3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-1

10.6.1 Waferboard/Oriented Strandboard Manufacturing

10.6.1.1 General1,2 -

Waferboard (WB) and oriented strandboard (OSB) belong to the subset of reconstituted wood

panel products called flakeboards. They are structural panels made from wood wafers specially produced

from logs at the plant. When waferboard was developed in the 1950s, the wafers were not intentionally

oriented. However, by 1989 most waferboard plants were producing oriented waferboard (OWB). 

Oriented strandboard originated in the early 1980s. The relatively long and narrow flakes (strands) are

blended with resin and formed into a 3- or 5-layered mat. Aligning the strands in each layer

perpendicular to adjacent layers gives OSB flexural properties superior to those of randomly oriented

waferboard. Oriented waferboard and OSB are suitable for the same markets and uses as softwood

plywood including sheathing, single-layer flooring, and underlayment in light-frame construction.

Oriented strandboard is produced from either hardwoods or softwoods. Softwoods generally

correspond to coniferous species. The most commonly used softwoods for manufacturing OSB are pines,

firs, and spruce. Hardwoods generally correspond to deciduous species. Aspen is the most commonly

used hardwood species for manufacturing OSB. 

10.6.1.2 Process Description1,2 -

Figure 10.6.1-1 presents a typical process flow diagram for a WB/OSB plant. WB/OSB

manufacturing begins with whole logs, which are debarked and may be cut to 2.5-m (8-ft.) lengths, called

bolts, by a slasher saw in preparation for the waferizer. Some mills do not slash debarked logs into bolts,

but instead feed whole debarked logs into the waferizer. In northern plants, these logs are put in hot

ponds maintained at a temperature between 18° and 43°C (80° and 120°F). This pretreatment prepares

the logs for the waferizer by thawing them during winter operations. The waferizer slices the logs into

wafers approximately 3.8 cm (1.5 in.) wide by 7.6 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in.) long by 0.07 cm (0.028 in.) thick. 

The wafers may pass through green screens to remove fines and differentiate core and surface material,

or they may be conveyed directly to wet wafer storage bins to await processing through the dryers.

Triple-pass rotary drum dryers are typical in WB/OSB plants. The rotary dryers are normally

fired with wood residue from the plant, but occasionally oil or natural gas also are used as fuels. Rotary

dryers operate with dryer inlet temperatures of around 540°C (1,000°F) and ranging as high as 870°C

(1,600°F). Conveyor dryers may also be used to dry wafers. Conveyor dryers are typically indirectly

heated and operate with dryer inlet temperatures of around 160°C (320°F). Regardless of dryer type,

wafers are dried to a low moisture content (generally 4 to 10 percent, dry basis) to compensate for

moisture gained by adding resins and other additives. Generally, dryers are dedicated to drying either

core or surface material to allow independent adjustment of moisture content. This independent

adjustment is particularly important where different resins are used in core and surface materials.

After drying, the dried wafers are conveyed pneumatically from the rotary dryer, separated from

the gas stream at the primary cyclone, and screened to remove fines (which absorb too much resin) and to

separate the wafers by surface area and weight. The gas stream continues through an air pollution

control device and is emitted to the atmosphere. Undersized material is sent to a storage area for use as

fuel for dryer burners or boilers. The screened wafers are stored in dry bins.

The dried wafers then are conveyed to the blender, where they are blended with resin, wax, and

other additives. The most commonly used binders are thermosetting phenol-formaldehyde and

isocyanate resins. From the blender, the resinated wafers are conveyed to the former, where they are

metered out on a continuously moving screen system. The mat forming process is the only step in the

manufacturing process in which there is any significant difference between WB and OSB production. In
10.6.1-2 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

RESIN, WAX

ADDITIVES

WOOD

RECYCLE

INITIAL PROCESSING OPERATIONS

Log storage (SCC 3-07-008-95)

Debarking (SCC 3-07-008-01)

Cutting (SCC 3-07-008-02)

HEATING IN HOT POND

(Optional)

WET WAFER 

STORAGE WAFERIZING

WOOD

RECYCLE

PRODUCT 

RECOVERY 

(CYCLONE)

DRY

SCREENING

DRY WAFER 

STORAGE

BLENDING

(SCC 3-07-010-60)

BOARD

COOLING

MAT

TRIMMING FORMING

TRIMMING,

SAWING

EDGE

PAINTING

PACKAGING/

SHIPPING

WOOD

RECYCLE

GREEN

SCREENING

DRYING

(SCC 3-07-010-01

to 3-07-010-40)

HOT PRESSING

(SCC 3-07-010-53

to 3-07-010-57)

Additional Source Classification Codes for Other Sources:

3-07-010-62 Sanderdust metering bin

3-07-010-64 Raw fuel bin

Figure 10.6.1-1. Typical process flow diagram for a waferboard/oriented strandboard plant.

WB production, the wafers are allowed to fall randomly to the moving screen below to form a mat of the

required thickness. In OSB production, the wafers are mechanically oriented in one direction as they fall

to the screen below. Subsequent forming heads form distinct layers in which the wafers are oriented

perpendicular to those in the previous layer. The alternating oriented layers result in a structurally

superior panel.
3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-3

In the mat trimming section, the continuous formed mat is cut into desired lengths by a traveling

saw. The trimmed mat then is passed to the accumulating press loader and sent to the multi-opening,

batch hot press. Continuous presses are also used. The press applies heat and pressure to activate the

resin and bond the wafers into a solid reconstituted product. In most hot presses, heat is provided by

steam generated by a boiler that burns plant residuals. Hot oil and hot water also can be used to heat the

press. Boards exiting the press are usually hot stacked. Although uncommon, some plants may cool

boards prior to stacking. After cooling, the bonded panels are trimmed to final dimensions, finished as

necessary, and packaged for shipment.

10.6.1.3 Emissions And Controls1-59 -

The primary emission sources at WB/OSB mills are wafer dryers and hot press vents. Other

emission sources may include boilers, log debarking, sawing, waferizing, blending, forming, board

cooling, and finishing operations such as sanding, trimming, and edge painting. Other potential

emissions sources ancillary to the manufacturing process may include wood chip storage piles and bins

(including wood fuel), chip handling systems, and resin storage and handling systems.

Operations such as log debarking, sawing, and waferizing, in addition to chip piles and bins, and

chip handling systems generate particulate matter (PM) and PM less than 10 micrometers in aerodynamic

diameter (PM-10) emissions in the form of sawdust and wood particles. In addition, these processes may

be sources of PM less than 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter (PM-2.5) emissions.

Emissions from dryers that are exhausted from the primary recovery cyclone include wood dust

and other solid PM, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), condensible PM, and products of combustion

such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), if direct-fired units are

used. The condensible PM and a portion of the VOCs leave the dryer stack as vapor but condense at

normal atmospheric temperatures to form liquid particles or mist that creates a visible blue haze. Both

the VOCs and condensible PM are primarily compounds evaporated from the wood, with a minor

constituent being combustion products. Quantities emitted are dependent on wood species, dryer

temperature, fuel used, and other factors including season of the year, time between logging and

processing, and wafer storage time.

