors’ 

fees; pay for military reserve duty; and a few 

other items of minor importance. The compensation data for wage earners are based upon 

the same source. Wages have been separated 

from the total wage and salary bill, by the 

Office of Business Economics, for the 1947-61 

period, and this resulting figure has been updated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics 

through 1964. A division of supplementary labor income between wage and salaried employees is not made in the national accounts 

data, and it has been necessary to estimate this 

break. It is estimated that the proportion of 

supplements to wages alone is the same as the 

proportion of supplements to total wages and 

salaries, or, supplementary income as a percent 

of earnings is the same for both wage and salary earners. It has been necessary to make this

11 An industry, in this case, means a four-digit industry according 

to the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by the 

U.S. Bureau of the Budget.

12 In June 1966, the DBS published the first of a series of revisions 

to the index of industrial production, covering the period 1949 

through 1965. The new series for manufacturing shows significant 

differences from the previous series, owing mainly to the incorporation of more recent (1959) benchmark levels. The revised 

index, together with revised unit labor cost and output per manhour indexes, is shown in appendix table 2C.

same assumption for the three other countries 

(Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden, the 

United Kingdom) for which both wage-earner 

and all-employee cost indexes are estimated.

Hours and Employment. The hours data are 

based on the monthly Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of manufacturing establishments, 

covering average weekly hours of production 

workers, plus an estimate of hours of nonproduction employees. The man-hours of production workers include, in addition to hours actually at work, those hours paid for holidays 

and vacations, and for sick leave when pay was 

received directly from the firm. The hours of 

nonproduction employees are based on trends 

derived from BLS fringe benefit studies and 

other data.

The employment figures are also obtained 

from the BLS establishment survey. The data 

report total employment and productionworker employment separately, excluding proprietors, the self-employed, and unpaid family 

workers.

Canada

Output. Information on industrial production 

in Canada is prepared by the Dominion Bureau 

of Statistics (DBS). The DBS publishes a 

quantity index of manufacturing production 

based on weights from the Canadian 1949 interindustry flow table.1 2 The weights represent 

gross domestic product valuations for 31 major 

manufacturing categories and census value 

added for more detailed product classes. The 

indexes are constructed from data on net output, where possible; otherwise, they are compiled from data on gross output, deflated value, 

materials consumed, or man-hours.

Compensation. Labor income is reported in the 

Canadian national accounts, covering all compensation to Canadian wage earners and salaried employees. It excludes earnings of self-employed individuals or partners. Wages and 

salaries, including income in kind, are estimated on a gross basis, that is, before tax deductions, contributions to unemployment insurance, etc. Bonuses, commissions, and

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retroactive wage increases are included for the 

year in which they are paid.

Supplementary labor income consists of 

other expenditures such as employers' contributions to social security, employee welfare 

funds, unemployment insurance, and workmen's compensation. They are estimated from 

a special survey of supplementary income.

Hours and Employment. Hours data for wage 

earners are based on a monthly survey of employment and payrolls for all establishments 

with 15 employees or more. The statistics 

represent hours paid for, including overtime 

hours actually worked. The estimated hours 

for salaried employees are based on an assumed 40-hour workweek during each year.

Employment data have been estimated on 

the basis of the monthly establishment survey 

and the annual census of manufactures. The 

establishment survey gives a consistent series 

of indexes of employment for the entire 

1950-64 period, while the census of manufactures shows the actual number of employees 

for the postwar years. The census of manufactures data reflect revisions in the Standard Industrial Classification and implementation of a 

new definition for the reporting unit—the establishment.

The two series have been combined by setting the index of employment equal to the census employment in 1949 and deriving a consistent series of actual numbers of persons 

employed. The figures for the derived series 

closely parallel the results from the census 

data except for the 1960-64 period, where the 

major adjustments have occurred. The census 

data also contain a breakdown of employment 

between wage and salary earners. These 

figures have been extrapolated to form consistent separate wage and salary employment 

figures.

Franc©

Output. French output data show constant-value gross domestic product in manufacturing 

at 1959 market prices. Conceptually, the data 

are similar to those in the United States and 

other countries employing a national accountsbased output series. A variety of sources are 

used to value production and intermediate consumption by industry, the main sources being 

industry data on the value of quantities produced and value of deliveries by branch of activity and purchaser; fiscal statistics, which 

provide estimates of the turnover of enterprises; information on prices and costs from 

public administrative agencies; and technical 

studies prepared by the Institut National de la 

Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (INSEE). The results are then reconciled with the 

estimates of final expenditure within the 

framework of an input-output table to obtain a 

consistent measure of constant-value gross 

product by industry.

Compensation. Labor compensation is estimated from administrative statistics arising from 

the 5-percent payroll tax which each French 

employer is required to pay annually to the 

Government. The INSEE annually calculates 

and publishes data based upon a structured 

sample of the tax declarations. Compensation 

comprises gross wages and salaries, including 

contributions to social insurance and pensions, 

and payments in kind to all employees who 

have worked in the enterprise during the year.

The data for 1953 are estimates, because the 

published data for that year excluded compensation of employees in the Paris area. A linear 

interpolation has been used for the estimate, 

since 1953 compensation in the areas outside 

Paris fell at about the midpoint between the 

1952 and 1954 figures.

Hours and Employment. Average hours actually worked by wage-and-salary earners in 

manufacturing are reported by the INSEE and 

refer to the last full workweek in each quarter. 

The data are based on hours worked by employees in all establishments having 50 employees or more and about one-half of the establishments with 10 to 50 employees.

The employment series is developed from 

INSEE studies on compensation, based on data 

arising from the 5-percent payroll tax. Two 

series are presented, neither of which is adequate in itself: (1) actual yearend employment 

and (2) the number of employees who worked

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in the industry during any part of the year. A 

relationship between the two series, the "employment stability coefficient,” shows the ratio 

of the yearend employment to the total employees who worked during the year. The average for manufacturing industry from 1951 to 

1963 was about 65 percent. The series has been 

developed, therefore, by assuming that the annual average employment is 65 percent of the 

total number employed at any time during the 

year. The series based on a 65-percent employment stability coefficient coincides closely with 

other employment estimates, while remaining 

consistent with the aggregate data on output 

and compensation.

Federal Republic of Germany 13

Output. German manufacturing production 

data show constant-value gross product at 1958 

market prices. The definition is comparable to 

that of the United States and other countries 

using a national accounts output series. The 

gross output data are obtained from administrative statistics arising from turnover taxes, 

supplemented by data from investigations of 

cost structures. The turnover tax data are 

available each year, but cost structure information is obtained at intervals of several years 

only. A number of corrections are made in the 

estimates of gross output to arrive at figures 

on manufacturing gross product; these include 

a correction for changes in stocks, using corporate balance sheets and special surveys. In addition to the gross output data, inputs from 

outside the manufacturing sector and information on indirect business taxes and depreciation are needed. A detailed survey of inputs, 

depreciation, and indirect taxes was made in 

1950, and the ratios obtained from this survey 

have been supplied to subsequent years. Additional data obtained for 1954 and 1958 have 

been used to check and revise these ratios.

Compensation. Data on wages and salaries in 

manufacturing are prepared and published annually by the Federal Statistical Office. All establishments with 10 employees or more are 

surveyed, covering about 98 percent of manufacturing industry. Provisions in the wage bill

and the salary bill include, in addition to direct 

earnings, pay for time not worked and bonuses, but exclude employers' obligatory contributions for social insurance. Data on employers' contributions to social security for the 

entire economy, however, are published. The 

relationship of employer social insurance contributions to the total economy wage-and-salary bill has been calculated, and this proportion applied to manufacturing industry. There 

are two reasons why any error from this 

procedure should be small: First, the wageand-salary bill in manufacturing is a substantial portion of the bill for the total economy; 

and second, the ratio of employers' social security contributions to wages and salaries over 

the 1950-64 period has shown an increase only 

from 10.7 percent in 1950 to 11.7 percent in 

1964 (appendix table 4-A ). The wage-earner 

total compensation bill has been calculated by 

using this same percentage and applying it to 

the wage bill.

Hours and Employment. The hours data for 

wage earners, including apprentices, are prepared by the Federal Statistical Office and 

refer to hours actually worked. The data are 

obtained from the same survey that provided 

the cost and employment information used 

here in the calculation of unit labor cost. Hours 

data for salaried employees have been estimated by assuming a straight 40-hour workweek 

during the entire period.

Employment information covers all wage and 

salary earners, including apprentices. The 

data exclude homeworkers, but the omission 

should be of minor significance since 98 percent of all employees in industry are covered 

by the survey. Employment statistics showing 

data separately for wage earners and all other 

employees are also published by the Federal 

Statistical Office.

Italy

Output. Data on Italian manufacturing output 

refer to constant-value gross domestic product 

at factor cost, taken from national accounts data 

published by the Istituto Centrale di Statis13 Data for Germany include the Saar and West Berlin beginning 

in 1960. For prior years, these two areas are excluded.

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tica (1STAT). The data are based mainly on a 

special survey of value added in large and medium-size enterprises; they also include estimates for smaller enterprises and handicraft 

activities. The output data are expressed in 

1958 lire. Adjustments are made by the ISTAT 

to include subsidies and exclude banking, insurance, and government services. Annual output estimates at constant prices are obtained 

by relating base-year prices or value to quantity indexes for each industry and weighting 

them according to value added in the base period.

Compensation, Hours, and Employment. Compensation refers to total remuneration of wage

earners, including overtime, cost-of-living allowances, bonuses, premiums for nightwork, 

payments for holidays and vacations, family 

allowances, and payments in kind. Employer 

contributions for social insurance are not reported. The data are obtained from payrolls of 

establishments included in a monthly survey 

conducted by the Ministry of Labor. Establishments are surveyed which employ 10 wage 

earners or more in 27 branches of manufacturing, and all establishments are surveyed in 

13 branches. In 1962, approximately 2,051,000 

workers were covered.

Information on hours and employment of 

wage earners, including apprentices, is obtained from the same establishments that submit payroll data. The hours data refer to hours 

actually worked, including overtime.

Japan

Output. Data on constant-value gross product 

in manufacturing are not yet available for Japan. Therefore, a quantity index, published by 

the Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Prime 

Minister, has been used as a measure of output 

in manufacturing. The index has been periodically revised to incorporate later benchmarks. 

The 1950-52 data are based on 1950 weights, 

the 1953-57 on 1955 weights, and the 1958-64 

on 1960 weights. Industry data are weighted 

by either value added at factor cost or gross 

value of output during the benchmark year. 

Value added has been derived from the census

of manufactures for privately owned establishments with four or more employees. Weights 

for publicly owned establishments and for establishments having fewer than four employees are estimated from gross value in the 

base year. Data on the quantity of output, prepared for 332 commodities, relate to about 62 

percent of value added in 1960. These commodities are then combined in major industry 

groups and then into all manufacturing.

