In the United States Court of Federal Claims

No. 19-848

Filed: December 15, 2020

GEORGE P. BROWN, et al.,

Plaintiff,

v.

THE UNITED STATES,

Defendant.

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Taxpayer Signature Requirement; Waiver 

Doctrine; 26 U.S.C. § 7422; Treas. Reg. § 

301.6402-2; 26 U.S.C. § 6061; 26 U.S.C.

§ 6065; Subject Matter Jurisdiction; 

RCFC 12(b)(1).

Kathryn Nicole Magan, Magan Law, PLLC, North Richland Hills, TX, for plaintiff.

Courtney Metz Hutson, U.S. Department of Justice, Tax Division, Washington, DC, for 

defendant.

OPINION AND ORDER

SMITH, Senior Judge

This matter is before the Court on defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiffs, George P. 

Brown and Ruth Hunt-Brown, assert a tax refund claim for tax years 2015 and 2017 against 

defendant, seeking recovery of “federal income tax and interest erroneously paid . . . or 

erroneously assessed and collected by the Internal Revenue Service” during the course of 

plaintiffs’ employment in Australia, pursuant to the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion under 26 

U.S.C. § 911(a). Second Amended Complaint at 1–2, ECF No. 14 [hereinafter 2nd Am. 

Compl.]. In response, defendant filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that this Court lacks subject 

matter jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint because plaintiffs failed to 

“verify, under the penalties of perjury, the 2015 and 2017 administrative claims for refund on 

which they base this suit” and failed to properly authorize a representative to sign on their behalf. 

Motion of the United States to Dismiss the Complaint with Respect to the 2015 and 2017 Tax 

Years and Memorandum in Support Thereof at 3, ECF No. 34 [hereinafter Def.’s MTD]. For the 

reasons set forth below, defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is granted.

I. Background

On March 7, 2016 and January 23, 2018, plaintiffs filed their original joint federal 

income tax returns, Form 1040, with the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for the 2015 and 2017 

tax years respectively, after signing both returns electronically. See generally Def.’s MTD, Ex. 

1; Def.’s MTD, Ex. 2. On October 3, 2018, the IRS received plaintiffs’ first amended tax return, 
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Form 1040X, for the 2015 tax year (“2015 First Amended Tax Return”), claiming a refund in the 

amount of $7,636.00. Def.’s MTD, Ex. 3 at 1. The 2015 First Amended Return did not contain 

the plaintiffs’ signatures, but, rather, was signed by plaintiffs’ tax-preparer, John Anthony 

Castro, without the requisite Form 2848 (“power of attorney”). See generally id. That same day, 

the IRS received plaintiffs’ amended tax return, Form 1040X, for the 2017 tax year (“2017

Amended Return”), claiming a refund in the amount of $5,061.00. Def.’s MTD, Ex. 5 at 1. 

Again, the 2017 Amended Tax Return was not signed by plaintiffs, but by Mr. Castro, and was 

not accompanied with a Form 2848. See generally id. 

On November 15, 2018, the IRS issued a Letter 916C, indicating that the IRS could not 

consider plaintiffs’ refund claim for the 2015 tax year because “[their] supporting information 

was not complete.” Def.’s MTD at 5 (citing 2nd Am. Compl., Ex. D). That same day, Mr. 

Castro faxed the IRS a Form 2848, intending to give three individuals—himself, Tiffany 

Michelle Hunt, and Kasondra Kay Humphreys—the authority to represent plaintiff George 

Brown before the IRS for the 2014 through 2018 tax years.1 Def.’s MTD, Ex. 6 at 1. The Form 

2848 was not signed by plaintiff George Brown but, instead, by Tiffany Michelle Hunt. Id. at 2. 

On January 14, 2019, the IRS received plaintiffs’ second amended tax return, Form 1040X, for 

the 2015 tax year (“Second 2015 Amended Tax Return”), claiming a refund in the same amount

as initially requested. Def.’s MTD, Ex. 4 at 1. Once more, the Second 2015 Amended Tax 

Return contained Mr. Castro’s, not plaintiffs’ signatures, and it was not accompanied by a Form 

2848. See generally id. On April 26, 2019, the IRS issued a Letter 569 (DO), proposing to 

disallow the 2015 and 2017 refunds based on plaintiffs’ purported waiver of the Foreign Earned 

Income Exclusion. Def.’s MTD, Ex. 7 at 4. Thereafter, on May 28, 2019, Mr. Castro submitted 

a Request for Appeals Review, Form 12203, for tax year 2017 on plaintiffs’ behalf.