Emissions from board hot presses are dependent on the type and amount of resin used to bind the

wood particles together, as well as wood species, wood moisture content, wax and catalyst application

rates, and press conditions. When the press opens, vapors that may include resin ingredients such as

formaldehyde, phenol, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and other VOCs are released. The rate at

which formaldehyde is emitted during pressing and board cooling operations is a function of the amount

of excess formaldehyde in the resin, board thickness, press temperature, press cycle time, and catalyst

application rates.

Emissions from finishing operations for WB/OSB products are dependent on the type of products

being finished. For most WB/OSB products, finishing involves trimming to size and possibly painting or

coating the edges. Trimming and sawing operations are sources of PM and PM-10 emissions. In

addition, these processes may be sources of PM less than 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter

(PM-2.5) emissions. No data specific to WB/OSB panel trimming or sawing are available. However,

emission factors for sawing operations at plywood or medium density fiberboard (MDF) plants may

provide an order of magnitude estimate for similar WB/OSB sawing and trimming operations. It is

expected that water-based coatings are used to paint WB/OSB edges, and the resultant VOC emissions

are relatively small.
10.6.1-4 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

PM, PM-10, and PM-2.5 emissions from log debarking, sawing, and waferizing operations can be

controlled through capture in an exhaust system connected to a sized cyclone and/or fabric filter

collection system. Emissions of PM, PM-10, and PM-2.5 from final trimming operations can be

controlled using similar methods. These wood dust capture and collection systems are used not only to

control atmospheric emissions, but also to recover the dust as a by-product fuel for a boiler or dryer.

Methods of controlling PM emissions from WB/OSB sources include multiclones, absorption

systems (wet scrubbers), fabric filters, electrified filter beds (EFBs), wet electrostatic precipitators

(WESPs), and oxidation systems (discussed below). WESPs are commonly used on OSB rotary dryer

effluent gas streams that contain sticky, condensible hydrocarbon pollutants. Gases exiting the dryer

enter a prequench to cool and saturate the gases before they enter the WESP. The prequench is

essentially a low-energy scrubber that sprays water into the incoming gas stream. Some fraction of the

highly water-soluble compounds, such as formaldehyde and methanol, may be scrubbed by the prequench

and collected. However, the ability of the WESP to absorb water-soluble compounds diminishes as the

recirculating liquid becomes saturated with these compounds. The WESP collects only particles and

droplets that can be electrostatically charged; vaporous components of the gas stream that do not

condense are not collected by the device. One disadvantage of the WESP is that it generates a

wastewater effluent. Because OSB mills are generally designated as zero discharge facilities, they must

treat their own spray water and/or consume it internally. Mills that operate boilers or other wet cell

burners can apply some of the spent spray water to the fuel. Some or all of the remaining spray water

may be used as makeup water in hot ponds or in debarkers for dust control.

A VOC control technology commonly used in the wood products industry for controlling both

dryer and press exhaust gases is regenerative thermal oxidation. Thermal oxidizers destroy VOCs and

condensible organics by burning them at high temperatures. Thermal oxidizers also reduce CO emissions

in direct-fired dryer exhausts by oxidizing the CO in the exhaust to CO2 (a product of complete

combustion). Regenerative thermal oxidizers (RTOs) are designed to preheat the inlet emission stream

with heat recovered from the incineration exhaust gases. Up to 98 percent heat recovery is possible,

although 95 percent is typically specified. Gases entering an RTO are heated by passing through preheated beds packed with a ceramic media. A gas burner brings the preheated emissions up to an

incineration temperature between 788° and 871°C (1450° and 1600°F) in a combustion chamber with

sufficient gas residence time to complete the combustion. Combustion gases then pass through a cooled

ceramic bed where heat is extracted. By reversing the flow through the beds, the heat transferred from

the combustion exhaust air preheats the gases to be treated, thereby reducing auxiliary fuel requirements.

Regenerative catalytic oxidizers (RCOs) are also used to control VOCs from wood products

dryers and presses. Regenerative catalytic oxidizers function similar to RTOs, except that the heat

recovery beds in RCOs contain catalytic media. The catalyst accelerates the rate of VOC oxidation and

allows for VOC destruction at lower temperatures than in an RTO, typically 316° to 538°C (600° to

1,000°F), which reduces auxiliary fuel usage. 

Thermal catalytic oxidizers (TCOs), which are a combination of an RTO and RCO, are also used

in the wood products industry. The TCO operates at a temperature of around 480°C (900°F) and

contains catalytic media. However, the heat recovery canisters and fans on the TCO are sized large

enough so that the TCO can be operated like an RTO (with non-catalytic ceramic media) if catalyst

replacement costs become overly expensive.

Another technology for control of OSB dryer VOC and CO emissions is the use of a heat/energy

system that accommodates exhaust gas recycle. This technology uses an oversized combustion unit that

can accommodate 100 percent recirculation of dryer exhaust gases. The recirculated dryer exhaust is
3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-5

mixed with combustion air and exposed directly to the burner flame. VOC emissions from burner

combustion are incinerated in the second stage of the unit. High temperature exhaust from the

combustion unit passes through a heat exchanger, which provides heat for dryer inlet air, and then

through an add-on device for PM emission control. Plants that use exhaust gas recycle to control dryer

emissions are generally designed from the ground up (i.e., exhaust gas recycle systems cannot be easily

retrofitted).

Biofiltration systems are also used effectively for control of a variety of pollutants including 

organic compounds, NOx, CO, and PM from press exhaust streams. Biofiltration uses microorganisms

immobilized in a biofilm layer on a porous packing such as bark, wood chips, or synthetic media. 

Typical biofilter design consists of a three- to six-foot deep bed of media suspended over an air

distribution plenum. Exhaust gases entering the plenum are evenly distributed through the moist biofilter

media. As the contaminated vapor stream passes through the biofilter media, pollutants are transferred

from the vapor to the biofilm and, through microbiological degradation, are converted to CO2, water, and

salts. The microorganisms cannot easily attack pollutants in the gas phase; therefore, less water soluble

compounds (such as pinenes) are generally more difficult to control using a biofilter than are the more

water-soluble compounds (such as formaldehyde).

Fugitive PM emissions from road dust and uncovered bark and dust storage piles may be

controlled in a number of different ways. Some of these methods include enclosure, wet suppression

systems, and chemical stabilization.

Calculating PM-10 emissions from wood products industry emission sources is problematic due

to the relationship between PM-10 (or PM) emissions and VOC emissions from these processes. 

Because the Method 201A train (PM-10) operates with an in-stack cyclone and filter, organic materials

that are volatile at stack gas temperatures but that are condensed at back half impinger temperatures

(-20°C [-68°F]) are collected as condensible PM-10. However, these materials will also be measured as

VOC via Methods 25 and 25A, which operate with a heated or an in-stack filter. Hence, if PM-10 is

calculated as the sum of filterable and condensible material, some pollutants will be measured as both

PM-10 and VOC emissions. However, if only filterable material is considered to be PM-10, the PM-10

emission factors will be highly dependent on stack gas temperature. In this AP-42 section, PM-10 is

reported as front half catch only (Method 201A results only; not including Method 202 results). 