Compensation. Wages and salaries include bonuses, overtime allowances, and payments in 

kind, in addition to contract earnings. The Bureau of Statistics makes estimates of wages 

and salaries by multiplying the number of employees in each industry by the average wage 

or salary per employee. The number of employees is obtained from the latest census of 

population and is extrapolated for later years 

using the results of the monthly labor force 

survey conducted by the Ministry of Labor. 

The data on average wages or salaries per employee are obtained mainly from the Ministry 

of Labor’s monthly wage survey, a sample survey in two parts, one covering workers in establishments with 30 employees or more, and 

the other covering those with 5 to 29. Other 

wage information is available from reports 

compiled by the Tax Administration Agency, 

the National Personnel Authority, and the 

Ministry of Home Affairs.

Other labor income, consisting of compensation for company directors, employers’ contributions to social insurance, allowances for 

members of central and local legislative bodies, 

and tips, are excluded from the compensation 

figures. It appears, on the basis of a few Ministry of Labor estimates, that the proportion of 

social insurance expenditures to direct wage 

and salary expenditures has changed very little 

during 1950-64.

Hours and Employment. Employment data are 

published with the national accounts data on 

compensation of employees. They refer to wage 

and salary earners, exclusive of executive directors.

Hours data refer to actual hours worked by 

all wage and salary earners in establishments

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with 30 regular employees or more and are obtained from the monthly labor survey. Temporary employees who have worked less than 18 

days in the last 2 months, or less than 60 days 

in the last 6 months, are omitted. Examination 

of limited data on establishments with 5 to 29 

employees shows that the omission of this 

group does not significantly alter the trends 

shown.

Netherlands

Output. The data on output refer to a quantity 

index of production prepared by the Central 

Bureau of Statistics and based on value-added 

weights in 1949. Constant-value gross product 

is not available for the manufacturing sector 

separately. The output in manufacturing is the 

aggregate of 481 individual series which are 

based, in most cases, on the quantity of individual commodities produced. Where measures 

of this type are unavailable, the quantity of individual raw materials consumed or the 

number of man-hours worked are utilized.

Compensation. Compensation refers to gross 

compensation prior to deductions for wage 

taxes and social security. In addition to wages 

and salaries, compensation includes tips, commissions, and all supplementary monetary 

benefits paid to employees, the monetary value 

of payments in kind (such as free rent or free 

food), and employers’ normal payments to social insurance institutions and pension funds. 

Extra contributions to pension funds paid by 

employers out of profits and Government contributions to social security premiums are excluded. Salaries of company officials are included, but not income from ownership of shares in 

enterprises. Imputed wages or salaries of selfemployed persons are excluded, and household 

members working in an enterprise owned by 

the head of a household are not regarded as 

employees unless a labor contract is expressly 

concluded.

Hours and Employment. Dutch employment 

and hours data are prepared by the Central 

Bureau of Statistics. The employment data 

refer to man-years of work, and are consistent

with the national accounts data on compensation. The term “man-year” refers to 300 mandays of work during the year, irrespective of 

the length of the workday. Two persons working 150 days each thus count as 1 man-year. 

No data are available from the source to distinguish between wage and salary earners.

Data on hours of work refer to wage earners 

and are obtained from a sample survey of 

major industrial establishments. The hours 

worked figures relate only to full-week workers 

and include overtime hours, paid “ short absences” from work, and vacations. The data 

prior to 1964 included hours worked by apprentices and paid hours for traveltime between home and work. Under a revision of the 

hours worked concept introduced in 1964, apprentice hours and traveltime are no longer included.

The hours and employment data are prepared from data obtained in separate surveys, 

and thus may not be consistent with each 

other. Although data on salary earners’ hours 

are not separately reported, it has been estimated that working hours are about the same 

for wage earners and salary earners in the 

Netherlands.

Sweden

Output. National accounts data on gross output 

in manufacturing are not published for Sweden. Instead, a base-weighted quantity index of 

combined mining and manufacturing output, 

prepared by the Central Bureau of Statistics, 

has been used as the measure of output. The 

indexes relate to all establishments with five or 

more employees (including working proprietors), and represent almost 100 percent of total mining and manufacturing output. The 

weights used are based on census value added 

in 1935. The final annual figures are computed 

from the results of annual industrial censuses. 

Indexes for postcensus years are averages of 

adjusted monthly indexes based on value-added 

weights in 1947.

Compensation. Most data on wages and salaries in Sweden refer to establishments with 

five or more employees. In addition to base

17

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
pay, the data include pay for time not worked, 

overtime, family allowances, bonuses, and payments in kind.

Supplementary benefits, except those included in the wage-and-salary bill, are not available separately for the manufacturing sector. 

Contributions by all employers for social insurance amounted to about 7 percent of wages and 

salaries in 1964, a ratio that has gradually 

risen since the mid-1950’s. If a corresponding 

rise in social insurance cost has occurred in 

mining/manufacturing, the trend in unit labor 

cost shown for Sweden is slightly understated.

Hours and Employment. Data on Swedish employment refer to wage and salary earners and 

unpaid family workers, and are obtained from 

the same source as the compensation data; i.e., 

direct returns from manufacturing establishments to the Swedish Central Bureau of Statistics.

Hours data for wage earners are also obtained from the manufacturing establishment 

returns and refer to paid hours. Since information for nonwage earners (salary earners and 

unpaid family workers) are not available, it 

has been necessary to assume that they work a 

constant 40-hour workweek.

United Kingdom

Output. The principal measure of manufacturing output in the United Kingdom is an index 

of physical production prepared by the Central 

Statistical Office. The weights used are proportionate to value added in 1958. About fivesixths of the individual product indicators are 

based on quantity data, and the remainder are 

based on raw materials consumed or labor data. 

The index is used in preparing estimates of 

the constant-value gross domestic product for 

the U.K. national accounts.

Compensation. The estimated wage-and-salary 

bill includes cash earnings before deductions 

for income tax or insurance contributions, plus 

income in kind and directors’ fees, less expenses 6f employment recognized for tax allowances. These estimates are based on tax returns reported by the Inland Revenue Department, which provides separate data on 

total wages and salaries in the manufacturing 

sector. The distinction between wages and salaries is based on the 1958 Census of Production 

and Distribution, which also provides the data 

to estimate wages and salaries by industry. 

The estimates for 1959-64 are based upon 

changes in the number of employees and in 

wages and salaries, as reported in the Ministry 

of Labour’s semiannual survey of wages and 

annual survey of salaries.

Employer contributions are the sum of payments to national insurance; the data are obtained from National Insurance and Industrial 

Injuries Funds and private welfare plans. The 

data on private welfare plans are obtained 

from the Inland Revenue Department and the 

annual report of the Life Offices Association.

Hours and Employment. Manufacturing employment data are published by the Central 

Statistical Office in the National Income Blue

Book and are separately reported for wage 

earners and salary earners. The data are not 

entirely comparable with the compensation data, since the estimates of employment exclude 

directors paid by fee only, whereas the compensation data include directors’ fees. The basic data for estimating the number of employees 

are obtained from the annual census of production.

Hours of work for wage earners refer to actual hours of work, including overtime, reported 

by the Ministry of Labour. The data exclude all 

time lost from any cause, but include those 

hours not worked for which a guaranteed wage 

is payable. The data refer only to male adults, 

however, including apprentices and working 

foremen. This group represented 3,155,000 employees in 1962, or about one-half of those employed in manufacturing. The data are obtained from payrolls of all establishments with 

10 employees or more and some smaller establishments.

Hours for salary earners have been estimated by assuming a straight 40-hour workweek 

for such employees.

18

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A ppendix Table 1A. UNITED STATES. Basic Data on Production, Labor Compensation,

Employment, and Hours op Work in Manufacturing, 1950-64

Index of 

manufacturing 

production, 

Series A 

(1957-59=100)

Gross product originating in 

manufacturing, Series B

Implicit price 

deflator for 

manufacturing 

(1954=100)

Aggregate wages 

and salaries 

(billions of 

dollars)

Aggregate 

supplements, 

all employees 

(billions of 

dollars)

Ratio of Aggregate wages 

(billions of 

dollars)

Year

Current value 

(billions of 

dollars)

Constant value 

(billions of 1954 

dollars)

supplements 

to wages and 

salaries

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1950_______________________ 75.8 81.9 92.6 88.4 49.393 3.142 6.36 36.783

1951_______________________ 81.9 97.4 102.0 95.5 58.277 4.141 7.11 43.233

1952________________________ 85.2 101.5 105.0 96.7 62.960 4.431 7.04 45.952

1953________________________ 92.7 110.5 111.9 98.7 69.881 4.928 7.05 50.904

1954_______________________ 86.3 103.8 103.8 100.0 66.077 5.012 7.59 46.458

1955_ ____________________ 97.3 118.7 116.7 101.7 72.252 5.727 7.93 51.011

1956_ ____________________ 100.2 123.3 116.4 105.9 77.706 6.379 8.21 53.972

1957___ ____________________ 100.8 129.1 117.8 109.6 80.644 7.209 8.94 55.187

1958_ _ ____________________ 93.2 120.9 109.7 110.2 76.701 7.025 9.16 51.046

1959_______________________ 106.0 137.0 121.8 112.5 84.720 8.193 9.67 56.298

1960_______________________ 108.9 139.7 122.0 114.5 87.411 8.892 10.17 57.444

1961_ _____________________ 109.6 139.9 122.0 114.7 87.469 9.094 10.40 56.304

1962________________________ 118.7 153.5 134.1 114.5 94.174 10.211 10.84 60.884

1963 _ __________________ 124.9 160.4 138.5 115.8 98.042 10.930 11.14 63.554

1964 _____________________ 133.1 0) 0) (0 102.999 11.8 11.46 67.050

Year

Aggregate 

supplements 

for production 

workers 

(billions of 

dollars)

Aggregate compensation Employment

Average weekly 

hours of work, 

production 

workers

Aggregate annual hours of work

All employees 

(billions of 

dollars)

Production workers 

(billions of dollars)

All employees 

(thousands)

Production

workers

(thousands)

All employees 

(millions)

Production

workers

(millions)

(9) (10) (ID (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)

1950_______________________ 2,339 52.535 39.122 15,241 12,523 40.5 32,069 26,373

1951_______________________ 3,074 62.418 46.307 16,393 13,368 40.6 34,546 28,223

1952_______________________ 3,235 67.391 49.187 16,632 13,359 40.7 35,115 28,273

1953_______________________ 3,589 74.809 54.493 17,549 14,055 40.5 36,904 29,600

1954_______________________ 3,526 71.089 49.984 16,314 12,817 39.6 33,685 26,393

1955_______________________ 4,045 77.979 55.056 16,882 13,288 40.7 35,617 28,123

1956__ ____________________ 4,431 84.085 58.403 17,243 13,436 40.4 36,165 28,226

1957_______________________ 4,934 87.853 60.121 17,174 13,189 39.8 35,605 27,296

1958_______________________ 4,676 83.726 55.722 15.945 11,997 39.2 32,687 24,455

1959_______________________ 5,444 92.913 61.742 16,675 12,603 40.3 34,837 26,346

1960_______________________ 5,842 96.303 63.286 16,796 12,586 39.7 34,717 25,983

1961________________________ 5,856 96.563 62.160 16,326 12,083 39.8 33,768 25,011

1962_______________________ 6,600 104.385 67.484 16,853 12,488 40.4 35,178 26,235

1963 ______________________ 7,080 108.972 70.633 16,995 12,555 40.5 35,538 26,441

1964_______________________ 7,684 114.8 74.734 17,259 12,769 40.7 36,223 27,024

1 Not available.

Note: Because of rounding, sums of components may not equal totals.