2

 Def.’s 

MTD, Ex. 8 at 1. 

On June 10, 2019, plaintiffs filed their original Complaint with this Court, asserting a tax 

refund claim for tax year 2015 pursuant to the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion. See generally

Complaint, ECF No. 1. On June 25, 2019, plaintiffs filed their First Amended Complaint,

covering the same tax year. See generally First Amended Complaint, ECF No. 6. On September 

5, 2019, plaintiffs filed their Second Amended Complaint, expanding their refund suit to tax 

years 2016 and 2017.3 See generally 2nd Am. Compl. On May 15, 2020, defendant filed its 

Motion to Dismiss, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims 

(“RCFC”), arguing that this Court lacks jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ Complaint because plaintiffs 

failed to “verify, under the penalties of perjury, the 2015 and 2017 administrative claims for 

refund on which they base this suit” and failed to properly authorize a representative to sign on 

their behalf. Def.’s MTD at 3. On June 12, 2020, plaintiff filed its Response to defendant’s 

1 The Form 2848 did not purport to apply to plaintiff Ruth Hunt-Brown. See generally

Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, Ex. 6, ECF No. 34 [hereinafter Def.’s MTD, Ex. 6].

2 The Form 12203 did not contain plaintiffs’ signatures, but only that of John Anthony 

Castro. Def.’s MTD, Ex. 8 at 1.

3 On August 3, 2020, the parties filed a stipulation of dismissal without prejudice for tax 

year 2016. See generally Stipulation for Dismissal Without Prejudice with Respect to the Tax 

Year 2016, ECF No. 40. Consequently, a tax refund claim for the above tax year is no longer 

before the Court. 
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Motion to Dismiss, asserting that the IRS waived the taxpayer signature requirement by fully 

investigating the merits of plaintiffs’ claims. Plaintiffs’ Memorandum in Opposition to 

Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the Complaint at 3–4, ECF No. 35 [hereinafter Pl.’s Resp.]. On 

June 29, 2020, defendant filed its Reply, contending that the doctrine of waiver is inapplicable to 

the taxpayer signature requirement and that, even if it were, plaintiffs have not satisfied its 

requisite elements. Reply in Further Support of the United States’ Motion to Dismiss the 

Complaint with Respect to the 2015 and 2017 Tax Years at 1–2, ECF No. 38 [hereinafter Def.’s 

Reply]. The Court held oral argument on October 20, 2020. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is 

fully briefed and ripe for review.

II. Standard of Review

This Court’s jurisdictional grant is found primarily in the Tucker Act, which gives this

Court the power “to render judgment upon any claim against the United States founded either 

upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive 

department, . . . or for liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.” 28 

U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1) (2018). Though the Tucker Act expressly waives the sovereign immunity of 

the United States against such claims, it is “merely a jurisdictional statute and does not create a 

substantive cause of action” enforceable against the United States for money damages. Rick’s 

Mushroom Serv. v. United States, 521 F.3d 1338, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing United States v. 

Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976)); Quimba Software, Inc. v. United States, 132 Fed. Cl. 676, 

680 (2017) (citing the same). Instead, “a plaintiff must identify a separate source of substantive 

law that creates the right to money damages,” such as a money-mandating constitutional 

provision. Fisher v. United States, 402 F.3d 1167, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citing United States v. 

Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 216 (1983)); Loveladies Harbor. Inc. v. United States, 27 F.3d 1545, 

1554 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (en banc). 

Jurisdiction is a threshold issue that “must be resolved before the Court can take action 

on the merits.” Remote Diagnostic Techs. LLC v. United States, 133 Fed. Cl. 198, 202 (2017) 

(citing Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94 (1998)). When a “motion to 

dismiss ‘challenges the truth of the jurisdictional facts,’” this Court “‘may consider relevant 

evidence in order to resolve the factual dispute’” and may make factual findings that are decisive 

of the jurisdictional issue. Freeman v. United States, 875 F.3d 623, 627 (Fed. Cir. 2017) 

(quoting Banks v. United States, 741 F.3d 1268, 1277 (Fed. Cir. 2014)); Hedman v. United 

States, 15 Cl. Ct. 304, 306 (1988). When considering a motion to dismiss for lack of 

subject-matter jurisdiction, the Court will treat factual allegations in the complaint as true and 

will construe those allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Estes Express Lines v. 