However, condensible PM results are also reported, and these results can be combined with the PM-10

results as appropriate for a specific application. Measured VOC emissions may be affected by the

sampling method and by the quantity of formaldehyde and other aldehydes and ketones in the exhaust;

formaldehyde is not quantified using Method 25A. Other low molecular weight oxygenated compounds

have reduced responses to Method 25A. Therefore, when VOC emissions are measured using

Method 25A, the emission rates will be biased low if low molecular weight oxygenated compounds are

present in significant concentrations in the exhaust stream. A more extensive discussion of these

sampling and analysis issues is provided in the Background Report for this section.

Guidance from EPA’s Emission Factor and Inventory Group (EFIG) indicates that when it is

possible, VOC emission factors should be reported in terms of the actual weight of the emitted

compound. However, when an actual molecular weight (MW) of the emitted stream is not feasible (as is

the case with the mixed streams emitted from wood products industry sources), the VOC should be

reported using an assumed MW of 44, and reported “as propane.” Each VOC-as-propane emission factor

is estimated by first converting the THC from a carbon basis to a propane basis. Propane (MW = 44)

includes 3 carbon atoms (total MW of 36) and 8 hydrogen atoms (total MW of 8). Every 36 pounds of

carbon measured corresponds to 44 pounds of propane. The ratio of the MW of propane to the MW of

carbon in propane is 44/36, or 1.22. The conversion is expressed by the following equation:
10.6.1-6 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

THC as pounds carbon × 44 pounds propane

36 pounds carbon = THC as pounds propane

or

THC as pounds carbon × 1.22 = THC as pounds propane

After the THC emission factor has been converted from a carbon to a propane basis, the

formaldehyde emission factor is added (where available), then the available emission factors for

non-VOC compounds, including acetone, methane, and methylene chloride, are subtracted. This

procedure is expressed simply by the following equation:

VOC as propane = (1.22 × THC as carbon) + formaldehyde - (acetone + methane + methylene chloride)

In cases where no emission factor is available (or the emission factor is reported only as below the test

method detection limit, or “BDL”) for one or more of the compounds used to estimate the VOC-aspropane value, adjustments to the converted THC value are made only for those compounds for which

emission factors are available. That is, a value of zero is inserted in the above equation for the specified

compounds where no emission factor is available, or where the emission factor is reported only as BDL. 

For example, if no methane emission factor is available, the THC-as-carbon emission factor is converted

to THC-as-propane, formaldehyde is added, and only acetone and methylene chloride are subtracted.

Table 10.6.1-1 presents emission factors for dryer emissions of PM, including filterable PM,

filterable PM-10, and condensible PM. Table 10.6.1-2 presents emission factors for dryer emissions of

SO2, NOx, CO, and CO2. Table 10.6.1-3 presents emission factors for dryer emissions of organic 

compounds, some of which are listed as HAPs under section 112(b) of the Clean Air Act. The emission

factors for dryer emissions are presented in units of pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton of wood

material out of the dryer (lb/ODT). Table 10.6.1-4 presents emission factors for press emissions of PM,

including filterable PM, filterable PM-10, and condensible PM. Table 10.6.1-5 presents emission factors

for press emissions of SO2, NOx, CO, and CO2. Table 10.6.1-6 presents emission factors for press

emissions of organic compounds, some of which are listed as HAPs in the Clean Air Act. The units for

the press emission factors are pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/8-inch thick panel

produced (lb/MSF 3/8). Table 10.6.1-7 presents emission factors for miscellaneous OSB manufacturing

sources. Some of these compounds also are listed HAPs. The emission factors presented in Table

10.6.1-7 for blenders, sanderdust metering bins, and raw fuel bins are based on tests conducted at one

facility using the press production rate at the time of the tests. Because of differences in plant

configuration and the lack of specific process data for the material handling systems tested, these

emission factors may not be representative of other facilities.

To the extent possible, separate emission factors for OSB dryers are presented in Tables 10.6.1-1

to -3 for hardwoods and softwoods. For OSB, plywood, and other composite wood products, commonly

used hardwoods include aspen, oak, poplar, maple, cherry, alder, hickory, gum, beech, birch, and

basswood. The emission factors for hardwood OSB dryers presented in this section are based largely on

the drying of aspen furnish. For OSB, plywood, and other composite wood products, commonly used

softwoods include pines, firs, and spruce. Pines are the most commonly used softwood species for OSB

manufacturing. Firs and spruce are also used to produce OSB.

Emission factors for every possible mix of hardwood and softwood species cannot be reported in

this section. Emission factors for specific mixes of wood species may be calculated by combining

emission factors for individual wood species in the ratio specific to a given application, as emission data

for those species become available. For example, an uncontrolled THC as carbon emission factor for a

direct wood-fired rotary dryer processing 60 percent softwood and 40 percent hardwood may be
3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-7

calculated using the uncontrolled THC as carbon emission factors for softwood (6.7 lb/ODT) and

hardwood (1.7 lb/ODT), and the ratio of 60 percent to 40 percent. The resultant emission factor, rounded

to two significant figures, would be 4.7 lb/ODT.
10.6.1-8 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

Table 10.6.1-1. EMISSION FACTORS FOR OSB DRYERS--PARTICULATE MATTERa

Source

Emission

control

devicec

Filterableb

Condensibled

EMISSION

FACTOR

PM RATING

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING PM-10

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired,

softwood

(SCC 3-07-010-09)

Uncontrolled 4.1eC 2.5f,g D 1.5eC

MCLO 2.3hC ND 0.51jB

EFB 0.56kD ND 0.48kD

WESP 0.43mD ND 0.46mD

RTO 0.30nD ND 0.10nD

WESP/RTO 0.051pE ND 0.098pE

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-010-10)

Uncontrolled 4.2qD ND 1.9rE

MCLO 5.2sD ND 0.38kE

EFB 0.93tC 1.0kD 0.45tC

WESP 0.25uC ND 0.38vD

EFB/RTO 0.51wD ND ND

WESP/RTO 0.049xD ND 0.12rE

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired, mixed

species (40-60%

softwood, 40-60%

hardwood)

(SCC 3-07-010-15)

Uncontrolled 4.7kD ND 1.1kE

MCLO 3.3yE ND 1.5yE

SCBR 1.3zE ND ND

EFB 0.42yE ND 0.75yE

WESP 0.66aa D ND 0.36kE

Rotary dryer,

indirect-heated,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-010-30)

INCIN 0.024bb E ND ND

Conveyor dryer,

indirect-heated,

heated zones,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-010-40)

Uncontrolled 0.72cc E 0.062cc E 0.028cc D

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton of wood material out of dryer

(lb/ODT). One lb/ODT = 0.5 kg/Mg (oven-dried). Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data available. See Table 10.6.1-8 for

the hardwood and softwood species commonly used in the production of OSB and other composite

wood products. Note: emission factors in table represent averages of data sets. The data

spreadsheets, which may be more useful for specific applications, are available on EPA’s

Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b

Filterable PM is that PM collected on or prior to the filter of an EPA Method 5 (or equivalent)

sampling train. Filterable PM-10 is that PM collected on the filter, or in the sample line between the

cyclone and filter of an EPA Method 201 or 201A sampling train.

c

Emission control device: MCLO = multiclone; EFB = electrified filter bed; WESP = wet electrostatic

precipitator; RTO = regenerative thermal oxidizer; SCBR = wet scrubber; INCIN = exhaust vented

through a combustion unit (this combustion unit is controlled with a multiclone followed by a dry
Table 10.6.1-1 (cont.).