Col. 1 --------------------------------- Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Index

of manufacturing production published monthly in the 

Federal Reserve Bulletin.

Cols. 2, 3, 4 , ---------------------- U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics

(OBE). National accounts data published in Survey of

Current Business, October 1962 and September 1964. Data 

are currently under revision by the OBE.

Cols. 5, 6 , __________________U.S. Department of Commerce (OBE). Unrevised national

accounts data published annually in July issues of Survey

of Current Business.

Col. 7 ----------------------------------Col. 6 -f- col. 5.

Col. 8 ------------------------- ---------U.S. Department of Commerce (OBE), Survey of Current

Business, May 1962. Data for 1960-64 have been revised and 

M updated by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor

ZD Statistics (BLS).

Col. 9 ______________________Col. 7 X col. 8.

Col. 1 0 _____________________U.S. Department of Commerce (OBE). Unrevised national

accounts data published annually in July issues of Survey

of Current Business. Also, col. 5 + col. 6.

Col. 1 1 _____________________Col. 8 + col. 9.

Cols. 12, 13, 1 4 ____________ U.S. Department of Labor (BLS). Establishment data published monthly in Employment and Earnings. Historical data 

in Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United

States, annual bulletins; latest, Bulletin 1312-3, issued 

December 1965.

Cols. 15, 1 6 _______________ U.S. Department of Labor (BLS). Unpublished data in BLS

files. Data based on cols. 12, 13, and 14; for nonproduction 

employees, the trend is derived from BLS fringe benefit 

studies and other data.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A ppendix Table IB. UNITED STATES. Indexes op Unit Labor Cost, Output per Man-hour,

and Average Hourly Compensation in Manufacturing, and Related Indexes, 1950-64

[1957=100]

to

o

Year

Index of 

manufacturing 

production, 

Series A

Index of constantdollar gross 

product in 

manufacturing, 

Series B

Index of aggregate compensation

Index of aggregate annual 

hours of work

Index of unit labor cost 

for all employees

All employees

Production

workers All employees

Production

workers Series A Series B

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1950_____ _______ ______ ____ 75.2 78.6 59.3 65.1 90.1 96.6 79.5 76.0

1951.,_____________________ 81.2 86.6 71.0 77.0 97.0 103.4 87.4 82.0

1952_______________________ 84.5 89.1 76.7 81.8 98.6 103.6 90.8 86.1

1953____ ___________ _______ 92.0 95.0 85.2 90.6 103.6 108.4 92.6 89.7

1954.________ ______________ 85.6 88.1 80.9 83.1 94.6 96.7 94.5 91.8

1955.............................. ........... 96.5 99.1 88.8 91.6 100.0 103.0 92.0 89.6

1956________________ _______ 99.4 98.8 95.7 97.1 101.6 103.4 96.3 96.9

1957................... ............. ......... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1958....................... ......... ....... 92.5 93.1 95.3 92.7 91.8 89.6 103.0 102.4

1959..______________ _______ 105.2 103.4 105.8 102.7 97.8 96.5 100.6 102.3

1960________ _______________ 108.0 103.6 109.6 105.3 97.5 95.2 101.5 105.8

1961__________ _________ _ 108.8 103.6 109.9 103.4 94.8 91.6 101.0 106.1

1962_______________________ 117.8 113.8 118.8 112.2 98.8 96.7 100.8 104.4

1963_____ __________________ 123.9 117.8 124.0 117.5 99.8 96.9 100.1 105.3

1964______ ______ ____ _____ _ 132.0 124.8 130.7 124.2 101.7 99.0 99.0 104.7

Index of unit labor cost for Index of output per man-hour Average compensation of all Average compensation of production

production workers (Series B) employees per man-hour workers per man-hour

Year

Production

Series A Series B All employees workers In dollars Index In dollars Index

(9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)

1950____ _________ _________ 86.6 82.7 87.3 81.5 1.64 66.4 1.48 67.3

1951_______________________ 94.8 88.9 89.3 83.7 1.81 73.2 1.64 74.5

1952_________________ _____ _ 96.8 91.8 90.4 86.1 1.92 77.8 1.74 78.9

1953____ ______ _____________ 98.5 95.4 91.6 87.6 2.03 82.2 1.84 83.6

1954____ ___________________ 97.1 94.3 93.1 91.2 2.11 85.5 1.89 86.0

1955_______ ________________ 94.9 92.4 99.1 96.3 2.19 88.7 1.96 88.9

1956_______________________ 97.7 98.3 97.3 95.6 2.33 94.2 2.07 93.9

1957________________ _____ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.47 100.0 2.20 100.0

1958________________________ 100.2 99.6 101.4 103.9 2.56 103.8 2.28 103.4

1959_______________________ 97.6 99.3 105.7 107.2 2.67 108.1 2.34 106.1

I960.._____ ________________ 97.5 101.6 106.2 108.8 2.77 112.3 2.44 110.6

1961________ „ _______ _____ _ 95.0 99.8 109.2 113.1 2.86 115.8 2.49 112.8

1962._____ _________________ 95.2 98.6 115.3 118.4 2.97 120.2 2.57 116.7

1963_______________________ 94.8 99.7 118.0 121.6 3.07 124.3 2.67 121.2

1964.............. ......... ......... ....... 94.1 99.5 122.4 125.7 3.17 128.3 2.76 125.1

Cols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , ______Data are indexes of respective series in appendix table 1A.

Col. 7 ______________________Col. 3 col. 1.

Col. 8 ______________________ Col. 3 -j- col. 2.

Col. 9 ______________________Col. 4 -5- col. 1.

Col. 1 0 _____________________Col. 4 -r- col. 2.

Cols, ll, 1 2 ________________U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics

(B L S ). Data prepared by Division of Productivity Measurement, based on unrevised national accounts. Also, col. 

11 equals col. 2 -f- col. 5, and col. 12 equals col. 2 -5- col. 6.

Col. 1 3 _____________________Col. 10 (table 1A) -f- col. 15 (table 1 A ).

Col. 1 4 _____________________Index of col. 13.

Col. 1 5 _____________________Col. 11 (table 1A) -i- col. 16 (table 1 A ).

Col. 1 6 _____________________Index of col. 16.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A ppendix Table 2A. CANADA. Basic Data on Production, Labor Compensation,

Employment, and Hours op Work in Manufacturing, 1950-64

Year

1950.

1951.

1952.

1953.

1954.

1955.

1956.

1957.

1958.

1959.

1960.

1961.

1962.

1963.

1964.

Current-value Aggregate Employment Estimated employment

gross product 

originating in

compensation 

of all

Average

weekly

Estimated Exchange rate 

Index of Index of aggregate (Canadian

production manufacturing employees employment All Production All Production hours of annual hours dollars per

(1949=100) (millions of (millions of (1949=100) employees workers employees workers work of of work U.S. dollar)

Canadian Canadian (thousands) (thousands) production (millions)

dollars) dollars) workers

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (B) (9) (10) (11)

106.2 4,714 2,881 101.4 1,183,297 952,244 1,188 956 42.3 2,585 1.0889

115.0 5,474 3,396 108.1 1,258,375 1,010,588 1,266 1,017 41.7 2,723 1.0530

118.5 6,150 3,772 109.9 1,288,382 1,025,355 1,287 1,024 41.5 2,757 .9808

126.4 6,453 4,100 113.0 1,327,451 1,053,226 1,323 1,050 41,3 2,824 .9849

122.9 6,291 4,053 107.3 1,267,966 989,030 1,256 980 40.7 2,650 .9728

134.7 6,779 4,299 109.8 1,298,461 1,010,992 1,286 1,001 41.0 2,727 .9865

145.1 7,605 4,766 115.8 1,353,020 1,051,723 1,356 1,054 41.0 2,876 .9829

142.9 7,904 5,034 115.8 1,359,061 1,045,177 1,356 1,043 40.4 2,842 .9595

140.7 7,753 5,029 109.8 1,289,602 981,735 1,286 979 40.2 2,685 .9728

149.8 8,286 5,302 111.1 1,303,956 997,907 1,301 996 40.7 2,743 .9610

149.3 8,427 5,474 109.5 1,275,476 971,610 1,282 977 40.4 2,688 .9694

153.0 8,501 5,533 108.9 (1,264,946

11,368,225

969,276

951,835 } 1,275 977 40.6 2,683 1.0129

164.9 9,320 5,935 113.3 1,404,566 985,369 1,327 1,025 40.7 2,797 1.0698

173.9 9,866 6,286 116.4 0) 0) 1,363 1,050 40.8 2,879 1.0784

188.9 10,857 6,829 121.9 0) 0) 1,428 1,099 41.0 3,027 1.0777

1 Not available.

Col. 1 _____________________ Dominion Bureau of Statistics (DBS) index of manufacturing production published monthly in the Canadian Statistical

Review.

Cols. 2, 3 __________________DBS: Annual publication, National Accounts Income and

Expenditure.

Col. 4 _____________________ DBS: Published monthly in Canadian Statistical Review.

Cols. 5, 6 ___________________DBS: Data from annual census of manufactures published

in Ccmada Yearbook; 1950-59 data are consistent, 1960-61 

(first entry) are consistent, and 1961 (second entry)-1962 

are consistent, but because of changes in Standard Industrial Classification definition and other definitions, there is 

not a consistent series for the entire period.

Col. 7 ______________________Estimated, using 1949 data from the annual census of manufactures as the base and using col. 4 to show the trend.

Col. 8 _____________________ Estimated product of (col. 6 -r* col. 5) X col. 7.

Col. 9 _____________________ DBS: Published monthly in Canadian Statistical Review.