United States, 739 F.3d 689, 692 (Fed. Cir. 2014); Oakland Steel Corp. v. United States, 33 Fed. 

Cl. 611, 613 (1995) (citing Reynolds v. Army and Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 747 (Fed. 

Cir. 1988)). However, the plaintiff must still establish that this Court has jurisdiction over its 

claims by a preponderance of the evidence. See Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 

U.S. 375, 377 (1994). 
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III. Discussion

A. Jurisdictional Prerequisites to Bring a Tax Refund Claim 

In order for this Court to have jurisdiction over a tax refund claim, 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a) 

requires that it first be “duly filed” in accordance with the following Treasury Regulation: 

No suit or proceeding shall be maintained in any court for the recovery of any 

internal revenue tax alleged to have been erroneously or illegally assessed or 

collected . . . until a claim for refund or credit has been duly filed with the Secretary, 

according to the provisions of law in that regard, and the regulations of the 

Secretary established in pursuance thereof. 

26 U.S.C. § 7422(a); see, e.g., Waltner v. Unites States, 679 F.3d 1329, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2012)

(“[W]hether this Court has jurisdiction over . . . refund claims depends on whether the taxpayers’ 

submissions to the IRS constitute a claim for refund. While a tax return can itself constitute an 

administrative claim for refund, the tax return must first satisfy various Treasury Regulations.”). 

To be “duly filed,” a claim, in relevant part

must set forth in detail each ground upon which a credit or refund is claimed and 

facts sufficient to apprise the Commissioner of the exact basis thereof. The 

statement of the grounds and facts must be verified by a written declaration that 

it is made under the penalties of perjury. A claim which does not comply with this 

paragraph will not be considered for any purpose as a claim for refund or credit.

Treas. Reg. § 301.6402-2(b)(1) (emphasis added). The taxpayer signature requirement 

emphasized above may be excepted “when a legal representative certifies the claim and attaches 

evidence of a valid power of attorney.” Gregory v. United States, 149 Fed. Cl. 719, 723 (2020)

(citing Treas. Reg. § 301.6402-2(e)) (“A claim may be executed by an agent of the person 

assessed, but in such case a power of attorney must accompany the claim.”).

In this case, plaintiffs failed to sign the amended returns upon which they base this suit, 

as required by Treasury Regulation § 301.6402-2(b)(1).

4

 See generally Def.’s MTD, Ex. 4; Ex. 

5. Moreover, plaintiffs’ amended returns were not accompanied by a power of attorney, 

demonstrating that Mr. Castro had the authority to sign on plaintiffs’ behalf and as required by

Treasury Regulation § 301.6402-2(e). Instead, Mr. Castro later submitted an improperly 

executed power of attorney but failed to include plaintiffs’ signatures within that document. 

Def.’s MTD, Ex. 6 at 1. Based on the above, defendant argues that plaintiffs’ claims were not 

“duly filed” within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a), and that, as such, this Court lacks

jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint. Def.’s MTD at 14. In response, 

plaintiffs concede that they failed to comply with the taxpayer signature requirement but contend

that the IRS waived that requirement when it investigated the merits of the amended returns. 

Pl.’s Resp. at 3–4, 9. In its Reply, defendant asserts that the doctrine of waiver is inapplicable to 

4 Plaintiffs’ suit is based on the 2017 Amended Return and the Second 2015 Amended 

Return. Second Amended Complaint at 8–9, ECF No. 14.
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the taxpayer signature requirement and that, even if it did apply, the elements of waiver have not 

been met. Def.’s Reply at 1–2.