3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-9

electrostatic precipitator). Cyclones are used as product recovery devices and are not considered to be

emission control equipment.

d Condensible PM is that PM collected in the impinger portion of a PM sampling train (EPA Method

202).

e References 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11.

f Multiclones are used for PM; effects on PM-10 are considered negligible.

g References 12, 13, 14, and 15.

h References 11, 12, 13, 14, and 16.

j References 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16.

k Reference 11.

m References 6, 7, and 11.

n References 8, 9, 10, and 17.

p References 6 and 7.

q References 18 and 19.

r Reference 19.

s References 11, 18, and 20.

t References 11, 21, 22, 23, and 24.

u References 11, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, and 31.

v References 11, 19, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, and 31.

w Reference 18.

x References 19, 25, and 32.

y Reference 33.

z Reference 34.

aa References 11 and 35.

bb Reference 36.

cc Reference 37. Emission factors apply only to the heated zones of the dryer; the cooling sections also

have emissions but data were not available for cooling section emissions.
10.6.1-10 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

Table 10.6.1-2. EMISSION FACTORS FOR OSB DRYERS--SO2, NOx, CO, AND CO2

a

Source

Emission

control

devicebSO2

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING NOx

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO2

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Rotary dryer,

direct woodfired,

softwood

(SCC 3-07-

010-09)

Uncontrolled

RTO

ND

ND

0.70c

0.78f

C

D

5.3d

1.8g

B

D

600e

720h

C

D

Rotary dryer,

direct woodfired,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-

010-10)

Uncontrolled

RTO

ND

0.014nE

0.63j

0.42p

B

D

5.5k

1.5q

B

D

680m

780p

B

C

Rotary dryer,

direct woodfired, mixed

species 

(40-60%

softwood,

40-60%

hardwood)

(SCC 3-07-

010-15)

Uncontrolled ND 0.51rD 5.9rD 670sE

Rotary dryer,

direct natural

gas-fired,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-

010-20)

Uncontrolled ND 0.68tE 0.72uD 330vE

Rotary dryer,

indirectheated,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-

010-30)

INCIN 0.0026wE 0.74wE 0.13wE 600wE

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton of wood material out of dryer

(lb/ODT). One lb/ODT = 0.5 kg/Mg (oven-dried). Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data available. See Table 10.6.1-8 for

the hardwood and softwood species commonly used in the production of OSB and other composite

wood products. Note: emission factors in table represent averages of data sets. The data

spreadsheets, which may be more useful for specific applications, are available on EPA’s

Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b

Emission control device: RTO = regenerative thermal oxidizer; INCIN = exhaust vented through a

combustion unit (this combustion unit is controlled with a multiclone followed by a dry electrostatic

precipitator).

c References 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 17.

d References 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, and 38.
3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-11

e References 6, 7, 12, 13, and 16.

f References 6, 7, 8, 10, and 17.

g References 6, 7, 8, 10, 17, and 38.

h References 6, 7, and 17.

j References 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 32, 39, and 40.

k References 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 38, and 39.

m References 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, and 40.

n Reference 19.

p References 18, 19, 25, 32, and 41.

q References 18, 19, 25, 32, 38, and 41.

r References 11 and 33.

s Reference 33.

t Reference 42.

u References 39 and 42.

v Reference 39.

w Reference 36.
10.6.1-12 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

Table 10.6.1-3. EMISSION FACTORS FOR OSB DRYERS--ORGANICSa

Source

Emission

control

devicebCASRNcPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired,

softwood

(SCC 3-07-010-09)

Uncontrolled THC as carbond6.7fB

VOC as propanee8.1 C

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

13466-78-9 3-Carene 0.066 D

75-07-0 Acetaldehyde * 0.11 D

67-64-1 Acetone 0.16 D

107-02-8 Acrolein * 0.072 D

80-56-8 Alpha-pinene 2.9 D

71-43-2 Benzene * 0.0067 D

127-91-3 Beta-pinene 1.0 D

Bromomethane * BDL

79-92-5 Camphene 0.068 D

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

156-59-2 Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene 0.0022 D

98-82-8 Cumene * 0.055 D

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.13gB

138-86-3 Limonene 0.14 D

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.10 D

78-93-3 Methyl ethyl ketone * 0.0089 D

108-10-1 Methyl isobutyl ketone * 0.0078 D

Methylene chloride * BDL

1330-20-7 m,p-Xylene * 0.010 D

o-Xylene * BDL

99-87-6 p-Cymene 0.067 D

99-83-2 p-Mentha-1,5-diene 0.063 D

108-95-2 Phenol * 0.015 D

123-38-6 Propionaldehyde * 0.011 D

Styrene * BDL

108-88-3 Toluene * 0.015 D
Table 10.6.1-3 (cont.)

Source

Emission

control

devicebCASRNcPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-13

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired,

softwood

(SCC 3-07-010-09)

RTO THC as carbond0.25hD

VOC as propanee0.32 E

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

75-07-0 Acetaldehyde * 0.011 D

67-64-1 Acetone 0.0076 D

Acrolein * BDL

Alpha-pinene BDL

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.020j D

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.0082 D

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

108-95-2 Phenol * 0.021 D

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL
Table 10.6.1-3 (cont.)

Source

Emission

control

devicebCASRNcPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.1-14 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-010-10)

Uncontrolled THC as carbond1.7kB

VOC as propanee2.1 C

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

75-07-0 Acetaldehyde * 0.62 E

67-64-1 Acetone 0.041 E

107-02-8 Acrolein * 0.20 E

Alpha-pinene BDL

71-43-2 Benzene * 0.010mD

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.11nB

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.33 E

78-93-3 Methyl ethyl ketone * 0.0071 E

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

108-95-2 Phenol * 0.028 E

123-38-6 Propionaldehyde * 0.034 E

100-42-5 Styrene * 0.0034 E

108-88-3 Toluene * 0.013 E
Table 10.6.1-3 (cont.)