Col. 1 0 _____________________52 [(col. 8 X col. 9) + 40 (col. 7 — col. 8)]

Col. 1 1 _____________________Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

(OECD) General Statistics. Domestic mean exchange rate.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A ppendix Table 2B. CANADA. Indexes of Unit Labor Cost, Output per Man- hour,

a n d Average Hourly Compensation in Manufacturing, 1950-64

[1957=100]

to

to

Year

Index of 

manufacturing 

production

Index of 

aggregate 

compensation

Index of 

aggregate 

annual hours 

of work

Index of 

exchange rate 

(Canadian 

dollars per 

U.S. dollar)

Index of unit labor cost

Index of 

output per 

man-hour

Average compensation of all 

employees per man-hour

Canadian 

dollar basis

U.S.

dollar basis

In Canadian 

dollars Index

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

1950_______________________ 74.3 57.2 90.9 113.5 77.0 67.8 81.7 1.11 63.0

1951„______________________ 80.5 67.5 95.8 109.7 83.9 76.4 84.0 1.25 70.4

1952______ ________________ 82.9 74.9 97.0 102.2 90.3 88.4 85.5 1.37 77.2

1953_______________________ 88.5 81.4 99.3 102.6 92.0 89.6 89.1 1.45 82.0

1954_______________________ 86.0 80.5 93.2 101.4 93.6 92.3 92.3 1.53 86.4

1955_______________________ 94.3 85.4 95.9 102.8 90.6 88.1 98.3 1.58 89.0

1956_______________________ 101.5 94.7 101.2 102.4 93.3 91.1 100.3 1.66 93.6

1957_______________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.77 100.0

1958_______________________ 98.5 99.9 94.5 101.4 101.4 100.0 104.3 1.87 105.8

1959_______________________ 104.8 105.3 96.5 100.2 100.5 100.3 108.6 1.93 109.1

1960_______________________ 104.5 108.7 94.6 101.0 104.0 103.0 110.5 2.04 115.0

1961_______________________ 107.1 109.9 94.4 105.6 102.6 97.2 113.5 2.06 116.4

1962_______________________ 115.4 117.8 98.4 111.5 102.1 91.6 117.3 2.12 119.8

1963_______________________ 121.7 124.9 101.3 112.4 102.6 91.3 120.2 2.18 123.3

1964_______________________ 132.2 135.7 106.5 112.3 102.7 91.4 124.2 2.26 127.4

Cols. 1, 2, 3, 4 ___________ Indexes of respective series appearing in appendix table 2A. Col. 7

Col. 5 ______________________Col. 2 col. 1. Col. 8

Col. 6 ______________________Col. 5 ~ col. 4. Col. 9

.Col. 1 -r- col. 3.

.Col. 3 (table 1A) col. 10 (table 1A ). 

.Index of col. 8.

A p p e n d ix T a b l e 2C. CANADA. R e v ise d I n d e x e s o f P r o d u c t io n , U n i t L a b o r

C o s t, a n d O u t p u t p e r M a n - h o u r i n M a n u f a c t u r in g , 1950-64

Year

Index of manufacturing production Index of unit labor cost

Index of output 

per man-hour 

1949 =100 1957=100 (1957=100)

Canadian 

dollar basis 

(1957=100)

United States 

dollar basis 

(1957=100)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1950___________________________________________________ 106.7 70.7 80.9 71.3 77.8

1951________________________ __________________________ 115.9 76.8 87.9 80.1 80.2

1952___________________________________________________ 120.2 79.7 94.0 92.0 82.2

1953___________________________________________________ 128.9 85.4 95.3 92.9 86.0

1954___________________________________________________ 126.0 83.5 96.4 95.1 89.6

1955____________________________ ______________________ 138.3 91.7 93.1 90.6 95.6

1956___________________________________________________ 151.2 100.2 94.5 92.3 99.0

1957___________________________________________________ 150.9 100.0 i 100.0 100.0 100.0

1958___________________________________________________ 148.0 98.1 101.8 100.4 103.8

1959_____ - ____________________________________________ 159.0 105.4 99.9 99.7 109.2

1960___________________________________________________ 161.2 106.8 101.8 100.8 112.9

1961___________________________________________________ 166.9 i 110.6 99.4 94.1 117.2

1962_____________ _______________ ____________________ 181.2 ! 120.1 98.1 88.0 122.1

1963___________________________________________________ 193.9 I 128.5 97.2 86.5 126.9

1964___________________________________________________ 211.9 140.4 96.7 86.1 131.8

Col. 1 ____________ _________ Dominion Bureau of Statistics revised index of production, Col. 3 ---- --------------------------—Col. 2 (table 2B) -r- col. 2.

published in the Canadian Statistical Review, June 1966, Col. 4 --------------------------- —Col. 3 -f- col. 4 (table 2B).

pp. i—ix. Col. 5 _____________ _________ Col. 2 -r- col. 3 (table 2B).

Col. 2 .Index of col. 1.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A ppendix Table 3A. FRANCE. Basic Data on Production, Labor Compensation, E mployment,

and Hours of Work in Manufacturing, 1950-64

Year

Gross product originating 

in manufacturing

Implicit price 

deflator for 

manufacturing 

(1958=100)

Aggregate 

compensation 

of all

employees 

(millions of 

new francs)

All employees (thousands)

Average 

weekly hours 

of work

Aggregate 

annual hours 

of work 

(millions)

Exchange rate 

(new francs 

per U.S. 

Current value dollar)

(billions of 

new francs)

Constant value 

(billions of 

1958 new 

francs)

Engaged during any part 

of year

As of

December 31 Adjusted

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

1950__________________________ 38.61 59.05 65.4 10,559.71 0) 0) 24,787.7 44.5 11,078.7 350

1951__________________________ 49.43 64.63 76.5 15,378.81 7,603.4 5,015.1 4,942.2 44.8 11,510.4 350

1952__________________________ 55.22 65.74 84.0 17,937.00 7,684.7 4,959.0 4,995.1 44.2 11,480.7 350

1953__________________________ 56.67 67.58 83.9 19,336.64 0) 0) 25,123.9 44.0 11,723.4 350

1954_ ________________________ 58.93 70.67 83.3 20,736.27 7,937.9 5,187.2 5,159.6 44.6 11,966.1 350

1955__________________________ 62.26 74.66 83.4 23,317.16 8,245.1 5,318.7 5,359.3 44.7 12,457.2 350

1956 _________________________ 70.88 81.98 86.5 27,040.91 8,778.7 5,591.9 5,706.2 45.4 13,471.2 350

1957___________________ ______ _ 79.08 86.76 91.1 31,026.49 9,120.4 5,845.9 5,916.6 45.7 14,060.2 377

1958______________ _____ ______ 92.21 92.21 100.0 36,149.65 8,847.2 5,790.9 5,750.7 45.1 13,486.5 457

1959______________________ ____ 99.71 94.24 105.8 37,640.72 8,588.8 6,015.5 5,582.7 44.9 13,034.5 490

1960__________________________ 110.95 102.20 108.6 42,051.00 8,817.3 5,906.8 5,731.2 45.5 13,560.0 490

1961__________________________ 119.66 107.47 111.3 47,109.03 9,506.4 6,082.4 6,099.1 45.7 14,493.9 490

1962___________ _______________ 131.205 114.46 114.6 53,700.80 9,842.5 6,500.1 6,397.6 45.8 15,236.5 490

1963_____________ _____ _______ 144.365 121,10 119.2 60,393.20 10,059.4 6,664.7 6,538.6 45.9 15,606.3 490

1964__________________________ 157.040 128.16 122.5 67,767.40 10,422.6 6,864.5 6,774.7 45.7 16,099.4 490

1 Not available.

2 Estimate.

Cols. 1, 2 __________________Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

(OCED) National Accounts Statistics. Country submittal 

based on the International Standard Industrial Classification. 

Col. 3 _____________________ Col. 1 H- col. 2.

Cols. 4, 5, 6 _______________ Institute National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques

(INSEE) annual study based on 5-percent earnings tax, 

formerly published in Etudes Statistiques and now published 

in Etudes et Conjoncture.

Col. 7 ______________________Estimate based on 65 percent of col. 5.

Col. 8 ______________________INSEE data published monthly in the Bulletin Mensuel de

Statistique.

Col. 9 ______________________Col. 7 X col. 8 X 52.

Col. 1 0 _____________________Official exchange rates, except for 1957 and 1958, where the

average monthly domestic mean exchange rate has been 

used due to changes in the official value during the year.

A p p e n d ix T a b l e 3B. FRANCE. I n d e x e s o f U n i t L a b o r C o s t, O u t p u t p e r M a n - h o u r , a n d A v e r a g e

H o u r l y C o m p e n s a t io n i n M a n u f a c t u r in g , 1950-64

[1957=100]

Year

Index of 

constantvalue gross 

product in 

manufacturing

Index of 

aggregate 

compensation 

of all employees

Index of 

aggregate 

annual hours 

of work

Index of 

exchange rate 

(new francs per 

U.S. dollar)

Index of unit labor cost

Index of 

output per 

man-hour

Average compensation of all 

employees per man-hour

Franc basis

U.S. dollar 

basis In new francs Index

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

1950_______________________ 68.1 34.0 78.8 92.8 49.9 53.8 86.4 .953 43.2

1951_______________________ 74.5 50.0 81.9 92.8 67.1 72.3 91.0 1.336 60.5

1952_______________________ 75.8 57.8 81.7 92.8 76.3 82.2 92.8 1.562 70.8

1953_______________________ 77.9 62.3 83.4 92.8 80.0 86.2 93.4 1.649 74.7

1954_______________________ 81.5 66.6 85.1 92.8 81.7 87.8 95.8 1.733 78.5

1955_______________________ 86.1 75.2 88.6 92.8 87.3 94.1 97.2 1.872 84.8

1956_______________________ 94.5 87.2 95.8 92.8 92.3 99.5 98.6 2.007 90.9

1957_______________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.207 100.0

1958_______________________ 106.3 116.5 95.9 121.2 109.6 90.4 110.8 2.680 121.4

1959_______________________ 108.6 121.3 92.7 130.0 111.7 85.9 117.1 2.888 130.9

1960_______________________ 117.8 135.5 96.4 130.0 115.0 88.5 122.1 3.101 140.5

1961_______________________ 123.9 151.8 103.1 130.0 122.5 94.2 120.2 3.250 147.3

1962_______________________ 131.9 173.1 108.4 130.0 131.2 100.9 121.7 3.524 159.7

1963_______________________ 139.6 194.7 111.0 130.0 139.5 107.3 125.8 3.870 175.4

1964_______________________ 147.7 218.4 114.5 130.0 147.9 113.8 129.0 4.209 190.7

Cols. 1, 2, 3, 4

K) Col. 5 _________

CO Col. 6 _________

Indexes of respective series appearing in appendix table 3A. Col. 7

.Col. 2 -f- col. 1. Col. 8

.Col. 5 -r- col. 4. Col. 9

.Col. 1 -r- col. 3.

.Col. 4 (table 3A) -f- col. 9 (table 3 A ).