B. The Doctrine of Waiver and the Taxpayer Signature Requirement 

Under the doctrine of waiver, the IRS may waive compliance with its regulatory 

requirements by “investigat[ing] the merits of a claim and tak[ing] action upon it.” Angelus 

Milling Co. v. Comm'r, 325 U.S. 293, 297 (1945). Notably, the Supreme Court explicitly 

differentiated between regulatory and statutory requirements, holding that the waiver doctrine 

only applies to regulatory requirements and not statutory requirements. Id. at 296 (“Insofar as 

Congress has made explicit statutory requirements, they must be observed and are beyond the 

dispensing power of Treasury officials.”). The Supreme Court expanded on the purpose behind 

this distinction, stating the following regarding regulatory requirements: 

Congress has given the Treasury this rule-making power for self-protection and not 

for self-imprisonment. If the Commissioner chooses not to stand on his own formal 

or detailed requirements, it would be making an empty abstraction, and not a 

practical safeguard, of a regulation to allow the Commissioner to invoke technical 

objections after he has investigated the merits of a claim and taken action upon it.

Id. at 297. Nevertheless, where the doctrine applies, the following three requirements must be 

met: (1) the IRS must have “investigated the merits of [the refund] claim,” (2) the IRS must have 

“taken action upon” the refund claim, and (3) the IRS’ determination to “dispense with” the 

formal regulatory requirements and “to examine the merits of the claim” must be

“unmistakable.” Gregory, 149 Fed. Cl. at 723 (citing Angelus Milling Co., 325 U.S. at 297).

Although the taxpayer signature requirement is outlined in the Treasury Regulations, it is 

also addressed in two statutes that require the Court’s attention. Under 26 U.S.C. § 6061, “any 

return, statement, or other document required to be made under any provision of the internal 

revenue laws or regulations shall be signed in accordance with forms or regulations prescribed 

by the Secretary.” (emphasis added). Under 26 U.S.C. § 6065, “[e]xcept as otherwise provided 

by the Secretary, any return, declaration, statement, or other document required to be made 

under any provision of the internal revenue laws or regulations shall contain or be verified by a 

written declaration that it is made under the penalties of perjury.” (emphasis added). 

In its Response, despite the above referenced statutes, plaintiffs maintain that the

taxpayer signature requirement can be waived because it is a regulatory requirement outlined in 

the Treasury Regulations.

5

 Pl.’s Resp. at 7. Specifically, plaintiffs allege that 26 U.S.C. § 6061 

5

In their briefs, plaintiffs cite to Angelus Milling Co. v. Comm'r and Goulding v. United 

States in support of their waiver argument. See generally Angelus Milling Co. v. Comm'r, 325 

U.S. 293 (1945); Goulding v. United States, 1929 F.2d 329 (7th Cir. 1991). During oral 

argument, plaintiffs additionally cited to Blue v. United States, Martti v. United States, and Clark 

v. United States. See generally Blue v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 61 (2012); Martti v. United 

States, 121 Fed. Cl. 87 (2015); Clark v. United States, 149 Fed. Cl. 409 (2020). The Court finds 
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and § 6065 do not create a statutory taxpayer signature requirement because “Congress does not 

mandate the signature of the taxpayer.” Id. Accordingly, plaintiffs posit that the “requirement 

that the taxpayer . . . personally signs his returns, and if they are signed by an agent, then a 

power of attorney must accompany the return” is a creation of the Secretary in Treasury 

Regulation § 301.6402-2(b)(1) and (e), and therefore can be waived. Id. In its Reply, defendant 

counters that 26 U.S.C. § 6061 and § 6065 plainly “create a default rule that refund 

claims . .. must be signed by the taxpayer under the penalties of perjury” and that “[t]he 

Secretary can [only] relax the default rule by regulation[,] as in Treas. Reg § 301.6402-2(e),” 

which “allows a refund claim to be signed on a taxpayer’s behalf by the taxpayer’s agent if it is 

accompanied by a valid power of attorney.” Def.’s Reply at 5 (emphasis added). Moreover, 

defendant maintains that “the [taxpayer signature] requirement is statutory in the critical sense 

that, absent regulatory modification, the default rule applies—the taxpayer himself or herself 

must sign under penalties of perjury.” Id. at 6. Although the Court sympathizes with plaintiffs’ 

financial hardships, after careful review of the parties’ arguments, relevant statutes, and case 

precedent, the Court finds that the taxpayer signature requirement is statutory and, therefore,

cannot be waived. 