Source

Emission

control

devicebCASRNcPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-15

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-010-10)

RTO THC as carbond0.15pD

VOC as propanee0.26 E

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

75-07-0 Acetaldehyde * 0.11 E

67-64-1 Acetone 0.012 E

107-02-8 Acrolein * 0.031 E

Alpha-pinene BDL

71-43-2 Benzene * 0.0041qD

Benzo-a-pyrene BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.092rD

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.072 E

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

108-95-2 Phenol * 0.0085sD

123-38-6 Propionaldehyde * 0.0075 E

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired, mixed

species (40-60%

softwood, 40-60%

hardwood)

(SCC 3-07-010-15)

Uncontrolled THC as carbond3.4tD

VOC as propanee4.4 E

75-07-0 Acetaldehyde * 0.11uD

67-64-1 Acetone 0.039u,v E

107-02-8 Acrolein * 0.033u,v E

123-72-8 Butylaldehyde 0.017u,v E

4170-30-3 Crotonaldehyde 0.011u,v E

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.34uD

123-38-6 Propionaldehyde * 0.0098uD
Table 10.6.1-3 (cont.)

Source

Emission

control

devicebCASRNcPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.1-16 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

Rotary dryer, direct

natural gas-fired,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-010-20)

Uncontrolled 50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.036wE

Rotary dryer,

indirect heated,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-010-30)

INCIN THC as carbond0.013xE

VOC as propanee0.018 E

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.0022xE

Conveyor dryer,

indirect heated,

heated zones,

hardwoodz

(SCC 3-07-010-40)

Uncontrolled THC as carbond0.42yE

VOC as propanee0.51 E

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.0024yE

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton of wood material out of dryer

(lb/ODT). One lb/ODT = 0.5 kg/Mg (oven-dried). Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. * = hazardous air pollutant. BDL = below test

method detection limit; indicates that this pollutant has not been detected in any test runs on this

source. Reference 38 unless otherwise noted. See Table 10.6.1-8 for the hardwood and softwood

species commonly used in the production of OSB and other composite wood products. Note: 

emission factors in table represent averages of data sets. The data spreadsheets, which may be

more useful for specific applications, are available on EPA’s Technology Transfer Network

(TTN) website at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b

Emission control device: RTO = regenerative thermal oxidizer; INCIN = exhaust vented through a

combustion unit (this combustion unit is controlled with a multiclone followed by a dry electrostatic

precipitator).

c CASRN = Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number.

d

THC as carbon = total hydrocarbon measurements using EPA Method 25A.

e VOC as propane = (1.22 × THC) + formaldehyde - (acetone + methane + methylene chloride); a value

of zero is inserted in the equation for the specified compounds where no emission factor is available, or

where the emission factor is reported only as “BDL”.

f References 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, and 38.

g References 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 38, and 43.

h References 6, 7, 10, 17, and 38.

j References 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 38.

k References 11, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 32, 38, 44, and 45.

m References 20 and 38.

n References 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 38, and 44.

p References 18, 19, 25, 32, 38, and 41.

q References 18, 32, and 38.

r References 18, 19, 25, 32, and 38.

s References 18, 25, 32, and 38.

t References 11 and 33.

u Reference 11.
Table 10.6.1-3 (cont.)

3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-17

v Based on M0011 data only; suspected to be biased low due to poor collection efficiency or analytical

problems.

w Reference 42.

x Reference 36.

y Reference 37.

z

Emission factors apply only to the heated zones of the dryer; the cooling sections also have emissions

but data were not available for cooling section emissions.
10.6.1-18 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

Table 10.6.1-4. EMISSION FACTORS FOR OSB PRESSES--PARTICULATE MATTERa

Sourcec

Emission

control

deviced

Filterableb

Condensiblee

EMISSION

FACTOR

PM RATING

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING PM-10

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Hot press, PF resin

(liquid)

(SCC 3-07-010-53)

Uncontrolled 0.12fD 0.10fE ND

Hot press, PF resin

(powder)

(SCC 3-07-010-54)

Uncontrolled 0.11gE ND ND

Hot press, MDI

resin

(SCC 3-07-010-55)

Uncontrolled 0.13hD ND 0.020hD

Hot press, PF/MDI

resins

(SCC 3-07-010-57)

Uncontrolled 0.37jB 0.11fE 0.15kB

RTO 0.049 D ND 0.093nD

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/8-inch thick panel

(lb/MSF 3/8). One lb/MSF 3/8 = 0.5 kg/m3. Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless otherwise

noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data available. Note: emission factors in table

represent averages of data sets. The data spreadsheets, which may be more useful for specific

applications, are available on EPA’s Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b

Filterable PM is that PM collected on or prior to the filter of an EPA Method 5 (or equivalent)

sampling train. Filterable PM-10 is that PM collected on the filter, or in the sample line between the

cyclone and filter of an EPA Method 201 or 201A sampling train.

c

PF = phenol formaldehyde; MDI = Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate; PF/MDI = PF resin in surface

layers, MDI resin in core layers.

d

Emission control device: RTO = regenerative thermal oxidizer.

e Condensible PM is that PM collected in the impinger portion of a PM sampling train (EPA Method

202).

f Reference 11.

g Reference 36.

h References 11, 19, and 45.

j References 11, 14, 20, 26, 27, 29, 39, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, and 53.

k References 11, 14, 26, 27, 29, 39, 47, 48, 49, 52, and 53.

m References 6, 7, 17, 25, 32, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 52.

n References 6, 7, 17, 47, 48, 49, and 52.
3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-19

Table 10.6.1-5. EMISSION FACTORS FOR OSB PRESSES--SO2, NOx, CO, AND CO2

a

Sourceb

Emission

control

devicecSO2

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING NOx

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO2

j

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Hot press,

PF resin

(liquid)

(SCC 3-07-

010-53)

Uncontrolled ND 0.049dD 0.095dD NA

RTO ND 0.35eE 0.21eE 62.2eD

Hot press,

PF resin 

(powder)

(SCC 3-07-

010-54)

Uncontrolled ND 0.0014fE 0.0026fE NA

Hot press,

MDI resin

(SCC 3-07-

010-55)

Uncontrolled ND 0.019gD 0.11hD NA

Hot press,

PF/MDI

resins

(SCC 3-07-

010-57)

Uncontrolled 0.037kE 0.041mD 0.10nB NA

RTO ND 0.27pD 0.22qD 40.3rC

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/8-inch thick panel

(lb/MSF 3/8). One lb/MSF 3/8 = 0.5 kg/m3. Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless otherwise

noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data available. NA = not applicable. Note: 

emission factors in table represent averages of data sets. The data spreadsheets, which may be

more useful for specific applications, are available on EPA’s Technology Transfer Network

(TTN) website at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b

PF = phenol formaldehyde; MDI = Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate; PF/MDI = PF resin in surface

layers, MDI resin in core layers.

c

Emission control device: RTO = regenerative thermal oxidizer.

d References 11 and 32.

e Reference 32.

f Reference 36.

g References 19 and 45.

h References 11, 19, and 45.

j CO2

 emission factors are presented for RTO-controlled presses only. CO2 concentrations from

uncontrolled presses should be near ambient levels.

k References 54 and 55.

m References 6, 7, 25, 52, 54, 55, and 56.