.Index of col. 8.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A ppendix Table 4A. GERMANY (F .R .). Basic Data on Production, Labor Compensation,

Employment, and Hours op W ork in Manufacturing, 1950-64

to

Year

Gross product 

manufa

Current value 

(billions of 

DM)

originating in 

cturing

Constant value 

(billions of 1958 

DM)

Implicit price 

deflator for 

manufacturing 

(1958 =100)

|

j

Aggregate 

wages and 

salaries

(millions of DM)

Ratio of 

employer 

contributions 

to total wages 

and salaries 

(total economy)

Aggregate 

supplements 

for all 

employees 

(millions of DM)

i

Aggregate

wages

(millions of DM)

Aggregate 

supplements 

for wage 

earners

(millions of DM)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1950____ . _____________ 38.02 41.86 90.8 12,990 10.70 1,390 9,915 1,061

1951.......................................... 48.38 48.17 100.4 16,691 10.46 1,746 12,782 1,337

1952......................................... 54.31 54.25 100.1 18,498 10.56 1,953 14,011 1,480

1953. .................. ................. .. 58.46 60.20 97.1 20,172 10.82 2,183 15,155 1,640

1954___________ __________ _ 63.64 67.01 95.0 22,269 10.64 2,369 16,723 1,779

1955 _ ............ 73.85 77.98 94.7 25,949 10.82 2,808 19,511 2,111

1956 ______ 80.60 83.64 96.4 29,858 10.79 3,222 22,314 2,408

1957 ______ 87.13 89.08 97.8 32,189 12.02 3,869 23,844 2,866

1958 ______ 92.72 92.72 100.0 34,602 12.65 4,377 25,306 3,201

1959 ............ . 101.01 100.83 100.2 37,158 12.47 4,634 26,943 3,360

1960 .................. 122.18 120.80 101.1 45,709 12.50 5,714 33,057 4,132

1961_______________________ 135.55 128.99 105.1 51,902 12.18 6,322 37,177 4,528

1962._________ _____________ 146.82 134.98 108.8 57,933 12.05 6,981 41,091 4,951

1963__ ____________________ 152.83 138.44 110.1 61,559 12.08 7,436 43,086 5,205

1964_______________________ 168.51 152.72 110.4 68,032 11.69 7,953 47,530 5,556

Year

Aggregate compensation Employment Aggregate annual hours of work

All employees 

(millions of DM)

Wage earners 

(millions of DM)

All employees 

(thousands)

Wage earners 

(thousands)

All employees 

(millions)

Wage earners 

(millions)

Exchange rate 

(DM per U.S. 

dollar)

(9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

1950.

1951.

1952.

1953.

1954.

1955

1956

1957.

1958.

1959. 

1960

1961.

1962.

1963.

1964.

14,380

18,437

20,452

22,353

24,638

28,757

33,080

36,058

38,979

41,792

51,423

58,224

64,914

68,995

75,985

10,976

14,119

15,491

16,793

18,502

21,622

24,722

26,710

28,507

30,303

37,189

41,705

46,042

48,291

53,086

4,225.5

4,739.2

4.903.4

5.107.9

5.419.9

5.932.4

6.338.1

6.553.2

6.616.2

6.802.4

7.439.5

7.703.8

7.789.8 

7,746.7

7.804.5

3.526.6

3.960.9

4.065.7

4.222.4

4.482.1

4.910.4

5.226.0

5.378.2

5.385.3 

5,496.6

5.978.2

6.136.9

6.141.3

6.048.9

6.059.1

9,542

10,633

11,013

11,514

12,249

12,487

14,047

13,880

13,802

13,935

15,408

15,662

15,448

15,277

15,444

8,088

9,014

9,271

9,627

10,298

11,271

11,734

11,436

11,242

11,217

12,368

12,403

12,109

11,746

11,814

4.200

4.200

4.200

4.200

4.200

4.200

4.200

4.200

4.200

4.200

4.200 

4.050

4.000

4.000

4.000

Cols. 1, 2

Col. 3 

Col. 4 —

Col. 5

Col. 6 

Col. 7 —

Col. 8___

.Federal Statistical Office data published annually (usually 

in the January issue) in Wirtschajt und Statistik. Also, 

OECD in National Accounts Statistics.

.Col. 1 -7- col. 2.

.Federal Statistical Office. Statistisches Jahrbuch and Wirtschaft und Statistik.

.Basic data used in calculating these rates, but not presented 

here, can be found in the Statistisches Jahrbuch, Wirtschaft

und Statistik, or the OECD National Accounts Statistics.

.Col. 4 X col. 5.

.Federal Statistical Office. Statistisches Jahrbuch and Wirtschaft und Statistik.

.Col. 7 X col. 6.

Col. 9 ____

Col. 10 ___

Cols. 11, 12

Col. 1 3 ___

Col. 14 ___

Col. 15 - __

________________Col. 4 -4- col. 6.

________________Col. 7 + col. 8. ,

________________Federal Statistical Office. Statistisches Jahrbuch and Wirtschaft und Statistik. Data in cols. 11 and 12 refer to earnings of the employees in cols. 4 and 7.

________________Col. 14 plus the difference between col. 11 and col. 12 times

40 hours a week times 52 weeks a year.

________________Federal Statistical Office. Statistisches Jahrbuch and Wirtschaft und Statistik.

________________Official exchange rate, except for 1961 which represents^ a

weighted average of the official value before and after its 

change in March.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Appendix Table 4B. GERMANY (F.R.). Indexes of U nit Labor Cost, Output per Ma n -hour,

and Average Hourly Compensation in Manufacturing, 1950-64

[1957= 100]

Year

Index of 

constant-value 

gross product 

in manufacturing

Index of aggregate compensation Index of aggregate hours of work Index of 

exchange rate 

(DM per U.S. 

dollar)

Index of unit labor cost 

DM basis

All employees Wage earners All employees Wage earners All employees Wage earners

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1950....... ................................. 46.6 39.9 41.1 68.7 70.7 100.0 85.6 88.2

1951_______________________ 53.4 51.1 52.9 76.6 78.8 100.0 95.7 99.1

1952......... ........... .............. . 60.7 56.7 58.0 79.3 81.1 100.0 93.4 95.6

1953 _______ ______ _______ 67.5 62.0 62.9 83.0 84.2 100.0 91.9 93.2

1954_________ ________ _____ 75.0 68.3 69.3 88.2 90.0 100.0 91.1 92.4

1955_________ ______ _______ 87.4 79.8 81.0 97.2 98.6 100.0 91.3 92.7

1956.......................................... 93.9 91.7 92.6 101.2 102.6 100.0 97.6 98.6

1957_______ _______ ________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1958______ ______ __________ 104.1 108.1 106.7 99.4 98.3 100.0 103.8 102.5

1959....... .................................. 113.2 115.9 113.5 100.4 98.1 100.0 102.4 100.3

1960_________ ________ _____ 135.6 142.6 139.2 111.0 108.1 100.0 105.2 102.7

1961 _ ______ ______ _________ 144.8 161.5 156.1 112.8 108.5 96.4 111.5 107.8

1962 .......................................... 151.4 180.0 168.2 111.3 105.9 95.2 118.9 111.1

1963. _________ ____________ 155.4 191.3 180.8 110.1 102.7 95.2 123.1 116.3

1964_______________________ 171.4 210.7 198.7 111.3 103.3 95.2 122.9 115.9

Index of unit labor cost— Con. Average compensation per man-hour

Index of output per man-hour

Year U.S. dollar basis All employees Wage earners

All employees Wage earners All employees Wage earners In DM Index In DM Index

(9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)

1950________ _____ _________ 85.6 88.2 67.8 65.9 1.51 58.1 1.36 58.1

1951 ______________________ 95.7 99.1 69.7 67.8 1.73 66.5 1.57 67.1

1952 ...................................... . 93.4 95.6 76.5 74.8 1.86 71.5 1.67 71.4

1953___.............................. . 91.9 93.2 81.3 80.2 1.94 74.6 1.74 74.4

1954.............. ................. ......... 91.1 92.4 85.0 83.3 2.01 77.3 1.80 76.9

1955_______________________ 91.3 92.7 89.9 88.6 2.13 81.9 1.92 82.0

1956_______________________ 97.6 98.6 92.8 91.5 2.35 90.4 2.11 90.2

1957_________ _____ ________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.60 100.0 2.34 100.0

1958_______ ______ _________ 103.8 102.5 104.7 105.9 2.82 108.5 2.54 108.5

1959........... ............... ............... 102.4 100.3 112.7 115.4 3.00 115.4 2.70 115.4

1960_____ _____ _______ _____ 105.2 102.7 122.1 125.4 3.34 128.5 3.01 128.6

1961_______________________ 115.7 111.8 128.4 133.5 3.72 143.1 3.36 143.6

1962___.................. ............... .. 124.9 116.7 136.0 143.0 4.20 161.5 3.80 162.4

1963_______________________ 129.3 122.2 141.1 151.3 4.52 173.8 4.11 175.6

1964_________ _______ ______ 129.1 121.7 153.1 165.0 4.92 189.2 4.49 191.9

Cols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 _ __ Data are indexes of respective series appearing in appendix Col. 1 1 __

table 4A. Col. 1 2 __

Col. 7 ___________________ __ Col. 2 -r- col. 1. Col. 1 3 __

Col. 8 ___________________ __ Col. 3 -f- col. 1. Col. 1 4 __

Col. 9 ___________________ __ Col. 7 -f- col. 6. Col. 15 _

Col. 1 0 __________________ __ Col. 8 -r- col. 6. Col. 1 6 __

_Col. 1 - r - C O l. 4.

_Col. 1 -r- col. 5.

_Col. 9 (table 4A) -f- col. 13 (table 4A).

_Index of col. 13.

_Col. 10 (table 4A) -r- col. 14 (table 4A).

_Index of col. 15.

to

Ol

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
toOs A ppendix Table 5A. ITALY. Basic Data on Production, Labor Compensation,

and Hours op Work in Manufacturing, 1950-64

Year

Gross domestic product originating in manufacturing

Implicit price deflator 

for manufacturing 

(1958=100)

Aggregate compensation 

of wage earners 

(billions of lire)

Aggregate annual hours 

of work of wage earners 

Current value (millions)

(billions of lire)

Constant value 

(billions of 1958 lire)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1950________________________________________ 2,428 2,503 97.0 593.657 3,236.5

1951________________________________________ 3,114 2,860 108.9 667.311 3,312.4

1952________________________________________ 3,113 2,932 106.2 709.242 3,281.8

1953______________________________ __________ 3,305 3,219 102.7 745.649 3,323.7

1954________________________________________ 3,503 3,576 98.0 793.758 3,411.7

1955________________________________________ 3,816 3,898 97.9 848.725 3,423.3

1956________________________________________ 4,064 4,148 98.0 913.667 3,451.1

1957________________________________________ 4,362 4,435 98.4 967.808 3,524.6

1958________________________________________ 4,602 4,602 100.0 984.636 3,416.8

1959__________ ______________________________ 4,987 5,113 97.5 1,019.009 3,466.0

1960________________________________________ 5,668 5,824 97.3 1,150.616 3,753.3

1961________________________________________ 6,300 6,447 97.7 1,301.270 3,961.7

1962________________________________________ 7,043 7,092 99.3 1,533.933 4,042.9

1963________________________________________ 8,218 7,716 106.5 1,831.427 4,164.1

1964________________________________________ 8,792 7,785 112.9 1,934.728 3,927.4

Cols. 1, 2 __________________Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,

National Accounts Statistics. Country submittal based on 

International Standard Industrial Classification.