In Turks Head Club v. Broderick, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit 

(“First Circuit”) was faced with the issues presently before the Court. See generally Turks Head 

Club v. Broderick, 166 F.2d 877 (1st Cir. 1948). In that case, a private club sought tax refunds 

on behalf of its members but did not accompany the refund claims with a power of attorney. Id. 

at 881. Like the plaintiffs in this case, the Club argued that the IRS waived the taxpayer 

signature requirement because the IRS issued final disallowances on the claims, relying on the 

Supreme Court’s decision in Angelus Milling. Id. at 882. Ultimately, the First Circuit rejected 

the club’s argument, holding that the taxpayer signature requirement could not be waived. Id. 

(citing Angelus Milling Co., 325 U.S. at 296) (“Candor does not permit one to say that the power 

of the Commissioner to waive defects in claims for refund is a subject made crystal-clear by the 

authorities. The Commissioner may effectively waive certain requirements of his regulations as 

to the form and content of claims for refund.”). Similarly, in Oplin v. C.I.R., the United States 

Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (“Tenth Circuit”) addressed the taxpayer signature 

requirement and the applicability of the doctrine of waiver when a married couple failed to 

include a spouse’s signature on a joint refund claim. Oplin v. C.I.R., 270 F.3d 1297, 1299–1300 

(10th Cir. 2001). Utilizing 26 U.S.C. § 6061 and § 6065, the Tenth Circuit held that the taxpayer 

signature requirement is statutory and therefore could not be waived, stating that “[t]he Code 

clearly states that, in order to be valid, a tax return must be signed. The duty to sign a tax return 

is on the taxpayer.” Id. at 1300 (emphasis added) (citations omitted). 

Moreover, this Court recently addressed the taxpayer signature requirement and the 

doctrine of waiver in two seminal cases.6 In Dixon v. United States, the Court determined that 

“26 U.S.C. §§ 6011, 6061, 6065, 6402 and 7422 . . . require the taxpayer personally to sign

all of plaintiffs’ citations unpersuasive as the taxpayer signature requirement and the 

applicability of the doctrine of waiver was not before the Court in any of the above cases.

6

In addition to the case at bar, Mr. Castro was the tax preparer in Dixon v. United States

and in Gregory v. United States. See generally Dixon v. United States, 147 Fed. Cl. 469 (2020); 

Gregory v. United States, 149 Fed. Cl. 719 (2020).
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every return or other document required to be filed with the IRS, unless a regulation allows 

otherwise.” Dixon v. United States, 147 Fed. Cl. 469, 476 (2020) (emphasis added) (citations 

omitted). Based on that finding, the Court held that the taxpayer signature requirement could not 

be waived. Id. at 477 (citing Angelus Milling Co., 325 U.S. at 296) (“Insofar as Congress has 

made explicit statutory requirements, they must be observed and are beyond the dispensing 

power of Treasury officials.”). Similarly, in Gregory v. United States, applying the statutory 

framework outlined in Dixon, the Court held that “[t]he taxpayer signature requirement is 

statutory in nature and thus the waiver doctrine is inapplicable.” Gregory, 149 Fed. Cl. at 724 

(citing 26 U.S.C. §§ 6061, 6065; Angelus Milling, 325 U.S. at 296). 

Upon careful review of the above referenced statutes and case precedent, the Court finds 

that the taxpayer signature requirement is statutory and, therefore, cannot be waived. 

Accordingly, the Court need not address the arguments related to whether the elements of waiver 

have been met. Additionally, while not dispositive, it is important to note that to rule otherwise 

would be inconsistent with the tax code’s purpose as the “IRS’s requirement that taxpayers sign 

under penalties of perjury enables the IRS ‘to enforce directly against a rogue taxpayer.’” Id. 

(citing Dixon, 147 Fed. Cl. at 476 n.5) (citations omitted); See also Borgeson v. U.S., 757 F.2d 

1071, (10th Cir. 1985) (“The perjury charge based on a false return has been deemed ‘one of the 

principal sanctions available to assure that honest returns are filed.’” (internal citations omitted)). 

Consequently, the Court finds that plaintiffs’ amended returns cannot constitute a “duly filed” 

refund claim under 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a), and as a result, the Court lacks jurisdiction over 

plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint.

IV. Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is hereby GRANTED. 

Accordingly, plaintiff’s claims are hereby DISMISSED for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. 

The Clerk is directed to enter judgment in favor of defendant, consistent with this Opinion and 

Order.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/Loren A. Smith

Loren A. Smith,

Senior Judge