n References 6, 7, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 39, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 57, 58, and 59.

p References 6, 7, 17, 25, 46, 52, and 56.

q References 6, 7, 17, 25, 38, 46, 49, 52, and 56.

r References 6, 7, 17, 25, 32, 46, and 49.
10.6.1-20 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

Table 10.6.1-6. EMISSION FACTORS FOR OSB PRESSES--ORGANICSa

Sourceb

Emission

control

devicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Hot press, PF resin

(liquid)

(SCC 3-07-010-53)

Uncontrolled THC as carbone0.14gD

VOC as propanef0.21 E

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

75-07-0 Acetaldehyde * 0.0052 E

67-64-1 Acetone 0.0035 E

Acrolein * BDL

Alpha-pinene BDL

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.044hD

Limonene BDL

64-56-1 Methanol * 0.50 E

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

108-95-2 Phenol * 0.072hD

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL
Table 10.6.1-6 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

control

devicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-21

Hot press, PF resin

(liquid)

(SCC 3-07-010-53)

Biofilter THC as carbone0.053 E

VOC as propanef0.061 E

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

67-64-1 Acetone 0.0037 E

Acrolein * BDL

Alpha-pinene BDL

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

Formaldehyde * BDL

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.10 E

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

Phenol * BDL

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL

Hot press, PF resin

(liquid)

(SCC 3-07-010-53)

RTO 50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.0042jE

101-68-8 MDI * BDL

Hot press, PF resin

 (powder)

(SCC 3-07-010-54)

Uncontrolled 50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.14kE

Hot press, MDI resin

(SCC 3-07-010-55)

Uncontrolled

50-00-0

101-68-8

THC as carbone

VOC as propanef

Formaldehyde *

MDI *

0.11m

0.20

0.064n

0.0021p

D

E

D

E
Table 10.6.1-6 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

control

devicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.1-22 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

Hot press, PF/MDI

resins

(SCC 3-07-010-57)

Uncontrolled THC as carbone0.51qB

VOC as propanef0.67 C

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

75-07-0 Acetaldehyde * 0.010 D

67-64-1 Acetone 0.011 D

Acrolein * BDL

80-56-8 Alpha-pinene 0.32 D

Benzene * BDL

127-91-3 Beta-pinene 0.12 D

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.056rB

Limonene BDL

101-68-8 MDI * 0.0011sD

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.25 D

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

108-95-2 Phenol * 0.015tC

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL
Table 10.6.1-6 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

control

devicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-23

Hot press, PF/MDI

resins

(SCC 3-07-010-57)

RCO THC as carbone0.056 E

VOC as propanef0.086 E

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

67-64-1 Acetone 0.0062 E

Acrolein * BDL

Alpha-pinene BDL

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.024 E

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.040 E

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

108-95-2 Phenol * 0.0068 E

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL
Table 10.6.1-6 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

control

devicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.1-24 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

Hot press, PF/MDI

resins

(SCC 3-07-010-57)

RTO THC as carbone0.025uC

VOC as propanef0.027 D

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

67-64-1 Acetone 0.0071 D

Acrolein * BDL

Alpha-pinene BDL

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.0038vC

Limonene BDL

101-68-8 MDI * 9.7E-6wE

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.0062 D

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

108-95-2 Phenol * 0.0087xD

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Stryene * BDL

Toluene * BDL

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/8-inch thick panel

(lb/MSF 3/8). One lb/MSF 3/8 = 0.5 kg/m3. Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless otherwise

noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. * = hazardous air pollutant. BDL = below test method

detection limit; indicates that this pollutant has not been detected in any test runs on this source. 

Reference 38 unless otherwise noted. Note: emission factors in table represent averages of data

sets. The data spreadsheets, which may be more useful for specific applications, are available on

EPA’s Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b

PF = phenol formaldehyde; MDI = Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate; PF/MDI = PF resin in surface

layers, MDI resin in core layers.

c

Emission control device: RCO = regenerative catalytic oxidizer; RTO = regenerative thermal oxidizer.

d CASRN = Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number.
Table 10.6.1-6 (cont.).

3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-25

e

THC as carbon = total hydrocarbon measurements using EPA Method 25A.

f VOC as propane = (1.22 × THC) + formaldehyde - (acetone + methane + methylene chloride); a value

of zero is inserted in the equation for the specified compounds where no emission factor is available, or

where the emission factor is reported only as “BDL”.

g References 11, 32, and 38.

h References 11 and 38.

j Reference 32.

k Reference 36.

m References 19 and 45.

n References 11 and 19.

p Reference 19.

q References 6, 7, 11, 14, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 38, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, and

58.

r References 6, 7, 11, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 38, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, and 57.

s References 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 49, 54, and 55.

t References 21, 22, 23, 24, 38, 49, 50, 51, and 57.

u References 6, 7, 17, 25, 32, 38, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 52.

v References 6, 7, 25, 38, 46, 49, 52, and 56.

w Reference 49.

x References 38 and 49.
10.6.1-26 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

Table 10.6.1-7. EMISSION FACTORS FOR OSB MISCELLANEOUS SOURCESa

Sourceb

Emission

control

devicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Log storage

(SCC 3-07-008-95)

Uncontrolled PM, THC, VOC ND

Log cutting

(SCC 3-07-008-02)

Uncontrolled PM, THC, VOC ND

Log debarking

(SCC 3-07-008-01)

Uncontrolled PM, THC, VOC ND

Blender 

(PF & MDI)

(SCC 3-07-010-60)

Use with caution!e

Uncontrolled THC as carbonf0.13 U

VOC as propaneg0.16 U

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

67-64-1 Acetone 0.0018 U

Acrolein * BDL

80-56-8 Alpha-pinene 0.064 U

Benzene * BDL

127-91-3 Beta-pinene 0.019 U

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.0036 U

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.063 U

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

Phenol * BDL

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL
Table 10.6.1-7 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

control

devicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-27

Sanderdust metering

binh

(SCC 3-07-010-62)

Use with caution!e

Uncontrolled THC as carbonf0.095 U

VOC as propaneg0.12 U

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

Acetone BDL

Acrolein * BDL

80-56-8 Alpha-pinene 0.046 U

Benzene * BDL

127-91-3 Beta-pinene 0.013 U

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

Formaldehyde * BDL

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.00073 U

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

Phenol * BDL

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL
Table 10.6.1-7 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

control

devicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.1-28 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

Raw fuel binj

(SCC 3-07-010-64)

Use with caution!e

Uncontrolled THC as carbonf0.050 U

VOC as propaneg0.060 U

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

67-64-1 Acetone 0.0015 U

Acrolein * BDL

80-56-8 Alpha-pinene 0.032 U

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.00030 U

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.0015 U

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

Phenol * BDL

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL

a Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/8-inch thick panel

(lb/MSF 3/8). One lb/MSF 3/8 = 0.5 kg/m3. Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless otherwise

noted. ND = no data available. BDL = below test method detection limit; indicates that this pollutant

has not been detected in any test runs on this source. SCC = Source Classification Code. * =

hazardous air pollutant. U = emission factor unrated. Reference 38.