Col. 3 ______________________ Col. 1 col. 2.

Cols. 4, 5 __________________Istituto Centrale di Statistica. Data are published in

Statistiche del Lavoro and, for more recent periods, in 

Supplemento al Bollettino Statistiche del Lavoro.

A p p e n d ix T a b l e 5B. ITALY. I n d e x e s of U n i t L a b o r C o s t, O u t p u t p e r M a n - h o u r , a n d

A v e rag e H o u r l y C o m p e n s a t io n i n M a n u f a c t u r in g , 1950-64

[1957=100]

Year

Index of 

constant-value 

gross domestic 

product in 

manufacturing

Index of aggregate 

compensation of 

w^ge earners

Index of aggregate 

hours of work of 

wage earners

Index of unit 

labor cost for 

wage earners

Index of output 

per man-hour of 

wage earners

Average compensation of 

wage earners per man-hour

In lire Index

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

1950____________________________ 56.4 61.3 91.8 108.7 61.4 183.43 66.7

1951____________________________ 64.5 69.0 93.9 107.0 68.7 201.46 73.3

1952.____ ______________________ 66.1 73.3 93.1 110.9 71.0 216.11 78.8

1953____________________________ 72.6 77.0 94.3 106.1 77.0 224.34 81.8

1954____________________________ 80.6 82.0 96.8 101.7 ! 83.3 232.66 84.7

1955________________ ___________ 87.9 87.7 97.1 99.8 90.5 247.93 90.4

1956____________________________ 93.5 94.4 97.9 101.0 95.5 264.75 96.6

1957____________________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 274.59 100.0

1958____________________________ 103.7 101.7 96.9 98.1 107.0 288.17 105.0

1959_____ _____ _________________ 115.3 105.3 98.3 91.3 117.3 294.00 107.1

1960____________________________ 131.3 118.9 106.5 90.6 123.3 306.56 111.6

1961____________________________ 145.4 134.4 112.4 92.4 129.4 328.46 119.8

1962____________________________ 159.9 158.4 114.7 99.1 139.4 j 379.41 138.3

1963________________ _____ ______ 174.0 189.2 118.1 108.7 147.4 439.81 160.3

1964__________________________ 175.5 199.9 111.4 113.9 156.2 492.63 179.5

Cols. 1, 2, 3

Col. 4 ---------

Col. 5 ______

Indexes of respective series appearing in appendix table 5A.

Col. 2 col. 1.

.Col. 1 -T- col. 3.

Col. 6 

Col. 7

.Col. 4 (table 5A) -f- col. 5 (table 5A).

.Index of col. 6.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A ppendix Table 6A. JAPAN. Basic Data on Production, Labor Compensation, Employment,

and Hours of Work in Manufacturing, 1950-64

Year

Current-value 

gross product 

originating in 

manufacturing 

(billions of yen)

Index of 

manufacturing 

production 

(1960=100)

Aggregate 

compensation of 

all employees 

(billions of yen)

Employment

(thousands)

Average monthly 

hours of work 

per employee

Aggregate 

annual hours 

of work 

(millions)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1950_____________________________________ 0) 19.8 2 370.472 24,289 189.0 29,727

1951_____________________________________ 1,111.2 27.8 507.037 4,575 192.8 10,585

1952________ ____________________________ 1,146.8 30.9 596.933 4,682 194.4 10,922

1953_____________________________________ 1,361.5 38.5 669.443 4,773 196.7 11,266

1954_____________________________________ 1,444.9 42.2 757.578 5,007 195.9 11,770

1955_____________________________________ 1,494.2 45.7 828.716 5,132 198.0 12,194

1956_ __________________________________ 1,918.7 56.4 1,020.769 5,897 204.4 14,464

1957__________________ _________________ 2,236.1 66.9 1,145.269 6,455 202.9 15,717

1958_____________________________________ 2,155.0 65.7 1,189.624 6,589 201.4 15,924

1959_____________________________________ 2,666.2 79.6 1,359.149 6,828 204.7 16,772

1960 _ __________________________________ 3,463.5 100.0 1,676.324 7,538 207.0 18,724

1961_____________________________________ 4,251.9 119.9 2,047.012 8,082 203.4 19,727

1962_____________________________________ 4,688.9 130.1 2,416.528 8,573 198.4 20,411

1963_____________________________________ 5,420.6 143.7 2,785.505 8,951 196.9 21,149

1964_____________________________________ 6,059.6 166.8 0) 0) 195.7 0)

1 Not available.

2 Estimate.

Col. 1 ---------------------------------Economic Planning Agency. Data published annually (in

Japanese) in White Paper on National Income.

Col. 2 ---------------------------------Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry,

index of production, published by the Ministry of Labor in 

Yearbook of Labor Statistics.

Cols. 3, 4 ---------------------------- Economic Planning Agency, White Paper on National

Income.

Col. 5 ______________________Japanese Ministry of Labor, Yearbook of Labor Statistics.

A monthly establishment survey showing the number of 

hours of work of all employees in establishments with 30 

or more employees.

Col. 6 ______________________Col. 4 X col. 5 X 12 months.

A p p e n d ix T a b l e 6B . JAPAN. I n d e x e s o f U n i t L a b o r C o s t , O u t p u t p e r M a n - h o u r ,

a n d A v e r a g e H o u r l y C o m p e n s a t io n i n M a n u f a c t u r in g , 1950-64

[1957=100] 1

Year

Index of 

manufacturing 

production

Index of aggregate 

compensation of 

all employees

Index of aggregate 

hours of work

Index of unit 

labor cost

Index of output 

per man-hour

Average compensation of 

all employees per man-hour

In yen Index

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (?)

1950____________________________ 29.6 i 32.3 i 61.9 i 109.1 i 47.8 i 38.09 i 52.3

1951____________________________ 41.6 44.3 67.3 106.5 61.8 47.90 65.7

1952____________________________ 46.2 52.1 69.5 112.8 66.5 54.65 75.0

1953____________________________ 57.5 58.5 71.7 101.7 80.2 59.42 81.5

1954____________________________ 63.1 66.1 74.9 104.8 84.2 64.36 88.3

1955____________________________ 68.3 72.4 77.6 106.0 88.0 67.96 93.3

1956____________________________ 84.3 89.1 92.0 105.7 91.6 70.57 96.8

1957____________________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 72.87 100.0

1958____________________________ 98.2 103.9 101.3 105.8 96.9 74.70 102.5

1959____________________________ 119.0 118.7 106.7 99.7 111.5 81.04 111.2

1960____________________________ 149.5 146.4 119.1 97.9 125.5 89.53 122.9

1961____________________________ 179.2 178.7 125.5 99.7 142.8 103.77 142.4

1962____________________________ 194.5 211.0 129.9 108.5 149.7 118.40 162.5

1963____________________________ 214.8 243.2 134.6 113.2 159.6 131.71 180.7

1964_____________________ 249.3 276.5 (2) 110.8 (2) (2) (2)

1 Estimate. 2 Not available.

Cols. 1, 2, 3 ---------------------- Indexes of respective series appearing in appendix table 6A.

K) Col. 4 -------------------------------- Col. 2 -r- col. 1.

Col. 5 

Col. 6 

Col. 7

■ Col. 1 -r - COI. 3 .

.Col. 3 (table 6A) -f- col. 6 (table 6 A ). 

.Index of col. 6.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A ppendix Table 7A. NETHERLANDS. Basic Data on Production, Labor Compensation,

Employment, and Hours of Work in Manufacturing, 1950-64

to

oo

Year

Current-value 

gross product 

originating in 

manufacturing 

(millions of guilders)

Index of 

manufacturing 

production 

(1953=100)

Aggregate 

compensation 

of all

employees

(millions of guilders)

Employment 

(thousands of 

man-years1)

Average 

weekly hours 

of work

Aggregate 

annual hours 

of work of 

all employees 

(millions)

Exchange rate 

(guilders per 

U.S. dollar)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

1960 ___ 4,993 88 2,765 1,151 48.8 2,920.8 3.800

1951 ___ 5,638 91 3,088 1,162 48.5 2,930.8 3.800

1952 _ __ 5,674 91 3,200 1,133 48.6 2,863.3 3.800

1953 __ 6,332 100 3,376 1,148 48.8 2,913.2 3.800

1954 __ 7,319 111 3,906 1,201 48.8 3,047.7 3.800

1955 _ __ 8,193 120 4,413 1,229 49.0 3,131.5 3.800

1956 ___ 8,880 125 4,986 1,252 48.8 3,177.1 3.800

1957 ___ 9,735 128 5,565 1,263 48.6 3,191.9 3.800

1958 _____ 9,569 127 5,680 1,237 48.6 3,126.1 3.800

1959 ____ 10,554 139 5,945 1,257 48.8 3,189.8 3.800

1960 ______ 12,216 155 6,772 1,295 48.8 3,286.2 3.800

1961 _______ 12,796 161 7,586 1,327 46.5 3,208.7 3.640

1962 _ _ 13,575 170 8,228 1,285 46.5 3,107.1 3.600

1963 ___ (2) 177 9,171 1,309 46.6 3,172.0 3.600

1964.......................... ............. ........... (2) 194 10,645 1,331 46.1 3,190.7 3.600

1 A man-year is 300 working days regardless of the number of hours worked.

2 Not available. ^

Col. 1 ______________________ Central Bureau of Statistics, Nationals rekenmgen. Constantvalue gross product figures are not published separately for 

the manufacturing sector.

Col. 2 ______________________ Central Bureau of Statistics, Maadschrift.

Cols. 3, 4 __________________ Central Bureau of Statistics, Nationale rekeningen.

Col. 5 ______________________Central Bureau of Statistics, Sociale maandstatistiek.

Col. 6 ZZZZZZ Z_________Col. 4 X col. 5 X 52 weeks.

Col. 7 ______________________Official exchange rate, except for 1961 which represents a

weighted average of the official value before and after its 

change in March.