b

PF = phenol formaldehyde; MDI = Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate.

c

Emission control devices (baghouses) are considered no control for organic pollutants.

d CASRN = Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number.

e

Emission factors based on tests conducted at one facility using the press production rate at the time of

the tests. Because of differences in plant configuration and the lack of specific process data for the

material handling systems tested, these emission factors may not be representative of other facilities.

f

THC as carbon = total hydrocarbon measurements using EPA Method 25A.

g VOC as propane = (1.22 × THC) + formaldehyde - (acetone + methane + methylene chloride); a value

of zero is inserted in the equation for the specified compounds where no emission factor is available, or

where the emission factor is reported only as “BDL”.

h

Storage bin from which sanderdust, including pulverized board trim and dryer fines, is fed into a dryer

suspension burner.

j

Storage bin for board finishing trim material and fines collected from dryer exhaust cyclone.
3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-29

Table 10.6.1-8. WOOD SPECIES COMMONLY USED IN 

COMPOSITE WOOD PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING a

Wood product AP-42 section Hardwood species Softwood species

Plywood 10.5 Oak, cherry, poplar, maple, larch Firs, pines

Oriented strandboard 10.6-1 Aspen Pines, firs, spruce

Particleboard 10.6-2 Aspen, oak Pines, firs

Medium density fiberboard 10.6-3 Gum, alder, hickory Pines, firs

Hardboard/fiberboard 10.6-4 Aspen, birch, beech, oak, maple Pines

Engineered wood products 10.9 Aspen, birch, poplar Pines, firs,

hemlock

a Reference 5.

References For Section 10.6.1

1. C. C. Vaught, Evaluation Of Emission Control Devices At Waferboard Plants,

EPA-450/3-90-002, Control Technology Center, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1990.

2. J. G. Haygreen and J. L. Bowyer, Forest Products And Wood Science: An Introduction, Second

Edition, Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, 1989.

3. Written communication and attachments from T. A. Crabtree, Smith Engineering Company,

Broomall, PA, to P. E. Lassiter, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,

NC, July 26, 1996.

4. Technical Memorandum, Minutes of the October 12-13, 1993 BACT Technologies Workshop,

Raleigh, NC, sponsored by the American Forest and Paper Association, K. D. Bullock, Midwest

Research Institute, Cary, NC, October 1993.

5. Emission Factor Documentation For AP-42 Chapter 10, Wood Products Industry, prepared for

the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, OAQPS/EFIG, by Midwest Research Institute, Cary,

NC, July 2003.

6. Results Of The July 23-25, 1996 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific OSB

Plant, Sagola, Michigan, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll Laboratories,

Inc., Report No. 6-8024, August 1996.

7. Letter and attachment, from K. Seelig, to L. Kesari, EPA, Washington, D.C., Correction of VOC

emission rates for July 23-25, 1996 test at Louisiana-Pacific Corp., Sagola, Michigan, November

5, 1996.

8. Report Of Air Emissions Tests And VOC Removal Efficiency For Louisiana-Pacific Corporation,

Urania OSB Facility, Urania, Louisiana, May 11 And 12, 1995, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific

Corporation, by Environmental Monitoring Laboratories, July 1995.
10.6.1-30 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

9. Report Of Air Emissions Tests For Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, New Waverly OSB Facility,

New Waverly, Texas, May 31 And June 1, 1995, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by

Environmental Monitoring Laboratories, July 1995.

10. Report Of Air Emissions Tests And VOC Removal Efficiency For Louisiana-Pacific Corporation,

Corrigan OSB Facility, Corrigan, Texas, June 2, 1995, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific

Corporation, by Environmental Monitoring Laboratories, July 1995.

11. Oriented Strandboard And Plywood Air Emission Databases, Technical Bulletin No. 694,

National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., New York, NY,

April 1995.

12. Results Of The March 24-28, 1992 EPA-Air Emission Compliance Tests At The LouisianaPacific Plant In Corrigan, Texas, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll

Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 2-3532, May 1992.

13. Results Of The March 30 - April 2, 1992 EPA-Air Emission Compliance Tests At The LouisianaPacific Plant In New Waverly, Texas, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll

Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 2-3533, May 1992.

14. Results Of The April 4-9, 1992 EPA-Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific

Plant In Urania, Louisiana, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll

Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 2-3534, May 1992.

15. PM-10 Emissions Sampling, Kirby Forest Products, Silsbee, TX, March 2-5, 1992, prepared for

Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Armstrong Environmental, Inc., Project No. W-1159-92,

March 1992.

16. Report Of Air Emissions Tests For Kirby Forest Industries Silsbee OSB Plant, prepared for

Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Environmental Monitoring Laboratories, April 1992.

17. Stationary Source Sampling Report, Roxboro OSB Plant, Roxboro, North Carolina, Emissions

Testing For Carbon Monoxide, Chromium, Nitrogen Oxides, Total Hydrocarbons, RTO Nos. 1,

2, And 3, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by ENTROPY, Inc., Reference No.

15575B, August 1996.

18. Results Of The July 12-15, 1994 Air Emission Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific OSB Plant In

Hayward, Wisconsin, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll Laboratories, Inc.,

Report No. 4-3366, August 1994.

19. Results Of The August 27-29, 1996 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific

OSB Plant Newberry, Michigan, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll

Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 6-8201, October 1996.

20. Results Of The August 17-19, 1993 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific

Waferboard Plant In Tomahawk, Wisconsin, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by

Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 3-9772, September 1993.
3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-31

21. Results Of The June 8-10, 1993 EPA-Required Air Emission Compliance Tests At The LouisianaPacific Waferboard Plant In Dungannon, Virginia, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation,

by Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 3-9053, July 1993.

22. Results Of The December 14-17, 1993 State-Required Air Emission Compliance Tests At The

Louisiana-Pacific Waferboard Plant In Dungannon, Virginia, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific

Corporation, by Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 3-1906, January 1994.

23. Results Of The June 28-29, 1994 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific OSB

Plant In Dungannon, Virginia, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll

Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 4-3252, August 1994.

24. Data Package for the MDI Samples Collected at the LP/Dungannon Plant on June 29, 1994 Using

the EPA Draft 1,2-PP Method, (data for Reference 23, Interpoll Report No. 4-3252) prepared for

Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll Laboratories, Inc, August 1994.

25. Results Of The March 18-21, 1996 EPA And State Air Emission Compliance Testing At The

Louisiana-Pacific OSB Plant In Hayward, Wisconsin, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific

Corporation, by Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 6-7451, April 1996.

26. Report Of Air Emissions Tests For Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, Montrose, Colorado,

December 6 Through 8, 1994, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Environmental

Monitoring Laboratories, January 1995.

27. Results Of The January 25-29, 1993 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific

Waferboard Plant In Montrose, Colorado, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by

Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 3-8023, March 1993.

28. Results Of The July 19 & 20, 1994 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific OSB

Plant In Montrose, Colorado, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll

Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 4-3396, August 1994.

29. Results Of The March 29-31, 1994 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific

OSB Plant In Montrose, Colorado, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll

Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 4-2558, April 1994.

30. Louisiana-Pacific Corporation Oriented Strandboard Facility, Fuel Dryer E-Tube Stack,

Montrose, Colorado, June 15, 1995, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Am Test-Air

Quality, Inc., July 1995.

31. Louisiana-Pacific Corporation Oriented Strandboard Facility, Fuel Dryer E-Tube Stack,

Montrose, Colorado, October 25, 1994, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Am TestAir Quality, Inc., November 1994.

32. Results Of The February 20-22, 1996 EPA And State Air Emission Compliance Testing At The

Louisiana-Pacific Corp. OSB Plant In Hayward, Wisconsin, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific

Corporation, by Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 6-7318, March 1996.

33. Oriented Strand Board Emission Test Report - Weyerhaeuser, Elkin, North Carolina, Volume 1,

prepared for EMB/TSD U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, by

Entropy Environmentalists, Inc., EMB Report 91-WAF-02, April 1992.
10.6.1-32 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

34. Source Test Report Weyerhaeuser Company Elkin Structurwood Facility, Dryer/IWS System 1

Particulate Emissions And Visual Opacity June 29, 1987, prepared for Weyerhaeuser Company,

Elkin, North Carolina, by Environmental Source Samplers, Inc., June 1987.

35. Source Sampling Report For Georgia-Pacific Corporation - Dudley, North Carolina, prepared

for Georgia-Pacific Corporation, by Environmental Testing, Inc., 1983.

36. Stationary Source Sampling Report For Georgia Pacific Corporation, Mt. Hope, West Virginia,

Wellons Energy Unit, Press Vent, Test Dates August 7-8, 1996, prepared for Georgia Pacific

Corporation, by Trigon Engineering Consultants, Inc., Project No. 047-96-004, August 1996. 

37. Results Of A Series Of Source Emission Compliance Tests (TSP, PM10, VOC, CO, NOx,

Formaldehyde And Opacity) On The OSB Wafer Dryer At Northwood Panelboard Co., Solway,

Minnesota, February 28 - March 2, 1997, prepared for Northwood Panelboard Company, by

MMT Environmental Services, Inc., MMT Report No. 10235, March 21, 1997.

38. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions From Wood Products Manufacturing Facilities, Part V -

Oriented Strandboard, Technical Bulletin No. 772, National Council of the Paper Industry for

Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999.

39. Results Of The July 11-13, 1995 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific

Waferboard Plant In Tomahawk, Wisconsin, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by

Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 5-6006, July 1995.

40. Results Of The March 29, 1994 Oxides Of Nitrogen Emission Compliance Test On The Dryer

Stack At The Louisiana-Pacific Plant In Dungannon, Virginia, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific

Corporation, by Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 4-2557, April 1994.

41. Volatile Organic Compound and Particulate Emission Testing at Louisiana-Pacific Corporation,

Houlton, Maine, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Air Pollution Characterization

and Control, Ltd., Project No. 96053, July 1996.

42. Results Of The December 7, 1993 Air Emission Compliance Testing At The Louisiana-Pacific

OSB Plant In Tomahawk, Wisconsin, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll

Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 3-1854, January 1994.

43. Formaldehyde Test Results For Press Vents And Dryer Stacks At Louisiana-Pacific Kirby Forest

Industries, Silsbee, Texas, prepared for Environmental Monitoring Laboratories, by Industrial

and Environmental Analysts, Report No. 192-92-35, April 1992.

44. Results Of A Series Of Source Emission Tests On The OSB Core Wafer Dryer Exhaust And The

Board Press Hood Exhaust At Northwood Panelboard Co., Solway, Minnesota, October 9-10,

1997, prepared for Northwood Panelboard Company, by MMT Environmental Services, Inc.,

MMT Report No. 10257, November 18, 1997.

45. Results Of The May 21 & 22, 1996 Air Emission Compliance Testing At The Louisiana-Pacific

OSB Plant In Two Harbors, Minnesota, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll

Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 6-7712, June 1996.
3/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.1-33

46. Results Of The June 7-10, 1994 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific OSB

Plant In Hayward, Wisconsin, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll

Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 4-3097, August 1994.

47. Report Of Emissions Testing Of A Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer, Louisiana-Pacific Corp.,

Houlton, Maine, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by TRC Environmental

Corporation, Project No. 18226, May 1995.

48. Letter and attachment, from S. Somers, to M. Wood and L. Kesari, EPA, Washington, D.C.,

Revised test method description and PM laboratory data for April 19, 1995 test on press RTO at

Louisiana-Pacific Corp., Houlton, Maine, June 22, 1995.

49. Results Of The April 12 & 13, 1995 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific

OSB Plant Sagola, Michigan, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll

Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 5-5194, April 1995.

50. Results Of The June 1993 Air Emission Tests At Two Louisiana-Pacific Waferboard Plants

(Sagola, Michigan And Two Harbors, Minnesota), prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation,

by Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 3-9202, September 1993.

51. Data Package For The MDI Samples Collected At The LP/Sagola And LP/Two Harbors Plants

On June 26 & 29, 1993 And Analyzed By Reverse-Phase HPLC At 254 nm And 275 nm Using Np-nitro-benzyl-N-propylamine (data for Reference No. 50, Interpoll Report No. 3-9202), prepared

for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., November 1993.

52. Oxidizer Efficiency Sampling, Kirby Forest Products, Silsbee, Texas, July 11-14, 1995, prepared

for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by Armstrong Environmental, Inc., Project No. W-1713-95,

July 1995.

53. Results Of The August 23, 1995 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific

Waferboard Plant In Tomahawk, Wisconsin, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by

Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 5-6375, September 1995.

54. Air Emissions Compliance Test Report For Louisiana-Pacific, Dungannon, Virginia, Test Dates: 

August 30-31, 1995, September 12-13, 1995, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by

ETS, Inc., October 1995.

55. Letter, from E. Smith to L. Kesari, EPA, Washington, D.C., VOC control efficiency calculation

for August 30-31, 1995 test (reference 54) at Louisiana-Pacific Corp., Dungannon, Virginia,

December 28, 1995.

56. Emissions Testing Of A Press Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer, Louisiana-Pacific Corporation,

Houlton, ME, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by TRC Environmental Corporation,

Project No. 19624, January 1996. 

57. Results Of The September 21-23, 1993 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific

Waferboard Plant In Dawson Creek, British Columbia, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific

Corporation, by Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 3-1060, November 1993.
10.6.1-34 EMISSION FACTORS 3/2002

58. Air Emissions Compliance Test Report For Louisiana-Pacific Dungannon, Virginia, Test Dates: 

September 10-11, 1996, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by ETS, Inc., October 1996.

59. Results Of The March 11, 1993 MDI Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific

Waferboard Plant In Dungannon, Virginia, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by

Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 3-8324, April 1993.