A ppendix Table 7B. NETHERLANDS. Indexes of Unit Labor Cost, Output per Man-hour,

and Average Hourly Compensation in Manufacturing, 1950-64

[1957=100]

Year

Index of 

manufacturing 

production

Index of 

aggregate 

compensation 

of all employees

Index of 

aggregate 

hours of 

work of all 

employees

Index of 

exchange rate 

(guilders per 

U.S. dollar)

Index of unit labor cost

Index of 

output per 

man-hour

Average hourly compensation 

of all employees

Guilder

basis

U.S. dollar 

basis In guilders Index

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

1950 ____________ 68.8 49.7 91.5 100.0 72.2 72.2 75.2 .947 54.3

1951 ____________ 71.1 55.5 91.8 100.0 78.0 78.0 77.5 1.054 60.5

1952 ___________ 71.1 57.5 89.7 100.0 80.9 80.9 79.3 1.118 64.1

1953 ___________ 78.1 60.7 91.3 100.0 77.7 77.7 85.5 1.159 66.5

1954 _____________ 86.7 70.2 95.5 100.0 81.0 81.0 90.8 1.282 73.6

1955 _______________ 93.8 79.3 98.1 100.0 84.5 84.5 95.6 1.409 80.8

1956 _ ______ 97.7 89.6 99.5 100.0 91.7 91.7 98.2 1.569 90.0

1957 _______ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.743 100.0

1958 _____ 99.2 102.1 97.9 100.0 102.9 102.9 100.0 1.817 104.2

1959 __ __ 108.6 106.8 99.0 100.0 98.3 98.3 108.7 1.864 106.9

I960 ________ 121.1 121.7 103.0 100.0 100.5 100.5 117.6 2.061 118.2

1961 ................ 125.8 136.3 100.5 95.8 108.3 113.4 125.2 2.364 135.6

1962 ................ 132.8 147.9 97.3 94.7 111.4 117.6 136.5 2.648 151.9

1963 ............... 138.3 164.8 99.4 94.7 119.2 125.9 139.1 2.891 165.9

1964......................................... 151.4 191.3 100.0 94.7 126.4 133.5 151.4 3.336 191.4

Cols. 1, 2, 3, 4

Col. 5 -------------

Col. 6 -------------

.Indexes o f respective series appearing in appendix table 7A. Col. 7

.Col. 2 - h col. 1. Col. 8

.Col. 5 -r- col. 4 Col. 9

.Col. 1 -f- col. 3.

.Col. 3 (table 7A) -r- col. 6 (table 7A)

.Index of col. 8.

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Appendix Table 8A. SWEDEN. Basic Data on Production, Labor Compensation,

Employment, and Hours of Work in Manufacturing and Mining, 1950-64

Year

Value added 

in manufacturing 

and mining 

(thousands 

of kronor)

Index of production in 

manufacturing and mining Aggregate 

wages 

(thousands 

of kronor)

Aggregate 

salaries 

(thousands 

of kronor)

Aggregate 

wages to 

homeworkers 

(thousands 

of kronor)

Aggregate compensation 

(thousands of kronor) Employment

Aggregate annual 

hours of work Total hours 

of all

employees

(thousands)

1935 =100 1959 =100

All

employees

Wage

earners

Wage

earners

Salary

earners

Wage

earners

(thousands)

Salary

earners

(thousands)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

1950_______ 0) 197 0) 0) 0) 0) 2 4,744,099 23,515,346 649,469 143,100 1,384,018 297,648 1,681,666

1951............. (0 206 79 (0 0) (0 2 5,762,146 2 4,295,781 663,135 149,306 1,427,730 310,556 1,738,286

1952_______ 12,248,173 202 78 4,983,808 1,780,001 23,172 6,786,981 5,006,980 648,173 151,335 1,384,715 314,777 1,699,492

1953_______ 12,490.372 204 79 5,076,084 1,847,393 32,497 6,955,974 5,108,581 631,878 151,974 1,334,053 316,106 1,650,159

1954_______ 13,777,764 213 82 5,544,343 2,000,833 34,488 7,579,664 5,578,831 656,628 159,729 1,391,818 332,236 1,724,054

1955_______ 15,019,988 226 87 6,106,169 2,243,945 33,314 8,383,428 6,139,483 676,350 166,608 1,430,873 346,545 1,777,418

1956______ 16,265,527 234 90 6,557,858 2,482,611 34,448 9,074,917 6,592,306 676,539 172,515 1,409,168 358,831 1,767,999

1957_______ 17,646,468 240 93 6,911,426 2,686,681 34,505 9,632,612 6,945,931 671,397 177,235 1,399,137 368,649 1,767,786

1958............. 18,088,632 245 94 7,080,354 2,896,870 31,950 10,009,174 7,112,304 661,208 180,035 1,357,618 374,467 1,732,085

1959_______ 19,296,266 259 100 7,319,163 3,091,594 32,816 10,443,573 7,351,979 665,143 185,107 1,345,641 385,022 1,730,663

1960_______ 21,508,265 286 110 8,082,609 3,621,186 38,022 11,741,817 8,120,631 698,680 196,907 1,399,140 409,567 1,808,707

1961_______ 23,938,949 305 119 8,882,601 4,102,901 40,876 13,026,378 8,923,477 719,166 211,222 1,427,659 439,342 1,867,001

1962_______ 25,393,199 309 126 9,594,237 4,746,050 43,213 14,383,500 9,637,450 718,260 221,665 1,419,199 461,063 1,880,262

1963_______ 27,089,665 316 133 10,151,904 5,147,199 48,069 15,347,172 10,199,973 711,077 227,766 1,393,183 473,753 1,866,936

1964_______ 0) 337 146 0) 0) (0 216,695,950 210,969,276 0) 0) 0) 0) 0)

1 Not available.

2 Estimate.

Col. 1 _____________________ Central Bureau of Statistics, Industri (annual). Data from

the annual census of production.

Cols. 2, 3 __________________Central Bureau of Statistics, AUnian Manads Statistik

(monthly).

Cols. 4, 5, 6 _______________ Central Bureau of Statistics, Industri (annual).

Col. 7 ___________ - ________Cols. 4 ~j- 5 *4“ 6.

Col. 8 _____________________Col. 4 + col. 6.

Cols. 9, 10, 11 ____________ Central Bureau of Statistics, Industri (annual).

Col. 1 2 __ - _________________Col. 10 X 40 hours X 52 weeks.

Col. 1 3 _____________________Col. 11 - f col. 12.

A p p e n d ix T a b l e 8B . SWEDEN. I n d e x e s o f U n i t L a b o r C o s t, O u t p u t p e r M a n - h o u r , a n d A v e r a g e

H o u r l y C o m p e n s a t io n i n M a n u f a c t u r in g a n d M i n i n g , 1950-64

[1957=100]

Year

Index of 

production 

in manufacturing 

and mining

Index of aggregate 

compensation

Index of aggregate 

hours of work

Index of unit 

labor cost

Index of output 

per man-hour

Average compensation of 

all employees per man-hour

Average compensation of 

wage-earners per man-hour

All

employees

Wage

earners

All

employees

j Wage 

earners

All

employees

Wage

earners

All

employees

Wage

earners

In kronor Index In kronor Index

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

1950_______ 82.1 49.3 50.6 95.1 98.9 60.0 61.6 86.3 83.0 2.82 51.7 2.54 51.2

1951_______ 85.8 59.8 61.8 98.3 102.0 69.7 72.0 87.3 84.1 3.31 60.7 3.01 60.7

1952_______ 84.2 70.5 72.1 96.1 99.0 83.7 85.6 87.6 85.1 3.99 73.4 3.62 72.8

1953__.......... 85.0 72.2 73.5 93.3 95.3 84.9 86.4 91.1 89.2 4.22 77.4 3.83 77.1

1954.............. 88.7 78.7 80.3 97.5 99.5 88.7 90.5 91.0 89.1 4.40 80.7 4.01 80.7

1955.............. 94.2 87.0 88.4 100.5 102.3 92.4 93.8 93.7 92.1 4.72 86.6 4.29 86.4

1956.............. 97.5 94.2 94.9 100.0 100.0 96.6 97.3 97.5 97.5 5.13 99.2 4.68 94.9

1957_______ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.45 100.0 4.96 100.0

1958............ 102.1 103.9 102.4 98.0 97.0 101.8 100.3 104.2 105.3 5.78 106.0 5.24 105.6

1959.............. 107.9 108.4 105.8 97.9 96.2 100.5 98.1 110.2 112.2 6.03 110.7 5.46 110.0

1960......... 119.2 121.9 116.9 102.3 100.0 102.3 98.1 116.5 119.2 6.49 119.2 5.80 116.9

1961_______ 128.0 135.2 128.5 105.6 102.0 105.6 100.4 121.2 125.5 6.98 128.0 6.25 126.0

1962_______ 135.5 149.3 138.7 106.4 101.4 110.2 102.4 127.3 133.6 7.65 140.3 6.79 136.8

1963_______ 143.0 159.3 146.8 105.6 99.6 111.3 102.7 135.4 143.6 8.22 150.8 7.32 147.6

1964............. 157.0 »173.3 i 157.8 (1 2) (2) i 110.4 i 100.5 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

1 Estimate.

2 Not available.

Cols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 __________ Indexes of respective series appearing in appendix table 8A.

Col. 6 ---------------------------------- Col. 2 -r- col. 1.

K) Col. 7 ---------------------------------- Col. 3 -r- col. 1.

ZD Col. 8 _______________________Col. 1 -r- col. 4.

Col. 9 ____________________ Col. 1 ~r* col. 5.

Col. 10 ___________________ Col, 7 (table 8A) -r- col. 13 (table 8 A ).

Col. 11 ____________________Index of col. 10.

Col. 12 ___________________ Col. 8 (table 8A) col. 11 (table 8A).

Col. 13 _______ - ___________ Index of col. 12.

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00

o

A ppendix Table 9A. UNITED KINGDOM. B asic Data on Production, Labor Compensation,

E mployment, and Hours op W ork in Manufacturing, 1950-64

Year

1950

1951.

1952

1953 

1954. 

1955

1956.

1957. 

1958 

1959.

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

Year

1950.

1951.

1952.

1953.

1954.

1955.

1956. 

1957 

1958.

1959

1960 

1961. 

1962 

1963. 

1964

Gross product originating in manufacturing

Current value 

(millions of 

pounds)

Constant value 

(millions of 1958 

pounds)

(1) (2)

4,161 5,742

4,725 6,023

4,738 5,812

5,116 6,163

5,618 6,583

6,169 7,003

6,505 6,933

6,890 7,073

7,003 7,003

7,484 7,423

8,257 8,053

8,556 8,053

8,711 8,053

9,098 8,404

10,114 9,104

Implicit price 

deflator for 

manufacturing 

(1958=100)

Aggregate wages 

and salaries 

(millions of pounds)

Aggregate 

supplements, 

all employees 

(millions of pounds)

Ratio of 

supplements to 

wages and salaries 

(percent)

Aggregate wages 

(millions of pounds)

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

72.5

78.4

81.5

83.0

85.3

88.1

93.8

97.4 

100.0

100.8

102.5 

106.2 

108.2 

108.3 

111.1

2,460

2,743

2,976

3,194

3,450

3,806

4,119

4,371

4,502

4,745

5,221

5,599

5,765

5,940

6,495

118

138

151

167

177

198

219

232

269

279

294

337

368

393

431

4.80

5.03

5.07

5.23

5.13

5.20

5.32

5.31

5.98

5.88

5.63 

6.02

6.38 

6.61

6.64

1,812

2,016

2,166

2.357 

2,549 

2,812 

3,016 

3,164 

3,200

3.357 

3,691 

3,903 

3,960 

4,054 

4,437

Aggregate 

supplements for 

wage earners 

(millions of 

pounds)

(8)

Aggregate compensation Employment (thousands)

All employees 

(millions of 

pounds)

Wage earners 

(millions of 

pounds)

Salaried

employees

Wage earners

(9)

(10) (ID (12)

Average weekly 

hours of work Aggregate annual hours of work

Wage earners All employees 

(millions)

Wage earners 

(millions)

(13) (14) (15)

90

101

103

123

131

146

160

168

191

197

208

242

253

268

295

2,578

2,881

3,127

3,361

3,627

4,004

4,338

4,603

4,771

5,024

5,515

5,936

6,133

6,333

6,926

1,902

2,117

2,269

2,480

2,680

2,958

3,176

3,332

3,391

3,554

3,899

4,145

4,213

4,322

4,732

1,230

1,290

1,360

1,390

1,420

1,500

1,570

1,600

1,650

1,660

1,735

1,825

1,855

1,850

1,890

6,060

6,180

6,090

6,160

6,230

6,340

6,320

6,290

6,110

6,100

6,305

6,325

6,235

6,150

6,200

45.9

46.3

45.9

46.3

46.7 

47.0

46.8

46.6

46.2

46.6

46.2

45.7

45.3

45.4

45.8

17,022

17,562

17,365

17,722

18,083

18,615

18,646

18,570

18,111

18,235

18,756

18,827

18,539

18,367

18,697

14,464

14,879

14,536

14,831

15,129

15,495

15,380

15,242

14,679

14,782

15,147

15,031

14,687

14,519

14,766

Cols. 1, 2 __________________Central Statistical Office, National Income and Expenditure

(annual).

Col. 3 _____________________ Col. 1 -r- col. 2.

Cols. 4, 5 __________________Central Statistical Office, National Income and Expenditure.

Col. 6 _____________________ Col. 5 -r- col. 4.

Col. 7 _____________________ Central Statistical Office, National Income and Expenditure.

coi.’ 8 ___________ coi. 6 x coi. 7.

Col. 9 ______________________Central Statistical Office, National Income and Expenditure.

Also, col. 4 -f- col. 5.

Col. 1 0 _____________________Col. 7 + col. 8. „ _ ^ ...

Cols. 11, 12 _______________ Central Statistical Office, National Income and Expenditure.

Col. 13 1___________________ Ministry of Labour, Ministry of Labour Gazette.

Col 1 4 ____________________ Col. 11 X 40 hours X 52 weeks + col. 15.

Col. 1 5 ____________________ Col. 12 X col. 13 X 52 weeks.

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Appendix Table 9B. UNITED KINGDOM. Indexes of Unit Labor Cost, Output per Man- hour,

and A verage Hourly Compensation in Manufacturing, 1950-64

[1957=1001

Year

Index of 

constantvalue gross 

product 

in manufacturing

Index of aggregate 

compensation

Index of aggregate 

hours of work

Index of unit 

labor cost

Index of output 

per man-hour

Average compensation of 

all employees per man-hour

Average compensation of 

wage earners per man-hour

All

employees

Wage

earners

All

employees

Wage

earners

All

employees

Wage

earners

All

employees

Wage

earners

In pounds Index In pounds Index

1950_______

(1)

81.2

(2)

56.0

(3)

57.1

(4)

91.7

(5)

94.9

(6)

69.0

(7)

70.3

(8)

88.5

(9)

85.6

87.2

86.2 

89.5

(10)

0.1515

.1640

.1801

.1897

.2006

.2151

.2327

.2479

.2634

.2755

.2940

.3153

.3308

.3458

.3704

(ID

61.1

66.2

72.7 

76.5

80.9

86.8

93.9 

100.0

106.3 

111.1 

118.6 

127.2

133.4 

139.1

149.4

(12)

0.1313

1 4 0 0

(13)

60.2

65.0

71.4

76.5

81.0 

87.3

94.5 

100.0

105.7 

110.0

117.7

1 9

1951_______ 85.1 62.6 63.4 94.6 97.6 73.6 74.5 90.0

87.9

. 1 4 £ o

1952_______ 82.2 68.0 68.1 93.5 95.4 82.7 82.8 • loot) 

1 & 7 O

1953_______ 87.1 73.1 74.4 95.4 97.3 83.9 85.4 91.3 . 10 

.1771 1954........... 93.1 78.8 80.4 1 QAO 97.4 99.3 84.6 86.4 95.6 93.8

97.3

97.1

100.0

102.8

108.2

114.6 

115.5 

118.3

124.7

132.8

1955_______ 99.0 87.0 88.8 100.2 101.7 87.9 89.7 98.8

.2065

.2186

.2310

.2404

.2574

,2758

.2869

.2977

.3205

1956.............. 98.0 94.3 95.3 100.4 100.9 96.2 97.2 97.6

1957......... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1958_______ 99.0 103.7 101.8 97.5 96.3 104.7 102.8 101.5

1959_______ 105.0 109.2 106.7 98.2 97.0 104.0 101.6 106.9

1960_______ 113.9 119.8 117.0 101.0 99.4 105.2 103.4 112.8

112.3 1961.............. 113.9 128.9 124.4 101.4 98.6 113.2 109.2 1 6 0 , u

1Q1 O

1962 ............ 113.9 133.2 126.4 99.8 96.3 116.9 111.0 114.1 lo l «£

136.2 1968_______ 146.6 118.8 137.6 129.7 98.9 95.3 115.8 109.2 120.1

1964_______ 128.7 150.5 142.0 100.7 96.9 116.9 110.3 127.8

Cols. 1. 2, 3, 4, 5 ________ Indexes of respective series appearing in appendix table

9A.

Col. 6 _______________________ Coi. 2 -f- col. 1.

Col. 7 _______________________ Col. 3 -r- col. 1.

Col. 8 _______________________ Col. 1 -r- col. 4.

Col. 9 ____

Col. 10 — 

Col. 11 — 

Col. 12 — 

Col. 13 —

Col. 1 -r- col. 5.

Col. 9 (table 9A) -r- col. 14 (table 9 A ). 

Index of col. 10.

Col. 10 (table 9A) -r- col. 15 (table 9A). 

Index of col. 12.

00

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
S E L E C T E D B IB L IO G R A P H Y

General

Organization for European Economic Co-operation. A Standardized System of

National Accounts. Paris, 1959.

United Nations. National Accounting Practices in Sixty Countries. Provisional 

issue. New York, 1964. (Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 11).

Canada

Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Canada Yearbook (annual). Ottawa.

------ . Canadian Statistical Review (monthly). Ottawa.

_____General Review of the Manufacturing Industries of Canada (annual).

Ottawa.

------ . National Accounts Income and Expenditure (annual). Ottawa.

------ . Revised Index of Industrial Production, 1935—1957. Ottawa, 1959. (Reference Paper No. 61-502)

France

Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques. “ Les Comptes de la 

Nation,” Etudes et Conjoncture (Paris), July 1965 and selected earlier issues.

------ . “ Methods de la Comptabilite Nationale: Cadres et definitions de la base

1959,” etudes et Conjoncture (Paris), March 1966, whole issue.

------ . “Les salaires dans l’industrie, le commerce et les services,” Etudes Statistiques (Paris), April-June 1964 and selected earlier issues.

------ . “ Les salaires dans l’industrie, le commerce et les services en 1963,” Etudes et

Conjoncture (Paris), November 1965, pp. 1-74.

------ . “ Les salaires dans l’industrie, le commerce et les services en 1964,” Etudes

et Conjoncture (Paris), Supplement No, 2, February 1966, pp. 21-24.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. General Statistics

(Paris), January 1965, whole issue.

------ . National Accounts Statistics, 1955-6J+. Paris, 1966. Pp. 66-73.

------ . Statistics of National Accounts, 1950-61. Paris, 1964. Pp. 87-94.

Germany

Statistisches Bundesamt. Statistisches Jahrbuch (annual). Wiesbaden.

------ . Social product account data. Wirtschaft und Statistik (Wiesbaden), January or February issue of each year.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. National Accounts Statistics, 1955-6U. Paris, 1966. Pp. 74-81.

------ . Statistics of National Accounts, 1950-61. Paris, 1964. Pp. 95-102.

32

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Selected Bibliography—Continued

Italy

Ministero del Lavoro e della Previdenza Sociale. Statistiche del Lavoro (quarterly). Rome.

------ . Supplemento al BoUettino Statistiche del Lavoro (monthly). Rome.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. National Accounts Statistics, 1955-64. Paris, 1966. Pp. 106-113.

------ . Statistics of National Accounts, 1950-61. Paris, 1964. Pp. 127-134.

Japan

Economic Planning Agency. The Measures Concerning Improvement of National

Economic Accounting. Tokyo, 1966 (Bulletin 14).

------ . White Paper on National Income (annual). Tokyo. (In Japanese)

Ministry of Labor. Japan Yearbook of Labor Statistics (annual). Tokyo.

Netherlands

Central Bureau voor de Statistiek. Jaarcijfers voor Nederland (annual). The 

Hague.

------ . Nationale rekeningen (annual). The Hague.

------ . National Accounts of the Netherlands, 1960. The Hague, 1961 (Statistical

Studies No. 11).

Sweden

Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, and National Institute of Economic Research. The Swedish Economy (quarterly). Stockholm.

Statistiska Centralbry&n. Industri (annual). Stockholm.

------ . Statistik Arsbok (annual). Stockholm.

United Kingdom

Central Statistical Office. The Index of Industrial Production. London, 1959.

------ . National Income and Expenditure (annual). London.

------ . National Income Statistics: Sources and Methods. London, 1956.

United States

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Federal Reserve Bulletin

(monthly). Washington.

------ . Industrial Production Indexes, 1961-1964. Washington, 1965.

------ . Industrial Production Measurement in the United States: Concepts, Uses,

and Compilation Practices. Washington, 1964.

------ . Industrial Production, 1957-59 Base. Washington, 1962.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics. “ Advance in Salaries 

as a Portion of Manufacturing Payrolls,” Survey of Current Business (Washington), May 1962, pp. 11-13.

------ . “ GNP by Major Industries,” Survey of Current Business (Washington),

October 1963, pp. 6-18, and September 1964, pp. 19-20.

33

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Selected Bibliography—Continued

United States— Continued

U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics. National Income.

1954 edition. Washington, 1954.

_____National Income. 1954 edition. Washington, 1954.

_____Survey of Current Business (Washington), National income number (annually in July).

------ . U.S. Income and Output. Washington, 1958.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment and Earnings

Statistics for the United States, 1909-1965. Washington, 1965. (Bulletin 1309)

------ . Trends in Output per Man-hour in the Private Economy, 1907-58. Washington, 1959. (Bulletin 1249)

------ . “ Unit Labor Cost in Nine Countries. I. Recent Unit Cost Trends in U.S.

Manufacturing,” Monthly Labor Review (Washington), September 1965, pp, 

1056-1068,

ib II. 8 . G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F P I C E : 1966— O 2 2 2 - 3 8 3

34

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